,! ,academic ,que/ions1 ,treatise ,de ,f9ibus4 & ,tusculan ,disputations ,( ,m4 ,t4 ,cic]o ,) ,a ,sket* ( ! ,greek ,philosoph]s ,m5tion$ by ,cic]o4 ,lit]ally ,translat$ by ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,b4,a4 ,london3 ,george ,bell & ,sons ,york ,/reet ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,pr9t$ by ,william ,cl[es & ,sons1 ,/am=d ,/reet & ,*>+ ,cross4 #ahge ,,cont5ts ,a ,sket* ( ! ,greek ,philosoph]s ,m5tion$ by ,cic]o4 ,introduction4 ,fir/ ,book ,( ,! ,academic ,que/ions4 ,second ,book ,( ,! ,academic ,que/ions4 ,a ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,fir/ ,book ,( ,! ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,second ,book ,( ,! ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,?ird ,book ,( ,! ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,f\r? ,book ,( ,! ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,fif? ,book ,( ,! ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,! ,tusculan ,disputations4 ,introduction4 ,book ,i4 ,on ,! ,contempt ,( ,dea?4 ,book ,,ii4 ,on ,be>+ ,pa94 ,book ,,iii4 ,on ,grief ,( ,m9d4 ,book ,,iv4 ,on ,o!r ,p]turbations ,( ,! ,m9d4 ,book ,v4 ,:e!r ,virtue ,alone ,be ,suffici5t ,= ,a ,happy ,life4 ,footnotes ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,philosoph]s ,,m5tion$ ,,by ,,cic]o4 ,9 ! works translat$ 9 ! pres5t volume1 ,cic]o makes su* con/ant ref]5ces to ! doctr9es & sy/ems ( ! anci5t ,greek ,philosoph]s1 t x seems desirable to give a brief acc\nt ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^? m5tion$ by him2 n ent]+ at l5g? into ! hi/ory ( _! lives1 b indicat+ ! pr9cipal !ories :i* !y ma9ta9$1 & ! ma9 po9ts 9 :i* !y agre$ )1 or diff]$ f1 ea* o!r4 ,! e>lie/ ( !m 0 ,?ales1 :o 0 born at ,miletus1 ab\t #fdj ,b4,c4 ,he 0 a man ( great political sagacity & influ5ce2 b we h to consid] him "h z ! e>lie/ philosoph] :o appe>s to h be5 conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( sci5tific pro( ( :atev] 0 put =w>d to be believ$1 & z ! orig9ator ( ma!matics & geometry4 ,he 0 also a great a/ronom]2 = we read 9 ,h]odotus 7i4 #gd7 t he pr$ict$ ! eclipse ( ! sun :i* happ5$ 9 ! reign ( ,alyattes1 k+ ( ,lydia1 ,b4,c4 #fji4 ,he ass]t$ t wat] is ! orig9 ( all ?+s2 t ev]y?+ is produc$ out ( x1 & ev]y?+ is resolv$ into x4 ,he also ass]t$ t x is ! s\l :i* orig9ates all motion1 s mu* s1 t he attributes a s\l to ! magnet4 ,ari/otle also repres5ts him z say+ t ev]y?+ is full ( ,gods4 ,he does n appe> to h left any writt5 treatises beh9d him3 we are unc]ta9 :5 or :]e he di$1 b he is said to h liv$ to a great age--to #gh1 or1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 to #ij ye>s ( age4 ,anaxim&]1 a c\ntryman ( ,?ales1 0 also born at ,miletus1 ab\t #cj ye>s lat]2 he is said to h be5 a pupil ( ! =m]1 & des]ves especial m5tion z ! olde/ philosophical writ] among ! ,greeks4 ,he did n devote himself to ! ma!matical /udies ( ,?ales1 b r to speculations conc]n+ ! g5]ation & orig9 ( ! _w2 z to :i* 8 op9ions are involv$ 9 "s obscurity4 ,he appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h consid]$ t all ?+s 7 =m$ ( a sort ( matt]1 :i* he call$ 1 or ,! ,inf9ite2 :i* 0 some?+ ev]la/+ & div9e1 ?\gh n inve/$ ) any spiritual or intellig5t nature4 ,8 own works h n come d[n to u2 b1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 he consid]$ ?is 8,inf9ite0 z consi/+ ( a mixture ( simple1 un*angeable elem5ts1 f :i* all ?+s 7 produc$ by ! concurr5ce ( homog5e\s p>ticles already exi/+ 9 x1--a process :i* he attribut$ to ! con/ant conflict betwe5 heat & cold1 & to aff9ities ( ! p>ticles3 9 ?is he 0 oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( ,?ales1 ,anaxim5es1 & ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 :o agre$ 9 d]iv+ all ?+s f a s+le1 n *angeable1 pr9ciple4 ,anaxim&] fur!r held t ! e>? 0 ( a cyl9drical =m1 susp5d$ 9 ! middle ( ! univ]se1 & surr\nd$ by wat]1 air1 & fire1 l ! coats ( an onion2 b t ! int]ior /ratum ( fire 0 brok5 up & collect$ into masses1 f :i* orig9at$ ! sun1 moon1 & />s2 :i* he ?\ght 7 c>ri$ r\nd by ! ?ree sph]es 9 :i* !y 7 respectively fix$4 ,he believ$ t ! moon _h a light ( h] own1 n a borr[$ light2 t %e 0 n9ete5 times z l>ge z ! e>?1 & ! sun tw5ty-eight4 ,he ?\ght t all animals1 includ+ man1 7 orig9ally produc$ 9 wat]1 & proce$$ gradually to become l& animals4 ,accord+ to ,diog5es ,la]tius1 he 0 ! inv5tor ( ! gnomon1 & ( geographical maps2 at all ev5ts1 he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o introduc$ ! use ( ! gnomon into ,greece4 ,he di$ ab\t #edg ,b4,c4 ,anaxim5es 0 also a ,milesian1 & a contempor>y ( ,?ales & ,anaxim&]4 ,we d n exactly "k :5 he 0 born1 or :5 he di$2 b he mu/ h liv$ to a v great age1 = he 0 9 high repute z e>ly z ,b4,c4 #edd1 & he 0 ! tutor ( ,anaxagoras1 ,b4,c4 #dhj4 ,8 !ory 01 t air 0 ! fir/ cause ( all ?+s1 & t ! o!r elem5ts ( ! univ]se 7 resolvable into x4 ,f ?is inf9ite air1 he imag9$ t all f9ite ?+s 7 =m$ by compression & r>efaction1 produc$ by motion1 :i* _h exi/$ f all et]nity2 s t ! e>? 0 g5]at$ out ( cond5s$ air1 & ! sun & o!r heav5ly bodies f ! e>?4 ,he ?\ght also t heat & cold 7 produc$ by diff]5t degrees ( d5sity ( ?is primal elem5t1 air2 t ! cl\ds 7 =m$ by ! cond5s+ ( ! air2 & t x 0 ! air :i* support$ ! e>?1 & kept x 9 its place4 ,ev5 ! human s\l he believ$ to be1 l ! body1 =m$ ( air4 ,he believ$ 9 ! et]nity ( matt]1 & d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( any?+ immat]ial4 ,anaxagoras1 :o1 z has be5 already /at$1 0 a pupil ( ,anaxim5es1 0 born at ,clazom51 9 ,ionia1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #dii4 ,he remov$ to ,a!ns at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w>1 :]e he became intimate ) ,p]icles1 :o def5d$ him1 ?\gh unsuccessfully1 :5 he 0 prosecut$ = impiety3 he 0 f9$ five tal5ts1 & bani%$ f ! city2 on :i* he retir$ to ,lampsacus1 :]e he di$ at ! age ( #gb4 ,he diff]$ f 8 pr$ecessors ( ! ,ionic ,s*ool1 & s\ght = a high] cause ( all ?+s ?an matt]3 ?is cause he consid]$ to be 1 intellig5ce1 or m9d4 ,n t he ?\ght ?is to be ! creator ( ! _w1 b only t pr9ciple :i* arrang$ x1 & gave x motion2 = 8 idea 01 t matt] _h exi/$ f all et]nity1 b t1 be=e ! arrang$ x1 x 0 all 9 a /ate ( *aotic confusion1 & full ( an inf9ite numb] ( homog5e\s & het]og5e\s p>ts2 !n ! sep>at$ ! homog5e\s p>ts f ! het]og5e\s1 & 9 ?is mann] ! _w 0 produc$4 ,?is sep>ation1 h[ev]1 he taught1 0 made 9 su* a mann] t ev]y?+ conta9s 9 itself p>ts ( o!r ?+s1 or het]og5e\s elem5ts2 & is :at x is only on acc\nt ( c]ta9 homog5e\s p>ts :i* con/itute its pr$om9ant & real "*4 ,py?agoras 0 e>li] ?an ,anaxagoras1 ?\gh ?is latt] has be5 m5tion$ be=e him to avoid break+ ! cont9uity ( ! ,ionic ,s*ool4 ,8 fa!r's "n 0 ,mnes>*us1 & he 0 born at ,samos ab\t #egj ,b4,c41 ?\gh "s acc\nts make him e>li]4 ,he is said by "s writ]s to h be5 a pupil ( ,?ales1 by o!rs ( ,anaxim&]1 or ( ,ph]ecydes ( ,scyros4 ,he 0 a man ( great le>n+1 z a geometrician1 ma!matician1 a/ronom]1 & musician2 a great travell]1 hav+ visit$ ,egypt & ,babylon1 &1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 p5etrat$ z f> z ,india4 ,_m ( 8 peculi> t5ets are believ$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,tyrrh5ian ,pelasgians1 ) :om he is said to h be5 connect$4 ,8 contempor>ies at ,crotona 9 ,s\? ,italy1 :]e he liv$1 look$ ^u him z a man peculi>ly connect$ ) ! gods2 & "s ( !m ev5 id5tifi$ him ) ! ,hyp]borean ,apollo4 ,he himself is said to h laid claim to ! gifts ( div9ation & prophecy4 ,! religi\s elem5t 0 cle>ly pr$om9ant 9 8 "*4 ,grote says ( him1 8,9 8 prom95t vocation1 analog\s to t ( ,epim5ides1 ,orpheus1 or ,melampus1 he appe>s z ! reveal] ( a mode ( life calculat$ to raise 8 disciples above ! level ( mank9d1 & to recomm5d !m to ! fav\r ( ! gods40 7,hi/4 ( ,greece1 iv4 p4 #ebi47 ,on 8 arrival at ,crotona1 he =m$ a s*ool1 consi/+ at fir/ ( ?ree hundr$ ( ! ri*e/ ( ! citiz5s1 :o b\nd !mselves by a sort ( v[ to himself & to ea* o!r1 = ! purpose ( cultivat+ ! ascetic obs]vances :i* he enjo9$1 & ( /udy+ 8 religi\s & philosophical !ories4 ,all t took place 9 ?is s*ool 0 kept a pr(\nd secret2 & !re 7 gradations among ! pupils !mselves1 :o 7 n all admitt$1 or at all ev5ts n at fir/1 to a full acqua9tance ) _! ma/]'s doctr9es4 ,!y 7 also requir$ to submit to a p]iod ( probation4 ,! /atem5t ( 8 =bidd+ 8 pupils ! use ( animal food is d5i$ by _m ( ! be/ au?orities1 & t ( 8 insi/+ on _! ma9ta9+ an unbrok5 sil5ce = five ye>s1 re/s on no suffici5t au?ority1 & is incr$ible4 ,x is beyond our purpose at pres5t to ent] into ! "q ( h[ f> ! views ( ,py?agoras 9 f\nd+ 8 s*ool or club ( ?ree hundr$1 t5d$ t[>ds unit+ 9 ?is body ! idea ( 8at once a philosophical s*ool1 a religi\s bro!rhood1 & a political association10 all :i* *>act]s ! ,bi%op ( ,/4 ,david's 7,hi/4 ( ,greece1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adh7 ?9ks 7 insep>ably unit$ 9 8 m9d2 :ile ,mr4 ,grote's view ( 8 object 7,hi/4 ( ,greece1 vol4 iv4 p4 #edd7 is v diff]5t4 ,9 a political riot at ,crotona1 a temple1 9 :i* _m ( 8 disciples 7 assembl$1 0 burnt1 & !y p]i%$1 & "s say t ,py?agoras himself 0 among !m2 ?\gh accord+ to o!r acc\nts he fl$ to ,t>5tum1 & aft]w>ds to ,metapontum1 :]e he />v$ himself to dea?4 ,8 tomb 7see ,cic4 de ,f94 v4 #b7 0 %[n at ,metapontum d[n to ,cic]o's "t4 ,soon aft] 8 dea? 8 s*ool 0 suppress$1 & did n revive1 ?\gh ! ,py?agoreans cont9u$ to exi/ z a sect1 ! memb]s ( :i* kept up ! religi\s & sci5tific pursuits ( _! f\nd]4 ,py?agoras is said to h be5 ! fir/ :o assum$ ! title ( 2 b !re is great unc]ta9ty z to ! mo/ mat]ial ( 8 philosophical & religi\s op9ions4 ,x is believ$ t he wrote no?+ himself1 & t ! e>lie/ ,py?agorean treatises 7 ! "w ( ,philolaus1 a contempor>y ( ,socrates4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t he und]took to solve by ref]5ce to "o s+le prim>y pr9ciple ! problem ( ! orig9 & con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,8 pr$ilection = ma!matics l$ him to trace ! orig9 ( all ?+s to numb]2 = 89 numb]s he ?\ght t !y p]ceiv$ _m analogies ( ?+s t exi/ & are produc$1 m ?an 9 fire1 e>?1 or wat]3 z1 = in/ance1 !y ?\ght t a c]ta9 condition ( numb]s 0 ju/ice2 ano!r1 s\l & intellect1 444 ,& moreov]1 see+ ! conditions & ratios ( :at p]ta9s to h>mony to consi/ 9 numb]s1 s9ce o!r ?+s seem$ 9 _! entire nature to be =m$ 9 ! lik5ess ( numb]s1 & 9 all nature numb]s are ! fir/1 !y suppos$ ! elem5ts ( numb]s to be ! elem5ts ( all ?+s40 7,ari/4 ,met4 i4 #e47 ,music & h>mony too1 play$ almo/ z important a "p 9 ! ,py?agorean sy/em z ma!matics1 or numb]s4 ,8 idea appe>s to be1 t ord] or h>mony ( relation is ! regulat+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,he drew out a li/ ( t5 pairs ( antagoni/ic elem5ts1 & 9 ! octave & its diff]5t h>monic relations1 he believ$ t he f\nd ! gr\nd ( ! connexion betwe5 !m4 ,9 8 sy/em ( ! univ]se fire 0 ! important elem5t1 occupy+ bo? ! c5tre & ! remote/ po9t ( x2 & be+ ! vivify+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole4 ,r\nd ! c5tral fire ! heav5ly bodies he believ$ to move 9 a regul> circle2 fur!/ (f 7 ! fix$ />s2 & !n1 9 ord]1 ! planets1 ! moon1 ! sun1 ! e>?1 & :at he call$ 1 a sort ( o!r half ( ! e>?1 :i* 0 a di/9ct body f x1 b mov+ p>allel to x4 ,! mo/ di/ant region he call$ ,olympus2 ! space betwe5 ! fix$ />s & ! moon he call$ 2 ! space betwe5 ! moon & ! e>? 4 ,he1 or at lea/ 8 disciples1 taught t ! e>? revolv$ on its axis1 7?\gh ,philolaus taught t its revolutions 7 n r\nd its axis b r\nd ! c5tral fire74 ,! univ]se itself !y consid]$ z a l>ge sph]e1 & ! int]vals betwe5 ! heav5ly bodies !y ?\ght 7 det]m9$ accord+ to ! laws & relations ( musical h>mony4 ,& f ?is !ory arose ! doctr9e ( ! ,music ( ! ,sph]es2 z ! heav5ly bodies 9 _! motion occasion$ a sort ( s\nd dep5d+ on _! di/ances & velocities2 & z ^! 7 det]m9$ by ! laws ( h>monic int]vals1 ! s\nds1 or notes1 =m$ a regul> musical scale4 ,! light & heat ( ! c5tral fire he believ$ t we receiv$ ?r\gh ! sun1 :i* he consid]$ a k9d ( l5s3 & p]fection1 he conceiv$ to exi/ 9 direct ratio to ! di/ance f ! c5tral fire4 ,! univ]se1 itself1 !y look$ ^u z hav+ subsi/$ f all et]nity1 controll$ by an et]nal supreme ,deity2 :o e/abli%$ bo? limits & inf9ity2 & :om !y (t5 speak ( z ! absolute 1 or unity4 ,he p]vad$ 7?\gh he 0 di/9ct f7 & presid$ ov] ! univ]se4 ,sometimes1 too1 he is call$ ! absolute ,good1--:ile ! orig9 ( evil is attribut$ n to him1 b to matt] :i* prev5t$ him f conduct+ ev]y?+ to ! be/ end4 ,) respect to man1 ! doctr9e ( ,py?agoras 0 t kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,metempsy*osis1--t ! s\l aft] dea? re/$ a c]ta9 "t till x 0 purifi$1 & _h acquir$ a =getfulness ( :at _h previ\sly happ5$ to x2 & !n reanimat$ "s o!r body4 ,! e?ics ( ! ,py?agoreans consi/$ m 9 ascetic practice & maxims = ! re/ra9t ( ! passions1 ?an 9 any sci5tific !ories4 ,wisdom !y consid]$ z sup]ior to virtue1 z be+ connect$ ) ! contemplation ( ! upp] & pur] regions1 :ile virtue 0 conv]sant only ) ! sublun>y "p ( ! _w4 ,happ9ess1 !y ?\ght1 consi/$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ! p]fection ( ! s\l2 or 9 ! p]fect sci5ce ( numb]s2 & ! ma9 object ( all ! endeav\rs ( man 0 to be1 to resemble ! ,deity z f> z possible4 ,alcmon ( ,crotona 0 a pupil ( ,py?agoras2 b t is all t is kn[n ( 8 hi/ory4 ,he 0 a great natural philosoph]2 & is said to h be5 ! fir/ :o introduc$ ! practice ( dissection4 ,he is said1 also1 to h be5 ! fir/ :o wrote on natural philosophy4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%es betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( ,alcmon & ,py?agoras1 ?\gh )\t expla9+ 9 :at ! diff]5ce consi/$4 ,he ass]t$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & said t x p>took ( ! div9e nature1 because1 l ! heav5ly bodies !mselves1 x conta9$ 9 itself ! pr9ciple ( motion4 ,x5ophanes1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,eleatic s*ool1 0 a native ( ,colophon2 & fl\ri%$ probably ab\t ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus4 ,be+ bani%$ f 8 own c\ntry1 he fl$ to ! ,ionian colonies 9 ,sicily1 & at la/ settl$ 9 ,elea1 or ,velia4 ,8 writ+s 7 *iefly poetical4 ,he 0 univ]sally reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z ! orig9ator ( ! doctr9e ( ! on5ess ( ! univ]se3 he also ma9ta9$1 x is said1 ! unity ( ! ,deity2 & also 8 immortality & et]nity2 d5\nc$ ! transf]5ce ( him into human =m2 & reproa*$ ,hom] & ,hesiod = attribut+ to him human weaknesses4 ,he repres5t$ him z end[$ ) unwe>i$ activity1 & z ! animat+ p[] ( ! univ]se4 ,h]aclitus 0 an ,ephesian1 & is said to h be5 a pupil ( ,x5ophanes1 ?\gh ?is /atem5t is mu* d\bt$2 o!rs call him a pupil ( ,hippasus ! ,py?agorean4 ,he wrote a treatise on ,nature2 decl>+ t ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s 0 fire1 f :i* he saw ! _w 0 evolv$ by a natural op]ation2 he fur!r said t ?is fire 0 ! human life & s\l1 & !re=e a rational intellig5ce guid+ ! :ole univ]se4 ,9 ?is prim>y fire he consid]$ t !re 0 a p]petual long+ to manife/ itself 9 diff]5t =ms3 9 its p]fectly pure /ate x is 9 heav52 b 9 ord] to gratify ?is long+ x desc5ds1 gradually los+ ! rapidity ( its motion till x settles 9 ! e>?4 ,! e>?1 h[ev]1 is n immovable1 b only ! sl[e/ ( all mov+ bodies2 :ile ! s\l ( man1 ?\gh dwell+ 9 ! l[e/ ( all regions1 namely1 9 ! e>?1 he consid]$ a migrat$ portion ( fire 9 its pure /ate2 :i*1 9 spite ( its desc5t1 _h lo/ none ( its orig9al purity4 ,! summum bonum he consid]$ to be a cont5t$ acquiesc5ce 9 ! decrees ( ! ,deity4 ,none ( 8 writ+s are extant2 & he does n appe> to h _h _m foll[]s4 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 7:o mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) 8 ,/oic or ,cynic namesake17 0 a pupil ( ,anaxim5es1 & wrote a treatise on ,nature1 ( :i* ,diog5es ,la]tius gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3 8,he ma9ta9$ t air 0 ! prim>y elem5t ( all ?+s2 t !re 0 an inf9ite numb] ( worlds & an inf9ite vacuum2 t air cond5s$ & r>efi$ produc$ ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! univ]se2 t no?+ 0 g5]at$ f no?+1 or resolv$ into no?+2 t ! e>? 0 r\nd1 support$ 9 ! c5tre1 hav+ receiv$ its %ape f ! :irl+ r\nd x ( w>m vap\rs1 & its concrete nature & h>dness f cold40 ,he also imput$ to air an intellectual en]gy1 ?\gh he did n recognise any diff]5ce betwe5 m9d & matt]4 ,p>m5ides 0 a native ( ,elea or ,velia1 & fl\ri%$ ab\t #dfj ,b4,c41 soon aft] :i* "t he came to ,a!ns1 & became acqua9t$ ) ,socrates1 :o 0 !n v "y4 ,!ophra/us & ,ari/otle speak d\btfully ( 8 hav+ be5 a pupil ( ,x5ophanes4 ,"s au?ors1 h[ev]1 reckon him z "o ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool2 ,plato & ,ari/otle speak ( him z ! greate/ ( ! ,eleatics2 & x is said t 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 b\nd _! magi/rates e ye> to abide by ! laws :i* he _h laid d[n4 ,he1 l ,x5ophanes1 expla9$ 8 philosophical t5ets 9 a didactic poem1 9 :i* he speaks ( two prim>y =ms1 "o ! f9e uni=m e!rial fire ( flame 7 71 ! o!r ! cold body ( night1 out ( ! int]m+l+ ( :i* ev]y?+ 9 ! _w is =m$ by ! ,deity :o reigns 9 ! mid/4 ,8 cosmogony 0 c>ri$ into m9ute detail1 ( :i* we possess only a few obscure fragm5ts2 he some:at resembl$ ! ,py?agoreans 9 believ+ 9 a sph]ical sy/em ( ! _w1 surr\nd$ by a circle ( pure light2 9 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 ! e>?2 & betwe5 ! e>? & ! light 0 ! circle ( ! ,milky ,way1 ( ! morn+ & ev5+ />1 ( ! sun1 ! planets1 & ! moon4 ,& ! diff]5ces 9 p]fection ( organization1 he attribut$ to ! diff]5t proportions 9 :i* ! prim>y pr9ciples 7 int]m+l$4 ,! ultimate pr9ciple ( ! _w 01 9 8 view1 necessity1 9 :i* ,emp$ocles appe>s to h foll[$ him2 he seems to h be5 ! only philosoph] :o recognis$ ) di/9ctness & precision t ! ,exi/5t1 1 z su*1 is unconnect$ ) all sep>ation or juxtaposition1 z well z ) all succession1 all relation to space or "t1 all com+ into exi/5ce1 & all *ange4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a mi/ake to suppose t he recognis$ x z a ,deity4 ,democritus 0 born at ,abd]a1 ,b4,c4 #dfj4 ,8 fa!r ,hegesi/ratus _h be5 s ri* z to be able to ent]ta9 ,x]xes1 :5 on 8 m>* aga9/ ,greece4 ,he sp5t 8 inh]itance 9 travell+ into di/ant c\ntries1 visit+ ! great] "p ( ,asia1 &1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 ext5d+ 8 travels z f> z ,india & ?iopia4 ,egypt he c]ta9ly 0 acqua9t$ )4 ,he liv$ to beyond ! age ( #ajj ye>s1 & is said to h di$ ,b4,c4 #ceg4 ,he 0 a man ( va/ & v>i$ le>n+1 & a mo/ volum9\s au?or1 ?\gh none ( 8 works h come d[n to u2--9 !m he c>ri$ out ! !ory ( atoms :i* he _h d]iv$ f ,leucippus2 insi/+ on ! reality ( a vacuum & ( motion1 :i* he held 0 ! et]nal & necess>y consequ5ce ( ! orig9al v>iety ( atoms 9 ?is vacuum4 ,^! atoms1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 be+ 9 con/ant motion & imp5etrable1 (f] resi/ance to "o ano!r1 & s create a :irl+ motion :i* gives bir? to worlds4 ,moreov]1 f ?is arise comb9ations ( di/9ct atoms :i* become real ?+s & be+s4 ,! fir/ cause ( all exi/5ce he call$ *ance 771 9 opposition to ! ( ,anaxagoras4 ,b ,democritus w5t fur!r2 = he direct$ 8 inve/igations especially to ! discov]y ( causes4 ,besides ! inf9ite numb] ( atoms1 he likewise suppos$ ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite numb] ( worlds1 ea* be+ kept toge!r by a sort ( %ell or sk94 ,he d]iv$ ! f\r elem5ts f ! =m1 quality1 & proportionate magnitude ( ! atoms pr$om9at+ 9 ea*2 & 9 d]iv+ individual ?+s f atoms1 he ma9ly consid]$ ! qualities ( w>m & cold2 ! s\l he consid]$ z d]iv$ f fire atoms2 & he did n consid] m9d z any?+ peculi>1 or z a p[] di/9ct f ! s\l or s5su\s p]ception2 b he consid]$ k d]iv$ f reason to be a s5su\s p]ception4 ,9 8 e?ical philosophy1 he consid]$ 7z we may see f ! de ,f9ibus7 ! acquisition ( peace ( m9d z ! end & ultimate object ( all our actions1 & z ! la/ & be/ fruit ( philosophical inquiry4 ,temp]ance & mod]ation 9 prosp]ity & adv]sity 71 9 8 eyes1 ! pr9cipal means ( acquir+ ?is peace ( m9d4 ,& he call$ ^? m5 alone pi\s & belov$ by ! ,gods :o hate :atev] is wrong4 ,emp$ocles 0 a ,sicilian1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! "t :5 ,?rasydu1 ! son ( ,!ron1 0 expell$ f ,agrig5tum1 to ! tyranny ( :i* he _h succe$$2 9 :i* revolution he took an active "p3 x is ev5 said t ! sov]eignty ( 8 native city 0 (f]$ to & decl9$ by him4 ,he 0 a man ( great g5ius & ext5sive le>n+2 x is n kn[n ^: pupil he 01 nor are any ( 8 disciples m5tion$ except ,gorgias4 ,he 0 well v]s$ 9 ! t5ets ( ! ,eleatic & ,py?agorean s*ools2 b he did n adopt ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ei!r2 ?\gh he agre$ ) ,py?agoras 9 8 belief 9 ! metempsy*osis1 9 ! influ5ce ( numb]s1 & 9 "o or two o!r po9ts2 & ) ! ,eleatics 9 disbeliev+ t any?+ c\ld be g5]at$ out ( no?+4 ,ari/otle speaks ( him z v mu* resembl+ 9 8 op9ions ,democritus & ,anaxagoras4 ,he 0 ! fir/ :o e/abli%$ ! numb] ( f\r elem5ts1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly po9t$ out "o by "o1 p>tly z fundam5tal sub/ances1 & p>tly z transitive *anges ( ?+s com+ into exi/5ce4 ,he fir/ sugge/$ ! idea ( two opposite directions ( ! mov+ p[]1 an attractive & a repell+ "o3 & he believ$ t orig9ally ^! two coexi/$ 9 a /ate ( repose & inactivity4 ,he also assum$ a p]iodical *ange ( ! =mation ( ! _w2 or p]haps1 l ! philosoph]s ( ! pure ,ionic s*ool1 a p]petual cont9uance ( pure fundam5tal sub/ances2 to :i* ! p>ts ( ! _w t are tir$ ( *ange return1 & prep>e ! =mation ( ! sph]e = ! next p]iod ( ! _w4 ,l ! ,eleatics1 he /rove to purify ! notion ( ! ,deity1 say+ t he1 8be+ a holy inf9ite _s1 n encumb]$ ) limbs1 passes ?r\gh ! _w ) rapid ?\ghts40 ,at ! same "t he speaks ( ! et]nal p[] ( ,necessity z an anci5t decree ( ! ,gods1 ?\gh x is n q cle> :at he und]/ood by ?is t]m4 ,diagoras 0 a native ( ,melos1 & a pupil ( ,democritus1 & fl\ri%$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #dce4 ,he is rem>kable z hav+ be5 reg>d$ by all antiquity z an ,a!i/4 ,9 8 y\? he _h "s reputation z a lyric poet2 s t he is sometimes class$ ) ,p9d>1 ,simonides1 & ,bac*ylides4 ,ari/ophanes1 9 ! ,cl\ds1 alludes to him :]e he calls ,socrates 8! ,melian20 n t he 0 s1 b he means to h9t t ,socrates 0 an a!i/ z well z ! ,melian ,diagoras4 ,he liv$ at ,a!ns = _m ye>s till ,b4,c4 #daa1 :5 he fl$ f a prosecution in/itut$ aga9/ him = impiety1 accord+ to ,diodorus1 b probably = "s (f5ce ( a political nature2 p]haps connect$ ) ! mutilation ( ! ,h]m4 ,t he 0 an a!i/1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h be5 q untrue4 ,l ,socrates1 he took new & peculi> views respect+ ! ,gods & _! wor%ip2 & seems to h ridicul$ ! hon\rs paid to _! /atues1 & ! common notions :i* 7 ent]ta9$ ( _! actions & conduct4 7,see ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 iii4 #cg47 ,he is said also to h attack$ objects held 9 ! greate/ v5]ation at ,a!ns1 su* z ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 & to h dissuad$ p f be+ initiat$ into !m4 ,he appe>s also1 9 8 !ories on ! div9e nature1 to h sub/itut$ 9 "s degree ! active p[]s ( nature = ! activity ( ! ,gods4 ,9 8 own conduct he 0 a man ( /rict morality & virtue4 ,he di$ at ,cor9? be=e ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,protagoras 0 a native ( ,abd]a2 ! exact "t ( 8 bir? is unkn[n1 b he 0 a little old] ?an ,socrates4 ,he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o gave himself ! title ( 1 & taught = pay4 ,he came to ,a!ns e>ly 9 life1 & gave to ! settl]s :o left x = ,?urium1 ,b4,c4 #dde1 a code ( laws1 or p]haps adapt$ ! old laws ( ,*>ondas to _! use4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,p]icles4 ,aft] "s "t he 0 impea*$ = impiety 9 say+1 ,t respect+ ! ,gods he did n "k :e!r !y exi/$ or n2 & bani%$ f ,a!ns 7see ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #bc74 ,he 0 a v prolific au?or3 8 mo/ peculi> doctr9es excit$ ,plato to write ! ,!tetus to oppose !m4 ,8 fundam5tal pr9ciple 01 t ev]y?+ is motion1 & t t is ! effici5t cause ( ev]y?+2 t no?+ exi/s1 b t ev]y?+ is cont9ually com+ into exi/5ce4 ,he divid$ motion 7besides num]\s subord9ate divisions7 into active & passive2 ?\gh he did n consid] ei!r ( ^! *>act]i/ics z p]man5t4 ,f ! concurr5ce ( two su* motions he taught t s5sations & p]ceptions arose1 accord+ to ! rapidity ( ! motion4 ,!re=e he said t !re is or exi/s = ea* individual1 only t ( :i* he has a s5sation or p]ception2 & t z s5sation1 l its objects1 is engag$ 9 a p]petual *ange ( motion1 opposite ass]tions might exi/ accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! p]ception respect+ su* object4 ,moral wor? he attribut$ to tak+ pleasure 9 ! beautiful2 & virtue he ref]r$ to a c]ta9 s5se ( %ame implant$ 9 man by nature2 & to a c]ta9 consci\s feel+ ( ju/ice1 :i* secures ! bonds ( connexion 9 private & political life4 ,socrates1 ! son ( ,sophroniscus1 a /atu>y1 & ,phn>ete1 a midwife1 0 born ,b4,c4 #dfh4 ,he liv$ all 8 life at ,a!ns1 s]v+ inde$ z a soldi] at ,potida1 ,amphipolis1 & 9 ! battle ( ,delium2 b ) ^! exceptions he nev] left ! city2 :]e he liv$ z a tea*] ( philosophy2 n1 h[ev]1 f\nd+ a s*ool or giv+ lectures1 b frequ5t+ ! m>ket-place & all o!r places ( public resort1 talk+ ) e "o :o *ose to address him1 & putt+ que/ions to e "o ( e rank & pr(ession1 s t ,grote calls him 8a public talk] = in/ruction40 ,he believ$ himself to h a special religi\s mission f ! ,gods to br+ 8 c\ntrym5 to k & virtue4 ,he 0 at la/ impea*$ be=e ! legal tribunals1 on ! gr\nd ( 8corrupt+ ! y\? ( ! city1 & n wor%ipp+ ! ,gods :om ! city wor%ipp$20 & disda9+ to def5d himself1 or r mak+ a ju/ificatory def5ce ( su* a "* z to exasp]ate ! judges1 he 0 condemn$ to dea?1 & execut$ by hav+ hemlock adm9i/]$ to him1 ,b4,c4 #cii4 ,f 8 disciples ,plato & ,x5ophon we h a v full acc\nt ( 8 habits & doctr9es2 ?\gh x has be5 mu* disput$ :i* ( ! two is to be consid]$ z giv+ ! mo/ accurate description ( 8 op9ions4 ,z a "y man he _h be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t a pupil ( ,ar*elaus 7! disciple ( ,anaxagoras71 & d]iv$ 8 fondness = ! dialectic /yle ( argum5t f ,z5o ! ,eleatic1 ! fav\rite ,pupil ( ,p>m5ides4 ,he diff]$1 h[ev]1 f all prec$+ philosoph]s 9 disc>d+ & exclud+ :olly f 8 /udies all ! ab/ruse sci5ces1 & limit+ 8 philosophy to ^? practical po9ts :i* c\ld h influ5ce on human conduct4 8,he himself 0 always conv]s+ ab\t ! affairs ( m510 is ! description giv5 ( him by ,x5ophon4 ,a/ronomy he pron\nc$ to be "o ( ! div9e my/]ies :i* x 0 impossible to und]/& & madness to inve/igate2 all t man want$ 0 to "k en\gh ( ! heav5ly bodies to s]ve z an index to ! *ange ( seasons & z guides = voyages1 etc42 & t k might1 he said1 easily be obta9$ f pilots & wat*m54 ,geometry he r$uc$ to its lit]al mean+ ( l&-measur+1 useful to enable "o to act ) judgm5t 9 ! pur*ase or sale ( l&2 b he look$ ) great contempt on ! /udy ( complicat$ diagrams & ma!matical problems4 ,z to g5]al natural philosophy1 he :olly disc>d$ x2 ask+ :e!r ^? :o pr(ess$ to apply !mselves to t /udy knew human affairs s well z to h "t to sp>e = div9e2 0 x t !y ?\ght t !y c\ld influ5ce ! w9ds1 ra91 & seasons1 or did !y desire no?+ b ! gratification ( an idle curiosity8 ,m5 %\ld recollect h[ mu* ! wise/ ( !m :o h attempt$ to prosecute ^! inve/igations diff] f "o ano!r1 & h[ totally opposite & contradictory _! op9ions are4 ,socrates1 !n1 look$ at all k f ! po9t ( view ( human practice4 ,he fir/1 z ,cic]o says1 7,tusc4 ,dis4 v4 #d17 8call$ philosophy d[n f heav5 & e/abli%$ x 9 ! cities1 introduc$ x ev5 into private h\ses1 & compell$ x to inve/igate life1 & mann]s1 & :at 0 good & evil among m540 ,he 0 ! fir/ man :o turn$ 8 ?\ghts & discussions di/9ctly to ! subject ( ,e?ics4 ,deeply imbu$ ) s9c]e religi\s feel+1 & believ+ himself to be "u ! peculi> guidance ( ! ,gods1 :o at all times admoni%$ him by a div9e w>n+ voice :5 he 0 9 dang] ( do+ any?+ unwise1 inexp$i5t1 or improp]1 he believ$ t ! ,gods con/antly manife/$ _! love ( & c>e = all m5 9 ! mo/ ess5tial mann]1 9 reply+ ?r\gh oracles1 & s5d+ !m in=mation by sacrificial signs or prodigies1 9 cases ( great difficulty2 & he _h no d\bt t if a man 7 dilig5t 9 le>n+ all t ! ,gods p]mitt$ to be le>nt1 & if besides he 0 assidu\s 9 pay+ pi\s c\rt to !m & 9 solicit+ special in=mation by way ( prophecy1 !y w\ld be graci\s to him & signify _! purposes to him4 ,su* !n be+ ! capacity ( man = wisdom & virtue1 8 object 0 to imp>t t wisdom to !m2 & ! fir/ /ep necess>y1 he consid]$ to be eradicat+ "o great fault :i* 0 a b>ri] to all improvem5t4 ,?is fault he describ$ z 8! conceit ( k )\t ! reality40 ,8 fri5d & admir] ,*rephon _h consult$ ! oracle at ,delphi z to :e!r any man 0 wis] ?an ,socrates2 to :i* ! prie/ess repli$ t no o!r man 0 wis]4 ,socrates affirms t he 0 greatly di/urb$ at he>+ ?is decl>ation f s infallible an au?ority2 till aft] conv]s+ ) politicians1 & orators1 & poets1 & m5 ( all classes1 he discov]$ n only t !y 7 de/itute ( wisdom1 b t !y believ$ !mselves to be possess$ ( x2 s t he 0 wis] ?an !y1 ?\gh :olly ignorant1 inasmu* z he 0 consci\s ( 8 own ignorance4 ,he !re=e consid]$ 8 mo/ important duty to be to conv9ce m5 ( _! ignorance1 & to excite !m to rem$y x1 z ! indisp5sable prelim9>y to virtue2 = virtue he def9$ z do+ a ?+ well1 aft] hav+ le>nt x & practis$ x by ! rational & prop] means2 & :oev] p]=m$ 8 duties be/1 :e!r he 0 a rul] ( a /ate or a husb&man1 0 ! be/ & mo/ useful man & ! mo/ belov$ by ! ,gods4 ,& if 8 objects 7 new1 8 me?od 0 no less s4 ,he 0 ! p>5t ( dialectics & logic4 ,ari/otle says1 8,to ,socrates we may unque/ionably assign two novelties--inductive disc\rses1 & ! def9itions ( g5]al t]ms40 ,)\t any pr$ecessor to copy1 ,socrates fell z x 7 in/9ctively into t :i* ,ari/otle describes z ! d\ble tract ( ! dialectic process1 break+ up ! "o into ! _m1 & recomb9+ ! _m into ! "o2 ?\gh ! latt] or syn!tical process he did n (t5 p]=m himself1 b /rove to /imulate 8 he>]'s m9d s z to enable him to d x = himself4 ,! fault ( ! ,socratic !ory is well rem>k$ by ,grote to be1 t :ile he resolv$ all virtue into k or wisdom1 & all vice into ignorance or folly1 he omitt$ to notice :at is n less ess5tial to virtue1 ! prop] condition ( ! passions1 desires1 c41 & limit$ 8 views too exclusively to ! intellect2 /ill :ile lay+ d[n a !ory :i* is too n>r[1 he escap$ ! errone\s consequ5ces ( x by a p>tial inconsi/5cy4 ,= no "o ev] insi/$ m emphatically on ! necessity ( control ov] ! passions & appetites1 ( en=c+ good habits1 & on ! value ( t /ate ( ! s5tim5ts & emotions :i* su* a c\rse t5d$ to =m4 ,he con/antly po9t$ out t ! *ief pleasures 7 su* z inevitably arise f ! p]=mance ( "o's duty1 & t z to happ9ess1 a v mod]ate degree ( good =tune is suffici5t z to ext]nal ?+s1 provid$ ! int]nal man be prop]ly discipl9$4 ,grote rem>ks fur!r1 7& ?is rem>k is p>ticul>ly wor? rememb]+ 9 ! read+ ( ,cic]o's philosophical works17 t 8,arcesilaus & ! ,new ,academy ?\ght t !y 7 foll[+ ! example ( ,socrates1 7& ,cic]o appe>s to h ?\ght s too17 :5 !y reason$ aga9/ ev]y?+1 & laid x d[n z a sy/em1 t aga9/ e affirmative position an equal =ce ( negative argum5t c\ld be br\ght z a c\nt]poise3 n[ ?is view ( ,socrates is1 9 my judgm5t1 n only p>tial1 b incorrect4 ,he ent]ta9$ no su* d\bts ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d to atta9 c]ta9ty4 ,ab\t physics he ?\ght man c\ld "k no?+2 b respect+ ! topics :i* conc]n man & society1 ?is 0 ! field :i* ! ,gods _h expressly assign$1 n m]ely to human practice1 b to human /udy & k2 & he ?\ght t e man1 n only might "k ^! ?+s1 b ought to "k !m2 t he c\ld n possibly act well unless he did "k !m2 & t x 0 8 imp]ative duty to le>n !m z he w\ld le>n a pr(ession1 o!rwise he 0 no?+ bett] ?an a slave1 unfit to be tru/$ z a free & acc\ntable be+4 ,he 0 possess$ by ! truly ,baconian idea1 t ! p[] ( /eady moral action dep5d$ ^u1 & 0 limit$ by1 ! rational compreh5sion ( moral ends & means40 ,! sy/em1 !n1 ( ,socrates 0 animat$ by ! true/ _s ( positive sci5ce1 & =m$ an indisp5sable precursor to its atta9m5t4 ,& we may =m "s e/imate ( 8 wor? & g5ius if we recollect1 t :ile ! sy/ems & speculations ( o!r anci5t philosoph]s s]ve only z curiosities to make u wond]1 or z beacons to w>n u into :at absurdities ! able/ m5 may fall1 ! pr9ciples & ! sy/em ( ,socrates & 8 foll[]s1 & ( t s*ool alone1 ex]cise to ?is day an important influ5ce on all human argum5t & speculation4 ,ari/ippus 7:om we w consid] be=e ,plato1 t ,ari/otle may foll[ ,plato m imm$iately7 came :5 a "y man to ,a!ns1 = ! express purpose ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ,socrates1 ) :om he rema9$ almo/ till 8 dea?4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 v diff]5t f 8 ma/]1 be+ a p]son ( mo/ luxuri\s & s5sual habits4 ,he 0 also ! fir/ ( ,socrates' disciples :o took money = tea*+4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,cyr5aic s*ool ( philosophy1 :i* foll[$ ,socrates 9 limit+ all philosophical inquiries to e?ics2 ?\gh "u ?is "n !y compreh5d$ a m v>i$ range ( subjects ?an ,socrates did1 inasmu* z "o ( ! p>ts into :i* !y divid$ philosophy1 ref]r$ to ! feel+s2 ano!r to causes1 :i* is r a bran* ( physics2 & a ?ird to pro(s1 :i* is cle>ly connect$ ) logic4 ,he pron\nc$ pleasure to be ! *ief good1 & pa9 ! *ief evil2 b he d5i$ t ei!r ( ^! 0 a m]e negative inactive /ate1 consid]+ !m1 on ! contr>y1 bo? to be motions ( ! s\l1--pa9 a viol5t1 & pleasure a mod]ate "o4 ,z to actions1 he ass]t$ t !y 7 all morally indiff]5t1 t m5 %\ld only look to _! results1 & t law & cu/om are ! only au?orities :i* make an action ei!r good or bad4 ,:atev] conduces to pleasure1 he ?\ght virtue2 9 :i* he agre$ ) ,socrates t ! m9d has ! pr9cipal %>e4 ,plato1 ! greate/ ( all ! disciples ( ,socrates1 0 ! son ( ,ari/on & ,p]ictione1 & 0 born probably 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #dbh1 & desc5d$1 on ! side ( 8 fa!r1 f ,codrus1 & on 8 "m's side relat$ to ,solon4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty1 he became a con/ant att5dant ( ,socrates1 & liv$ at ,a!ns till 8 dea?4 ,aft] ?is ev5t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unpopul>ity ( ! v "n ( 8 ma/]1 he retir$ to ,meg>a1 & subsequ5tly to ,sicily4 ,he is said also to h be5 at "s "p ( 8 life1 aft] ! dea? ( ,socrates1 a great travell]4 ,ab\t twelve ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,socrates he return$ to ,a!ns1 & began to tea* 9 ! ,academy1 p>tly by dialogue1 & p>tly1 probably1 by connect$ lectures4 ,he taught gratuit\sly2 & besides ,speusippus1 ,x5ocrates1 ,ari/otle1 ,h]aclides ,ponticus1 & o!rs1 :o 7 devot$ solely to philosophical /udies1 he is said to h occasionally numb]$ ,*abrias1 ,iphicrates1 ,timo!us1 ,phocion1 ,isocrates1 & 7by "s7 ,demo/h5es among 8 he>]s4 ,he di$ at a great age1 ,b4,c4 #cdg4 ,8 works h come d[n to u 9 a m complete =m ?an ^? ( any o!r anci5t au?or :o 0 equally volum9\s2 & f !m we get a cle> idea ( ! pr9cipal doctr9es :i* he inculcat$ on 8 foll[]s4 ,l ,socrates1 he 0 p5etrat$ ) ! idea1 t k & wisdom 7 ! ?+s mo/ necess>y to man1 & ! greate/ goods assign$ to him by ,god4 ,wisdom he look$ on z ! great purifi] ( ! s\l2 & z any approa* to wisdom presupposes an orig9al communion ) ,be+1 prop]ly s call$1 ?is communion also presupposes ! div9e nature1 & consequ5t immortality ( ! s\l1 8 doctr9e respect+ :i* 0 ( a mu* pur] & l(ti] "* ?an ! usual !ology ( ! anci5ts4 ,believ+ t ! _w also _h a s\l1 he consid]$ ! human s\l z simil> to x 9 nature1 & free f all liability to dea?1 9 spite ( its be+ b\nd up ) ! appetites1 9 consequ5ce ( its connexion ) ! body1 & z pres]v+ p[] & consci\sness aft] its sep>ation f ! body4 ,:at he believ$1 h[ev]1 to be its condition aft] dea? is f> less c]ta91 z 8 ideas on ?is subject are express$ 9 a my?ical =m4 ,! *ief po9t1 h[ev]1 to :i* ,plato direct$ 8 att5tion1 0 e?ics1 :i*1 especially 9 8 sy/em1 are closely connect$ ) politics4 ,he devotes ! ,protagoras1 & sev]al %ort] dialogues1 to refute ! s5sual & selfi% !ories ( "s ( 8 pr$ecessors1 9 ord] to adopt a m sci5tific treatm5t ( ! subject2 & 9 ^! dialogues he urges t nei!r happ9ess nor virtue are atta9able by ! indulg5ce ( our desires1 b t m5 mu/ br+ ^! into prop] re/ra9t1 if !y are desir\s ( ei!r4 ,he supposes an inw>d h>mony1 ! pres]vation ( :i* is pleasure1 :ile its di/urbance is pa92 & z pleasure is always dep5d5t on ! activity f :i* x spr+s1 ! m ?is activity is elevat$ ! pur] ! pleasure becomes4 ,virtue he consid]$ ! fitness ( ! s\l = ! op]ations t are prop] to x2 & x manife/s itself by means ( its inw>d h>mony1 beauty1 & heal?4 ,diff]5t phases ( virtue are di/+ui%able s f> z ! s\l is n pure _s1 b j z ! _s %\ld rule bo? ! o!r elem5ts ( ! s\l1 s also %\ld wisdom1 z ! inn] developm5t ( ! _s1 rule ! o!r virtues4 ,politics he consid]$ an insep>able "p ( e?ics1 & ! /ate z ! copy ( a well-regulat$ individual life3 f ! ?ree diff]5t activities ( ! s\l he d$uc$ ! ?ree ma9 elem5ts ( ! /ate1 lik5+ ! work+ class to ! appetitive elem5t ( ! s\l1 bo? ( :i* equally require to be kept "u control2 ! milit>y ord]1 :i* answ]$1 9 8 idea1 to ! emotive elem5t1 ought to develop itself 9 ?or\gh dep5d5ce on ! reason2 & f t ! gov]n+ ord]1 answ]+ to ! rational faculty1 mu/ proce$4 ,! "r ( pass+ f a subord9ate to a dom9ant position mu/ dep5d on ! individual capacity & ability = rais+ itself4 ,b f ! difficulties ( realiz+ 8 !ories1 he r5\nces ?is absolute sep>ation ( ranks 9 8 book on ,laws1 limits ! p[] ( ! gov]nors1 attempts to reconcile fre$om ) unity & reason1 & to m+le mon>*y ) democracy4 ,) respect to 8 !ology1 he appe>s to h agre$ entirely ) ,socrates4 ,ari/otle 0 born at ,/ageira1 ,b4,c4 #chd4 ,8 fa!r1 ,nicoma*us1 0 physician to ,amyntas ,,ii41 k+ ( ,mac$on4 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 he w5t to ,a!ns1 9 hopes to become a pupil ( ,plato2 b ,plato 0 9 ,sicily1 & did n return = ?ree ye>s1 :i* "t ,ari/otle appli$ to sev]e /udy1 & to cultivat+ ! fri5d%ip ( ,h]aclides ,ponticus4 ,:5 ,plato return$1 he soon di/+ui%$ him above all 8 o!r pupils4 ,he rema9$ at ,a!ns tw5ty ye>s1 ma9ta9+1 h[ev]1 8 connexion ) ,mac$onia2 b on ! dea? ( ,plato1 ,b4,c4 #cdg1 :i* happ5$ :ile ,ari/otle 0 abs5t 9 ,mac$onia on an embassy1 he quitt$ ,a!ns1 ?9k+1 p]haps1 t travell+ 0 necess>y to complete 8 education4 ,aft] a %ort p]iod1 he accept$ an invitation f ,philip to sup]9t5d ! education ( ,alex&]4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,mac$onia till ,b4,c4 #cce1 :5 he return$ to ,a!ns1 :]e he f\nd ,x5ocrates _h succe$$ ,speusippus z ! head ( ! ,academy4 ,"h ! ,lyceum 0 appropriat$ to him1 9 ! %ady walks 77 ( :i* he deliv]$ 8 lectures to a numb] ( em95t s*ol>s :o flock$ ar\nd him4 ,f ^! walks ! "n ( ,p]ipatetic 0 giv5 to ! ,s*ool :i* he subsequ5tly e/abli%$4 ,l sev]al o!rs ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 he _h a select body ( pupils1 to :om he deliv]$ 8 esot]ic doctr9es2 & a l>g]1 m promiscu\s1 & less accompli%$ company1 to :om he deliv]$ 8 exot]ic lectures on less ab/ruse subjects4 ,:5 he _h resid$ ?irte5 ye>s at ,a!ns1 he f\nd himself ?reat5$ ) a prosecution = impiety1 & fl$ to ,*alcis1 9 ,euba1 & di$ soon aft]1 ,b4,c4 #cbb4 ,8 le>n+ 0 imm5se1 & 8 mo/ volum9\s writ+s embrac$ almo/ e subject conceivable2 b only a v small portion ( !m has come d[n to u4 ,cic]o1 h[ev]1 alludes to him only z a moral philosoph]1 & occasionally z a natural hi/orian2 s t x may be suffici5t "h = u to conf9e our view ( him to 8 tea*+ on ! ,practical ,sci5ces2 8 ,e?ics1 too1 be+ "o ( 8 works :i* has come d[n to u entire4 ,god he consid]$ to be ! highe/ & pure/ en]gy ( et]nal intellect1--an absolute pr9ciple1--! highe/ reason1 ! object ( ^: ?\ght is himself2 exp&+ & decl>+1 9 a m pr(\nd mann]1 ! ( ,anaxagoras4 ,) respect to man1 ! object ( all action1 he taught1 0 happ9ess3 & ?is happ9ess he def9es to be an en]gy ( ! s\l 7or ( life7 accord+ to virtue1 exi/+ by & = itself4 ,virtue1 aga91 he subdivid$ into moral & intellectual1 accord+ to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! reason+ faculty & t quality 9 ! s\l :i* obeys reason4 ,aga91 moral virtue is ! prop] m$ium betwe5 excess & defici5cy1 & c only be acquir$ by practice2 intellectual virtue c be taught2 & by ! con/ant practice ( moral virtue a man becomes virtu\s1 b he c only practise x by a resolute det]m9ation to d s4 ,virtue1 !re=e1 is def9$ fur!r z a habit accompani$ by1 or aris+ out (1 delib]ate *oice1 & bas$ ^u free & consci\s action4 ,f ^! pr9ciples1 ,ari/otle is l$ to take a wid] view ( virtue ?an o!r philosoph]s3 he includes fri5d%ip "u ?is head1 z "o ( ! v greate/ virtues1 & a pr9cipal means = a /eady cont9uance 9 all virtue2 & z ! unre/rict$ ex]cise ( ea* species ( activity direct$ t[>ds ! good1 produces a feel+ ( pleasure1 he consid]s pleasure z a v p[]ful means ( virtue4 ,connect$ ) ,ari/otle's sy/em ( e?ics 0 8 sy/em ( politics1 ! =m] be+ only a "p1 z x 71 ( ! latt]2 ! =m] aim+ at ! happ9ess ( individuals1 ! latt] at t ( communities2 s t ! latt] is ! p]fection & completion ( ! =m]4 ,= ,ari/otle look$ ^u man z a 8political animal0--z a be+1 t is1 creat$ by nature = ! /ate1 & = liv+ 9 ! /ate2 :i*1 z a totality consi/+ ( organically connect$ memb]s1 is by nature prior to ! individual or ! family4 ,! /ate he look$ ^u z a :ole consi/+ ( mutually dep5d5t & connect$ memb]s1 ) ref]5ce z well to imag9>y z to actually exi/+ con/itutions4 ,! con/itution is ! arrangem5t ( ! p[]s 9 ! /ate--! s\l ( ! /ate1 z x 71--accord+ to :i* ! sov]eignty is det]m9$4 ,! laws are ! det]m9+ pr9ciples1 accord+ to :i* ! dom9ant body gov]ns & re/ra9s ^? :o w\ld1 & puni%es ^? :o d1 transgress !m4 ,he def9es ?ree k9ds ( con/itutions1 ea* ( !m hav+ a correspond+ p]v]sion3--a republic1 aris+ f ! pr9ciple ( equality2 ?is at times deg5]ates into democracy2 mon>*y1 & ari/ocracy1 :i* arise f pr9ciples ( inequality1 f\nd$ on ! prepond]ance ( ext]nal or int]nal /r5g? & weal?1 & :i* are apt to deg5]ate into tyranny & olig>*y4 ,! education ( y\? he consid]s z a pr9cipal conc]n ( ! /ate1 9 ord] t1 all ! individual citiz5s be+ tra9$ to a virtu\s life1 virtue may become pr$om9ant 9 all ! sph]es ( political life2 &1 accord+ly1 by means ( politics ! object is realiz$ ( :i* e?ics are ! gr\ndwork1 namely1 human happ9ess1 dep5d+ on a life 9 accordance ) virtue4 ,h]aclides ,ponticus1 z he is usually call$1 01 z 8 "n d5otes1 a native ( ,pontus4 ,he migrat$ to ,a!ns1 :]e he became a disciple ( ,plato1 :o1 :ile abs5t 9 ,sicily1 entru/$ him ) ! c>e ( 8 s*ool4 ,speusippus 0 ! nephew ( ,plato1 & succe$$ him z ,presid5t ( ! ,academy2 b he cont9u$ s b a %ort "t1 &1 )9 eight ye>s ( ! dea? ( ,plato1 he di$ at ,a!ns1 ,b4,c4 #cci4 ,he refus$ to recognise ! ,good z ! ultimate pr9ciple2 b1 go+ back to ! old] !ologians1 ma9ta9$ t ! orig9 ( ! univ]se 0 to be set d[n inde$ z a cause ( ! ,good & ,p]fect1 b 0 n ! ,good & ,p]fect itself2 = t 0 ! result ( g5]at$ exi/5ce or developm5t1 j z plants are ( ! se$s4 ,:51 ) ! ,py?agoreans1 he reckon$ ! ,"o 9 ! s]ies ( good ?+s1 he probably ?\ght ( x only 9 opposition to ! ,manifold1 & wi%$ to po9t out t x is f ! ,"o t ! ,good is to be d]iv$4 ,he appe>s1 h[ev]1 7see ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #ac17 to h attribut$ vital activity to ! primordial unity1 z insep>ably belong+ to x4 ,!ophra/us 0 a native ( ,eresus1 f :5ce he migrat$ to ,a!ns1 :]e he became a foll[] ( ,plato1 & aft]w>ds ( ,ari/otle1 by :om1 :5 he quitt$ ,a!ns = ,*alcis1 he 0 designat$ z 8 successor 9 ! presid5cy ( ! ,lyceum2 :ile 9 ?is position1 he is said to h _h two ?\s& disciples1 & among !m ! comic poet ,m5&]4 ,:51 ,b4,c4 #cje1 ! philosoph]s 7 bani%$ f ,a!ns1 he also left ! city1 b return$ ! next ye> on ! repeal ( ! law4 ,he liv$ to a great age1 ?\gh ! date ( 8 bir? is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,he 0 a v volum9\s writ] on _m subjects1 b direct$ 8 *ief att5tion to cont9u+ ! rese>*es into natural hi/ory :i* _h be5 begun by ,ari/otle4 ,z1 h[ev]1 only a few fragm5ts ( 8 works h come d[n to u1 & ^! 9 a v corrupt /ate1 we "k b little :at peculi> views he ent]ta9$2 ?\gh we le>n f ,cic]o 7,de ,inv4 i4 #db-ej7 t he dep>t$ a good deal f ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle 9 8 pr9ciples ( e?ics1 & also 9 8 metaphysical & !ological speculations2 & ,cic]o 7,de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #ac7 compla9s t he did n express himself ) precision or ) consi/5cy ab\t ! ,deity2 & 9 o!r places 7,acad4 i4 #aj1 ,tusc4 ,qu/4 v4 #i71 t he appe>$ unable to compreh5d a happ9ess re/+ m]ely on virtue2 s t he _h attribut$ to virtue a rank v inf]ior to its des]ts4 ,x5ocrates 0 a native ( ,*alc$on1 born probably ,b4,c4 #cif4 ,he 0 a foll[] ( ,plato1 & accompani$ him to ,sicily4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 he betook himself1 ) ,ari/otle1 to ! c\rt ( ,h]mias1 tyrant ( ,pt>neus1 b soon return$ to ,a!ns1 & became presid5t ( ! ,academy :5 ,speusippus1 ?r\gh ill heal?1 0 =c$ to ab&on t po/4 ,he di$ ,b4,c4 #cad4 ,he 0 n a man ( great g5ius1 b ( unwe>i$ indu/ry & ! pure/ virtue & integrity4 ,none ( 8 works h come d[n to u2 b1 f ! notices ( o!r writ]s1 we are acqua9t$ ) "s ( 8 peculi> doctr9es4 ,he /ood at ! head ( ^? :o1 reg>d+ ! univ]se z imp]i%able & exi/+ f et]nity1 look$ ^u ! *ronic succession 9 ! !ory ( ,plato z a =m 9 :i* to d5ote ! relations ( conceptual succession4 ,he ass]t$ t ! s\l 0 a self-mov+ memb]1--call$ ,unity & ,duality deities1 consid]+ ! =m] z ! fir/ male exi/5ce1 rul+ 9 heav51 fa!r & ,jupit]2 ! latt] z ! female1 z ! "m ( ! ,gods1 & ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 :i* reigns ov] ! mutable _w "u heav54 ,he approximat$ to ! ,py?agoreans 9 consid]+ ,numb] z ! pr9ciple ( consci\sness1 & consequ5tly ( k2 supply+1 h[ev]1 :at 0 defici5t 9 ! ,py?agorean !ory by ! def9ition ( ,plato1 t x is only 9 z f> z numb] reconciles ! opposition betwe5 ! same & ! diff]5t1 & c raise itself to indep5d5t motion1 t x is s\l4 ,9 8 e?ics he endeav\r$ to r5d] ! ,platonic !ory m complete1 & to give x a m direct applicability to human life2 admitt+1 besides ! good & ! bad1 ( some?+ :i* is nei!r good nor bad1 & "s ( ^! int]m$iate ?+s1 su* z heal?1 beauty1 fame1 good =tune1 he w\ld n admit to be absolutely wor?less & indiff]5t4 ,he ma9ta9$1 h[ev]1 9 ! mo/ decid$ mann]1 t virtue is ! only ?+ valuable 9 itself1 & t ! value ( ev]y?+ else is conditional1 7see ,cic4 de ,f94 iv4 #ah1 de ,leg4 i4 #ba1 ,acad4 i4 #f1 ,tusc4 ,qu/4 v4 #aj-ah17 t happ9ess ought to co9cide ) ! consci\sness ( virtue4 ,he did n all[ t m]e intellectual sci5tific wisdom 0 ! only true wisdom to be s\ght aft] z su* by m53 & 9 "o po9t he came ne>] ! precepts ( ,*ri/ianity ?an any ( ! anci5ts1 :5 he ass]t$ ! indisp5sabl5ess ( ! morality ( ! ?\ghts to virtue1 & decl>$ x to be ! same ?+1 :e!r a p]son ca/ long+ eyes on ! possessions ( 8 neighb\r1 or attempt$ to possess himself ( !m by =ce4 ,anti/h5es 0 old] ?an ,plato2 ?\gh ! exact "t ( 8 bir? is unc]ta93 b he f\ght at ! battle ( ,tanagra1 ,b4,c4 #dbj1 ?\gh !n v "y4 ,he became a disciple ( ,gorgias1 & aft]w>ds ( ,socrates1 at ^: dea? he set up a s*ool 9 ! ,cynos>ges1 a gymnasium = ! use ( ,a!nians born ( =eign mo!rs1 ne> ! temple ( ,h]cules1 f :i* place ( assembly 8 foll[]s 7 call$ ,cynics4 ,he liv$ to a great age1 ?\gh ! ye> ( 8 dea? is n kn[n1 b he c]ta9ly 0 alive aft] ! battle ( ,leuctra1 ,b4,c4 #cga4 ,9 8 philosophical sy/em1 :i* 0 almo/ conf9$ to e?ics1 he appe>s to h aim$ at novelty r ?an tru? or common s5se4 ,he taught t 9 all t ! wise man does he con=ms to p]fect virtue1 & t pleasure is s f> f be+ necess>y to man1 t x is a positive evil4 ,he is report$ also to h gone ! l5g? ( pron\nc+ pa9 & infamy bless+s r ?an evils1 ?\gh :5 he spoke ( pleasure z wor?less1 he probably meant t pleasure :i* arises f ! gratification ( s5sual or artificial desires2 = he prais$ t :i* arises f ! intellect1 & f fri5d%ip4 ,! summum bonum he plac$ 9 a life accord+ to virtue4 ,9 a treatise 9 :i* he discuss$ ! nature ( ! ,gods he cont5d$ = ! unity ( ! ,deity1 & ass]t$ t man is unable to "k him by any s5sible repres5tation1 s9ce he is unlike any be+ on e>?2 & demon/rat$ ! suffici5cy ( virtue = happ9ess1 by ! doctr9e t outw>d ev5ts are regulat$ by ,god s z to b5efit ! wise & good4 ,diog5es1 a native ( ,s9ope 9 ,pontus1 :o 0 born ,b4,c4 #dab1 0 "o ( 8 few disciples2 he came at an e>ly age to ,a!ns1 & became notori\s = ! mo/ frantic excesses ( moros5ess & self-d5ial4 ,on a voyage to g9a he 0 tak5 by pirates & sold z a slave to ,x5iades1 a ,cor9?ian1 ov] :om he acquir$ great influ5ce1 & 0 made tutor to 8 *ildr54 ,8 sy/em consi/$ m]ely 9 tea*+ m5 to disp5se ) ev5 ! simple/ necess>ies ( civiliz$ life3 & he is said to h taught t all m9ds are air1 exactly alike1 & compos$ ( simil> p>ticles2 b t 9 bea/s & 9 idiots !y are h9d]$ f prop]ly develop+ !mselves by v>i\s humors & incapacities ( _! bodies4 ,he di$ ,b4,c4 #cbc1 ! same ye> t ,epicurus came to ,a!ns4 ,z5o 0 born at ,citium1 a city ( ,cyprus2 b hav+ be5 %ipwreck$ ne> ,cyprus1 he settl$ 9 t city1 :]e he devot$ himself to sev]e /udy = a great l5g? ( "t1 cultivat+1 x is said1 ! acqua9tance ( ! philosoph]s ( ! ,meg>ic s*ool1 ,diodorus & ,philo1 & ( ! ,academics1 ,x5ocrates & ,polemo4 ,aft] he _h complet$ 8 /udies1 he op5$ a s*ool himself 9 ! por*1 adorn$ ) ! pa9t+s ( ,polygnotus 7 71 f :i* 8 foll[]s 7 call$ ,/oics4 ,! times ( 8 bir? & ( 8 dea? are n kn[n ) any exactness2 b he is said to h rea*$ a great age4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,/oic doctr9es1 x is n v cle> h[ mu* ( !m proce$$ f ,z5o himself1 & h[ mu* f ,*rysippus & o!r em95t m5 ( ! s*ool 9 subsequ5t ye>s4 ,9 natural philosophy he consid]$ t !re 0 a prim>y matt] :i* 0 nev] increas$ or dim9i%$1 & :i* 0 ! f\ndation ( ev]y?+ :i* exi/$3 & :i* 0 br\ght into exi/5ce by ! op]ative p[]1--t is1 by ! ,deity4 ,he saw ?is op]ative p[] 9 fire & 9 !r z ! basis ( all vital activity1 7see ,cic4 ,acad4 i4 #aa1 ii4 #da2 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #i1 iii4 #ad17 & he taught t ! univ]se comes into be+ :5 ! prim>y sub/ance pass+ f fire ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /age ( air becomes liquefi$1 & !n ! ?ick portion becomes e>?1 ! ?9n] portion air1 :i* is aga9 r>efi$ till x becomes fire4 ,?is fire he conceiv$ to be id5tical ) ! ,deity1 7,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #bb17 & to be end[$ ) consci\sness & =esight4 ,at o!r times he def9$ ! ,deity z t law ( nature :i* ev] accompli%es :at is "r1 & prev5ts ! opposite1 & id5tifi$ x ) unconditional necessity4 ,! s\l ( man he consid]$ z be+ ( ! nature ( fire1 or ( a w>m brea?1 7,cic4 ,tusc4 ,qu/4 i4 #i2 de ,nat4 ,deor4 iii4 #d17 & !re=e z mortal4 ,9 e?ics he agre$ ) ! ,cynics 9 recognis+ ! con/itutional nature ( moral obligations1 ?\gh he diff]$ f !m ) respect to ?+s indiff]5t1 & oppos$ _! morose contempt = cu/om1 ?\gh he did n all[ t ! gratification ( m]e ext]nal wants1 or t ext]nal good =tune1 _h any intr9sic value4 ,he compris$ ev]y?+ :i* c\ld make life happy 9 virtue alone 7,cic4 ,acad4 i4 #aj71 & call$ x ! only good :i* des]v$ to be /riv5 aft] & prais$ = its own sake 7,cic4 de ,f94 iii4 #f1 #h71 & taught t ! atta9m5t ( x mu/ inevitably produce happ9ess4 ,b z virtue c\ld1 accord+ to 8 sy/em1 only subsi/ 9 conjunction ) ! p]fect dom9ion ( reason1 & vice only 9 ! r5unciation ( ! au?ority ( reason1 he inf]r$ t "o good action c\ld n be m virtu\s ?an ano!r1 & t a p]son :o _h "o virtue _h all1 & t he :o 0 de/itute ( "o 0 de/itute ( all4 ,clean!s 0 born at ,assos 9 ! ,troas1 ab\t #cjj ,b4,c42 he came to ,a!ns at an e>ly age1 & became ! pupil ( ,z5o1 :om at 8 dea? he succe$$ 9 8 s*ool4 ,he diff]$ f 8 ma/] 9 reg>d+ ! s\l z immortal1 & approximat$ to ! ,cynics 9 d5y+ t pleasure 0 agreeable to nature1 or 9 any respect good4 ,he di$ ( volunt>y />vation at ! age ( eighty4 ,*rysippus 0 born ,b4,c4 #bhj1 at ,soli 9 ,cilicia4 ,he came at an e>ly age to ,a!ns1 & became a pupil ( ,clean!s2 & among ! lat] ,/oics he 0 m reg>d$ ?an ei!r ,z5o or ,clean!s4 ,he di$ ,b4,c4 #bjg4 ,8 doctr9es d n appe> to h diff]$ f ^? ( ,z5o2 only t1 f feel+ ! dang]\s influ5ce ( ! ,epicurean pr9ciples1 he endeav\r$ to popul>ize ! ,/oic e?ics4 ,epicurus 0 an ,a!nian ( ! ,attic demos ,g>gettus1 :5ce he is sometimes simply call$ ! ,g>gettian4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 born at ,samos1 ,b4,c4 #cdb1 & did n come to ,a!ns till ! age ( eighte51 :5 he f\nd ,x5ocrates at ! head ( ! ,academy1 & by "s au?ors is said to h become 8 pupil1 ?\gh he himself w\ld n admit x 7,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #bf74 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,samian w> he cross$ ov] to ,colophon1 :]e he collect$ a s*ool4 ,x is said t ! fir/ ?+ t excit$ him to ! /udy ( philosophy 0 ! p]usal ( ! works ( ,democritus :ile he resid$ at ,colophon4 ,f !nce he w5t to ,mityl5e & ,lampsacus1 & ,b4,c4 #cjf he return$ to ,a!ns1 & f9ally e/abli%$ himself z a tea*] ( philosophy4 ,8 own life 0 t ( a man ( simple1 pure1 & temp]ate habits4 ,he di$ ( ! /one1 ,b4,c4 #bgj1 & left ,h]m>*us ( ,mityl5e z 8 successor 9 ! managem5t ( 8 s*ool4 ,none ( 8 works h come d[n to u4 ,) reg>d to 8 philosophical sy/em1 9 spite ( 8 boa/ ( be+ self-taught & hav+ borr[$ f no "o1 he cle>ly d]iv$ ! *ief "p ( 8 natural philosophy f ,democritus1 & ( 8 moral philosophy f ,ari/ippus & ! ,cyr5aics4 ,he consid]$ human happ9ess ! end ( all philosophy1 & agre$ ) ! ,cyr5aics t pleasure con/itut$ ! greate/ happ9ess2 /ill ?is !ory 9 8 h&s acquir$ a f> l(ti] "*2 = pleasure1 9 8 idea1 0 n a m]e mom5t>y & transitory s5sation1 b some?+ la/+ & imp]i%able1 consi/+ 9 pure m5tal enjoym5ts1 & 9 ! fre$om f pa9 & any o!r influ5ce :i* c\ld di/urb man's peace ( m9d4 ,& ! summum bonum1 accord+ to him1 consi/$ 9 ?is peace ( m9d2 :i* 0 bas$ ^u correct wisdom 774 ,9 8 natural philosophy he embrac$ ! atomic !ories ( ,democritus & ,diagoras1 c>ry+ !m ev5 fur!r ?an !y !mselves _h done1 to su* a degree t he drew ^u himself ! reproa* ( ,a!ism4 ,he reg>d$ ! ,gods !mselves z consi/+ ( atoms1 & our notions ( !m z bas$ ^u ! images 77 :i* are reflect$ f !m1 & s pass into our m9ds4 ,& he believ$ t !y ex]cis$ no influ5ce :atev] on ! _w1 or on ! actions or =tunes ( man4 ,!odorus 0 a native ( ,cyr5e1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #cbj4 ,he 0 ( ! ,cyr5aic sect1 & ! f\nd] ( t bran* ( x :i* 0 call$ aft] him1 ! ,!odorean2 ?\gh we sc>cely "k 9 :at 8 doctr9es diff]$ f ^? ( ,ari/ippus1 unless !y 71 if possible1 ( a /ill m lax "*4 ,he taught1 = in/ance1 t !re 0 no?+ really wrong or disgraceful 9 !ft1 adult]y1 or sacrilege2 b t !y 7 br&$ by public op9ion to re/ra9 fools4 ,he is also reprov$ ) utt] a!ism2 & ,cic]o classes him ) ,diagoras1 z a man :o utt]ly d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( any ,gods at all4 ,pyrrho 0 a contempor>y ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ^: exp$ition into ,asia he jo9$4 ,he appe>s1 z f> z 8 philosophy w5t1 to h be5 an univ]sal sceptic4 ,he impea*$1 h[ev]1 none ( ! *ief pr9ciples ( morality1 b1 reg>d+ ,socrates z 8 model1 direct$ all 8 endeav\rs t[>ds ! production 9 8 pupils ( a firm well-regulat$ moral "*4 ,crantor 0 a native ( ,soli 9 ,cilicia2 we d n "k :5 he 0 born or :5 he di$1 b he came to ,a!ns be=e ,b4,c4 #cae4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ( ,plato's foll[]s :o wrote comm5t>ies on ! works ( 8 ma/]4 ,he di$ ( dropsy1 & left ,arcesilaus 8 heir4 ,arcesilaus1 or ,arcesilas1 fl\ri%$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #bhj2 he 0 born at ,pitane1 b came to ,a!ns & became ! pupil ( ,!ophra/us & ( ,crantor1 & aft]w>ds ( "s ( ! m sceptical philosoph]s4 ,on ! dea? ( ,crantor he succe$$ to ! *air ( ! ,academy1 9 ! doctr9es ( :i* he made s _m innovations t he is call$ ! f\nd] ( ! ,new ,academy4 ,:at 8 peculi> views 7 is1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( great unc]ta9ty4 ,"s give him ! cr$it ( hav+ re/or$ ! doctr9es ( ,plato 9 an uncorrupt$ =m2 :ile1 accord+ to ,cic]o1 on ! o!r h&1 7,acad4 i4 #ab17 he summ$ up all 8 op9ions 9 ! /atem5t t he knew no?+1 n ev5 8 own ignorance4 ,he1 & ! ,new ,academy1 d n1 h[ev]1 seem to h d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( tru? 9 itself1 b only ! capacity ( man = arriv+ at ! k ( x4 ,c>neades 0 born at ,cyr5e ab\t ,b4,c4 #bac4 ,he w5t e>ly to ,a!ns1 & at fir/ att5d$ ! lectures ( ! ,/oics2 b subsequ5tly atta*$ himself to ! ,academy1 & succe$$ to ! *air on ! dea? ( ,heges9us4 ,9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #aee1 he came to ,rome on an embassy1 b s (f5d$ ,cato by speak+ "o day 9 praise ( ju/ice z a virtue1 & ! next day1 9 answ] to all 8 previ\s argum5ts1 t he made a motion 9 ! s5ate1 t he %\ld be ord]$ to dep>t f ,rome4 ,he di$ ,b4,c4 #abi4 ,philo ( ,l>issa1 :o is (t5 m5tion$ by ,cic]o1 0 8 own ma/]1 hav+ remov$ to ,rome aft] ! conque/ ( ,a!ns by ,mi?ridates1 :]e he settl$ z a tea*] ( philosophy & rhetoric4 ,he w\ld n admit t !re 0 any diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,academy1 9 :i* he diff]$ f 8 pupil ,antio*us4 ,! exact "t ( 8 bir? or dea? is n kn[n2 b he 0 n liv+ :5 ,cic]o compos$ 8 ,academics4 7ii4 #f47 ,antio*us ( ,ascalon has be5 call$ by "s writ]s ! f\nd] ( ! ,fif? ,academy2 he also 0 a tea*] ( ,cic]o dur+ ! "t he /udi$ at ,a!ns2 he _h also a s*ool at ,alex&ria1 & ano!r 9 ,syria1 :]e he di$4 ,he /udi$ "u ,philo1 b 0 s f> f agree+ ) him t he wrote a treatise on purpose to refute :at he consid]$ z ! scepticism ( ! ,academics4 ,& und\bt$ly ! lat] philosoph]s ( t s*ool _h exagg]at$ ! tea*+ ( ,plato1 t ! s5ses 7 n 9 all cases tru/wor?y organs ( p]ception1 s z to inf] f x a d5ial ( ! c]ta9ty ( any k :atev]4 ,antio*us pr(ess$ t 8 object 0 to revive ! real doctr9es ( ,plato 9 opposition to ! mod]n scepticism ( ,c>neades & ,philo4 ,he appe>s to h consid]$ himself z an eclectic philosoph]1 comb9+ ! be/ p>ts ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,academic1 ,p]ipatetic1 & ,/oic s*ools4 ,diodorus ( ,tyre fl\ri%$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #aaj4 ,he liv$ at ,a!ns1 :]e he succe$$ ,critolaus z ! head ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool4 ,cic]o1 h[ev]1 d5ies t he 0 a g5u9e ,p]ipatetic1 & says t 8 doctr9e t ! summum bonum consi/$ 9 a comb9ation ( virtue ) ! abs5ce ( pa9 0 an attempt to reconcile ! !ory ( ! ,/oics ) t ( ! ,epicureans4 ,pantius 0 a native ( ,rhodes2 8 exact age is n kn[n1 b he 0 a contempor>y ( ,scipio milianus1 :o di$ ,b4,c4 #abi4 ,he w5t to ,a!ns at an e>ly age1 :]e he is said to h be5 a pupil ( ,diog5es ( ,babylon & ,antipat] ( ,t>sus1 & also ( ,polemo ,p]iegetes4 ,he became associat$ ) ,p4 ,scipio milianus1 :o valu$ him highly4 ,! latt] "p ( 8 life he sp5t at ,a!ns1 :]e he _h succe$$ ,antipat] z head ( ! ,/oic s*ool4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( a treatise on 8,:at is ,becom+10 :i* ,cic]o pr(esses to h imitat$1 ?\gh c>ri$ r fur!r1 9 8 ,de ,(ficiis4 ,he s(t5$ d[n ! h>%] features ( ! ,/oic doctr9es1 approximat+ !m 9 "s degree to ! op9ions ( ,x5ocrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 & made !m attractive by ! elegance ( 8 /yle2 inde$1 he modifi$ ! pr9ciples ( ! s*ool s mu*1 t "s writ]s call$ him a ,platoni/4 ,9 natural philosophy he ab&on$ ! ,/oic doctr9e ( ! conflagration ( ! _w2 endeav\r$ to simplify ! division ( ! faculties ( ! s\l2 & d\bt$ ! reality ( ! sci5ce ( div9ation4 ,9 e?ics he foll[$ ! me?od ( ,ari/otle2 &1 9 direct opposition to ! e>li] ,/oics1 v9dicat$ ! claim ( c]ta9 pleasurable s5sations to be reg>d$ z 9 accordance ) nature4 ,polemo 0 a pupil ( ,x5ocrates1 & succe$$ him z ! head ( 8 s*ool4 ,!re is a /ory t he _h be5 a v dissolute "y man1 & t "o day1 at ! head ( a b& ( revell]s1 he bur/ into ! s*ool ( ,x5ocrates1 :5 8 att5tion 0 s arre/$ by ! disc\rse ( ! philosoph]1 :i* happ5$ to be on ! subject ( temp]ance1 t he tore (f 8 fe/ive g>l&1 rema9$ till ! end ( ! lecture1 & devot$ himself to philosophy all ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he does n appe> to h v>i$ at all f ! doctr9es ( 8 ma/]4 ,he di$ ,b4,c4 #bgc4 ,ar*ytas 0 a native ( ,t>5tum3 8 age is n q c]ta91 b he is believ$ to h be5 a contempor>y ( ,plato1 & he is ev5 said to h sav$ 8 life by 8 int]e/ ) ! tyrant ,dionysius4 ,he 0 a great g5]al & /atesman1 z well z a philosoph]4 ,9 philosophy he 0 a ,py?agorean2 &1 l mo/ ( t s*ool1 a great ma!matician2 & appli$ 8 fav\rite sci5ce n only to music1 b also to metaphysics4 ,ari/otle is believ$ to h borr[$ f him 8 ,sy/em ( ,categories4 ,! limits ( ?is volume =bid m ?an ! prec$+ v brief sket* ( ! *iefs ( ! anci5t philosophy4 ,= a m detail$ acc\nt ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,biographical ,diction>y edit$ by ,dr4 ,smi?1 f :i* valuable "w mu* ( ?is sket* has be5 d]iv$4 ,! acc\nt ( ,socrates has be5 pr9cipally d]iv$ f ,mr4 ,grote's admirable hi/ory ( ,greece3 9 :i* att5tion has s successfully be5 devot$ to ! hi/ory ( philosophy & ! sophi/s1 t a correct idea ( ! subject c h>dly be acquir$ )\t a c>eful /udy ( t "w4 ,x 0 int5d$ to subjo9 a comp>ison ( ! sy/ems ( ! diff]5t sects1 b x w\ld take m space ?an c be sp>$2 & x is moreov] unnecess>y1 z1 ! di/9ctive t5ets ( ea* hav+ be5 expla9$1 ! read] is suppli$ ) suffici5t mat]ials to in/itute su* a comp>ison = himself4 ,he w n wond] t m5 )\t ! guidance ( revelation %\ld at times h lo/ _! way 9 speculations beyond ! rea* ( human faculties1 b w ! m admire t g5ius & virtue :i* manife/$ itself 9 su* m5 z ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,cic]o1 = ! p]petual enlight5m5t ( ! human race4 ,,introduction4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! two ,books ( ! ,academics is extract$ f ! ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,biography1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,smi?3-- 8,! hi/ory ( ?is "w1 be=e x f9ally quitt$ ! h&s ( its au?or1 is exce$+ly curi\s & some:at obscure2 b mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood be=e we c expla9 ! relative position ( ^? portions ( x :i* h be5 transmitt$ to mod]n times4 ,by comp>+ c>efully a s]ies ( lett]s writt5 to ,atticus1 9 ! c\rse ( ,b4,c4 #de 7,ep4 ad ,att4 xiii4 #cb27a7 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #ce1 #dd71 we f9d t ,cic]o _h drawn up a treatise ^u ! ,academic ,philosophy1 9 ! =m ( a dialogue betwe5 ,catulus1 ,lucullus1 & ,hort5sius2 & t x 0 compris$ 9 two books1 ! fir/ be>+ ! "n ( ,catulus1 ! second t ( ,lucullus4 ,a copy 0 s5t to ,atticus2 &1 soon aft] x rea*$ him1 two new ,introductions 7 compos$1 ! "o 9 praise ( ,catulus1 ! o!r 9 praise ( ,lucullus4 ,sc>cely _h ?is be5 done1 :5 ,cic]o1 f a conviction t ,catulus1 ,lucullus1 & ,hort5sius1 al?\gh m5 ( highly cultivat$ m9ds1 & well acqua9t$ ) g5]al lit]ature1 7 kn[n to h be5 little conv]sant ) ! subtle argum5ts ( ab/ruse philosophy1 det]m9$ to )draw !m altoge!r1 & accord+ly sub/itut$ ,cato & ,brutus 9 _! place4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is *ange _h be5 introduc$1 he receiv$ a communication f ,atticus1 repres5t+ t ,v>ro 0 mu* (f5d$ by be+ pass$ ov] 9 ! discussion ( topics 9 :i* he 0 s deeply v]s$4 ,!reupon ,cic]o1 cat*+ eag]ly at ! idea ?us sugge/$1 resolv$ to reca/ ! :ole piece1 & quickly produc$1 "u ! old title1 a new & highly improv$ edition1 divid$ into f\r books in/ead ( two1 d$icat+ ! :ole to ,v>ro1 to :om 0 assign$ ! task ( def5d+ ! t5ets ( ,antio*us2 :ile ,cic]o himself und]took to support ! views ( ,philo1 ,atticus also tak+ a %>e 9 ! conv]sation4 8,b1 al?\gh ^! alt]ations _h be5 effect$ ) extreme rapidity1 ! copy orig9ally s5t to ,atticus _h 9 ! meantime be5 repeat$ly transcrib$2 h5ce bo? editions pass$ into circulation1 & a "p ( ea* has be5 pres]v$4 ,"o section1 conta9+ twelve *apt]s1 is a %ort fragm5t ( ! second or ,v>ronian edition4 ,! o!r1 conta9+ =ty-n9e *apt]s1 is ! entire second book ( ! fir/ edition2 to :i* is prefix$ ! new introduction1 toge!r ) ! prop] title ( ,lucullus4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,catulus 0 ! villa ( t /atesman1 at ,cum2 :ile ! ,lucullus is suppos$ to h be5 held at ! mansion ( ,hort5sius1 ne> ,bauli4 8,! object propos$ 0 to give an acc\nt ( ! rise & progress ( ! ,academic ,philosophy1 to po9t out ! v>i\s modifications introduc$ by successive pr(essors1 & to demon/rate ! sup]iority ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,new ,academy1 z taught by ,philo1 ov] ^? ( ! old1 z advocat$ by ,antio*us40 ,,fir/ ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,academic ,,que/ions4 ,i4 ,:5 a %ort "t ago my fri5d ,atticus7#b7 0 ) me at my villa 9 ! di/rict ( ,cum1 news 0 s5t u by ,m>cus7#c7 ,v>ro1 t he _h arriv$ 9 ,rome ! day be=e 9 ! ev5+1 & t if he _h n f\nd himself too tir$ aft] 8 j\rney he %\ld h proce$$ at once to see u4 ,b :5 we he>d ?is1 we ?\ght t we ought n to suff] any?+ to delay our see+ a man s intimately connect$ ) u by an id5tity ( /udies1 & by a v long /&+ intimacy & fri5d%ip4 ,& s we set out at once to g to see him2 & :5 we 7 no great di/ance f 8 villa we saw him com+ t[>ds u2 & :5 we _h embrac$ him1 z ! mann] ( fri5ds is1 aft] "s "t we accompani$ him back to 8 villa4 ,& z ,i 0 ask+ a few que/ions1 & inquir+ :at 0 ! news at ,rome1 ,nev] m9d ^? ?+s1 said ,atticus1 :i* we c nei!r inquire ab\t nor he> ( )\t vexation1 b ask him r :e!r he has writt5 any?+ new2 = ! muse ( ,v>ro has be5 sil5t mu* long] ?an usual2 ?\gh ,i r suppose he is suppress+ = a "t :at he has writt51 ?an t he has be5 really idle4 ,y are q wrong1 said he2 = ,i ?9k x v fooli% conduct 9 a man to write :at he wi%es to h conceal$4 ,b ,i h a great "w on h&2 = ,i h be5 a long "t prep>+ a treatise :i* ,i h d$icat$ to my fri5d "h1 7he meant me17 :i* is ( great importance1 & is be+ poli%$ up by me ) a good deal ( c>e4 ,i h be5 wait+ to see x a long "t1 ,v>ro1 said ,i1 b /ill ,i h n v5tur$ to ask = x4 ,= ,i he>d f our fri5d ,libo1 ) ^: zeal y are well acqua9t$1 7= ,i c nev] conceal any?+ ( t k9d17 t y h n be5 slack5+ 9 ! bus9ess1 b are exp5d+ a great deal ( c>e on x1 & 9 fact nev] put x out ( y\r h&s4 ,b x has nev] hi!rto come into my m9d to ask y ab\t x2 h[ev] n[1 s9ce ,i h begun to commit to a durable record ^? ?+s :i* ,i le>nt 9 y\r company1 & to illu/rate 9 ! ,lat9 language t anci5t philosophy :i* orig9at$ ) ,socrates1 ,i mu/ ask y :y x is t1 :ile y write on s _m subjects1 y pass ov] ?is "o1 especially :5 y y\rself are v em95t 9 x2 & :5 t /udy1 & inde$ ! :ole subject1 is f> sup]ior 9 importance to all o!r /udies & arts4 ,,ii4 ,y are ask+ me1 he repli$1 ab\t a matt] on :i* ,i h (t5 delib]at$ & frequ5tly revolv$ 9 my m9d4 ,&1 !re=e1 ,i w answ] y )\t any hesitation2 /ill1 h[ev]1 speak+ q (f-h&1 because ,i h1 z ,i said j n[1 ?\ght ov] ! subject bo? deeply & frequ5tly4 ,= z ,i saw t philosophy _h be5 expla9$ ) great c>e 9 ! ,greek language1 ,i ?\ght t if any ( our c\ntrym5 7 engross$ by ! /udy ( x1 :o 7 well v]s$ 9 ,greek lit]ature1 !y w\ld be m likely to read ,greek treatises ?an ,lat9 ones3 b t ^? m5 :o 7 av]se to ,greek sci5ce & to ! s*ools ( ! ,greek philosoph]s w\ld n c>e ! lea/ = su* matt]s z ^!1 :i* c\ld n be und]/ood at all )\t "s acqua9tance ) ,greek lit]ature4 ,&1 !re=e1 ,i did n *oose to write treatises :i* unle>n$ m5 c\ld n und]/&1 & le>n$ m5 w\ld n be at ! tr\ble ( read+4 ,& y y\rself are aw>e ( ?is4 ,= y h le>nt t we _c resemble ,amafanius7#d7 or ,rabirius17#e7 :o )\t any art discuss matt]s :i* come be=e ! eyes ( e "o 9 pla9 ord9>y language1 giv+ no accurate def9itions1 mak+ no divisions1 draw+ no inf]5ces by well-direct$ que/ions1 & :o appe> to ?9k t !re is no su* ?+ z any art ( speak+ or disput+4 ,b we1 9 ob$i5ce to ! precepts ( ! logicians & ( orators also1 z if !y 7 positive laws1 7s9ce our c\ntrym5 consid] skill 9 ea* ( ^! bran*es to be a virtue17 are compell$ to use words al?\gh !y may be new ones2 :i* le>n$ m51 z ,i h said be=e1 w pref] tak+ f ! ,greeks1 & :i* unle>n$ m5 w n receive ev5 f u2 s t all our lab\r may be und]tak5 9 va94 ,b n[1 if ,i approv$ ( ! doctr9es ( ,epicurus1 t is to say1 ( ,democritus1 ,i c\ld write ( natural philosophy 9 z pla9 a /yle z ,amafanius4 ,= :at is ! great difficulty :5 y h put an end to all effici5t causes1 9 speak+ ( ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( corpuscules1 = ?is is ! "n he gives to atoms4 ,y "k our sy/em ( natural philosophy1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! two pr9ciples1 ! effici5t cause1 & ! subject matt] out ( :i* ! effici5t cause =ms & produces :at x does produce4 ,= we mu/ h rec\rse to geometry1 s9ce1 if we d n1 9 :at words w any "o be able to enunciate ! pr9ciples he wi%es1 or :om w he be able to cause to compreh5d ^? ass]tions ab\t life1 & mann]s1 & desir+ & avoid+ su* & su* ?+s8 ,= ^? m5 are s simple z to ?9k ! good ( a %eep & ( a man ! same ?+4 ,:ile y "k ! "* & ext5t ( ! accuracy :i* philosoph]s ( our s*ool pr(ess4 ,aga91 if y foll[ ,z5o1 x is a h>d ?+ to make any "o und]/& :at t g5u9e & simple good is :i* _c be sep>at$ f hone/y2 :ile ,epicurus ass]ts t he is :olly unable to compreh5d :at ! "* ( t good may be :i* is unconnect$ ) pleasures :i* affect ! s5ses4 ,b if we foll[ ! doctr9es ( ! ,old ,academy :i*1 z y "k1 we pref]1 !n ) :at accuracy mu/ we apply ourselves to expla9 x2 ) :at %rewdness & ev5 ) :at obscurity mu/ we argue aga9/ ! ,/oics6 ,! :ole1 !re=e1 ( t eag]ness = philosophy ,i claim = myself1 bo? = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ my firmness ( conduct z f> z ,i c1 & also = ! delight ( my m9d4 ,nor d ,i ?9k1 z ,plato says1 t any m important or m valuable gift has be5 giv5 to m5 by ! gods4 ,b ,i s5d all my fri5ds :o h any zeal = philosophy into ,greece2 t is to say1 ,i bid !m /udy ! ,greek writ]s1 9 ord] to draw _! precepts f ! f\nta9-head1 r ?an foll[ little /reams4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* no "o _h previ\sly taught1 & :i* c\ld n be le>nt 9 any qu>t] by ^? :o 7 eag] on ! subject1 ,i h lab\r$ z f> z ,i c\ld 7= ,i h no great op9ion ( any?+ :i* ,i h done 9 ?is l9e7 to expla9 to our fell[-c\ntrym54 ,= ?is k c\ld n be s\ght = among ! ,greeks1 nor1 aft] ! dea? ( our fri5d ,lucius lius17#f7 among ! ,lat9s ei!r4 ,& yet 9 ^? old works ( ours :i* we compos$ 9 imitation ( ,m5ippus17#g7 n translat+ him1 spr9kl+ a little mir? & sportiv5ess ov] ! :ole subject1 !re are _m ?+s m+l$ :i* are drawn f ! mo/ recondite philosophy1 & _m po9ts argu$ accord+ to ! rules ( /rict logic2 b ,i add$ ^! light] matt]s 9 ord] to make ! :ole m easy = p ( mod]ate le>n+ to compreh5d1 if !y 7 invit$ to read ^? essays by a pleas+ /yle1 display$ 9 panegyrics1 & 9 ! v prefaces ( my books ( antiquities4 ,& ?is 0 my object 9 adopt+ ?is /yle1 h[ev] ,i may h succe$$ 9 x4 ,,iii4 ,! fact1 ,i repli$1 is j z y say1 ,v>ro4 ,= :ile we 7 soj\rn]s1 z x 71 9 our own city1 & w&]+ ab\t l /rang]s1 y\r books h conduct$ u1 z x 71 home aga91 s z to enable u at la/ to recognise :o & :]e we 74 ,y h discuss$ ! antiquity ( our c\ntry1 & ! v>iety ( dates & *ronology relat+ to x4 ,y h expla9$ ! laws :i* regulate sacrifices & prie/s2 y h unfold$ ! cu/oms ( ! city bo? 9 w> & peace2 y h describ$ ! v>i\s qu>t]s & di/ricts2 y h omitt$ m5tion+ none ( ! names1 or k9ds1 or functions1 or causes ( div9e or human ?+s2 y h ?r[n a great deal ( light on our poets1 & altoge!r on ,lat9 lit]ature & on ,lat9 expressions2 y h y\rself compos$ a poem ( v>i$ beauties1 & elegant 9 almo/ e po9t2 & y h 9 _m places t\*$ ^u philosophy 9 a mann] suffici5t to excite our curiosity1 ?\gh inadequate to in/ruct u4 ,y allege1 inde$1 a v plausible reason = ?is4 ,=1 y say1 ^? :o are le>n$ m5 w pref] read+ philosophical treatises 9 ,greek1 & ^? :o are ignorant ( ,greek w n read !m ev5 9 ,lat94 ,h[ev]1 tell me n[1 d y really agree ) y\r own argum5t8 ,i w\ld r say1 ^? :o are unable to read !m 9 ! "o language w read !m 9 ! o!r2 & ev5 ^? :o c read !m 9 ,greek w n despise _! own language4 ,= :at reason c be imag9$ :y m5 le>n$ 9 ,greek lit]ature %\ld read ! ,lat9 poets1 & n read ! ,lat9 philosoph]s8 ,or aga91 if ,ennius17#h7 ,pacuvius1 ,accius1 & _m o!rs :o h giv5 u1 ,i w n say ! exact expressions1 b ! mean+ ( ! ,greeks1 delight _! read]s2 h[ mu* m w ! philosoph]s delight !m1 if1 z ! poets h imitat$ s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides1 !y 9 l mann] imitate ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ,!ophra/us8 ,i see1 too1 t any orators among u are prais$ :o imitate ,hyp]ides or ,demo/h5es4 ,b ,i1 7= ,i w speak ! pla9 tru?17 z long z ambition & ! pursuit ( public hon\rs & ! plead+ ( causes1 & n a m]e reg>d = ! republic1 b ev5 a c]ta9 degree ( conc]n 9 its gov]nm5t1 entangl$ me 9 & hamp]$ me ) ! num]\s duties 9 :i* ^? occupations involv$ me2 ,i kept1 ,i say1 all ^! matt]s to myself1 & bru%$ !m up1 :5 ,i c\ld1 by read+1 to prev5t _! gett+ ru/y4 ,b n[1 hav+ be5 /rick5 to ! gr\nd by a mo/ sev]e bl[ ( =tune1 & be+ dis*>g$ f all conc]n 9 ! republic1 ,i seek a m$ic9e = my sorr[ 9 philosophy1 & consid] ?is /udy ! mo/ hon\rable pa/ime = my leisure4 ,= ,i may look ^u x z mo/ suitable to my age1 & mo/ especially consi/5t ) any memorable exploits :i* ,i may h p]=m$1 & inf]ior to no o!r occupation 9 its usefulness = ! purpose ( educat+ my fell[-c\ntrym54 ,or ev5 if ?is be too high a view to take ( x1 at all ev5ts ,i see no?+ else :i* ,i c d4 ,my fri5d ,brutus1 inde$1 a man em95t = e k9d ( virtue1 has illu/rat$ philosophy 9 ! ,lat9 language 9 su* a way t he has left ,greece no?+ to wi% = on ^? subjects4 ,& he adopts ! same op9ions t y d4 ,= he 0 = "s "t a pupil ( ,ari/us1 at ,a!ns1 ^: bro!r ,antio*us 0 y\r own preceptor4 ,& !re=e d y also1 ,i entreat y1 apply y\rself to ?is k9d ( lit]ature4 ,,iv4 ,!n he repli$4 ,i w inde$ consid] ( ^! matt]s1 b only 9 y\r company4 ,b /ill1 said he1 :at is ?is :i* ,i he> ab\t y y\rself8 ,on :at subject8 said ,i4 ,:y1 t ! old sy/em is des]t$ by y1 & t y h esp\s$ ! pr9ciples ( ! new s*ool4 ,:at ( t8 said ,i4 ,:y %\ld ,antio*us1 my own intimate fri5d1 be m at lib]ty to return back aga9 f ! new s*ool to ! old1 ?an ,i myself to migrate to ! new f ! old8 ,= c]ta9ly ev]y?+ t is mo/ rec5t is correct$ & am5d$ 9 ! highe/ degree2 al?\gh ,philo1 ! ma/] ( ,antio*us1 a great man1 z y y\rself consid] him1 us$ to d5y 9 8 books t !re 7 two ,academies 7& we ourselves h he>d him ass]t ! same ?+s 9 8 lectures72 & he convicts ^? :o say t !re are1 ( palpable mi/ake4 ,x is z y say1 said he1 b ,i d n imag9e t y are ignorant ( :at ,antio*us has writt5 9 reply to ! argum5ts ( ,philo4 ,c]ta9ly1 said ,i1 ,i am n1 & ,i %\ld l to he> ! :ole cause ( ! ,old ,academy1 f :i* ,i h be5 s long abs5t1 recapitulat$ by y1 if x is n giv+ y too mu* tr\ble2 & let u sit d[n n[1 if y h no objection4 ,t w suit me v well1 said he1 = ,i am n at all /rong4 ,b let u consid] :e!r ,atticus w be pleas$ ) t compliance ( m9e1 :i* ,i see t y y\rself are desir\s (4 ,inde$ ,i %all1 said he2 = :at c\ld ,i pref] to be+ rem9d$ ( :at ,i long ago he>d f ,antio*us1 & see+ at ! same "t :e!r ^? ideas c be express$ ) suffici5t suitabl5ess 9 ,lat98 ,s aft] ?is preface we all sat d[n look+ at "o ano!r4 ,& ,v>ro began z foll[s3-- ,socrates appe>s to me1 & inde$ x is ! univ]sal op9ion1 to h be5 ! fir/ p]son :o drew philosophy away f matt]s ( an ab/ruse "*1 :i* _h be5 %r\d$ 9 my/]y by nature h]self1 & 9 :i* all ! philosoph]s be=e 8 "t _h be5 :olly occupi$1 & to h div]t$ x to ! objects ( ord9>y life2 direct+ its speculations to virtues & vices1 & g5]ally to :atev] 0 good or bad4 ,& he ?\ght t ! heav5ly bodies 7 ei!r f> out ( ! rea* ( our k1 or t1 ev5 if we became ev] s intimately acqua9t$ ) !m1 !y _h no influ5ce on liv+ well4 ,9 ne>ly all 8 disc\rses1 :i* h be5 report$ 9 great v>iety & v fully by ^? :o 7 8 pupils1 he argues 9 su* a mann] t he affirms no?+ himself1 b refutes ! ass]tions ( o!rs4 ,he says t he kn[s no?+1 except t "o fact1 t he is ignorant2 & t he is sup]ior to o!rs 9 ?is p>ticul>1 t !y believe t !y d "k :at !y d n1 :ile he kn[s ?is "o ?+ alone1 t he kn[s no?+4 ,& x is on t acc\nt t he imag9es he 0 pron\nc$ by ,apollo ! wise/ ( all m51 because ?is alone is ! :ole ( wisdom1 = a man n to ?9k t he kn[s :at he does n "k4 ,& z he 0 always say+ ?is1 & p]si/+ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ?is op9ion1 8 disc\rse 0 entirely devot$ to ! praise ( virtue1 & to enc\rag+ all m5 to ! /udy ( virtue2 z may be pla9ly se5 9 ! books ( ! disciples ( ,socrates1 & above all 9 ^? ( ,plato4 ,b by ! influ5ce ( ,plato1 a man ( va/ & v>i$ & eloqu5t g5ius1 a sy/em ( philosophy 0 e/abli%$ :i* 0 "o & id5tical1 ?\gh "u two names2 ! sy/em namely ( ! ,academics & ,p]ipatetics4 ,= ^! two s*ools agre$ 9 reality1 & diff]$ only 9 "n4 ,= :5 ,plato _h left ,speusippus1 8 si/]'s son1 ! inh]itor z x 7 ( 8 philosophy1 & also two pupils mo/ em95t = indu/ry & g5ius1 ,x5ocrates ( ,*alc$on1 & ,ari/otle ! ,/agirite2 ^? :o adh]$ to ,ari/otle 7 call$ ,p]ipatetics1 because !y disput$ :ile walk+7#i7 9 ! ,lyceum4 ,& ! o!rs1 :o accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ,plato himself 7 accu/om$ to hold _! meet+s & discussions 9 ! ,academy1 :i* is a second ,gymnasium1 took _! "n f ! place :]e !y us$ to meet4 ,b bo? ^! s*ools1 be+ impregnat$ ) ! copi\sness ( ,plato1 arrang$ a c]ta9 def9ite sy/em ( doctr9e1 :i* 0 itself copi\s & luxuriant2 b ab&on$ ! ,socratic plan ( d\bt+ on e subject1 & ( discuss+ ev]y?+ )\t ev] v5tur+ on ! ass]tion ( a positive op9ion4 ,& ?us !re arose :at ,socrates w\ld h be5 f> f approv+ (1 a c]ta9 art ( philosophy1 & me?odical arrangem5t1 & division ( ! s*ool1 :i* at fir/1 z ,i h already said1 0 "o "u two names4 ,= !re 0 no real diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,p]ipatetics & ! old ,academy4 ,ari/otle1 at lea/ su* is my op9ion1 0 sup]ior 9 a c]ta9 luxuriance ( g5ius2 b bo? s*ools _h ! same s\rce1 & adopt$ ! same division ( ?+s :i* 7 to be desir$ & avoid$4 ,b :at am ,i ab\t8 said he1 int]rupt+ himself2 am ,i 9 my s5ses :ile ,i am expla9+ ^! ?+s to y8 = al?\gh x may n be exactly a case ( ! pig tea*+ ,m9]va1 /ill x is n v wise ( any "o to attempt to imp>t in/ruction to t goddess4 ,v4 ,i entreat y h[ev]1 said ,atticus1 ,i entreat y to g on1 ,v>ro4 ,= ,i am greatly atta*$ to my own c\ntrym5 & to _! works2 & ^? subjects delight me beyond measure :5 !y are treat$ 9 ,lat91 & 9 su* a mann] z y treat !m4 ,& :at1 said ,i1 d y ?9k t ,i mu/ feel1 :o h already engag$ to display philosophy to our nation8 ,let u !n1 said he1 cont9ue ! subject1 s9ce x is agreeable to y4 ,a ?reefold sy/em ( philosophis+1 !n1 0 already receiv$ f ,plato4 ,"o1 on ! subject ( life & morals4 ,a second1 on nature & ab/ruse matt]s4 ,! ?ird1 on discussion1 & on :at is true or false2 :at is "r or wrong 9 a disc\rse2 :at is consi/5t or inconsi/5t 9 =m+ a decision4 ,& t fir/ division ( ! subject1 t namely ( liv+ well1 !y s\ght 9 nature h]self1 & said t x 0 necess>y to obey h]2 & t t *ief good to :i* ev]y?+ 0 ref]r$ 0 n to be s\ght 9 any?+ :atev] except 9 nature4 ,& !y laid x d[n t ! cr[n+ po9t ( all desirable ?+s1 & ! *ief good1 0 to h receiv$ f nature ev]y?+ :i* is requisite = ! m9d1 or ! body1 or = life4 ,b ( ! goods ( ! body1 !y plac$ "s 9 ! :ole1 & o!rs 9 ! p>ts4 ,heal?1 /r5g?1 & beauty 9 ! :ole4 ,9 ! p>ts1 s\ndness ( ! s5ses1 & a c]ta9 excell5ce ( ! individual p>ts4 ,z 9 ! feet1 swiftness2 9 ! h&s1 /r5g?2 9 ! voice1 cle>ness2 9 ! tongue1 a di/9ct articulation ( words4 ,! excell5ces ( ! m9d !y consid]$ ^? :i* 7 suitable to ! compreh5sion ( virtue by ! disposition4 ,& ^? !y divid$ "u ! sep>ate heads ( nature & morals4 ,quickness 9 le>n+ & memory !y attribut$ to nature2 ea* ( :i* 0 describ$ z a prop]ty ( ! m9d & g5ius4 ,"u ! head ( 8morals0 !y class$ our /udies1 &1 ,i may say1 our habits1 :i* !y =m$1 p>tly by a cont9uity ( practice1 p>tly by reason4 ,& 9 ^! two ?+s 0 conta9$ philosophy itself1 9 :i* t :i* is begun & n br\ght to its completion1 is call$ a sort ( advance t[>ds virtue2 b t :i* is br\ght to completion is virtue1 be+ a sort ( p]fection ( nature & ( all ?+s :i* !y place 9 ! m9d2 ! "o mo/ excell5t ?+4 ,^! ?+s !n are qualities ( ! m9d4 ,! ?ird division 0 t ( life4 ,& !y said t ^? ?+s :i* _h influ5ce 9 facilitat+ ! practice ( virtue 7 connect$ ) ?is division4 ,= virtue is disc]n$ 9 "s good qualities ( ! m9d & body1 :i* are add$ n s mu* to nature z to a happy life4 ,!y ?\ght t a man 0 z x 7 a c]ta9 "p ( ! /ate1 & ( ! :ole human race1 & t he 0 connect$ ) o!r m5 by a sort ( human society4 ,& ?is is ! way 9 :i* !y deal ) ! *ief & natural good4 ,b !y ?9k t ev]y?+ else is connect$ ) x1 ei!r 9 ! way ( increas+ or ( ma9ta9+ x2 z ri*es1 p[]1 glory1 & influ5ce4 ,& ?us a ?reefold division ( goods is inf]r$ by !m4 ,,vi4 ,& ^! are ^? ?ree k9ds :i* mo/ p believe ! ,p]ipatetics speak (3 & s f> !y are n wrong2 = ?is division is ! "w ( t s*ool4 ,b !y are mi/ak5 if !y ?9k t ! ,academicians--^? at lea/ :o bore ?is "n at t "t--are diff]5t f ! ,p]ipatetics4 ,! pr9ciple1 & ! *ief good ass]t$ by bo? appe>$ to be ! same--namely1 to atta9 ^? ?+s :i* 7 9 ! fir/ class by nature1 & :i* 7 intr9sically desirable2 ! :ole ( !m1 if possible1 or1 at all ev5ts1 ! mo/ important ( !m4 ,b ^? are ! mo/ important :i* exi/ 9 ! m9d itself1 & are conv]sant ab\t virtue itself4 ,!re=e1 all t anci5t philosophy p]ceiv$ t a happy life 0 plac$ 9 virtue alone2 & yet t x 0 n ! happie/ life possible1 unless ! good qualities ( ! body 7 add$ to x1 & all ! o!r ?+s :i* h be5 already m5tion$1 :i* are s]viceable t[>ds acquir+ a habit ( virtue4 ,f ?is def9ition ( !irs1 a c]ta9 pr9ciple ( action 9 life1 & ( duty itself1 0 discov]$1 :i* consi/$ 9 ! pres]vation ( ^? ?+s :i* nature might prescribe4 ,h5ce arose ! avoidance ( slo?1 & contempt ( pleasures2 f :i* proce$$ ! will+ness to enc\nt] _m & great lab\rs & pa9s1 = ! sake ( :at 0 "r & hon\rable1 & ( ^? ?+s :i* are con=mable to ! objects ( nature4 ,h5ce 0 g5]at$ fri5d%ip1 & ju/ice1 & equity2 & ^! ?+s 7 pref]r$ to pleasure & to _m ( ! advantages ( life4 ,?is 0 ! sy/em ( morals recomm5d$ 9 _! s*ool1 & ! me?od & design ( t division :i* ,i h plac$ fir/4 ,b conc]n+ nature 7= t came next71 !y spoke 9 su* a mann] t !y divid$ x into two p>ts1--mak+ "o effici5t1 & ! o!r l5d+ itself1 z x 71 to ! fir/1 z subject matt] to be work$ ^u4 ,= t "p :i* 0 effici5t !y ?\ght !re 0 p[]2 & 9 t :i* 0 made some?+ by x !y ?\ght !re 0 "s matt]2 & some?+ ( bo? 9 ea*4 ,= !y consid]$ t matt] itself c\ld h no cohesion1 unless x 7 held toge!r by "s p[]2 & t p[] c\ld h none )\t "s matt] to "w ^u2 = t is no?+ :i* is n necess>ily some:]e4 ,b t :i* exi/s f a comb9ation ( ! two !y call$ at once body1 & a sort ( quality1 z x 74 ,= y w give me leave1 9 speak+ ( subjects :i* h n previ\sly be5 9 fa%ion1 to use at times words :i* h nev] be5 he>d ( 7:i*1 inde$1 is no m ?an ! ,greeks !mselves d1 :o h be5 long 9 ! habit ( discuss+ ^! subjects74 ,,vii4 ,to be sure we w1 said ,atticus4 ,moreov]1 y may ev5 use ,greek words :5 y wi%1 if by *ance y %\ld be at a loss = ,lat9 ones4 ,y are v k9d2 b ,i w endeav\r to express myself 9 ,lat91 except 9 ! case ( su* words z ^!--philosophia1 rhetorica1 physica1 or dialectica1 :i*1 l _m o!rs1 fa%ion already sanctions1 z if !y 7 ,lat94 ,i !re=e h call$ ^? ?+s qualitates 7qualities71 :i* ! ,greeks call --a ^w :i*1 ev5 among ! ,greeks1 is n "o 9 ord9>y use1 b is conf9$ to philosoph]s4 ,& ! same rule applies to _m o!r expressions4 ,z = ! ,dialecticians1 !y h no t]ms 9 common use3 !y use te*nical t]ms entirely4 ,& ! case is ! same ) ne>ly e art2 = m5 mu/ ei!r inv5t new names = new ?+s1 or else borr[ !m f o!r subjects4 ,& if ! ,greeks d ?is1 :o h n[ be5 engag$ 9 su* matt]s = s _m ages1 h[ mu* m ought ?is lic5ce to be all[$ to u1 :o are n[ endeav\r+ to deal ) ^! subjects = ! fir/ "t8 ,b1 said ,i1 ,o ,v>ro1 x appe>s to me t y w des]ve well ( y\r fell[-c\ntrym51 if y enri* !m1 n only ) an abundance ( new ?+s1 z y h done1 b also ( words4 ,we w v5ture1 !n1 said he1 to employ new t]ms1 if x be necess>y1 arm$ ) y\r au?ority & sanction4 ,( ^! qualities1 !n1 said he1 "s are pr9cipal ones1 & o!rs arise out ( !m4 ,! pr9cipal ones are ( "o "* & simple2 b ^? :i* arise out ( !m are v>i\s1 &1 z x 71 multi=m4 ,!re=e1 air 7we use ! ,greek ^w z ,lat971 fire1 wat]1 & e>? are pr9cipal ones2 & out ( !m !re arise ! =ms ( liv+ creatures1 & ( ^? ?+s :i* are produc$ out ( ! e>?4 ,!re=e1 ^? fir/ are call$ pr9ciples & 7to translate ! ,greek ^w7 elem5ts3 f :i* air & fire h ! p[] ( movem5t & effici5cy3 ! o!r divisions--,i mean1 wat] & ! e>?--h ! p[] ( receiv+1 &1 z x 71 ( suff]+4 ,! fif? class1 f :i* ! />s & w9ds 7 =m$1 ,ari/otle consid]$ to be a sep>ate ess5ce1 & diff]5t f ^? f\r :i* ,i h m5tion$ above4 ,b !y ?9k t !re is plac$ "u all ( ^! a c]ta9 matt] )\t any =m1 & de/itute ( all quality 7= we may z well1 by con/ant use1 make ?is ^w m usual & notori\s71 f :i* all ?+s are sket*$ out & made2 :i* c receive ev]y?+ 9 its entirety1 & c be *ang$ 9 e mann] & 9 e "p4 ,& also t x p]i%es1 n s z to become no?+1 b s z to be dissolv$ ) its compon5t p>ts1 :i* aga9 are able to be cut up & divid$1 ad inf9itum2 s9ce !re is absolutely no?+ 9 ! :ole nature ( ?+s :i* _c be divid$3 & ^? ?+s :i* are mov$1 are all mov$ at int]vals1 :i* int]vals aga9 are capable ( be+ inf9itely divid$4 ,&1 s9ce t p[] :i* we h call$ quality is mov$ 9 ?is way1 & is agitat$ 9 e direction1 !y ?9k also t ! :ole ( matt] is itself entirely *ang$1 & s t ^? ?+s are produc$ :i* !y call qualities1 f :i* ! _w is made1 9 univ]sal nature1 coh]+ toge!r & connect$ ) all its divisions2 &1 out ( ! _w1 !re is no su* ?+ z any portion ( matt] or any body4 ,& !y say t ! p>ts ( ! _w are all ! ?+s :i* exi/ 9 x1 & :i* are ma9ta9$ by s5ti5t nature2 9 :i* p]fect reason is plac$1 :i* is also ev]la/+3 = t !re is no?+ m p[]ful :i* c be ! cause ( its dissolution4 ,& ?is p[] !y call ! s\l ( ! _w1 & also its intellect & p]fect wisdom4 ,& !y call x ,god1 a provid5ce wat*+ ov] ev]y?+ subject to its dom9ion1 &1 above all1 ov] ! heav5ly bodies2 &1 next to !m1 ov] ^? ?+s on e>? :i* conc]n m53 :i* also !y sometimes call necessity1 because no?+ c be done 9 a mann] diff]5t f t 9 :i* x has be5 arrang$ by x 9 a de/9$ 7if ,i may s say7 & inevitable cont9uation ( et]nal ord]4 ,sometimes1 too1 !y call x =tune1 because x br+s ab\t _m un=ese5 ?+s1 :i* h nev] be5 expect$ by u1 on acc\nt ( ! obscurity ( _! causes1 & our ignorance ( !m4 ,,viii4 ,! ?ird "p ( philosophy1 :i* is next 9 ord]1 be+ conv]sant ab\t reason & discussion1 0 ?us h&l$ by bo? s*ools4 ,!y said t1 al?\gh x orig9at$ 9 ! s5ses1 /ill ! p[] ( judg+ ( ! tru? 0 n 9 ! s5ses4 ,!y insi/$ ^u x t intellect 0 ! judge ( ?+s4 ,!y ?\ght t ! only ?+ des]v+ ( belief1 because x alone disc]n$ t :i* 0 always simple & uni=m1 & :i* p]ceiv$ its real "*4 ,?is !y call idea1 hav+ already receiv$ ?is "n f ,plato2 & we prop]ly entitle x species4 ,b !y ?\ght t all ! s5ses 7 dull & sl[1 & t !y did n by any means p]ceive ^? ?+s :i* appe>$ subject$ to ! s5ses2 :i* 7 ei!r s small z to be unable to come "u ! notice ( s5se1 or s moveable & rapid t none ( !m 0 ev] "o consi/5t ?+1 nor ev5 ! same ?+1 because ev]y?+ 0 9 a cont9ual /ate ( transition & disappe>ance4 ,& !re=e !y call$ all ?is division ( ?+s "o re/+ :olly on op9ion4 ,b !y ?\ght t sci5ce _h no exi/5ce any:]e except 9 ! notions & reason+s ( ! m9d2 on :i* acc\nt !y approv$ ( ! def9itions ( ?+s1 & employ$ !m on ev]y?+ :i* 0 br\ght "u discussion4 ,! explanation ( words also 0 approv$ (--t is to say1 ! explanation ( ! cause :y ev]y?+ 0 nam$ z x 02 & t !y call$ etymology4 ,aft]w>ds !y us$ argum5ts1 &1 z x 71 m>ks ( ?+s1 = ! pro( & conclusion ( :at !y wi%$ to h expla9$2 9 :i* ! :ole sy/em ( dialectics--t is to say1 ( an oration br\ght to its conclusion by ratioc9ation1 0 h&$ d[n4 ,& to ?is !re 0 add$1 z a k9d ( second "p1 ! oratorical p[] ( speak+1 :i* consi/s 9 develop+ a cont9u$ disc\rse1 compos$ 9 a mann] adapt$ to produce conviction4 ,,ix4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ philosophy h&$ d[n to !m by ,plato4 ,& if y l ,i w expla9 to y ^? discussions :i* h orig9at$ 9 x4 ,inde$1 said ,i1 we %all be glad if y w2 & ,i c answ] = ,atticus z well z = myself4 ,y are q "r1 said he2 = ! doctr9e bo? ( ! ,p]ipatetics & ( ! old ,academy is mo/ admirably expla9$4 ,ari/otle1 !n1 0 ! fir/ to und]m9e ! doctr9e ( species1 :i* ,i h j n[ m5tion$1 & :i* ,plato _h embrac$ 9 a wond]ful mann]2 s t he ev5 affirm$ t !re 0 some?+ div9e 9 x4 ,b ,!ophra/us1 a man ( v delightful eloqu5ce1 & ( su* purity ( morals t 8 probity & integrity 7 notori\s to all m51 broke d[n m vigor\sly /ill ! au?ority ( ! old s*ool2 = he /ripp$ virtue ( its beauty1 & made x p[]less1 by d5y+ t to live happily dep5d$ solely on x4 ,= ,/rato1 8 pupil1 al?\gh a man ( brilliant abilities1 mu/ /ill be exclud$ entirely f t s*ool2 =1 hav+ des]t$ t mo/ indisp5sable "p ( philosophy :i* is plac$ 9 virtue & morals1 & hav+ devot$ himself :olly to ! inve/igation ( nature1 he by t v conduct dep>ts z widely z possible f 8 companions4 ,b ,speusippus & ,x5ocrates1 :o 7 ! e>lie/ support]s ( ! sy/em & au?ority ( ,plato1--&1 aft] !m1 ,polemo & ,crates1 & at ! same "t ,crantor1--be+ all collect$ toge!r 9 ! ,academy1 dilig5tly ma9ta9$ ^? doctr9es :i* !y _h receiv$ f _! pr$ecessors4 ,z5o & ,arcesilas _h be5 dilig5t att5d]s on ,polemo2 b ,z5o1 :o prec$$ ,arcesilas 9 po9t ( "t1 & argu$ ) m subtilty1 & 0 a man ( ! greate/ acut5ess1 attempt$ to correct ! sy/em ( t s*ool4 ,&1 if y l1 ,i w expla9 to y ! way 9 :i* he set ab\t t correction1 z ,antio*us us$ to expla9 x4 ,inde$1 said ,i1 ,i %all be v glad to he> y d s2 & y see t ,pomponius intimates ! same wi%4 ,x4 ,z5o1 !n1 0 n at all a man l ,!ophra/us1 to cut ?r\gh ! s9ews ( virtue2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he 0 "o :o plac$ ev]y?+ :i* c\ld h any effect 9 produc+ a happy life 9 virtue alone1 & :o reckon$ no?+ else a good at all1 & :o call$ t hon\rable :i* 0 s+le 9 its nature1 & ! sole & only good4 ,b z = all o!r ?+s1 al?\gh !y 7 nei!r good nor bad1 he divid$ !m1 call+ "s accord+ to1 & o!rs contr>y to nature4 ,!re 7 o!rs :i* he look$ ^u z plac$ betwe5 ^! two classes1 & :i* he call$ int]m$iate4 ,^? :i* 7 accord+ to nature1 he taught 8 disciples1 des]v$ to be tak51 & to be consid]$ wor?y ( a c]ta9 e/eem4 ,to ^? :i* 7 contr>y to nature1 he assign$ a contr>y "*2 & ^? ( ! int]m$iate class he left z neutrals1 & attribut$ to !m no importance :atev]4 ,b ( ^? :i* he said ought to be tak51 he consid]$ "s wor?y ( a high] e/imation & o!rs ( a less4 ,^? :i* 7 wor?y ( a high] e/eem1 he call$ pref]r$2 ^? :i* 7 only wor?y ( a l[] degree1 he call$ reject$4 ,& z he _h alt]$ all ^! ?+s1 n s mu* 9 fact z 9 "n1 s too he def9$ "s actions z int]m$iate1 ly+ betwe5 good de$s & s9s1 betwe5 duty & a violation ( duty2--class+ ?+s done rightly z good actions1 & ?+s done wrongly 7t is to say1 s9s7 z bad actions4 ,& sev]al duties1 :e!r dis*>g$ or neglect$1 he consid]$ ( an int]m$iate "*1 z ,i h already said4 ,& :]eas 8 pr$ecessors _h n plac$ e virtue 9 reason1 b _h said t "s virtues 7 p]fect$ by nature1 or by habit1 he plac$ !m all 9 reason2 & :ile !y ?\ght t ^? k9ds ( virtues :i* ,i h m5tion$ above c\ld be sep>at$1 he ass]t$ t t c\ld n be done 9 any mann]1 & affirm$ t n only ! practice ( virtue 7:i* 0 ! doctr9e ( 8 pr$ecessors71 b ! v disposition to x1 0 intr9sically beautiful2 & t virtue c\ld n possibly be pres5t to any "o )\t 8 cont9ually practis+ x4 ,& :ile !y did n entirely remove all p]turbation ( m9d f man1 7= !y admitt$ t man did by nature grieve1 & desire1 & fe>1 & become elat$ by joy17 b only contract$ x1 & r$uc$ x to n>r[ b\nds2 he ma9ta9$ t ! wise man 0 :olly free f all ^! diseases z !y might be call$4 ,& z ! anci5ts said t ^? p]turbations 7 natural1 & devoid ( reason1 & plac$ desire 9 "o "p ( ! m9d & reason 9 ano!r1 he did n agree ) !m ei!r2 = he ?\ght t all p]turbations 7 volunt>y1 & 7 admitt$ by ! judgm5t ( ! op9ion1 & t a c]ta9 unre/ra9$ intemp]ance 0 ! "m ( all ( !m4 ,& ?is is ne>ly :at he laid d[n ab\t morals4 ,,xi4 ,b ab\t natures he held ^! op9ions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he did n connect ?is fif? nature1 out ( :i* 8 pr$ecessors ?\ght t s5se & intellect 7 produc$1 ) ^? f\r pr9ciples ( ?+s4 ,= he laid x d[n t fire is t nature :i* produces ev]y?+1 & intellect1 & s5se4 ,b he diff]$ f !m aga91 inasmu* z he ?\ght x absolutely impossible = any?+ to be produc$ f t nature :i* 0 de/itute ( body2 :i* 0 ! "* attribut$ by ,x5ocrates & 8 pr$ecessors to ! m9d1 & he w\ld n all[ t t :i* produc$ any?+1 or :i* 0 produc$ by any?+1 c\ld possibly be any?+ except body4 ,b he made a great _m alt]ations 9 t ?ird "p ( 8 philosophy1 9 :i*1 fir/ ( all1 he said "s new ?+s ( ! s5ses !mselves3 :i* he consid]$ to be unit$ by "s impulse z x 71 act+ ^u !m f )\t1 :i* he call$ 1 & :i* we may t]m p]ception4 ,& let u recollect ?is ^w1 = we %all h frequ5t occasion to employ x 9 ! rema9d] ( our disc\rse2 b to ^! ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$1 & z x 7 accept$ by ! s5ses1 he adds ! ass5t ( ! m9d1 :i* he consid]s to be plac$ 9 ourselves & volunt>y4 ,he did n give cr$it to ev]y?+ :i* is p]ceiv$1 b only to ^? :i* conta9 "s especial "* ( ^? ?+s :i* are se52 b he pron\nc$ :at 0 se51 :5 x 0 disc]n$ on acc\nt ( its own p[]1 compreh5sible--w y all[ me ?is ^w8 ,c]ta9ly1 said ,atticus1 = h[ else are y to express 8 ,b aft] x _h be5 receiv$ & approv$1 !n he call$ x compreh5sion1 resembl+ ^? ?+s :i* are tak5 up 7preh5duntur7 9 ! h&2 f :i* v]b also he d]iv$ ?is n\n1 ?\gh no "o else _h ev] us$ ?is v]b ) ref]5ce to su* matt]s2 & he also us$ _m new words1 = he 0 speak+ ( new ?+s4 ,b t :i* 0 compreh5d$ by s5se he call$ felt 7s5sum17 & if x 0 s compreh5d$ t x c\ld n be eradicat$ by reason1 he call$ x k2 o!rwise he call$ x ignorance3 f :i* also 0 eng5d]$ op9ion1 :i* 0 weak1 & compatible ) :at 0 false or unkn[n4 ,b betwe5 k & ignorance he plac$ t compreh5sion :i* ,i h spok5 (1 & reckon$ x nei!r among :at 0 "r or :at 0 wrong1 b said t x alone des]v$ to be tru/$4 ,& f ?is he attribut$ cr$it also to ! s5ses1 because1 z ,i h said above1 compreh5sion made by ! s5ses appe>$ to him to be true & tru/wor?y4 ,n because x compreh5d$ all t exi/$ 9 a ?+1 b because x left out no?+ :i* c\ld affect x1 & because nature _h giv5 x to u to be z x 7 a rule ( k1 & a pr9ciple f :i* subsequ5tly all notions ( ?+s might be impress$ on our m9ds1 f :i* n only pr9ciples1 b "s broad] pa?s to ! discov]y ( reason are f\nd out4 ,b error1 & ra%ness1 & ignorance1 & op9ion1 & suspicion1 & 9 a ^w ev]y?+ :i* 0 inconsi/5t ) a firm & consi/5t ass5t1 he disc>d$ f virtue & wisdom4 ,& x is 9 ^! ?+s t ne>ly all ! disagreem5t betwe5 ,z5o & 8 pr$ecessors1 & all 8 alt]ation ( _! sy/em consi/s4 ,,xii4 ,& :5 he _h spok5 ?us--,y h1 said ,i1 ,o ,v>ro1 expla9$ ! pr9ciples bo? ( ! ,old ,academy & ( ! ,/oics ) brevity1 b also ) great cle>ness4 ,b ,i ?9k x to be true1 z ,antio*us1 a great fri5d ( m9e1 us$ to ass]t1 t x is to be consid]$ r z a correct$ edition ( ! ,old ,academy1 ?an z any new sect4 ,!n ,v>ro repli$--,x is y\r "p n[1 :o revolt f ! pr9ciples ( ! anci5ts1 & :o approve ( ! innovations :i* h be5 made by ,arcesilas1 to expla9 :at t division ( ! two s*ools :i* he made 01 & :y he made x2 s t we may see :e!r t revolt ( 8 0 ju/ifiable4 ,!n ,i repli$--,arcesilas1 z we und]/&1 direct$ all 8 attacks aga9/ ,z5o1 n out ( ob/9acy or any desire ( ga9+ ! victory1 z x appe>s to me1 b by reason ( ! obscurity ( ^? ?+s :i* _h br\ght ,socrates to ! confession ( ignorance1 & ev5 be=e ,socrates1 ,democritus1 ,anaxagoras1 ,emp$ocles1 & ne>ly all ! anci5ts2 :o ass]t$ t no?+ c\ld be asc]ta9$1 or p]ceiv$1 or kn[n3 t ! s5ses ( man 7 n>r[1 8 m9d feeble1 ! c\rse ( 8 life %ort1 & t tru?1 z ,democritus said1 0 sunk 9 ! deep2 t ev]y?+ dep5d$ on op9ions & e/abli%$ cu/oms2 t no?+ 0 left to tru?4 ,!y said 9 %ort1 t ev]y?+ 0 envelop$ 9 d>kness2 !re=e ,arcesilas ass]t$ t !re 0 no?+ :i* c\ld be kn[n1 n ev5 t v piece ( k :i* ,socrates _h left himself4 ,?us he ?\ght t ev]y?+ lay hid 9 secret1 & t !re 0 no?+ :i* c\ld be disc]n$ or und]/ood2 = :i* reasons x 0 n "r = any "o to pr(ess or affirm any?+1 or sanction any?+ by 8 ass5t1 b m5 ought always to re/ra9 _! ra%ness & to keep x 9 *eck s z to gu>d x aga9/ e fall4 ,= ra%ness w\ld be v rem>kable :5 any?+ unkn[n or false 0 approv$ (2 & no?+ c\ld be m discr$itable ?an = a man's ass5t & approbation to prec$e 8 k & p]ception ( a fact4 ,& he us$ to act consi/5tly ) ^! pr9ciples1 s z to pass mo/ ( 8 days 9 argu+ aga9/ e "o's op9ion1 9 ord] t :5 equally important reasons 7 f\nd = bo? sides ( ! same "q1 ! judgm5t might m naturally be susp5d$1 & prev5t$ f giv+ ass5t to ei!r4 ,?is !y call ! ,new ,academy1 :i* h[ev] appe>s to me to be ! old "o1 if1 at lea/1 we reckon ,plato z "o ( t ,old ,academy4 ,= 9 8 books no?+ is affirm$ positively1 & _m argum5ts are all[$ on bo? sides ( a "q2 ev]y?+ is inve/igat$1 & no?+ positive affirm$4 ,/ill let ! s*ool ^: pr9ciples ,i h expla9$1 be call$ ! ,old ,academy1 & ?is o!r ! ,new2 :i*1 hav+ cont9u$ to ! "t ( ,c>neades1 :o 0 ! f\r? 9 succession aft] ,arcesilas1 cont9u$ 9 ! same pr9ciples & sy/em z ,arcesilas4 ,b ,c>neades1 be+ a man ignorant ( no "p ( philosophy1 &1 z ,i h le>nt f ^? :o _h be5 8 pupils1 & p>ticul>ly f ,z5o ! ,epicurean1 :o1 ?\gh he greatly diff]$ f him 9 op9ion1 /ill admir$ him above all o!r m51 0 also a p]son ( incr$ible abilities444 ,! re/ ( ?is ,book is lo/4 ,,second ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,academic ,,que/ions4 ,i4 ,lucius ,lucullus 0 a man ( great g5ius1 & v mu* devot$ to ! /udy ( ! mo/ important arts2 e bran* ( lib]al le>n+ wor?y ( a man ( high bir?1 0 ?or\ghly und]/ood by him2 b at ! "t :5 he might h made ! greate/ figure 9 ! =um1 he 0 :olly remov$ f all p>ticipation 9 ! bus9ess ( ! city4 ,= :ile he 0 v "y1 he1 unit+ ) 8 bro!r1 a man ( equal s5se ( duty & dilig5ce ) himself1 foll[$ up ! qu>rel7#aj7 bequea!d to him by 8 fa!r to 8 own exce$+ cr$it2 aft]w>ds hav+ gone z qu/or into ,asia1 he !re gov]n$ ! prov9ce = _m ye>s ) great reputation4 ,subsequ5tly he 0 made dile 9 8 abs5ce1 & imm$iately aft] t he 0 elect$ prtor2 = 8 s]vices _h be5 rew>d$ by an express law au?oriz+ 8 election at a p]iod e>li] ?an usual4 ,aft] t he 0 s5t into ,africa2 f !nce he proce$$ to ! consul%ip1 ! duties ( :i* he dis*>g$ 9 su* a mann]1 t e "o admir$ 8 dilig5ce1 & recognis$ 8 g5ius4 ,aft]w>ds he 0 s5t by ! ,s5ate to conduct ! w> aga9/ ,mi?ridates1 & !re he n only surpass$ ! univ]sal expectation :i* e "o _h =m$ ( 8 val\r1 b ev5 ! glory ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,& t 0 ! m admirable 9 him1 because great skill z a g5]al 0 n v mu* look$ = 9 "o :o _h sp5t 8 y\? 9 ! occupations ( ! =um1 & ! duration ( 8 qu/or%ip 9 peace 9 ,asia1 :ile ,mur5a 0 c>ry+ on ! w> 9 ,pontus4 ,b ! incr$ible greatness ( 8 g5ius did n require ! aid ( exp]i5ce1 :i* c nev] be taught by precepts4 ,!re=e1 hav+ devot$ ! :ole "t occupi$ 9 8 m>* & 8 voyage1 p>tly to mak+ inquiries ( ^? :o 7 skilful 9 su* matt]s1 & p>tly 9 read+ ! acc\nts ( great a*ievem5ts1 he arriv$ 9 ,asia a p]fect g5]al1 ?\gh he _h left ,rome entirely ignorant ( milit>y affairs4 ,= he _h an almo/ div9e memory = facts1 ?\gh ,hort5sius _h a bett] "o = words4 ,b z 9 p]=m+ great de$s1 facts are ( m consequ5ce ?an words1 ?is memory ( 8 0 ! m s]viceable ( ! two2 & !y say1 t ! same quality 0 conspicu\s 9 ,!mi/ocles1 :om we consid] beyond all comp>ison ! fir/ man 9 ,greece4 ,& a /ory is told ( him1 t1 :5 "s "o promis$ to tea* him ! art ( memory1 :i* 0 !n beg9n+ to be cultivat$1 he answ]$1 t he %\ld mu* pref] le>n+ to =get2 ,i suppose1 because ev]y?+ :i* he _h ei!r he>d or se5 /uck 9 8 memory4 ,lucullus hav+ ?is great g5ius1 add$ to x t /udy :i* ,!mi/ocles _h despis$3 !re=e1 z we write d[n 9 lett]s :at we wi% to commit to monum5ts1 he1 9 l mann]1 _h ! facts engrav$ 9 8 m9d4 ,!re=e1 he 0 a g5]al ( su* p]fect skill 9 e k9d ( w>1 9 battles1 & sieges1 & naval fights1 & 9 ! :ole equipm5t & managem5t ( w>1 t t k+1 ! greate/ t has ev] liv$ s9ce ! "t ( ,alex&]1 confess$1 t he consid]$ him a great] g5]al ?an any "o ( :om he _h ev] read4 ,he also display$ su* great prud5ce 9 arrang+ & regulat+ ! affairs ( ! diff]5t cities1 & su* great ju/ice too1 t to ?is v day1 ,asia is pres]v$ by ! c>eful ma9t5ance ( ! regulations1 & by foll[+ z x 7 9 ! foot/eps ( ,lucullus4 ,b al?\gh x 0 greatly to ! advantage ( ! republic1 /ill t great virtue & g5ius 0 kept abroad at a di/ance f ! eyes bo? ( ! =um & ! s5ate-h\se1 = a long] "t ?an ,i c\ld h wi%$4 ,moreov]1 :5 he _h return$ victori\s f ! w> aga9/ ,mi?ridates1 ow+ to ! calumnies ( 8 adv]s>ies1 he did n celebrate 8 triumph till ?ree ye>s lat] ?an he ought to h done4 ,= ,i may almo/ say1 t ,i myself :5 consul l$ into ! city ! *>iot ( t mo/ illu/ri\s man1 & ,i might enl>ge ^u ! great advantage t 8 c\nsel & au?ority 7 to me1 9 ! mo/ critical circum/ances1 if x 7 n t to d s w\ld compel me to speak ( myself1 :i* at ?is mom5t is n necess>y4 ,!re=e1 ,i w r deprive him ( ! te/imony due to him1 ?an mix x up n[ ) a comm5dation ( myself4 ,,ii4 ,b z = ^? exploits ( ,lucullus1 :i* 7 entitl$ to be celebrat$ by ! praises ( ! nation1 !y h be5 extoll$ bo? 9 ,greek & ,lat9 writ+s4 ,= ^? outw>d exploits ( 8 are kn[n to u 9 common ) ! multitude2 b 8 int]ior excell5ces 7if ,i may s call !m7 we & a few ( 8 fri5ds h le>nt f himself4 ,= ,lucullus us$ to apply himself to e k9d ( lit]ature1 & especially to philosophy1 ) great] eag]ness ?an ^? :o 7 n acqua9t$ ) him believ$4 ,& he did s1 n only at 8 fir/ entrance into life1 b also :5 he 0 proqu/or1 z he 0 = sev]al ye>s1 & ev5 dur+ ! "t ( w> itself1 a "t :5 m5 are usually s fully occupi$ ) _! milit>y bus9ess1 t v little leisure is left to ! g5]al1 ev5 9 8 own t5t4 ,& z ( all ! philosoph]s ( t day1 ,antio*us1 :o _h be5 a pupil ( ,philo1 0 ?\ght to excel 9 g5ius & le>n+1 he kept him ab\t him :ile he 0 qu/or1 & "s ye>s aft]w>ds :5 he 0 g5]al4 ,& z he _h t extraord9>y memory :i* ,i h m5tion$ already1 by he>+ frequ5tly ( ?+s1 he arriv$ at a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) !m2 z he recollect$ ev]y?+ t he _h he>d ( only once4 ,& he 0 wond]fully delight$ 9 ! read+ books ( :i* he he>d any "o speak4 ,& ,i sometimes fe> le/ ,i may ev5 dim9i% ! glory ( su* *>act]s z 81 ev5 :ile wi%+ to enhance x2 = !re are _m p :o are altoge!r av]se to ,greek lit]ature1 /ill m :o h a dislike to philosophy1 & m5 9 g5]al1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n positively disapprove ( !m1 /ill ?9k ! discussion ( su* matt]s n altoge!r suitable = ! *iefs ( ! /ate4 ,b ,i1 hav+ he>d t ,m>cus ,cato le>nt ,greek 9 8 old age1 & le>n+ f hi/ory t ,pantius 0 above all o!r m5 ! *os5 companion ( ,publius ,africanus1 9 t noble embassy :i* he 0 employ$ on be=e he ent]$ on ! c5sor%ip1 ?9k ,i h no ne$ ( any o!r in/ance to ju/ify 8 /udy ( ,greek lit]ature or ( philosophy4 ,x rema9s = me to reply to ^? m5 :o disapprove ( su* dignifi$ *>act]s be+ mix$ up 9 discussions ( ?is sort2 z if ! meet+s ( illu/ri\s m5 7 b\nd to be pass$ 9 sil5ce1 or _! conv]sation to be conf9$ to je/+1 & all ! topics to be drawn f trifl+ subjects4 ,9 tru?1 if 9 any "o ( my writ+s ,i h giv5 philosophy its due praise1 !n surely its discussion is ?or\ghly wor?y ( e excell5t & hon\rable man2 nor is any?+ else necess>y to be tak5 c>e ( by u1 :om ! ,roman p has plac$ 9 our pres5t rank1 except t we d n devote to our private pursuits1 ! "t :i* ought to be be/[$ on ! affairs ( ! public4 ,b if1 :ile we are b\nd to dis*>ge our duties1 we /ill n only nev] omit to give our assi/ance 9 all public meet+s1 b nev] ev5 write a s+le ^w unconnect$ ) ! =um1 :o !n w blame our leisure1 because ev5 9 t mom5t we are unwill+ to all[ ourselves to gr[ ru/y & /upid1 b take pa9s r to b5efit z _m p z possible8 ,& ,i ?9k1 t n only is ! glory ( ^? m5 n dim9i%$1 b t x is ev5 increas$ by our add+ to _! popul> & notori\s praises ^! also :i* are less kn[n & less spok5 (4 ,"s p also d5y t ^? m5 :o are introduc$ 9 our writ+s z disputants _h any k ( ^? affairs :i* are ! subjects ( discussion4 ,b !y appe> to me to be %[+ _! envy1 n only ( ! liv+ b also ( ! dead4 ,,iii4 ,!re rema9s "o class ( critics :o disapprove ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! ,academy4 ,:i* we %\ld be m conc]n$ at if any "o approv$ ( any s*ool ( philosophy except t :i* he himself foll[$4 ,b we1 s9ce we are 9 ! habit ( argu+ aga9/ e "o :o appe>s to himself to "k any?+1 _c object to o!rs also diss5t+ f u4 ,al?\gh our side ( ! "q is an easi] "o1 s9ce we wi% to discov] ! tru? )\t any dispute1 & we seek = t ) ! greate/ anxiety & dilig5ce4 ,= al?\gh all k is beset ) _m difficulties1 & !re is t obscurity 9 ! ?+s !mselves & t infirmity 9 our own judgm5t1 t x is n )\t reason t ! mo/ le>n$ & anci5t philosoph]s h di/ru/$ _! p[] ( discov]+ :at !y wi%$2 yet !y h n be5 defici5t 9 any respect1 nor d we all[ ourselves to ab&on ! pursuit ( tru? ?r\gh fatigue2 nor h our discussions ev] any o!r object except t (1 by argu+ on ea* side1 elicit+1 & z x 71 squeez+ out some?+ :i* may ei!r be ! tru? itself1 or may at lea/ come z ne> z possible to x4 ,nor is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 u & ^? p :o fancy t !y "k some?+1 except t !y d n d\bt at all t ^? doctr9es :i* !y uphold are ! tru?1 :ile we acc\nt _m ?+s z probable :i* we c adopt z our belief1 b c h>dly positively affirm4 ,& 9 ?is we are m free & unfett]$ ?an !y are1 because our p[] ( judg+ is unimpea*$1 & because we are n compell$ by any necessity to def5d !ories :i* are laid ^u z injunctions1 &1 if ,i may say s1 z comm&s4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 ^? ( ! o!r s*ools h be5 b\nd h& & foot be=e !y 7 able to judge :at 0 be/2 &1 secondly1 be=e _! age or _! und]/&+ _h come to maturity1 !y h ei!r foll[$ ! op9ion ( "s fri5d1 or be5 *>m$ by ! eloqu5ce ( "s "o :o 0 ! fir/ argu] :om !y ev] he>d1 & s h be5 l$ to =m a judgm5t on :at !y did n und]/&1 & n[ !y cl+ to :atev] s*ool !y 71 z x 71 da%$ aga9/ 9 a tempe/1 l sailors cl++ to a rock4 ,= z to _! /atem5t t !y are :olly tru/+ to "o :om !y judge to h be5 a wise man1 ,i %\ld approve ( t if t 7 a po9t :i* !y1 :ile ignorant & unle>n$1 7 able to judge (1 7= to decide :o is a wise man appe>s to me mo/ especially ! task ( "o :o is himself wise47 ,b !y h ei!r =m$ _! op9ion z well z !y c\ld f a he>+ ( all ! circum/ances1 & also f a k ( ! op9ions ( philosoph]s ( all ! o!r s*ools2 or else1 hav+ he>d ! matt] m5tion$ once1 !y h surr5d]$ !mselves to ! guidance ( "s "o individual4 ,b1 ,i "k n h[ x is1 mo/ p pref] be+ 9 error1 & def5d+ ) ! utmo/ pugnacity t op9ion :i* !y h tak5 a fancy to1 to inquir+ )\t any ob/9acy :at is said ) ! greate/ consi/5cy4 ,& ^! subjects 7 v frequ5tly & v copi\sly discuss$ by u at o!r times1 & once also 9 ! villa ( ,hort5sius1 :i* is at ,bauli1 :5 ,catulus1 & ,lucullus1 & ,i myself _h arriv$ !re ! day aft] we _h be5 /ay+ ) ,catulus4 ,& we _h come ?i!r r e>ly 9 ! day1 because we _h int5d$1 if ! w9d 0 fair1 to set sail1 ,lucullus = 8 villa ne> ,naples1 & ,i myself t[>ds m9e1 9 ! di/rict ( ,pompeii4 ,:51 !re=e1 we _h _h a %ort conv]sation on ! t]race1 we sat d[n :]e we 74 ,,iv4 ,!n ,catulus said1--,al?\gh :at we 7 inquir+ into ye/]day 0 almo/ :olly expla9$ 9 su* a mann] t ne>ly ! :ole "q appe>s to h be5 discuss$1 /ill ,i long to he> :at y promis$ to tell u1 ,lucullus1 z be+ :at y _h le>nt f ,antio*us4 ,i1 inde$1 said ,hort5sius1 did m ?an ,i int5d$1 = ! :ole matt] ought to h be5 left unt\*$ = ,lucullus1 & inde$1 p]haps x 03 = ,i only said su* ?+s z occurr$ to me at ! mom5t2 b ,i hope to he> some?+ m recondite f ,lucullus4 ,lucullus rejo9$1 ,i am n mu* tr\bl$1 ,hort5sius1 at y\r expectation1 al?\gh !re is no?+ s unfav\rable = ^? :o wi% to give pleasure2 b /ill1 z ,i am n v anxi\s ab\t h[ f> ,i c prove to y\r satisfaction ! argum5ts :i* ,i advance1 ,i am ! less di/urb$4 ,= ! argum5ts :i* ,i am go+ to repeat are n my own1 nor su* t1 if !y are incorrect1 ,i %\ld n pref] be+ defeat$ to ga9+ ! victory2 b1 9 tru?1 z ! case /&s at pres5t1 al?\gh ! doctr9es ( my s*ool 7 some:at %ak5 9 ye/]day's discussion1 /ill !y d seem to me to be :olly true4 ,i w !re=e argue z ,antio*us us$ to argue2 = ! subject is "o ) :i* ,i am well acqua9t$4 ,= ,i us$ to li/5 to 8 lectures ) a m9d q un5gag$1 & ) great pleasure1 &1 moreov]1 he frequ5tly discuss$ ! same subject ov] aga92 s t y h "s gr\nds = expect+ m f me ?an y _h f ,hort5sius a little :ile ago4 ,:5 he _h begun 9 ?is mann] we prep>$ to li/5 ) great att5tion4 ,& he spoke ?us3--,:5 ,i 0 at ,alex&ria1 z proqu/or1 ,antio*us 0 ) me1 & be=e my arrival1 ,h]aclitus1 ( ,tyre1 a fri5d ( ,antio*us1 _h already settl$ 9 ,alex&ria1 a man :o _h be5 = _m ye>s a pupil ( ,clitoma*us & ( ,philo1 & :o _h a great & des]v$ reputation 9 t s*ool1 :i* hav+ be5 almo/ utt]ly disc>d$1 is n[ com+ aga9 into fa%ion2 & ,i us$ (t5 to he> ,antio*us argu+ ) him2 b !y bo? conduct$ _! discussions ) great g5tl5ess4 ,& j at t "t ^? two books ( ,philo :i* 7 ye/]day m5tion$ by ,catulus _h be5 br\ght to ,alex&ria1 & _h = ! fir/ "t come "u ! notice ( ,antio*us2 & he1 ?\gh naturally a man ( ! milde/ disposition1 7nor inde$ 0 x possible = any "o to be m peaceable ?an he 017 0 nev]!less a little provok$4 ,i 0 surpris$1 = ,i _h nev] se5 him s be=e3 b he1 appeal+ to ! recollection ( ,h]aclitus1 began to inquire ( him :e!r he _h se5 ^? works ( ,philo1 or :e!r he _h he>d ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 !m1 ei!r f ,philo or f any "o else ( ! ,academic s*ool8 ,& he said t he _h n2 h[ev]1 he recognis$ ! /yle ( ,philo1 nor1 inde$1 c\ld !re be any d\bt ab\t x2 = "s fri5ds ( m9e1 m5 ( great le>n+1 ,publius & ,caius ,setilius1 & ,tetrilius ,rogus 7 pres5t1 :o said t !y he>d ,philo advance su* op]ations at ,rome2 & :o said t !y _h writt5 out ^? two books f 8 dictation4 ,!n ,antio*us repeat$ :at ,catulus m5tion$ ye/]day1 z hav+ be5 said to ,philo by 8 fa!r1 & _m o!r ?+s besides2 nor did he =be> ev5 to publi% a book aga9/ 8 own ma/]1 :i* is call$ 8,sosus40 ,i !re=e1 !n1 z ,i 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 he>+ ,h]aclitus argu+ aga9/ ,antio*us1 & ,antio*us aga9/ ! ,academicians1 paid great att5tion to ,antio*us1 9 ord] to le>n ! :ole matt] f him4 ,accord+ly1 = _m days1 collect+ toge!r ,h]aclitus & sev]al le>n$ m51 & among !m ,ari/us1 ! bro!r ( ,antio*us1 & also ,ari/on & ,dion1 m5 :om he consid]$ only second to 8 bro!r 9 g5ius1 we devot$ a great deal ( "t to t s+le discussion4 ,b we mu/ pass ov] t "p ( x :i* 0 be/[$ on refut+ ! doctr9es ( ,philo2 = he is a less =midable adv]s>y1 :o altoge!r d5ies t ! ,academicians advance ^? argum5ts :i* 7 ma9ta9$ ye/]day4 ,= al?\gh he is q wrong z to ! fact1 /ill he is a less inv9cible adv]s>y4 ,let u speak ( ,arcesilas & ,c>neades4 ,v4 ,& hav+ said ?is1 he began aga93--,y appe> to me1 9 ! fir/ place1 7& he address$ me by "n17 :5 y speak ( ! old natural philosoph]s1 to d ! same ?+ t s$iti\s citiz5s are 9 ! habit ( do+ :5 !y br+ =w>d "s illu/ri\s m5 ( ! anci5ts1 :o !y say 7 fri5ds ( ! p1 9 ! hope ( be+ !mselves consid]$ l !m4 ,!y g back to ,publius ,val]ius1 :o 0 consul ! fir/ ye> aft] ! expulsion ( ! k+s4 ,!y enum]ate all ! o!r m5 :o h pass$ laws = ! advantage ( ! p conc]n+ appeals :5 !y 7 consuls2 & !n !y come d[n to ^! bett] kn[n m51 ,caius ,flam9ius1 :o1 z tribune ( ! p1 pass$ an ,agr>ian law "s ye>s be=e ! second ,punic w>1 aga9/ ! w ( ! s5ate1 & :o 0 aft]w>ds twice elect$ consul2 to ,lucius ,cassius & ,qu9tus ,pompeius2 !y are also 9 ! habit ( class+ ,publius ,africanus 9 ! same li/2 & !y ass]t t ^? two bro!rs ( inf9ite wisdom & exce$+ glory1 ,publius ,crassus & ,publius ,scvola1 7 ! advis]s ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 9 ! matt] ( ! laws :i* he propos$2 ! "o1 inde$1 z we see1 op5ly2 ! o!r1 z we suspect1 9 a m conceal$ mann]4 ,!y add also ,caius ,m>ius2 & ) respect to him !y speak truly en\gh3 !n1 hav+ rec\nt$ ! names ( s _m illu/ri\s m51 !y say t !y are act+ up to _! pr9ciples4 ,9 l mann]1 y1 :5 y are seek+ to ov]turn a well-e/abli%$ sy/em ( philosophy1 9 ! same way z ^? m5 endeav\r$ to ov]turn ! republic1 br+ =w>d ! names ( ,emp$ocles1 ,anaxagoras1 ,democritus1 ,p>m5ides1 ,x5ophanes1 & ev5 ,plato & ,socrates4 ,b ,saturn9us1 7t ,i may "n my own enemy r ?an any "o else17 _h no?+ 9 him resembl+ ^? anci5t m52 nor are ! ungr\nd$ accusations ( ,arcesilas to be comp>$ to ! mode/y ( ,democritus4 ,& yet ^? natural philosoph]s1 ?\gh v seldom1 :5 !y h any v great difficulty1 make l\d & viol5t outcries1 z if "u ! influ5ce ( "s great excitem5t1 ,emp$ocles1 inde$1 does s to su* a degree1 t he appe>s to me at times to be mad1 cry+ out t all ?+s are hidd51 t we feel no?+1 see no?+1 & _c f9d out ! true "* ( any?+ :atev]4 ,b = ! mo/ "p all ^? m5 appe> to me to affirm "s ?+s r too positively1 & to pr(ess t !y "k m ?an !y really d "k4 ,b if !y !n hesitat$ :ile discuss+ new subjects1 l *ildr5 lately born1 are we = t reason to ?9k t no?+ has be5 expla9$ 9 s _m ages by ! greate/ g5ius & ! mo/ untir+ indu/ry8 ,may we n say t1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( "s wise & important s*ools ( philosophy1 !n1 z ,tib]ius ,grac*us arose 9 an excell5t con/itution1 = ! purpose ( ?r[+ ev]y?+ into confusion1 s ,arcesilas rose up to ov]turn ! e/abli%$ philosophy1 & to %elt] himself "u ! au?ority ( ^? m5 :o ass]t$ t no?+ c\ld be kn[n or p]ceiv$2 9 :i* numb] we ought n to include ,plato or ,socrates2 ! "o because he left beh9d him a mo/ p]fect s*ool1 namely1 ! ,p]ipatetics & ,academics1 diff]+ 9 "n1 b agree+ 9 all sub/antial matt]s3 & f :om ! ,/oics !mselves diff] 9 words r ?an 9 op9ions4 ,b ,socrates1 :o always disp>ag$ himself 9 argu+1 attribut$ m k to ^? :om he wi%$ to refute4 ,s1 z he 0 speak+ diff]5tly f :at he really ?\ght1 he 0 fond ( us+ t k9d ( dissimulation :i* ! ,greeks call 2 :i* ,fannius says ,africanus also 0 9 ! habit ( indulg+ 91 & t t ought n be consid]$ a bad habit 9 him1 z x 0 a fav\rite practice ( ,socrates4 ,,vi4 ,b1 h[ev]1 we w all[1 if y l1 t all ^? ?+s 7 unkn[n to ! anci5ts3--0 no?+ effect$ !n1 by _! be+ ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 aft] t ,arcesilas1 disp>ag+ ,z5o1 7= t is suppos$ to h be5 8 object17 z discov]+ no?+ new1 b only correct+ previ\s *anges ( names1 :ile seek+ to upset 8 def9itions1 _h attempt$ to envelop ! cle>e/ possible matt]s 9 d>kness8 ,& 8 sy/em1 :i* 0 at fir/ n at all approv$ (1 al?\gh x 0 illu/rat$ bo? by acute g5ius & by an admirable witt9ess ( language1 0 9 ! next g5]ation adopt$ by no "o b ,lacydes2 b subsequ5tly x 0 p]fect$ by ,c>neades1 :o 0 ! f\r? 9 succession f ,arcesilas2 = he 0 ! pupil ( ,heges9us1 :o _h be5 ! pupil ( ,ev&]1 ! disciple ( ,lacydes1 & ,lacydes himself _h be5 ! pupil ( ,arcesilas2 b ,c>neades ma9ta9$ x = a long "t1 = he liv$ n9ety ye>s2 & ^? :o _h be5 8 pupils _h a v high reputation1 ( :om ,clitoma*us display$ ! mo/ indu/ry1 z ! numb] ( books :i* he compos$ te/ifies2 nor 0 !re less brilliancy ( g5ius 9 him ?an !re 0 ( eloqu5ce 9 ,*>madas1 or ( sweetness 9 ,melan?ius ( ,rhodes4 ,b ,metrodorus ( ,/ratonice 0 ?\ght to be ! "o :o _h ! mo/ ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ,c>neades4 ,& y\r fri5d ,philo att5d$ ! lectures ( ,clitoma*us = _m ye>s2 b z long z ,philo 0 alive ! ,academy 0 nev] 9 want ( a head4 ,b ! bus9ess t we n[ propose to ourselves1 ( argu+ aga9/ ! ,academicians1 appe>s to "s philosoph]s1 & ^?1 too1 m5 ( no ord9>y calibre1 to be a ?+ t ought n to be done at all2 & !y ?9k t !re is no s5se at all 91 & no me?od ( disput+ ) m5 :o approve ( no?+2 & !y blame ,antipat]1 ! ,/oic1 :o 0 v fond ( do+ s1 & say t !re is no ne$ ( lay+ d[n exact def9itions ( :at k is1 or p]ception1 or1 if we want to r5d] ^w = ^w1 compreh5sion1 :i* !y call 2 & !y say t ^? :o wi% to p]suade m5 t !re is any?+ :i* c be compreh5d$ & p]ceiv$1 are act+ ignorantly2 because !re is no?+ cle>] ?an 1 z ! ,greeks call x1 & :i* we may call p]spicuity1 or evid5tness if y l1--co9+ words1 if y w p]mit u to d s1 t ?is fell[ 7mean+ me7 may n ?9k t he is ! only p]son to :om su* lib]ties are p]mitt$4 ,/ill !y ?\ght t no disc\rse c\ld be f\nd :i* %\ld be m intelligible ?an evid5tness itself2 & !y ?\ght t !re 0 no ne$ ( def9+ ?+s :i* 7 s cle>4 ,b o!rs decl>$ t !y w\ld nev] be ! fir/ to speak 9 behalf ( ?is evid5tness2 b !y ?\ght t a reply ought to be made to ^? argum5ts :i* 7 advanc$ aga9/ x1 to prev5t any "o be+ deceiv$ by !m4 ,!re are also _m m5 :o d n disapprove ( ! def9itions ( ! evid5t ?+s !mselves1 & :o ?9k ! subject "o wor?y ( be+ inquir$ into1 & ! m5 wor?y ( be+ argu$ )4 ,b ,philo1 :ile he raises "s new que/ions1 because he 0 sc>cely able to )/& ! ?+s :i* 7 said aga9/ ! ob/9acy ( ! ,academicians1 speaks falsely1 )\t disguise1 z he 0 reproa*$ = do+ by ! eld] ,catulus2 & also1 z ,antio*us told him1 falls into ! v trap ( :i* he 0 afraid4 ,= z he ass]t$ t !re 0 no?+ :i* c\ld be compreh5d$1 7= t is :at we conceive to be meant by 17 if t 01 z ,z5o def9$ x1 su* a p]ception1 7= we h already sp5t "t en\gh ye/]day 9 beat+ out a ^w = 17 !n a p]ception 0 extract$ & produc$ out ( t f :i* x orig9at$1 su* z c\ld be produc$ f t f :i* x did n orig9ate4 ,& we say t ?is matt] 0 mo/ excell5tly def9$ by ,z5o2 = h[ c any?+ be compreh5d$1 s t y may feel absolutely sure t x has be5 p]ceiv$ & kn[n1 :i* is ( su* a "* t x is ev5 possible t x may be false8 ,n[ :5 ,philo upsets & d5ies ?is1 he takes away also all di/9ction betwe5 :at is kn[n & unkn[n2 f :i* x foll[s t no?+ c be compreh5d$2 & s1 )\t int5d+ x1 he is br\ght back to ! po9t he lea/ int5d$4 ,:]e=e1 all ?is disc\rse aga9/ ! ,academy is und]tak5 by u 9 ord] t we may reta9 t def9ition :i* ,philo wi%$ to ov]turn2 & unless we succe$ 9 t1 we grant t no?+ c be p]ceiv$4 ,,vii4 ,let u beg9 !n ) ! s5ses--! judgm5ts ( :i* are s cle> & c]ta91 t if an option 7 giv5 to our nature1 & if "s god 7 to ask ( x :e!r x is cont5t ) its own unimpair$ & uncorrupt$ s5ses1 or :e!r x desires some?+ bett]1 ,i d n see :at m x c\ld ask =4 ,nor :ile speak+ on ?is topic ne$ y wait :ile ,i reply to ! illu/ration drawn f a b5t o>1 or ! neck ( a dove2 = ,i am n a man to say t ev]y?+ :i* seems is exactly ( t "* ( :i* x seems to be4 ,epicurus may deal ) ?is idea1 & ) _m o!rs2 b 9 my op9ion !re is ! v greate/ tru? 9 ! s5ses1 if !y are 9 s\nd & heal?y ord]1 & if ev]y?+ is remov$ :i* c\ld imp$e or h9d] !m4 ,!re=e we (t5 wi% ! light to be *ang$1 or ! situation ( ^? ?+s :i* we are look+ at2 & we ei!r n>r[ or enl>ge di/ances2 & we d _m ?+s until our sight causes u to feel confid5ce 9 our judgm5t4 ,& ! same ?+ takes place ) respect to s\nds1 & smell1 & ta/e1 s t !re is n "o ( u :o1 9 ea* "o ( 8 s5ses1 requires a m acute judgm5t z to ea* sort ( ?+4 ,b :5 practice & skill are add$1 s t "o's eyes are *>m$ by a picture1 & "o's e>s by songs1 :o is !re :o c fail to see :at great p[] !re is 9 ! s5ses8 ,h[ _m ?+s d pa9t]s see 9 %ad[s & 9 projections :i* we d n see8 ,h[ _m beauties :i* escape u 9 music are p]ceiv$ by ^? :o are practis$ 9 t k9d ( accompli%m5t8 m5 :o1 at ! fir/ note ( ! flute-play]1 say1--,t is ! ,antiope1 or ! ,&roma*e1 :5 we h n ev5 a suspicion ( x4 ,!re is no ne$ = me to speak ( ! faculties ( ta/e or smell2 organs 9 :i* !re is a degree ( intellig5ce1 h[ev] faulty x may be4 ,:y %\ld ,i speak ( t\*1 & ( t k9d ( t\* :i* philosoph]s call ! inn] "o1 ,i mean ! t\* ( pleasure or pa98 9 :i* alone ! ,cyr5aics ?9k t !re is any judgm5t ( ! tru?1 because pleasure or pa9 are felt4 ,c any "o !n say t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 a man :o is 9 pa9 & a man :o is 9 pleasure8 or c any "o ?9k t a man :o ent]ta9s ?is op9ion is n flagrantly mad8 ,b su* z ^? ?+s are :i* we say are p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 su* also are ^? ?+s :i* are said to be p]ceiv$1 n by ! s5ses !mselves1 b by ! s5ses aft] a fa%ion2 z ^! ?+s--t is :ite1 ?is is sweet1 t is tuneful1 ?is is fragrant1 t is r\gh4 ,we h ^! ideas already compreh5d$ by ! m9d1 n by ! s5ses4 ,aga91 ?is is a h\se1 t is a dog4 ,!n ! re/ ( ! s]ies foll[s1 connect+ ! m important l9ks2 su* z ^!1 :i* embrace1 z x 71 ! full compreh5sion ( ?+s2--,if he is a man1 he is a mortal animal p>tak+ ( reason3--f :i* class ( argum5ts ! notions ( ?+s are impress$ ^u u1 )\t :i* no?+ c be und]/ood1 nor inquir$ into1 nor discuss$4 ,b if ^? notions 7 false1 7= y seem$ to me to translate notions17 if1 ,i say1 !y 7 false1 or impress$1 or p]ceptions ( su* a k9d z n to be able to be di/+ui%$ f false ones2 !n ,i %\ld l to "k h[ we 7 to use !m8 & h[ we 7 to see :at 0 consi/5t ) ea* ?+ & :at 0 inconsi/5t ) x8 ,c]ta9ly no room at all is "h left = memory1 :i* ( all qualities is ! "o t mo/ completely conta9s1 n only philosophy1 b ! :ole practice ( life1 & all ! arts4 ,= :at memory c !re be ( :at is false8 or :at does any "o rememb] :i* he does n compreh5d & hold 9 8 m9d8 ,& :at art c !re be except t :i* consi/s n ( "o1 nor ( two1 b ( _m p]ceptions ( ! m9d8 & if y take ^! away1 h[ are y to di/+ui% ! arti/ f ! ignorant man8 ,= we mu/ n say at r&om t ?is man is an arti/1 & d5y t t man is2 b we mu/ only d s :5 we see t ! "o reta9s ! ?+s :i* he has p]ceiv$ & compreh5d$1 & t ! o!r does n4 ,& z "s arts are ( t k9d t "o c only see ! fact 9 "o's m9d1 o!rs su* t "o c design & effect some?+1 h[ c a geometrician p]ceive ^? ?+s :i* h no exi/5ce1 or :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f :at is false8 or h[ c he :o plays on ! lyre complete 8 rhy?m1 & f9i% v]ses8 ,& ! same w be ! case ) respect to simil> arts1 ^: :ole "w consi/s 9 act+ & 9 effect+ some?+4 ,= :at is !re t c be effect$ by art1 unless ! man :o ex]cises ! art has _m p]ceptions8 ,,viii4 ,& mo/ especially does ! k ( virtues confirm ! ass]tion t _m ?+s c be p]ceiv$ & compreh5d$4 ,& 9 ^? ?+s alone d we say t sci5ce exi/s2 :i* we consid] to be n a m]e compreh5sion ( ?+s1 b "o t is firm & un*angeable2 & we consid] x also to be wisdom1 ! art ( liv+ :i*1 by itself1 d]ives consi/5cy f itself4 ,b if t consi/5cy has no p]ception or k ab\t x1 !n ,i ask :5ce x has orig9at$ & h[8 ,i ask also1 :y t good man :o has made up 8 m9d to endure e k9d ( torture1 to be torn by intol]able pa91 r ?an to betray 8 duty or 8 fai?1 has impos$ on himself su* bitt] conditions1 :5 he has no?+ compreh5d$1 p]ceiv$1 kn[n1 or e/abli%$1 to lead him to ?9k t he is b\nd to d s8 ,x _c1 !n1 by any possibility be ! case t any "o %\ld e/imate equity & good fai? s highly z to %r9k f no puni%m5t = ! sake ( pres]v+ !m1 unless he has ass5t$ to ^? facts :i* _c be false4 ,b z to wisdom itself1 if x be ignorant ( its own "*1 & if x does n "k :e!r x be wisdom or n1 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ is x to obta9 its "n ( wisdom8 ,secondly1 h[ w x v5ture to und]take any exploit1 or to p]=m x ) confid5ce1 :5 x has no?+ c]ta9 to foll[8 ,b :5 x d\bts :at is ! *ief & highe/ good1 be+ ignorant to :at ev]y?+ is ref]r$1 h[ c x be wisdom8 ,& t also is manife/1 t x is necess>y t !re %\ld be laid d[n 9 ! fir/ place a pr9ciple :i* wisdom may foll[ :5 x beg9s to act2 & t pr9ciple mu/ be adapt$ to nature4 ,= o!rwise1 ! desire1 7= t is h[ ,i translate 17 by :i* we are impell$ to act1 & by :i* we desire :at has be5 se51 _c be set 9 motion4 ,b t :i* sets any?+ 9 motion mu/ fir/ be se5 & tru/$1 :i* _c be ! case if t :i* is se5 _c be di/+ui%$ f :at is false4 ,b h[ c ! m9d be mov$ to desire any?+1 if x _c be p]ceiv$ :e!r t :i* is se5 is adapt$ to nature or inconsi/5t ) x8 ,& aga91 if x does n occur to a man's m9d :at 8 duty is1 he w actually nev] d any?+1 he w nev] be excit$ to any action1 he w nev] be mov$4 ,b if he ev] is ab\t to d any?+1 !n x is necess>y t t :i* occurs to him mu/ appe> to him to be true4 ,:at6 ,b if ^? ?+s are true1 is ! :ole ( reason1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! light & illum9ation ( life1 put an end to8 ,& /ill w y p]si/ 9 t wrong-head$ness8 ,= x is reason :i* has br\ght m5 ! beg9n+ ( inquiry1 :i* has p]fect$ virtue1 aft] reason h]self _h be5 confirm$ by inquiry4 ,b inquiry is ! desire ( k2 & ! end ( inquiry is discov]y4 ,b no "o c discov] :at is false2 nor c ^? ?+s :i* cont9ue unc]ta9 be discov]$4 ,b :5 ^? ?+s :i* h1 z x 71 be5 "u a veil1 are laid op51 !n !y are said to be discov]$2 & s reason conta9s ! beg9n+ ( inquiry1 & ! end ( p]ceiv+ & compreh5d+4 ,!re=e ! conclusion ( an argum5t1 :i* 9 ,greek is call$ 1 is ?us def9$3--,reason1 :i* leads "o f facts :i* are p]ceiv$1 to t :i* 0 n p]ceiv$4 ,,ix4 ,b if all ?+s :i* are se5 7 ( t sort t ^? m5 say !y are1 s t !y ei!r c\ld possibly be false1 or t no disc]nm5t c\ld di/+ui% :e!r !y 7 false or n1 !n h[ c\ld we say t any "o _h ei!r =m$ any conclusion1 or discov]$ any?+8 ,or :at tru/ c\ld be plac$ 9 an argum5t :5 br\ght to a conclusion8 ,& :at end w philosophy itself h1 :i* is b\nd to proce$ accord+ to reason8 ,& :at w become ( wisdom8 :i* ought n to d\bt ab\t its own "*1 nor ab\t its decrees1 :i* philosoph]s call 2 none ( :i* c be betray$ )\t wick$ness4 ,= :5 a decree is betray$1 ! law ( tru? & "r is betray$ too4 ,f :i* fault betrayals ( fri5d%ips & ( republics (t5 orig9ate4 ,x _c1 !re=e be d\bt$1 t no rule ( wisdom c possibly be false2 & x ought n to be en\gh = ! wise man t x is n false1 b x ought also to be /eady1 durable1 & la/+2 su* z no argum5ts c %ake4 ,b none c ei!r be1 or appe> su*1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ^? m5 :o d5y t ^? p]ceptions 9 :i* all rules orig9ate are 9 any respect diff]5t f false ones2 & f ?is ass]tion arose ! dem& :i* 0 repeat$ by ,hort5sius1 t y w\ld at lea/ all[ t ! fact t no?+ c be p]ceiv$ has be5 p]ceiv$ by ! wise man4 ,b :5 ,antipat] made ! same dem&1 & argu$ t x 0 unavoidable t ! man :o affirm$ t no?+ c\ld be p]ceiv$ %\ld nev]!less admit t ?is "o ?+ c\ld be p]ceiv$1--namely1 t no?+ else c\ld1--,c>neades resi/$ him ) great %rewdness4 ,= he said t ?is admission 0 s f> f be+ consi/5t ) ! doctr9e ass]t$1 t x 0 above all o!rs incompatible ) x3 = t a man :o d5i$ t !re 0 any?+ :i* c\ld be p]ceiv$ except$ no?+4 ,& s x foll[$ ( necessity1 t ev5 t v ?+ :i* 0 n except$1 c\ld n be compreh5d$ & p]ceiv$ 9 any possible mann]4 ,antio*us1 on ?is topic1 seems to press 8 antagoni/ m closely4 ,= s9ce ! ,academicians adopt$ t rule1 7= y und]/& t ,i am translat+ by ?is ^w :at !y call 17 t no?+ c be p]ceiv$1 he urg$ t !y ought n to wav] 9 _! rule z 9 o!r matt]s1 especially z ! :ole ( _! philosophy consi/$ 9 x3 = t ! fix+ ( :at is true & false1 kn[n & unkn[n1 is ! supreme law ( all philosophy4 ,& s9ce !y adopt$ ?is pr9ciple1 & wi%$ to tea* :at ought to be receiv$ by ea* individual1 & :at reject$1 und\bt$ly1 said he1 !y ought to p]ceive ?is v ?+ f :i* ! :ole judgm5t ( :at is true & false arises4 ,he urg$1 9 %ort1 t !re 7 ^! two pr9cipal objects 9 philosophy1 ! k ( tru?1 & ! atta9m5t ( ! *ief good2 & t a man c\ld n be wise :o 0 ignorant ( ei!r ! beg9n+ ( k1 or ( ! end ( desire1 s z n to "k ei!r :]e to />t f1 or :i!r to seek to arrive at4 ,b t to feel 9 d\bt on ^! po9ts1 & n to h su* confid5ce respect+ !m z to be unable to be %ak51 is utt]ly incompatible ) wisdom4 ,9 ?is mann]1 !re=e1 x 0 m fitt+ to dem& ( !m t !y %\ld at lea/ admit t ?is fact 0 p]ceiv$1 namely1 t no?+ c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,b en\gh1 ,i imag9e1 has be5 said ( ! inconsi/5cy ( _! :ole op9ion1 if1 inde$1 y c say t a man :o approves ( no?+ has any op9ion at all4 ,x4 ,! next po9t = discussion is "o :i* is copi\s en\gh1 b r ab/ruse2 = x t\*es 9 "s po9ts on natural philosophy1 s t ,i am afraid t ,i may be giv+ ! man :o w reply to me too mu* lib]ty & lic5ce4 ,= :at c ,i ?9k t he w d ab\t ab/ruse & obscure matt]s1 :o seeks to deprive u ( all light8 ,b "o might argue ) great ref9em5t ! "q1--) h[ mu* artificial skill1 z x 71 nature has made1 fir/ ( all1 e animal2 secondly1 man mo/ especially2--h[ great ! p[] ( ! s5ses is2 9 :at mann] ?+s se5 fir/ affect u2 !n1 h[ ! desires1 mov$ by ^! ?+s1 foll[$2 &1 la/ly1 9 :at mann] we direct our s5ses to ! p]ception ( ?+s4 ,= ! m9d itself1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ! s5ses1 & :i* itself is s5se1 has a natural p[]1 :i* x directs t[>ds ^? ?+s by :i* x is mov$4 ,!re=e x seizes on o!r ?+s :i* are se5 9 su* a mann] z to use !m at once2 o!rs x /ores up2 & f ^! memory arises3 b all o!r ?+s x arranges by similitudes1 f :i* notions ( ?+s are eng5d]$2 :i* ! ,greeks call1 at "o "t 1 & at ano!r 4 ,& :5 to ?is !re is add$ reason & ! conclusion ( ! argum5t1 & a multitude ( c\ntless circum/ances1 !n ! p]ception ( all ^? ?+s is manife/1 & ! same reason1 be+ made p]fect by ^! /eps1 arrives at wisdom4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! m9d ( man is admirably calculat$ = ! sci5ce ( ?+s & ! consi/5cy ( life1 x embraces k mo/ especially4 ,& x loves t 1 7:i* we1 z ,i h said1 w call compreh5sion1 translat+ ! ^w lit]ally17 = its own sake1 7= !re is no?+ m sweet ?an ! light ( tru?17 & also because ( its use2 on :i* acc\nt also x uses ! s5ses1 & creates arts1 :i* are1 z x 71 second s5ses2 & x /r5g!ns philosophy itself to su* a degree t x creates virtue1 to :i* s+le ?+ all life is subord9ate4 ,!re=e1 ^? m5 :o affirm t no?+ c be compreh5d$1 take away by _! ass]tion all ^! in/rum5ts or ornam5ts ( life2 or r1 ,i %\ld say1 utt]ly ov]turn ! :ole ( life1 & deprive ! animal itself ( m9d 7animo71 s t x is difficult to speak ( _! ra%ness z ! m]its ( ! case require4 ,nor c ,i suffici5tly make out :at _! ideas or int5tions really are4 ,= sometimes1 :5 we address !m ) ?is argum5t1--t if ! doctr9es :i* we are uphold+ are n true1 !n ev]y?+ mu/ be unc]ta93 !y reply1--,well1 :at is t to u8 is t our fault8 blame nature1 :o1 z ,democritus says1 has buri$ tru? deep 9 ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,b o!rs def5d !mselves m elegantly1 :o compla9 also t we accuse !m ( call+ ev]y?+ unc]ta92 & !y endeav\r to expla9 h[ mu* diff]5ce !re is betwe5 :at is unc]ta9 & :at _c be p]ceiv$1 & to make a di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,let u1 !n1 n[ deal ) ^? :o draw ?is di/9ction1 & let u ab&on1 z incurable & desp]ate1 ^? :o say t ev]y?+ is z unc]ta9 z :e!r ! numb] ( ! />s be odd or ev54 ,= !y cont5d1 7& ,i notic$ t y 7 especially mov$ by ?is17 t !re is some?+ probable1 &1 z ,i may say1 likely2 & t !y adopt t likelihood z a rule 9 /e]+ _! c\rse ( life1 & 9 mak+ inquiries & conduct+ discussions4 ,,xi4 ,b :at rule c !re be1 if we h no notion :atev] ( true or false1 because x is impossible to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r8 ,=1 if we h su* a notion1 !n !re mu/ be a diff]5ce betwe5 :at is true & :at is false1 z !re is betwe5 :at is "r & :at is wrong4 ,if !re is no diff]5ce1 !n !re is no rule2 nor c a man to :om :at is true & :at is false appe> "u "o common aspect1 h any means ( judg+ (1 or any m>k at all by :i* he c "k ! tru?4 ,= :5 !y say1 t !y take away no?+ b ! idea ( any?+ be+ able to appe> 9 su* a mann] t x _c possibly appe> false 9 ! same mann] b t !y admit ev]y?+ else1 !y are act+ *ildi%ly4 ,= ?\gh !y h tak5 away t by :i* ev]y?+ is judg$ (1 !y d5y t !y take away ! re/2 j z if a p]son 7 to deprive a man ( 8 eyes1 & !n say t he has n tak5 away f him ^? ?+s :i* c be se54 ,= j z ^? ?+s are kn[n by ! eyes1 s are ! o!r ?+s kn[n by ! p]ceptions2 b by a m>k belong+ peculi>ly to tru?1 & n common to :at is true & false4 ,:]e=e1 :e!r y br+ =w>d a p]ception :i* is m]ely probable1 or "o :i* is at once probable & free f all h9drance1 z ,c>neades cont5d$1 or any?+ else t y may foll[1 y w /ill h to return to t p]ception ( :i* we are treat+4 ,b 9 x1 if !re be b "o common *>act]i/ic ( :at is false & true1 !re w be no judgm5t possible1 because no?+ peculi> c be not$ 9 "o sign common to two ?+s3 b if !re be no su* community1 !n ,i h got :at ,i want2 = ,i am seek+ :at appe>s to me to be s true1 t x _c possibly appe> false4 ,!y are equally mi/ak5 :51 be+ convict$ & ov]p[]$ by ! =ce ( tru?1 !y wi% to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is evid5t & :at is p]ceiv$1 & endeav\r to prove t !re is some?+ evid5t1--be+ a tru? impress$ on ! m9d & intellect1--& yet t x _c be p]ceiv$ & compreh5d$4 ,= h[ c y say di/9ctly t any?+ is :ite1 :5 x may happ5 t t :i* is black may appe> :ite8 ,or h[ are we to call ^? ?+s evid5t1 or to say t !y are impress$ fai?fully on ! m9d1 :5 x is unc]ta9 :e!r x is really mov$ or only 9 an illusory mann]8 ,& s !re is nei!r col\r1 nor body1 nor tru?1 nor argum5t1 nor s5se1 nor any?+ c]ta9 left u4 ,&1 ow+ to ?is1 x frequ5tly happ5s t1 :atev] !y say1 !y are ask$ by "s p1--,d y1 !n1 p]ceive t8 ,b !y :o put ?is "q to !m are laugh$ at by !m2 = !y d n press !m h>d en\gh s z to prove t no "o c insi/ ^u any po9t1 or make any positive ass]tion1 )\t "s c]ta9 & peculi> m>k to di/+ui% t ?+ :i* ea* individual says t he is p]suad$ (4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is probability ( y\rs8 ,= if t :i* occurs to e "o1 & :i*1 at its fir/ look1 z x 71 appe>s probable1 is ass]t$ positively1 :at c be m trifl+8 ,b if y\r philosoph]s say t !y1 aft] a c]ta9 degree ( circumspection & c>eful consid]ation1 adopt :at !y h se5 z su*1 /ill !y w n be able to escape f u4 ,fir/ ( all1 because cr$it is equally tak5 f all ^! ?+s :i* are se51 b betwe5 :i* !re is no diff]5ce2 secondly1 :5 !y say t x c happ5 to a wise man1 t aft] he has done ev]y?+1 & ex]cis$ ! mo/ dilig5t circumspection1 !re may /ill be some?+ :i* appe>s probable1 & :i* yet is v f> remov$ f be+ true1--h[ c !y !n tru/ !mselves1 ev5 if !y 7to use _! own expression7 approa* tru? = ! mo/ "p1 or ev5 if !y come z ne> to x z possible8 ,=1 9 ord] to tru/ !mselves1 ! di/9ctive m>k ( tru? ought to be ?or\ghly kn[n to !m2 & if t be obscure or conceal$1 :at tru? is !re :i* !y c seem to !mselves to arrive at8 ,& :at c be s absurd a ?+ to say z1--,?is inde$ is a sign ( t ?+1 or a pro( ( x1 & on t acc\nt ,i foll[ x2 b x is possible t t :i* is indicat$ may ei!r be false1 or may actually h no exi/5ce at all8 ,,xii4 ,h[ev]1 we h said en\gh ab\t p]ception4 ,= if any "o wi%es to invalidate :at has be5 said1 tru? w easily def5d itself1 ev5 if we are abs5t4 ,^! ?+s1 !n1 :i* h n[ be5 expla9$1 be+ suffici5tly und]/ood1 we w proce$ to say a little on ! subject ( ass5t & approbation1 :i* ! ,greeks call 4 ,n t ! subject itself is n an ext5sive "o1 b because ! f\ndations h be5 already laid a little :ile ago4 ,= :5 we 7 expla9+ :at p[] !re 0 9 ! s5ses1 ?is po9t 0 at ! same "t e/abli%$1 t _m ?+s 7 compreh5d$ & p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 :i* is a ?+ :i* _c take place )\t ass5t4 ,secondly1 z ?is is ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 an inanimate & an animat$ be+1 t ! inanimate be+ does no?+1 b ! animat$ "o does some?+ 7= x is impossible ev5 to imag9e :at k9d ( animal t c be :i* does no?+7--ei!r s5se mu/ be tak5 f x1 or else ass5t 7:i* is :olly 9 our own p[]7 mu/ be giv54 ,b m9d is 9 "s degree d5i$ to ^? be+s :om !y w n all[ ei!r to feel or to ass5t4 ,= z x is inevitable t "o scale ( a balance mu/ be depress$ :5 a weight is put 9 x1 s ! m9d1 too1 mu/ yield to :at is evid5t2 = j z x is impossible = any animal to =be> disc]n+ :at is manife/ly suit$ to its nature 7! ,greeks call t 71 s x is equally impossible = x to )hold its ass5t to a manife/ fact :i* is br\ght "u its notice4 ,al?\gh1 if ^? pr9ciples :i* we h be5 ma9ta9+ are true1 !re is no advantage :atev] 9 discuss+ ass5t4 ,= he :o p]ceives any?+1 ass5ts imm$iately4 ,b ^! inf]5ces also foll[1--t memory c h no exi/5ce )\t ass5t1 no m c notions ( ?+s or arts4 ,& :at is mo/ important ( all is1 t1 al?\gh "s ?+s may be 9 our p[]1 yet !y w n be 9 ! p[] ( t man :o ass5ts to no?+4 ,:]e1 !n1 is virtue1 if no?+ dep5ds on ourselves8 ,b x is above all ?+s absurd t vices %\ld be 9 ! p[] ( ! ag5ts1 & t no "o %\ld d wrong except by delib]ate cons5t to d s1 & yet t ?is %\ld n be ! case ) virtue2 all ! consi/5cy & firmness ( :i* dep5ds on ! ?+s to :i* x has ass5t$1 & :i* x has approv$4 ,& altoge!r x is necess>y t some?+ %\ld be p]ceiv$ be=e we act1 & be=e we ass5t to :at is p]ceiv$2 :]e=e1 he :o d5ies ! exi/5ce ( p]ception or ass5t1 puts an end to all action 9 life4 ,,xiii4 ,n[ let u exam9e ! argum5ts :i* are commonly advanc$ by ?is s*ool 9 opposition to ^! pr9ciples4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 y h x 9 y\r p[] to become acqua9t$ ) :at ,i may call ! f\ndations ( _! sy/em4 ,!y !n1 fir/ ( all1 comp\nd a sort ( art ( ^? ?+s :i* we call p]ceptions1 & def9e _! p[] & k9ds2 & at ! same "t !y expla9 :at ! "* ( t ?+ :i* c be p]ceiv$ & compreh5d$ is1 9 ! v same words z ! ,/oics4 ,9 ! next place1 !y expla9 ^? two pr9ciples1 :i* conta91 z x 71 ! :ole ( ?is "q2 & :i* appe> 9 su* a mann] t ev5 o!rs may appe> 9 ! same1 nor is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 s t x is impossible t "s ( !m %\ld be p]ceiv$1 & t o!rs %\ld n be p]ceiv$2 b t x makes no diff]5ce1 n only if !y are 9 e "p ( ! same "*1 b ev5 if !y _c be di/+ui%$4 ,& :5 ^! pr9ciples are laid d[n1 !n ^! m5 compreh5d ! :ole cause 9 ! conclusion ( "o argum5t4 ,b ?is conclusion1 ?us comp\nd$1 runs 9 ?is way3 8,( ! ?+s :i* are se51 "s are true & "s are false2 & :at is false _c be p]ceiv$1 b t :i* appe>s to be true is all ( su* a "* t a ?+ ( ! same sort may seem to be also false4 ,& z to ^? ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ be+ ( su* a sort t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 x _c possibly happ5 t "s ( !m c be p]ceiv$1 & t o!rs _c2 !re is1 !n1 no?+ se5 :i* c really be p]ceiv$40 ,b ( ! axioms :i* !y assume1 9 ord] to draw ! conclusions :i* !y desire1 !y ?9k t two ought to be grant$ to !m2 = no "o objects to !m4 ,!y are ^!3 8,t ^? p]ceptions :i* are false1 _c really be p]ceiv$20 & ! second is--8,( ^? p]ceptions betwe5 :i* !re is no diff]5ce1 x is impossible t "s %\ld be ( su* a "* t !y c be p]ceiv$1 & o!rs ( su* a "* t !y _c40 ,b _! o!r propositions !y def5d by num]\s & v>i$ argum5ts1 & !y likewise are two 9 numb]4 ,"o is--8,( ^? ?+s :i* appe>1 "s are true & o!rs false20 ! o!r is--8,e p]ception :i* orig9ates 9 ! tru?1 is ( su* a "* z x might be (1 ?\gh orig9at+ 9 :at is false40 ,& ^! two propositions !y d n pass by1 b !y exp& 9 su* a mann] z to %[ no slight degree ( c>e & dilig5ce4 ,= !y divide !m into p>ts1 & ^? also l>ge p>ts2 fir/ ( all into ! s5ses1 !n into ^? ?+s :i* are d]iv$ f ! s5ses1 & f univ]sal cu/om1 ! au?ority ( :i* !y wi% to invalidate4 ,!n !y come to ! po9t ( lay+ x d[n t no?+ c be p]ceiv$ ev5 by reason & conjecture4 ,& ^! univ]sal propositions !y cut up into m m9ute p>ts4 ,= z 9 our ye/]day's discussion y saw t !y act$ ) respect to ! s5ses1 s d !y also act ) respect to ev]y?+ else4 ,& 9 ea* sep>ate ?+ :i* !y divide into ! mo/ m9ute p>ts1 !y wi% to make out t all ^! true p]ceptions h (t5 false ones add$ to !m1 :i* are 9 no respect diff]5t f ! true ones2 & t1 z !y are ( su* a "*1 no?+ c be compreh5d$4 ,,xiv4 ,n[ all ?is subtlety ,i consid] inde$ ?or\ghly wor?y ( philosophy1 b /ill :olly unconnect$ ) ! case :i* !y advocate :o argue ?us4 ,= def9itions1 & divisions1 & a disc\rse :i* employs ^! ornam5ts1 & also simil>ities & dissimil>ities1 & ! subtle & f9e-drawn di/9ctions betwe5 !m1 belong to m5 :o are confid5t t ^? argum5ts :i* !y are uphold+ are true1 & firm1 & c]ta92 & n to m5 :o ass]t l\dly t ^? ?+s are no m true ?an false4 ,= :at w\ld !y d if1 aft] !y _h def9$ any?+1 "s "o 7 to ask !m :e!r t def9ition c\ld be transf]r$ to some?+ else8 ,if !y said x c\ld1 !n :at reason c\ld !y give :y x %\ld be a true def9ition8 ,if !y said no1--!n x mu/ be confess$1 s9ce t def9ition ( :at is true _c be transf]r$ to :at is false1 t t :i* is expla9$ by t def9ition c be p]ceiv$2 :i* is ! la/ ?+ !y mean4 ,! same ?+ may be said on e article ( ! division4 ,= if !y say t !y see cle>ly ! ?+s ab\t :i* !y are argu+1 & !y _c be h9d]$ by any simil>ity ( appe>ance1 !n !y w confess t !y are able to compreh5d ^? ?+s4 ,b if !y affirm t true p]ceptions _c be di/+ui%$ f false ones1 h[ c !y g any fur!r8 ,= ! same objections w be made to !m :i* h be5 made already2 = an argum5t _c be conclud$1 unless ! premises :i* are tak5 to d$uce ! conclusion f are s e/abli%$ t no?+ ( ! same k9d c be false4 ,!re=e1 if reason1 rely+ on ?+s compreh5d$ & p]ceiv$1 & advanc+ 9 reliance on !m1 e/abli%es ! po9t t no?+ c be compreh5d$1 :at c be f\nd :i* c be m inconsi/5t ) itself8 ,& z ! v nature ( an accurate disc\rse pr(esses t x w develop some?+ :i* is n app>5t1 & t1 9 ord] ! m easily to succe$ 9 its object1 x w employ ! s5ses & ^? ?+s :i* are evid5t1 :at sort ( disc\rse is t :i* is utt]$ by ^? m5 :o insi/ ^u x t ev]y?+ has n s mu* an exi/5ce z a m]e appe>ance8 ,b !y are convict$ mo/ ( all :5 !y assume1 z consi/5t ) ea* o!r1 ^! two propositions :i* are s utt]ly incompatible3 fir/ ( all1--,t !re are "s false p]ceptions2--& 9 ass]t+ ?is !y decl>e also t !re are "s :i* are true3 & secondly1 !y add at ! same "t1--,t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 true p]ceptions & false ones4 ,b y assum$ ! fir/ proposition z if !re 7 "s diff]5ce2 & s ! latt] proposition is inconsi/5t ) ! =m]1 & ! =m] ) ! latt]4 ,b let u proce$ fur!r1 & act s z 9 no respect to seem to be flatt]+ ourselves2 & let u foll[ up :at is said by !m1 9 su* a mann] z to all[ no?+ to be pass$ ov]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 t evid5tness :i* we h m5tion$ has suffici5tly great p[] ( itself to po9t out to u ! ?+s :i* are j z !y are4 ,b /ill1 9 ord] t we may rema9 ) firmness & con/ancy 9 our tru/ 9 :at is evid5t1 we h ne$ ( a great] degree ( ei!r skill or dilig5ce1 9 ord] n1 by "s sort ( juggl+ or trick1 to be driv5 away f ^? ?+s :i* are cle> ( !mselves4 ,= ,epicurus1 :o wi%$ to rem$y ^? errors1 :i* seem to p]plex "o's k ( ! tru?1 & :o said t x 0 ! duty ( a wise man to sep>ate op9ion f evid5t k1 did no good at all2 = he did n 9 ! lea/ remove ! errors ( op9ion itself4 ,,xv4 ,:]e=e1 z !re are two causes :i* oppose :at is manife/ & evid5t1 x is necess>y also to provide oneself ) an equal numb] ( aids4 ,= ?is is ! fir/ ob/acle1 t m5 d n suffici5tly ex]t & fix _! m9ds ^u ^? ?+s :i* are evid5t1 s z to be able to und]/& h[ great ! light is ) :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,! second is1 t "s m51 be+ delud$ & deceiv$ by fallaci\s & capti\s int]rogatories1 :5 !y _c cle> !m up1 ab&on ! tru?4 ,x is "r1 !re=e1 = u to h ^? answ]s ready :i* may be giv5 9 def5ce ( ! evid5tness ( a ?+1--& we h already spok5 ( !m1--& to be arm$1 9 ord] to be able to enc\nt] ! que/ions ( ^? p1 & to scatt] _! capti\s objections to ! w9ds3 & ?is is :at ,i propose to d next4 ,i w1 !re=e1 expla9 _! argum5ts "o by "o2 s9ce ev5 !y !mselves are 9 ! habit ( speak+ 9 a suffici5tly lucid mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y endeav\r to %[ t _m ?+s c appe> to exi/1 :i* 9 reality h no exi/5ce2 :5 m9ds are mov$ to no purpose by ?+s :i* d n exi/1 9 ! same mann] z by ?+s t d4 ,= :5 y say 7say !y7 t "s visions are s5t by ,god1 z ^?1 = in/ance1 :i* are se5 dur+ sleep1 & ^? also :i* are reveal$ by oracles1 & auspices1 & ! entrails ( victims1 7= !y say t ! ,/oics1 aga9/ :om !y are argu+1 admit all ^! ?+s17 !y ask h[ ,god c make ^? ?+s probable :i* appe> to be false2 & h[ x is t ,he _c make ^? appe> s :i* pla9ly come z ne> z possible to tru?8 ,or if ,he c likewise make ^? appe> probable1 :y ,he _c make ! o!rs appe> s too1 :i* are only ) great difficulty di/+ui%$ f !m8 ,& if ,he c make ^! appe> s1 !n :y ,he _c also make ^? ?+s appe> s :i* are absolutely diff]5t 9 no respect :atev]8 ,9 ! next place1 s9ce ! m9d is mov$ by itself1--z ^? ?+s :i* we picture to ourselves 9 ?\ght1 & ^? :i* pres5t !mselves to ! sight ( madm5 or sleep+ m5 decl>e1--is x n1 say !y1 probable t ! m9d is also mov$ 9 su* a mann]1 t n only x does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! p]ceptions1 z to :e!r !y be true or false1 b t !re really is no diff]5ce betwe5 !m8 ,z1 = in/ance1 if any m5 ( _! own accord trembl$ & grew pale1 on acc\nt ( "s agitation ( m9d1 or because "s t]rible object came ^u !m f )\t1 !re w\ld be no means ( di/+ui%+ "o trembl+ & pal5ess f ! o!r1 nor inde$ w\ld !re be any diff]5ce betwe5 ! ext]nal & int]nal al>m :i* caus$ !m4 ,la/ly1 if no p]ceptions are probable :i* are false1 !n we mu/ seek = o!r pr9ciples2 b if !y are probable1 !n :y may n "o say ! same ( su* z are n easily di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r8 ,:y n also ( su* z h actually no diff]5ce at all betwe5 !m8 ,especially :5 y y\rselves say t ! wise man :5 enrag$ )holds himself f all ass5t1 because !re is no di/9ction betwe5 8 p]ceptions :i* is visible to him4 ,,xvi4 ,n[ on all ^! empty p]ceptions ,antio*us br\ght =w>d a great _m argum5ts1 & "o :ole day 0 occupi$ 9 ! discussion ( ?is subject4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t ,i ought to adopt ! same c\rse1 b m]ely to give ! heads ( :at he said4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 !y are blameable 9 ?is1 t !y use a mo/ capti\s k9d ( int]rogation4 ,& ! sy/em ( add+ or tak+ away1 /ep by /ep1 m9ute items f a proposition1 is a k9d ( argum5t v little to be approv$ ( 9 philosophy4 ,!y call x sorites17#aa7 :5 !y make up a heap by add+ gra9 aft] gra92 a v vici\s & capti\s /yle ( argu+4 ,= y m\nt up 9 ?is way3--,if a vision is br\ght by ,god be=e a man asleep ( su* a nature z to be probable 7probabile71 :y may n "o also be br\ght ( su* a nature z to be v l tru? 7v]isimile78 ,if s1 !n :y may n "o be br\ght :i* c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f tru?8 ,if s1 !n :y may !re n be "o :i* _c be di/+ui%$ at all8 ,if s1 !n :y may !re n be su* t !re is actually no diff]5ce betwe5 !m8--,if y come to ?is po9t because ,i h grant$ y all ! previ\s propositions1 x w be my fault2 b if y advance ?i!r ( y\r own accord1 x w be y\rs4 ,= :o w grant to y ei!r t ,god c d ev]y?+1 or t ev5 if ,he c\ld ,he w\ld act 9 t mann]8 ,& h[ d y assume t if "o ?+ may be l ano!r1 x foll[s t x may also be difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 !m8 ,& !n1 t "o _c di/+ui% betwe5 !m at all8 ,& la/ly1 t !y are id5tical8 ,s t if wolves are l dogs1 y w come at la/ to ass]t+ t !y are ! same animals4 ,& inde$ !re are "s ?+s n hon\rable1 :i* are l ?+s t are hon\rable2 "s ?+s n good1 l ^? t are good2 "s ?+s proce$+ on no sy/em1 l o!rs :i* are regulat$ by sy/em4 ,:y !n d we hesitate to affirm t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 all ^! ?+s8 ,d we n ev5 see t !y are inconsi/5t8 ,= !re is no?+ t c be transf]r$ f its own g5us to ano!r4 ,b if su* a conclusion did foll[1 z t !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 p]ceptions ( diff]5t g5]a1 b t "s c\ld be f\nd :i* 7 bo? 9 _! own g5us & 9 "o :i* did n belong to !m1 h[ c\ld t be possible8 ,!re is !n "o means ( gett+ rid ( all unreal p]ceptions1 :e!r !y be =m$ 9 ! ideas1 :i* we grant to be usually ! case1 or :e!r !y be ow+ to idl5ess1 or to w9e1 or to madness4 ,= we say t cle>ness1 :i* we ought to hold ) ! greate/ t5acity1 is abs5t f all visions ( t k9d4 ,= :o is !re :o1 :5 he imag9es some?+ & pictures x to himself 9 8 ?\ghts1 does n1 z soon z he has /irr$ up himself1 & recov]$ himself1 feel h[ mu* diff]5ce !re is betwe5 :at is evid5t & :at is unreal8 ,! case ( dreams is ! same4 ,d y ?9k t ,ennius1 :5 he _h be5 walk+ 9 8 g>d5 ) ,s]gius ,galba1 8 neighb\r1 said to himself1--,i h seem$ to myself to be walk+ ) ,galba8 ,b :5 he _h a dream1 he relat$ x 9 ?is way1-- ,! poet ,hom] seem'd to /& be=e me4 ,& aga9 9 8 ,epi*>mus he says-- ,= ,i seem'd to be dream+1 & laid 9 ! tomb4 ,!re=e1 z soon z we are awak5$1 we despise ^? ?+s :i* we h se51 & d n reg>d !m z we d ! ?+s :i* we h done 9 ! =um4 ,,xvii4 ,b :ile ^! visions are be+ beheld1 !y assume ! same appe>ance z ^? ?+s :i* we see :ile awake4 ,!re is a good deal ( real diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 b we may pass ov] t4 ,= :at we ass]t is1 t !re is n ! same p[] or s\ndness 9 p :5 asleep t !re is 9 !m :ile wak+1 ei!r 9 intellect or 9 s5sation4 ,:at ev5 drunk5 m5 d1 !y d n d ) ! same delib]ate approbation z sob] m54 ,!y d\bt1 !y hesitate1 !y *eck !mselves at times1 & give b a feeble ass5t to :at !y see or agree too4 ,& :5 !y h slept (f _! drunk5ness1 !n !y und]/& h[ unreal _! p]ceptions 74 ,& ! same ?+ is ! case ) madm52 t :5 _! madness is beg9n+1 !y bo? feel & say t some?+ appe>s to !m to exi/ t has no real exi/5ce4 ,& :5 _! fr5zy abates1 !y feel & speak l ,alcmon2-- ,b n[ my he>t does n agree ,) t :i* ) my eyes ,i see4 ,b ev5 9 madness ! wise man puts re/ra9t ^u himself1 s f> z n to approve ( :at is false z if x 7 true4 ,& he does s (t5 at o!r times1 if !re is by *ance any heav9ess or sl[ness 9 8 s5ses1 or if ^? ?+s :i* are se5 by him are r obscure1 or if he is prev5t$ f ?or\ghly exam9+ !m by ! %ortness ( ! "t4 ,al?\gh ! :ole ( ?is fact1 t ! wise man sometimes susp5ds 8 ass5t1 makes aga9/ y4 ,= if !re 7 no diff]5ce betwe5 8 p]ceptions1 he w\ld ei!r susp5d x always or nev]4 ,b f ! :ole "* ( ?is discussion we may see ! wor?less nature ( ! argum5t ( ^? m5 :o wi% to ?r[ ev]y?+ into confusion4 ,we want judgm5t1 m>k$ ) gravity1 consi/5cy1 firmness1 & wisdom3 & we use ! examples ( m5 dream+1 mad1 or drunk4 ,i press ?is po9t1 t 9 all ?is discussion we are speak+ ) great inconsi/5cy4 ,= we %\ld n br+ =w>d m5 sunk 9 w9e or sleep1 or depriv$ ( s5se1 9 su* an absurd mann] z at "o "t to say !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]ceptions ( m5 awake & sob] & s5sible1 & ^? ( m5 9 a diff]5t condition1 & at o!r times t !re 0 no diff]5ce at all4 ,!y d n ev5 p]ceive t by ?is k9d ( argum5t !y are mak+ out ev]y?+ to be unc]ta91 :i* !y d n wi% to d4 ,i call t unc]ta9 :i* ! ,greeks call 4 ,= if ! fact be t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! appe>ance t a ?+ pres5ts to a madman & to a p]son 9 8 s5ses1 !n :o c feel q sure ( 8 own sanity8 ,& to wi% to produce su* an effect z t is a pro( ( no ord9>y madness4 ,b !y foll[ up 9 a *ildi% mann] ! lik5esses ( tw9s1 or ( impressions ( r+s4 ,= :o ( u d5ies t !re are su* ?+s z lik5esses1 :5 !y are visible 9 numb]s ( ?+s8 ,b if ! fact ( _m ?+s be+ l _m o!r ?+s is suffici5t to take away k1 :y are y n cont5t ) t1 especially z we admit x8 ,& :y d y r insi/ ^u t ass]tion :i* ! nature ( ?+s w n suff]1 t ev]y?+ is n 9 its own k9d ( t "* ( :i* x really is8 & t !re is a con=mity )\t any diff]5ce :atev] 9 two or m ?+s2 s t eggs are entirely l eggs1 & bees l bees8 ,:at !n are y cont5d+ =8 or :at d y seek to ga9 by talk+ ab\t tw9s8 ,= x is grant$ t !y are alike2 & y might be cont5t ) t4 ,b y try to make !m out to be actually ! same1 & n m]ely alike2 & t is q impossible4 ,!n y h rec\rse to ^? natural philosoph]s :o are s greatly ridicul$ 9 ! ,academy1 b :om y w n ev5 n[ desi/ f quot+4 ,& y tell u t ,democritus says t !re are a c\ntless numb] ( worlds1 & t !re are "s :i* are n only s l "o ano!r1 b s completely & absolutely equal 9 e po9t1 t !re is no diff]5ce :atev] betwe5 !m1 & t !y are q innum]able2 & s also are m54 ,!n y require t1 if ! _w be s entirely equal to ano!r _w t !re is absolutely n ! slighte/ diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 we %\ld grant to y t 9 ?is _w ( ours also !re mu/ be some?+ exactly equal to some?+ else1 s t !re is no diff]5ce :atev] or di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,= :y1 y w say1 s9ce !re n only c be1 b actually are innum]able ,qu9ti ,lutatii ,catuli =m$ out ( ^? atoms1 f :i* ,democritus affirms t ev]y?+ is produc$1 9 all ! o!r worlds1 :i* are likewise innum]able1--:y may n !re be a second ,catulus =m$ 9 ?is id5tical _w ( ours1 s9ce x is ( su* a size z we see x8 ,,xviii4 ,fir/ ( all ,i reply1 t y are br++ me to ! argum5ts ( ,democritus1 ) :om ,i d n agree4 ,& ,i w ! m readily refute !m1 on acc\nt ( t doctr9e :i* is laid d[n v cle>ly by ! m ref9$ natural philosoph]s1 t ev]y?+ has its own sep>ate prop]ty4 ,= grant t ^? anci5t ,s]vilii :o 7 tw9s 7 z mu* alike z !y are said to h be51 d y ?9k t t w\ld h made !m ! same8 ,!y 7 n di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r out ( doors1 b !y 7 at home4 ,!y 7 n di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by /rang]s1 b !y 7 by _! own family4 ,d we n see t ?is is frequ5tly ! case1 t ^? p :om we %\ld nev] h expect$ to be able to "k f "o ano!r1 we d by practice di/+ui% s easily t !y d n appe> to be ev5 9 ! lea/ alike8 ,"h1 h[ev]1 y may /ruggle2 ,i w n oppose y4 ,moreov]1 ,i w grant t t v wise man :o is ! subject ( all ?is discussion1 :5 ?+s l "o ano!r come "u 8 notice1 9 :i* he has n rem>k$ any special "*1 w )hold 8 ass5t1 & w nev] agree to any p]ception :i* is n ( su* a "* z a false p]ception c nev] assume4 ,b ) respect to all o!r ?+s he has a c]ta9 art by :i* he c di/+ui% :at is true f :at is false2 & ) respect to ^? similitudes he mu/ apply ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,z a "m di/+ui%es betwe5 tw9s by ! con/ant practice ( h] eyes1 s y too w di/+ui% :5 y h become accu/om$ to x4 ,d y n see t x has become a p]fect prov]b t "o egg is l ano!r8 & yet we are told t at ,delos 7:5 x 0 a fl\ri%+ isl&7 !re 7 _m p :o us$ to keep l>ge numb]s ( h5s = ! sake ( pr(it2 & t !y1 :5 !y _h look$ ^u an egg1 c\ld tell :i* h5 _h laid x4 ,nor does t fact make aga9/ our argum5t2 = x is suffici5t = u to be able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! eggs4 ,= x is impossible = "o to ass5t to ! proposition t ?is ?+ is t ?+ m1 ?an by admitt+ t !re is actually no diff]5ce at all betwe5 ! two4 ,= ,i h laid x d[n z a rule1 to consid] all p]ceptions true :i* are ( su* a "* z ^? :i* are false _c be4 ,& f ?is ,i may n dep>t "o f+]'s bread?1 z !y say1 le/ ,i %\ld ?r[ ev]y?+ into confusion4 ,= n only ! k ( :at is true & false1 b _! :ole nature too1 w be de/roy$ if !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 "o & ! o!r4 ,& t mu/ be v absurd :i* y sometimes are 9 ! habit ( say+1 :5 p]ceptions are impr9t$ on ! m9d1 t :at y say is1 n t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! impressions1 b only t !re is none betwe5 c]ta9 appe>ances & =ms :i* !y assume4 ,z if p]ceptions 7 n judg$ ( by _! appe>ance1 :i* c des]ve or obta9 no cr$it if ! m>k by :i* we are to di/+ui% tru? f falsehood be tak5 away4 ,b t is a mon/r\s absurdity ( y\rs1 :5 y say t y foll[ :at is probable :5 y are n h9d]$ by any?+ f do+ s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ c y avoid be+ h9d]$1 :5 :at is false does n diff] f :at is true8 ,secondly1 :at judgm5t c be =m$ ( :at is true1 :5 :at is true is undi/+ui%able f :at is false8 ,f ^! facts !re spr+s unavoidably 1 t is to say1 a susp5sion ( ass5t3 = :i* ,arcesilas is m consi/5t1 if at lea/ ! op9ions :i* "s p ent]ta9 ( ,c>neades are correct4 ,= if no?+ c be p]ceiv$1 z !y bo? agree 9 ?9k+1 !n all ass5t is tak5 away4 ,= :at is s *ildi% z to talk ( approv+ ( :at is n kn[n8 ,b ev5 ye/]day we he>d t ,c>neades 0 9 ! habit1 at times1 ( desc5d+ to say t a wise man w\ld be guid$ by op9ion1 t is to say1 w\ld d wrong4 ,to me1 inde$1 x is n s c]ta9 t !re is any?+ :i* c be compreh5d$1 a "q :i* ,i h n[ sp5t too mu* "t 9 discuss+1 z t a wise man is nev] guid$ by op9ion1 t is to say1 nev] ass5ts to any?+ :i* is ei!r false or unkn[n4 ,!re rema9s ?is o!r /atem5t ( !irs1 t = ! sake ( discov]+ ! tru?1 "o ought to speak aga9/ e side1 & 9 fav\r ( e side4 ,i wi% !n to see :at !y h discov]$4 ,we are n 9 ! habit1 says he1 ( %[+ t4 ,:at !n is ! object ( all ?is my/]y8 or :y d y conceal y\r op9ion z some?+ discr$itable8 ,9 ord]1 says he1 t ^? :o he> u may be influ5c$ by reason r ?an l$ by au?ority4 ,:at if !y are influ5c$ by bo?8 w\ld !re be any h>m 9 t8 ,h[ev]1 !y d n conceal "o ( _! !ories1 namely1 t !re is no?+ :i* c be conceiv$4 ,is au?ority no h9drance to ent]ta9+ ?is op9ion8 ,x seems to me to be a great "o4 ,= :o w\ld ev] h embrac$ s op5ly & undisguis$ly su* p]v]se & false pr9ciples1 if !re _h n be5 su* great ri*ness ( ideas & p[] ( eloqu5ce 9 ,arcesilas1 &1 9 a /ill great] degree1 9 ,c>neades8 ,,xix4 ,^! are ne>ly ! argum5ts :i* ,antio*us us$ to urge at ,alex&ria1 & _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 ) mu* m positiv5ess too1 9 ,syria1 :5 he 0 !re ) me1 a little be=e he di$4 ,b1 z my case is n[ e/abli%$1 ,i w n hesitate to w>n y1 z y are my de>e/ fri5d1 7he 0 address+ me17 & "o a good deal y\ng] ?an myself4 ,w y1 !n1 aft] hav+ extoll$ philosophy ) su* panegyrics1 & provok$ our fri5d ,hort5sius1 :o disagrees ) u1 n[ foll[ t philosophy :i* conf\nds :at is true ) :at is false1 deprives u ( all judgm5t1 /rips u ( ! p[] ( approval1 & robs u ( all our s5ses8 ,ev5 ! ,cimm]ians1 to :om "s god1 or nature1 or ! f\lness ( ! c\ntry t !y inhabit$1 _h d5i$ ! light ( ! sun1 _h /ill "s fires :i* !y 7 p]mitt$ to avail !mselves ( z if !y 7 light4 ,b ^? m5 :om y approve (1 aft] hav+ envelop$ u 9 su* d>kness1 h n left u a s+le sp>k to enable u to look ar\nd by4 ,& if we foll[ !m1 we become b\nd ) su* *a9s t we _c move4 ,= :5 ass5t is tak5 away1 !y take away at ! same "t all motion ( our m9ds1 & all our p[] ( action2 :i* n only _c be done rightly1 b :i* _c possibly be done at all4 ,bew>e1 also1 le/ y become ! only p]son :o is n all[$ to uphold t op9ion4 ,w y1 :5 y h expla9$ ! mo/ secret matt]s & br\ght !m to light1 & said on y\r oa? t y h discov]$ !m1 7:i*1 inde$1 ,i c\ld swe> to also1 s9ce ,i le>nt !m f y17--w y1 ,i say1 ass]t t !re is no?+ :i* c be kn[n1 compreh5d$1 or p]ceiv$8 ,bew>e1 ,i entreat y1 le/ ! au?ority ( ^? mo/ beautiful actions be dim9i%$ by y\r own conduct4 ,& hav+ said ?is he /opp$4 ,b ,hort5sius1 admir+ all he said v greatly1 7s mu*1 inde$1 t all ! "t t ,lucullus 0 speak+ he kept lift+ up 8 h&s2 & x 0 no wond]1 = ,i d n believe t an argum5t _h ev] be5 conduct$ aga9/ ! ,academy ) m acut5ess17 began to exhort me1 ei!r je/+ly or s]i\sly1 7= t 0 a po9t t ,i 0 n q sure ab\t17 to ab&on my op9ions4 ,!n1 said ,catulus1 if ! disc\rse ( ,lucullus has _h su* influ5ce ov] y1--& x has be5 a wond]ful exhibition ( memory1 accuracy1 & +5uity1--,i h no?+ to say2 nor d ,i ?9k x my duty to try & det] y f *ang+ op9ion if y *oose4 ,b ,i %\ld n ?9k x well = y to be influ5c$ m]ely by 8 au?ority4 ,= he 0 all b w>n+ y1 said he1 je/+ly1 to take c>e t no wor?less tribune ( ! p1 ( :om y "k :at a numb] !re w always be1 seize ^u y1 & ask ( y 9 ! public assembly h[ y are consi/5t ) y\rself1 :5 at "o "t y ass]t t no?+ c]ta9 c be discov]$1 & at ano!r "t affirm t y y\rself h discov]$ some?+4 ,i entreat y1 d n let him t]rify y4 ,b ,i w\ld r h y disagree ) him on ! m]its ( ! case itself4 ,b if y give 9 to him1 ,i %all n be greatly surpris$2 = ,i recollect t ,antio*us himself1 aft] he _h ent]ta9$ su* op9ions = _m ye>s1 ab&on$ !m z soon z he ?\ght x desirable4 ,:5 ,catulus _h said ?is1 !y all began to fix _! eyes on me4 ,,xx4 ,!n ,i1 be+ no less agitat$ ?an ,i usually am :5 plead+ important causes1 began to speak some?+ aft] ?is fa%ion3-- ,! disc\rse ( ,lucullus1 ,o ,catulus1 on ! matt] itself1 mov$ me a good deal1 be+ ! disc\rse ( a le>n$ & +5i\s & quick-witt$ man1 & ( "o :o passes ov] no?+ :i* c be said = 8 side2 b /ill ,i am n afraid b t ,i may be able to answ] him4 ,b no d\bt su* au?ority z 8 w\ld h influ5c$ me a good deal1 if y _h n oppos$ y\r own to x1 :i* is ( equal weight4 ,i w endeav\r1 !re=e1 to reply to him aft] ,i h said a few words 9 def5ce ( my own reputation1 z x 74 ,if x is by any desire ( display1 or any zeal = cont5ti\s disputes1 t ,i h be5 *iefly l$ to rank myself z an adh]5t ( ?is s*ool ( philosophy1 ,i %\ld ?9k n only my folly1 b also my disposition & nature des]v+ ( sev]e c5sure2 = if ob/9acy is f\nd fault ) 9 ! mo/ trifl+ matt]s1 & if also calumny is repress$1 %\ld ,i *oose to cont5d ) o!rs 9 a qu>relsome mann] ab\t ! g5]al condition & conduct ( my :ole life1 or to deceive o!rs & also my own self8 ,!re=e1 if ,i did n ?9k x fooli% 9 su* a discussion to d :at1 :5 "o is discuss+ affairs ( /ate1 is sometimes done1 ,i w\ld swe> by ,jupit] & my h\sehold gods1 t ,i am inflam$ ) a desire ( discov]+ ! tru?1 & t ,i d truly feel :at ,i say4 ,= h[ c ,i avoid wi%+ to discov] ! tru?1 :5 ,i rejoice if ,i h discov]$ any?+ resembl+ ! tru?8 ,b al?\gh ,i consid] to see ! tru? a mo/ beautiful ?+1 s also d ,i ?9k x a mo/ disgraceful "o to approve ( :at is false z if x 7 true4 ,n1 inde$1 t ,i am myself a man :o nev] approve ( any?+ false1 :o nev] give ass5t to any su* ?+1 & am nev] guid$ by op9ion2 b we are speak+ ( a wise man4 ,b ,i myself am v apt to adopt op9ions1 = ,i am n a wise man1 & ,i direct my ?\ghts1 /e]+ n to t little ,cynosura1 ,! nightly />1 :i* %9+ n 9 va91 ,guides ! ,phnician sailor o'er ! ma91 z ,aratus says2--& ^? m>9]s /e] 9 a m direct c\rse because !y keep look+ at ! con/ellation1 ,:i* 9 its inn] c\rse & orbit brief ,surely revolves2-- b look+ r t[>ds ,helice1 & ! bright nor? />1 t is to say1 to ^! reasons ( a m expansive k9d1 n poli%$ away to a po9t2 & !re=e ,i roam & w&] ab\t 9 a fre] c\rse4 ,h[ev]1 ! "q1 z ,i said j n[1 is n ab\t myself1 b ab\t a wise man4 ,= :5 ^! p]ceptions h made a viol5t impression on ! intellect & s5ses1 ,i admit !m1 & sometimes ,i ev5 ass5t to !m1 b /ill ,i d n p]ceive !m3 = ,i d n ?9k t any?+ c be p]ceiv$4 ,i am n a wise man1 !re=e ,i submit to p]ceptions & _c resi/ !m3 b ,arcesilas1 be+ on ?is po9t 9 agreem5t ) ,z5o1 ?9ks t ?is is ! mo/ important "p ( ! p[] ( a wise man1 t he c gu>d aga9/ be+ entangl$1 & provide aga9/ be+ deceiv$4 ,= !re is no?+ m incompatible ) ! idea :i* we h ( ! gravity ( a wise man ?an error1 levity1 & tem]ity4 ,:y1 !n1 ne$ ,i speak ( ! firmness ( a wise man8 :om ev5 y too1 ,lucullus1 admit to be nev] guid$ by m]e op9ion4 ,& s9ce ?is is sanction$ by y1 7if ,i am deal+ irregul>ly ) y at ?is mom5t1 ,i w soon return to ! prop] ord] ( y\r argum5ts17 j consid] :at =ce ?is fir/ conclusion has4 ,,xxi4 ,if ! wise man ev] ass5ts to any?+1 he w likewise sometimes =m op9ions3 b he nev] w =m op9ions3 !re=e he w nev] ass5t to any?+4 ,?is conclusion 0 approv$ ( by ,arcesilas1 = x confirm$ bo? 8 fir/ & second proposition4 ,b ,c>neades sometimes grant$ t m9or premiss1 t ! wise man did at times ass5t3 !n x foll[$ t he also 0 at times guid$ by op9ion2 :i* y w n all[2 & y are "r1 z x seems to me3 b ! fir/ proposition1 t ! wise man1 if he expresses ass5t1 mu/ also be guid$ by op9ion1 is d5i$ by ! ,/oics & _! foll[] on ?is po9t1 ,antio*us4 ,= !y say t !y c di/+ui% :at is false f :at is true1 & :at _c be p]ceiv$ f :at c4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ev5 if any?+ c be p]ceiv$1 /ill ! v cu/om ( express+ ass5t appe>s to u to be p]il\s & unsure4 ,:]e=e1 z x is pla9 t is s faulty a proce$+1 to ass5t to any?+ t is ei!r false or unkn[n1 all ass5t mu/ r be remov$1 le/ x %\ld ru% on into difficulties if x proce$s ra%ly4 ,= :at is false is s mu* ak9 to :at is true1 & ! ?+s :i* _c be p]ceiv$ to ^? :i* c1 7if1 inde$1 !re are any su*1 = we %all exam9e t po9t pres5tly17 t a wise man ought n to tru/ himself 9 su* a haz>d\s position4 ,b if ,i assume t !re is actually no?+ :i* c be p]ceiv$1 & if ,i also take :at y grant me1 t a wise man is nev] guid$ by op9ion1 !n ! consequ5ce w be t ! wise man w re/ra9 all ass5t on 8 "p2 s t y mu/ consid] :e!r y w\ld r h x s1 or let ! wise man sometimes =m op9ions4 ,y d n approve ( ei!r1 y w say4 ,let u1 !n1 endeav\r to prove t no?+ c be p]ceiv$2 = t is :at ! :ole controv]sy turns ^u4 ,,xxii4 ,b fir/ ,i mu/ say a few words to ,antio*us2 :o "u ,philo le>nt ?is v doctr9e :i* ,i am n[ def5d+1 = su* a l5g? ( "t1 t x is c]ta9 t no "o 0 ev] long] /udy+ x2 & :o wrote on ^! subjects ) ! greate/ acut5ess1 & :o yet attack$ x 9 8 old age ) no less en]gy ?an he _h def5d$ x 9 8 y\?4 ,al?\gh !re=e he may h be5 a %rewd argu]1 z inde$ he 01 /ill 8 au?ority is dim9i%$ by 8 inconsi/5cy4 ,= :at day1 ,i %\ld l to "k1 w ev] dawn1 :i* %all reveal to him t di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( :at is true & :at is false1 ( :i* = s _m ye>s he d5i$ ! exi/5ce8 ,has he devis$ any?+ new8 ,he says ! same t ! ,/oics say4 ,does he rep5t ( hav+ held su* an op9ion8 ,:y did he n cross ov] to "s o!r s*ool1 & especially to ! ,/oics8 = ?is disagreem5t ) ! ,academy 0 peculi>ly !irs4 ,:at8 did he rep5t ( ,mnes>*us or ,d>danus1 :o at t "t 7 ! *iefs ( ! ,/oics at ,a!ns8 ,he nev] des]t$ ,philo till aft] ! "t :5 he himself began to h pupils4 ,b f :5ce 0 ! ,old ,academy on a sudd5 recall$8 ,he appe>s to h wi%$ to pres]ve ! dignity ( ! "n1 aft] he _h giv5 up ! reality2 :i* h[ev] "s p said1 t he did f a view to 8 own glory1 & t he ev5 hop$ t ^? :o foll[$ him might be call$ ,antio*ians4 ,b to me x seems1 t he c\ld n /& t conc\rse ( all ! philosoph]s4 ,9 tru?1 !re are among !m all1 "s common pr9ciples on ! o!r po9ts2 b ?is doctr9e is peculi> to ! ,academicians1 & n "o ( ! o!r philosoph]s approves ( x4 ,!re=e1 he quitt$ x2 &1 l ^? m5 :o1 :]e ! new %ops /&1 _c be> ! sun1 s he1 :5 he 0 hot1 took refuge "u ! %ade ( ! ,old ,academicians1 z ^? m5 d "u ! %ade ( ! old %ops ne> ! pill> ( ,mnius4 ,!re 0 also an argum5t :i* he 0 9 ! habit ( employ+1 :5 he us$ to ma9ta9 t no?+ c\ld be p]ceiv$2 namely1 ask+ :e!r ,dionysius ( ,h]aclea _h compreh5d$ ! doctr9e :i* he _h esp\s$ = _m ye>s1 because he 0 guid$ by t c]ta9 *>act]i/ic1 & :e!r he believ$ ! doctr9e ( 8 ma/] ,z5o1 t :atev] 0 hon\rable 0 ! only good2 or1 :e!r he adopt$ ! ass]tion :i* he def5d$ subsequ5tly1 t ! "n ( hon\rabl5ess is a m]e phantom1 & t pleasure is ! *ief good3 = f ?is *ange ( op9ion on 8 "p he wi%$ to prove1 t no?+ c be s /amp$ on our m9ds by ! tru?1 t x _c also be impress$ on !m 9 ! same mann] by falsehood2 & s he took c>e t o!rs %\ld d]ive f 8 own conduct ! same argum5t :i* he himself _h d]iv$ f ,dionysius4 ,,xxiii4 ,b we w argue ?is po9t m at l5g? ano!r "t2 at pres5t we w turn :at has be5 said1 ,lucullus1 to y4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 let u exam9e ! ass]tion :i* y made at ! beg9n+1 & see :at sort ( ass]tion x is2 namely1 t we spoke ( ! anci5t philosoph]s 9 a mann] simil> to t 9 :i* s$iti\s m5 7 9 ! habit ( speak+ ( illu/ri\s m51 :o 7 h[ev] fri5ds ( ! p4 ,^! m5 d n inde$ pursue good objects1 b /ill wi% to be consid]$ to resemble good m52 b we say t we hold ^? op9ions1 :i* y y\rselves confess to h be5 ent]ta9$ by ! mo/ illu/ri\s philosoph]s4 ,anaxagoras said1 t sn[ 0 black3 w\ld y endure me if ,i 7 to say ! same8 ,y w\ld n be> ev5 = me to express a d\bt on ! subject4 ,b :o is ?is man8 is he a ,sophi/8 = by t "n 7 ^? m5 call$1 :o us$ to philosophize = ! sake ( display or ( pr(it4 ,! glory ( ! gravity & g5ius ( t man 0 great4 ,:y %\ld ,i speak ( ,democritus8 ,:o is !re :om we c comp>e ) him = ! greatness1 n m]ely ( 8 g5ius1 b also ( 8 _s8 a man :o d>$ to beg9 ?us3 8,i am go+ to speak ( ev]y?+40 ,he excepts no?+1 s z n to pr(ess a k ( x4 ,= inde$1 :at c\ld !re possibly be beyond ev]y?+8 ,:o c avoid plac+ ?is philosoph] be=e ,clean!s1 or ,*rysippus1 or all ! re/ ( 8 successors8 m5 :o1 :5 comp>$ ) him1 appe> to me to be 9 ! fif? class4 ,b he does n say ?is1 :i* we1 :o d n d5y t !re is "s tru?1 decl>e _c be p]ceiv$3 he absolutely d5ies t !re is any tru?4 ,he says t ! s5ses are n m]ely dim1 b utt]ly d>k2 = t is :at ,metrodorus ( ,*ios1 :o 0 "o ( 8 greate/ admir]s1 says ( !m1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 book on ,nature4 8,i d5y10 says he1 8t we "k :e!r we "k any?+ or :e!r we "k no?+2 ,i say t we d n ev5 "k :at is ignorance & k2 & t we h no k :e!r any?+ exi/s or :e!r no?+ does40 ,emp$ocles appe>s to y to be mad2 b to me he seems to utt] words v wor?y ( ! subjects ( :i* he speaks4 ,does he !n bl9d u1 or deprive u ( our s5ses1 if he ?9ks t !re is b little p[] 9 !m to judge ( ^? ?+s :i* are br\ght "u _! notice8 ,p>m5ides & ,x5ophanes blame1 z if !y 7 angry ) !m1 ?\gh 9 no v poetical v]ses1 ! arrogance ( ^? p :o1 ?\gh no?+ c be kn[n1 v5ture to say t !y "k some?+4 ,& y said t ,socrates & ,plato 7 di/9ct f ^! m54 ,:y s8 ,are !re any m5 ( :om we c speak m c]ta9ly8 ,i inde$ seem to myself to h liv$ ) ^! m52 s _m ( _! disc\rses h be5 report$1 f :i* "o _c possibly d\bt t ,socrates ?\ght t no?+ c\ld be kn[n4 ,he except$ "o ?+ only1 ass]t+ t he did "k t he knew no?+2 b he made no o!r exception4 ,:at %all ,i say ( ,plato8 :o c]ta9ly w\ld nev] h foll[$ up ^! doctr9es 9 s _m books if he _h n approv$ ( !m2 = !re 0 no object 9 go+ on ) ! irony ( ! o!r1 especially :5 x 0 s unceas+4 ,,xxiv4 ,d ,i n seem to y1 n1 l ,saturn9us1 to be cont5t ) nam+ illu/ri\s m51 b also sometimes ev5 to imitate !m1 ?\gh nev] unless !y are really em95t & noble8 ,& ,i might h oppos$ to y m5 :o are annoy+ to y1 b yet disputants ( great accuracy2 ,/ilpo1 ,diodorus1 & ,alex9us3 m5 :o indulg$ 9 f>-fet*$ & po9t$ sophisms2 = t 0 ! "n giv5 usually to fallaci\s conclusions4 ,b :y ne$ ,i enum]ate !m1 :5 ,i h ,*rysippus1 :o is consid]$ to be ! great support ( ! portico ( ! ,/oics8 ,h[ _m ( ! argum5ts aga9/ ! s5ses1 h[ _m aga9/ ev]y?+ :i* is approv$ by ord9>y practice1 did he n refute6 ,x is true t ,i d n ?9k v mu* ( 8 refutations2 b /ill1 let u grant t he did refute !m4 ,c]ta9ly he w\ld nev] h collect$ s _m argum5ts to deceive u ) _! excessive probability1 unless he saw t x 0 n easily possible to resi/ !m4 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! ,cyr5aic ,s*ool8 philosoph]s f> f contemptible1 :o affirm t !re is no?+ :i* c be p]ceiv$ ext]nally2 & t !y p]ceive ^? ?+s alone :i* !y feel by _! inmo/ t\*1 su* z pa91 or pleasure4 ,& t !y d n "k :at col\r any?+ is (1 or :at s\nd x utt]s2 b only feel t !y !mselves are affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,we h said en\gh ab\t au?ors3 al?\gh y _h ask$ me :e!r ,i did n ?9k t s9ce ! "t ( ^? anci5t philosoph]s1 9 s _m ages1 ! tru? might h be5 discov]$1 :5 s _m m5 ( g5ius & dilig5ce 7 look+ = x8 ,:at 0 discov]$ we w consid] pres5tly1 & y y\rself %all be ! judge4 ,b x is easily se5 t ,arcesilas did n cont5d ) ,z5o = ! sake ( disp>ag+ him2 b t he wi%$ to discov] ! tru?4 ,no "o1 ,i say1 ( prec$+ philosoph]s _h said positively1 no "o _h ev5 h9t$ t x 0 possible = man nev] to =m op9ions3 & t = a wise man x 0 n only possible1 b indisp5sable4 ,! op9ion ( ,arcesilas appe>$ n only true1 b hon\rable & wor?y ( a wise man4 ,p]haps he ask$ ( ,z5o :at w\ld happ5 if a wise man c\ld n possibly p]ceive any?+1 & if to =m m]e op9ion 0 unwor?y ( a wise man8 ,he answ]$1 ,i suppose1 t ! wise man nev] w\ld =m m]e op9ion1 s9ce !re 7 ?+s :i* admitt$ ( be+ p]ceiv$4 ,:at !n 7 !y8 ,p]ceptions1 ,i suppose4 ,:at sort ( p]ceptions !n8 ,9 reply to ?is he gave a def9ition1 ,t x 0 su* z is impress$ & /amp$ ^u & figur$ 9 u1 accord+ to & con=mably to some?+ :i* exi/s4 ,aft]w>ds ! "q 0 ask$1 :e!r1 if su* a p]ception 0 true1 x 0 ( ! same "* z "o t 0 false8 ,"h ,z5o saw cle>ly en\gh t !re 0 no p]ception t c\ld be p]ceiv$ at all1 if ! p]ception d]iv$ f t :i* is1 c\ld possibly resemble t :i* is d]iv$ f t :i* is n4 ,arcesilas 0 q "r 9 admitt+ ?is4 ,an addition 0 made to ! def9ition2 namely1 ,t no?+ false c\ld be p]ceiv$2 nor any?+ true ei!r1 if x 0 ( su* a "* z t :i* 0 false4 ,b he appli$ himself dilig5tly to ^! discussions1 9 ord] to prove t no p]ception orig9at$ 9 :at 0 true ( su* a k9d t !re might n be a simil> "o orig9at+ 9 :at 0 false4 ,& ?is is ! "o subject ( controv]sy :i* has la/$ to ?is day4 ,= ! o!r doctr9e1 t ! wise man w\ld nev] ass5t to any?+1 _h no?+ to d ) ?is "q4 ,= x 0 q possible = a man to p]ceive no?+1 & nev]!less to be guid$ at times by op9ion2 :i* is said to h be5 admitt$ by ,c>neades4 ,i1 inde$1 tru/+ r to ,clitoma*us ?an to ,philo or ,metrodorus1 believe t he argu$ ?is po9t r ?an t he admitt$ x4 ,,xxv4 ,h[ev]1 let u say no m ab\t ?is4 ,und\bt$ly1 :5 op9ion & p]ception are put an end to1 ! ret5tion ( e k9d ( ass5t mu/ foll[2 z1 if ,i prove t no?+ c be p]ceiv$1 y w\ld !n grant t a philosoph] w\ld nev] ass5t to any?+4 ,:at is !re !n t c be p]ceiv$1 if ev5 ! s5ses d n w>n u ( ! tru?8 ,b y1 ,o ,lucullus1 def5d !m by a common topic2 & to prev5t y f be+ able to d s x 01 t ,i ye/]day1 :5 x 0 n o!rwise necess>y1 said s mu* aga9/ ! s5ses4 ,b y say t y are n at all mov$ by 8! brok5 o>0 or 8! dove's neck40 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i w ask :y8--= 9 ! case ( ! o>1 ,i feel t t :i* appe>s to be ! case1 is n really s2 & t 9 ! dove's neck !re appe> to be _m col\rs1 b are n 9 reality m ?an "o4 ,h we1 !n1 said no?+ m ?an ?is8 ,let all our argum5ts /&3 t man is te>+ 8 cause to pieces2 he says t 8 s5ses are voraci\s4 ,!re=e y h always "o back] :o w plead ! cause at 8 own risk3 = ,epicurus br+s ! matt] d[n to ?is po9t1 t if once 9 a man's life "o ( 8 s5ses has decid$ wrongly1 none ( !m is ev] to be tru/$4 ,?is is :at he calls be+ true1 & confid+ 9 8 own witnesses1 & urg+ 8 pro(s to _! j conclusion2 !re=e ,timagoras ! ,epicurean decl>es1 t :5 he _h twi/$ 8 eye ) 8 h&1 he _h nev] se5 two flames appe> out ( "o c&le3 = t ! error 0 "o ( op9ion1 & n "o ( 8 eyes2 j z if ! "q 7 :at ! fact is1 & n :at x appe>s to be4 ,h[ev]1 he is j l 8 pr$ecessors4 ,b z = y1 :o say t ( ! ?+s p]ceiv$ by y\r s5ses1 "s are true & "s false1 h[ d y di/+ui% betwe5 !m8 ,cease1 ,i beg ( y1 to employ common topics3 we h pl5ty ( !m at home4 ,if any god 7 to ask y1 :ile y\r s5ses are s\nd & unimpair$1 :e!r y desire any?+ fur!r1 :at w\ld y answ]8 ,i wi%1 inde$1 he w\ld ask me6 ,y %\ld he> h[ ill he treats u3 = h[ f> are we to look 9 ord] to see ! tru?8 ,i c see ! ,cuman villa ( ,catulus f ?is place1 b n 8 villa ne> ,pompeii2 n t !re is any ob/acle int]pos$1 b my eyesight _c ext5d s f>4 ,:at a sup]b view6 ,we see ,puteoli1 b we d n see our fri5d ,avianus1 ?\gh he may p]haps be walk+ 9 ! portico ( ,neptune2 !re 01 h[ev]1 "s "o or o!r :o is (t5 spok5 ( 9 ! ,s*ools :o c\ld see ?+s t 7 a ?\s& & eighty furlongs (f2 & "s birds c see fur!r /ill4 ,i %\ld !re=e answ] y\r god boldly1 t ,i am n at all cont5t$ ) ^! eyes ( m9e4 ,he w tell me1 p]haps1 t ,i c see bett] ?an "s fi%es2 :i* are n se5 by u1 & :i* ev5 n[ are b5ea? our eyes1 & yet !y _c look up f> en\gh to see u3 !re=e1 z wat] is %$ ar\nd !m1 s a d5se air is ar\nd u4 ,b we desire no?+ bett]4 ,:at8 d y suppose t a mole longs = light8--nor w\ld he compla9 to ! god t he c\ld n see f>1 b r t he saw incorrectly4 ,d y see t %ip8 ,x appe>s to u to be /&+ /ill2 b to ^? :o are 9 t %ip1 ?is villa appe>s to be mov+4 ,seek = ! reason :y x seems s1 & if y discov] x ev] s mu*1 & ,i d n "k :e!r y may n be able to1 /ill y w h prov$1 n t y h a tru/wor?y witness1 b t he has n giv5 false evid5ce )\t suffici5t reason4 ,,xxvi4 ,:at ne$ _h ,i to speak ( ! %ip8 = ,i saw t :at ,i said ab\t ! o> 0 despis$ by y2 p]haps y expect some?+ m s]i\s4 ,:at c be great] ?an ! sun1 :i* ! ma!maticians affirm to be m ?an eighte5 times z l>ge z ! e>?8 ,h[ little does x appe> to u6 ,to me1 inde$1 x seems ab\t a foot 9 diamet]2 b ,epicurus ?9ks x possible t x may be ev5 less ?an x seems1 b n mu*2 nor does he ?9k t x is mu* great]1 b t x is v ne> ! size x seems to be3 s t our eyes are ei!r q correct1 or1 at all ev5ts1 n v incorrect4 ,:at becomes !n ( ! exception1 8,if once44480 ,h[ev]1 let u leave ?is cr$ul\s man1 :o does n believe t ! s5ses are ev] wrong1--n ev5 n[1 :5 t sun1 :i* is borne along ) su* rapidity t x is impossible ev5 to conceive h[ great its velocity is1 nev]!less seems to u to be /&+ /ill4 ,h[ev]1 to abridge ! controv]sy1 consid]1 ,i pray y1 )9 :at n>r[ b\nds y are conf9$4 ,!re are f\r pr9ciples :i* conduct y to ! conclusion t !re is no?+ :i* c be kn[n1 or p]ceiv$1 or compreh5d$2--& x is ab\t ?is t ! :ole dispute is4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple is1 t "s p]ceptions are false2 ! second1 t su* _c be p]ceiv$2 ! ?ird1 t ( p]ceptions betwe5 :i* !re is no diff]5ce1 x is n possible t "s ( !m c be p]ceiv$ & t o!rs _c2 ! f\r?1 t !re is no true p]ception proce$+ f ! s5ses1 to :i* !re is n "s o!r p]ception oppos$ :i* 9 no respect diff]s f x1 & :i* _c be p]ceiv$4 ,n[ ( ^! f\r pr9ciples1 ! second & ?ird are admitt$ by e "o4 ,epicurus does n admit ! fir/1 b y1 ) :om we are n[ argu+1 admit t "o too1--! :ole conte/ is ab\t ! f\r?4 ,! man1 !n1 :o saw ,publius ,s]vilius ,gem9us1 if he ?\ght t he saw ,qu9tus1 fell into a p]ception ( t k9d t c\ld n be p]ceiv$2 because :at 0 true 0 di/+ui%$ by no *>act]i/ic m>k f :at 0 false3 & if ?is di/9ctive m>k 7 tak5 away1 :at *>act]i/ic ( ! same k9d c\ld he h by :i* to recognise ,caius ,cotta1 :o 0 twice consul ) ,gem9us1 :i* c\ld n possibly be false8 ,y say t su* a lik5ess z t is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,y fight ! "q vigor\sly1 b y are fight+ a peaceably dispos$ adv]s>y4 ,grant1 !n1 t x is n2 at all ev5ts1 x is possible t x %\ld seem to be s2 !re=e x w deceive ! s5ses4 ,& if "o lik5ess deceives !m1 x w h made ev]y?+ d\btful2 = :5 t judgm5t is once tak5 away by :i* alone ?+s c be kn[n1 !n1 ev5 if ! p]son :om y see1 be really ! p]son :om he appe>s to y to be1 /ill y w n judge by t *>act]i/ic :i* y say y ought1 be+ ( su* a "* t "o ( ! same k9d _c be false4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is possible t ,publius ,gem9us may appe> to y to be ,qu9tus1 :at c]ta9ty h y t he may n appe> to y to be ,cotta ?\gh he is n1 s9ce "s ?+s d appe> to y to be :at !y are n8 ,y say t ev]y?+ has its own peculi> g5us2 t !re is no?+ ! same z some?+ else4 ,t is a /oic doctr9e1 & "o n v cr$ible1 = !y say t !re is n a s+le hair or a s+le gra9 9 e respect l ano!r hair or gra94 ,^! ?+s c\ld all be refut$1 b ,i d n wi% to be cont5ti\s2 = x has no?+ 9 ! _w to d ) ! "q :e!r ! ?+s :i* are se5 d n diff] at all 9 any "p1 or :e!r !y _c be di/+ui%$ f ano!r ev5 ?\gh !y d diff]4 ,b1 grant+ t !re _c be su* a lik5ess betwe5 m51 c !re n be su* betwe5 /atues8 ,tell me1 c\ld n ,lysippus1 us+ ! same brass1 ! same composition ( metals1 ! same atmosph]e1 wat]1 & all o!r appliances1 h made a hundr$ ,alex&]s exactly alike8 ,h[ !n c\ld y di/+ui% betwe5 !m8 ,aga92 if ,i1 ) ?is r+1 make a hundr$ impressions on ! same piece ( wax1 is x possible t !re %\ld be any diff]5ce to enable y to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r8--or1 %all y h to seek out "s r+ engrav]1 s9ce y h already f\nd u a ,delian p\lt]] :o c\ld recognise 8 eggs8 ,,xxvii4 ,b y h rec\rse to art1 :i* y call 9 to ! aid ( ! s5ses4 ,a pa9t] sees :at we d n see2 & z soon z a flute-play] plays a note ! air is recognis$ by a musician4 ,well8 ,does n ?is argum5t seem to tell aga9/ y1 if1 )\t great skill1 su* z v few p]sons ( our class atta9 to1 we c nei!r see nor he>8 ,!n y give an excell5t description ( ! skill ) :i* nature has manufactur$ our s5ses1 & intellect1 & ! :ole con/ruction ( man1 9 ord] to prev5t my be+ al>m$ at ra%ness ( op9ions4 ,c y also1 ,lucullus1 affirm t !re is any p[] unit$ ) wisdom & prud5ce :i* has made1 or1 to use y\r own expression1 manufactur$ man8 ,:at sort ( a manufacture is t8 ,:]e is x ex]cis$8 :58 :y8 h[8 ,^! po9ts are all h&l$ +5i\sly1 !y are discuss$ ev5 elegantly4 ,let x be said ev5 t !y appe> likely2 only let !m n be affirm$ positively4 ,b we w discuss natural philosophy h]eaft]1 &1 inde$1 we w d s t y1 :o said a little :ile ago t ,i %\ld speak ( x1 may appe> n to h spok5 falsely4 ,h[ev]1 to come to :at is cle>]1 ,i %all n[ br+ =w>d g5]al facts on :i* :ole volumes h be5 fill$1 n only by ^? ( our own ,s*ool1 b also by ,*rysippus4 ,b ! ,/oics compla9 ( him1 t1 :ile he /udi\sly collect$ e argum5t :i* c\ld be br\ght =w>d aga9/ ! s5ses & cle>ness1 & aga9/ all cu/om1 & aga9/ reason1 :5 he came to reply to himself1 he 0 inf]ior to :at he _h be5 at fir/2 & !re=e t1 9 fact1 he put arms into ! h&s ( ,c>neades4 ,^? argum5ts are su* z h be5 +5i\sly h&l$ by y4 ,y said t ! p]ceptions ( m5 asleep1 or drunk1 or mad1 7 less vigor\s ?an ^? ( m5 awake1 sob]1 & sane4 ,h[ d y prove t8 because1 :5 ,ennius _h awak5$1 he w\ld n say t he _h se5 ,hom]1 b only t ,hom] _h seem$ to be pres5t4 ,& ,alcmon says-- ,my he>t di/ru/s ! witness ( my eyes4 ,& "o may say ! same ( m5 :o are drunk4 ,z if any "o d5i$ t :5 a man has awak5$ he ceases to ?9k 8 dreams true2 & t a man ^: fr5zy has pass$ away1 no long] conceives ^? ?+s to be real :i* appe>$ s to him dur+ 8 madness4 ,b t is n ! "q3 ! "q is1 h[ ^? ?+s appe> to u1 at ! "t :5 !y d appe>4 ,unless1 inde$1 we suppose t ,ennius he>d ! :ole ( t address-- ,o piety ( ! s\l4444 7if1 inde$1 he did dream x71 j z he w\ld h he>d x if he _h be5 awake4 ,= :5 awake1 he 0 able to ?9k ^? ?+s phantoms--z1 9 fact1 !y 7--& dreams4 ,b :ile he 0 asleep1 he felt z sure ( _! reality z if he _h be5 awake4 ,aga91 ,iliona1 9 t dream ( h]s1 :]e %e he>s-- ,"m1 ,i call on y4444 does %e n believe t h] son has spok51 j z %e w\ld h believ$ x if %e _h be5 awake8 ,on :i* acc\nt %e adds-- ,come n[1 /& "h1 rema91 & he> my words1 ,& once aga9 repeat ^? words to me4 ,does %e "h seem to place less tru/ 9 :at %e has se5 ?an p d :5 awake8 ,,xxviii4 ,:y %\ld ,i speak ( madm58--su* z y\r relation ,tuditanus 01 ,catulus4 ,does any man1 :o may be ev] s mu* 9 8 s5ses1 ?9k ! ?+s :i* he sees z c]ta9 z he us$ to ?9k ^? t appe>$ to him8 ,aga91 ! man :o cries out-- ,i see y n[1 ,i see y n[ alive1 ,ulysses1 :ile su* sight is /ill all['d me2 does he n twice cry out t he is see+ :at he nev] sees at all8 ,aga91 :5 ,h]cules1 9 ,euripides1 %ot 8 own sons ) 8 arr[s1 tak+ !m = ! sons ( ,eury/heus1--:5 he slew 8 wife1--:5 he endeav\r$ ev5 to slay 8 fa!r1--0 he n work$ ^u by false ideas1 j z he might h be5 by true ones8 ,aga91 does n y\r own ,alcmon1 :o says t 8 he>t di/ru/s ! witness ( 8 eyes1 say 9 ! same place1 :ile inflam$ by fr5zy-- ,:5ce does ?is flame arise8 ,& pres5tly aft]w>ds-- ,come on2 come on2 !y ha/51 !y approa*2 ,!y seek = me4 ,li/51 h[ he implores ! good fai? ( ! virg93-- ,o br+ me aid2 ,o drive ?is pe/ away2 ,?is fi]y p[] :i* n[ do? torture me2 ,see1 !y advance1 d>k %ades1 ) flames encircl$1 ,& /& ar\nd me ) _! blaz+ tor*es4 ,h y any d\bt "h t he appe>s to himself to see ^! ?+s8 ,& !n ! re/ ( 8 spee*3-- ,see h[ ,apollo1 fair-hair'd ,god1 ,draws 9 & b5ds 8 gold5 b[2 ,:ile on ! left fair ,dian waves h] tor*4 ,h[ c\ld he h believ$ ^! ?+s any m if !y _h really exi/$ ?an he did :5 !y only seem$ to exi/8 ,= x is cle> t at ! mom5t 8 he>t 0 n di/ru/+ 8 eyes4 ,b all ^! in/ances are cit$ 9 ord] to prove t ?an :i* no?+ c be m c]ta91 namely1 t betwe5 true & false p]ceptions !re is no diff]5ce at all1 z f> z ! ass5t ( ! m9d is conc]n$4 ,b y prove no?+ :5 y m]ely refute ^? false p]ceptions ( m5 :o are mad or dream+1 by _! own recollection4 ,= ! "q is n :at sort ( recollection ^? p usually h :o h awak5$1 or ^? :o h recov]$ f madness1 b :at sort ( p]ception madm5 or dream]s _h at ! mom5t :5 !y 7 "u ! influ5ce ( _! madness or _! dream4 ,h[ev]1 we w say no m ab\t ! s5ses4 ,:at is !re t c be p]ceiv$ by reason8 ,y say t ,dialectics h be5 discov]$1 & t t sci5ce is1 z x 71 an arbit] & judge ( :at is true & false4 ,( :at true & false8--& ( true & false on :at subject8 ,w a dialectician be able to judge1 9 geometry1 :at is true & false1 or 9 lit]ature1 or 9 music8 ,he kn[s no?+ ab\t ^? ?+s4 ,9 philosophy1 !n8 ,:at is x to him h[ l>ge ! sun is8 or :at means has he :i* may enable him to judge :at ! *ief good is8 ,:at !n w he judge (8 ,( :at comb9ation or disjunction ( ideas is accurate1--( :at is an ambigu\s expression1--( :at foll[s f ea* fact1 or :at is inconsi/5t ) x8 ,if ! sci5ce ( dialectics judges ( ^! ?+s1 or ?+s l !m1 x is judg+ ( itself4 ,b x pr(ess$ m4 ,= to judge ( ^! matt]s is n suffici5t = ! resolv+ ( ! o!r num]\s & important que/ions :i* arise 9 philosophy4 ,b1 s9ce y place s mu* importance 9 t art1 ,i w\ld h y to consid] :e!r x 0 n inv5t$ = ! express purpose ( be+ us$ aga9/ y4 ,=1 at its fir/ op5+1 x gives an +5i\s acc\nt ( ! elem5ts ( speak+1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* "o may come to an und]/&+ ( ambigu\s expressions1 & ( ! pr9ciples ( reason+3 !n1 aft] a few m ?+s1 x comes to ! sorites1 a v slipp]y & haz>d\s topic1 & a class ( argum5t :i* y y\rself pron\nc$ to be a vici\s "o4 ,,xxix4 ,:at !n1 y w say2 are we to be blam$ = t vici\sness8 ,! nature ( ?+s has n giv5 u any k ( ends1 s z to enable u1 9 any subject :atev]1 to say h[ f> we c g4 ,nor is ?is ! case only 9 respect ( ! heap ( :eat1 f :i* ! "n is d]iv$1 b 9 no matt] :atev] :]e ! argum5t is conduct$ by m9ute que/ions3 = in/ance1 if ! "q be :e!r a man is ri* or poor1 illu/ri\s or obscure1--:e!r ?+s be _m or few1 great or small1 long or %ort1 broad or n>r[1--we h no c]ta9 answ] to give1 h[ mu* mu/ be add$ or tak5 away to make ! ?+ 9 "q ei!r "o or ! o!r4 ,b ! sorites is a vici\s sort ( argum5t3--cru% x1 !n1 if y c1 to prev5t its be+ tr\blesome2 = x w be s1 if y d n gu>d aga9/ x4 ,we h gu>d$ aga9/ x1 says he4 ,= ,*rysippus's plan is1 :5 he is int]rogat$ /ep by /ep 7by way ( giv+ an in/ance71 :e!r !re are ?ree1 or few1 or _m1 to re/ a little be=e he comes to ! 8_m20 t is to say1 to use _! own language1 4 ,re/ & welcome1 says ,c>neades2 y may ev5 snore1 = all ,i c>e4 ,b :at good does he d8 ,= "o foll[s :o w wak5 y f sleep1 & "q y 9 ! same mann]3--,take ! numb]1 aft] ! m5tion ( :i* y 7 sil5t1 & if to t numb] ,i add "o1 w !re be _m8 ,y w aga9 g on1 z long z y ?9k fit4 ,:y ne$ ,i say m8 = y admit ?is1 t y _c 9 y\r answ]s fix ! la/ numb] :i* c be class$ z 8few10 nor ! fir/1 :i* am\nts to 8_m40 ,& ?is k9d ( unc]ta9ty ext5ds s widely1 t ,i d n see any b\nds to its progress4 ,no?+ hurts me1 says he2 = ,i1 l a skilful driv]1 w re9 9 my horses be=e ,i come to ! end1 & all ! m if ! gr\nd :i* ! horses are approa*+ is precipit\s4 ,& ?us1 too1 says he1 ,i w *eck myself1 & n reply any m to "o :o addresses me ) capti\s que/ions4 ,if y h a cle> answ] to make1 & refuse to make x1 y are giv+ y\rself airs2 if y h n1 ev5 y y\rself d n p]ceive x4 ,if y /op1 because ! "q is obscure1 ,i admit t x is s2 b y say t y d n proce$ z f> z :at is obscure4 ,y /op1 !n1 :]e ! case is /ill cle>4 ,if !n all y d is to hold y\r tongue1 y ga9 no?+ by t4 ,= :at does x matt] to ! man :o wi%es to cat* y1 :e!r he entangles y ow+ to y\r sil5ce or to y\r talk+8 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 y 7 to say1 )\t hesitation1 t up to ! numb] n9e1 is 8few10 b 7 to pause at ! t5?2 !n y w\ld be refus+ y\r ass5t to :at is c]ta9 & evid5t1 & yet y w n all[ me to d ! same ) respect to subjects :i* are obscure4 ,t art1 !re=e1 does n help y aga9/ ! sorites2 inasmu* z x does n tea* a man1 :o is us+ ei!r ! increas+ or dim9i%+ scale1 :at is ! fir/ po9t1 or ! la/4 ,may ,i n say t t same art1 l ,p5elope undo+ h] web1 at la/ undoes all ! argum5ts :i* h gone be=e8 ,is t y\r fault1 or ours8 ,9 tru?1 x is ! f\ndation ( dialectics1 t :atev] is enunciat$ 7& t is :at !y call 1 :i* answ]s to our ^w effatum17 is ei!r true or false4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! case8 ,are ^! true or false8 ,if y say t y are speak+ falsely1 & t t is true1 y are speak+ falsely & tell+ ! tru? at ! same "t4 ,?is1 =soo?1 y say is inexplicable2 & t is m odi\s ?an our language1 :5 we call ?+s uncompreh5d$1 & n p]ceiv$4 ,,xxx4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w pass ov] all ?is4 ,i ask1 if ^? ?+s _c be expla9$1 & if no means ( judg+ ( !m is discov]$1 s t y c answ] :e!r !y are true or false1 !n :at has become ( t def9ition1--8,t a proposition 7effatum7 is some?+ :i* is ei!r true or false80 ,aft] ! facts are assum$ ,i w add1 t ( !m "s are to be adopt$1 o!rs impea*$1 because !y are contr>y to ! fir/4 ,:at !n d y ?9k ( ?is conclusion1--8,if y say t ! sun %9es1 & if y speak tru?1 !re=e ! sun does %9e80 ,at all ev5ts y approve ( ! k9d ( argum5t1 & y say t ! conclusion has be5 mo/ correctly inf]r$4 ,!re=e1 9 tea*+1 y deliv] t z ! fir/ mood 9 :i* to draw conclusions4 ,ei!r1 !re=e1 y w approve ( e o!r conclusion 9 ! same mood1 or t art ( y\rs is good = no?+4 ,consid]1 !n1 :e!r y are incl9$ to approve ( ?is conclusion2--8,if y say t y are a li>1 & speak ! tru?1 !n y are a li>4 ,b y d say t y are a li>1 & y d speak ! tru?1 !re=e y are a li>40 ,h[ c y avoid approv+ ( ?is conclusion1 :5 y approv$ ( ! previ\s "o ( ! same k9d8 ,^! are ! argum5ts ( ,*rysippus1 :i* ev5 he himself did n refute4 ,= :at c\ld he d ) su* a conclusion z ?is1--8,if x %9es1 x %9es3 b x does %9e1 !re=e x does %9e80 ,he mu/ give 92 = ! pr9ciple ( ! connexion compels y to grant ! la/ proposition aft] y h once grant$ ! fir/4 ,& 9 :at does ?is conclusion diff] f ! o!r1--8,if y lie1 y lie2 b y d lie1 !re=e y d lie80 ,y ass]t t x is impossible = y ei!r to approve or disapprove ( ?is3 if s1 h[ c y any m approve or disapprove ( ! o!r8 ,if ! art1 or ! pr9ciple1 or ! me?od1 or ! =ce ( ! "o conclusion avails1 !y exi/ 9 exactly ! same degree 9 bo?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is _! la/ res\rce4 ,!y dem& t "o %\ld make an exception ) reg>d to ^! po9ts :i* are inexplicable4 ,i give my vote = _! go+ to "s tribune ( ! p2 = !y %all nev] obta9 ?is exception f me4 ,9 tru?1 :5 !y _c prevail on ,epicurus1 :o despises & ridicules ! :ole sci5ce ( dialectics1 to grant ?is proposition to be true1 :i* we may express ?us--8,h]ma*us w ei!r be alive to-morr[ or he w n20 :5 ! dialecticians lay x d[n t e disjunctive proposition1 su* z 8ei!r yes or no0 is n only true b necess>y2 y may see h[ cauti\s he is1 :om !y ?9k sl[4 ,=1 says he1 if ,i %\ld grant t "o ( ! two alt]natives is necess>y1 x w !n be necess>y ei!r t ,h]ma*us %\ld be alive to-morr[1 or n4 ,b !re is no su* necessity 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,let ! dialecticians !n1 t is to say1 ,antio*us & ! ,/oics1 cont5d ) him1 = he upsets ! :ole sci5ce ( dialectics4 ,= if a disjunctive proposition made up ( contr>ies1 7,i call ^? propositions contr>ies :5 "o affirms & ! o!r d5ies17 if1 ,i say1 su* a disjunctive c be false1 !n no "o is ev] true4 ,b :at qu>rel h !y ) me :o am foll[+ _! sy/em8 ,:5 any?+ ( t k9d happ5$1 ,c>neades us$ to joke 9 ?is way3--8,if ,i h drawn my conclusion correctly1 ,i ga9 ! cause3 if incorrectly1 ,diog5es %all pay back a m9a20 = he _h le>nt dialectics ( t ,/oic1 & a m9a 0 ! pay ( ! dialecticians4 ,i1 !re=e1 foll[ t sy/em :i* ,i le>nt f ,antio*us2 & ,i f9d no reason :y ,i %\ld judge 8,if x does %9e1 x does %9e0 to be true1 because ,i h le>nt t ev]y?+ :i* is connect$ ) itself is true2 & yet n judge 8,if y lie1 y lie10 to be connect$ ) itself 9 ! same mann]4 ,ei!r1 !re=e1 ,i mu/ judge bo? ?is & t to be true1 or1 if ,i may n judge ?is to be true1 !n ,i _c judge t to be4 ,,xxxi4 ,h[ev]1 to pass ov] all ^? prickles1 & all t tortu\s k9d ( discussion1 & to %[ :at we are3--aft] hav+ expla9$ ! :ole !ory ( ,c>neades1 all ! quibbles ( ,antio*us w necess>ily fall to pieces4 ,nor w ,i say any?+ 9 su* a way z to lead any "o to suspect t any?+ is inv5t$ by me4 ,i w take :at ,i say f ,clitoma*us1 :o 0 ) ,c>neades till 8 old age1 a man ( great %rewdness1 7inde$1 he 0 a ,c>?ag9ian17 & v /udi\s & dilig5t4 ,& he has writt5 f\r books on ! subject ( )hold+ ass5t2 b :at ,i am go+ to say is tak5 out ( ! fir/4 ,c>neades ass]ts t !re are two k9ds ( appe>ances2 & t ! fir/ k9d may be divid$ into ^? :i* c be p]ceiv$ & ^? :i* _c2 & ! o!r into ^? :i* are probable & ^? :i* are n4 ,!re=e1 ^? :i* are pron\nc$ to be contr>y to ! s5ses & contr>y to evid5tness belong to ! =m] division2 b t no?+ c be object$ to ^? ( ! second k9d4 ,:]e=e 8 op9ion is1 t !re is no appe>ance ( su* a "* t p]ception w foll[ x1 b _m su* z to draw aft] !m probability4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be contr>y to nature if no?+ 7 probable2 & t entire ov]turn+ ( life1 :i* y 7 speak+ (1 ,lucullus1 w\ld ensue4 ,!re=e !re are _m ?+s :i* may be prov$ by ! s5ses2 only "o mu/ recollect t !re is n 9 !m any?+ ( su* a "* t !re may n also be some?+ :i* is false1 b :i* 9 no respect diff]s f x 9 appe>ance2 & s1 :atev] happ5s :i* is probable 9 appe>ance1 if no?+ (f]s itself :i* is contr>y to t probability1 ! wise man w use x2 & 9 ?is way ! :ole c\rse ( life w be regulat$4 ,&1 9 tru?1 t wise man :om y are br++ on ! /age1 is (t5 guid$ by :at is probable1 n be+ compreh5d$1 nor p]ceiv$1 nor ass5t$ to1 b only likely2 & unless a man acts on su* circum/ances !re is an end to ! :ole sy/em ( life4 ,= :at mu/ happ58 ,has ! wise man1 :5 he emb>ks on bo>d %ip1 a positive compreh5sion & p]ception 9 8 m9d t he w h a successful voyage8 ,h[ c he8 ,b suppose he goes f ?is place to ,puteoli1 ?irty furlongs1 9 a seawor?y vessel1 ) a good pilot1 & 9 f9e wea!r l ?is1 x appe>s probable t he w arrive !re safe4 ,accord+ to appe>ances ( ?is k9d1 !n1 he w make up 8 m9d to act or n to act2 & he w be m will+ to f9d ! sn[ :ite ?an ,anaxagoras1 :o n only d5i$ t fact1 b :o affirm$1 because he knew t wat]1 f :i* sn[ 0 congeal$1 0 ( a d>k col\r1 t sn[ did n ev5 look :ite4 ,& he w be influ5c$ by any?+ :i* affects him 9 su* a way t ! appe>ance is probable1 & n int]f]$ ) by any ob/acle4 ,= su* a man is n cut out ( /one or hewn out ( oak4 ,he has a body1 he has a m9d1 he is influ5c$ by intellect1 he is influ5c$ by 8 s5ses1 s t _m ?+s appe> to him to be true1 & yet n to h conspicu\s & peculi> *>act]i/ics by :i* to be p]ceiv$4 ,& !re=e ! wise man does n ass5t to !m1 because x is possible t some?+ false may exi/ ( ! same k9d z ?is true ?+4 ,nor d we speak aga9/ ! s5ses diff]5tly f ! ,/oics1 :o say t _m ?+s are false1 & are v diff]5t f ! appe>ance :i* !y pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,,xxxii4 ,b if ?is is ! case1 t "o false idea c be ent]ta9$ by ! s5ses1 y w f9d "s "o 9 a mom5t :o w d5y t any?+ c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,& s1 :ile we are sil5t1 all p]ception & compreh5sion is done away ) by ! two pr9ciples laid d[n1 "o by ,epicurus & ! o!r by y4 ,:at is ,epicurus's maxim8--,if any?+ t appe>s to ! s5ses be false1 !n no?+ c be p]ceiv$4 ,:at is y\rs8--,! appe>ances pres5t$ to ! s5ses are false4--,:at is ! conclusion8 ,ev5 if ,i hold my tongue1 x speaks = itself1 t no?+ c be p]ceiv$4 ,i d n grant t1 says he1 to ,epicurus4 ,argue !n ) him1 z he is :olly at v>iance ) y1 b leave me alone1 :o c]ta9ly agree ) y s f>1 t ! s5ses are liable to error4 ,al?\gh no?+ appe>s s /range to me1 z t su* ?+s %\ld be said1 especially by ,antio*us1 to :om ! propositions :i* ,i h j m5tion$ 7 ?or\ghly kn[n4 ,= al?\gh1 if he pleases1 any "o may f9d fault ) ?is1 namely ) our d5y+ t any?+ c be p]ceiv$2 at all ev5ts x is n a v s]i\s repro( t we c h to endure4 ,b z = our /atem5t t "s ?+s are probable1 ?is does n seem to y to be suffici5t4 ,grant t x is n4 ,at lea/ we ought to escape ! reproa*es :i* are incessantly b&i$ ab\t by y1 8,c y1 !n1 see no?+8 c y he> no?+8 is no?+ evid5t to y80 ,i expla9$ j n[1 on ! te/imony ( ,clitoma*us1 9 :at mann] ,c>neades int5d$ ^? /atem5ts to be tak54 ,he> n[1 h[ ! same ?+s are /at$ by ,clitoma*us 9 t book :i* he d$icat$ to ,caius ,lucilius1 ! poet1 aft] he _h writt5 on ! same subject to ,lucius ,c5sor9us1 ! "o1 ,i mean1 :o 0 consul ) ,m>cus ,manilius2 he !n us$ almo/ ^! v words2 = ,i am well acqua9t$ ) !m1 because ! fir/ idea & arrangem5t ( ^? v matt]s :i* we are n[ discuss+ is conta9$ 9 t book4 ,he !n uses ! foll[+ language-- 8,! philosoph]s ( ! ,academy are ( op9ion t !re are diff]5ces betwe5 ?+s ( su* a k9d t "s appe> probable1 & o!rs ! contr>y4 ,b t x is n a suffici5t reason = "o's say+ t "s ( ^! c be p]ceiv$ & t o!rs _c1 because _m ?+s :i* are false are probable2 b no?+ false c be p]ceiv$ & kn[n4 ,!re=e1 says he1 ^? m5 are egregi\sly wrong :o say t ! ,academics d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! s5ses2 = !y h nev] said t !re is no su* ?+ z col\r1 or ta/e1 or s\nd2 ! only po9t !y argue = is1 t !re is n 9 !m t peculi> *>act]i/ic m>k ( tru? & c]ta9ty :i* does n exi/ any:]e else40 ,& aft] hav+ expla9$ ?is1 he adds1 t !re are two s5ses 9 :i* ! wise man may be said to susp5d 8 ass5t3 "o1 :5 x is und]/ood t he1 z a g5]al rule1 ass5ts to no?+2 ! o!r1 :5 he =be>s answ]+1 s z to say t he approves or disapproves ( any?+1 or1 s z to d5y or affirm any?+4 ,?is be+ ! case1 he approves ( ! "o s5se1 s z nev] to ass5t to any?+2 & adh]es to ! o!r1 s z to be able to answ] yes1 or no1 foll[+ probability :5ev] x ei!r occurs or is want+4 ,& t "o may n be a/oni%$ at "o1 :o 9 e matt] )holds himself f express+ 8 ass5t1 be+ nev]!less agitat$ & excit$ to action1 he leaves u p]ceptions ( ! sort by :i* we are excit$ to action1 & ^? ow+ to :i* we c1 :5 que/ion$1 answ] ei!r way1 be+ guid$ only by appe>ances1 z long z we avoid express+ a delib]ate ass5t4 ,& yet we mu/ look ^u all appe>ances ( t k9d z probable1 b only ^? :i* h no ob/acles to c\nt]act !m4 ,if we d n induce y to approve ( ^! ideas1 !y may p]haps be false1 b !y c]ta9ly d n des]ve odium4 ,= we are n depriv+ y ( any light2 b ) ref]5ce to ! ?+s :i* y ass]t are p]ceiv$ & compreh5d$1 we say1 t if !y be only probable1 !y appe> to be true4 ,,xxxiii4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 :at is probable1 is ?us inf]r$ & laid d[n1 & at ! same "t dis5cumb]$ ( all difficulties1 set free & unre/ra9$1 & dis5tangl$ f all extrane\s circum/ances2 y see1 ,lucullus1 t t def5ce ( p]spicuity :i* y took 9 h& is utt]ly ov]?r[n4 ,= ?is wise man ( :om ,i am speak+ w survey ! heav5 & e>? & sea ) ! same eyes z y\r wise man2 & w feel ) ! same s5ses all ^? o!r ?+s :i* fall "u ea* respective s5se4 ,t sea1 :i* n[1 z ! we/ w9d is ris+ ov] x1 appe>s purple to u1 w appe> s too to our wise man1 b nev]!less he w n sanction ! appe>ance by 8 ass5t2 because1 to u ourselves x appe>$ j n[ blue1 & 9 ! morn+ x appe>$ yell[2 & n[1 too1 because x sp>kles 9 ! sun1 x is :ite & dimpl$1 & q unlike ! adjac5t cont95t2 s t1 ev5 if y c\ld give an acc\nt :y x is s1 /ill y c\ld n e/abli% ! tru? ( ! appe>ance t is pres5t$ to ! eyes4 ,:5ce !n1--= ?is 0 ! "q :i* y ask$1--comes memory1 if we p]ceive no?+1 s9ce we _c recollect any?+ :i* we h se5 unless we h compreh5d$ x8 ,:at8 ,did ,polynus1 :o is said to h be5 a great ma!matician1 aft] he _h be5 p]suad$ by ,epicurus to believe all geometry to be false1 =get all ! k :i* he _h previ\sly possess$8 ,b t :i* is false _c be compreh5d$ z y y\rselves ass]t4 ,if1 !re=e1 memory is conv]sant only ) ?+s :i* h be5 p]ceiv$ & compreh5d$1 !n x reta9s z compreh5d$ & p]ceiv$ all t e "o rememb]s4 ,b no?+ false c be compreh5d$2 & ,scyron recollects all ! dogmas ( ,epicurus2 !re=e !y are all true4 ,= all ,i c>e1 !y may be2 b y also mu/ ei!r admit t !y are s1 & t is ! la/ ?+ 9 y\r ?\ghts1 or else y mu/ all[ me memory1 & grant t !re is pl5ty ( room = x1 ev5 if !re be no compreh5sion or p]ception4 ,:at !n is to become ( ! arts8 ,( :at arts8 ( ^?1 :i* ( _! own accord confess t !y proce$ on conjecture m ?an on k2 or ( ^? :i* only foll[ :at appe>s to !m1 & are de/itute ( t art :i* y possess to enable !m to di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & falsehood8 ,b !re are two lights :i*1 m ?an any o!rs1 conta9 ! :ole case2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 y d5y ! possibility ( any man inv>iably )hold+ 8 ass5t f ev]y?+4 ,b t is q pla92 s9ce ,pantius1 almo/ ! greate/ man1 9 my op9ion1 ( all ! ,/oics1 says t he is 9 d\bt z to t matt]1 :i* all ! ,/oics except him ?9k absolutely c]ta91 namely z to ! tru? ( ! auspices tak5 by soo?say]s1 & ( oracles1 & dreams1 & prophecies2 & =be>s to express any ass5t respect+ !m4 ,& :y1 if he may pursue ?is c\rse conc]n+ ^? matt]s1 :i* ! m5 ( :om he himself le>nt consid]$ unque/ionable1 :y may n a wise man d s too 9 all o!r cases8 ,is !re any position :i* a man may ei!r approve or disapprove ( aft] x has be5 ass]t$1 b yet may n d\bt ab\t8 ,may y d s ) respect to ! sorites :5ev] y please1 & may n he take 8 /& 9 ! same mann] 9 o!r cases1 especially :5 )\t express+ 8 ass5t he may be able to foll[ a probability :i* is n emb>rass$ by any?+8 ,! second po9t is t y decl>e t man incapable ( action :o )holds 8 ass5t f ev]y?+4 ,= fir/ ( all we mu/ see 9 :at ass5t consi/s4 ,= ! ,/oics say t ! s5ses !mselves are ass5ts2 t desire comes aft] !m1 & action aft] desire4 ,b t e ?+ is at an end if we d5y p]ception4 ,,xxxiv4 ,n[ on ?is subject _m ?+s h be5 said & writt5 on bo? sides1 b ! :ole matt] may be summ$ up 9 a few words4 ,= al?\gh ,i ?9k x a v great exploit to resi/ "o's p]ceptions1 to )/& "o's vague op9ions1 to *eck "o's prop5sity to give ass5t to propositions1--& ?\gh ,i q agree ) ,clitoma*us1 :5 he writes t ,c>neades a*iev$ a ,h]culean lab\r :51 z if x _h be5 a savage & =midable mon/]1 he extract$ ass5t1 t is to say1 vague op9ion & ra%ness1 f our m9ds1--yet1 suppos+ t "p ( ! def5ce is :olly omitt$1 :at w h9d] ! action ( t man :o foll[s probability1 )\t any ob/acle aris+ to emb>rass him8 ,?is ?+ ( itself1 says he1 w emb>rass him1--t he w lay x d[n1 t ev5 ! ?+ he approves ( _c be p]ceiv$4 ,& t w h9d] y1 also1 9 sail+1 9 plant+1 9 m>ry+ a wife1 9 becom+ ! p>5t ( *ildr51 & 9 _m ?+s 9 :i* y foll[ no?+ except :at is probable4 ,&1 nev]!less1 y br+ up aga9 t old & (t5 repudiat$ objection1 to employ x n z ,antipat] did1 b1 z y say1 9 a clos] mann]4 ,= y tell u t ,antipat] 0 blam$ = say+1 t x 0 consi/5t 9 a man :o affirm$ t no?+ c\ld be compreh5d$1 to say t at lea/ ?is fact ( t impossibility c\ld be compreh5d$2 :i* appe>$ ev5 to ,antio*us to be a /upid k9d ( ass]tion1 & contradictory to itself4 ,= t x _c be said ) any consi/5cy t no?+ c be compreh5d$1 if x is ass]t$ at ! same "t t ! fact ( ! impossibility c be compreh5d$4 ,he ?9ks t ,c>neades ought r to be press$ 9 ?is way3--,z ! wise man admits ( no dogma except su* z is compreh5d$1 p]ceiv$1 & kn[n1 he mu/ !re=e confess t ?is v dogma ( ! wise man1 8t no?+ c be p]ceiv$10 is p]ceiv$2 z if ! wise man _h no o!r maxim :atev]1 & z if he c\ld pass 8 life )\t any4 ,b z he has o!rs1 :i* are probable1 b n positively p]ceiv$1 s also has he ?is "o1 t no?+ c be p]ceiv$4 ,= if he _h on ?is po9t any *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 k1 he w\ld also h x on all o!r po9ts2 b s9ce he has x n1 he employs probabilities4 ,!re=e he is n afraid ( appe>+ to be ?r[+ ev]y?+ into confusion1 & mak+ x unc]ta94 ,= x is n admissible = a p]son to say t he is ignorant ab\t duty1 & ab\t _m o!r ?+s ) :i* he is con/antly mix$ up & conv]sant2 z he might say1 if he 7 ask$ :e!r ! numb] ( ! />s is odd or ev54 ,= 9 ?+s unc]ta91 no?+ is probable2 b z to ^? matt]s 9 :i* !re is probability1 9 ^? ! wise man w n be at a loss :at to d1 or :at answ] to give4 ,nor h y1 ,o ,lucullus1 omitt$ t o!r objection ( ,antio*us 7&1 inde$1 x is no wond]1 = x is a v notori\s "o17 by :i* he us$ to say t ,philo 0 above all ?+s p]plex$4 ,= :5 "o proposition 0 assum$1 t "s appe>ances 7 false1 & a second "o t !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 !m & true ones1 he said t t s*ool omitt$ to take notice t ! =m] proposition _h be5 grant$ by him1 because !re did appe> to be "s diff]5ce betwe5 appe>ances2 b t t 0 put an end to by ! second proposition1 :i* ass]t$ t !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 false & true ones2 = t no two ass]tions c\ld be m contradictory4 ,& ?is objection w\ld be correct if we altoge!r put tru? out ( ! "q3 b we d n2 = we see bo? true appe>ances & false ones4 ,b !re is a %[ ( probability 9 !m1 ?\gh ( p]ception we h no sign :atev]4 ,,xxxv4 ,& ,i seem to myself to be at ?is mom5t adopt+ too meagre an argum5t2 =1 :5 !re is a wide pla91 9 :i* our disc\rse may rove at lib]ty1 :y %\ld we conf9e x )9 su* n>r[ /raits1 & drive x into ! ?ickets ( ! ,/oics8 ,= if ,i 7 argu+ ) a ,p]ipatetic1 :o said 8t ev]y?+ c\ld be p]ceiv$ :i* 0 an impression orig9at+ 9 ! tru?10 & :o did n employ t additional clause1--89 su* a way z x c\ld n orig9ate 9 :at 0 false10 ,i %\ld !n deal pla9ly ) a pla9 man1 & %\ld n be v disputati\s4 ,& ev5 if1 :5 ,i said t no?+ c\ld be compreh5d$1 he 0 to say t a wise man 0 sometimes guid$ by op9ion1 ,i %\ld n contradict him2 especially z ev5 ,c>neades is n v ho/ile to ?is idea4 ,z x is1 :at c ,i d8 ,= ,i am ask+ :at !re is t c be compreh5d$2 & ,i am answ]$1 n by ,ari/otle1 or ,!ophra/us1 or ev5 ,x5ocrates or ,polemo1 b by "o :o is ( mu* lat] date ?an !y1--8,a tru? ( su* a nature z :at is false _c be40 ,i f9d no?+ ( ! sort4 ,!re=e ,i w1 9 tru?1 ass5t to :at is unkn[n2--t is to say1 ,i w be guid$ by op9ion4 ,?is ,i am all[$ to d bo? by ! ,p]ipatetics & by ! ,old ,academy2 b y refuse me su* indulg5ce1 & 9 ?is refusal ,antio*us is ! =emo/1 :o has great weight ) me1 ei!r because ,i lov$ ! man1 z he did me1 or because ,i consid] him ! mo/ ref9$ & acute ( all ! philosoph]s ( our age4 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 ,i w ask him h[ x is t he is a foll[] ( t ,academy to :i* he pr(esses to belong8 ,=1 to pass ov] o!r po9ts1 :o is !re1 ei!r ( ! ,old ,academy or ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 :o has ev] made ^! two ass]tions :i* are ! subject ( discussion1--ei!r t t alone c\ld be p]ceiv$ :i* 0 a tru? ( su* a nature1 z :at 0 false c\ld n be2 or t a wise man 0 nev] guid$ by op9ion8 ,c]ta9ly no "o ( !m ev] said s4 ,nei!r ( ^! propositions 0 mu* ma9ta9$ be=e ,z5o's "t4 ,b ,i consid] bo? ( !m true2 & ,i d n say s j to s]ve ! pres5t turn1 b x is my hone/ op9ion4 ,,xxxvi4 ,?is is :at ,i _c be>4 ,:5 y =bid me to ass5t to :at ,i d n "k1 & say su* a proce$+ is mo/ discr$itable1 & full ( ra%ness1--:5 y1 at ! same "t1 arrogate s mu* to y\rself1 z to take ^u y\rself to expla9 ! :ole sy/em ( wisdom1 to unfold ! nature ( all ?+s1 to =m m5's mann]s1 to fix ! limits ( good & evil1 to describe m5's duties1 & also to und]take to tea* a complete rule & sy/em ( disput+ & und]/&+1 w y be able to prev5t me f nev] tripp+ :ile embrac+ all ^? multitud9\s bran*es ( k8 ,:at1 9 %ort1 is t s*ool to :i* y w\ld conduct me1 aft] y h c>ri$ me away f ?is "o8 ,i fe> y w be act+ r arrogantly if y say x is y\r own4 ,/ill y mu/ inevitably say s4 ,nor1 inde$1 are y ! only p]son :o w\ld say su* a ?+1 b e "o w try & tempt me to 8 own4 ,come2 suppose ,i resi/ ! ,p]ipatetics1 :o say t !y are closely connect$ ) ! orators1 & t illu/ri\s m5 :o h be5 in/ruct$ by !m h (t5 gov]n$ ! republic2--suppose t ,i )/& ! ,epicureans1 s _m ( :om are fri5ds ( my own1--excell5t1 unit$1 & affectionate m52--:at am ,i to d ) respect to ,deodotus ! ,/oic1 ( :om ,i h be5 a pupil f my y\?1--:o has be5 liv+ ) me s _m ye>s1--:o dwells 9 my h\se1--:om ,i admire & love1 & :o despises all ^? !ories ( ,antio*us8 ,our pr9ciples1 y w say1 are ! only true ones4 ,c]ta9ly ! only true ones1 if !y are true at all2 = !re _c be _m true pr9ciples incompatible ) "o ano!r4 ,are we !n %ameless :o are unwill+ to make mi/akes2 or !y arrogant :o h p]suad$ !mselves t !y are ! only p :o "k ev]y?+8 ,i d n1 says he1 ass]t t ,i1 b t ! wise man kn[s ev]y?+4 ,exactly s2 t he kn[s ^? ?+s :i* are ! pr9ciples ( y\r s*ool4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at an ass]tion x is t wisdom _c be expla9$ by a wise man4--,b let u leave (f speak+ ( ourselves2 let u speak ( ! wise man1 ab\t :om1 z ,i h (t5 said be=e1 ! :ole ( ?is discussion is4 ,wisdom1 !n1 is di/ribut$ by mo/ p1 & inde$ by u1 into ?ree p>ts4 ,fir/ !re=e1 if y please1 let u consid] ! rese>*es t h be5 made into ! nature ( ?+s4 ,is !re any "o s puff$ up ) a false op9ion ( himself z to h p]suad$ himself t he kn[s ^? ?+s8 ,i am n ask+ ab\t ^? reasons :i* dep5d on conjecture1 :i* are dragg$ e way by discussions1 & :i* d n admit any necessity ( p]suasion4 ,let ! geometricians look to t1 :o pr(ess n to p]suade m5 to believe !m1 b to compel !m to d s2 & :o prove to y ev]y?+ t !y describe4 ,i am n ask+ ^! m5 = ^? pr9ciples ( ! ma!maticians1 :i*1 if !y be n grant$1 !y _c advance a s+le /ep2 su* z t a po9t is a ?+ :i* has no magnitude1--t an extremity or levelness1 z x 71 is a space :i* has no ?ickness1--t a l9e is l5g? )\t bread?4 ,?\gh ,i %\ld grant t all ^! axioms are true1 if ,i 7 to add an oa?1 d y ?9k a wise man w\ld swe> t ! sun is _m degrees great] ?an ! e>?1 be=e ,ar*im$es _h1 be=e 8 eyes1 made out all ^? calculations by :i* x is prov$8 ,if he does1 !n he w be despis+ ! sun :i* he consid]s a god4 ,b if he w n believe ! ma!matical calculations :i* employ a sort ( con/ra9t 9 tea*+1--z y y\rselves say1--surely he w be v f> f believ+ ! argum5ts ( philosoph]s2 or1 if he does believe any su*1 :i* s*ool w he believe8 ,"o may expla9 all ! pr9ciples ( natural philosoph]s1 b x w\ld take a long "t3 ,i ask1 h[ev]1 :om he w foll[8 ,suppose = a mom5t t "s "o is n[ be+ made a wise man1 b is n "o yet1--:at sy/em & :at s*ool %all he select above all o!rs8 ,=1 :atev] "o he selects1 he w select :ile he is /ill unwise4 ,b grant t he is a man ( godlike g5ius1 :i* ( all ! natural philosoph]s w he approve ( above all o!rs8 ,= he _c approve ( m ?an "o4 ,i w n pursue an inf9ite numb] ( que/ions2 only let u see :om he w approve ( ) respect to ! elem5ts ( ?+s ( :i* all ?+s are compos$2 = !re is a great disagreem5t among ! greate/ m5 on ?is subject4 ,,xxxvii4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,?ales1 "o ( ! sev51 to :om !y say t ! o!r six yield$ ! preem95ce1 said t ev]y?+ orig9at$ out ( wat]2 b he fail$ to conv9ce ,anaxim&]1 8 c\ntryman & companion1 ( ?is !ory2 = 8 idea 0 t !re 0 an inf9ity ( nature f :i* all ?+s 7 produc$4 ,aft] him1 8 pupil1 ,anaxim5es1 said t ! air 0 inf9ite1 b t ! ?+s :i* 7 g5]at$ f x 7 f9ite2 & t ! e>?1 & wat]1 & fire1 7 g5]at$1 & t f !m 0 produc$ ev]y?+ else4 ,anaxagoras said t matt] 0 inf9ite2 b t f x 7 produc$ m9ute p>ticles resembl+ "o ano!r2 t at fir/ !y 7 confus$1 b aft]w>ds br\ght into ord] by div9e intellect4 ,x5ophanes1 :o 0 a little m anci5t /ill1 ass]t$ t all ?+s 7 only "o s+le be+1 & t t be+ 0 immutable & a god1 n born1 b ev]la/+1 ( a globul> =m4 ,p>m5ides consid]$ t x is fire t moves ! e>?1 :i* is =m$ out ( x4 ,leucippus ?\ght t !re 0 a pl5um1 & a vacuum2 ,democritus resembl$ him 9 ?is idea1 b 0 m copi\s on o!r matt]s3 ,emp$ocles adopts ! !ory ( ! f\r ord9>y & commonly kn[n elem5ts4 ,h]aclitus ref]s ev]y?+ to fire2 ,melissus ?9ks t :at exi/s is inf9ite1 immutable1 always has exi/$1 & always w4 ,plato ?9ks t ! _w 0 made by ,god1 s z to be et]nal1 out ( matt] :i* collects ev]y?+ to itself4 ,! ,py?agoreans affirm t ev]y?+ proce$s f numb]s1 & f ! pr9ciples ( ma!maticians4 ,n[ ( all ^! diff]5t tea*]s ! wise man w1 ,i imag9e1 select "s "o to foll[2 all ! re/1 num]\s1 & great m5 z !y are1 w be disc>d$ by him & condemn$2 b :i*ev] doctr9e he approves ( he w reta9 9 8 m9d1 be+ compreh5d$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? ?+s :i* he compreh5ds by means ( ! s5ses2 nor w he feel any great] c]ta9ty ( ! fact ( its n[ be+ day1 ?an1 s9ce he is a ,/oic1 ( ?is _w be+ wise1 be+ end[$ ) intellect1 :i* has made bo? itself & ! _w1 & :i* regulates1 sets 9 motion1 & gov]ns ev]y?+4 ,he w also be p]suad$ t ! sun1 & moon1 & all ! />s1 & ! e>?1 & sea1 are gods1 because a c]ta9 animal intellig5ce p]vades & passes ?r\gh !m all3 b nev]!less t x w happ5 "s day or o!r t all ?is _w w be burnt up ) fire4 ,,xxxviii4 ,suppose t all ?is is true3 7= y see already t ,i admit t some?+ is true17 /ill ,i d5y t ^! ?+s are compreh5d$ & p]ceiv$4 ,= :5 t wise ,/oic ( y\rs has repeat$ all t to y1 syllable by syllable1 ,ari/otle w come =w>d p\r+ =? a gold5 /ream ( eloqu5ce1 & pron\nce him a fool2 & ass]t t ! _w has nev] _h a beg9n+1 because !re nev] exi/$ any beg9n+ ( s admirable a "w f ! adoption ( a new plan3 & t ! _w is s excell5tly made 9 e "p t no p[] c\ld be great en\gh to cause su* motion1 & su* *anges2 nor c\ld any "t :atev] be long en\gh to produce an old age capable ( caus+ all ?is beauty to decay & p]i%4 ,x w be indisp5sable = y to d5y ?is1 & to def5d ! =m] doctr9e z y w\ld y\r own life & reputation2 may ,i n h ev5 leave to ent]ta9 a d\bt on ! matt]8 ,to say no?+ ab\t ! folly ( p :o ass5t to propositions ra%ly1 :at value am ,i to set ^u a lib]ty :i* w n all[ to me :at is necess>y = y8 ,:y did ,god1 :5 he 0 mak+ ev]y?+ = ! sake ( man1 7= ?is is y\r doctr9e17 make su* a multitude ( wat]-s]p5ts & vip]s8 ,:y did he scatt] s _m p]nici\s & fatal ?+s ov] ! e>?8 ,y ass]t t all ?is univ]se c\ld n h be5 made s beautifully & s +5i\sly )\t "s godlike wisdom2 ! maje/y ( :i* y trace d[n ev5 to ! p]fection ( bees & ants2 s t x w\ld seem t !re mu/ h be5 a ,myrmecides7#ab7 among ! gods2 ! mak] ( all animat$ ?+s4 ,y say t no?+ c h any p[] )\t ,god4 ,exactly opposite is ! doctr9e ( ,/rato ( ,lampsacus1 :o gives t ,god ( 8 exemption f all important bus9ess4 ,b z ! prie/s ( ! gods h a holiday1 h[ mu* m reasonable is x t ! gods %\ld h "o !mselves8 ,he !n ass]ts t he has no ne$ ( ! aid ( ! gods to acc\nt = ! mak+ ( ! _w4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s1 he says1 0 made by ,nature3 n agree+ ) t o!r philosoph] :o tea*es1 t ! univ]se is a concrete mass ( r\gh & smoo?1 & hook$ & crook$ bodies1 ) ! addition ( a vacuum3 ?is he calls a dream ( ,democritus1 & says t he is "h n tea*+1 b wi%+2--b he himself1 exam9+ ea* sep>ate "p ( ! _w1 tea*es t :atev] exi/s1 & :atev] is done1 is caus$1 or has be5 caus$1 by natural weights & motions4 ,9 ?is way he releases ,god f a great deal ( h>d "w1 & me f fe>2 = :o is !re :o1 7:5 he ?9ks t he is an object ( div9e c>e17 does n feel an awe ( ! div9e p[] day & night8 ,& :o1 :5ev] any mis=tunes happ5 to him 7& :at man is !re to :om none happ587 feels a dread le/ !y may h befall5 him des]v$ly--n1 inde$1 t ,i agree ) t2 b nei!r d ,i ) y3 at "o "t ,i ?9k "o doctr9e m probable1 & at o!r times ,i incl9e to ! o!r4 ,,xxxix4 ,all ^! my/]ies1 ,o ,lucullus1 lie conceal$ & envelop$ 9 d>kness s ?ick t no human +5uity has a sight suffici5tly pi]c+ to p5etrate into heav51 & dive into ! e>?4 ,we d n und]/& our own bodies3 we d n "k :at is ! situation ( _! diff]5t p>ts1 or :at p[] ea* "p has3 !re=e1 ! physicians !mselves1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to und]/& ^! ?+s1 h op5$ bodies 9 ord] to lay ^? p>ts op5 to view4 ,& yet empirics say t !y are n ! bett] kn[n = t2 because x is possible t1 by be+ laid op5 & uncov]$1 !y may be *ang$4 ,b is x possible = u1 9 ! same mann]1 to anatomize1 & op51 & dissect ! natures ( ?+s1 s z to see :e!r ! e>? is firmly fix$ on its f\ndations & /icks firm on its roots1 if ,i may s say1 or :e!r x hangs 9 ! middle ( a vacuum8 ,x5ophanes says t ! moon is inhabit$1 & t x is a c\ntry ( _m cities & m\nta9s4 ,^! ass]tions seem /range1 b ! man :o has made !m c\ld n take 8 oa? t su* is ! case2 nor c\ld ,i take m9e t x is n ! case4 ,y also say t1 opposite to u1 on ! contr>y side ( ! e>?1 !re are p :o /& ) _! feet opposite to our feet1 & y call !m ,antipodes4 ,:y are y m angry ) me1 :o d n despise ^! !ories1 ?an ) ^? :o1 :5 !y he> !m1 ?9k t y are beside y\rselves8 ,hiretas ( ,syracuse1 z ,!ophra/us tells u1 ?9ks t ! sun1 & moon1 & />s1 & all ! heav5ly bodies1 9 %ort1 /& /ill2 & t no?+ 9 ! _w moves except ! e>?2 &1 z t turns & revolves on its own axis ) ! greate/ rapidity1 he ?9ks t ev]y?+ is made to appe> by x z if x 7 ! heav5 :i* is mov$ :ile ! e>? /&s /ill4 ,&1 inde$1 "s p ?9k t ,plato1 9 ! ,timu1 ass]ts ?is1 only r obscurely4 ,:at is y\r op9ion1 ,epicurus8 ,speak4 ,d y ?9k t ! sun is s small8--,d ,i8 ,d y y\rselves ?9k x s l>ge8 ,b all ( y are ridicul$ by him1 & y 9 y\r turn mock him4 ,socrates1 !n1 is free f ?is ridicule1 & s is ,ari/on ( ,*ios1 :o ?9ks t none ( ^! matt]s c be kn[n4 ,b ,i return to ! m9d & body4 ,is x suffici5tly kn[n by u :at is ! nature ( ! s9ews & ( ! ve9s8 ,d we compreh5d :at ! m9d is8--:]e x is8--or1 9 %ort1 :e!r x exi/s at all1 or :e!r1 z ,dicar*us ?9ks1 !re is no su* ?+ :atev]8 ,if !re is su* a ?+1 d we "k :e!r x has ?ree divisions1 z ,plato ?\ght2 ^? ( reason1 ang]1 & desire8--or :e!r x is s+le & uni=m8 ,if x is s+le & uni=m1 d we "k :e!r x is fire1 or brea?1 or blood8--or1 z ,x5ocrates says1 numb] )\t a body8--?\gh1 :at sort ( ?+ t is1 is n v easy to und]/&4 ,& :atev] x is1 d we "k :e!r x is mortal or et]nal8 ,= _m argum5ts are alleg$ on bo? sides4 ,,xl4 ,"s ( ^! !ories seem c]ta9 to y\r wise man3 b ours does n ev5 see :at is mo/ probable2 s ne>ly equal 9 weight are ! opposite argum5ts 9 mo/ cases4 ,if y proce$ m mode/ly1 & reproa* me1 n because ,i d n ass5t to y\r reason+1 b because ,i d n ass5t to any1 ,i w n resi/ any fur!r3 b ,i w select "s "o ) :om ,i may agree4 ,:om %all ,i *oose8--:om8 ,democritus8 =1 z y "k1 ,i h always be5 a fav\r] ( noble bir?4 ,i %all be at once ov]:elm$ ) ! reproa*es ( y\r :ole body4 ,c y ?9k1 !y w say to me1 t !re is any vacuum1 :5 ev]y?+ is s fill$ & close pack$ t :5ev] any body leaves its place & moves1 ! place :i* x leaves is imm$iately occupi$ by "s o!r body8 ,or c y believe t !re are any atoms to :i* :atev] is made by _! comb9ation is entirely unlike8 or t any excell5t ?+ c be made )\t intellect8 ,&1 s9ce ?is admirable beauty is f\nd 9 "o _w1 d y ?9k t !re are also innum]able o!r worlds1 above1 bel[1 on ! "r h& & on ! left1 be=e1 & beh9d1 "s unlike ?is "o1 & "s ( ! same k9d8 ,&1 z we are n[ at ,bauli1 & are behold+ ,puteoli1 d y ?9k t !re are 9 o!r places l ^! a c\ntless ho/ ( m51 ( ! same names & rank1 & exploits1 & tal5ts1 & appe>ances1 & ages1 argu+ on ! same subjects8 ,& if at ?is mom5t1 or :5 we are asleep1 we seem to see any?+ 9 our m9d1 d y ?9k t ^? images ent] f )\t1 p5etrat+ into our m9ds ?r\gh our bodies8 ,y c nev] adopt su* ideas z ^!1 or give y\r ass5t to su* prepo/]\s notions4 ,x is bett] to h no ideas at all ?an to h su* errone\s ones z ^!4 ,y\r object1 !n1 is n to make me sanction any?+ by my ass5t4 ,if x 71 consid] :e!r x w\ld n be an impud5t1 n to say an arrogant dem&1 especially z ^! pr9ciples ( y\rs d n seem to me to be ev5 probable4 ,= ,i d n believe t !re is any su* ?+ z div9ation1 :i* y ass5t to2 & ,i also despise fate1 by :i* y say t ev]y?+ is regulat$4 ,i d n ev5 believe t ?is _w 0 =m$ by div9e wisdom2 or1 ,i %\ld r say1 ,i d n "k :e!r x 0 s =m$ or n4 ,,xli4 ,b :y %\ld y seek to disp>age me8 ,may ,i n confess t ,i d n und]/& :at ,i really d n8 ,or may ! ,/oics argue ) "o o!r1 & may ,i n argue ) !m8 ,z5o1 & ne>ly all ! re/ ( ! ,/oics1 consid] !r z ! ,supreme ,god1 be+ endu$ ) reason1 by :i* ev]y?+ is gov]n$4 ,clean!s1 :o we may call a ,/oic1 ,majorum ,g5tium1 ! pupil ( ,z5o1 ?9ks t ! ,sun has ! supreme rule ov] & gov]nm5t ( ev]y?+4 ,we are compell$1 !re=e1 by ! diss5sions ( ^! wise m51 to be ignorant ( our own rul]1 inasmu* z we d n "k :e!r we are subjects ( ! ,sun or ( !r4 ,b ! great size ( ! sun1 7= ?is pres5t radiance ( 8 appe>s to be look+ at me17 w>ns me to make frequ5t m5tion ( him4 ,n[ y all speak ( 8 magnitude z if y _h measur$ x ) a t5-foot rule1 7?\gh ,i refuse cr$it to y\r measurem5t1 look+ on y z b bad ar*itects47 ,is !re !n any room = d\bt1 :i* ( u1 to speak z g5tly z possible1 is ! m mode/ ( ! two8 ,n1 h[ev]1 t ,i ?9k ^? que/ions ( ! natural philosoph]s des]v+ ( be+ utt]ly bani%$ f our consid]ation2 = ! consid]ation & contemplation ( nature is a sort ( natural food1 if ,i may say s1 = our m9ds & tal5ts4 ,we are elevat$ by x1 we seem to be rais$ above ! e>?1 we look d[n on human affairs2 & by fix+ our ?\ghts on high & heav5ly ?+s we despise ! affairs ( ?is life1 z small & inconsid]able4 ,! m]e inve/igation ( ?+s ( ! greate/ importance1 :i* are at ! same "t v secret1 has a c]ta9 pleasure 9 x4 ,& :5 any?+ meets u :i* appe>s likely1 our m9ds are fill$ ) pleasure ?or\ghly wor?y ( a man4 ,bo? y\r wise man & ours1 !n1 w inquire into ^! ?+s2 b y\rs w d s 9 ord] to ass5t1 to feel belief1 to express affirmation2 ours1 ) su* feel+s t he w fe> to yield ra%ly to op9ion1 & w ?9k t he has succe$$ admirably if 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d he has f\nd out any?+ :i* is likely4 ,let u n[ come to ! "q ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,b we mu/ say a few words by way ( preface4 ,x appe>s to me t !y :o speak s positively ab\t ^? que/ions ( natural philosophy1 d n reflect t !y are depriv+ !mselves ( ! au?ority ( ^? ideas :i* appe> m cle>4 ,= !y _c give a cle>] ass5t to1 or a m positive approval ( ! fact t x is n[ daylight1 ?an !y d1 :5 ! cr[ croaks1 to ! idea t x is comm&+ or prohibit+ some?+4 ,nor w !y affirm t t /atue is six feet high m positively aft] !y h measur$ x1 ?an t ! sun1 :i* !y _c measure1 is m ?an eighte5 times z l>ge z ! e>?4 ,f :i* ?is conclusion arises3 if x _c be p]ceiv$ h[ l>ge ! sun is1 he :o ass5ts to o!r ?+s 9 ! same mann] z he does to ! magnitude ( ! sun1 does n p]ceive !m4 ,b ! magnitude ( ! sun _c be p]ceiv$4 ,he1 !n1 :o ass5ts to a /atem5t ab\t x1 z if he p]ceiv$ x1 p]ceives no?+4 ,suppose !y 7 to reply t x is possible to p]ceive h[ l>ge ! sun is2 ,i w n object z long z !y admit t o!r ?+s too c be p]ceiv$ & compreh5d$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,= !y _c affirm t "o ?+ c be compreh5d$ m or less ?an ano!r1 s9ce !re is only "o def9ition ( ! compreh5sion ( ev]y?+4 ,,xlii4 ,h[ev]1 to g back to :at ,i _h begun to say--,:at h we 9 good & bad c]ta9ly asc]ta9$8 7we mu/1 ( c\rse1 fix b\nd>ies to :i* ! sum ( good & evil is to be ref]r$27 :at subject1 9 fact1 is !re ab\t :i* !re is a great] disagreem5t betwe5 ! mo/ le>n$ m58 ,i say no?+ ab\t ^? po9ts :i* seem n[ to be ab&on$2 or ab\t ,h]illus1 :o places ! *ief good 9 k & sci5ce3 & ?\gh he _h be5 a pupil ( ,z5o1 y see h[ f> he disagrees ) him1 & h[ v little he diff]s f ,plato4 ,! s*ool ( ! ,meg>ic philosoph]s 0 a v celebrat$ "o2 & its *ief1 z ,i see x /at$ 9 books1 0 ,x5ophanes1 :om ,i m5tion$ j n[4 ,aft] him came ,p>m5ides & ,z5o2 & f !m ! ,eleatic philosoph]s get _! "n4 ,aft]w>ds came ,euclid ( ,meg>a1 a pupil ( ,socrates1 f :om t s*ool got ! "n ( ,meg>ic4 ,& !y def9$ t z ! only good :i* 0 always "o1 alike1 & id5tical4 ,!y also borr[$ a great deal f ,plato4 ,b ! ,eretrian philosoph]s1 :o 7 s call$ f ,m5$umus1 because he 0 a native ( ,eretria1 plac$ all good 9 ! m9d1 & 9 t acut5ess ( ! m9d by :i* ! tru? is disc]n$4 ,! ,meg>ians say v ne>ly ! same1 only t !y1 ,i ?9k1 develop _! !ory ) m elegance & ri*ness ( illu/ration4 ,if we n[ despise ^! m51 & ?9k !m wor?less1 at all ev5ts we ought to %[ m respect = ,ari/on1 :o1 hav+ be5 a pupil ( ,z5o1 adopt$ 9 reality ! pr9ciples :i* he _h ass]t$ 9 words2 namely1 t !re 0 no?+ good except virtue1 & no?+ evil except :at 0 contr>y to virtue2 & :o d5i$ altoge!r ! exi/5ce ( ^? influ5ces :i* ,z5o cont5d$ = z be+ int]m$iate1 & nei!r good nor evil4 ,8 idea ( ! *ief good1 is be+ affect$ 9 nei!r direction by ^! circum/ances2 & ?is /ate ( m9d he calls 2 b ,pyrrho ass]ts t ! wise man does n ev5 feel !m2 & t /ate is call$ 4 ,to say no?+1 !n1 ( all ^! op9ions1 let u n[ exam9e ^? o!rs :i* h be5 long & vigor\sly ma9ta9$4 ,"s h acc\nt$ pleasure ! *ief good2 ! *ief ( :om 0 ,ari/ippus1 :o _h be5 a pupil ( ,socrates1 & f :om ! ,cyr5aic s*ool spr+4 ,aft] him came ,epicurus1 ^: s*ool is n[ bett] kn[n1 ?\gh he does n exactly agree ) ! ,cyr5aics ab\t pleasure itself4 ,b ,callipho ?\ght t pleasure & hon\r comb9$ made up ! *ief good4 ,hi]onymus plac$ x 9 be+ free f all annoyance2 ,diodorus 9 ?is /ate :5 comb9$ ) hon\r4 ,bo? ^! la/ m5 7 ,p]ipatetics4 ,to live hon\rably1 enjoy+ ^? ?+s :i* nature makes mo/ de> to man1 0 ! def9ition bo? ( ! ,old ,academy1 7z we may le>n f ! writ+s ( ,polemo1 :o is highly approv$ ( by ,antio*us17 & ( ,ari/otle1 & x is ! "o to :i* 8 fri5ds appe> n[ to come ne>e/4 ,c>neades also introduc$ a def9ition1 7n because he approv$ ( x himself1 b = ! sake ( opposition to ! ,/oics17 t ! *ief good is to enjoy ^? ?+s :i* nature has made man consid] z mo/ desirable4 ,b ,z5o laid x d[n t t hon\rabl5ess :i* arises f con=mity to nature is ! *ief good4 ,& ,z5o 0 ! f\nd] & *ief ( ! ,/oic s*ool4 ,,xliii4 ,?is n[ is pla9 en\gh1 t all ^! *ief goods :i* ,i h m5tion$ h a *ief evil correspond+ to !m1 :i* is _! exact opposite4 ,i n[ put x to y1 :om %all ,i foll[8 only d n let any "o make me s ignorant & absurd a reply z1 ,any "o1 provid$ only t y foll[ "s "o or o!r4 ,no?+ m inconsid]ate c be said3 ,i wi% to foll[ ! ,/oics4 ,w ,antio*us1 7,i d n say ,ari/otle1 a man almo/1 9 my op9ion1 unrivall$ z a philosoph]1 b w ,antio*us7 give me leave8 ,& he 0 call$ an ,academic2 b he w\ld h be51 ) v little alt]ation1 some?+ v l a ,/oic4 ,! matt] %all n[ be br\ght to a decision4 ,= we mu/ ei!r give ! wise man to ! ,/oics or to ! ,old ,academy4 ,he _c belong to bo?2 = ! cont5tion betwe5 !m is n "o ab\t b\nd>ies1 b ab\t ! :ole t]ritory4 ,= ! :ole sy/em ( life dep5ds on ! def9ition ( ! *ief good2 & ^? :o diff] on t po9t1 diff] ab\t ! :ole sy/em ( life4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t ^? ( bo? ^! s*ools %\ld be wise1 s9ce !y diff] s mu* f "o ano!r3 b "o ( !m only c be s4 ,if x be ! disciple ( ,polemo1 !n ! ,/oic is wrong1 :o ass5ts to an error3 & y say t no?+ is s incompatible ) ! "* ( a wise man z t4 ,b if ! pr9ciples ( ,z5o be true1 !n we mu/ say ! same ( ! ,old ,academics & ( ! ,p]ipatetics2 & z ,i d n "k :i* is ! m wise ( ! two1 ,i give my ass5t to nei!r4 ,:at8 :5 ,antio*us 9 "s po9ts disagrees ) ! ,/oics :om he is s fond (1 does he n %[ t ^! pr9ciples _c be approv$ ( by a wise man8 ,! ,/oics ass]t t all (f5ces are equal3 b ,antio*us en]getically resi/s ?is doctr9e4 ,at lea/1 let me consid] be=e ,i decide :i* op9ion ,i w embrace4 ,cut ! matt] %ort1 says he1 d at la/ decide on some?+4 ,:at8 ,! reasons :i* are giv5 appe> to me to be bo? %rewd & ne>ly equal3 may ,i n !n be on my gu>d aga9/ committ+ a crime8 = y call$ x a crime1 ,lucullus1 to violate a pr9ciple2 ,i1 !re=e1 re/ra9 myself1 le/ ,i %\ld ass5t to :at ,i d n und]/&2 & ?is pr9ciple ,i h 9 common ) y4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 is a mu* great] diff]5ce4--,z5o ?9ks t a happy life dep5ds on virtue alone4 ,:at says ,antio*us8 ,he admits t ?is is true ( a happy life1 b n ( ! happie/ possible life4 ,! fir/ is a god1 :o ?9ks t no?+ c be want+ to virtue2 ! latt] is a mis]able man1 :o ?9ks t !re are _m ?+s besides virtue1 "s ( :i* are de> to a man1 & "s ev5 necess>y4 ,b ,i am afraid t ! =m] may be attribut+ to virtue m ?an nature c be>2 especially s9ce ,!ophra/us has said _m ?+s ) eloqu5ce & copi\sness on ?is subject2 & ,i fe> t ev5 he may n be q consi/5t ) himself4 ,= ?\gh he admits t !re are "s evils bo? ( body & =tune1 he nev]!less ?9ks t a man may be happy :o is afflict$ by !m all1 provid$ he is wise4 ,i am p]plex$ "h2 at "o "t ! "o op9ion appe>s to me to be m probable1 & at ano!r "t ! o!r does4 ,& yet1 unless "o or ! o!r be true1 ,i ?9k virtue mu/ be entirely trampl$ "u foot4 ,,xliv4 ,h[ev]1 !y diff] z to ?is pr9ciple4 ,:at !n8 ,c we approve1 z true1 ( ^? maxims on :i* !y agree2 namely1 t ! m9d ( ! wise man is nev] influ5c$ by ei!r desire or joy8 ,come1 suppose ?is op9ion is a probable "o1 is ?is o!r "o s too2 namely1 t x nev] feels ei!r al>m or grief8 ,_c ! wise fe>8 ,& if 8 c\ntry be de/roy$1 _c he grieve8 ,t seems h>%1 b ,z5o ?9ks x inevitable2 = he consid]s no?+ good except :at is hon\rable4 ,b y d n ?9k x true 9 ! lea/1 ,antio*us4 ,= y admit t !re are _m good ?+s besides hon\r1 & _m evils besides bas5ess2 & x is inevitable t ! wise man mu/ fe> su* :5 com+1 & grieve :5 !y h come4 ,b ,i ask :5 x 0 decid$ by ! ,old ,academy t !y 7 to d5y t ! m9d ( ! wise man c\ld be agitat$ or di/urb$8 ,!y approv$ ( int]m$iate /ates1 & ass]t$ t !re 0 a k9d ( natural mean 9 e agitation4 ,we h all read ! treatise on ,grief1 by ,crantor1 a disciple ( ! ,old ,academy4 ,x is n l>ge1 b x is a gold5 book1 & "o1 z ,pantius tells ,tub]o1 wor? le>n+ by he>t4 ,& ^! m5 us$ to say t ^? agitations 7 v pr(itably giv5 to our m9ds by nature2 fe>1 9 ord] t we may take c>e2 pity & melan*oly !y call$ ! :et/one ( our clem5cy2 & ang] itself t ( our c\rage4 ,:e!r !y 7 "r or wrong we may consid] ano!r "t4 ,h[ x 0 t ^? /]n doctr9es ( y\rs =c$ _! way into ! ,old ,academy ,i d n "k1 b ,i _c be> !m2 n because !y h any?+ 9 !m p>ticul>ly disagreeable to me2 = _m ( ! m>vell\s doctr9es ( ! ,/oics1 :i* m5 call 1 are d]iv$ f ,socrates4 ,b :]e has ,x5ocrates or :]e has ,ari/otle t\*$ ^! po9ts8 ,= y try to make out ! ,/oics to be ! same z ^! m54 ,w\ld !y ev] say t wise m5 7 ! only k+s1 ! only ri*1 ! only h&some m58 t ev]y?+ ev]y:]e belong$ to ! wise man8 t no "o 0 a consul1 or prtor1 or g5]al1 or ev51 = aught ,i "k1 a qu9quevir1 b ! wise man8 la/ly1 t he 0 ! only citiz51 ! only free man8 & t all :o are de/itute ( wisdom are =eign]s1 exiles1 slaves1 or madm58 la/ ( all1 t ! writ+s ( ,lycurgus & ,solon & our ,twelve ,tables are n laws8 t !re are ev5 no cities or /ates except ^? :i* are peopl$ by wise m58 ,n[ ^! maxims1 ,o ,lucullus1 if y agree ) ,antio*us1 y\r own fri5d1 mu/ be def5d$ by y z zeal\sly z ! bulw>ks ( y\r city2 b ,i am only b\nd to uphold !m ) mod]ation1 j z mu* z ,i ?9k fit4 ,,xlv4 ,i h read 9 ,clitoma*us1 t :5 ,c>neades & ,diog5es ! ,/oic 7 /&+ 9 ! capitol be=e ! s5ate1 ,aulus ,albonus 7:o 0 prtor at ! "t1 9 ! consul%ip ( ,publius ,scipio & ,m>cus ,m>cellus1 ! same ,albonus :o 0 consul1 ,lucullus1 ) y\r own gr&fa!r1 a le>n$ man1 z 8 own hi/ory %[s1 :i* is writt5 9 ,greek7 said je/+ly to ,c>neades--8,i d n1 ,o ,c>neades1 seem to y to be prtor because ,i am n wise1 nor does ?is seem to be a city1 nor d ! inhabitants seem to be citiz5s1 = ! same reason40 ,& he answ]$--8,t is ! ,/oic doctr9e40 ,ari/otle or ,x5ocrates1 :om ,antio*us wi%$ to foll[1 w\ld h _h no d\bt t he 0 prtor1 & ,rome a city1 & t x 0 inhabit$ by citiz5s4 ,b our fri5d is1 z ,i said be=e1 a manife/ ,/oic1 ?\gh he talks a little nons5se4 ,b y are all afraid = me1 le/ ,i %\ld desc5d to op9ions1 & adopt & approve ( some?+ t ,i d n und]/&2 :i* y w\ld be v sorry = me to d4 ,:at advice d y give me8 ,*rysippus (t5 te/ifies t !re are ?ree op9ions only ab\t ! *ief good :i* c be def5d$2 he cuts (f & disc>ds all ! re/4 ,he says t ei!r hon\r is ! *ief good1 or pleasure1 or bo? comb9$4 ,= t ^? :o say t ! *ief good is to be free f all annoyance1 %un ! unpopul> "n ( pleasure1 b hov] ab\t its neighb\rhood4 ,& ^? also d ! same :o comb9e t fre$om f annoyance ) hon\r4 ,& ^? d n mu* diff] f !m :o unite to hon\r ! *ief advantages ( nature4 ,s he leaves ?ree op9ions :i* he ?9ks may be ma9ta9$ by probable argum5ts4 ,be x s4 ,al?\gh ,i am n easily to be mov$ f ! def9ition ( ,polemo & ! ,p]ipatetics1 & ,antio*us1 nor h ,i any?+ m probable to br+ =w>d4 ,/ill1 ,i see h[ sweetly pleasure allures our s5ses4 ,i am incl9$ to agree ) ,epicurus or ,ari/ippus4 ,b virtue recalls me1 or r leads me back ) h] h&2 says t ^! are ! feel+s ( cattle1 & t man is ak9 to ! ,deity4 ,i may take a middle c\rse2 s t1 s9ce ,ari/ippus1 z if we _h no m9d1 def5ds no?+ b ! body1 & ,z5o esp\ses ! cause ( ! m9d alone1 z if we 7 de/itute ( body1 ,i may foll[ ,callipho1 ^: op9ion ,c>neades us$ to def5d ) su* zeal1 t he appe>$ :olly to approve ( x2 al?\gh ,clitoma*us affirm$ t he nev] c\ld und]/& :at ,c>neades approv$ (4 ,b if ,i 7 to *oose to foll[ him1 w\ld n tru? itself1 & all s\nd & prop] reason1 oppose me8 ,w y1 :5 hon\r consi/s 9 despis+ pleasure1 unite hon\r to pleasure1 jo9+1 z x 71 a man to a bea/8 ,,xlvi4 ,!re is n[1 !n1 only "o pair ( combatants left--pleasure & hon\r2 betwe5 :i* ,*rysippus1 z f> z ,i c see1 0 n long 9 p]plexity h[ to decide4 ,if y foll[ ! "o1 _m ?+s are ov]?r[n1 especially ! fell[%ip ( ! human race1 affection1 fri5d%ip1 ju/ice1 & all o!r virtues1 none ( :i* c exi/ at all )\t dis9t]e/$ness3 = ! virtue :i* is impell$ to action by pleasure1 z by a sort ( wages1 is n really virtue1 b only a deceitful imitation & pret5ce ( virtue4 ,li/51 on ! contr>y1 to ^? m5 :o say t !y d n ev5 und]/& ! "n ( hon\r1 unless we call t hon\rable :i* is acc\nt$ reputable by ! multitude2 t ! s\rce ( all good is 9 ! body2 t ?is is ! law1 & rule1 & comm& ( nature2 & t he :o dep>ts f x w nev] h any object 9 life to foll[4 ,d y ?9k1 !n1 t ,i am n mov$ :5 ,i he> ^! & innum]able o!r /atem5ts ( ! same k9d8 ,i am mov$ z mu* z y are1 ,lucullus2 & y ne$ n ?9k me less a man ?an y\rself4 ,! only diff]5ce is t y1 :5 y are agitat$1 acquiesce1 ass5t1 & approve2 y consid] ! impression :i* y h receiv$ true1 c]ta91 compreh5d$1 p]ceiv$1 e/abli%$1 firm1 & unalt]able2 & y _c be mov$ or driv5 f x by any means :atev]4 ,i ?9k t !re is no?+ ( su* a k9d t1 if ,i ass5t to x1 ,i %all n (t5 be ass5t+ to :at is false2 s9ce !re is no di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 :at is true & :at is false1 especially z ! sci5ce ( dialectics has no p[] ( judg+ on ?is subject4 ,i come n[ to ! ?ird "p ( philosophy4 ,!re is an idea advanc$ by ,protagoras1 :o ?9ks t t is true to ea* individual :i* seems s to him2 & a completely diff]5t "o put =w>d by ! ,cyr5aics1 :o ?9k t !re is no su* ?+ z c]ta9 judgm5t ab\t any?+ except ! inn] feel+s3 & a ?ird1 diff]5t f ei!r1 ma9ta9$ by ,epicurus1 :o places all judgm5t 9 ! s5ses1 & 9 our notions ( ?+s1 & 9 pleasure4 ,b ,plato consid]$ t ! :ole judgm5t ( tru?1 & t tru? itself1 be+ ab/ract$ f op9ions & f ! s5ses1 belong$ to ! prov9ce ( ?\ght & ( ! intellect4 ,does our fri5d ,antio*us approve ( any ( ^! pr9ciples8 ,he does n ev5 approve ( ^? :o may be call$ 8 own ance/ors 9 philosophy3 = :]e does he foll[ ,x5ocrates1 :o has writt5 a great _m books on ! me?od ( speak+1 :i* are highly e/eem$8--or ,ari/otle himself1 ?an :om !re is no m acute or elegant writ]8 ,he nev] goes "o /ep )\t ,*rysippus4 ,,xlvii4 ,d we !n1 :o are call$ ,academics1 misuse ! glory ( ?is "n8 or :y are we to be compell$ to foll[ ^? m5 :o diff] f "o ano!r8 ,9 ?is v ?+1 :i* ! dialecticians tea* among ! elem5ts ( _! art1 h[ "o ought to judge :e!r an argum5t be true or false :i* is connect$ 9 ?is mann]1 8,if x is day1 x %9es10 h[ great a conte/ !re is2--,diodorus has "o op9ion1 ,philo ano!r1 ,*rysippus a ?ird4 ,ne$ ,i say m8 ,9 h[ _m po9ts does ,*rysippus himself diff] f ,clean!s1 8 own tea*]8 ,aga91 d n two ( ! v pr9ces ( ! dialecticians1 ,antipat] & ,ar*idemus1 m5 mo/ devot$ to hypo!sis1 disagree 9 numb]s ( ?+s8 ,:y !n1 ,lucullus1 d y seek to br+ me into odium1 & drag me1 z x 71 be=e ! assembly8 ,& :y1 z s$iti\s tribunes (t5 d1 d y ord] all ! %ops to be %ut8 ,= :at is y\r object :5 y compla9 t all trades are be+ suppress$ by u1 if x be n to excite ! artisans8 ,b1 if !y all come toge!r f all qu>t]s1 !y w be easily excit$ aga9/ y2 =1 fir/ ( all1 ,i w cite all ^? unpopul> expressions ( y\rs :5 y call$ all ^?1 :o w !n be 9 ! assembly1 exiles1 & slaves1 & madm53 & !n ,i w come to ^? argum5ts :i* t\* n ! multitude1 b y y\rselves :o are "h pres5t4 ,= ,z5o & ,antio*us bo? d5y t any ( y "k any?+4 ,h[ s8 y w say2 = we allege1 on ! o!r h&1 t ev5 a man )\t wisdom compreh5ds _m ?+s4 ,b y affirm t no "o except a wise man kn[s "o s+le ?+4 ,& ,z5o pr(ess$ to illu/rate ?is by a piece ( action2 = :5 he /ret*$ out 8 f+]s1 & %[$ ! palm ( 8 h&1 8,p]ception10 said he1 8is a ?+ l ?is40 ,!n1 :5 he _h a little clos$ 8 f+]s1 8,ass5t is l ?is40 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 he _h completely clos$ 8 h&1 & held =? 8 fi/1 t1 he said1 0 compreh5sion4 ,f :i* simile he also gave t /ate a "n :i* x _h n be=e1 & call$ x 4 ,b :5 he br\ght 8 left h& aga9/ 8 "r1 & ) x took a firm & tight hold ( 8 fi/1 k1 he said1 0 ( t "*2 & t 0 :at none b a wise man possess$4 ,b ev5 ^? :o are !mselves wise m5 d n v5ture to say s1 nor any "o :o has ev] liv$ & be5 a wise man4 ,accord+ to t !ory1 y1 ,catulus1 d n "k t x is daylight2 & y1 ,hort5sius1 are ignorant t we are n[ 9 y\r villa4 ,n[1 are ^! argum5ts less =midable ?an y\rs8 ,!y are n1 p]haps1 v ref9$2 & ^? o!rs %[ m acut5ess4 ,b1 j z y said1 t if no?+ c\ld be compreh5d$1 all ! arts 7 de/roy$ at once1 & w\ld n grant t m]e probability 0 a suffici5t f\ndation = art2 s ,i n[ reply to y1 t art _c exi/ )\t k4 ,w\ld ,zeuxis1 or ,phidias1 or ,polycletus all[ t !y knew no?+1 :5 !y 7 m5 ( su* m>vell\s skill8 ,b if any "o _h expla9$ to !m h[ mu* p[] k 0 said to h1 !y w\ld cease to be angry2 !y w\ld n ev5 be (f5d$ ) u1 :5 !y _h le>nt t we 7 only putt+ an end to :at did n exi/ any:]e2 b t we left !m :at 0 q suffici5t = !m4 ,& ?is doctr9e is confirm$ also by ! dilig5ce ( our ance/ors1 :o orda9$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t e "o %\ld swe> 8accord+ to ! op9ion ( 8 own m9d20 secondly1 t he %\ld be acc\nt$ guilty 8if he kn[+ly swore falsely10 because !re 0 a great deal ( ignorance 9 life2 ?irdly1 t ! man :o 0 giv+ 8 evid5ce %\ld say t 8he ?\ght10 ev5 9 a case :]e he 0 speak+ ( :at he _h actually se5 himself4 ,& t :5 ! judges 7 giv+ _! decision on _! evid5ce1 !y %\ld say1 n t su* & su* a ?+ _h be5 done1 b t su* & su* a ?+ appe>$ to !m4 ,,xlviii4 ,b s9ce ! sailor is mak+ signals1 & ! we/ w9d is %[+ u too1 by its murmur1 t x is "t = u1 ,lucullus1 to set sail1 & s9ce ,i h already said a great deal1 ,i mu/ n[ conclude4 ,b h]eaft]1 :5 we inquire into ^! subjects1 we w discuss ! great disagreem5ts betwe5 ! mo/ em95t on ! subject ( ! obscurity ( nature1 & ! errors ( s _m philosoph]s :o diff] f "o ano!r ab\t good & evil s widely1 t1 z m ?an "o ( _! !ories _c be true1 x is inevitable t _m illu/ri\s s*ools mu/ fall to ! gr\nd1 r ?an ! !ories ab\t ! false impressions ( ! eyes & ! o!r s5ses1 & sorites1 or false syllogism1--rods :i* ! ,/oics h made to beat !mselves )4 ,!n ,lucullus repli$1 ,i am n at all sorry t we h _h ?is discussion2 = (t51 :5 we meet aga91 especially 9 our ,tusculan villas1 we c exam9e o!r que/ions :i* seem wor? inve/igation4 ,c]ta9ly1 said ,i2 b :at does ,catulus ?9k8 & ,hort5sius8 ,i8 said ,catulus4 ,i return to my fa!r's op9ion1 :i* he us$ to say 0 d]iv$ f ,c>neades1 & ?9k t no?+ c be p]ceiv$2 b /ill ,i imag9e t a wise man w ass5t to :at is n actually p]ceiv$--t is to say1 w =m op9ions3 be+1 h[ev]1 aw>e at ! same "t t !y are only op9ions1 & kn[+ t !re is no?+ :i* c be compreh5d$ & p]ceiv$4 ,&1 practis+ t s z to take probability = a guide 9 all ?+s1 ,i altoge!r ass5t to t o!r doctr9e1 t no?+ c be p]ceiv$4 ,i see y\r mean+1 said ,i2 & ,i d n v mu* object to x4 ,b :at is y\r op9ion1 ,hort5sius8 ,he laugh$1 & said1 ,i susp5d my judgm5t4 ,i und]/&1 said ,i2 = t is ! peculi> pr9ciple ( ! ,academy4 ,s1 aft] we _h f9i%$ our disc\rse1 ,catulus rema9$ beh9d1 & we w5t d[n to ! %ore to emb>k 9 our vessels4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,*ief ,,good ,,& ,,evil4 ,introduction4 ,! foll[+ treatise 0 compos$ by ,cic]o a little be=e ! publication ( 8 ,tusculan ,disputations4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( ,dialogues1 9 :i* ! op9ions ( ! diff]5t s*ools ( ,greek philosophy1 especially ! ,epicureans1 ,/oics1 & ,p]ipatetics1 on ! ,supreme ,good1 z ! prop] object or end 7f9is7 ( our ?\ghts & actions1 are inve/igat$ & comp>$4 ,x is usually reckon$ "o ( ! mo/ highly f9i%$ & valuable ( 8 philosophical works2 ?\gh f ! ab/ruse nature ( "s ( ! topics dwelt ^u1 & ! subtlety ( "s ( ! argum5ts adduc$1 x is unque/ionably ! mo/ difficult4 ,he gives an acc\nt himself ( ! "w & ( 8 design & plan 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 7,epi/4 ad ,att4 xiii4 #ai47 8,:at ,i h lately writt5 is 9 ! mann] ( ,ari/otle1 :]e ! conv]sation is s manag$ t he himself has ! pr9cipal "p4 ,i h f9i%$ ! five books ,de ,f9ibus ,bonorum et ,malorum1 s z to give ! ,epicurean doctr9e to ,lucius ,torquatus1 ! ,/oic to ,m>cus ,cato1 & ! ,p]ipatetic to ,m>cus ,cato4 ,= ,i consid]$ t _! be+ dead w\ld preclude all jeal\sy40 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 ! unity ( sc5e or "* ?r\gh\t ! five books4 ,9 ! fir/ book he relates a discussion :i* is repres5t$ z hav+ tak5 place 9 8 villa ne> ,cum1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,caius ,val]ius ,tri>ius1 betwe5 himself & ,lucius ,manlius ,torquatus1 :o is spok5 ( z be+ j ab\t to ent] 8 (fice z prtor1 a circum/ance :i* fixes ! date ( ?is imag9>y discussion to ,b4,c4 #ej1 a "t agree+ ) ! allusion 7,b4 ii4 #ah17 to ! great p[] ( ,pompey4 ,9 ! fir/ book he attacks ! doctr9es ( ! ,epicurean s*ool1 & ,torquatus def5ds !m1 alleg+ t !y _h be5 g5]ally misund]/ood2 & 9 ! second book ,cic]o enum]ates ! *ief argum5ts ) :i* ! ,/oics assail$ !m4 ,9 ! ?ird book ! sc5e is laid 9 ! libr>y ( ,lucullus1 :]e ,cic]o _h accid5tally met ,cato2 & f conv]s+ on ! books by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$ !y proce$$ to discuss ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! e?ics ( ! ,/oics1 & ^? ( ! ,old ,academy & ! ,p]ipatetics2 ,cic]o insi/+ t ! disagreem5t 0 m]ely v]bal & n real1 & t ,z5o 0 wrong 9 leav+ ,plato & ,ari/otle & e/abli%+ a new s*ool2 b ,cato ass]ts1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! diff]5ce is a real "o1 & t ! views held by ! ,/oics ( ! ,supreme ,good are ( a mu* l(ti] & pur] "* ?an ^? :i* _h be5 previ\sly ent]ta9$4 ,9 ! f\r? book ,cic]o gives u ! argum5ts ) :i* ! philosoph]s ( ! ,new ,academy assail$ ! ,/oics4 ,& ?is conv]sation is suppos$ to h be5 held two ye>s be=e t 9 ! fir/ book3 = at ! beg9n+ ( ,book ,,iv4 !re is a ref]5ce to ! law = limit+ ! l5g? ( ! spee*es ( c\nsel pass$ 9 ! second consul%ip ( ,pompey1 ,b4,c4 #ee1 z be+ only j pass$4 ,9 ! fif? book we are c>ri$ back to ,b4,c4 #gi1 & ! sc5e is laid at ,a!ns1 :]e ,cic]o 0 at t "t "u ,antio*us & ,demetrius4 ,he & 8 bro!r ,qu9tus1 ,lucius ,cic]o 8 c\s91 ,pomponius ,atticus1 & ,m>cus ,pupius ,piso are repres5t$ z meet+ 9 ! ,academia2 & ,piso1 at ! reque/ ( 8 companions1 lays op5 ! precepts inculcat$ by ,ari/otle & 8 s*ool on ! subject ( ! ,summum ,bonum2 aft] :i* ,cic]o /ates ! objections ( ! ,/oics to ! ,p]ipatetic sy/em1 & ,piso replies4 ,:ile giv+ ! op9ions ( ^! above-nam$ sects ) great fairness & imp>tiality ,cic]o ab/a9s ?r\gh\t f pron\nc+ any judgm5t ( 8 own4 ,fir/ ,book ,( ,! ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,i4 ,i 0 n ignorant1 ,brutus1 :5 ,i 0 endeav\r+ to add to ,lat9 lit]ature ! same ?+s :i* philosoph]s ( ! mo/ sublime g5ius & ! mo/ pr(\nd & accurate le>n+ _h previ\sly h&l$ 9 ! ,greek language1 t my lab\rs w\ld be f\nd fault ) on v>i\s gr\nds4 ,= "s1 & ^? too1 f> f unle>n$ m51 are dis9cl9$ to philosophy altoge!r2 "s1 on ! o!r h&1 d n blame a mod]ate degree ( att5tion be+ giv5 to x1 b d n approve ( s mu* /udy & lab\r be+ devot$ to x4 ,!re w be o!rs aga91 le>n$ 9 ,greek lit]ature & despis+ ,lat9 compositions1 :o w say t !y w\ld r sp5d _! "t 9 read+ ,greek2 &1 la/ly1 ,i suspect t !re w be "s p :o w insi/ ^u x t ,i ought to apply myself to o!r /udies1 & w urge t1 al?\gh ?is /yle ( writ+ may be an elegant accompli%m5t1 x is /ill b5ea? my "* & dignity4 ,& to all ^! objections ,i ?9k ,i ought to make a brief reply2 al?\gh1 inde$1 ,i h already giv5 a suffici5t answ] to ! enemies ( philosophy 9 t book 9 :i* philosophy is def5d$ & extoll$ by me aft] hav+ be5 attack$ & disp>ag$ by ,hort5sius47#ac7 ,& z bo? y & o!rs :om ,i consid]$ compet5t judges approv$ highly ( t book1 ,i h und]tak5 a l>g] "w1 fe>+ to appe> able only to excite ! desires ( m51 b incapable ( reta9+ _! att5tion4 ,b ^? :o1 ?\gh !y h a v good op9ion ( philosophy1 /ill ?9k x %\ld be foll[$ 9 a mod]ate degree only1 require a temp]ance :i* is v difficult 9 a ?+ :i*1 :5 once x has ! re9s giv5 x1 _c be *eck$ or repress$2 s t ,i almo/ ?9k ^? m5 m reasonable :o altoge!r =bid u to apply ourselves to philosophy at all1 ?an !y :o fix a limit to ?+s :i* are 9 _! nature b\ndless1 & :o require m$iocrity 9 a ?+ :i* is excell5t exactly 9 proportion to its int5sity4 ,=1 if x be possible t m5 %\ld arrive at wisdom1 !n x mu/ n only be acquir$ by u1 b ev5 enjoy$4 ,or if ?is be difficult1 /ill !re is no limit to ! way 9 :i* "o is to seek = tru? except "o has f\nd x2 & x is base to be we>i$ 9 seek+ a ?+1 :5 :at we d seek = is ! mo/ hon\rable ?+ possible4 ,9 tru?1 if we are amus$ :5 we are writ+1 :o is s envi\s z to wi% to d5y u t pleasure8 ,if x is a lab\r to u1 :o w fix a limit to ano!r p]son's indu/ry8 ,= z ! ,*remes7#ad7 ( ,t]5ce does n speak f a disreg>d ( :at is due to m5 :5 he does n wi% 8 new neighb\r ,to dig1 or pl\gh1 or any toil endure3 = he is n 9 ?is dissuad+ him f indu/ry1 b only f su* lab\r z is b5ea? a g5tleman2 s1 on ! o!r h& ^? m5 are ov] scrupul\s :o are (f5d$ by my devot+ myself to a lab\r :i* is f> f irksome to myself4 ,,ii4 ,x is m difficult to satisfy ^? m5 :o allege t !y despise ,lat9 writ+s4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 ,i may express my wond] at _! n be+ pleas$ ) _! native language 9 matt]s ( ! highe/ importance1 :5 !y are fond en\gh ( read+ fables 9 ,lat91 translat$ ^w = ^w f ! ,greek4 ,= :at man is su* an enemy 7z ,i may almo/ call x7 to ! ,roman "n1 z to despise or reject ! ,m$ea ( ,ennius1 or ! ,antiope ( ,pacuvius8 & to express a dislike ( ,lat9 lit]ature1 :ile at ! same "t he speaks ( be+ pleas$ ) ! plays ( ,euripides8 8,:at10 says su* an "o1 8%all ,i r read ! ,synephebi ( ,ccilius17#ae7 or ! ,&ria ( ,t]5ce1 ?an ei!r ( ^! plays 9 ! orig9al ( ,m5&]80 ,b ,i disagree ) m5 ( ^! op9ions s entirely1 t ?\gh ,sophocles has compos$ an ,electra 9 ! mo/ admirable mann] possible1 /ill ,i ?9k ! indiff]5t translation ( x by ,atilius7#af7 wor? read+ too1 ?\gh ,lic9ius calls him an iron writ]2 ) mu* tru? 9 my op9ion2 /ill he is a writ] :om x is wor? :ile to read4 ,= to be :olly unacqua9t$ ) our own poets is a pro( ei!r ( ! lazie/ indol5ce1 or else ( a v sup]flu\s fa/idi\sness4 ,my own op9ion is1 t no "o is suffici5tly le>n$ :o is n well v]s$ 9 ! works writt5 9 our own language4 ,%all we n be z will+ to read-- ,w\ld t ! p9e1 ! pride ( ,pelion's br[1 z ! same idea :5 express$ 9 ,greek8 ,& is !re any objection to hav+ ! discussions :i* h be5 set out by ,plato1 on ! subject ( liv+ well & happily1 array$ 9 a ,lat9 dress8 ,& if we d n limit ourselves to ! (fice ( translators1 b ma9ta9 ^? argum5ts :i* h be5 advanc$ by p ) :om we argue1 & add to !m ! exposition ( our own s5tim5ts1 & clo! ! :ole 9 our own language1 :y !n %\ld p pref] ! writ+s ( ! ,greeks to ^? ?+s :i* are writt5 by u 9 an elegant /yle1 )\t be+ translat$ f ! works ( ,greek philosoph]s8 ,= if !y say t ^! matt]s h be5 discuss$ by ^? =eign writ]s1 !n !re surely is no necessity = _! read+ su* a numb] ( ^? ,greeks z !y d4 ,= :at article ( ,/oic doctr9e has be5 pass$ ov] by ,*rysippus8 ,& yet we read also ,diog5es17#ag7 ,antipat]17#ah7 ,mnes>*us17#ai7 ,pantius17#bj7 & _m o!rs1 & especially ! works ( my own p]sonal fri5d ,posidonius47#ba7 ,:at %all we say ( ,!ophra/us8 ,is x b a mod]ate pleasure :i* he imp>ts to u :ile he is h&l+ ! topics :i* _h be5 previ\sly dilat$ on by ,ari/otle8 ,:at %all we say ( ! ,epicureans8 ,d !y pass ov] ! subjects on :i* ,epicurus himself & o!r anci5t writ]s h previ\sly writt51 & =be> to deliv] _! s5tim5ts respect+ !m8 ,b if ,greek au?ors are read by ! ,greeks1 ?\gh discuss+ ! same subjects ov] & ov] aga91 because !y deal ) !m 9 diff]5t mann]s1 :y %\ld n ! writ+s ( ,roman au?ors be also read by our own c\ntrym58 ,,iii4 ,al?\gh if ,i 7 to translate ,plato or ,ari/otle 9 z bold a mann] z our poets h translat$ ! ,greek plays1 !n1 ,i suppose1 ,i %\ld n des]ve well at ! h&s ( my fell[-c\ntrym51 = hav+ br\ght ^? div9e g5iuses )9 _! rea*4 ,h[ev]1 t is n :at ,i h hi!rto done1 ?\gh ,i d n consid] myself int]dict$ f do+ s4 ,"s p>ticul> passages1 if ,i ?9k x desirable1 ,i %all translate1 especially f ^? au?ors :om ,i h j nam$1 :5 !re is an opportunity ( do+ s ) propriety2 j z ,ennius (t5 translates passages f ,hom]1 & ,afranius7#bb7 f ,m5&]4 ,nor w ,i1 l ,lucilius1 make any objection to ev]ybody read+ my writ+s4 ,i %\ld be glad to h t ,p]sius7#bc7 = "o ( my read]s2 & /ill m to h ,scipio & ,rutilius2 m5 ^: criticism he pr(ess$ to fe>1 say+ t he wrote = ! p ( ,t>5tum1 & ,cons5tia1 & ,sicily4 ,t 0 all v witty ( him1 & 9 8 usual /yle2 b /ill1 p at t "t 7 n s le>n$ z to give him cause to lab\r mu* be=e he c\ld enc\nt] _! judgm5t1 & 8 writ+s are ( a lighti% "*1 %[+ inde$1 a high degree ( good bre$+1 b only a mod]ate quantity ( le>n+4 ,b :om c ,i fe> to h read my works :5 ,i v5tur$ to address a book to y1 :o are n inf]ior to ! ,greeks !mselves 9 philosophical k8 ,al?\gh ,i h ?is excuse = :at ,i am do+1 t ,i h be5 *all5g$ by y1 9 t to me mo/ acceptable book :i* y s5t me 8,on ,virtue40 ,b ,i imag9e t "s p h become accu/om$ to feel a repugnance to ,lat9 writ+ because !y h fall5 9 ) "s unpoli%$ & inelegant treatises translat$ f bad ,greek into worse ,lat94 ,& ) ^? m5 ,i agree1 provid$ !y w n ?9k x wor? :ile to read ! ,greek books writt5 on ! same subject4 ,b :o w\ld object to read works on important subjects express$ 9 well-select$ diction1 ) dignity & elegance2 unless1 inde$1 he wi%es to be tak5 absolutely = a ,greek1 z ,albucius 0 salut$ at ,a!ns by ,scvola1 :5 he 0 prtor8 ,& ?is topic has be5 h&l$ by t same ,lucilius ) great elegance & abundant wit2 :]e he repres5ts ,scvola z say+-- ,y h pref]r'd1 ,albucius1 to be call'd ,a ,greek mu* r ?an a ,roman citiz5 ,or ,sab9e1 c\ntryman ( ,pontius1 ,tritannius1 & ! brave c5turions ,& /&>d-be>]s ( immortal fame4 ,s n[ at ,a!ns1 ,i1 ! prtor1 ?us ,salute y z y wi%1 :5e'er ,i see y1 ,) ,greek address1 noble ,titus1 ,ye lictors1 & att5dants 4 noble ,titus4 ,f ?is day ,! great ,albucius 0 my enemy4 ,b surely ,scvola 0 "r4 ,h[ev]1 ,i c nev] suffici5tly express my wond] :5ce ?is arrogant disda9 ( ev]y?+ national arose among u4 ,?is is n exactly ! place = lectur+ on ! subject2 b my own feel+s are1 & ,i h con/antly urg$ !m1 t ! ,lat9 language is n only n defici5t1 s z to des]ve to be g5]ally disp>ag$2 b t x is ev5 m copi\s ?an ! ,greek4 ,= :5 h ei!r we ourselves1 or :5 has any good orator or noble poet1 at lea/ aft] !re 0 any "o = him to imitate1 f\nd himself at a loss = any ri*ness or ornam5t ( diction ) :i* to set (f 8 s5tim5ts8 ,,iv4 ,& ,i myself 7z ,i d n ?9k t ,i c be accus$ ( hav+1 9 my =5sic ex]tions1 & lab\rs1 & dang]s1 des]t$ ! po/ 9 :i* ,i 0 /ation$ by ! ,roman p17 am b\nd1 =soo?1 to ex]t myself z mu* z ,i c to r5d] my fell[-c\ntrym5 m le>n$ by my lab\rs & /udies & dilig5ce1 & n s mu* to cont5d ) ^? m5 :o pref] read+ ,greek works1 provid$ t !y really d read !m1 & d n only pret5d to d s2 & to fall 9 also ) ! wi%es ( ^? m5 :o are desir\s ei!r to avail !mselves ( bo? languages1 or :o1 z long z !y h good works 9 _! own1 d n c>e v mu* ab\t simil> ones 9 a =eign tongue4 ,b ^? m5 :o w\ld r t ,i w\ld write on o!r topics %\ld be reasonable1 because ,i h already compos$ s _m works t no "o ( my c\ntrym5 has ev] publi%$ m1 & p]haps ,i %all write ev5 m if my life is prolong$ s z to all[ me to d s4 ,& yet1 :oev] accu/oms himself to read ) c>e ^! ?+s :i* ,i am n[ writ+ on ! subject ( philosophy1 w come to ! conclusion t no works are bett] wor? read+ ?an ^!4 ,= :at is !re 9 life :i* des]ves to be inve/igat$ s dilig5tly z e subject :i* belongs to philosophy1 & especially t :i* is discuss$ 9 ?is treatise1 namely1 :at is ! end1 ! object1 ! /&>d to :i* all ! ideas ( liv+ well & act+ rightly are to be ref]r$8 ,:at x is t nature foll[s z ! *ief ( all desirable ?+s8 :at %e avoids z ! pr9cipal ( all evils8 ,& z on ?is subject !re is great diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! mo/ le>n$ m51 :o c ?9k x inconsi/5t ) t dignity :i* e "o all[s to belong to me1 to exam9e :at is 9 e situation 9 life ! be/ & true/ good8 ,%all ! *ief m5 ( ! city1 ,publius ,scvola & ,m>cus ,manilius argue :e!r ! (fspr+ ( a female slave ought to be consid]$ ! ga9 ( ! ma/] ( ! slave2 & %all ,m>cus ,brutus express 8 diss5t f _! op9ion1 7& ?is is a k9d ( discussion giv+ great room = ! display ( acut5ess1 & "o too t is ( importance z reg>ds ! citiz5s17 & d we read1 & %all we cont9ue to read1 ) pleasure _! writ+s on ?is subject1 & ! o!rs ( ! same sort1 & at ! same "t neglect ^! subjects1 :i* embrace ! :ole ( human life8 ,!re may1 p]haps1 be m money affect$ by discussions on t legal po9t1 b beyond all "q1 ?is ( ours is ! m important subject3 t1 h[ev]1 is a po9t :i* ! read]s may be left to decide ^u4 ,b we n[ ?9k t ?is :ole "q ab\t ! ends ( good & evil is1 ,i may almo/ say1 ?or\ghly expla9$ 9 ?is treatise1 9 :i* we h endeav\r$ to set =? z f> z we c\ld1 n only :at our own op9ion 01 b also ev]y?+ :i* has be5 advanc$ by ea* sep>ate s*ool ( philosophy4 ,v4 ,to beg91 h[ev]1 ) t :i* is easie/1 we w fir/ ( all take ! doctr9e ( ,epicurus1 :i* is well kn[n to mo/ p2 & y %all see t x is laid d[n by u 9 su* a way t x _c be expla9$ m accurately ev5 by ! adh]5ts ( t sect !mselves4 ,= we are desir\s ( asc]ta9+ ! tru?2 n ( convict+ "s adv]s>y4 ,b ! op9ion ( ,epicurus ab\t pleasure 0 =m]ly def5d$ ) great precision by ,lucius ,torquatus1 a man accompli%$ 9 e k9d ( le>n+2 & ,i myself repli$ to him1 :ile ,caius ,tri>ius1 a mo/ le>n$ & wor?y "y man1 0 pres5t at ! discussion4 ,= z x happ5$ t bo? ( !m _h come to my villa ne> ,cum to pay me a visit1 fir/ ( all we conv]s$ a little ab\t lit]ature1 to :i* !y 7 bo? ( !m greatly devot$2 & aft] a :ile ,torquatus said--,s9ce we h f\nd y 9 "s degree at leisure1 ,i %\ld l mu* to he> f y :y x is t y1 ,i w n say hate our ma/] ,epicurus--z mo/ m5 d :o diff] f him 9 op9ion--b /ill :y y disagree ) him :om ,i consid] z ! only man :o has disc]n$ ! real tru?1 & :o ,i ?9k has deliv]$ ! m9ds ( m5 f ! greate/ errors1 & has h&$ d[n e precept :i* c h any influ5ce on mak+ m5 live well & happily4 ,b ,i imag9e t y1 l my fri5d ,tri>ius "h1 l him ! less because he neglect$ ! ornam5ts ( diction 9 :i* ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 & ,!ophra/us indulg$4 ,= ,i c h>dly be p]suad$ to believe t ! op9ions :i* he ent]ta9$ d n appe> to y to be correct4 ,see n[1 said ,i1 h[ f> y are mi/ak51 ,torquatus4 ,i am n (f5d$ ) ! language ( t philosoph]2 = he expresses 8 mean+ op5ly & speaks 9 pla9 language1 s t ,i c und]/& him4 ,n1 h[ev]1 t ,i %\ld object to eloqu5ce 9 a philosoph]1 if he 7 to ?9k fit to employ x2 ?\gh if he 7 n possess$ ( x ,i %\ld n require x4 ,b ,i am n s well satisfi$ ) 8 matt]1 & t too on _m topics4 ,b !re are z _m diff]5t op9ions z !re are m52 & !re=e we may be 9 error ourselves4 ,:at is x1 said he1 9 :i* y are dissatisfi$ ) him8 ,= ,i consid] y a c&id judge2 provid$ only t y are accurately acqua9t$ ) :at he has really said4 ,unless1 said ,i1 y ?9k t ,phdrus or ,z5o h spok5 falsely 7& ,i h he>d !m bo? lecture1 ?\gh !y gave me a high op9ion ( no?+ b _! own dilig5ce17 all ! doctr9es ( ,epicurus are q suffici5tly kn[n to me4 ,& ,i h repeat$ly1 9 company ) my fri5d ,atticus1 att5d$ ! lectures ( ^? m5 :om ,i h nam$2 z he _h a great admiration = bo? ( !m1 & an especial affection ev5 = ,phdrus4 ,& e day we us$ to talk ov] :at we he>d1 nor 0 !re ev] any dispute betwe5 u z to :e!r ,i und]/ood ! scope ( _! argum5ts2 b only :e!r ,i approv$ ( !m4 ,,vi4 ,:at is x1 !n1 said he1 :i* y d n approve ( 9 !m1 = ,i am v anxi\s to he>8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 said ,i1 he is utt]ly wrong 9 natural philosophy1 :i* is 8 pr9cipal boa/4 ,he only makes "s additions to ! doctr9e ( ,democritus1 alt]+ v little1 & t 9 su* a way t he seems to me to make ^? po9ts worse :i* he endeav\rs to correct4 ,he believes t atoms1 z he calls !m1 t is to say bodies :i* by reason ( _! solidity are indivisible1 are borne ab\t 9 an int]m9able vacuum1 de/itute ( any highe/1 or l[e/1 or middle1 or fur!/1 or ne>e/ b\nd>y1 9 su* a mann] t by _! conc\rse !y coh]e toge!r2 by :i* cohesion ev]y?+ :i* exi/s & :i* is se5 is =m$4 ,& he ?9ks t motion ( atoms %\ld be und]/ood nev] to h _h a beg9n+1 b to h subsi/$ f all et]nity4 ,b 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* ,epicurus foll[s ,democritus1 he is usually n v wrong4 ,al?\gh !re are _m ass]tions ( ea* ) :i* ,i disagree1 & especially ) ?is--t z 9 ! nature ( ?+s !re are two po9ts :i* mu/ be inquir$ into1--"o1 :at ! mat]ial out ( :i* ev]y?+ is made1 is2 ! o!r1 :at ! p[] is :i* makes ev]y?+1--!y discuss$ only ! mat]ial1 & omitt$ all consid]ation ( ! effici5t p[] & cause4 ,h[ev]1 t is a fault common to bo? ( !m2 b ^! blund]s :i* ,i am go+ to m5tion are ,epicurus's own4 ,= he ?9ks t ^? indivisible & solid bodies are borne d[nw>ds by _! own weight 9 a /raight l9e2 & t ?is is ! natural motion ( all bodies4 ,aft] ?is ass]tion1 t %rewd man1--z x occurr$ to him1 t if ev]y?+ 7 borne d[nw>ds 9 a /raight l9e1 z ,i h j said1 x w\ld be q impossible = "o atom ev] to t\* ano!r1--on ?is acc\nt he introduc$ ano!r purely imag9>y idea1 & said t ! atoms div]g$ a little f ! /raight l9e1 :i* is ! mo/ impossible ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,& he ass]t$ t x is 9 ?is way t all ^? embraces1 & conjunctions1 & unions ( ! atoms ) "o ano!r took place1 by :i* ! _w 0 made1 & all ! p>ts ( ! _w1 & all t is 9 ! _w4 ,& n only is all ?is idea p]fectly *ildi%1 b x fails 9 effect+ its object4 ,= ?is v div]g5ce is inv5t$ 9 a mo/ caprici\s mann]1 7= he says t ea* atom div]ges )\t any cause17 ?\gh no?+ c be m discr$itable to a natural philosoph] ?an to say t any?+ takes place )\t a cause2 & also1 )\t any reason1 he deprives atoms ( t motion :i* is natural to e body ( any weight 7z he himself lays x d[n7 :i* goes d[nw>ds f ! upp] regions2 & at ! same "t he does n obta9 ! end = ! sake ( :i* he inv5t$ all ^! !ories4 ,= if e atom div]ges equally1 /ill none w ev] meet ) "o ano!r s z to coh]e2 b if "s div]ge1 & o!rs are borne /raight d[n by _! natural incl9ation1 9 ! fir/ place ?is w be di/ribut+ prov9ces z x 7 among ! atoms1 & divid+ !m s t "s are borne d[n /raight1 & o!rs obliquely2 & 9 ! next place1 ?is turbul5t conc\rse ( atoms1 :i* is a blund] ( ,democritus also1 w nev] be able to produce ?is beautifully ornam5t$ _w :i* we see ar\nd u4 ,ev5 ?is1 too1 is inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( natural philosophy1 to believe t !re is su* a ?+ z a m9imum2 a ?+ :i* he inde$ nev] w\ld h fanci$1 if he _h be5 will+ to le>n geometry f 8 fri5d ,polynus17#bd7 in/ead ( seek+ to p]suade him to give x up himself4 ,! sun appe>s to ,democritus to be ( va/ size1 z he is a man ( le>n+ & ( a pr(\nd k ( geometry4 ,epicurus p]haps ?9ks t x is two feet across1 = he ?9ks x ( j t size :i* x appe>s to be1 or p]haps a little l>g] or small]4 ,s :at he *anges he spoils2 :at he accepts comes entirely f ,democritus1--! atoms1 ! vacuum1 ! appe>ances1 :i* !y call 1 to ! inroads ( :i* x is ow+ n only t we see1 b also t we ?9k2 & all t inf9it5ess1 :i* !y call 1 is borr[$ f ,democritus2 & also ! innum]able worlds :i* are produc$ & p]i% e day4 ,& al?\gh ,i _c possibly agree myself ) all ^? fancies1 /ill ,i %\ld n l to see ,democritus1 :o is prais$ by e "o else1 blam$ by ?is man :o has foll[$ him alone4 ,,vii4 ,& z = ! second "p ( philosophy1 :i* belongs to inve/igat+ & discuss+1 & :i* is call$ 1 !re y\r ma/] z x seems to me is :olly un>m$ & def5celess4 ,he aboli%es def9itions2 he lays d[n no rules = division & p>tition2 he gives no me?od = draw+ conclusions or e/abli%+ pr9ciples2 he does n po9t out h[ capti\s objections may be refut$1 or ambigu\s t]ms expla9$4 ,he places all our judgm5ts ( ?+s 9 our s5ses2 & if !y are once l$ to approve ( any?+ false z if x 7 true1 !n he ?9ks t !re is an end to all our p[] ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 tru? & falsehood4 ,b 9 ! ?ird "p1 :i* relates to life & mann]s1 ) respect to e/abli%+ ! end ( our actions1 he utt]s n "o s+le g5]\s or noble s5tim5t4 ,he lays d[n above all o!rs ! pr9ciple1 t nature has b two ?+s z objects ( adoption & av]sion1 namely1 pleasure & pa93 & he ref]s all our pursuits1 & all our desires to avoid any?+1 to "o ( ^! two heads4 ,& al?\gh ?is is ! doctr9e ( ,ari/ippus1 & is ma9ta9$ 9 a bett] mann] & ) m fre$om by ! ,cyr5aics1 /ill ,i ?9k x a pr9ciple ( su* a k9d t no?+ c appe> m unwor?y ( a man4 ,=1 9 my op9ion1 nature has produc$ & =m$ u = great] & high] purposes4 ,x is possible1 inde$1 t ,i may be mi/ak52 b my op9ion is decid$ t t ,torquatus1 :o fir/ acquir$ t "n1 did n te> ! *a9 f (f 8 enemy = ! purpose ( procur+ any corporeal pleasure to himself2 & t he did n1 9 8 ?ird consul%ip1 fight ) ! ,lat9s at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius = ! sake ( any p]sonal pleasure4 ,& :5 he caus$ 8 son to be execut$1 he appe>s to h ev5 depriv$ himself ( _m pleasures1 by ?us pref]r+ ! claims ( 8 dignity & comm& to nature h]self & ! dictates ( fa!rly affection4 ,:at ne$ ,i say m8 ,take ,titus ,torquatus1 him ,i mean :o 0 consul ) ,cnu ,octavius2 :5 he behav$ ) su* sev]ity t[>ds t son :om he _h all[$ ,decimus ,silanus to adopt z 8 own1 z to comm& him1 :5 ! ambassadors ( ! ,mac$onians accus$ him ( hav+ tak5 bribes 9 8 prov9ce :ile he 0 prtor1 to plead 8 cause be=e 8 tribunal3 &1 :5 he _h he>d ! cause on bo? sides1 to pron\nce t he _h n 9 8 comm& behav$ aft] ! fa%ion ( 8 =efa!rs1 & to =bid him ev] to appe> 9 8 sight aga92 does he seem to y to h giv5 a ?\ght to 8 own pleasure8 ,h[ev]1 to say no?+ ( ! dang]s1 & lab\rs1 & ev5 ( ! pa9 :i* e virtu\s man will+ly enc\nt]s on behalf ( 8 c\ntry1 or ( 8 family1 to su* a degree t he n only does n seek =1 b ev5 disreg>ds all pleasures1 & pref]s ev5 to endure any pa9 :atev] r ?an to =sake any "p ( 8 duty2 let u come to ^? ?+s :i* %[ ?is equally1 b :i* appe> ( less importance4 ,:at pleasure d y1 ,o ,torquatus1 :at pleasure does ?is ,tri>ius d]ive f lit]ature1 & hi/ory1 & ! k ( ev5ts1 & ! read+ ( poets1 & 8 wond]ful recollection ( su* numb]s ( v]ses8 ,& d n say to me1 ,:y all ^! ?+s are a pleasure to me4 ,s1 too1 7 ^? noble actions to ! ,torquati4 ,epicurus nev] ass]ts ?is 9 ?is mann]2 nor w\ld y1 ,o ,tri>ius1 nor any man :o _h any wisdom1 or :o _h ev] imbib$ ^? pr9ciples4 ,& z to ! "q :i* is (t5 ask$1 :y !re are s _m ,epicureans--!re are sev]al reasons2 b ?is is ! "o :i* is mo/ s$uctive to ! multitude1 namely1 t p imag9e t :at he ass]ts is t ^? ?+s :i* are "r & hon\rable d ( !mselves produce joy1 t is1 pleasure4 ,^? excell5t m5 d n p]ceive t ! :ole sy/em is ov]turn$ if t is ! case4 ,= if x 7 once grant$1 ev5 al?\gh !re 7 no ref]5ce :atev] to ! body1 t ^! ?+s 7 naturally & intr9sically pleasant2 !n virtue & k w\ld be intr9sically desirable4 ,& ?is is ! la/ ?+ :i* he w\ld *oose to admit4 ,^! pr9ciples1 !n1 ( ,epicurus1 ,i say1 ,i d n approve (4 ,z = o!r matt]s1 ,i wi% ei!r t he himself _h be5 a great] ma/] ( le>n+1 7= he is1 z y y\rself _c help see+1 n suffici5tly accompli%$ 9 ^? bran*es ( k :i* m5 possess :o are acc\nt$ le>n$17 or at all ev5ts t he _h n det]r$ o!rs f ! /udy ( lit]ature3 al?\gh ,i see t y y\rself h n be5 at all det]r$ f su* pursuits by him4 ,,viii4 ,& :5 ,i _h said ?is1 m = ! purpose ( excit+ him ?an ( speak+ myself1 ,tri>ius1 smil+ g5tly1 said1--,y1 inde$1 h almo/ entirely expell$ ,epicurus f ! numb] ( philosoph]s4 ,= :at h y left him except ! ass]tion t1 :atev] 8 language might he1 y und]/ood :at he meant8 ,he has 9 natural philosophy said no?+ b :at is borr[$ f o!rs1 & ev5 !n no?+ :i* y approv$ (4 ,if he has tri$ to am5d any?+ he has made x worse4 ,he _h no skill :atev] 9 disput+4 ,:5 he laid d[n ! rule t pleasure 0 ! *ief good1 9 ! fir/ place he 0 v %ort-sight$ 9 mak+ su* an ass]tion2 & secondly1 ev5 ?is v doctr9e 0 a borr[$ "o2 = ,ari/ippus _h said ! same ?+ be=e1 & bett] too4 ,y add$1 at la/1 t he 0 also de/itute ( le>n+4 ,x is q impossible1 ,o ,tri>ius1 ,i repli$1 = a p]son n to /ate :at he disapproves ( 9 ! !ory ( a man ) :om he disagrees4 ,= :at c\ld h9d] me f be+ an ,epicurean if ,i approv$ ( :at ,epicurus says8 especially :5 x w\ld be an amusem5t to le>n 8 doctr9es4 ,:]e=e1 a man is n to be blam$ = reprov+ ^? :o diff] f "o ano!r2 b evil speak+1 contumely1 ill-temp]1 cont5tion1 & p]t9aci\s viol5ce 9 disput+1 g5]ally appe> to me q unwor?y ( philosophy4 ,i q agree ) y1 said ,torquatus2 = "o _c dispute at all )\t f9d+ fault ) y\r antagoni/2 b on ! o!r h& y _c dispute prop]ly if y d s ) ill-temp] or ) p]t9acity4 ,b1 if y h no objection1 ,i h an answ] to make to ^! ass]tions ( y\rs4 ,d y suppose1 said ,i1 t ,i %\ld h said :at ,i h said if ,i did n desire to he> :at y _h to say too8 ,w\ld y l !n1 says he1 t ,i %\ld g ?r\gh ! :ole !ory ( ,epicurus1 or t we %\ld limit our pres5t inquiry to pleasure by itself2 :i* is :at ! :ole ( ! pres5t dispute relates to8 ,we w d1 said ,i1 :i*ev] y please4 ,t !n1 said he1 %all be my pres5t c\rse4 ,i w expla9 "o matt] only1 be+ ! mo/ important "o4 ,at ano!r "t ,i w discuss ! "q ( natural philosophy2 & ,i w prove to y ! !ory ( ! div]g5ce ( ! atoms1 & ( ! magnitude ( ! sun1 & t ,democritus committ$ _m errors :i* 7 f\nd fault ) & correct$ by ,epicurus4 ,at pres5t1 ,i w conf9e myself to pleasure2 n t ,i am say+ any?+ new1 b /ill ,i w adduce argum5ts :i* ,i feel sure t ev5 y y\rself w approve (4 ,und\bt$ly1 said ,i1 ,i w n be ob/9ate2 & ,i w will+ly agree ) y if y w only prove y\r ass]tions to my satisfaction4 ,i w prove !m1 said he1 provid$ only t y are z imp>tial z y pr(ess y\rself3 b ,i w\ld r employ a connect$ disc\rse ?an keep on ask+ or be+ ask$ que/ions4 ,z y please1 said ,i4 ,on ?is he began to speak2-- ,,ix4 ,fir/ ( all !n1 said he1 ,i w proce$ 9 ! mann] :i* is sanction$ by ! f\nd] ( ?is s*ool3 ,i w lay d[n :at t is :i* is ! subject ( our inquiry1 & :at its "* is3 n t ,i imag9e t y d n "k1 b 9 ord] t my disc\rse may proce$ 9 a sy/ematic & ord]ly mann]4 ,we are inquir+1 !n1 :at is ! end1--:at is ! extreme po9t ( good1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( all philosoph]s1 ought to be su* t ev]y?+ c be ref]r$ to x1 b t x itself c be ref]r$ to no?+4 ,?is ,epicurus places 9 pleasure1 :i* he argues is ! *ief good1 & t pa9 is ! *ief evil2 & he proce$s to prove 8 ass]tion ?us4 ,he says t e animal ! mom5t t x is born seeks = pleasure1 & rejoices 9 x z ! *ief good2 & rejects pa9 z ! *ief evil1 & w>ds x (f f itself z f> z x c2 & t x acts 9 ?is mann]1 )\t hav+ be5 corrupt$ by any?+1 "u ! prompt+s ( nature h]self1 :o =ms ?is uncorrupt & upright judgm5t4 ,!re=e1 he affirms t !re is no ne$ ( argum5t or ( discussion z to :y pleasure is to be s\ght =1 & pa9 to be avoid$4 ,?is he ?9ks a matt] ( s5se1 j z mu* z t fire is hot1 sn[ :ite1 honey sweet2 none ( :i* propositions he ?9ks require to be confirm$ by labori\sly s\ght reasons1 b t x is suffici5t m]ely to /ate !m4 ,= t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 argum5ts & conclusions arriv$ at by ratioc9ation1 & ord9>y obs]vations & /atem5ts3--by ! fir/1 secret & obscure pr9ciples are expla9$2 by ! second1 matt]s :i* are pla9 & easy are br\ght to decision4 ,= s9ce1 if y take away s5se f a man1 !re is no?+ left to him1 x foll[s ( necessity t :at is contr>y to nature1 or :at agrees ) x1 mu/ be left to nature h]self to decide4 ,n[ :at does %e p]ceive1 or :at does %e det]m9e on z h] guide to seek or to avoid any?+1 except pleasure & pa98 ,b !re are "s ( our s*ool :o seek to c>ry out ?is doctr9e ) m acut5ess1 & :o w n all[ t x is suffici5t t x %\ld be decid$ by s5se :at is good & :at is bad1 b :o ass]t t ^! po9ts c be asc]ta9$ by intellect & reason also1 & t pleasure is to be s\ght = on its own acc\nt1 & t pa9 also is to be avoid$ = ! same reason4 ,!re=e1 !y say t ?is notion is implant$ 9 our m9ds naturally & in/9ctively1 z x 72 s t we feel t ! "o is to be s\ght =1 & ! o!r to be avoid$4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 7& ?is is my own op9ion too17 ass]t t1 z _m reasons are alleg$ by _m philosoph]s :y pleasure ought n to be reckon$ among goods1 nor pa9 among evils1 we ought n to rely too mu* on ! goodness ( our cause1 b t we %\ld use argum5ts1 & discuss ! po9t ) precision1 & argue1 by ! help ( c>efully collect$ reasons1 ab\t pleasure & ab\t pa94 ,x4 ,b t y may come to an accurate p]ception ( ! s\rce :5ce all ?is error orig9at$ ( ^? p :o attack pleasure & extol pa91 ,i w unfold ! :ole matt]2 & ,i w lay be=e y ! v /atem5ts :i* h be5 made by t discov]] ( ! tru?1 & ar*itect1 z x 71 ( a happy life4 ,= no "o ei!r despises1 or hates1 or avoids pleasure itself m]ely because x is pleasure1 b because great pa9s ov]take ^? m5 :o d n und]/& h[ to pursue pleasure 9 a reasonable mann]4 ,nor is !re any "o :o loves1 or pursues1 or wi%es to acquire pa9 because x is pa91 b because sometimes su* occasions arise t a man atta9s to "s great pleasure ?r\gh lab\r & pa94 ,=1 to desc5d to trifles1 :o ( u ev] und]takes any labori\s ex]tion ( body except 9 ord] to ga9 "s advantage by s do+8 & :o is !re :o c\ld fairly blame a man :o %\ld wi% to be 9 t /ate ( pleasure :i* no annoyance c int]rupt1 or "o :o %uns t pa9 by :i* no subsequ5t pleasure is procur$8 ,b we d accuse ^? m51 & ?9k !m entirely wor?y ( ! greate/ hatr$1 :o1 be+ made effem9ate & corrupt$ by ! allurem5ts ( pres5t pleasure1 are s bl9d$ by passion t !y d n =esee :at pa9s & annoyances !y w h]eaft] be subject to2 & :o are equally guilty ) ^? :o1 ?r\gh weakness ( m9d1 t is to say1 f eag]ness to avoid lab\r & pa91 des]t _! duty4 ,& ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! ?+s is quick & easy4 ,= at a "t :5 we are free1 :5 ! option ( *oice is 9 our own p[]1 & :5 !re is no?+ to prev5t our be+ able to d :atev] we *oose1 !n e pleasure may be enjoy$1 & e pa9 repell$4 ,b on p>ticul> occasions x w (t5 happ51 ow+ ei!r to ! obligations ( duty or ! necessities ( bus9ess1 t pleasures mu/ be decl9$ & annoyances mu/ n be %irk$4 ,!re=e ! wise man holds to ?is pr9ciple ( *oice 9 ^? matt]s1 t he rejects "s pleasures1 s z1 by ! rejection1 to obta9 o!rs :i* are great]1 & enc\nt]s "s pa9s1 s z by t means to escape o!rs :i* are m =midable4 ,n[1 z ^! are my s5tim5ts1 :at reason c ,i h = fe>+ t ,i may n be able to accommodate our ,torquati to !m--m5 ^: examples y j n[ quot$ f memory1 ) a k9d & fri5dly feel+ t[>ds u8 ,h[ev]1 y h n brib$ me by prais+ my ance/ors1 nor made me less prompt 9 reply+ to y4 ,b ,i %\ld l to "k f y h[ y int]pret _! actions8 ,d y ?9k t !y attack$ ! enemy ) su* feel+s1 or t !y 7 s sev]e to _! *ildr5 & to _! own blood z to h no ?\ght ( _! own advantage1 or ( :at might be useful to !mselves8 ,b ev5 wild bea/s d n d t1 & d n ru% ab\t & cause confusion 9 su* a way t we _c und]/& :at is ! object ( _! motions4 ,& d y ?9k t su* illu/ri\s m5 p]=m$ su* great actions )\t a reason8 ,:at _! reason 0 ,i w exam9e pres5tly2 9 ! meantime ,i w lay d[n ?is rule1--,if !re 0 any reason :i* in/igat$ !m to d ^? ?+s :i* are und\bt$ly spl5did exploits1 !n virtue by h]self 0 n ! sole cause ( _! conduct4 ,"o man tore a *a9 f (f 8 enemy1 & at ! same "t he def5d$ himself f be+ sla92 b he enc\nt]$ great dang]4 ,yes1 b x 0 be=e ! eyes ( ! :ole army4 ,:at did he get by t8 ,glory1 & ! affection ( 8 c\ntrym51 :i* are ! sure/ bulw>ks to enable a man to pass 8 life )\t fe>4 ,he put 8 son to dea? by ! h& ( ! execution]4 ,if he did s )\t any reason1 !n ,i %\ld be sorry to be desc5d$ f s inhuman & m]ciless a man4 ,b if 8 object 0 to e/abli% milit>y discipl9e & ob$i5ce to comm&1 at ! price ( 8 own angui%1 & at a "t ( a mo/ =midable w> to re/ra9 8 army by ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 !n he 0 provid+ = ! safety ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 :i* he 0 well aw>e embrac$ 8 own4 ,& ?is pr9ciple is "o ( ext5sive application4 ,= ! v po9t respect+ :i* y\r :ole s*ool1 & y\rself mo/ especially1 :o are su* a dilig5t inve/igator ( anci5t in/ances1 are 9 ! habit ( vaunt+ y\rself & us+ high-fl[n language1 namely1 ! m5tion ( brave & illu/ri\s m51 & ! extoll+ ( _! actions1 z proce$+ n f any reg>d to advantage1 b f pure pr9ciples ( hon\r & a love ( glory1 is entirely upset1 :5 once t rule 9 ! *oice ( ?+s is e/abli%$ :i* ,i m5tion$ j n[1--namely1 t pleasures are pass$ ov] = ! sake ( obta9+ o!r great] pleasures1 or t pa9s are enc\nt]$ ) a view to escape great] pa9s4 ,,xi4 ,b1 h[ev]1 = ! pres5t we h said en\gh ab\t ! illu/ri\s & glori\s actions ( celebrat$ m52 = !re w be1 h]eaft]1 a v appropriate place = discuss+ ! t5d5cy ( all ! virtues to procure pleasure4 ,b1 at pres5t1 ,i w expla9 :at pleasure itself is1 & :at its "* is2 s z to d away ) all ! mi/akes ( ignorant p1 & 9 ord] t x may be cle>ly und]/ood h[ dignifi$1 & temp]ate1 & virtu\s t sy/em is1 :i* is (t5 acc\nt$ voluptu\s1 effem9ate1 & delicate4 ,= we are n at pres5t pursu+ t pleasure alone :i* moves nature itself by a c]ta9 sweetness1 & :i* is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses ) a c]ta9 pleasurable feel+2 b we consid] t ! greate/ ( all pleasures :i* is felt :5 all pa9 is remov$4 ,= s9ce1 :5 we are free f pa91 we rejoice 9 t v fre$om itself1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( all annoyance1--b ev]y?+ :i* is a cause ( our rejoic+ is pleasure1 j z ev]y?+ t gives u (f5ce is pa91--accord+ly1 ! abs5ce ( all pa9 is rightly d5om9at$ pleasure4 ,=1 z :5 hung] & ?ir/ are driv5 away by meat & dr9k1 ! v removal ( ! annoyance br+s ) x ! atta9m5t ( pleasure1 s1 9 e case1 ! removal ( pa9 produces ! succession ( pleasure4 ,& !re=e ,epicurus w\ld n admit t !re 0 any int]m$iate /ate betwe5 pleasure & pa92 = he insi/$ t t v /ate :i* seems to "s p ! int]m$iate "o1 :5 a man is free f e sort ( pa91 is n only pleasure1 b ! highe/ sort ( pleasure4 ,= :oev] feels h[ he is affect$ mu/ inevitably be ei!r 9 a /ate ( pleasure or 9 a /ate ( pa94 ,b ,epicurus ?9ks t ! highe/ pleasure consi/s 9 an abs5ce ( all pa9s2 s t pleasure may aft]w>ds be v>i$1 & may be ( diff]5t k9ds1 b _c be increas$ or amplifi$4 ,& ev5 at ,a!ns1 z ,i h he>d my fa!r say1 :5 he 0 je/+ 9 a good-hum\r$ & faceti\s way ^u ! ,/oics1 !re is a /atue 9 ! ,c]amicus ( ,*rysippus1 sitt+ d[n ) 8 h& /ret*$ out2 & ?is attitude ( ! h& intimates t he is amus+ himself ) ?is brief "q1 8,does y\r h&1 :ile 9 t condition 9 :i* x is at pres5t1 want any?+80--,no?+ at all4 ,b if pleasure 7 a good1 w\ld x want x8 ,i suppose s4 ,pleasure1 !n1 is n a good4 ,& my fa!r us$ to say t ev5 a /atue w\ld n say ?is if x c\ld speak4 ,= ! conclusion 0 drawn z aga9/ ! ,/oics ) suffici5t acut5ess1 b x did n conc]n ,epicurus4 ,= if t 7 ! only pleasure :i* tickl$ ! s5ses1 z x 71 if ,i may say s1 & :i* ov]fl[$ & p5etrat$ !m ) a c]ta9 agreeable feel+1 !n ev5 a h& c\ld n be cont5t ) fre$om f pa9 )\t "s pleas+ motion ( pleasure4 ,b if ! highe/ pleasure is1 z ,epicurus ass]ts1 to be free f pa91 !n1 ,o ,*rysippus1 ! fir/ admission 0 correctly made to y1 t ! h&1 :5 x 0 9 t condition1 0 9 want ( no?+2 b ! second admission 0 n equally correct1 t if pleasure 7 a good x w\ld wi% = x4 ,= x w\ld n wi% = x = ?is reason1 inasmu* z :atev] is free f pa9 is 9 pleasure4 ,,xii4 ,b t pleasure is ! b\nd>y ( all good ?+s may be easily se5 f ?is consid]ation4 ,let u imag9e a p]son enjoy+ pleasures great1 num]\s1 & p]petual1 bo? ( m9d & body1 ) no pa9 ei!r int]rupt+ him at pres5t or imp5d+ ov] him2 :at condition c we call sup]ior to or m desirable ?an ?is8 ,= x is inevitable t !re mu/ be 9 a man :o is 9 ?is condition a firmness ( m9d :i* fe>s nei!r dea? nor pa91 because dea? is void ( all s5sation2 & pa91 if x is ( long duration1 is a trifle1 :ile if sev]e x is usually ( brief duration2 s t its brevity is a consolation if x is viol5t1 & its trifl+ nature if x is endur+4 ,& :5 !re is add$ to ^! circum/ances t su* a man has no fe> ( ! deity ( ! gods1 & does n suff] pa/ pleasures to be entirely lo/1 b delights himself ) ! cont9u$ recollection ( !m1 :at c be add$ to ?is :i* w be any improvem5t to x8 ,imag9e1 on ! o!r h&1 any "o worn out ) ! greate/ pa9s ( m9d & body :i* c possibly befal a man1 )\t any hope be+ held out to him t !y w h]eaft] be light]1 :51 besides1 he has no pleasure :atev] ei!r pres5t or expect$2 :at c be spok5 ( or imag9$ m mis]able ?an ?is8 ,b if a life entirely fill$ ) pa9s is above all ?+s to be avoid$1 !n c]ta9ly t is ! greate/ ( evils to live 9 pa94 ,& ak9 to ?is s5tim5t is ! o!r1 t x is ! mo/ extreme good to live ) pleasure4 ,= our m9d has no o!r po9t :]e x c /op z at a b\nd>y2 & all fe>s & di/resses are ref]able to pa93 nor is !re any?+ :atev] besides1 :i* ( its own intr9sic nature c make u anxi\s or grieve u4 ,moreov]1 ! beg9n+s ( desir+ & avoid+1 & inde$ altoge!r ( ev]y?+ :i* we d1 take _! rise ei!r 9 pleasure or pa94 ,& z ?is is ! case1 x is pla9 t ev]y?+ :i* is "r & laudable has ref]5ce to ?is "o object ( liv+ ) pleasure4 ,& s9ce t is ! highe/1 or extreme1 or greate/ good1 :i* ! ,greeks call 1 because x is ref]r$ to no?+ else itself1 b ev]y?+ is ref]r$ to x1 we mu/ confess t ! highe/ good is to live agreeably4 ,,xiii4 ,& ^? :o place ?is 9 virtue alone1 &1 be+ caught by ! spl5d\r ( a "n1 d n und]/& :at nature requires1 w be deliv]$ f ! greate/ blund] imag9able if !y w li/5 to ,epicurus4 ,= unless ^? excell5t & beautiful virtues :i* y\r s*ool talks ab\t produc$ pleasure1 :o w\ld ?9k !m ei!r praisewor?y or desirable8 ,= z we e/eem ! skill ( physicians n = ! sake ( ! art itself1 b f our desire = good heal?1--& z ! skill ( ! pilot1 :o has ! k h[ to navigate a vessel well1 is prais$ ) ref]5ce to its utility1 & n to 8 ability1--s wisdom1 :i* %\ld be consid]$ ! art ( liv+1 w\ld n be s\ght aft] if x effect$ no?+2 b at pres5t x is s\ght aft] because x is1 z x 71 ! effici5t cause ( pleasure1 :i* is a legitimate object ( desire & acquisition4 ,& n[ y und]/& :at pleasure ,i mean1 s t :at ,i say may n be br\ght into odium f my us+ an unpopul> ^w4 ,= z ! *ief annoyances to human life proce$ f ignorance ( :at ?+s are good & :at bad1 & z by reason ( t mi/ake m5 are (t5 depriv$ ( ! greate/ pleasures1 & tortur$ by ! mo/ bitt] grief ( m9d1 we h ne$ to ex]cise wisdom1 :i*1 by remov+ gr\ndless al>ms & va9 desires1 & by bani%+ ! ra%ness ( all errone\s op9ions1 (f]s h]self to u z ! sure/ guide to pleasure4 ,= x is wisdom alone :i* expels sorr[ f our m9ds1 & prev5ts our %udd]+ ) fe>3 %e is ! in/ructress :o enables u to live 9 tranquillity1 by ext+ui%+ 9 u all vehem5ce ( desire4 ,= desires are insatiable1 & ru9 n only individuals b entire families1 & (t5 ov]turn ! :ole /ate4 ,f desires arise hatr$1 diss5sions1 qu>rels1 s$itions1 w>s4 ,nor is x only out ( doors t ^! passions v5t !mselves1 nor is x only aga9/ o!rs t !y run ) bl9d viol5ce2 b !y are (t5 %ut up1 z x 71 9 ! m9d1 & ?r[ t into confusion ) _! disagreem5ts4 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 to make life ?or\ghly wret*$2 s t ! wise man is ! only "o :o1 hav+ cut away all vanity & error1 & remov$ x f him1 c live cont5t$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( nature1 )\t melan*oly & )\t fe>4 ,= :at div]sion c be ei!r m useful or m adapt$ = human life ?an t :i* ,epicurus employ$8 ,= he laid x d[n t !re 7 ?ree k9ds ( desires2 ! fir/1 su* z 7 natural & necess>y2 ! second1 su* z 7 natural b n necess>y2 ! ?ird1 su* z 7 nei!r natural nor necess>y4 ,& ^! are all su*1 t ^? :i* are necess>y are satisfi$ )\t mu* tr\ble or exp5se3 ev5 ^? :i* are natural & n necess>y1 d n require a great deal1 because nature itself makes ! ri*es1 :i* are suffici5t to cont5t x1 easy ( acquisition & ( limit$ quantity3 b z = va9 desires1 x is impossible to f9d any limit to1 or any mod]ation 9 !m4 ,,xiv4 ,b if we see t ! :ole life ( man is ?r[n into disord] by error & ignorance2 & t wisdom is ! only ?+ :i* c relieve u f ! sway ( ! passions & ! fe> ( dang]1 & :i* c tea* u to be> ! injuries ( =tune itself ) mod]ation1 & :i* %[s u all ! ways :i* lead to tranquillity & peace2 :at reason is !re t we %\ld hesitate to say t wisdom is to be s\ght = ! sake ( pleasure1 & t folly is to be avoid$ on acc\nt ( its annoyances8 ,& on ! same pr9ciple we %all say t ev5 temp]ance is n to be s\ght = its own sake1 b because x br+s peace to ! m9d1 & soo!s & tranquillizes !m by :at ,i may call a k9d ( concord4 ,= temp]ance is t :i* w>ns u to foll[ reason 9 desir+ or avoid+ any?+4 ,nor is x suffici5t to decide :at ought to be done1 & :at ought n2 b we mu/ adh]e to :at has be5 decid$4 ,b _m m51 because !y are enfeebl$ & subdu$ ! mom5t pleasure comes 9 sight1 & s are unable to keep & adh]e to ! det]m9ation !y h =m$1 give !mselves up to be b\nd h& & foot by _! lu/s1 & d n =esee :at w happ5 to !m2 & 9 t way1 on acc\nt ( "s pleasure :i* is trivial & unnecess>y1 & :i* might be procur$ 9 "s o!r mann]1 & :i* !y c\ld disp5se ) )\t annoyance1 incur t]rible diseases1 & injuries1 & disgrace1 & are (t5 ev5 involv$ 9 ! p5alties ( ! legal tribunals ( _! c\ntry4 ,b ^! m5 :o wi% to enjoy pleasure 9 su* a way t no grief %all ev] ov]take !m 9 consequ5ce1 & :o reta9 _! judgm5t s z nev] to be ov]come by pleasure z to d :at !y feel ought n to be done2 ^! m51 ,i say1 obta9 ! greate/ pleasure by pass+ pleasure by4 ,!y (t5 ev5 endure pa91 9 ord] to avoid enc\nt]+ great] pa9 h]eaft] by _! %unn+ x at pres5t4 ,f :i* consid]ation x is p]ceiv$ t intemp]ance is n to be avoid$ = its own sake2 & t temp]ance is to be s\ght =1 n because x avoids pleasures1 b because x atta9s to great] ones4 ,,xv4 ,! same pr9ciple w be f\nd to hold good ) respect to c\rage4 ,= ! dis*>ge ( lab\rs & ! endurance ( pa9 are nei!r ( !m intr9sically tempt+2 nor is pati5ce1 nor dilig5ce1 nor wat*fulness1 nor indu/ry :i* is s mu* extoll$1 nor ev5 c\rage itself3 b we cultivate ^! habits 9 ord] t we may live )\t c>e & fe>1 & may be able1 z f> z is 9 our p[]1 to release our m9ds & bodies f annoyance4 ,= z ! :ole condition ( tranquil life is ?r[n into confusion by ! fe> ( dea?1 & z x is a mis]able ?+ to yield to pa9 & to be> x ) a humble & imbecile m9d2 & z on acc\nt ( t weakness ( m9d _m m5 h ru9$ _! p>5ts1 _m m5 _! fri5ds1 "s _! c\ntry1 & v _m inde$ h utt]ly undone !mselves2 s a vigor\s & l(ty m9d is free f all c>e & pa91 s9ce x despises dea?1 :i* only places ^? :o enc\nt] x 9 ! same condition z t 9 :i* !y 7 be=e !y 7 born2 & x is s prep>$ = pa9 t x recollects t ! v greate/ are t]m9at$ by dea?1 & t slight pa9s h _m int]vals ( re/1 & t we c ma/] mod]ate ones1 s z to be> !m if !y are tol]able1 & if n1 we c dep>t ) equanimity out ( life1 j z out ( a !atre1 :5 x no long] pleases u4 ,by all :i* consid]ations x is und]/ood t c[>dice & idl5ess are n blam$1 & t c\rage & pati5ce are n prais$1 = _! own sakes2 b t ! "o l9e ( conduct is reject$ z ! p>5t ( pa91 & ! o!r desir$ z ! au?or ( pleasure4 ,,xvi4 ,ju/ice rema9s to be m5tion$1 t ,i may n omit any virtue :atev]2 b ne>ly ! same ?+s may be said respect+ t4 ,=1 z ,i h already %[n t wisdom1 temp]ance1 & =titude are connect$ ) pleasure 9 su* a way t !y _c possibly be sep>at$ or divid$ f x1 s also we mu/ consid] t x is ! case ) ju/ice4 ,:i* n only nev] injures any "o2 b on ! contr>y always n\ri%es some?+ :i* tranquillizes ! m9d1 p>tly by its own p[] & nature1 & p>tly by ! hopes t no?+ w be want+ ( ^? ?+s :i* a nature n deprav$ may fairly d]ive4 ,s9ce ra%ness & lu/ & idl5ess always torture ! m9d1 always make x anxi\s1 & are ( a turbul5t "*1 s too1 :]ev] inju/ice settles 9 any man's m9d1 x is turbul5t f ! m]e fact ( its exi/5ce & pres5ce !re2 & if x =ms any plan1 al?\gh x executes x ev] s secretly1 /ill x nev] believes t :at has be5 done w be conceal$ = ev]4 ,= g5]ally1 :5 wick$ m5 d any?+1 fir/ ( all suspicion ov]takes _! actions2 !n ! common conv]sation & report ( m52 !n ! prosecutor & ! judge2 & _m ev51 z 0 ! case :5 y 7 consul1 h giv5 in=mation aga9/ !mselves4 ,b if any m5 appe> to !mselves to be suffici5tly f5c$ r\nd & protect$ f ! consci\sness ( m51 /ill !y dread ! k ( ! ,gods1 & ?9k t ^? v anxieties by :i* _! m9ds are eat5 up night & day1 are inflict$ ^u !m by ! immortal ,gods = ! sake ( puni%m5t4 ,& h[ is x possible t wick$ actions c ev] h z mu* influ5ce t[>ds alleviat+ ! annoyances ( life1 z !y mu/ h t[>ds increas+ !m f ! consci\sness ( our actions1 & also f ! puni%m5ts inflict$ by ! laws & ! hatr$ ( ! citiz5s8 ,& yet1 9 "s p1 !re is no mod]ation 9 _! passion = money & = hon\r & = comm&1 or 9 _! lu/s & gre$9ess & o!r desires1 :i* acquisitions1 h[ev] wick$ly made1 d n at all dim9i%1 b r inflame1 s t x seems we ought r to re/ra9 su* m5 ?an to ?9k t we c tea* !m bett]4 ,!re=e s\nd wisdom invites s5sible m5 to ju/ice1 equity1 & good fai?4 ,& unju/ actions are n advantage\s ev5 to t man :o has no abilities or res\rces2 inasmu* z he _c easily d :at he endeav\rs to d1 nor obta9 8 objects if he does succe$ 9 8 endeav\rs4 ,& ! gifts ( =tune & ( g5ius are bett] suit$ to lib]ality2 & ^? :o practise ?is virtue ga9 !mselves goodwill1 & affection1 :i* is ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ?+s to enable a man to live ) tranquillity2 especially :5 he has absolutely no motive at all = do+ wrong4 ,= ^? desires :i* proce$ f nature are easily satisfi$ )\t any inju/ice2 b ^? :i* are va9 ought n to be compli$ )4 ,= !y desire no?+ :i* is really desirable2 & !re is m disadvantage 9 ! m]e fact ( inju/ice ?an !re is advantage 9 :at is acquir$ by ! inju/ice4 ,!re=e a p]son w\ld n be "r :o %\ld pron\nce ev5 ju/ice intr9sically desirable = its own sake2 b because x br+s ! greate/ am\nt ( :at is agreeable4 ,= to be lov$ & to be de> to o!rs is agreeable because x makes life saf]1 & pleasure m abundant4 ,!re=e we ?9k di%one/y %\ld be avoid$1 n only on acc\nt ( ^? disadvantages :i* befal ! wick$1 b ev5 mu* m because x nev] p]mits ! man 9 ^: m9d x abides to brea! freely1 & nev] lets him re/4 ,b if ! praise ( ^? id5tical virtues 9 :i* ! disc\rse ( all o!r philosoph]s s especially exults1 _c f9d any end unless x be direct$ t[>ds pleasure1 & if pleasure be ! only ?+ :i* calls & allures u to itself by its own nature2 !n x _c be d\btful t t is ! highe/ & greate/ ( all goods1 & t to live happily is no?+ else except to live ) pleasure4 ,,xvii4 ,& ,i w n[ expla9 9 a few words ! ?+s :i* are insep>ably connect$ ) ?is sure & solid op9ion4 ,!re is no mi/ake ) respect to ! ends !mselves ( good & evil1 t is to say1 ) respect to pleasure & pa92 b m5 err 9 ^! po9ts :5 !y d n "k :at !y are caus$ by4 ,b we admit t ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! m9d are caus$ by ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! body4 ,!re=e ,i grant :at y 7 say+ j n[1 t if any philosoph]s ( our s*ool ?9k diff]5tly 7& ,i see t _m m5 d s1 b !y are ignorant p7 !y mu/ be convict$ ( error4 ,b al?\gh pleasure ( m9d br+s u joy1 & pa9 causes u grief1 x is /ill true t ea* ( ^! feel+s orig9ates 9 ! body1 & is ref]r$ to ! body2 & x does n foll[ on t acc\nt t bo? ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! m9d are n mu* m important ?an ^? ( ! body4 ,= ) ! body we are unable to feel any?+ :i* is n actually exi/5t & pres5t2 b ) our m9d we feel ?+s pa/ & ?+s to come4 ,= al?\gh :5 we are suff]+ bodily pa91 we are equally 9 pa9 9 our m9ds1 /ill a v great addition may be made to t if we believe t any endless & b\ndless evil is imp5d+ ov] u4 ,& we may transf] ?is ass]tion to pleasure1 s t t w be great] if we h no su* fe>4 ,?is n[ is entirely evid5t1 t ! v greate/ pleasure or annoyance ( ! m9d contributes m to mak+ life happy or mis]able ?an ei!r ( ^! feel+s c d if x is 9 ! body = an equal l5g? ( "t4 ,b we d n agree t1 if pleasure be tak5 away1 grief foll[s imm$iately1 unless by *ance x happ5s t pa9 has succe$$ & tak5 ! place ( pleasure2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we affirm t m5 d rejoice at gett+ rid ( pa9 ev5 if no pleasure :i* c affect ! s5ses succe$s4 ,& f ?is x may be und]/ood h[ great a pleasure x is n to be 9 pa94 ,b z we are r\s$ by ^? good ?+s :i* we are 9 expectation (1 s we rejoice at ^? :i* we recollect4 ,b fooli% m5 are tortur$ by ! recollection ( pa/ evils2 wise m5 are delight$ by ! memory ( pa/ good ?+s1 :i* are ?us r5ew$ by ! agreeable recollection4 ,b !re is a feel+ implant$ 9 u by :i* we bury adv]sity z x 7 9 a p]petual oblivion1 b dwell ) pleasure & delight on ! recollection ( good =tune4 ,b :5 ) eag] & att5tive m9ds we dwell on :at is pa/1 ! consequ5ce is1 t melan*oly ensues1 if ! pa/ has be5 unprosp]\s2 b joy1 if x has be5 =tunate4 ,,xviii4 ,oh :at a spl5did1 & manife/1 & simple1 & pla9 way ( liv+ well6 ,= z c]ta9ly no?+ c\ld be bett] = man ?an to be free f all pa9 & annoyance1 & to enjoy ! greate/ pleasures ( bo? m9d & body1 d y n see h[ no?+ is omitt$ :i* c aid life1 s z to enable m5 m easily to arrive at t *ief good :i* is _! object6 ,epicurus cries out--! v man :om y pron\nce to be too devot$ to pleasure--t man _c live agreeably1 unless he lives hon\rably1 ju/ly1 & wisely2 & t1 if he lives wisely1 hon\rably1 & ju/ly1 x is impossible t he %\ld n live agreeably4 ,= a city 9 s$ition _c be happy1 nor c a h\se 9 :i* ! ma/]s are qu>rell+4 ,s t a m9d :i* disagrees & qu>rels ) itself1 _c ta/e any portion ( cle> & unre/ra9$ pleasure4 ,& a man :o is always giv+ 9 to pursuits & plans :i* are inconsi/5t ) & contr>y to "o ano!r1 c nev] "k any quiet or tranquillity4 ,b if ! pleasure ( life is h9d]$ by ! grav] diseases ( ! body1 h[ mu* m mu/ x be s by ^? ( ! m9d8 ,b ! diseases ( ! m9d are b\ndless & va9 desires ( ri*es1 or glory1 or dom9ation1 or ev5 ( lu/ful pleasures4 ,besides ^! !re are melan*oly1 annoyance1 sorr[1 :i* eat up & de/roy ) anxiety ! m9ds ( ^? m5 :o d n und]/& t ! m9d ought n to grieve ab\t any?+ :i* is unconnect$ ) "s pres5t or future pa9 ( body4 ,nor is !re any fool :o does n suff] "u "s "o ( ^! diseases4 ,!re=e !re is no fool :o is n mis]able4 ,besides ^! ?+s !re is dea?1 :i* is always hang+ ov] u z 8 rock is ov] ,tantalus2 & sup]/ition1 a feel+ :i* prev5ts any "o :o is imbu$ ) x f ev] enjoy+ tranquillity4 ,besides1 su* m5 z !y d n recollect _! pa/ good =tune1 d n enjoy :at is pres5t1 b d no?+ b expect :at is to come2 & z t _c be c]ta91 !y we> !mselves out ) grief & appreh5sion1 & are torm5t$ mo/ especially :5 !y f9d out1 aft] x is too late1 t !y h devot$ !mselves to ! pursuit ( money1 or au?ority1 or p[]1 or glory1 to no purpose4 ,= !y h acquir$ no pleasures1 by ! hope ( enjoy+ :i* x 0 t !y 7 inflam$ to und]take s _m great lab\rs4 ,!re are o!rs1 ( little & n>r[ m9ds1 ei!r always despair+ ( ev]y?+1 or else malcont5t1 envi\s1 ill-temp]$1 *urli%1 calumni\s1 & morose2 o!rs devot$ to amatory pleasures1 o!rs petulant1 o!rs audaci\s1 wanton1 intemp]ate1 or idle1 nev] cont9u+ 9 ! same op9ion2 on :i* acc\nt !re is nev] any int]ruption to ! annoyances to :i* _! life is expos$4 ,!re=e1 !re is no fool :o is happy1 & no wise man :o is n4 ,& we put ?is mu* m =cibly & truly ?an ! ,/oics3 = !y ass]t t !re is no good :atev]1 b "s imag9>y %ad[ :i* !y call 1 a "n %[y r ?an sub/antial2 & !y insi/ ^u x1 t virtue rely+ on ?is pr9ciple ( hon\r /&s 9 ne$ ( no pleasure1 & is cont5t ) its own res\rces z adequate to secure a happy life4 ,,xix4 ,h[ev]1 ^! ass]tions may be to a c]ta9 ext5t made n only )\t our object+ to !m1 b ev5 ) our concurr5ce & agreem5t4 ,= 9 ?is way ! wise man is repres5t$ by ,epicurus z always happy4 ,he has limit$ desires2 he disreg>ds dea?2 he has a true op9ion conc]n+ ! immortal ,gods )\t any fe>2 he does n hesitate1 if x is bett] = him1 to dep>t f life4 ,be+ prep>$ 9 ?is mann]1 & arm$ ) ^! pr9ciples1 he is always 9 ! enjoym5t ( pleasure2 nor is !re any p]iod :5 he does n feel m pleasure ?an pa94 ,= he rememb]s ! pa/ ) gratitude1 & he enjoys ! pres5t s z to notice h[ important & h[ delightful ! joys :i* x supplies are2 nor does he dep5d on future good1 b he waits = t & enjoys ! pres5t2 & is z f> remov$ z possible f ^? vices :i* ,i h enum]at$2 & :5 he comp>es ! life ( fools to 8 own he feels great pleasure4 ,& pa91 if any does attack him1 has nev] su* p[] t ! wise man has n m to rejoice at ?an to be griev$ at4 ,b ,epicurus does admirably 9 say+ t =tune has b little p[] ov] ! wise man1 & t ! greate/ & mo/ important ev5ts ( su* a man's life are manag$ by 8 own wisdom & prud5ce2 & t great] pleasure _c be d]iv$ f an et]nity ( life ?an su* a man enjoys f ?is life :i* we see to be limit$4 ,b 9 y\r dialectics he ?\ght t !re 0 no p[] :i* c\ld contribute ei!r to enable m5 to live bett]1 or argue m conv5i5tly4 ,to natural philosophy he attribut$ a great deal ( importance4 ,= by ! "o sci5ce x is only ! mean+ ( words & ! "* ( a spee*1 & ! way 9 :i* argum5ts foll[ f or are inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r1 t c be se52 b if ! nature ( all ?+s is kn[n1 we are by t k reliev$ f sup]/ition1 releas$ f ! fe> ( dea?1 exempt$ f be+ p]plex$ by our ignorance ( ?+s1 f :i* ignorance horrible fe>s (t5 arise4 ,la/ly1 we %all be improv$ 9 our morals :5 we h le>nt :at nature requires4 ,moreov]1 if we h an accurate k ( ?+s1 pres]v+ t rule :i* has fall5 f heav5 z x 7 = ! k ( all ?+s1 by :i* all our judgm5ts ( ?+s are to be regulat$1 we %all nev] ab&on our op9ions because ( be+ ov]come by any "o's eloqu5ce4 ,= unless ! nature ( ?+s is ?or\ghly kn[n1 we %all h no means by :i* we c def5d ! judgm5ts =m$ by our s5ses4 ,moreov]1 :atev] we disc]n by our intellect1 all arises f ! s5ses4 ,& if our s5ses are all correct1 z ! !ory ( ,epicurus affirms1 !n some?+ may be disc]n$ & und]/ood accurately2 b z to ^? m5 :o d5y ! p[] ( ! s5ses1 & say t no?+ c be kn[n by !m1 ^? v m51 if ! s5ses are disc>d$1 w be unable to expla9 t v po9t :i* !y are argu+ ab\t4 ,besides1 if all k & sci5ce is put out ( ! "q1 !n !re is an end also ( all settl$ pr9ciples ( liv+ & ( do+ any?+4 ,?us1 by means ( natural philosophy1 c\rage is desir$ to )/& ! fe> ( dea?1 & con/ancy to put aside ! claims eng5d]$ by sup]/ition2 & by remov+ ignorance ( all secret ?+s1 tranquillity ( m9d is produc$2 & by expla9+ ! nature ( desires & _! diff]5t k9ds1 we get mod]ation3 & 7z ,i j n[ expla9$7 by means ( ?is rule ( k1 & ( ! judgm5t :i* is e/abli%$ & correct$ by x1 ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ tru? f falsehood is put into man's h&s4 ,,xx4 ,!re rema9s a topic necess>y above all o!rs to ?is discussion1 t ( fri5d%ip1 namely3 :i* y1 if pleasure is ! *ief good1 affirm to h no exi/5ce at all4 ,conc]n+ :i* ,epicurus speaks ?us3 ,t ( all ! ?+s :i* wisdom has collect$ to enable man to live happily1 no?+ is m important1 m influ5tial1 or m delightful ?an fri5d%ip4 ,nor did he prove ?is ass]tion by words only1 b /ill m by 8 life1 & conduct1 & actions4 ,& h[ important a ?+ x is1 ! fables ( ! anci5ts abundantly intimate1 9 :i*1 _m & v>i$ z !y are1 & trac$ back to ! remote/ antiquity1 sc>cely ?ree pairs ( fri5ds are f\nd1 ev5 if y beg9 z f> back z ,!seus1 & come d[n to ,ore/es4 ,b 9 "o s+le h\se1 & t a small "o1 :at great cr[ds ( fri5ds did ,epicurus collect1 & h[ /rong 0 ! bond ( affection t held !m toge!r6 ,& ?is is ! case ev5 n[ among ! ,epicureans4 ,h[ev]1 let u return to our subject3 x is n necess>y = u to be discuss+ m54 ,i see1 !n1 t ! philosoph]s ( our s*ool h treat$ ! "q ( fri5d%ip 9 ?ree ways4 ,"s1 z !y d5i$ t ^? pleasures :i* conc]n$ our fri5ds 7 to be s\ght ) z mu* eag]ness = _! own sake1 z we display 9 seek+ our own1 7by press+ :i* topic "s p ?9k t ! /ability ( fri5d%ip is endang]$17 ma9ta9 t doctr9e resolutely1 &1 z ,i ?9k1 easily expla9 x4 ,=1 z 9 ! case ( ! virtues :i* ,i h already m5tion$1 s too !y d5y t fri5d%ip c ev] be sep>at$ f pleasure4 ,=1 z a life :i* is solit>y & de/itute ( fri5ds is full ( trea*]y & al>m1 reason itself w>ns u to =m fri5d%ips4 ,& :5 su* are =m$1 !n our m9ds are /r5g!n$1 & _c be drawn away f ! hope ( atta9+ pleasure4 ,& z hatr$1 envy1 & contempt are all oppos$ to pleasures1 s fri5d%ips are n only ! mo/ fai?ful fav\r]s1 b also are ! effici5t causes ( pleasures to "o's fri5ds z well z to oneself2 & m5 n only enjoy ^? pleasures at ! mom5t1 b are also r\s$ by hopes ( subsequ5t & future "t4 ,& z we _c possibly ma9ta9 a la/+ & cont9u$ happ9ess ( life )\t fri5d%ip1 nor ma9ta9 fri5d%ip itself unless we love our fri5ds & ourselves equally1 !re=e ?is v effect is produc$ 9 fri5d%ip1 & fri5d%ip is comb9$ ) pleasure4 ,= we rejoice 9 ! joy ( our fri5ds z mu* z we d 9 our own1 & we are equally griev$ at _! sorr[s4 ,:]e=e ! wise man w feel t[>ds 8 fri5d z he does t[>ds himself1 & :atev] lab\r he w\ld enc\nt] ) a view to 8 own pleasure1 he w enc\nt] also = ! sake ( t ( 8 fri5d4 ,& all t has be5 said ( ! virtues z to ! way 9 :i* !y are inv>iably comb9$ ) pleasure1 %\ld also be said ( fri5d%ip4 ,= admirably does ,epicurus say1 9 almo/ ^! exact words3 8,! same sci5ce has /r5g!n$ ! m9d s t x %\ld n fe> any et]nal or long la/+ evil1 inasmu* z 9 ?is v p]iod ( human life1 x has cle>ly se5 t ! sure/ bulw>k aga9/ evil is t ( fri5d%ip40 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s ,epicureans :o are r intimidat$ by ! reproa*es ( y\r s*ool1 b /ill m5 ( suffici5t acut5ess1 & !y are afraid le/1 if we ?9k t fri5d%ip is only to be s\ght aft] ) a view to our own pleasure1 all fri5d%ips %\ld1 z x 71 appe> to be crippl$4 ,!re=e !y admit t ! fir/ meet+s1 & unions1 & desires to e/abli% intimacy1 d arise f a desire ( pleasure2 b1 !y say1 t :5 progressive habit has eng5d]$ famili>ity1 !n su* great affection is rip5$1 t fri5ds are lov$ by "o ano!r = _! own sake1 ev5 )\t any idea ( advantage int]m+l+ ) su* love4 ,9 tru?1 if we are 9 ! habit ( feel+ affection = places1 & temples1 & cities1 & gymnasia1 & ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & = dogs1 & horses1 & sports1 9 consequ5ce ( our habit ( ex]cis+ ourselves1 & hunt+1 & s on1 h[ mu* m easily & reasonably may su* a feel+ be produc$ 9 u by our intimacy ) m56 ,b "s p say t !re is a sort ( agreem5t ent]$ into by wise m5 n to love _! fri5ds less ?an !mselves2 :i* we bo? imag9e to be possible1 & inde$ see to be (t5 ! case2 & x is evid5t t no?+ c be f\nd hav+ any influ5ce on liv+ agreeably1 :i* is bett] suit$ to x ?an su* a union4 ,f all :i* consid]ations x may be inf]r$1 n only t ! pr9ciple ( fri5d%ip is n h9d]$ by our plac+ ! *ief good 9 pleasure1 b t )\t su* a pr9ciple x is q impossible t any fri5d%ip %\ld be e/abli%$4 ,,xxi4 ,:]e=e1 if ! ?+s :i* ,i h be5 say+ are cle>] & pla9] ?an ! sun itself2 if all t ,i h said is d]iv$ f ! f\nta9 ( nature2 if ! :ole ( my disc\rse =ces ass5t to itself by its accordance ) ! s5ses1 t is to say1 ) ! mo/ incorruptible & hone/ ( all witnesses2 if infant *ildr51 & ev5 brute bea/s1 decl>e almo/ 9 words1 "u ! tea*+ & guidance ( nature1 t no?+ is prosp]\s b pleasure1 no?+ hateful b pa9--a matt] z to :i* _! decision is nei!r errone\s nor corrupt--ought we n to feel ! greate/ gratitude to t man :o1 hav+ he>d ?is voice ( nature1 z ,i may call x1 has embrac$ x ) su* firmness & /ead9ess1 t he has l$ all s5sible m5 into ! pa? ( a peaceful1 tranquil1 & happy life8 ,& z = 8 appe>+ to y to be a man ( b little le>n+1 ! reason ( t is1 t he ?\ght no le>n+ des]v+ ( ! "n except su* z assi/$ 9 ! atta9m5t ( a happy life4 ,0 he a man to wa/e 8 "t 9 read+ poets1 z ,tri>ius & ,i d at y\r in/igation8 m5 9 ^: works !re is no solid utility1 b only a *ildi% sort ( amusem5t2 or to devote himself1 l ,plato1 to music1 geometry1 ari?metic1 & a/ronomy8 /udies :i*1 />t+ f errone\s pr9ciples1 _c possibly be true2 & :i*1 if !y 7 true1 w\ld con/itute no?+ to our liv+ m agreeably1 t is to say1 bett]4 ,%\ld he1 !n1 pursue su* occupations z ^?1 & ab&on ! task ( lay+ d[n pr9ciples ( liv+1 labori\s1 b1 at ! same "t1 useful z !y are8 ,epicurus1 !n1 0 n de/itute ( le>n+2 b ^? p]sons are ignorant :o ?9k t ^? /udies :i* x is discr$itable = boys n to h le>nt1 are to be cont9u$ till old age4 ,& :5 he _h spok5 ?us1--,i h n[1 said he1 expla9$ my op9ions1 & h done s ) ! design ( le>n+ y\r judgm5t ( !m4 ,b ! opportunity ( do+ s1 z ,i wi%$1 has nev] be5 (f]$ me be=e to-day4 ,second ,book ,( ,! ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,i4 ,on ?is1 :5 bo? ( !m fix$ _! eyes on me1 & %[$ t !y 7 ready to li/5 to me3--,9 ! fir/ place1 said ,i1 ,i intreat y n to fancy t ,i1 l a pr(ess$ philosoph]1 am go+ to expla9 to y ! doctr9es ( "s p>ticul> s*ool2 a c\rse :i* ,i h nev] mu* approv$ ( :5 adopt$ by philosoph]s !mselves4 ,= :5 did ,socrates1 :o may fairly be call$ ! p>5t ( philosophy1 ev] d any?+ ( ! sort8 ,t cu/om 0 patroniz$ by ^? :o at t "t 7 call$ ,sophi/s1 ( :i* numb] ,georgias ( ,leontium 0 ! fir/ :o v5tur$ 9 an assembly to dem& a "q1--t is to say1 to desire any "o 9 ! company to say :at he wi%$ to he> discuss$4 ,x 0 a bold proce$+2 ,i %\ld call x an impud5t "o1 if ?is fa%ion _h n subsequ5tly be5 borr[$ by our own philosoph]s4 ,b we see t he :om ,i h j m5tion$1 & all ! o!r ,sophi/s1 7z may be ga!r$ f ,plato17 7 all turn$ into ridicule by ,socrates2 = he1 by que/ion+ & int]rogat+ !m1 0 9 ! habit ( elicit+ ! op9ions ( ^? ) :om he 0 argu+1 & !n1 if he ?\ght x necess>y1 ( reply+ to ! answ]s :i* !y _h giv5 him4 ,& z t cu/om _h n be5 pres]v$ by ^? :o came aft] him1 ,arcesilaus re-introduc$ x1 & e/abli%$ ! cu/om1 t ^? :o wi%$ to become 8 pupils 7 n to ask him que/ions1 b !mselves to /ate _! op9ions2 & !n1 :5 !y _h /at$ !m1 he repli$ to :at !y _h advanc$2 b ^? :o came to him = in/ruction def5d$ _! own op9ions z well z !y c\ld4 ,b ) all ! re/ ( ! philosoph]s ! man :o asks ! "q says no m2 & ?is practice prevails 9 ! ,academy to ?is day4 ,= :5 he :o wi%es to receive in/ruction has spok5 ?us1 8,pleasure appe>s to me to be ! *ief good10 !y argue aga9/ ?is proposition 9 an un9t]rupt$ disc\rse2 s t x may be easily und]/ood t !y :o say t !y ent]ta9 su* & su* an op9ion1 d n ( necessity really ent]ta9 x1 b wi% to he> ! argum5ts :i* may be br\ght aga9/ x4 ,we foll[ a m conv5i5t me?od1 = n only has ,torquatus expla9$ :at 8 op9ions are1 b also :y he ent]ta9s !m3 b ,i myself ?9k1 al?\gh ,i 0 exce$+ly delight$ ) 8 un9t]rupt$ disc\rse1 t /ill1 :5 y /op at ea* po9t t arises1 & come to an und]/&+ :at ea* p>ty grants1 & :at he d5ies1 y draw ! conclusion y desire f :at is admitt$ ) m conv5i5ce1 & come to an end ( ! discussion m readily4 ,= :5 a disc\rse is borne on un9t]rupt$ly1 l a torr5t1 al?\gh x hurries along 9 its c\rse _m ?+s ( e k9d1 y /ill c take hold ( no?+1 & put y\r h& on no?+1 & c f9d no means ( re/ra9+ t rapid disc\rse4 ,,ii4 ,b e disc\rse :i* is conc]n$ 9 ! inve/igation ( any matt]1 & :i* proce$s on any sy/em & pr9ciple1 ought fir/ to e/abli% ! rule 7z is done 9 lawsuits1 :]e "o proce$s accord+ to set =mulas71 9 ord] t x may be agre$ betwe5 ! p>ties to ! discussion1 :at ! subject ( ! discussion really is4 ,?is rule 0 approv$ by ,epicurus1 z x 0 laid d[n by ,plato 9 8 8,phdrus10 & he consid]$ t x ought to be adopt$ 9 e controv]sy4 ,b he did n p]ceive :at 0 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( x1 = he ass]ts t ! subject ought n to be def9$2 b if ?is be n done1 x is sometimes impossible t ! disputants %\ld agree :at ! matt] is t is ! subject ( discussion1 z 9 ?is v case :i* we are discuss+ n[1 = we are inquir+ into ! ,end ( ,good4 ,h[ c we "k :at ! "* ( ?is is1 if1 :5 we h us$ ! expression ! ,end ( ,good1 we d n comp>e ) "o ano!r our ideas ( :at is meant by ! ,end1 & ( :at ! ,good itself is8 ,& ?is lay+ op5 ( ?+s cov]$ up1 z x 71 :5 x is once expla9$ :at ea* ?+ is1 is ! def9ition ( x2 :i* y sometimes us$ )\t be+ aw>e ( x2 = y def9$ ?is v ?+1 :e!r x is to be call$ ! ,end1 or ! extremity1 or ! limit1 to be t to :i* ev]y?+ :i* 0 done rightly 0 ref]r$1 & :i* 0 itself nev] ref]r$ to any?+4 ,s f> 0 v well said2 &1 p]haps1 if x _h be5 necess>y1 y w\ld also h def9$ ! ,good itself1 & told u :at t 02 mak+ x to be t :i* is desirable by nature1 or t :i* is pr(itable1 or t :i* is useful1 or t :i* is pleasant3 & n[1 s9ce y h no g5]al objections to giv+ def9itions1 & d x :5 y please1 if x is n too mu* tr\ble1 ,i %\ld be glad if y w\ld def9e :at is pleasure1 = t is :at all ?is discussion relates to4 ,z if1 said he1 !re 7 any "o :o is ignorant :at pleasure is1 or :o is 9 ne$ ( any def9ition to enable him to und]/& x bett]4 ,i %\ld say1 ,i repli$1 t ,i myself am su* a man1 if ,i did n seem to myself to h a ?or\gh acqua9tance )1 & an accurate idea & notion (1 pleasure firmly implant$ 9 my m9d4 ,b1 at pres5t1 ,i say t ,epicurus himself does n "k1 & t he is greatly 9 error on ?is subject2 & t he :o m5tions ! subject s (t5 ought to expla9 c>efully :at ! mean+ ( ! words he uses is1 b t he sometimes does n und]/& :at ! mean+ ( ?is ^w pleasure is1 t is to say1 :at ! idea is :i* is conta9$ "u ?is ^w4 ,,iii4 ,!n he laugh$1 & said1--,?is is a capital idea1 inde$1 t he :o says t pleasure is ! end ( all ?+s :i* are to be desir$1 ! v extreme po9t & limit ( ,good1 %\ld be ignorant ( :at x is1 & ( :at is its "*4 ,b1 ,i repli$1 ei!r ,epicurus is ignorant ( :at pleasure is1 or else all ! re/ ( ! _w are4 ,h[ s8 said he4 ,because all m5 feel t ?is is pleasure :i* moves ! s5ses :5 !y receive x1 & :i* has a c]ta9 agreeabl5ess p]vad+ x ?r\gh\t4 ,:at !n1 said he1 is ,epicurus ignorant ( t k9d ( pleasure8 ,n always1 ,i repli$2 = sometimes he is ev5 too well acqua9t$ ) x1 inasmu* z he decl>es t he is unable ev5 to und]/& :]e x is1 or :at any good is1 except t :i* is enjoy$ by ! in/rum5tality ( meat or dr9k1 or ! pleasure ( ! e>s1 or s5sual enjoym5t3 is n ?is :at he says8 ,z if1 said he1 ,i 7 a%am$ ( ^! ?+s1 or z if ,i 7 unable to expla9 9 :at s5se ^! ?+s are said4 ,i d n d\bt1 ,i repli$1 t y c d s easily2 nor is !re any reason :y y ne$ be a%am$ ( argu+ ) a wise man1 :o is ! only man1 z f> z ,i "k1 :o has ev] v5tur$ to pr(ess himself a wise man4 ,= !y d n ?9k t ,metrodorus himself pr(ess$ ?is1 b only t1 :5 he 0 call$ wise by ,epicurus1 he 0 unwill+ to reject su* an expression ( 8 goodwill4 ,b ! ,sev5 _h ?is "n giv5 to !m1 n by !mselves1 b by ! univ]sal suffrage ( all nations4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is place1 ,i w assume t ,epicurus1 by ^! expressions1 c]ta9ly meant to intimate ! same k9d ( pleasure t ! re/ d2 = all m5 call t pleas+ motion by :i* ! s5ses are r5d]$ *e]ful1 9 ,greek1 & voluptas 9 ,lat94 ,:at is x1 !n1 t y ask8 ,i w tell y1 said ,i1 & t = ! sake ( le>n+ r ?an ( f9d+ fault ) ei!r y or ,epicurus4 ,i too1 said he1 %\ld be m desir\s to le>n ( y1 if y c imp>t any?+ wor? le>n+1 ?an to f9d fault ) y4 ,well1 !n1 said ,i1 y are aw>e ( :at ,hi]onymus7#be7 ( ,rhodes says is ! *ief good1 to :i* he ?9ks t ev]y?+ ought to be ref]r$8 ,i "k1 said he1 t he ?9ks t ! great end is fre$om f pa94 ,well1 :at are 8 s5tim5ts respect+ pleasure8 ,he affirms1 he repli$1 t x is n to be s\ght = its own sake2 = he ?9ks t rejoic+ is "o ?+1 & be+ free f pa9 ano!r4 ,& inde$1 cont9u$ he1 he is 9 ?is po9t greatly mi/ak51 =1 z ,i prov$ a little :ile ago1 ! end ( increas+ pleasure is ! removal ( all pa94 ,i w exam9e1 said ,i1 pres5tly1 :at ! mean+ ( ! expression1 fre$om f pa91 is2 b unless y are v ob/9ate1 y mu/ admit t pleasure is a p]fectly di/9ct ?+ f m]e fre$om f pa94 ,y w1 h[ev]1 said he1 f9d t ,i am ob/9ate 9 ?is2 = no?+ c be m real ?an ! id5tity betwe5 ! two4 ,is !re1 n[1 said ,i1 any pleasure felt by a ?ir/y man 9 dr9k+8 ,:o c d5y x8 said he4 ,is x1 ask$ ,i1 ! same pleasure t he feels aft] 8 ?ir/ is ext+ui%$8 ,x is1 repli$ he1 ano!r k9d ( pleasure2 = ! /ate ( ext+ui%$ ?ir/ has 9 x a c]ta9 /ability ( pleasure1 b ! pleasure ( ext+ui%+ x is pleasure 9 motion4 ,:y1 !n1 said ,i1 d y call ?+s s unlike "o ano!r by ! same "n8 ,d n y recollect1 he rejo9$1 :at ,i said j n[1--t :5 all pa9 is bani%$1 pleasure is v>i$1 n ext+ui%$8 ,i recollect1 said ,i2 b y spoke 9 admirable ,lat91 inde$1 b yet n v intelligibly2 = v>ietas is a ,lat9 ^w1 & prop]ly applicable to a diff]5ce ( col\r1 b x is appli$ metaphorically to _m diff]5ces3 we apply ! adjective1 v>ias1 to poems1 orations1 mann]s1 & *anges ( =tune2 x is occasionally pr$icat$ also ( pleasure1 :5 x is d]iv$ f _m ?+s unlike "o ano!r1 :i* cause pleasures :i* are simil>ly unlike4 ,n[1 if t is ! v>iety y mean1 ,i %\ld und]/& y1 z1 9 fact1 ,i d und]/& y1 )\t y\r say+ s3 b /ill1 ,i d n see cle>ly :at t v>iety is1 because y say1 t :5 we are free f pa9 we are !n 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! greate/ pleasure2 b :5 we are eat+ ^? ?+s :i* cause a pleas+ motion to ! s5ses1 !n !re is a pleasure 9 ! emotion :i* causes a v>iety 9 ! pleasure2 b /ill1 t t pleasure :i* arises f ! fre$om f pa9 is n increas$2--& :y y call t pleasure ,i d n "k4 ,,iv4 ,is x possible1 said he1 = any?+ to be m delightful ?an fre$om f pa98 ,well1 said ,i1 b grant t no?+ is pref]able to t1 7= t is n ! po9t :i* ,i am inquir+ ab\t at pres5t17 does x foll[ on t acc\nt1 t pleasure is id5tical ) :at ,i may call pa9lessness8 ,und\bt$ly x is id5tical ) x1 said he2 & t pa9lessness is ! greate/ ( pleasures :i* no o!r c possibly exce$4 ,:y1 !n1 said ,i1 d y hesitate1 aft] y h def9$ ! *ief good 9 ?is mann]1 to uphold1 & def5d1 & ma9ta9 ! proposition1 t ! :ole ( pleasure consi/s 9 fre$om f pa98 ,= :at necessity = y\r introduc+ pleasure among ! c\ncil ( ! virtues1 any m ?an = br++ 9 a c\rtezan to an assembly ( matrons8 ,! v "n ( pleasure is odi\s1 infam\s1 & a j object ( suspicion3 !re=e1 y are all 9 ! con/ant habit ( say+ t we d n und]/& :at ,epicurus means :5 he speaks ( pleasure4 ,& :5ev] su* an ass]tion is made to me1--& ,i he> x advanc$ pretty (t51--al?\gh ,i am usually a v peaceful argu]1 /ill ,i d on su* occasions get a little angry4 ,am ,i to be told t ,i d n "k :at t is :i* ! ,greeks call 1 & ! ,lat9s voluptas8 ,:i* language is x1 !n1 t ,i d n und]/&8 ,!n1 too1 h[ comes x ab\t t ,i d n und]/&1 ?\gh e "o else does1 :o *ooses to call himself an ,epicurean8 :5 ! disciples ( y\r s*ool argue mo/ excell5tly1 t !re is no ne$ :atev] = a man1 :o wi%es to become a philosoph]1 to be acqua9t$ ) lit]ature4 ,!re=e1 j z our ance/ors tore ,c9c9natus away f 8 pl\gh to make him ,dictator1 9 l mann] y collect f among ! ,greeks all ^? m51 :o may 9 tru? be respectable m5 en\gh1 b :o are c]ta9ly n ov]-le>n$4 ,d !y !n und]/& :at ,epicurus means1 & d ,i n und]/& x8 ,h[ev]1 t y may "k t ,i d und]/&1 fir/ ( all ,i tell y t voluptas is ! same ?+ t he calls 4 ,&1 inde$1 we (t5 h to seek = a ,lat9 ^w equival5t to1 & exactly equipoll5t to a ,greek "o2 b "h we _h no?+ to seek =3 = no ^w c be f\nd :i* w m exactly express 9 ,lat9 :at does 9 ,greek1 ?an voluptas4 ,n[ e man 9 ! _w :o und]/&s ,lat91 compreh5ds "u ?is ^w two ?+s1--joy 9 ! m9d1 & an agreeable emotion ( pleasantness 9 ! body4 ,= :5 ! man 9 ,trabea7#bf7 calls an excessive pleasure ( ! m9d joy1 7ltitia17 he says mu* ! same z ! o!r "* 9 ,ccilius's play1 :o says t he is joyful ) e sort ( joy4 ,h[ev]1 !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t pleasure is also spok5 ( z affect+ ! m9d2 :i* is wrong1 z ! ,/oics ?9k1 :o def9e x ?us3 8,an elation ( ! m9d )\t reason1 :5 ! m9d has an idea t x is enjoy+ "s great good40 ,b ! words ltitia 7gladness71 & gaudium 7joy71 d n prop]ly apply to ! body4 ,b ! ^w voluptas 7pleasure7 is appli$ to ! body by ! usage ( all p :o speak ,lat91 :5ev] t pleasantness is felt :i* moves any "o ( ! s5ses4 ,n[ transf] ?is pleasantness1 if y please1 to ! m9d2 = ! v]b juvo 7to please7 is appli$ bo? to body & m9d1 & ! ^w jucundus is d]iv$ f x2 provid$ y und]/& t betwe5 ! man :o says1 ,i am transport$ ) gladness n[ ,t ,i am sc>ce myself4444 & him :o says1 ,n[ !n at l5g? my m9d's on fire1 444 "o ( :om is beside himself ) joy1 & ! o!r is be+ torm5t$ ) angui%1 !re is ?is int]m$iate p]son1 ^: language is1 ,al?\gh ?is our acqua9tance is s new1 :o feels nei!r gladness nor angui%4 ,&1 9 ! same mann]1 betwe5 ! man :o is 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! pleasures ( ! body1 :i* he has be5 wi%+ =1 & him :o is be+ torm5t$ ) extreme angui%1 !re is a ?ird man1 :o is free alike f pleasure & f pa94 ,v4 ,d ,i n1 !n1 seem to y suffici5tly to und]/& ! mean+ ( words1 or mu/ ,i at ?is "t ( life be taught h[ to speak ,greek1 & ev5 ,lat98 ,& yet ,i w\ld h y consid]1 :e!r if ,i1 :o1 z ,i ?9k1 und]/& ,greek v fairly1 d /ill n und]/& :at ,epicurus means1 x x may n be ow+ to "s fault ( 8 = speak+ s z n to be intelligible4 ,& ?is sometimes happ5s 9 two ways1 )\t any blame2 ei!r if y d s on purpose1 z ,h]aclitus did1 :o got ! surname ( 17#bg7 because he spoke ) too mu* obscurity ab\t natural philosophy2 or :5 ! obscurity ( ! subject itself1 n ( ! language1 prev5ts :at is said f be+ cle>ly und]/ood1 z is ! case 9 ! ,timu ( ,plato4 ,b ,epicurus1 z ,i imag9e1 is bo? will+1 if x is 9 8 p[]1 to speak intelligibly1 & is also speak+1 n ( an obscure subject l ! natural philosoph]s1 nor ( "o dep5d+ on precise rules1 z ! ma!maticians are1 b he is discuss+ a pla9 & simple matt]1 :i* is a subject ( common conv]sation among ! common p4 ,al?\gh y d n d5y t we und]/& ! usual mean+ ( ! ^w voluptas1 b only :at he means by x3 f :i* x foll[s1 n t we d n und]/& :at is ! mean+ ( t ^w1 b t he foll[s 8 own fa%ion1 & neglects our usual "o2 = if he means ! same ?+ t ,hi]onymus does1 :o ?9ks t ! *ief good is to live )\t any annoyance1 :y does he pref] us+ ! t]m 8pleasure0 r ?an fre$om f pa91 z ,hi]onymus does1 :o is q aw>e ( ! =ce ( ! words :i* he employs8 ,b1 if he ?9ks t he ought to add1 t pleasure :i* consi/s 9 motion1 7= ?is is ! di/9ction he draws1 t ?is agreeable pleasure is pleasure 9 motion1 b ! pleasure ( him :o is free f pa9 is a /ate ( pleasure17 !n :y does he appe> to aim at :at is impossible1 namely1 to make any "o :o kn[s himself--t is to say1 :o has any prop] compreh5sion ( 8 own nature & s5sations--?9k fre$om f pa91 & pleasure1 ! same ?+8 ,?is1 ,o ,torquatus1 is do+ viol5ce to "o's s5ses2 x is wre/+ out ( our m9ds ! und]/&+ ( words ) :i* we are imbu$2 = :o c avoid see+ t ^! ?ree /ates exi/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s3 fir/1 ! /ate ( be+ 9 pleasure2 secondly1 t ( be+ 9 pa92 ?irdly1 t ( be+ 9 su* a condition z we are at ?is mom5t1 & y too1 ,i imag9e1 t is to say1 nei!r 9 pleasure nor 9 pa92 9 su* pleasure1 ,i mean1 z a man :o is at a banquet1 or 9 su* pa9 z a man :o is be+ tortur$4 ,:at6 d y n see a va/ multitude ( m5 :o are nei!r rejoic+ nor suff]+1 b 9 an int]m$iate /ate betwe5 ^! two conditions8 ,no1 inde$1 said he2 ,i say t all m5 :o are free f pa9 are 9 pleasure1 & 9 ! greate/ pleasure too4 ,d y1 !n1 say t ! man :o1 n be+ ?ir/y himself1 m+les "s w9e = ano!r1 & ! ?ir/y man :o dr9ks x :5 mix$1 are bo? enjoy+ ! same pleasure8 ,,vi4 ,!n1 said he1 a truce1 if y please1 to all y\r que/ions2 &1 inde$1 ,i said at ! beg9n+ t ,i w\ld r h none ( !m1 = ,i _h a provid5t dread ( ^! capti\s dialectics4 ,w\ld y r1 !n1 said ,i1 t we %\ld argue rhetorically ?an dialectically8 ,z if1 said he1 a cont9u\s disc\rse belong$ solely to orators1 & n to philosoph]s also6 ,i w tell y1 said ,i1 :at ,z5o ! ,/oic said2 he said1 z ,ari/otle _h said be=e him1 t all speak+ 0 divid$ into two k9ds1 & t rhetoric resembl$ ! op5 palm1 dialectics ! clos$ fi/1 because orators usually spoke 9 a r diffuse1 & dialecticians 9 a some:at compress$ /yle4 ,i w comply1 !n1 ) y\r desires1 & w speak1 if ,i c1 9 an oratorical /yle1 b /ill ) ! oratory ( ! philosoph]s1 & n t :i* we use 9 ! =um2 :i* is =c$ at times1 :5 x is speak+ s z to suit ! multitude1 to submit to a v ord9>y /yle4 ,b :ile ,epicurus1 ,o ,torquatus1 is express+ 8 contempt = dialectics1 an art :i* by itself conta9s ! :ole sci5ce bo? ( p]ceiv+ :at ! real subject is 9 e "q1 & also ( judg+ :at ! "* ( ea* ?+ is1 by its sy/em & me?od ( conduct+ ! argum5t1 he goes on too fa/1 z x seems to me1 & does n di/+ui% ) any skill at all ! diff]5t po9ts :i* he is int5t ^u prov+1 z 9 ?is v in/ance :i* we 7 j n[ speak+ (4 ,pleasure is pron\nc$ to be ! *ief good4 ,we mu/ !n op5 ! "q1 ,:at is pleasure8 = o!rwise1 ! ?+ :i* we are seek+ = _c be expla9$4 ,b1 if he _h expla9$ x1 he w\ld n hesitate2 = ei!r he w\ld ma9ta9 t same def9ition ( pleasure :i* ,ari/ippus did1 namely1 t x is t feel+ by :i* ! s5ses are agreeably & pleasantly mov$1 :i* ev5 cattle1 if !y c\ld speak1 w\ld call pleasure2 or else1 if he *ose r to speak 9 8 own /yle1 ?an l ,all ! ,greeks f high ,myc51 ,all ,m9]va's ,attic y\?1 & ! re/ ( ! ,greeks :o are spok5 ( 9 ^! anap/s1 !n he w\ld call ?is fre$om f pa9 alone by ! "n ( pleasure1 & w\ld despise ! def9ition ( ,ari/ippus2 or1 if he ?\ght bo? def9itions good1 z 9 fact he does1 he w\ld comb9e fre$om f pa9 ) pleasure1 & w\ld employ ! two extremes 9 8 own def9ition3 = _m1 & !y1 too1 great philosoph]s1 h comb9$ ^! extremities ( goods1 z1 = in/ance1 ,ari/otle1 :o unit$ 9 8 idea ! practice ( virtue ) ! prosp]ity ( an entire life4 ,callipho7#bh7 add$ pleasure to :at is hon\rable4 ,diodorus1 9 8 def9ition1 add$ to ! same hon\rabl5ess1 fre$om f pa94 ,epicurus w\ld h done s too1 if he _h comb9$ ! op9ion :i* 0 held by ,hi]onymus1 ) ! anci5t !ory ( ,ari/ippus4 ,= ^? two m5 disagree ) "o ano!r1 & on ?is acc\nt !y employ sep>ate def9itions2 &1 :ile !y bo? write ! mo/ beautiful ,greek1 /ill1 nei!r does ,ari/ippus1 :o calls pleasure ! *ief good1 ev] speak ( fre$om f pa9 z pleasure2 nor does ,hi]onymus1 :o lays x d[n t fre$om f pa9 is ! *ief good1 ev] use ! ^w 8pleasure0 = t pa9lessness1 inasmu* z he nev] ev5 reckons pleasure at all among ! ?+s :i* are desirable4 ,,vii4 ,!y are also two di/9ct ?+s1 t y may n ?9k t ! diff]5ce consi/s only 9 words & names4 ,"o is to be )\t pa91 ! o!r to be ) pleasure4 ,b y\r s*ool n only attempt to make "o "n = ^! two ?+s :i* are s exce$+ly unlike1 7= ,i w\ld n m9d t s mu*17 b y endeav\r also to make "o ?+ out ( ! two1 :i* is utt]ly impossible4 ,b ,epicurus1 :o admits bo? ?+s1 ought to use bo? expressions1 & 9 fact he does divide !m 9 reality1 b /ill he does n di/+ui% betwe5 !m 9 words4 ,= ?\gh he 9 _m places praises t v pleasure :i* we all call by ! same "n1 he v5tures to say t he does n ev5 suspect t !re is any good :atev] unconnect$ ) t k9d ( pleasure :i* ,ari/ippus means2 & he makes ?is /atem5t 9 ! v place :]e 8 :ole disc\rse is ab\t ! *ief good4 ,b 9 ano!r book1 9 :i* he utt]s op9ions ( ! greate/ weight 9 a concise =m ( words1 & 9 :i* he is said to h deliv]$ oracles ( wisdom1 he writes 9 ^? words :i* y are well acqua9t$ )1 ,o ,torquatus4 ,= :o is !re ( y :o has n le>nt ! ( ,epicurus1 t is to say1 8 fundam5tal maxims8 because !y are s5tim5ts ( ! greate/ gravity int5d$ to guide m5 to a happy life1 & enunciat$ ) suitable brevity4 ,consid]1 !re=e1 :e!r ,i am n translat+ ?is maxim ( 8 correctly4 8,if ^? ?+s :i* are ! effici5t causes ( pleasures to luxuri\s m5 7 to release !m f all fe> ( ! gods1 & ( dea?1 & ( pa91 & to %[ !m :at are ! prop] limits to _! desires1 we %\ld h no?+ to f9d fault )2 z m5 w\ld !n be fill$ ) pleasures f all qu>t]s1 & h on no side any?+ pa9ful or melan*oly1 = all su* ?+s are evil40 ,on ?is ,tri>ius c\ld re/ra9 himself no long]4 ,i beg ( y1 ,torquatus1 said he1 to tell me1 is ?is :at ,epicurus says8--because he appe>$ to me1 al?\gh he knew x himself1 /ill to wi% to he> ,torquatus admit x4 ,b he 0 n at all put out1 & said ) great confid5ce1 ,inde$1 he does1 & 9 ^! id5tical words2 b y d n p]ceive :at he means4 ,if1 said ,i1 he says "o ?+ & means ano!r1 !n ,i nev] %all und]/& :at he means1 b he speaks pla9ly en\gh = me to see :at he says4 ,& if :at he says is t luxuri\s m5 are n to be blam$ if !y are wise m51 he talks absurdly2 j z if he 7 to say t p>ricides are n to be f\nd fault ) if !y are n covet\s1 & if !y fe> nei!r gods1 nor dea?1 nor pa94 ,& yet1 :at is ! object ( mak+ any exception z to ! luxuri\s1 or ( suppos+ any p1 :o1 :ile liv+ luxuri\sly1 w\ld n be reprov$ by t consummate philosoph]1 provid$ only !y gu>d aga9/ all o!r vices4 ,/ill1 w\ld n y1 ,epicurus1 blame luxuri\s m5 = ! m]e fact ( _! liv+ 9 su* a mann] z to pursue e sort ( pleasure2 especially :51 z y say1 ! *ief pleasure ( all is to be free f pa98 ,b yet we f9d "s debau*$ m5 s f> f hav+ any religi\s scruples1 t !y w eat ev5 out ( ! sacr$ vessels2 & s f> f fe>+ dea? t !y are con/antly repeat+ t passage out ( ! ,hymnis17#bi7-- ,six mon?s ( life = me are q suffici5t1 ,! sev5? may be = ! %ades bel[1-- & br++ up t ,epicurean rem$y = pa91 z if !y 7 tak+ x out ( a m$ic9e *e/3 8,if x is bitt]1 x is ( %ort duration2 if x la/s a long "t1 x mu/ be slight 9 degree40 ,!re is "o ?+ :i* ,i d n und]/&1 namely1 h[ a man :o is devot$ to luxury c possibly h 8 appetites "u re/ra9t4 ,,viii4 ,:at !n is ! use ( say+1 ,i %\ld h no?+ to reproa* !m ) if !y only set b\nds to _! appetites8 ,?is is ! same z say+1 ,i %\ld n blame debau*$ m5 if !y 7 n debau*$ m54 ,9 ! same way "o might say1 ,i %\ld n blame ev5 wick$ m5 if !y 7 virtu\s4 ,?is man ( /rict morality does n ?9k luxury ( itself a ?+ to be blam$4 ,&1 inde$1 ,o ,torquatus1 to speak ! tru?1 if pleasure is ! *ief good1 he is q "r n to ?9k s4 ,= ,i %\ld be sorry to picture to myself1 7z y are 9 ! habit ( do+17 m5 s debau*$ z to vomit ov] ! table & be c>ri$ away f banquets1 & !n ! next day1 :ile /ill suff]+ f indige/ion1 gorge !mselves aga92 m5 :o1 z !y say1 h nev] 9 _! lives se5 ! sun set or rise1 & :o1 hav+ dev\r$ _! patrimony1 are r$uc$ to indig5ce4 ,none ( u imag9e t debau*$ m5 ( t sort live pleasantly4 ,y1 h[ev]1 r mean to speak ( ref9$ & elegant bons vivans1 m5 :o1 by ! employm5t ( ! mo/ skilful cooks & bak]s1 & by c>efully cull+ ! *oice/ products ( fi%]m51 f[l]s1 & hunt]s1 avoid all indige/ion-- ,m5 :o draw ri*] w9es f foam+ casks4 ,z ,lucilius says1 m5 :o ,s /ra91 s cool ! rosy w9e ) sn[1 ,t all ! flav\r /ill rema9s un9jur$-- & s on--m5 9 ! enjoym5t ( luxuries su* t1 if !y are tak5 away1 ,epicurus says t he does n "k :at !re is t c be call$ good4 ,let !m also h beautiful boys to att5d ^u !m2 let _! clo!s1 _! plate1 _! articles ( ,cor9?ian v]tu1 ! banquet+-room itself1 all correspond1 /ill ,i %\ld nev] be induc$ to say t ^! m5 s devot$ to luxury 7 liv+ ei!r well or happily4 ,f :i* x foll[s1 n inde$ t pleasure is n pleasure1 b t pleasure is n ! *ief good4 ,nor 0 ,llius1 :o1 :5 a "y man1 0 a pupil ( ,diog5es ! ,/oic1 & aft]w>ds ( ,pantius1 call$ a wise man because he did n und]/& :at 0 mo/ pleasant to ! ta/e1 7= x does n foll[ t ! man :o has a disc]n+ he>t mu/ necess>ily h a palate de/itute ( disc]nm5t17 b because he ?\ght x ( b small importance4 ,o sorrel1 h[ t man may boa/ himself1 ,by :om y're kn[n & valu$6 ,pr\d ( y1 ,t wise man ,llius w\ld l\dly %\t1 ,address+ all our epicures 9 ord]4 ,& x 0 well said by ,llius1 & he may be truly call$ a wise man1-- ,y ,publius1 ,gallonius1 y :irlpool1 ,y are a mis]able man2 y nev] ,9 all y\r life h really fea/$ well1 ,?\gh sp5d+ all y\r sub/ance on ^? prawns1 ,& ov]gr[n huge /urgeons4 ,! man :o says ?is is "o :o1 z he attributes no importance to pleasure himself1 d5ies t ! man fea/s well :o ref]s ev]y?+ to pleasure4 ,& yet he does n d5y t ,gallonius has at times fea/$ z he wi%$3 = t w\ld be speak+ untruly3 he only d5ies t he has ev] fea/$ well4 ,) su* dignity & sev]e pr9ciple does he di/+ui% betwe5 pleasure & good4 ,& ! natural inf]5ce is1 t all :o fea/ well fea/ z !y wi%1 b t x does n foll[ t all :o fea/ z !y wi% d !re=e fea/ well4 ,llius always fea/$ well4 ,h[ s8 ,lucilius %all tell y-- ,he fea/$ on well season'd1 well arrang$-- :at8 ,:at 0 ! *ief "p ( 8 supp]8 ,conv]se ( prud5t m51-- ,well1 & :at else8 ) *e]ful m9d4 ,= he came to a banquet ) a tranquil m9d1 desir\s only ( appeas+ ! wants ( nature4 ,llius !n is q "r to d5y t ,gallonius _h ev] fea/$ well2 he is q "r to call him mis]able2 especially z he devot$ ! :ole ( 8 att5tion to t po9t4 ,& yet no "o affirms t he did n sup z he wi%$4 ,:y !n did he n fea/ well8 ,because fea/+ well is fea/+ ) propriety1 frugality1 & good ord]2 b ?is man 0 9 ! habit ( fea/+ badly1 t is1 9 a dissolute1 pr(ligate1 glutton\s1 unseemly mann]4 ,llius1 !n1 0 n pref]r+ ! flav\r ( sorrel to ,gallonius's /urgeon1 b m]ely treat+ ! ta/e ( ! /urgeon ) indiff]5ce2 :i* he w\ld n h done if he _h plac$ ! *ief good 9 pleasure4 ,,ix4 ,we mu/ !n disc>d pleasure1 n only 9 ord] to foll[ :at is "r1 b ev5 to be able to talk becom+ly4 ,c we !n call t ! *ief good 9 life1 :i* we see _c possibly be s ev5 9 a banquet8 ,b h[ is x t ?is philosoph] speaks ( ?ree k9ds ( appetites1--"s natural & necess>y1 "s natural b n necess>y1 & o!rs nei!r natural nor necess>y8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he has n made a neat division2 = out ( two k9ds he has made ?ree4 ,n[ ?is is n divid+1 b break+ 9 pieces4 ,if he _h said t !re are two k9ds ( appetites1 natural & sup]flu\s ones1 & t ! natural appetites might be also subdivid$ into two k9ds1 necess>y & n necess>y1 he w\ld h be5 all "r4 ,& ^? :o h le>nt :at he despises d usually say s4 ,= x is a vici\s division to reckon a "p z a g5us4 ,h[ev]1 let u pass ov] ?is1 = he despises elegance 9 argu+2 he speaks confus$ly4 ,we mu/ submit to ?is z long z 8 s5tim5ts are "r4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 approve1 & x is z mu* z ,i c d to endure1 a philosoph] speak+ ( ! necessity ( sett+ b\nds to ! desires4 ,is x possible to set b\nds to ! desires8 ,i say t !y mu/ be bani%$1 eradicat$ by ! roots4 ,= :at man is !re 9 :om appetites7#cj7 dwell1 :o c d5y t he may ) propriety be call$ appetitive8 ,if s1 he w be av>ici\s1 ?\gh to a limit$ ext5t2 & an adult]]1 b only 9 mod]ation2 & he w be luxuri\s 9 ! same mann]4 ,n[ :at sort ( a philosophy is t :i* does n br+ ) x ! de/ruction ( depravity1 b is cont5t ) a mod]ate degree ( vice8 ,al?\gh 9 ?is division ,i am altoge!r on 8 side z to ! facts1 only ,i wi% he w\ld express himself bett]4 ,let him call ^! feel+s ! wi%es ( nature2 & let him keep ! "n ( desire = o!r objects1 s z1 :5 speak+ ( av>ice1 ( intemp]ance1 & ( ! greate/ vices1 to be able to indict x z x 7 on a capital *>ge4 ,h[ev]1 all ?is is said by him ) a good deal ( fre$om1 & is (t5 repeat$2 & ,i d n blame him1 = x is becom+ 9 s great a philosoph]1 & "o ( su* a great reputation1 to def5d 8 own degrees fe>lessly4 ,b /ill1 f ! fact ( 8 (t5 appe>+ to embrace t pleasure1 7,i mean t :i* all nations call by ?is "n17 ) a good deal ( eag]ness1 he is at times 9 great difficulties1 s t1 if he c\ld only pass undetect$1 !re is no?+ s %ameful t x does n seem likely t he w\ld d x = ! sake ( pleasure4 ,& !n1 :5 he has be5 put to ! blu%1 7= ! p[] ( nature is v great17 he takes refuge 9 d5y+ t any addition c possibly be made to ! pleasure ( ! man :o is free f pa94 ,b t /ate ( fre$om f pa9 is n call$ pleasure4 ,i d n c>e1 says he1 ab\t ! "n4 ,b :at d y say ab\t ! ?+ be+ utt]ly diff]5t8--,i w f9d y _m m51 or ,i may say an innum]able ho/1 n s curi\s nor s emb>rass+ z y are1 :om ,i c easily conv9ce ( :atev] ,i *oose4 ,:y !n d we hesitate to say t1 if to be free f pa9 is ! highe/ degree ( pleasure1 to be de/itute ( pleasure is ! highe/ degree ( pa98 ,because x is n pleasure :i* is ! contr>y to pa91 b ! abs5ce ( pa94 ,x4 ,b ?is he does n see1 t x is a great pro( t at ! v mom5t :5 he says t if pleasure be once tak5 away he has no idea at all :at rema9+ ?+ c be call$ good1 7& he foll[s up ?is ass]tion ) ! /atem5t t he means su* pleasure z is p]ceptible by ! palate & by ! e>s1 & adds o!r ?+s :i* dec5cy ought to =bid him to m5tion17 he is1 l a /rict & wor?y philosoph]1 aw>e t ?is :i* he calls ! *ief good is n ev5 a ?+ :i* is wor? desir+ = its own sake1 t he himself in=ms u t we h no reason to wi% = pleasure at all1 if we are free f pa94 ,h[ inconsi/5t are ^! /atem5ts6 ,if he _h le>nt to make correct divisions or def9itions ( 8 subject1 if he _h a prop] reg>d to ! usages ( speak+ & ! common mean+ ( words1 he w\ld nev] h fall5 into su* difficulties4 ,b z x is1 y see :at x is he is do+4 ,t :i* no "o has ev] call$ pleasure at all1 & t also :i* is real active pleasure1 :i* are two di/9ct ?+s1 he makes b "o4 ,= he calls !m agreeable &1 z ,i may say1 sweet-ta/$ pleasures4 ,at times he speaks s lightly ( !m t y might fancy y 7 li/5+ to ,m>cus ,curius4 ,at times he extols !m s highly t he says he _c =m ev5 ! slighte/ idea ( :at else is good--a s5tim5t :i* des]ves n ! repro( ( a philosoph]1 b ! br& ( ! c5sor4 ,= vice does n conf9e itself to language1 b p5etrates also into ! mann]s4 ,he does n f9d fault ) luxury provid$ x to be free f b\ndless desires & f fe>4 ,:ile speak+ 9 ?is way he appe>s to be fi%+ = disciples1 t m5 :o wi% to become debau*ees may become philosoph]s fir/4 ,n[1 9 my op9ion1 ! orig9 ( ! *ief good is to be s\ght 9 ! fir/ orig9 ( liv+ animals4 ,z soon z an animal is born x rejoices 9 pleasure1 & seeks x z a good2 x %uns pa9 z an evil4 ,& ,epicurus says t excell5t decisions on ! subject ( ! good & ! evil are come to by ^? animals :i* are n yet deprav$4 ,y1 too1 h laid d[n ! same position1 & ^! are y\r own words4 ,h[ _m errors are !re 9 !m6 ,= by ref]5ce to :i* k9d ( pleasure w a pul+ infant judge ( ! *ief good2 pleasure 9 /ability or pleasure 9 motion8--s9ce1 if ! gods s w1 we are le>n+ h[ to speak f ,epicurus4 ,if x is f pleasure z a /ate1 !n c]ta9ly nature desires to be exempt f evil h]self2 :i* we grant2 if x is f pleasure 9 motion1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is :at y say1 !n !re w be no pleasure s discr$itable z to des]ve to be pass$ ov]4 ,& at ! same "t t j-born animal y are speak+ ( does n beg9 ) ! highe/ pleasure2 :i* has be5 def9$ by y to consi/ 9 n be+ 9 pa94 ,h[ev]1 ,epicurus did n seek to d]ive ?is argum5t f infants1 or ev5 f bea/s1 :i* he looks ^u z mirrors ( nature z x 72 s z to say t !y1 "u ! guidance ( nature1 seek only ?is pleasure ( be+ free f pa94 ,= ?is sort ( pleasure _c excite ! desires ( ! m9d2 nor has ?is /ate ( fre$om f pa9 any impulse by :i* x c act ^u ! m9d4 ,!re=e ,hi]onymus blund]s 9 ?is same ?+4 ,= t pleasure only acts ^u ! m9d :i* has ! p[] ( allur+ ! s5ses4 ,!re=e ,epicurus always has rec\rse to ?is pleasure :5 wi%+ to prove t pleasure is s\ght = naturally2 because t pleasure :i* consi/s 9 motion bo? allures infants to itself1 & bea/s2 & ?is is n done by t pleasure :i* is a /ate 9 :i* !re is no o!r +r$i5t b fre$om f pa94 ,h[ !n c x be prop] to say t nature beg9s ) "o k9d ( pleasure1 & yet to put ! *ief good 9 ano!r8 ,,xi4 ,b z = bea/s1 ,i d n consid] t !y c pron\nce any judgm5t at all4 ,= al?\gh !y are n deprav$1 x is /ill possible = !m to be wrong4 ,j z "o /ick may be b5t & crook$ by hav+ be5 made s on purpose1 & ano!r may be s naturally2 s ! nature ( bea/s is n inde$ deprav$ by evil education1 b is wrong naturally4 ,nor is x correct to say t nature excites ! infant to desire pleasure1 b only to love itself & to desire to pres]ve itself safe & unhurt4 ,= e animal ! mom5t t x is born loves itself1 & e "p ( itself1 & above all does x love its two pr9cipal p>ts1 namely its m9d & body1 & aft]w>ds x proce$s to love ! sep>ate p>ts ( ea*4 ,= !re are 9 ! m9d & also 9 ! body "s p>ts ( especial consequ5ce2 & z soon z x has got a slight p]ception ( ?is fact1 x !n beg9s to make di/9ctions1 s z to desire ^? ?+s :i* are by nature giv5 to x z its pr9cipal goods1 & to reject ! contr>y4 ,n[ x is a great "q :e!r among ^! prim>y natural goods1 pleasure has any place or n4 ,b to ?9k t !re is no?+ beyond pleasure1 no limbs1 no s5sations1 no emotions ( ! m9d1 no integrity ( ! body1 no heal?1 appe>s to me to be a tok5 ( ! greate/ ignorance4 ,& on ?is ! :ole "q ( good & evil turns4 ,n[ ,polemo & also ,ari/otle ?\ght ^? ?+s :i* ,i m5tion$ j n[ ! greate/ ( goods4 ,& f ?is orig9at$ t op9ion ( ! ,old ,academy & ( ! ,p]ipatetic ,s*ool1 :i* l$ !m to say t ! greate/ good 0 to live 9 accordance ) nature--t is to say1 to enjoy ! *ief good ?+s :i* are giv5 by nature1 ) ! accompanim5t ( virtue4 ,callipho add$ no?+ to virtue except pleasure2 ,diodorus no?+ except fre$om f pa94 ,& all ^! m5 atta* ! idea ( ! greate/ good to "s "o ( ^! ?+s :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,ari/ippus ?\ght x 0 simple pleasure4 ,! ,/oics def9$ x to be agree+ ) nature1 :i* !y say c only be liv+ virtu\sly1 liv+ hon\rably4 ,& !y int]pret x fur!r ?us--to live ) an und]/&+ ( ^? ?+s :i* happ5 naturally1 select+ ^? :i* are 9 accordance ) nature1 & reject+ ! contr>y4 ,s !re are ?ree def9itions1 all ( :i* exclude hone/y3--"o1 t ( ,ari/ippus or ,epicurus2 ! second1 t ( ,hi]onymus2 ! ?ird1 t ( ,c>neades3 ?ree 9 :i* hone/y is admitt$ ) "s qualify+ additions2 ^?1 namely1 ( ,polemo1 ,callipho1 & ,diodorus3 "o s+le "o1 ( :i* ,z5o is ! au?or1 :i* is :olly ref]r$ to :at is becom+2 t is to say1 to hone/y4 ,= ,pyrrho1 ,ari/o1 & ,h]illus1 h long s9ce sunk into oblivion4 ,! re/ h be5 consi/5t ) !mselves1 s z to make _! ends agree ) _! beg9n+s2 s t ,ari/ippus has def9$ x to be pleasure2 ,hi]onymus1 fre$om f pa92 & ,c>neades1 ! enjoym5t ( :at are po9t$ out by nature z ! pr9cipal goods4 ,,xii4 ,b :5 ,epicurus _h giv5 pleasure ! highe/ rank1 if he meant ! same pleasure t ,ari/ippus did he ought to h adopt$ ! same ?+ z ! *ief good t he did2 if he meant ! same t ,hi]onymus did1 he w\ld !n h be5 assign+ ! fir/ rank to ,hi]onymus's pleasure1 & n to t ( ,ari/ippus4 ,=1 z to :at he says1 t x is decid$ by ! s5ses !mselves t pleasure is a good & t pa9 is an evil1 he has attribut$ m weight to ! s5ses ?an ! laws all[ !m4 ,we are ! judges ( private actions1 b we _c decide any?+ :i* does n legally come "u ! cognisance ( our tribunal2 &1 9 su* a case1 x is to no purpose t judges are 9 ! habit1 :5 !y pron\nce s5t5ce1 ( add+1 8if ! "q belongs to my jurisdiction20 =1 if ! matt] did n come "u _! jurisdiction1 ?is additional =m ( words w\ld n any ! m give validity to _! decision4 ,n[1 :at is x t ! s5ses are judges (8 ,:e!r a ?+ is sweet or bitt]1 s(t or h>d1 ne> or f> (f2 :e!r x is /&+ /ill or mov+2 :e!r x is squ>e or r\nd4 ,:at s5t5ce1 !n1 w reason pron\nce1 hav+ fir/ ( all call$ 9 ! aid ( ! k ( div9e & human affairs1 :i* is prop]ly call$ wisdom2 & hav+1 aft] t1 associat$ to itself ! virtues :i* reason po9ts out z ! mi/resses ( all ?+s1 b :i* y make out to be only ! satellites & h&maid5s ( pleasures8 ,! s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 ( all ^! qualities1 w pron\nce fir/ ( all1 respect+ pleasure1 t !re is no room = x2 n only no room = its be+ plac$ by itself 9 ! rank ( ! *ief good1 :i* is :at we are look+ =1 b no room ev5 = its be+ plac$ 9 connexion ev5 ) :at is hon\rable4 ,! same s5t5ce w be pass$ ^u fre$om f pa92 ,c>neades also w be disreg>d$2 nor w any def9ition ( ! *ief good be approv$ (1 :i* has any close connexion ) pleasure1 or fre$om f pa91 or :i* is devoid ( :at is hon\rable4 ,& s x w leave two1 :i* x w consid] ov] & ov] aga92 = x w ei!r lay d[n ! maxim1 t no?+ is good except :at is hon\rable1 no?+ evil except :at is disgraceful2 t ev]y?+ else is ei!r ( no consequ5ce at all1 or1 at all ev5ts1 ( only s mu*1 t x is nei!r to be s\ght aft] nor avoid$1 b only select$ or reject$2 or else1 x w pref] t :i* x %all p]ceive to be ! mo/ ri*ly end[$ ) :at is hon\rable1 & enri*$1 at ! same "t1 ) ! prim>y good ?+s ( nature1 & ) ! p]fection ( ! :ole life2 & x w d s all ! m cle>ly1 if x comes to a "r und]/&+ :e!r ! controv]sy betwe5 !m is "o ( facts1 or only ( words4 ,,xiii4 ,i n[1 foll[+ ! au?ority ( ?is man1 w d ! same z he has done2 =1 z f> z ,i c1 ,i w dim9i% ! disputes1 & w reg>d all _! simple op9ions 9 :i* !re is no association ( virtue1 z judgm5ts :i* ought to be utt]ly remov$ to a di/ance f philosophy4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i w disc>d ! pr9ciples ( ,ari/ippus1 & ( all ! ,cyr5aics1--m5 :o 7 n afraid to place ! *ief good 9 t pleasure :i* especially excit$ ! s5ses ) its sweetness1 disreg>d+ t fre$om f pa94 ,^! m5 did n p]ceive t1 z a horse is born = gallop+1 & an ox = pl\gh+1 & a dog = hunt+1 s man1 also1 is born = two objects1 z ,ari/otle says1 namely1 = und]/&+ & = act+ z if he 7 a k9d ( mortal god4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 z a sl[ mov+ & languid %eep is born to fe$1 & to take pleasure 9 propagat+ 8 species1 !y fanci$ also t ?is div9e animal 0 born = ! same purposes2 ?an :i* no?+ c appe> to me m absurd2 & all ?is is 9 opposition to ,ari/ippus1 :o consid]s t pleasure n only ! highe/1 b also ! only "o1 :i* all ! re/ ( u consid] z only "o ( ! pleasures4 ,y1 h[ev]1 ?9k diff]5tly2 b he1 z ,i h already said1 is egregi\sly wrong1--= nei!r does ! figure ( ! human body1 nor ! admirable reason+ p[]s ( ! human m9d1 intimate t man 0 born = no o!r end ?an ! m]e enjoym5t ( pleasure2 nor mu/ we li/5 to ,hi]onymus1 ^: *ief good is ! same :i* y sometimes1 or1 ,i might say1 too (t5 call s1 namely1 fre$om f pa92 = x does n foll[1 because pa9 is an evil1 t to be free f t evil is suffici5t = liv+ well4 ,ennius speaks m correctly1 :5 he says1-- ,! man :o feels no evil1 does ,enjoy too great a good4 ,let u def9e a happy life z consi/+1 n 9 ! repell+ ( evil1 b 9 ! acquisition ( good2 & let u seek to procure x1 n by do+ no?+1 :e!r "o is feel+ pleasure1 z ,ari/ippus says1 or feel+ no pa91 z ,hi]onymus insi/s1 b by do+ some?+1 & giv+ our m9d to ?\ght4 ,& all ^! same ?+s may be said aga9/ t *ief good :i* ,c>neades calls su*2 :i* he1 h[ev]1 br\ght =w>d1 n s mu* = ! purpose ( prov+ 8 position1 z ( contradict+ ! ,/oics1 ) :om he 0 at v>iance3 & ?is good ( 8 is su*1 t1 :5 add$ to virtue1 x appe>s likely to h "s au?ority1 & to be able to p]fect a happy life 9 a mo/ complete mann]1 & x is ?is t ! :ole ( ?is pres5t discussion is ab\t2 = !y :o add to virtue pleasure1 :i* is ! ?+ :i* above all o!rs virtue ?9ks ( small importance1 or fre$om f pa91 :i*1 ev5 if x be a fre$om f evil1 is nev]!less n ! *ief good1 make use ( an addition :i* is n v easily recomm5d$ to m5 9 g5]al1 & yet ,i d n und]/& :y !y d x 9 su* a nigg>dly & re/rict$ mann]3 =1 z if !y _h to br+ some?+ to add to virtue1 fir/ ( all !y add ?+s ( ! lea/ possible value2 aft]w>ds !y add ?+s "o by "o1 in/ead ( unit+ ev]y?+ :i* nature _h approv$ ( z ! highe/ goods1 to pleasure4 ,& z all ^! ?+s appe>$ to ,ari/o & to ,pyrrho absolutely ( no consequ5ce at all1 s t !y said t !re 0 lit]ally no diff]5ce :atev] betwe5 be+ 9 a mo/ p]fect /ate ( heal?1 & 9 a mo/ t]rible condition ( disease1 p rightly en\gh h long ago giv5 up argu+ aga9/ !m2 =1 :ile !y insi/$ ^u x t ev]y?+ 0 compris$ 9 virtue alone1 to su* a degree z to deprive x ( all p[] ( mak+ any selection ( ext]nal circum/ances1 & :ile !y gave x no?+ f :i* x c\ld orig9ate1 or on :i* x c\ld rely1 !y 9 reality de/roy$ virtue itself1 :i* !y 7 pr(ess+ to embrace4 ,b ,h]illus1 :o s\ght to ref] ev]y?+ to k1 saw1 inde$1 t !re 0 "o good1 b :at he saw 0 n ! greate/ possible good1 nor su* an "o t life c\ld be regulat$ by x2 !re=e1 he also has be5 disc>d$ a long "t ago1 =1 inde$1 !re has be5 no "o :o has argu$ aga9/ him s9ce ,*rysippus4 ,,xiv4 ,y\r s*ool1 !n1 is n[ ! only "o rema9+ to be combat$2 = ! conte/ ) ! ,academicians is an unc]ta9 "o1 = !y affirm no?+1 &1 z if !y despair$ ( arriv+ at any c]ta9 k1 wi% to foll[ :atev] is probable4 ,b we h m tr\ble ) ,epicurus1 because he comb9es two k9ds ( pleasure1 & because he & 8 fri5ds1 & _m o!rs s9ce1 h be5 advocates ( t op9ion2 & someh[ or o!r1 ! p1 :o1 ?\gh !y h ! lea/ au?ority1 h nev]!less ! greate/ p[]1 are on 8 side2 &1 unless we refute !m1 all virtue1 & all reputation1 & all true glory1 mu/ be ab&on$4 ,& s1 hav+ put aside ! op9ions ( all ! re/1 !re rema9s a conte/1 n betwe5 ,torquatus & me1 b betwe5 virtue & pleasure2 & ?is conte/ ,*rysippus1 a man ( great acut5ess & great indu/ry1 is f> f despis+2 & he ?9ks t ! :ole "q z to ! *ief good is at /ake 9 ?is controv]sy3 b ,i ?9k1 if ,i %[ ! reality ( :at is hon\rable1 & t x is a ?+ to be s\ght = by reason ( its own intr9sic excell5ce1 & = its own sake1 t all y\r argum5ts are at once ov]?r[n2 !re=e1 :5 ,i h once e/abli%$ :at its "* is1 speak+ briefly1 z ! "t requires1 ,i %all approa* all y\r argum5ts1 ,o ,torquatus1 unless my memory fails me4 ,we und]/&1 !n1 t to be hon\rable :i* is su* t1 leav+ all advantage out ( ! "q1 x c be des]v$ly prais$ by itself1 )\t ?9k+ ( any rew>d or pr(it d]iv$ f x4 ,& :at its "* is may be und]/ood1 n s mu* by ! def9ition :i* ,i h employ$1 7al?\gh t may help 9 "s degree17 z by ! common s5tim5ts ( all m51 & by ! zeal & conduct ( e virtu\s man2 = su* d _m ?+s = ?is sole reason1 because !y are becom+1 because !y are "r1 because !y are hon\rable1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n p]ceive any advantage likely to result f !m3 = m5 diff] f bea/s 9 _m o!r ?+s inde$1 b especially 9 ?is "o p>ticul>1 t !y h reason & intellect giv5 to !m by nature1 & a m9d1 active1 vigor\s1 revolv+ _m ?+s at ! same "t ) ! greate/ rapidity1 &1 if ,i may s say1 sagaci\s to p]ceive ! causes ( ?+s1 & _! consequ5ces & connexions1 & to use metaphors1 & to comb9e ?+s :i* are unconnect$1 & to connect ! future ) ! pres5t1 & to embrace 9 its view ! :ole c\rse ( a consi/5t life4 ,! same reason has also made man desir\s ( ! society ( m51 & incl9$ to agree ) !m by nature1 & conv]sation1 & cu/om2 s t1 sett+ out ) affection = 8 fri5ds & relations1 he proce$s fur!r1 & unites himself 9 a society1 fir/ ( all ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 & subsequ5tly ( all mortals2 & z ,plato wrote to ,ar*ytas1 recollects t he has be5 born1 n = himself alone1 b = 8 c\ntry & 8 family2 s t !re is b a small portion ( himself left = himself4 ,& s9ce ! same nature has implant$ 9 man a desire ( asc]ta9+ ! tru?1 :i* is mo/ easily visible :51 be+ free f all c>es1 we wi% to "k :at is tak+ place1 ev5 9 ! heav5s2 l$ on f ^! beg9n+s we love ev]y?+ t is true1 t is to say1 t is fai?ful1 simple1 consi/5t1 & we hate :at is va91 false & deceitful1 su* z fraud1 p]jury1 cunn+ & inju/ice4 ,! same reason has 9 itself some?+ l>ge & magnific5t1 suit$ = comm& r ?an = ob$i5ce2 ?9k+ all ev5ts :i* c befal a man n only endurable1 b insignificant2 some?+ l(ty & sublime1 fe>+ no?+1 yield+ to no "o1 always inv9cible4 ,&1 :5 ^! ?ree k9ds ( ! hon\rable h be5 notic$1 a f\r? foll[s1 ( ! same beauty & suit$ to ! o!r ?ree1 9 :i* ord] & mod]ation exi/2 & :5 ! lik5ess ( x to ! o!rs is p]ceiv$ 9 ! beauty & dignity ( all _! sep>ate =ms1 we are transport$ across to :at is hon\rable 9 words & actions2 =1 9 consequ5ce ( ^! ?ree virtues :i* ,i h already m5tion$1 a man avoids ra%ness1 & does n v5ture to injure any "o by any wanton ^w or action1 & is afraid ei!r to d or to say any?+ :i* may appe> at all unsuit$ to ! dignity ( a man4 ,,xv4 ,"h1 n[1 ,o ,torquatus1 y h a picture ( :at is hon\rable completely fill$ 9 & f9i%$2 & x is conta9$ :olly 9 ^! f\r virtues :i* y also m5tion$4 ,b y\r ma/] ,epicurus says t he kn[s no?+ :atev] ( x1 & does n und]/& :at1 or :at sort ( quality ^? p ass]t x to be1 :o pr(ess to measure ! *ief good by ! /&>d ( :at is hon\rable4 ,= if ev]y?+ is ref]r$ to t1 & if !y say t pleasure has no "p 9 x1 !n he says t !y are talk+ idly1 7^! are 8 v words17 & d n und]/& or see :at real mean+ ought to be convey$ "u ?is ^w hon\rable2 =1 z cu/om has x1 he says t t alone is hon\rable :i* is acc\nt$ glori\s by common report2 & t1 says he1 al?\gh x is (t5 m pleasant ?an "s pleasures1 /ill is s\ght = ! sake ( pleasure4 ,d y n see h[ greatly ^! two p>ties diff]8 ,a noble philosoph]1 by :om n only ,greece & ,italy1 b all ! c\ntries ( ! b>b>ians are influ5c$1 says t he does n und]/& :at hon\rabl5ess is1 if x be n 9 pleasure1 unless1 p]*ance1 x is t ?+ :i* is prais$ by ! common conv]sation ( ! populace4 ,b my op9ion is1 t ?is is (t5 ev5 di%on\rable1 & t real hon\rabl5ess is n call$ s f ! circum/ance ( its be+ prais$ by ! _m1 b because x is su* a ?+ t ev5 if m5 7 unacqua9t$ ) x1 or if !y said no?+ ab\t x1 x w\ld /ill be praisewor?y by reason ( its own intr9sic beauty & excell5ce4 ,& s he aga91 be+ =c$ to yield to ! p[] ( nature1 :i* is always irresi/ible1 says 9 ano!r place :at y also said a little :ile ago1--t a man _c live pleasantly unless he also lives hon\rably4 ,n[ !n1 :at is ! mean+ ( hon\rably8 does x mean ! same z pleasantly8 ,if s1 ?is /atem5t w come to ?is1 t a man _c live hon\rably unless he lives hon\rably4 ,is x hon\rably accord+ to public report8 ,!re=e he affirms t a man _c live pleasantly )\t he has public report 9 8 fav\r4 ,:at c be m %ameful ?an = ! life ( a wise man to dep5d on ! conv]sation ( fools8 ,:at is x1 !n1 t 9 ?is place he und]/&s by ! ^w hon\rable8 ,c]ta9ly no?+ except :at c be des]v$ly prais$ = its own sake2 = if x be prais$ = ! sake ( pleasure1 !n :at sort ( praise1 ,i %\ld l to "k1 is t :i* c be s\ght = 9 ! %ambles8 ,he is n a man1 :ile he places hon\rabl5ess 9 su* a rank t he affirms x to be impossible to live pleasantly )\t x1 to ?9k t hon\rable :i* is popul>1 & to affirm t "o _c live pleasantly )\t popul>ity2 or to und]/& by ! ^w hon\rable any?+ except :at is "r1 & des]v$ly to be prais$ by itself & = itself1 f a reg>d to its own p[] & influ5ce & intr9sic nature4 ,,xvi4 ,!re=e1 ,torquatus1 :5 y said t ,epicurus ass]t$ l\dly t a man c\ld n live pleasantly if he did n also live hon\rably1 & wisely1 & ju/ly1 y appe>$ to me to be boa/+ y\rself4 ,!re 0 su* en]gy 9 y\r words1 on acc\nt ( ! dignity ( ^? ?+s :i* 7 indicat$ by ^? words1 t y became tall]1 t y rose up1 & fix$ y\r eyes ^u u z if y 7 giv+ a solemn te/imony t hon\rabl5ess & ju/ice are sometimes prais$ by ,epicurus4 ,h[ becom+ 0 x to y to use t language1 :i* is s necess>y = philosoph]s1 t if !y did n use x we %\ld h no great ne$ ( philosophy at all6 ,= x is out ( love = ^? words1 :i* are v seldom employ$ by ,epicurus--,i mean wisdom1 =titude1 ju/ice1 & temp]ance--t m5 ( ! mo/ admirable p[]s ( m9d h betak5 !mselves to ! /udy ( philosophy4 8,! s5se ( our eyes10 says ,plato1 8is mo/ acute 9 u2 b yet we d n see wisdom ) !m4 ,:at a vehem5t passion = itself w\ld x excite if x c\ld be beheld by ! eyes60 ,:y s8 ,because x is s +5i\s z to be able to devise pleasures 9 ! mo/ skilful mann]4 ,:y is ju/ice extoll$8 or :at is x t has giv5 rise to t old & mu*-worn prov]b1 8,he is a man ) :om y may play7#ca7 9 ! d>k40 ,?is1 ?\gh appli$ to only "o ?+1 has a v ext5sive application2 s t 9 e case we are influ5c$ by ! facts1 & n by ! witness4 ,= ^? ?+s :i* y 7 say+ 7 v weak & p[]less argum5ts1--:5 y urg$ t ! wick$ 7 torm5t$ by _! own consci5ces1 & also by fe> ( puni%m5t1 :i* is ei!r inflict$ on !m1 or keeps !m 9 con/ant fe> t x w be inflict$4 ,"o ought n to imag9e a man timid1 or weak 9 8 m9d1 nor a good man1 :o1 :atev] he has done1 keeps torm5t+ himself1 & dreads ev]y?+2 b r let u fancy "o1 :o ) great %rewdness ref]s ev]y?+ to usefulness--an acute1 crafty1 w>y man1 able ) ease to devise plans = deceiv+ any "o secretly1 )\t any witness1 or any "o be+ privy to x4 ,d y ?9k t ,i am speak+ ( ,lucius ,tubulus8--:o1 :5 z prtor he _h be5 sitt+ z judge ^u ! trial ( "s assass9s1 took money to influ5ce 8 decision s undisguis$ly1 t ! next ye> ,publius ,scvola1 be+ tribune ( ! p1 made a motion be=e ! p1 t an inquiry %\ld be made into ! case4 ,9 accordance ) :i* decree ( ! p1 ,cnu ,cpio1 ! consul1 0 ord]$ by ! s5ate to inve/igate ! affair4 ,tubulus imm$iately w5t into bani%m5t1 & did n d>e to make any reply to ! *>ge1 = ! matt] 0 notori\s4 ,,xvii4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 inquir+ ab\t a man :o is m]ely wick$1 b ab\t "o :o m+les cunn+ ) 8 wick$ness1 7z ,qu9tus ,pompeius7#cb7 did :5 he repudiat$ ! treaty ( ,numantia17 & yet :o is n afraid ( ev]y?+1 b :o has r no reg>d = ! /+s ( consci5ce1 :i* x co/s him no tr\ble at all to /ifle2 = a man :o is call$ close & secret is s f> f in=m+ aga9/ himself1 t he w ev5 pret5d to grieve at :at is done wrong by ano!r2 = :at else is ! mean+ ( ! ^w crafty 7v]sutus78 ,i recollect on "o occasion be+ pres5t at a consultation held by ,publius ,sextilius ,rufus1 :5 he report$ ! case on :i* he ask$ advice to 8 fri5ds 9 ?is mann]3 ,t he _h be5 left heir to ,qu9tus ,fadius ,gallus2 9 ^: w x _h be5 writt5 t he _h entreat$ ,sextilius to take c>e t :at he left beh9d him %\ld come to 8 daught]4 ,sextilius d5i$ t he _h done s4 ,he c\ld d5y x ) impunity1 = :o 0 !re to convict him8 ,none ( u believ$ him2 & x 0 m likely t he %\ld tell a lie ^: int]e/ x 0 to d s1 ?an he :o _h set d[n 9 8 w t he _h made ! reque/ :i* he ought to h made4 ,he add$1 moreov]1 t hav+ sworn to comply ) ! ,voconian7#cc7 law1 he did n d>e to violate x1 unless 8 fri5ds 7 ( a contr>y op9ion4 ,i myself 0 v "y :5 ,i 0 pres5t on ?is occasion1 b !re 7 pres5t also _m m5 ( ! highe/ "*1 n "o ( :om ?\ght t m ought to be giv5 to ,fadia ?an c\ld come to h] "u ! provisions ( ! ,voconian law4 ,sextilius reta9$ a v l>ge inh]itance2 ( :i*1 if he _h foll[$ ! op9ion ( ^? m5 :o pref]r$ :at 0 "r & hon\rable to all pr(it & advantage1 he w\ld nev] h t\*$ a s+le p5ny4 ,d y ?9k t he 0 aft]w>ds anxi\s & uneasy 9 8 m9d on t acc\nt8 ,n a bit ( x3 on ! contr>y1 he 0 a ri* man1 ow+ to t inh]itance1 & he rejoic$ 9 8 ri*es1 = he set a great value on money :i* 0 acquir$ n only )\t violat+ ! laws1 b ev5 by ! law4 ,& money is :at y also ?9k wor? seek+ =1 ev5 ) great risk1 = x is ! effici5t cause ( _m & great pleasures4 ,z1 !re=e1 e dang] appe>s fit to be enc\nt]$ = ! sake ( :at is becom+ & hon\rable1 by ^? :o decide t :at is "r & hon\rable is to be s\ght = its own sake2 s ! m5 ( y\r s*ool1 :o measure ev]y?+ by pleasure1 mu/ enc\nt] e dang] 9 ord] to acquire great pleasures1 if any great prop]ty or any important inh]itance is at /ake1 s9ce num]\s pleasures are procur$ by money4 ,& y\r ma/] ,epicurus mu/1 if he wi%es to pursue :at he himself consid]s ! *ief ( all good ?+s1 d ! same t ,scipio did1 :o _h a prospect ( great glory be=e him if he c\ld compel ,annibal to return into ,africa4 ,& ) ?is view1 :at great dang]s did he enc\nt]6 = he measur$ ! :ole ( 8 ent]prise by ! /&>d ( hon\r1 n ( pleasure4 ,& 9 l mann]1 y\r wise man1 be+ excit$ by ! prospect ( "s advantage1 w fight7#cd7 c\rage\sly1 if x %\ld be necess>y4 ,if 8 exploits are undiscov]$1 he w rejoice2 if he is tak51 he w despise e k9d ( puni%m5t1 = he w be ?or\ghly arm$ = a contempt ( dea?1 bani%m5t1 & ev5 ( pa91 :i* y inde$ repres5t z intol]able :5 y hold x out to wick$ m5 z a puni%m5t1 b z endurable :5 y argue t a wise man has always m good ?an evil 9 8 =tune4 ,,xviii4 ,b picture to y\rself a man n only cunn+1 s z to be prep>$ to act di%one/ly 9 any circum/ances t may arise1 b also exce$+ly p[]ful2 z1 = in/ance1 ,m>cus ,crassus 01 :o1 h[ev]1 always ex]cis$ 8 own natural good disposition2 or z at ?is day our fri5d ,pompeius is1 to :om we ought to feel grateful = 8 virtu\s conduct2 =1 al?\gh he is incl9$ to act ju/ly1 he c\ld be unju/ ) p]fect impunity4 ,b h[ _m unju/ actions c be committ$ :i* nev]!less no "o c\ld f9d any gr\nd = attack+6 ,suppose y\r fri5d1 :5 dy+1 has entreat$ y to re/ore 8 inh]itance to 8 daught]1 & yet has nev] set x d[n 9 8 w1 z ,fadius did1 & has nev] m5tion$ to any "o t he has done s1 :at w y d8 ,y inde$ w re/ore x4 ,p]haps ,epicurus himself w\ld h re/or$ x2 j z ,sextus ,p$ucu ! son ( ,sextus did2 he :o has left beh9d him a son1 our intimate fri5d1 a liv+ image ( 8 own virtue & hone/y1 a le>n$ p]son1 & ! mo/ virtu\s & upright ( all m52 = he1 ?\gh no "o 0 aw>e t he _h be5 entreat$ by ,caius ,plotius1 a ,roman knight ( high "* & great =tune1 ( ! di/rict ( ,nursia1 to d s1 came ( 8 own accord to 8 wid[1 &1 ?\gh %e _h no notion ( ! fact1 detail$ to h] ! commission :i* he _h receiv$ f h] husb&1 & made ov] ! inh]itance to h]4 ,b ,i ask y 7s9ce y w\ld c]ta9ly h act$ 9 ! same mann] y\rself71 d y n und]/& t ! p[] ( nature is all ! great]1 inasmu* z y y\rselves1 :o ref] ev]y?+ to y\r own advantage1 &1 z y y\rselves say1 to pleasure1 /ill p]=m actions f :i* x is evid5t t y are guid$ n by pleasure1 b by pr9ciples ( duty1 & t y\r own upright nature has m influ5ce ov] y ?an any vici\s reason+8 ,if y knew1 says ,c>neades1 t a snake 0 ly+ hid 9 any place1 & t "s "o 0 go+ ignorantly to sit d[n ^u x ^: dea? w\ld br+ y "s advantage1 y w\ld be act+ wick$ly if y did n w>n him n to sit d[n !re2 & yet y c\ld n be puni%$1 = :o c\ld possibly convict y8 ,h[ev]1 ,i am dwell+ too long on ?is po9t2 = x is evid5t1 unless equity1 good fai? & ju/ice proce$ f nature1 & if all ^! ?+s are ref]r$ to advantage1 t a good man _c possibly be f\nd4 ,b on ?is subject we h put a suffici5t numb] ( argum5ts into ! m\? ( ,llius1 9 our books on a ,republic4 ,,xix4 ,n[ apply ! same argum5ts to mode/y1 or temp]ance1 :i* is a mod]ation ( ! appetites1 9 subord9ation to reason4 ,c we say t a man pays suffici5t reg>d to ! dictates ( mode/y1 :o indulges 8 lu/s 9 su* a mann] z to h no witnesses ( 8 conduct8 or is !re any?+ :i* is intr9sically flagiti\s1 ev5 if no loss ( reputation ensues8 ,:at d brave m5 d8 ,d !y ent] into an exact calculation ( pleasure1 & s ent] ! battle1 & %$ _! blood = _! c\ntry8 or are !y excit$ r by a c]ta9 ard\r & impetuosity ( c\rage8 ,d y ?9k1 ,o ,torquatus1 t t imp]i\s ance/or ( y\rs1 if he c\ld he> :at we are n[ say+1 w\ld r li/5 to y\r s5tim5ts conc]n+ him1 or to m9e1 :5 ,i said t he _h done no?+ = 8 own sake1 b ev]y?+ = t ( ! republic2 & y1 on ! contr>y1 affirm t he did no?+ except ) a view to 8 own advantage8 ,b if y 7 to wi% to expla9 y\rself fur!r1 & 7 to say op5ly t he did no?+ except = ! sake ( pleasure1 h[ d y ?9k t he w\ld be> su* an ass]tion8 ,be x s4 ,let ,torquatus1 if y w1 h act$ solely ) a view to 8 own advantage1 = ,i w\ld r employ t expression ?an pleasure1 especially :5 speak+ ( s em95t a man1--did 8 colleague too1 ,publius ,decius1 ! fir/ man :o ev] 0 consul 9 t family1 did he1 ,i say1 :5 he 0 devot+ himself1 & ru%+ at ! full spe$ ( 8 horse into ! middle ( ! army ( ! ,lat9s1 ?9k at all ( 8 own pleasures8 ,= :]e or :5 0 he to f9d any1 :5 he knew t he %\ld p]i% imm$iately1 & :5 he 0 seek+ t dea? ) m eag] zeal ?an ,epicurus ?9ks ev5 pleasure des]v+ to be s\ght )8 ,& unless ?is exploit ( 8 _h be5 des]v$ly extoll$1 8 son w\ld n h imitat$ x 9 8 f\r? consul%ip2 nor1 aga91 w\ld 8 son1 :5 fight+ aga9/ ,pyrrhus1 h fall5 9 battle :5 he 0 consul1 & s (f]$ himself up = ! sake ( ! republic z a ?ird victim 9 an un9t]rupt$ succession f ! same family4 ,i w =be> giv+ any m examples4 ,i might get a few f ! ,greeks1 su* z ,leonidas1 ,epam9ondas1 & ?ree or f\r m p]haps4 ,& if ,i 7 to beg9 hunt+ up our own annals = su* in/ances1 ,i %\ld soon e/abli% my po9t1 & compel ,pleasure to give h]self up1 b\nd h& & foot1 to virtue4 ,b ! day w\ld be too %ort = me4 ,& z ,aulus ,v>ius1 :o 0 consid]$ a r sev]e judge1 0 9 ! habit ( say+ to 8 colleague1 :51 aft] "s witnesses _h be5 produc$1 o!rs 7 /ill be+ summon$1 8,ei!r we h _h witnesses en\gh1 or ,i d n "k :at is en\gh20 s ,i ?9k t ,i h n[ br\ght =w>d witnesses en\gh4 ,=1 :at w y say8 ,0 x pleasure t work$ ^u y1 a man ?or\ghly wor?y ( y\r ance/ors1 :ile /ill a "y man1 to rob ,publius ,sylla ( ! consul%ip8 ,& :5 y _h succe$$ 9 procur+ x = y\r fa!r1 a mo/ gallant man1 :at a consul did he prove1 & :at a citiz5 at all times1 & mo/ especially aft] 8 consul%ip6 ,&1 inde$1 x 0 by 8 advice t we ourselves behav$ 9 su* a mann] z to consult ! advantage ( ! :ole body ( ! citiz5s r ?an our own4 ,b h[ admirably did y seem to speak1 :5 on ! "o side y drew a picture ( a man load$ ) ! mo/ num]\s & excessive pleasures1 ) no pa91 ei!r pres5t or future2 & on ! o!r1 ( a man surr\nd$ ) ! greate/ torm5ts affect+ 8 :ole body1 ) no pleasure1 ei!r pres5t or hop$ =2 & ask$ :o c\ld be m mis]able ?an ! "o1 or m happy ?an ! o!r8 & !n conclud$1 t pa9 0 ! greate/ evil1 & pleasure ! greate/ good4 ,,xx4 ,!re 0 a man ( ,lanuvium1 call$ ,lucius ,?orius ,balbus1 :om y _c rememb]2 he liv$ 9 su* a way t no pleasure c\ld be imag9$ s exquisite1 t he _h n a sup]fluity ( x4 ,he 0 gre$y ( pleasure1 a critical judge ( e species ( x1 & v ri*4 ,s f> remov$ f all sup]/ition1 z to despise ! num]\s sacrifices :i* take place1 & temples :i* exi/ 9 8 c\ntry2 s f> f fe>+ dea?1 t he 0 sla9 9 battle fight+ = ! republic4 ,he b\nd$ 8 appetites1 n accord+ to ! division ( ,epicurus1 b by 8 own feel+s ( satiety4 ,he took suffici5t ex]cise always to come to supp] bo? ?ir/y & hungry4 ,he ate su* food z 0 at ! same "t nice/ 9 ta/e & mo/ easy ( dige/ion2 & select$ su* w9e z gave him pleasure1 & 01 at ! same "t1 free f hurtful qualities4 ,he _h all ^? o!r means & appliances :i* ,epicurus ?9ks s necess>y1 t he says t if !y are d5i$1 he _c und]/& :at is good4 ,he 0 free f e sort ( pa92 & if he _h felt any1 he w\ld n h borne x impati5tly1 ?\gh he w\ld h be5 m incl9$ to consult a physician ?an a philosoph]4 ,he 0 a man ( a beautiful complexion1 ( p]fect heal?1 ( ! greate/ influ5ce1 9 %ort1 8 :ole life 0 "o un9t]rupt$ sc5e ( e possible v>iety ( pleasures4 ,n[1 y call ?is man happy4 ,y\r pr9ciples compel y to d s4 ,b z = me1 ,i w n1 inde$1 v5ture to "n ! man :om ,i pref] to him--,virtue h]self %all speak = me1 & %e w n hesitate to rank ,m>cus ,regulus be=e ?is happy man ( y\rs4 ,= ,virtue ass]ts l\dly t ?is man1 :51 ( 8 own accord1 "u no compulsion1 except t ( ! pl$ge :i* he _h giv5 to ! enemy1 he _h return$ to ,c>?age1 01 at ! v mom5t :5 he 0 be+ tortur$ ) sleeplessness & hung]1 m happy ?an ,?orius :ile dr9k+ on a b$ ( roses4 ,regulus _h _h ! conduct ( great w>s2 he _h be5 twice consul2 he _h _h a triumph2 & yet he did n ?9k ^? previ\s exploits ( 8 s great or s glori\s z t la/ mis=tune :i* he incurr$1 because ( 8 own good fai? & con/ancy2 a mis=tune :i* appe>s pitiable to u :o he> ( x1 b 0 actually pleasant to him :o endur$ x4 ,= m5 are happy1 n because ( hil>ity1 or lascivi\sness1 or laught]1 or je/+1 ! companion ( levity1 b (t5 ev5 ?r\gh sorr[ endur$ ) firmness & con/ancy4 ,lucretia1 hav+ be5 ravi%$ by =ce by ! k+'s son1 call$ h] fell[-citiz5s to witness1 & slew h]self4 ,?is grief ( h]s1 ,brutus be+ ! lead] & mov] ( ! ,roman p1 0 ! cause ( lib]ty to ! :ole /ate4 ,& out ( reg>d = ! memory ( t woman1 h] husb& & h] fa!r 7 made consuls7#ce7 ! fir/ ye> ( ! republic4 ,lucius ,virg9ius1 a man ( small prop]ty & "o ( ! p1 sixty ye>s aft] ! ree/abli%m5t ( lib]ty1 slew 8 virg9 daught] ) 8 own h&1 r ?an all[ h] to be surr5d]$ to ! lu/ ( ,appius ,claudius1 :o 0 at t "t inve/$ ) ! supreme p[]4 ,,xxi4 ,n[ y1 ,o ,torquatus1 mu/ ei!r blame all ^! actions1 or else y mu/ ab&on ! def5ce ( pleasure4 ,& :at a cause is t1 & :at a task does ! man und]take :o comes =w>d z ! advocate ( pleasure1 :o is unable to call any "o illu/ri\s man z evid5ce 9 h] fav\r or z a witness to h] "*8 ,= z we h awak5$ ^? m5 f ! records ( our annals z witnesses1 ^: :ole life has be5 consum$ 9 glori\s lab\rs2 m5 :o _c be> to he> ! v "n ( pleasure3 s on y\r side ( ! argum5t hi/ory is dumb4 ,i h nev] he>d ( ,lycurgus1 or ,solon1 ,miltiades1 or ,!mi/ocles1 or ,epam9ondas be+ m5tion$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,epicurus2 m5 ^: names are con/antly 9 ! m\? ( all ! o!r philosoph]s4 ,b n[1 s9ce we h begun to deal ) ?is "p ( ! "q1 our fri5d ,atticus1 out ( 8 treasures1 w supply u ) ! names ( z _m great m5 z may be suffici5t = u to br+ =w>d z witnesses4 ,is x n bett] to say a little ( ^! m51 ?an s _m volumes ab\t ,!mi/a87#cf7 ,let ^! ?+s be conf9$ to ! ,greeks3 al?\gh we h d]iv$ philosophy & all ! lib]al sci5ces f !m1 /ill !re are ?+s :i* may be all[able = !m to d1 b n = u4 ,! ,/oics are at v>iance ) ! ,p]ipatetics4 ,"o sect d5ies t any?+ is good :i* is n also hon\rable3 ! o!r ass]ts t x all[s great weight1 inde$1 by f> ! mo/ weight1 to :at is hon\rable1 b /ill affirms t !re are 9 ! body also1 & ar\nd ! body1 c]ta9 positive goods4 ,x is an hon\rable conte/ & a spl5did discussion4 ,= ! :ole "q is ab\t ! dignity ( virtue4 ,b :5 "o is argu+ ) philosoph]s ( y\r s*ool1 "o is =c$ to he> a great deal ab\t ev5 ! obscure pleasures :i* ,epicurus himself cont9ually m5tions4 ,y _c !n1 ,torquatus1 believe me1 y _c uphold ^? pr9ciples1 if y exam9e into y\rself1 & y\r own ?\ghts & /udies4 ,y w1 ,i say1 be a%am$ ( t picture :i* ,clean!s 0 9 ! habit ( draw+ ) su* accuracy 9 8 description4 ,he us$ to desire ^? :o came to him z 8 pupils1 to ?9k ( ,pleasure pa9t$ 9 a picture1 clad 9 beautiful robes1 ) royal ornam5ts1 & sitt+ on a ?rone4 ,he repres5t$ all ! ,virtues ar\nd h]1 z h] h&maid5s1 do+ no?+ else1 & ?9k+ no?+ else _! duty1 b to m9i/] to ,pleasure1 & only j to :isp] 9 h] e> 7if1 inde$1 t c\ld be made intelligible 9 a picture7 a w>n+ to be on h] gu>d to d no?+ imprud5t1 no?+ to (f5d ! m9ds ( m51 no?+ f :i* any pa9 c\ld ensue4 ,we1 inde$1 !y w\ld say1 we ,virtues are only born to act z y\r slaves2 we h no o!r bus9ess4 ,,xxii4 ,b ,epicurus 7= ?is is y\r great po9t7 d5ies t any man :o does n live hon\rably c live agreeably2 z if ,i c>$ :at he d5ies or :at he affirms4 ,:at ,i inquire is1 :at x is consi/5t = t man to say :o places ! *ief good 9 pleasure4 ,:at reason d y allege :y ,?orius1 :y ,*ius1 :y ,po/umius1 :y ! ma/] ( all ^! m51 ,orata1 did n live mo/ agreeably8 ,he himself1 z ,i h already said1 ass]ts t ! life ( m5 devot$ to luxury is n des]v+ ( blame1 unless !y are absolute fools1 t is to say1 unless !y ab&on !mselves to become slaves to _! desires or to _! fe>s4 ,& :5 he promises !m a rem$y = bo? ^! ?+s1 he1 9 s do+1 (f]s !m a lic5ce = luxury4 ,= if y take away ^! ?+s1 !n he says t he _c f9d any?+ 9 ! life ( debau*$ m5 :i* des]ves blame4 ,y !n1 :o regulate ev]y?+ by ! /&>d ( pleasure1 _c ei!r def5d or ma9ta9 virtue4 ,= he does n des]ve to be acc\nt$ a virtu\s or a j man :o ab/a9s f inju/ice 9 ord] to avoid suff]+ evil4 ,y "k ! l9e1 ,i suppose-- ,he's n a pi\s man :om fe> con/ra9s ,to acts ( piety 444 a man-- ,& no?+ c be m true4 ,= a man is n j :ile he is 9 a /ate ( al>m4 ,& c]ta9ly :5 he ceases to be 9 fe>1 he w n be j4 ,b he w n be afraid if he is able to conceal 8 actions1 or if he is able1 by means ( 8 great ri*es & p[]1 to support :at he has done4 ,& he w c]ta9ly pref] be+ reg>d$ z a good man1 ?\gh he is n "o1 to be+ a good man & n be+ ?\ght "o4 ,& s1 beyond all "q1 in/ead ( g5u9e & active ju/ice1 y give u only an effigy ( ju/ice1 & y tea* u1 z x 71 to disreg>d our own unv>y+ consci5ce1 & to g hunt+ aft] ! fleet+ vagabond op9ions ( o!rs4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! o!r virtues also2 ! f\ndation ( all :i* y place 9 pleasure1 :i* is l build+ on wat]4 ,= :at are we to say8 ,c we call t same ,torquatus a brave man8 ,= ,i am delight$1 ?\gh ,i _c1 z y say1 bribe y2 ,i am delight$ ) y\r family & ) y\r "n4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ,i h be=e my eyes ,aulus ,torquatus17#cg7 a mo/ excell5t man1 & "o greatly atta*$ to me2 & bo? ( y mu/ c]ta9ly be aw>e h[ great & h[ em95t 8 zeal 9 my behalf 0 9 ^? times :i* are well kn[n to e "o4 ,& t conduct ( 8 w\ld n h be5 delightful to me1 :o wi% bo? to be1 & to be consid]$1 grateful1 if ,i did n see cle>ly t he 0 fri5dly to me = my own sake1 n = 8 own2 unless1 inde$1 y say1 x 0 = 8 own sake1 because x is = ! int]e/ ( e "o to act rightly4 ,if y say t1 we h ga9$ our po9t4 ,= :at we are aim+ at1 :at we are cont5d+ =1 is1 t duty itself is ! rew>d ( duty4 ,b t ma/] ( y\rs w n admit ?is1 & requires pleasure to result f e action z a sort ( wages4 ,h[ev]1 ,i return to him4 ,if x 0 = ! sake ( pleasure t ,torquatus1 :5 *all5g$1 f\ght ) ! ,gaul on ! ,anio1 & out ( 8 spoils took 8 *a9 & e>n$ 8 surname1 or if x 0 = any o!r reason b t he ?\ght su* exploits wor?y ( a man1 !n ,i d n acc\nt him brave4 ,&1 inde$1 if mode/y1 & dec5cy1 & *a/ity1 &1 9 "o ^w1 temp]ance1 is only upheld by ! fe> ( puni%m5t or infamy1 & n out ( reg>d to _! own sanctity1 !n :at l5g?s w adult]y & debau*]y & lu/ %r9k f proce$+ to1 if !re is a hope ei!r ( escap+ detection1 or ( obta9+ impunity or lic5ce8 ,:at %all ,i say m8 ,:at is y\r idea1 ,o ,torquatus1 ( ?is8--t y1 a man ( y\r "n1 ( y\r abilities1 ( y\r high reputation1 %\ld n d>e to allege 9 a public assembly :at y d1 :at y ?9k1 :at y cont5d =1 ! /&>d to :i* y ref] ev]y?+1 ! object = ! sake ( :i* y wi% to accompli% :at y attempt1 & :at y ?9k be/ 9 life4 ,= :at c y claim to des]ve1 :5 y h ent]$ ^u y\r magi/racy1 & come =w>d to ! assembly1 7= !n y w h to ann\nce :at pr9ciples y int5d to obs]ve 9 adm9i/]+ ! law1 & p]haps1 too1 if y ?9k fit1 y w1 z is ! anci5t cu/om1 say some?+ ab\t y\r ance/ors & y\rself17--:at1 ,i say1 c y claim z y\r j des]t1 if y say t 9 t magi/racy y w d ev]y?+ = ! sake ( pleasure8 & t y h nev] done any?+ all y\r life except ) a view to pleasure8 ,d y ?9k1 say y1 t ,i am s mad z to speak 9 t way be=e ignorant p8 ,well1 say x !n 9 ! c\rt ( ju/ice1 or if y are afraid ( ! surr\nd+ audi5ce1 say x 9 ! s5ate3 y w nev] d s4 ,:y n1 except t su* language is disgraceful8 ,d y !n ?9k ,tri>ius & me fit p = y to speak be=e 9 a disgraceful mann]8 ,,xxiii4 ,h[ev]1 be x s4 ,! "n ( pleasure c]ta9ly has no dignity 9 x1 & p]haps we d n exactly und]/& :at is meant by x2 = y are con/antly say+ t we d n und]/& :at y mean by ! ^w pleasure3 no d\bt x is a v difficult & obscure matt]4 ,:5 y speak ( atoms1 & spaces betwe5 worlds1 ?+s :i* d n exi/1 & :i* _c possibly exi/1 !n we und]/& y2 & _c we und]/& :at pleasure is1 a ?+ :i* is kn[n to e sp>r[8 ,:at w y say if ,i compel y to confess t ,i n only d "k :at pleasure is 7= x is a pleasant emotion affect+ ! s5ses71 b also :at y mean by ! ^w8 ,= at "o "t y mean by ! ^w ! v same ?+ :i* ,i h j said1 & y give x ! description ( consi/+ 9 motion1 & ( caus+ "s v>iety3 at ano!r "t y speak ( "s o!r highe/ pleasure1 :i* is susceptible ( no addition :atev]1 b t x is pres5t :5 e sort ( pa9 is abs5t1 & y call x !n a /ate1 n a motion3 let t1 !n1 be pleasure4 ,say1 9 any assembly y please1 t y d ev]y?+ ) a view to avoid suff]+ pa93 if y d n ?9k t ev5 ?is language is suffici5tly dignifi$1 or suffici5tly hon\rable1 say t y w d ev]y?+ dur+ y\r ye> ( (fice1 & dur+ y\r :ole life1 = ! sake ( y\r own advantage2 t y w d no?+ except :at is pr(itable to y\rself1 no?+ :i* is n prompt$ by a view to y\r own int]e/4 ,:at an upro> d y n suppose su* a decl>ation w\ld excite 9 ! assembly1 & :at hope d y ?9k y w\ld h ( ! consul%ip :i* is ready = y8 ,& c y foll[ ^! pr9ciples1 :i*1 :5 by y\rself1 or 9 conv]sation ) y\r de>e/ fri5ds1 y d n d>e to pr(ess & av[ op5ly8 ,b y h ^? maxims con/antly 9 y\r m\? :i* ! ,p]ipatetics & ,/oics pr(ess4 ,9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice & 9 ! s5ate y speak ( duty1 equity1 dignity1 good fai?1 uprightness1 hon\rable actions1 conduct wor?y ( p[]1 wor?y ( ! ,roman p2 y talk ( enc\nt]+ e imag9able dang] 9 ! cause ( ! republic--( dy+ = "o's c\ntry4 ,:5 y speak 9 ?is mann] we are all amaz$1 l a pack ( blockheads1 & y are laugh+ 9 y\r sleeve3 =1 among all ^? high-s\nd+ & admirable expressions1 pleasure has no place1 n only t pleasure :i* y say consi/s 9 motion1 & :i* all m51 :e!r liv+ 9 cities or 9 ! c\ntry1 all m51 9 %ort1 :o speak ,lat91 call pleasure1 b ev5 t /ation>y pleasure1 :i* no "o b y\r sect calls pleasure at all4 ,,xxiv4 ,take c>e le/ y f9d y\rselves oblig$ to use our language1 ?\gh adh]+ to y\r own op9ions4 ,b if y 7 to put on a feign$ c\nt5ance or gait1 ) ! object ( appe>+ m dignifi$1 y w\ld n !n be l y\rself2 & yet are y to use fictiti\s language1 & to say ?+s :i* y d n ?9k1 or1 z y h "o dress to we> at home1 & ano!r 9 :i* y appe> 9 c\rt1 are y to disguise y\r op9ions 9 a simil> mann]1 s z to make a p>ade ) y\r c\nt5ance1 :ile y are keep+ ! tru? hidd5 )98 ,consid]1 ,i intreat y1 :e!r ?is is prop]4 ,my op9ion is t ^? are g5u9e s5tim5ts :i* are hon\rable1 :i* are praisewor?y1 :i* are cr$itable2 :i* a man is n a%am$ to av[ 9 ! s5ate1 be=e ! p1 9 e company & e assembly1 s t he w be a%am$ to ?9k :at he is a%am$ to say4 ,b :at room c !re be = fri5d%ip1 or :o c be a fri5d to any "o :om he does n love = 8 own sake8 ,& :at is lov+1 f :i* v]b 7amo7 ! v "n ( fri5d%ip 7amicitia7 is d]iv$1 b wi%+ a c]ta9 p]son to enjoy ! greate/ possible good =tune1 ev5 if none ( x accrues to oneself8 ,/ill1 y say1 x is a good ?+ = me to be ( su* a disposition4 ,p]haps x may be s2 b y _c be s if x is n really y\r disposition2 & h[ c y be s unless love itself has seiz$ hold ( y8 :i* is n usually g5]at$ by any accurate computation ( advantage1 b is self-produc$1 & born spontane\sly f itself4 ,b1 y w say1 ,i am guid$ by prospects ( advantage4 ,fri5d%ip1 !n1 w rema9 j z long z any advantage ensues f x2 & if x be a pr9ciple ( advantage :i* is ! f\ndation ( fri5d%ip1 ! same w be its de/ruction4 ,b :at w y d1 if1 z is (t5 ! case1 advantage takes ! opposite side to fri5d%ip8 ,w y ab&on x8 :at sort ( fri5d%ip is t8 ,w y pres]ve x8 h[ w t be exp$i5t = y8 ,= y see :at ! rules are :i* y lay d[n respect+ fri5d%ip :i* is desirable only = ! sake ( "o's own advantage3--,i mu/ take c>e t ,i d n incur odium if ,i cease to uphold my fri5d4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 :y %\ld su* conduct incur odium1 except because x is disgraceful8 ,b1 if y w n des]t y\r fri5d le/ y %\ld incur any disadvantage f s do+1 /ill y w wi% t he 0 dead1 to release y f be+ b\nd to a man f :om y get no advantage4 ,b suppose he n only br+s y no advantage1 b y ev5 incur loss ( prop]ty = 8 sake1 & h to und]take lab\rs1 & to enc\nt] dang] ( y\r life2 w y n1 ev5 !n1 %[ "s reg>d = y\rself1 & recollect t e "o is born = himself & = 8 own pleasures8 ,w y g bail to a tyrant = y\r fri5d 9 a case :i* may affect y\r life1 z t ,py?agorean7#ch7 did :5 he became surety to ! ,tyrant ( ,sicily8 or1 :5 y are ,pylades1 w y affirm t y are ,ore/es1 t y may die = y\r fri5d8 or1 if y 7 ,ore/es1 w\ld y contradict ,pylades1 & give y\rself up8 &1 if y c\ld n succe$ !n1 w\ld y intreat t y might be bo? put to dea? toge!r8 ,,xxv4 ,y1 inde$1 ,o ,torquatus1 w\ld d all ^! ?+s4 ,= ,i d n ?9k t !re is any?+ des]v+ ( great praise1 :i* y w\ld be likely to %r9k f out ( fe> ( dea? or pa93 nor is x ! "q :at is consi/5t ) y\r nature1 b ) ! doctr9es ( y\r s*ool--t philosophy :i* y def5d1 ^? precepts :i* y h le>nt1 & :i* y pr(ess to approve (1 utt]ly ov]?r[ fri5d%ip--ev5 ?\gh ,epicurus %\ld1 z inde$ he does1 extol x to ! skies4 ,oh1 y w say1 b he himself cultivat$ fri5d%ip4 ,z if any "o d5i$ t he 0 a good1 & c\rte\s1 & k9d-he>t$ man2 ! "q 9 ^! discussions turns on 8 g5ius1 & n on 8 morals4 ,grant t !re is su* p]v]sity 9 ! levity ( ! ,greeks1 :o attack ^? m5 ) evil speak+ ) :om !y disagree z to ! tru? ( a proposition4 ,b1 al?\gh he may h be5 c\rte\s 9 ma9ta9+ fri5d%ips1 /ill1 if all ?is is true1 7= ,i d n affirm any?+ myself71 he 0 n a v acute argu]4 ,oh1 b he conv9c$ _m p4 ,& p]haps x 0 q "r t he %\ld2 /ill1 ! te/imony ( ! multitude is n ( ! greate/ possible weight2 = 9 e art1 or /udy1 or sci5ce1 z 9 virtue itself1 :atev] is mo/ excell5t is also mo/ r>e4 ,& to me1 inde$1 ! v fact ( he himself hav+ be5 a good man1 & ( _m ,epicureans hav+ also be5 su*1 & be+ to ?is day fai?ful 9 _! fri5d%ips1 & consi/5t ?r\gh\t _! :ole lives1 & m5 ( dignifi$ conduct1 regulat+ _! lives1 n by pleasure1 b by _! duty1 appe>s to %[ t ! p[] ( :at is hon\rable is great]1 & t ( pleasure small]4 ,= "s m5 live 9 su* a mann] t _! language is refut$ by _! lives2 & z o!rs are consid]$ to speak bett] ?an !y act1 s ^! m5 seem to me to act bett] ?an !y speak4 ,,xxvi4 ,h[ev]1 all ?is is no?+ to ! purpose4 ,let u j consid] ^? ?+s :i* h be5 said by y ab\t fri5d%ip1 & among !m ,i fanci$ t ,i recogniz$ "o ?+ z hav+ be5 said by ,epicurus himself1 namely1 t fri5d%ip _c be sep>at$ f pleasure1 & t x ought on t acc\nt to be cultivat$1 because )\t x m5 c\ld n live 9 safety1 & )\t fe>1 nor ev5 ) any k9d ( pleasantness4 ,answ] en\gh has be5 giv5 to ?is argum5t4 ,y also br\ght =w>d ano!r m humane "o1 inv5t$ by ^! m mod]n philosoph]s1 & nev]1 z f> z ,i "k1 advanc$ by ! ma/] himself1 t at fir/1 inde$1 a fri5d is s\ght out ) a view to "o's own advantage1 b t :5 intimacy has sprung up1 !n ! man is lov$ = himself1 all hope or idea ( pleasure be+ put out ( ! "q4 ,n[1 al?\gh ?is argum5t is op5 to attack on _m acc\nts1 /ill ,i w accept :at !y grant2 = x is en\gh = me1 ?\gh n en\gh = !m3 = !y admit t x is possible = m5 to act rightly at times1 )\t any expectation (1 or desire to acquire pleasure4 ,y also affirm$ t "s p say t wise m5 make a k9d ( treaty among !mselves1 t !y %all h ! same feel+s t[>ds _! fri5ds t !y ent]ta9 = !mselves1 & t t is possible1 & is (t5 ! case1 & t x has especial ref]5ce to ! enjoym5t ( pleasures4 ,if !y c\ld make ?is treaty1 !y at ! same "t make t o!r to love equity1 mod]ation1 & all ! virtues = _! own sake1 )\t any consid]ation ( advantage4 ,b if we cultivate fri5d%ips = ! sake ( _! pr(its1 emolum5ts1 & advantages :i* may be d]iv$ f !m1 if !re is to be no affection :i* may make ! fri5d%ip desirable = its own sake1 on its own acc\nt1 by its own influ5ces1 by itself & = itself1 is !re any d\bt at all t 9 su* a case we mu/ pref] our f>ms & e/ates to our fri5ds8 ,& "h y may aga9 quote ^? panegyrics :i* h be5 utt]$ 9 mo/ eloqu5t language by ,epicurus himself1 on ! subject ( fri5d%ip4 ,i am n ask+ :at he says1 b :at he c possibly say :i* %all be consi/5t ) 8 own sy/em & s5tim5ts4 ,fri5d%ip has be5 s\ght = ! sake ( advantage2 d y1 !n1 ?9k t my fri5d ,tri>ius1 "h1 w be m useful to y ?an y\r gran>ies at ,puteol8 ,?9k ( all ! circum/ances :i* y are 9 ! habit ( recollect+2 ! protection :i* fri5ds are to a man4 ,y h suffici5t protection 9 y\rself1 suffici5t 9 ! laws1 suffici5t also 9 mod]ate fri5d%ips4 ,z x is1 y _c be look$ ^u ) contempt2 b y w easily avoid odium & unpopul>ity1 = precepts on t subject are giv5 by ,epicurus4 ,& yet y1 by employ+ su* l>ge rev5ues 9 purposes ( lib]ality1 ev5 )\t any ,pyladean fri5d%ip1 w admirably def5d & protect y\rself by ! goodwill ( numb]s4 ,b ) :om1 !n1 is a man to %>e 8 je/s1 8 s]i\s ?\ghts1 z p say1 & all 8 secrets & hidd5 wi%es8 ,) y1 above all m52 b if t _c be1 :y ) "s tol]ably intimate fri5d4 ,h[ev]1 grant t all ^! circum/ances are n unreasonable2 :at comp>ison c !re be betwe5 !m & ! utility ( su* l>ge sums ( money8 ,y see1 !n1 if y measure fri5d%ip by ! affection :i* x eng5d]s1 t no?+ is m excell5t2 if by ! advantage t is d]iv$ f x1 !n y see t ! close/ intimacies are surpass$ by ! value ( a productive f>m4 ,y mu/ !re=e love me1 myself1 & n my circum/ances1 if we are to be real fri5ds4 ,,xxvii4 ,b we are gett+ too prolix 9 ! mo/ self-evid5t matt]s2 =1 z x has be5 conclud$ & e/abli%$ t !re is no room any:]e = ei!r virtues or fri5d%ips if ev]y?+ is ref]r$ to pleasure1 !re is no?+ m :i* x is ( any great importance %\ld be said4 ,& yet1 t ,i may n appe> to h pass$ ov] any topic )\t a reply1 ,i w1 ev5 n[1 say a few words on ! rema9d] ( y\r argum5t4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! :ole sum ( philosophy is direct$ to ensure liv+ happily1 & s9ce m51 f a desire ( ?is "o ?+1 h devot$ !mselves to ?is /udy2 b diff]5t p make happ9ess ( life to consi/ 9 diff]5t circum/ances2 y1 = in/ance1 place x 9 pleasure2 &1 9 ! same mann] y1 on ! o!r h&1 make all unhapp9ess to consi/ 9 pa93 let u consid]1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at sort ( ?+ ?is happy life ( y\rs is4 ,b y w grant ?is1 ,i ?9k1 t if !re is really any su* ?+ z happ9ess1 x ought to be :olly 9 ! p[] ( a wise man to secure x2 =1 if a happy life c be lo/1 x _c be happy4 ,= :o c feel confid5t t a ?+ w always rema9 firm & endur+ 9 8 case1 :i* is 9 reality fleet+ & p]i%able8 ,b ! man :o di/ru/s ! p]man5ce ( 8 good ?+s1 mu/ necess>ily fe> t "s day or o!r1 :5 he has lo/ !m1 he w become mis]able2 & no man c be happy :o is 9 fe> ab\t mo/ important matt]s4 ,no "o1 !n1 c be happy2 = a happy life is usually call$ s1 n 9 "s "p only1 b 9 p]petuity ( "t2 &1 9 fact1 life is n said to be happy at all till x is complet$ & f9i%$4 ,nor is x possible = any man to be sometimes happy & sometimes mis]able2 = he :o ?9ks x possible t he may become mis]able1 is c]ta9ly n happy4 ,=1 :5 a happy life is once atta9$1 x rema9s z long z ! mak] ( ! happy life h]self1 namely1 wisdom2 nor does x wait till ! la/ p]iod ( a man's exi/5ce1 z ,h]odotus says t ,crsus 0 w>n$ by ,solon4 ,b1 z y y\rself 7 say+1 ,epicurus d5ies t l5g? ( "t has any influ5ce on mak+ life happy1 & t no less pleasure c be felt 9 a %ort "t ?an w\ld be ! case if ! pleasure 7 ev]la/+4 ,n[ ^! /atem5ts are mo/ inconsi/5t4 ,=1 :5 he places ! *ief good 9 pleasure1 he d5ies t pleasure c be great] 9 inf9ite "t1 ?an x c 9 a f9ite & mod]ate p]iod4 ,! man :o places all good 9 virtue1 has x 9 8 p[] to say t a happy life is made s by ! p]fection ( virtue2 = he consi/5tly d5ies t "t c br+ any increase to 8 *ief good4 ,b he :o ?9ks t life is made happy by pleasure1 mu/ surely be inconsi/5t ) himself if he d5ies t pleasure is increas$ by l5g? ( "t3 if s1 !n pa9 is n ei!r4 ,%all we1 !n1 say t all pa9 is mo/ mis]able 9 proportion z x is mo/ la/+1 & yet t duration does n make pleasure m desirable8 ,:y1 !n1 is x t ,epicurus always speaks ( ,god z happy & et]nal8 ,=1 if y only take away 8 et]nity1 ,jupit] is 9 no respect m happy ?an ,epicurus2 = ea* ( !m is 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! *ief good1 namely1 pleasure4 ,oh1 b ,epicurus is also liable to pa94 ,t does n affect him at all2 = he says t if he 7 be+ burnt1 he w\ld say1 8,h[ pleasant x is40 ,9 :at respect1 !n1 is he surpass$ by ! ,god1 if he is n surpass$ by him because ( 8 et]nity8 ,= :at good has ! ,god1 except ! highe/ degree ( pleasure1 & t1 too1 ev]la/+6 ,:at1 !n1 is ! good ( speak+ s pomp\sly1 if "o does n speak consi/5tly8 ,happ9ess ( life is plac$ 9 pleasure ( body1 7,i w add ( m9d also1 if y please1 z long z t pleasure ( ! m9d is d]iv$ f ! pleasure ( ! body47 ,:at8 :o c secure ?is pleasure to a wise man 9 p]petuity8 ,= ! circum/ances by :i* pleasures are g5]at$ are n 9 ! p[] ( a wise man2 = happ9ess does n consi/ 9 wisdom itself1 b 9 ^? ?+s :i* wisdom provides = ! production ( pleasure4 ,& all ^! circum/ances are ext]nal2 & :at is ext]nal is liable to accid5t4 ,& ?us =tune is made ! mi/ress ( happ9ess 9 life1--,=tune1 :i*1 ,epicurus says1 has b little to d ) a wise man4 ,,xxviii4 ,b y w say1 ,come1 ^! ?+s are trifles4 ,nature by h]self enri*es ! wise man2 &1 inde$1 ,epicurus has taught u t ! ri*es ( nature are su* z c be acquir$4 ,?is is well said1 & ,i d n object to x2 b /ill ^! same ass]tions are inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,= ,epicurus d5ies !re is less pleasure d]iv$ f ! poore/ food1 f ! mo/ despis$ k9ds ( meat & dr9k1 ?an f fea/+ on ! mo/ delici\s di%es4 ,n[ if he 7 to ass]t t x makes no diff]5ce z to ! happ9ess ( life :at food a man ate1 ,i w\ld grant x1 ,i w\ld ev5 praise him = say+ s2 = he w\ld be speak+ ! tru?2 & ,i "k t ,socrates1 :o rank$ pleasure z no?+ at all1 said ! same ?+1 namely1 t hung] 0 ! be/ season+ = meat1 & ?ir/ = dr9k4 ,b ,i d n compreh5d h[ a man :o ref]s ev]y?+ to pleasure1 lives l ,gallonius1 & yet talks l t great man ,frugi ,piso2 nor1 inde$1 d ,i believe t :at he says is 8 real op9ion4 ,he has said t natural ri*es c be acquir$1 because nature is cont5t$ ) a little4 ,c]ta9ly1 unless y e/imate pleasure at a great value4 ,no less pleasure1 says he1 is d]iv$ f ! mo/ ord9>y ?+s ?an f ! mo/ valuable4 ,n[ to say ?is1 is n only n to h a he>t1 b n to h ev5 a palate4 ,= !y :o despise pleasure itself1 may be all[$ to say t !y d n pref] a /urgeon to a h]r+4 ,b ! man :o places 8 *ief good 9 pleasure1 mu/ judge ( ev]y?+ by 8 s5sations1 n by 8 reason1 & mu/ pron\nce ^? ?+s be/ :i* are mo/ pleasant4 ,h[ev]1 be x s4 ,let him acquire ! greate/ possible pleasures1 n only at a *eap rate1 b1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 = no?+ at all1 if he c manage x4 ,let !re be no less pleasure 9 eat+ a na/urtium1 :i* ,x5ophon tells u ! ,p]sians us$ to eat1 ?an 9 ^? ,syracusan banquets :i* are s sev]ely blam$ by ,plato4 ,let1 ,i say1 ! acquisition ( pleasure be z easy z y say x is4 ,:at %all we say ( pa98 ! torm5ts ( :i* are s great t1 if at lea/ pa9 is ! greate/ ( evils1 a happy life _c possibly exi/ 9 company ) x4 ,= ,metrodorus himself1 :o is almo/ a second ,epicurus1 describes a happy man 9 ^! words4 ,:5 8 body is 9 good ord]1 & :5 he is q c]ta9 t x x w be s = ! future4 ,is x possible = any "o to be c]ta9 9 :at condition 8 body w be1 ,i d n say a ye> h5ce1 b ev5 ?is ev5+8 ,pa91 !re=e1 :i* is ! greate/ ( evils1 w always be dread$ ev5 if x is n pres5t4 ,= x w always be possible t x may be pres5t4 ,b h[ c any fe> ( ! greate/ possible evil exi/ 9 a happy life8 ,oh1 says he1 ,epicurus has h&$ d[n maxims accord+ to :i* we may disreg>d pa94 ,surely1 x is an absurdity to suppose t ! greate/ possible evil c be disreg>d$4 ,h[ev]1 :at is ! maxim8 ,! greate/ pa91 says he1 is %ort-liv$4 ,n[1 fir/ ( all1 :at d y call %ort-liv$8 ,&1 secondly1 :at d y call ! greate/ pa98 ,= :at d y mean8 ,_c extreme pa9 la/ = _m days8 ,aye1 & = _m mon?s8 ,unless1 inde$1 y int5d to ass]t t y mean su* pa9 z kills a man ! mom5t x seizes on him4 ,:o is afraid ( t pa98 ,i w\ld r y w\ld less5 t pa9 by :i* ,i h se5 t mo/ excell5t & k9d-he>t$ man1 ,cnu ,octavius1 ! son ( ,m>cus ,octavius1 my own intimate fri5d1 worn out1 & t n once1 or = a %ort "t1 b v (t51 & = a long p]iod at once4 ,:at agonies1 ,o ye immortal gods1 did t man use to be>1 :5 all 8 limbs seem$ z if !y 7 on fire4 ,& yet he did n appe> to be mis]able1 7because 9 tru? pa9 0 n ! greate/ ( evils17 b only afflict$4 ,b if he _h be5 imm]s$ 9 cont9u$ pleasure1 pass+ at ! same "t a vici\s & infam\s life1 !n he w\ld h be5 mis]able4 ,,xxix4 ,b :5 y say t great pa9s la/ b a %ort "t1 & t if !y la/ long !y are always light1 ,i d n und]/& ! mean+ ( y\r ass]tion4 ,= ,i see t "s pa9s are v great1 & also v durable4 ,& !re is a bett] pr9ciple :i* may enable "o to endure !m1 :i* h[ev] y _c adopt1 :o d n love :at is hon\rable = its own sake4 ,!re are "s precepts =1 & ,i may almo/ say laws (1 =titude1 :i* =bid a man to behave effem9ately 9 pa94 ,:]e=e x %\ld be acc\nt$ disgraceful1 ,i d n say to grieve1 7= t is at times unavoidable17 b to make ^? rocks ( ,lemnos melan*oly ) su* outcries z ^? ( ,philoctetes-- ,:o utt]s _m a te>ful note al\d1 ,) ceaseless groan+1 h[l+1 & compla9t4 ,n[ let ,epicurus1 if he c1 put himself 9 ! place ( t man-- ,^: ve9s & entrails ?us are rack$ ) pa9 ,& horrid agony1 :ile ! s]p5t's bite ,spreads its black v5om ?r\gh 8 %udd]+ frame4 ,let ,epicurus become ,philoctetes4 ,if 8 pa9 is %>p x is %ort4 ,b 9 fact he has be5 ly+ 9 8 cave = t5 ye>s4 ,if x la/s long x is light1 = x grants him int]vals ( relaxation4 ,9 ! fir/ place x does n d s (t52 & 9 ! second place :at sort ( relaxation is x :5 ! memory ( pa/ agony is /ill fre%1 & ! fe> ( fur!r agony com+ & imp5d+ is con/antly torm5t+ him4 ,let him die1 says he4 ,p]haps t w\ld be ! be/ ?+ = him2 b !n :at becomes ( ! argum5t1 t ! wise man has always m pleasure ?an pa98 ,= if t be ! case ,i w\ld h y ?9k :e!r y are n recomm5d+ him a crime1 :5 y advise him to die4 ,say to him r1 t x is a disgraceful ?+ = a man to all[ 8 _s to be cru%$ & brok5 by pa91 t x is %ameful to yield to x4 ,= z = y\r maxim1 if x is viol5t x is %ort1 if x la/s long x is slight1 t is m]e empty v]biage4 ,! only real way to mitigate pa9 is by ! application ( virtue1 ( magnanimity1 ( pati5ce1 ( c\rage4 ,,xxx4 ,li/51 t ,i may n make too wide a digression1 to ! words ( ,epicurus :5 dy+2 & take notice h[ inconsi/5t 8 conduct is ) 8 language4 8,epicurus to ,h]m>*us greet+4 ,i write ?is lett]10 says he1 8:ile pass+ a happy day1 :i* is also ! la/ day ( my life4 ,& ! pa9s ( my bladd] & b[els are s int5se t no?+ c be add$ to !m :i* c make !m great]40 ,"h is a man mis]able1 if pa9 is ! greate/ possible evil4 ,x _c possibly be d5i$4 ,h[ev]1 let u see h[ he proce$s4 8,b /ill ,i h to balance ?is a joy 9 my m9d1 :i* ,i d]ive f ! recollection ( my philosophical pr9ciples & discov]ies4 ,b d y1 z becomes ! goodwill :i* f y\r y\? upw>ds y h con/antly discov]$ = me & = philosophy1 protect ! *ildr5 ( ,metrodorus40 ,aft] read+ ?is1 ,i d n consid] ! dea? ( ,epam9ondas or ,leonidas pref]able to 84 ,"o ( :om defeat$ ! ,lac$monians at ,mant9ea17#ci7 & f9d+ t he _h be5 r5d]$ ins5sible by a mortal w\nd1 :5 he fir/ came to himself1 ask$ :e!r 8 %ield 0 safe8 ,:5 8 weep+ fri5ds _h answ]$ him t x 01 he !n ask$ :e!r ! enemy 0 defeat$8 ,& :5 he receiv$ to ?is "q also ! answ] :i* he wi%$1 he !n ord]$ ! spe> :i* 0 /ick+ 9 him to be pull$ out4 ,& s1 los+ quantities ( blood1 he di$ 9 ! h\r ( joy & victory4 ,b ,leonidas1 ! k+ ( ! ,lac$monians1 put himself & ^? ?ree hundr$ m51 :om he _h l$ f ,sp>ta1 9 ! way ( ! enemy ( ,!rmopyl17#dj7 :5 ! alt]native 0 a base flight1 or a glori\s dea?4 ,! dea?s ( g5]als are glori\s1 b philosoph]s usually die 9 _! b$s4 ,b /ill ,epicurus "h m5tions :at1 :5 dy+1 he consid]$ great cr$it to himself4 8,i h10 says he1 8a joy to c\nt]balance ^! pa9s40 ,i recognise 9 ^! words1 ,o ,epicurus1 ! s5tim5ts ( a philosoph]1 b /ill y =got :at y ought to h said4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 if ^? ?+s be true1 9 ! recollection ( :i* y say y rejoice1 t is to say1 if y\r writ+s & discov]ies are true1 !n y _c rejoice4 ,= y h no pleasure "h :i* y c ref] to ! body4 ,b y h con/antly ass]t$ t no "o ev] feels joy or pa9 except ) ref]5ce to 8 body4 8,i rejoice10 says he1 89 ! pa/40 ,9 :at t is pa/8 ,if y mean su* pa/ ?+s z ref] to ! body1 !n ,i see t y are c\nt]balanc+ y\r agonies ) y\r reason1 & n ) y\r recollection ( pleasures :i* y h felt 9 ! body4 ,b if y are ref]r+ to y\r m9d1 !n y\r d5ial ( !re be+ any joy ( ! m9d :i* _c be ref]r$ to "s pleasure ( ! body1 mu/ be false4 ,:y1 !n1 d y recomm5d ! *ildr5 ( ,metrodorus to ,h]m>*us8 ,9 t admirable ex]cise ( duty1 9 t excell5t display ( y\r good fai?1 = t is h[ ,i look ^u x1 :at is !re t y ref] to ! body8 ,,xxxi4 ,y may twi/ y\rself ab\t 9 e direction z y please1 ,torquatus1 b y w n f9d 9 ?is excell5t lett] any?+ writt5 by ,epicurus :i* is 9 h>mony & consi/5t ) ! rules he laid d[n4 ,& s he is convict$ by himself1 & 8 writ+s are upset by 8 own virtue & goodness4 ,= t recomm5dation ( ^? *ildr51 t recollection ( !m1 & affectionate fri5d%ip = !m1 t att5tion to ! mo/ important duties at ! la/ gasp1 indicates t hone/y )\t any ?\ght ( p]sonal advantage 0 innate 9 ! man2 t x did n require ! invitation ( pleasure1 or ! allurem5ts ( m]c5>y rew>ds4 ,= :at great] evid5ce c we require t ^? ?+s :i* are hon\rable & "r are desirable ( !mselves = _! own sake1 ?an ! sight ( a dy+ man s anxi\s 9 ! dis*>ge ( su* important duties8 ,b1 z ,i ?9k t lett] des]v+ ( all comm5dation ( :i* ,i h j giv5 y a lit]al translation1 7al?\gh x 0 9 no respect consi/5t ) ! g5]al sy/em ( t philosoph]17 s also ,i ?9k t 8 w is inconsi/5t n only ) ! dignity ( a philosoph]1 b ev5 ) 8 own s5tim5ts4 ,= he wrote (t51 & at great l5g?1 & sometimes ) brevity & suitable language1 9 t book :i* ,i h j nam$1 t dea? _h no?+ to d ) u2 = t :atev] 0 dissolv$ 0 void ( s5sation1 & :atev] 0 void ( s5sation _h no?+ :atev] to d ) u4 ,ev5 ?is might h be5 express$ bett] & m elegantly4 ,= :5 he lays d[n ! position t :at has be5 dissolv$ is void ( s5sation1 t is su* an expression t x is n v pla9 :at he means by ! ^w dissolv$4 ,h[ev]1 ,i und]/& :at he really does mean4 ,b /ill ,i ask :y1 :5 e s5sation is ext+ui%$ by dissolution1 t is to say1 by dea?1 & :5 !re is no?+ else :atev] t has any connexion ) u1 he %\ld /ill take su* m9ute & dilig5t c>e to enjo9 ,amynoma*us & ,timocrates1 8 heirs1 to furni% e ye> :at 9 ! op9ion ( ,h]m>*us %all be en\gh to keep 8 bir?day 9 ! mon? ,gamelion1 ) all prop] solemnity4 ,& also1 %all e mon?1 on ! tw5tie? day ( ! mon?1 supply money en\gh to furni% a banquet = ^? m5 :o h /udi$ philosophy ) him1 9 ord] t 8 memory1 & t ( ,metrodorus1 may be duly hon\r$4 ,n[ ,i _c d5y t ^! injunctions are 9 keep+ ) ! "* ( a ?or\ghly accompli%$ & amiable man2 b /ill ,i utt]ly d5y t x is inconsi/5t ) ! wisdom ( a philosoph]1 especially ( a natural philosoph]1 :i* is ! "* he claims = himself1 to ?9k t !re is su* a day z ! bir?day ( any "o4 ,:at8 ,c any day :i* has once pass$ recur ov] aga9 frequ5tly4 ,mo/ indubitably n2 or c any day l x recur8 ,ev5 t is impossible1 unless x may happ5 aft] an int]val ( _m ?\s& ye>s1 t !re may be a return ( all ! />s at ! same mom5t to ! po9t f :i* !y set out4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no su* ?+ z anybody's bir?day4 ,b /ill x is consid]$ t !re is4 ,z if ,i did n "k t4 ,b ev5 if !re be1 is x to be reg>d$ aft] a man's dea?8 ,& is a man to give injunctions 9 8 w t x %all be s1 aft] he has told y all1 z if ) ! voice ( an oracle1 t !re is no?+ :i* conc]ns u at all aft] dea?8 ,^! ?+s are v inconsi/5t 9 a man :o1 9 8 m9d1 _h travell$ ov] innum]able worlds & b\ndless regions1 :i* 7 de/itute ( all limits & b\nd>ies4 ,did ,democritus ev] say su* a ?+ z ?is8 ,i w pass ov] e "o else1 & call him only z a witness :om ,epicurus himself foll[$ to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,b if a day did des]ve to be kept1 :i* 0 x m fitt+ to obs]ve1 ! day on :i* a man 0 born1 or t on :i* he became wise8 ,a man1 y w say1 c\ld n h become wise unless he _h be5 born4 ,&1 on ! same pr9ciple1 he c\ld n if 8 gr&mo!r _h nev] be5 born4 ,! :ole bus9ess1 ,torquatus1 is q out ( "* = a le>n$ man to wi% to h ! recollection ( 8 "n celebrat$ ) banquets aft] 8 dea?4 ,i say no?+ ( ! way 9 :i* y keep ^! days1 & to h[ _m jokes f witty m5 y expose y\rselves4 ,!re is no ne$ ( qu>rell+4 ,i only say t x w\ld h be5 m becom+ 9 y to keep ,epicurus's bir?day1 ?an 9 him to leave injunctions 9 8 w t x %\ld be kept4 ,,xxxii4 ,h[ev]1 to return to our subject1 7= :ile we 7 talk+ ( pa9 we digress$ to t lett] ( 817 we may n[ fairly come to ?is conclusion4 ,! man :o is 9 ! greate/ evil1 :ile he is 9 x1 is n happy4 ,b ! wise man is always happy1 & is also occasionally 9 pa94 ,!re=e1 pa9 is n ! greate/ evil4 ,:at k9d ( doctr9e1 !n1 is ?is1 t goods :i* are pa/ are n lo/ to a wise man1 b t he ought n to rememb] pa/ evils4 ,fir/ ( all1 is x 9 our p[] to decide :at we w rememb]4 ,:5 ,simonides1 or "s "o else1 (f]$ to ,!mi/ocles to tea* him ! art ( memory1 8,i w\ld r10 said he1 8t y w\ld tea* me t ( =getfulness2 = ,i ev5 n[ recollect :at ,i w\ld r n2 b ,i _c =get :at ,i %\ld l to40 ,?is 0 a v s5sible answ]4 ,b /ill ! fact is t x is ! act ( a v arbitr>y philosoph] to =bid a man to recollect4 ,x seems to me a comm& v mu* 9 ! _s ( y\r ance/or1 ,manlius1 or ev5 worse1 to comm& :at x is impossible = me to d4 ,:at w y say if ! recollection ( pa/ evils is ev5 pleasant8 ,= "s prov]bs are m true ?an y\r dogmas4 ,nor does ,euripides speak all :5 he says1 ,i w give x y 9 ,lat91 if ,i c1 b y all "k ! ,greek l9e-- ,sweet is ! memory ( sorr[s pa/47#da7 ,h[ev]1 let u return to ! consid]ation ( pa/ goods4 ,& if y 7 to utt] su* maxims z might be capable ( consol+ ,caius ,m>ius1 & enabl+ him :5 bani%$1 indig5t1 & up to 8 neck 9 a m>%1 to relieve 8 angui% by ! recollection ( 8 pa/ trophies1 ,i w\ld li/5 to y1 & approve ( all y c\ld say4 ,nor1 inde$1 c ! happ9ess ( a philosoph] be complete or cont9ue to ! end1 if all ! admirable discov]ies :i* he has made1 & all 8 virtu\s actions1 are to be lo/ by 8 own =getfulness4 ,b1 9 y\r case1 y ass]t t ! recollection ( pleasures :i* h be5 felt makes life happy1 & ( su* pleasures too1 z affect ! body4 ,= if !re are any o!r pleasures1 !n x is incorrect to say t all ! pleasures ( ! m9d orig9ate 9 its connexion ) ! body4 ,b if pleasures felt by ! body1 ev5 :5 !y are pa/1 c give pleasure1 !n ,i d n und]/& :y ,ari/otle %\ld turn ! inscription on ! tomb ( ,s>danapalus into s mu* ridicule2 9 :i* ! k+ ( ,assyria boa/s t he has tak5 ) him all 8 lascivi\s pleasures4 ,=1 says ,ari/otle1 h[ c\ld ^? ?+s :i* ev5 :ile he 0 alive he c\ld n feel a mom5t long] ?an :ile he 0 actually enjoy+ !m1 possibly rema9 to him aft] he 0 dead8 ,! pleasure1 !n1 ( ! body is lo/1 & flies away at ! fir/ mom5t1 & (t5] leaves beh9d reasons = rep5t+ ( x ?an = recollect+ x4 ,!re=e1 ,africanus is happi] :5 address+ 8 c\ntry 9 ?is mann]-- ,cease1 ,rome1 to dread y\r foes4444 ,& 9 ! re/ ( 8 admirable boa/-- ,= y h trophies by my lab\r rais$4 ,he is rejoic+ "h 9 8 lab\rs :i* are pa/4 ,b y w\ld bid him exult 9 pa/ pleasures4 ,he traces back 8 feel+s to ?+s :i* _h nev] _h any ref]5ce to 8 body4 ,y cl+ to ! body to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else4 ,,xxxiii4 ,b h[ c t proposition possibly be ma9ta9$ :i* y urge1 namely1 t all ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! m9d are connect$ insep>ably ) ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! body8 ,is !re1 !n1 no?+ :i* ev] delights y1 7,i "k :om ,i am address+17 is !re no?+1 ,o ,torquatus1 :i* ev] delights y = its own sake8 ,i say no?+ ab\t dignity1 hon\rabl5ess1 ! beauty ( virtue1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ be=e4 ,i w put all ^! ?+s aside z ( less consequ5ce4 ,b is !re any?+ :5 y are writ+1 or read+ a poem1 or an oration1 :5 y are inve/igat+ ! hi/ory ( exploits or c\ntries1 or any?+ 9 a /atue1 or picture1 or pleasant place2 9 sports1 9 hunt+1 or 9 a villa ( ,lucullus1 7= if ,i 7 to say ( y\r own1 y w\ld h a loophole to escape ?r\gh1 say+ t t _h connexion ) y\r body17 is !re any ( all ^! ?+s1 ,i say1 :i* y c ref] to y\r body1 or d !y n please y1 if !y please y at all1 = _! own sake8 ,y mu/ ei!r be ! mo/ ob/9ate ( m51 if y p]si/ 9 ref]r+ ^! ?+s1 :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 to ! body1 or else y mu/ ab&on ,epicurus's :ole !ory ( pleasure1 if y admit t !y h no connexion ) x4 ,b z = y\r argum5t1 t ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! m9d are great] ?an ^? ( ! body1 because ! m9d is a p>tak] ( ?ree times17#db7 b no?+ b :at is pres5t is felt by ! body2 h[ c x possibly be all[$ t a man :o rejoices = my sake rejoices m ?an ,i d myself8 ,! pleasure ( ! m9d orig9ates 9 ! pleasure ( ! body1 & ! pleasure ( ! m9d is great] ?an t ( ! body4 ,! result1 !n1 is1 t ! p>ty :o congratulates ! o!r is m rejoic$ ?an he :om he congratulates4 ,b :ile y are try+ to make out ! wise man to be happy1 because he is s5sible ( ! greate/ pleasures 9 8 m9d1 &1 inde$1 ( pleasures :i* are 9 all _! p>ts great] ?an ^? :i* he is s5sible ( 9 8 body1 y d n see :at really happ5s4 ,= he w also feel ! pa9s ( ! m9d to be 9 e respect great] ?an ^? ( ! body4 ,& s he mu/ occasionally be mis]able1 :om y endeav\r to repres5t z be+ always happy4 ,nor1 inde$1 w x be possible = y ev] to fill up ! idea ( p]fect & un9t]rupt$ happ9ess :ile y ref] ev]y?+ to pleasure & pa94 ,on :i* acc\nt1 ,o ,torquatus1 we mu/ f9d out some?+ else :i* is ! *ief good ( man4 ,let u grant pleasure to ! bea/s1 to :om y (t5 appeal z witnesses on ! subject ( ! *ief good4 ,:at w y say1 if ev5 ! bea/s d _m ?+s "u ! guidance ( _! v>i\s natures1 p>tly out ( indulg5ce to o!r bea/s1 & at ! co/ ( _! own lab\r1 z1 = in/ance1 x is v visible 9 br++ =? & re>+ _! "y1 t !y h "s o!r object 9 view besides _! own pleasure8 & p>tly1 too1 :5 !y rejoice 9 runn+ ab\t & travell+2 & "s assemble 9 h]ds1 9 su* a mann] z to imitate 9 "s degree a human /ate4 ,9 "s species ( birds we see c]ta9 indications ( affection1 k1 & memory2 9 _m we see :at ev5 looks l a regul> sy/em ( action4 ,%all !re1 !n1 be 9 bea/s "s images ( human virtues1 q unconnect$ ) pleasure1 & %all !re be no virtue 9 man except = ! sake ( pleasure8 & ?\gh he is z sup]ior z c be to all ! o!r animals1 %all we /ill affirm t he has no peculi> attributes giv5 to him by nature8 ,,xxxiv4 ,b we1 if inde$ all ?+s dep5d on pleasure1 are greatly surpass$ by bea/s1 = :i* ! e>?1 ( h] own accord1 produces v>i\s sorts ( food1 9 e k9d ( abundance1 )\t _! tak+ any tr\ble ab\t x2 :ile ! same necess>ies are sc>cely 7sometimes ,i may ev5 use /rong] language /ill7 suppli$ to u1 :5 we seek !m ) great lab\r4 ,nor is x possible t ,i %\ld ev] ?9k t ! *ief good 0 ! same 9 ! case ( a bea/ & a man4 ,= :at c be ! use ( hav+ s _m means & appliances = ! c>ry+ out ( ! mo/ excell5t arts1--:at c be ! use ( su* an assemblage ( mo/ hon\rable pursuits1 ( su* a cr[d ( virtues1 if !y are all got toge!r = no o!r end b pleasure8 ,z if1 :5 ,x]xes1 ) su* va/ fleets1 su* c\ntless troops ( bo? cavalry & infantry1 _h bridg$ ov] ! ,hellespont & dug ?r\gh ,m\nt ,a?os1 _h walk$ across ! sea1 & sail$7#dc7 ov] ! l&1 if1 :5 he _h invad$ ,greece ) su* irresi/ible viol5ce1 any "o _h ask$ him = ! cause ( collect+ s va/ an army1 & wag+ s =midable a w>1 & he _h repli$ t he wi%$ to get "s honey f ,hymettus1 c]ta9ly he w\ld h be5 ?\ght to h und]tak5 su* an ent]prise = an insuffici5t cause4 ,& 9 l mann]1 if we 7 to say t a wise man1 furni%$ & provid$ ) num]\s & important virtues & accompli%m5ts1 n1 inde$1 travell+ l him ov] sea on foot1 & ov] m\nta9s ) 8 fleet1 b embrac+ ! :ole heav51 all ! e>?1 & ! univ]sal sea ) 8 m9d1 _h no?+ 9 view b pleasure1 we might say t he1 too1 0 tak+ a great deal ( tr\ble = a little honey4 ,believe me1 ,torquatus1 we 7 born = m l(ty & noble ends2 & y may see ?is1 n only by consid]+ ! p>ts ( ! m9d1 9 :i* !re is ! recollection ( a c\ntless numb] ( ?+s1 7& f !nce proce$ inf9ite conjectures z to ! consequ5ces ( !m1 n v f> diff]+ f div9ation2 !re is also 9 !m %ame1 :i* is ! regulator ( desire1 & ! fai?ful gu>dian%ip ( ju/ice1 s necess>y to human society1 & a firm endur+ contempt = pa9 & dea?1 %[n 9 ! endur+ ( lab\rs & ! enc\nt]+ ( dang]s47 ,all ^! ?+s1 ,i say1 are 9 ! m9d4 ,b ,i w\ld h y consid] also ! limbs & ! s5ses1 :i*1 l ! o!r p>ts ( ! body1 w appe> to y to be n only ! companions ( ! virtues1 b also _! slaves4 ,:at w y say1 if _m ?+s 9 ! body itself appe> to des]ve to be pref]r$ to pleasure8 su* z /r5g?1 heal?1 activity1 beauty8 ,& if ?is is ! case1 h[ _m qualities ( ! m9d w likewise seem s8 ,= 9 ! m9d1 ! old philosoph]s--^? mo/ le>n$ m5--?\ght t !re 0 some?+ heav5ly & div9e4 ,b if ! *ief good consi/$ 9 pleasure1 z y say1 !n x w\ld be natural t we %\ld wi% to live day & night 9 ! mid/ ( pleasure1 )\t any int]val or int]ruption1 :ile all our s5ses 71 z x 71 /eep$ 9 & influ5c$ :olly by pleasure4 ,b :o is !re1 :o is wor?y ( ! "n ( a man1 :o w\ld l to sp5d ev5 ! :ole ( "o day 9 t k9d ( pleasure8 ,! ,cyr5aic philosoph]s1 inde$1 w\ld n object4 ,y\r sect is m mode/ 9 ?is respect1 ?\gh _!'s is p]haps ! m s9c]e4 ,h[ev]1 let u contemplate ) our m9ds1 n1 inde$1 ^! mo/ important arts1 :i* are s valuable1 t ^? :o 7 ignorant ( !m 7 acc\nt$ useless by our ance/ors2 b ,i ask y :e!r y ?9k t 7,i w n say ,hom]1 or ,ar*ilo*us1 or ,p9d>1 b7 ,phidias1 or ,polycletus1 or ,zeuxis direct$ ! :ole ( _! skill to cause m pleasure4 ,%all1 !n1 an arti/ propose to himself a high] aim1 ) ref]5ce to ! beauty ( figures1 ?an a virtu\s citiz5 ) ref]5ce to ! nobl5ess ( action8 ,b :at o!r cause c !re be = su* a blund] be+ s widely & ext5sively diffus$1 except t he :o det]m9es t pleasure is ! *ief good1 delib]ates n ) t "p ( 8 m9d 9 :i* reason & wisdom dwell1 b ) 8 desires1 t is to say1 ) ! mo/ trifl+ portion ( 8 m9d4 ,= ,i put ! "q to y y\rself1 if !re are gods1 z y ?9k t !re are1 h[ h !y ! p[] ( be+ happy1 :5 !y are n able to feel any pleasure 9 _! bodies8 or if !y are happy1 ?\gh de/itute ( t k9d ( pleasure1 :y d y refuse to recognize ! possibility ( a simil> ex]tion ( intellect on ! "p ( a wise man8 ,,xxxv4 ,read1 ,o ,torquatus1 ! panegyrics1 n ( ^? m5 :o h be5 prais$ by ,hom]1 n ! encomiums pass$ on ,cyrus1 or ,agesilaus1 or ,ari/ides1 or ,!mi/ocles1 or ,philip1 or ,alex&]2 b read ! praises ( our own fell[-c\ntrym51 ( ! h]oes ( y\r own family4 ,y w n f9d any "o prais$ on ! gr\nd ( hav+ be5 a cunn+ contriv]1 or procur]1 ( pleasure4 ,! eulogies on _! monum5ts signify no su* ?+2 l ?is "o :i* is at "o ( our gates1 8,9 ^: fav\r _m nations unanim\sly agree t he 0 ! noble/ man ( ! nation40 ,d we ?9k t _m nations judg$ ( ,calat9us1 t he 0 ! noble/ man ( ! nation1 because he 0 ! mo/ skilful 9 ! devis+ ( pleasures8 ,%all we1 !n1 say t !re is great hope & an excell5t disposition 9 ^? "y m5 :om we ?9k likely to consult _! own advantage1 & to see :at w be pr(itable to !mselves8 ,d we n see :at a great confusion ( ev]y?+ w\ld ensue8 :at great disord]8 ,su* a doctr9e puts an end to all b5efic5ce1 to all gratitude1 :i* are ! great bonds ( agreem5t4 ,= if y d good to any "o = y\r own sake1 t is n to be consid]$ a k9dness1 b only usury2 nor does any gratitude appe> due to ! man :o has b5efit$ ano!r = 8 own sake4 ,b if pleasure is ! dom9ant p[]1 x is inevitable t all ! virtues mu/ be trampl$ "u foot4 ,= !re are _m k9ds ( base conduct1 :i*1 unless hon\rabl5ess is naturally to h ! mo/ influ5ce1 mu/1 or at lea/ x is n easy to expla9 :y !y %\ld n1 ov]come a wise man2 &1 n to g hunt+ = too _m in/ances1 x is q cle>1 t virtue des]v$ly prais$1 mu/ cut (f all ! approa*es ( pleasure4 ,d n1 n[1 expect any m argum5ts f me4 ,look1 ,torquatus1 y\rself1 into y\r own m9d2 turn ! "q ov] 9 all y\r ?\ghts2 exam9e y\rself1 :e!r y w\ld pref] to pass y\r life 9 ! enjoym5t ( p]petual pleasure1 9 t tranquillity :i* y h (t5 felt1 free f all pa91 ) ! addition also ( t bless+ :i* y (t5 speak ( z an addition1 b :i* is1 9 fact1 an impossible "o1 ! abs5ce ( all fe>2 or1 :ile des]v+ well ( all nations1 & be>+ assi/ance & safety to all :o are 9 ne$ ( x1 to enc\nt] ev5 ! di/resses ( ,h]cules4 ,= s our ance/ors1 ev5 9 ! case ( a god1 call$ lab\rs :i* 7 unavoidable by ! mo/ melan*oly "n1 di/resses47#dd7 ,i w\ld require y1 & compel y to answ] me1 if ,i 7 n afraid t y might say t ,h]cules himself p]=m$ ^? exploits1 :i* he p]=m$ ) ! greate/ lab\r = ! safety ( nations1 = ! sake ( pleasure4 ,& :5 ,i _h said ?is1--,i "k1 said ,torquatus1 :o x is t ,i h to ?ank = ?is2 & al?\gh ,i might be able to d some?+ myself1 yet ,i am /ill m glad to f9d my fri5ds bett] prep>$ ?an ,i am4 ,i suppose y mean ,syro & ,philodemus1 excell5t citiz5s & mo/ le>n$ m54 ,y are "r1 said he4 ,come1 !n1 said ,i4 ,b x w\ld be m fair = ,tri>ius to give "s op9ion on ?is discussion ( ours4 ,inde$1 said he smil+1 x w\ld be v unfair1 at lea/ on ?is subject3 = y manage ! "q m g5tly2 b ?is man attacks u aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,/oics4 ,!n ,tri>ius said1 ,h]eaft] ,i w speak m boldly /ill3 = ,i %all h all ^! argum5ts :i* ,i h j he>d ready to my h&2 & ,i w n beg9 be=e ,i see y equipp$ by ^? philosoph]s :om y m5tion4 ,& :5 ?is _h be5 said1 we made an end bo? ( our walk & ( our discussion4 ,?ird ,book ,( ,! ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,i4 ,i ?9k1 ,brutus1 t ,pleasure1 if %e 7 to speak = h]self1 & _h n su* p]t9aci\s advocates1 w\ld yield to ,virtue1 z hav+ be5 vanqui%$ 9 ! prec$+ book4 ,9 tru?1 %e w\ld be de/itute ( %ame if %e 7 to resi/ ,virtue any long]1 or p]si/ 9 pref]r+ :at is pleasant to :at is hon\rable1 or 7 to cont5d t a tickl+ pleasure1 z x 71 ( ! body1 & ! joy aris+ out ( x1 is ( m importance ?an dignity ( m9d & consi/5cy4 ,s t we may dismiss ,pleasure1 & desire h] to conf9e h]self )9 h] own b\nd>ies1 s t ! /rictness ( our discussions may n be h9d]$ by h] allurem5ts & bl&i%m5ts4 ,= we h n[ to inquire :at t *ief good is :i* we are anxi\s to discov]2 s9ce pleasure is q unconnect$ ) x1 & s9ce ne>ly ! same argum5ts c be urg$ aga9/ ^? :o h consid]$ fre$om f pa9 z ! greate/ ( goods4 ,nor1 inde$1 c any?+ be admitt$ to be ! *ief good :i* is de/itute ( virtue1 to :i* no?+ c be sup]ior4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh 9 t disc\rse :i* 0 held ) ,torquatus we 7 n remiss1 /ill we h n[ a mu* %>p] conte/ be=e u ) ! ,/oics4 ,= ! /atem5ts :i* are made ab\t pleasure are n express$ ) any great acut5ess or ref9em5t4 ,= !y :o def5d x are n skilful 9 argu+1 nor h ^? :o take ! opposite side a v difficult cause to oppose4 ,ev5 ,epicurus himself says1 t "o ought n ev5 to argue ab\t pleasure1 because ! decision respect+ x dep5ds on ! s5sations1 s t x is suffici5t = u to be w>n$ respect+ x1 & q unnecess>y = u to be in/ruct$4 ,& on ?is acc\nt1 t previ\s discussion ( ours 0 a simple "o on bo? sides2 = !re 0 no?+ involv$ or intricate 9 ! disc\rse ( ,torquatus1 & my own language1 z x seems to me1 0 v cle>4 ,b y are n ignorant :at a subtle1 or ,i might r say1 ?orny k9d ( argu+ x is :i* is employ$ by ! ,/oics4 ,& if x is s among ! ,greeks1 mu* m s is x among u1 :o are =c$ ev5 to inv5t words1 & to give new names to new ?+s4 ,& ?is is :at no "o :o is ev5 mod]ately le>n$ w wond] at1 :5 he consid]s t 9 e art :i* is n 9 common & ord9>y use1 !re is a great v>iety ( new names1 z appellations are =c$ to be giv5 to ev]y?+ ab\t :i* ea* art is conv]sant4 ,!re=e1 bo? dialecticians & natural philosoph]s use ^? words :i* are n common 9 ! ord9>y conv]sation ( ! ,greeks2 & geometricians1 musicians1 & gramm>ians1 all speak aft] a peculi> fa%ion ( _! own4 ,& ev5 ! rhetoricians1 ^: art is a =5sic "o1 & :olly direct$ to ! p1 /ill 9 giv+ _! lessons use words :i* are1 z x 71 _! peculi> private prop]ty4 ,,ii4 ,&1 )\t dwell+ on ! case ( ^! lib]al & g5tlemanly pr(essions1 ev5 artisans w\ld n be capable ( ex]cis+ _! trades prop]ly if !y did n use te*nical words1 :i* are n und]/ood by u1 ?\gh 9 common use among !m4 ,agriculture1 also1 :i* is z di/ant z c be f all polite ref9em5t1 /ill m>ks ^? matt]s ) :i* x is conv]sant by new names4 ,& mu* m is ?is c\rse all[able 9 a philosoph]2 = philosophy is ! art ( life1 & a man :o is discuss+ t _c borr[ 8 language f ! =um1--al?\gh !re is no s*ool ( philosoph]s :i* has made s _m innovations z ! ,/oics4 ,z5o too1 _! *ief1 0 n s mu* a discov]] ( new ?+s z ( new words4 ,b if1 ev5 9 t language :i* mo/ p consid] ri*] ?an our own1 ,greece has p]mitt$ ! mo/ le>n$ m5 to use words n 9 ord9>y use ab\t subjects :i* are equally unusual1 h[ mu* m ought ! same lic5ce to be grant$ to u1 :o are n[ v5tur+ to be ! v fir/ ( our c\ntrym5 to t\* on su* matt]s8 ,& ?\gh we h (t5 said1--& t1 too1 9 spite ( "s compla9ts n only ( ! ,greeks1 b ( ^? m5 also :o w\ld pref] be+ acc\nt$ ,greeks to be+ ?\ght our own c\ntrym51--t we are s f> f be+ surpass$ by ! ,greeks 9 ! ri*ness & copi\sness ( our language1 t we are ev5 sup]ior to !m 9 t p>ticul>2 we mu/ lab\r to e/abli% ?is po9t1 n only 9 our own national arts1 b 9 ^? too :i* we h d]iv$ f !m4 ,al?\gh1 s9ce !y h become e/abli%$ by habit1 we may fairly consid] ^? words z our own :i*1 9 accordance ) anci5t cu/om1 we use z ,lat9 words2 su* z philosophia itself1 rhetorica1 dialectica1 grammatica1 geometria1 musica1--al?\gh !y c\ld1 no d\bt1 be translat$ into m g5u9e ,lat94 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 ( ! names ( ?+s4 ,b ) respect to ! ?+s !mselves1 ,i am (t5 afraid1 ,brutus1 t ,i may be blam$ :5 ,i am writ+ to y1 :o h made s mu* progress1 n only 9 philosophy1 b 9 ! mo/ excell5t k9d ( philosophy4 ,& if ,i wrote z if ,i 7 giv+ y any in/ruction1 ,i %\ld des]ve to be blam$2 b su* conceit is f> f me4 ,nor d ,i s5d lett]s to y "u ! idea ( mak+ y acqua9t$ ) :at is ?or\ghly kn[n to y be=e2 b because ,i am fond ( support+ myself by y\r "n1 & because also ,i consid] y ! mo/ c&id critic & judge ( ^? /udies :i* bo? y & ,i apply ourselves to 9 common4 ,i "k1 !re=e1 t y w pay c>eful att5tion to :at ,i write1 z is y\r wont1 & t y w decide on ! dispute :i* took place betwe5 y\r uncle--a mo/ heav5ly-m9d$ & admirable man--& myself4 ,= :5 ,i 0 at my villa ne> ,tusculum1 & 0 desir\s to make use ( "s books 9 ! libr>y ( ! "y ,lucullus1 ,i w5t "o day to 8 h\se1 9 ord] to take away 7z ,i 0 9 ! habit ( do+7 ! books :i* ,i want$4 ,& :5 ,i _h arriv$ !re1 ,i f\nd ,m>cus ,cato1 :om ,i did n "k to be !re1 sitt+ 9 ! libr>y1 surr\nd$ by a numb] ( ! books ( ! ,/oics4 ,= he _h1 z y "k1 a b\ndless desire = read+1 "o :i* 0 q insatiable1--s mu* s1 inde$1 t he 0 n afraid ( ! causeless reproa*es ( ! common p1 b 0 accu/om$ to cont9ue read+ ev5 9 ! s5ate-h\se itself1 :ile ! s5ate 0 assembl+1 )\t1 h[ev]1 at all relax+ 9 8 att5tion to ! affairs ( ! republic4 ,& n[1 be+ 9 ! enjoym5t ( complete leisure1 & be+ surr\nd$ by a great abundance ( su* treasures1 he appe>$ to be completely gorg+ himself ) books1 if ,i may use su* an expression ab\t s respectable a subject4 ,& z x s happ5$ t nei!r ( u expect$ to see ! o!r1 he at once rose up on my entrance2 &1 aft] ! fir/ salutations :i* are usual at su* a meet+1 ,:at object has br\ght y "h8 said he2 = ,i presume y are come f y\r own villa1 & if ,i _h kn[n t y _h be5 !re1 ,i %\ld h come myself to see y4 ,i only1 said ,i1 left ! city ye/]day aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! games1 & got home 9 ! ev5+4 ,b my object 9 com+ "h 0 to take "s books away ) me2 & x w be a pity1 ,cato1 if our fri5d ,lucullus does n "s day or o!r become acqua9t$ ) all ^! treasures2 = ,i w\ld r h him take delight 9 ^! books ?an 9 all ! re/ ( ! furniture ( ! villa4 ,= he is a y\? ,i am v anxi\s ab\t2 al?\gh1 inde$1 x is m peculi>ly y\r bus9ess to take c>e t he %all be s educat$ z to d cr$it to 8 fa!r1 & to our fri5d ,cpio1 & to y :o are su* a ne> relation ( 847#de7 ,b ,i myself h "s "r to feel an int]e/ 9 him2 = ,i am influ5c$ by my recollection ( 8 gr&fa!r1--& y well "k :at a reg>d ,i _h = ,cpio1 :o1 9 my op9ion1 w\ld n[ be "o ( ! fir/ m5 ( ! city if he 7 alive2 & ,i also h ,lucullus himself always be=e my eyes1--a man n only excell+ 9 e virtue1 b connect$ ) me bo? by fri5d%ip & a g5]al resemblance ( incl9ation & s5tim5t4 ,y d well1 said he1 to reta9 a recollection ( ^? p]sons1 bo? ( :om recomm5d$ _! *ildr5 to y\r c>e by _! wills1 & y are "r too to be atta*$ to ?is y\?4 ,& z = y\r call+ x my peculi> bus9ess1 ,i w n decl9e ! (fice1 b ,i claim y = my p>tn] 9 ! duty4 ,i w say ?is also1 t ! boy has already %[n me _m indications bo? ( mode/y & ( ability2 b y see h[ "y he is z yet4 ,to be sure ,i d1 said ,i2 b ev5 n[ he ought to receive a t9cture ( ^? accompli%m5ts :i*1 if he dr9ks ( !m n[ :ile he is "y1 w h]eaft] make him m ready = m important bus9ess4 ,& s we w (t5 talk ov] ?is matt] anxi\sly toge!r1 & we w act 9 conc]t4 ,h[ev]1 let u sit d[n1 says he1 if y please4 ,s we sat d[n4 ,,iii4 ,!n ,cato said3 ,b n[1 :at books 9 ! _w are !y t y are look+ = "h1 :5 y h su* a libr>y at home8 ,i want1 said ,i1 "s ( ! ,ari/otelian ,comm5t>ies1 :i* ,i "k are "h2 & ,i came to c>ry !m (f1 to read :5 ,i h leisure1 :i* is n1 z y "k1 v (t5 ! case ) me4 ,h[ ,i wi%1 said he1 t y _h an incl9ation t[>ds our ,/oic sect2 = c]ta9ly x is natural = y1 if x ev] 0 s = any "o1 to ?9k no?+ a good except virtue4 ,may ,i n1 ,i repli$1 rejo9 t x w\ld be natural = y1 z y\r op9ion 9 reality is ! same z m9e1 to =be> giv+ new names to ?+s8 = our pr9ciples are ! same1--x is only our language t is at v>iance4 ,inde$1 said he1 our pr9ciples are n ! same at all2 = ,i c nev] agree to y\r call+ any?+ desirable except :at is hon\rable1 & to y\r reckon+ su* ?+s among ! goods1--&1 by s do+1 ext+ui%+ hon\rabl5ess1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! light ( virtue1 & utt]ly upsett+ virtue h]self4 ,^? are all v f9e words1 said ,i1 ,o ,cato2 b d y n see t all ^? pomp\s expressions are %>$ by y 9 common ) ,pyrrho & ,ari/o1 :o ?9k all ?+s equal8 ,& ,i %\ld l to "k :at y\r op9ion ( !m is4 ,m9e8 said he2 d y want to "k :at ,i ?9k ( !m8 ,i ?9k t ^? m5 :om we h ei!r he>d ( f our ance/ors1 or se5 ourselves1 to be good1 brave1 j1 & mod]ate 9 ! republic1--^? :o1 foll[+ nature h]self1 )\t any p>ticul> le>n+ or sy/em1 h done _m praisewor?y actions1 h be5 educat$ by nature h]self bett] ?an !y c\ld h be5 educat$ by philosophy1 if !y _h adopt$ any o!r philosophy except t :i* ranks no?+ :atev] among ! goods except :at is hon\rable1 & no?+ among ! evils except :at is disgraceful4 ,z = all o!r sy/ems ( philosophy1 !y diff] entirely 9 _! e/imate ( good & evil2 b /ill ,i consid] no "o ( !m :i* classes any?+ de/itute ( virtue among ei!r ! goods or ! evils1 z be+ ( any use to m51 or z utt]+ any s5tim5t by :i* we may become bett]2 b ,i ?9k t !y all t5d r to deprave nature h]self4 ,= if ?is po9t be n conc$$1 t t alone is good :i* is hon\rable1 x foll[s t x mu/ be impossible to prove t life is made happy by virtue4 ,& if t be ! case1 !n ,i d n see :y any att5tion %\ld be be/[$ on philosophy2 = if a wise man c be mis]able1 !n ( a tru? ,i d n consid] t virtue1 :i* is acc\nt$ s glori\s & memorable a ?+1 ( any great value4 ,,iv4 ,all t y h be5 say+1 ,cato1 ,i repli$1 y might say if y agre$ ) ,pyrrho or ,ari/o2 = y are n ignorant t !y consid] t hon\rabl5ess n only ! *ief good1 b also 7z y y\rself ma9ta97 ! only good4 ,& if ?is is ! case1 ! consequ5ce :i* ,i see y aim at foll[s necess>ily1 t all wise m5 are always happy4 ,d y !n praise ^! m51 & d y ?9k t we ought to foll[ _! op9ion8 ,by no means1 said he2 = z ?is is a peculi> attribute ( virtue to make its selection ( ^? ?+s :i* are 9 accordance ) nature1 ^? :o h made all ?+s equal 9 su* a mann] z to consid] all ?+s on ei!r side p]fectly indiff]5t1 s z to leave no room = any selection1 h utt]ly put an end to virtue4 ,y say "r1 said ,i2 b ,i ask y :e!r y1 too1 mu/ n d ! same ?+1 :5 y say t !re is no?+ good :i* is n "r & hon\rable1 & s put an end to all ! diff]5ce betwe5 o!r ?+s8 ,t w\ld be ! case1 said he1 if ,i did put an end to x2 b ,i d5y ! fact--,i leave x4 ,h[ s1 said ,i8 ,if virtue alone1--if t ?+ alone :i* y call hon\rable1 "r1 praisewor?y1 & cr$itable1 7= x w be m easily se5 :at is ! "* t y ascribe to x1 if x be po9t$ out by _m words t5d+ to ! same po9t17--if1 ,i say1 t is ! sole good1 :at else w !re be = y to foll[8 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 if no?+ is evil except :at is disgraceful1 di%on\rable1 unbecom+1 wrong1 flagiti\s1 & base1 7to make ?is also manife/ by giv+ x _m names17 :at else w !re be :i* y c say ought to be avoid$8 ,i w n1 said he1 reply to ea* po9t ( y\r "q1 z y are n1 z ,i suspect1 ignorant ( :at ,i am go+ to say1 b seek+ r to f9d some?+ to c>p at 9 my brief answ]3 ,i w r1 s9ce we h pl5ty ( "t1 expla9 to y1 unless y ?9k x =eign to ! subject1 ! :ole op9ion ( ,z5o & ! ,/oics on ! matt]4 ,v f> f =eign to ! subject1 said ,i2 inde$1 y\r explanations w be ( great s]vice 9 elucidat+ to me ! po9ts ab\t :i* ,i am inquir+4 ,let u try1 !n1 said he1 al?\gh ?is sy/em ( ! ,/oics has 9 x some?+ r difficult & obscure2 =1 z =m]ly1 :5 ^! matt]s 7 discuss$ 9 ! ,greek language1 ! v names ( ?+s appe>$ /range :i* h n[ become sanction$ by daily use1 :at d y ?9k w be ! case :5 we are discuss+ !m 9 ,lat98 ,/ill1 said ,i1 we mu/ d s2 = if ,z5o might take ! lib]ty :5 he _h discov]$ any?+ n previ\sly common1 to fix on x a "n t 0 likewise unprec$5t$1 :y may n ,cato take ! same8 ,nor w x be necess>y = y to r5d] :at he has said ^w = ^w1 z translators are 9 ! habit ( do+ :o h no comm& ( language ( _! own1 :5ev] !re is a ^w 9 m ord9>y use :i* has ! same mean+4 ,i inde$ myself am 9 ! habit1 if ,i _c manage x any o!r way1 ( us+ _m words to express :at ! ,greeks h express$ 9 "o2 & yet ,i ?9k t we ought to be all[$ to use a ,greek ^w on occasions :5 we _c f9d a ,lat9 "o1 & to employ su* t]ms z proegm5a & apoproegm5a1 j z freely z we say ephippia & acratophori1 ?\gh x may be suffici5t to translate ^! two p>ticul> words by pref]r$ & reject$4 ,i am mu* oblig$ to y1 said he1 = y\r h9t2 & ,i w 9 pref]5ce use ^? ,lat9 t]ms :i* y h j m5tion$2 & 9 o!r cases1 too1 y %all come to my assi/ance if y see me 9 difficulties4 ,i w d s1 said ,i1 ) great goodwill2 b =tune fav\rs ! bold4 ,s make ! attempt1 ,i beg ( y2 = :at m div9e occupation c we h8 ,v4 ,^? philosoph]s1 said he1 ^: sy/em ,i approve (1 consid] t z soon z an animal is born1 7= ?is is :]e we mu/ beg917 he is in/9ctively induc$ & excit$ to pres]ve himself & 8 exi/+ condition1 & to feel atta*m5t to ^? ?+s :i* h a t5d5cy to pres]ve t condition2 & to feel an abhorr5ce ( dissolution1 & ( ^? circum/ances :i* appe> to be pregnant ) dissolution4 ,& !y prove t ?is is ! case1 because1 be=e ei!r pleasure or pa9 has affect$ x1 ev5 :ile x is v little1 x seeks :at is salut>y1 & %uns ! contr>y3 & ?is w\ld n be ! case if !y 7 n fond ( _! condition1 & afraid ( dissolution2 & x w\ld n be possible = !m to seek any p>ticul> ?+ if !y _h n "s s5se ( !mselves1 & if t did n influ5ce !m to love !mselves & :at belongs to !m4 ,f :i* x ought to be und]/ood t x is f ! animal itself t ! pr9ciple ( self-love 9 x is d]iv$4 ,b among ^! natural pr9ciples ( self-love mo/ ( ! ,/oics d n admit t pleasure ought to be class$2 & ,i entirely agree ) !m1 to avoid ! _m discr$itable ?+s :i* mu/ ensue if nature %\ld appe> to h plac$ pleasure among ^? ?+s :i* are ! fir/ objects ( desire4 ,b x appe>s to be pro( en\gh :y we naturally love ^? ?+s :i* are by nature plac$ 9 ! fir/ rank1 t !re is no "o1 :o1 :5 ei!r alt]native is equally 9 8 p[]1 w\ld n pref] to h all ! p>ts ( 8 body 9 a suitable & entire condition1 r ?an impair$ by use1 or 9 any p>ticul> di/ort$ or deprav$4 ,b z = ! k ( ?+s--or if y d n s mu* approve ( ?is ^w cognitio1 or f9d x less intelligible1 we w call x --t we ?9k is naturally to be acquir$ = its own sake1 because x conta9s some?+ :i* has1 z x 71 embrac$ & seiz$ ^u tru?4 ,& ?is is p]ceptible ev5 9 infants2 :om we see amus$ if !y h succe$$ 9 f9d+ out any?+ !mselves by reason1 ev5 ?\gh x may be ( no s]vice :atev] to !m4 ,& moreov]1 we consid] arts wor? att5d+ to on _! own acc\nt1 bo? because !re is 9 !m some?+ wor? acceptance1 & also because !y dep5d ^u k1 & conta9 9 !mselves some?+ :i* proce$s on sy/em & me?od4 ,b ,i ?9k t we are m av]se to ass5t on false gr\nds ?an to any?+ else :i* is contr>y to nature4 ,n[ ( ! limbs1 t is to say1 ( ! p>ts ( ! body1 "s appe> to h be5 giv5 to u by nature because ( ! use :i*1 !y are ( to u1 z1 = in/ance1 ! h&s1 legs1 & feet1 & also ^? int]nal organs ( ! body1 ( :i* ,i may leave x to ! physicians to expla9 ! exce$+ usefulness2 b o!rs ) no view to utility1 b = ornam5t z x 71 z ! tail is giv5 to ! peacock1 plumage ( _m col\rs to ! dove1 brea/s & a be>d to man4 ,p]haps y w say ?is is b a dry enum]ation2 = ^! ?+s are1 z x 71 ! fir/ elem5ts ( nature1 :i* _c well h any ri*ness ( language employ$ ^u !m2 nor inde$ am ,i ?9k+ ( display+ any2 b :5 "o is speak+ ( m important matt]s1 !n ! subject itself hurries on ! language3 & !n "o's disc\rse is at ! same "t m impressive & m ornate4 ,x is z y say1 said ,i2 b /ill ev]y?+ :i* is said 9 a lucid mann] ab\t a good subject appe>s to me to be said well4 ,& to wi% to speak ( subjects ( t k9d 9 a florid /yle is *ildi%2 b to be able to expla9 !m ) cle>ness & p]spicuity1 is a tok5 ( a le>n$ & intellig5t man4 ,,vi4 ,let u !n proce$1 said he1 s9ce we h digress$ f ^! fir/ pr9ciples ( nature1 :i* ev]y?+ :i* foll[s ought to be 9 h>mony )4 ,b ?is is ! fir/ division ( ! subject4 ,a ?+ is said to be e/imable3 = s we may1 ,i ?9k1 call t :i* is ei!r itself 9 accordance ) nature1 or else :i* is ! effici5t cause ( some?+ ( su* a "* t x is wor?y ( be+ select$ because x has 9 x "s weight wor? appreciat+1 :i* he calls 2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 some?+ n e/imable1 :i* is ! contr>y ( ! prec$+4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples1 !re=e1 be+ laid d[n1 t ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature are to be *os5 = _! own sakes1 & ^? :i* are contr>y to x are 9 l mann] to be reject$2 ! fir/ duty 7= t is h[ ,i translate ! ^w 7 is1 = a man to pres]ve himself 9 8 natural condition2 next to t1 to ma9ta9 ^? ?+s :i* are 9 accordance ) nature1 & reject :at is opposite to x2 & :5 ?is pr9ciple ( selection & rejection has be5 discov]$1 !n foll[s selection 9 accordance ) duty2 & !n t ?ird k9d1 :i* is p]petual1 & consi/5t to ! end1 & correspond+ to nature1 9 :i* !re fir/ beg9s to be a prop] und]/&+ ( :at !re is :i* c be truly call$ good4 ,= ! fir/ attraction ( man is to ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature4 ,b z soon z he has receiv$ t intellig5ce1 or p]haps ,i %\ld say1 notion1 :i* !y call 1 & has se5 ! ord] &1 if ,i may s say1 ! h>mony 9 :i* ?+s are to be done1 he !n e/imates x at a high] value ?an all ! ?+s :i* he lov$ at fir/2 & by ?is k1 & by reason+1 he comes to su* a conclusion t he decides t ! *ief good ( man1 :i* des]ves to be prais$ & desir$ = its own sake1 is plac$ 9 :at ! ,/oics call 1 & we agreem5t1 if y approve ( ?is translation ( ! t]m2 z !re=e x is 9 ?is t t good is plac$ to :i* all ?+s :i* are done hon\rably are to be ref]r$1 & hon\r itself1 :i* is reckon$ among ! goods1 al?\gh x is only produc$ subsequ5tly1 /ill ?is alone des]ves to be s\ght = on acc\nt ( its intr9sic p[] & wor?2 b ( ^? ?+s :i* are ! pr9cipal natural goods !re is n "o :i* is to be s\ght = its own sake4 ,b z ^? ?+s :i* ,i h call$ duties proce$ f ! fir/ pr9ciples ( nature1 !y mu/ necess>ily be ref]r$ to !m2 s t x may be fairly said t all duties are ref]r$ to ?is end1 ( arriv+ at ! pr9ciples ( nature2 n1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! highe/ ( all goods1 because !re is no su* ?+ z hon\rable action 9 ! fir/ attractions ( nature2 = t is :at foll[s1 & arises subsequ5tly1 z ,i h said be=e4 ,b /ill x is accord+ to nature1 & enc\rages u to desire itself mu* m ?an all ^? ?+s :i* h be5 previ\sly m5tion$4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 we mu/ remove a mi/ake1 t no "o may ?9k t x foll[s t !re are two supreme goods4 ,= z1 if x 7 ! purpose ( any "o to direct an arr[ or a spe> /raight at any object1 j z we h said t !re is an especial po9t to be aim$ at 9 goods1--! ar*] ought to d all 9 8 p[] to aim /raight at ! t>get1 & ! o!r man ought also to d 8 endeav\r to hit ! m>k1 & ga9 ! end :i* he has propos$ to himself3 let ?is !n :i* we call ! *ief good 9 life be1 z x 71 8 m>k2 & 8 endeav\r to hit x mu/ be fur!r$ by c>eful selection1 n by m]e desire4 ,,vii4 ,b z all duties proce$ f ! fir/ pr9ciples ( nature1 x foll[s inevitably t wisdom itself mu/ proce$ f ! same s\rce4 ,b z x (t5 happ5s1 t he :o has be5 recomm5d$ to any "o consid]s him to :om he has be5 recomm5d$ ( m importance ?an him :o recomm5d$ him2 s x is n at all /range t 9 ! fir/ in/ance we are recomm5d$ to wisdom by ! pr9ciples ( nature1 b t subsequ5tly wisdom h]self becomes de>] to u ?an ! />t+ place f :i* we arrive at x4 ,& z limbs h be5 giv5 to u 9 su* a way t x is pla9 !y h be5 giv5 = "s purpose ( life2 s t appetite ( ! m9d :i* 9 ,greek is call$ 1 appe>s to h be5 giv5 to u1 n = any p>ticul> k9d ( life1 b r = "s especial mann] ( liv+3 & s too is sy/em & p]fect me?od4 ,= z an actor employs ge/ures1 & a danc] motions1 n practis+ any r&om movem5t1 b a regul> sy/ematic action2 s life mu/ be pass$ accord+ to a c]ta9 fix$ k9d1 & n any promiscu\s way1 & t c]ta9 k9d we call a suitable & h>moni\s "o4 ,nor d we ?9k wisdom simil> to ! art ( navigation or m$ic9e1 b r to t k9d ( action :i* ,i h spok5 (1 & to danc+2 ,i mean1 inasmu* z ! ultimate po9t1 t is to say1 ! production ( ! art1 lies 9 ! art itself1 & is n s\ght = f =eign s\rces4 ,& yet !re are o!r po9ts 9 :i* !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 wisdom & ^? arts2 because 9 ^? arts ^? ?+s :i* are done prop]ly d nev]!less n comprise all ! p>ts ( ! arts ( :i* !y consi/4 ,b ! ?+s :i* we call "r1 or rightly done1 if y w all[ ! expression1 & :i* !y call 1 conta9 9 !m ! :ole complet5ess ( virtue4 ,= wisdom is ! only ?+ :i* is conta9$ :olly 9 itself2 & ?is is n ! case ) ! o!r arts4 ,& x is only out ( ignorance t ! object ( ! art ( m$ic9e or navigation is comp>$ ) ! object ( wisdom2 = wisdom embraces greatness ( m9d & ju/ice1 & judges all ! accid5ts :i* befal mank9d b5ea? itself3 & ?is too is n ! case 9 ! o!r arts4 ,b no "o w be able to ma9ta9 ^? v virtues ( :i* ,i h j made m5tion1 unless he lays d[n a rule t !re is no?+ :i* is ( any importance1 no?+ :i* diff]s f any?+ else1 except :at is hon\rable or disgraceful4 ,,viii4 ,let u see n[ h[ admirably ^! rules foll[ f ^? pr9ciples :i* ,i h already laid d[n4 ,= z ?is is ! ultimate 7extremum7 po9t1 7= y h notic$1 ,i d>e say1 t ,i translate :at ! ,greek philosoph] calls 1 sometimes by ! ^w extremum1 sometimes by ultimum1 & sometimes by summum1 & in/ead ( extremum or ultimum1 ,i may also use ! ^w f9is17--z1 !n1 ?is is ! ultimate po9t1 to live 9 a mann] suitable to & h>monis+ ) nature2 x foll[s ( necessity t all wise m5 d always live happily1 p]fectly1 & =tunately2 t !y are h9d]$ by no?+1 emb>rass$ by no?+2 t !y are 9 want ( no?+4 ,& t :i* holds toge!r n m t s*ool ( :i* ,i am speak+ ?an our lives & =tunes1 t is to say1 ! pr9ciple ( acc\nt+ :at is hon\rable to be ! sole good1 may inde$ easily be embelli%$ & enl>g$ ^u at great l5g?1 ) great ri*ness ( illu/ration1 ) great v>iety ( c>efully *os5 expressions1 & ) ! mo/ pomp\s s5tim5ts 9 a rhetorical mann]2 b ,i pref] ! brief1 acute1 conclusive argum5ts ( ! ,/oics4 ,n[ _! conclusions are arriv$ at 9 ?is mann]3 8,ev]y?+ :i* is good is praisewor?y2 b ev]y?+ :i* is praisewor?y is hon\rable2--!re=e1 ev]y?+ :i* is good is hon\rable40 ,does n ?is appe> prop]ly d$uc$8 ,und\bt$ly2--= ! result :i* 0 obta9$ f ! two premises :i* 7 assum$1 y see 0 conta9$ 9 !m4 ,b ( ! two premises f :i* ! conclusion 0 inf]r$ x is only ! major "o :i* c be contradict$--if y say t x is n ! case1 t ev]y?+ :i* is good is praisewor?y3 = x is grant$ t :atev] is praisewor?y is hon\rable4 ,b x is utt]ly absurd to say1 t !re is any?+ good :i* is n to be s\ght =2 or1 t !re is any?+ :i* ought to be s\ght = :i* is n pleas+2 or1 t if x is pleas+ x ought n likewise to be lov$4 ,!n x ought also to be approv$ (4 ,!n x is praisewor?y4 ,b :at is praisewor?y is hon\rable4 ,& s ! result is1 t :atev] is good is also hon\rable4 ,9 ! next place1 ,i ask1 :o c boa/ ( a life :i* is mis]able2 or avoid boa/+ ( "o :i* is happy8--!re=e m5 boa/ only ( a life :i* is happy4 ,f :i* ! consequ5ce foll[s1 t a happy life des]ves to be boa/$ (2 b ?is _c prop]ly be pr$icat$ ( any life :i* is n an hon\rable "o4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 t a happy life mu/ be an hon\rable "o4 ,& s9ce ! man to :om x happ5s to be des]v$ly prais$ has "s em95t qualities t5d+ to cr$it & glory1 s t he may rightly be call$ happy on acc\nt ( su* important qualities2 ! same ?+ is prop]ly pr$icat$ ( ! life ( su* a man4 ,& s1 if a happy life is disc]n$ by its hon\rabl5ess1 !n :at is hon\rable ought to be consid]$ ! sole good4 ,&1 z ?is _c possibly be d5i$1 :at man d we say c ev] exi/ ( a /able & firm & great m9d1--:om1 9 fact1 c we ev] call brave1--unless ! po9t is e/abli%$1 t pa9 is n an evil8 ,= z x is impossible t ! man :o ranks dea? among evils %\ld n fe> x1 s 9 e case x is impossible = a man to disreg>d :at he judges to be an evil1 & to despise x4 ,& :5 ?is po9t has be5 laid d[n1 & ratifi$ by univ]sal ass5t1 ?is is assum$ next1 t ! man :o is ( a brave & magnanim\s _s despises & utt]ly disreg>ds e accid5t :i* c befal a man4 ,& z ?is is ! case1 ! consequ5ce is1 t !re is no?+ evil :i* is n disgraceful4 ,& t man ( l(ty & excell5t _s1--t magnanim\s & truly brave man1 :o consid]s all human accid5ts b5ea? 8 notice1--! man ,i mean :om we wi% to make s1 :om at all ev5ts we are look+ =1--ought to confide 9 himself1 & 9 8 own life bo? pa/ & to come1 & to =m a fav\rable judgm5t ( himself1 lay+ d[n z a pr9ciple1 t no evil c happ5 to a wise man4 ,f :i* aga9 ! same result foll[s1 t ! sole good is t :i* is hon\rable2 & t to live happily is to live hon\rably1 t is1 virtu\sly4 ,,ix4 ,n t ,i am ignorant t ! op9ions ( philosoph]s h be5 v>i\s1 ( ^? ,i mean :o h plac$ ! *ief good1 t :i* ,i call ! end1 9 ! m9d4 ,& al?\gh "s p h foll[$ !m v incorrectly1 /ill ,i pref] _! !ory1 n only to t ( ! ?ree sects :o h sep>at$ virtue f ! *ief good1 :ile rank+ ei!r pleasure1 or fre$om f pa91 or ! orig9al gifts ( nature among goods1 b also to ! o!r ?ree :o h ?\ght t virtue w\ld be crippl$ )\t "s re9=cem5t1 & on t acc\nt h ea* add$ to x "o ( ^? o!r p>ticul>s :i* ,i h j enum]at$4 ,i1 h[ev]1 z ,i said1 pref] to all ^! ! m51 :oev] !y may be1 :o h describ$ ! *ief good z consi/+ 9 ! m9d & 9 virtue4 ,b nev]!less1 ^? also are extremely absurd :o h said t to live ) k is ! highe/ good1 & :o h ass]t$ t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s1 & s1 t a wise man w surely be a happy "o1 nev] at any mom5t ( 8 life pref]r+ "o ?+ to ano!r3 z "s ( ! ,academics are said to h laid x d[n1 t ! highe/ good & ! *ief duty ( a wise man is to resi/ appe>ances1 & firmly to )hold 8 ass5t f !m4 ,n[ p (t5 make v l5g?y replies to ea* ( ^! ass]tions2 yet :at is v cle> ought n to be long4 ,b :at is m evid5t ?an1 if !re be no selection made1 disc>d+ ^? ?+s :i* are contr>y to nature1 & select+ ^? :i* are accord+ to nature1 all t prud5ce :i* is s mu* s\ght aft] & extoll$ w\ld be done away )8 ,if1 !n1 we disc>d ^? s5tim5ts :i* ,i h m5tion$1 & all o!rs :i* resemble !m1 x rema9s t ! *ief good mu/ be to live1 ex]cis+ a k ( ^? ?+s :i* happ5 by nature1 select+ :at is accord+ to nature1 & reject+ any :i* are contr>y to nature2 t is to say1 to live 9 a mann] suitable & correspond+ to nature4 ,b 9 o!r arts1 :5 any?+ is said to h be5 done accord+ to ! rules ( art1 !re is some?+ to be consid]$ :i* is subsequ5t & foll[s ^u su* compliance2 :i* !y call 4 ,b :5 we say 9 any matt] t a ?+ has be5 done wisely1 t same ?+ is f ! fir/ said also to h be5 done mo/ prop]ly2 = :atev] proce$s f a wise man mu/ at once be p]fect 9 all its p>ts3 = 9 him is plac$ t quality :i* we say is to be desir$4 ,= z x is a s9 to betray "o's c\ntry1 to injure "o's p>5ts1 to plund] temples1 :i* are all s9s ( commission2 s x is likewise a s9 to be afraid1 to grieve1 to be "u ! dom9ion ( lu/1 ev5 if no ov]t act foll[s ^! feel+s4 ,b1 z ^! are s9s1 n 9 _! lat] p]iods & consequ5ces1 b at once f ! fir/ mom5t2 s ^? actions :i* proce$ f virtue are to be consid]$ "r at ! fir/ mom5t t !y are und]tak51 & n only :5 !y are accompli%$4 ,x4 ,b x may be z well to give an explanation & def9ition ( ! ^w good1 :i*1 has be5 s (t5 employ$ 9 ?is disc\rse4 ,b ! def9itions ( ^? philosoph]s diff] a good deal f "o ano!r1 & yet h all ref]5ce to ! same facts4 ,i myself agree ) ,diog5es1 :o has def9$ good to be t :i* 9 its nature is p]fect4 ,b t :i* foll[s1 t :i* is pr(itable 7= s we may translate 8 71 he consid]$ to be a motion1 or a /ate1 aris+ out ( ! nature ( ! p]fect4 ,& z ! notions ( ?+s arise 9 ! m9d1 if any?+ has become kn[n ei!r by practice1 or by comb9ation1 or by similitude1 or by ! comp>ison ( reason2 !n by ?is f\r? means1 :i* ,i h plac$ la/1 ! k ( good is arriv$ at4 ,= :51 by a comp>ison ( ! reason1 ! m9d asc5ds f ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to reason1 !n x arrives at a notion ( good4 ,& ?is good we are speak+ (1 we bo? feel to be & call good1 n because ( any addition made to x1 nor f its gr[?1 nor f comp>+ x ) o!r ?+s1 b because ( its own prop] p[]4 ,= z honey1 al?\gh x is v sweet1 is /ill p]ceiv$ to be sweet by its own peculi> k9d ( ta/e1 & n by comp>ison ) o!r ?+s2 s ?is good1 :i* we are n[ treat+ (1 is inde$ to be e/eem$ ( great value2 b t valuation dep5ds on k9d & n on magnitude4 ,= z e/imation1 :i* is call$ 1 is n reckon$ among goods1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 among evils1 :atev] y add to x w rema9 9 its k9d4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ano!r k9d ( e/imation prop] to virtue1 :i* is ( weight f its "*1 & n because ( its increas+4 ,nor1 inde$1 are ! p]turbations ( ! m9d1 :i* make ! lives ( ! unwise bitt] & mis]able1 & :i* ! ,greeks call 1 7,i might translate ! ^w itself by ! ,lat9 morbi1 b x w\ld n suit all ! mean+s ( ! ,greek ^w2 = :o ev] calls pity1 or ev5 ang]1 a disease--morbus78 b ! ,greeks d call su* a feel+ 4 ,let u !n translate x p]turbation1 :i* is by its v "n po9t$ out to be some?+ vici\s4 ,nor are ^! p]turbations1 ,i say1 excit$ by any natural =ce2 & !y are altoge!r 9 k9d f\r1 b z to _! divisions !y are m num]\s4 ,!re is melan*oly1 fe>1 lu/1 & t feel+ :i* ! ,/oics call by ! common "n :i* !y apply to bo? m9d & body1 1 & :i* ,i pref] translat+ joy 7ltitia71 r ?an a pleasurable elation ( an exult+ m9d4 ,b p]turbations are n excit$ by any =ce ( nature2 & all ^? feel+s are judgm5ts & op9ions proce$+ f light-m9d$ness2 &1 !re=e1 ! wise man w always be free f !m4 ,,xi4 ,b t ev]y?+ :i* is hon\rable is to be s\ght = its own sake1 is an op9ion common to u ) _m o!r s*ools ( philosoph]s4 ,=1 except ! ?ree sects :i* exclude virtue f ! *ief good1 ?is op9ion mu/ be ma9ta9$ by all philosoph]s1 & above all by u1 :o d n rank any?+ :atev] among goods except :at is hon\rable4 ,b ! def5ce ( ?is op9ion is v easy & simple inde$2 = :o is !re1 or :o ev] 0 !re1 ( su* viol5t av>ice1 or ( su* unbridl$ desires z n inf9itely to pref] t any?+ :i* he wi%es to acquire1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( any conceivable wick$ness1 %\ld come into 8 p[] )\t crime1 7ev5 ?\gh he _h a prospect ( p]fect impunity17 ?an ?r\gh crime8 & :at utility1 or :at p]sonal advantage d we hope =1 :5 we are anxi\s to "k :e!r ^? bodies are mov+ ^: movem5ts are conceal$ f u1 & ow+ to :at causes !y revolve ?r\gh ! heav5s8 ,& :o is !re t lives accord+ to su* cl[ni% maxims1 or :o has s rigor\sly h>d5$ himself aga9/ ! /udy ( nature1 z to be av]se to ?+s wor?y ( be+ und]/ood1 & to be indiff]5t to & disreg>d su* k1 m]ely because !re is no exact usefulness or pleasure likely to result f x8 or1 :o is !re :o--:5 he comes to "k ! exploits1 & say+s1 & wise c\nsels ( our =efa!rs1 ( ! ,africani1 or ( t ance/or ( m9e :om y are always talk+ (1 & ( o!r brave m51 & citiz5s ( pre-em95t virtue--does n feel 8 m9d affect$ ) pleasure8 & :o t has be5 br\ght up 9 a respectable family1 & educat$ z becomes a freeman1 is n (f5d$ ) bas5ess z su*1 ?\gh x may n be likely to injure him p]sonally8 ,:o c keep 8 equanimity :ile look+ on a man :o1 he ?9ks1 lives 9 an impure & wick$ mann]8 ,:o does n hate sordid1 fickle1 un/able1 wor?less m58 ,b :at %all we be able to say1 7if we d n lay x d[n t bas5ess is to be avoid$ = its own sake71 is ! reason :y m5 d n seek d>kness & solitude1 & !n give ! re9 to e possible infamy1 except t bas5ess ( itself detects !m by reason ( its own intr9sic f\lness8 ,innum]able argum5ts may be br\ght =w>d to support ?is op9ion2 b x is ne$less1 = !re is no?+ :i* c be less a matt] ( d\bt ?an t :at is hon\rable ought to be s\ght = its own sake2 &1 9 ! same mann]1 :at is disgraceful ought to be avoid$4 ,b aft] t po9t is e/abli%$1 :i* we h previ\sly m5tion$1 t :at is hon\rable is ! sole good2 x mu/ unavoidably be und]/ood t t :i* is hon\rable1 is to be valu$ m highly ?an ^? int]m$iate goods :i* we d]ive f x4 ,b :5 we say t folly1 & ra%ness1 & inju/ice1 & intemp]ance are to be avoid$ on acc\nt ( ^? ?+s :i* result f !m1 we d n speak 9 su* a mann] t our language is at all inconsi/5t ) ! position :i* has be5 laid d[n1 t t alone is evil :i* is di%on\rable4 ,because ^? ?+s are n ref]r$ to any inconv5i5ce ( ! body1 b to di%on\rable actions1 :i* arise out ( vici\s prop5sities 7vitia74 ,= :at ! ,greeks call ,i pref] translat+ by vitium r ?an by malitia4 ,,xii4 ,c]ta9ly2 ,cato1 said ,i1 y are employ+ v admirable language1 & su* z expresses cle>ly :at y mean2 &1 !re=e1 y seem to me to be tea*+ philosophy 9 ,lat91 &1 z x 71 to be pres5t+ x ) ! fre$om ( ! city4 ,= up to ?is "t %e has seem$ l a /rang] at ,rome1 & has n put h]self 9 ! way ( our conv]sation2 & t1 too1 *iefly because ( a c]ta9 highly poli%$ ?9ness ( ?+s & words4 ,= ,i am aw>e t !re are "s m5 :o are able to philosophise 9 any language1 b :o /ill employ no divisions & no def9itions2 & :o say !mselves t !y approve ( ^? ?+s alone to :i* nature sil5tly ass5ts4 ,!re=e1 !y discuss1 )\t any great degree ( lab\r1 matt]s :i* are n v obscure4 ,&1 on ?is acc\nt1 ,i am n[ prep>$ to li/5 eag]ly to y1 & to commit to memory all ! names :i* y give to ^? matt]s to :i* ?is discussion ref]s4 ,=1 p]haps1 ,i myself may "s day h reason to employ !m too4 ,y1 !n1 appe> to me to be p]fectly "r1 & to be act+ 9 /rict accordance ) our usual way ( speak+1 :5 y lay x d[n t !re are vices ! exact opposites ( virtues2 = t :i* is blameable 7vitup]abile7 = its own sake1 ,i ?9k ought1 f t v fact1 to be call$ a vice2 & p]haps ?is v]b1 vitup]o1 is d]iv$ f vitium4 ,b if y _h translat$ by malitia17#df7 !n ! usage ( ! ,lat9 language w\ld h limit$ u to "o p>ticul> vice2 b1 z x is1 all vice is oppos$ to all virtue by "o g5]ic opposite "n4 ,,xiii4 ,!n he proce$$3--,aft] ^! ?+s1 !re=e1 are ?us laid d[n1 !re foll[s a great conte/1 :i* has be5 h&l$ by ! ,p]ipatetics some:at too g5tly1 7= _! me?od ( argu+ is n suffici5tly acute1 ow+ to _! ignorance ( dialectics27 b y\r ,c>neades has press$ ! matt] ) great vig\r & effect1 display+ 9 ref]5ce to x a mo/ admirable skill 9 dialectics1 & ! mo/ consummate eloqu5ce2 because he has nev] ceas$ to cont5d ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is discussion1 :i* turns ^u :at is good & :at is bad1 t ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,/oics & ,p]ipatetics is n "o ( ?+s1 b only ( names4 ,b1 to me1 no?+ appe>s s evid5t z t ! op9ions ( ^! two s*ools diff] f "o ano!r f> m z to facts ?an to names2 ,i mean to say1 t !re is mu* great] diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,/oics & ,p]ipatetics 9 pr9ciple ?an 9 language4 ,=asmu* z ! ,p]ipatetics ass]t t ev]y?+ :i* !y !mselves call good1 has a ref]5ce to liv+ happily2 b our s*ool does n ?9k t a happy life necess>ily embraces ev]y?+ :i* is wor?y ( any e/eem4 ,b c any?+ be m c]ta9 ?an t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ^? m5 :o rank pa9 among ! evils1 a wise man _c be happy :5 he is torm5t$ on ! rack8 ,:ile ! pr9ciples ( ^? :o d n consid] pa9 among ! evils1 c]ta9ly compels u to all[ t a happy life is pres]v$ to a wise man among all torm5ts4 ,9 tru?1 if ^? m5 endure pa9 ) great] =titude :o suff] x 9 ! cause ( _! c\ntry1 ?an ^? :o d s = any slight] object2 !n x is pla9 t x is op9ion1 & n nature1 :i* makes ! =ce ( pa9 great] or less4 ,ev5 t op9ion ( ! ,p]ipatetics is m ?an ,i c agree to1 t1 z !re are ?ree k9ds ( goods1 z !y say1 ea* individual is ! happi] 9 proportion z he is ri*] 9 ! goods ( ! body or ext]nal goods1 s t we mu/ be =c$ also to approve ( ?is doctr9e1 t t man is happi] :o has a great] quantity ( ^? ?+s :i* are acc\nt$ ( great value z affect+ ! body4 ,= !y ?9k t a happy life is made complete by bodily advantages2 b !re is no?+ :i* our philosoph]s c s little agree to4 ,=1 z our op9ion is t life is n ev5 made 9 ! lea/ m happy by an abundance ( ^? goods :i* we call goods ( nature1 nor m desirable1 nor des]v+ ( be+ m highly valu$1 !n c]ta9ly a multitude ( bodily advantages c h /ill less effect on mak+ life happy4 ,9 tru?1 if to be wise be a desirable ?+1 & to be well be s too1 !n bo? toge!r mu/ be m desirable ?an wisdom by itself2 b x does n foll[1 if ea* quality des]ves to be e/eem$1 t !re=e1 ! two tak5 toge!r des]ve to be e/eem$ m highly ?an wisdom does by itself4 ,= we :o consid] good heal? wor?y ( any e/eem1 & yet d n rank x among ! goods1 ?9k1 at ! same "t1 t ! e/eem to :i* x is entitl$ is by no means su* z t x ought to be pref]r$ to virtue4 ,b ?is is n ! doctr9e ( ! ,p]ipatetics2 & !y ought to tell u1 t t :i* is an hon\rable action & unaccompani$ by pa91 is m to be desir$ ?an ! same action w\ld be if x 7 att5d$ ) pa94 ,we ?9k n3 :e!r we are "r or wrong may be discuss$ h]eaft]2 b c !re possibly be a great] disagreem5t respect+ facts & pr9ciples8 ,,xiv4 ,= z ! light ( a c&le is obscur$ & put out by ! light ( ! sun2 & z a drop ( br9e is lo/ 9 ! magnitude ( ! gan sea2 or an addition ( a p5ny amid ! ri*es ( ,crsus2 or z "o /ep is ( no acc\nt 9 a m>* f "h to ,india2 s1 if t is ! *ief good :i* ! ,/oics affirm is s1 !n1 all ! goods :i* dep5d on ! body mu/ inevitably be obscur$ & ov]:elm$ by1 & come to no?+ :5 plac$ by ! side ( ! spl5d\r & importance ( virtue4 ,& s9ce opportunity1 7= t is h[ we may translate 17 is n made great] by ext5d+ ! "t1 7= :atev] is said to be opportune has its own peculi> limit27 s a "r action1 7= t is h[ ,i translate 1 & a "r de$ ,i call 17--a "r action1 ,i say1 & suitabl5ess1 &1 9 %ort1 ! good itself1 :i* dep5ds on ! fact ( its be+ 9 accordance ) nature1 has no possibility ( receiv+ any addition or gr[?4 ,= z t opportunity is n made great] by ! ext5sion ( "t1 s nei!r are ^! ?+s :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,&1 on t acc\nt1 a happy life does n seem to ! ,/oics m desirable or m des]v+ ( be+ s\ght aft]1 if x is long ?an if x is %ort2 & !y prove ?is by a simile3--,z ! praise ( a busk9 is to fit ! foot exactly1 & z _m busk9s are n consid]$ to fit bett] ?an few1 & l>ge ones are n ?\ght bett] ?an small ones2 s1 9 ! case ( ^? ! :ole good ( :i* dep5ds ^u its suitabl5ess & fitness2 _m are n pref]r$ to few1 nor :at is durable to :at is %ort-liv$4 ,nor d !y exhibit suffici5t acut5ess :5 !y say1 if good heal? is m to be e/eem$ :5 x la/s long ?an :5 x la/s only a %ort "t1 !n ! longe/ possible enjoym5t ( wisdom mu/ cle>ly be ( ! greate/ value4 ,!y d n und]/& t ! e/imate ( good heal? is =m$ expressly ) ref]5ce to its duration2 ( virtue ) ref]5ce to its fitness ( "t2 s t m5 :o argue 9 ?is mann]1 seem z if !y w\ld speak ( a good dea?1 or a good lab\r1 & call "o :i* la/$ long1 bett] ?an a %ort "o4 ,!y d n p]ceive t "s ?+s are reckon$ ( m value 9 proportion to _! brevity2 & "s 9 proportion to _! l5g?4 ,!re=e1 x is q consi/5t ) :at has be5 said1 t accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ^? :o ?9k t t end ( goods :i* we call ! extreme or *ief good1 is susceptible ( gr[?1 !y may also ?9k t "o man c be wis] ?an ano!r2 &1 9 l mann] !n1 "o man may s9 m1 or act m rightly ?an ano!r4 ,b su* an ass]tion is n all[able to u1 :o d n ?9k ! end ( goods susceptible ( gr[?4 ,= z m5 :o h be5 subm]g$ "u ! wat]1 _c brea! any m because !y are at no great dep? bel[ ! surface1 7?\gh !y may on ?is acc\nt be able at times to em]ge17 ?an if !y 7 at ! bottom1 nor c ! puppy :o is ne>ly old en\gh to see1 z yet see any m ?an "o :o is b ?is mom5t born2 s ! man :o has made "s progress t[>ds ! approa* to virtue1 is no less 9 a /ate ( mis]y ?an he :o has made no su* advance at all4 ,,xv4 ,i am aw>e t all ?is seems v /range4 ,b z unque/ionably ! previ\s propositions are true & uncontrov]tible1 & z ^! o!rs are 9 h>mony )1 & are ! direct consequ5ces ( !m2 we _c "q _! tru? also4 ,b al?\gh "s p d5y t ei!r virtues or vices are susceptible ( gr[?1 /ill !y believe t ea* ( !m is 9 "s degree diffus$1 & z x 7 ext5d$4 ,b ,diog5es ?9ks t ri*es h n only su* p[]1 t !y are1 z x 71 guides to pleasure & to good heal?1 b t !y ev5 conta9 !m3 b t !y h n ! same p[] ) reg>d to virtue1 or to ! o!r arts to :i* money may inde$ be a guide1 b :i* x _c conta94 ,!re=e1 if pleasure or if good heal? be among ! goods1 ri*es also mu/ be class$ among ! goods2 b if wisdom be a good1 x does n foll[ t we are also to call ri*es a good2 nor c t :i* is class$ among ! goods be conta9$ by any?+ :i* is n plac$ 9 ! same classification4 ,& on t acc\nt1 because ! k & compreh5sion ( ^? ?+s by :i* arts are produc$1 excite a desire = !m1 z ri*es are n among ! goods1 !re=e no art c be conta9$ 9 ri*es4 ,b if we grant ?is to be true ) respect to arts1 /ill x is n to foll[ t ! same rule holds good ) respect to virtue2 because virtue requires a great deal ( m$itation & practice1 & ?is is n always ! case ) arts2 & also because virtue embraces ! /ability1 firmness1 & consi/5cy ( ! entire life2 & we d n see t ! same is ! case ) arts4 ,aft] ?is1 we come to expla9 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ?+s4 ,& if we 7 to say t !re is none1 !n all life w\ld be ?r[n into confusion1 z x is by ,ari/o4 ,nor c\ld any (fice or "w be f\nd = wisdom1 if !re 7 actually no diff]5ce betwe5 "o ?+ & ano!r1 & if !re 7 no p[] ( selection at all requisite to be ex]t$4 ,!re=e1 aft] x _h be5 suffici5tly e/abli%$ t t alone 0 good :i* 0 hon\rable1 & t alone evil :i* 0 disgraceful1 !y ass]t$ t !re 7 "s p>ticul>s 9 :i* ^? ?+s :i* _h no influ5ce on ! mis]y or happ9ess ( life1 diff]$ f "o ano!r1 s t "s ( !m des]v$ to be e/eem$1 "s to be despis$1 & o!rs 7 indiff]5t4 ,b z to ^? ?+s :i* des]v$ to be e/eem$1 "s ( !m _h 9 !mselves suffici5t reason = be+ pref]r$ to o!rs1 z good heal?1 s\ndness ( ! s5ses1 fre$om f pa91 glory1 ri*es1 & simil> ?+s4 ,b o!rs 7 n ( ?is k9d4 ,& 9 l mann]1 z to ^? ?+s :i* 7 wor?y ( no e/eem at all1 "s _h cause en\gh 9 !mselves :y !y %\ld be reject$1 su* z pa91 disease1 loss ( s5ses1 pov]ty1 ignom9y1 & ?+s l !m1 & "s _h n4 ,& ?us1 f ?is di/9ction1 came :at ,z5o call$ 1 & on ! o!r h& :at he call$ 1 z ?\gh writ+ 9 s copi\s a language1 he *ose to employ new t]ms ( 8 own inv5tion2 a lic5se :i* is n all[$ to u 9 ?is b>r5 language ( ours2 al?\gh y (t5 insi/ t x is ri*] ?an ! ,greek4 ,b x is n =eign to our pres5t subject1 9 ord] t ! mean+ ( ! ^w may be m easily und]/ood1 to expla9 ! pr9ciple on :i* ,z5o inv5t$ ^! t]ms4 ,,xvi4 ,= z1 says he1 no "o 9 a k+'s palace says t ! k+ is1 z x 71 l$ =w>d t[>ds 8 dignity 7= t is ! real mean+ ( ! ^w 1 b ! t]m is appli$ to ^? :o are ( "s rank ^: ord] comes next to 81 s z to be second to ! k+ly dignity72 s 9 life too1 x is n ^? ?+s :i* are 9 ! fir/ rank1 b ^? :i* are 9 ! second :i* are call$ 1 or l$ =w>d4 ,& we may translate ! ,greek by productum 7?is w be a /rictly lit]al translation71 or we may call x & its opposite promotum & remotum1 or z we h said be=e1 we may call 1 prpositum or prcipuum1 & its opposite rejectum4 ,= :5 ! ?+ is und]/ood1 we ought to be v ductile z to ! words :i* we employ4 ,b s9ce we say t ev]y?+ :i* is good holds ! fir/ rank1 x foll[s inevitably t ?is :i* we call prcipuum or prpositum1 mu/ be nei!r good nor bad4 ,& !re=e we def9e x z some?+ indiff]5t1 att5d$ ) a mod]ate e/eem4 ,= t :i* !y call 1 x occurs to me to translate indiff]5s4 ,nor1 inde$1 0 x at all possible t !re %\ld be no?+ left int]m$iate1 :i* 0 ei!r accord+ to nature or contr>y to x2 nor1 :5 t 0 left1 t !re %\ld be no?+ rank$ 9 ?is class :i* 0 tol]ably e/imable2 nor1 if ?is position 7 once e/abli%$1 t !re %\ld n be "s ?+s :i* are pref]r$4 ,?is di/9ction1 !n1 has be5 made ) p]fect propriety1 & ?is simile is employ$ by !m to make ! tru? m easily se54 ,= z1 say !y1 if we 7 to suppose ?is to be1 z x 71 ! end & greate/ ( goods1 to ?r[ a die 9 su* a mann] t x %\ld /& upright1 !n ! die :i* is ?r[n 9 su* a mann] z to fall upright1 w h "s p>ticul> ?+ pref]r$ z its end1 & vice v]s4 ,& yet t pref]5ce ( ! die w h no ref]5ce to ! end ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+4 ,s ^? ?+s :i* h be5 pref]r$ are ref]r$ inde$ to ! end1 b h no ref]5ce at all to its =ce or nature4 ,next comes t division1 t ( goods "s h ref]5ce to t end 7= s ,i express ^? :i* !y call 1 = we mu/ "h1 z we h said be=e1 endure to express 9 _m words1 :at we _c express by "o s z to be ?or\ghly intelligible17 "s are effici5t causes1 & "s are bo? toge!r4 ,b ( ^? :i* h ref]5ce to t end1 no?+ is good except hon\rable actions2 ( ^? :i* are effici5t causes1 no?+ is good except a fri5d4 ,b !y ass]t t wisdom is bo? a ref]5tial & an effici5t good4 ,=1 because wisdom is suitable action1 x is ( t ref]5tial "* :i* ,i h m5tion$2 b inasmu* z x br+s & causes hon\rable actions1 x may be s f> call$ effici5t4 ,,xvii4 ,n[ ^! ?+s :i* we h spok5 ( z pref]r$1 are pref]r$ "s = _! own sake1 "s because !y effect some?+ else1 & "s = bo? reasons4 ,"s are pref]r$ = _! own sake1 su* z "s p>ticul> appe>ance or expression ( c\nt5ance1 "s p>ticul> k9d ( gait1 or motion1 9 :i* !re are "s ?+s :i* may well be pref]r$1 & "s :i* may be reject$4 ,o!rs are said to be pref]r$ because !y produce some?+1 z money2 & o!rs = a comb9ation ( bo? reasons1 z s\ndness ( ! s5ses1 or good heal?4 ,b respect+ good reputation1 7= :at !y call is m prop]ly call$1 9 ?is place1 good reputation ?an glory17 ,*rysippus & ,diog5es d5i$ its :ole utility1 & us$ to say t "o ought n ev5 to put =? a f+] = ! sake ( x1 ) :om ,i entirely & he>tily agree4 ,b ^? :o came aft] !m1 be+ unable to )/& ! argum5ts ( ,c>neades1 said t ?is good reputation1 z ,i call x1 0 pref]r$ = its own sake1 & ought to be *os5 = its own sake1 & t x 0 natural = a man ( good family1 :o _h be5 prop]ly br\ght up1 to wi% to be prais$ by 8 p>5ts1 8 relations1 & by good m5 9 g5]al1 & t too = ! sake ( ! praise itself1 & n ( any advantage :i* might ensue f x4 ,& !y say1 too1 t z we wi% to provide = our *ildr51 ev5 = su* z may be po/hum\s *ildr51 = _! own sake1 s we ought also to %[ a reg>d = po/hum\s fame aft] our dea?1 = its own sake1 )\t any ?\ght ( ga9 or advantage4 ,b z we ass]t t :at is hon\rable is ! only good1 /ill x is consi/5t ) ?is ass]tion to dis*>ge "o's duty1 ?\gh we d n class duty among ei!r ! goods or ! evils4 ,= !re is 9 ^! ?+s "s likelihood1 & t ( su* a nature t reasons c be alleg$ = !re be+ su*2 & !re=e ( su* a nature1 t probable reasons may be adduc$ = adopt+ su* a l9e ( conduct4 ,f :i* x foll[s t duty is a sort ( neutral ?+1 :i* is n to be class$ ei!r among ! goods or among ! opposites ( goods4 ,& s9ce1 9 ^? ?+s :i* are nei!r rank$ among ! virtues nor among ! vices1 !re is /ill some?+ :i* may be ( use2 t is n to be de/roy$4 ,= !re is a c]ta9 action ( t sort1 & t too ( su* a "* t reason requires "o to d & p]=m x4 ,b t :i* is done 9 ob$i5ce to reason we call duty2 duty1 !n1 is a ?+ ( t sort1 t x mu/ n be rank$ ei!r among ! goods or among ! opposites ( goods4 ,,xviii4 ,& ?is also is evid5t1 t 9 ^! natural ?+s ! wise man is n altoge!r inactive4 ,he !re=e1 :5 he acts1 judges t t is 8 duty2 & because he is nev] deceiv$ 9 =m+ 8 judgm5t1 duty mu/ be class$ among neutral ?+s2 & ?is is prov$ also by ?is conclusion ( reason4 ,= s9ce we see t !re is some?+ :i* we pron\nce to h be5 rightly done 7= t is duty :5 accompli%$71 !re mu/ also be some?+ :i* is rightly begun3 z1 if to re/ore :at has be5 ju/ly deposit$ belongs to ! class ( "r actions1 !n x mu/ be class$ among ! duties to re/ore a deposit2 & ! addition ( ! ^w 8ju/ly0 makes ! duty to be rightly p]=m$3 b ! m]e fact ( re/or+ is class$ z a duty4 ,& s9ce x is n d\btful1 t 9 ^? ?+s :i* we call int]m$iate or neutral1 "s ought to be *os5 & o!rs reject$1 :atev] is done or said 9 ?is mann] comes "u ! head ( ord9>y duty4 ,& f ?is x is und]/ood1 s9ce all m5 naturally love !mselves1 t a fool is z sure z a wise man to *oose :at is 9 accordance ) nature1 & to reject :at is contr>y to x2 & s !re is "o duty 9 common bo? to wise m5 & to fools2 f :i* x foll[s t duty is conv]sant ab\t ^? ?+s :i* we call neutral4 ,b s9ce all duties proce$ f ^! ?+s1 x is n )\t reason t x is said t all our ?\ghts are ref]r$ to ^! ?+s1 & among !m our dep>ture f life1 & our rema9+ 9 life4 ,= he 9 :om !re are _m ?+s :i* are 9 accordance ) nature1 8 duty x is to rema9 9 life2 b z to ! man 9 :om !re ei!r is or appe>s likely to be a prepond]ance ( ?+s contr>y to nature1 t man's duty is to dep>t f life4 ,f :i* consid]ation x is evid5t1 t x is sometimes ! duty ( a wise man to dep>t f life :5 he is happy1 & sometimes ! duty ( a fool to rema9 9 life ?\gh he is mis]able4 ,= t good & t evil1 z has be5 (t5 said1 comes aft]w>ds4 ,b ^? pr9cipal natural goods1 & ^? :i* hold ! second rank1 & ^? ?+s :i* are opposite to !m1 all come "u ! decision (1 & are matt]s = ! reflection ( ! wise man2 & are1 z x 71 ! subject matt] ( wisdom4 ,!re=e ! "q ( rema9+ 9 life1 or ( emigrat+ f x1 is to be measur$ by all ^? circum/ances :i* ,i h m5tion$ above2 = dea? is n to be s\ght = by ^? m5 :o are reta9$ 9 life by virtue1 nor by ^? :o are de/itute ( virtue4 ,b x is (t5 ! duty ( a wise man to dep>t f life1 :5 he is ?or\ghly happy1 if x is 9 8 p[] to d s opportunely2 & t is liv+ 9 a mann] suitable to nature1 = _! maxim is1 t liv+ happily dep5ds ^u opportunity4 ,!re=e a rule is laid d[n by wisdom1 t if x be necess>y a wise man is ev5 to leave h] h]self4 ,:]e=e1 z vice has n su* p[] z to af=d a ju/ify+ cause = volunt>y dea?1 x is evid5t t x is ! duty ev5 ( fools1 & ( ^? too :o are mis]able1 to rema9 9 life1 if !y are surr\nd$ by a prepond]ance ( ^? ?+s :i* we call accord+ to nature4 ,& s9ce su* a man is equally mis]able1 :e!r dep>t+ f life1 or abid+ 9 x1 & s9ce ! duration ( mis]y is n any ! m a cause = flee+ f life1 !re=e x is n a causeless ass]tion1 t ^? m5 :o h ! p[] ( enjoy+ ! greate/ numb] ( natural goods1 ought to abide 9 life4 ,,xix4 ,b !y ?9k x is v important ) ref]5ce to ?is subject1 t x %\ld be und]/ood t x is ! "w ( nature1 t *ildr5 are belov$ by _! p>5ts2 & t ?is is ! fir/ pr9ciple f :i* we may trace ! :ole progress ( ! common society ( ! human race4 ,& t ?is may be inf]r$1 9 ! fir/ place1 f ! figure & memb]s ( ! body1 :i* ( !mselves decl>e t a due reg>d = ev]y?+ connect$ ) g5]ation has be5 exhibit$ by nature2 nor c ^! two ?+s possibly be consi/5t ) "o ano!r1 t nature %\ld desire t (fspr+ %\ld be propagat$1 & yet take no c>e t :at is propagat$ %\ld be lov$4 ,b ev5 9 bea/s ! p[] ( nature may be disc]n$2 = :5 we see su* lab\r be/[$ ^u ! br++ =? & be>+ ( _! (fspr+1 we seem to be he>+ ! voice ( nature h]self4 ,:]e=e1 z x is evid5t t we are by nature av]se to pa92 s also x is cle> t we are impell$ by nature h]self to love ^? ^: exi/5ce we h caus$4 ,& f ?is x arises t !re is su* a recomm5dation by nature ( "o man to ano!r1 t "o man ought nev] to appe> unfri5dly to ano!r1 = ! simple reason t he is a man4 ,= z among ! limbs "s appe> to be creat$ = !mselves z x 71 z ! eyes & e>s2 o!rs assi/ ! re/ ( ! limbs1 z ! legs & h&s2 s !re are "s mon/r\s bea/s born = !mselves alone3 b t fi% :i* floats 9 an op5 %ell & is call$ ! p9na1 & t o!r :i* swims out ( ! %ell1 &1 because x is a gu>d to ! o!r1 is call$ ! p9not]es1 & :5 x has )drawn )9 ! %ell aga91 is %ut up 9 x1 s t x appe>s t x has giv5 x w>n+ to be on its gu>d2 & also ants1 & bees1 & /orks1 d some?+ = ! sake ( o!rs4 ,mu* m is ?is ! case ) ref]5ce to ! union ( m54 ,& !re=e we are by nature adapt$ = companion%ip1 = tak+ c\nsel toge!r1 = =m+ /ates4 ,b !y ?9k t ?is _w is regulat$ by ! wisdom ( ! gods1 & t x is1 z x 71 a common city & /ate ( m5 & gods1 & t e individual ( u is a "p ( ! _w4 ,f :i* t appe>s to foll[ by nature1 t we %\ld pref] ! g5]al advantage to our own4 ,= z ! laws pref] ! g5]al safety to t ( individuals1 s a good & wise man1 & "o :o obeys ! laws & :o is n ignorant ( 8 duty z a citiz51 consults ! g5]al advantage r ?an t ( any p>ticul> individual1 or ev5 ?an 8 own4 ,nor is a betray] ( 8 c\ntry m to be blam$1 ?an "o :o des]ts ! g5]al advantage or ! g5]al safety on acc\nt ( 8 own private advantage or safety4 ,f :i* x also foll[s1 t t man des]ves to be prais$ :o enc\nt]s dea? volunt>ily = ! sake ( ! republic1 because x is "r t ! republic %\ld be de>] to u ?an ourselves4 ,& s9ce x is said to be a wick$ ?+1 & contr>y to human nature1 = a man to say t he w\ld n c>e if1 aft] 8 own dea?1 a g5]al conflagration ( ! :ole _w 7 to happ51 :i* is (t5 utt]$ 9 a ,greek7#dg7 v]se2 s x is c]ta9ly true t we ought to consult ! int]e/s ( ^? :o are to come aft] u1 = ! sake ( ! love :i* we be> !m4 ,,xx4 ,x is 9 ?is disposition ( m9d t wills1 & ! recomm5dations ( dy+ p]sons1 h orig9at$4 ,& because no "o w\ld l to pass 8 life 9 solitude1 n ev5 if surr\nd$ ) an inf9ite abundance ( pleasures1 x is easily p]ceiv$ t we are born = communion & fell[%ip ) man1 & = natural associations4 ,b we are impell$ by nature to wi% to b5efit z _m p]sons z possible1 especially by in/ruct+ !m & deliv]+ !m precepts ( prud5ce4 ,!re=e1 x is n easy to f9d a man :o does n communicate to "s o!r :at he kn[s himself2 s prone are we n only to le>n1 b also to tea*4 ,& z ! pr9ciple is by nature implant$ 9 bulls to fight 9 behalf ( _! calves ) ! greate/ vig\r & e>ne/ness1 ev5 aga9/ lions2 s ^? :o are ri* or p[]ful1 & are able to d s1 are excit$ by nature to pres]ve ! race ( mank9d1 z we h he>d by tradition 0 ! case ) ,h]cules & ,lib]a4 ,& also :5 we call ,jupit] all-p[]ful & all-good1 & likewise :5 we speak ( him z ! salut>y god1 ! hospitable god1 or z ,/ator1 we mean x to be und]/ood t ! safety ( m5 is "u 8 protection4 ,b x is v inconsi/5t1 :5 we are disreg>d$ & despis$ by "o ano!r1 to entreat1 t we may be de> to & belov$ by ! immortal gods4 ,z1 !re=e1 we make use ( our limbs be=e we h le>nt ! exact advantage ) a view to :i* we are end[$ ) !m1 s also we are unit$ & associat$ by nature 9 a community ( fell[-citiz5s4 ,& if ?is 7 n ! case1 !re w\ld be no room = ei!r ju/ice or b5evol5ce4 ,& z m5 ?9k t !re are bonds ( "r :i* connect man ) man1 s also !re is no law :i* connects man ) ! bea/s4 ,= well did ,*rysippus say1 t all o!r animals h be5 born = ! sake ( m5 & ( ! gods2 b t m5 & gods h be5 born only = ! sake ( _! own mutual communion & society1 s t m5 might be able to use bea/s = _! own advantage )\t any violation ( law or "r4 ,& s9ce ! nature ( man is su* t he has1 z x 71 a sort ( "r ( citiz5%ip connect+ him ) ! :ole human race1 a man :o ma9ta9s t "r is j1 & he :o dep>ts f x is unju/4 ,b z1 al?\gh a !atre is publicly op51 /ill x may be fairly said t ! place :i* ea* individual has occupi$ belongs to him2 s 9 a city1 or 9 ! _w1 :i* is likewise common to all1 !re is no pr9ciple ( "r :i* h9d]s ea* individual f hav+ 8 own private prop]ty4 ,b s9ce we see t man has be5 born = ! purpose ( def5d+ & pres]v+ m51 s x is consi/5t ) ?is nature t a wise man %\ld wi% to manage & regulate ! republic2 &1 9 ord] to live 9 compliance ) nature1 to m>ry a wife & beget *ildr54 ,nor d philosoph]s ?9k virtu\s love inconsi/5t ) a wise man4 ,b o!rs say t ! pr9ciples & life ( ! ,cynics are m suit$ to a wise man2 if1 inde$1 any *ance %\ld befal him :i* might compel him to act 9 su* a mann]2 :ile o!rs :olly d5y x4 ,,xxi4 ,b 9 ord] t ! society1 & union1 & affection betwe5 man & man may be completely pres]v$1 !y h laid x d[n t all b5efits & injuries1 :i* !y call & 1 are likewise common2 ( :i* ! =m] are advantage\s1 & ! latt] injuri\s4 ,nor h !y be5 cont5t$ ) call+ !m common1 b !y h also ass]t$ _! equality4 ,b z = disadvantages & advantages1 7by :i* words ,i translate & 17 ^? !y ass]t to be common1 b !y d5y t !y are equal4 ,= ^? ?+s :i* pr(it or :i* injure are ei!r good or evil2 & !y mu/ necess>ily be equal4 ,b advantages & disadvantages are ( t k9d :i* we h already call$ ?+s pref]r$ or reject$2 & !y _c be equal4 ,b advantages are said to be common2 b ?+s done rightly1 & s9s1 are n consid]$ common4 ,b !y ?9k t fri5d%ip is to be cultivat$ because x is "o ( t class ( ?+s :i* is pr(itable4 ,b al?\gh1 9 fri5d%ip1 "s p ass]t t ! int]e/ ( a man's fri5d is z de> to him z 8 own2 o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 cont5d t e man has a great] reg>d = 8 own4 ,yet ^! latt] confess t x is inconsi/5t ) ju/ice1 = :i* we seem to be born1 to take any?+ f ano!r = ! purpose ( appropriat+ x to oneself4 ,b philosoph]s ( ?is s*ool :i* ,i am speak+ (1 nev] approve ( ei!r fri5d%ip or ju/ice be+ ex]cis$ or sanction$ = ! sake ( its usefulness3 = !y say t ! same pr9ciples ( usefulness may1 at times1 und]m9e or ov]turn !m4 ,9 tru?1 nei!r ju/ice nor fri5d%ip c h any exi/5ce at all1 unless !y be s\ght = _! own sake4 ,!y cont5d also t all "r1 :i* has any pret5ce to ! "n & appellation1 is s by nature2 & t x is inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( a wise man1 n only to d any inju/ice to any "o1 b ev5 to d him any damage4 ,nor is x "r to make su* a league ) "o's fri5ds z to %>e 9 all _! good de$s1 or to become a p>tn] 9 e act ( inju/ice2 & !y argue1 ) ! greate/ dignity & tru?1 t ju/ice c nev] be sep>at$ f usefulness3 & t :atev] is j & equitable is also hon\rable2 &1 reciprocally1 t :atev] is hon\rable mu/ be also j & equitable4 ,& to ^? virtues :i* we h discuss$1 !y also add dialectics & natural philosophy2 & !y call bo? ^! sci5ces by ! "n ( virtues3 "o1 because x has reason1 s z to prev5t our ass5t+ to any false proposition1 or be+ ev5 deceiv$ by any plausible probability2 & to enable u to ma9ta9 & def5d :at we 7 say+ ab\t good & evil4 ,= )\t ?is act !y ?9k t any "o may be l$ away f ! tru? & deceiv$2 accord+ly1 if ra%ness & ignorance is 9 e case vici\s1 ?is p[] :i* removes !m is prop]ly nam$ virtue4 ,,xxii4 ,! same hon\r is also attribut$ to natural philosophy1 & n )\t reason1 because ! man :o wi%es to live 9 a mann] suitable to nature1 mu/ beg9 by /udy+ ! univ]sal _w1 & ! laws :i* gov]n x4 ,nor c any "o =m a correct judgm5t ( good & evil )\t be+ acqua9t$ ) ! :ole sy/em ( nature1 & ( ! life ( ! gods also1 & )\t kn[+ :e!r or n ! nature ( man agrees ) univ]sal nature4 ,he mu/ also h le>nt ! anci5t rules ( ^? wise m5 :o bid m5 yield to ! times1 & obey ,god1 & "k oneself1 & %un e k9d ( excess4 ,n[1 )\t a k ( natural philosophy1 no man c see :at great p[] ^! rules h2 & x is z great z c be3 & also ?is is ! only k :i* c tea* a man h[ greatly nature assi/s 9 ! cultivation ( ju/ice1 9 ! ma9t5ance ( fri5d%ip & ! re/ ( ! affections4 ,nor c piety t[>ds ! ,gods1 nor ! gratitude :i* is due to !m1 be prop]ly und]/ood & appreciat$ )\t a correct und]/&+ ( ! laws ( nature4 ,b ,i feel n[ t ,i h advanc$ fur!r ?an ,i _h int5d$1 or ?an ! subject be=e me requir$4 ,b ! admirable arrangem5t ( ! ,/oic doctr9e1 & ! incr$ible beauty ( ! sy/em1 drew me on4 ,&1 9 ! "n ( ! immortal gods6 c y =be> to admire x8 ,= :at is !re 9 all nature--?\gh no?+ is bett] or m accurately adapt$ to its ends ?an t--or :at c be f\nd 9 any "w made by ! h&1 s well arrang$1 & unit$1 & put toge!r8 ,:at is !re :i* is po/]ior1 :i* does n agree ) :at has prec$$ x8 ,:at is !re :i* foll[s1 & does n correspond to :at has gone be=e8 ,:at is !re :i* is n connect$ ) some?+ else 9 su* a mann]1 t if y only move "o lett] ! :ole w fall to pieces8 ,nor1 inde$1 is !re any?+ :i* c be mov$4 ,b :at a gr& & magnific5t & consi/5t "* is t ( ! wise man :i* is drawn by !m6 ,= he1 aft] reason has taught him t t :i* is hon\rable is alone good1 mu/ inevitably be always happy1 & mu/ h a g5u9e "r to ^? names :i* are (t5 ridicul$ by ! ignorant4 ,= he w be m prop]ly call$ k+ ?an ,t>qu91 :o 0 able to gov]n nei!r himself nor 8 family2 he w des]ve to be call$ ! ma/] ( ! p m ?an ,sylla1 :o 0 only ! ma/] ( ?ree pe/if]\s vices1 luxury1 av>ice1 & cruelty2 he w be call$ ri* m prop]ly ?an ,crassus1 :o w\ld nev] h desir$ to cross ! ,euphrates )\t any legitimate cause = w>1 if he _h n be5 9 want ( some?+4 ,ev]y?+ w be prop]ly said to belong to t man1 :o alone kn[s h[ to make use ( ev]y?+4 ,he w also rightly be call$ beautiful1 = ! features ( ! m9d are m beautiful ?an ^? ( ! body3 he w des]v$ly be call$ ! only free man1 :o is nei!r subject to ! dom9ation ( any "o1 nor subs]vi5t to 8 own passions4 ,he w fairly be call$ inv9cible1 on ^: m9d1 ev5 ?\gh 8 body be b\nd ) *a9s1 no fett]s c ev] be impos$4 ,nor w he wait till ! la/ p]iod ( 8 life1 s z to h x decid$ :e!r he has be5 happy or n1 aft] he has come to ! la/ day ( life & clos$ 8 eyes 9 dea?1 9 ! _s ( ! w>n+ :i* "o ( ! wise m5 gave to ,crsus1 )\t %[+ mu* wisdom 9 s do+4 ,= if he _h ev] be5 happy1 !n he w\ld h borne 8 happy life ) him1 ev5 z f> z ! fun]al pile built = him by ,cyrus4 ,b if x be true t no "o except a good man is happy1 & t all good m5 are happy1 !n :at des]ves to be cultivat$ m ?an philosophy1 or :at is m div9e ?an virtue8 ,f\r? ,book ,( ,! ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,i4 ,& :5 he _h made an end ( say+ ^! ?+s1 ,i repli$1 ,truly1 ,o ,cato1 y h display$ a wond]ful memory 9 expla9+ to u su* a numb] ( ?+s1 & 9 lay+ su* obscure ?+s s cle>ly be=e u4 ,s t we mu/ ei!r give up hav+ any mean+ or wi% contr>y to :at y h said1 or else we mu/ take "t to delib]ate3 = x is n easy to le>n ?or\ghly ! pr9ciples ( a s*ool :i* has n only _h its f\ndation laid1 b :i* has ev5 be5 built up ) su* dilig5ce1 al?\gh p]haps ) "s errors z to its tru?1 7:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i w n z yet d>e to affirm17 b at all ev5ts ) su* c>e & accuracy4 ,!n1 said he1 is t :at y say1 :5 ,i h se5 y1 9 ob$i5ce to ?is new law1 reply to ! prosecutor on ! same day on :i* he has br\ght =w>d 8 *>ge1 & sum up = ?ree h\rs2 & !n d y ?9k t ,i am go+ to all[ an adj\rnm5t 9 ?is cause8 :i*1 h[ev]1 w n be conduct$ by y bett] ?an ^? :i* are at times entru/$ to y4 ,:]e=e1 ,i desire t y w n[ apply y\rself to ?is "o1 especially z x has be5 h&l$ by o!rs1 & also by y\rself sev]al times2 s t y _c be at a loss = argum5ts or language4 ,i repli$1 ,i d n1 9 tru?1 v5ture to argue inconsid]ately aga9/ ! ,/oics1 n because ,i agree ) !m 9 any great degree1 b ,i am h9d]$ by %ame2 because !y say s mu* t ,i h>dly und]/&4 ,i confess1 said he1 t "s ( our argum5ts are obscure2 n t we make !m s on purpose1 b because !re is "s obscurity 9 ! subjects !mselves4 ,:y1 !n1 said ,i1 :5 ! ,p]ipatetics discuss ! same subjects1 does n a s+le ^w occur :i* is n well und]/ood8 ,d !y discuss ! same subjects8 said he2 or h ,i fail$ to prove to y t ! ,/oics diff] f ! ,p]ipatetics1 n 9 words only1 b 9 ! :ole ( ! subject1 & 9 e "o ( _! op9ions8 ,b1 said ,i1 if1 ,o ,cato1 y c e/abli% t1 ,i w all[ y to c>ry me ov]1 body & s\l1 to y\r s*ool4 ,i did ?9k1 said he1 t ,i _h said en\gh on t po9t2 :]e=e answ] me on t head fir/1 if y please2 & aft]w>ds y c advance :at argum5ts y please4 ,i d n ?9k x too mu*1 said ,i1 if ,i claim to answ] y on t topic z ,i myself please4 ,z y w1 said he2 = al?\gh ! o!r way w\ld h be5 m common1 yet x is only fair to all[ e "o to adopt 8 own me?od4 ,,ii4 ,i ?9k1 !n1 said ,i1 ,o ,cato1 t ^? anci5t pupils ( ,plato1 ,speusippus1 ,ari/otle & ,x5ocrates1 & aft]w>ds _! pupils1 ,polemo & ,!ophra/us1 _h a sy/em laid d[n ) suffici5t ri*ness & eloqu5ce ( language2 s t ,z5o _h no reason1 aft] hav+ be5 a pupil ( ,polemo1 = des]t+ him & 8 pr$ecessors :o _h e/abli%$ ?is s*ool4 ,& 9 ?is s*ool ,i %\ld l y to obs]ve :at y ?9k ought to be *ang$1 & n to wait :ile ,i am reply+ to ev]y?+ :i* has be5 said by y4 ,= ,i ?9k t ,i mu/ cont5d ) ! :ole ( _! sy/em1 aga9/ ! :ole ( y\rs4 ,& z ^! m5 said t we are born ) ! view ( be+ g5]ally well adapt$ to ^? virtues :i* are well kn[n & conspicu\s1 ,i mean ju/ice & temp]ance1 & o!rs ( ! same k9d1 all :i* resemble ! o!r arts1 & diff] only = ! bett] 9 _! subject matt] & way ( h&l+2--& z !y saw t we desir$ ^? v virtues 9 a some:at magnific5t & ard5t _s2 & t we _h also a c]ta9 in/ruction1 or1 ,i %\ld r say1 innate desire ( k2 & t we 7 born = companion%ip ) m51 & = society & communion ) ! human race1 & t ^! qualities are mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! greate/ g5iuses2--!y divid$ all philosophy into ?ree p>ts2 & we see t ?is same division 0 reta9$ by ,z5o3 & z "o ( ^! p>ts is t by :i* ! mann]s are ?\ght to be =m$1 ,i po/pone ! consid]ation ( t "p1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! f\ndation ( ?is "q4 ,= :at is ! *ief good ,i w discuss pres5tly2 b at ?is mom5t ,i only say t t topic :i* ,i ?9k we %all be "r 9 call+ ! civil "o1 & :i* ! ,greeks call 1 has be5 treat$ ( 9 a dignifi$ & copi\s mann] by ! anci5t ,p]ipatetics & ,academicians :o1 agree+ 9 p>ts1 diff]$ f "o ano!r only 9 words4 ,,iii4 ,h[ _m books h ^! m5 writt5 on ! republic6 h[ _m on laws6 ,h[ _m precepts 9 art1 &1 m ?an t1 h[ _m in/ances ( good speak+ 9 orations h !y bequea!d to u6 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y said ) ! greate/ degree ( poli% & fitness ^? v ?+s :i* 7 to be argu$ 9 a subtle mann]1 lay+ d[n bo? def9itions & divisions3 z y\r fri5ds h also done3 b y h done x 9 a m %abby mann]2 :ile y see h[ brilliant _! language is4 ,9 ! second place1 ) :at spl5did language h !y adorn$ t "p ( ! subject :i* requir$ ornate & impressive eloqu5ce6 h[ glori\sly h !y illu/rat$ x6 discuss+ ju/ice1 & =titude1 & fri5d%ip1 & ! me?od ( pass+ life1 & philosophy1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate1 & temp]ance1 n l m5 pick+ out ?orns1 l ! ,/oics1 or lay+ b>e ! bones1 b l m5 :o knew h[ to h&le great subjects elegantly1 & less] ones cle>ly4 ,:at1 !re=e1 are _! consolations8 ,:at are _! exhortations8 ,:at also are _! w>n+s & advice writt5 to ! mo/ em95t m58 ,= _! practice 9 speak+ 01 l ! nature ( ! ?+s !mselves1 ( a two-fold "*4 ,= :atev] is made a "q (1 conta9s a controv]sy ei!r z to ! g5us itself1 )\t ref]5ce to p]sons or times2 or else1 ) ^! additions1 a dispute z to ! fact1 or ! "r1 or ! "n4 ,& !re=e1 !y ex]cis$ !mselves 9 bo? k9ds2 & t discipl9e x 0 :i* produc$ t great copi\sness ( eloqu5ce among !m 9 bo? k9ds ( argum5tation4 ,n[ ,z5o1 & ^? :o imitat$ him1 7 ei!r unable to d mu* 9 ?is k9d ( argum5t1 or else 7 unwill+1 or at all ev5ts !y did n d x4 ,al?\gh ,clean!s wrote a treatise on ! art ( rhetoric1 & s too did ,*rysippus1 b /ill 9 su* a mann]1 t if any "o 7 to wi% to be sil5t1 he ought to read no?+ else4 ,!re=e y see h[ !y speak4 ,!y inv5t new words--!y ab&on old e/abli%$ t]ms4 ,b :at great attempts d !y make8 ,!y say t ?is univ]sal _w is our t[n2 accord+ly1 ?is excites ^? :o he> su* a /atem5t4 ,y see1 n[1 h[ great a bus9ess y are und]tak+2 to make a man :o lives at ,circeii believe t ?is univ]sal _w is m]ely a t[n = himself to live 94 ,:at w be ! end ( ?is8 ,%all he set fire to x8 ,he w r ext+ui% x1 if he has receiv$ x on fire4 ,! next ?+ said is t li/ ( titles :i* y briefly enum]at$1--k+1 dictator1 ri* man1 ! only wise man2 words p\r$ out by y decor\sly & r\ndly3 !y well might be1 = y h le>nt !m f ! orators4 ,b h[ vague & unsub/antial are ^? spee*es ab\t ! p[] ( virtue6 :i* !y make out to be s great t x c1 by itself1 secure ! happ9ess ( man4 ,!y prick u ) n>r[ little bits ( que/ions z ) p9s2 & ^? :o ass5t to !m are n at all *ang$ 9 _! m9ds1 & g away ! same z !y came3 = matt]s :i* are p]haps true1 & :i* c]ta9ly are important1 are n h&l$ z !y ought to be1 b 9 a m m9ute & petty mann]4 ,,iv4 ,! next ?+ is ! pr9ciple ( argu+1 & ! k ( nature4 ,= we w exam9e ! *ief good pres5tly1 z ,i said be=e1 & apply ! :ole discussion to ! explanation ( x4 ,!re 01 !n1 9 ^? two p>ts no?+ :i* ,z5o wi%$ to alt]4 ,= ! :ole ?+1 9 bo? its divisions1 is 9 an excell5t /ate2 = :at has be5 omitt$ by ! anci5ts 9 t k9d ( argum5t :i* is ( influ5ce 9 discussion8 ,= !y h bo? giv5 _m def9itions1 & h bequea!d to u titles = def9+2 & t important addition to def9ition1 ,i mean ! divid+ ( ! subject into p>ts1 is bo? done by !m1 & !y h also left u rules to enable u to d s too2 & ,i may say ! same ( contr>ies2 f :i* !y came to g5]a1 & to ! =ms ( g5]a4 ,n[1 !y make ^? ?+s :i* !y call evid5t1 ! beg9n+ ( an argum5t conclud$ by reason3 !n !y foll[ an ord]ly arrangem5t2 & ! conclusion at la/ %[s :at is true 9 ! sep>ate propositions4 ,b :at a great v>iety ( argum5ts1 :i* lead to conclusions accord+ to reason1 d !y give u1 & h[ dissimil> are !y to capti\s que/ions6 ,:at %all we say ( _! d5\nc+1 z x 71 9 _m places1 t we ought nei!r entirely to tru/ our s5ses :5 unsupport$ by reason1 nor reason :5 unsupport$ by our s5ses2 b t1 at ! same "t1 we ought to keep ! l9e betwe5 ! two cle>ly m>k$8 ,:at %all ,i say m8 ,7 n all ! precepts :i* ! dialecticians n[ deliv] & tea*1 orig9ally discov]$ & e/abli%$ by !m8 ,& al?\gh !y 7 v mu* elaborat$ by ,*rysippus1 /ill !y 7 mu* less practis$ by ,z5o ?an by ! anci5ts4 ,& !re 7 sev]al ?+s 9 :i* he did n improve on ! anci5ts2 & "s :i* he nev] t\*$ at all4 ,& z !re are two arts by :i* reason & oratory are br\ght to complete p]fection1 "o t ( discov]+1 ! o!r t ( argu+1--bo? ! ,/oics & ,p]ipatetics h h&$ u d[n ?is latt]1 b ! ,p]ipatetics alone h giv5 u rules = ! =m]1 :ile ! ,/oics h altoge!r avoid$ x4 ,= ! m5 ( y\r s*ool nev] ev5 suspect$ ! places f :i* argum5ts might be drawn z out ( magaz9es2 b ! ,p]ipatetics taught a regul> sy/em & me?od4 ,& ! consequ5ce is1 t x is n necess>y = "o n[ to be always repeat+ a sort ( dictat$ lesson on ! same subject1 or to be afraid to g beyond "o's note-books3 = he :o kn[s :]e ev]y?+ is plac$1 & h[ he c arrive at x1 ev5 if any?+ be completely buri$1 w be able to dig x up1 & w always h 8 wits ab\t him 9 e discussion4 ,& al?\gh m5 :o are end[$ ) great abilities1 atta9 to a c]ta9 copi\sness ( eloqu5ce )\t any def9ite pr9ciples ( oratory1 /ill art is a sur] guide ?an nature4 ,= x is "o ?+ to p\r out words aft] ! fa%ion ( poets1 & ano!r to di/+ui% on settl$ pr9ciples & rules all t y say4 ,v4 ,simil> ?+s may be said ab\t ! explanation ( natural philosophy1 :i* bo? ! ,p]ipatetics & ,/oics apply !mselves to2 & t n on two acc\nts only1 z ,epicurus ?9ks1 namely1 to get rid ( ! fe>s ( dea? & ( religion2 b besides ?is1 ! k ( heav5ly ?+s imp>ts "s degree ( mode/y to ^? :o see :at great mod]ation & :at admirable ord] !re is likewise among ! gods3 x inspires !m also ) magnanimity :5 !y contemplate ! arts & works ( ! gods2 & ju/ice1 too1 :5 !y come to "k h[ great is ! p[] & wisdom1 & :at ! w is also1 ( ! supreme rul] & ma/] ( ! _w1 ^: reason1 9 accordance ) nature1 is call$ by philosoph]s ! true & supreme law4 ,!re is 9 ! same /udy ( nature1 an insatiable k9d ( pleasure d]iv$ f ! k ( ?+s2 ! only pleasure 9 :i*1 :5 all our necess>y actions are p]=m$1 & :5 we are free f bus9ess1 we c live hon\rably1 & z becomes free m54 ,!re=e1 9 ! :ole ( ?is ratioc9ation on subjects ( ! v highe/ importance1 ! ,/oics h = ! mo/ "p foll[$ ! ,p]ipatetics2 s f> at all ev5ts z to admit t !re are gods1 & to ass]t t ev]y?+ consi/s ( "o ( f\r elem5ts4 ,b :5 an exce$+ly difficult "q 0 propos$1 namely1 :e!r !re did n seem to be a sort ( fif? nature f :i* reason & intellig5ce sprang2 79 :i* "q ano!r 0 involv$ respect+ ! m9d1 z to :at class t belong$ to27 ,z5o said t x 0 fire2 & !n he said a few m ?+s--v few1 9 a novel mann]2 b conc]n+ ! mo/ important po9t ( all1 he spoke 9 ! same way1 ass]t+ t ! univ]sal _w1 & all its mo/ important p>ts1 7 regulat$ by ! div9e intellect & nature ( ! gods4 ,b z = ! matt] & ri*ness ( facts1 we %all f9d ! ,/oics v poorly (f1 b ! ,p]ipatetics v ri*4 ,:at numb]s ( facts h be5 inve/igat$ & accumulat$ by !m ) respect to ! g5us1 & bir?1 & limbs1 & age ( all k9ds ( animals6 & 9 l mann] ) respect to ^? ?+s :i* are produc$ out ( ! e>?6 ,h[ _m causes h !y develop$1 & 9 :at num]\s cases1 :y ev]y?+ is done1 & :at num]\s demon/rations h !y laid op5 h[ ev]y?+ is done6 ,& f ?is copi\sness ( !irs mo/ abundant & und5iable argum5ts are d]iv$ = ! explanation ( ! nature ( ev]y?+4 ,!re=e1 z f> z ,i und]/&1 !re is no necessity at all = any *ange ( "n4 ,= x does n foll[ t1 ?\gh he may h diff]$ f ! ,p]ipatetics 9 "s po9ts1 he did n arise out ( !m4 ,& ,i1 inde$1 consid] ,epicurus1 z f> z 8 natural philosophy is conc]n$1 z only ano!r ,democritus3 he alt]s v few ( 8 doctr9es2 & ,i %\ld ?9k him s ev5 if he _h *ang$ m3 b 9 num]\s in/ances1 & c]ta9ly on all ! mo/ important po9ts1 he co9cides ) him exactly4 ,& ?\gh ! m5 ( y\r s*ool d ?is1 !y d n %[ suffici5t gratitude to ! orig9al discov]]s4 ,,vi4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 ,let u n[1 ,i beg1 consid] ! *ief good1 :i* conta9s all philosophy1 & see :e!r ,z5o has br\ght =w>d any reason = diss5t+ f ! orig9al discov]]s & p>5ts ( x1 z ,i may call !m4 ,:ile speak+1 !n1 on ?is topic--al?\gh1 ,cato1 ?is summit ( goods1 :i* conta9s all philosophy1 has be5 c>efully expla9$ by y1 & ?\gh y h told u :at is consid]$ s by ! ,/oics1 & 9 :at s5se x is call$ s--yet ,i also w give my explanation1 9 ord] t we may see cle>ly1 if we c1 :at new doctr9e has be5 introduc$ into ! "q by ,z5o4 ,= z prec$+ philosoph]s1 & ,polemo mo/ explicitly ( all1 _h said t ! *ief good 0 to live accord+ to nature1 ! ,/oics say t ?ree ?+s are signifi$ by ^! words3 "o1 t a man %\ld live ex]cis+ a k ( ^? ?+s :i* happ5 by nature2 & !y say t ?is is ! *ief good ( ,z5o1 :o decl>es1 z has be5 said by y1 t x consi/s 9 liv+ 9 a mann] suitable to nature3 ! second mean+ is mu* ! same z if x 7 said t a man ought to live att5d+ to all1 or ne>ly all1 ! natural & int]m$iate duties4 ,b ?is1 :5 expla9$ 9 ?is mann]1 is diff]5t f ! =m]4 ,= ! =m] is "r1 :i* y call$ 1 & x happ5s to ! wise man alone2 b ?is is only a duty :i* is begun & n p]fect$1 & ?is may happ5 to "s :o are f> f be+ wise3 ! ?ird is t a man %\ld live1 enjoy+ all ?+s1 or at lea/ all ! mo/ important ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature2 b ?is does n always dep5d on ourselves1 = x is p]fect$ bo? out ( t k9d ( life :i* is b\nd$ by virtue1 & out ( ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature1 & :i* are n 9 our own p[]4 ,b ?is *ief good1 :i* is und]/ood 9 ! ?ird signification ( ! def9ition1 & t life :i* is pass$ 9 con=mity ) t good1 c happ5 to ! wise man alone1 because virtue is connect$ ) x4 ,& t summit ( good1 z we see x express$ by ! ,/oics !mselves1 0 laid d[n by ,x5ocrates & by ,ari/otle2 & s t fir/ arrangem5t ( ! pr9ciples ( nature1 ) :i* y also began1 is expla9$ by !m 9 almo/ ^! v words4 ,,vii4 ,all nature desires to be a pres]v] ( itself1 9 ord] t x may be bo? safe itself1 & t x may be pres]v$ 9 its k9d4 ,!y say t = ?is end arts h be5 inv5t$ to assi/ nature1 among :i* t is acc\nt$ "o ( ! mo/ important :i* is ! art ( liv+ s z to def5d :at has be5 giv5 by nature1 & to acquire :at is want+2 &1 at ! same "t1 !y h divid$ ! nature ( man into m9d & body4 ,&1 z !y said t ea* ( ^! ?+s 0 desirable = its own sake1 s also !y said t ! virtues ( ea* ( !m 7 desirable = _! own sake4 ,b :5 !y extoll$ ! m9d ) b\ndless praises1 & pref]r$ x to ! body1 !y at ! same "t pref]r$ ! virtues ( ! m9d to ! goods ( ! body4 ,b1 z !y ass]t$ t wisdom 0 ! gu>dian & regulator ( ! entire man1 be+ ! companion & assi/ant ( nature1 !y said t ! especial (fice ( wisdom 0 to def5d ! be+ :o consi/$ ( m9d & body1--to assi/ him & support him 9 ea* p>ticul>4 ,& s1 ! matt] be+ fir/ laid d[n simply1 pursu+ ! re/ ( ! argum5t ) m subtlety1 !y ?\ght t ! goods ( ! body admitt$ ( an easy explanation1 b !y inquir$ m accurately into ^? ( ! m9d4 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 !y f\nd out t !y conta9$ ! se$s ( ju/ice2 & !y 7 ! fir/ ( all philosoph]s to tea* t ! pr9ciple t ^? :i* 7 ! (fspr+ %\ld be belov$ by _! p>5ts1 0 implant$ 9 all animals by nature2 & !y said1 also1 t t :i* prec$es ! bir? ( (fspr+1 9 po9t ( "t1--namely1 ! m>riage ( m5 & wom51--0 a bond ( union sugge/$ by nature1 & t ?is 0 ! root f :i* ! fri5d%ips betwe5 relations sprang4 ,&1 beg9n+ ) ^! fir/ pr9ciples1 !y proce$$ to inve/igate ! orig9 & progress ( all ! virtues2 by :i* c\rse a great magnanimity 0 eng5d]$1 enabl+ !m easily to resi/ & )/& =tune1 because ! mo/ important ev5ts 7 9 ! p[] ( ! wise man2 & a life conduct$ accord+ to ! precepts ( ! anci5t philosoph]s 0 easily sup]ior to all ! *anges & injuries ( =tune4 ,b :5 ^! f\ndations _h be5 laid by nature1 c]ta9 great increases ( good 7 produc$1--"s aris+ f ! contemplation ( m secret ?+s1 because !re is a love ( k innate 9 ! m9d1 9 :i* also ! fondness = expla9+ pr9ciples & = discuss+ !m orig9ates2 & because man is ! only animal :i* has any %>e ( %ame or mode/y2 & because he also covets union & society ) o!r m51 & takes pa9s 9 ev]y?+ :i* he does or says1 t he may d no?+ :i* is n hon\rable & becom+2--^! f\ndations be+1 z ,i h said1 implant$ 9 u by nature l s _m se$s1 temp]ance1 & mode/y1 & ju/ice1 & all virtue1 0 br\ght to complete p]fection4 ,,viii4 ,y "h1 ,o ,cato1 h a sket* ( ! philosoph]s ( :om ,i am speak+2 &1 n[ t ,i h giv5 y ?is1 ,i wi% to "k :at reason !re is :y ,z5o dep>t$ f _! e/abli%$ sy/em2 & :i* ( all _! doctr9es x 0 t he disapprov$ (8 ,did he object to _! call+ all nature a pres]v] ( itself8--or to _! say+ t e animal 0 naturally fond ( itself1 s z to wi% to be safe & un9jur$ 9 its k9d8--or1 z ! end ( all arts is to arrive at :at nature especially requires1 did he ?9k t ! same pr9ciple ought to be laid d[n ) respect to ! art ( ! entire life8--or1 s9ce we consi/ ( m9d & body1 did he ?9k t ^! & _! excell5ces ought to be *os5 = _! own sakes8--or 0 he displeas$ ) ! preem95ce :i* is attribut$ by ! ,p]ipatetics to ! virtue ( ! m9d8--or did he object to :at !y said ab\t prud5ce1 & ! k ( ?+s1 & ! union ( ! human race1 & temp]ance1 & mode/y1 & magnanimity1 & hon\rabl5ess 9 g5]al8 ,! ,/oics mu/ confess t all ^! ?+s 7 excell5tly expla9$ by ! o!rs1 & t !y gave no reason to ,z5o = des]t+ _! s*ool4 ,!y mu/ allege "s o!r excuse4 ,i suppose !y w say t ! errors ( ! anci5ts 7 v great1 & t he1 be+ desir\s ( inve/igat+ ! tru?1 c\ld by no means endure !m4 ,= :at c be m p]v]se--:at c be m intol]able1 or m /upid1 ?an to place good heal?1 & fre$om f all pa91 & s\ndness ( ! eyes & ! re/ ( ! s5ses1 among ! goods1 in/ead ( say+ t !re is no diff]5ce at all betwe5 !m & _! contr>ies8 ,= t all ^? ?+s :i* ! ,p]ipatetics call$ goods1 7 only ?+s pref]able1 n good4 ,& also t ! anci5ts _h be5 v fooli% :5 !y said t ^! excell5ces ( ! body 7 desirable = _! own sake3 !y 7 to be accept$1 b n to be desir$4 ,& ! same might be said ( all ! o!r circum/ances ( life1 :i* consi/s ( no?+ b virtue alone1--t t life :i* is ri* also 9 ! o!r ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature is n m to be desir$ on t acc\nt1 b only m to be accept$2 &1 ?\gh virtue itself makes life s happy t a man _c be happi]1 /ill some?+ is want+ to wise m51 ev5 :5 !y are mo/ completely happy2 & t !y lab\r to repel pa91 disease1 & debility4 ,,ix4 ,oh1 :at a spl5did =ce is !re 9 su* g5ius1 & :at an excell5t reason is ?is = sett+ up a new s*ool6 ,g on2 = x w foll[1--&1 inde$1 y h mo/ le>n$ly adopt$ ! pr9ciple1--t all folly1 & all inju/ice1 & all o!r vices are alike1 & t all errors are equal2 & t ^? :o h made great progress1 ?r\gh natural philosophy & le>n+1 t[>ds virtue1 if !y h n arriv$ at absolute p]fection 9 x1 are completely mis]able1 & t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 _! life & t ( ! mo/ wor?less ( m51--z ,plato1 t greate/ ( m51 if he 0 n ?or\ghly wise1 liv$ no bett]1 & 9 no respect m happily1 ?an ! mo/ wor?less ( m54 ,?is is1 =soo?1 ! ,/oic correction & improvem5t ( ! old philosophy2 b x c nev] f9d any entrance into ! city1 or ! =um1 or ! s5ate-h\se4 ,= :o c\ld endure to he> a man1 :o pr(ess$ to be a tea*] ( h[ to pass life ) dignity & wisdom1 speak+ 9 su* a mann]--alt]+ ! names ( ?+s2 & ?\gh he 0 9 reality ( ! same op9ion z e "o else1 /ill giv+ new names to ! ?+s to :i* he attribut$ j ! same =ce t o!rs did1 )\t propos+ ! lea/ alt]ation 9 ! ideas to be ent]ta9$ ( !m8 ,w\ld ! advocate ( a cause1 :5 summ+ up = a def5dant1 d5y t exile or ! confiscation ( 8 cli5t's prop]ty 0 an evil8--t ^! ?+s 7 to be reject$1 ?\gh n to be fl$ f8--or w\ld he say t a judge ought n to be m]ciful8 ,b if he 7 speak+ 9 ! public assembly1--if ,hannibal _h arriv$ at ! gates & _h driv5 8 javel9 into ! wall1 w\ld he d5y t x 0 an evil to be tak5 prison]1 to be sold1 to be sla91 to lose "o's c\ntry8 ,or c\ld ! s5ate1 :5 x 0 vot+ a triumph to ,africanus1 h express$ itself1--,because by 8 virtue & good =tune 444 if !re c\ld n prop]ly be said to be any virtue or any good =tune except 9 a wise man8 ,:at sort ( a philosophy1 !n1 is t :i* speaks 9 ! ord9>y mann] 9 ! =um1 b 9 a peculi> /yle ( its own 9 books8 especially :51 z !y intimate !mselves 9 all !y say1 no innovations are made by !m 9 ! facts1--none ( ! ?+s !mselves are *ang$1 b !y rema9 exactly ! same1 ?\gh 9 ano!r mann]4 ,= :at diff]5ce does x make :e!r y call ri*es1 & p[]1 & heal? goods1 or only ?+s pref]r$1 z long z ! man :o calls !m goods attributes no m to !m ?an y d :o call !m ?+s pref]r$8 ,!re=e1 ,pantius--a noble & dignifi$ man1 wor?y ( ! intimacy :i* he enjoy$ ) ,scipio & ,llius--:5 he 0 writ+ to ,qu9tus ,tub]o on ! subject ( be>+ pa91 nev] once ass]t$1 :at ought to h be5 8 ma9 argum5t1 if x c\ld h be5 prov$1 t pa9 0 n an evil2 b he expla9$ :at x 01 & :at its "* 01 & :at am\nt ( disagreeabl5ess !re 0 9 x1 & :at 0 ! prop] me?od ( endur+ x2 & 7= he1 too1 0 a ,/oic7 all t prepo/]\s language ( ! s*ool appe>s to me to be condemn$ by ^! s5tim5ts ( 84 ,x4 ,b1 h[ev]1 to come1 ,o ,cato1 m closely to :at y h be5 say+1 let u treat ?is "q m n>r[ly1 & comp>e :at y h j said ) ^? ass]tions :i* ,i pref] to y\rs4 ,n[1 ^? argum5ts :i* y employ 9 common ) ! anci5ts1 we may make use ( z admitt$4 ,b let u1 if y please1 conf9e our discussion to ^? :i* are disput$4 ,i d please1 said he3 ,i am v glad to h ! "q argu$ ) m subtlety1 &1 z y call x1 m closely2 = :at y h hi!rto advanc$ are m]e popul> ass]tions1 b f y ,i expect some?+ m elegant4 ,f me8 said ,i4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w try2 &1 if ,i _c f9d argum5ts en\gh1 ,i w n be above hav+ rec\rse to ^? :i* y call popul>4 ,b let me fir/ lay d[n ?is position1 t we are s recomm5d$ to ourselves by nature1 & t we h ?is pr9cipal desire implant$ 9 u by nature1 t our fir/ wi% is to pres]ve ourselves4 ,?is is agre$4 ,x foll[s1 t we mu/ take notice :at we are1 t s we may pres]ve ourselves 9 t "* ( :i* we ought to be4 ,we are1 !re=e1 m53 we consi/ ( m9d & body1--:i* are ?+s ( a p>ticul> description1--& we ought1 z our fir/ natural desire requires1 to love ^! p>ts ( ourselves1 & f !m to e/abli% ?is summit ( ! *ief & highe/ good1 :i*1 if our fir/ pr9ciples are true1 mu/ be e/abli%$ 9 su* a way z to acquire z _m z possible ( ^? ?+s :i* are 9 accordance ) nature1 & especially all ! mo/ important ( !m4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! *ief good :i* !y aim$ at4 ,i h express$ x m diffusely1--!y call x briefly1 liv+ accord+ to nature4 ,?is is :at appe>s to !m to be ! *ief good4 ,,xi4 ,come1 n[ let !m tea* u1 or r d s y\rself1 7= :o is bett] able87 9 :at way y proce$ f ^! pr9ciples1 & prove t to live hon\rably 7= t is ! mean+ ( liv+ accord+ to virtue1 or 9 a mann] suitable to nature7 is ! *ief good2 & 9 :at mann]1 or 9 :at place1 y on a sudd5 get rid ( ! body1 & leave all ^? ?+s :i*1 z !y are accord+ to nature1 are out ( our own p[]2 &1 la/ly1 h[ y get rid ( duty itself4 ,i ask1 !re=e1 h[ x is t all ^! recomm5dations1 hav+ proce$$ f nature1 are sudd5ly ab&on$ by wisdom8 ,b if x 7 n ! *ief good ( man t we 7 inquir+ into1 b only t ( "s animal1 & if he 7 no?+ except m9d 7= we may make su* a supposition z t1 9 ord] m easily to discov] ! tru?71 /ill ?is *ief good ( y\rs w\ld n belong to t m9d4 ,= x w\ld wi% = good heal?1 = fre$om f pa92 x w\ld also desire ! pres]vation ( itself1 & ! gu>dian%ip ( ^! qualities1 & x w\ld appo9t z its own end to live accord+ to nature1 :i* is1 z ,i h said1 to h ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature1 ei!r all ( !m1 or mo/ ( !m1 & all ! mo/ important ones4 ,= :atev] k9d ( animal y make him out1 x is necess>y1 ev5 ?\gh he be incorporeal1 z we are suppos+ him1 /ill t !re mu/ be 9 ! m9d some?+ l ^? qualities :i* exi/ 9 ! body2 s t ! *ief good _c possibly be def9$ 9 any o!r mann] b t :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,b ,*rysippus1 :5 expla9+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 liv+ creatures1 says1 t "s excel 9 _! bodies1 o!rs 9 _! m9ds1 "s 9 bo?4 ,& !n he argues t !re ought to be a sep>ate *ief good = ea* description ( creature4 ,b z he _h plac$ man 9 su* a class t he attribut$ to him excell5ce ( m9d1 he det]m9$ t 8 *ief good 0 n t he appe>$ to excel 9 m9d1 b t he appe>$ to be no?+ else b m9d4 ,,xii4 ,b 9 "o case ! *ief good might rightly be plac$ 9 virtue alone1 if !re 7 any animal :i* consi/$ :olly ( m9d2 & t1 too1 9 su* a mann] t t m9d _h 9 itself no?+ t 0 accord+ to nature1 z heal? is4 ,b x _c ev5 be imag9$ :at k9d ( ?+ t is1 s z n to be inconsi/5t ) itself4 ,b if he says t "s ?+s are obscure1 & are n visible because !y are v small1 we also admit t2 z ,epicurus says ( pleasure1 t ^? pleasures :i* are v small are (t5 obscur$ & ov]:elm$4 ,b t k9d has n s _m advantages ( body1 nor any :i* la/ s long1 or are s great4 ,!re=e1 9 ^? 9 :i* obscuration foll[s because ( _! littl5ess1 x (t5 happ5s t we confess t x makes no diff]5ce to u :e!r !y exi/ at all or n2 j z :5 ! sun is out1 z y y\rself said1 x is ( no consequ5ce to add ! light ( a c&le1 or to add a p5ny to ! ri*es ( ,crsus4 ,b 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* s great an obscuration does n take place1 x may /ill be ! case1 t ! matt] :i* makes a diff]5ce is ( no great consequ5ce4 ,z if1 :5 a man _h liv$ t5 ye>s agreeably1 an additional mon?'s life ( equal pleasantness 7 giv5 to him1 x w\ld be good1 because any addition has "s p[] to produce :at is agreeable2 b if t is n admitt$1 x does n foll[ t a happ9ess ( life is at once put an end to4 ,b ! goods ( ! body are m l ?is in/ance :i* ,i h j m5tion$4 ,= !y admit ( additions wor?y ( hav+ pa9s tak5 ab\t !m2 s t on ?is po9t ! ,/oics appe> to me sometimes to be jok+1 :5 !y say t1 if a bottle or a comb 7 giv5 z an addition to a life :i* is be+ pass$ ) virtue1 a wise man w\ld r *oose t life1 because ^! additions 7 giv5 to x1 b yet t he w\ld n be happi] on t acc\nt4 ,n[1 is n ?is simile to be upset by ridicule r ?an by s]i\s disc\rse8 ,= :o w\ld n be des]v$ly ridicul$1 if he 7 anxi\s :e!r he _h ano!r bottle or n8 ,b if any "o relieves a p]son f any affection ( ! limbs1 or f ! pa9 ( any disease1 he w receive great gratitude4 ,& if t wise man ( y\rs is put on ! rack ( torture by a tyrant1 he w n display ! same c\nt5ance z if he _h lo/ 8 bottle2 b1 z ent]+ ^u a s]i\s & difficult conte/1 see+ t he w h to fight ) a capital enemy1 namely1 pa91 he w summon up all 8 pr9ciples ( =titude & pati5ce1 by ^: assi/ance he w proce$ to face t difficult & important battle1 z ,i h call$ x4 ,we w n inquire1 !n1 :at is obscur$1 or :at is de/roy$1 because x is some?+ v small2 b :at is ( su* a "* z to complete ! :ole sum ( happ9ess4 ,"o pleasure out ( _m may be obscur$ 9 t life ( pleasure2 b /ill1 h[ev] small an "o x may be1 x is a "p ( t life :i* consi/s :olly ( pleasure4 ,"o co9 is lo/ ( ! ri*es ( ,crsus1 /ill x is a "p ( 8 ri*es4 ,:]e=e ^? ?+s1 too1 :i* we say are accord+ to nature1 may be obscur$ 9 a happy life1 /ill !y mu/ be p>ts ( ! happy life4 ,,xiii4 ,b if1 z we ought to agree1 !re is a c]ta9 natural desire :i* longs = ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature1 !n1 :5 tak5 altoge!r1 !y mu/ be consid]able 9 am\nt4 ,& if ?is po9t is e/abli%$1 !n we may be all[$ to inquire ab\t ^? ?+s at our leisure1 & to inve/igate ! greatness ( !m1 & _! excell5ce1 & to exam9e :at influ5ce ea* has on liv+ happily1 & also to consid] ! v obscurations !mselves1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! smallness1 are sc>cely ev]1 or ,i may say nev]1 visible4 ,:at %\ld ,i say ab\t t z to :i* !re is no dispute8 ,= !re is no "o :o d5ies t t :i* is ! /&>d to :i* ev]y?+ is ref]r$ resembles e nature1 & t is ! *ief ?+ :i* is to be desir$4 ,= e nature is atta*$ to itself4 ,= :at nature is !re :i* ev] des]ts itself1 or any portion ( itself1 or any "o ( its p>ts or faculties1 or1 9 %ort1 any "o ( ^? ?+s1 or motions1 or /ates :i* are 9 accordance ) nature8 ,& :at nature has ev] be5 =getful ( its orig9al purpose & e/abli%m5t8 ,!re has nev] be5 "o :i* does n obs]ve ?is law f fir/ to la/4 ,h[1 !n1 does x happ5 t ! nature ( man is ! only "o :i* ev] ab&ons man1 :i* =gets ! body1 :i* places ! *ief good1 n 9 ! :ole man1 b 9 a "p ( man8 ,& h[1 z !y !mselves admit1 & z is agre$ ^u by all1 w x be pres]v$1 s t t ultimate good ( nature1 :i* is ! subject ( our inquiry1 %all resemble e nature8 ,= x w\ld resemble !m1 if 9 o!r natures also !re 7 "s ultimate po9t ( excell5ce4 ,= !n t w\ld seem to be ! *ief good ( ! ,/oics4 ,:y1 !n1 d y hesitate to alt] ! pr9ciples ( nature8 ,= :y d y say t e animal1 ! mom5t t x is born1 is prone to feel love = itself1 & is occupi$ 9 its own pres]vation8 ,:y d y n r say t e animal is incl9$ to t :i* is mo/ excell5t 9 itself1 & is occupi$ 9 ! gu>dian%ip ( t "o ?+1 & t ! o!r natures d no?+ else b pres]ve t quality :i* is ! be/ 9 ea* ( !m8 ,b h[ c x be ! be/1 if !re is no?+ at all good besides8 ,b if ! o!r ?+s are to be desir$1 :y1 !n1 is n t :i* is ! *ief ( all desirable ?+s inf]r$ f ! desire ( all ^? ?+s1 or ( ! mo/ num]\s & important ( !m8 z ,phidias c ei!r beg9 a /atue f ! beg9n+1 & f9i% x1 or he c take "o :i* has be5 begun by ano!r1 & complete t4 ,n[ wisdom is l ?is3 = wisdom is n h]self ! p>5t ( man1 b %e has receiv$ him aft] he has be5 comm5c$ by nature4 ,& )\t reg>d to h]1 %e ought to complete t "w ( h]'s1 z an arti/ w\ld complete a /atue4 ,:at k9d ( man1 !n1 is x t nature has comm5c$8 & :at is ! (fice & task ( wisdom8 ,:at is x t ought to be f9i%$ & complet$ by h]8 ,if !re is no?+ to be made fur!r 9 man1 except "s k9d ( motion ( ! m9d1 t is to say1 reason1 !n x foll[s1 t ! ultimate object is to m\ld ! life accord+ to virtue4 ,= ! p]fection ( reason is virtue4 ,if !re is no?+ b body1 !n ! *ief goods mu/ be good heal?1 fre$om f pa91 beauty1 & s on4 ,! "q at ?is mom5t is ab\t ! *ief good ( man4 ,,xiv4 ,:y d we hesitate1 !n1 to inquire z to 8 :ole nature1 :at has be5 done8 ,= z x is agre$ by all1 t ! :ole duty & (fice ( wisdom is to be occupi$ ab\t ! cultivation ( man1 "s 7t y may n ?9k t ,i am argu+ aga9/ none b ! ,/oics7 br+ =w>d op9ions 9 :i* !y place ! *ief good among ?+s ( a k9d :i* are :olly out ( our own p[]1 j z if !y 7 speak+ ( "o ( ! brute bea/s2 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 z if man _h no body at all1 s entirely exclude ev]y?+ f _! consid]ation except ! m9d1 7& ?is1 too1 :ile ! m9d itself1 9 _! philosophy1 is n "s un9telligible k9d ( vacuum1 b some?+ :i* exi/s 9 "s p>ticul> species ( body17 t ev5 t is n cont5t ) virtue alone1 b requires fre$om f pa94 ,s t bo? ^! classes d ! same ?+1 z if !y neglect$ ! left side ( a man1 & took c>e only ( ! "r2 or z if !y 7z ,h]illus did7 att5d$ only to ! k ( ! m9d itself1 & pass$ ov] all action4 ,= x is b a crippl$ sy/em :i* all ^? m5 set up :o pass ov] _m ?+s1 & select "s "o 9 p>ticul> to adh]e to4 ,b t is a p]fect & full sy/em :i* ^? adopt :o1 :ile inquir+ ab\t ! *ief good ( man1 pass ov] 9 _! inquiry no "p ei!r ( 8 m9d or body1 s z to leave x unprotect$4 ,b y\r s*ool1 ,o ,cato1 because virtue holds1 z we all admit1 ! highe/ & mo/ excell5t place 9 man1 & because we ?9k ^? :o are wise m51 p]fect & admirable m51 seeks entirely to dazzle ! eyes ( our m9ds ) ! spl5d\r ( virtue4 ,= 9 e liv+ creature !re is "s "o pr9cipal & mo/ excell5t ?+1 z1 = in/ance1 9 horses & dogs2 b ^? mu/ be free f pa9 & 9 good heal?4 ,!re=e1 y d n seem to me to pay suffici5t att5tion to :at ! g5]al pa? & progress ( nature is4 ,= x does n pursue ! same c\rse 9 man t x does 9 corn1 7:i*1 :5 x has advanc$ x f ! blade to ! e>1 x leaves & consid]s ! /ubble z no?+17 & leave him z soon z x has conduct$ him to a /ate ( reason4 ,= x is always tak+ some?+ additional1 )\t ev] ab&on+ :at x has previ\sly giv54 ,!re=e1 x has add$ reason to ! s5ses2 & :5 x has p]fect$ 8 reason1 x /ill does n ab&on ! s5ses4 ,z if ! culture ( ! v9e1 ! object ( :i* is to cause ! v9e1 ) all its p>ts1 to be 9 ! be/ possible condition1 7h[ev] t is :at we und]/& x to be1 = "o may1 z y (t5 d y\rselves1 suppose any?+ = ! purpose ( illu/ration17 if1 !n1 t culture ( ! v9e be 9 ! v9e itself1 x w\ld1 ,i presume1 desire ev]y?+ else :i* conc]ns ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 to be z x has be5 be=e4 ,b x w\ld pref] itself to e sep>ate "p ( ! v9e1 & x w\ld feel sure t no?+ 9 ! v9e 0 bett] ?an itself4 ,9 l mann] s5se1 :5 x has be5 add$ to nature1 protects x inde$1 b x also protects itself4 ,b :5 reason is also add$1 !n x is plac$ 9 a position ( su* pr$om9ant p[]1 t all ^? fir/ pr9ciples ( nature are put "u its gu>dian%ip4 ,!re=e x does n ab&on ! c>e ( ^? ?+s ov] :i* x is s set1 t its duty is to regulate ! entire life3 s t we _c suffici5tly m>vel at _! inconsi/5cy4 ,= !y ass]t t ! natural appetite1 :i* !y call 1 & also duty1 & ev5 virtue h]self1 are all protectors ( ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature4 ,b :5 !y wi% to arrive at ! *ief good1 !y ov]leap ev]y?+1 & leave u two tasks in/ead ( "o--namely1 to *oose "s ?+s & desire o!rs1 in/ead ( includ+ bo? "u "o head4 ,,xv4 ,b n[ y say t virtue _c prop]ly be e/abli%$1 if ^? ?+s :i* are ext]nal to virtue h any influ5ce on liv+ happily4 ,b ! exact contr>y is ! case4 ,= virtue _c possibly be introduc$1 unless ev]y?+ :i* x *ooses & :i* x neglects is all ref]r$ to "o g5]al end4 ,= if we entirely neglect ourselves1 we !n fall into ! vices & errors ( ,ari/on1 & %all =get ! pr9ciples :i* we h attribut$ to virtue itself4 ,b if we d n neglect ^? ?+s1 & yet d n ref] !m to ! *ief good1 we %all n be v f> remov$ f ! trivialities ( ,h]illus4 ,= we %all h to adopt two diff]5t plans ( conduct 9 life3 = he makes out t !re are two *ief goods unconnect$ ) ea* o!r2 b if !y 7 real goods1 !y ought to be unit$2 b at pres5t !y are sep>at$1 s t !y nev] c be unit$4 ,b no?+ c be m p]v]se ?an ?is4 ,!re=e1 ! fact is exactly contr>y to y\r ass]tion3 = virtue _c possibly be e/abli%$ firmly1 unless x ma9ta9s ^? ?+s :i* are ! pr9ciples ( nature z hav+ an influ5ce on ! object4 ,= we h be5 look+ = a virtue :i* %\ld pres]ve nature1 n = "o :i* %\ld ab&on x4 ,b t ( y\rs1 z y repres5t x1 pres]ves only "o "p1 & ab&ons ! re/4 ,&1 inde$1 if ! cu/om ( man c\ld speak1 ?is w\ld be its language4 ,t its fir/ beg9n+s 71 z x 71 beg9n+s ( desire t x might pres]ve itself 9 t nature 9 :i* x _h be5 born4 ,= x _h n yet be5 suffici5tly expla9$ :at nature desir$ above all ?+s4 ,let x !re=e be expla9$4 ,:at else !n w be und]/ood b t no "p ( nature is to be neglect$8 ,& if !re is no?+ 9 x besides reason1 !n ! *ief good mu/ be 9 virtue alone4 ,b if !re is also body1 !n w t explanation ( nature h caus$ u to ab&on ! belief :i* we held be=e ! explanation4 ,is x1 !n1 be+ 9 a mann] suitable to nature to ab&on nature8 ,z "s philosoph]s d1 :5 hav+ begun ) ! s5ses !y h se5 some?+ m important & div9e1 & !n ab&on$ ! s5ses2 s1 too1 ^! m51 :5 !y _h beheld ! beauty ( virtue develop$ 9 its desire = p>ticul> ?+s1 ab&on$ ev]y?+ :i* !y _h se5 = ! sake ( virtue h]self1 =gett+ t ! :ole nature ( desirable ?+s 0 s ext5sive t x rema9$ f beg9n+ to end2 & !y d n und]/& t !y are tak+ away ! v f\ndations ( ^! beautiful & admirable ?+s4 ,,xvi4 ,!re=e1 all ^? m5 appe> to me to h made a blund] :o h pron\nc$ ! *ief good to be to live hon\rably4 ,b "s h err$ m ?an o!rs1--,pyrrho above all1 :o1 hav+ fix$ on virtue z ! *ief good1 refuses to all[ t !re is any?+ else 9 ! _w des]v+ ( be+ desir$2 &1 next to him1 ,ari/o1 :o did n1 inde$1 v5ture to leave no?+ else to be desir$1 b :o introduc$ influ5ce1 by :i* a wise man might be excit$1 & desire :atev] occurr$ to 8 m9d1 & :atev] ev5 appe>$ s to occur4 ,he 0 m "r ?an ,pyrrho1 inasmu* z he left man "s k9d ( desire2 b worse ?an ! re/1 inasmu* z he dep>t$ :olly f nature3 b ! ,/oics1 because !y place ! *ief good 9 virtue alone1 resemble ^! m53 b inasmu* z !y seek = a pr9ciple ( duty1 !y are sup]ior to ,pyrrho2 & z !y d n admit ! desire ( ^? objects :i* (f] !mselves to ! imag9ation1 !y are m correct ?an ,ari/o2 b1 inasmu* z !y d n add ! ?+s :i* !y admit to be adopt$ by nature1 & to be wor?y ( be+ *os5 = _! own sakes1 to ! *ief good1 !y "h des]t nature1 & are 9 "s degree n diff]5t f ,ari/o3 = he inv5t$ "s /range k9ds ( occurr5ces2 b ^! m5 recognise1 inde$1 ! pr9ciples ( nature1 b /ill !y disconnect !m f ! p]fect & *ief good2 & :5 !y put !m =w>d1 s t !re may be "s selection ( ?+s1 !y appe> to foll[ nature2 b :5 !y d5y t !y h any influ5ce 9 mak+ life happy1 !y aga9 ab&on nature4 ,& hi!rto ,i h be5 %[+ h[ de/itute ,z5o 0 ( any good reason = ab&on+ ! au?ority ( previ\s philosoph]s3 n[ let u consid] ! re/ ( 8 argum5ts2 unless1 inde$1 ,o ,cato1 y wi% to make any reply to :at ,i h be5 say+1 or unless we are gett+ t$i\s4 ,nei!r1 said he2 = ,i wi% ?is side ( ! "q to be completely argu$ by y2 nor does y\r disc\rse seem to me to be at all t$i\s4 ,i am glad to he> x1 ,i repli$2 = :at c be m desirable = me ?an to discuss ! subject ( virtue ) ,cato1 :o is ! mo/ virtu\s ( m5 9 e po9t8 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 rem>k t t impos+ s5tim5t ( y\rs1 :i* br+s a :ole family aft] x1 namely1 t :at is hon\rable is ! only good1 & t to live hon\rably is ! *ief good1 w be %>$ 9 common ) y by all :o def9e ! *ief good z consi/+ 9 virtue alone2 &1 z to :at y say1 t virtue _c be =m$ if any?+ except :at is hon\rable is includ$ 9 ! acc\nt1 ! same /atem5t w be made by ^? :om ,i h j nam$4 ,b x appe>$ to me to be fair]1 advanc+ f "o common beg9n+1 to see :]e ,z5o1 :ile disput+ ) ,polemo1 f :om he _h le>nt :at ! pr9ciples ( nature 71 fir/ took 8 /&1 & :at ! orig9al cause ( ! controv]sy 02 & n to /& on _! side1 :o did n ev5 all[ t _! own *ief good 0 d]iv$ f nature1 & to employ ! same argum5ts :i* !y did1 & to ma9ta9 ! same s5tim5ts4 ,,xvii4 ,b ,i am v f> f approv+ ?is conduct ( y\rs1 t :5 y h prov$1 z y imag9e1 t t alone is good :i* is hon\rable1 !n say aga9 t x is necess>y t beg9n+s %\ld be put =w>d :i* are suitable & adapt$ to nature2 by a selection f :i* virtue might be call$ into exi/5ce4 ,= virtue ought n to h be5 /at$ to consi/ 9 selection1 s t t v ?+ :i* 0 itself ! *ief good1 0 to acquire some?+ besides itself2 = all ?+s :i* are to be tak51 or *os51 or desir$1 ought to exi/ 9 ! *ief good1 s t he :o has atta9$ t may want no?+ m4 ,d y n see h[ evid5t x is to ^? m5 ^: *ief good consi/s 9 pleasure1 :at !y ought to d & :at !y ought n8 s t no "o ( !m d\bts :at all _! duties ought to reg>d1 :at !y ought to pursue1 or avoid4 ,let ?is1 !n1 be ! *ief good :i* is n[ def5d$ by me2 x w be evid5t 9 a mom5t :at are ! necess>y duties & actions4 ,b y1 :o set be=e y\rselves ano!r end except :at is "r & hon\rable1 w n be able to f9d out :]e y\r pr9ciple ( duty & action is to orig9ate4 ,!re=e y are all ( y seek+ = ?is1 & s are ^? :o say t !y pursue :atev] comes into _! m9d & occurs to !m2 & y return to nature4 ,b nature w fairly reply to y1 t x is n true t ! *ief happ9ess ( life is to be s\ght 9 ano!r qu>t]1 b ! pr9ciples ( action 9 h]self3 = t !re is "o sy/em only1 9 :i* bo? ! pr9ciples ( action & ! *ief good too is conta9$2 & t1 z ! op9ion ( ,ari/o is explod$1 :5 he says t "o ?+ does n diff] f ano!r1 & t !re is no?+ except virtue & vice 9 :i* !re 0 any diff]5ce :atev]2 s1 too1 ,z5o 0 9 ! wrong1 :o affirm$ t !re 0 no influ5ce 9 any?+1 except virtue or vice1 ( ! v lea/ p[] to assi/ 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! *ief good3 & z t _h no influ5ce on mak+ life happy1 b only 9 creat+ a desire = ?+s1 he said t !re 0 "s p[] ( attraction 9 !m3 j z if ?is desire _h no ref]5ce to ! acquisition ( ! *ief good4 ,b :at c be less consi/5t ?an :at !y say1 namely1 t :5 !y h obta9$ ! k ( ! *ief good !y !n return to nature1 9 ord] to seek 9 x ! pr9ciple ( action1 t is to say1 ( duty8 ,= x is n ! pr9ciple ( action or duty :i* impels !m to desire ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature2 b desire & action are bo? set 9 motion by ^? ?+s4 ,,xviii4 ,n[ ,i come to ^? brief /atem5ts ( y\rs :i* y call conclusions2 & fir/ ( all to t--?an :i*1 c]ta9ly1 no?+ c be m brief--t ev]y?+ good is praisewor?y2 b ev]y?+ praisewor?y is hon\rable2 !re=e ev]y?+ good is hon\rable4 ,oh1 :at a lead5 dagg]6--= :o w grant y y\r fir/ premises8 ,& if x %\ld be grant$ to y1 !n y h no ne$ ( ! second3 = if ev]y?+ good is praisewor?y1 s is ev]y?+ hon\rable2 :o1 !n1 w grant y ?is1 except ,pyrrho1 ,ari/o1 & m5 l !m8--:om y d n approve (4 ,ari/otle1 ,x5ocrates1 & all t s*ool1 w n grant x2 inasmu* z !y call heal?1 /r5g?1 ri*es1 glory1 & _m o!r ?+s good1 b n praisewor?y2 & !y !re=e d n ?9k t ! *ief good is conta9$ 9 virtue alone1 ?\gh /ill !y d pref] virtue to ev]y?+ else4 ,:at d y ?9k t ^? m5 w d :o h utt]ly sep>at$ virtue f ! *ief good1 ,epicurus1 ,hi]onymus1 & ^? too1 if inde$ !re are any su*1 :o wi% to def5d ! def9ition ( ! *ief good giv5 by ,c>neades8 ,& h[ w ,callipho & ,diodorus be able to grant y :at y ask1 m5 :o jo9 to hon\rabl5ess some?+ else :i* is n ( ! same g5us8--,d y1 !n1 ?9k x prop]1 ,cato1 aft] y h assum$ premises :i* no "o w grant to y1 to d]ive :atev] conclusion y please f !m8 ,take ?is sorites1 ?an :i* y ?9k no?+ c be m faulty3 8,t :i* is good is desirable2 t :i* is desirable ought to be s\ght =2 t :i* ought to be s\ght = is praisewor?y10 & s on ?r\gh all ! /eps4 ,b ,i w /op "h1 = 9 ! same mann] no "o w grant to y t :atev] ought to be s\ght is !re=e praisewor?y2 & t o!r argum5t ( !irs is f> f a legitimate conclusion1 b a mo/ /upid ass]tion1 8t a happy life is "o wor?y ( be+ boa/$ (40 ,= x c nev] happ5 t a p]son may reasonably boa/1 )\t some?+ hon\rable 9 ! circum/ances4 ,polemo w grant ?is to ,z5o2 & s w 8 ma/]1 & ! :ole ( t s*ool1 & all ! re/ :o1 pref]r+ virtue by f> to ev]y?+ else1 /ill add some?+ besides to x 9 _! def9ition ( ! *ief good4 ,=1 if virtue be a ?+ wor?y ( be+ boa/$ (1 z x is1 & if x is s f> sup]ior to all o!r ?+s t x c sc>cely be express$ h[ mu* bett] x is2 !n a man may1 possibly1 be happy if end[$ ) virtue alone1 & de/itute ( ev]y?+ else2 & yet he w nev] grant to y t no?+ :atev] is to be class$ among goods1 except virtue4 ,b ^? m5 ^: *ief good has no virtue 9 x1 w p]haps n grant to y t a happy life has any?+ 9 x ( :i* a man c rightly boa/1 al?\gh !y also1 at times1 repres5t virtues z subjects = boa/+4 ,y see1 !re=e1 t y are ei!r assum+ propositions :i* are n admitt$1 or else su* z1 ev5 if !y are grant$1 w d y no good4 ,,xix4 ,9 tru?1 9 all ^! conclusions1 ,i %\ld ?9k ?is wor?y bo? ( philosophy & ( ourselves1--& t1 too1 mo/ especially s :5 we 7 inquir+ into ! *ief good1--t our lives1 & designs1 & wi%es %\ld be correct$1 & n our expressions4 ,= :o1 :5 he has he>d ^? brief & acute argum5ts ( y\rs :i*1 z y say1 give y s mu* pleasure1 c ev] h 8 op9ion *ang$ by !m8 ,= :5 m5 fix _! att5tion on !m1 & wi% to he> :y pa9 is n an evil1 !y tell him t to be 9 pa9 is a bitt]1 annoy+1 odi\s1 unnatural condition1 & "o difficult to be borne2 b1 because !re is 9 pa9 no fraud1 or di%one/y1 or malice1 or fault1 or bas5ess1 !re=e x is n an evil4 ,n[1 ! man :o he>s ?is said1 ev5 if he does n c>e to laugh1 w /ill dep>t )\t be+ a bit m c\rage\s z to be>+ pa9 ?an he 0 :5 he came4 ,b y affirm t no "o c be c\rage\s :o ?9ks pa9 an evil4 ,:y %\ld he be m c\rage\s if he ?9ks x--:at y y\rself admit x to be--bitt] & sc>cely endurable8 ,= timidity is g5]at$ by ?+s1 & n by words4 ,& y say1 t if "o lett] is mov$1 ! :ole sy/em ( ! s*ool w be und]m9$4 ,d ,i seem1 !n1 to y to be mov+ a lett]1 or r :ole pages8 ,= al?\gh ! ord] ( ?+s1 :i* is :at y s especially extol1 may be pres]v$ among !m1 & al?\gh ev]y?+ may be well jo9$ & connect$ toge!r1 7= t is :at y said17 /ill we ought n to foll[ !m too f>1 if argum5ts1 hav+ set out f false pr9ciples1 are consi/5t ) !mselves1 & d n w&] f ! end !y propose to !mselves4 ,accord+ly1 9 8 fir/ e/abli%m5t ( 8 sy/em1 y\r ma/]1 ,z5o1 dep>t$ f nature2 & z he _h plac$ ! *ief good on t sup]iority ( disposition :i* we call virtue1 & _h affirm$ t !re 0 no?+ :atev] good :i* 0 n hon\rable1 & t virtue c\ld h no real exi/5ce if 9 o!r ?+s !re 7 ?+s ( :i* "o 0 bett] or worse ?an ano!r2 hav+ laid d[n ^! premises1 he naturally ma9ta9$ ! conclusions4 ,y say truly2 = ,i _c d5y x4 ,b ! conclusions :i* foll[ f 8 premises are s false t ! premises f :i* !y are d$uc$ _c be true4 ,= ! dialecticians1 y "k1 tea* u t if ! conclusions :i* foll[ f any premises are false1 ! premises f :i* !y foll[ _c be true4 ,& s t conclusion is n only true1 b s evid5t t ev5 ! dialecticians d n ?9k x necess>y t any reasons %\ld be giv5 = x--8,if t is ! case1 ?is is2 b ?is is n2 !re=e t is n40 ,& s1 by d5y+ y\r consequ5ce1 y\r premise is contradict$4 ,:at foll[s1 !n8--8,all :o are n wise are equally mis]able2 all wise m5 are p]fectly happy3 all actions done rightly are equal to "o ano!r2 all (f5ces are equal40 ,b1 ?\gh all ^! propositions at fir/ appe> to be admirably laid d[n1 aft] a little consid]ation !y are n s mu* approv$ (4 ,= e man's own s5ses1 & ! nature ( ?+s1 & tru? itself1 cri$ out1 aft] a fa%ion1 t !y c\ld nev] be induc$ to believe t !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 ^? ?+s :i* ,z5o ass]t$ to be equal4 ,,xx4 ,aft]w>ds t little ,phnician ( y\rs 7= y "k t ! p ( ,citium1 y\r cli5ts1 came f ,phnicia71 a %rewd man1 z he 0 n succe$+ 9 8 case1 s9ce nature h]self contradict$ him1 began to )draw 8 words2 & fir/ ( all he grant$ 9 fav\r ( ^? ?+s :i* we consid] good1 t !y might be consid]$ fit1 & useful1 & adapt$ to nature2 & he began to confess t x 0 m advantage\s = a wise--t is to say = a p]fectly happy--man1 to h ^? ?+s :i* he does n v5ture inde$ to call goods1 b yet all[s to be well adapt$ to nature4 ,& he d5ies t ,plato1 if he 7 n a wise man1 w\ld be 9 ! same circum/ances z ! tyrant ,dionysius2 = t to die 0 bett] = ! "o1 because he despair$ ( atta9+ wisdom1 b to live 0 bett] = ! o!r1 because ( 8 hope ( do+ s4 ,& he ass]ts t ( (f5ces "s are tol]able1 & "s by no means s1 because _m m5 pass$ by "s (f5ces1 & !re are o!rs :i* v few p pass by1 on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( duties violat$4 ,aga91 he said t "s m5 are s fooli% z to be utt]ly unable ev] to arrive at wisdom2 b t !re are o!rs :o1 if !y _h tak5 pa9s1 might h atta9$ to x4 ,n[1 9 ?is he express$ himself diff]5tly f any "o else1 b he ?\ght j ! same z all ! re/4 ,nor did he ?9k ^? ?+s des]v+ ( be+ valu$ less :i* he himself d5i$ to be goods1 ?an !y did :o consid]$ !m z goods4 ,:at1 !n1 did he wi% to effect by hav+ alt]$ ^! names8 ,at lea/ he w\ld h tak5 some?+ f _! weight1 & w\ld h valu$ !m at r less ?an ! ,p]ipatetics1 9 ord] to appe> to ?9k 9 "s respects diff]5tly f !m1 & n m]ely to speak s4 ,:at m ne$ ,i say8 ,:at d y say ab\t ! happy life to :i* ev]y?+ is ref]r$8 ,y affirm t x is n t life :i* is fill$ ) ev]y?+ :i* nature requires2 & y place x entirely 9 virtue alone4 ,& z e controv]sy is usually ei!r ab\t a fact or a "n1 bo? k9ds ( dispute arise if ei!r ! fact is n und]/ood or if a mi/ake is made z to ! "n2 & if nei!r ( ^! is ! case1 we mu/ take c>e to use ! mo/ ord9>y language possible1 & words z suitable z c be1--t is1 su* z make ! subject pla94 ,is x1 !n1 d\btful t if ! =m] philosoph]s h n err$ at all z to ! fact itself1 !y c]ta9ly express !mselves m conv5i5tly8 ,let u1 !n1 exam9e _! op9ions1 & !n return to ! "q ( names4 ,,xxi4 ,!y say t ! desire ( ! m9d is excit$ :5 any?+ appe>s to x to be accord+ to nature2 & t all ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature are wor?y ( "s e/eem2 & t !y des]ve to be e/eem$ 9 proportion to ! weight t !re is 9 ea* ( !m3 & t ( ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature1 "s h 9 !mselves no?+ ( t appetite ( :i* we h already frequ5tly spok51 be+ nei!r call$ hon\rable nor praisewor?y2 & "s1 aga91 are accompani$ by pleasure 9 ! case ( e animal1 & 9 ! case ( man also ) reason4 ,& ^? ( !m :i* are suitable are hon\rable1 beautiful1 & praisewor?y2 b ! o!rs1 m5tion$ be=e1 are natural1 &1 :5 comb9$ ) ^? :i* are hon\rable1 make up & complete a p]fectly happy life4 ,b !y say1 too1 t ( all ^! advantages--to :i* ^? p d n attribute m importance :o say t !y are goods1 ?an ,z5o does1 :o d5ies x--by f> ! mo/ excell5t is t :i* is hon\rable & praisewor?y2 b t if two hon\rable ?+s are bo? set be=e "o1 "o accompani$ ) good heal? & ! o!r ) sickness1 x is n d\btful to :i* ( !m nature h]self w conduct u3 b1 nev]!less1 t ! p[] ( hon\rabl5ess is s great1 & t x is s f> bett] ?an1 & sup]ior to1 ev]y?+ else1 t x c nev] be mov$ by any puni%m5ts or by any bribes f t :i* x has decid$ to be "r2 & t ev]y?+ :i* appe>s h>d1 difficult1 or un=tunate1 c be dissipat$ by ^? virtues ) :i* we h be5 adorn$ by nature2 n because !y are trivial or contemptible--or else :]e w\ld be ! m]it ( ! virtues8--b t we might inf] f su* an ev5t1 t x 0 n 9 !m t ! ma9 "q ( liv+ happily or unhappily dep5d$4 ,9 %ort1 ! ?+s :i* ,z5o has call$ e/imable1 & wor? *oos+1 & suitable to nature1 !y call goods2 b !y call t a happy life :i* consi/s ( ^? ?+s :i* ,i h m5tion$1 or1 if n ( all1 at lea/ ( ! greate/ numb] ( !m1 & ( ! mo/ important4 ,b ,z5o calls t ! only good :i* has "s peculi> beauty ( its own to make x desirable2 & he calls t life alone happy :i* is pass$ ) virtue4 ,,xxii4 ,if we are to discuss ! reality ( ! case1 !n !re _c possibly1 ,cato1 be any disagreem5t betwe5 y & me3 = !re is no?+ on :i* y & ,i h diff]5t op9ions2 let u only comp>e ! real circum/ances1 aft] *ang+ ! names4 ,nor1 inde$1 did he fail to see ?is2 b he 0 delight$ ) ! magnific5ce & spl5d\r ( ! language3 & if he really felt :at he said1 & :at 8 words intimate1 !n :at w\ld be ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & ,pyrrho or ,ari/o8 ,b if he did n approve ( !m1 !n :at 0 8 object 9 diff]+ 9 language ) ^? m5 ) :om he agre$ 9 reality8 ,:at w\ld y d if ^! ,platonic philosoph]s1 & ^?1 too1 :o 7 _! pupils1 7 to come to life aga91 & address y ?us3--8,z1 ,o ,m>cus ,cato1 we he>d t y 7 a man exce$+ly devot$ to philosophy1 a mo/ j citiz51 an excell5t judge1 & a mo/ consci5ti\s witness1 we m>vell$ :at ! reason 0 :y y pref]r$ ! ,/oics to u2 = !y1 on ! subject ( good & evil ?+s1 ent]ta9 ^? op9ions :i* ,z5o le>nt f ,polemo2 & use ^? names :i*1 :5 !y are fir/ he>d1 excite wond]1 b :5 !y are expla9$1 move only ridicule4 ,b if y approv$ ^? doctr9es s mu*1 :y did y n ma9ta9 !m 9 _! own prop] language8 ,if au?ority _h influ5ce ) y1 h[ 0 x t y pref]r$ "s /rang] to all ( u & to ,plato himself8 especially :ile y 7 desir\s to be a *ief man 9 ! republic1 & might h be5 accompli%$ & equipp$ by u 9 a way to enable y to def5d x to y\r own great increase ( dignity4 ,= ! means to su* an end h be5 inve/igat$1 describ$1 m>k$ d[n1 & enjo9$ by u2 & we h writt5 detail$ acc\nts ( ! gov]nm5t ( all republics1 & _! descriptions1 & con/itutions1 & *anges1--& ev5 ( ! laws1 & cu/oms1 & mann]s ( all /ates4 ,moreov]1 h[ mu* eloqu5ce1 :i* is ! greate/ ornam5t to lead+ m51--9 :i*1 inde$1 we h he>d t y are v em95t1--might y h le>nt1 9 addition to t :i* is natural to y1 f our records60 ,:5 !y _h said ?is1 :at answ] c\ld y h made to su* m58 ,i w\ld h entreat$ y1 said he1 :o _h dictat$ _! spee* to !m1 to speak likewise = me1 or else r to give me a little room to answ] !m myself1 only t n[ ,i pref] li/5+ to y2 & yet at ano!r "t ,i %\ld be likely to reply to !m at ! same "t t ,i answ] y4 ,,xxiii4 ,b if y 7 to answ] truly1 ,cato1 y w\ld be =c$ to say ?is--,t y d n approve ( ^? m51 m5 ( great g5ius & great au?ority z !y are4 ,b t y h notic$ t ! ?+s :i*1 by reason ( _! antiquity !y h fail$ to see1 h be5 ?or\ghly compreh5d$ by ! ,/oics1 & t ^! latt] h discuss$ ! same matt]s ) m acut5ess1 & h also ent]ta9$ m dignifi$ & c\rage\s s5tim5ts1 inasmu* z1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y d5y t good heal? is to be desir$1 ?\gh !y admit t x may be *os52 n because to be well is a good1 b because x is n to be utt]ly disreg>d$1 & yet t x does n appe> to !m ( m value t x does to ^? :o d n hesitate to call x a good4 ,& t y c\ld n endure t ^? anci5ts1 ^? be>d$ m5 7z we are 9 ! habit ( call+ our own ance/ors71 %\ld believe t ! life ( t man :o liv$ hon\rably1 if he _h also good heal? & a good reputation1 & 0 ri*1 0 m desirable1 bett]1 & m to be s\ght =1 ?an t ( him :o 0 equally a good man 9 _m respects1 l ! ,alcmon ( ,ennius-- ,surr\nd$ by disease1 & exile sad1 ,& cruel want4 ,^? anci5ts1 !n1 mu/ h be5 f> f clev]1 to ?9k t life m desirable1 bett]1 & happi]4 ,b ! ,/oics ?9k x only to be pref]r$ if "o has a *oice2 n because ?is life is happi]1 b because x is bett] adapt$ to nature2 & !y ?9k t all :o are n wise are equally mis]able4 ,! ,/oics1 =soo?1 ?\ght ?is2 b x _h entirely escap$ ! p]ception ( ^? philosoph]s :o prec$$ !m1 = !y ?\ght t m5 /a9$ ) all sorts ( p>ricide & wick$ness 7 n at all m mis]able ?an ^? :o1 ?\gh !y liv$ purely & uprightly1 _h n yet atta9$ complete wisdom4 ,& :ile on ?is topic1 y br\ght =? ^? similes :i* !y are 9 ! habit ( employ+1 :i* are1 9 tru?1 no similes at all4 ,= :o is ignorant t1 if _m m5 %\ld *oose to em]ge f ! deep1 ^? w\ld be ne>] brea?+ :o came close to ! surface1 b /ill w\ld n be actually able to brea! any m ?an ^? :o are at ! bottom8 ,!re=e1 on y\r pr9ciples1 x is ( no avail to make progress & advancem5t 9 virtue1 9 ord] to be less utt]ly mis]able be=e y h actually arriv$ at x1 s9ce x is ( no use 9 ! case ( m5 9 ! wat]4 ,& s9ce puppies :o are on ! po9t ( op5+ _! eyes1 are j z bl9d z ^? t are b ?is mom5t born2 x is pla9 also t ,plato1 z he _h n yet se5 wisdom1 0 z bl9d 9 8 intellect z ,phal>is4 ,,xxiv4 ,^! cases are n alike1 ,cato4 ,= 9 ^! in/ances1 ?\gh y may h made a good deal ( progress1 /ill y are 9 exactly ! same evil f :i* y wi% to be free1 till y h entirely escap$4 ,= a man does n brea! till he has entirely em]g$1 & puppies are j z bl9d till !y h op5$ _! eyes1 z if !y 7 nev] go+ to op5 !m4 ,i w give y "s in/ances t really are l4 ,"o man's eyes are bad1 ano!r is weak 9 8 body2 ^! m5 are bo? gradually reliev$ by ! daily application ( rem$ies4 ,! "o gets bett] e day1 & ! o!r sees bett]4 ,n[ ^! m5 resemble all ^? :o /udy virtue4 ,!y are reliev$ ( _! vices2 !y are reliev$ ( _! errors4 ,unless1 p]*ance1 y ?9k t ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 ! fa!r1 0 n happi] ?an 8 son1 :5 ! "o lab\r$ to e/abli% ! republic1 & ! o!r to subv]t x4 ,& yet he 0 n a wise man4 ,= :o taught him wisdom8 or :58 or :]e8 or :5ce did he le>n x8 ,/ill1 because he consult$ 8 tw9 glory & dignity1 he _h made great progress 9 virtue4 ,b ,i w comp>e y\r gr&fa!r1 ,drusus1 ) ,caius ,grac*us1 :o 0 ne>ly 8 contempor>y4 ,he heal$ ! w\nds :i* ! o!r inflict$ on ! republic4 ,b !re is no?+ :i* makes m5 s mis]able z impiety & wick$ness4 ,grant t all ^? :o are unwise are mis]able1 z1 9 fact1 !y are2 /ill he is n equally mis]able :o consults ! int]e/ ( 8 c\ntry ) him :o wi%es = its de/ruction4 ,!re=e1 ^? m5 are already a great deal reliev$ f _! vices :o h made any consid]able advance t[>ds virtue4 ,b ! m5 ( y\r s*ool admit t advance t[>ds virtue c be made1 b yet ass]t t no relief f vices takes place 9 consequ5ce4 ,b x is wor? :ile to consid] on :at argum5ts acute m5 rely = prov+ ?is po9t4 ,^? arts1 say !y1 ( :i* ! p]fection c be increas$1 %[ t ! complet5ess ( _! contr>ies c likewise be increas$4 ,b no addition c be made to ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,!re=e1 also1 vices w n be susceptible ( any increase1 = !y are ! contr>ies ( virtues4 ,%all we say1 !n1 t ?+s :i* are d\btful are made pla9 by ?+s :i* are evid5t1 or t ?+s :i* are evid5t are obscur$ by ?+s t are d\btful8 ,b ?is is evid5t1 t diff]5t vices are great] 9 diff]5t p4 ,?is is d\btful1 :e!r any addition c be made to t :i* y call ! *ief good4 ,b y1 :ile :at y ought to d is to try & illu/rate :at is d\btful by :at is evid5t1 endeav\r to get rid ( :at is evid5t by :at is d\btful4 ,&1 !re=e1 y w f9d y\rself hamp]$ by ! same reason+ :i* ,i us$ j n[4 ,= if x foll[s t "s vices are n great] ?an o!rs1 because no addition c be made to t *ief good :i* y describe1 s9ce x is q evid5t t ! vices ( all m5 are n equal1 y mu/ *ange y\r def9ition ( ! *ief good4 ,= we mu/ inevitably ma9ta9 ?is rule1 t :5 a consequ5ce is false1 ! premises f :i* ! consequ5ce proce$s _c be true4 ,,xxv4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! cause ( ^! difficulties8 ,a va9-glori\s p>ade 9 def9+ ! *ief good4 ,= :5 x is positively ass]t$ t :at is hon\rable is ! sole good1 all c>e = "o's heal?1 all att5tion to "o's e/ate1 all reg>d = ! gov]nm5t ( ! republic1 all regul>ity 9 transact+ bus9ess1 all ! duties ( life1 9 %ort1 are put an end to4 ,ev5 t v hon\rabl5ess1 9 :i* alone y ass]t t ev]y?+ is compris$1 mu/ be ab&on$4 ,all :i* argum5ts are c>efully urg$ aga9/ ,ari/on by ,*rysippus4 ,& f t emb>rassm5t x is t all ^? fallaci\sly speak+ wiles1 z ,attius calls !m1 h aris54 ,= because wisdom _h no gr\nd on :i* to re/ h] foot1 :5 all ! duties 7 tak5 away1 7& duties 7 tak5 away :5 all p[] ( selection & discrim9ation 0 d5i$2 = :at *oice1 or :at discrim9ation c\ld !re be :5 all ?+s 7 s completely equal t !re 0 no diff]5ce :atev] betwe5 !m87 f ^! difficulties !re arose worse errors ?an ev5 ^? ( ,ari/o4 ,= 8 argum5ts 7 at all ev5ts simple2 ^? ( y\r s*ool are full ( craft4 ,= suppose y 7 to ask ,ari/o :e!r ^! ?+s1 fre$om f pa91 ri*es1 & good heal?1 appe> to him to be goods8 ,he w\ld d5y x4 ,:at next8 ,suppose y ask him :e!r ! contr>ies ( ^! ?+s are bad8 ,he w\ld d5y t equally4 ,suppose y 7 to ask ,z5o ! same "q8 ,he w\ld give y ! same answ]1 ^w = ^w4 ,suppose fur!r1 t we1 be+ full ( a/oni%m5t1 7 to ask !m bo? h[ x w be possible = u to live1 if we ?9k t x makes n ! lea/ diff]5ce to u :e!r we are well or sick2 :e!r we are free f pa9 or torm5t$ by x2 :e!r we are able or unable to endure cold & hung]8 ,y w live1 says ,ari/o1 magnific5tly & excell5tly1 do+ :atev] seems good to y4 ,y w nev] be vex$1 y w nev] desire any?+1 y w nev] fe> any?+4 ,:at w ,z5o say8 ,he says t all ^! ideas are mon/r\s1 & t x is totally impossible = any "o to live on ^! pr9ciples2 b t !re is "s extravagant1 "s imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 :at is hon\rable & :at is base2 t betwe5 o!r ?+s1 inde$1 !re is no diff]5ce at all4 ,he w also say--7li/5 to :at foll[s1 & d n laugh1 if y c help x7--all ^? int]m$iate ?+s1 betwe5 :i* !re is no diff]5ce1 are nev]!less su* t "s ( !m are to be *os51 o!rs reject$1 & o!rs utt]ly disreg>d$2 t is to say1 t y may wi% = "s1 wi% to avoid o!rs1 & be totally indiff]5t ab\t o!rs4 ,b y said j n[1 ,o ,z5o1 t !re 0 no diff]5ce :atev] betwe5 ^! ?+s4 ,& n[ ,i say ! same1 he replies2 & t !re is no diff]5ce :atev] z respects virtues & vices4 ,well1 ,i %\ld l to "k :o did n "k t8 ,,xxvi4 ,h[ev]1 let u he> a little m4 ,^? ?+s1 says he1 :i* y h m5tion$1 to be well1 to be ri*1 to be free f pa91 ,i d n call goods2 b ,i w call !m 9 ,greek 7:i* y may translate by ! ,lat9 producta1 ?\gh ,i pref] prposita or prcipua1 = !y are m easily compreh5d$ & m applicable t]ms74 ,& aga91 ! contr>ies1 want1 sickness1 & pa91 ,i d n call evils1 ?\gh ,i h no objection to /yl+ !m 7if y wi%7 ?+s to be reject$4 ,&1 !re=e1 ,i d n say t ,i seek = !m fir/1 b t ,i *oose !m2 n t ,i wi% = !m1 b t ,i accept !m4 ,& s1 too1 ,i d n say t ,i flee f ! contr>ies2 b t ,i1 z x 71 keep alo( f !m4 ,:at says ,ari/otle & ! re/ ( ! disciples ( ,plato8 ,:y1 t !y call ev]y?+ good :i* is accord+ to nature2 & t :atev] is contr>y to nature !y call evil4 ,d y n see1 !n1 t y\r ma/] ,z5o agrees ) ,ari/o 9 words1 b diff]s f him z to facts2 b t he agrees ) ,ari/otle & ^? o!r philosoph]s z to facts1 b diff]s f !m only 9 words8 ,:y1 !n1 :5 we are agre$ z to facts1 d we n pref] speak+ 9 ! ord9>y mann]8 ,let him tea* me ei!r t ,i %all be m prep>$ to despise money1 if ,i reckon x only among ?+s pref]r$1 ?an if ,i c\nt x among goods2 & t ,i %all h m =titude to endure pa9 if ,i call x bitt]1 & difficult to be>1 & contr>y to nature1 ?an if ,i pron\nce x an evil4 ,m>cus ,piso1 my intimate1 also 0 a v witty man1 & us$ to ridicule ! ,/oics = _! language on ?is topic3 = :at 0 he us$ to say8 8,y d5y t ri*es are a good1 b call !m some?+ to be pref]r$4 ,:at good d y d by t8 d y dim9i% av>ice8 ,b if we m9d words1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 y\r expression1 to be pref]r$1 is long] ?an good40 8,t has no?+ to d ) ! matt]40 8,i d>e say x has n1 b /ill x is a m difficult expression4 ,= ,i d n "k :at ! ^w good is d]iv$ f2 b ! ^w pref]r$ ,i suppose means t x is pref]r$ to o!r ?+s4 ,t appe>s to me to be important40 ,!re=e1 he insi/$ ^u x1 t m consequ5ce 0 attribut$ to ri*es by ,z5o1 :o plac$ !m among ?+s pref]r$1 ?an by ,ari/otle1 :o admitt$ t !y 7 a good4 ,/ill he did n say t !y 7 a great good1 b r su* an "o z 0 to be despis$ & scorn$ 9 comp>ison ( :at 0 "r & hon\rable1 & nev] "o to be greatly s\ght aft]4 ,& altoge!r1 he argu$ 9 ?is way1 ab\t all ^? expressions :i* _h be5 alt]$ by ,z5o1 bo? z to :at he d5i$ to be goods1 & z to ^? ?+s to :i* he ref]r$ ! "n ( evil2 say+ t ! fir/ receiv$ f him a m joyful title ?an !y did f u2 & ! latt] a m gloomy "o4 ,,xxvii4 ,piso1 !n--a mo/ excell5t man1 &1 z y well "k1 a great fri5d ( y\rs--us$ to argue 9 ?is mann]4 ,& n[ let u make an end ( ?is1 aft] we h j said a few additional words4 ,= x w\ld take a long "t to reply to all y\r ass]tions4 ,= f ! same tricks ) words1 orig9ate all ^? k+doms1 & comm&s1 & ri*es1 & univ]sal dom9ion :i* y say belong to ! wise man4 ,y say besides1 t he alone is h&some1 he alone is free1 he alone is a citiz52 & t ev]y?+ :i* is ! contr>y ( all ^! ?+s belongs to ! fooli% man1 :o is also insane1 z y ass]t !y call ^! ass]tions 2 we may call !m m>vell\s4 ,& yet :at m>vel is !re 9 !m :5 y come ne>] to !m8 ,i w j exam9e ! matt] ) y1 & see :at mean+ y affix to ea* ^w2 !re %all be no dispute betwe5 u4 ,y say t all (f5ces are equal4 ,i w n speak to y n[1 z ,i spoke on ! same subject :5 ,i 0 def5d+ ,lucius ,mur5a1 :om y prosecut$2 !n ,i 0 address+ an unphilosophical audi5ce2 some?+ too 0 to be direct$ to ! by/&]s 9 c\rt2 at pres5t1 we mu/ proce$ m precisely4 ,9 :at way c all (f5ces be call$ equal8 ,because no?+ is m hon\rable ?an :at is hon\rable2 no?+ m base ?an :at is base4 ,g on a little fur!r1 = !re is a great dispute z to ?is po9t2 let u exam9e ^? argum5ts1 :i* are especially y\r own1 :y all (f5ces are equal4 ,z1 says he1 9 _m lyres1 if n "o ( !m is s well 9 tune z to be able to pres]ve ! h>mony1 all are equally out ( tune2 s because (f5ces diff] f :at is "r1 !y w diff] equally2 !re=e !y are equal3 n[ "h we are be+ mock$ ) an ambigu\s expression4 ,= x equally happ5s to all ! lyres to be out ( tune1 b n to !m all to be equally out ( tune4 ,!re=e1 t comp>ison does n help y at all4 ,= x w\ld n foll[ if we 7 to say t e av>ice is equally av>ice1 t !re=e e case ( av>ice 0 equal4 ,"h is ano!r simile :i* is no simile2 = z1 says he1 a pilot blund]s equally if he wrecks a %ip load$ ) /raw1 z if he wrecks "o load$ ) gold2 s1 too1 he s9s equally :o beats 8 p>5t1 ) him :o beats a slave unju/ly4 ,?is is n see+ t x has no connexion ) ! art ( ! pilot :at c>go ! %ip c>ries3 & !re=e t x makes no diff]5ce ) respect to 8 /e]+ well or ill1 :e!r 8 freight is /raw or gold4 ,b x c & ought to be und]/ood :at ! diff]5ce is betwe5 a p>5t & a slave2 !re=e x makes no diff]5ce ) respect to navigation1 b a great deal ) respect to duty1 :at ! description ( ?+ may be :i* is affect$ by ! blund]4 ,& if1 9 navigation1 a %ip has be5 wreck$ ?r\gh c>elessness1 ! (f5ce !n becomes m s]i\s if gold is lo/1 ?an if x is only /raw4 ,= 9 all arts we insi/ ^u ! ex]cise ( :at is call$ common prud5ce2 :i* all m5 :o h ! managem5t ( any bus9ess entru/$ to !m are b\nd to possess4 ,& s ev5 9 ?is in/ance (f5ces are n equal4 ,,xxviii4 ,h[ev]1 !y press on1 & relax no?+4 ,s9ce1 say !y1 e (f5ce is "o ( imbecility & inconsi/5cy1 & s9ce ^! vices are equally great 9 all fools1 x foll[s necess>ily t (f5ces are equal3 z if x 7 admitt$ t vices are equally great 9 all fools1 & t ,lucius ,tubulus 0 a man ( ! same imbecility & inconsi/5cy z ,publius ,scvola1 on ^: motion he 0 condemn$2 & z if !re 7 no diff]5ce at all betwe5 ! ?+s !mselves :i* are ! subject ( ! (f5ces2 s t1 9 proportion z !y are m or less important1 ! (f5ces committ$ 9 respect ( !m are s too4 ,!re=e1 = ,i may n[ br+ ?is disc\rse to an end1 y\r ,/oics seem to me to be mo/ especially op5 to ?is *>ge1 t !y fancy !y c support two opposite propositions4 ,= :at is s inconsi/5t z = ! same p]son to say t :at is hon\rable is ! only good1 & also t ! desire ( ?+s adapt$ = human life proce$s f nature8 ,b :5 !y wi% to ma9ta9 ! argum5ts :i* are suitable = ! =m] propositions1 !y agree ) ,ari/o2 :5 !y avoid t1 !y 9 reality are uphold+ ! same doctr9es z ! ,p]ipatetics2 !y cl+ to words ) great t5acity2 & z !y _c be> to h !m tak5 f !m "o aft] ano!r1 !y become m fi]ce1 & r\gh1 & h>%] bo? 9 _! language & mann]s4 ,b ,pantius1 wi%+ to avoid _! moros5ess & asp]ity1 w\ld n approve ( ei!r ! bitt]ness ( _! s5tim5ts1 or _! capti\s way ( argu+3 & s 9 "o respect he 0 m g5tle1 & 9 ! o!r m intelligible4 ,& he 0 always quot+ ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 & ,x5ocrates1 & ,!ophra/us1 & ,dicar*us1 z 8 own writ+s %[4 ,& inde$1 ,i feel v sure t x w\ld d y a great deal ( good if y too 7 to /udy ^? au?ors ) c>e & dilig5ce4 ,b s9ce x is gett+ t[>ds ev5+1 & ,i mu/ return to my villa1 we w /op ?is discussion at ?is po9t1 b we w (t5 return to x on o!r occasions4 ,inde$ we w1 said he1 = :at c we d bett]8 ,& inde$ ,i %all require ( y to give me a he>+ :ile ,i refute :at y h said2 b recollect t y approve ( all our op9ions1 *>g+ u only ) us+ words incorrectly2 b t we d n approve ( "o s+le "o ( y\r ideas4 ,y are ?r[+ a /one at me z ,i dep>t1 said ,i2 h[ev]1 we %all see4 ,& :5 we _h ?us spok5 we sep>at$4 ,fif? ,book ,( ,! ,treatise ,on ,! ,*ief ,good ,& ,evil4 ,i4 ,"o day :5 ,i _h be5 he>+ ,antio*us lecture1 z ,i 0 9 ! habit ( do+1 ,o ,brutus1 9 company ) ,m>cus ,piso1 9 t gymnasium :i* is call$ ,ptolemy's1 my bro!r ,qu9tus be+ ) me1 & ,titus ,pomponius1 & ,lucius ,cic]o1 our c\s9 on ! fa!r's side z to relation%ip1 b our own bro!r z to affection1 we det]m9$ to take our aft]noon's walk 9 ! ,academy1 pr9cipally because at t "t ( day t place 0 free f any cr[d4 ,accord+ly1 at ! appo9t$ "t we all met at ,piso's h\se1 & f !nce we walk$ half-a-doz5 furlongs f ! ,dipylus to ! ,academy1 beguil+ ! road ) disc\rse on v>i\s subjects2 & :5 we _h arriv$ at ! des]v$ly celebrat$ space ( ! ,academy1 we !re f\nd ! solitude :i* we desir$4 ,!n said ,piso--,%all ,i say t ?is is implant$ 9 u by nature1 or by "s mi/ake1 t :5 we see ^? places :i* we h he>d t m5 :o des]ve to be _h 9 recollection h mu* frequ5t$1 we are m mov$ ?an :5 we he> ev5 ( _! actual de$s1 or ?an :5 we read "s "o ( _! writ+s8--j z ,i am affect$ n[4 ,= ! remembrance ( ,plato comes into my m9d1 :om we und]/& to h be5 ! fir/ p]son :o 0 accu/om$ to dispute 9 ?is place2 & ^: neighb\r+ g>d5s n only recal him vividly to my recollection1 b seem ev5 to place ! man himself be=e my eyes4 ,"h ,speusippus1 "h ,x5ocrates1 "h 8 pupil ,polemo us$ to walk2 & ! latt] us$ to sit 9 ! v spot :i* is n[ be=e u4 ,!re is our s5ate-h\se 7,i mean ! ,curia ,ho/ilia17#dh7 n ?is new "o1 :i* always seems to me small]1 ?\gh 9 fact x is l>g]73 :5ev] ,i h look$ ^u t ,i h always ?\ght ( ,scipio1 & ,cato1 & ,llius1 & m especially ( my own gr&fa!r4 ,s great a p[] ( rem9d+ "o ( circum/ances exi/s 9 ! places !mselves1 t x is n )\t reason t "s p h built up a sy/em ( memory 9 !m4 ,!n ,qu9tus said--,x is j z y say1 ,piso3 = z ,i 0 com+ "h j n[1 t di/rict ( ,colonos drew my att5tion to itself1 ^: inhabitant1 ,sophocles1 0 br\ght at once be=e my eyes3 = y "k h[ ,i admire1 & h[ ,i delight 9 him3 & accord+ly a sort ( appe>ance mov$ me1 an unsub/antial "o inde$1 b /ill x did move me to a m vivid recollection ( dipus com+ hi!r1 & ask+ 9 mo/ melodi\s v]se :at all ^! places 74 ,!n ,pomponius said--,i :om y all are always attack+ z devot$ to ,epicurus1 am (t5 ) ,phdrus1 :o is a p>ticul> fri5d ( m9e1 z y "k1 9 ! g>d5s ( ,epicurus1 :i* we pass$ by j ?is mom5t2 b1 accord+ to ! w>n+ ( ! old prov]b1 ,i rememb] ! liv+2 /ill ,i may n =get ,epicurus1 ev5 if 7 to wi% to d s1 ^: lik5ess our fri5ds h n only 9 pictures1 b ev5 on _! goblets & r+s4 ,,ii4 ,on ?is ,i *im$ 93--,our fri5d ,pomponius1 said ,i1 appe>s to be jok+1 & p]haps he has a "r to d s2 = he has e/abli%$ himself at ,a!ns 9 su* a way t he has almo/ become an ,a!nian1 & inde$ s z to seem likely to e>n su* a surname4 ,b ,i1 ,piso1 agree ) y t we d get into a habit ( ?9k+ a good deal m e>ne/ly & deeply on illu/ri\s m5 9 consequ5ce ( ! w>n+s ( place4 ,= y "k t once ,i w5t ) y to ,metapontum1 & did n turn into ! h\se ( my ent]ta9] until ,i _h se5 ! v place :]e ,py?agoras pass$ 8 life1 & 8 h\se2 & at ?is pres5t "t1 al?\gh all ov] ,a!ns !re are _m traces ( em95t m5 9 ! places !mselves1 /ill ,i am greatly affect$ by ?is seat :i* is be=e me4 ,= "h ,*>madas lately sat1--a man :om ,i seem to see1 = 8 lik5ess is well kn[n to me1 & ,i c fancy t 8 voice is regrett$ by ! v seat itself1 depriv$ z x is n[ ( su* a brilliant g5ius4 ,!n ,piso said--,s9ce1 n[1 we h all said some?+1 :at does our fri5d ,lucius ?9k8 is he glad to visit t spot :]e ,demo/h5es & s*9es us$ to cont5d toge!r8 = e "o is *iefly attract$ by 8 own p>ticul> /udy4 ,& he blu%$1 & answ]$--,d n ask me1 :o w5t d[n ev5 to ! h>b\r ( ,phal]um1 :]e !y say t ,demo/h5es us$ to declaim to ! waves1 9 ord] to accu/om himself to outvoice ! ro>+ ( ! sea4 ,i turn$ aside also out ( ! road1 a little to ! "r1 to approa* ! tomb ( ,p]icles2 al?\gh1 inde$1 su* records are c\ntless 9 ?is city1 = :]ev] we /ep we place our foot on "s hi/ory4 ,!n ,piso cont9u$3--,b1 ,cic]o1 said he1 ^? incl9ations are ! incl9ations ( clev] m51 if !y lead to ! imitation ( great m52 b if !y only t5d to br++ up aga9 ! traces ( anci5t recollections1 t is m]e curiosity4 ,b we all exhort y1--?\gh y ( y\r own accord1 z ,i hope1 are runn+ t way1--to imitate ^? m5 :om y wi% t y _h kn[n4 ,al?\gh1 ,i repli$1 our fri5d ,piso "h does1 z y see1 :at y recomm5d$1 /ill y\r exhortation is pleas+ to me4 ,!n said he1 9 a mo/ fri5dly mann]1 z 0 8 wont1--,let all ( u1 !n1 contribute e assi/ance to 8 y\?1 especially urg+ him to devote "s ( 8 /udies to philosophy1 ei!r = ! sake ( imitat+ y :om he loves1 or else ( be+ able to d :at he is desir\s to d ) m elegance4 ,b d y1 ,o ,lucius1 said he1 require to be exhort$ by u1 or are y incl9$ t way ( y\r own accord8 ,y appe>1 inde$1 to me to be v assidu\s 9 y\r att5dance on ,antio*us1 ^: pupil y are4 ,!n repli$ he1 timidly1--or1 ,i ought r to say1 mode/ly1--,i am inde$2 b did y n j n[ he> ,*>madas's "n m5tion$8 ,i am attract$ 9 t direction1 b ,antio*us drags me back aga92 nor is !re any "o else ^: lectures x w\ld be possible to att5d4 ,,iii4 ,piso repli$--,al?\gh1 :ile our fri5d "h 7mean+ me7 is pres5t1 ?is matt] w p]haps n be q s easy2 yet ,i w endeav\r to call y back f ?is ,new ,academy to t anci5t "o1 9 :i* 7z y us$ to he> ,antio*us say7 ^? m5 are n alone reckon$ :o are call$ ,academics1--,speusippus1 ,x5ocrates1 ,polemo1 ,crantor1 & ! re/2 b ! old ,p]ipatetics also1 ! *ief ( :om 0 ,ari/otle1 :om1 next to ,plato1 ,i ?9k ,i may fairly call ! pr9ce ( philosoph]s4 ,turn y\rself1 !re=e1 ,i entreat y1 to ^? m52 = f _! writ+s & sy/ems all lib]al le>n+1 all hi/ory1 all elegance ( language1 may be d]iv$2 & also1 s great is ! v>iety ( arts ( :i* !y 7 ma/]s1 t no "o c come prop]ly arm$ = any bus9ess ( importance & cr$it )\t be+ tol]ably v]s$ 9 _! writ+s4 ,x is ow+ to !m t m5 h turn$ out orators1 g5]als1 & /atesm52 &1 to desc5d to less important matt]s1 x is f ?is ,academy1 z f a regul> magaz9e ( all ! arts1 t ma!maticians1 poets1 musicians1 aye1 & physicians too1 h proce$$4 ,i repli$--,y "k well1 ,o ,piso1 t my op9ion is ! same3 b /ill ! m5tion ( x by y 0 v seasonable2 = my relation ,cic]o is anxi\s to he> :at 0 ! doctr9e ( t ,old ,academy :i* y h be5 speak+ (1 & ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 ab\t ! *ief good2 & we ?9k t y c v easily expla9 x to u1 because y ent]ta9$ ,/aseas ! ,neapolitan 9 y\r h\se = _m ye>s1 & because1 too1 we are aw>e t y h be5 _m mon?s at ,a!ns1 inve/igat+ ^! v ?+s1 z a pupil ( ,antio*us4 ,& he said1 ) a laugh1 ,come1 come1--= y h v clev]ly drawn me 9 to beg9 ! discussion1--let u expla9 x to ! "y man if we c2 = ?is solitude gives u ! opportunity3 b1 ev5 if a god _h told me s1 ,i w\ld nev] h believ$ t ,i %\ld be disput+ 9 ! ,academy1 l a philosoph]4 ,h[ev]1 ,i hope ,i %all n annoy ! re/ ( y :ile comply+ ) 8 reque/4 ,annoy me1 said ,i1 :o ask$ y8 ,qu9tus & ,pomponius also said t !y ent]ta9$ ! same wi%2 s he began4 ,& ,i beg ( y1 ,brutus1 to consid] :e!r :at he said appe>s to y to suffici5tly embrace ! doctr9es ( ,antio*us1 :i* ,i "k y1 :o 7 a con/ant att5dant on ! lectures ( 8 bro!r ,ari/us1 approve ( highly4 ,?us he spoke3-- ,,iv4 ,:at great elegance !re is 9 ! ,p]ipatetic sy/em ,i h expla9$ a little "t ago1 z briefly z ,i c\ld4 ,b ! =m ( ! sy/em1 z is ! case ) mo/ ( ! o!r s*ools1 is ?reefold3 "o division be+ t ( nature2 ! second1 t ( argu+2 ! ?ird1 t ( liv+4 ,nature has be5 inve/igat$ by !m s ?or\ghly t !re is no "p ( heav51 or e>?1 or sea 7to speak l a poet71 :i* !y h pass$ ov]4 ,moreov]1 aft] hav+ treat$ ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 & ( ! univ]sal _w1 s z to prove _m po9ts n only by probable argum5ts1 b ev5 by ! inscrutable demon/rations ( ma!maticians1 !y br\ght f ! subjects :i* !y _h inve/igat$ abundant mat]ials to assi/ 9 atta9+ to ! k ( secret ?+s4 ,ari/otle inve/igat$ ! bir?1 & way ( liv+1 & figure ( e animal2 ,!ophra/us exam9$ ! causes1 & pr9ciples1 & natures ( plants1 & ( almo/ ev]y?+ :i* is produc$ out ( ! e>?2 by :i* k ! inve/igation ( ! mo/ secret ?+s is r5d]$ easi]4 ,also1 !y h giv5 rules = argu+1 n only logically1 b oratorically2 & a sy/em ( speak+ 9 bo? ^! mann]s1 on e subject1 has be5 laid d[n by ,ari/otle1 _! *ief2 s t he did n always argue aga9/ ev]y?+1 z ,arcesilas did2 & yet he furni%$ "o on e subject ) argum5ts to be us$ on bo? sides ( x4 ,b1 z ! ?ird division 0 occupi$ ab\t ! rules ( liv+ well1 x 0 also br\ght back by ^? same p1 n only to ! sy/em ( private life1 b also to ! direction ( affairs ( /ate4 ,= f ,ari/otle we h acquir$ a k ( ! mann]s1 & cu/oms1 & in/itutions ( almo/ e /ate1 n ( ,greece only1 b also ( ! ,b>b>ians2 & f ,!ophra/us we h le>nt ev5 _! laws3 & ea* ( !m taught :at sort ( man a lead] 9 a /ate ought to be1 & also wrote at great l5g? to expla9 :at 0 ! be/ con/itution = a /ate4 ,b ,!ophra/us also detail$ v copi\sly :at 7 ! natural incl9ations ( affairs1 & :at ! influ5ces ( opportunities :i* requir$ regulat+ z occasion might dem&4 ,& z = liv+1 a quiet me?od ( life appe>$ to !m to be ! be/1 pass$ 9 ! contemplation & k ( ?+s2 :i*1 inasmu* z x _h ! greate/ resemblance to ! life ( ! gods1 appe>$ to !m to be mo/ wor?y ( a wise man2 & on ^! subjects !y held v l(ty & dignifi$ language4 ,v4 ,b respect+ ! *ief good1 because !re are two k9ds ( books1--"o address$ to ! p1 :i* !y us$ to call 1 ! o!r writt5 9 a m poli%$ /yle1 :i* !y left beh9d 9 comm5t>ies1--!y appe> n always to say ! same ?+2 & yet 9 _! ultimate conclusion !re is no v>iety 9 ! language ( ! m5 :om ,i h nam$1 nor is !re any disagreem5t betwe5 !m4 ,b1 z a happy life is ! object ( se>*1 & z t is ! only ?+ :i* philosophy ought to pursue & reg>d1 !re nev] appe>s to be ! lea/ diff]5ce or d\bt 9 _! writ+s1 z to :e!r happ9ess is :olly 9 ! p[] ( ! wise man1 or :e!r x c be und]m9$ or tak5 f him by adv]sity4 ,& ?is po9t is ! especial subject ( ! book ( ,!ophra/us1 on a ,happy ,life2 9 :i* a great deal is attribut$ to =tune3 & if t !ory is correct1 !n wisdom _c make life happy4 ,n[1 ?is seems to me r too t5d] 7if ,i may say s7 & delicate a doctr9e1 m s ?an ! p[] & importance ( virtue c sanction4 ,:]e=e let u r hold ) ,ari/otle1 & 8 son ,nicoma*us1--^: admirably writt5 books on ,morals are said1 inde$1 to be ,ari/otle's2 b ,i d n see :y ! son may n h be5 l 8 fa!r2 b1 9 mo/ cases1 let u apply to ,!ophra/us1 z long z we attribute a little m firmness & /r5g? to virtue ?an he did4 ,let u1 !n1 be cont5t ) ^! guides2 = _! successors are wis] m51 inde$1 9 my op9ion1 ?an ! philosoph]s ( o!r s*ools3 b /ill !y deg5]ate s f ^! great m51 t !y seem to me r to h aris5 f !mselves ?an f !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,/rato1 ! pupil ( ,!ophra/us1 call$ himself a natural philosoph]3 & ?\gh1 9 tru?1 he is an em95t man 9 t l9e1 /ill mo/ ( :at he said 0 novel2 & he said v little ab\t morals4 ,8 pupil ,lyco 0 ri* 9 eloqu5ce1 b v meagre 9 matt]4 ,!n 8 pupil ,ari/o 0 a neat & elegant writ]1 b /ill he _h n t dignity :i* we look = 9 a great philosoph]3 he wrote a great deal1 c]ta9ly1 & 9 a poli%$ /yle2 b1 someh[ or o!r1 8 writ+s d n c>ry any weight4 ,i pass ov] sev]al1 & among !m t le>n$ man & pleasant writ]1 ,hi]onymus2 & ,i d n "k :y ,i %\ld call him a ,p]ipatetic1 = he def9$ ! *ief good to be fre$om f pa93 & he :o disagrees ) me ab\t ! *ief good1 disagrees ) me ab\t ! :ole pr9ciple ( philosophy4 ,critolaus wi%$ to copy ! anci5ts2 &1 inde$1 he comes ne>e/ to !m 9 dignity1 & 8 eloqu5ce is preem95t3 /ill he adh]es to ! anci5t doctr9e4 ,diodorus1 8 pupil1 adds to hon\rabl5ess fre$om f pa93 he1 too1 cl+s to a !ory ( 8 own2 &1 z he disagrees f !m ab\t ! *ief good1 he is h>dly entitl$ to be call$ a ,p]ipatetic4 ,b my fri5d ,antio*us seems to me to pursue ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts ) ! greate/ c>e2 & he %[s t !y co9cid$ ) ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle & ,polemo4 ,,vi4 ,my "y fri5d ,lucius1 !re=e1 acts prud5tly :5 he wi%es *iefly to be in/ruct$ ab\t ! *ief good2 = :5 ?is po9t is once settl$ 9 philosophy1 ev]y?+ is settl$4 ,= 9 o!r matt]s1 if any?+ is pass$ ov]1 or if we are ignorant ( any?+1 ! inconv5i5ce ?us produc$ is no great] ?an ! importance ! matt] is ( 9 :i* ! omission has tak5 place2 b if "o is ignorant ( :at is ! *ief good1 "o mu/ necess>ily be ignorant ( ! true pr9ciples ( life2 & f ?is ignorance su* great errors ensue t !y _c tell to :at port to betake !mselves4 ,b :5 "o has acquir$ a k ( ! *ief ends1--:5 "o kn[s :at is ! *ief good & ! *ief evil1--!n a prop] pa? ( life1 & a prop] regulation ( all ! duties ( life1 is f\nd out4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 an object to :i* ev]y?+ may be ref]r$2 f :i* a sy/em ( liv+ happily1 :i* is :at e "o desires1 may be discov]$ & adopt$4 ,b s9ce !re is a great division ( op9ion z to :at t consi/s 91 we _h bett] employ ! division ( ,c>neades1 :i* our fri5d ,antio*us pref]s1 & usually adopts4 ,he !re=e saw n only h[ _m diff]5t op9ions ( philosoph]s on ! subject ( ! *ief good !re 71 b h[ _m !re c\ld be4 ,accord+ly1 he ass]t$ t !re 0 no art :i* proce$$ f itself2 =1 9 tru?1 t :i* is compreh5d$ by an art is always ext]ior to ! art4 ,!re is no ne$ ( prolong+ ?is argum5t by adduc+ in/ances2 = x is evid5t t no art is conv]sant ab\t itself1 b t ! art itself is "o ?+1 & ! object :i* is propos$ to be atta9$ by ! art ano!r4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 prud5ce is ! art ( liv+1 j z m$ic9e is ( heal?1 or /e]+ ( navigation1 x foll[s unavoidably t t also mu/ h be5 e/abli%$ by1 & mu/ proce$ f1 some?+ else4 ,b x is agre$ among almo/ all p1 t t object ) :i* prud5ce is conv]sant1 & :i* x wi%es to arrive at1 ought to be fitt$ & suit$ to nature1 & to be ( su* a "* z by itself to invite & attract t desire ( ! m9d :i* ! ,greeks call 4 ,b z to :at x is :i* causes ?is excitem5t1 & :i* is s greatly desir$ by nature f its fir/ exi/5ce1 x is n agre$2 &1 inde$1 !re is a great diss5sion on ! subject among philosoph]s :5ev] ! *ief good is ! subject ( inve/igation3 = ! s\rce ( ?is :ole "q :i* is agitat$ z to ! *ief good & evil1 :5 m5 inquire :at is ! extreme & highe/ po9t ( ei!r1 mu/ be trac$ back1 & 9 t w be f\nd ! primitive inducem5ts ( nature2 & :5 x is f\nd1 !n ! :ole discussion ab\t ! *ief good & evil proce$s f x z f a spr+4 ,,vii4 ,"s p consid] ! fir/ desire to be a desire ( pleasure1 & ! fir/ ?+ :i* m5 seek to w>d (f to be pa93 o!rs ?9k t ! fir/ ?+ wi%$ = is fre$om f pa91 & ! fir/ ?+ %unn$1 pa92 & f ^! m5 o!rs proce$1 :o call ! fir/ goods natural ones2 among :i* !y reckon ! safety & integrity ( all "o's p>ts1 good heal?1 ! s5ses unimpair$1 fre$om f pa91 /r5g?1 beauty1 & o!r ?+s ( ! same sort1 ! images ( :i* are ! fir/ ?+s 9 ! m9d1 l ! sp>ks & se$s ( ! virtues4 ,& ( ^! ?ree1 z !re is "s "o ?+ by :i* nature is orig9ally mov$ to feel desire1 or to repel some?+1 & z x is impossible t !re %\ld be any?+ except ^! ?ree ?+s1 x foll[s unavoidably t e duty1 :e!r ( avoid+ or ( pursu+ any?+1 is ref]r$ to "s "o ( ^! ?+s2 s t t prud5ce1 :i* we h call$ ! art ( life1 is always conv]sant ab\t "s "o ( ^! ?ree ?+s f :i* x d]ives ! beg9n+ ( ! :ole life3 & f t :i* x has pron\nc$ to be ! orig9al cause by :i* nature is excit$1 ! pr9ciple ( :at is "r & hon\rable arises2 :i* c agree ) "s "o ( ^! ?ree divisions2 s t x is hon\rable to d ev]y?+ = ! sake ( pleasure1 ev5 if y d n obta9 x2 or else = ! sake ( avoid+ pa91 ?\gh y may n be able to compass t2 or else ( gett+ "s "o ( ^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature4 ,& ?us x comes ab\t t !re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! *ief good & ! *ief evil z !re is 9 _! natural pr9ciples4 ,o!rs aga91 />t+ f ! same beg9n+1 ref] ev]y?+ ei!r to pleasure or to fre$om f pa91 or else to ! atta9m5t ( ^? prim>y goods :i* are accord+ to nature4 ,n[ !n t we h detail$ six op9ions ab\t ! *ief good1 ^! are ! *ief advocates ( ! ?ree la/-m5tion$ op9ions1--,ari/ippus1 ! advocate ( pleasure2 ,hi]onymus1 ( fre$om f pa92 & ,c>neades1 ( ! enjoym5t ( ^? ?+s :i* we h call$ ! pr9cipal ?+s 9 accordance ) nature 7?\gh he1 inde$1 0 n ! au?or ( ?is !ory1 b only its advocate1 = ! sake ( ma9ta9+ a debate74 ,n[1 ! ?ree =m] 7 su* z might possibly be true1 ?\gh only "o ( !m 0 def5d$1 & t 0 vehem5tly ma9ta9$4 ,= no "o says1 t to d ev]y?+ = ! sake ( pleasure1 or t1 ev5 ?\gh we obta9 no?+1 /ill ! v design ( act+ s is ( itself desirable1 & hon\rable1 & ! only good2 no "o ev] ev5 plac$ ! avoidance ( pa9 7n ev5 if x c\ld be avoid$7 among ?+s intr9sically desirable2 b to d ev]y?+ ) a view to obta9 ! ?+s :i* are accord+ to nature1 ev5 ?\gh we d n succe$ 9 obta9+ !m1 ! ,/oics d affirm to be hon\rable1 & ! only ?+ to be desir$ = its own sake1 & ! only good4 ,,viii4 ,^!1 !n1 are six pla9 op9ions ab\t ! *ief good & ! *ief evil1--two hav+ no advocate1 b f\r be+ def5d$4 ,b ( unit$ & tw(old explanations ( ! *ief good !re 7 9 all ?ree2 nor c\ld !re be m if y exam9e ! nature ( ?+s ?or\ghly4 ,= ei!r pleasure c be add$ to hon\rabl5ess1 z ,callipho & ,d9oma*us ?\ght2 or fre$om f pa91 z ,diodorus ass]t$2 or ! fir/ gifts ( nature1 z ! anci5ts said1 :om we call at ! same "t ,academics & ,p]ipatetics4 ,b1 s9ce ev]y?+ _c be said at once1 at pres5t ^! ?+s ought to be kn[n1 t pleasure ought to be exclud$2 s9ce1 z x w pres5tly appe>1 we h be5 born = high] purposes2 & ne>ly ! same may be said ( fre$om f pa9 z ( pleasure4 ,s9ce !n we h discuss$ pleasure ) ,torquatus1 & hon\rabl5ess 79 :i* alone e good 0 to consi/7 ) ,cato2 9 ! fir/ place1 ! argum5ts :i* 7 urg$ aga9/ pleasure are ne>ly equally applicable to fre$om f pa94 ,nor1 inde$1 ne$ we seek = any o!rs to reply to t op9ion ( ,c>neades2 = 9 :atev] mann] ! *ief good is expla9$1 s z to be unconnect$ ) hon\rabl5ess1 9 t sy/em duty1 & virtue1 & fri5d%ip1 c h no place4 ,b ! union ( ei!r pleasure or fre$om f pa9 ) hon\rabl5ess1 makes t v hon\rabl5ess :i* x wi%es to embrace di%on\rable2 = to ref] :at y d to ^? ?+s1 "o ( :i* ass]ts ! man :o is free f evil to be 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! *ief good1 :ile ! o!r is conv]sant ) ! mo/ trifl+ "p ( our nature1 is r ! conduct ( a man :o w\ld obscure ! :ole brilliancy ( hon\rabl5ess--,i might almo/ say1 :o w\ld pollute x4 ,! ,/oics rema91 :o aft] !y _h borr[$ ev]y?+ f ! ,p]ipatetics & ,academics1 pursu$ ! same objects "u diff]5t names4 ,x is bett] to reply to !m all sep>ately4 ,b let u /ick to our pres5t subject2 we c deal ) ^? m5 at a m conv5i5t season4 ,b ! 8security0 ( ,democritus1 :i* is z x 7 a sort ( tranquillity ( ! m9d :i* !y all 1 des]v$ to be sep>at$ f ?is discussion1 because t tranquillity ( ! m9d is ( itself a happy life4 ,:at we are inquir+1 h[ev]1 is n :at x is1 b :5ce x is d]iv$4 ,! op9ions ( ,pyrrho1 ,ari/o1 & ,h]illus1 h long ago be5 explod$ & disc>d$1 z :at c nev] be applicable to ?is circle ( discussion to :i* we limit ourselves1 & :i* _h no ne$ to h be5 ev] m5tion$2 = z ! :ole ( ?is inquiry is ab\t ! *ief1 & :at ,i may call ! highe/ good & evil1 x ought to />t f t po9t :i* we call suitable & adapt$ to nature1 & :i* is s\ght ( itself = itself4 ,n[ ?is is :olly put out ( ! "q by ^? :o d5y t 9 ^? ?+s 9 :i* !re is no?+ ei!r hon\rable or di%on\rable1 !re is any reason :y "o ?+ %\ld be pref]r$ to ano!r1 & :o ?9k t !re is actually no diff]5ce :atev] betwe5 ^? ?+s4 ,& ,h]illus1 if he ?\ght t no?+ 0 good except k1 put an end to all reason = tak+ c\nsel1 & to all inquiry ab\t duty4 ,?us1 aft] we h got rid ( ! op9ions ( ! re/1 z !re c be no o!r1 ?is doctr9e ( ! anci5ts mu/ inevitably prevail4 ,,ix4 ,!re=e1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! anci5ts1 :i* ! ,/oics also adopt1 let u make ?is beg9n+3--,e animal loves itself1 & z soon z x is born lab\rs to pres]ve itself1 because ?is is ! fir/ desire giv5 to x by nature1 to regulate its :ole life1 to pres]ve itself1 & to be s dispos$ z x be/ may 9 accordance ) nature4 ,at ! beg9n+ x has su* a confus$ & unc]ta9 k9d ( organization t x c only j take c>e ( itself1 :atev] x is2 b x does n und]/& ei!r :at x is1 or :at its p[]s are1 or :at its nature is4 ,b :5 x has advanc$ a little1 & beg9s to p]ceive h[ f> any?+ t\*es x1 or has ref]5ce to x1 !n x beg9s gradually to improve1 & to compreh5d itself1 & to und]/& = :at cause x has t appetite ( ! m9d :i* ,i h spok5 (2 & beg9s also to desire ^? ?+s :i* x feels to be suit$ to its nature1 & to keep (f ! contr>y4 ,!re=e1 9 ! case ( e animal1 :at x wi%es is plac$ 9 t ?+ :i* is adapt$ to its nature4 ,& s ! *ief good is to live accord+ to nature1 ) ! be/ disposition & ! mo/ suitable to nature t c be eng5d]$4 ,b s9ce e animal has 8 own peculi> nature1 x is pla9 t ! object ( ea* mu/ be to h 8 nature satisfi$4 ,= !re is no h9drance to !re be+ "s ?+s 9 common to all o!r animals1 & "s common bo? to m5 & bea/s1 s9ce ! nature ( all is common4 ,b t highe/ & *ief good & evil :i* we are 9 se>* (1 is di/ribut$ & divid$ among ! diff]5t k9ds ( animals1 ea* hav+ its own peculi> good & evil1 adapt$ to t end :i* ! nature ( ea* class ( animal requires4 ,:]e=e1 :5 we say t ! *ief good to all animals is to live accord+ to nature1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood z if we said t !y _h all ! same *ief good4 ,b z x may truly be said to be common to all arts to be conv]sant ab\t "s sci5ce1 & t !re is a sep>ate sci5ce belong+ to ea* art1 s we may say t x is common to all animals to live accord+ to nature1 b t !re are diff]5t natures2 s t ! horse has by nature "o *ief good1 ! ox ano!r1 man ano!r2 & yet 9 all !re is "o common end2 & t is ! case too1 n only 9 animals1 b also 9 all ^? ?+s :i* nature n\ri%es1 causes to gr[1 & protects2 9 :i* we see t ^? ?+s :i* are produc$ out ( ! e>?1 someh[ or o!r by _! own en]gy create _m ?+s = !mselves :i* h influ5ce on _! life & gr[?1 & s ea* 9 _! own k9d !y arrive at ! *ief good4 ,s t we may n[ embrace all su* 9 "o compreh5sive /atem5t2 & ,i ne$ n hesitate to say1 t e nature is its own pres]v]2 & has = its object1 z its end & *ief good1 to protect itself 9 ! be/ possible condition t its k9d admits (2 s t x foll[s inevitably t all ?+s :i* fl\ri% by nature h a simil> b /ill n ! same end4 ,& f ?is x %\ld be und]/ood1 t ! *ief & highe/ good to man is to live accord+ to nature :i* we may int]pret ?us1--to live accord+ to t nature ( a man :i* is made p]fect on all sides1 & is 9 ne$ ( no?+4 ,^! ?+s !n we mu/ expla92 & if our explanation is r m9ute1 y w excuse x2 = we are b\nd to consid] ! y\? ( our he>]1 & ! fact t he is n[ p]haps li/5+ to su* a disc\rse = ! fir/ "t4 ,c]ta9ly1 said ,i2 al?\gh :at y h said hi!rto might be v prop]ly address$ to he>]s ( any age4 ,x4 ,s9ce !n1 said he1 we h expla9$ ! limit ( ^? ?+s :i* are to be desir$1 we mu/ next %[ :y ! facts are z ,i h /at$ !m4 ,:]e=e1 let u set out f ! position :i* ,i fir/ laid d[n1 :i* is also 9 reality ! fir/1 s t we may und]/& t e animal loves itself4 ,& ?\gh !re is no d\bt ( ?is1 7= x is a pr9ciple fix$ deep 9 nature itself1 & is compreh5d$ by ! s5se ( e "o1 9 su* a degree t if any "o wi%$ to argue aga9/ x1 he w\ld n be li/5$ to17 yet1 t ,i may n pass ov] any?+1 ,i ?9k x z well to adduce "s reasons :y ?is is ! case4 ,al?\gh1 h[ c any "o ei!r und]/& or fancy t !re is any animal :i* hates itself8 ,x w\ld be a contradiction ( facts2 = :5 t appetite ( ! m9d has begun design$ly to attract any?+ to itself :i* is an h9drance to x1 because x is an enemy to itself1--:5 x does t = its own sake1 x w bo? hate itself & love itself1 :i* is impossible4 ,x is unavoidable t1 if any "o is an enemy to himself1 he mu/ ?9k ^? ?+s bad :i* are good1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? ?+s good :i* are bad2 t he mu/ avoid ^? ?+s :i* he ought to seek1 & seek :at he ought to avoid2 all :i* habits are indubitably ! ov]turn+ ( life4 ,= ev5 if "s p are f\nd :o seek = halt]s or o!r modes ( de/ruction1 or1 l ! man 9 ,t]5ce1 :o det]m9$ 8= su* a l5g? ( "t to d less injury to 8 son10 7z he says himself17 8until he becomes mis]able10 x does n foll[ t !y are to be ?\ght enemies to !mselves4 ,b "s are influ5c$ by pa91 o!rs by desire2 _m aga9 are c>ri$ away by passion1 & :ile !y kn[+ly run into evils1 /ill fancy t !y are consult+ _! own int]e/s mo/ excell5tly2 &1 !re=e1 !y unhesitat+ly say-- ,t is my way2 d y :ate'er y mu/-- l m5 :o h decl>$ w> aga9/ !mselves1 :o l to be tortur$ all day & torm5t$ all night1 & :o yet d n accuse !mselves ( hav+ omitt$ to consult _! own int]e/s2 = ?is is a compla9t made by ^? m5 :o are de> to & :o love !mselves4 ,:]e=e1 :5ev] a man is said to be b little oblig$ to himself1 to be a foe & enemy to himself1 & 9 %ort to flee f life1 x %\ld be und]/ood t !re is "s cause ( t k9d ly+ b5ea? ! surface2 s t x may be und]/ood f t v in/ance t e "o is de> to himself4 ,nor is x suffici5t t !re has nev] be5 any "o :o hat$ himself2 b we mu/ und]/& also t !re is no "o :o ?9ks t x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to him 9 :at condition he is2 = all desire ( ! m9d w be put an end to if1 z 9 ^? ?+s betwe5 :i* !re is no diff]5ce we are n m incl9$ to ei!r side1 s also1 9 ! case ( our own selves1 we ?9k x makes no diff]5ce to u 9 :at way we are affect$4 ,,xi4 ,& ?is also w\ld be a v absurd ?+ if any "o 7 to say x1 namely1 t a man is lov$ by himself 9 su* a mann] t t vehem5t love is ref]r$ to "s o!r ?+1 & n to t v man :o loves himself4 ,n[ :5 ?is is said 9 ! case ( fri5d%ip1 ( duty1 or ( virtue1 h[ev] x is said1 x is /ill intelligible :at is meant by x2 b 9 reg>d to our own selves1 x _c ev5 be und]/ood t we %\ld love ourselves = ! sake ( some?+ else1 or 9 a ^w1 = ! sake ( pleasure4 ,= x is = our sakes t we love pleasure1 & n = ! sake ( pleasure t we love ourselves2 al?\gh :at c be m evid5t ?an t e "o is n only de>1 b excessively de> to himself8 ,= :o is !re1 or at all ev5ts h[ few are !re1 :o :5 dea? approa*es1 does n f9d ,8 he>t's blood *ill'd ) sudd5 fe>1 ,8 *eek gr[ pale8 & if x is a vice to dread ! dissolution ( nature s excessively1 7& ! same ?+ on ! same pr9ciple may be ass]t$ ( our av]sion to pa917 /ill ! fact t ne>ly e "o is affect$ 9 ?is mann]1 is a suffici5t pro( t nature abhors de/ruction4 ,& ?\gh "s m5 %[ ?is dread or av]sion to su* a degree t !y are des]v$ly blam$ = x1 /ill ?is may %[ u t su* feel+s w\ld n be s excessive 9 "s p1 if a mod]ate degree ( !m 7 n implant$ 9 mank9d by nature4 ,nor1 inde$1 d ,i mean t fe> ( dea? :i* is %[n by ^? m5 :o1 because !y ?9k t !y are be+ depriv$ ( ! goods ( life1 or because !y fe> "s t]rible ev5ts aft] dea?1 or :o1 because !y are afraid ( dy+ 9 pa91 !re=e %un dea?2 = 9 ! case ( *ildr51 :o c h no su* ideas or appreh5sions1 !y (t5 %[ fe> if1 :5 play+ ) !m1 we ?reat5 to ?r[ !m d[n f any place2 & ev5 bea/s1 z ,pacuvius says1 ,:o h no cunn+1 or prophetic craft ,to w>d (f dang] ere x come1 %udd] :5 ! fe> ( dea? comes be=e !m4 ,&1 inde$1 :o ent]ta9s a diff]5t op9ion ( ! wise man himself8 :o1 ev5 :5 he has decid$ t he mu/ die1 /ill is affect$ by ! dep>ture f 8 family1 & by ! fact t he mu/ leave ! light ( day4 ,& above all is ! p[] ( nature visible 9 ! human race1 s9ce _m endure begg>y to pres]ve life1 & m5 worn out ) old age are tortur$ ) ! idea ( ! approa* ( dea?1 & endure su* ?+s z we see ,philoctetes 9 ! play suff]1 :o1 :ile he 0 kept 9 torture by intol]able pa9s1 nev]!less pres]v$ 8 life by ! game :i* he c\ld kill ) 8 arr[s4 ,he1 ?\gh sl[1 o'ertook ! swift1 ,he /ood & slew ! fly+-- z ,attius says1 & made himself cov]+s = 8 body by plait+ ! fea!rs toge!r4 ,i am speak+ ( mank9d1 &1 inde$1 g5]ally ( all animals1 ?\gh plants & trees h ne>ly ! same nature1 :e!r1 z is ! op9ion ( "s mo/ le>n$ m51 because "s pr$om9ant & div9e cause has implant$ ?is p[] 9 !m1 or :e!r x is accid5tal4 ,we see ^? ?+s :i* ! e>? produces pres]v$ 9 vig\r by _! b>k & roots1 :i* happ5s to animals by ! arrangem5t ( _! s5ses1 & a c]ta9 compact con=mation ( limb4 ,& ) ref]5ce to ?is subject1 al?\gh ,i agree ) ^? m5 :o ?9k t all ^! ?+s are regulat$ by nature1 & t if nature neglect$ to regulate !m1 ! animals !mselves c\ld n exi/1 /ill ,i grant t ^? :o diff] on ?is subject may ?9k :at !y please1 & may ei!r und]/& t :5 ,i say ! nature ( man ,i mean man 7= x makes no diff]5ce72 = a man w be able to dep>t f himself soon] ?an he c lose ! desire ( ^? ?+s :i* are advantage\s to him4 ,rightly1 !re=e1 h ! mo/ le>n$ philosoph]s s\ght ! pr9ciple ( ! *ief good 9 nature1 & ?\ght t t appetite = ?+s adapt$ to nature is implant$ 9 all m51 = !y are kept toge!r by t recomm5dation ( nature 9 ob$i5ce to :i* !y love !mselves4 ,,xii4 ,! next ?+ :i* we mu/ exam9e is1 :at is ! nature ( man1 s9ce x is suffici5tly evid5t t e "o is de> to himself by nature2 = t is ! ?+ :i* we are really inquir+ ab\t4 ,b x is evid5t t man consi/s ( m9d & body1 & t ! fir/ rank belongs to ! m9d1 & ! second to ! body4 ,9 ! next place we see1 also1 t 8 body is s =m$ z to excel t ( o!r animals1 & t 8 m9d is s con/itut$ z to be furni%$ ) s5ses1 & to h excell5ce ( intellect :i* ! :ole nature ( man obeys1 9 :i* !re is a c]ta9 admirable =ce ( reason1 & k1 & sci5ce1 & all k9ds ( virtues2 = ! ?+s :i* are p>ts ( ! body h no au?ority to be comp>$ ) t possess$ by ! p>ts ( ! m9d2 & !y are m easily kn[n4 ,!re=e1 let u beg9 ) !m4 ,x is evid5t1 n[1 h[ suitable to nature are ! p>ts ( our body1 & ! :ole g5]al figure1 =m1 & /ature ( x2 nor is !re any d\bt :at k9d ( face1 eyes1 e>s & o!r features are peculi> to man4 ,b c]ta9ly x is necess>y = !m to be 9 good heal? & vigor\s1 & to h all _! natural movem5ts & uses2 s t no "p ( !m %all be abs5t1 or disord]$1 or enfeebl$2 = nature requires s\ndness4 ,= !re is a c]ta9 action ( ! body :i* has all its motions & its g5]al condition 9 a /ate ( h>mony ) nature1 9 :i* if any?+ goes wrong ?r\gh any di/ortion or depravity1 ei!r by any irregul> motion or disord]$ condition1--z if1 = in/ance1 a p]son 7 to walk on 8 h&s1 or to walk n =w>ds b backw>ds1--!n he w\ld evid5tly appe> to be fly+ f himself1 & to be putt+ (f 8 manhood1 & to hate 8 own nature4 ,on :i* acc\nt1 also1 "s ways ( sitt+ d[n1 & "s contort$ & abrupt movem5ts1 su* z wanton or effem9ate m5 at times indulge 91 are contr>y to nature4 ,s t ev5 if t %\ld happ5 ?r\gh any fault ( ! m9d1 /ill ! nature ( ! man w\ld seem to be *ang$ 9 8 body4 ,!re=e1 on ! contr>y1 mod]ate & equal conditions1 & affections1 & habits ( ! body1 seem to be suitable to nature4 ,b n[ ! m9d mu/ n only exi/1 b mu/ exi/ 9 a peculi> mann]1 s z to h all its p>ts s\nd1 & to h no virtue want+3 b ea* s5se has its own peculi> virtue1 s t no?+ may h9d] ea* s5se f p]=m+ its (fice 9 ! quick & ready p]ception ( ^? ?+s :i* come "u ! s5ses4 ,,xiii4 ,b !re are _m virtues ( ! m9d1 & ( t "p ( ! m9d :i* is ! *ief1 & :i* is call$ ! intellect2 b ^! virtues are divid$ into two pr9cipal classes3 "o1 consi/+ ( ^? :i* are implant$ by nature1 & are call$ involunt>y2 ! o!r1 ( ^? :i* dep5d on ! w1 & are m (t5 spok5 ( by _! prop] "n ( virtues2 ^: great excell5ce is attribut$ to ! m9d z a subject ( praise4 ,n[ 9 ! =m] class are docility1 memory1 & o!rs1 ne>ly all ( :i* are call$ by ! "o "n ( +5ium1 & ^? :o possess !m are call$ +5iosi4 ,! o!r class consi/s ( ^? :i* are great & real virtues2 :i* we call volunt>y1 su* z prud5ce1 temp]ance1 =titude1 ju/ice1 & o!rs ( ! same k9d4 ,& ?is 0 :at might be said briefly ( bo? m9d & body2 & ?is /atem5t supplies a sort ( sket* ( :at ! nature ( man requires3--& f ?is x is evid5t1 s9ce we are belov$ by ourselves1 & s9ce we wi% ev]y?+ bo? 9 our m9ds & bodies to be p]fect1 t ^? qualities are de> to u = _! own sakes1 & t !y are ( ! greate/ influ5ce t[>ds our liv+ well4 ,= he to :om self-pres]vation is propos$ z an object1 mu/ necess>ily feel an affection = all ! sep>ate p>ts ( himself2 & a great] affection 9 proportion z !y are m p]fect & m praisewor?y 9 _! sep>ate k9ds4 ,= t k9d ( life is desir$ :i* is full ( ! virtues ( ! m9d & body2 & 9 t ! *ief good mu/ unavoidably be plac$1 s9ce x ought to be ( su* a "* z to be ! highe/ ( all desirable ?+s4 ,& :5 we h asc]ta9$ t1 !re ought to be no d\bt ent]ta9$1 t z m5 are de> to !mselves = _! own sake1 & ( _! own accord1 s1 also1 ! p>ts ( ! body & m9d1 & ( ^? ?+s :i* are 9 ! motion & condition ( ea*1 are cultivat$ ) a des]v$ reg>d1 & are s\ght = _! own sakes4 ,& :5 ?is pr9ciple has be5 laid d[n1 x is easy to conjecture t ^? p>ts ( u are mo/ desirable :i* h ! mo/ dignity2 s t ! virtue ( ea* mo/ excell5t "p :i* is s\ght = its own sake1 is also des]v+ ( be+ pr9cipally s\ght aft]4 ,& ! consequ5ce w be1 t ! virtue ( ! m9d is pref]r$ to ! virtue ( ! body1 & t ! volunt>y virtues ( ! m9d are sup]ior to ! involunt>y2 = x is ! volunt>y ones :i* are prop]ly call$ virtues1 & :i* are mu* sup]ior to ! o!rs1 z be+ ! (fspr+ ( reason2 ?an :i* !re is no?+ m div9e 9 man4 ,9 tru?1 ! *ief good ( all ^? qualities :i* nature creates & ma9ta9s1 & :i* are ei!r unconnect$ or ne>ly s ) ! body1 is plac$ 9 ! m9d2 s t x appe>s to h be5 a tol]ably acute obs]vation :i* 0 made respect+ ! s[1 t t animal _h a s\l giv5 x in/ead ( salt to keep x f gett+ rott54 ,,xiv4 ,b !re are "s bea/s 9 :i* !re is some?+ resembl+ virtue1 su* z lions1 dogs1 & horses2 9 :i* we see movem5ts n ( ! body only1 z we d 9 pigs1 b to a c]ta9 ext5t we may disc]n "s movem5ts ( m9d4 ,b 9 man ! :ole dom9ant p[] lies 9 ! m9d2 & ! dom9ant p[] ( ! m9d is reason3 & f ?is proce$s virtue1 :i* is def9$ z ! p]fection ( reason3 :i* !y ?9k is to be gradually develop$ day by day4 ,^? ?+s1 too1 :i* ! e>? produces h a sort ( gradual gr[? t[>ds p]fection1 n v unlike :at we see 9 animals4 ,!re=e we say t a v9e lives1 & dies2 we speak ( a tree z "y1 or old2 be+ 9 its prime1 or gr[+ old4 ,& x is !re=e n inconsi/5t to speak1 z 9 ! case ( animals1 ( "s ?+s 9 plants1 too1 be+ con=mable to nature1 & "s n3 & to say t !re is a c]ta9 cultivation ( !m1 n\ri%+1 & caus+ !m to gr[1 :i* is ! sci5ce & art ( ! f>m]1 :i* prunes !m1 cuts !m 91 raises !m1 tra9s !m1 props !m1 s t !y may be able to ext5d !mselves 9 ! direction :i* nature po9ts out2 9 su* a mann] t ! v9es !mselves1 if !y c\ld speak1 w\ld confess t !y ought to be manag$ & protect$ 9 ! way !y are4 ,& n[ inde$ t :i* protects x 7t ,i may cont9ue to speak *iefly ( ! v9e7 is ext]nal to ! v9e3 = x has b v little p[] 9 itself to keep itself 9 ! be/ possible condition1 unless cultivation is appli$ to x4 ,b if s5se 7 add$ to ! v9e1 s t x c\ld feel desire & be mov$ by itself1 :at d y ?9k x w\ld d8 ,w\ld x d ^? ?+s :i* 7 =m]ly done to x by ! v9e-dress]1 & ( itself att5d to itself8 ,d y n see t x w\ld also h ! additional c>e ( pres]v+ its s5ses1 & its desire = all ^? ?+s1 & its limbs1 if any 7 add$ to x8 ,& s too1 to all t x _h be=e1 x w unite ^? ?+s :i* h be5 add$ to x s9ce3 nor w x h ! same object t its dress] _h1 b x w desire to live accord+ to t nature :i* has be5 subsequ5tly add$ to x3 & s its *ief good w resemble t :i* x _h be=e1 b w n be id5tical ) x2 = x w be no long] seek+ ! good ( a plant1 b t ( an animal4 ,& suppose t n only ! s5ses are giv5 x1 b also ! m9d ( a man1 does x n foll[ inevitably t ^? =m] ?+s w rema9 & require to be protect$1 & t among !m ^! additions w be f> m de> to x ?an its orig9al qualities8 & t ea* portion ( ! m9d :i* is be/ is also ! de>e/8 & t its *ief good mu/ n[ consi/ 9 satisfy+ its nature1 s9ce intellect & reason are by f> ! mo/ excell5t p>ts ( x8 ,& s ! *ief ( all ! ?+s :i* x has to desire1 & t :i* is d]iv$ f ! orig9al recomm5dation ( nature1 asc5ds by sev]al /eps1 s z at la/ to rea* ! summit2 because x is made up ( ! integrity ( ! body1 & ! p]fect reason ( ! intellect4 ,,xv4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! =m ( nature is su* z ,i h describ$ x1 if1 z ,i said at ! beg9n+1 ea* individual z soon z he is born c\ld "k himself1 & =m a correct e/imate ( :at is ! p[] bo? ( 8 entire nature & ( its sep>ate p>ts1 he w\ld see imm$iately :at ?is 0 :i* we are 9 se>* (1 namely1 ! highe/ & be/ ( all ! ?+s :i* we desire3 nor w\ld x be possible = him to make a mi/ake 9 any?+4 ,b n[ nature is f ! v beg9n+ conceal$ 9 a wond]ful mann]1 nor c x be p]ceiv$ nor compreh5d$4 ,b z our age advances1 we gradually1 or ,i %\ld r say sl[ly1 come to a k9d ( k ( ourselves4 ,!re=e1 t orig9al recomm5dation :i* is giv5 to u by our nature1 is obscure & unc]ta92 & t fir/ appetite ( ! m9d only goes ! l5g? ( wi%+ to secure our own safety & s\ndness4 ,b :5 we beg9 to look ar\nd u1 & to feel :at we are1 & 9 :at we diff] f all ! o!r animals1 !n we beg9 to pursue ! objects = :i* we 7 born4 ,& we see a simil> ?+ take place 9 bea/s1 :o at fir/ d n move f ! place 9 :i* !y 7 born2 b aft]w>ds all move1 influ5c$ by "s desire ( _! own4 ,& s we see snakes crawl1 ducks swim1 blackbirds fly1 ox5 use _! horns1 scorpions _! /+s2 & we see nature a guide to ea* animal 9 its pa? ( life4 ,& ! case is simil> ) ! human race4 ,= infants at _! fir/ bir? lie z if !y 7 utt]ly devoid ( m9d2 b :5 a little /r5g? has be5 add$ to !m1 !y use bo? _! m9d & _! s5ses1 & endeav\r to raise !mselves up & to use _! h&s2 & !y recognise ^? by :om !y are be+ br\ght up2 & aft]w>ds !y are amus$ ) ^? ( _! own age1 & gladly associate ) !m1 & give !mselves up to play1 & are attract$ by he>+ /ories1 & are fond ( pleas+ o!rs ) _! own sup]fluities2 & take curi\s notice ( :at is done at home1 & beg9 to make rem>ks1 & to le>n2 & d n l to be ignorant ( ! names ( ^? :om !y see2 & 9 _! sports & conte/s ) _! fell[s1 !y are delight$ if !y w91 & if !y are beat5 !y are deject$ & lose _! spirits4 ,& we mu/ n ?9k t any ( ^! ?+s happ5 )\t reason2 = ! p[] ( man is produc$ 9 su* a way by nature1 t x seems made = a p]ception ( all excell5ce3 & on t acc\nt *ildr51 ev5 )\t be+ taught1 are influ5c$ by lik5ess ( ^? virtues ( :i* !y h ! se$s 9 !mselves2 = !y are ! orig9al elem5ts ( nature3 & :5 !y h acquir$ gr[?1 !n ! :ole "w ( nature is accompli%$4 ,= z we h be5 born & creat$ s z to conta9 9 ourselves ! pr9ciples ( do+ some?+1 & ( lov+ somebody1 & ( lib]ality1 & ( gratitude2 & s z to h m9ds adapt$ = k1 prud5ce1 & =titude1 & av]se to _! opposites2 x is n )\t cause t we see 9 *ildr5 ^? sp>ks1 z x 71 ( virtue :i* ,i h m5tion$1 by :i* ! reason ( a philosoph] ought to be k9dl$ to foll[ t guide z if x 7 a god1 & s to arrive at ! k ( ! object ( nature4 ,=1 z ,i h (t5 said already1 ! p[] ( nature is disc]n$ ?r\gh a cl\d :ile we are ( a weak age & feeble intellect2 b :5 our m9d has made progress & acquir$ /r5g?1 !n x recognises ! p[] ( nature1 b /ill 9 su* a way t x c make m progress /ill1 & t x mu/ d]ive ! beg9n+ ( t progress f itself4 ,,xvi4 ,we mu/ !re=e ent] into ! nature ( ?+s1 & see ?or\ghly :at x dem&s2 = o!rwise we _c arrive at ! k ( ourselves4 ,& because ?is precept 0 too important an "o to be disc]n$ by a man1 x has on t acc\nt be5 attribut$ to ,god4 ,! ,py?ian ,apollo1 !n1 enjo9s u to "k ourselves3 b ?is k is to "k ! p[] ( our m9d & body1 & to foll[ t c\rse ( life :i* enjoys ! circum/ances 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,& s9ce t desire ( ! m9d to h all ! ?+s :i* ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] 9 :i* nature c\ld provide !m1 exi/$ f ! beg9n+1 we mu/ admit1 :5 we h obta9$ :at we desir$1 t nature consi/s 9 t z its extreme po9t1 & t t is ! *ief good3 :i* c]ta9ly mu/ 9 e case be s\ght = spontane\sly = its own sake1 s9ce x has already be5 prov$1 t ev5 all its sep>ate p>ts are to be desir$ = _! own sake4 ,b if1 9 enum]at+ ! advantages ( ! body1 any "o %\ld ?9k t we h pass$ ov] pleasure1 t "q may be po/pon$ till ano!r opportunity2 = x makes no diff]5ce ) reg>d to ! pres5t subject ( our discussion1 :e!r pleasure consi/s 9 ^? ?+s :i* we h call$ ! *ief ?+s 9 accordance ) nature1 or :e!r x does n4 ,= if1 z ,i inde$ ?9k1 pleasure is n ! cr[n+ good ( nature1 x has be5 prop]ly pass$ ov]3 b if t cr[n+ good does exi/ 9 pleasure1 z "s ass]t1 !n ! fact does n at all h9d] ?is idea ( ours ( ! *ief good f be+ ! "r "o4 ,=1 if to ^? ?+s :i* are ! pr9cipal goods ( nature1 pleasure is add$1 !n !re w h be5 add$ j "o advantage ( ! body2 b no *ange w h be5 made 9 ! orig9al def9ition ( ! *ief good :i* 0 laid d[n at fir/4 ,,xvii4 ,& hi!rto1 inde$1 reason has advanc$ ) u 9 su* a way z to be :olly d]iv$ f ! orig9al recomm5dation ( nature4 ,b n[ we mu/ pursue ano!r k9d ( argum5t1 namely1 t we are mov$ 9 ^! matt]s ( our own exce$+ goodwill1 n only because we love ourselves1 b because !re is bo? 9 ! body & 9 ! m9d a peculi> p[] belong+ to ea* "p ( nature4 ,&1 7to beg9 ) ! body17 d y n see t if !re is any?+ 9 _! limbs de=m$1 or weak1 or defici5t1 m5 conceal x8 & take pa9s1 & lab\r e>ne/ly1 if !y c possibly contrive x1 to prev5t t defect ( ! body f be+ visible1 or else to r5d] x z little visible z possible8 & t !y submit to great pa9 = ! sake ( cur+ any su* defect8 9 ord] t1 ev5 ?\gh ! actual use ( ! limb1 aft] ! application ( ! rem$y1 be likely to be n great]1 b ev5 less1 /ill ! appe>ance ( ! limb may be re/or$ to ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,9 tru?1 z all m5 fancy t !y are altoge!r desirable by nature1 & t too1 n on any o!r acc\nt1 b = _! own sakes1 x foll[s inevitably t ea* "p ( !m %\ld be desir$ = its own sake1 because ! :ole body is s\ght = its own sake4 ,:at m ne$ ,i say8 ,is !re no?+ 9 ! motion & condition ( ! body :i* nature h]self decides ought to be notic$8 = in/ance1 h[ a p]son walks or sits1 :at ! expression ( 8 c\nt5ance is1 :at 8 features are2 is !re no?+ 9 all ^! ?+s :i* we ?9k wor?y or unwor?y ( a free man1 z ! case may be8 ,d we n ?9k _m m5 des]v+ ( hatr$1 :o appe> by "s motion or condition to h despis$ ! laws & mod]ation ( nature8 ,& s9ce ^! ?+s are d]iv$ f ! body1 :at is ! reason :y beauty also may n fairly be said to be a ?+ to be desir$ = its own sake8 ,= if we consid] di/ortion or disfigurem5t ( ! body a ?+ to be avoid$ = its own sake1 :y %\ld we n also1 & p]haps /ill m1 cultivate dignity ( =m = its own sake8 ,& if we avoid :at is unseemly1 bo? 9 ! condition & motion ( ! body1 :y may we n on ! o!r h& pursue beauty8 ,& we also desire heal?1 /r5g?1 & fre$om f pa91 n m]ely because ( _! utility1 b also = _! own sakes4 ,= s9ce nature wi%es to be made complete 9 all h] p>ts1 %e desires ?is condition ( ! body1 :i* is mo/ accord+ to nature1 = its own sake3 b nature is put into complete confusion if ! body is ei!r sick1 or 9 pa91 or de/itute ( /r5g?4 ,,xviii4 ,let u consid] ! p>ts ( ! m9d1 ! appe>ance ( :i* is m noble2 = 9 proportion z !y are m sublime1 !y give a m cle> indication ( _! nature4 ,s vehem5t a love1 !n1 ( k & sci5ce is innate 9 u1 t no "o c d\bt t ! nature ( man is drawn to !m )\t be+ attract$ by any ext]nal ga94 ,d we n see h[ boys _c be det]r$ ev5 by /ripes f ! consid]ation & inve/igation ( su* & su* ?+s8 h[1 ?\gh !y may be beat51 !y /ill pursue _! inquiries1 & rejoice 9 hav+ acquir$ "s k8 h[ !y delight 9 tell+ o!rs :at !y h le>nt8 h[ !y are attract$ by processions1 & games1 & spectacles ( t k9d1 & w endure ev5 hung] & ?ir/ = su* an object8 ,c ,i say no m8 ,d we n see ^? :o are fond ( lib]al /udies & arts reg>d nei!r _! heal? nor _! e/ate8 & endure ev]y?+ because !y are *>m$ ) ! intr9sic beauty ( k & sci5ce8 & t !y put ! pleasures :i* !y d]ive f le>n+ 9 ! scale aga9/ ! greate/ c>e & lab\r8 ,& ,hom] himself appe>s to me to h _h "s su* feel+ z ?is1 :i* he has develop$ 9 :at he has said ab\t ! songs ( ! ,sir5s3 = !y d n seem to h be5 accu/om$ to attract ^? :o 7 sail+ by ) ! sweetness ( _! voices1 or ) any novelty or v>iety 9 _! song1 b ! pr(ession :i* !y made ( possess+ great k2 s t m5 clung to _! rocks f a desire ( le>n+4 ,= ?us !y invite ,ulysses1 7= ,i h translat$ sev]al passages ( ,hom]1 & ?is among !m7-- ,oh /ay1 ,o pride ( ,greece6 ,ulysses1 /ay6 ,oh1 cease ?y c\rse1 & li/5 to our lay6 ,ble/ is ! man orda9'd our voice to he>3 ,our song in/ructs ! s\l & *>ms ! e>4 ,approa*1 ?y s\l %all into raptures rise2 ,approa*1 & le>n new wisdom f ! wise4 ,we "k :ate'er ! k+s ( mighty "n ,a*iev$ at ,ilium 9 ! field ( fame2 ,:ate'er b5ea? ! sun's bright j\rney lies-- ,oh /ay1 & le>n new wisdom f ! wise47#di7 ,hom] saw t ! /ory w\ld n be probable if he repres5t$ s great a man z caught by m]e songs2 s !y promise him k1 :i* x 0 n /range t a man desir\s ( wisdom %\ld consid] de>] ?an 8 c\ntry4 ,&1 inde$1 to wi% to "k ev]y?+ ( e k9d1 is natural to ! curi\s2 b1 to be attract$ by ! contemplation ( great] objects1 to ent]ta9 a g5]al desire = k1 ought to be consid]$ a pro( ( a great man4 ,,xix4 ,:at ard\r = /udy d y n suppose !re mu/ h be5 9 ,ar*im$es1 :o 0 s occupi$ 9 draw+ "s ma!matical figures 9 ! s&1 t he 0 n aw>e t 8 city 0 tak58 ,& :at a mighty g5ius 0 t ( ,ari/ox5us :i*1 we see1 0 devot$ to music8 ,:at fondness1 too1 = /udy1 mu/ h inspir$ ,ari/ophanes1 to d$icate 8 :ole life to lit]ature6 ,:at %all we say ( ,py?agoras8 ,:y %\ld ,i speak ( ,plato & ( ,democritus1 by :om1 we see1 t ! mo/ di/ant c\ntries 7 travell$ ov]1 on acc\nt ( _! desire = le>n+8 ,& ^? :o are bl9d to ?is h nev] lov$ any?+ v wor?y ( be+ kn[n4 ,& "h ,i may say1 t ^? :o say t ^? /udies :i* ,i h m5tion$ are cultivat$ = ! sake ( ! pleasures ( ! m9d1 d n und]/& t !y are desirable = _! own sakes1 because ! m9d is delight$ by !m1 )\t ! int]ruption ( any ideas ( utility1 & rejoices 9 ! m]e fact ( k1 ev5 ?\gh x may possibly produce inconv5i5ce4 ,b :y ne$ we seek = m in/ances to prove :at is s evid5t8 ,= let u exam9e our own selves1 & inquire h[ ! motions ( ! />s1 & ! contemplation ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! k ( all ^? ?+s :i* are hidd5 f u by ! obscurity ( nature1 affect u2 & :y hi/ory1 :i* we are accu/om$ to trace back z f> z possible1 delights u2 9 ! inve/igation ( :i* we g ov] aga9 all t has be5 omitt$1 & foll[ up all t we h begun4 ,nor1 inde$1 am ,i ignorant t !re is a use1 & n m]ely pleasure1 9 hi/ory4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 w be said1 ) ref]5ce to our read+ ) pleasure imag9>y fables1 f :i* no utility c possibly be d]iv$8 ,or to our wi%+ t ! names ( ^? :o h p]=m$ any great exploits1 & _! family1 & _! c\ntry1 & _m circum/ances besides1 :i* are n at all necess>y1 %\ld be kn[n to u8 ,h[ %all we expla9 ! fact1 t m5 ( ! l[e/ rank1 :o h no hope ( ev] p]=m+ great de$s !mselves1 artisans 9 %ort1 are fond ( hi/ory2 & t we may see t ^? p]sons also are especially fond ( he>+ & read+ ( great a*ievem5ts1 :o are remov$ f all hope ( ev] p]=m+ any1 be+ worn out ) old age8 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be und]/ood1 t ! allurem5ts are 9 ! ?+s !mselves :i* are le>nt & kn[n1 & t x is !y !mselves :i* excite u to le>n+ & to ! acquisition ( in=mation4 ,&1 inde$1 ! old philosoph]s1 9 _! fictiti\s descriptions ( ! isl&s ( ! bless$1 intimate ! k9d ( life :i* ! wise pass1 :om !y imag9e to be free f all c>e1 requir+ no cultivation or appo9tm5ts ( life z necess>y1 & do+1 & ab\t to d no?+ else b devote _! :ole "t to inquir+ & le>n+ & arriv+ at a k ( nature4 ,b we see t t is n only ! delight ( a happy life1 b also a relief f mis]y4 ,!re=e1 _m m5 :ile 9 ! p[] ( enemies or tyrants1 _m :ile 9 prison or 9 exile1 h reliev$ _! sorr[ by ! /udy ( lit]ature4 ,a great man ( ?is city1 ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 :5 he _h be5 unju/ly bani%$ f 8 c\ntry1 fl$ to ,alex&ria1 to k+ ,ptolemy2 &1 z he 0 v em95t = 8 k ( ?is philosophy to :i* we are exhort+ y1 & _h be5 a pupil ( ,!ophra/us1 he wrote _m admirable treatises dur+ ! "t ( t un=tunate leisure ( 81 n1 inde$1 = any utility to himself1 = t 0 out ( 8 rea*1 b ! cultivation ( 8 m9d 0 to him a sort ( su/5ance = 8 human nature4 ,i1 inde$1 h (t5 he>d ,cnu ,aufidius1 a man ( prtorian rank1 ( great le>n+1 b bl9d1 say t he 0 affect$ m by a regret = ! loss ( light1 ?an ( any actual b5efit :i* he d]iv$ f 8 eyes4 ,la/ly1 if sleep did n br+ u re/ to our bodies1 & a sort ( m$ic9e aft] lab\r1 we %\ld ?9k x contr>y to nature1 = x deprives u ( our s5ses1 & takes away our p[] ( action4 ,!re=e1 if ei!r nature 7 9 no ne$ ( re/1 or if x c\ld obta9 x by any o!r means1 we %\ld be glad1 s9ce ev5 n[ we are 9 ! habit ( do+ )\t sleep1 9 a mann] almo/ contr>y to nature1 :5 we want to d or to le>n some?+4 ,,xx4 ,b !re are tok5s suppli$ by nature1 /ill cle>]1 or1 ,i may say1 entirely evid5t & indubitable1--m especially1 inde$1 9 man1 b also 9 e animal1--t ! m9d is always desir\s to be do+ some?+1 & c 9 no condition endure p]petual re/4 ,x is easy to see ?is 9 ! e>lie/ age ( *ildr52 = al?\gh ,i fe> t ,i may appe> prolix on ?is subject1 /ill all ! anci5t philosoph]s1 & especially ^? ( our own c\ntry1 h rec\rse to ! cradle = illu/rations1 because !y ?9k t 9 *ildhood !y c mo/ easily detect ! w ( nature4 ,we see1 !n1 t ev5 infants _c re/2 b1 :5 !y h advanc$ a little1 !n !y are delight$ ) ev5 labori\s sports1 s t !y _c be det]r$ f !m ev5 by beat+3 & t desire = action gr[s ) _! gr[?4 ,!re=e1 we %\ld n l to h ! slumb] ( ,endymion giv5 to u1 n ev5 if we expect$ to enjoy ! mo/ delici\s dreams2 & if x 71 we %\ld ?9k x l dea?4 ,moreov]1 we see t ev5 ! mo/ indol5t m51 m5 ( a s+ul> wor?lessness1 are /ill always 9 motion bo? 9 m9d & body2 & :5 !y are n h9d]$ by "s unavoidable circum/ance1 t !y dem& a dice-box or "s game ( "s k9d1 or conv]sation2 &1 z !y h none ( ! lib]al delights ( le>n+1 seek circles & assemblies4 ,ev5 bea/s1 :i* we %ut up = our own amusem5t1 ?\gh !y are bett] f$ ?an if !y 7 free1 /ill d n will+ly endure be+ imprison$1 b p9e = ! free & unre/ra9$ movem5ts giv5 to !m by nature4 ,!re=e1 9 proportion z e "o is born & prep>$ = ! be/ objects1 he w\ld be unwill+ to live at all if1 be+ exclud$ f action1 he 7 able only to enjoy ! mo/ abundant pleasures4 ,= m5 wi% ei!r to d some?+ z individuals1 or ^? :o h l(ti] s\ls und]take ! affairs ( ! /ate1 & devote !mselves to ! atta9m5t ( hon\rs & comm&s1 or else :olly addict !mselves to ! /udy ( le>n+2 9 :i* pa? ( life !y are s f> f gett+ pleasures1 t !y ev5 endure c>e1 anxiety & sleeplessness1 enjoy+ only t mo/ excell5t portion ( man :i* may be acc\nt$ div9e 9 u1 ,i mean ! acut5ess ( ! g5ius & intellect1 & !y nei!r seek = pleasure nor %un lab\r4 ,nor d !y int]mit ei!r _! admiration ( ! discov]ies ( ! anci5ts1 or _! se>* aft] new ones2 &1 z !y are insatiable 9 _! pursuit ( su*1 !y =get ev]y?+ else1 & admit no l[ or grovell+ ?\ghts2 & su* great p[] is !re 9 ^? /udies1 t we see ev5 ^? :o h propos$ to !mselves o!r *ief goods1 :i* !y measure by advantage or pleasure1 /ill devote _! lives to ! inve/igation ( ?+s1 & to ! explanation ( ! my/]ies ( nature4 ,,xxi4 ,?is1 !n1 is evid5t1 t we 7 born = action4 ,b !re are sev]al k9ds ( action1 s t ! less] are ?r[n into ! %ade by ^? m important4 ,b ^? ( mo/ consequ5ce are1 fir/ ( all1 z x appe>s to me1 & to ^? philosoph]s ^: sy/em we are at pres5t discuss+1 ! consid]ation & k ( ! heav5s1 & ( ^? ?+s :i* are hidd5 & conceal$ by nature1 b into :i* reason c /ill p5etrate4 ,&1 next to !m1 ! managem5t ( /ate affairs1 or a prud5t1 temp]ate1 c\rage\s pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t & k1 & ! o!r virtues1 & su* actions z are 9 h>mony ) ^? virtues1 :i* we1 embrac+ !m all 9 "o ^w1 call hon\rable2 to ! k & practice ( :i* we are l$ by nature h]self1 :o goes be=e u z our guide1 we hav+ be5 already enc\rag$ to pursue x4 ,= ! beg9n+s ( all ?+s are small1 b1 z !y proce$1 !y increase 9 magnitude1 & t naturally3 =1 at _! fir/ bir?1 !re is 9 !m a c]ta9 t5d]ness & s(tness1 s t !y _c see or d :at is be/4 ,= ! light ( virtue & ( a happy life1 :i* are ! two pr9cipal ?+s to be desir$1 appe>s r lat]2 & mu* lat] /ill 9 su* a way t x c be pla9ly p]ceiv$ ( :at "* !y are4 ,=1 admirably does ,plato say1 8,t man is happy to :om1 ev5 9 8 old age1 x is all[$ to arrive at wisdom & correctness ( judgm5t40 ,:]e=e1 s9ce we h said en\gh ( ! fir/ advantages ( nature1 we w n[ exam9e ^? :i* are m important1 & :i* are lat] 9 po9t ( "t4 ,nature1 !n1 has made & fa%ion$ ! body ( man 9 su* a mann]1 t x makes "s p>ts ( him p]fect at 8 fir/ bir?1 & =ms o!rs z he advances 9 age2 &1 at ! same "t1 does n employ _m ext]nal or adv5titi\s aids4 ,b %e has fill$ up ! p]fection ( ! m9d 9 ! same way z t ( ! body2 = %e has adorn$ x ) s5ses suitable = ! effect+ ( its purposes1 s t x is n 9 ! lea/1 or n mu*1 9 want ( any assi/ance = /r5g!n+ itself4 ,b t :i* is mo/ excell5t & important 9 man x has ab&on$3 al?\gh x has giv5 him an intellect able to receive e k9d ( virtue1 & has implant$ 9 him1 ev5 )\t in/ruction1 a slight k ( ! mo/ important ?+s1 & has begun1 z x 71 to tea* him1 & has l$ him on to ^? elem5ts z ,i may call !m1 ( virtue :i* exi/$ 9 him4 ,b x has only begun virtue itself1 no?+ m4 ,!re=e x belongs to u1--:5 ,i say to u1 ,i mean to our art1--to trace back ! consequ5ces to ^? pr9ciples :i* we h receiv$1 until we h accompli%$ our object1 :i* is inde$ ( a good deal m consequ5ce1 & a good deal m to be desir$ = its own sake1 ?an ei!r ! s5ses1 or ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* we h m5tion$2 :i* ! excell5t p]fection ( ! m9d is s f> sup]ior to1 t x c sc>cely be imag9$ h[ great ! diff]5ce is4 ,!re=e1 all hon\r1 all admiration1 all /udy is ref]r$ to virtue1 & to ^? actions :i* are consi/5t ) virtue2 & all ^? ?+s :i* are ei!r 9 our m9ds 9 t /ate1 or are done 9 t mann]1 are call$ by "o common "n--hon\rable4 ,& we %all pres5tly see :at k we h ( all ^! ?+s1 & :at is meant by ! diff]5t names1 & :at ! p[] & nature ( ea* is4 ,,xxii4 ,b at pres5t we ne$ only expla9 t ^! ?+s :i* ,i call hon\rable1 7besides ! fact ( our liv+ ourselves on _! acc\nt17 are also by _! own nature des]v+ ( be+ s\ght = _! own sake4 ,*ildr5 %[ ?is1 9 :om nature is p]ceiv$ z 9 a mirror4 ,:at eag]ness is !re 9 !m :5 cont5d+ toge!r6 h[ vigor\s are _! conte/s6 h[ elat$ are ^? :o w96 h[ a%am$ ^? :o are beat56 h[ unwill+ are !y to be blam$6 h[ eag] to be prais$6 :at lab\rs w !y n endure to surpass _! fell[s6 :at a recollection h !y ( ^? :o are k9d to !m6 h[ anxi\s are !y to prove _! gratitude6 & ^! qualities are mo/ visible 9 ! be/ dispositions2 9 :i* all ^! hon\rable qualities :i* we appreciate are fill$ up z x 7 by nature4 ,b 9 *ildr5 !y are only sket*$4 ,aga91 9 m mature age1 :o is s unlike a man z n to be mov$ to a dislike ( bas5ess & approval ( :at is hon\rable8 ,:o is !re :o does n loa! a libid9\s & lic5ti\s y\?8 :o1 on ! contr>y1 does n love mode/y & con/ancy 9 t age1 ev5 ?\gh 8 own int]e/ is n at all conc]n$8 ,:o does n dete/ ,pullus ,numitorius1 ( ,fregell1 ! traitor1 al?\gh he 0 ( use to our own republic8 :o does n praise ,codrus1 ! savi\r ( 8 city1 & ! daught]s ( ,erec!us8 ,:o does n dete/ ! "n ( ,tubulus8 & love ! dead ,ari/ides8 ,d we =get h[ mu* we are affect$ at he>+ or read+ :5 we are br\ght to ! k ( any?+ :i* has be5 done 9 a pi\s1 or fri5dly1 or magnanim\s _s8 ,:y %\ld ,i speak ( m5 l ourselves1 :o h be5 born & br\ght up & tra9$ to praise & glory8 ,:at %\ts ( ! common p & ( ! unlett]$ cr[d are excit$ 9 ! !atres :5 ?is s5t5ce is utt]$-- ,i am ,ore/es3 & :51 on ! o!r h&1 ! o!r actor says-- ,no2 x is ,i1 'tis ,i :o am ,ore/es4 ,b :5 "o ( !m is all[$ to dep>t by ! p]plex$ & bewild]$ k+1 & !y dem& to die toge!r1 is ?is sc5e ev] act$ )\t be+ accompani$ by ! mo/ viol5t expressions ( admiration8 ,!re is no "o1 !n1 :o does n approve ( & praise ?is disposition ( m9d2 by :i* n only no advantage is s\ght1 b good fai? is pres]v$ ev5 at ! exp5se ( "o's advantage4 ,& n only are imag9>y fables1 b true hi/ories also1 & especially ^? ( our c\ntry1 full ( su* in/ances3 = we select$ our mo/ virtu\s citiz5 to receive ! ,idan sacr$ vessels2 we h s5t gu>dians to k+s2 our g5]als h devot$ _! lives = ! safety ( ! republic2 our consuls h w>n$ a k+ :o 0 our greate/ enemy1 :5 he 0 actually approa*+ our walls1 to bew>e ( poison4 ,9 our republic1 a woman has be5 f\nd to expiate1 by a volunt>y dea?1 a violation :i* 0 inflict$ on h] by =ce2 & a man to kill 8 daught] to save h] f be+ ravi%$4 ,all :i* in/ances1 & a c\ntless ho/ ( o!rs1 prove to ! compreh5sion ( e "o t ^? :o p]=m$ ^? de$s 7 induc$ to d s by ! brilliancy ( virtue1 =getful ( _! own advantage1 & t we1 :5 we praise ^? actions1 are influ5c$ by no?+ b _! hon\rable "*4 ,,xxiii4 ,& hav+ briefly expla9$ ^! matt]s1 7= ,i h n s\ght to adduce ! numb] ( examples :i* ,i might h done1 because !re 0 no d\bt on ! subject17 x is %[n suffici5tly by ^! facts t all ! virtues1 & t hon\rabl5ess :i* arises f ^! virtues1 & cl+s to !m1 are wor?y to be s\ght = _! own sake4 ,b 9 ! :ole ( ?is hon\rabl5ess ( :i* we are speak+1 !re is no?+ s em95t1 nor s ext5sive 9 its op]ation1 z ! union ( man ) man1 & a c]ta9 p>tn]%ip 9 & communication ( advantages1 & ! affection itself ( ! human race2 :i* orig9at+ 9 t fir/ feel+ accord+ to :i* ! (fspr+ is lov$ by ! p>5t1 & ! :ole h\se unit$ by ! bonds ( w$lock & desc5t1 creeps gradually out ( doors1 fir/ ( all to "o's relations1 !n to "o's connexions1 !n to "o's fri5ds & neighb\rs1 !n to "o's fell[-c\ntrym51 & to ! public fri5ds & allies ( "o's c\ntry2 !n x embraces ! :ole human race3 & ?is disposition ( m9d1 giv+ e "o 8 due1 & protect+ ) lib]ality & equity ?is union ( human society :i* ,i h spok5 (1 is call$ ju/ice1 ak9 to :i* are piety1 k9dness1 lib]ality1 b5evol5ce1 c\rtesy1 & all o!r qualities ( ! same k9d4 ,b ^!1 ?\gh peculi>ly belong+ to ju/ice1 are also common to ! o!r virtues4 ,= z ! nature ( man has be5 creat$ su* t x has a sort ( innate pr9ciple ( society & citiz5%ip1 :i* ! ,greeks call 1 :atev] ea* virtue does w n be inconsi/5t ) t pr9ciple ( common union1 & t human affection & society :i* ,i h spok5 (2 & ju/ice1 z %e f\nds h]self 9 practice on ! o!r virtues1 w also require !m1 = ju/ice _c be ma9ta9$ except by a c\rage\s & wise man4 ,hon\rabl5ess itself1 !n1 is a ?+ ( ! same "* z all ?is conspiracy & agreem5t ( ! virtues :i* ,i h be5 speak+ (2 s9ce x is ei!r virtue itself1 or an action virtu\sly p]=m$4 ,& a life act+ 9 h>mony & consi/5cy ) ?is sy/em1 & ) virtue1 may fairly be ?\ght upright & hon\rable1 & consi/5t1 & natural4 ,& ?is union & comb9ation ( virtues is nev]!less divid$ by philosoph]s on "s pr9ciple ( _! own4 ,= ?\gh !y are s jo9$ & connect$ z to be all p>tn]s ) "o ano!r1 & to be unable to be sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 yet ea* has its peculi> sph]e ( duty2 z1 = in/ance1 =titude is disc]n$ 9 lab\r & dang]2 temp]ance1 9 ! disreg>d ( pleasures2 prud5ce1 9 ! *oice ( good & evil2 ju/ice1 9 giv+ e "o 8 due4 ,s9ce1 !n1 !re is 9 e virtue a c]ta9 c>e :i* turns its eyes abroad1 z x 71 & :i* is anxi\s ab\t & embraces o!rs1 ! conclusion is1 t fri5ds1 & bro!rs1 & relations1 & connexions1 & fell[-c\ntrym51 & 9 %ort ev]ybody1 s9ce we wi% ! society ( all mank9d to be "o1 are to be s\ght aft] = _! own sakes4 ,b /ill1 ( all ^! ?+s & p !re is no?+ ( su* a k9d t x c be acc\nt$ ! *ief good4 ,& f ?is x foll[s1 t !re are f\nd to be two k9ds ( goods :i* are to be s\ght = _! own sake4 ,"o k9d :i* exi/s 9 ^? ?+s 9 :i* t *ief good is br\ght to p]fection3 & !y are qualities ( ei!r ! m9d or body4 ,b ^! ?+s :i* are ext]nal1 t is to say1 :i* are 9 nei!r m9d nor body1 su* z fri5ds1 p>5ts1 *ildr51 relations1 or "o's c\ntry1 are inde$ de> to me = _! own sake1 b /ill are n ( ! same class z ! o!r k9d4 ,nor1 inde$1 c\ld any "o ev] arrive at ! *ief good1 if all ^? ?+s :i* are ext]nal1 al?\gh desirable1 7 conta9$ 9 ! *ief good4 ,,xxiv4 ,h[ !n1 y w say1 c x be true t ev]y?+ is ref]r$ to ! *ief good1 if fri5d%ip1 & relation%ip1 & all o!r ext]nal ?+s are n conta9$ 9 ! *ief good8 ,:y1 on ?is pr9ciple1--because we protect ^? ?+s :i* are ext]nal ) ^? duties :i* arise f _! respective k9ds ( virtue4 ,= ! cultivation ( ! reg>d ( a fri5d or a p>5t1 :i* is ! dis*>ge ( a duty1 is advantage\s 9 ! actual fact ( its be+ su*1 inasmu* z to dis*>ge a duty is a good action2 & good actions spr+ f virtues2 & wise m5 att5d to !m1 us+ nature z a k9d ( guide4 ,b m5 :o are n p]fect1 ?\gh endu$ ) admirable tal5ts & dispositions1 are (t5 excit$ by glory1 :i* has ! =m & lik5ess ( hon\rabl5ess4 ,b if !y 7 to be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( t hon\rabl5ess :i* is :olly complete & p]fect1 t "o ?+ :i* is ! mo/ admirable ( all ?+s1 & ! mo/ praisewor?y1 ) :at joy w\ld !y be fill$1 :5 !y are s greatly delight$ at its outl9e & b>e idea6 ,= :o t is giv5 up to pleasure1 & inflam$ ) ! conflagration ( desire 9 ! enjoym5t ( ^? ?+s :i* he has mo/ eag]ly wi%$ =1 c we imag9e to be full ( su* joy z ! eld] ,africanus aft] he _h conqu]$ ,hannibal1 or ! y\ng] "o aft] he _h de/roy$ ,c>?age8 ,:at man 0 !re :o 0 s mu* elat$ ) ! way 9 :i* all ! p flock$ to ! ,tib] on t day ( fe/ivity z ,lucius ,paullus1 :5 he 0 lead+ 9 triumph k+ ,p]ses z 8 prison]1 :o 0 convey$ d[n on ! same riv]8 ,come n[1 my fri5d ,lucius1 build up 9 y\r m9d ! l(ty excell5ce ( virtue1 & y w n d\bt t ! m5 :o are possess$ ( x1 & :o live ) a magnanim\s & upright _s1 are always happy2 m5 :o are aw>e t all ! movem5ts ( =tune1 all ! *anges ( affairs & circum/ances1 mu/ be insignificant & p[]less if ev] !y come to a conte/ ) virtue4 ,= ^? ?+s :i* are consid]$ by u z goods ( ! body1 d inde$ make up a happy life1 b /ill n )\t leav+ x possible = a life to be happy )\t !m4 ,= s slight & inconsid]able are ^? additions ( goods1 t z />s 9 ! orbit ( ! sun are n se51 s nei!r are ^? qualities1 b !y are lo/ 9 ! brilliancy ( virtue4 ,& z x is said ) tru? t ! influ5ce ( ! advantages ( ! body h b little weight 9 mak+ life happy1 s on ! o!r h& x is too /rong an ass]tion to say t !y h no weight at all3 = ^? :o argue ?us appe> to me to =get ! pr9ciples ( nature :i* !y !mselves h cont5d$ =4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 all[ ^! ?+s "s influ5ce3 provid$ only t we und]/& h[ mu* we ought to all[ !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! "p ( a philosoph]1 :o seeks n s mu* = :at is speci\s z = :at is true1 nei!r utt]ly to disreg>d ^? ?+s :i* ^? v boa/ful m5 us$ to admit to be 9 accordance ) nature2 & at ! same "t to see t ! p[] ( virtue1 & ! au?ority1 if ,i may say s1 ( hon\rabl5ess1 is s great t all ^? o!r ?+s appe> to be1 ,i w n say no?+1 b s trivial z to be little bett] ?an no?+4 ,?is is ! language natural to a man :o1 on ! "o h&1 does n despise ev]y?+ except virtue1 & :o1 at ! same "t1 hon\rs virtue ) ! praises :i* x des]ves4 ,?is1 9 %ort1 is a full & p]fect explanation ( ! *ief good2 & z ! o!rs h attempt$ to deta* diff]5t portions f ! ma9 body ( x1 ea* individual among !m has wi%$ to appe> to h e/abli%$ 8 own !ory z ! victori\s "o4 ,,xxv4 ,! k ( ?+s has be5 (t5 extoll$ 9 a wond]ful mann] by ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us = its own sake4 ,& ,h]illus1 be+ allur$ by ?is s+le fact1 ma9ta9$ t k 0 ! *ief good1 & t !re 0 no o!r ?+ :atev] t des]v$ to be s\ght = its own sake4 ,_m ?+s h be5 said by ! anci5ts on ! subject ( despis+ & contemn+ all human affairs4 ,?is 0 ! "o pr9ciple ( ,ari/o2 he decl>$ t !re 0 no?+ :i* ought to be avoid$ or desir$ except vice & virtue4 ,& our s*ool has plac$ fre$om f pa9 among ^? ?+s :i* are 9 accordance ) nature4 ,hi]onymus has said t ?is is ! *ief good3 b ,callipho1 & ,diodorus aft] him1 "o ( :om 0 devot$ to pleasure1 & ! o!r to fre$om f pa91 c\ld nei!r ( !m all[ hon\rabl5ess to be left out1 :i* has be5 especially prais$ by our c\ntrym54 ,moreov]1 ev5 ! advocates ( pleasure seek = subt]fuges1 & are talk+ ( virtue :ole days toge!r2 & say t pleasure is at fir/ only wi%$ =2 t aft]w>ds x1 ?r\gh cu/om1 becomes a second nature1 by :i* m5 are excit$ to d _m ?+s )\t at all seek+ pleasure4 ,! ,/oics rema9 to be m5tion$4 ,!y1 inde$1 h borr[$ n "o idea or ano!r f u1 b h appropriat$ our :ole sy/em ( philosophy4 ,& z o!r ?ieves alt] ! m>ks on ! ?+s :i* !y h /ol51 s !y1 9 ord] to be able to use our op9ions z _! own1 h *ang$ ! names :i* are l ! private m>ks on ?+s4 ,& s ?is s*ool alone rema9s wor?y ( ^? m5 :o /udy ! lib]al arts1 wor?y ( ! le>n$1 wor?y ( em95t m51 wor?y ( pr9ces1 wor?y ( k+s4 ,& :5 he _h said ?is1 & !n /opp$ to take brea? = a :ile2 ,:at is ! matt]8 said he2 d ,i n seem to h said en\gh 9 y\r pres5ce = my own def5ce8 ,i repli$1--,inde$1 ,o ,piso1 z has (t5 be5 ! case be=e1 y h seem$ to-day to h s ?or\gh an acqua9tance ) all ^! ?+s1 t1 if we c\ld always h ! advantage ( y\r company1 ,i %\ld n ?9k t we _h mu* reason to h rec\rse to ! ,greeks4 ,:i*1 inde$1 ,i h be5 ! m pleas$ )1 because ,i recollect t ,/aseas1 ! ,neapolitan1 y\r preceptor1 a v illu/ri\s ,p]ipatetic1 0 at times accu/om$ to discuss ^! po9ts diff]5tly1 agree+ ) ^? m5 :o attribut$ a great deal ( weight to prosp]ity & adv]sity1 & to ! good or evil qualities ( ! body4 ,x is z y say1 he repli$3 b ^! po9ts are argu$ ) mu* m accuracy & impressiv5ess by my fri5d ,antio*us ?an !y us$ to be by ,/aseas4 ,al?\gh ,i d n ask :at ,i h prov$ to y\r satisfaction1 b :at ,i h prov$ to ! satisfaction ( ?is fri5d ( m9e1 ! "y ,cic]o1 a pupil :om ,i wi% to s$uce f y4 ,,xxvi4 ,!n ,lucius said1--,inde$1 ,i q agree ) :at y h said1 & ,i ?9k my bro!r does too4 ,!n said ,piso to me3 ,is x s8 ,d y p>don ! y\?8 or w\ld y r t he %\ld le>n ^! ?+s :i*1 :5 he has le>nt ?or\ghly1 he w "k no?+ at all8 ,i give him leave1 said ,i4 ,b d n y recollect t ,i am all[$ to express my approval or disapproval ( :at has be5 said by y8 ,= :o c avoid approv+ ( :at appe>s to him to be probable8 ,c any1 we said1 approve ( any?+ ( :i* he has n a ?or\gh p]ception1 compreh5sion1 & k8 ,!re is1 said ,i1 no great dispute betwe5 u1 ,piso2 = !re is no o!r reason :y x appe>s to me t no?+ c be p]ceiv$ except t ! faculty ( p]ceiv+ is def9$ 9 su* a mann] by ! ,/oics t !y affirm t no?+ c be p]ceiv$ except :at is s true t x _c possibly be false4 ,!re=e !re is a dispute betwe5 u & ! ,/oics1 b none betwe5 u & ! ,p]ipatetics4 ,h[ev]1 we may pass ov] ?is1 = x w\ld op5 ! door to a long & suffici5tly bitt] dispute4 ,x seem$ to me t x 0 too ha/y an ass]tion ( y\rs t all wise m5 7 always happy4 ,i "k n h[ su* a s5t5ce escap$ y2 b unless x is prov$1 ,i fe> t ! ass]tion :i* ,!ophra/us made ) respect to =tune1 & pa91 & bodily torture be true1 ) :i* he did n consid] t a happy life c\ld possibly be jo9$1 mu/ be true4 ,= x is exce$+ly inconsi/5t t ! same p]son %\ld be happy1 & afflict$ ) _m mis=tunes2 & h[ ^! ?+s c be reconcil$1 ,i d n at all und]/&4 ,:i* ass]tion !n1 said he1 is x t y object to8 ,d y d5y t ! p[] ( virtue is s great t %e c by h]self be suffici5t = happ9ess8 or1 if y admit t1 d y ?9k x impossible t ^? p]sons :o are possess$ ( virtue may be happy1 ev5 if !y are afflict$ ) "s evils8 ,i1 inde$1 ,i repli$1 wi% to attribute z mu* p[] z possible to virtue2 h[ev]1 we may discuss at ano!r "t h[ great h] p[] is2 at pres5t ! only "q is1 :e!r %e has s mu* p[] z ?is1 if any?+ ext]nal to virtue is reckon$ among ! goods4 ,b1 said he1 if y grant to ! ,/oics t virtue alone1 if x be pres5t1 makes life happy1 y grant x also to ! ,p]ipatetics2 = ^? ?+s :i* !y d n v5ture to call evils1 b :i* !y admit to be unpleasant & inconv5i5t1 & to be reject$1 & odi\s to nature we call evils1 b slight1 &1 inde$1 exce$+ly trifl+ ones4 ,:]e=e1 if t man c be happy :o is among disagreeable ?+s :i* ought to be reject$1 he also may be s :o is among slight evils4 ,& ,i say1 ,o ,piso1 if !re is any "o :o 9 causes is us$ to h a cle> insight into :at ! real "q is1 y are ! man3 :]e=e ,i beg ( y to take notice2 =1 hi!rto1 ow+ p]haps to my fault1 y d n p]ceive :at x is t ,i am seek+4 ,i am att5d+1 said he2 & ,i am wait+ to see :at answ] y w make to ! que/ions t ,i ask4 ,,xxvii4 ,i w answ]1 said ,i1 t ,i am n inquir+ at pres5t :at virtue c effect1 b :at is said consi/5tly on ! subject1 & :y ! ass]tions are at v>iance ) "o ano!r4 ,h[ s8 said he4 ,because1 said ,i1 :5 ?is pomp\s ass]tion is utt]$ by ,z5o1 z if he 7 an oracle1--8,virtue requires no?+ beyond h]self to enable a man to live happily0--:y8 said he--8,because !re is no o!r good except :at is hon\rable40 ,i d n ask n[ :e!r t is true2 ,i only say t :at he says is admirably consi/5t4 ,epicurus w say ! same ?+--8t ! wise man is always happy20 :i*1 inde$1 he is 9 ! habit ( sp\t+ out sometimes4 ,& he says t ?is wise man1 :5 he is be+ torn to pieces ) ! mo/ exquisite pa9s1 w say1 8,h[ pleasant x is6 h[ ,i disreg>d x60 ,i w n argue ) ! man z to :y !re is s mu* p[] 9 nature2 ,i w only urge t he does n und]/& :at he ought to say1 aft] he has said t pa9 is ! greate/ evil4 ,n[ ,i w address ! same language to y4 ,y say t all ! goods & evils are ! same t ^? m5 pron\nce !m to be :o h nev] ev5 se5 a philosoph] 9 a picture1 z ! say+ is--namely1 heal?1 /r5g?1 /ature1 beauty1 ! s\ndness ( all a man's nails1 y call good--de=mity1 disease1 weakness y call evils4 ,^! are all ext]nals2 d n g on any m2 b at all ev5ts y w reckon ^! ?+s among ! goods1 z ! goods ( ! body :i* help to compose !m1 namely1 fri5ds1 *ildr51 relations1 ri*es1 hon\r1 p[]4 ,take notice t ,i say no?+ aga9/ ?is4 ,if ^? are evils into :i* a wise man c fall1 !n x foll[s t to be a wise man is n suffici5t to secure a happy life4 ,inde$1 said he1 x is v little t[>ds secur+ a p]fectly happy "o1 b en\gh = secur+ a tol]ably happy "o4 ,i h notic$1 said he1 t y made ?is di/9ction a little :ile ago1 & ,i "k t our fri5d ,antio*us us$ to speak 9 ?is mann]4 ,b :at c be less approv$ ( ?an ! idea ( a p]son be+ happy1 & yet n happy en\gh8 ,= :5 any?+ is en\gh1 !n :atev] is add$ to t is excess3 & no "o is too happy3 & no "o is happi] ?an a happy man4 ,!re=e1 said he1 0 n ,qu9tus ,metellus1 :o saw ?ree ( 8 sons consuls1 "o ( :om 0 also c5sor & celebrat$ a triumph1 & a f\r? prtor2 & :o left !m all 9 safety beh9d him1 & :o saw 8 ?ree daught]s m>ri$1 hav+ be5 himself consul1 c5sor & augur1 & hav+ celebrat$ a triumph2 0 he n1 ,i say1 9 y\r op9ion1 7suppos+ him to h be5 a wise man17 happi] ?an ,regulus1 :o be+ 9 ! p[] ( ! enemy1 0 put to dea? by sleeplessness & hung]1 ?\gh he may h be5 equally wise8 ,,xxviii4 ,:y d y ask me t8 said ,i2 ask ! ,/oics4 ,:at answ]1 !n1 said he1 d y suppose !y w make8 ,!y w say t ,metellus 0 9 no respect m happy ?an ,regulus4 ,let u1 !n1 said he1 he> :at !y h got to say4 ,b1 said ,i1 we are w&]+ f our subject2 = ,i am n ask+ :at is true1 b :at ea* p]son ought to say4 ,i wi%1 inde$1 t !y w\ld say t "o man is happi] ?an ano!r3 y %\ld see ! ru9 ,i w\ld make ( !m4 ,=1 z ! *ief good consi/s 9 virtue alone1 & 9 hon\rabl5ess2 & z nei!r virtue1 z !y say1 nor hon\rabl5ess is capable ( gr[?1 & z t alone is good :i* makes him :o enjoys x necess>ily happy1 z t 9 :i* alone happ9ess is plac$ _c be increas$1 h[ is x possible t "o p]son c be happi] ?an ano!r8 ,d y n see h[ all ^! ?+s agree toge!r8 ,&1 9 tru?1 7= ,i mu/ av[ :at ,i feel17 ! mutual dep5d5ce ( all ^! ?+s on "o ano!r is m>vell\s3 ! la/ "p corresponds to ! fir/1 ! middle to ea* extremity1 & ea* extremity to ! o!r4 ,!y see all t foll[s f1 or is inconsi/5t ) !m4 ,9 geometry1 if y grant ! premises ! conclusion foll[s4 ,grant t !re is no?+ good except :at is hon\rable1 & y mu/ grant t happ9ess is plac$ 9 virtue alone4 ,try x ! o!r way4 ,if y grant ?is conclusion1 y mu/ grant ! premises2 b ?is is n ! case ) ! argum5ts ( y\r s*ool4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( goods4 ,! ass]tions g tripp+ly on3 he comes to ! conclusion3 he /icks fa/3 he is 9 a difficulty2 = he wi%es to say1 t no?+ c be want+ to a wise man to complete 8 happ9ess--a v hon\rable s5tim5t1 "o wor?y ( ,socrates1 or ev5 ( ,plato4 ,well1 ,i d v5ture to ass]t t1 says he4 ,x is impossible1 unless y remodel y\r premises3 if pov]ty is an evil1 no begg> c be happy be he ev] s wise4 ,b ,z5o v5tur$ to call su* a man n only happy1 b also ri*4 ,to be 9 pa9 is an evil2 ! man :o is fa/5$ to a cross _c be happy4 ,*ildr5 are a good2 *ildlessness is an evil4 ,"o's c\ntry is a good2 exile is an evil4 ,heal? is a good2 disease is an evil4 ,vig\r ( body is a good2 feebl5ess is an evil4 ,cle> sight is a good2 bl9dness is an evil4 ,b1 ?\gh a man may be able to alleviate any s+le "o ( ^! evils by consolation1 h[ w he be able to endure !m all8 ,=1 suppose "o p]son 7 bl9d1 feeble1 afflict$ ) griev\s sickness1 bani%$1 *ildless1 9 indig5ce1 & put to ! torture2 :at w y call him1 ,z5o8 ,happy1 says he4 ,w y call him mo/ p]fectly happy8 ,to be sure ,i w1 says he1 :5 ,i h taught him t happ9ess does n admit ( degrees any m ?an virtue1 ! m]e possession ( :i* makes him happy4 ,?is seems to y incr$ible t he c call him p]fectly happy4 ,:at is y\r own doctr9e8 is t cr$ible8 ,= if y appeal to ! p1 y w nev] conv9ce !m t a man 9 su* a condition is happy4 ,if y appeal to prud5t m51 p]haps !y w d\bt z to "o po9t1 namely1 :e!r !re is s mu* =ce 9 virtue t m5 endu$ ) t c be happy1 ev5 9 ,phal>is's bull2 b !y w n d\bt at all t ! ,/oic language is consi/5t ) itself & t y\rs is n4 ,d y !n1 says he1 approve ( ! book ( ,!ophra/us on a happy life8 ,we are w&]+ f our subject2 & t ,i may n be too t$i\s--if1 said ,i1 ,piso1 ^? ?+s are evils1 ,i :olly approve ( x4 ,d n !y !n1 said he1 seem to y to be evils8 ,d y ask t8 said ,i2 :atev] answ] ,i give y1 y w f9d y\rself 9 emb>rassm5t4 ,h[ s8 said he4 ,because1 if !y are evils1 a man :o is affect$ ) !m _c be happy4 ,if !y are n evils1 !re is an end to ! :ole sy/em ( ! ,p]ipatetics4 ,& he laugh+ repli$1 ,i see :at y are at2 y are afraid ,i %all c>ry (f y\r pupil4 ,y may c>ry him (f1 said ,i1 if he likes to foll[ y2 = he w /ill be ) me if he is ) y4 ,,xxix4 ,li/5 !n1 said he1 ,o ,lucius2 =1 z ,!ophra/us says1 ,i mu/ direct my disc\rse to y1--! :ole au?ority ( philosophy consi/s 9 mak+ life happy2 = we are all inflam$ ) a desire ( liv+ happily4 ,?is1 bo? y\r bro!r & ,i agree ^u4 ,:]e=e we mu/ see :e!r ! sy/em ( ! philosoph]s c give u ?is4 ,x promises to d s c]ta9ly3 =1 unless x made t promise1 :y did ,plato travel ov] ,egypt1 to le>n numb]s & k ( ! heav5ly my/]ies f b>b>ian prie/s8 ,:y aft]w>ds did he g to ,t>5tum to ,ar*ytas2 & to ! o!r ,py?agoreans ( ,locri1 ,e*ecrates1 ,timu1 & ,acrion2 9 ord]1 aft] he _h dra9$ ,socrates to ! dregs1 to add ! doctr9e ( ! ,py?agoreans to 81 & to le>n 9 addition ^? ?+s :i* ,socrates reject$8 ,:y did ,py?agoras himself travel ov] ,egypt1 & visit ! ,p]sian ,magi2 :y did he g on foot ov] s _m c\ntries ( ! b>b>ians1 & make s _m voyages8 ,:y did ,democritus d ! same8 :o1 7:e!r x is true or false1 we w n /op to inquire17 is said to h put out 8 own eyes2 c]ta9ly1 9 ord] t 8 m9d might be ab/ract$ f contemplation z little z possible2 he neglect$ 8 patrimony1 & left 8 l&s uncultivat$1 & :at o!r object c\ld he h _h except a happy life8 ,& if he plac$ t 9 ! k ( ?+s1 /ill f t inve/igation ( natural philosophy he s\ght to acquire equanimity2 = he call$ ! summum bonum 1 & v (t5 1 t is to say1 a m9d free f al>m4 ,b1 al?\gh ?is 0 well said1 x 0 n v elegantly express$2 = he said v little ab\t virtue1 & ev5 :at he did say1 he did n express v cle>ly4 ,= x 0 n till aft] 8 dea? t ^! subjects 7 discuss$ 9 ?is city1 fir/ by ,socrates1 & f ,socrates !y got entrance into ! ,academy4 ,nor 0 !re any d\bt t all hope ( liv+ well & also happily 0 plac$ 9 virtue3 & :5 ,z5o _h le>nt ?is f our s*ool1 he began to express himself on ! same subject 9 ano!r mann]1 z lawy]s d on trials4 ,& n[ y approve ( ?is conduct 9 him4 ,w y !n say t he by *ang+ ! names ( ?+s escap$ ! *>ge ( inconsi/5cy1 & yet n all[ u to d s too8 ,he ass]ts t ! life ( ,metellus 0 n happi] ?an t ( ,regulus1 b admits t x 0 pref]able to x2 he says x 0 n m to be s\ght aft]1 b /ill to be tak5 9 pref]5ce2 & t if "o _h a *oice1 "o w\ld *oose ! life ( ,metellus1 & reject t ( ,regulus4 ,:at !n he calls pref]able1 & wor?y to be *os5 9 pref]5ce1 ,i call happi]2 & yet ,i d n attribute m importance to t sort ( life ?an ! ,/oics d4 ,= :at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 u1 except t ,i call well-kn[n ?+s by well-kn[n names1 & t !y seek = new t]ms to express ! same ideas8 ,& s1 z !re is always "s "o 9 ! s5ate :o wants an int]pret]1 we1 too1 mu/ li/5 to !m ) an int]pret]4 ,i call t good :i* is 9 accordance ) nature2 & :atev] is contr>y to nature ,i call evil4 ,nor d ,i alone use ! def9ition2 y d also1 ,o ,*rysippus1 9 ! =um & at home2 b 9 ! s*ool y disc>d x4 ,:at !n8 ,d y ?9k t m5 9 g5]al ought to speak 9 "o way1 & philosoph]s 9 ano!r1 z to ! importance ( :i* ev]y?+ is8 t le>n$ m5 %\ld hold "o language1 & unle>n$ ones ano!r8 ,b z le>n$ m5 are agre$ ( h[ mu* importance ev]y?+ is1 7if !y 7 m51 !y w\ld speak 9 ! usual fa%ion17 :y1 z long z !y leave ! facts alone1 !y are welcome to m\ld ! names accord+ to _! fancy4 ,,xxx4 ,b ,i come n[ to ! *>ge ( inconsi/5cy1 t y may n repeat t ,i am mak+ digressions2 :i* y ?9k exi/ only 9 language1 b :i* ,i us$ to consid] dep5d$ on ! subject ( :i* "o 0 speak+4 ,if x is suffici5tly p]ceiv$ 7& "h we h mo/ excell5t assi/ance f ! ,/oics71 t ! p[] ( virtue is s great1 t if ev]y?+ else 7 put on ! opposite side1 x w\ld n be ev5 visible1 :5 all ?+s :i* !y admit at lea/ to be advantages1 & to des]ve to be tak51 & *os51 & pref]r$1 & :i* !y def9e z wor?y ( be+ highly e/imat$2 :51 ,i say1 ,i call ^! ?+s goods :i* h s _m names giv5 !m by ! ,/oics1 "s ( :i* are new1 & inv5t$ expressly = !m1 su* z producta & r$ucta1 & "s ( :i* are m]ely synonym\s2 7= :at diff]5ce c x make :e!r y wi% = a ?+ or *oose x8 t :i* is *os51 & on :i* delib]ate *oice is ex]cis$1 appe>s to me to be ! bett]7 /ill1 :5 ,i h call$ all ^! ?+s goods1 ! "q is m]ely h[ great goods ,i call !m2 :5 ,i say !y des]v$ to be wi%$ =1 ! "q is1--h[ eag]ly8 ,b1 if ,i d n attribute m importance to !m :5 ,i say t !y des]ve to be wi%$ =1 ?an y d :o say !y only des]ve to be *os51 & if ,i d n value !m m highly :5 ,i call !m bona1 ?an y1 :5 y speak ( !m z producta2 !n all ^! ?+s mu/ inevitably be involv$ 9 obscurity1 & put out ( sight1 & lo/ amid ! rays ( virtue l />s 9 ! sunbeams4 ,b t life 9 :i* !re is any evil _c be happy4 ,!n a corn-field full ( ?ick & heavy e>s ( corn is n a corn-field if y see any t>es any:]e2 nor is traffic ga9ful if1 amid ! greate/ ga9s1 y incur ! mo/ trifl+ loss4 ,d we ev] act on diff]5t pr9ciples 9 any circum/ances ( life2 & w y n judge ( ! :ole f its greate/ "p8 or is !re any d\bt t virtue is s mu* ! mo/ important ?+ 9 all human affairs1 t x ?r[s all ! re/ into ! %ade8 ,i w v5ture1 !n1 to call ! re/ ( ! ?+s :i* are 9 accordance ) nature1 goods1 & n to *eat !m ( _! anci5t title1 r ?an g & hunt = "s new "n = !m2 & ! dignity ( virtue ,i w put1 z x 71 9 ! o!r scale ( ! balance4 ,believe me1 t scale w outweigh bo? e>? & sea2 = ! :ole always has its "n f t :i* embraces its l>ge/ "p1 & is ! mo/ widely diffus$4 ,we say t "o man lives m]rily4 ,is !re1 !n1 an end ( ?is m]ry life ( 8 if he is = a mom5t a little poor8 ,b1 9 ! case ( t ,m>cus ,crassus1 :o1 ,lucilius says1 laugh$ once 9 8 life1 ! fact ( 8 hav+ done s did n deliv] him f be+ call$ 4 ,!y call ,polycrates ( ,samos happy4 ,no?+ _h ev] happ5$ to him :i* he did n l1 except t he _h ?r[n into ! sea a r+ :i* he valu$ greatly2 !re=e he 0 unhappy z to t "o annoyance2 b subsequ5tly he 0 happy aga9 :5 t same r+ 0 f\nd 9 ! belly ( a fi%4 ,b he1 if he 0 unwise 7:i* he c]ta9ly 01 s9ce he 0 a tyrant71 0 nev] happy2 if he 0 wise he 0 n mis]able1 ev5 at ! "t :5 he 0 crucifi$ by ,ortes1 ! lieut5ant ( ,d>ius4 ,b he _h great evils inflict$ on him4 ,:o d5ies t8--b ^? evils 7 ov]come by ! greatness ( 8 virtue4 ,,xxxi4 ,d y n grant ev5 ?is to ! ,p]ipatetics1 t !y may say t ! life ( all good1 t is1 ( all wise m51 & ( m5 adorn$ ) e virtue1 has 9 all its p>ts m good ?an evil8 ,:o says ?is8 ,! ,/oics may say s4 ,by no means4 ,b d n ^? v m5 :o measure ev]y?+ by pleasure & pa91 say l\dly t ! wise man has always m ?+s :i* he likes ?an dislikes8 ,:51 !n1 ^! m5 attribute s mu* to virtue1 :o confess t !y w\ld n ev5 lift a f+] = ! sake ( virtue1 if x did n br+ pleasure ) x1 :at ought we to d1 :o say t ev] s inconsid]able an excell5ce ( m9d is s sup]ior to all ! goods ( ! body1 t !y are put :olly out ( sight by x8 ,= :o is !re :o c v5ture to say1 t x c happ5 to a wise man 7ev5 if su* a ?+ 7 possible7 to disc>d virtue = ev]1 ) a view ( be+ releas$ f all pa98 ,:o ( our s*ool1 :o are n a%am$ to call ^? ?+s evils :i* ! ,/oics call only bitt]1 w\ld say t x 0 bett] to d any?+ di%on\rably ) pleasure ?an hon\rably ) pa98 ,to u1 inde$1 ,dionysius ( ,h]aclea appe>s to h des]t$ ! ,/oics 9 a %ameful mann]1 on acc\nt ( ! pa9 ( 8 eyes2 z if he _h le>nt f ,z5o n to be 9 pa9 :5 he 0 9 pa94 ,he _h he>d1 b he _h n le>nt1 t x 0 n an evil1 because x 0 n di%on\rable1 & because x might be borne by a man4 ,if he _h be5 a ,p]ipatetic he w\ld1 ,i suppose1 h adh]$ to 8 op9ion1 s9ce !y say t pa9 is an evil4 ,& ) respect to be>+ its bitt]ness1 !y give ! same precepts z ! ,/oics2 &1 inde$1 y\r fri5d ,arcesilas1 al?\gh he 0 a r p]t9aci\s argu]1 0 /ill on our side2 = he 0 a pupil ( ,polemo2 & :5 he 0 suff]+ "u ! pa9 ( ! g\t1 & ,c>neades1 a mo/ intimate fri5d ( ,epicurus1 _h come to see him1 & 0 go+ away v melan*oly1 said1 8,/ay a:ile1 ,i entreat y1 fri5d ,c>neades2 = ! pa9 does n rea* "h10 %[+ 8 feet & 8 brea/4 ,/ill he w\ld h pref]r$ be+ out ( pa94 ,,xxxii4 ,?is1 !n1 is our doctr9e1 :i* appe>s to y to be inconsi/5t1 s9ce1 by reason ( a c]ta9 heav5ly1 div9e1 & inexpressible excell5ce ( virtue1 s great1 t :]ev] virtue & great1 desirable1 & praisewor?y exploits done by virtue are1 !re mis]y & grief _c be1 b nev]!less lab\r & annoyance c be1 ,i d n hesitate to affirm t all wise m5 are always happy1 b /ill1 t x is possible t "o man may be m happy ?an ano!r4 ,b ?is is exactly ! ass]tion1 ,piso1 said ,i1 :i* y are b\nd to prove ov] & ov] aga92 & if y e/abli% x1 !n y may take ) y n only my "y ,cic]o "h1 b me too4 ,!n1 said ,qu9tus1 x appe>s to me t ?is has be5 suffici5tly prov$4 ,i am glad1 inde$1 t philosophy1 ! treasures ( :i* ,i h be5 us$ to value above ! possession ( ev]y?+ else 7s ri* did x appe> to me1 t ,i c\ld ask ( x :atev] ,i desir$ to "k 9 our /udies71--,i rejoice1 !re=e1 t x has be5 f\nd m acute ?an all o!r arts1 = x 0 9 acut5ess t "s p ass]t$ t x 0 defici5t4 ,n a mite m s ?an ours1 surely1 said ,pomponius1 je/+ly4 ,b1 s]i\sly1 ,i h be5 v mu* pleas$ ) :at y h said2 = :at ,i did n ?9k c\ld be express$ 9 ,lat9 has be5 express$ by y1 & t no less cle>ly ?an by ! ,greeks1 & 9 n less well adapt$ language4 ,b x is "t to dep>t1 if y please2 & let u g to my h\se4 ,& :5 he _h said ?is1 z x appe>$ t we _h discuss$ ! subject suffici5tly1 we all w5t into ! t[n to ! h\se ( ,pomponius4 ,,! ,,tusculan ,,disputations4 ,introduction4 ,9 ! ye> ,a4,u4,c4 #gjh1 & ! #fb;d ye> ( ,cic]o's age1 8 daught]1 ,tullia1 di$ 9 *ildb$2 & h] loss afflict$ ,cic]o to su* a degree t he ab&on$ all public bus9ess1 &1 leav+ ! city1 retir$ to ,a/]ra1 :i* 0 a c\ntry h\se t he _h ne> ,antium2 :]e1 aft] a :ile1 he devot$ himself to philosophical /udies1 &1 besides o!r works1 he publi%$ 8 ,treatise de ,f9ibus1 & also ?is ,treatise call$ ! ,tusculan ,disputations1 ( :i* ,middleton gives ?is concise description3-- 8,! fir/ book tea*es u h[ to contemn ! t]rors ( dea?1 & to look ^u x z a bless+ r ?an an evil2 8,! second1 to support pa9 & affliction ) a manly =titude2 8,! ?ird1 to appease all our compla9ts & uneas9esses "u ! accid5ts ( life2 8,! f\r?1 to mod]ate all our o!r passions2 8,& ! fif? expla9s ! suffici5cy ( virtue to make m5 happy40 ,x 0 8 cu/om 9 ! opportunities ( 8 leisure to take "s fri5ds ) him into ! c\ntry1 :]e1 in/ead ( amus+ !mselves ) idle sports or fea/s1 _! div]sions 7 :olly speculative1 t5d+ to improve ! m9d & enl>ge ! und]/&+4 ,9 ?is mann] he n[ sp5t five days at 8 ,tusculan villa 9 discuss+ ) 8 fri5ds ! sev]al que/ions j m5tion$4 ,=1 aft] employ+ ! morn+s 9 declaim+ & rhetorical ex]cises1 !y us$ to retire 9 ! aft]noon into a gall]y1 call$ ! ,academy1 :i* he _h built = ! purpose ( philosophical conf]5ces1 :]e1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,greeks1 he held a s*ool z !y call$ x1 & invit$ ! company to call = any subject t !y desir$ to he> expla9$1 :i* be+ propos$ accord+ly by "s ( ! audi5ce became imm$iately ! argum5t ( t day's debate4 ,^! five conf]5ces or dialogues he collect$ aft]w>ds into writ+ 9 ! v words & mann] 9 :i* !y really pass$2 & publi%$ !m "u ! title ( 8 ,tusculan ,disputations1 f ! "n ( ! villa 9 :i* !y 7 held4 ,book ,i4 ,on ,! ,contempt ,( ,dea?4 ,i4 ,at a "t :5 ,i _h entirely1 or to a great degree1 releas$ myself f my lab\rs z an advocate1 & f my duties z a s5ator1 ,i _h rec\rse aga91 ,brutus1 pr9cipally by y\r advice1 to ^? /udies :i* nev] _h be5 out ( my m9d1 al?\gh neglect$ at times1 & :i* aft] a long int]val ,i resum$3 & n[ s9ce ! pr9ciples & rules ( all arts :i* relate to liv+ well dep5d on ! /udy ( wisdom1 :i* is call$ philosophy1 ,i h ?\ght x an employm5t wor?y ( me to illu/rate !m 9 ! ,lat9 tongue3 n because philosophy c\ld n be und]/ood 9 ! ,greek language1 or by ! tea*+ ( ,greek ma/]s2 b x has always be5 my op9ion1 t our c\ntrym5 h1 9 "s in/ances1 made wis] discov]ies ?an ! ,greeks1 ) ref]5ce to ^? subjects :i* !y h consid]$ wor?y ( devot+ _! att5tion to1 & 9 o!rs h improv$ ^u _! discov]ies1 s t 9 "o way or o!r we surpass !m on e po9t3 =1 ) reg>d to ! mann]s & habits ( private life1 & family & dome/ic affairs1 we c]ta9ly manage !m ) m elegance1 & bett] ?an !y did2 & z to our republic1 t our ance/ors h1 beyond all dispute1 =m$ on bett] cu/oms & laws4 ,:at %all ,i say ( our milit>y affairs2 9 :i* our ance/ors h be5 mo/ em95t 9 val\r1 & /ill m s 9 discipl9e8 ,z to ^? ?+s :i* are atta9$ n by /udy1 b nature1 nei!r ,greece1 nor any nation1 is comp>able to u3 = :at p has display$ su* gravity1 su* /ead9ess1 su* greatness ( s\l1 probity1 fai?--su* di/+ui%$ virtue ( e k9d1 z to be equal to our ance/ors4 ,9 le>n+1 inde$1 & all k9ds ( lit]ature1 ,greece did excel u1 & x 0 easy to d s :]e !re 0 no competition2 = :ile among/ ! ,greeks ! poets 7 ! mo/ anci5t species ( le>n$ m51--s9ce ,hom] & ,hesiod liv$ be=e ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 & ,ar*ilo*us7#ej7 0 a contempor>y ( ,romulus1--we receiv$ poetry mu* lat]4 ,= x 0 ab\t five hundr$ & t5 ye>s aft] ! build+ ( ,rome be=e ,livius7#ea7 publi%$ a play 9 ! consul%ip ( ,c4 ,claudius1 ! son ( ,ccus1 & ,m4 ,tuditanus1 a ye> be=e ! bir? ( ,ennius1 :o 0 old] ?an ,plautus & ,nvius4 ,,ii4 ,x 01 !re=e1 late be=e poets 7 ei!r kn[n or receiv$ among/ u2 ?\gh we f9d 9 ,cato de ,orig9ibus t ! gue/s us$1 at _! ent]ta9m5ts1 to s+ ! praises ( fam\s m5 to ! s\nd ( ! flute2 b a spee* ( ,cato's %[s ?is k9d ( poetry to h be5 9 no great e/eem1 z he c5sures ,m>cus ,nobilior1 = c>ry+ poets ) him into 8 prov9ce3 = t consul1 z we "k1 c>ri$ ,ennius ) him into tolia4 ,!re=e ! less e/eem poets 7 91 ! less 7 ^? /udies pursu$3 ?\gh ev5 !n ^? :o did display ! greate/ abilities t way1 7 n v inf]ior to ! ,greeks4 ,d we imag9e t if x _h be5 consid]$ comm5dable 9 ,fabius17#eb7 a man ( ! highe/ rank1 to pa9t1 we %\ld n h _h _m ,polycleti & ,p>rbasii4 ,hon\r n\ri%es art1 & glory is ! spur ) all to /udies2 :ile ^? /udies are always neglect$ 9 e nation1 :i* are look$ ^u disp>ag+ly4 ,! ,greeks held skill 9 vocal & in/rum5tal music z a v important accompli%m5t1 & !re=e x is record$ ( ,epam9ondas1 :o1 9 my op9ion1 0 ! greate/ man among/ ! ,greeks1 t he play$ excell5tly on ! flute2 & ,!mi/ocles "s ye>s be=e 0 deem$ ignorant because at an ent]ta9m5t he decl9$ ! lyre :5 x 0 (f]$ to him4 ,= ?is reason musicians fl\ri%$ 9 ,greece2 music 0 a g5]al /udy2 & :oev] 0 unacqua9t$ ) x1 0 n consid]$ z fully in/ruct$ 9 le>n+4 ,geometry 0 9 high e/eem ) !m1 !re=e none 7 m hon\rable ?an ma!maticians2 b we h conf9$ ?is art to b>e measur+ & calculat+4 ,,iii4 ,b on ! contr>y1 we e>ly ent]ta9$ an e/eem = ! orator2 ?\gh he 0 n at fir/ a man ( le>n+1 b only quick at speak+2 9 subsequ5t times he became le>n$2 = x is report$ t ,galba1 ,africanus1 & ,llius1 7 m5 ( le>n+2 & t ev5 ,cato1 :o prec$$ !m 9 po9t ( "t1 0 a /udi\s man3 !n succe$$ ! ,lepidi1 ,c>bo1 & ,grac*i1 & s _m great orators aft] !m1 d[n to our own times1 t we 7 v little1 if at all1 inf]ior to ! ,greeks4 ,philosophy has be5 at a l[ ebb ev5 to ?is pres5t "t1 & has _h no assi/ance f our own language1 & s n[ ,i h und]tak5 to raise & illu/rate x1 9 ord] t1 z ,i h be5 ( s]vice to my c\ntrym51 :5 employ$ on public affairs1 ,i may1 if possible1 be s likewise 9 my retirem5t2 & 9 ?is ,i mu/ take ! m pa9s1 because !re are already _m books 9 ! ,lat9 language :i* are said to be writt5 inaccurately1 hav+ be5 compos$ by excell5t m51 only n ( suffici5t le>n+3 = inde$ x is possible t a man may ?9k well1 & yet n be able to express 8 ?\ghts elegantly2 b = any "o to publi% ?\ghts :i* he c nei!r arrange skilfully nor illu/rate s z to ent]ta9 8 read]1 is an unp>donable abuse ( lett]s & retirem5t3 !y1 !re=e1 read _! books to "o ano!r1 & no "o ev] takes !m up b ^? :o wi% to h ! same lic5ce = c>eless writ+ all[$ to !mselves4 ,:]e=e1 if oratory has acquir$ any reputation f my indu/ry1 ,i %all take ! m pa9s to op5 ! f\nta9s ( philosophy1 f :i* all my eloqu5ce has tak5 its rise4 ,,iv4 ,b1 z ,ari/otle17#ec7 a man ( ! greate/ g5ius1 & ( ! mo/ v>i\s k1 be+ excit$ by ! glory ( ! rhetorician ,isocrates17#ed7 comm5c$ tea*+ "y m5 to speak1 & jo9$ philosophy ) eloqu5ce3 s x is my design n to lay aside my =m] /udy ( oratory1 & yet to employ myself at ! same "t 9 ?is great] & m fruitful art2 = ,i h always ?\ght1 t to be able to speak copi\sly & elegantly on ! mo/ important que/ions1 0 ! mo/ p]fect philosophy4 ,& ,i h s dilig5tly appli$ myself to ?is pursuit t ,i h already v5tur$ to h a s*ool l ! ,greeks4 ,& lately :5 y left u1 hav+ _m ( my fri5ds ab\t me1 ,i attempt$ at my ,tusculan villa :at ,i c\ld d 9 t way2 = z ,i =m]ly us$ to practise declaim+1 :i* nobody cont9u$ long] ?an myself1 s ?is is n[ to be ! declamation ( my old age4 ,i desir$ any "o to propose a "q :i* he wi%$ to h discuss$3 & !n ,i argu$ t po9t ei!r sitt+ or walk+1 & s ,i h compil$ ! s*ol1 z ! ,greeks call !m1 ( five days1 9 z _m books4 ,we proce$$ 9 ?is mann]3 :5 he :o _h propos$ ! subject = discussion _h said :at he ?\ght prop]1 ,i spoke aga9/ him2 = ?is is1 y "k1 ! old & ,socratic me?od ( argu+ aga9/ ano!r's op9ion2 = ,socrates ?\ght t ?us ! tru? w\ld m easily be arriv$ at4 ,b to give y a bett] notion ( our disputations1 ,i w n b>ely s5d y an acc\nt ( !m1 b repres5t !m to y z !y 7 c>ri$ on2 !re=e let ! introduction be ?us3-- ,v4 ,a4 ,to me dea? seems to be an evil4 ,m4 ,:at to ^? :o are already dead8 or to ^? :o mu/ die8 ,a4 ,to bo?4 ,m4 ,x is a mis]y !n1 because an evil8 ,a4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,m4 ,!n ^? :o h already di$1 & ^? :o h /ill got to die1 are bo? mis]able8 ,a4 ,s x appe>s to me4 ,m4 ,!n all are mis]able8 ,a4 ,e "o4 ,m4 ,&1 inde$1 if y wi% to be consi/5t1 all t are already born1 or ev] %all be1 are n only mis]able1 b always w be s2 = %\ld y ma9ta9 ^? only to be mis]able1 y w\ld n except any "o liv+1 = all mu/ die2 b !re %\ld be an end ( mis]y 9 dea?4 ,b see+ t ! dead are mis]able1 we are born to et]nal mis]y1 = !y mu/ ( consequ5ce be mis]able :o di$ a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ago2 or r1 all t h ev] be5 born4 ,a4 ,s1 inde$1 ,i ?9k4 ,m4 ,tell me1 ,i besee* y1 are y afraid ( ! ?ree-head$ ,c]b]us 9 ! %ades bel[1 & ! ro>+ waves ( ,cocytus1 & ! passage ov] ,a*]on1 & ,tantalus expir+ ) ?ir/1 :ile ! wat] t\*es 8 *92 & ,sisyphus1 ,:o sweats ) ardu\s toil 9 va9 ,! /eepy summit ( ! m\nt to ga98 ,p]haps1 too1 y dread ! inexorable judges1 ,m9os & ,rhadaman?us2 be=e :om nei!r ,l4 ,crassus1 nor ,m4 ,antonius c def5d y2 & :]e1 s9ce ! cause lies be=e ,grecian judges1 y w n ev5 be able to employ ,demo/h5es3 b y mu/ plead = y\rself be=e a v great assembly4 ,^! ?+s p]haps y dread1 & !re=e look on dea? z an et]nal evil4 ,,vi4 ,a4 ,d y take me to be s imbecile z to give cr$it to su* ?+s8 ,m4 ,:at8 d y n believe !m8 ,a4 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,m4 ,i am sorry to he> t4 ,a4 ,:y1 ,i beg8 ,m4 ,because ,i c\ld h be5 v eloqu5t 9 speak+ aga9/ !m4 ,a4 ,& :o c\ld n on su* a subject8 or1 :at tr\ble is x to refute ^! mon/r\s inv5tions ( ! poets & pa9t]s87#ee7 ,m4 ,& yet y h books ( philosoph]s full ( argum5ts aga9/ ^!4 ,a4 ,a great wa/e ( "t1 truly6 =1 :o is s weak z to be conc]n$ ab\t !m8 ,m4 ,if1 !n1 !re is no "o mis]able 9 ! inf]nal regions1 !re c be no "o !re at all4 ,a4 ,i am altoge!r ( t op9ion4 ,m4 ,:]e1 !n1 are ^? y call mis]able8 or :at place d !y inhabit8 =1 if !y exi/ at all1 !y mu/ be some:]e8 ,a4 ,i1 inde$1 am ( op9ion t !y are n[h]e4 ,m4 ,!n !y h no exi/5ce at all4 ,a4 ,ev5 s1 & yet !y are mis]able = ?is v reason1 t !y h no exi/5ce4 ,m4 ,i _h r n[ h y afraid ( ,c]b]us1 ?an speak ?us inaccurately4 ,a4 ,9 :at respect8 ,m4 ,because y admit him to exi/ ^: exi/5ce y d5y ) ! same brea?4 ,:]e n[ is y\r sagacity8 :5 y say any "o is mis]able1 y say t he :o does n exi/1 does exi/4 ,a4 ,i am n s absurd z to say t4 ,m4 ,:at is x t y d say1 !n8 ,a4 ,i say1 = in/ance1 t ,m>cus ,crassus is mis]able 9 be+ depriv$ ( su* great ri*es z 8 by dea?2 t ,cn4 ,pompey is mis]able1 9 be+ tak5 f su* glory & hon\r2 & 9 %ort1 t all are mis]able :o are depriv$ ( ?is light ( life4 ,m4 ,y h return$ to ! same po9t1 = to be mis]able implies an exi/5ce2 b y j n[ d5i$ t ! dead _h any exi/5ce2 if1 !n1 !y h n1 !y c be no?+2 & if s1 !y are n ev5 mis]able4 ,a4 ,p]haps ,i d n express :at ,i mean1 = ,i look ^u ?is v circum/ance1 n to exi/ aft] hav+ exi/$1 to be v mis]able4 ,m4 ,:at1 m s ?an n to h exi/$ at all8 !re=e1 ^? :o are n yet born1 are mis]able because !y are n2 & we ourselves1 if we are to be mis]able aft] dea?1 7 mis]able be=e we 7 born3 b ,i d n rememb] t ,i 0 mis]able be=e ,i 0 born2 & ,i %\ld be glad to "k1 if y\r memory is bett]1 :at y recollect ( y\rself be=e y 7 born4 ,,vii4 ,a4 ,y are pleasant2 z if ,i _h said t ^? m5 are mis]able :o are n born1 & n t !y are s :o are dead4 ,m4 ,y say1 !n1 t !y are s8 ,a4 ,yes1 ,i say t because !y no long] exi/ aft] hav+ exi/$1 !y are mis]able4 ,m4 ,y d n p]ceive1 t y are ass]t+ contradictions2 = :at is a great] contradiction1 ?an t !y %\ld be n only mis]able1 b %\ld h any exi/5ce at all1 :i* does n exi/8 ,:5 y g out at ! ,cap5e gate & see ! tombs ( ! ,calat9i1 ! ,scipios1 ,s]vilii1 & ,metelli1 d y look on !m z mis]able8 ,a4 ,because y press me ) a ^w1 h5ce=w>d ,i w n say !y are mis]able absolutely1 b mis]able on ?is acc\nt1 because !y h no exi/5ce4 ,m4 ,y d n say1 !n1 8,m4 ,crassus is mis]able10 b only 8,mis]able ,m4 ,crassus40 ,a4 ,exactly s4 ,m4 ,z if x did n foll[1 t :atev] y speak ( 9 t mann]1 ei!r is or is n4 ,are y n acqua9t$ ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( logic8 = ?is is ! fir/ ?+ !y lay d[n1 ,:atev] is ass]t$1 7= t is ! be/ way t occurs to me1 at ! mom5t1 ( r5d]+ ! ,greek t]m1 1 if ,i c ?9k ( a m accurate expression h]eaft] ,i w use x17 is ass]t$ z be+ ei!r true or false4 ,:51 !re=e1 y say1 8,mis]able ,m4 ,crassus10 y ei!r say ?is1 8,m4 ,crassus is mis]able10 s t "s judgm5t may be made :e!r x is true or false1 or y say no?+ at all4 ,a4 ,well1 !n1 ,i n[ own t ! dead are n mis]able1 s9ce y h drawn f me a concession1 t !y :o d n exi/ at all1 _c be mis]able4 ,:at !n8 we t are alive1 are we n wret*$1 see+ we mu/ die8 = :at is !re agreeable 9 life1 :5 we mu/ night & day reflect t1 at "s "t or o!r1 we mu/ die8 ,,viii4 ,m4 ,d y n1 !n1 p]ceive h[ great is ! evil f :i* y h deliv]$ human nature8 ,a4 ,by :at means8 ,m4 ,because1 if to die 7 mis]able to ! dead1 to live w\ld be a k9d ( inf9ite & et]nal mis]y3 n[1 h[ev]1 ,i see a goal1 & :5 ,i h rea*$ x1 !re is no?+ m to be fe>$2 b y seem to me to foll[ ! op9ion ( ,epi*>mus17#ef7 a man ( "s disc]nm5t1 & %>p en\gh = a ,sicilian4 ,a4 ,:at op9ion8 = ,i d n recollect x4 ,m4 ,i w tell y if ,i c 9 ,lat91 = y "k ,i am no m us$ to br+ 9 ,lat9 s5t5ces 9 a ,greek disc\rse1 ?an ,greek 9 a ,lat9 "o4 ,a4 ,& t is "r en\gh3 b :at is t op9ion ( ,epi*>mus8 ,m4 ,i w\ld n die1 b yet ,am n conc]n$ t ,i %all be dead4 ,a4 ,i n[ recollect ! ,greek1 b s9ce y h oblig$ me to grant t ! dead are n mis]able1 proce$ to conv9ce me t x is n mis]able to be "u a necessity ( dy+4 ,m4 ,t is easy en\gh1 b ,i h great] ?+s 9 h&4 ,a4 ,h[ comes t to be s easy8 & :at are ^? ?+s ( m consequ5ce8 ,m4 ,?us3 because1 if !re is no evil aft] dea?1 !n ev5 dea? itself c be none2 = t :i* imm$iately succe$s t is a /ate :]e y grant t !re is no evil2 s t ev5 to be oblig$ to die c be no evil2 = t is only ! be+ oblig$ to arrive at a place :]e we all[ t no evil is4 ,a4 ,i beg y w be m explicit on ?is po9t1 = ^! subtle argum5ts =ce me soon] to admissions ?an to conviction4 ,b :at are ^? m important ?+s ab\t :i* y say t y are occupi$8 ,m4 ,to tea* y1 if ,i c1 t dea? is n only no evil1 b a good4 ,a4 ,i d n insi/ on t1 b %\ld be glad to he> y argue x1 = ev5 ?\gh y %\ld n prove y\r po9t1 yet y w prove t dea? is no evil3 b ,i w n int]rupt y1 ,i w\ld r he> a cont9u$ disc\rse4 ,m4 ,:at1 if ,i %\ld ask y a "q1 w\ld y n answ]8 ,a4 ,t w\ld look l pride2 b ,i w\ld r y %\ld n ask b :]e necessity requires4 ,,ix4 ,m4 ,i w comply ) y\r wi%es1 & expla9 z well z ,i c1 :at y require2 b n ) any idea t1 l ! ,py?ian ,apollo1 :at ,i say mu/ ne$s be c]ta9 & indisputable2 b z a m]e man1 endeav\r+ to arrive at probabilities by conjecture1 = ,i h no gr\nd to proce$ fur!r on ?an probability4 ,^? m5 may call _! /atem5ts indisputable :o ass]t t :at !y say c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & :o proclaim !mselves philosoph]s by pr(ession4 ,a4 ,d z y please1 we are ready to he> y4 ,m4 ,! fir/ ?+1 !n1 is to inquire :at dea?1 :i* seems to be s well und]/ood1 really is2 = "s imag9e dea? to be ! dep>ture ( ! s\l f ! body2 o!rs ?9k t !re is no su* dep>ture1 b t s\l & body p]i% toge!r1 & t1 ! s\l is ext+ui%$ ) ! body4 ,( ^? :o ?9k t ! s\l does dep>t f ! body1 "s believe 9 its imm$iate dissolution2 o!rs fancy t x cont9ues to exi/ = a "t2 & o!rs believe t x la/s = ev]4 ,!re is great dispute ev5 :at ! s\l is1 :]e x is1 & :5ce x is d]iv$3 ) "s1 ! he>t itself 7cor7 seems to be ! s\l1 h5ce ! expressions1 excordes1 vecordes1 concordes2 & t prud5t ,nasica1 :o 0 twice consul1 0 call$ ,corculus1 i4e4 wise-he>t2 & lius ,sextus is describ$ z ,egregie cordatus homo1 catus liu' ,sextus--t great wise-he>t$ man1 sage lius4 ,emp$ocles imag9es ! blood1 :i* is suffus$ ov] ! he>t1 to be ! s\l2 to o!rs1 a c]ta9 "p ( ! bra9 seems to be ! ?rone ( ! s\l2 o!rs nei!r all[ ! he>t itself1 nor any portion ( ! bra91 to be ! s\l2 b ?9k ei!r t ! he>t is ! seat & abode ( ! s\l2 or else t ! bra9 is s4 ,"s w\ld h ! s\l1 or _s1 to be ! anima1 z our s*ools g5]ally agree2 & inde$ ! "n signifies z mu*1 = we use ! expressions animam ag]e1 to live2 animam effl>e1 to expire2 animosi1 m5 ( _s2 b5e animati1 m5 ( "r feel+2 exanimi s5t5tia1 accord+ to our real op9ion--& ! v ^w animus is d]iv$ f anima4 ,aga91 ! s\l seems to ,z5o ! ,/oic to be fire4 ,x4 ,b :at ,i h said z to ! he>t1 ! blood1 ! bra91 air1 or fire be+ ! s\l1 are common op9ions3 ! o!rs are only ent]ta9$ by individuals2 & inde$ !re 7 _m among/ ! anci5ts :o held s+ul> op9ions on ?is subject1 ( :om ! late/ 0 ,ari/ox5us1 a man :o 0 bo? a musician & a philosoph]2 he ma9ta9$ a c]ta9 /ra9+ ( ! body1 l :at is call$ h>mony 9 music1 to be ! s\l2 & believ$ t1 f ! figure & nature ( ! :ole body1 v>i\s motions are excit$1 z s\nds are f an in/rum5t4 ,he adh]$ /eadily to 8 sy/em1 & yet he said some?+1 ! nature ( :i*1 :atev] x 01 _h be5 detail$ & expla9$ a great :ile be=e by ,plato4 ,x5ocrates d5i$ t ! s\l _h any figure1 or any?+ l a body2 b said x 0 a numb]1 ! p[] ( :i*1 z ,py?agoras _h fanci$1 "s ages be=e1 0 ! greate/ 9 nature3 8 ma/]1 ,plato1 imag9$ a ?ree-fold s\l2 a dom9ant portion ( :i*1 t is to say1 reason1 he _h lodg$ 9 ! head1 z 9 a t[]2 & ! o!r two p>ts1 namely1 ang] & desire1 he made subs]vi5t to ?is "o1 & allott$ !m di/9ct abodes1 plac+ ang] 9 ! brea/1 & desire "u ! prcordia4 ,b ,dicar*us1 9 t disc\rse ( "s le>n$ disputants1 held at ,cor9?1 :i* he details to u 9 ?ree books2 9 ! fir/ book introduces _m speak]s2 & 9 ! o!r two he introduces a c]ta9 ,ph]ecrates1 an old man ( ,ph?ia1 :o1 z he said1 0 desc5d$ f ,deucalion2 ass]t+1 t !re is 9 fact no su* ?+ at all z a s\l2 b t x is a "n1 )\t a mean+2 & t x is idle to use ! expression1 8animals10 or 8animat$ be+s20 t nei!r m5 nor bea/s h m9ds or s\ls2 b t all t p[]1 by :i* we act or p]ceive1 is equally infus$ into e liv+ creature1 & is insep>able f ! body1 = if x 7 n1 x w\ld be no?+2 nor is !re any?+ :atev] really exi/+ except body1 :i* is a s+le & simple ?+1 s fa%ion$1 z to live & h its s5sations 9 consequ5ce ( ! regulations ( nature4 ,ari/otle1 a man sup]ior to all o!rs1 bo? 9 g5ius & indu/ry 7,i always except ,plato71 aft] hav+ embrac$ ^! f\r kn[n sorts ( pr9ciples1 f :i* all ?+s d$uce _! orig91 imag9es t !re is a c]ta9 fif? nature1 f :5ce comes ! s\l2 = to ?9k1 to =esee1 to le>n1 to tea*1 to inv5t any?+1 & _m o!r attributes ( ! same k9d1 su* z1 to rememb]1 to love1 to hate1 to desire1 to fe>1 to be pleas$ or displeas$2 ^!1 & o!rs l !m1 exi/1 he ?9ks1 9 none ( ^? fir/ f\r k9ds3 on su* acc\nt he adds a fif? k9d1 :i* has no "n1 & s by a new "n he calls ! s\l 1 z if x 7 a c]ta9 cont9u$ & p]petual motion4 ,,xi4 ,if ,i h n =gott5 any?+ un9t5tionally1 ^! are ! pr9cipal op9ions conc]n+ ! s\l4 ,i h omitt$ ,democritus1 a v great man inde$1 b "o :o d$uces ! s\l f ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( small1 light1 & r\nd sub/ances2 =1 if y believe m5 ( 8 s*ool1 !re is no?+ :i* a cr[d ( atoms _c effect4 ,:i* ( ^! op9ions is true1 "s god mu/ det]m9e4 ,x is an important "q = u1 :i* has ! mo/ appe>ance ( tru?4 ,%all we1 !n1 pref] det]m9+ betwe5 !m1 or %all we return to our subject8 ,a4 ,i c\ld wi% bo?1 if possible2 b x is difficult to mix !m2 !re=e1 if )\t a discussion ( !m we c get rid ( ! fe>s ( dea?1 let u proce$ to d s2 b if ?is is n to be done )\t expla9+ ! "q ab\t s\ls1 let u h t n[1 & ! o!r at ano!r "t4 ,m4 ,i take t plan to be ! be/1 :i* ,i p]ceive y are incl9$ to2 = reason w demon/rate t1 :i*ev] ( ! op9ions :i* ,i h /at$ is true1 x mu/ foll[1 !n1 t dea? _c be an evil2 or t x mu/ r be some?+ desirable1 = if ei!r ! he>t1 or ! blood1 or ! bra91 is ! s\l1 !n c]ta9ly ! s\l1 be+ corporeal1 mu/ p]i% ) ! re/ ( ! body2 if x is air1 x w p]haps be dissolv$2 if x is fire1 x w be ext+ui%$2 if x is ,ari/ox5us's h>mony1 x w be put out ( tune4 ,:at %all ,i say ( ,dicar*us1 :o d5ies t !re is any s\l8 ,9 all ^! op9ions1 !re is no?+ to affect any "o aft] dea?2 = all feel+ is lo/ ) life1 & :]e !re is no s5sation1 no?+ c int]f]e to affect u4 ,! op9ions ( o!rs d inde$ br+ u hope2 if x is any pleasure to y to ?9k t s\ls1 aft] !y leave ! body1 may g to heav5 z to a p]man5t home4 ,a4 ,i h great pleasure 9 t ?\ght1 & x is :at ,i mo/ desire2 & ev5 if x %\ld n be s1 ,i %\ld /ill be v will+ to believe x4 ,m4 ,:at occasion h y1 !n1 = my assi/ance8 am ,i sup]ior to ,plato 9 eloqu5ce8 ,turn ov] c>efully 8 book t treats ( ! s\l1 y w h !re all t y c want4 ,a4 ,i h1 inde$1 done t1 & (t52 b1 ,i "k n h[ x comes to pass1 ,i agree ) x :il/ ,i am read+ x1 b :5 ,i h laid d[n ! book1 & beg9 to reflect ) myself on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 all t agreem5t vani%es4 ,m4 ,h[ comes t8 d y admit ?is1 t s\ls ei!r exi/ aft] dea?1 or else t !y also p]i% at ! mom5t ( dea?8 ,a4 ,i agree to t4 ,& if !y d exi/1 ,i admit t !y are happy2 b if !y p]i%1 ,i _c suppose !m to be unhappy1 because1 9 fact1 !y h no exi/5ce at all4 ,y drove me to t concession b j n[4 ,m4 ,h[1 !n1 c y1 or :y d y1 ass]t t y ?9k t dea? is an evil1 :5 x ei!r makes u happy1 9 ! case ( ! s\l cont9u+ to exi/1 or1 at all ev5ts1 n unhappy1 9 ! case ( our becom+ de/itute ( all s5sation4 ,,xii4 ,a4 ,expla91 !re=e1 if x is n tr\blesome to y1 fir/1 if y c1 t s\ls d exi/ aft] dea?2 secondly1 %\ld y fail 9 t1 7& x is a v difficult ?+ to e/abli%17 t dea? is free f all evil2 = ,i am n )\t my fe>s t ?is itself is an evil2 ,i d n mean ! imm$iate deprivation ( s5se1 b ! fact t we %all h]eaft] suff] deprivation4 ,m4 ,i h ! be/ au?ority 9 support ( ! op9ion y desire to h e/abli%$1 :i* ought1 & g5]ally has1 great weight 9 all cases4 ,& fir/1 ,i h all antiquity on t side1 :i* ! m ne> x is to its orig9 & div9e desc5t1 ! m cle>ly1 p]haps1 on t acc\nt did x disc]n ! tru? 9 ^! matt]s4 ,?is v doctr9e1 !n1 0 adopt$ by all ^? anci5ts1 :om ,ennius calls 9 ! ,sab9e tongue1 ,casci1 namely1 t 9 dea? !re 0 a s5sation1 & t1 :5 m5 dep>t$ ?is life1 !y 7 n s entirely de/roy$ z to p]i% absolutely4 ,& ?is may appe> f _m o!r circum/ances1 & especially f ! pontifical rites & fun]al obsequies1 :i* m5 ( ! greate/ g5ius w\ld n h be5 s solicit\s ab\t1 & w\ld n h gu>d$ f any injury by su* sev]e laws1 b f a firm p]suasion t dea? 0 n s entire a de/ruction z :olly to aboli% & de/roy ev]y?+1 b r a k9d ( transmigration1 z x 71 & *ange ( life1 :i* 01 9 ! case ( illu/ri\s m5 & wom51 usually a guide to heav51 :ile 9 t ( o!rs1 x 0 /ill conf9$ to ! e>?1 b 9 su* a mann] z /ill to exi/4 ,f ?is1 & ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,romans1 ,9 heav5 ,romulus ) ,gods n[ lives2 z ,ennius sai?1 agree+ ) ! common belief2 h5ce1 too ,h]cules is consid]$ s great & propiti\s a god among/ ! ,greeks1 & f !m he 0 introduc$ among u1 & 8 wor%ip has ext5d$ ev5 to ! v ocean itself4 ,?is is h[ x 0 t ,bac*us 0 deifi$1 ! (fspr+ ( ,semele2 & f ! same illu/ri\s fame we receive ,ca/or & ,pollux z gods1 :o are report$ n only to h help$ ! ,romans to victory 9 _! battles1 b to h be5 ! mess5g]s ( _! success4 ,:at %all we say ( ,ino1 ! daught] ( ,cadmus8 is %e n call$ ,leuco!a by ! ,greeks1 & ,matuta by u8 ,nay m2 is n ! :ole ( heav5 7n to dwell on p>ticul>s7 almo/ fill$ ) ! (fspr+ ( m58 ,%\ld ,i attempt to se>* into antiquity1 & produce f !nce :at ! ,greek writ]s h ass]t$1 x w\ld appe> t ev5 ^? :o are call$ _! pr9cipal gods1 7 tak5 f among m5 up into heav54 ,,xiii4 ,exam9e ! sepul*res ( ^? :i* are %[n 9 ,greece2 recollect1 = y h be5 initiat$1 :at lessons are taught 9 ! my/]ies2 !n w y p]ceive h[ ext5sive ?is doctr9e is4 ,b !y :o 7 n acqua9t$ ) natural philosophy1 7= x did n beg9 to be 9 vogue till _m ye>s lat]17 _h no high] belief ?an :at natural reason c\ld give !m2 !y 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples & causes ( ?+s2 !y 7 (t5 induc$ by c]ta9 visions1 & ^? g5]ally 9 ! night1 to ?9k t ^? m51 :o _h dep>t$ f ?is life1 7 /ill alive4 ,& ?is may fur!r be br\ght z an irrefragable argum5t = u to believe t !re are gods1--t !re nev] 0 any nation s b>b>\s1 nor any p 9 ! _w s savage1 z to be )\t "s notion ( gods3 _m h wrong notions ( ! gods1 = t is ! nature & ord9>y consequ5ce ( bad cu/oms1 yet all all[ t !re is a c]ta9 div9e nature & en]gy4 ,nor does ?is proce$ f ! conv]sation ( m51 or ! agreem5t ( philosoph]s2 x is n an op9ion e/abli%$ by in/itutions or by laws2 b1 no d\bt1 9 e case ! cons5t ( all nations is to be look$ on z a law ( nature4 ,:o is !re1 !n1 t does n lam5t ! loss ( 8 fri5ds1 pr9cipally f imag9+ !m depriv$ ( ! conv5i5ces ( life8 ,take away ?is op9ion1 & y remove ) x all grief2 = no "o is afflict$ m]ely on acc\nt ( a loss su/a9$ by himself4 ,p]haps we may be sorry1 & grieve a little2 b t bitt] lam5tation1 & ^? m\rnful te>s1 h _! orig9 9 our appreh5sions t he :om we lov$ is depriv$ ( all ! advantages ( life1 & is s5sible ( 8 loss4 ,& we are l$ to ?is op9ion by nature1 )\t any argum5ts or any in/ruction4 ,,xiv4 ,b ! greate/ pro( ( all is1 t nature h]self gives a sil5t judgm5t 9 fav\r ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 inasmu* z all are anxi\s1 & t to a great degree1 ab\t ! ?+s :i* conc]n futurity2-- ,"o plants :at future ages %all enjoy1 z ,/atius sai? 9 8 ,synephebi4 ,:at is 8 object 9 do+ s1 except t he is int]e/$ 9 po/]ity8 ,%all ! indu/ri\s husb&man1 !n1 plant trees ! fruit ( :i* he %all nev] see8 & %all n ! great man f\nd laws1 in/itutions1 & a republic8 ,:at does ! procreation ( *ildr5 imply--& our c>e to cont9ue our names--& our adoptions--& our scrupul\s exactness 9 draw+ up wills--& ! inscriptions on monum5ts1 & panegyrics1 b t our ?\ghts run on futurity8 ,!re is no d\bt b a judgm5t may be =m$ ( nature 9 g5]al1 f look+ at ea* nature 9 its mo/ p]fect specim5s2 & :at is a m p]fect specim5 ( a man1 ?an ^? are :o look on !mselves z born = ! assi/ance1 ! protection1 & ! pres]vation ( o!rs8 ,h]cules has gone to heav52 he nev] w\ld h gone ?i!r1 _h he n1 :il/ among/ m51 made t road = himself4 ,^! ?+s are ( old date1 & h1 besides1 ! sanction ( univ]sal religion4 ,,xv4 ,:at w y say8 :at d y imag9e t s _m & su* great m5 ( our republic1 :o h sacrific$ _! lives = its good1 expect$8 ,d y believe t !y ?\ght t _! names %\ld n cont9ue beyond _! lives8 ,none ev] enc\nt]$ dea? = _! c\ntry1 b "u a firm p]suasion ( immortality6 ,!mi/ocles might h liv$ at 8 ease2 s might ,epam9ondas2 &1 n to look abroad & among/ ! anci5ts = in/ances1 s might ,i myself4 ,b1 someh[ or o!r1 !re cl+s to our m9ds a c]ta9 presage ( future ages2 & ?is bo? exi/s mo/ firmly & appe>s mo/ cle>ly1 9 m5 ( ! l(tie/ g5ius & greate/ s\ls4 ,take away ?is1 & :o w\ld be s mad z to sp5d 8 life amid/ toils & dang]s8 ,i speak ( ^? 9 p[]4 ,:at are ! poet's views b to be ennobl$ aft] dea?8 ,:at else is ! object ( ^! l9es-- ,behold old ,ennius "h1 :o er/ ,?y fa!rs' great exploits rehe>s$8 ,he is *all5g+ ! rew>d ( glory f ^? m5 ^: ance/ors he himself _h ennobl$ by 8 poetry4 ,& 9 ! same _s he says 9 ano!r passage-- ,let none ) te>s my fun]al grace1 = ,i ,claim f my works an immortality4 ,:y d ,i m5tion poets8 ! v me*anics are desir\s ( fame aft] dea?4 ,:y did ,phidias include a lik5ess ( himself 9 ! %ield ( ,m9]va1 :5 he 0 n all[$ to inscribe 8 "n on x8 ,:at d our philosoph]s ?9k on ! subject8 d n !y put _! names to ^? v books :i* !y write on ! contempt ( glory8 ,if1 !n1 univ]sal cons5t is ! voice ( nature1 & if x is ! g5]al op9ion ev]y:]e1 t ^? :o h quitt$ ?is life are /ill int]e/$ 9 some?+2 we also mu/ subscribe to t op9ion4 ,& if we ?9k t m5 ( ! greate/ abilities & virtue see mo/ cle>ly into ! p[] ( nature1 because !y !mselves are h] mo/ p]fect "w2 x is v probable t1 z e great man is especially anxi\s to b5efit po/]ity1 !re is some?+ ( :i* he himself w be s5sible aft] dea?4 ,,xvi4 ,b z we are l$ by nature to ?9k !re are gods1 & z we discov]1 by reason1 ( :at description !y are1 s1 by ! cons5t ( all nations1 we are induc$ to believe t our s\ls survive2 b :]e _! habitation is1 & ( :at "* !y ev5tually are1 mu/ be le>n$ f reason4 ,! want ( any c]ta9 reason on :i* to argue has giv5 rise to ! idea ( ! %ades bel[1 & to ^? fe>s1 :i* y seem1 n )\t reason1 to despise3 = z our bodies fall to ! gr\nd1 & are cov]$ ) e>? 7humus71 f :5ce we d]ive ! expression to be int]r$ 7hum>i71 t has occasion$ m5 to imag9e t ! dead cont9ue1 dur+ ! rema9d] ( _! exi/5ce1 "u gr\nd2 :i* op9ion has drawn aft] x _m errors1 :i* ! poets h increas$2 = ! !atre1 be+ frequ5t$ by a l>ge cr[d1 among :i* are wom5 & *ildr51 is wont to be greatly affect$ on he>+ su* pomp\s v]ses z ^!-- ,lo6 "h ,i am1 :o sc>ce c\ld ga9 ?is place1 ,?r\gh /ony m\nta9s & a dre>y wa/e2 ,?r\gh cliffs1 ^: %>p5'd /ones trem5d\s hung1 ,:]e dreadful d>kness spread itself ar\nd3 & ! error prevail$ s mu*1 ?\gh inde$ at pres5t x seems to me to be remov$1 t al?\gh m5 knew t ! bodies ( ! dead _h be5 burn$1 yet !y conceiv$ su* ?+s to be done 9 ! inf]nal regions z c\ld n be execut$ or imag9$ )\t a body2 = !y c\ld n conceive h[ disembodi$ s\ls c\ld exi/2 &1 !re=e1 !y look$ out = "s %ape or figure4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( all t acc\nt ( ! dead 9 ,hom]4 ,?is 0 ! idea t caus$ my fri5d ,appius to frame 8 ,necromancy2 & ?is is h[ !re got ab\t t idea ( ! lake ( ,av]nus1 9 my neighb\rhood1-- ,f :5ce ! s\ls ( undi/+ui%'d %ape1 ,clad 9 ?ick %ade1 ru% f ! op5 gate ,( ,a*]on1 va9 phantoms ( ! dead4 ,& !y mu/ ne$s h ^! appe>ances speak1 :i* is n possible )\t a tongue1 & a palate1 & jaws1 & )\t ! help ( lungs & sides1 & )\t "s %ape or figure2 = !y c\ld see no?+ by _! m9d alone1 !y ref]r$ all to _! eyes4 ,to )draw ! m9d f s5sual objects1 & ab/ract our ?\ghts f :at we are accu/om$ to1 is an attribute ( great g5ius3 ,i am p]suad$1 inde$1 t !re 7 _m su* m5 9 =m] ages3 b ,ph]ecydes7#eg7 ! ,syrian is ! fir/ on record :o said t ! s\ls ( m5 7 immortal2 & he 0 a philosoph] ( great antiquity 9 ! reign ( my namesake ,tullus4 ,8 disciple ,py?agoras greatly confirm$ ?is op9ion1 :o came into ,italy 9 ! reign ( ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d3 & all t c\ntry :i* is call$ ,great ,greece 0 occupi$ by 8 s*ool1 & he himself 0 held 9 high hon\r1 & _h ! greate/ au?ority3 & ! ,py?agorean sect 0 = _m ages aft] 9 su* great cr$it1 t all le>n+ 0 believ$ to be conf9$ to t "n4 ,,xvii4 ,b ,i return to ! anci5ts4 ,!y sc>cely ev] gave any reason = _! op9ion b :at c\ld be expla9$ by numb]s or def9itions4 ,x is report$ ( ,plato1 t he came into ,italy to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! ,py?agoreans2 & t :5 !re1 among/ o!rs1 he made an acqua9tance ) ,ar*ytas7#eh7 & ,timu17#ei7 & le>n$ f !m all ! t5ets ( ! ,py?agoreans2 & t he n only 0 ( ! same op9ion ) ,py?agoras conc]n+ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 b t he also br\ght reasons 9 support ( x2 :i*1 if y h no?+ to say aga9/ x1 ,i w pass ov]1 & say no m at pres5t ab\t all ?is hope ( immortality4 ,a4 ,:at1 w y leave me :5 y h rais$ my expectations s high8 ,i _h r1 s help me ,h]cules6 be mi/ak5 ) ,plato1 :om ,i "k h[ mu* y e/eem1 & :om ,i admire myself f :at y say ( him1 ?an be 9 ! "r ) ^? o!rs4 ,m4 ,i comm5d y2 =1 inde$1 ,i c\ld myself will+ly be mi/ak5 9 8 company4 ,d we1 !n1 d\bt1 z we d 9 o!r cases1 7?\gh ,i ?9k "h is v little room = d\bt 9 ?is case1 = ! ma!maticians prove ! facts to u17 t ! e>? is plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w1 be+ z x 7 a sort ( po9t1 :i* !y call a 1 surr\nd$ by ! :ole heav5s2 & t su* is ! nature ( ! f\r pr9ciples1 :i* are ! g5]at+ causes ( all ?+s1 t !y h equally divid$ among/ !m ! con/itu5ts ( all bodies2 moreov] t e>?y & humid bodies are c>ri$ at equal angles1 by _! own weight & pond]osity1 into ! e>? & sea2 t ! o!r two p>ts consi/ "o ( fire & ! o!r ( air8 ,z ! two =m] are c>ri$ by _! gravity & weight into ! middle region ( ! _w2 s ^!1 on ! o!r h&1 asc5d by "r l9es into ! cele/ial regions2 ei!r because1 ow+ to _! intr9sic nature1 !y are always endeav\r+ to rea* ! highe/ place1 or else because light] bodies are naturally repell$ by heavi]2 & z ?is is notori\sly ! case1 x mu/ evid5tly foll[1 t s\ls1 :5 once !y h dep>t$ f ! body1 :e!r !y are animal1 7by :i* t]m ,i mean capable ( brea?+17 or ( ! nature ( fire1 mu/ m\nt upw>ds3 b if ! s\l is "s numb]1 z "s p ass]t1 speak+ ) m subtlety ?an cle>ness1 or if x is t fif? nature1 = :i* x w\ld be m correct to say t we h n giv5 a "n to1 ?an t we d n correctly und]/& x--/ill x is too pure & p]fect1 n to g to a great di/ance f ! e>?4 ,some?+ ( ?is sort1 !n1 we mu/ believe ! s\l to be1 t we may n commit ! folly ( ?9k+ t s active a pr9ciple lies imm]g$ 9 ! he>t or bra92 or1 z ,emp$ocles w\ld h x1 9 ! blood4 ,,xviii4 ,we w pass ov] ,dicar*us17#fj7 ) 8 contempor>y & fell[-disciple ,ari/ox5us17#fa7 bo? inde$ m5 ( le>n+4 ,"o ( !m seems nev] ev5 to h be5 affect$ ) grief1 z he c\ld n p]ceive t he _h a s\l2 :ile ! o!r is s pleas$ ) 8 musical compositions1 t he endeav\rs to %[ an analogy betwixt !m & s\ls4 ,n[1 we may und]/& h>mony to arise f ! int]vals ( s\nds1 ^: v>i\s compositions occasion _m h>monies2 b ,i d n see h[ a disposition ( memb]s1 & ! figure ( a body )\t a s\l1 c occasion h>mony2 he _h bett]1 le>n$ z he is1 leave ^! speculations to 8 ma/] ,ari/otle1 & foll[ 8 own trade1 z a musician2 good advice is giv5 him 9 t ,greek prov]b1-- ,apply y\r tal5ts :]e y be/ are skill'd4 ,i w h no?+ at all to d ) t =tuit\s conc\rse ( individual light & r\nd bodies1 not)/&+ ,democritus insi/s on _! be+ w>m1 & hav+ brea?1 t is to say1 life4 ,b ?is s\l1 :i* is comp\nd$ ( ei!r ( ! f\r pr9ciples f :i* we ass]t t all ?+s are d]iv$1 is ( inflam$ air1 z seems p>ticul>ly to h be5 ! op9ion ( ,pantius1 & mu/ necess>ily m\nt upw>ds2 = air & fire h no t5d5cy d[nw>ds1 b always asc5d2 s %\ld !y be dissipat$1 t mu/ be at "s di/ance f ! e>?2 b %\ld !y rema91 & pres]ve _! orig9al /ate1 x is cle>] /ill t !y mu/ be c>ri$ heav5w>d2 & ?is gross & concrete air1 :i* is ne>e/ ! e>?1 mu/ be divid$ & brok5 by !m2 = ! s\l is w>m]1 or r hott] ?an t air1 :i* ,i j n[ call$ gross & concrete2 & ?is may be made evid5t f ?is consid]ation1--t our bodies1 be+ comp\nd$ ( ! e>?y class ( pr9ciples1 gr[ w>m by ! heat ( ! s\l4 ,,xix4 ,we may add1 t ! s\l c ! m easily escape f ?is air1 :i* ,i h (t5 nam$1 & break ?r\gh x2 because no?+ is swift] ?an ! s\l2 no swiftness is comp>able to ! swiftness ( ! s\l2 :i*1 %\ld x rema9 uncorrupt & )\t alt]ation1 mu/ necess>ily be c>ri$ on ) su* velocity z to p5etrate & divide all ?is atmosph]e1 :]e cl\ds1 & ra91 & w9ds are =m$2 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exhalations f ! e>?1 is moi/ & d>k2 b1 :5 ! s\l has once got above ?is region1 & falls 9 )1 & recognises a nature l its own1 x !n re/s ^u fires compos$ ( a comb9ation ( ?9 air & a mod]ate sol> heat1 & does n aim at any high] flight4 ,= !n1 aft] x has atta9$ a lightness & heat resembl+ its own1 x moves no m1 b rema9s /eady1 be+ balanc$1 z x 71 betwe5 two equal weights4 ,t1 !n1 is its natural seat :]e x has p5etrat$ to some?+ l itself2 & :]e1 want+ no?+ fur!r1 x may be support$ & ma9ta9$ by ! same alim5t :i* n\ri%es & ma9ta9s ! />s4 ,n[1 z we are usually incit$ to all sorts ( desires by ! /imulus ( ! body1 & ! m s1 z we endeav\r to rival ^? :o are 9 possession ( :at we long =1 we %all c]ta9ly be happy :51 be+ emancipat$ f t body1 we at ! same "t get rid ( ^! desires & ?is rivalry3 &1 t :i* we d at pres5t1 :51 dismiss+ all o!r c>es1 we curi\sly exam9e & look into any?+1 we %all !n d ) great] fre$om2 & we %all employ ourselves entirely 9 ! contemplation & exam9ation ( ?+s2 because !re is naturally 9 our m9ds a c]ta9 insatiable desire to "k ! tru?2 & ! v region itself :]e we %all arrive1 z x gives u a m intuitive & easy k ( cele/ial ?+s1 w raise our desires aft] k4 ,= x 0 ?is beauty ( ! heav5s1 z se5 ev5 "h ^u e>?1 :i* gave bir? to t national & h]$it>y philosophy1 7z ,!ophra/us calls x17 :i* 0 ?us excit$ to a desire ( k4 ,b ^? p]sons w 9 a mo/ especial degree enjoy ?is philosophy1 :o1 :ile !y 7 only inhabitants ( ?is _w & envelop$ 9 d>kness1 7 /ill desir\s ( look+ into ^! ?+s ) ! eye ( _! m9d4 ,,xx4 ,=1 if ^? m5 n[ ?9k t !y h atta9$ some?+ :o h se5 ! m\? ( ! ,pontus1 & ^? /raits :i* 7 pass$ by ! %ip call$ ,argo1 because1 ,f ,argos %e did *os5 m5 convey1 ,b\nd to fet* back ! gold5 fleece1 _! prey2 or ^? :o h se5 ! /raits ( ! ocean1 ,:]e ! swift waves divide ! neighb\r+ %ores ,( ,europe1 & ( ,afric4 ,:at k9d ( sight d y imag9e t w be1 :5 ! :ole e>? is laid op5 to our view8 & t1 too1 n only 9 its position1 =m1 & b\nd>ies1 nor ^? p>ts ( x only :i* are habitable1 b ^? also t lie uncultivat$1 ?r\gh ! extremities ( heat & cold to :i* !y are expos$2 = n ev5 n[ is x ) our eyes t we view :at we see1 = ! body itself has no s5ses2 b 7z ! naturali/s1 aye1 & ev5 ! physicians assure u1 :o h op5$ our bodies1 & exam9$ !m71 !re are c]ta9 p]=at$ *annels f ! seat ( ! s\l to ! eyes1 e>s1 & nose2 s t frequ5tly1 :5 ei!r prev5t$ by m$itation1 or ! =ce ( "s bodily disord]1 we nei!r he> nor see1 ?\gh our eyes & e>s are op51 & 9 good condition2 s t we may easily appreh5d t x is ! s\l itself :i* sees & he>s1 & n ^? p>ts :i* are1 z x 71 b w9d[s to ! s\l2 by means ( :i*1 h[ev]1 %e c p]ceive no?+1 unless %e is on ! spot1 & ex]ts h]self4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ! fact1 t by ! same p[] ( ?9k+ we compreh5d ! mo/ diff]5t ?+s2 z col\r1 ta/e1 heat1 smell1 & s\nd8 :i* ! s\l c\ld nev] "k by h] five mess5g]s1 unless ev]y?+ 0 ref]r$ to h]1 & %e 7 ! sole judge ( all4 ,& we %all c]ta9ly discov] ^! ?+s 9 a m cle> & p]fect degree :5 ! s\l is dis5gag$ f ! body1 & has arriv$ at t goal to :i* nature leads h]2 = at pres5t1 not)/&+ nature has contriv$1 ) ! greate/ skill1 ^? *annels :i* lead f ! body to ! s\l1 yet are !y1 9 "s way or o!r1 /opp$ up ) e>?y & concrete bodies2 b :5 we %all be no?+ b s\l1 !n no?+ w int]f]e to prev5t our see+ ev]y?+ 9 its real sub/ance1 & 9 its true "*4 ,,xxi4 ,x is true1 ,i might expatiate1 did ! subject require x1 on ! _m & v>i\s objects ) :i* ! s\l w be ent]ta9$ 9 ^? heav5ly regions2 :5 ,i reflect on :i*1 ,i am apt to wond] at ! boldness ( "s philosoph]s1 :o are s /ruck ) admiration at ! k ( nature1 z to ?ank1 9 an exult+ mann]1 ! fir/ inv5tor & tea*] ( natural philosophy1 & to rev]5ce him z a ,god3 = !y decl>e t !y h be5 deliv]$ by 8 means f ! greate/ tyrants1 a p]petual t]ror1 & a fe> t mole/$ !m by night & day4 ,:at is ?is dread--?is fe>8 :at old woman is !re s weak z to fe> ^! ?+s1 :i* y1 =soo?1 _h y n be5 acqua9t$ ) natural philosophy1 w\ld /& 9 awe (8 ,! hall['d ro(s ( ,a*]on1 ! dread ,( ,orcus1 ! pale regions ( ! dead4 ,& does x become a philosoph] to boa/ t he is n afraid ( ^! ?+s1 & t he has discov]$ !m to be false8 ,& f ?is we may p]ceive h[ acute ^! m5 7 by nature1 :o1 if !y _h be5 left )\t any in/ruction w\ld h believ$ 9 ^! ?+s4 ,b n[ !y h c]ta9ly made a v f9e acquisition 9 le>n+ t :5 ! day ( _! dea? arrives !y w p]i% entirely2 &1 if t really is ! case1 = ,i say no?+ ei!r way1 :at is !re agreeable or glori\s 9 x8 ,n t ,i see any reason :y ! op9ion ( ,py?agoras & ,plato may n be true3 b ev5 al?\gh ,plato 7 to h assign$ no reason = 8 op9ion 7obs]ve h[ mu* ,i e/eem ! man71 ! weight ( 8 au?ority w\ld h borne me d[n2 b he has br\ght s _m reasons1 t he appe>s to me to h endeav\r$ to conv9ce o!rs1 & c]ta9ly to h conv9c$ himself4 ,,xxii4 ,b !re are _m :o lab\r on ! o!r side ( ! "q1 & condemn s\ls to dea?1 z if !y 7 crim9als capitally convict$2 nor h !y any o!r reason to allege :y ! immortality ( ! s\l appe>s to !m to be incr$ible1 except t !y are n able to conceive :at sort ( ?+ ! s\l c be :5 dis5tangl$ f ! body2 j z if !y c\ld really =m a correct idea z to :at sort ( ?+ x is1 ev5 :5 x is 9 ! body2 :at its =m1 & size1 & abode are2 s t 7 !y able to h a full view ( all t is n[ hidd5 f !m 9 a liv+ body1 !y h no idea :e!r ! s\l w\ld be disc]nible by !m1 or :e!r x is ( s f9e a texture t x w\ld escape _! sight4 ,let ^? consid] ?is1 :o say t !y are unable to =m any idea ( ! s\l )\t ! body1 & !n !y w see :e!r !y c =m any adequate idea ( :at x is :5 x is 9 ! body4 ,= my own "p1 :5 ,i reflect on ! nature ( ! s\l1 x appe>s to me a f> m p]plex+ & obscure "q to det]m9e :at is its "* :ile x is 9 ! body1 a place :i*1 z x 71 does n belong to x1 ?an to imag9e :at x is :5 x leaves x1 & has arriv$ at ! free !r1 :i* is1 if ,i may s say1 its prop]1 its own habitation4 ,= unless we are to say t we _c appreh5d ! "* or nature ( any?+ :i* we h nev] se51 we c]ta9ly may be able to =m "s notion ( ,god1 & ( ! div9e s\l :5 releas$ f ! body4 ,dicar*us1 inde$1 & ,ari/ox5us1 because x 0 h>d to und]/& ! exi/5ce1 & sub/ance1 & nature ( ! s\l1 ass]t$ t !re 0 no su* ?+ z a s\l at all4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! mo/ difficult ?+ imag9able1 to disc]n ! s\l by ! s\l4 ,& ?is1 d\btless1 is ! mean+ ( ! precept ( ,apollo1 :i* advises e "o to "k himself4 ,= ,i d n appreh5d ! mean+ ( ! god to h be51 t we %\ld und]/& our memb]s1 our /ature1 & =m2 = we are n m]ely bodies2 nor1 :5 ,i say ^! ?+s to y1 am ,i address+ myself to y\r body3 :51 !re=e1 he says1 8,"k y\rself10 he says ?is1 8,in=m y\rself ( ! nature ( y\r s\l20 = ! body is b a k9d ( vessel1 or receptacle ( ! s\l1 & :atev] y\r s\l does is y\r own act4 ,to "k ! s\l1 !n1 unless x _h be5 div9e1 w\ld n h be5 a precept ( su* excell5t wisdom1 z to be attribut$ to a god2 b ev5 ?\gh ! s\l %\ld n "k ( :at nature itself is1 w y say t x does n ev5 p]ceive t x exi/s at all1 or t x has motion8 on :i* is f\nd$ t reason ( ,plato's1 :i* is expla9$ by ,socrates 9 ! ,phdrus1 & ins]t$ by me1 9 my six? book ( ! ,republic4 ,,xxiii4 8,t :i* is always mov$ is et]nal2 b t :i* gives motion to some?+ else1 & is mov$ itself by "s ext]nal cause1 :5 t motion ceases1 mu/ necess>ily cease to exi/4 ,t1 !re=e1 alone1 :i* is self-mov$1 because x is nev] =sak5 by itself1 c nev] cease to be mov$4 ,besides1 x is ! beg9n+ & pr9ciple ( motion to ev]y?+ else2 b :atev] is a pr9ciple has no beg9n+1 = all ?+s arise f t pr9ciple1 & x _c itself owe its rise to any?+ else2 = !n x w\ld n be a pr9ciple did x proce$ f any?+ else4 ,b if x has no beg9n+1 x nev] w h any end2 = a pr9ciple :i* is once ext+ui%$1 _c itself be re/or$ by any?+ else1 nor c x produce any?+ else f itself2 inasmu* z all ?+s mu/ necess>ily arise f "s fir/ cause4 ,& ?us x comes ab\t1 t ! fir/ pr9ciple ( motion mu/ arise f t ?+ :i* is itself mov$ by itself2 & t c nei!r h a beg9n+ nor an end ( its exi/5ce1 = o!rwise ! :ole heav5 & e>? w\ld be ov]set1 & all nature w\ld /& /ill1 & n be able to acquire any =ce1 by ! impulse ( :i* x might be fir/ set 9 motion4 ,see+1 !n1 t x is cle>1 t :atev] moves itself is et]nal1 c !re be any d\bt t ! s\l is s8 ,= ev]y?+ is inanimate :i* is mov$ by an ext]nal =ce2 b ev]y?+ :i* is animate is mov$ by an int]ior =ce1 :i* also belongs to itself4 ,= ?is is ! peculi> nature & p[] ( ! s\l2 & if ! s\l be ! only ?+ 9 ! :ole _w :i* has ! p[] ( self-motion1 !n c]ta9ly x nev] _h a beg9n+1 & !re=e x is et]nal40 ,n[1 %\ld all ! l[] ord] ( philosoph]s1 7= s ,i ?9k !y may be call$1 :o diss5t f ,plato & ,socrates & t s*ool17 unite _! =ce1 !y nev] w\ld be able to expla9 any?+ s elegantly z ?is1 nor ev5 to und]/& h[ +5i\sly ?is conclusion is drawn4 ,! s\l1 !n1 p]ceives itself to h motion1 & at ! same "t t x gets t p]ception1 x is s5sible t x d]ives t motion f its own p[]1 & n f ! ag5cy ( ano!r2 & x is impossible t x %\ld ev] =sake itself2 & ^! premises compel y to all[ its et]nity1 unless y h some?+ to say aga9/ !m4 ,a4 ,i %\ld myself be v well pleas$ n to h ev5 a ?\ght arise 9 my m9d aga9/ !m1 s mu* am ,i incl9$ to t op9ion4 ,,xxiv4 ,m4 ,well !n1 ,i appeal to y1 if ! argum5ts :i* prove t !re is some?+ div9e 9 ! s\ls ( m5 are n equally /rong8 b if ,i c\ld acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ^! div9e prop]ties1 !n ,i might also be able to expla9 h[ !y might cease to exi/2 = ,i ?9k ,i c acc\nt = ! mann] 9 :i* ! blood1 & bile1 & phlegm1 & bones1 & n]ves1 & ve9s1 & all ! limbs1 & ! %ape ( ! :ole body1 7 put toge!r & made2 aye1 & ev5 z to ! s\l itself1 7 !re no?+ m 9 x ?an a pr9ciple ( life1 !n ! life ( a man might be put ^u ! same foot+ z t ( a v9e or any o!r tree1 & acc\nt$ = z caus$ by nature2 = ^! ?+s1 z we say1 live4 ,besides1 if desires & av]sions 7 all t belong$ to ! s\l1 x w\ld h !m only 9 common ) ! bea/s2 b x has1 9 ! fir/ place1 memory1 & t1 too1 s inf9ite1 z to recollect an absolute c\ntless numb] ( circum/ances1 :i* ,plato w h to be a recollection ( a =m] life2 = 9 t book :i* is inscrib$ ,m5on1 ,socrates asks a *ild "s que/ions 9 geometry1 ) ref]5ce to measur+ a squ>e2 8 answ]s are su* z a *ild w\ld make1 & yet ! que/ions are s easy1 t :ile answ]+ !m1 "o by "o1 he comes to ! same po9t z if he _h le>n$ geometry4 ,f :5ce ,socrates w\ld inf]1 t le>n+ is no?+ m ?an recollection2 & ?is topic he expla9s m accurately1 9 ! disc\rse :i* he held ! v day he di$2 = he !re ass]ts t any "o :o seem+ to be entirely illit]ate1 is yet able to answ] a "q well t is propos$ to him1 does 9 s do+ manife/ly %[ t he is n le>n+ x !n1 b recollect+ x by 8 memory4 ,nor is x to be acc\nt$ = 9 any o!r way1 h[ *ildr5 come to h notions ( s _m & su* important ?+s1 z are implant$1 & z x 7 seal$ up 9 _! m9ds1 7:i* ! ,greeks call 17 unless ! s\l be=e x ent]$ ! body _h be5 well /or$ ) k4 ,& z x _h no exi/5ce at all1 7= ?is is ! inv>iable doctr9e ( ,plato1 :o w n admit any?+ to h a real exi/5ce :i* has a beg9n+ & an end2 & :o ?9ks t t alone does really exi/ :i* is ( su* a "* z :at he calls 1 & we species17 !re=e1 be+ %ut up 9 ! body1 x c\ld n :ile 9 ! body discov] :at x kn[s3 b x knew x be=e1 & br\ght ! k ) x1 s t we are no long] surpris$ at its ext5sive & multif>i\s k3 nor does ! s\l cle>ly discov] its ideas at its fir/ resort to ?is abode to :i* x is s unaccu/om$1 & :i* is 9 s di/urb$ a /ate2 b aft] hav+ refre%$ & recollect$ itself1 x !n by its memory recov]s !m2 &1 !re=e1 to le>n implies no?+ m ?an to recollect4 ,b ,i am 9 a p>ticul> mann] surpris$ at memory2 = :at is t faculty by :i* we rememb]8 :at is its =ce8 :at its nature8 ,i am n inquir+ h[ great a memory ,simonides7#fb7 may be said to h _h1 or ,!odectes17#fc7 or t ,c9eas17#fd7 :o 0 s5t to ,rome z ambassador f ,pyrrhus1 or 9 m mod]n times ,*>madas27#fe7 or v lately1 ,metrodorus17#ff7 ! ,scepsian1 or our own contempor>y ,hort5sius37#fg7 ,i am speak+ ( ord9>y memory1 & especially ( ^? m5 :o are employ$ 9 any important /udy or art1 ! great capacity ( ^: m9ds x is h>d to e/imate1 su* numb]s ( ?+s d !y rememb]4 ,,xxv4 ,%\ld y ask :at ?is leads to1 ,i ?9k we may und]/& :at t p[] is1 & :5ce we h x4 ,x c]ta9ly proce$s nei!r f ! he>t1 nor f ! blood1 nor f ! bra91 nor f atoms2 :e!r x be air or fire1 ,i "k n1 nor am ,i1 z ^? m5 are1 a%am$ 9 cases :]e ,i am ignorant1 to own t ,i am s4 ,if 9 any o!r obscure matt] ,i 7 able to ass]t any?+ positively1 !n ,i w\ld swe> t ! s\l1 be x air or fire1 is div9e4 ,j ?9k1 ,i besee* y1--c y imag9e ?is wond]ful p[] ( memory to be s[n 91 or to be a "p ( ! composition ( ! e>?1 or ( ?is d>k & gloomy atmosph]e8 ,?\gh y _c appreh5d :at x is1 yet y see :at k9d ( ?+ x is1 or if y d n q see t1 yet y c]ta9ly see h[ great x is4 ,:at !n8 %all we imag9e t !re is a k9d ( measure 9 ! s\l1 into :i*1 z into a vessel1 all t we rememb] is p\r$8 t inde$ is absurd2 = h[ %all we =m any idea ( ! bottom1 or ( ! %ape or fa%ion ( su* a s\l z t8 & aga9 h[ are we to conceive h[ mu* x is able to conta98 ,%all we imag9e ! s\l to receive impressions l wax1 & memory to be m>ks ( ! impressions made on ! s\l8 ,:at are ! *>act]s ( ! words1 :at ( ! facts !mselves8 & :at aga9 is t prodigi\s greatness :i* c give rise to impressions ( s _m ?+s8 ,:at1 la/ly1 is t p[] :i* inve/igates secret ?+s1 & is call$ inv5tion & contrivance8 ,does t man seem to be comp\nd$ ( ?is e>?ly1 mortal1 & p]i%+ nature1 :o fir/ inv5t$ names = ev]y?+1 :i*1 if y w believe ,py?agoras1 is ! highe/ pit* ( wisdom8 or he1 :o collect$ ! disp]s$ inhabitants ( ! _w1 & unit$ !m1 9 ! bonds ( social life8 or he1 :o conf9$ ! s\nds ( ! voice1 :i* us$ to seem inf9ite1 to ! m>ks ( a few lett]s8 or he :o fir/ obs]v$ ! c\rses ( ! planets1 _! progressive motions1 _! laws8 ,^! 7 all great m52 b !y 7 great] /ill1 :o inv5t$ food1 & raim5t1 & h\ses2 :o introduc$ civilization among/ u1 & arm$ u aga9/ ! wild bea/s2 by :om we 7 made sociable & poli%$1 & s proce$$ f ! necess>ies ( life to its embelli%m5ts4 ,= we h provid$ great ent]ta9m5ts = ! e>s1 by inv5t+ & modulat+ ! v>iety & nature ( s\nds2 we h le>nt to survey ! />s1 n only ^? t are fix$1 b also ^? :i* are improp]ly call$ w&]+2 & ! man :o has acqua9t$ himself ) all _! revolutions & motions1 is fairly consid]$ to h a s\l resembl+ ! s\l ( t ,be+ :o has creat$ ^? />s 9 ! heav5s3 = :5 ,ar*im$es describ$ 9 a sph]e ! motions ( ! moon1 sun1 & five planets1 he did ! v same ?+ z ,plato's ,god1 9 8 ,timu1 :o made ! _w2 caus+ "o revolution to adju/ motions diff]+ z mu* z possible 9 _! sl[ness & velocity4 ,n[1 all[+ t :at we see 9 ! _w c\ld n be effect$ )\t a ,god1 ,ar*im$es c\ld n h imitat$ ! same motions 9 8 sph]e )\t a div9e s\l4 ,,xxvi4 ,to me1 inde$1 x appe>s t ev5 ^? /udies :i* are m common & 9 great] e/eem are n )\t "s div9e en]gy3 s t ,i d n consid] t a poet c produce a s]i\s & sublime poem1 )\t "s div9e impulse work+ on 8 m9d2 nor d ,i ?9k t eloqu5ce1 ab\nd+ ) sonor\s words & fruitful s5t5ces1 c fl[ ?us1 )\t some?+ beyond m]e human p[]4 ,b z to philosophy1 t is ! p>5t ( all ! arts1 :at c we call t b1 z ,plato says1 a gift1 or z ,i express x1 an inv5tion ( ! ,gods8 ,?is x 0 :i* fir/ taught u ! wor%ip ( ! ,gods2 & !n l$ u on to ju/ice1 :i* arises f ! human race be+ =m$ into society3 & aft] t x imbu$ u ) mode/y1 & elevation ( s\l4 ,?is x 0 :i* disp]s$ d>kness f our s\ls1 z x is dispell$ f our eyes1 enabl+ u to see all ?+s t are above or bel[1 ! beg9n+1 end1 & middle ( e ?+4 ,i am conv9c$ entirely1 t t :i* c\ld effect s _m & su* great ?+s mu/ be a div9e p[]4 ,= :at is memory ( words & circum/ances8 :at1 too1 is inv5tion8 ,surely !y are ?+s ?an :i* no?+ great] c be conceiv$ 9 a ,god6 = ,i d n imag9e ! ,gods to be delight$ ) nect> & ambrosia1 or ) ,juv5tas pres5t+ !m ) a cup2 nor d ,i put any fai? 9 ,hom]1 :o says t ,ganym$e 0 c>ri$ away by ! ,gods1 on acc\nt ( 8 beauty1 9 ord] to give ,jupit] 8 w9e4 ,too weak reasons = do+ ,laom$on su* injury6 ,^! 7 m]e inv5tions ( ,hom]1 :o gave 8 ,gods ! imp]fections ( m54 ,i w\ld r t he _h giv5 m5 ! p]fections ( ! ,gods6 ^? p]fections1 ,i mean1 ( un9t]rupt$ heal?1 wisdom1 inv5tion1 memory4 ,!re=e ! s\l 7:i* is1 z ,i say1 div9e17 is1 z ,euripides m boldly expresses x1 a ,god4 ,& ?us1 if ! div9ity be air or fire1 ! s\l ( man is ! same3 = z t cele/ial nature has no?+ e>?ly or humid ab\t x1 9 l mann] ! s\l ( man is also free f bo? ^! qualities3 b if x is ( t fif? k9d ( nature1 fir/ introduc$ by ,ari/otle1 !n bo? ,gods & s\ls are ( ! same4 ,,xxvii4 ,z ?is is my op9ion1 ,i h expla9$ x 9 ^! v words1 9 my book on ,consolation47#fh7 ,! orig9 ( ! s\l ( man is n to be f\nd ^u e>?1 = !re is no?+ 9 ! s\l ( a mix$ or concrete nature1 or t has any appe>ance ( be+ =m$ or made out ( ! e>?2 no?+ ev5 humid1 or airy1 or fi]y3 = :at is !re 9 natures ( t k9d :i* has ! p[] ( memory1 und]/&+1 or ?\ght8 :i* c recollect ! pa/2 =esee ! future2 & compreh5d ! pres5t8 = ^! capabilities are conf9$ to div9e be+s2 nor c we discov] any s\rce f :i* m5 c\ld d]ive !m1 b f ,god4 ,!re is !re=e a peculi> nature & p[] 9 ! s\l1 di/9ct f ^? natures :i* are m kn[n & famili> to u4 ,:atev]1 !n1 t is :i* ?9ks1 & :i* has und]/&+1 & volition1 & a pr9ciple ( life1 is heav5ly & div9e1 & on t acc\nt mu/ necess>ily be et]nal3 nor c ,god himself1 :o is kn[n to u1 be conceiv$ to be any?+ else except a s\l free & unemb>rass$1 di/9ct f all mortal concretion1 acqua9t$ ) ev]y?+1 & giv+ motion to ev]y?+1 & itself endu$ ) p]petual motion4 ,,xxviii4 ,( ?is k9d & nature is ! intellect ( man4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ?is intellect seat$1 & ( :at "* is x8 :]e is y\r own1 & :at is its "*8 are y able to tell8 ,if ,i h n faculties = kn[+ all t ,i c\ld desire to "k1 w y n ev5 all[ me to make use ( ^? :i* ,i h8 ,! s\l has n suffici5t capacity to compreh5d itself2 yet1 ! s\l1 l ! eye1 ?\gh x has no di/9ct view ( itself1 sees o!r ?+s3 x does n see 7:i* is ( lea/ consequ5ce7 its own %ape2 p]haps n1 ?\gh x possibly may2 b we w pass t by3 b x c]ta9ly sees t x has vig\r1 sagacity1 memory1 motion1 & velocity2 ^! are all great1 div9e1 et]nal prop]ties4 ,:at its appe>ance is1 or :]e x dwells1 x is n necess>y ev5 to inquire4 ,z :5 we behold1 fir/ ( all1 ! beauty & brilliant appe>ance ( ! heav5s2 secondly1 ! va/ velocity ( its revolutions1 beyond p[] ( our imag9ation to conceive2 !n ! vicissitudes ( nights & days2 ! f\r-fold division ( ! seasons1 s well adapt$ to ! rip5+ ( ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & ! temp]ature ( our bodies2 & aft] t we look up to ! sun1 ! mod]ator & gov]nor ( all ^! ?+s2 & view ! moon1 by ! increase & decrease ( its light1 m>k+1 z x 71 & appo9t+ our holy days2 & see ! five planets1 borne on 9 ! same circle1 divid$ into twelve p>ts1 pres]v+ ! same c\rse ) ! greate/ regul>ity1 b ) utt]ly dissimil> motions among/ !mselves2 & ! nightly appe>ance ( ! heav51 adorn$ on all sides ) />s2 !n1 ! globe ( ! e>?1 rais$ above ! sea1 & plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 inhabit$ & cultivat$ 9 its two opposite extremities2 "o ( :i*1 ! place ( our habitation1 is situat$ t[>ds ! nor? pole1 "u ! sev5 />s3-- ,:]e ! cold nor!rn bla/s1 ) horrid s\nd1 ,h>d5 to ice ! sn[y cov]'d gr\nd1-- ! o!r1 t[>ds ! s\? pole1 is unkn[n to u2 b is call$ by ! ,greeks 3 ! o!r p>ts are uncultivat$1 because !y are ei!r froz5 ) cold1 or burnt up ) heat2 b :]e we dwell1 x nev] fails 9 its season1 ,to yield a placid sky1 to bid ! trees ,assume ! lively v]dure ( _! leaves3 ,! v9e to bud1 &1 joyful 9 its %oots1 ,=etell ! approa*+ v9tage ( its fruits3 ,! rip5'd corn to s+1 :il/ all ar\nd ,full riv'lets glide2 & fl[]s deck ! gr\nd3-- !n ! multitude ( cattle1 fit "p = food1 "p = till+ ! gr\nd1 o!rs = c>ry+ u1 or = clo?+ u2 & man himself1 made z x 7 on purpose to contemplate ! heav5s & ! ,gods1 & to pay adoration to !m2 la/ly1 ! :ole e>?1 & wide ext5d+ seas1 giv5 to man's use4 ,:5 we view ^!1 & numb]less o!r ?+s1 c we d\bt t !y h "s be+ :o presides ov] !m1 or has made !m 7if1 inde$1 !y h be5 made1 z is ! op9ion ( ,plato1 or if1 z ,ari/otle ?9ks1 !y are et]nal71 or :o at all ev5ts is ! regulator ( s imm5se a fabric & s great a bless+ to m58 ,?us1 ?\gh y see n ! s\l ( man1 z y see n ! ,deity1 yet1 z by ! contemplation ( 8 works y are l$ to ackn[l$ge a ,god1 s y mu/ own ! div9e p[] ( ! s\l1 f its rememb]+ ?+s1 f its inv5tion1 f ! quickness ( its motion1 & f all ! beauty ( virtue4 ,:]e1 !n1 is x seat$1 y w say8 ,,xxix4 ,9 my op9ion x is seat$ 9 ! head1 & ,i c br+ y reasons = my adopt+ t op9ion4 ,at pres5t1 let ! s\l reside :]e x w1 y c]ta9ly h "o 9 y4 ,%\ld y ask :at its nature is8 ,x has "o peculi>ly its own2 b admitt+ x to consi/ ( fire1 or air1 x does n affect ! pres5t "q2 only obs]ve ?is1 t z y are conv9c$ !re is a ,god1 ?\gh y are ignorant :]e he resides1 & :at %ape he is (2 9 l mann] y ought to feel assur$ t y h a s\l1 ?\gh y _c satisfy y\rself ( ! place ( its resid5ce1 nor its =m4 ,9 our k ( ! s\l1 unless we are grossly ignorant ( natural philosophy1 we _c b be satisfi$ t x has no?+ b :at is simple1 unmix$1 uncomp\nd$1 & s+le2 & if ?is is admitt$1 !n x _c be sep>at$1 nor divid$1 nor disp]s$1 nor p>t$1 & !re=e x _c p]i%2 = to p]i% implies a p>t+ asund]1 a division1 a disunion ( ^? p>ts :i*1 :il/ x subsi/$1 7 held toge!r by "s b&2 & x 0 because he 0 influ5c$ by ^! & simil> reasons t ,socrates nei!r look$ out = anybody to plead = him :5 he 0 accus$1 nor begg$ any fav\r f 8 judges1 b ma9ta9$ a manly fre$om1 :i* 0 ! effect n ( pride1 b ( ! true greatness ( 8 s\l3 & on ! la/ day ( 8 life1 he held a long disc\rse on ?is subject2 & a few days be=e1 :5 he might h be5 easily fre$ f 8 conf9em5t1 he refus$ to be s1 & :5 he _h almo/ actually hold ( t deadly cup1 he spoke ) ! air ( a man n =c$ to die1 b asc5d+ into heav54 ,,xxx4 ,= s inde$ he ?\ght himself1 & ?us he spoke3--8,t !re 7 two ways1 & t ! s\ls ( m51 at _! dep>ture f ! body1 took diff]5t roads1 = ^? :i* 7 pollut$ ) vices1 t are common to m51 & :i* _h giv5 !mselves up entirely to unclean desires1 & _h become s bl9d$ by !m z to h habituat$ !mselves to all mann] ( debau*]y & pr(ligacy1 or to h laid dete/able s*emes = ! ru9 ( _! c\ntry1 took a road wide ( t :i* l$ to ! assembly ( ! ,gods3 b !y :o _h pres]v$ !mselves upright & *a/e1 & free f ! slighte/ contagion ( ! body1 & _h always kept !mselves z f> z possible at a di/ance f x1 & :il/ on e>?1 _h propos$ to !mselves z a model ! life ( ! ,gods1 f\nd ! return to ^? be+s f :om !y _h come an easy "o40 ,!re=e he argues1 t all good & wise m5 %\ld take example f ! swans1 :o are consid]$ sacr$ to ,apollo1 n )\t reason1 b p>ticul>ly because !y seem to h receiv$ ! gift ( div9ation f him1 by :i*1 =esee+ h[ happy x is to die1 !y leave ?is _w ) s++ & joy4 ,nor c any "o d\bt ( ?is1 unless x happ5s to u :o ?9k ) c>e & anxiety ab\t ! s\l1 7z is (t5 ! case ) ^? :o look e>ne/ly at ! sett+ sun17 to lose ! sight ( x entirely3 & s ! m9d's eye view+ itself1 sometimes gr[s dull1 & = t reason we become remiss 9 our contemplation4 ,?us our reason+ is borne ab\t1 h>ass$ ) d\bts & anxieties1 n kn[+ h[ to proce$1 b measur+ back aga9 ^? dang]\s tracts :i* x has pass$1 l a boat toss$ ab\t on ! b\ndless ocean4 ,b ^! reflections are ( long /&+1 & borr[$ f ! ,greeks4 ,b ,cato left ?is _w 9 su* a mann]1 z if he 7 delight$ t he _h f\nd an opportunity ( dy+2 = t ,god :o presides 9 u1 =bids our dep>ture h5ce )\t 8 leave4 ,b :5 ,god himself has giv5 u a j cause1 z =m]ly he did to ,socrates1 & lately to ,cato1 & (t5 to _m o!rs1--9 su* a case1 c]ta9ly e man ( s5se w\ld gladly ex*ange ?is d>kness1 = t light3 n t he w\ld =cibly break f ! *a9s t held him1 = t w\ld be aga9/ ! law2 b l a man releas$ f prison by a magi/rate1 or "s lawful au?ority1 s he too w\ld walk away1 be+ releas$ & dis*>g$ by ,god4 ,= ! :ole life ( a philosoph] is1 z ! same philosoph] says1 a m$itation on dea?4 ,,xxxi4 ,= :at else is x t we d1 :5 we call (f our m9ds f pleasure1 t is to say1 f our att5tion to ! body1 f ! manag+ our dome/ic e/ate1 :i* is a sort ( h&maid & s]vant ( ! body1 or f duties ( a public nature1 or f all o!r s]i\s bus9ess :atev]8 ,:at else is x1 ,i say1 t we d1 b invite ! s\l to reflect on itself8 oblige x to conv]se ) itself1 &1 z f> z possible1 break (f its acqua9tance ) ! body8 ,n[ to sep>ate ! s\l f ! body1 is to le>n to die1 & no?+ else :atev]4 ,:]e=e take my advice2 & let u m$itate on ?is1 & sep>ate ourselves z f> z possible f ! body1 t is to say1 let u accu/om ourselves to die4 ,?is w be enjoy+ a life l t ( heav5 ev5 :ile we rema9 on e>?2 & :5 we are c>ri$ ?i!r & releas$ f ^! bonds1 our s\ls w make _! progress ) m rapidity3 = ! _s :i* has always be5 fett]$ by ! bonds ( ! body1 ev5 :5 x is dis5gag$1 advances m sl[ly1 j z ^? d :o h worn actual fett]s = _m ye>s3 b :5 we h arriv$ at ?is emancipation f ! bonds ( ! body1 !n inde$ we %all beg9 to live1 = ?is pres5t life is really dea?1 :i* ,i c\ld say a good deal 9 lam5tation = if ,i *ose4 ,a4 ,y h lam5t$ x suffici5tly 9 y\r book on ,consolation2 & :5 ,i read t1 !re is no?+ :i* ,i desire m ?an to leave ^! ?+s3 b t desire is increas$ a great deal by :at ,i h j he>d4 ,m4 ,! "t w come1 & t soon1 & ) equal c]ta9ty :e!r y hang back or press =w>d2 = "t flies4 ,b dea? is s f> f be+ an evil1 z x lately appe>$ to y1 t ,i am incl9$ to suspect1 n t !re is no o!r ?+ :i* is an evil to man1 b r t !re is no?+ else :i* is a real good to him2 if1 at lea/1 x is true1 t we become !reby ei!r ,gods ourselves1 or companions ( ! ,gods4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n ( s mu* consequ5ce1 z !re are "s ( u "h :o w n all[ ?is4 ,b ,i w n leave (f discuss+ ?is po9t till ,i h conv9c$ y t dea? c1 ^u no consid]ation :atev]1 be an evil4 ,a4 ,h[ c x1 aft] :at ,i n[ "k8 ,m4 ,d y ask h[ x c8 ,!re are cr[ds ( argu]s :o contradict ?is2 & ^? n only ,epicureans1 :om ,i reg>d v little1 b1 "s h[ or o!r1 almo/ e man ( lett]s2 &1 above all1 my fav\rite ,dicar*us is v /r5u\s 9 oppos+ ! immortality ( ! s\l3 = he has writt5 ?ree books1 :i* are entitl$ ,lesbiacs1 because ! disc\rse 0 held at ,mityl5e1 9 :i* he seeks to prove t s\ls are mortal4 ,! ,/oics1 on ! o!r h&1 all[ u z long a "t = enjoym5t z ! life ( a rav52 !y all[ ! s\l to exi/ a great :ile1 b are aga9/ its et]nity4 ,,xxxii4 ,are y will+ to he> !n :y1 ev5 all[+ ?is1 dea? _c be an evil8 ,a4 ,z y please2 b no "o %all drive me f my belief 9 mortality4 ,m4 ,i comm5d y inde$1 = t2 ?\gh we %\ld n be too confid5t 9 our belief ( any?+2 = we are frequ5tly di/urb$ by "s subtle conclusion2 we give way & *ange our op9ions ev5 9 ?+s t are m evid5t ?an ?is2 = 9 ?is !re c]ta9ly is "s obscurity4 ,!re=e1 %\ld any?+ ( ?is k9d happ51 x is well to be on our gu>d4 ,a4 ,y are "r 9 t1 b ,i w provide aga9/ any accid5t4 ,m4 ,h y any objection to our dismiss+ our fri5ds ! ,/oics8 ^?1 ,i mean1 :o all[ t ! s\ls exi/ aft] !y h left ! body1 b yet d5y t !y exi/ = ev]4 ,a4 ,we c]ta9ly may dismiss ! consid]ation ( ^? m5 :o admit t :i* is ! mo/ difficult po9t 9 ! :ole "q1 namely1 t a s\l c exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! body1 & yet refuse to grant t1 :i* is n only v easy to believe1 b :i* is ev5 ! natural consequ5ce ( ! concession :i* !y h made1 t if !y c exi/ = a l5g? ( "t1 !y mo/ likely d s = ev]4 ,m4 ,y take x "r2 t is ! v ?+3 %all we give1 !re=e1 any cr$it to ,pantius1 :5 he diss5ts f 8 ma/]1 ,plato8 :om he ev]y:]e calls div9e1 ! wise/1 ! holie/ ( m51 ! ,hom] ( philosoph]s2 & :om he opposes 9 no?+ except ?is s+le op9ion ( ! s\l's immortality3 = he ma9ta9s :at nobody d5ies1 t ev]y?+ :i* has be5 g5]at$ w p]i%2 & t ev5 s\ls are g5]at$1 :i* he ?9ks appe>s f _! resemblance to ^? ( ! m5 :o begot !m2 = t lik5ess is z app>5t 9 ! turn ( _! m9ds z 9 _! bodies4 ,b he br+s ano!r reason2 t !re is no?+ :i* is s5sible ( pa9 :i* is n also liable to disease2 b :atev] is liable to disease mu/ be liable to dea?2 ! s\l is s5sible ( pa91 !re=e x is liable to p]i%4 ,,xxxiii4 ,^! argum5ts may be refut$2 = !y proce$ f 8 n kn[+ t :ile discuss+ ! subject ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 he is speak+ ( ! intellect1 :i* is free f all turbid motion2 b n ( ^? p>ts ( ! m9d 9 :i* ^? disord]s1 ang] & lu/1 h _! seat1 & :i* he :om he is oppos+1 :5 he argues ?us1 imag9es to be di/9ct & sep>ate f ! m9d4 ,n[ ?is resemblance is m rem>kable 9 bea/s1 ^: s\ls are void ( reason4 ,b ! lik5ess 9 m5 consi/s m 9 ! configuration ( ! bodies2 & x is ( no little consequ5ce 9 :at bodies ! s\l is lodg$2 = !re are _m ?+s :i* dep5d on ! body t give an edge to ! s\l1 _m :i* blunt x4 ,ari/otle inde$1 says1 t all m5 ( great g5ius are melan*oly2 s t ,i %\ld n h be5 displeas$ to h be5 some:at dull] ?an ,i am4 ,he in/ances _m1 &1 z if x 7 matt] ( fact1 br+s 8 reasons = x3 b if ! p[] ( ^? ?+s t proce$ f ! body be s great z to influ5ce ! m9d1 7= !y are ! ?+s1 :atev] !y are1 t occasion ?is lik5ess17 /ill t does n necess>ily prove :y a similitude ( s\ls %\ld be g5]at$4 ,i say no?+ ab\t cases ( unlik5ess4 ,i wi% ,pantius c\ld be "h2 he liv$ ) ,africanus2 ,i w\ld inquire ( him :i* ( 8 family ! nephew ( ,africanus's bro!r 0 l8 ,possibly he may 9 p]son h resembl$ 8 fa!r2 b 9 8 mann]s1 he 0 s l e pr(ligate ab&on$ man1 t x 0 impossible to be m s4 ,:o did ! gr&son ( ,p4 ,crassus1 t wise1 & eloqu5t1 & mo/ di/+ui%$ man resemble8 ,or ! relations & sons ( _m o!r excell5t m51 ^: names !re is no occasion to m5tion8 ,b :at are we do+8 ,h we =gott5 t our purpose 01 :5 we _h suffici5tly spok5 on ! subject ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 to prove t1 ev5 if ! s\l did p]i%1 !re w\ld be1 ev5 !n1 no evil 9 dea?8 ,a4 ,i rememb]$ x v well2 b ,i _h no dislike to y\r digress+ a little f y\r orig9al design1 :il/ y 7 talk+ ( ! s\l's immortality4 ,m4 ,i p]ceive y h sublime ?\ghts1 & are eag] to m\nt up to heav54 ,,xxxiv4 ,i am n )\t hopes myself t su* may be our fate4 ,b admit :at !y ass]t2 t ! s\l does n cont9ue to exi/ aft] dea?4 ,a4 ,%\ld x be s1 ,i see t we are !n depriv$ ( ! hopes ( a happi] life4 ,m4 ,b :at is !re ( evil 9 t op9ion8 ,= let ! s\l p]i% z ! body3 is !re any pa91 or inde$ any feel+ at all 9 ! body aft] dea?8 ,no "o1 inde$1 ass]ts t2 ?\gh ,epicurus *>ges ,democritus ) say+ s2 b ! disciples ( ,democritus d5y x4 ,no s5se1 !re=e1 rema9s 9 ! s\l2 = ! s\l is n[h]e2 :]e1 !n1 is ! evil8 = !re is no?+ b ^! two ?+s4 ,is x because ! m]e sep>ation ( ! s\l & body _c be effect$ )\t pa98 b ev5 %\ld t be grant$1 h[ small a pa9 mu/ t be6 ,yet ,i ?9k t x is false2 & t x is v (t5 unaccompani$ by any s5sation at all1 & sometimes ev5 att5d$ ) pleasure3 b c]ta9ly ! :ole mu/ be v trifl+1 :atev] x is1 = x is in/antane\s4 ,:at makes u uneasy1 or r gives u pa91 is ! leav+ all ! good ?+s ( life4 ,b j consid]1 if ,i might n m prop]ly say1 leav+ ! evils ( life2 only !re is no reason = my n[ occupy+ myself 9 bewail+ ! life ( man1 & yet ,i might1 ) v good reason2 b :at occasion is !re1 :5 :at ,i am lab\r+ to prove is t no "o is mis]able aft] dea?1 to make life m mis]able by lam5t+ ov] x8 ,i h done t 9 ! book :i* ,i wrote1 9 ord] to com=t myself z well z ,i c\ld4 ,if1 !n1 our inquiry is aft] tru?1 dea? )draws u f evil1 n f good4 ,?is subject is inde$ s copi\sly h&l$ by ,hegesias1 ! ,cyr5aic philosoph]1 t he is said to h be5 =bid by ,ptolemy f deliv]+ 8 lectures 9 ! s*ools1 because "s :o he>d him made away ) !mselves4 ,!re is too1 an epigram ( ,callima*us17#fi7 on ,cleombrotus ( ,ambracia2 :o1 )\t any mis=tune hav+ befall5 him1 z he says1 ?rew himself f a wall into ! sea1 aft] he _h read a boot ( ,plato's4 ,! book ,i m5tion$ ( t ,hegesias1 is call$ 1 or 8,a ,man :o />ves himself10 9 :i* a man is repres5t$ z kill+ himself by />vation1 till he is prev5t$ by 8 fri5ds1 9 reply to :om he reckons up all ! mis]ies ( human life3 ,i might d ! same1 ?\gh n s fully z he1 :o ?9ks x n wor? any man's :ile to live4 ,i pass ov] o!rs4 ,0 x ev5 wor? my :ile to live1 =1 _h ,i di$ be=e ,i 0 depriv$ ( ! com=ts ( my own family1 & ( ! hon\rs :i* ,i receiv$ = my public s]vices1 w\ld n dea? h tak5 me f ! evils ( life1 r ?an f its bless+s8 ,,xxxv4 ,m5tion1 !re=e1 "s "o1 :o nev] knew di/ress2 :o nev] receiv$ any bl[ f =tune4 ,! great ,metellus _h f\r di/+ui%$ sons2 b ,priam _h fifty1 sev5te5 ( :i* 7 born to him by 8 lawful wife3 ,=tune _h ! same p[] ov] bo?1 ?\gh %e ex]cis$ x b on "o3 = ,metellus 0 laid on 8 fun]al pile by a great company ( sons & daught]s1 gr&sons1 & gr&aught]s2 b ,priam fell by ! h& ( an enemy1 aft] hav+ fl$ to ! alt>1 & hav+ se5 himself depriv$ ( all 8 num]\s prog5y4 ,_h he di$ be=e ! dea? ( 8 sons & ! ru9 ( 8 k+dom1 ,) all 8 mighty weal? elate1 ,"u ri* canopies ( /ate2 w\ld he !n h be5 tak5 f good or f evil8 ,x w\ld inde$1 at t "t1 h appe>$ t he 0 be+ tak5 away f good2 yet surely1 x w\ld h turn$ out advantage\s = him2 nor %\ld we h _h ^! m\rnful v]ses1-- ,lo6 ^! all p]i%'d 9 "o flam+ pile2 ,! foe old ,priam did ( life beguile1 ,& ) 8 blood1 ?y alt>1 ,jove1 defile4 ,z if any?+ bett] c\ld h happ5$ to him at t "t1 ?an to lose 8 life 9 t mann]2 b yet1 if x _h befall5 him soon]1 x w\ld h prev5t$ all ^? consequ5ces2 b ev5 z x 0 x releas$ him f any fur!r s5se ( !m4 ,! case ( our fri5d ,pompey7#gj7 0 some?+ bett]3 once1 :5 he _h be5 v ill at ,naples1 ! ,neapolitans on 8 recov]y put cr[ns on _! heads1 z did ^? ( ,puteoli2 ! p flock$ f ! c\ntry to congratulate him2--x is a ,grecian cu/om1 & a fooli% "o2 /ill x is a sign ( good =tune4 ,b ! "q is1 _h he di$1 w\ld he h be5 tak5 f good1 or f evil8 ,c]ta9ly f evil4 ,he w\ld n h be5 engag$ 9 a w> ) 8 fa!r-9-law27#ga7 he w\ld n h tak5 up arms be=e he 0 prep>$2 he w\ld n h left 8 own h\se1 nor fl$ f ,italy2 he w\ld n1 aft] ! loss ( 8 army1 h fall5 un>m$ into ! h&s ( slaves1 & be5 put to dea? by !m2 8 *ildr5 w\ld n h be5 de/roy$2 nor w\ld 8 :ole =tune h come into ! possession ( ! conqu]ors4 ,did n he1 !n1 :o1 if he _h di$ at t "t w\ld h di$ 9 all 8 glory1 owe all ! great & t]rible mis=tunes into :i* he subsequ5tly fell to ! prolongation ( 8 life at t "t8 ,,xxxvi4 ,^! calamities are avoid$ by dea?1 = ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld nev] happ51 !re is a possibility t !y may2 b x nev] occurs to a man1 t su* a disa/] may befal him himself4 ,e "o hopes to be z happy z ,metellus3 z if ! numb] ( ! happy exce$$ t ( ! mis]able2 or z if !re 7 any c]ta9ty 9 human affairs2 or aga91 z if !re 7 m rational f\ndation = hope ?an fe>4 ,b %\ld we grant !m ev5 ?is1 t m5 are by dea? depriv$ ( good ?+s1 w\ld x foll[ t ! dead are !re=e 9 ne$ ( ! good ?+s ( life1 & are mis]able on t acc\nt8 ,c]ta9ly !y mu/ necess>ily say s4 ,c he :o does n exi/1 be 9 ne$ ( any?+8 ,to be 9 ne$ (1 has a melan*oly s\nd1 because x 9 effect am\nts to ?is1--he _h1 b he has n2 he regrets1 he looks back ^u1 he wants4 ,su* are1 ,i suppose1 ! di/resses ( "o :o is 9 ne$ (4 ,is he depriv$ ( eyes8 to be bl9d is mis]y4 ,is he de/itute ( *ildr58 n to h !m is mis]y4 ,^! consid]ations apply to ! liv+1 b ! dead are nei!r 9 ne$ ( ! bless+s ( life1 nor ( life itself4 ,b :5 ,i am speak+ ( ! dead ,i am speak+ ( ^? :o h no exi/5ce4 ,b w\ld any "o say ( u1 :o d exi/1 t we want horns or w+s8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,%\ld x be ask$1 :y n8 ! answ] w\ld be1 t n to h :at nei!r cu/om nor nature has fitt$ y =1 w\ld n imply a want ( !m1 ev5 ?\gh y 7 s5sible t y _h !m n4 ,?is argum5t %\ld be press$ ov] & ov] aga91 aft] t po9t has once be5 e/abli%$1 :i* if s\ls are mortal !re c be no dispute ab\t--,i mean1 t ! de/ruction ( !m by dea? is s entire1 z to remove ev5 ! lea/ suspicion ( any s5se rema9+4 ,:51 !re=e1 ?is po9t is once well gr\nd$ & e/abli%$1 we mu/ correctly def9e :at ! t]m1 to want1 means2 t !re may be no mi/ake 9 ! ^w4 ,to want1 !n1 signifies ?is2 to be )\t t :i* y w\ld be glad to h3 = incl9ation = a ?+ is impli$ 9 ! ^w want2 except+ :5 we use ! ^w 9 an entirely diff]5t s5se1 z we d :5 we say t a fev] is want+ to any "o4 ,= x admits ( a diff]5t int]pretation1 :5 y are )\t a c]ta9 ?+1 & are s5sible t y are )\t x1 b yet c easily disp5se ) hav+ x4 8,to want10 !n1 is an expression :i* y _c apply to ! dead1 nor is ! m]e fact ( want+ some?+ necess>ily lam5table4 ,! prop] expression ought to be1 8t !y want a good10 & t is an evil4 ,b a liv+ man does n want a good1 unless he is di/ress$ )\t x2 & yet1 we c easily und]/& h[ any man alive c be )\t a k+dom4 ,b ?is _c be pr$icat$ ( y ) any accuracy3 x might h be5 ass]t$ ( ,t>qu91 :5 he 0 driv5 f 8 k+dom3 b :5 su* an expression is us$ respect+ ! dead x is absolutely un9telligible4 ,= to want1 implies to be s5sible2 b ! dead are ins5sible2 !re=e ! dead c be 9 no want4 ,,xxxvii4 ,b :at occasion is !re to philosophize "h1 9 a matt] ) :i* we see t philosophy is b little conc]n$8 ,h[ (t5 h n only our g5]als1 b :ole armies1 ru%$ on c]ta9 dea?6 b if x _h be5 a ?+ to be fe>$1 ,l4 ,brutus w\ld nev] h fall5 9 fight1 to prev5t ! return ( t tyrant :om he _h expell$2 nor w\ld ,decius ! fa!r h be5 sla9 9 fight+ ) ! ,lat9s2 nor w\ld 8 son1 :5 engag$ ) ! ,etruscans1 nor 8 gr&son ) ,pyrrhus1 h expos$ !mselves to ! enemy's d>ts4 ,spa9 w\ld nev] h se51 9 "o campaign1 ! ,scipios fall fight+ = _! c\ntry2 nor w\ld ! pla9s ( ,cann h witness$ ! dea? ( ,paulus & ,gem9us2 or ,v5usia1 t ( ,m>cellus3 nor w\ld ! ,lat9s h beheld ! dea? ( ,alb9us2 nor ! ,lucanians1 t ( ,grac*us4 ,b are any ( ^! mis]able n[8 nay1 !y 7 n s ev5 at ! fir/ mom5t aft] !y _h brea!d _! la/3 nor c any "o be mis]able aft] he has lo/ all s5sation4 ,oh1 b ! m]e circum/ance ( be+ )\t s5sation is mis]able4 ,x might be s if be+ )\t s5sation 7 ! same ?+ z want+ x2 b z x is evid5t !re c be no?+ ( any k9d 9 t :i* has no exi/5ce1 :at c !re be afflict+ to t :i* c nei!r feel want1 nor be s5sible ( any?+8 ,we might be said to h repeat$ ?is ov] too (t51 only t "h lies all t ! s\l %udd]s at1 f ! fe> ( dea?4 ,= :oev] c cle>ly appreh5d t :i* is z manife/ z ! light1 t :5 bo? s\l & body are consum$1 & !re is a total de/ruction1 !n t :i* 0 an animal1 becomes no?+2 w cle>ly see1 t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 a ,hippoc5taur1 :i* nev] _h exi/5ce1 & k+ ,agamemnon2 & t ,m4 ,camillus is no m conc]n$ ab\t ?is pres5t civil w>1 ?an ,i 0 at ! sack+ ( ,rome1 :5 he 0 liv+4 ,,xxxviii4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ,camillus be affect$ ) ! ?\ghts ( ^! ?+s happ5+ ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] 8 "t8 ,& :y %\ld ,i be uneasy if ,i 7 to expect t "s nation might possess itself ( ?is city1 t5 ?\s& ye>s h5ce8 ,because s great is our reg>d = our c\ntry1 z n to be measur$ by our own feel+1 b by its own actual safety4 ,dea?1 !n1 :i* ?reat5s u daily f a ?\s& accid5ts1 & :i*1 by reason ( ! %ortness ( life1 c nev] be f> (f1 does n det] a wise man f mak+ su* provision = 8 c\ntry & 8 family1 z he hopes may la/ = ev]2 & f reg>d+ po/]ity1 ( :i* he c nev] h any real p]ception1 z belong+ to himself4 ,:]e=e a man may act = et]nity1 ev5 ?\gh he be p]suad$ t 8 s\l is mortal2 n1 inde$1 f a desire ( glory1 :i* he w be ins5sible (1 b f a pr9ciple ( virtue1 :i* glory w inevitably att5d1 ?\gh t is n 8 object4 ,! process1 inde$1 ( nature is ?is2 t j 9 ! same mann] z our bir? 0 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s ) u1 s dea? w be ! end2 & z we 7 no ways conc]n$ ) any?+ be=e we 7 born1 s nei!r %all we be aft] we are dead2 & 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s :]e c ! evil be8 s9ce dea? has no connexion ) ei!r ! liv+ or ! dead2 ! "o h no exi/5ce at all1 ! o!r are n yet affect$ by x4 ,!y :o make ! lea/ ( dea? consid] x z hav+ a great resemblance to sleep2 z if any "o w\ld *oose to live n9ety ye>s on condition t1 at ! expiration ( sixty1 he %\ld sleep out ! rema9d]4 ,! v sw9e w\ld n accept ( life on ^? t]ms1 mu* less ,i3 ,endymion1 inde$1 if y li/5 to fables1 slept once on a "t1 on ,latmus1 a m\nta9 ( ,c>ia1 & = su* a l5g? ( "t t ,i imag9e he is n z yet awake4 ,d y ?9k t he is conc]n$ at ! ,moon's be+ 9 difficulties1 ?\gh x 0 by h] t he 0 ?r[n into t sleep1 9 ord] t %e might kiss him :ile sleep+2 = :at %\ld he be conc]n$ = :o has n ev5 any s5sation8 ,y look on sleep z an image ( dea?1 & y take t on y daily2 & h y1 !n1 any d\bt t !re is no s5sation 9 dea?1 :5 y see !re is none 9 sleep1 :i* is its ne> resemblance8 ,,xxxix4 ,away1 !n1 ) ^? follies :i* are little bett] ?an ! old wom5's dreams1 su* z t x is mis]able to die be=e our "t4 ,:at "t d y mean8 ,t ( nature8 ,b %e has only l5t y life1 z %e might l5d y money1 )\t fix+ any c]ta9 "t = its repaym5t4 ,h y any gr\nds ( compla9t1 !n1 t %e recals x at h] pleasure8 = y receiv$ x on ^! t]ms4 ,!y t compla9 ?us1 all[1 t if a "y *ild dies ! survivors ought to be> 8 loss ) equanimity2 t if an infant 9 ! cradle dies1 !y ought n ev5 to utt] a compla9t2 & yet nature has be5 m sev]e ) !m 9 dem&+ back :at %e gave4 ,!y answ] by say+1 t su* h n ta/$ ! sweets ( life2 :ile ! o!r _h begun to conceive hopes ( great happ9ess1 & inde$ _h begun to realize !m4 ,m5 judge bett] 9 o!r ?+s1 & all[ a "p to be pref]able to none2 :y d !y n admit ! same e/imate 9 life8 ,?\gh ,callima*us does n speak amiss 9 say+1 t m te>s _h fl[$ f ,priam ?an 8 son2 yet !y are ?\ght happi] :o die aft] !y h rea*$ old age4 ,x w\ld be h>d to say :y2 = ,i d n appreh5d t any "o1 if a long] life 7 grant$ to him1 w\ld f9d x happi]4 ,!re is no?+ m agreeable to a man ?an prud5ce1 :i* old age mo/ c]ta9ly be/[s on a man1 ?\gh x may /rip him ( ev]y?+ else2 b :at age is long8 or :at is !re at all long to a man8 ,does n ,old age1 ?\gh unreg>d$1 /ill att5d ,on *ildhood's pa/imes1 z ! c>es ( m58 ,b because !re is no?+ beyond old age1 we call t long2 all ^! ?+s are said to be long or %ort1 accord+ to ! proportion ( "t !y 7 giv5 u =4 ,ari/otle sai?1 !re is a k9d ( insect ne> ! riv] ,hypanis1 :i* runs f a c]ta9 "p ( ,europe into ! ,pontus1 ^: life consi/s b ( "o day2 ^? t die at ! eigh? h\r1 die 9 full age2 ^? :o die :5 ! sun sets are v old1 especially :5 ! days are at ! longe/4 ,comp>e our longe/ life ) et]nity & we %all be f\nd almo/ z %ort-liv$ z ^? little animals4 ,,xl4 ,let u1 !n1 despise all ^! follies--= :at s(t] "n c ,i give to su* levities8--& let u lay ! f\ndation ( our happ9ess 9 ! /r5g? & greatness ( our m9ds1 9 a contempt & disreg>d ( all e>?ly ?+s1 & 9 ! practice ( e virtue4 ,= at pres5t we are en]vat$ by ! s(tness ( our imag9ations1 s t1 %\ld we leave ?is _w be=e ! promises ( our =tune-tell]s are made good to u1 we %\ld ?9k ourselves depriv$ ( "s great advantages1 & seem disappo9t$ & =lorn4 ,b if1 ?r\gh life1 we are 9 cont9ual susp5se1 /ill expect+1 /ill desir+1 & are 9 cont9ual pa9 & torture1 good ,gods6 h[ pleasant mu/ t j\rney be :i* ends 9 security & ease6 ,h[ pleas$ am ,i ) ,!ram5es6 ( h[ exalt$ a s\l does he appe>6 ,=1 al?\gh we nev] read ( him )\t te>s1 yet t illu/ri\s man is n to be lam5t$ 9 8 dea?1 :o1 :5 he _h be5 imprison$ by ! comm& ( ! ?irty tyrants1 drank (f1 at "o draught1 z if he _h be5 ?ir/y1 ! poison$ cup1 & ?rew ! rema9d] out ( x ) su* =ce1 t x s\nd$ z x fell2 & !n1 on he>+ ! s\nd ( ! drops1 he said1 ) a smile1 8,i dr9k ?is to ! mo/ excell5t ,critias10 :o _h be5 8 mo/ bitt] enemy2 = x is cu/om>y among ! ,greeks1 at _! banquets1 to "n ! p]son to :om !y int5d to deliv] ! cup4 ,?is celebrat$ man 0 pleasant to ! la/1 ev5 :5 he _h receiv$ ! poison into 8 b[els1 & truly =etold ! dea? ( t man :om he nam$ :5 he drank ! poison1 & t dea? soon foll[$4 ,:o t ?9ks dea? an evil1 c\ld approve ( ! ev5ness ( temp] 9 ?is great man at ! in/ant ( dy+8 ,socrates came1 a few ye>s aft]1 to ! same prison & ! same cup1 by z great iniquity on ! "p ( 8 judges z ! tyrants display$ :5 !y execut$ ,!ram5es4 ,:at a spee* is t :i* ,plato makes him deliv] be=e 8 judges1 aft] !y _h condemn$ him to dea?6 ,,xli4 8,i am n )\t hopes1 ,o judges1 t x is a fav\rable circum/ance = me t ,i am condemn$ to die2 = "o ( ^! two ?+s mu/ necess>ily happ51 ei!r t dea? w deprive me entirely ( all s5se1 or else1 t by dy+ ,i %all g f h5ce into "s o!r place2 :]e=e1 if all s5se is utt]ly ext+ui%$1 & if dea? is l t sleep :i* sometimes is s undi/urb$ z to be ev5 )\t ! visions ( dreams--9 t case1 ,o ye good ,gods6 :at ga9 is x to die6 or :at l5g? ( days c be imag9$ :i* w\ld be pref]able to su* a night8 ,& if ! con/ant c\rse ( future "t is to resemble t night1 :o is happi] ?an ,i am8 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 :at is said be true1 namely1 t dea? is b a removal to ^? regions :]e ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ dwell1 !n t /ate mu/ be m happy /ill1 to h escap$ f ^? :o call !mselves judges1 & to appe> be=e su* z are truly s1 ,m9os1 ,rhadaman?us1 acus1 ,triptolemus1 & to meet ) ^? :o h liv$ ) ju/ice & probity67#gb7 ,c ?is *ange ( abode appe> o!rwise ?an great to y8 ,:at b\nds c y set to ! value ( conv]s+ ) ,orpheus1 & ,musu1 & ,hom]1 & ,hesiod8 ,i w\ld ev51 7 x possible1 will+ly die (t51 9 ord] to prove ! c]ta9ty ( :at ,i speak (4 ,:at delight mu/ x be to meet ) ,palam$es1 & ,ajax1 & o!rs1 :o h be5 betray$ by ! iniquity ( _! judges6 ,!n1 also1 %\ld ,i exp]i5ce ! wisdom ( ev5 t k+ ( k+s1 :o l$ 8 va/ troops to ,troy1 & ! prud5ce ( ,ulysses & ,sisyphus3 nor %\ld ,i !n be condemn$ = prosecut+ my inquiries on su* subjects 9 ! same way 9 :i* ,i h done "h on e>?4 ,& ev5 y1 my judges1 y1 ,i mean1 :o h vot$ = my acquittal1 d n y fe> dea?1 = no?+ bad c befal a good man1 :e!r he be alive or dead2 nor are 8 conc]ns ev] ov]look$ by ! ,gods1 nor 9 my case ei!r has ?is befall5 me by *ance2 & ,i h no?+ to *>ge ^? m5 ) :o accus$ or condemn$ me1 b ! fact t !y believ$ t !y 7 do+ me h>m40 ,9 ?is mann] he proce$$3 !re is no "p ( 8 spee* :i* ,i admire m ?an 8 la/ words3 8,b x is "t10 says he1 8= me n[ to g h5ce1 t ,i may die2 & = y1 t y may cont9ue to live4 ,:i* condition ( ! two is ! be/1 ! immortal ,gods "k2 b ,i d n believe t any mortal man does40 ,,xlii4 ,surely ,i w\ld r h _h ?is man's s\l1 ?an all ! =tunes ( ^? :o sat 9 judgm5t on him2 al?\gh t v ?+ :i* he says no "o except ! ,gods kn[s1 namely1 :e!r life or dea? is mo/ pref]able1 he kn[s himself1 = he _h previ\sly /at$ 8 op9ion on x2 b he ma9ta9$ to ! la/ t fav\rite maxim ( 81 ( affirm+ no?+4 ,& let u1 too1 adh]e to ?is rule ( n ?9k+ any?+ an evil1 :i* is a g5]al provision ( nature3 & let u assure ourselves1 t if dea? is an evil1 x is an et]nal evil1 = dea? seems to be ! end ( a mis]able life2 b if dea? is a mis]y1 !re c be no end ( t4 ,b :y d ,i m5tion ,socrates1 or ,!ram5es1 m5 di/+ui%$ by ! glory ( virtue & wisdom8 :5 a c]ta9 ,lac$monian1 ^: "n is n s mu* z kn[n1 held dea? 9 su* contempt1 t1 :5 l$ to x by ! ephori1 he bore a *e]ful & pleasant c\nt5ance2 &1 :5 he 0 ask$ by "o ( 8 enemies :e!r he despis$ ! laws ( ,lycurgus8 8,on ! contr>y10 answ]$ he1 8,i am greatly oblig$ to him1 = he has am]c$ me 9 a f9e :i* ,i c pay )\t borr[+1 or tak+ up money at int]e/40 ,?is 0 a man wor?y ( ,sp>ta6 & ,i am almo/ p]suad$ ( 8 innoc5ce because ( ! greatness ( 8 s\l4 ,our own city has produc$ _m su*4 ,b :y %\ld ,i "n g5]als1 & o!r m5 ( high rank1 :5 ,cato c\ld write1 t legions h m>*$ ) alacrity to t place f :5ce !y nev] expect$ to return8 ,) no less greatness ( s\l fell ! ,lac$monians at ,!rmopyl1 on :om ,simonides wrote ! foll[+ epitaph3-- ,g1 /rang]1 tell ! ,sp>tans1 "h we lie1 ,:o to support _! laws dur/ boldly die47#gc7 ,:at 0 x t ,leonidas1 _! g5]al1 said to !m8 8,m>* on ) c\rage1 my ,lac$monians2 to-night1 p]haps1 we %all sup 9 ! regions bel[40 ,?is 0 a brave nation :il/ ! laws ( ,lycurgus 7 9 =ce4 ,"o ( !m1 :5 a ,p]sian _h said to him 9 conv]sation1 8,we %all hide ! sun f y\r sight by ! numb] ( our arr[s & d>ts20 repli$1 8,we %all fight !n 9 ! %ade40 ,d ,i talk ( _! m58 h[ great 0 t ,lac$monian woman1 :o _h s5t h] son to battle1 & :5 %e he>d t he 0 sla91 said1 8,i bore him = t purpose1 t y might h a man :o dur/ die = 8 c\ntry40 ,h[ev]1 x is a matt] ( notoriety t ! ,sp>tans 7 bold & h>dy1 = ! discipl9e ( a republic has great influ5ce4 ,,xliii4 ,:at1 !n1 h we n reason to admire ,!odorus ! ,cyr5ean1 a philosoph] ( no small di/9ction8 :o1 :5 ,lysima*us ?reat5$ to crucify him1 bade him keep ^? m5aces = 8 c\rti]s3 8to ,!odorus x makes no diff]5ce :e!r he rot 9 ! air or "u gr\nd40 ,by :i* say+ ( ! philosoph] ,i am rem9d$ to say some?+ ( ! cu/om ( fun]als & sepulture1 & ( fun]al c]emonies1 :i* is1 inde$1 n a difficult subject1 especially if we recollect :at has be5 be=e said ab\t ins5sibility4 ,! op9ion ( ,socrates respect+ ?is matt] is cle>ly /at$ 9 ! book :i* treats ( 8 dea?2 or :i* we h already said s mu*2 = :5 he _h discuss$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & :5 ! "t ( 8 dy+ 0 approa*+ rapidly1 be+ ask$ by ,criton h[ he w\ld be buri$1 8,i h tak5 a great deal ( pa9s1 sai? he1 my fri5ds1 to no purpose1 = ,i h n conv9c$ our ,criton1 t ,i %all fly f h5ce1 & leave no "p ( me beh9d3 not)/&+1 ,criton1 if y c ov]take me1 :]esoev] y get hold ( me1 bury me z y please3 b believe me1 none ( y w be able to cat* me :5 ,i h fl[n away f h5ce40 ,t 0 excell5tly said1 inasmu* z he all[s 8 fri5d to d z he pleas$1 & yet %[s 8 indiff]5ce ab\t any?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,diog5es 0 r\gh]1 ?\gh ( ! same op9ion1 b 9 8 "* ( a ,cynic1 he express$ himself 9 a some:at h>%] mann]2 he ord]$ himself to be ?r[n any:]e )\t be+ buri$4 ,& :5 8 fri5ds repli$1 8,:at1 to ! birds & bea/s80 8,by no means10 sai? he2 8place my /aff ne> me1 t ,i may drive !m away40 8,h[ c y d t10 !y answ]1 8= y w n p]ceive !m80 8,h[ am ,i !n injur$ by be+ torn by ^? animals1 if ,i h no s5sation80 ,anaxagoras1 :5 he 0 at ! po9t ( dea?1 at ,lampsacus1 & 0 ask$ by 8 fri5ds1 :e!r1 if any?+ %\ld happ5 to him1 he w\ld n *oose to be c>ri$ to ,clazom51 8 c\ntry1 made ?is excell5t answ]1--8,!re is10 says he1 8no occasion = t1 = all places are at an equal di/ance f ! inf]nal regions40 ,!re is "o ?+ to be obs]v$ ) respect to ! :ole subject ( burial1 t x relates to ! body1 :e!r ! s\l live or die4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! body1 x is cle> t :e!r ! s\l live or die1 t has no s5sation4 ,,xliv4 ,b all ?+s are full ( errors4 ,a*illes drags ,hector1 ti$ to 8 *>iot2 he ?9ks1 ,i suppose1 he te>s 8 fle%1 & t ,hector feels ! pa9 ( x2 !re=e1 he av5ges himself on him1 z he imag9es2 b ,hecuba bewails ?is z a sore mis=tune-- ,i saw 7a dreadful sight67 great ,hector sla91 ,dragg'd at ,a*illes' c> along ! pla94 ,:at ,hector8 or h[ long w he be ,hector8 ,accius is bett] 9 ?is1 & ,a*illes1 too1 is sometimes reasonable-- ,i ,hector's body to 8 sire convey'd1 ,hector ,i s5t to ! inf]nal %ade4 ,x 0 n ,hector t y dragg$ along1 b a body t _h be5 ,hector's4 ,"h ano!r />ts f und]gr\nd1 & w n suff] 8 "m to sleep-- ,to !e ,i call1 my once lov$ p>5t1 he>1 ,nor long] ) ?y sleep relieve ?y c>e2 ,?9e eye :i* pities n is clos$--arise1 ,l+'r+ ,i wait ! unpaid obsequies4 ,:5 ^! v]ses are sung ) a sl[ & melan*oly tune1 s z to affect ! :ole !atre ) sadness1 "o c sc>ce help ?9k+ ^? unhappy t are unburi$-- ,ere ! dev\r+ dogs & hungry vultures 444 ,he is afraid he %all n h ! use ( 8 limbs s well if !y are torn to pieces1 b is "u no su* appreh5sions if !y are burn$-- ,nor leave my nak$ bones1 my poor rema9s1 ,to %ameful viol5ce1 & bloody /a9s4 ,i d n und]/& :at he c\ld fe> :o c\ld p\r =? su* excell5t v]ses to ! s\nd ( ! flute4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 adh]e to ?is1 t no?+ is to be reg>d$ aft] we are dead1 ?\gh _m p rev5ge !mselves on _! dead enemies4 ,?ye/es p\rs =? sev]al curses 9 "s good l9es ( ,ennius1 pray+1 fir/ ( all1 t ,atreus may p]i% by a %ipwreck1 :i* is c]ta9ly a v t]rible ?+1 = su* a dea? is n free f v griev\s s5sations4 ,!n foll[ ^! unmean+ expressions3-- ,may ,on ! %>p rock 8 mangl$ c>case lie1 ,8 entrails torn1 to hungry birds a prey2 ,may he convulsive wri! 8 ble$+ side1 ,& ) 8 clott$ gore ! /ones be dy$4 ,! rocks !mselves 7 n m de/itute ( feel+ ?an he :o 0 hang+ to !m by 8 side2 ?\gh ,?ye/es imag9es he is wi%+ him ! greate/ torture4 ,x w\ld be torture inde$1 if he 7 s5sible2 b z he is n1 x c be none2 !n h[ v unmean+ is ?is6 ,let him1 /ill hov]+ o'er ! ,/ygian wave1 ,ne'er rea* ! body's peaceful port1 ! grave4 ,y see "u :at mi/ak5 notions all ?is is said4 ,he imag9es ! body has its hav51 & t ! dead are at re/ 9 _! graves4 ,pelops 0 greatly to blame 9 n hav+ in=m$ & taught 8 son :at reg>d 0 due to ev]y?+4 ,,xlv4 ,b :at occasion is !re to animadv]t on ! op9ions ( individuals1 :5 we may obs]ve :ole nations to fall into all sorts ( errors8 ,! ,egyptians embalm _! dead1 & keep !m 9 _! h\ses2 ! ,p]sians dress !m ov] ) wax1 & !n bury !m1 t !y may pres]ve _! bodies z long z possible4 ,x is cu/om>y ) ! ,magi1 to bury none ( _! ord]1 unless !y h be5 fir/ torn by wild bea/s4 ,9 ,hyrcania1 ! p ma9ta9 dogs = ! public use1 ! nobles h _! own2 & we "k t !y h a good bre$ ( dogs2 b e "o1 accord+ to 8 ability1 provides himself ) "s1 9 ord] to be torn by !m2 & !y hold t to be ! be/ k9d ( int]m5t4 ,*rysippus1 :o is curi\s 9 all k9ds ( hi/orical facts1 has collect$ _m o!r ?+s ( ?is k9d1 b "s ( !m are s (f5sive z n to admit ( be+ relat$4 ,all t has be5 said ( bury+1 is n wor? our reg>d ) respect to ourselves1 ?\gh x is n to be neglect$ z to our fri5ds1 provid$ we are ?or\ghly aw>e t ! dead are ins5sible2 b ! liv+1 inde$1 %\ld consid] :at is due to cu/om & op9ion1 only !y %\ld at ! same "t consid] t ! dead are no ways int]e/$ 9 x4 ,b dea? truly is !n met ) ! greate/ tranquillity1 :5 ! dy+ man c com=t himself ) 8 own praise4 ,no "o dies too soon :o has f9i%$ ! c\rse ( p]fect virtue4 ,i myself h kn[n _m occasions :5 ,i h seem$ 9 dang] ( imm$iate dea?2 oh6 h[ ,i wi% x _h come to me1 = ,i h ga9$ no?+ by ! delay4 ,i _h gone ov] & ov] aga9 ! duties ( life2 no?+ rema9$ b to cont5d ) =tune4 ,if reason1 !n1 _c suffici5tly =tify u to enable u to feel a contempt = dea?1 at all ev5ts1 let our pa/ life prove t we h liv$ long en\gh1 & ev5 long] ?an 0 necess>y2 = not)/&+ ! deprivation ( s5se1 ! dead are n )\t t good :i* peculi>ly belongs to !m1 namely1 ! praise & glory :i* !y h acquir$1 ev5 ?\gh !y are n s5sible ( x4 ,= al?\gh !re be no?+ 9 glory to make x desirable1 yet x foll[s virtue z its %ad[4 ,& ! g5u9e judgm5t ( ! multitude on good m51 if ev] !y =m any1 is m to _! own praise1 ?an ( any real advantage to ! dead2 yet ,i _c say1 h[ev] x may be receiv$1 t ,lycurgus & ,solon h no glory f _! laws1 & f ! political con/itution :i* !y e/abli%$ 9 _! c\ntry2 or t ,!mi/ocles & ,epam9ondas h n glory f _! m>tial virtue4 ,,xlvi4 ,= ,neptune %all soon] bury ,salamis itself ) 8 wat]s1 ?an ! memory ( ! trophies ga9$ !re2 & ! ,botian ,leuetra %all p]i%1 soon] ?an ! glory ( t great battle4 ,& long] /ill %all fame be be=e x des]ts ,curius1 & ,fabricius1 & ,calat9us1 & ! two ,scipios1 & ! two ,africani1 & ,maximus1 & ,m>cellus1 & ,paulus1 & ,cato1 & ,llius1 & numb]less o!r h]oes2 & :oev] has caught any resemblance ( !m1 n e/imat+ x by common fame1 b by ! real applause ( good m51 may ) confid5ce1 :5 ! occasion requires1 approa* dea?1 on :i* we are sure t ev5 if ! *ief good is n cont9u$1 at lea/ no evil is4 ,su* a man w\ld ev5 wi% to die1 :il/ 9 prosp]ity2 = all ! fav\rs t c\ld be heap$ on him1 w\ld n be s agreeable to him1 z ! loss ( !m w\ld be pa9ful4 ,t spee* ( ! ,lac$monian seems to h ! same mean+1 :o1 :5 ,diagoras ! ,rhodian1 :o _h himself be5 a conqu]or at ! ,olympic games1 saw two ( 8 own sons conqu]ors !re on ! same day1 approa*$ ! old man1 & congratulat+ him1 said1 8,y %\ld die n[1 ,diagoras1 = no great] happ9ess c possibly await y40 ,! ,greeks look on ^! z great ?+s2 p]haps !y ?9k too highly ( !m1 or r !y did s !n4 ,& s he :o said ?is to ,diagoras1 look+ on x z some?+ v glori\s1 t ?ree m5 out ( "o family %\ld h be5 conqu]ors !re1 ?\ght x c\ld answ] no purpose to him1 to cont9ue any long] 9 life1 :]e he c\ld only be expos$ to a rev]se ( =tune4 ,i might h giv5 y a suffici5t answ]1 z x seems to me1 on ?is po9t1 9 a few words1 z y _h all[$ ! dead 7 n expos$ to any positive evil2 b ,i h spok5 at great] l5g? on ! subject = ?is reason1 because ?is is our greate/ consolation 9 ! los+ & bewail+ ( our fri5ds4 ,= we ought to be> ) mod]ation any grief :i* arises f ourselves1 or is endur$ on our own acc\nt1 le/ we %\ld seem to be too mu* influ5c$ by self-love4 ,b %\ld we suspect our dep>t$ fri5ds to be "u ^? evils1 :i* !y are g5]ally imag9$ to be & to be s5sible ( !m1 !n su* a suspicion w\ld give u intol]able pa92 & accord+ly ,i wi%$1 = my own sake1 to pluck up ?is op9ion by ! roots1 & on t acc\nt ,i h be5 p]haps some:at m prolix ?an 0 necess>y4 ,,xlvii4 ,a4 ,m prolix ?an 0 necess>y8 c]ta9ly n1 9 my op9ion4 ,= ,i 0 induc$ by ! =m] "p ( y\r spee*1 to wi% to die2 b1 by ! latt]1 sometimes n to be unwill+1 & at o!rs to be :olly indiff]5t ab\t x4 ,b ! effect ( y\r :ole argum5t is1 t ,i am conv9c$ t dea? ought n to be class$ among ! evils4 ,m4 ,d y1 !n1 expect t ,i am to give y a regul> p]oration1 l ! rhetoricians1 or %all ,i =ego t art8 ,a4 ,i w\ld n h y give ov] an art :i* y h set (f to su* advantage2 & y 7 9 ! "r to d s1 =1 to speak ! tru?1 x also has set y (f4 ,b :at is t p]oration8 = ,i %\ld be glad to he> x1 :atev] x is4 ,m4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 ! s*ools1 to produce ! op9ions ( ! immortal gods on dea?2 nor are ^! op9ions ! fruits ( ! imag9ation alone ( ! lectur]s1 b !y h ! au?ority ( ,h]odotus & _m o!rs4 ,cleobis & ,biton are ! fir/ !y m5tion1 sons ( ! ,argive prie/ess2 ! /ory is a well-kn[n "o4 ,z x 0 necess>y t %e %\ld be drawn 9 a *>iot to a c]ta9 annual sacrifice1 :i* 0 solemniz$ at a temple "s consid]able di/ance f ! t[n1 & ! cattle t 7 to draw ! *>iot _h n arriv$1 ^? two "y m5 :om ,i h j m5tion$1 pull+ (f _! g>m5ts1 & ano9t+ _! bodies ) oil1 h>ness$ !mselves to ! yoke4 ,& 9 ?is mann] ! prie/ess 0 convey$ to ! temple2 & :5 ! *>iot _h arriv$ at ! prop] place1 %e is said to h entreat$ ! goddess to be/[ on !m1 z a rew>d = _! piety1 ! greate/ gift t a ,god c\ld conf] on man4 ,& ! "y m51 aft] hav+ fea/$ ) _! "m1 fell asleep2 & 9 ! morn+ !y 7 f\nd dead4 ,trophonius & ,agam$es are said to h put up ! same petition1 = !y hav+ built a temple to ,apollo at ,delphi1 (f]$ supplications to ! god1 & desir$ ( him "s extraord9>y rew>d = _! c>e & lab\r1 p>ticul>iz+ no?+1 b ask+ = :atev] 0 be/ = m54 ,accord+ly1 ,apollo signifi$ to !m t he w\ld be/[ x on !m 9 ?ree days1 & on ! ?ird day at daybreak !y 7 f\nd dead4 ,& s !y say t ?is 0 a =mal decision pron\nc$ by t god1 to :om ! re/ ( ! deities h assign$ ! prov9ce ( div9+ ) an accuracy sup]ior to t ( all ! re/4 ,,xlviii4 ,!re is also a /ory told ( ,sil5us1 :o1 :5 tak5 prison] by ,midas1 is said to h made him ?is pres5t = 8 ransom2 namely1 t he in=m$ him7#gd7 t nev] to h be5 born1 0 by f> ! greate/ bless+ t c\ld happ5 to man2 & t ! next be/ ?+ 01 to die v soon2 :i* v op9ion ,euripides makes use ( 9 8 ,cresphontes1 say+1-- ,:5 man is born1 'tis fit1 ) solemn %[1 ,we speak our s5se ( 8 approa*+ woe1 ,) o!r ge/ures1 & a diff]5t eye1 ,proclaim our pleasure :5 he's bid to die47#ge7 ,!re is some?+ l ?is 9 ,crantor's ,consolation2 = he says1 t ,t]9u ( ,elysia1 :5 he 0 bitt]ly lam5t+ ! loss ( 8 son1 came to a place ( div9ation to be in=m$ :y he 0 visit$ ) s great affliction1 & receiv$ 9 8 tablet ^! ?ree v]ses1-- ,?\ fool1 to murmur at ,eu?yn\s' dea? ,! bloom+ y\? to fate resigns 8 brea?3 ,! fate1 :]eon y\r happ9ess dep5ds1 ,at once ! p>5t & ! son befri5ds47#gf7 ,on ^! & simil> au?orities !y affirm t ! "q has be5 det]m9$ by ! ,gods4 ,nay m2 ,alcidamas1 an anci5t rhetorician ( ! v highe/ reputation1 wrote ev5 9 praise ( dea?1 :i* he endeav\r$ to e/abli% by an enum]ation ( ! evils ( life2 & 8 ,diss]tation has a great deal ( eloqu5ce 9 x1 b he 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! m ref9$ argum5ts ( ! philosoph]s4 ,by ! orators1 inde$1 to die = our c\ntry is always consid]$ n only z glori\s1 b ev5 z happy2 !y g back z f> z ,ere*!us17#gg7 ^: v daught]s und]w5t dea?1 = ! safety ( _! fell[-citiz5s3 !y in/ance ,codrus1 :o ?rew himself into ! mid/ ( 8 enemies1 dress$ l a common man1 t 8 royal robes might n betray him2 because ! oracle _h decl>$ ! ,a!nians conqu]ors1 if _! k+ 0 sla94 ,m5ceus7#gh7 is n ov]look$ by !m1 :o1 9 compliance ) ! injunctions ( an oracle1 freely %$ 8 blood = 8 c\ntry4 ,iphig5ia ord]$ h]self to be convey$ to ,aulis1 to be sacrific$1 t h] blood might be ! cause ( spill+ t ( h] enemies4 ,,xlix4 ,f h5ce !y proce$ to in/ances ( a fre%] date4 ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton are 9 ev]ybody's m\?2 ! memory ( ,leonidas ! ,lac$monian1 & ,epam9ondas ! ,!ban1 is z fre% z ev]4 ,^? philosoph]s 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! _m in/ances 9 our c\ntry--to give a li/ ( :om w\ld take up too mu* "t--:o1 we see1 consid]$ dea? desirable z long z x 0 accompani$ ) hon\r4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is is ! correct view ( ! case1 we mu/ use mu* p]suasion1 speak z if we 7 endu$ ) "s high] au?ority1 9 ord] to br+ m5 to beg9 to wi% to die1 or cease to be afraid ( dea?4 ,= if t la/ day does n occasion an entire ext9ction1 b a *ange ( abode only1 :at c be m desirable8 & if x on ! o!r h& de/roys1 & absolutely puts an end to u1 :at c be pref]able to ! hav+ a deep sleep fall on u1 9 ! mid/ ( ! fatigues ( life1 & be+ ?us ov]tak51 to sleep to et]nity8 ,&1 %\ld ?is really be ! case1 !n ,ennius's language is m consi/5t ) wisdom ?an ,solon's2 = our ,ennius says-- ,let none be/[ ^u my pass+ bi] ,"o ne$less sigh or unavail+ te>4 ,b ! wise ,solon says-- ,let me n unlam5t$ die1 b o'er my bi] ,bur/ =? ! t5d] sigh1 ! fri5dly te>47#gi7 ,b let u1 if inde$ x %\ld be our fate to "k ! "t :i* is appo9t$ by ! ,gods = u to die1 prep>e ourselves = x1 ) a *e]ful & grateful m9d1 ?9k+ ourselves l m5 :o are deliv]$ f a jail1 & releas$ f _! fett]s1 = ! purpose ( go+ back to our et]nal habitation1 :i* may be m emphatically call$ our own2 or else to be dive/$ ( all s5se & tr\ble4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld h no notice giv5 u ( ?is decree1 yet let u cultivate su* a disposition z to look on t =midable h\r ( dea? z happy = u1 ?\gh %ock+ to our fri5ds2 & let u nev] imag9e any?+ to be an evil1 :i* is an appo9tm5t ( ! immortal ,gods1 or ( nature1 ! common p>5t ( all4 ,= x is n by haz>d or )\t design t we h be5 born & situat$ z we h4 ,on ! contr>y1 beyond all d\bt !re is a c]ta9 p[]1 :i* consults ! happ9ess ( human nature2 & ?is w\ld nei!r h produc$ nor provid$ = a be+1 :i* aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh ! lab\rs ( life 0 to fall into et]nal mis]y by dea?4 ,let u r inf]1 t we h a retreat & hav5 prep>$ = u1 :i* ,i wi% we c\ld cr[d all sail & arrive at2 b ?\gh ! w9ds %\ld n s]ve1 & we %\ld be driv5 back1 yet we %all to a c]ta9ty arrive at t po9t ev5tually1 ?\gh some:at lat]4 ,b h[ c t be mis]able = "o :i* all mu/ ( necessity und]go8 ,i h giv5 y a p]oration1 t y might n ?9k ,i _h ov]look$ or neglect$ any?+4 ,a4 ,i am p]suad$ y h n2 &1 inde$1 t p]oration has confirm$ me4 ,m4 ,i am glad x has _h t effect2 b x is n[ "t to consult our heal?2 to-morr[1 & all ! "t we cont9ue 9 ?is ,tusculan villa1 let u consid] ?is subject2 & especially ^? portions ( x :i* may ease our pa91 alleviate our fe>s1 & less5 our desires1 :i* is ! greate/ advantage we c reap f ! :ole ( philosophy4 ,book ,,ii4 ,on ,be>+ ,pa94 ,i4 ,neoptolemus1 9 ,ennius1 inde$1 says1 t ! /udy ( philosophy 0 exp$i5t = him2 b t x requir$ limit+ to a few subjects1 = t to give himself up entirely to x1 0 :at he did n approve (4 ,& = my "p1 ,brutus1 ,i am p]fectly p]suad$ t x is exp$i5t = me to philosophize2 = :at c ,i d bett]1 especially z ,i h no regul> occupation8 b ,i am n = limit+ my philosophy to a few subjects1 z he does2 = philosophy is a matt] 9 :i* x is difficult to acquire a little k )\t acqua9t+ y\rself ) _m1 or all its bran*es1 nor c y well take a few subjects )\t select+ !m out ( a great numb]2 nor c any "o1 :o has acquir$ ! k ( a few po9ts1 avoid endeav\r+ ) ! same eag]ness to und]/& m4 ,b /ill1 9 a busy life1 & 9 "o ma9ly occupi$ ) milit>y matt]s1 su* z t ( ,neoptolemus 0 at t "t1 ev5 t limit$ degree ( acqua9tance ) philosophy may be ( great use1 & may yield fruit1 n p]haps s pl5tiful z a ?or\gh k ( ! :ole ( philosophy1 b yet su* z 9 "s degree may at times deliv] u f ! dom9ion ( our desires1 our sorr[s1 & our fe>s2 j z ! effect ( t discussion :i* we lately ma9ta9$ 9 my ,tusculan villa seem$ to be1 t a great contempt ( dea? 0 eng5d]$2 :i* contempt is ( no small efficacy t[>ds deliv]+ ! m9d f fe>2 = :oev] dreads :at _c be avoid$1 c by no means live ) a quiet & tranquil m9d4 ,b he :o is "u no fe> ( dea?1 n only because x is a ?+ absolutely inevitable1 b also because he is p]suad$ t dea? itself ha? no?+ t]rible 9 x1 provides himself ) a v great res\rce t[>ds a happy life4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am n ignorant1 t _m w argue /r5u\sly aga9/ u2 &1 inde$1 t is a ?+ :i* c nev] be avoid$1 except by ab/a9+ f writ+ at all4 ,= if my ,orations1 :i* 7 address$ to ! judgm5t & approbation ( ! p1 7= t is a popul> art1 & ! object ( oratory is popul> applause17 h be5 criticis$ by "s p :o are incl9$ to )hold _! praise f e ?+ b :at !y are p]suad$ !y c atta9 to !mselves1 & :o limit _! ideas ( good speak+ by ! hopes :i* !y conceive ( :at !y !mselves may atta9 to1 & :o decl>e1 :5 !y are ov]:elm$ ) a fl[ ( words & s5t5ces1 t !y pref] ! utmo/ pov]ty ( ?\ght & expression to t pl5ty & copi\sness2 7f :i* arose ! ,attic k9d ( oratory1 :i* !y :o pr(ess$ x 7 /rang]s to1 ?\gh !y h n[ be5 "s "t sil5c$1 & laugh$ out ( ! v c\rts ( ju/ice27 :at may ,i n expect1 :5 at pres5t ,i _c h ! lea/ c\nt5ance f ! p1 by :om ,i us$ to be upheld be=e8 ,= philosophy is satisfi$ ) a few judges1 & ( h] own accord indu/ri\sly avoids ! multitude1 :o are jeal\s ( x1 & utt]ly displeas$ ) x2 s t1 %\ld any "o und]take to cry d[n ! :ole ( x1 he w\ld h ! p on 8 side2 :ile1 if he %\ld attack t s*ool :i* ,i p>ticul>ly pr(ess1 he w\ld h great assi/ance f ^? ( ! o!r philosoph]s4 ,,ii4 ,b ,i h answ]$ ! detractors ( philosophy 9 g5]al1 9 my ,hort5sius4 ,& :at ,i _h to say 9 fav\r ( ! ,academics1 is1 ,i ?9k1 expla9$ ) suffici5t accuracy 9 my f\r books ( ! ,academic ,"q4 ,b yet ,i am s f> f desir+ t no "o %\ld write aga9/ me1 t x is :at ,i mo/ e>ne/ly wi%2 = philosophy w\ld nev] h be5 9 su* e/eem 9 ,greece itself1 if x _h n be5 = ! /r5g? :i* x acquir$ f ! cont5tions & disputations ( ! mo/ le>n$ m52 & !re=e ,i recomm5d all m5 :o h abilities to foll[ my advice1 to snat* ?is art also f decl9+ ,greece1 & to transport x to ?is city2 z our ance/ors by _! /udy & indu/ry h import$ all _! o!r arts1 :i* 7 wor? hav+4 ,?us ! praise ( oratory1 rais$ f a l[ degree1 is arriv$ at su* p]fection1 t x mu/ n[ decl9e1 &1 z is ! nature ( all ?+s1 v]ge to its dissolution 9 a v %ort "t4 ,let philosophy !n d]ive its bir? 9 ,lat9 language f ?is "t1 & let u l5d x our assi/ance1 & be> pati5tly to be contradict$ & refut$2 & al?\gh ^? m5 may dislike su* treatm5t :o are b\nd & devot$ to c]ta9 pr$et]m9$ op9ions1 & are "u su* obligations to ma9ta9 !m t !y are =c$1 = ! sake ( consi/5cy1 to adh]e to !m ev5 ?\gh !y d n !mselves :olly approve ( !m2 we1 on ! o!r h&1 :o pursue only probabilities1 & :o _c g beyond t :i* seems really likely1 c confute o!rs )\t ob/9acy1 & are prep>$ to be confut$ ourselves )\t res5tm5t4 ,besides1 if ^! /udies are ev] br\ght home to u1 we %all n want ev5 ,greek libr>ies1 9 :i* !re is an inf9ite numb] ( books1 by reason ( ! multitude ( au?ors among !m2--= x is a common practice ) _m to repeat ! same ?+s :i* h be5 writt5 by o!rs1 :i* s]ves no purpose1 b to /uff _! %elves3 & ?is w be our case1 too1 if _m apply !mselves to ?is /udy4 ,,iii4 ,b let u excite ^?1 if possible1 :o h _h a lib]al education1 & are ma/]s ( an elegant /yle1 & :o philosophize ) reason & me?od4 ,= !re is a c]ta9 class ( !m :o w\ld will+ly be call$ philosoph]s1 ^: books 9 our language are said to be num]\s1 & :i* ,i d n despise1 = inde$ ,i nev] read !m3 b /ill because ! au?ors !mselves decl>e t !y write )\t any regul>ity1 or me?od1 or elegance1 or ornam5t1 ,i d n c>e to read :at mu/ be s void ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,!re is no "o 9 ! lea/ acqua9t$ ) lit]ature1 :o does n "k ! /yle & s5tim5ts ( t s*ool2 :]e=e1 s9ce !y are at no pa9s to express !mselves well1 ,i d n see :y !y %\ld be read by anybody except by "o ano!r3 let !m read !m1 if !y please1 :o are ( ! same op9ions3 = 9 ! same mann] z all m5 read ,plato1 & ! o!r ,socratics1 ) ^? :o sprung f !m1 ev5 ^? :o d n agree ) _! op9ions1 or are v indiff]5t ab\t !m2 b sc>cely any "o except _! own disciples1 take ,epicurus1 or ,metrodorus1 into _! h&s2 s !y alone read ^! ,lat9 books1 :o ?9k t ! argum5ts conta9$ 9 !m are s\nd4 ,b1 9 my op9ion1 :atev] is publi%$1 %\ld be recomm5d$ to ! read+ ( e man ( le>n+2 & ?\gh we may n succe$ 9 ?is ourselves1 yet nev]!less we mu/ be s5sible t ?is ought to be ! aim ( e writ]4 ,& on ?is acc\nt ,i h always be5 pleas$ ) ! cu/om ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 & ,academics1 ( disput+ on bo? sides ( ! "q2 n solely f its be+ ! only me?od ( discov]+ :at is probable on e subject1 b also because x af=ds ! greate/ scope = practis+ eloqu5ce2 a me?od t ,ari/otle fir/ made use (1 & aft]w>d all ! ,ari/otelians2 & 9 our own memory ,philo1 :om we h (t5 he>d1 appo9t$ "o "t to treat ( ! precepts ( ! rhetoricians1 & ano!r = philosophical discussion1 to :i* cu/om ,i 0 br\ght to con=m by my fri5ds at my ,tusculum2 & accord+ly our leisure "t 0 sp5t 9 ?is mann]4 ,& !re=e1 z ye/]day be=e noon1 we appli$ ourselves to speak+2 & 9 ! aft]noon w5t d[n into ! ,academy3 ! discussions :i* 7 held !re ,i h acqua9t$ y )1 n 9 ! mann] ( a n>ration1 b 9 almo/ ! v same words :i* 7 employ$ 9 ! debate4 ,,iv4 ,! disc\rse1 !n1 0 introduc$ 9 ?is mann]1 :il/ we 7 walk+1 & x 0 comm5c$ by "s su* an op5+ z ?is4 ,a4 ,x is n to be express$ h[ mu* ,i 0 delight$1 or r edifi$1 by y\r disc\rse ( ye/]day4 ,= al?\gh ,i am consci\s to myself t ,i h nev] be5 too fond ( life1 yet at times1 :5 ,i h consid]$ t !re w\ld be an end to ?is life1 & t ,i mu/ "s "t or o!r "p ) all its good ?+s1 a c]ta9 dread & uneas9ess us$ to intrude itself on my ?\ghts2 b n[1 believe me1 ,i am s fre$ f t k9d ( uneas9ess1 t !re is no?+ t ,i ?9k less wor? any reg>d4 ,m4 ,i am n at all surpris$ at t1 = x is ! effect ( philosophy1 :i* is ! m$ic9e ( our s\ls2 x bani%es all gr\ndless appreh5sions1 frees u f desires1 & drives away fe>s3 b x has n ! same influ5ce ov] all m52 x is ( v great influ5ce :5 x falls 9 ) a disposition well adapt$ to x4 ,= n only does ,=tune1 z ! old prov]b says1 assi/ ! bold1 b reason does s 9 a /ill great] degree2 = x1 by c]ta9 precepts1 z x 71 /r5g!ns ev5 c\rage itself4 ,y 7 born naturally great & so>+1 & ) a contempt = all ?+s :i* p]ta9 to man alone2 !re=e a disc\rse aga9/ dea? took easy possession ( a brave s\l4 ,b d y imag9e t ^! same argum5ts h any =ce ) ^? v p]sons :o h inv5t$1 & canvass$1 & publi%$ !m1 except+ inde$ "s v few p>ticul> p]sons8 ,= h[ few philosoph]s w y meet )1 ^: life & mann]s are con=mable to ! dictates ( reason6 :o look on _! pr(ession1 n z a means ( display+ _! le>n+1 b z a rule = _! own practice6 :o foll[ _! own precepts1 & comply )1 _! own decrees6 ,y may see "s ( su* levity1 & su* vanity1 t x w\ld h be5 bett] = !m to h be5 ignorant2 "s covet\s ( money1 "s o!rs eag] = glory1 _m slaves to _! lu/s2 s t _! disc\rses & _! actions are mo/ /rangely at v>iance2 ?an :i* no?+ 9 my op9ion c be m unbecom+3 = j z if "o :o pr(ess$ to tea* gramm>1 %\ld speak ) impropriety2 or a ma/] ( music s+ out ( tune2 su* conduct has ! worse appe>ance 9 ^! m51 because !y blund] 9 ! v p>ticul> ) :i* !y pr(ess t !y are well acqua9t$3 s a philosoph]1 :o errs 9 ! conduct ( 8 life1 is ! m infam\s1 because he is err+ 9 ! v ?+ :i* he pret5ds to tea*1 & :il/ he lays d[n rules to regulate life by1 is irregul> 9 8 own life4 ,v4 ,a4 ,%\ld ?is be ! case1 is x n to be fe>$ t y are dress+ up philosophy 9 false col\rs8 = :at /rong] argum5t c !re be t x is ( little use1 ?an t "s v pr(\nd philosoph]s live 9 a discr$itable mann]8 ,m4 ,t1 inde$1 is no argum5t at all1 = z all ! fields :i* are cultivat$ are n fruitful1 7& ?is s5tim5t ( ,accius is false1 & ass]t$ )\t any f\ndation1 ,! gr\nd y s[ on1 is ( small avail2 ,to yield a crop good se$ c nev] fail37 x is n e m9d :i* has be5 prop]ly cultivat$ t produces fruit2--& to g on ) ! comp>ison1 z a field1 al?\gh x may be naturally fruitful _c produce a crop1 )\t dress+1 s nei!r c ! m9d1 )\t education2 su* is ! weakness ( ei!r )\t ! o!r4 ,:]eas philosophy is ! culture ( ! m9d3 ?is x is :i* plucks up vices by ! roots2 prep>es ! m9d = ! receiv+ ( se$s1 commits !m to x1 or1 z ,i may say1 s[s !m1 9 ! hope t1 :5 come to maturity1 !y may produce a pl5tiful h>ve/4 ,let u proce$1 !n1 z we begun2 say1 if y please1 :at %all be ! subject ( our disputation4 ,a4 ,i look on pa9 to be ! greate/ ( all evils4 ,m4 ,:at1 ev5 great] ?an infamy8 ,a4 ,i d>e n inde$ ass]t t1 & ,i blu% to ?9k ,i am s soon driv5 f my gr\nd4 ,m4 ,y w\ld h _h great] reason = blu%+ _h y p]sev]$ 9 x2 = :at is s unbecom+--:at c appe> worse to y1 ?an disgrace1 wick$ness1 immorality8 ,to avoid :i*1 :at pa9 is !re :i* we ought n 7,i w n say to avoid %irk+1 b ev57 ( our own accord to enc\nt]1 & und]go1 & ev5 to c\rt8 ,a4 ,i am entirely ( t op9ion2 b not)/&+ t pa9 is n ! greate/ evil1 yet surely x is an evil4 ,m4 ,d y p]ceive1 !n1 h[ mu* ( ! t]ror ( pa9 y h giv5 up on a small h9t8 ,a4 ,i see t pla9ly2 b ,i %\ld be glad to give up m ( x4 ,m4 ,i w endeav\r to make y d s1 b x is a great und]tak+1 & ,i mu/ h a disposition on y\r "p1 :i* is n incl9$ to (f] any ob/acles4 ,a4 ,y %all h su*3 = z ,i behav$ ye/]day1 s n[ ,i w foll[ reason :]ev] %e leads4 ,,vi4 ,m4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i w speak ( ! weakness ( _m philosoph]s1 & ^? too ( v>i\s sects2 ! head ( :om1 bo? 9 au?ority & antiquity1 0 ,ari/ippus1 ! pupil ( ,socrates1 :o hesitat$ n to say1 t pa9 0 ! greate/ ( all evils4 ,& aft] him ,epicurus easily gave into ?is effem9ate & en]vat$ doctr9e4 ,aft] him ,hi]onymus1 ! ,rhodian1 said1 t to be )\t pa9 0 ! *ief good1 s great an evil did pa9 appe> to him to be4 ,! re/1 ) ! exceptions ( ,z5o1 ,ari/o1 ,pyrrho1 7 pretty mu* ( ! same op9ion t y 7 ( j n[1 t x 0 inde$ an evil1 b t !re 7 _m worse4 ,:5 !n nature h]self & a c]ta9 g5]\s feel+ ( virtue at once prev5ts y f p]si/+ 9 ! ass]tion t pa9 is ! *ief evil1 & :5 y 7 driv5 f su* an op9ion :5 disgrace 0 contra/$ ) pa91 %all philosophy1 ! preceptress ( life1 cl+ to ?is idea = s _m ages8 ,:at duty ( life1 :at praise1 :at reputation w\ld be ( su* consequ5ce t a man %\ld be desir\s ( ga9+ x at ! exp5se ( submitt+ to bodily pa91 :5 he has p]suad$ himself t pa9 is ! greate/ evil8 ,on ! o!r side1 :at disgrace1 :at ignom9y1 w\ld he n submit to1 t he might avoid pa91 :5 p]suad$ t x 0 ! greate/ ( evils8 ,besides1 :at p]son1 if x be only true t pa9 is ! greate/ ( evils1 is n mis]able1 n only :5 he actually feels pa91 b also :5ev] he is aw>e t x may befal him8 ,& :o is !re :om pa9 may n befal8 s t x is cle> t !re is absolutely no "o :o c possibly be happy4 ,metrodorus1 inde$1 ?9ks t man p]fectly happy1 ^: body is free f all disord]s1 & :o has an assurance t x w always cont9ue s2 b :o is !re :o c be assur$ ( t8 ,,vii4 ,b ,epicurus1 inde$1 says su* ?+s t x %\ld seem t 8 design 0 only to make p laugh2 = he affirms some:]e1 t if a wise man 7 to be burn$1 or put to ! torture1--y expect1 p]haps1 t he is go+ to say he w\ld be> x1 he w\ld support himself "u x ) resolution6 he w\ld n yield to x1 & t1 by ,h]cules6 w\ld he v comm5dable1 & wor?y ( t v ,h]cules :om ,i h j invok$3 b ev5 ?is w n satisfy ,epicurus1 t robu/ & h>dy man6 ,no2 8 wise man1 ev5 if he 7 9 ,phal>is's bull1 w\ld say1 ,h[ sweet x is6 h[ little d ,i reg>d x6 ,:at sweet8 is x n suffici5t1 if x is n disagreeable8 ,b ^? v m5 :o d5y pa9 to be an evil1 are n 9 ! habit ( say+ t x is agreeable to any "o to be torm5t$2 !y r say1 t x is cruel1 or h>d to be>1 afflict+1 unnatural1 b /ill n an evil3 :ile ?is man :o says t x is ! only evil1 & ! v wor/ ( all evils1 yet ?9ks t a wise man w\ld pron\nce x sweet4 ,i d n require ( y to speak ( pa9 9 ! same words :i* ,epicurus uses--a man1 z y "k1 devot$ to pleasure3 he may make no diff]5ce1 if he pleases1 betwe5 ,phal>is's bull1 & 8 own b$3 b ,i _c all[ ! wise man to be s indiff]5t ab\t pa94 ,if he be>s x ) c\rage1 x is suffici5t2 t he %\ld rejoice 9 x1 ,i d n expect2 = pa9 is1 beyond all "q1 %>p1 bitt]1 aga9/ nature1 h>d to submit to1 & to be>4 ,obs]ve ,philoctetes3 ,we may all[ him to lam5t1 = he saw ,h]cules himself groan+ l\dly ?r\gh extremity ( pa9 on m\nt ta3 ! arr[s ) :i* ,h]cules pres5t$ him1 7 !n no consolation to him1 :5 ,! vip]'s bite1 impregnat+ 8 ve9s ,) poison1 rack'd him ) its bitt] pa9s4 ,& !re=e he cries out1 desir+ help1 & wi%+ to die1 ,oh6 t "s fri5dly h& its aid w\ld l5d1 ,my body f ?is rock's va/ height to s5d ,into ! br9y deep6 ,i'm all on fire1 ,& by ?is fatal w\nd mu/ soon expire4 ,x is h>d to say t ! man :o 0 oblig$ to cry out 9 ?is mann]1 0 n oppress$ ) evil1 & great evil too4 ,,viii4 ,b let u obs]ve ,h]cules himself1 :o 0 subdu$ by pa9 at ! v "t :5 he 0 on ! po9t ( atta9+ immortality by dea?4 ,:at words does ,sophocles "h put 9 8 m\?1 9 8 ,tra*9i8 :o1 :5 ,deianira _h put ^u him a tunic dy$ 9 ! c5taur's blood1 & x /uck to 8 entrails1 says1 ,:at tortures ,i endure no words c tell1 ,f> great] ^!1 ?an ^? :i* er/ befel ,f ! dire t]ror ( ?y consort1 ,jove2 ,e'en /]n ,eury/heus' dire comm& above2 ,?is ( ?y daught]1 neus1 is ! fruit1 ,beguil+ me ) h] env5om'd suit1 ,^: close embrace do? on my entrails prey1 ,consum+ life2 my lungs =bid to play2 ,! blood =sakes my ve9s1 my manly he>t ,=gets to beat2 en]vat$1 ea* "p ,neglects its (fice1 :il/ my fatal doom ,proce$s ignobly f ! weav]'s loom4 ,! h& ( foe ne'er hurt me1 nor ! fi]ce ,giant issu+ f 8 p>5t e>?4 ,ne'er c\ld ! ,c5taur su* a bl[ en=ce1 ,no b>b>\s foe1 nor all ! ,grecian =ce2 ,?is arm no savage p c\ld )/&1 ,^: realms ,i trav]s$ to re=m ! l&4 ,?us1 ?\gh ,i ev] bore a manly he>t1 ,i fall a victim to a woman's art4 ,,ix4 ,assi/1 my son1 if ?\ t "n do/ he>1 ,my groans pref]r+ to ?y "m's te>2 ,convey h] "h1 if1 9 ?y pi\s he>t1 ,?y "m %>es n an unequal "p3 ,proce$1 be bold1 ?y fa!r's fate bemoan1 ,nations w jo91 y w n weep alone4 ,o :at a sight is ?is same br9y s\rce1 ,unkn[n be=e1 ?r\gh all my lab\rs' c\rse6 ,t virtue1 :i* c\ld brave ea* toil b late1 ,) woman's weakness n[ bewails its fate4 ,approa*1 my son2 behold ?y fa!r laid1 ,a )]'d c>case t implores ?y aid2 ,let all behold2 & ?\1 imp]i\s ,jove1 ,on me direct ?y lightn+ f above3 ,n[ all its =ce ! poison do? assume1 ,& my burnt entrails ) its flame consume4 ,cre/-fall51 unembrac$ ,i n[ let fall ,li/less1 ^? h&s t lately conqu]'d all2 ,:5 ! ,neman lion own'd _! =ce1 ,& he indignant fell a brea?less corse3 ,! s]p5t slew1 ( ! ,l]nean lake1 ,z did ! ,hydra ( its =ce p>take3 ,by ?is1 too1 fell ! ,eryman?ian bo>3 ,e'en ,c]b]us did 8 weak /r5g? deplore4 ,?is s9ewy arm did ov]come ) ease ,t dragon1 gu>dian ( ! gold5 fleece4 ,my _m conque/s let "s o!rs trace2 ,x's m9e to say1 ,i nev] knew disgrace47#hj7 ,c we1 !n1 despise pa91 :5 we see ,h]cules himself giv+ v5t to 8 expressions ( agony ) su* impati5ce8 ,,ix4 ,let u see :at s*ylus says1 :o 0 n only a poet1 b a ,py?agorean philosoph]1 also1 = t is ! acc\nt :i* y h receiv$ ( him2 h[ do? he make ,prome!us be> ! pa9 he suff]$ = ! ,lemnian !ft1 :5 he cl&e/9ely /ole away ! cele/ial fire1 & be/[$ x on m51 & 0 sev]ely puni%$ by ,jupit] = ! !ft4 ,fa/5$ to m\nt ,caucasus1 he speaks ?us3 ,?\ heav'n-born race ( ,titans "h fa/ b\nd1 ,behold ?y bro!r6 ,z ! sailors s\nd ,) c>e ! bottom1 & _! %ips conf9e ,to "s safe %ore1 ) an*or & ) l9e3 ,s1 by ,jove's dread decree ! god ( fire ,conf9es me "h ! victim ( ,jove's ire4 ,) baneful art 8 dire ma*9e he %apes2 ,f su* a god :at mortal e'er escapes8 ,:5 ea* ?ird day %all triumph o'er ! night1 ,!n do? ! vulture1 ) 8 talons light1 ,seize on my entrails2 :i*1 9 rav'n\s guise1 ,he preys on6 !n ) w+ ext5d$ flies ,al(t1 & bru%es ) 8 plumes ! gore3 ,b :5 dire ,jove my liv] do? re/ore1 ,back he returns impetu\s to 8 prey1 ,clapp+ 8 w+s1 he cuts ?' e!real way4 ,?us d ,i n\ri% ) my blood ?is pe/1 ,conf9$ my arms1 unable to conte/2 ,entreat+ only1 t 9 pity ,jove ,w\ld take my life1 & ?is curs$ plague remove4 ,b endless ages pa/1 unhe>d my moan1 ,soon] %all drops dissolve ?is v /one47#ha7 ,& !re=e x sc>cely seems possible to avoid call+ a man :o is suff]+1 mis]able2 & if he is mis]able1 !n pa9 is an evil4 ,,xi4 ,a4 ,hi!rto y are on my side2 ,i w see to t by-&-by2 &1 9 ! mean:ile1 :5ce are ^? v]ses8 ,i d n rememb] !m4 ,m4 ,i w in=m y1 = y are 9 ! "r to ask4 ,d y see t ,i h mu* leisure8 ,a4 ,:at !n8 ,m4 ,i imag9e1 :5 y 7 at ,a!ns1 y att5d$ frequ5tly at ! s*ools ( ! philosoph]s4 ,a4 ,yes1 & ) great pleasure4 ,m4 ,y obs]v$ !n1 t1 ?\gh none ( !m at t "t 7 v eloqu5t1 yet !y us$ to mix v]ses ) _! h>angues4 ,a4 ,yes1 & p>ticul>ly ,dionysius1 ! ,/oic1 us$ to employ a great _m4 ,m4 ,y say "r2 b !y 7 quot$ )\t any appropriat5ess or elegance4 ,b our fri5d ,philo us$ to give a few select l9es & well adapt$2 & 9 imitation ( him1 ev] s9ce ,i took a fancy to ?is k9d ( eld]ly declamation1 ,i h be5 v fond ( quot+ our poets1 & :]e ,i _c be suppli$ f !m1 ,i translate f ! ,greek1 t ! ,lat9 language may n want any k9d ( ornam5t 9 ?is k9d ( disputation4 ,b d y n see h[ mu* h>m is done by poets8 ,!y introduce ! brave/ m5 lam5t+ ov] _! mis=tunes3 !y s(t5 our m9ds1 & !y are besides s ent]ta9+1 t we d n only read !m1 b get !m by he>t4 ,?us ! influ5ce ( ! poets is add$ to our want ( discipl9e at home1 & our t5d] & delicate mann] ( liv+1 s t betwe5 !m !y h depriv$ virtue ( all its vig\r & en]gy4 ,plato !re=e 0 "r 9 bani%+ !m f 8 commonweal?1 :]e he requir$ ! be/ morals1 & ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,b we1 :o h all our le>n+ f ,greece1 read & le>n ^! works ( !irs f our *ildhood2 & look on ?is z a lib]al & le>n$ education4 ,,xii4 ,b :y are we angry ) ! poets8 we may f9d "s philosoph]s1 ^? ma/]s ( virtue1 :o h taught t pa9 0 ! greate/ ( evils4 ,b y1 "y man1 :5 y said b j n[ t x appe>$ s to y1 ^u be+ ask$ by me :at appe>$ great] ?an infamy1 gave up t op9ion at a ^w4 ,suppose ,i ask ,epicurus ! same "q4 ,he w answ]1 t a trifl+ degree ( pa9 is a great] evil ?an ! greate/ infamy2 = t !re is no evil 9 infamy itself1 unless att5d$ ) pa94 ,:at pa9 !n att5ds ,epicurus1 :5 he says ?is v ?+1 t pa9 is ! greate/ evil2 & yet no?+ c be a great] disgrace to a philosoph] ?an to talk ?us4 ,!re=e1 y all[$ en\gh :5 y admitt$ t infamy appe>$ to y to be a great] evil ?an pa94 ,& if y abide by ?is admission1 y w see h[ f> pa9 %\ld be resi/$3 & t our inquiry %\ld be n s mu* :e!r pa9 be an evil2 z h[ ! m9d may be =tifi$ = resi/+ x4 ,! ,/oics inf] f "s petty quibbl+ argum5ts1 t x is no evil1 z if ! dispute 0 ab\t a ^w1 & n ab\t ! ?+ itself4 ,:y d y impose ^u me1 ,z5o8 = :5 y d5y :at appe>s v dreadful to me to be an evil2 ,i am deceiv$1 & am at a loss to "k :y t :i* appe>s to me to be a mo/ mis]able ?+1 %\ld be no evil4 ,! answ] is1 t no?+ is an evil b :at is base & vici\s4 ,y return to y\r trifl+1 = y d n remove :at made me uneasy4 ,i "k t pa9 is n vice1--y ne$ n in=m me ( t3 b %[ me1 t x makes no diff]5ce to me :e!r ,i am 9 pa9 or n4 ,x has nev] any?+ to d1 say y1 ) a happy life1 = t dep5ds ^u virtue alone2 b yet pa9 is to be avoid$4 ,if ,i ask1 :y8 x is disagreeable1 aga9/ nature1 h>d to be>1 w(ul & afflict+4 ,,xiii4 ,"h are _m words to express t by s _m diff]5t =ms1 :i* we call by ! s+le ^w1 evil4 ,y are def9+ pa91 in/ead ( remov+ x1 :5 y say1 x is disagreeable1 unnatural1 sc>cely possible to be endur$ or borne3 nor are y wrong 9 say+ s2 b ! man :o vaunts himself 9 su* a mann] %\ld n give way 9 8 conduct1 if x be true t no?+ is good b :at is hone/1 & no?+ evil b :at is disgraceful4 ,?is w\ld be wi%+1 n prov+4--,?is argum5t is a bett] "o1 & has m tru? 9 x1 t all ?+s :i* nature abhors are to be look$ ^u z evil2 t ^? :i* %e approves (1 are to be consid]$ z good3 = :5 ?is is admitt$1 & ! dispute ab\t words remov$1 t :i* !y ) reason embrace1 & :i* we call hone/1 "r1 becom+1 & sometimes include "u ! g5]al "n ( virtue1 appe>s s f> sup]ior to ev]y?+ else1 t all o!r ?+s :i* are look$ ^u z ! gifts ( =tune1 or ! good ?+s ( ! body1 seem trifl+ & insignificant3 & no evil :atev]1 nor all ! collective body ( evils toge!r1 appe>s to be comp>$ to ! evil ( infamy4 ,:]e=e1 if1 z y grant$ 9 ! beg9n+1 infamy is worse ?an pa91 pa9 is c]ta9ly no?+2 = :ile x appe>s to y base & unmanly to groan1 cry out1 lam5t1 or fa9t "u pa9--:ile y *]i% notions ( probity1 dignity1 hon\r1 & keep+ y\r eye on !m1 refra9 y\rself--pa9 w c]ta9ly yield to virtue1 & by ! influ5ce ( imag9ation1 w lose its :ole =ce4--,= y mu/ ei!r admit t !re is no su* ?+ z virtue1 or y mu/ despise e k9d ( pa94 ,w y all[ ( su* a virtue z prud5ce1 )\t :i* no virtue :atev] c ev5 be conceiv$8 ,:at !n8 w t suff] y to lab\r & take pa9s to no purpose8 ,w temp]ance p]mit y to d any?+ to excess8 ,w x be possible = ju/ice to be ma9ta9$ by "o :o ?r\gh ! =ce ( pa9 discov]s secrets1 or betrays 8 conf$]ates1 or des]ts _m duties ( life8 ,w y act 9 a mann] consi/5tly ) c\rage1 & its att5dants1 greatness ( s\l1 resolution1 pati5ce1 & contempt = all worldly ?+s8 ,c y he> y\rself call$ a great man1 :5 y lie grovel+1 deject$1 & deplor+ y\r condition1 ) a lam5table voice2 no "o w\ld call y ev5 a man1 :ile 9 su* a condition3 y mu/ !re=e ei!r ab&on all pret5sions to c\rage1 or else pa9 mu/ be put out ( ! "q4 ,,xiv4 ,y "k v well1 t ev5 ?\gh "p ( y\r ,cor9?ian furniture 7 gone1 ! rema9d] might be safe )\t t2 b if y lose "o virtue 7?\gh virtue 9 reality _c be lo/71 /ill if1 ,i say1 y %\ld ackn[l$ge t y 7 defici5t 9 "o1 y w\ld be /ripp$ ( all4 ,c y1 !n1 call y\rself a brave man1 ( a great s\l1 endu$ ) pati5ce & /ead9ess above ! fr[ns ( =tune8 or ,philoctetes8 = ,i *oose to in/ance him1 r ?an y\rself1 = he c]ta9ly 0 n a brave man1 :o lay 9 8 b$1 :i* 0 wat]$ ) 8 te>s1 ,^: groans1 bewail+s1 & ^: bitt] cries1 ,) grief incessant r5t ! v skies4 ,i d n d5y pa9 to be pa92 = 7 t ! case1 9 :at w\ld c\rage consi/8 b ,i say x %\ld be assuag$ by pati5ce1 if !re be su* a ?+ z pati5ce3 if !re be no su* ?+1 :y d we speak s 9 praise ( philosophy8 or :y d we glory 9 its "n8 ,does pa9 annoy u8 let x /+ u to ! he>t3 if y are )\t def5sive arm\r1 b>e y\r ?roat to x2 b if y are secur$ by ,vulcanian arm\r1 t is to say by resolution1 resi/ x2 %\ld y fail to d s1 t gu>dian ( y\r hon\r1 y\r c\rage1 w =sake & leave y4--,by ! laws ( ,lycurgus1 & by ^? :i* 7 giv5 to ! ,cretans by ,jupit]1 or :i* ,m9os e/abli%$ "u ! direction ( ,jupit]1 z ! poets say1 ! y\?s ( ! /ate are tra9$ by ! practice ( hunt+1 runn+1 endur+ hung] & ?ir/1 cold & heat4 ,! boys at ,sp>ta are sc\rg$ s at ! alt>s1 t blood foll[s ! la% 9 abundance1 nay1 sometimes1 z ,i us$ to he> :5 ,i 0 !re1 !y are :ipp$ ev5 to dea?2 & yet n "o ( !m 0 ev] he>d to cry out1 or s mu* z groan4 ,:at !n8 %all m5 n be able to be> :at boys d8 & %all cu/om h su* great =ce1 & reason none at all8 ,,xv4 ,!re is "s diff]5ce betwixt lab\r & pa92 !y bord] ^u "o ano!r1 b /ill !re is a c]ta9 diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,lab\r is a c]ta9 ex]cise ( ! m9d or body1 9 "s employm5t or und]tak+ ( s]i\s tr\ble & importance2 b pa9 is a %>p motion 9 ! body1 disagreeable to our s5ses4--,bo? ^! feel+s1 ! ,greeks1 ^: language is m copi\s ?an ours1 express by ! common "n ( 2 !re=e !y call indu/ri\s m51 pa9s-tak+1 or r fond ( lab\r2 we1 m conv5i5tly1 call !m labori\s2 = lab\r+ is "o ?+ & endur+ pa9 ano!r4 ,y see1 ,o ,greece1 y\r b>r5ness ( words1 sometimes1 ?\gh y ?9k y are always s ri* 9 !m4 ,i say1 !n1 t !re is a diff]5ce betwixt lab\r+ & be+ 9 pa94 ,:5 ,caius ,m>ius _h an op]ation p]=m$ = a swell+ 9 8 ?igh1 he felt pa92 :5 he head$ 8 troops 9 a v hot season1 he lab\r$4 ,yet ^! two feel+s be> "s resemblance to "o ano!r2 = ! accu/om+ ourselves to lab\r makes ! endurance ( pa9 m easy to u4--,& x 0 because !y 7 influ5c$ by ?is reason1 t ! f\nd]s ( ! ,grecian =m ( gov]nm5t provid$ t ! bodies ( _! y\? %\ld be /r5g!n$ by lab\r1 :i* cu/om ! ,sp>tans transf]r$ ev5 to _! wom51 :o 9 o!r cities liv$ m delicately1 keep+ )9 ! walls ( _! h\ses1 b x 0 o!rwise ) ! ,sp>tans4 ,! ,sp>tan wom51 ) a manly air1 ,fatigues & dang]s ) _! husb&s %>e3 ,!y 9 fanta/ic sports h no delight1 ,p>tn]s ) !m 9 ex]cise & fight4 ,& 9 ^! labori\s ex]cises pa9 int]f]es sometimes2 !y are ?r[n d[n1 receive bl[s1 h bad falls1 & are bruis$1 & ! lab\r itself produces a sort ( call\sness to pa94 ,,xvi4 ,z to milit>y s]vice1 7,i speak ( our own1 n ( t ( ! ,sp>tans1 = !y us$ to m>* sl[ly to ! s\nd ( ! flute1 & sc>ce a ^w ( comm& 0 giv5 )\t an anap/27 y may see 9 ! fir/ place :5ce ! v "n ( an army 7,ex]citus77#hb7 is d]iv$2 & secondly1 h[ great ! lab\r is ( an army on its m>*2 !n consid] t !y c>ry m ?an a =tnight's provision1 & :atev] else !y may want3 t !y c>ry ! bur!n ( ! /akes17#hc7 = z to %ield1 sword1 or helmet1 !y look on !m z no m encumbrance ?an _! own limbs1 = !y say t arms are ! limbs ( a soldi]1 & ^? inde$ !y c>ry s commodi\sly1 t :5 !re is occasion !y ?r[ d[n _! burd5s1 & use _! arms z readily z _! limbs4 ,:y ne$ ,i m5tion ! ex]cises ( ! legions8 & h[ great ! lab\r is :i* is und]gone 9 ! runn+1 enc\nt]s1 %\ts6 ,h5ce x is1 t _! m9ds are work$ up to make s light ( w\nds 9 action4 ,take a soldi] ( equal brav]y1 b undiscipl9$1 & he w seem a woman4 ,:y is x t !re is ?is s5sible diff]5ce betwixt a raw recruit & a vet]an soldi]8 ,! age ( ! "y soldi]s is = ! mo/ "p 9 _! fav\r1 b x is practice only t enables m5 to be> lab\r1 & despise w\nds4 ,moreov]1 we (t5 see1 :5 ! w\nd$ are c>ri$ (f ! field1 ! raw untri$ soldi]1 ?\gh b slightly w\nd$1 cries out mo/ %amefully2 b ! m brave exp]i5c$ vet]an only inquires = "s "o to dress 8 w\nds1 & says1 ,patroclus1 to ?y aid ,i mu/ appeal ,ere worse ensue1 my ble$+ w\nds to heal2 ,! sons ( sculapius are employ'd1 ,no room = me1 s _m are annoy'd4 ,,xvii4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ,eurypylus himself4 ,:at an exp]i5c$ man6--,:il/ 8 fri5d is cont9ually enl>g+ on 8 mis=tunes1 y may obs]ve t he is s f> f weep+1 t he ev5 assigns a reason :y he %\ld be> 8 w\nds ) pati5ce4 ,:o at 8 enemy a /roke directs1 ,8 sword to light ^u himself expects4 ,patroclus1 ,i suppose1 w lead him (f to 8 *amb] to b9d up 8 w\nds1 at lea/ if he be a man3 b n a ^w ( t2 he only inquires h[ ! battle w5t4 ,say h[ ! ,argives be> !mselves 9 fight8-- ,& yet no words c %[ ! tru? z well z ^?1 y\r de$s & visible suff]+s4 ,peace6 & my w\nds b9d up2 b ?\gh ,eurypylus c\ld be> ^! afflictions1 sopus c\ld n1 ,:]e ,hector's =tune press'd our yield+ troops2 & he expla9s ! re/1 ?\gh 9 pa92 s unb\nd$ is milit>y glory 9 a brave man6 ,%all1 !n1 a vet]an soldi] be able to behave 9 ?is mann]1 & %all a wise & le>n$ man n be able8 ,surely ! latt] might be able to be> pa9 bett]1 & 9 no small degree ei!r3 at pres5t1 h[ ev]1 ,i am conf9+ myself to :at is eng5d]$ practice & discipl9e4 ,i am n yet come to speak ( reason & philosophy4 ,y may (t5 he> ( old wom5 liv+ )\t victuals = ?ree or f\r days3 b take away a wre/l]'s provisions b = "o day1 & he w implore ! aid ( ,jupit] ,olympius1 ! v ,god = :om he ex]cises himself3 he w cry out t he _c endure x4 ,great is ! =ce ( cu/om6 ,sportsm5 w cont9ue :ole nights 9 ! sn[3 !y w be> be+ almo/ froz5 ^u ! m\nta9s4 ,f practice box]s w n s mu* z utt] a groan1 h[ev] bruis$ by ! ce/us4 ,b :at d y ?9k ( ^? to :om a victory 9 ! ,olympic games seem$ almo/ on a p> ) ! anci5t consul%ips ( ! ,roman p8 ,:at w\nds w ! gladiators be>1 :o are ei!r b>b>ians1 or ! v dregs ( mank9d6 ,h[ d !y1 :o are tra9$ to x1 pref] be+ w\nd$ to basely avoid+ x6 ,h[ (t5 d !y prove t !y consid] no?+ b ! giv+ satisfaction to _! ma/]s or to ! p6 = :5 cov]$ ) w\nds1 !y s5d to _! ma/]s to le>n _! pleasure2 if x is _! w1 !y are ready to lie d[n & die4 ,:at gladiator1 ( ev5 mod]ate reputation1 ev] gave a sigh8 :o ev] turn$ pale8 :o ev] disgrac$ himself ei!r 9 ! actual combat1 or ev5 :5 ab\t to die8 :o t _h be5 defeat$ ev] drew 9 8 neck to avoid ! /roke ( dea?8 ,s great is ! =ce ( practice1 delib]ation1 & cu/om6 ,%all ?is1 !n1 be done by ,a ,samnite rascal1 wor?y ( 8 trade2 & %all a man born to glory h s s(t a "p 9 8 s\l z n to be able to =tify x by reason & reflection8 ,! sight ( ! gladiators' combats is by "s look$ on z cruel & inhuman1 & ,i d n "k1 z x is at pres5t manag$1 b x may be s2 b :5 ! guilty f\ght1 we might receive by our e>s p]haps 7b c]ta9ly by our eyes we c\ld n7 bett] tra9+ to h>d5 u aga9/ pa9 & dea?4 ,,xviii4 ,i h n[ said en\gh ab\t ! effects ( ex]cise1 cu/om1 & c>eful m$itation2 proce$ we n[ to consid] ! =ce ( reason1 unless y h some?+ to reply to :at has be5 said4 ,a4 ,t ,i %\ld int]rupt y6 by no means2 = y\r disc\rse has br\ght me ov] to y\r op9ion4 ,let ! ,/oics1 !n1 ?9k x _! bus9ess to det]m9e :e!r pa9 be an evil or n1 :ile !y endeav\r to %[ by "s /ra9$ & trifl+ conclusions1 :i* are no?+ to ! purpose1 t pa9 is no evil4 ,my op9ion is1 t :atev] x is1 x is n s great z x appe>s2 & ,i say1 t m5 are influ5c$ to a great ext5t by "s false repres5tations & appe>ance ( x1 & t all :i* is really felt is capable ( be+ endur$4 ,:]e %all ,i beg91 !n8 %all ,i sup]ficially g ov] :at ,i said be=e1 t my disc\rse may h a great] scope8 ,?is1 !n1 is agre$ ^u by all1 & n only by le>n$ m51 b also by ! unle>n$1 t x becomes ! brave & magnanim\s1 ^? t h pati5ce & a _s above ?is _w1 n to give way to pa94 ,nor has !re ev] be5 any "o :o did n comm5d a man :o bore x 9 ?is mann]4 ,t1 !n1 :i* is expect$ f a brave man1 & is comm5d$ :5 x is se51 x mu/ surely be base 9 any "o to be afraid ( at its approa*1 or n to be> :5 x comes4 ,b ,i w\ld h y consid] :e!r1 z all ! "r affections ( ! s\l are class$ "u ! "n ( virtues1 ! tru? is t ?is is n prop]ly ! "n ( !m all1 b t !y all h _! "n f t lead+ virtue :i* is sup]ior to all ! re/3 = ! "n1 8virtue10 comes f vir1 a man1 & c\rage is ! peculi> di/9ction ( a man3 & ?is virtue has two pr9cipal duties1 to despise dea? & pa94 ,we mu/1 !n1 ex]t ^!1 if we w\ld be m5 ( virtue1 or r1 if we w\ld be m51 because virtue 7virtus7 takes its v "n f vir1 man4 ,,xix4 ,y may inquire1 p]haps1 h[8 & su* an inquiry is n amiss1 = philosophy is ready ) h] assi/ance4 ,epicurus (f]s himself to y1 a man f> f a bad1 or1 ,i %\ld r say1 a v good man2 he advises no m ?an he kn[s4 8,despise pa910 says he4 ,:o is x sai? ?is8 ,is x ! same man :o calls pa9 ! greate/ ( all evils8 ,x is n1 inde$1 v consi/5t 9 him4 ,let u he> :at he says3--8,if ! pa9 is excessive x mu/ ne$s be %ort40 ,i mu/ h t ov] aga91 = ,i d n appreh5d :at y mean exactly by 8excessive0 or 8%ort40 ,t is excessive1 ?an :i* no?+ c be great]2 t is %ort1 ?an :i* no?+ is %ort]4 ,i d n reg>d ! greatness ( any pa9 f :i*1 by reason ( ! %ortness ( its cont9uance1 ,i %all be deliv]$ almo/ be=e x rea*es me4 ,b1 if ! pa9 be z great z t ( ,philoctetes1 x w appe> great inde$ to me1 b yet n ! greate/ t ,i am capable ( be>+2 = ! pa9 is conf9$ to my foot3 b my eye may pa9 me1 ,i may h a pa9 9 ! head1 or sides1 or lungs1 or 9 e "p ( me4 ,x is f>1 !n1 f be+ excessive2 !re=e1 says he1 pa9 ( a long cont9uance has m pleasure 9 x ?an uneas9ess4 ,n[ ,i _c br+ myself to say s great a man talks nons5se2 b ,i imag9e he is laugh+ at u4 ,my op9ion is t ! greate/ pa9 7,i say ! greate/1 ?\gh x may be t5 atoms less ?an ano!r7 is n !re=e %ort1 because acute2 ,i c\ld "n to y a great _m good m5 :o h be5 torm5t$ _m ye>s ) ! acute/ pa9s ( ! g\t4 ,b ?is cauti\s man do? n det]m9e ! measure ( t greatness or ( duration1 s z to enable u to "k :at he calls excessive1 ) reg>d to pa91 or %ort1 ) respect to its cont9uance4 ,let u pass him by1 !n1 z "o :o says j no?+ at all2 & let u =ce him to ackn[l$ge1 not)/&+ he might behave himself some:at boldly "u 8 *olic & 8 /rangury1 t no rem$y aga9/ pa9 c be _h f him :o looks on pa9 z ! greate/ ( all evils4 ,we mu/ apply1 !n1 = relief else:]e1 & n[h]e bett] 7if we seek = :at is mo/ consi/5t ) itself7 ?an to ^? :o place ! *ief good 9 hone/y1 & ! greate/ evil 9 infamy4 ,y d>e n s mu* z groan1 or discov] ! lea/ uneas9ess 9 _! company1 = virtue itself speaks to y ?r\gh !m4 ,,xx4 ,w y1 :5 y may obs]ve *ildr5 at ,lac$mon1 & "y m5 at ,olympia1 & b>b>ians 9 ! amphi!atre1 receive ! sev]e/ w\nds1 & be> !m )\t once op5+ _! m\?s1--w y1 ,i say1 if any pa9 %\ld by *ance attack y1 cry out l a woman8 w y n r be> x ) resolution & con/ancy8 & n cry1 ,x is intol]able1 nature _c be> x4 ,i he> :at y say1--,boys be> ?is because !y are l$ !reto by glory3 "s be> x ?r\gh %ame1 _m ?r\gh fe>1 & yet are we afraid t nature _c be> :at is borne by _m1 & 9 su* diff]5t circum/ances8 ,nature n only be>s x1 b *all5ges x1 = !re is no?+ ) h] pref]able1 no?+ :i* %e desires m1 ?an cr$it1 & reputation1 & praise1 & hon\r1 & glory4 ,i *oose "h to describe ?is "o ?+ "u _m names1 & ,i h us$ _m t y may h ! cle>] idea ( x2 = :at ,i mean to say is1 t :atev] is desirable ( itself1 proce$+ f virtue1 or plac$ 9 virtue1 & comm5dable on its own acc\nt1 7:i* ,i w\ld r agree to call ! only good ?an d5y x to be ! *ief good17 is :at m5 %\ld pref] above all ?+s4 ,& z we decl>e ?is to be ! case ) respect to hone/y1 s we speak 9 ! contr>y mann] ( infamy2 no?+ is s odi\s1 s dete/able1 no?+ s unwor?y ( a man3 & if y are ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ?is 7=1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is disc\rse1 y all[$ t !re appe>$ to y m evil 9 infamy ?an 9 pa971 x foll[s t y ought to h ! comm& ov] y\rself1 ?\gh ,i sc>cely "k h[ ?is expression may seem an accurate "o1 :i* appe>s to repres5t man z made up ( two natures1 s t "o %\ld be 9 comm& & ! o!r be subject to x4 ,,xxi4 ,yet ?is division does n proce$ f ignorance2 = ! s\l admits ( a two-fold division1 "o ( :i* p>takes ( reason1 ! o!r is )\t x2 :51 !re=e1 we are ord]$ to give a law to ourselves1 ! mean+ is1 t reason %\ld re/ra9 our ra%ness4 ,!re is 9 ! s\l ( e man1 some?+ naturally s(t1 l[1 en]vat$ 9 a mann]1 & languid4 ,7 !re no?+ besides ?is1 m5 w\ld be ! greate/ ( mon/]s2 b !re is pres5t to e man reason1 :i* presides ov]1 & gives laws to all2 :i*1 by improv+ itself1 & mak+ cont9ual advances1 becomes p]fect virtue4 ,x behoves a man1 !n1 to take c>e t reason %all h ! comm& ov] t "p :i* is b\nd to practise ob$i5ce4 ,9 :at mann]8 y w say4 ,:y1 z a ma/] has ov] 8 slave1 a g5]al ov] 8 army1 a fa!r ov] 8 son4 ,if t "p ( ! s\l :i* ,i h call$ s(t behaves disgracefully1 if x gives itself up to lam5tations & womani% te>s1 !n let x be re/ra9$1 & committ$ to ! c>e ( fri5ds & relations1 = we (t5 see ^? p]sons br\ght to ord] by %ame1 :om no reasons c influ5ce4 ,!re=e1 we %\ld conf9e ^? feel+s1 l our s]vants1 9 safe cu/ody1 & almo/ ) *a9s4 ,b ^? :o h m resolution1 & yet are n utt]ly immovable1 we %\ld enc\rage ) our exhortations1 z we w\ld good soldi]s1 to recollect !mselves1 & ma9ta9 _! hon\r4 ,t wise/ man ( all ,greece1 9 ! ,niptr1 does n lam5t too mu* ov] 8 w\nds1 or r1 he is mod]ate 9 8 grief3-- ,move sl[1 my fri5ds1 y\r ha/y spe$ refra91 ,le/ by y\r motion y increase my pa94 ,pacuvius is bett] 9 ?is ?an ,sophocles1 = 9 ! "o ,ulysses bemoans 8 w\nds too vehem5tly2 = ! v p :o c>ri$ him aft] he 0 w\nd$1 ?\gh 8 grief 0 mod]ate1 yet1 consid]+ ! dignity ( ! man1 did n scruple to say1 ,& ?\1 ,ulysses1 long to w> inur$1 ,?y w\nds1 ?\gh great1 too feebly ha/ endur$4 ,! wise poet und]/ood t cu/om 0 no contemptible in/ructor h[ to be> pa94 ,b ! same h]o compla9s ) m dec5cy1 ?\gh 9 great pa91-- ,assi/1 support me1 nev] leave me s2 ,unb9d my w\nds1 oh6 execrable woe6 ,he beg9s to give way1 b in/antly *ecks himself3-- ,away1 begone1 b cov] fir/ ! sore2 ,= y\r rude h&s b make my pa9s ! m4 ,d y obs]ve h[ he con/ra9s himself2 n t 8 bodily pa9s 7 less1 b because he *ecks ! angui% ( 8 m9d8 ,!re=e1 9 ! conclusion ( ! ,niptr1 he blames o!rs1 ev5 :5 he himself is dy+3-- ,compla9ts ( =tune may become ! man1 ,none b a woman w ?us weep+ /&4 ,& s t s(t place 9 8 s\l obeys 8 reason1 j z an aba%$ soldi] does 8 /]n comm&]4 ,,xxii4 ,! man1 !n1 9 :om absolute wisdom exi/s 7su* a man1 inde$1 we h nev] z yet se51 b ! philosoph]s h describ$ 9 _! writ+s :at sort ( man he w be1 if he %\ld exi/72 su* a man1 or at lea/ t p]fect & absolute reason :i* exi/s 9 him1 w h ! same au?ority ov] ! inf]ior "p z a good p>5t has ov] 8 dutiful *ildr51 he w br+ x to obey 8 nod1 )\t any tr\ble or difficulty4 ,he w r\se himself1 prep>e & arm himself to oppose pa9 z he w\ld an enemy4 ,if y inquire :at arms he w provide himself )1 !y w be cont5tion1 enc\ragem5t1 disc\rse ) himself2 he w say ?us to himself1 ,take c>e t y are guilty ( no?+ base1 languid1 or unmanly4 ,he w turn ov] 9 8 m9d all ! diff]5t k9ds ( hon\r4 ,z5o ( ,elea w occur to him1 :o suff]$ ev]y?+ r ?an betray 8 conf$]ates 9 ! design ( putt+ an end to ! tyranny4 ,he w reflect on ,anax>*us1 ! pupil ( ,democritus1 :o hav+ fall5 into ! h&s ( ,nicocreon k+ ( ,cyprus1 )\t ! lea/ entreaty = m]cy1 or refusal1 submitt$ to e k9d ( torture4 ,calanus ! ,indian w occur to him1 an ignorant man & a b>b>ian1 born at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,caucasus1 :o committ$ himself to ! flames by 8 own free1 volunt>y act4 ,b we1 if we h ! too?-a*e1 or a pa9 9 ! foot1 or if ! body be any ways affect$1 _c be> x4 ,= our s5tim5ts ( pa91 z well z pleasure1 are s trifl+ & effem9ate1 we are s en]vat$ & relax$ by luxuries1 t we _c be> ! /+ ( a bee )\t cry+ out4 ,b ,caius ,m>ius1 a pla9 c\ntry-man1 b ( a manly s\l1 :5 he _h an op]ation p]=m$ on him1 z ,i m5tion$ above1 at fir/ refus$ to be ti$ d[n2 & he is ! fir/ in/ance ( any "o's hav+ _h an op]ation p]=m$ on him )\t be+ ti$ d[n4 ,:y1 !n1 did o!rs be> x aft]w>ds8 ,:y1 f ! =ce ( example4 ,y see1 !n1 t pa9 exi/s m 9 op9ion ?an 9 nature1 & yet ! same ,m>ius gave a pro( t !re is some?+ v %>p 9 pa91 = he w\ld n submit to h ! o!r ?igh cut4 ,s t he bore 8 pa9 ) resolution z a man2 b1 l a reasonable p]son1 he 0 n will+ to und]go any great] pa9 )\t "s necess>y reason4 ,! :ole1 !n1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t y %\ld h comm& ov] y\rself4 ,i h already told y :at k9d ( comm& ?is is2 & by consid]+ :at is mo/ consi/5t ) pati5ce1 =titude1 & greatness ( s\l1 a man n only re/ra9s himself1 b someh[ or o!r mitigates ev5 pa9 itself4 ,,xxiii4 ,ev5 z 9 a battle1 ! da/>dly & timor\s soldi] ?r[s away 8 %ield on ! fir/ appe>ance ( an enemy1 & runs z fa/ z he c1 & on t acc\nt loses 8 life sometimes1 ?\gh he has nev] receiv$ ev5 "o w\nd1 :5 he :o /&s 8 gr\nd has no?+ ( ! sort happ5 to him2 s1 !y :o _c be> ! appe>ances ( pa91 ?r[ !mselves away1 & give !mselves up to affliction & dismay2 b !y t oppose x1 (t5 come (f m ?an a mat* = x4 ,= ! body has a c]ta9 resemblance to ! s\l3 z burd5s are m easily borne ! m ! body is ex]t$1 :ile !y cru% u if we give way2 s ! s\l by ex]t+ itself resi/s ! :ole weight t w\ld oppress x2 b if x yields1 x is s press$1 t x _c support itself4 ,& if we consid] ?+s truly1 ! s\l %\ld ex]t itself 9 e pursuit1 = t is ! only security = its do+ its duty4 ,b ?is %\ld be pr9cipally reg>d$ 9 pa91 t we mu/ n d any?+ timidly1 or da/>dly1 or basely1 or slavi%ly1 or effem9ately1 & above all ?+s we mu/ dismiss & avoid t ,philoctetean sort ( outcry4 ,a man is all[$ sometimes to groan1 b yet seldom2 b x is n p]missible ev5 9 a woman to h[l2 = su* a noise z ?is is =bidd51 by ! twelve tables1 to be us$ ev5 at fun]als4 ,nor does a wise or brave man ev] groan1 unless :5 he ex]ts himself to give 8 resolution great] =ce1 z !y :o run 9 ! /adium make z mu* noise z !y c4 ,! wre/l]s1 too1 d ! same :5 !y are tra9+2 & ! box]s1 :5 !y aim a bl[ ) ! ce/us at _! adv]s>y1 give a groan1 n because !y are 9 pa91 or f a s9k+ ( _! spirits1 b because _! :ole body is put ^u ! /ret* by ! ?r[+ out ( ^! groans1 & ! bl[ comes ! /rong]4 ,,xxiv4 ,:at6 !y :o w\ld speak l\d] ?an ord9>y1 are !y satisfi$ ) work+ _! jaws1 sides1 or tongue1 or /ret*+ ! common organs ( spee* & utt]ance8 ! :ole body & e muscle is at full /ret*1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 e n]ve is ex]t$ to assi/ _! voice4 ,i h actually se5 ! knees ( ,m>cus ,antonius t\* ! gr\nd :5 he 0 speak+ ) vehem5ce = himself1 ) relation to ! ,v>ian law4 ,= z ! eng9es y ?r[ /ones or d>ts )1 ?r[ !m out ) ! great] =ce ! m !y are /ra9$ & drawn back2 s x is 9 speak+1 runn+1 or box+1 ! m p /ra9 !mselves1 ! great] _! =ce4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ?is ex]tion has s mu* influ5ce--if 9 a mom5t ( pa9 groans help to /r5g!n ! m9d1 let u use !m2 b if !y be groans ( lam5tation1 if !y be ! expression ( weakness or abjectness1 or unmanly weep+1 !n ,i %\ld sc>cely call him a man :o yield$ to !m4 ,= ev5 suppos+ t su* groan+ c\ld give any ease1 x /ill %\ld be consid]$1 :e!r x 7 consi/5t ) a brave & resolute man4 ,b1 if x does n ease our pa91 :y %\ld we debase ourselves to no purpose8 = :at is m unbecom+ 9 a man ?an to cry l a woman8 ,b ?is precept :i* is laid d[n ) respect to pa9 is n conf9$ to x2 we %\ld apply ?is ex]tion ( ! s\l to ev]y?+ else4 ,is ang] inflam$8 is lu/ excit$8 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! same citadel1 & apply to ! same arms2 b s9ce x is pa9 :i* we are at pres5t discuss+1 we w let ! o!r subjects alone4 ,to be> pa91 !n1 s$ately & calmly1 x is ( great use to consid] ) all our s\l1 z ! say+ is1 h[ noble x is to d s1 = we are naturally desir\s 7z ,i said be=e1 b x _c be too (t5 repeat$7 & v mu* incl9$ to :at is hon\rable1 ( :i*1 if we discov] b ! lea/ glimpse1 !re is no?+ :i* we are n prep>$ to und]go & suff] to atta9 x4 ,f ?is impulse ( our m9ds1 ?is desire = g5u9e glory & hon\rable conduct1 x is t su* dang]s are support$ 9 w>1 & t brave m5 are n s5sible ( _! w\nds 9 action1 or if !y are s5sible ( !m1 pref] dea? to ! dep>t+ b ! lea/ /ep f _! hon\r4 ,! ,decii saw ! %9+ swords ( _! enemies :5 !y 7 ru%+ into ! battle4 ,b ! hon\rable "* & ! glory ( ! dea? :i* !y 7 seek+1 made all fe> ( dea? ( little weight4 ,d y imag9e t ,epam9ondas groan$ :5 he p]ceiv$ t 8 life 0 fl[+ out ) 8 blood8 ,no2 = he left 8 c\ntry triumph+ ov] ! ,lac$monians1 :]eas he _h f\nd x 9 subjection to !m4 ,^! are ! com=ts1 ^! are ! ?+s t assuage ! greate/ pa94 ,,xxv4 ,y may ask1 h[ ! case is 9 peace8 :at is to be done at home8 h[ we are to behave 9 b$8 ,y br+ me back to ! philosoph]s1 :o seldom g to w>4 ,among ^!1 ,dionysius ( ,h]aclea1 a man c]ta9ly ( no resolution1 hav+ le>n$ =titude ( ,z5o1 quitt$ x on be+ 9 pa92 =1 be+ torm5t$ ) a pa9 9 8 kidneys1 9 bewail+ himself he cri$ out1 t ^? ?+s 7 false :i* he _h =m]ly conceiv$ ( pa94 ,& :5 8 fell[-disciple1 ,clean!s1 ask$ him :y he _h *ang$ 8 op9ion1 he answ]$1 8,t ! case ( any man :o _h appli$ s mu* "t to philosophy1 & yet 0 unable to be> pa91 might be a suffici5t pro( t pa9 is an evil4 ,t he himself _h sp5t _m ye>s at philosophy1 & yet c\ld n be> pa94 ,x foll[$1 !re=e1 t pa9 0 an evil40 ,x is report$ t ,clean!s on t /ruck 8 foot on ! gr\nd1 & repeat$ a v]se out ( ! ,epigon-- ,amphi>aus1 he>'/ ?\ ?is bel[8 ,he meant ,z5o3 he 0 sorry ! o!r _h deg5]at$ f him4 ,b x 0 n s ) our fri5d ,posidonius1 :om ,i h (t5 se5 myself1 & ,i w tell y :at ,pompey us$ to say ( him3 t :5 he came to ,rhodes1 aft] 8 dep>ture f ,syria1 he _h a great desire to he> ,posidonius1 b 0 in=m$ t he 0 v ill ( a sev]e fit ( ! g\t2 yet he _h great incl9ation to pay a visit to s fam\s a philosoph]4 ,accord+ly1 :5 he _h se5 him1 & paid 8 complim5ts1 & _h spok5 ) great respect ( him1 he said he 0 v sorry t he c\ld n he> him lecture4 ,b inde$ y may1 repli$ ! o!r1 nor w ,i suff] any bodily pa9 to occasion s great a man to visit me 9 va94 ,on ?is ,pompey relates t1 z he lay on 8 b$1 he disput$ ) great dignity & flu5cy on ?is v subject--,t no?+ 0 good b :at 0 hone/2 & t 9 8 p>oxysms he w\ld (t5 say1 8,pa91 x is to no purpose1 not)/&+ y are tr\blesome1 ,i w nev] ackn[l$ge y an evil40 ,& 9 g5]al all celebrat$ & notori\s afflictions become endurable by disreg>d+ !m4 ,,xxvi4 ,d we n obs]ve1 t :]e ^? ex]cises call$ gymna/ic are 9 e/eem1 ^? :o ent] ! li/s nev] conc]n !mselves ab\t dang]s3 t :]e ! praise ( rid+ & hunt+ is highly e/eem$1 !y :o practise ^! arts decl9e no pa94 ,:at %all ,i say ( our own ambiti\s pursuits1 or desire ( hon\rs8 ,:at fire h n c&idates run ?r\gh to ga9 a s+le vote8 ,!re=e ,africanus _h always 9 8 h&s ,x5ophon1 ! pupil ( ,socrates1 be+ p>ticul>ly pleas$ ) 8 say+1 t ! same lab\rs 7 n equally heavy to ! g5]al & to ! common man1 because ! hon\r itself made ! lab\r light] to ! g5]al4 ,b yet1 s x happ5s1 t ev5 ) ! illit]ate vulg>1 an idea ( hon\r is ( great influ5ce1 ?\gh !y _c und]/& :at x is4 ,!y are l$ by report & common op9ion to look on t z hon\rable1 :i* has ! g5]al voice4 ,n t ,i w\ld h y1 %\ld ! multitude be ev] s fond ( y1 rely on _! judgm5t1 nor approve ( ev]y?+ :i* !y ?9k "r2 y mu/ use y\r own judgm5t4 ,if y are satisfi$ ) y\rself :5 y h approv$ ( :at is "r1 y w n only h ! ma/]y ov] y\rself1 7:i* ,i recomm5d to y j n[17 b ov] ev]ybody1 & ev]y?+4 ,lay ?is d[n1 !n1 z a rule1 t a great capacity1 & l(ty elevation ( s\l1 :i* di/+ui%es itself mo/ by despis+ & look+ d[n ) contempt on pa91 is ! mo/ excell5t ( all ?+s1 & ! m s1 if x does n dep5d on ! p1 & does n aim at applause1 b d]ives its satisfaction f itself4 ,besides1 to me inde$ ev]y?+ seems ! m comm5dable ! less ! p are c\rt$1 & ! few] eyes !re are to see x4 ,n t y %\ld avoid ! public1 = e g5]\s action loves ! public view2 yet no !atre = virtue is equal to a consci\sness ( x4 ,,xxvii4 ,& let ?is be pr9cipally consid]$1 t ?is be>+ ( pa91 :i* ,i h (t5 said is to be /r5g!n$ by an ex]tion ( ! s\l1 %\ld be ! same 9 ev]y?+4 ,= y meet ) _m :o1 ?r\gh a desire ( victory1 or = glory1 or to ma9ta9 _! rights1 or _! lib]ty1 h boldly receiv$ w\nds1 & borne !mselves up "u !m2 & yet ^? v same p]sons1 by relax+ t int5s5ess ( _! m9ds1 7 unequal to be>+ ! pa9 ( a disease4 ,= !y did n support !mselves "u _! =m] suff]+s by reason or philosophy1 b by incl9ation & glory4 ,!re=e "s b>b>ians & savage p are able to fight v /\tly ) ! sword1 b _c be> sickness l m53 b ! ,grecians1 m5 ( no great c\rage1 b z wise z human nature w admit (1 _c look an enemy 9 ! face1 yet ! same w be> to be visit$ ) sickness tol]ably1 & ) a suffici5tly manly _s2 & ! ,cimbrians & ,celtib]ians are v al]t 9 battle1 b bemoan !mselves 9 sickness2 = no?+ c be consi/5t :i* has n reason = its f\ndation4 ,b :5 y see ^? :o are l$ by incl9ation or op9ion1 n ret>d$ by pa9 9 _! pursuits1 nor h9d]$ by x f succe$+ 9 !m1 y may conclude1 ei!r t pa9 is no evil1 or t1 not)/&+ y may *oose to call an evil :atev] is disagreeable & contr>y to nature1 yet x is s v trifl+ an evil1 t x may s effectually be got ! bett] ( by virtue z q to disappe>4 ,& ,i w\ld h y ?9k ( ?is night & day2 = ?is argum5t w spread itself1 & take up m room sometime or o!r1 & n be conf9$ to pa9 alone2 = if ! motives to all our actions are to avoid disgrace & acquire hon\r1 we may n only despise ! /+s ( pa91 b ! /orms ( =tune1 especially if we h rec\rse to t retreat :i* 0 po9t$ out 9 our ye/]day's discussion3 = z1 if "s ,god _h advis$ a man :o 0 pursu$ by pirates to ?r[ himself ov]bo>d1 say+1 ,!re is some?+ at h& to receive y2 ei!r a dolph9 w take y up1 z x did ,arion ( ,me?ymna2 or ^? horses s5t by ,neptune to ,pelops 7:o are said to h c>ri$ *>iots s rapidly z to be borne up by ! waves7 w receive y1 & convey y :]ev] y please2 ca/ away all fe>3 s1 ?\gh y\r pa9s be ev] s %>p & disagreeable1 if ! case is n su* t x is wor? y\r :ile to endure !m1 y see :i!r y may betake y\rself4 ,i ?9k ?is w d = ! pres5t4 ,b p]haps y /ill abide by y\r op9ion4 ,a4 ,n 9 ! lea/1 inde$2 & ,i hope ,i am fre$ by ^! two days' disc\rses f ! fe> ( two ?+s t ,i greatly dread$4 ,m4 ,to-morr[ !n = rhetoric1 z we 7 say+2 b ,i see we mu/ n drop our philosophy4 ,a4 ,no1 inde$1 we w h ! "o 9 ! =5oon1 & ?is at ! usual "t4 ,m4 ,x %all be s1 & ,i w comply ) y\r v laudable incl9ations4 ,book ,,iii4 ,on ,grief ,( ,m9d4 ,i4 ,:at reason %all ,i assign1 ,o ,brutus1 :y1 z we consi/ ( m9d & body1 ! art ( cur+ & pres]v+ ! body %\ld be s mu* s\ght aft]1 & ! inv5tion ( x1 z be+ s useful1 %\ld be ascrib$ to ! immortal ,gods2 b ! m$ic9e ( ! m9d %\ld n h be5 s mu* ! object ( inquiry1 :il/ x 0 unkn[n1 nor s mu* att5d$ to & cultivat$ aft] its discov]y1 nor s well receiv$ or approv$ ( by "s1 & acc\nt$ actually disagreeable1 & look$ ^u ) an envi\s eye by _m8 ,is x because we1 by means ( ! m9d1 judge ( ! pa9s & disord]s ( ! body1 b d n1 by means ( ! body1 arrive at any p]ception ( ! disord]s ( ! m9d8 ,h5ce x comes t ! m9d only judges ( itself1 :5 t v faculty by :i* x is judg$ is 9 a bad /ate4 ,_h nature giv5 u faculties = disc]n+ & view+ h]self1 & c\ld we g ?r\gh life by keep+ our eye on h]--our be/ guide--!re w\ld be no reason c]ta9ly :y any "o %\ld be 9 want ( philosophy or le>n+3 b1 z x is1 %e has furni%$ u only ) "s feeble rays ( light1 :i* we imm$iately ext+ui% s completely by evil habits & errone\s op9ions1 t ! light ( nature is n[h]e visible4 ,! se$s ( virtues are natural to our con/itutions1 &1 7 !y suff]$ to come to maturity1 w\ld naturally conduct u to a happy life2 b n[1 z soon z we are born & receiv$ into ! _w1 we are in/antly famili>iz$ ) all k9ds ( depravity & p]v]sity ( op9ions2 s t we may be said almo/ to suck 9 error ) our nurse's milk4 ,:5 we return to our p>5ts1 & are put into ! h&s ( tutors & gov]nors1 we are imbu$ ) s _m errors1 t tru? gives place to falsehood1 & nature h]self to e/abli%$ op9ion4 ,,ii4 ,to ^! we may add ! poets2 :o1 on acc\nt ( ! appe>ance !y exhibit ( le>n+ & wisdom1 are he>d1 read1 & got by he>t1 & make a deep impression on our m9ds4 ,b :5 to ^! are add$ ! p1 :o are z x 7 "o great body ( in/ructors1 & ! multitude1 :o decl>e unanim\sly = :at is wrong1 !n are we altoge!r ov]:elm$ ) bad op9ions1 & revolt entirely f nature2 s t !y seem to deprive u ( our be/ guide1 :o h decid$ t !re is no?+ bett] = man1 no?+ m wor?y ( be+ desir$ by him1 no?+ m excell5t ?an hon\rs & comm&s1 & a high reputation ) ! p2 :i* inde$ e excell5t man aims at2 b :il/ he pursues t only true hon\r1 :i* nature has 9 view above all o!r objects1 he f9ds himself busi$ 9 arrant trifles1 & 9 pursuit ( no conspicu\s =m ( virtue1 b only "s %ad[y repres5tation ( glory4 ,= glory is a real & express sub/ance1 n a m]e %ad[4 ,x consi/s 9 ! unit$ praise ( good m51 ! free voice ( ^? :o =m a true judgm5t ( preem95t virtue2 x is1 z x 71 ! v e*o ( virtue2 & be+ g5]ally ! att5dant on laudable actions1 %\ld n be slight$ by good m54 ,b popul> fame1 :i* w\ld pret5d to imitate x1 is ha/y & inconsid]ate1 & g5]ally comm5ds wick$ & immoral actions1 & ?r[s discr$it ^u ! appe>ance & beauty ( hone/y1 by assum+ a resemblance ( x4 ,& x is ow+ to _! n be+ able to discov] ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m t "s m51 ignorant ( real excell5ce1 & 9 :at x consi/s1 h be5 ! de/ruction ( _! c\ntry & ( !mselves4 ,& ?us ! be/ m5 h err$1 n s mu* 9 _! int5tions1 z by a mi/ak5 conduct4 ,:at1 is no cure to be attempt$ to be appli$ to ^? :o are c>ri$ away by ! love ( money1 or ! lu/ ( pleasures1 by :i* !y are r5d]$ little %ort ( madm51 :i* is ! case ( all weak p8 or is x because ! disord]s ( ! m9d are less dang]\s ?an ^? ( ! body8 or because ! body w admit ( a cure1 :ile !re is no m$ic9e :atev] = ! m9d8 ,,iii4 ,b !re are m disord]s ( ! m9d ?an ( ! body1 & !y are ( a m dang]\s nature2 = ^! v disord]s are ! m (f5sive1 because !y belong to ! m9d1 & di/urb x2 & ! m9d1 :5 disord]$1 is1 z ,ennius says1 9 a con/ant error2 x c nei!r be> nor endure any?+1 & is "u ! p]petual influ5ce ( desires4 ,n[1 :at disord]s c be worse to ! body ?an ^! two di/emp]s ( ! m9d 7= ,i ov]look o!rs71 weakness & desire8 ,b h[1 inde$1 c x be ma9ta9$ t ! m9d _c prescribe = itself1 :5 %e x is :o has inv5t$ ! m$ic9es = ! body1 :51 ) reg>d to bodily cures1 con/itution & nature h a great %>e1 nor d all1 :o suff] !mselves to be cur$1 f9d t effect in/antly2 b ^? m9ds :i* are dispos$ to be cur$1 & submit to ! precepts ( ! wise1 may und\bt$ly recov] a heal?y /ate8 ,philosophy is c]ta9ly ! m$ic9e ( ! s\l1 ^: assi/ance we d n seek f abroad1 z 9 bodily disord]s1 b we ourselves are b\nd to ex]t our utmo/ en]gy & p[] 9 ord] to effect our cure4 ,b z to philosophy 9 g5]al1 ,i h1 ,i ?9k1 9 my 8,hort5sius10 suffici5tly spok5 ( ! cr$it & att5tion :i* x des]ves3 s9ce t1 inde$1 ,i h be5 cont9ually ei!r disput+ or writ+ on its mo/ mat]ial bran*es3 & ,i h laid d[n 9 ^! books all ! discussions :i* took place betwe5 myself & my p>ticul> fri5ds at my ,tusculan ,villa3 b z ,i h spok5 9 ! two =m] ( pa9 & dea?1 ?is book %all be devot$ to ! acc\nt ( ! ?ird day ( our disputations4 ,we came d[n into ! ,academy :5 ! day 0 already decl9+ t[>ds aft]noon1 & ,i ask$ "o ( ^? :o 7 pres5t to propose a subject = u to disc\rse on2 & !n ! bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on 9 ?is mann]4 ,,iv4 ,a4 ,my op9ion is1 t a wise man is subject to grief4 ,m4 ,:at1 & to ! o!r p]turbations ( m9d1 z fe>s1 lu/s1 ang]8 ,= ^! are pretty mu* l :at ! ,greeks call 4 ,i might call !m diseases1 & t w\ld be a lit]al translation1 b x is n agreeable to our way ( speak+4 ,= envy1 delight1 & pleasure1 are all call$ by ! ,greeks diseases1 be+ affections ( ! m9d n 9 subord9ation to reason3 b we1 ,i ?9k1 are "r1 9 call+ ! same motions ( a di/urb$ s\l p]turbations1 & 9 v seldom us+ ! t]m diseases2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 x appe>s o!rwise to y4 ,a4 ,i am ( y\r op9ion4 ,m4 ,& d y ?9k a wise man subject to ^!8 ,a4 ,entirely1 ,i ?9k4 ,m4 ,!n t boa/$ wisdom is b ( small acc\nt1 if x diff]s s little f madness8 ,a4 ,:at8 does e commotion ( ! m9d seem to y to be madness8 ,m4 ,n to me only2 b ,i appreh5d1 ?\gh ,i h (t5 be5 surpris$ at x1 t x appe>$ s to our ance/ors _m ages be=e ,socrates3 f :om is d]iv$ all t philosophy :i* relates to life & morals4 ,a4 ,h[ s8 ,m4 ,because ! "n madness7#hd7 implies a sickness ( ! m9d & disease1 t is to say an uns\ndness1 & an unheal?9ess ( m9d1 :i* !y call madness4 ,b ! philosoph]s call all p]turbations ( ! s\l diseases1 & _! op9ion is t no fool is ev] free f ^!3 b all t are diseas$ are uns\nd2 & ! m9ds ( all fools are diseas$2 !re=e all fools are mad4 ,= !y held t s\ndness ( ! m9d dep5ds on a c]ta9 tranquillity & /ead9ess2 & a m9d :i* 0 de/itute ( ^! qualities !y call$ insane1 because s\ndness 0 inconsi/5t ) a p]turb$ m9d j z mu* z ) a disord]$ body4 ,v4 ,nor 7 !y less +5i\s 9 call+ ! /ate ( ! s\l devoid ( ! light ( ! m9d1 8a be+ out ( "o's m9d10 8a be+ beside oneself40 ,f :5ce we may und]/&1 t !y :o gave ^! names to ?+s 7 ( ! same op9ion ) ,socrates1 t all silly p 7 uns\nd1 :i* ! ,/oics h c>efully pres]v$ z be+ d]iv$ f him2 = :atev] m9d is di/emp]$1 7& z ,i j n[ said1 ! philosoph]s call all p]turb$ motions ( ! m9d di/emp]s17 is no m s\nd ?an a body is :5 9 a fit ( sickness4 ,h5ce x is1 t wisdom is ! s\ndness ( ! m9d1 folly a sort ( uns\ndness1 :i* is insanity1 or a be+ out ( "o's m9d3 & ^! are mu* bett] express$ by ! ,lat9 words ?an ! ,greek2 :i* y w f9d ! case also 9 _m o!r topics4 ,b we w discuss t po9t else:]e3 let u n[ att5d to our pres5t subject4 ,! v mean+ ( ! ^w describes ! :ole ?+ ab\t :i* we are inquir+1 bo? z to its sub/ance & "*4 ,= we mu/ necess>ily und]/& by 8s\nd10 ^? ^: m9ds are "u no p]turbation f any motion z if x 7 a disease4 ,!y :o are diff]5tly affect$ we mu/ necess>ily call 8uns\nd40 ,s t no?+ is bett] ?an :at is usual 9 ,lat91 to say1 t !y :o are run away ) by _! lu/ or ang]1 h quitt$ ! comm& ov] !mselves2 ?\gh ang] includes lu/1 = ang] is def9$ to be ! lu/ ( rev5ge4 ,!y1 !n1 :o are said n to be ma/]s ( !mselves1 are said to be s because !y are n "u ! gov]nm5t ( reason1 to :i* is assign$ by nature ! p[] ov] ! :ole s\l4 ,:y ! ,greeks %\ld call ?is 1 ,i d n easily appreh5d2 b we def9e x mu* bett] ?an !y1 = we di/+ui% ?is madness 7insania71 :i*1 be+ alli$ to folly1 is m ext5sive1 f :at we call furor1 or rav+4 ,! ,greeks inde$ w\ld d s too1 b !y h no "o ^w t w express x3 :at we call furor1 !y call 1 z if ! reason 7 affect$ only by a black bile1 & n di/urb$ z (t5 by a viol5t rage1 or fe>1 or grief4 ,?us we say ,a?amas1 ,alcmon1 ,ajax1 & ,ore/es1 7 rav+ 7fur]e73 because a p]son affect$ 9 ?is mann] 0 n all[$1 by ! twelve tables1 to h ! managem5t ( 8 own affairs2 !re=e ! words are n1 if he is mad 7insanus71 b1 if he beg9s to be rav+ 7furiosus74 ,= !y look$ ^u madness to be an unsettl$ hum\r1 t proce$$ f n be+ ( s\nd m9d2 yet su* a p]son might p]=m 8 ord9>y duties1 & dis*>ge ! usual & cu/om>y requirem5ts ( life3 b !y consid]$ "o t 0 rav+ z afflict$ ) a total bl9dness ( ! m9d1 :i*1 not)/&+ x is all[$ to be great] ?an madness1 is nev]!less ( su* a nature1 t a wise man may be subject to rav+ 7furor71 b _c possibly be afflict$ by insanity 7insania74 ,b ?is is ano!r "q3 let u n[ return to our orig9al subject4 ,,vi4 ,i ?9k y said t x 0 y\r op9ion t a wise man 0 liable to grief4 ,a4 ,& s1 inde$1 ,i ?9k4 ,m4 ,x is natural en\gh to ?9k s1 = we are n ! (fspr+ ( fl9ts3 b we h by nature some?+ s(t & t5d] 9 our s\ls1 :i* may be put into a viol5t motion by grief1 z by a /orm2 nor did t ,crantor1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 t our ,academy has ev] produc$1 say ?is amiss3 8,i am by no means ( _! op9ion :o talk s mu* 9 praise ( ,i "k n :at ins5sibility1 :i* nei!r c exi/1 nor ought to exi/3 ,i w\ld *oose10 says he1 8nev] to be ill2 b %\ld ,i be s1 /ill ,i %\ld *oose to reta9 my s5sation1 :e!r !re 0 to be an amputation1 or any o!r sep>ation ( any?+ f my body4 ,= t ins5sibility _c be b at ! exp5se ( "s unnatural f]ocity ( m9d1 or /upor ( body40 ,b let u consid] :e!r to talk 9 ?is mann] be n all[+ t we are weak1 & yield+ to our s(tness4 ,not)/&+1 let u be h>dy en\gh1 n only to lop (f e arm ( our mis]ies1 b ev5 to pluck up e fibre ( _! roots3 yet /ill some?+ p]haps may be left beh9d1 s deep does folly /rike its roots3 b :atev] may be left1 x w be no m ?an is necess>y4 ,b let u be p]suad$ ( ?is1 t unless ! m9d be 9 a s\nd /ate1 :i* philosophy alone c effect1 !re c be no end ( our mis]ies4 ,:]e=e1 z we begun1 let u submit ourselves to x = a cure2 we %all be cur$ if we *oose to be4 ,i %all advance some?+ fur!r4 ,i %all n treat ( grief alone1 ?\gh t inde$ is ! pr9cipal ?+2 b1 z ,i orig9ally propos$1 ( e p]turbation ( ! m9d1 z ,i t]m$ x1 disord]1 z ! ,greeks call x3 & fir/1 ) y\r leave1 ,i %all treat x 9 ! mann] ( ! ,/oics1 ^: me?od is to r$uce _! argum5ts into a v small space2 aft]w>ds ,i %all enl>ge m 9 my own way4 ,,vii4 ,a man ( c\rage is also full ( fai?2 ,i d n use ! ^w confid5t1 because1 ow+ to an errone\s cu/om ( speak+1 t ^w has come to be us$ 9 a bad s5se1 ?\gh x is d]iv$ f confid+1 :i* is comm5dable4 ,b he :o is full ( fai?1 is c]ta9ly "u no fe>2 = !re is an inconsi/5cy betwe5 fai? & fe>4 ,n[ :oev] is subject to grief is subject to fe>2 = :atev] ?+s we grieve at :5 pres5t1 we dread :5 hang+ ov] u & approa*+4 ,?us x comes ab\t1 t grief is inconsi/5t ) c\rage3 x is v probable1 !re=e1 t :oev] is subject to grief1 is also liable to fe>1 & to a brok5 k9d ( spirits & s9k+4 ,n[ :5ev] ^! befal a man1 he is 9 a s]vile /ate1 & mu/ own t he is ov]p[]$3 = :oev] admits ^! feel+s1 mu/ admit timidity & c[>dice4 ,b ^! _c ent] into ! m9d ( a man ( c\rage2 nei!r !re=e c grief3 b ! man ( c\rage is ! only wise man2 !re=e grief _c befal ! wise man4 ,x is besides necess>y1 t :oev] is brave1 %\ld be a man ( great s\l2 t :oev] is a man ( a great s\l1 %\ld be inv9cible3 :oev] is inv9cible looks d[n ) contempt on all ?+s "h1 & consid]s !m b5ea? him4 ,b no "o c despise ^? ?+s on acc\nt ( :i* he may be affect$ ) grief3 f :5ce x foll[s1 t a wise man is nev] affect$ ) grief3 = all wise m5 are brave2 !re=e a wise man is n subject to grief4 ,& z ! eye1 :5 disord]$1 is n 9 a good condition = p]=m+ its (fice prop]ly2 & z ! o!r p>ts1 & ! :ole body itself1 :5 unsettl$1 _c p]=m _! (fice & bus9ess2 s ! m9d1 :5 disord]$1 is b ill-fitt$ to p]=m its duty4 ,! (fice ( ! m9d is to use its reason well2 b ! m9d ( a wise man is always 9 condition to make ! be/ use ( 8 reason1 & !re=e is nev] out ( ord]4 ,b grief is a disord] ( ! m9d2 !re=e a wise man w be always free f x4 ,,viii4 ,& f ^! consid]ations we may get at a v probable def9ition ( ! temp]ate man1 :om ! ,greeks call 1 & !y call t virtue 1 :i* ,i at "o "t call temp]ance1 at ano!r "t mod]ation1 & sometimes ev5 mode/y2 b ,i d n "k :e!r t virtue may n be prop]ly call$ frugality1 :i* has a m conf9$ mean+ ) ! ,greeks2 = !y call frugal m5 1 :i* implies only t !y are useful3 b our "n has a m ext5sive mean+2 = all ab/95ce1 all innoc5cy1 7:i* ! ,greeks h no ord9>y "n =1 ?\gh !y might use ! ^w 1 = innoc5cy is t disposition ( m9d :i* w\ld (f5d no "o17 & sev]al o!r virtues1 are compreh5d$ "u frugality2 b1 if ?is quality 7 ( less importance1 & conf9$ 9 z small a compass z "s imag9e1 ! surname ( ,piso7#he7 w\ld n h be5 9 s great e/eem4 ,b z we all[ him n ! "n ( a frugal man 7frugi71 :o ei!r quits 8 po/ ?r\gh fe>1 :i* is c[>dice2 or :o res]ves to 8 own use :at 0 privately committ$ to 8 keep+1 :i* is inju/ice2 or :o fails 9 8 milit>y und]tak+s ?r\gh ra%ness1 :i* is folly2 = t reason ! ^w frugality takes 9 ^! ?ree virtues ( =titude1 ju/ice1 & prud5ce1 ?\gh x is inde$ common to all virtues1 = !y are all connect$ & knit toge!r4 ,let u all[1 !n1 frugality itself to be ano!r & f\r? virtue2 = its peculi> prop]ty seems to be1 to gov]n & appease all t5d5cies to too eag] a desire aft] any?+1 to re/ra9 lu/1 & to pres]ve a dec5t /ead9ess 9 ev]y?+4 ,! vice 9 contra/ to ?is is call$ prodigality 7nequitia74 ,frugality1 ,i imag9e1 is d]iv$ f ! ^w fruge1 ! be/ ?+ :i* ! e>? produces2 nequitia is d]iv$ 7?\gh ?is is p]haps r m /ra9$1 /ill let u try x2 we %all only be ?\ght to h be5 trifl+ if !re is no?+ 9 :at we say7 f ! fact ( ev]y?+ be+ to no purpose 7nequicquam7 9 su* a man2 f :i* circum/ance he is call$ also ,nihil1 no?+4 ,:oev] is frugal1 !n1 or1 if x is m agreeable to y1 :oev] is mod]ate & temp]ate1 su* a "o mu/ ( c\rse be consi/5t2 :oev] is consi/5t1 mu/ be quiet2 ! quiet man mu/ be free f all p]turbation1 !re=e f grief likewise3 & ^! are ! prop]ties ( a wise man2 !re=e a wise man mu/ be free f grief4 ,,ix4 ,s t ,dionysius ( ,h]aclea is "r :51 ^u ?is compla9t ( ,a*illes 9 ,hom]-- ,well ha/ ?\ spoke1 b at ! tyrant's "n ,my rage rek9dles1 & my s\l's 9 flame3 ',tis j res5tm5t1 & becomes ! brave1 ,disgrac$1 di%on\r'd l ! vile/ slave7#hf7-- he reasons ?us3 ,is ! h& z x %\ld be1 :5 x is affect$ ) a swell+8 or is x possible = any o!r memb] ( ! body1 :5 swoll5 or enl>g$1 to be 9 any o!r ?an a disord]$ /ate8 ,mu/ n ! m9d1 !n1 :5 x is puff$ up1 or di/5d$1 be out ( ord]8 ,b ! m9d ( a wise man is always free f e k9d ( disord]2 x nev] swells1 nev] is puff$ up3 b ! m9d :5 9 ang] is 9 a diff]5t /ate4 ,a wise man !re=e is nev] angry2 = :5 he is angry1 he lu/s aft] some?+2 = :oev] is angry naturally has a long+ desire to give all ! pa9 he c to ! p]son :o he ?9ks has injur$ him2 & :oev] has ?is e>ne/ desire mu/ necess>ily be mu* pleas$ ) ! accompli%m5t ( 8 wi%es2 h5ce he is delight$ ) 8 neighb\r's mis]y2 & z a wise man is n capable ( su* feel+s z ^!1 he is !re=e n capable ( ang]4 ,b %\ld a wise man be subject to grief1 he may likewise be subject to ang]2 = z he is free f ang]1 he mu/ likewise be free f grief4 ,aga91 c\ld a wise man be subject to grief1 he might also be liable to pity1 or ev5 might be op5 to a disposition t[>ds envy 7invid5tia72 ,i d n say to envy 7invidia71 = t c only exi/ by ! v act ( envy+3 b we may fairly =m ! ^w invid5tia f invid5do1 & s avoid ! d\btful "n invidia2 = ?is ^w is probably d]iv$ f 9 & video1 look+ too closely into ano!r's =tune2 z x is said 9 ! ,melanippus1 ,:o envies me ! fl[] ( my *ildr58 :]e ! ,lat9 is invidit florem4 ,x may appe> n good ,lat91 b x is v well put by ,accius2 = z video gov]ns an accusative case1 s x is m correct to say invideo florem ?an flori4 ,we are deb>r$ f say+ s by common usage3 ! poet /ood 9 8 own "r1 & express$ himself ) m fre$om4 ,x4 ,!re=e compassion & envy are consi/5t 9 ! same man2 = :oev] is uneasy at any "o's adv]sity1 is also uneasy at ano!r's prosp]ity3 z ,!ophra/us :ile he lam5ts ! dea? ( 8 companion ,calli/h5es1 is at ! same "t di/urb$ at ! success ( ,alex&]2 & !re=e he says1 t ,calli/h5es met ) a man ( ! greate/ p[] & good =tune1 b "o :o did n "k h[ to make use ( 8 good =tune4 ,& z pity is an uneas9ess :i* arises f ! mis=tunes ( ano!r1 s envy is an uneas9ess t proce$s f ! good success ( ano!r3 !re=e :oev] is capable ( pity1 is capable ( envy4 ,b a wise man is incapable ( envy1 & consequ5tly incapable ( pity4 ,b 7 a wise man us$ to grieve1 to pity also w\ld be famili> to him2 !re=e to grieve1 is a feel+ :i* _c affect a wise man4 ,n[1 ?\gh ^! reason+s ( ! ,/oics1 & _! conclusions1 are r /ra9$ & di/ort$1 & ought to be express$ 9 a less /r+5t & n>r[ mann]1 yet great /ress is to be laid on ! op9ions ( ^? m5 :o h a peculi>ly bold & manly turn ( ?\ght & s5tim5t4 ,= our fri5ds ! ,p]ipatetics1 not)/&+ all _! erudition1 gravity1 & flu5cy ( language1 d n satisfy me ab\t ! mod]ation ( ^! disord]s & diseases ( ! s\l :i* !y insi/ ^u2 = e evil1 ?\gh mod]ate1 is 9 its nature great4 ,b our object is to make out t ! wise man is free f all evil2 = z ! body is uns\nd if x is ev] s slightly affect$1 s ! m9d "u any mod]ate disord] loses its s\ndness3 !re=e ! ,romans h1 ) _! usual accuracy ( expression1 call$ tr\ble1 & angui%1 & vexation1 on acc\nt ( ! analogy betwe5 a tr\bl$ m9d & a diseas$ body1 disord]s4 ,! ,greeks call all p]turbation ( m9d by pretty ne>ly ! same "n2 = !y "n e turbid motion ( ! s\l 1 t is to say1 a di/emp]4 ,b we h giv5 !m a m prop] "n2 = a disord] ( ! m9d is v l a disease ( ! body4 ,b lu/ does n resemble sickness2 nei!r does immod]ate joy1 :i* is an elat$ & exult+ pleasure ( ! m9d4 ,fe>1 too1 is n v l a di/emp]1 ?\gh x is ak9 to grief ( m9d1 b prop]ly1 z is also ! case ) sickness ( ! body1 s too sickness ( m9d has no "n sep>at$ f pa94 ,& !re=e ,i mu/ expla9 ! orig9 ( ?is pa91 t is to say1 ! cause t occasions ?is grief 9 ! m9d1 z if x 7 a sickness ( ! body4 ,= z physicians ?9k !y h f\nd out ! cure1 :5 !y h discov]$ ! cause ( ! di/emp]2 s we %all discov] ! me?od ( cur+ melan*oly1 :5 ! cause ( x is f\nd out4 ,,xi4 ,! :ole cause1 !n1 is 9 op9ion2 & ?is obs]vation applies n to ?is grief alone1 b to e o!r disord] ( ! m9d1 :i* are ( f\r sorts1 b consi/+ ( _m p>ts4 ,= z e disord] or p]turbation is a motion ( ! m9d1 ei!r devoid ( reason1 or 9 despite ( reason1 or 9 disob$i5ce to reason1 & z t motion is excit$ by an op9ion ( ei!r good or evil2 ^! f\r p]turbations are divid$ equally into two p>ts3 = two ( !m proce$ f an op9ion ( good1 "o ( :i* is an exult+ pleasure1 t is to say1 a joy elat$ beyond measure1 aris+ f an op9ion ( "s pres5t great good2 ! o!r is a desire :i* may fairly be call$ ev5 a lu/1 & is an immod]ate incl9ation aft] "s conceiv$ great good1 )\t any ob$i5ce to reason4 ,!re=e ^! two k9ds1 ! exult+ pleasure1 & ! lu/1 h _! rise f an op9ion ( good1 z ! o!r two1 fe> & grief1 h f an op9ion ( evil4 ,= fe> is an op9ion ( "s great evil imp5d+ ov] u1 & grief is an op9ion ( "s great evil pres5t2 &1 inde$1 x is a fre%ly conceiv$ op9ion ( an evil s great1 t to grieve at x seems "r3 x is ( t k9d1 t he :o is uneasy at x ?9ks he has good reason to be s4 ,n[ we %\ld ex]t our utmo/ ef=ts to oppose ^! p]turbations--:i* are1 z x 71 s _m furies let loose ^u u1 & urg$ on by folly--if we are desir\s to pass ?is %>e ( life t is allott$ to u ) ease & satisfaction4 ,b ( ! o!r feel+s ,i %all speak else:]e2 our bus9ess at pres5t is to drive away grief if we c1 = t %all be ! object ( our pres5t discussion1 s9ce y h said t x 0 y\r op9ion t a wise man might be subject to grief1 :i* ,i c by no means all[ (2 = x is a frightful1 mis]able1 & dete/able ?+1 :i* we %\ld fly f ) our utmo/ ef=ts--) all our sails & o>s1 z ,i may say4 ,,xii4 ,t desc5dant ( ,tantalus1 h[ does he appe> to y8 he :o sprung f ,pelops1 :o =m]ly /ole ,hippodamia f h] fa!r-9-law1 k+ nomaus1 & m>ri$ h] by =ce8 ,he :o 0 desc5d$ f ,jupit] himself1 h[ brok5-he>t$ & dispirit$ does he n seem6-- ,/& (f1 my fri5ds1 nor come )9 my %ade1 ,t no pollutions y\r s\nd he>ts p]vade1 ,s f\l a /a9 my body do? p>take4 ,w y condemn y\rself1 ,?ye/es1 & deprive y\rself ( life1 on acc\nt ( ! greatness ( ano!r's crime8 ,:at d y ?9k ( t son ( ,phbus8 d y n look ^u him z unwor?y ( 8 own fa!r's light8 ,holl[ 8 eyes1 8 body worn away1 ,8 furr['d *eeks 8 frequ5t te>s betray2 ,8 be>d neglect$1 & 8 ho>y hairs ,r\gh & uncomb'd1 bespeak 8 bitt] c>es4 ,o fooli% etes1 ^! are evils :i* y y\rself h be5 ! cause (1 & are n occasion$ by any accid5ts ) :i* *ance has visit$ y2 & y behav$ z y did1 ev5 aft] y _h be5 inur$ to y\r di/ress1 & aft] ! fir/ swell+ ( ! m9d _h subsid$6 :]eas grief consi/s 7z ,i %all %[7 9 ! notion ( "s rec5t evil2 b y\r grief1 x is v pla91 proce$$ f ! loss ( y\r k+dom1 n ( y\r daught]1 = y hat$ h]1 & p]haps ) reason1 b y c\ld n calmly be> to "p ) y\r k+dom4 ,b surely x is an impud5t grief :i* preys ^u a man = n be+ able to comm& ^? t are free4 ,dionysius1 x is true1 ! tyrant ( ,syracuse1 :5 driv5 f 8 c\ntry taught a s*ool at ,cor9?2 s incapable 0 he ( liv+ )\t "s au?ority4 ,b :at c\ld be m impud5t ?an ,t>qu98 :o made w> ^u ^? :o c\ld n be> 8 tyranny2 & :5 he c\ld n recov] 8 k+dom by ! aid ( ! =ces ( ! ,vei5tians & ! ,lat9s1 is said to h betak5 himself to ,cuma1 & to h di$ 9 t city1 ( old age & grief6 ,,xiii4 ,d y1 !n1 ?9k t x c befal a wise man to be oppress$ ) grief1 t is to say1 ) mis]y8 =1 z all p]turbation is mis]y1 grief is ! rack itself4 ,lu/ is att5d$ ) heat1 exult+ joy ) levity1 fe> ) meanness1 b grief ) some?+ great] ?an ^!2 x consumes1 torm5ts1 afflicts1 & disgraces a man2 x te>s him1 preys ^u 8 m9d1 & utt]ly de/roys him3 if we d n s dive/ ourselves ( x z to ?r[ x completely (f1 we _c be free f mis]y4 ,& x is cle> t !re mu/ be grief :]e any?+ has ! appe>ance ( a pres5t sore & oppress+ evil4 ,epicurus is ( op9ion1 t grief arises naturally f ! imag9ation ( any evil2 s t :osoev] is eye-witness ( any great mis=tune1 if he conceives t ! l may possibly befal himself1 becomes sad in/antly f su* an idea4 ,! ,cyr5aics ?9k t grief is n eng5d]$ by e k9d ( evil1 b only by unexpect$1 un=ese5 evil2 & t circum/ance is1 inde$1 ( no small effect on ! height5+ ( grief2 = :atsoev] comes ( a sudd5 appe>s m =midable4 ,h5ce ^! l9es are des]v$ly comm5d$-- ,i knew my son1 :5 fir/ he drew 8 brea?1 ,de/9$ by fate to an untimely dea?2 ,& :5 ,i s5t him to def5d ! ,greeks1 ,w> 0 8 bus9ess1 n y\r sportive freaks4 ,,xiv4 ,!re=e1 ?is rum9at+ be=eh& ^u future evils :i* y see at a di/ance1 makes _! approa* m tol]able2 & on ?is acc\nt1 :at ,euripides makes ,!seus say1 is mu* comm5d$4 ,y w give me leave to translate !m1 z is usual ) me-- ,i treasur$ up :at "s le>n'd sage did tell1 ,& on my future mis]y did dwell2 ,i ?\ght ( bitt] dea?1 ( be+ drove ,f> f my home by exile1 & ,i /rove ,) e evil to possess my m9d1 ,t1 :5 !y came1 ,i ! less c>e might f9d47#hg7 ,b ,euripides says t ( himself1 :i* ,!seus said he _h he>d f "s le>n$ man1 = ! poet _h be5 a pupil ( ,anaxagoras1 :o1 z !y relate1 on he>+ ( ! dea? ( 8 son1 said1 8,i knew t my son 0 mortal20 :i* spee* seems to intimate t su* ?+s afflict ^? m5 :o h n ?\ght on !m be=e4 ,!re=e1 !re is no d\bt b t all ^? ?+s :i* are consid]$ evils are ! heavi] f n be+ =ese54 ,?\gh1 not)/&+ ?is is n ! only circum/ance :i* occasions ! greate/ grief1 /ill1 z ! m9d1 by =esee+ & prep>+ = x1 has great p[] to make all grief ! less1 a man %\ld at all times consid] all ! ev5ts t may befal him 9 ?is life2 & c]ta9ly ! excell5ce & div9e nature ( wisdom consi/s 9 tak+ a ne> view (1 & ga9+ a ?or\gh acqua9tance )1 all human affairs1 9 n be+ surpris$ :5 any?+ happ5s1 & 9 ?9k+1 be=e ! ev5t1 t !re is no?+ b :at may come to pass4 ,:]e=e ev'ry man1 ,:5 8 affairs g on mo/ swimm+ly1 ,e'en !n x mo/ behoves to arm himself ,aga9/ ! com+ /orm3 loss1 dang]1 exile1 ,return+ ev]1 let him look to meet2 ,8 son 9 fault1 wife dead1 or daught] sick3 ,all common accid5ts1 & may h happ5'd1 ,t no?+ %all seem new or /range4 ,b if ,aught has fall'n out beyond 8 hopes1 all t ,let him acc\nt cle> ga947#hh7 ,,xv4 ,!re=e1 z ,t]5ce has s well express$ :at he borr[$ f philosophy1 %all n we1 f ^: f\nta9s he drew x1 say ! same ?+ 9 a bett] mann]1 & abide by x ) m /ead9ess8 ,h5ce came t /eady c\nt5ance1 :i*1 accord+ to ,xantippe1 h] husb& ,socrates always _h2 s t %e said t %e nev] obs]v$ any diff]5ce 9 8 looks :5 he w5t out1 & :5 he came home4 ,yet ! look ( t old ,roman1 ,m4 ,crassus1 :o1 z ,lucilius says1 nev] smil$ b once 9 8 lifetime1 0 n ( ?is k9d1 b placid & s]5e1 = s we are told4 ,he1 inde$1 might well h _h ! same look at all times :o nev] *ang$ 8 m9d1 f :i* ! c\nt5ance d]ives its expression4 ,s t ,i am ready to borr[ ( ! ,cyr5aics ^? arms aga9/ ! accid5ts & ev5ts ( life1 by means ( :i*1 by long prem$itation1 !y break ! =ce ( all approa*+ evils2 & at ! same "t1 ,i ?9k t ^? v evils !mselves arise m f op9ion ?an nature1 =1 if !y 7 real1 no =eca/ c\ld make !m light]4 ,b ,i %all speak m p>ticul>ly on ^! matt]s aft] ,i h fir/ consid]$ ,epicurus's op9ion1 :o ?9ks t all p mu/ necess>ily be uneasy :o believe !mselves to be 9 any evils1 let !m be ei!r =ese5 & expect$1 or habitual to !m2 =1 ) him1 evils are n ! less by reason ( _! cont9uance1 nor ! light] = hav+ be5 =ese52 & x is folly to rum9ate on evils to come1 or su* z1 p]haps1 nev] may come2 e evil is disagreeable en\gh :5 x does come2 b he :o is con/antly consid]+ t "s evil may befal him1 is load+ himself ) a p]petual evil1 & ev5 %\ld su* evil nev] light on him1 he volunt>ily takes ^u himself unnecess>y mis]y1 s t he is "u con/ant uneas9ess1 :e!r he actually suff]s any evil1 or only ?9ks ( x4 ,b he makes ! alleviation ( grief dep5d on two ?+s1 a ceas+ to ?9k on evil1 & a turn+ to ! contemplation ( pleasure4 ,= he ?9ks t ! m9d may possibly be "u ! p[] ( reason1 & foll[ h] directions2 he =bids u1 !re=e1 to m9d tr\ble1 & calls u (f f sorr[ful reflections3 he ?r[s a mi/ ov] our eyes to h9d] u f ! contemplation ( mis]y4 ,hav+ s\nd$ a retreat f ?is /atem5t1 he drives our ?\ghts on aga91 & enc\rages !m to view & engage ! :ole m9d 9 ! v>i\s pleasures ) :i* he ?9ks ! life ( a wise man ab\nds1 ei!r f reflect+ on ! pa/1 or f ! hope ( :at is to come4 ,i h said ^! ?+s 9 my own way1 ! ,epicureans h !irs3 h[ev]1 let u exam9e :at !y say2 h[ !y say x is ( little consequ5ce4 ,,xvi4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are wrong 9 =bidd+ m5 to prem$itate on futurity1 & blam+ _! wi% to d s2 = !re is no?+ t breaks ! edge ( grief & light5s x m1 ?an consid]+1 dur+ "o's :ole life1 t !re is no?+ :i* x is impossible %\ld happ52 or1 ?an consid]+ :at human nature is1 on :at conditions life 0 giv51 & h[ we may comply ) !m4 ,! effect ( :i* is1 t we are always griev+1 b t we nev] d s2 = :oev] reflects on ! nature ( ?+s1 ! v>i\s turns ( life1 & ! weakness ( human nature1 grieves1 inde$1 at t reflection2 b :ile s griev+ he is1 above all o!r times1 behav+ z a wise man3 = he ga9s ^! two ?+s by x2 "o1 t :ile he is consid]+ ! /ate ( human nature he is p]=m+ ! especial duties ( philosophy1 & is provid$ ) a triple m$ic9e aga9/ adv]sity3 9 ! fir/ place1 because he has long reflect$ t su* ?+s might befal him1 & ?is reflection by itself contributes mu* t[>ds less5+ & weak5+ all mis=tunes2 &1 secondly1 because he is p]suad$ t we %\ld be> all ! accid5ts :i* c happ5 to a man1 ) ! feel+s & _s ( a man2 & la/ly1 because he consid]s t :at is blameable is ! only evil2 b x is n y\r fault t some?+ has happ5$ to y :i* x 0 impossible = man to avoid4 ,= t )draw+ ( our ?\ghts :i* he recomm5ds :5 he calls u (f f contemplat+ our mis=tunes1 is an imag9>y action2 = x is n 9 our p[] to dissemble or to =get ^? evils :i* lie heavy on u2 !y te>1 vex1 & /+ u--!y burn u up1 & leave no brea?+-"t2 & d y ord] u to =get !m1 7= su* =getfulness is contr>y to nature17 & at ! same "t deprive u ( ! only assi/ance :i* nature af=ds1 ! be+ accu/om$ to !m8 = t1 ?\gh x is b a sl[ m$ic9e 7,i mean t :i* is br\ght by lapse ( "t71 is /ill a v effectual "o4 ,y ord] me to employ my ?\ghts on some?+ good1 & =get my mis=tunes4 ,y w\ld say some?+ wor?y a great philosoph]1 if y ?\ght ^? ?+s good :i* are be/ suit$ to ! dignity ( human nature4 ,,xvii4 ,%\ld ,py?agoras1 ,socrates1 or ,plato1 say to me1 ,:y are y deject$1 or sad8 ,:y d y fa9t1 & yield to =tune1 :i*1 p]haps1 may h p[] to h>ass & di/urb y1 b %\ld n q unman y8 ,!re is great p[] 9 ! virtues2 r\se !m if !y *ance to droop4 ,take =titude = y\r guide1 :i* w give y su* spirits1 t y w despise ev]y?+ t c befal man1 & look on x z a trifle4 ,add to ?is temp]ance1 :i* is mod]ation1 & :i* 0 j n[ call$ frugality1 :i* w n suff] y to d any?+ base or bad--= :at is worse or bas] ?an an effem9ate man8 ,n ev5 ju/ice w suff] y to act 9 ?is mann]1 ?\gh %e seems to h ! lea/ weight 9 ?is affair2 b /ill1 not)/&+1 ev5 %e w in=m y t y are d\bly unju/ :5 y bo? require :at does n belong to y1 inasmu* z ?\gh y :o h be5 born mortal1 dem& to be plac$ 9 ! condition ( ! immortals1 & at ! same "t y take x mu* to he>t t y are to re/ore :at 0 l5t y4 ,:at answ] w y make to prud5ce1 :o in=ms y t %e is a virtue suffici5t ( h]self bo? to tea* y a good life1 & also to secure y a happy "o8 ,&1 inde$1 if %e 7 fett]$ by ext]nal circum/ances1 & dep5d5t on o!rs1 & if %e did n orig9ate 9 h]self & return to h]self1 & also embrace ev]y?+ 9 h]self1 s z to seek no adv5titi\s aid f any qu>t]1 ,i _c imag9e :y %e %\ld appe> des]v+ ( su* l(ty panegyrics1 or ( be+ s\ght aft] ) su* excessive eag]ness4 ,n[1 ,epicurus1 if y call me back to su* goods z ^!1 ,i w obey y1 & foll[ y1 & use y z my guide1 & ev5 =get1 z y ord] me1 all my mis=tunes2 & ,i w d ?is ! m readily f a p]suasion t !y are n to be rank$ among/ evils at all4 ,b y are = br++ my ?\ghts ov] to pleasure4 ,:at pleasures8 pleasures ( ! body1 ,i imag9e1 or su* z are recollect$ or imag9$ on acc\nt ( ! body4 ,is ?is all8 ,d ,i expla9 y\r op9ion rightly8 = y\r disciples are us$ to d5y t we und]/& at all :at ,epicurus means4 ,?is is :at he says1 & :at t subtle fell[1 old ,z5o1 :o is "o ( ! %>pe/ ( !m1 us$1 :5 ,i 0 att5d+ lectures at ,a!ns1 to en=ce & talk s l\dly (2 say+ t he alone 0 happy :o c\ld enjoy pres5t pleasure1 & :o 0 at ! same "t p]suad$ t he %\ld enjoy x )\t pa91 ei!r dur+ ! :ole or ! greate/ "p ( 8 life2 or if1 %\ld any pa9 int]f]e1 if x 0 v %>p1 !n x mu/ be %ort2 %\ld x be ( long] cont9uance1 x w\ld h m ( :at 0 sweet ?an bitt] 9 x2 t :osoev] reflect$ on ^! ?+s w\ld be happy1 especially if satisfi$ ) ! good ?+s :i* he _h already enjoy$1 & if he 7 )\t fe> ( dea?1 or ( ! ,gods4 ,,xviii4 ,y h "h a repres5tation ( a happy life accord+ to ,epicurus1 9 ! words ( ,z5o1 s t !re is no room = contradiction 9 any po9t4 ,:at !n8 ,c ! propos+ & ?9k+ ( su* a life make ,?ye/es grief ! less1 or etes's1 ( :om ,i spoke above1 or ,telamon's1 :o 0 driv5 f 8 c\ntry to p5ury & bani%m5t8 9 wond] at :om m5 exclaim$ ?us3-- ,is ?is ! man surpass+ glory rais$8 ,is ?is t ,telamon s highly prais$ ,by wond]+ ,greece1 at ^: sight1 l ! sun1 ,all o!rs ) dim9i%'d lu/re %one8 ,n[1 %\ld any "o1 z ! same au?or says1 f9d 8 spirits s9k ) ! loss ( 8 =tune1 he mu/ apply to ^? grave philosoph]s ( antiquity = relief1 & n to ^! voluptu>ies3 = :at great abundance ( good d !y promise8 ,suppose t we all[ t to be )\t pa9 is ! *ief good8 yet t is n call$ pleasure4 ,b x is n necess>y at pres5t to g ?r\gh ! :ole3 ! "q is1 to :at po9t are we to advance 9 ord] to abate our grief8 ,grant t to be 9 pa9 is ! greate/ evil2 :osoev]1 !n1 has proce$$ s f> z n to be 9 pa91 is he1 !re=e1 9 imm$iate possession ( ! greate/ good8 ,:y1 ,epicurus1 d we use any evasions1 & n all[ 9 our own words ! same feel+ to be pleasure1 :i* y are us$ to boa/ ( ) su* assurance8 ,are ^! y\r words or n8 ,?is is :at y say 9 t book :i* conta9s all ! doctr9e ( y\r s*ool2 = ,i w p]=m1 on ?is occasion1 ! (fice ( a translator1 le/ any "o %\ld imag9e t ,i am inv5t+ any?+4 ,?us y speak3 8,nor c ,i =m any notion ( ! *ief good1 ab/ract$ f ^? pleasures :i* are p]ceiv$ by ta/e1 or f :at dep5ds on he>+ music1 or ab/ract$ f ideas rais$ by ext]nal objects visible to ! eye1 or by agreeable motions1 or f ^? o!r pleasures :i* are p]ceiv$ by ! :ole man by means ( any ( 8 s5ses2 nor c x possibly be said t ! pleasures ( ! m9d are excit$ only by :at is good2 = ,i h p]ceiv$ m5's m9ds to be pleas$ ) ! hopes ( enjoy+ ^? ?+s :i* ,i m5tion$ above1 & ) ! idea t x %\ld enjoy !m )\t any int]ruption f pa940 ,& ^! are 8 exact words1 s t any "o may und]/& :at 7 ! pleasures ) :i* ,epicurus 0 acqua9t$4 ,!n he speaks ?us1 a little l[] d[n3 8,i h (t5 inquir$ ( ^? :o h be5 call$ wise m51 :at w\ld be ! rema9+ good if !y %\ld exclude f consid]ation all ^! pleasures1 unless !y meant to give u no?+ b words8 ,i c\ld nev] le>n any?+ f !m2 & unless !y *oose t all virtue & wisdom %\ld vani% & come to no?+1 !y mu/ say ) me1 t ! only road to happ9ess lies ?r\gh ^? pleasures :i* ,i m5tion$ above40 ,:at foll[s is mu* ! same1 & 8 :ole book on ! *ief good ev]y:]e ab\nds ) ! same op9ions4 ,w y1 !n1 invite ,telamon to ?is k9d ( life to ease 8 grief8 & %\ld y obs]ve any "o ( y\r fri5ds "u affliction1 w\ld y r prescribe him a /urgeon ?an a treatise ( ,socrates8 or advise him to li/5 to ! music ( a wat]-organ r ?an to ,plato8 or lay be=e him ! beauty & v>iety ( "s g>d51 put a nosegay to 8 nose1 burn p]fumes be=e him1 & bid him cr[n himself ) a g>l& ( roses & woodb9es8 ,%\ld y add "o ?+ m1 y w\ld c]ta9ly wipe out all 8 grief4 ,,xix4 ,epicurus mu/ admit ^! argum5ts2 or he mu/ take out ( 8 book :at ,i j n[ said 0 a lit]al translation2 or r he mu/ de/roy 8 :ole book1 = x is cramm$ full ( pleasures4 ,we mu/ inquire1 !n1 h[ we c ease him ( 8 grief1 :o speaks 9 ?is mann]3-- ,my pres5t /ate proce$s f =tune's /+s2 ,by bir? ,i boa/ ( a desc5t f k+s2 ,h5ce may y see f :at a noble height ,i'm sunk by =tune to ?is abject plight4 ,:at6 to ease 8 grief1 mu/ we mix him a cup ( sweet w9e1 or some?+ ( t k9d8 ,lo6 ! same poet pres5ts u ) ano!r s5tim5t some:]e else3-- ,i1 ,hector1 once s great1 n[ claim y\r aid4 ,we %\ld assi/ h]1 = %e looks out = help4 ,:]e %all ,i n[ apply1 :]e seek support8 ,:]e h5ce betake me1 or to :om resort8 ,no means rema9 ( com=t or ( joy1 ,9 flames my palace1 & 9 ru9s ,troy2 ,ea* wall1 s late sup]b1 de=m$ nods1 ,& n an alt>'s left t' appease ! gods4 ,y "k :at %\ld foll[1 & p>ticul>ly ?is3-- ,( fa!r1 c\ntry1 & ( fri5ds b]eft1 ,n "o ( all ^! sumptu\s temples left2 ,:i*1 :il/ ! =tune ( our h\se did /&1 ,) ri*-wr\ght ceil+s spoke ! arti/'s h&4 ,o excell5t poet6 ?\gh despis$ by ^? :o s+ ! v]ses ( ,euphorion4 ,he is s5sible t all ?+s :i* come on a sudd5 are h>d] to be borne4 ,!re=e1 :5 he _h set (f ! ri*es ( ,priam to ! be/ advantage1 :i* _h ! appe>ance ( a long cont9uance1 :at does he add8-- ,lo1 ^! all p]i%'d 9 "o blaz+ pile2 ,! foe old ,priam ( 8 life beguil$1 ,& ) 8 blood1 ?y alt>1 ,jove1 defil$4 ,admirable poetry6 ,!re is some?+ m\rnful 9 ! subject1 z well z 9 ! words & measure4 ,we mu/ drive away ?is grief ( h]'s3 h[ is t to be done8 ,%all we lay h] on a b$ ( d[n3 introduce a s+]2 %all we burn c$>1 or pres5t h] ) "s pleasant liquor1 & provide h] some?+ to eat8 ,are ^! ! good ?+s :i* remove ! mo/ afflict+ grief8 = y b j n[ said y knew ( no o!r good4 ,i %\ld agree ) ,epicurus t we ought to be call$ (f f grief to contemplate good ?+s1 if we c\ld only agree ^u :at 0 good4 ,,xx4 ,x may be said1 ,:at6 d y imag9e ,epicurus really meant ?is1 & t he ma9ta9$ any?+ s s5sual8 ,inde$ ,i d n imag9e s1 = ,i am s5sible t he has utt]$ _m excell5t ?+s & s5tim5ts1 & deliv]$ maxims ( great weight4 ,!re=e1 z ,i said be=e1 ,i am speak+ ( 8 acut5ess1 n ( 8 morals4 ,?\gh he %\ld hold ^? pleasures 9 contempt1 :i* he j n[ comm5d$1 yet ,i mu/ rememb] :]e9 he places ! *ief good4 ,= he 0 n cont5t$ ) b>ely say+ ?is1 b he has expla9$ :at he meant3 he says1 t ta/e1 & embraces1 & sports1 & music1 & ^? =ms :i* affect ! eyes ) pleasure1 are ! *ief good4 ,h ,i inv5t$ ?is8 h ,i misrepres5t$ him8 ,i %\ld be glad to be confut$2 = :at am ,i endeav\r+ at1 b to cle> up tru? 9 e "q8 ,well1 b ! same man says1 t pleasure is at its height :]e pa9 ceases1 & t to be free f all pa9 is ! v greate/ pleasure4 ,"h are ?ree v great mi/akes 9 a v few words4 ,"o is1 t he contradicts himself2 =1 b j n[1 he c\ld n imag9e any?+ good1 unless ! s5ses 7 9 a mann] tickl$ ) "s pleasure2 b n[ he says t to be free f pa9 is ! highe/ pleasure4 ,c any "o contradict himself m8 ,! next mi/ake is1 t :]e !re is naturally a ?reefold division1 ! fir/1 to be pleas$2 next1 to be 9 pa92 ! la/1 to be affect$ nei!r by pleasure nor pa93 he imag9es ! fir/ & ! la/ to be ! same1 & makes no diff]5ce betwixt pleasure & a cessation ( pa94 ,! la/ mi/ake he falls into 9 common ) "s o!rs2 :i* is ?is3 t z virtue is ! mo/ desirable ?+1 & z philosophy has be5 inve/igat$ ) a view to ! atta9m5t ( x1 he has sep>at$ ! *ief good f virtue4 ,b he comm5ds virtue1 & t frequ5tly2 & inde$ ,c4 ,grac*us1 :5 he _h made ! l>ge/ di/ributions ( ! public money1 & _h exhau/$ ! treasury1 nev]!less spoke mu* ( def5d+ ! treasury4 ,:at signifies :at m5 say1 :5 we see :at !y d8 ,t ,piso1 :o 0 surnam$ ,frugal1 _h always h>angu$ aga9/ ! law t 0 propos$ = di/ribut+ ! corn1 b :5 x _h pass$1 ?\gh a man ( consul> dignity1 he came to receive ! corn4 ,grac*us obs]v$ ,piso /&+ 9 ! c\rt1 & ask$ him1 9 ! he>+ ( ! p1 h[ x 0 consi/5t = him to take corn by a law he _h himself oppos$8 8,x 010 said he1 8aga9/ y\r di/ribut+ my goods to e man z y ?\ght prop]2 b1 z y d s1 ,i claim my %>e40 ,did n ?is grave & wise man suffici5tly %[ t ! public rev5ue 0 dissipat$ by ! ,sempronian law8 ,read ,grac*us's spee*es1 & y w pron\nce him ! advocate ( ! treasury4 ,epicurus d5ies t any "o c live pleasantly :o does n lead a life ( virtue2 he d5ies t =tune has any p[] ov] a wise man3 he pref]s a sp>e diet to great pl5ty1 & ma9ta9s t a wise man is always happy4 ,all ^! ?+s become a philosoph] to say1 b !y are n consi/5t ) pleasure4 ,b ! reply is1 t he do? n mean t pleasure3 let him mean any pleasure1 x mu/ be su* a "o z makes no "p ( virtue4 ,b suppose we are mi/ak5 z to 8 pleasure1 are we s too z to 8 pa98 ,i ma9ta9 !re=e ! impropriety ( language :i* t man uses :5 talk+ ( virtue1 :o w\ld measure e great evil by pa98 ,,xxi4 ,& inde$ ! ,epicureans1 ^? be/ ( m51 = !re is no ord] ( m5 m innoc5t1 compla91 t ,i take great pa9s to inveigh aga9/ ,epicurus4 ,we are rivals1 ,i suppose1 = "s hon\r or di/9ction4 ,i place ! *ief good 9 ! m9d1 he 9 ! body2 ,i 9 virtue1 he 9 pleasure2 & ! ,epicureans are up 9 arms1 & implore ! assi/ance ( _! neighb\rs1 & _m are ready to fly to _! aid4 ,b1 z = my "p1 ,i decl>e t ,i am v indiff]5t ab\t ! matt]1 & t ,i consid] ! :ole discussion :i* !y are s anxi\s ab\t at an end4 ,= :at6 is ! cont5tion ab\t ! ,punic w>8 on :i* v subject1 ?\gh ,m4 ,cato & ,l4 ,l5tulus 7 ( diff]5t op9ions1 /ill !re 0 no diff]5ce betwixt !m4 ,b ^! m5 behave ) too mu* heat1 especially z ! op9ions :i* !y w\ld uphold are no v spirit$ ones1 & su* z !y d>e n plead = ei!r 9 ! s5ate1 or be=e ! assembly ( ! p1 or be=e ! army1 or ! c5sors3 b1 h[ev]1 ,i w argue ) !m ano!r "t1 & ) su* a disposition t no qu>rel %all arise betwe5 u2 = ,i %all be ready to yield to _! op9ions :5 f\nd$ on tru?4 ,only ,i mu/ give !m ?is advice3 ,t 7 x ev] s true1 t a wise man reg>ds no?+ b ! body2 or1 to express myself ) m dec5cy1 nev] does any?+ except :at is exp$i5t1 & views all ?+s ) exclusive ref]5ce to 8 own advantage2 z su* ?+s are n v comm5dable1 !y %\ld conf9e !m to _! own brea/s1 & leave (f talk+ ) t p>ade ( !m4 ,,xxii4 ,:at rema9s is ! op9ion ( ! ,cyr5aics1 :o ?9k t m5 grieve :5 any?+ happ5s unexpect$ly4 ,& t is1 inde$1 z ,i said be=e1 a great aggravation ( a mis=tune2 & ,i "k t x appe>$ s to ,*rysippus1 8,:atev] falls out unexpect$ is s mu* ! heavi]40 ,b ! :ole "q does n turn on ?is2 ?\gh ! sudd5 approa* ( an enemy sometimes occasions m confusion ?an x w\ld if y _h expect$ him1 & a sudd5 /orm at sea ?r[s ! sailors into a great] fright ?an "o :i* !y h =ese52 & x is ! same 9 _m o!r cases4 ,b :5 y c>efully consid] ! nature ( :at 0 expect$1 y w f9d no?+ m1 ?an t all ?+s :i* come on a sudd5 appe> great]2 & ?is ^u two acc\nts3 fir/ ( all1 because y h n "t to consid] h[ great ! accid5t is2 & secondly1 because y are probably p]suad$ t y c\ld h gu>d$ aga9/ x _h y =ese5 x1 & !re=e ! mis=tune1 hav+ be5 seem+ly enc\nt]$ by y\r own fault1 makes y\r grief ! great]4 ,t x is s1 "t ev9ces2 :i*1 z x advances1 br+s ) x s mu* mitigation1 t ?\gh ! same mis=tunes cont9ue1 ! grief n only becomes ! less1 b 9 "s cases is entirely remov$4 ,_m ,c>?ag9ians 7 slaves at ,rome1 & _m ,mac$onians :5 ,p]seus _! k+ 0 tak5 prison]4 ,i saw1 too1 :5 ,i 0 a "y man1 "s ,cor9?ians 9 ! ,peloponnesus4 ,!y might all h lam5t$ ) ,&roma*e1-- ,all ^! ,i saw4442 b !y _h p]haps giv5 ov] lam5t+ !mselves1 = by _! c\nt5ances1 & spee*1 & o!r ge/ures1 y might h tak5 !m = ,argives or ,sicyonians4 ,& ,i myself 0 m conc]n$ at ! ru9$ walls ( ,cor9?1 ?an ! ,cor9?ians !mselves 71 ^: m9ds by frequ5t reflection & "t _h become call\s to su* sights4 ,i h read a book ( ,clitoma*us1 :i* he s5t to 8 fell[-citiz5s1 :o 7 prison]s1 to com=t !m aft] ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age2 !re is 9 x a treatise writt5 by ,c>neades1 :i*1 z ,clitoma*us says1 he _h ins]t$ into 8 book2 ! subject 01 8,t x appe>$ probable t a wise man w\ld grieve at ! /ate ( subjection ( 8 c\ntry10 & all ! argum5ts :i* ,c>neades us$ aga9/ ?is proposition are set d[n 9 ! book4 ,!re ! philosoph] applies su* a /rong m$ic9e to a fre% grief1 z w\ld be q unnecess>y 9 "o ( any cont9uance2 nor1 if ?is v book _h be5 s5t to ! captives "s ye>s aft]1 w\ld x h f\nd any w\nds to cure1 b only sc>s2 = grief1 by a g5tle progress & sl[ degrees1 we>s away imp]ceptibly4 ,n t ! circum/ances :i* gave rise to x are alt]$1 or c be1 b t cu/om tea*es :at reason %\ld1 t ^? ?+s :i* be=e seem$ to be ( "s consequ5ce1 are ( no su* great importance aft] all4 ,,xxiii4 ,x may be said1 ,:at occasion is !re to apply to reason1 or to any sort ( consolation su* z we g5]ally make use (1 to mitigate ! grief ( ! afflict$8 ,= we h ?is argum5t always at h&1 t no?+ ought to appe> unexpect$4 ,b h[ w any "o be enabl$ to be> 8 mis=tunes ! bett] by kn[+ t x is unavoidable t su* ?+s %\ld happ5 to man8 ,say+ ?is subtracts no?+ f ! sum ( ! grief3 x only ass]ts t no?+ has fall5 out b :at might h be5 anticipat$2 & yet ?is mann] ( speak+ has "s little consolation 9 x1 ?\gh ,i appreh5d n a great deal4 ,!re=e ^? unlook$-= ?+s h n s mu* =ce z to give rise to all our grief2 ! bl[ p]haps may fall ! heavi]1 b :atev] happ5s does n appe> ! great] on t acc\nt2 no1 x is ! fact ( its hav+ happ5$ lately1 & n ( its hav+ befall5 u unexpect$ly1 t makes x seem ! great]4 ,!re are two ways !n ( disc]n+ ! tru?1 n only ( ?+s t seem evil1 b ( ^? t h ! appe>ance ( good4 ,= we ei!r inquire into ! nature ( ! ?+1 ( :at description1 & magnitude1 & importance x is1--z sometimes ) reg>d to pov]ty1 ! burd5 ( :i* we may light5 :5 by our disputations we %[ h[ few ?+s nature requires1 & ( :at a trifl+ k9d !y are1--or1 )\t any subtle argu+1 we ref] !m to examples1 z "h we in/ance a ,socrates1 !re a ,diog5es1 & !n aga9 t l9e 9 ,ccilius1 ,wisdom is (t conceal'd 9 mean attire4 ,= z pov]ty is ( equal weight ) all1 :at reason c be giv51 :y :at 0 borne by ,fabricius %\ld be spok5 ( by any "o else z unsupportable :5 x falls ^u !mselves8 ,( a piece ) ?is is t o!r way ( com=t+1 :i* consi/s 9 po9t+ out t no?+ has happ5$ b :at is common to human nature2 = ?is argum5t do? n only in=m u :at human nature is1 b implies t all ?+s are tol]able :i* o!rs h borne & are be>+4 ,,xxiv4 ,is pov]ty ! subject8 !y tell y ( _m :o h submitt$ to x ) pati5ce4 ,is x ! contempt ( hon\rs8 !y acqua9t y ) "s :o nev] enjoy$ any1 & 7 ! happi] = x2 & ( ^? :o h pref]r$ a private retir$ life to public employm5t1 m5tion+ _! names ) respect2 !y tell y ( ! v]se7#hi7 ( t mo/ p[]ful k+1 :o praises an old man1 & pron\nces him happy1 because he 0 unkn[n to fame1 & seem$ likely to arrive at ! h\r ( dea? 9 obscurity & )\t notice4 ,?us too !y h examples = ^? :o are depriv$ ( _! *ildr52 !y :o are "u any great grief are com=t$ by in/ances ( l affliction2 & ?us ! endurance ( e mis=tune is r5d]$ m easy by ! fact ( o!rs hav+ und]gone ! same1 & ! fate ( o!rs causes :at has happ5$ to appe> less important ?an x has be5 previ\sly ?\ght1 & reflection ?us discov]s to u h[ mu* op9ion _h impos$ on u4 ,& ?is is :at t ,telamon decl>es1 8,i1 :5 my son 0 born10 etc42 & ?us ,!seus1 8,i on my future mis]y did dwell20 & ,anaxagoras1 8,i knew my son 0 mortal40 ,all ^! m51 by frequ5tly reflect+ on human affairs1 _h discov]$ t !y 7 by no means to be e/imat$ by ! op9ion ( ! multitude2 & inde$ x seems to me to be pretty mu* ! same case ) ^? :o consid] be=eh& z ) ^? :o d]ive _! rem$ies f "t1 except+ t a k9d ( reason cures ! "o1 & ! o!r rem$y is provid$ by nature2 by :i* we discov] 7& ?is conta9s ! :ole m>r[ ( ! matt]7 t :at 0 imag9$ to be ! greate/ evil1 is by no means s great z to defeat ! happ9ess ( life4 ,& ! effect ( ?is is1 t ! bl[ is great] by reason ( its n hav+ be5 =ese51 & n1 z !y suppose1 t :5 simil> mis=tunes befal two diff]5t p1 t man only is affect$ ) grief :om ?is calamity has befall5 unexpect$ly4 ,s t "s p]sons1 "u ! oppression ( grief1 are said to h borne x actually worse = he>+ ( ?is common condition ( man1 t we are born "u su* conditions z r5d] x impossible = a man to be exempt f all evil4 ,,xxv4 ,= ?is reason ,c>neades1 z ,i see our fri5d ,antio*us writes1 us$ to blame ,*rysippus = comm5d+ ^! v]ses ( ,euripides1-- ,man1 doom'd to c>e1 to pa91 disease1 & /rife1 ,walks 8 %ort j\rney ?ro' ! vale ( life3 ,wat*ful att5ds ! cradle & ! grave1 ,& pass+ g5]ations longs to save3 ,la/1 dies himself3 yet :]e=e %\ld we m\rn8 ,= man mu/ to 8 k9dr$ du/ return2 ,submit to ! de/roy+ h& ( fate1 ,z rip5'd e>s ! h>ve/-sickle wait47#ij7 ,he w\ld n all[ a spee* ( ?is k9d to avail at all to ! cure ( our grief1 = he said x 0 a lam5table case itself1 t we 7 fall5 into ! h&s ( su* a cruel fate2 & t a spee* l t1 prea*+ up com=t f ! mis=tunes ( ano!r1 0 a com=t adapt$ only to ^? ( a malevol5t disposition4 ,b to me x appe>s f> o!rwise2 = ! necessity ( be>+ :at is ! common condition ( humanity =bids y\r resi/+ ! w ( ! ,gods1 & rem9ds y t y are a man2 :i* reflection greatly alleviates grief2 & ! enum]ation ( ^! examples is n produc$ ) a view to please ^? ( a malevol5t disposition1 b 9 ord] t any "o 9 affliction may be induc$ to be> :at he obs]ves _m o!rs h previ\sly borne ) tranquillity & mod]ation4 ,= !y :o are fall+ to pieces1 & _c hold toge!r ?r\gh ! greatness ( _! grief1 %\ld be support$ by all k9ds ( assi/ance4 ,f :5ce ,*rysippus ?9ks t grief is call$ 1 z x 7 1 t is to say1 a dissolution ( ! :ole man4 ,! :ole ( :i* ,i ?9k may be pull$ up by ! roots1 by expla9+1 z ,i said at ! beg9n+1 ! cause ( grief2 = x is no?+ else b an op9ion & judgm5t =m$ ( a pres5t acute evil4 ,& ?us any bodily pa91 let x be ev] s griev\s1 may be endurable :]e any hopes are propos$ ( "s consid]able good2 & we receive su* consolation f a virtu\s & illu/ri\s life1 t !y :o lead su* lives are seldom attack$ by grief1 or b slightly affect$ by x4 ,,xxvi4 ,b z besides ?is op9ion ( great evil !re is ?is o!r add$ also1 t we ought to lam5t :at has happ5$1 t x is "r s to d1 & "p ( our duty2 !n is br\ght ab\t t t]rible disord] ( m9d1 grief4 ,& x is to ?is op9ion t we owe all ^? v>i\s & horrid k9ds ( lam5tation1 t neglect ( our p]sons1 t womani% te>+ ( our *eeks1 t /rik+ on our ?ighs1 brea/s1 & heads4 ,?us ,agamemnon1 9 ,hom] & 9 ,accius1-- ,te>s 9 8 grief 8 uncomb'd locks27#ia7 f :5ce comes t pleasant say+ ( ,bion1 t ! fooli% k+ 9 8 sorr[ tore away ! hairs ( 8 head1 imag9+ t 8 grief w\ld be alleviat$ by baldness4 ,b m5 d all ^! ?+s f be+ p]suad$ t !y ought to d s4 ,& ?us s*9es inveighs aga9/ ,demo/h5es = sacrific+ )9 sev5 days aft] ! dea? ( 8 daught]4 ,b ) :at eloqu5ce1 ) :at flu5cy does he attack him6 :at s5tim5ts does he collect6 :at words does he hurl aga9/ him6 ,y may see by ?is t an orator may d any?+2 b nobody w\ld approve ( su* lic5ce if x 7 n t we h an idea innate 9 our m9ds1 t e good man ought to lam5t ! loss ( a relation z bitt]ly z possible4 ,& x is ow+ to ?is t "s m51 :5 9 sorr[1 betake !mselves to des]ts1 z ,hom] says ( ,bell]ophon2-- ,di/ract$ 9 8 m9d1 ,=sook by heav51 =sak+ human k9d1 ,wide o'er ! ,alean field he *ose to /ray1 ,a long1 =lorn1 uncom=table way67#ib7 ,& ?us ,niobe is feign$ to h be5 turn$ into /one1 f h] nev] speak+1 ,i suppose1 9 h] grief4 ,b !y imag9e ,hecuba to h be5 conv]t$ into a bit*1 f h] rage & bitt]ness ( m9d4 ,!re are o!rs :o love to conv]se ) solitude itself1 :5 9 grief1 z ! nurse 9 ,ennius1-- ,fa9 w\ld ,i to ! heav5s & e>? relate ,m$ea's ceaseless woes & cruel fate47#ic7 ,,xxvii4 ,n[ all ^! ?+s are done 9 grief1 f a p]suasion ( _! tru?1 & propriety1 & necessity2 & x is pla91 t ^? :o behave ?us1 d s f a conviction ( its be+ _! duty2 = %\ld ^! m\rn]s by *ance drop _! grief1 & ei!r act or speak = a mom5t 9 a m calm or *e]ful mann]1 !y pres5tly *eck !mselves & return to _! lam5tations aga91 & blame !mselves = hav+ be5 guilty ( any int]missions f _! grief4 ,& p>5ts & ma/]s g5]ally correct *ildr5 n by words only1 b by bl[s1 if !y %[ any levity by ei!r ^w or de$ :5 ! family is "u affliction1 &1 z x 71 oblige !m to be sorr[ful4 ,:at8 does x n appe>1 :5 y h ceas$ to m\rn1 & h discov]$ t y\r grief has be5 ineffectual1 t ! :ole ( t m\rn+ 0 volunt>y1 on y\r "p8 ,:at does t man say1 9 ,t]5ce1 :o puni%es himself1 ! ,self-torm5tor8 ,i ?9k ,i d my son less h>m1 ,o ,*remes1 ,z long z ,i myself am mis]able4 ,he det]m9es to be mis]able3 & c any "o det]m9e on any?+ aga9/ 8 w8 ,i well might ?9k t ,i des]v$ all evil4 ,he w\ld ?9k he des]v$ any mis=tune1 7 he o!rwise ?an mis]able6 ,!re=e1 y see ! evil is 9 op9ion1 n 9 nature4 ,h[ is x1 :5 "s ?+s d ( !mselves prev5t y\r griev+ at !m8 z 9 ,hom]1 s _m di$ & 7 buri$ daily1 t !y _h n leisure to grieve3 :]e y f9d ^! l9es1-- ,! great1 ! bold1 by ?\s&s daily fall1 ,& endless 7 ! grief to weep = all4 ,et]nal sorr[s :at avails to %$8 ,greece hon\rs n ) solemn fa/s ! dead3 ,en\gh :5 dea? dem&s ! brave to pay ,! tribute ( a melan*oly day4 ,"o *ief ) pati5ce to ! grave resign'd1 ,our c>e devolves on o!rs left beh9d47#id7 ,!re=e x is 9 our own p[] to lay aside grief ^u occasion2 & is !re any opportunity 7see+ ! ?+ is 9 our own p[]7 t we %\ld let slip ( gett+ rid ( c>e & grief8 ,x 0 pla91 t ! fri5ds ( ,cnu ,pompeius1 :5 !y saw him fa9t+ "u 8 w\nds1 at ! v mom5t ( t mo/ mis]able & bitt] sight 7 "u great uneas9ess h[ !y !mselves1 surr\nd$ by ! enemy z !y 71 %\ld escape1 & 7 employ$ 9 no?+ b enc\rag+ ! r[]s & aid+ _! escape2 b :5 !y rea*$ ,tyre1 !y began to grieve & lam5t ov] him4 ,!re=e1 z fe> ) !m prevail$ ov] grief1 _c reason & true philosophy h ! same effect ) a wise man8 ,,xxviii4 ,b :at is !re m effectual to dispel grief ?an ! discov]y t x answ]s no purpose1 & has be5 und]gone to no acc\nt8 ,!re=e1 if we c get rid ( x1 we ne$ nev] h be5 subject to x4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 !n1 t m5 take up grief wilfully & kn[+ly2 & ?is appe>s f ! pati5ce ( ^? :o1 aft] !y h be5 ex]cis$ 9 afflictions & are bett] able to be> :atev] befals !m1 suppose !mselves h>d5$ aga9/ =tune2 z t p]son 9 ,euripides-- ,_h ?is ! fir/ essay ( =tune be51 ,& ,i no /orms ?ro' all my life _h se51 ,wild z a colt ,i'd broke f reason's sway2 ,b frequ5t griefs h taught me to obey47#ie7 ,z1 !n1 ! frequ5t be>+ ( mis]y makes grief ! light]1 we mu/ necess>ily p]ceive t ! cause & orig9al ( x does n lie 9 ! calamity itself4 ,y\r pr9cipal philosoph]s1 or lov]s ( wisdom1 ?\gh !y h n yet arriv$ at p]fect wisdom1 are n !y s5sible t !y are 9 ! greate/ evil8 ,= !y are fooli%1 & fooli%ness is ! greate/ ( all evils1 & yet !y lam5t n4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ?is8 ,because op9ion is n fix$ ^u t k9d ( evil2 x is n our op9ion t x is "r1 meet1 & our duty to be uneasy because we are n all wise m54 ,:]eas ?is op9ion is /rongly affix$ to t uneas9ess :]e m\rn+ is conc]n$1 :i* is ! greate/ ( all grief4 ,!re=e ,ari/otle1 :5 he blames "s anci5t philosoph]s = imag9+ t by _! g5ius !y _h br\ght philosophy to ! highe/ p]fection1 says1 !y mu/ be ei!r extremely fooli% or extremely va92 b t he himself c\ld see t great improvem5ts _h be5 made !re9 9 a few ye>s1 & t philosophy w\ld 9 a little "t arrive at p]fection4 ,& ,!ophra/us is report$ to h reproa*$ nature at 8 dea? = giv+ to /ags & cr[s s long a life1 :i* 0 ( no use to !m1 b all[+ only s %ort a span to m51 to :om l5g? ( days w\ld h be5 ( ! greate/ use2 = if ! life ( man c\ld h be5 l5g!n$1 x w\ld h be5 able to provide itself ) all k9ds ( le>n+1 & ) arts 9 ! greate/ p]fection4 ,he lam5t$1 !re=e1 t he 0 dy+ j :5 he _h begun to discov] ^!4 ,:at8 does n e grave & di/+ui%$ philosoph] ackn[l$ge himself ignorant ( _m ?+s1 & confess t !re are _m ?+s :i* he mu/ le>n ov] & ov] aga98 & yet1 ?\gh ^! m5 are s5sible t !y are /&+ /ill 9 ! v midway ( folly1 ?an :i* no?+ c be worse1 !y are "u no great affliction1 because no op9ion t x is _! duty to lam5t is ev] m+l$ ) ?is k4 ,:at %all we say ( ^? :o ?9k x unbecom+ 9 a man to grieve8 among/ :om we may reckon ,q4 ,maximus1 :5 he buri$ 8 son t _h be5 consul1 & ,l4 ,paulus1 :o lo/ two sons )9 a few days ( "o ano!r4 ,( ! same op9ion 0 ,m4 ,cato1 :o lo/ 8 son j aft] he _h be5 elect$ prtor1 & _m o!rs1 ^: names ,i h collect$ 9 my book on ,consolation4 ,n[ :at made ^! m5 s easy1 b _! p]suasion t grief & lam5tation 0 n becom+ 9 a man8 ,!re=e1 z "s give !mselves up to grief f an op9ion t x is "r s to d1 !y refra9$ !mselves1 f an op9ion t x 0 discr$itable2 f :i* we may inf] t grief is ow+ m to op9ion ?an nature4 ,,xxix4 ,x may be said1 on ! o!r side1 ,:o is s mad z to grieve ( 8 own accord8 ,pa9 proce$s f nature2 :i* y mu/ submit to1 say !y1 agreeably to :at ev5 y\r own ,crantor tea*es1 = x presses & ga9s ^u y unavoidably1 & _c possibly be resi/$4 ,s t ! v same ,oileus1 9 ,sophocles1 :o _h be=e com=t$ ,telamon on ! dea? ( ,ajax1 on he>+ ( ! dea? ( 8 own son is brok5-he>t$4 ,on ?is alt]ation ( 8 m9d we h ^! l9es3-- ,%[ me ! man s well by wisdom taught ,t :at he *>ges to ano!r's fault1 ,:5 l affliction do? himself betide1 ,true to 8 own wise c\nsel w abide47#if7 ,n[ :5 !y urge ^! ?+s1 _! endeav\r is to prove t nature is absolutely & :olly irresi/ible2 & yet ! same p all[ t we take great] grief on ourselves ?an nature requires4 ,:at madness is x !n 9 u to require ! same f o!rs8 ,b !re are _m reasons = our tak+ grief on u4 ,! fir/ is f ! op9ion ( "s evil1 on ! discov]y & c]ta9ty ( :i* grief comes ( c\rse4 ,besides1 _m p are p]suad$ t !y are do+ some?+ v acceptable to ! dead :5 !y lam5t bitt]ly ov] !m4 ,to ^! may be add$ a k9d ( womani% sup]/ition1 9 imag9+ t :5 !y h be5 /rick5 by ! afflictions s5t by ! gods1 to ackn[l$ge !mselves afflict$ & humbl$ by !m is ! readie/ way ( appeas+ !m4 ,b mo/ m5 appe> to be unaw>e :at contradictions ^! ?+s are full (4 ,!y comm5d ^? :o die calmly1 b !y blame ^? :o c be> ! loss ( ano!r ) ! same calmness1 z if x 7 possible t x %\ld be true1 z is occasionally said 9 love spee*es1 t any "o c love ano!r m ?an himself4 ,!re is1 inde$1 some?+ excell5t 9 ?is1 &1 if y exam9e x1 some?+ no less j ?an true1 t we love ^? :o ought to be mo/ de> to u z well z we love ourselves2 b to love !m m ?an ourselves is absolutely impossible2 nor is x desirable 9 fri5d%ip t ,i %\ld love my fri5d m ?an myself1 or t he %\ld love me s2 = ?is w\ld occasion mu* confusion 9 life1 & break 9 ^u all ! duties ( x4 ,,xxx4 ,b we w speak ( ?is ano!r "t3 at pres5t x is suffici5t n to attribute our mis]y to ! loss ( our fri5ds1 nor to love !m m ?an1 if !y !mselves c\ld be s5sible ( our conduct1 !y w\ld approve (1 or at lea/ n m ?an we d ourselves4 ,n[ z to :at !y say1 t "s are n at all appeas$ by our consolations2 & moreov] z to :at !y add1 t ! com=t]s !mselves ackn[l$ge !y are mis]able :5 =tune v>ies ! attack & falls on !m1--9 bo? ^! cases ! solution is easy3 = ! fault "h is n 9 nature1 b 9 our own folly2 & mu* may be said aga9/ folly4 ,b m5 :o d n admit ( consolation seem to bespeak mis]y = !mselves2 & !y :o _c be> _! mis=tunes ) t temp] :i* !y recomm5d to o!rs1 are n m faulty 9 ?is p>ticul> ?an mo/ o!r p]sons2 = we see t covet\s m5 f9d fault ) o!rs :o are covet\s2 z d ! va9-glori\s ) ^? :o appe> too :olly devot$ to ! pursuit ( glory4 ,= x is ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( folly to p]ceive ! vices ( o!rs1 b to =get its own4 ,b s9ce we f9d t grief is remov$ by l5g? ( "t1 we h ! greate/ pro( t ! /r5g? ( x dep5ds n m]ely on "t1 b on ! daily consid]ation ( x4 ,= if ! cause cont9ues ! same1 & ! man be ! same1 h[ c !re be any alt]ation 9 ! grief1 if !re is no *ange 9 :at occasion$ ! grief1 nor 9 him :o grieves8 ,!re=e x is f daily reflect+ t !re is no real evil 9 ! circum/ance = :i* y grieve1 & n f ! l5g? ( "t1 t y procure a rem$y = y\r grief4 ,,xxxi4 ,"h "s p talk ( mod]ate grief2 b if su* be natural1 :at occasion is !re = consolation8 = nature h]self w det]m9e ! measure ( x2 b if x dep5ds on & is caus$ by op9ion1 ! :ole op9ion %\ld be de/roy$4 ,i ?9k t x has be5 suffici5tly said1 t grief arises f an op9ion ( "s pres5t evil1 :i* includes ?is belief1 t x is incumb5t on u to grieve4 ,to ?is def9ition ,z5o has add$ v ju/ly1 t ! op9ion ( ?is pres5t evil %\ld be rec5t4 ,n[ ?is ^w rec5t !y expla9 ?us2--^? are n ! only rec5t ?+s :i* happ5$ a little :ile ago1 b z long z !re %all be any =ce or vig\r or fre%ness 9 t imag9$ evil1 s long x is entitl$ to ! "n ( rec5t4 ,take ! case ( ,artemisia1 ! wife ( ,mausolus k+ ( ,c>ia1 :o made t noble sepul*re at ,halic>nassus2 :il/ %e liv$ %e liv$ 9 grief1 & di$ ( x1 be+ worn out by x1 = t op9ion 0 always rec5t ) h]3 b y _c call t rec5t1 :i* has already begun to decay ?r\gh "t4 ,n[ ! duty ( a com=t] is1 to remove grief entirely1 to quiet x1 or draw x (f z mu* z y c1 or else to keep x "u1 & prev5t its spread+ any fur!r1 & to div]t "o's att5tion to o!r matt]s4 ,!re are "s :o ?9k ) ,clean!s1 t ! only duty ( a com=t] is to prove1 t :at "o is lam5t+ is by no means an evil4 ,o!rs1 z ! ,p]ipatetics1 pref] urg+ t ! evil is n great4 ,o!rs1 ) ,epicurus1 seek to div]t y\r att5tion f ! evil to good3 "s ?9k x suffici5t to %[1 t no?+ has happ5$ b :at y _h reason to expect1 & ?is is ! practice ( ! ,cyr5aics4 ,b ,*rysippus ?9ks t ! ma9 ?+ 9 com=t+ is1 to remove ! op9ion f ! p]son :o is griev+1 t to grieve is 8 b\nd5 duty4 ,!re are o!rs :o br+ toge!r all ^! v>i\s k9ds ( consolations1 = p are diff]5tly affect$2 z ,i h done myself 9 my book on ,consolation3 = z my own m9d 0 mu* disord]$1 ,i h attempt$ 9 t book to discov] e me?od ( cure4 ,b ! prop] season is z mu* to be att5d$ to 9 ! cure ( ! m9d1 z ( ! body2 z ,prome!us 9 s*ylus1 on its be+ said to him1 ,i ?9k1 ,prome!us1 y ?is t5et hold1 ,t all m5's reason %\ld _! rage control2 answ]s1 ,yes1 :5 "o reason prop]ly applies2 ,ill-tim$ advice w make ! /orm b rise47#ig7 ,,xxxii4 ,b ! pr9cipal m$ic9e to be appli$ 9 consolation1 is to ma9ta9 ei!r t x is no evil at all1 or a v inconsid]able "o3 ! next be/ to t is1 to speak ( ! common condition ( life1 hav+ a view1 if possible1 to ! /ate ( ! p]son :om y com=t p>ticul>ly4 ,! ?ird is1 t x is folly to we> oneself out ) grief :i* c avail no?+4 ,= ! com=t ( ,clean!s is suitable only = a wise man1 :o is 9 no ne$ ( any com=t at all2 = c\ld y p]suade "o 9 grief1 t no?+ is an evil b :at is base1 y w\ld n only cure him ( grief1 b folly4 ,b ! "t = su* precepts is n well *os54 ,besides1 ,clean!s does n seem to me suffici5tly aw>e t affliction may v (t5 proce$ f t v ?+ :i* he himself all[s to be ! greate/ mis=tune4 ,= :at %all we say8 ,:5 ,socrates _h conv9c$ ,alcibiades1 z we are told1 t he _h no di/9ctive qualifications z a man diff]5t f o!r p1 & t 9 fact !re 0 no diff]5ce betwixt him1 ?\gh a man ( ! highe/ rank1 & a port]2 & :5 ,alcibiades became uneasy at ?is1 & entreat$ ,socrates1 ) te>s 9 8 eyes1 to make him a man ( virtue1 & to cure him ( t mean position2 :at %all we say to ?is1 ,clean!s8 ,0 !re no evil 9 :at afflict$ ,alcibiades ?us8 ,:at /range ?+s does ,lycon say8 :o1 mak+ light ( grief1 says t x arises f trifles1 f ?+s t affect our =tune or bodies1 n f ! evils ( ! m9d4 ,:at1 !n--did n ! grief ( ,alcibiades proce$ f ! defects & evils ( ! m9d8 ,i h already said en\gh ( ,epicurus's consolation4 ,,xxxiii4 ,nor is t consolation mu* to be reli$ on1 ?\gh x is frequ5tly practis$1 & sometimes has "s effect1 namely1 8,t y are n alone 9 ?is40--,x has its effect1 z ,i said1 b n always1 nor ) e p]son2 = "s reject x1 b mu* dep5ds on ! application ( x2 = y ought r to %[1 n h[ m5 9 g5]al h be5 affect$ ) su* evils1 b h[ m5 ( s5se h borne !m4 ,z to ,*rysippus's me?od1 x is c]ta9ly f\nd$ 9 tru?2 b x is difficult to apply x 9 "t ( di/ress4 ,x is a "w ( no small difficulty to p]suade a p]son 9 affliction t he grieves1 m]ely because he ?9ks x "r s to d4 ,c]ta9ly !n1 z 9 plead+s we d n /ate all cases alike1 7if ,i may adopt ! language ( lawy]s = a mom5t17 b adapt :at we h to say to ! "t1 to ! nature ( ! subject "u debate1 & to ! p]son2 s too 9 alleviat+ grief1 reg>d %\ld be _h to :at k9d ( cure ! p>ty to be com=t$ c admit (4 ,b1 someh[ or o!r1 we h rambl$ f :at y orig9ally propos$4 ,= y\r "q 0 conc]n+ a wise man1 ) :om no?+ c h ! appe>ance ( evil1 t is n di%on\rable3 or at lea/1 any?+ else w\ld seem s small an evil1 t by 8 wisdom he w\ld s ov]-mat* x1 z to make x :olly disappe>2 & su* a man makes no addition to 8 grief ?r\gh op9ion1 & nev] conceives x "r to torm5t himself above measure1 nor to we> himself out ) grief1 :i* is ! meane/ ?+ imag9able4 ,reason1 h[ev]1 x seems1 has demon/rat$1 7?\gh x 0 n directly our object at ! mom5t to inquire :e!r any?+ c be call$ an evil except :at is base17 t x is 9 our p[] to disc]n1 t all ! evil :i* !re is 9 affliction has no?+ natural 9 x1 b is contract$ by our own volunt>y judgm5t ( x1 & ! error ( op9ion4 ,,xxxiv4 ,b ! k9d ( affliction ( :i* ,i h treat$ is t :i* is ! greate/2 9 ord] t :5 we h once got rid ( t1 x may appe> a bus9ess ( less consequ5ce to look aft] rem$ies = ! o!rs4 ,= !re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* are usually said ab\t pov]ty2 & also c]ta9 /atem5ts ord9>ily appli$ to retir$ & undi/+ui%$ life4 ,!re are p>ticul> treatises on bani%m5t1 on ! ru9 ( "o's c\ntry1 on slav]y1 on weakness1 on bl9dness1 & on e incid5t t c come "u ! "n ( an evil4 ,! ,greeks divide ^! into diff]5t treatises & di/9ct books3 b !y d x = ! sake ( employm5t3 n b t all su* discussions are full ( ent]ta9m5t2 & yet1 z physicians1 9 cur+ ! :ole body1 att5d to ev5 ! mo/ insignificant "p ( ! body :i* is at all disord]$1 s does philosophy act1 aft] x has remov$ grief 9 g5]al1 7/ill if any o!r defici5cy exi/s1 %\ld pov]ty bite1 %\ld ignom9y /+1 %\ld bani%m5t br+ a d>k cl\d ov] u1 or %\ld any ( ^? ?+s :i* ,i h j m5tion$ appe>17--!re is = ea* its appropriate consolation3 :i* y %all he> :5ev] y please4 ,b we mu/ h rec\rse aga9 to ! same orig9al pr9ciple1 t a wise man is free f all sorr[1 because x is va91 because x answ]s no purpose1 because x is n f\nd$ 9 nature1 b on op9ion & prejudice1 & is eng5d]$ by a k9d ( invitation to grieve1 :5 once m5 h imag9$ t x is _! duty to d s4 ,:5 !n we h subtract$ :at is altoge!r volunt>y1 t m\rnful uneas9ess w be remov$2 yet "s little anxiety1 "s slight prick+ w /ill rema94 ,!y may inde$ call ?is natural1 provid$ !y give x n t horrid1 solemn1 melan*oly "n ( grief1 :i* c by no means consi/ ) wisdom4 ,b h[ v>i\s1 & h[ bitt]1 are ! roots ( grief6 ,:atev] !y are1 ,i propose1 aft] hav+ fell$ ! trunk1 to de/roy !m all2 ev5 if x %\ld be necess>y1 by allott+ a sep>ate diss]tation to ea*1 = ,i h leisure en\gh to d s1 :atev] "t x may take up4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( e uneas9ess is ! same1 ?\gh !y may appe> "u diff]5t names4 ,= envy is an uneas9ess2 s are emulation1 detraction1 angui%1 sorr[1 sadness1 tribulation1 lam5tation1 vexation1 grief1 tr\ble1 affliction1 & despair4 ,! ,/oics def9e all ^! diff]5t feel+s1 & all ^? words :i* ,i h m5tion$ belong to diff]5t ?+s1 & d n1 z !y seem1 express ! same ideas2 b !y are to a c]ta9 ext5t di/9ct1 z ,i %all make appe> p]haps 9 ano!r place4 ,^! are ^? fibres ( ! roots1 :i*1 z ,i said at fir/1 mu/ be trac$ back & cut (f1 & de/roy$1 s t n "o %all rema94 ,y say x is a great & difficult und]tak+3--:o d5ies x8 ,b :at is !re ( any excell5cy :i* has n its difficulty8--,yet philosophy und]takes to effect x1 provid$ we admit its sup]9t5d5ce4 ,b en\gh ( ?is3 ! o!r books1 :5ev] y please1 %all be ready = y "h1 or any :]e else4 ,book ,,iv4 ,on ,o!r ,p]turbations ,( ,! ,m9d4 ,i4 ,i h (t5 wond]$1 ,brutus1 on _m occasions1 at ! +5uity & virtues ( our c\ntrym52 b no?+ has surpris$ me m ?an _! developm5t 9 ^? /udies1 :i*1 ?\gh !y came some:at late to u1 h be5 transport$ into ?is city f ,greece4 ,= ! sy/em ( auspices1 & religi\s c]emonies1 & c\rts ( ju/ice1 & appeals to ! p1 ! s5ate1 ! e/abli%m5t ( an army ( cavalry & infantry1 & ! :ole milit>y discipl9e1 7 in/itut$ z e>ly z ! f\ndation ( ! city by royal au?ority1 p>tly too by laws1 n )\t ! assi/ance ( ! ,gods4 ,!n ) :at a surpris+ & incr$ible progress did our ance/ors advance t[>ds all k9d ( excell5ce1 :5 once ! republic 0 fre$ f ! regal p[]6 ,n t ?is is a prop] occasion to treat ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( our ance/ors1 or ( ! discipl9e & con/itution ( ! city2 = ,i h else:]e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! six books ,i wrote on ! ,republic1 giv5 a suffici5tly accurate acc\nt ( !m4 ,b :il/ ,i am on ?is subject1 & consid]+ ! /udy ( philosophy1 ,i meet ) _m reasons to imag9e t ^? /udies 7 br\ght to u f abroad1 & n m]ely import$1 b pres]v$ & improv$2 = !y _h ,py?agoras1 a man ( consummate wisdom & nobl5ess ( "*1 9 a mann]1 be=e _! eyes2 :o 0 9 ,italy at ! "t t ,lucius ,brutus1 ! illu/ri\s f\nd] ( y\r nobility1 deliv]$ 8 c\ntry f tyranny4 ,z ! doctr9e ( ,py?agoras spread itself on all sides1 x seems probable to me1 t x rea*$ ?is city2 & ?is is n only probable ( itself1 b x does really appe> to h be5 ! case f _m rema9s ( x4 ,= :o c imag9e t1 :5 x fl\ri%$ s mu* 9 t "p ( ,italy :i* 0 call$ ,magna ,grcia1 & 9 "s ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful cities1 9 :i*1 fir/ ! "n ( ,py?agoras1 & !n t ( ^? m5 :o 7 aft]w>ds 8 foll[]s1 0 9 s high e/eem2 :o c imag9e1 ,i say1 t our p c\ld %ut _! e>s to :at 0 said by su* le>n$ m58 ,besides1 x is ev5 my op9ion1 t x 0 ! great e/eem 9 :i* ! ,py?agoreans 7 held1 t gave rise to t op9ion among/ ^? :o came aft] him1 t k+ ,numa 0 a ,py?agorean4 ,=1 be+ acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9e & pr9ciples ( ,py?agoras1 & hav+ he>d f _! ance/ors t ?is k+ 0 a v wise & j man1 & n be+ able to di/+ui% accurately betwe5 times & p]iods t 7 s remote1 !y inf]r$ f 8 be+ s em95t = 8 wisdom1 t he _h be5 a pupil ( ,py?agoras4 ,,ii4 ,s f> we proce$ on conjecture4 ,z to ! ve/iges ( ! ,py?agoreans1 ?\gh ,i might collect _m1 ,i %all use b a few2 because !y h no connexion1 ) our pres5t purpose4 ,=1 z x is report$ to h be5 a cu/om ) !m to deliv] c]ta9 precepts 9 a m ab/ruse mann] 9 v]se1 & to br+ _! m9ds f sev]e ?\ght to a m compos$ /ate by songs & musical in/rum5ts2 s ,cato1 a writ] ( ! v highe/ au?ority1 says 9 8 ,orig9s1 t x 0 cu/om>y ) our ance/ors = ! gue/s at _! ent]ta9m5ts1 e "o 9 8 turn1 to celebrate ! praises & virtues ( illu/ri\s m5 9 song to ! s\nd ( ! flute2 f :5ce x is cle> t poems & songs 7 !n compos$ = ! voice4 ,&1 inde$1 x is also cle> t poetry 0 9 fa%ion f ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 :]e9 x is provid$1 t no song %\ld be made to ! injury ( ano!r4 ,ano!r argum5t ( ! erudition ( ^? times is1 t !y play$ on in/rum5ts be=e ! %r9es ( _! ,gods1 & at ! ent]ta9m5ts ( _! magi/rates2 b t cu/om 0 peculi> to ! sect ,i am speak+ (4 ,to me1 inde$1 t poem ( ,appius ,ccus1 :i* ,pantius comm5ds s mu* 9 a c]ta9 lett] ( 8 :i* is address$ to ,qu9tus ,tub]o1 has all ! m>ks ( a ,py?agorean au?or4 ,we h _m ?+s d]iv$ f ! ,py?agoreans 9 our cu/oms2 :i* ,i pass ov]1 t we may n seem to h le>n$ t else:]e :i* we look ^u ourselves z ! inv5tors (4 ,b to return to our purpose4 ,h[ _m great poets z well z orators h sprung up among u6 & 9 :at a %ort "t6 s t x is evid5t t our p c\ld arrive at any le>n+ z soon z !y _h an incl9ation = x4 ,b ( o!r /udies ,i %all speak else:]e if !re is occasion1 z ,i h already (t5 done4 ,,iii4 ,! /udy ( philosophy is c]ta9ly ( long /&+ ) u2 b yet ,i d n f9d t ,i c give y ! names ( any philosoph] be=e ! age ( ,llius & ,scipio3 9 ^: y\ng] days we f9d t ,diog5es ! ,/oic1 & ,c>neades ! ,academic1 7 s5t z ambassadors by ! ,a!nians to our s5ate4 ,& z ^! _h nev] be5 conc]n$ 9 public affairs1 & "o ( !m 0 a ,cyr5ean1 ! o!r a ,babylonian1 !y c]ta9ly w\ld nev] h be5 =c$ f _! /udies1 nor *os5 = t employm5t1 unless ! /udy ( philosophy _h be5 9 vogue ) "s ( ! great m5 at t "t2 :o1 ?\gh !y might employ _! p5s on o!r subjects1 "s on civil law1 o!rs on oratory1 o!rs on ! hi/ory ( =m] times1 yet promot$ ?is mo/ ext5sive ( all arts1 ! pr9ciple ( liv+ well1 ev5 m by _! life ?an by _! writ+s4 ,s t ( t true & elegant philosophy1 7:i* 0 d]iv$ f ,socrates1 & is /ill pres]v$ by ! ,p]ipatetics1 & by ! ,/oics1 ?\gh !y express !mselves diff]5tly 9 _! disputes ) ! ,academics17 !re are few or no ,lat9 records2 :e!r ?is proce$s f ! importance ( ! ?+ itself1 or f m5's be+ o!rwise employ$1 or f _! conclud+ t ! capacity ( ! p 0 n equal to ! appreh5sion ( !m4 ,b1 dur+ ?is sil5ce1 ,c4 ,amaf9ius arose & took ^u himself to speak2 on ! publi%+ ( ^: writ+s ! p 7 mov$1 & enli/$ !mselves *iefly "u ?is sect1 ei!r because ! doctr9e 0 m easily und]/ood1 or because !y 7 invit$ !reto by ! pleas+ ?\ghts ( amusem5t1 or t1 because !re 0 no?+ bett]1 !y laid hold ( :at 0 (f]$ !m4 ,& aft] ,amaf9ius1 :5 _m ( ! same s5tim5ts _h writt5 mu* ab\t !m1 ! ,py?agoreans spread ov] all ,italy3 b t ^! doctr9es %\ld be s easily und]/ood & approv$ ( by ! unle>n$1 is a great pro( t !y 7 n writt5 ) any great subtlety1 & !y ?9k _! e/abli%m5t to be ow+ to ?is4 ,,iv4 ,b let e "o def5d 8 own op9ion1 = e "o is at lib]ty to *oose :at he likes2 ,i %all keep to my old cu/om2 & be+ "u no re/ra9t f ! laws ( any p>ticul> s*ool1 :i* 9 philosophy e "o mu/ necess>ily conf9e himself to1 ,i %all always inquire :at has ! mo/ probability 9 e "q1 & ?is sy/em1 :i* ,i h (t5 practis$ on o!r occasions1 ,i h adh]$ closely to 9 my ,tusculan ,disputations4 ,!re=e1 z ,i h acqua9t$ y ) ! disputations ( ! ?ree =m] days1 ?is book %all conclude ! discussion ( ! f\r? day4 ,:5 we _h come d[n into ! ,academy1 z we _h done ! =m] days1 ! bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on ?us4 ,m4 ,let any "o say1 :o pleases1 :at he w\ld wi% to h discuss$4 ,a4 ,i d n ?9k a wise man c possibly be free f e p]turbation ( m9d4 ,m4 ,he seem$ by ye/]day's disc\rse to be free f grief2 unless y agre$ ) u only to avoid tak+ up "t4 ,a4 ,n at all on t acc\nt1 = ,i 0 extremely satisfi$ ) y\r disc\rse4 ,m4 ,y d n ?9k1 !n1 t a wise man is subject to grief8 ,a4 ,no1 by no means4 ,m4 ,b if t _c disord] ! m9d ( a wise man1 no?+ else c4 ,= :at8 c su* a man be di/urb$ by fe>8 ,fe> proce$s f ! same ?+s :5 abs5t1 :i* occasion grief :5 pres5t4 ,take away grief !n1 & y remove fe>4 ,! two rema9+ p]turbations are1 a joy elate above measure1 & lu/2 &1 if a wise man is n subject to ^!1 8 m9d w be always at re/4 ,a4 ,i am entirely ( t op9ion4 ,m4 ,:i*1 !n1 %all we d8 %all ,i imm$iately cr[d all my sails8 or %all ,i make use ( my o>s1 z if ,i 7 j endeav\r+ to get cle> ( ! h>b\r8 ,a4 ,:at is x t y mean2 = ,i d n exactly compreh5d y8 ,v4 ,m4 ,because1 ,*rysippus & ! ,/oics1 :5 !y discuss ! p]turbations ( ! m9d1 make great "p ( _! debate to consi/ 9 def9itions & di/9ctions2 :ile !y employ b few words on ! subject ( cur+ ! m9d1 & prev5t+ x f be+ disord]$4 ,:]eas ! ,p]ipatetics br+ a great _m ?+s to promote ! cure ( x1 b h no reg>d to _! ?orny p>titions & def9itions4--,my "q1 !n1 01 :e!r ,i %\ld in/antly unfold ! sails ( my eloqu5ce1 or be cont5t = a :ile to make less way ) ! o>s ( logic8 ,a4 ,let x be s2 = by ! employm5t ( bo? ^! means ! subject ( our inquiry w be m ?or\ghly discuss$4 ,m4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! bett] way2 & %\ld any?+ be too obscure1 y may exam9e t aft]w>ds4 ,a4 ,i w d s2 b ^? v obscure po9ts1 y w1 z usual1 deliv] ) m cle>ness ?an ! ,greeks4 ,m4 ,i w inde$ endeav\r to d s2 b x well requires great att5tion1 le/1 by los+ "o ^w1 ! :ole %\ld escape y4 ,:at ! ,greeks call 1 we *oose to "n p]turbations 7or disord]s7 r ?an diseases2 9 expla9+ :i*1 ,i %all foll[1 fir/1 t v old description ( ,py?agoras1 & aft]w>ds t ( ,plato2 = !y bo? divide ! m9d into two p>ts1 & make "o ( ^! p>take ( reason1 & ! o!r !y repres5t )\t x4 ,9 t :i* p>takes ( reason !y place tranquillity1 t is to say1 a placid & undi/urb$ con/ancy2 to ! o!r !y assign ! turbid motions ( ang] & desire1 :i* are contr>y & opposite to reason4 ,let ?is1 !n1 be our pr9ciple1 ! spr+ ( all our reason+s4 ,b not)/&+1 ,i %all use ! p>titions & def9itions ( ! ,/oics 9 describ+ ^! p]turbations2 :o seem to me to h %[n v great acut5ess on ?is "q4 ,,vi4 ,z5o's def9ition1 !n1 is ?is3 8a p]turbation0 7:i* he calls a 7 8is a commotion ( ! m9d repugnant to reason1 & aga9/ nature40 ,"s ( !m def9e x ev5 m briefly1 say+ t a p]turbation is a some:at too vehem5t appetite2 b by too vehem5t !y mean an appetite t rec$es fur!r f ! con/ancy ( nature4 ,b !y w\ld h ! divisions ( p]turbations to arise f two imag9$ goods1 & f two imag9$ evils2 & ?us !y become f\r3 f ! good proce$ lu/ & joy--joy hav+ ref]5ce to "s pres5t good1 & lu/ to "s future "o4 ,!y suppose fe> & grief to proce$ f evils3 fe> f some?+ future1--grief f some?+ pres5t2 = :atev] ?+s are dread$ z approa*+1 always occasion grief :5 pres5t4 ,b joy & lu/ dep5d on ! op9ion ( good2 z lu/1 be+ inflam$ & provok$1 is c>ri$ on eag]ly t[>ds :at has ! appe>ance ( good2 & joy is transport$ & exults on obta9+ :at 0 desir$3 = we naturally pursue ^? ?+s t h ! appe>ance ( good1 & avoid ! contr>y4 ,:]e=e1 z soon z any?+ t has ! appe>ance ( good pres5ts itself1 nature incites u to endeav\r to obta9 x4 ,n[1 :]e ?is /rong desire is consi/5t & f\nd$ on prud5ce1 x is by ! ,/oics call$ 1 & ! "n :i* we give x is volition2 & ?is !y all[ to none b _! wise man1 & def9e x ?us3 ,volition is a reasonable desire2 b :atev] is incit$ too viol5tly 9 opposition to reason1 t is a lu/1 or an unbridl$ desire1 :i* is discov]able 9 all fools4--,&1 !re=e1 :5 we are affect$ s z to be plac$ 9 any good condition1 we are mov$ 9 two ways2 = :5 ! m9d is mov$ 9 a placid & calm motion1 consi/5t ) reason1 t is call$ joy2 b :5 x exults ) a va91 wanton exultation1 or immod]ate joy1 !n t feel+ may be call$ immod]ate ec/asy or transport1 :i* !y def9e to be an elation ( ! m9d )\t reason4--,& z we naturally desire good ?+s1 s 9 l mann] we naturally seek to avoid :at is evil2 & ?is avoidance ( :i*1 if conduct$ 9 accordance ) reason1 is call$ caution2 & ?is ! wise man alone is suppos$ to h3 b t caution :i* is n "u ! guidance ( reason1 b is att5d$ ) a base & l[ dejection1 is call$ fe>4--,fe> is1 !re=e1 caution de/itute ( reason4 ,b a wise man is n affect$ by any pres5t evil2 :ile ! grief ( a fool proce$s f be+ affect$ ) an imag9>y evil1 by :i* 8 m9d is contract$ & sunk1 s9ce x is n "u ! dom9ion ( reason4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! fir/ def9ition1 :i* makes grief to consi/ 9 a %r9k+ ( ! m9d1 contr>y to ! dictates ( reason4 ,?us1 !re are f\r p]turbations1 & b ?ree calm rational emotions2 = grief has no exact opposite4 ,,vii4 ,b !y insi/ ^u x t all p]turbations dep5d on op9ion & judgm5t2 !re=e !y def9e !m m /rictly1 9 ord] n only ! bett] to %[ h[ blameable !y are1 b to discov] h[ mu* !y are 9 our p[]4 ,grief1 !n is a rec5t op9ion ( "s pres5t evil1 9 :i* x seems to be "r t ! m9d %\ld %r9k & be deject$4 ,joy is a rec5t op9ion ( a pres5t good1 9 :i* x seems to be "r t ! m9d %\ld be elat$4 ,fe> is an op9ion ( an imp5d+ evil1 :i* we appreh5d w be intol]able4 ,lu/ is an op9ion ( a good to come1 :i* w\ld be ( advantage 7 x already come1 & pres5t ) u4 ,b h[ev] ,i h nam$ ! judgm5ts & op9ions ( p]turbations1 _! mean+ is1 n t m]ely ! p]turbations consi/ 9 !m1 b t ! effects likewise ( ^! p]turbations d s2 z grief occasions a k9d ( pa9ful prick+1 & fe> eng5d]s a recoil or sudd5 ab&onm5t ( ! m9d2 joy gives rise to a pr(use mir?1 :ile lu/ is ! p>5t ( an unbridl$ habit ( covet+4 ,b t imag9ation1 :i* ,i h includ$ 9 all ! above def9itions1 !y w\ld h to consi/ 9 ass5t+ )\t w>rantable gr\nds4 ,n[1 e p]turbation has _m subord9ate p>ts annex$ to x ( ! same k9d4 ,grief is att5d$ ) envi\sness 7invid5tia7--,i use t ^w = in/ruction sake1 ?\gh x is n s common2 because envy 7invidia7 takes 9 n only ! p]son :o envies1 b ! p]son too :o is envi$2--emulation1 detraction1 pity1 vexation1 m\rn+1 sadness1 tribulation1 sorr[1 lam5tation1 solicitude1 disquiet ( m9d1 pa91 despair1 & _m o!r simil> feel+s1 are s too4 ,"u fe> are compreh5d$ slo?1 %ame1 t]ror1 c[>dice1 fa9t+1 confusion1 a/oni%m5t4--,9 pleasure !y compreh5d malevol5ce1 t is pleas$ at ano!r's mis=tune1 delight1 boa/fulness1 & ! l4 ,to lu/ !y associate ang]1 fury1 hatr$1 enmity1 discord1 wants1 desire1 & o!r feel+s ( t k9d4 ,b !y def9e ^! 9 ?is mann]3 ,,viii4 ,envi\sness 7invid5tia71 !y say1 is a grief aris+ f ! prosp]\s circum/ances ( ano!r1 :i* are 9 no degree injuri\s to ! p]son :o envies3 = :]e any "o grieves at ! prosp]ity ( ano!r1 by :i* he is injur$1 su* a "o is n prop]ly said to envy1--z :5 ,agamemnon grieves at ,hector's success2 b :]e any "o1 :o is 9 no way hurt by ! prosp]ity ( ano!r1 is 9 pa9 at 8 success1 su* an "o envies inde$4 ,n[ ! "n emulation is tak5 9 a d\ble s5se1 s t ! same ^w may /& = praise & dispraise3 = ! imitation ( virtue is call$ emulation--7h[ev]1 t s5se ( x ,i %all h no occasion = "h1 = t c>ries praise ) x72--b emulation is also a t]m appli$ to grief at ano!r's enjoy+ :at ,i desir$ to h1 & am )\t4 ,detraction 7& ,i mean by t1 jeal\sy7 is a grief ev5 at ano!r's enjoy+ :at ,i _h a great incl9ation =4 ,pity is a grief at ! mis]y ( ano!r :o suff]s wrongfully2 = no "o is mov$ by pity at ! puni%m5t ( a p>ricide1 or ( a betray] ( 8 c\ntry4 ,vexation is a press+ grief4 ,m\rn+ is a grief at ! bitt] dea? ( "o :o 0 de> to y4 ,sadness is a grief att5d$ ) te>s4 ,tribulation is a pa9ful grief4 ,sorr[1 an excruciat+ grief4 ,lam5tation1 a grief :]e we l\dly bewail ourselves4 ,solicitude1 a p5sive grief4 ,tr\ble1 a cont9u$ grief4 ,affliction1 a grief t h>asses ! body4 ,despair1 a grief t excludes all hope ( bett] ?+s to come4 ,b ^? feel+s :i* are includ$ "u fe>1 !y def9e ?us3--,!re is slo?1 :i* is a dread ( "s ensu+ lab\r3 %ame & t]ror1 :i* affect ! body2 h5ce blu%+ att5ds %ame2 a pal5ess1 & tremor1 & *att]+ ( ! tee?1 att5d t]ror3 c[>dice1 :i* is an appreh5sion ( "s approa*+ evil3 dread1 a fe> t unh+es ! m9d2 :5ce comes t l9e ( ,ennius1-- ,!n dread dis*>g$ all wisdom f my m9d3 fa9t+ is ! associate & con/ant att5dant on dread3 confusion1 a fe> t drives away all ?\ght3 al>m1 a cont9u$ fe>4 ,,ix4 ,! diff]5t species into :i* !y divide pleasure come "u ?is description2 s t malevol5ce is a pleasure 9 ! mis=tunes ( ano!r1 )\t any advantage to y\rself3 delight1 a pleasure t soo!s ! m9d by agreeable impressions on ! e>4 ,:at is said ( ! e>1 may be appli$ to ! sight1 to ! t\*1 smell1 & ta/e4 ,all feel+s ( ?is k9d are a sort ( melt+ pleasure t dissolves ! m9d4 ,boa/fulness is a pleasure t consi/s 9 mak+ an appe>ance1 & sett+ (f y\rself ) insol5ce4--,! subord9ate species ( lu/ !y def9e 9 ?is mann]4 ,ang] is a lu/ ( puni%+ any "o :o1 z we imag9e1 has injur$ u )\t cause4 ,heat is ang] j =m+ & beg9n+ to exi/1 :i* ! ,greeks call 4 ,hatr$ is a settl$ ang]4 ,enmity is ang] wait+ = an opportunity ( rev5ge4 ,discord is a %>p] ang] conceiv$ deeply 9 ! m9d & he>t4 ,want1 an insatiable lu/4 ,regret is :5 "o eag]ly wi%es to see a p]son :o is abs5t4 ,n[ "h !y h a di/9ction2 s t ) !m regret is a lu/ conceiv$ on he>+ ( c]ta9 ?+s report$ ( "s "o1 or ( _m1 :i* ! ,greeks call 1 or pr$icam5ts2 z t !y are 9 possession ( ri*es & hon\rs3 b want is a lu/ = ^? v hon\rs & ri*es4--,b ^! def9]s make intemp]ance ! f\nta9 ( all ^! p]turbations2 :i* is an absolute revolt f ! m9d & "r reason3 a /ate s av]se to all rules ( reason1 t ! appetites ( ! m9d c by no means be gov]n$ & re/ra9$4 ,z1 !re=e1 temp]ance appeases ^! desires1 mak+ !m obey "r reason1 & ma9ta9s ! well-weigh$ judgm5ts ( ! m9d2 s intemp]ance1 :i* is 9 opposition to ?is1 inflames1 conf\nds1 & puts e /ate ( ! m9d into a viol5t motion4 ,?us1 grief & fe>1 & e o!r p]turbation ( ! m9d1 h _! rise f intemp]ance4 ,x4 ,j z di/emp]s & sickness are br$ 9 ! body f ! corruption ( ! blood1 & ! too great abundance ( phlegm & bile2 s ! m9d is depriv$ ( its heal?1 & disord]$ ) sickness1 f a confusion ( deprav$ op9ions1 t are 9 opposition to "o ano!r4 ,f ^! p]turbations arise1 fir/1 diseases1 :i* !y call 2 & also ^? feel+s :i* are 9 opposition to ^! diseases1 & :i* admit c]ta9 faulty di/a/es or loa?+s2 !n come sicknesses1 :i* are call$ by ! ,/oics2 & ^! two h _! opposite av]sions4 ,"h ! ,/oics1 especially ,*rysippus1 give !mselves unnecess>y tr\ble to %[ ! analogy :i* ! diseases ( ! m9d h to ^? ( ! body3 b1 ov]look+ all t !y say z ( little consequ5ce1 ,i %all treat only ( ! ?+ itself4 ,let u !n und]/& p]turbation to imply a re/lessness f ! v>iety & confusion ( contradictory op9ions2 & t :5 ?is heat & di/urbance ( ! m9d is ( any /&+1 & has tak5 up its resid5ce1 z x 71 9 ! ve9s & m>r[1 !n comm5ce diseases & sickness1 & ^? av]sions :i* are 9 opposition to ^! diseases & sicknesses4 ,,xi4 ,:at ,i say "h may be di/+ui%$ 9 ?\ght1 ?\gh !y are 9 fact ! same2 inasmu* z !y bo? h _! rise f lu/ & joy4 ,= %\ld money be ! object ( our desire1 & %\ld we n in/antly apply to reason1 z if x 7 a k9d ( ,socratic m$ic9e to heal ?is desire1 ! evil glides into our ve9s1 & cleaves to our b[els1 & f !nce proce$s a di/emp] or sickness1 :i*1 :5 x is ( any cont9uance1 is incurable1 & ! "n ( ?is disease is covet\sness4 ,x is ! same ) o!r diseases2 z ! desire ( glory1 a passion = wom51 to :i* ! ,greeks give ! "n ( 2 & ?us all o!r diseases & sicknesses are g5]at$4 ,b ^? feel+s1 :i* are ! contr>y ( ^!1 are suppos$ to h fe> = _! f\ndation1 z a hatr$ ( wom51 su* z is display$ 9 ! ,woman-hat] ( ,atilius3 or ! hatr$ ( ! :ole human species1 z ,timon is report$ to h done1 :om !y call$ ! ,misan?rope4 ,( ! same k9d is inhospitality2 & all ^! diseases proce$ f a c]ta9 dread ( su* ?+s z !y hate & avoid4 ,b !y def9e sickness ( m9d to be an ov]we5+ op9ion1 & t fix$ & deeply implant$ 9 ! he>t1 ( some?+ z v desirable1 :i* is by no means s4 ,:at proce$s f av]sion1 !y def9e ?us3 a vehem5t idea ( some?+ to be avoid$1 deeply implant$1 & inh]5t 9 our m9ds1 :5 !re is no reason = avoid+ x2 & ?is k9d ( op9ion is a delib]ate belief t "o und]/&s ?+s ( :i* "o is :olly ignorant4 ,n[1 sickness ( ! m9d has all ^! subord9ate divisions1 av>ice1 ambition1 fondness = wom51 ob/9acy1 gluttony1 drunk5ness1 covet\sness1 & o!r simil> vices4 ,b av>ice is a viol5t op9ion ab\t money1 z if x 7 vehem5tly to be desir$ & s\ght aft]1 :i* op9ion is deeply implant$ & inh]5t 9 our m9ds2 & ! def9ition ( all ! o!r simil> feel+s resembles ^!4 ,b ! def9itions ( av]sions are ( ?is sort2 inhospitality is a vehem5t op9ion1 deeply implant$ & inh]5t 9 y\r m9d1 t y %\ld avoid a /rang]4 ,?us too ! hatr$ ( wom51 l t felt by ,hippolytus1 is def9$1 & ! hatr$ ( ! human species l t display$ by ,timon4 ,,xii4 ,b to come to ! analogy ( ! /ate ( body & m9d1 :i* ,i %all sometimes make use (1 ?\gh m sp>+ly ?an ! ,/oics3 "s m5 are m incl9$ to p>ticul> disord]s ?an o!rs4 ,&1 !re=e1 we say1 t "s p are rheumatic1 o!rs dropsical1 n because !y are s at pres5t1 b because !y are (t5 s3 "s are incl9$ to fe>1 o!rs to "s o!r p]turbation4 ,?us 9 "s !re is a cont9ual anxiety1 ow+ to :i* !y are anxi\s2 9 "s a ha/9ess ( temp]1 :i* diff]s f ang]1 z anxiety diff]s f angui%3 = all are n anxi\s :o are sometimes vex$2 nor are !y :o are anxi\s always uneasy 9 t mann]3 z !re is a diff]5ce betwixt be+ drunk1 & drunk5ness2 & x is "o ?+ to be a lov]1 ano!r to be giv5 to wom54 ,& ?is disposition ( p>ticul> p to p>ticul> disord]s is v common3 = x relates to all p]turbations2 x appe>s 9 _m vices1 ?\gh x has no "n3 "s are !re=e said to be envi\s1 malevol5t1 spiteful1 fe>ful1 pitiful1 f a prop5sity to ^? p]turbations1 n f _! be+ always c>ri$ away by !m4 ,n[ ?is prop5sity to ^! p>ticul> disord]s may be call$ a sickness1 f analogy ) ! body2 mean+1 t is to say1 no?+ m ?an a prop5sity t[>ds sickness4 ,b ) reg>d to :atev] is good1 z "s are m incl9$ to diff]5t good qualities ?an o!rs1 we may call ?is a facility or t5d5cy3 ?is t5d5cy to evil is a proclivity or incl9ation to fall+3 b :]e any?+ is nei!r good nor bad1 x may h ! =m] "n4 ,,xiii4 ,ev5 z !re may be1 ) respect to ! body1 a disease1 a sickness1 & a defect2 s x is ) ! m9d4 ,!y call t a disease :]e ! :ole body is corrupt$3 !y call t sickness1 :]e a disease is att5d$ ) a weakness3 & t a defect1 :]e ! p>ts ( ! body are n well compact$ toge!r2 f :5ce x foll[s1 t ! memb]s are mis-%ap51 crook$1 & de=m$4 ,s t ^! two1 a disease & sickness1 proce$ f a viol5t concussion & p]turbation ( ! heal? ( ! :ole body2 b a defect discov]s itself1 ev5 :5 ! body is 9 p]fect heal?4 ,b a disease ( ! m9d is di/+ui%able only 9 ?\ght f a sickness4 ,b a vici\sness is a habit or affection discordant & inconsi/5t ) itself ?r\gh life4 ,?us x happ5s1 t 9 ! "o case a disease & sickness may arise f a corruption ( op9ions2 9 ! o!r case ! consequ5ce may be incon/ancy & inconsi/5cy4 ,= e vice ( ! m9d does n imply a disunion ( p>ts2 z is ! case ) ^? :o are n f> f be+ wise m53 ) !m !re is t affection :i* is inconsi/5t ) itself :il/ x is fooli%1 b x is n di/ort$1 nor deprav$4 ,b diseases & sicknesses are p>ts ( vici\sness3 b x is a "q :e!r p]turbations are p>ts ( ! same3 = vices are p]man5t affections3 p]turbations are su* z are re/less2 s t !y _c be p>ts ( p]man5t ones4 ,z !re is "s analogy betwe5 ! nature ( ! body & m9d 9 evil1 s is !re 9 good3 = ! di/9ctions ( ! body are beauty1 /r5g?1 heal?1 firmness1 quickness ( motion2 ! same may be said ( ! m9d4 ,! body is said to be 9 a good /ate1 :5 all ^? ?+s on :i* heal? dep5ds are consi/5t3 ! same may be said ( ! m9d1 :5 its judgm5ts & op9ions are n at v>iance ) "o ano!r4 ,& ?is union is ! virtue ( ! m9d3 :i*1 accord+ to "s p1 is temp]ance itself2 o!rs make x consi/ 9 an ob$i5ce to ! precepts ( temp]ance1 & a compliance ) !m1 n all[+ x to be any di/9ct species ( itself3 b be x "o or ! o!r1 x is to be f\nd only 9 a wise man4 ,b !re is a c]ta9 s\ndness ( m9d1 :i* ev5 a fool may h1 :5 ! p]turbation ( 8 m9d is remov$ by ! c>e & managem5t ( 8 physicians4 ,&1 z :at is call$ beauty arises f an exact proportion ( ! limbs1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 sweetness ( complexion1 s ! beauty ( ! m9d consi/s 9 an equality & con/ancy ( op9ions & judgm5ts1 jo9$ to a c]ta9 firmness & /ability1 pursu+ virtue1 or conta9+ )9 itself ! v ess5ce ( virtue4 ,besides1 we give ! v same names to ! faculties ( ! m9d1 z we d to ! p[]s ( ! body1 ! n]ves1 & o!r p[]s ( action4 ,?us ! velocity ( ! body is call$ swiftness3 a praise :i* we ascribe to ! m9d1 f its runn+ ov] 9 its ?\ghts s _m ?+s 9 s %ort a "t4 ,,xiv4 ,h]e9 inde$ ! m9d & body are unlike3 t ?\gh ! m9d :5 9 p]fect heal? may be visit$ by sickness1 z ! body may1 yet ! body may be disord]$ )\t our fault1 ! m9d _c4 ,= all ! disord]s & p]turbations ( ! m9d proce$ f a neglect ( reason2 ^! disord]s1 !re=e1 are conf9$ to m52 ! bea/s are n subject to su* p]turbations1 ?\gh !y act sometimes z if !y _h reason4 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 too1 betwixt +5i\s & dull m52 ! +5i\s1 l ! ,cor9?ian brass1 :i* is long be=e x receives ru/1 are long] be=e !y fall into ^! p]turbations1 & are recov]$ soon]3 ! case is diff]5t ) ! dull4 ,nor does ! m9d ( an +5i\s man fall into e k9d ( p]turbation1 = x nev] yields to any t are bruti% & savage3 & "s ( _! p]turbations h at fir/ ev5 ! appe>ance ( humanity1 z m]cy1 grief1 & fe>4 ,b ! sicknesses & diseases ( ! m9d are ?\ght to be h>d] to eradicate1 ?an ^? lead+ vices :i* are 9 opposition to virtues3 = vices may be remov$1 ?\gh ! diseases ( ! m9d %\ld cont9ue1 :i* diseases are n cur$ ) t exp$ition ) :i* vices are remov$4 ,i h n[ acqua9t$ y ) ! argum5ts :i* ! ,/oics put =? ) su* exactness3 :i* !y call logic1 f _! close argu+2 & s9ce my disc\rse has got cle> ( ^! rocks1 ,i w proce$ ) ! rema9d] ( x1 provid$ ,i h be5 suffici5tly cle> 9 :at ,i h already said1 consid]+ ! obscurity ( ! subject ,i h treat$4 ,a4 ,cle> en\gh2 b %\ld !re be occasion = a m exact inquiry1 ,i %all take ano!r opportunity ( ask+ y3 ,i expect y n[ to hoi/ y\r sails z y j n[ call$ !m1 & proce$ on y\r c\rse4 ,,xv4 ,m4 ,s9ce ,i h spok5 be=e ( virtue 9 o!r places1 & %all (t5 h occasion to speak aga9 7= a great _m que/ions t relate to life & mann]s arise f ! spr+ ( virtue72 & s9ce1 z ,i say1 virtue consi/s 9 a settl$ & uni=m affection ( m9d1 mak+ ^? p]sons praisewor?y :o are possess$ ( h]2 %e h]self also1 indep5d5t ( any?+ else1 )\t reg>d to any advantage1 mu/ be praisewor?y2 = f h] proce$ good incl9ations1 op9ions1 actions1 & ! :ole ( "r reason2 ?\gh virtue may be def9$ 9 few words to be "r reason itself4 ,! opposite to ?is is vici\sness 7= s ,i *oose to translate :at ! ,greeks call 1 r ?an by p]v]s5ess2 = p]v]s5ess is ! "n ( a p>ticul> vice2 b vici\sness includes all71 f :5ce arise ^? p]turbations1 :i*1 z ,i j n[ said1 are turbid & viol5t motions ( ! m9d1 repugnant to reason1 & enemies 9 a high degree to ! peace ( ! m9d1 & a tranquil life3 = !y introduce pi]c+ & anxi\s c>es1 & afflict & debilitate ! m9d ?r\gh fe>2 !y viol5tly inflame our he>ts ) exagg]at$ appetite2 :i* is 9 reality an impot5ce ( m9d1 utt]ly irreconcilable ) temp]ance & mod]ation1 :i* we sometimes call desire1 & sometimes lu/2 & :i*1 %\ld x ev5 atta9 ! object ( its wi%es1 imm$iately becomes s elat$1 t x loses all its resolution1 & kn[s n :at to pursue2 s t he 0 9 ! "r :o said1 8t exagg]at$ pleasure 0 ! v greate/ ( mi/akes40 ,virtue !n alone c effect ! cure ( ^! evils4 ,,xvi4 ,= :at is n only m mis]able1 b m base & sordid1 ?an a man afflict$1 weak5$1 & oppress$ ) grief8 ,& little %ort ( ?is mis]y is "o :o dreads "s approa*+ evil1 & :o1 ?r\gh fa9!>t$ness1 is "u cont9ual susp5se4 ,! poets1 to express ! greatness ( ?is evil1 imag9e a /one to hang ov] ! head ( ,tantalus1 z a puni%m5t = 8 wick$ness1 8 pride1 & 8 boa/+4 ,& ?is is ! common puni%m5t ( folly2 = !re hangs ov] ! head ( e "o ^: m9d revolts f reason "s simil> fe>4 ,& z ^! p]turbations ( ! m9d1 grief & fe>1 are ( a mo/ wa/+ nature2 s ^? two o!rs1 ?\gh ( a m m]ry ca/1 7,i mean lu/1 :i* is always covet+ some?+ ) eag]ness1 & empty mir?1 :i* is an exult+ joy17 diff] v little f madness4 ,h5ce y may und]/& :at sort ( p]son he is :om we call at "o "t mod]ate1 at ano!r mode/ or temp]ate1 at ano!r con/ant & virtu\s2 :ile sometimes we include all ^! names 9 ! ^w frugality1 z ! cr[n ( all4 ,= if t ^w did n include all virtues1 x w\ld nev] h be5 prov]bial to say1 t a frugal man does ev]y?+ rightly2 b :5 ! ,/oics apply ?is say+ to _! wise man1 !y seem to exalt him too mu*1 & to speak ( him ) too mu* admiration4 ,,xvii4 ,:oev]1 !n1 ?r\gh mod]ation & con/ancy1 is at re/ 9 8 m9d1 & 9 calm possession ( himself1 s z nei!r to p9e ) c>e1 nor be deject$ ) fe>1 nor to be inflam$ ) desire1 covet+ some?+ gre$ily1 nor relax$ by extravagant mir?1--su* a man is t id5tical wise man :om we are inquir+ =1 he is ! happy man3 to :om no?+ 9 ?is life seems intol]able en\gh to depress him2 no?+ exquisite en\gh to transport him unduly4 ,= :at is !re 9 ?is life t c appe> great to him1 :o has acqua9t$ himself ) et]nity1 & ! utmo/ ext5t ( ! univ]se8 ,= :at is !re 9 human k1 or ! %ort span ( ?is life1 t c appe> great to a wise man8 ^: m9d is always s ^u its gu>d1 t no?+ c befal him :i* is un=ese51 no?+ :i* is unexpect$1 no?+1 9 %ort1 :i* is new4 ,su* a man takes s exact a survey on all sides ( him1 t he always kn[s ! prop] place & spot to live 9 free f all ! tr\bles & annoyances ( life1 & enc\nt]s e accid5t t =tune c br+ ^u him ) a becom+ calmness4 ,:oev] conducts himself 9 ?is mann]1 w be free f grief1 & f e o!r p]turbation3 & a m9d free f ^! feel+s r5d]s m5 completely happy3 :]eas a m9d disord]$ & drawn (f f "r & un]r+ reason1 loses at once1 n only its resolution1 b its heal?4--,!re=e ! ?\ghts & decl>ations ( ! ,p]ipatetics are s(t & effem9ate1 = !y say t ! m9d mu/ necess>ily be agitat$1 b at ! same "t !y lay d[n c]ta9 b\nds beyond :i* t agitation is n to proce$4 ,& d y set b\nds to vice8 or is x novice to disobey reason8 does n reason suffici5tly decl>e1 t !re is no real good :i* y %\ld desire too ard5tly1 or ! possession ( :i* y %\ld all[ to transport y3 & t !re is no evil t %\ld be able to ov]:elm y1 or ! suspicion ( :i* %\ld di/ract y8 & t all ^! ?+s assume too melan*oly or too *e]ful an appe>ance ?r\gh our own error8 ,b if fools f9d ?is error less5$ by "t1 s t1 ?\gh ! cause rema9s ! same1 !y are n affect$ 9 ! same mann]1 aft] "s "t1 z !y 7 at fir/2 :y surely a wise man ought n to be influ5c$ at all by x4 ,b :at are ^? degrees by :i* we are to limit x8 ,let u fix ^! degrees 9 grief1 a difficult subject1 & "o mu* canvass$4--,fannius writes t ,p4 ,rutilius took x mu* to he>t1 t 8 bro!r 0 refus$ ! consul%ip3 b he seems to h be5 too mu* affect$ by ?is disappo9tm5t2 = x 0 ! occasion ( 8 dea?3 he ought1 !re=e1 to h borne x ) m mod]ation4 ,b let u suppose1 t :il/ he 0 be>+ ?is ) mod]ation1 ! dea? ( 8 *ildr5 _h int]v5$2 "h w\ld h />t$ a fre% grief1 :i*1 admitt+ x to be mod]ate 9 itself1 yet /ill mu/ h be5 a great addition to ! o!r4 ,n[ to ^! let u add "s acute pa9s ( body1 ! loss ( 8 =tune1 bl9dness1 bani%m5t2 suppos+1 !n1 ea* sep>ate mis=tune to occasion a sep>ate additional grief1 ! :ole w\ld be too great to be supportable4 ,,xviii4 ,! man :o attempts to set b\nds to vice1 acts l "o :o %\ld ?r[ himself headlong f ,leucate1 p]suad$ t he c\ld /op himself :5ev] he pleas$4 ,n[1 z t is impossible1 s a p]turb$ & disord]$ m9d _c re/ra9 itself1 & /op :]e x pleases4 ,c]ta9ly :atev] is bad 9 its increase1 is bad 9 its bir?3 n[ grief1 & all o!r p]turbations1 are d\btless baneful 9 _! progress1 & h !re=e no small %>e ( evil at ! beg9n+2 = !y g on ( !mselves :5 once !y dep>t f reason1 = e weakness is self-indulg5t1 & indiscreetly laun*es out1 & does n "k :]e to /op4 ,s t x makes no diff]5ce :e!r y approve ( mod]ate p]turbations ( m9d1 or ( mod]ate inju/ice1 mod]ate c[>dice1 & mod]ate intemp]ance4 ,= :oev] prescribes b\nds to vice1 admits a "p ( x1 :i*1 z x is odi\s ( itself1 becomes ! m s z x /&s on slipp]y gr\nd1 & be+ once set =w>d1 glides on headlong1 & _c by any means be /opp$4 ,,xix4 ,:y %\ld ,i say m8 ,:y %\ld ,i add t ! ,p]ipatetics say t ^! p]turbations1 :i* we insi/ ^u x %\ld be extirpat$1 are n only natural1 b 7 giv5 to m5 by nature = a good purpose8 ,!y usually talk 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y say mu* 9 praise ( ang]2 !y call x ! :et/one ( c\rage1 & !y say t angry m5 ex]t !mselves mo/ aga9/ an enemy or aga9/ a bad citiz53 t ^? reasons are ( little weight :i* are ! motives ( m5 :o ?9k ?us1 z1--,x is a j w>1 x becomes u to fight = our laws1 our lib]ties1 our c\ntry2 !y w all[ no =ce to ^! argum5ts unless our c\rage is w>m$ by ang]4--,nor d !y conf9e _! argum5t to w>riors3 b _! op9ion is1 t no "o c issue any rigid comm&s )\t "s bitt]ness & ang]4 ,9 %ort1 !y h no notion ( an orator ei!r accus+ or ev5 def5d+ a cli5t1 )\t he is spurr$ on by ang]4 ,& ?\gh ?is ang] %\ld n be real1 /ill !y ?9k 8 words & ge/ures ought to we> ! appe>ance ( x1 s t ! action ( ! orator may excite ! ang] ( 8 he>]4 ,& !y d5y t any man has ev] be5 se51 :o does n "k :at x is to be angry3 & !y "n :at we call l5ity1 by ! bad appellation ( indol5ce3 nor d !y comm5d only ?is lu/1 7= ang] is1 z ,i def9$ x above1 ! lu/ ( rev5ge17 b !y ma9ta9 t k9d ( lu/ or desire to be giv5 u by nature = v good purposes3 say+ t no "o c execute any?+ well b :at he is 9 e>ne/ ab\t4 ,!mi/ocles us$ to walk 9 ! public places 9 ! night1 because he c\ld n sleep3 & :5 ask$ ! reason1 8 answ] 01 t ,miltiades' trophies kept him awake4 ,:o has n he>d h[ ,demo/h5es us$ to wat*2 :o said t x gave him pa91 if any me*anic 0 up 9 a morn+ at 8 "w be=e him8 ,la/ly1 !y urge t "s ( ! greate/ philosoph]s w\ld nev] h made t progress 9 _! /udies1 )\t "s ard5t desire spurr+ !m on4--,we are in=m$ t ,py?agoras1 ,democritus1 & ,plato1 visit$ ! remote/ p>ts ( ! _w2 = !y ?\ght t !y ought to g :]eev] any?+ 0 to be le>n$4 ,n[ x is n conceivable t ^! ?+s c\ld be effect$ by any?+ b by ! greate/ ard\r ( m9d4 ,,xx4 ,!y say t ev5 grief1 :i* we h already said ought to be avoid$ z a mon/r\s & fi]ce bea/1 0 appo9t$ by nature1 n )\t "s good purpose3 9 ord] t m5 %\ld lam5t :5 !y _h committ$ a fault1 well kn[+ !y _h expos$ !mselves to correction1 rebuke1 & ignom9y4 ,= !y ?9k t ^? :o c be> ignom9y & infamy )\t pa91 h acquir$ a complete impunity = all sorts ( crimes3 = ) !m1 reproa* is a /rong] *eck ?an consci5ce4 ,f :5ce we h t sc5e 9 ,afranius1 borr[$ f common life2 = :5 ! ab&on$ son sai?1 ,wret*$ t ,i am6 ! sev]e fa!r replies1 ,let him b grieve1 no matt] :at ! cause4 ,& !y say ! o!r divisions ( sorr[ h _! use2 t pity incites u to ha/5 to ! assi/ance ( o!rs1 & to alleviate ! calamities ( m5 :o h undes]v$ly fall5 into !m3 t ev5 envy & detraction are n )\t _! use2 z :5 a man sees t ano!r p]son has atta9$ :at he _c1 or obs]ves ano!r to be equally successful ) himself3 t he :o %\ld take away fe>1 w\ld take away all indu/ry 9 life2 :i* ^? m5 ex]t 9 ! greate/ degree :o are afraid ( ! laws & ( ! magi/rates1 :o dread pov]ty1 ignom9y1 dea?1 & pa94 ,b :ile !y argue ?us1 !y all[ inde$ ( ^! feel+s be+ retr5*$1 ?\gh !y d5y t !y ei!r c1 or %\ld be pluck$ up by ! roots3 s t _! op9ion is t m$iocrity is be/ 9 ev]y?+4 ,:5 !y reason 9 ?is mann]1 :at ?9k y8 is :at !y say wor? att5d+ to or n8 ,a4 ,i ?9k x is2 ,i wait1 !re=e1 to he> :at y w say 9 reply to !m4 ,,xxi4 ,m4 ,p]haps ,i may f9d some?+ to say1--b ,i w make ?is obs]vation fir/3 d y take notice ) :at mode/y ! ,academics behave !mselves8 = !y speak pla9ly to ! purpose4 ,! ,p]ipatetics are answ]$ by ! ,/oics2 !y h my leave to fight x out2 :o ?9k myself no o!rwise conc]n$ ?an to inquire = :at may seem to be mo/ probable4 ,our pres5t bus9ess is1 !n1 to see if we c meet ) any?+ 9 ?is "q :i* is ! probable1 = beyond su* approximation to tru? z t human nature _c proce$4 ,! def9ition ( a p]turbation1 z ,z5o1 ,i ?9k1 has rightly det]m9$ x1 is ?us3 ,t a p]turbation is a commotion ( ! m9d aga9/ nature1 9 opposition to "r reason2 or m briefly ?us1 t a p]turbation is a some:at too vehem5t appetite2 & :5 he says some:at too vehem5t1 he means su* z is at a great] di/ance f ! con/ant c\rse ( nature4 ,:at c ,i say to ^! def9itions8 ! great] "p ( !m we h f ^? :o dispute ) sagacity & acut5ess3 "s ( !m expressions1 inde$1 su* z ! 8ard\rs ( ! m9d10 & 8! :et/ones ( virtue10 sav\r+ ( ! pomp ( rhetoricians4 ,z to ! "q1 if a brave man c ma9ta9 8 c\rage )\t becom+ angry2 x may be que/ion$ ) reg>d to ! gladiators3 ?\gh we (t5 obs]ve mu* resolution ev5 9 !m2 !y meet1 conv]se1 !y make objections & dem&s1 !y agree ab\t t]ms1 s t !y seem calm r ?an angry4 ,b let u admit a man ( ! "n ( ,placideianus1 :o 0 "o ( t trade1 to be 9 su* a m9d1 z ,lucilius relates ( him1 ,if = 8 blood y ?ir/1 ! task be m9e2 ,8 laurels at my feet he %all resign2 ,n b ,i "k1 be=e ,i rea* 8 he>t1 ,fir/ on myself a w\nd he w imp>t4 ,i hate ! man2 enrag$ ,i fight1 & /raight ,9 action we _h be51 b t ,i wait ,till ea* 8 sword _h fitt$ to 8 h&1 ,my rage ,i sc>ce c keep )9 comm&4 ,,xxii4 ,b we see ,ajax 9 ,hom] advanc+ to meet ,hector 9 battle *e]fully1 )\t any ( ?is boi/]\s wra?4 ,= he _h no soon] tak5 up 8 arms1 ?an ! fir/ /ep :i* he made inspir$ 8 associates ) joy1 8 enemies ) fe>3 s t ev5 ,hector1 z he is repres5t$ by ,hom]17#ih7 trembl+ condemn$ himself = hav+ *all5g$ him to fight4 ,yet ^! h]oes conv]s$ toge!r1 calmly & quietly1 be=e !y engag$2 nor did !y %[ any ang] or outrage\s behavi\r dur+ ! combat4 ,nor d ,i imag9e t ,torquatus1 ! fir/ :o obta9$ ?is surname1 0 9 a rage :5 he plund]$ ! ,gaul ( 8 coll>3 or t ,m>cellus' c\rage at ,cla/idium 0 only ow+ to 8 ang]4 ,i c\ld almo/ swe>1 t ,africanus1 ) :om we are bett] acqua9t$1 f our recollection ( him be+ m rec5t1 0 no ways inflam$ by ang]1 :5 he cov]$ ,ali5us ,pelignus ) 8 %ield1 & drove 8 sword into ! enemy's brea/4 ,!re may be "s d\bt ( ,l4 ,brutus1 :e!r he 0 n influ5c$ by extraord9>y hatr$ ( ! tyrant1 s z to attack ,aruns ) m ?an usual ra%ness2 = ,i obs]ve t !y mutually kill$ ea* o!r 9 close fight4 ,:y1 !n1 d y call 9 ! assi/ance ( ang]8 w\ld c\rage1 unless x began to get furi\s1 lose its en]gy8 ,:at8 d y imag9e t ,h]cules1 :om ! v c\rage :i* y w\ld try to repres5t z ang] rais$ to heav51 0 angry :5 he engag$ ! ,eryman?ian bo>1 or ! ,nemean lion8 or 0 ,!seus 9 a passion :5 he seiz$ on ! horns ( ! ,m>a?onian bull8 ,take c>e h[ y make c\rage to dep5d 9 ! lea/ on rage4 ,= ang] is altoge!r irrational1 & t is n c\rage :i* is void ( reason4 ,,xxiii4 ,we ought to hold all ?+s "h 9 contempt2 dea? is to be look$ on ) indiff]5ce2 pa9s & lab\rs mu/ be consid]$ z easily supportable4 ,& :5 ^! s5tim5ts are e/abli%$ on judgm5t & conviction1 !n w t /\t & firm c\rage take place3 unless y attribute to ang] :atev] is done ) vehem5ce1 alacrity1 & _s4 ,to me1 inde$1 t v ,scipio7#ii7 :o 0 *ief prie/1 t fav\r] ( ! say+ ( ! ,/oics1 8t no private man c\ld be a wise man10 does n seem to be angry ) ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 ev5 :5 he left ! consul 9 a hesitat+ frame ( m9d1 &1 ?\gh a private man himself1 comm&$1 ) ! au?ority ( a consul1 t all :o meant well to ! republic %\ld foll[ him4 ,i d n "k :e!r ,i h done any?+ 9 ! republic t has ! appe>ance ( c\rage2 b if ,i h1 ,i c]ta9ly did n d x 9 wra?4 ,do? any?+ come ne>] madness ?an ang]8 ,& inde$ ,ennius has well def9$ x z ! beg9n+ ( madness4 ,! *ang+ col\r1 ! alt]ation ( our voice1 ! look ( our eyes1 our mann] ( fet*+ our brea?1 ! little comm& we h ov] our words & actions1 h[ little d all ^! ?+s indicate a s\nd m9d6 ,:at c make a worse appe>ance ?an ,hom]'s ,a*illes1 or ,agamemnon1 dur+ ! qu>rel4 ,& z to ,ajax1 ang] drove him into d[nright madness1 & 0 ! occasion ( 8 dea?4 ,c\rage1 !re=e1 does n want ! assi/ance ( ang]2 x is suffici5tly provid$1 arm$1 & prep>$ ( itself4 ,we may z well say t drunk5ness1 or madness1 are ( s]vice to c\rage1 because ^? :o are mad or drunk (t5 d a great _m ?+s ) unusual vehem5ce4 ,ajax 0 always brave1 b /ill he 0 mo/ brave :5 he 0 9 t /ate ( fr5zy3 ,! greate/ feat t ,ajax e'er a*iev$ ,01 :5 8 s+le arm ! ,greeks reliev$4 ,quitt+ ! field2 urg$ on by ris+ rage1 ,=c$ ! decl9+ troops aga9 t'engage4 ,%all we say1 !n1 t madness has its use8 ,,xxiv4 ,exam9e ! def9itions ( c\rage3 y w f9d x does n require ! assi/ance ( passion4 ,c\rage is1 !n1 an affection ( m9d1 t endures all ?+s1 be+ itself 9 prop] subjection to ! highe/ ( all laws2 or1 x may be call$ a firm ma9t5ance ( judgm5t 9 support+ or repell+ ev]y?+ t has a =midable appe>ance1 or a k ( :at is =midable or o!rwise1 & ma9ta9+ inv>iably a /able judgm5t ( all su* ?+s1 s z to be> !m1 or despise !m2 or1 9 few] words accord+ to ,*rysippus3 7= ! above def9itions are ,sphrus's1 a man ( ! fir/ ability z a lay] d[n ( def9itions1 z ! ,/oics ?9k3 b !y are all pretty mu* alike1 !y give u only common notions1 "s "o way1 & "s ano!r47 ,b :at is ,*rysippus's def9ition8 ,=titude1 says he1 is ! k ( all ?+s t are be>able3 or an affection ( ! m9d1 :i* be>s & supports ev]y?+ 9 ob$i5ce to ! *ief law ( reason1 )\t fe>4 ,n[1 ?\gh we %\ld attack ^! m5 9 ! same mann] z ,c>neades us$ to d1 ,i fe> !y are ! only real philosoph]s3 = :i* ( ^! def9itions is !re :i* does n expla9 t obscure & intricate notion ( c\rage :i* e man conceives )9 himself8 ,& :5 x is ?us expla9$1 :at c a w>rior1 a comm&]1 or an orator1 want m8 & no "o c ?9k t !y w be unable to behave !mselves c\rage\sly )\t ang]4 ,:at8 d n ev5 ! ,/oics1 :o ma9ta9 t all fools are mad1 make ! same inf]5ces8 =1 take away p]turbations1 especially a ha/9ess ( temp]1 & !y w appe> to talk v absurdly4 ,b :at !y ass]t is ?is3 !y say t all fools are mad1 z all dunghills /9k2 n t !y always d s1 b /ir !m1 & y w p]ceive x4 ,& 9 l mann]1 a w>m-temp]$ man is n always 9 a passion2 b provoke him1 & y w see him run mad4 ,n[1 t v w>like ang]1 :i* is ( su* s]vice 9 w>1 :at is ! use ( x to him :5 he is at home ) 8 wife1 *ildr51 & family8 ,is !re1 !n1 any?+ t a di/urb$ m9d c d bett] ?an "o :i* is calm & /eady8 or c any "o be angry )\t a p]turbation ( m9d8 ,our p1 !n1 7 9 ! "r1 :o1 z all vices dep5d on our mann]s1 & no?+ is worse ?an a passionate disposition1 call$ angry m5 ! only morose m547#ajj7 ,,xxv4 ,ang] is 9 no wise becom+ 9 an orator1 ?\gh x is n amiss to affect x4 ,d y imag9e t ,i am angry :5 9 plead+ ,i use any extraord9>y vehem5ce & %>pness8 ,:at8 :5 ,i write out my spee*es aft] all is ov] & pa/1 am ,i !n angry :ile writ+8 or d y ?9k sopus 0 ev] angry :5 he act$1 or ,accius 0 s :5 he wrote8 ,^? m51 inde$1 act v well1 b ! orator acts bett] ?an ! play]1 provid$ he be really an orator2 b !n !y c>ry x on )\t passion1 & ) a compos$ m9d4 ,b :at wantonness is x to comm5d lu/8 ,y produce ,!mi/ocles & ,demo/h5es2 to ^! y add ,py?agoras1 ,democritus1 & ,plato4 ,:at1 d y !n call /udies lu/8 ,b ^! /udies ( ! mo/ excell5t & admirable ?+s1 su* z ^? 7 :i* y br+ =w>d on all occasions1 ought to be compos$ & tranquil2 & :at k9d ( philosoph]s are !y :o comm5d grief1 ?an :i* no?+ is m dete/able8 ,afranius has said mu* to ?is purpose-- ,let him b grieve1 no matt] :at ! cause4 ,b he spoke ?is ( a debau*$ & dissolute y\?2 b we are inquir+ into ! conduct ( a con/ant & wise man4 ,we may ev5 all[ a c5turion1 or /&>d-be>]1 to be angry1 or any o!rs1 :om1 n to expla9 too f> ! my/]ies ( ! rhetoricians1 ,i %all n m5tion "h2 = to t\* ! passions1 :]e reason _c be come at1 may h its use2 b my inquiry1 z ,i (t5 repeat1 is ab\t a wise man4 ,,xxvi4 ,b ev5 envy1 detraction1 pity1 h _! use4 ,:y %\ld y pity r ?an assi/1 if x is 9 y\r p[] to d s8 ,is x because y _c be lib]al )\t pity8 ,we %\ld n take sorr[s on ourselves ^u ano!r's acc\nt2 b we ought to relieve o!rs ( _! grief if we c4 ,b to detract f ano!r's reputation1 or to rival him ) t vici\s emulation1 :i* resembles an enmity1 ( :at use c t conduct be8 ,n[ envy implies be+ uneasy at ano!r's good because "o does n enjoy x oneself2 b detraction is ! be+ uneasy at ano!r's good1 m]ely because he enjoys x4 ,h[ c x be "r t y %\ld volunt>ily grieve1 r ?an take ! tr\ble ( acquir+ :at y want to h2 = x is madness 9 ! highe/ degree to desire to be ! only "o t has any p>ticul> happ9ess4 ,b :o c ) correctness speak 9 praise ( a m$iocrity ( evils8 ,c any "o 9 :om !re is lu/ or desire1 be o!rwise ?an libid9\s or desir\s8 or c a man :o is occupi$ by ang] avoid be+ angry8 or c "o :o is expos$ to any vexation escape be+ vex$8 or if he is "u ! influ5ce ( fe>1 mu/ he n be fe>ful8 ,d we look1 !n1 on ! libid9\s1 ! angry1 ! anxi\s1 & ! timid man1 z p]sons ( wisdom1 ( excell5ce8 ( :i* ,i c\ld speak v copi\sly & diffusely1 b ,i wi% to be z concise z possible4 ,& s ,i w m]ely say t wisdom is an acqua9tance ) all div9e & human affairs1 & a k ( ! cause ( ev]y?+4 ,h5ce x is1 t x imitates :at is div9e1 & looks ^u all human conc]ns z inf]ior to virtue4 ,did y1 !n1 say t x 0 y\r op9ion t su* a man 0 z naturally liable to p]turbation z ! sea is expos$ to w9ds8 ,:at is !re t c discompose su* gravity & con/ancy8 ,any?+ sudd5 or un=ese58 ,h[ c any?+ ( ?is k9d befal "o1 to :om no?+ is sudd5 & un=ese5 t c happ5 to man8 ,n[1 z to _! say+ t r$undancies %\ld be p>$ (f1 & only :at is natural rema92 :at1 ,i pray y1 c be natural1 :i* may be too exub]ant8 ,,xxvii4 ,all ^! ass]tions proce$ f ! roots ( errors1 :i* mu/ be entirely pluck$ up & de/roy$1 n p>$ & amputat$4 ,b z ,i suspect t y\r inquiry is n s mu* respect+ ! wise man z conc]n+ y\rself1 7= y all[ t he is free f all p]turbations1 & y w\ld will+ly be s too y\rself17 let u see :at rem$ies !re are :i* may be appli$ by philosophy to ! diseases ( ! m9d4 ,!re is c]ta9ly "s rem$y2 nor has nature be5 s unk9d to ! human race1 z to h discov]$ s _m ?+s salut>y to ! body1 & none :i* are m$ic9al to ! m9d4 ,%e has ev5 be5 k9d] to ! m9d ?an to ! body2 inasmu* z y mu/ seek abroad = ! assi/ance :i* ! body requires2 :ile ! m9d has all t x requires )9 itself4 ,b 9 proportion z ! excell5cy ( ! m9d is ( a high] & m div9e nature1 ! m dilig5ce does x require2 & !re=e reason1 :5 x is well appli$1 discov]s :at is be/1 b :5 x is neglect$ x becomes involv$ 9 _m errors4 ,i %all apply1 !n1 all my disc\rse to y2 = ?\gh y pret5d to be inquir+ ab\t ! wise man1 y\r inquiry may possibly be ab\t y\rself4 ,v>i\s1 !n1 are ! cures ( ^? p]turbations :i* ,i h exp\nd$1 = e disord] is n to be appeas$ ! same way2--"o m$ic9e mu/ be appli$ to ! man :o m\rns1 ano!r to ! pitiful1 ano!r to ! p]son :o envies1 = !re is ?is diff]5ce to be ma9ta9$ 9 all ! f\r p]turbations2 we are to consid] :e!r our disc\rse _h bett] be direct$ to p]turbations 9 g5]al1 :i* are a contempt ( reason1 or a some:at too vehem5t appetite2 or :e!r x w\ld be bett] appli$ to p>ticul> descriptions1 z1 = in/ance1 to fe>1 lu/1 & ! re/1 & :e!r x appe>s pref]able to endeav\r to remove t :i* has occasion$ ! grief1 or r to attempt :olly to eradicate e k9d ( grief4 ,z1 %\ld any "o grieve t he is poor1 ! "q is1 w\ld y ma9ta9 pov]ty to be no evil1 or w\ld y cont5d t a man ought n to grieve at any?+8 ,c]ta9ly ?is la/ is ! be/ c\rse2 = %\ld y n conv9ce him ) reg>d to pov]ty1 y mu/ all[ him to grieve2 b if y remove grief by p>ticul> argum5ts1 su* z ,i us$ ye/]day1 ! evil ( pov]ty is 9 "s mann] remov$4 ,,xxviii4 ,b any p]turbation ( ! m9d ( ?is sort may be1 z x 71 wip$ away by ?is me?od ( appeas+ ! m9d1 if y succe$ 9 %[+ t !re is no good 9 t :i* has giv5 rise to joy & lu/1 nor any evil 9 t :i* has occasion$ fe> or grief4 ,b c]ta9ly ! mo/ effectual cure is to be a*iev$ by %[+ t all p]turbations are ( !mselves vici\s1 & h no?+ natural or necess>y 9 !m4 ,z we see grief itself is easily s(t5$ :5 we *>ge ^? :o grieve ) weakness & an effem9ate m9d2 or :5 we comm5d ! gravity & con/ancy ( ^? :o be> calmly :atev] befals !m "h1 z accid5ts to :i* all m5 are liable2 &1 inde$1 ?is is g5]ally ! feel+ ( ^? :o look on ^! z real evils1 b yet ?9k !y %\ld be borne ) resignation4 ,"o imag9es pleasure to be a good1 ano!r money2 & yet ! "o may be call$ (f f intemp]ance1 ! o!r f covet\sness4 ,! o!r me?od & address1 :i*1 at ! same "t t x removes ! false op9ion1 )draws ! disord]1 has m subtilty 9 x2 b x seldom succe$s1 & is n applicable to vulg> m9ds1 = !re are "s diseases :i* t m$ic9e c by no means remove4 ,=1 %\ld any "o be uneasy because he is )\t virtue1 )\t c\rage1 de/itute ( a s5se ( duty1 or hone/y2 8 anxiety proce$s f a real evil1 & yet we mu/ apply ano!r me?od ( cure to him2 & su* a "o z all ! philosoph]s1 h[ev] !y may diff] ab\t o!r ?+s1 agree 94 ,= !y mu/ necess>ily agree 9 ?is1 t commotions ( ! m9d 9 opposition to "r reason are vici\s2 & t ev5 admitt+ ^? ?+s to be evils1 :i* occasion fe> or grief1 & ^? to be goods :i* provoke desire or joy1 yet t v commotion itself is vici\s2 = we mean by ! expressions magnanim\s & brave1 "o :o is resolute1 s$ate1 grave1 & sup]ior to ev]y?+ 9 ?is life3 b "o :o ei!r grieves1 or fe>s1 or covets1 or is transport$ ) passion1 _c come "u t d5om9ation2 = ^! ?+s are consi/5t only ) ^? :o look on ! ?+s ( ?is _w z ?+s ) :i* _! m9ds are unequal to cont5d4 ,,xxix4 ,:]e=e1 z ,i be=e said1 ! philosoph]s h all "o me?od ( cure1 s t we ne$ say no?+ ab\t :at sort ( ?+ t is :i* di/urbs ! m9d1 b we mu/ speak only conc]n+ ! p]turbation itself4 ,?us1 fir/1 ) reg>d to desire itself1 :5 ! bus9ess is only to remove t ! inquiry is n to be1 :e!r t ?+ be good or evil :i* provokes lu/1 b ! lu/ itself is to be remov$2 s t :e!r :atev] is hone/ is ! *ief good1 or :e!r x consi/s 9 pleasure1 or 9 bo? ^! ?+s toge!r1 or 9 ! o!r ?ree k9ds ( goods1 yet %\ld !re be 9 any "o too vehem5t an appetite = ev5 virtue itself1 ! :ole disc\rse %\ld be direct$ to ! det]r+ him f t vehem5ce4 ,b human nature1 :5 plac$ 9 a conspicu\s po9t ( view1 gives u e argum5t = appeas+ ! m9d1 & to make ?is ! m di/9ct1 ! laws & conditions ( life %\ld be expla9$ 9 our disc\rse4 ,!re=e1 x 0 n )\t reason t ,socrates is report$1 :5 ,euripides 0 exhibit+ 8 play call$ ,ore/es1 to h repeat$ ! fir/ ?ree v]ses ( t trag$y-- ,:at tragic /ory m5 c m\rnful tell1 ,:ate'er f fate or f ! gods befel1 ,t human nature c support----7#aja7 ,b1 9 ord] to p]suade ^? to :om any mis=tune has happ5$1 t !y c & ought to be> x1 x is v useful to set be=e !m an enum]ation ( o!r p]sons :o h borne simil> calamities4 ,inde$1 ! me?od ( appeas+ grief 0 expla9$ 9 my dispute ( ye/]day1 & 9 my book on ,consolation1 :i* ,i wrote 9 ! mid/ ( my own grief2 = ,i 0 n myself s wise a man z to be ins5sible to grief1 & ,i us$ ?is1 not)/&+ ,*rysippus's advice to ! contr>y1 :o is aga9/ apply+ a m$ic9e to ! agitations ( ! m9d :ile !y are fre%2 b ,i did x1 & committ$ a viol5ce on nature1 t ! greatness ( my grief might give way to ! greatness ( ! m$ic9e4 ,,xxx4 ,b fe> bord]s ^u grief1 ( :i* ,i h already said en\gh2 b ,i mu/ say a little m on t4 ,n[1 z grief proce$s f :at is pres5t1 s does fe> f future evil2 s t "s h said t fe> is a c]ta9 "p ( grief3 o!rs h call$ fe> ! h>b+] ( tr\ble1 :i*1 z x 71 introduces ! ensu+ evil4 ,n[1 ! reasons t make :at is pres5t supportable1 make :at is to come v contemptible2 =1 ) reg>d to bo?1 we %\ld take c>e to d no?+ l[ or grovell+1 s(t or effem9ate1 mean or abject4 ,b1 not)/&+ we %\ld speak ( ! incon/ancy1 imbecility1 & levity ( fe> itself1 yet x is ( v great s]vice to speak contemptu\sly ( ^? v ?+s ( :i* we are afraid4 ,s t x fell out v well1 :e!r x 0 by accid5t or design1 t ,i disput$ ! fir/ & second day on dea? & pa91--! two ?+s t are ! mo/ dread$3 n[1 if :at ,i !n said 0 approv$ (1 we are 9 a great degree fre$ f fe>4 ,& ?is is suffici5t1 z f> z reg>ds ! op9ion ( evils4 ,,xxxi4 ,proce$ we n[ to :at are goods--t is to say1 to joy & desire4 ,to me1 inde$1 "o ?+ alone seems to embrace ! "q ( all t relates to ! p]turbations ( ! m9d--! fact1 namely1 t all p]turbations are 9 our own p[]2 t !y are tak5 up ^u op9ion1 & are volunt>y4 ,?is error1 !n1 mu/ be got rid (2 ?is op9ion mu/ be remov$3 &1 z ) reg>d to imag9$ evils1 we are to make !m m supportable1 s ) respect to goods1 we are to less5 ! viol5t effects ( ^? ?+s :i* are call$ great & joy\s4 ,b "o ?+ is to be obs]v$1 t equally relates bo? to good & evil3 t1 %\ld x be difficult to p]suade any "o t none ( ^? ?+s :i* di/urb ! m9d are to be look$ on z good or evil1 yet a diff]5t cure is to be appli$ to diff]5t feel+s2 & ! malevol5t p]son is to be correct$ by "o way ( reason+1 ! lov] by ano!r1 ! anxi\s man by ano!r1 & ! fe>ful by ano!r3 & x w\ld be easy = any "o :o pursues ! be/ approv$ me?od ( reason+1 ) reg>d to good & evil1 to ma9ta9 t no fool c be affect$ ) joy1 z he nev] c h any?+ good4 ,b1 at pres5t1 my disc\rse proce$s ^u ! common receiv$ notions4 ,let1 !n1 hon\rs1 ri*es1 pleasures1 & ! re/1 be ! v good ?+s :i* !y are imag9$ to be2 yet a too elevat$ & exult+ joy on ! possession ( !m is unbecom+2 j z ?\gh x might be all[able to laugh1 to giggle w\ld be indec5t4 ,?us1 a m9d enl>g$ by joy is z blameable z a contraction ( x by grief2 & eag] long+ is a sign ( z mu* levity 9 desir+ z immod]ate joy is 9 possess+2 &1 z ^? :o are too deject$ are said to be effem9ate1 s !y :o are too elat$ ) joy are prop]ly call$ volatile2 & z feel+ envy is a "p ( grief1 & ! be+ pleas$ ) ano!r's mis=tune is a k9d ( joy bo? ^! feel+s are usually correct$ by %[+ ! wildness & ins5sibility ( !m3 & z x becomes a man to be cauti\s1 b x is unbecom+ 9 him to be fe>ful2 s to be pleas$ is prop]1 b to be joyful improp]4 ,i h1 9 ord] t ,i might be ! bett] und]/ood1 di/+ui%$ pleasure f joy4 ,i h already said above1 t a contraction ( ! m9d c nev] be "r1 b t an elation ( x may2 = ! joy ( ,hector 9 ,nvius is "o ?+1-- ',tis joy inde$ to he> my praises sung ,by y1 :o are ! !me ( hon\r's tongue3 b t ( ! "* 9 ,trabea ano!r3--8,! k9d procuress1 allur$ by my money1 w obs]ve my nod1 w wat* my desires1 & /udy my w4 ,if ,i b move ! door ) my little f+]1 in/antly x flies op52 & if ,*rysis %\ld unexpect$ly discov] me1 %e w run ) joy to meet me1 & ?r[ h]self into my arms40 ,n[ he w tell y h[ excell5t he ?9ks ?is3-- ,n ev5 =tune h]self is s =tunate4 ,,xxxii4 ,any "o :o att5ds ! lea/ to ! subject w be conv9c$ h[ unbecom+ ?is joy is4 ,& z !y are v %ameful :o are immod]ately delight$ ) ! enjoym5t ( v5]eal pleasures1 s are !y v sc&al\s :o lu/ vehem5tly aft] !m4 ,& all t :i* is commonly call$ love 7&1 believe me1 ,i c f9d out no o!r "n to call x by7 is ( su* a trivial nature t no?+1 ,i ?9k1 is to be comp>$ to x3 ( :i* ,ccilius says-- ,i hold ! man ( e s5se b]eav$1 ,:o grants n ,love to be ( ,gods ! *ief3 ,^: mighty p[] :ate'er is good effects1 ,:o gives to ea* 8 beauty & defects3 ,h5ce1 heal? & sickness2 wit & folly1 h5ce1 ,! ,god t love & hatr$ do? disp5se6 ,an excell5t corrector ( life ?is same poetry1 :i* ?9ks t love1 ! promot] ( debau*]y & vanity1 %\ld h a place 9 ! c\ncil ( ! ,gods6 ,i am speak+ ( com$y1 :i* c\ld n subsi/ at all )\t our approv+ ( ^! debau*]ies4 ,b :at said t *ief ( ! ,argonauts 9 trag$y8-- ,my life ,i owe to hon\r less ?an love ,:at1 !n1 are we to say ( ?is love ( ,m$ea8--:at a tra9 ( mis]ies did x occasion6 & yet ! same woman has ! assurance to say to h] fa!r1 9 ano!r poet1 t %e _h a husb&-- ,de>] by love ?an ev] fa!rs 74 ,,xxxiii4 ,h[ev]1 we may all[ ! poets to trifle1 9 ^: fables we see ,jupit] himself engag$ 9 ^! debau*]ies3 b let u apply to ! ma/]s ( virtue1--! philosoph]s :o d5y love to be any?+ c>nal2 & 9 ?is !y diff] f ,epicurus1 :o1 ,i ?9k1 is n mu* mi/ak54 ,= :at is t lore ( fri5d%ip8 ,h[ comes x t no "o is 9 love ) a de=m$ "y man1 or a h&some old "o8 ,i am ( op9ion t ?is love ( m5 _h its rise f ! ,gymna/ics ( ! ,greeks1 :]e ^! k9ds ( loves are admissible & p]mitt$2 !re=e ,ennius spoke well3-- ,! c5sure ( ?is crime to ^? is due1 ,:o nak$ bodies fir/ expos$ to view4 ,n[1 suppos+ !m *a/e1 :i* ,i ?9k is h>dly possible1 !y are uneasy & di/ress$1 & ! m s because !y conta9 & refra9 !mselves4 ,b1 to pass ov] ! love ( wom51 :]e nature has all[$ m lib]ty1 :o c misund]/& ! poets 9 _! rape ( ,ganym$e1 or n appreh5d :at ,laius says1 & :at he desires1 9 ,euripides8 ,la/ly1 :at h ! pr9cipal poets & ! mo/ le>n$ m5 publi%$ ( !mselves 9 _! poems & songs8 ,:at do? ,alcu1 :o 0 di/+ui%$ 9 8 own republic = 8 brav]y1 write on ! love ( "y m58 & z = ,anacreon's poetry1 x is :olly on love4 ,b ,ibycus ( ,rhegium appe>s1 f 8 writ+s1 to h _h ?is love /rong] on him ?an all ! re/4 ,,xxxiv4 ,n[ we see t ! loves ( all ^! writ]s 7 entirely libid9\s4 ,!re h aris5 also "s among/ u philosoph]s 7& ,plato is at ! head ( !m1 :om ,dicar*us blames n )\t reason71 :o h c\nt5anc$ love4 ,! ,/oics 9 tru? say1 n only t _! wise man may be a lov]1 b !y ev5 def9e love itself z an endeav\r to orig9ate fri5d%ip out ( ! appe>ance ( beauty4 ,n[1 provid$ !re is any "o 9 ! nature ( ?+s )\t desire1 )\t c>e1 )\t a sigh1--su* a "o may be a lov]2 = he is free f all lu/3 b ,i h no?+ to say to him1 z x is lu/ ( :i* ,i am n[ speak+4 ,b %\ld !re be any love1--z !re c]ta9ly is1--:i*1 is b little1 or p]haps n at all1 %ort ( madness1 su* z 8 is 9 ! ,leucadia1-- ,%\ld !re be any ,god ^: c>e ,i am3 x is incumb5t on all ! ,gods to see t he enjoys 8 amor\s pleasure4 ,wret* t ,i am6 ,no?+ is m true1 & he says v appropriately-- ,:at1 are y sane1 :o at ?is rate lam5t8 ,he seems ev5 to 8 fri5ds to be out ( 8 s5ses3 !n h[ tragical he becomes6 ,?y aid1 div9e ,apollo1 ,i implore1 ,& ?9e1 dread rul] ( ! wat'ry /ore6 ,oh6 all ye w9ds1 assi/ me6 ,he ?9ks t ! :ole _w ought to apply itself to help 8 love3 he excludes ,v5us alone z unk9d to him4 ,?y aid1 ,o ,v5us1 :y %\ld ,i invoke8 ,he ?9ks ,v5us too mu* employ$ 9 h] own lu/1 to h reg>d to any?+ else1 z if he himself _h n said & committ$ ^! %ameful ?+s f lu/4 ,,xxxv4 ,n[ ! cure = "o :o is affect$ 9 ?is mann]1 is to %[1 h[ light1 h[ contemptible1 h[ v trifl+ he is 9 :at he desires2 h[ he may turn 8 affections to ano!r object1 or accompli% 8 desires by "s o!r means2 or else to p]suade him t he may entirely disreg>d x2 sometimes he is to be l$ away to objects ( ano!r k9d1 to /udy1 bus9ess1 or o!r diff]5t engagem5ts & conc]ns3 v (t5 ! cure is effect$ by *ange ( place1 z sick p1 t h n recov]$ _! /r5g?1 are b5efit$ by *ange ( air4 ,"s p ?9k an old love may be driv5 out by a new "o1 z "o nail drives out ano!r3 b above all ?+s ! man ?us afflict$ %\ld be advis$ :at madness love is3 = ( all ! p]turbations ( ! m9d1 !re is n "o :i* is m vehem5t2 =1 7)\t *>g+ x ) rapes1 debau*]ies1 adult]y1 or ev5 ince/1 ! bas5ess ( any ( ^! be+ v blameable2 n1 ,i say1 to m5tion ^!17 ! v p]turbation ( ! m9d 9 love is base ( itself1 =1 to pass ov] all its acts ( d[nright madness1 :at weakness d n ^? v ?+s :i* are look$ ^u z indiff]5t argue8 ,affronts & jeal\sies1 j>s1 squabbles1 w>s1 ,!n peace aga94--,! man :o seeks to fix ,^! re/less feel+s1 & to subjugate ,!m to "s regul> law1 is j z wise ,z "o :o'd try to lay d[n rules by :i* ,m5 %\ld g mad47#ajb7 ,n[ is n ?is incon/ancy & mutability ( m9d en\gh to det] any "o by its own de=mity8 ,we are to demon/rate1 z 0 said ( e p]turbation1 t !re are no su* feel+s :i* d n consi/ entirely ( op9ion & judgm5t1 & are n ow+ to ourselves4 ,= if love 7 natural1 all w\ld be 9 love1 & always s1 & all love ! same object2 nor w\ld "o be det]r$ by %ame1 ano!r by reflection1 ano!r by satiety4 ,,xxxvi4 ,ang]1 too1 :5 x di/urbs ! m9d any "t1 leaves no room to d\bt its be+ madness3 by ! in/igation ( :i*1 we see su* cont5tion z ?is betwe5 bro!rs3 ,:]e 0 !re ev] impud5ce l ?9e8 ,:o on ?y malice ev] c\ld ref9e87#ajc7 ,y "k :at foll[s3 = abuses are ?r[n out by ^! bro!rs1 ) great bitt]ness1 9 e o!r v]se3 s t y may easily "k !m = ! sons ( ,atreus1 ( t ,atreus :o inv5t$ a new puni%m5t = 8 bro!r3 ,i :o 8 cruel he>t to gall am b5t1 ,"s new1 unhe>d-( torm5t mu/ inv5t4 ,n[ :at 7 ^! inv5tions8 ,he> ,?ye/es4 ,my impi\s bro!r fa9 w\ld h me eat ,my *ildr51 & ?us s]ves !m up = meat4 ,to :at l5g? n[ w n ang] g8 ev5 z f> z madness4 ,!re=e we say prop]ly en\gh1 t angry m5 h giv5 up _! p[]1 t is1 !y are out ( ! p[] ( advice1 reason1 & und]/&+3 = ^! ought to h p[] ov] ! :ole m9d4 ,n[ y %\ld put ^? out ( ! way1 :om !y endeav\r to attack1 till !y h recollect$ !mselves2 b :at does recollection "h imply1 b gett+ toge!r aga9 ! disp]s$ p>ts ( _! m9d into _! prop] place8 or else y mu/ beg & entreat !m1 if !y h ! means ( rev5ge1 to def] x to ano!r opportunity1 till _! ang] cools4 ,b ! expression ( cool+ implies1 c]ta9ly1 t !re 0 a heat rais$ 9 _! m9ds 9 opposition to reason3 f :i* consid]ation t say+ ( ,ar*ytas is comm5d$3 :o be+ some:at provok$ at 8 /ew>d1 8,h[ w\ld ,i h treat$ y10 said he1 8if ,i _h n be5 9 a passion80 ,,xxxvii4 ,:]e1 !n1 are !y :o say t ang] has its use8 ,c madness be ( any use8 ,b /ill x is natural4 ,c any?+ be natural t is aga9/ reason8 or h[ is x1 if ang] is natural1 t "o p]son is m incl9$ to ang] ?an ano!r8 or t ! lu/ ( rev5ge %\ld cease be=e x has rev5g$ itself8 or t any "o %\ld rep5t ( :at he _h done 9 a passion8 z we see t ,alex&] ! k+ did1 :o c\ld sc>cely keep 8 h&s f himself1 :5 he _h kill$ 8 fav\rite ,clytus3 s great 0 8 compunction6 ,n[ :o1 t is acqua9t$ ) ^! in/ances1 c d\bt t ?is motion ( ! m9d is altoge!r 9 op9ion & volunt>y8 = :o c d\bt t disord]s ( ! m9d1 su* z covet\sness1 & a desire ( glory1 arise f a great e/imation ( ^? ?+s1 by :i* ! m9d is disord]$8 f :5ce we may und]/&1 t e p]turbation ( ! m9d is f\nd$ 9 op9ion4 ,& if boldness1 t is to say1 a firm assurance ( m9d1 is a k9d ( k & s]i\s op9ion1 n ha/ily tak5 up3 !n diffid5ce is a fe> ( an expect$ & imp5d+ evil3 & if hope is an expectation ( good1 fe> mu/ ( c\rse be an expectation ( evil4 ,?us fe> & o!r p]turbations are evils4 ,!re=e z con/ancy proce$s f k1 s does p]turbation f error4 ,n[ !y :o are said to be naturally incl9$ to ang]1 or to pity1 or to envy1 or to any feel+ ( ?is k9d2 _! m9ds are con/itutionally1 z x 71 9 bad heal?1 yet !y are curable1 z ! disposition ( ,socrates is said to h be52 = :5 ,zopyrus1 :o pr(ess$ to "k ! "* ( e "o f 8 p]son1 _h heap$ a great _m vices on him 9 a public assembly1 he 0 laugh$ at by o!rs1 :o c\ld p]ceive no su* vices 9 ,socrates2 b ,socrates kept him 9 c\nt5ance1 by decl>+ t su* vices 7 natural to him1 b t he _h got ! bett] ( !m by 8 reason4 ,!re=e1 z any "o :o has ! appe>ance ( ! be/ con/itution1 may yet appe> to be naturally r incl9$ to "s p>ticul> disord]1 s diff]5t m9ds may be m p>ticul>ly incl9$ to diff]5t diseases4 ,b z to ^? m5 :o are said to be vici\s1 n by nature1 b _! own fault2 _! vices proce$ f wrong op9ions ( good & bad ?+s1 s t "o is m prone ?an ano!r to diff]5t motions & p]turbations4 ,b1 j z x is 9 ! case ( ! body1 an invet]ate disease is h>d] to be got rid ( ?an a sudd5 disord]2 & x is m easy to cure a fre% tum\r 9 ! eyes1 ?an to remove a defluxion ( any cont9uance4 ,,xxxviii4 ,b z ! cause ( p]turbations is n[ discov]$1 = all ( !m arise f ! judgm5t or op9ion1 or volition1 ,i %all put an end to ?is disc\rse4 ,b we ought to be assur$1 s9ce ! b\nd>ies ( good & evil are n[ discov]$1 z f> z !y are discov]able by man1 t no?+ c be desir$ ( philosophy great]1 or m useful1 ?an ! discussions :i* we h held ^! f\r days4 ,= besides in/ill+ a contempt ( dea?1 & reliev+ pa9 s z to enable m5 to be> x2 we h add$ ! appeas+ ( grief1 ?an :i* !re is no great] evil to man4 ,= ?\gh e p]turbation ( m9d is griev\s1 & diff]s b little f madness3 yet we are us$ to say ( o!rs1 :5 !y are "u any p]turbation1 z ( fe>1 joy1 or desire1 t !y are agitat$ & di/urb$2 b ( ^? :o give !mselves up to grief1 t !y are mis]able1 afflict$1 wret*$1 unhappy4 ,s t x do? n seem to be by accid5t1 b ) reason propos$ by y1 t ,i %\ld discuss grief1 & ! o!r p]turbations sep>ately2 = !re lies ! spr+ & head ( all our mis]ies3 b ! cure ( grief1 & ( o!r disord]s1 is "o & ! same1 9 t !y are all volunt>y1 & f\nd$ on op9ion2 we take !m on ourselves because x seems "r s to d4 ,philosophy und]takes to eradicate ?is error1 z ! root ( all our evils3 let u !re=e surr5d] ourselves to be in/ruct$ by x1 & suff] ourselves to be cur$2 = :il/ ^! evils h possession ( u1 we n only _c be happy1 b _c be "r 9 our m9ds4 ,we mu/ ei!r d5y t reason c effect any?+1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ c be done "r )\t reason2 or else1 s9ce philosophy dep5ds on ! d$uctions ( reason1 we mu/ seek f h]1 if we w\ld be good or happy1 e help & assi/ance = liv+ well & happily4 ,book ,v4 ,:e!r ,virtue ,alone ,be ,suffici5t ,= ,a ,happy ,life4 ,i4 ,?is fif? day1 ,brutus1 %all put an end to our ,tusculan ,disputations3 on :i* day we discuss$ y\r fav\rite subject4 ,= ,i p]ceive f t book :i* y wrote = me1 ) ! greate/ accuracy1 z well z f y\r frequ5t conv]sation1 t y are cle>ly ( ?is op9ion1 t virtue is ( itself suffici5t = a happy life3 & ?\gh x may be difficult to prove ?is1 on acc\nt ( ! _m v>i\s /rokes ( =tune1 yet x is a tru? ( su* a nature1 t we %\ld endeav\r to facilitate ! pro( ( x4 ,= among all ! topics ( philosophy1 !re is n "o ( m dignity or importance4 ,= z ! fir/ philosoph]s mu/ h _h "s inducem5t1 to neglect ev]y?+ = ! se>* ( ! be/ /ate ( life3 surely1 ! inducem5t mu/ h be5 ! hope ( liv+ happily1 :i* impell$ !m to devote s mu* c>e & pa9s to t /udy4 ,n[1 if virtue 0 discov]$ & c>ri$ to p]fection by !m2 & if virtue is a suffici5t security = a happy life3 :o c avoid ?9k+ ! "w ( philosophis+ excell5tly recomm5d$ by !m1 & und]tak5 by me8 ,b if virtue1 z be+ subject to su* v>i\s & unc]ta9 accid5ts1 7 b ! slave ( =tune1 & 7 n ( suffici5t ability to support h]self2 ,i am afraid t x w\ld seem desirable r to (f] up pray]s ?an to rely on our own confid5ce 9 virtue1 z ! f\ndation = our hope ( a happy life4 ,&1 inde$1 :5 ,i reflect on ^? tr\bles1 ) :i* ,i h be5 s sev]ely ex]cis$ by =tune1 ,i beg9 to di/ru/ ?is op9ion2 & sometimes ev5 to dread ! weakness & frailty ( human nature1 = ,i am afraid le/1 :5 nature _h giv5 u infirm bodies1 & _h jo9$ to !m incurable diseases1 & intol]able pa9s1 %e p]haps also gave u m9ds p>ticipat+ 9 ^! bodily pa9s1 & h>ass$ also ) tr\bles & uneas9esses1 peculi>ly _! own4 ,b "h ,i correct myself1 = =m+ my judgm5t ( ! p[] ( virtue m f ! weakness ( o!rs1 or ( myself p]haps1 ?an f virtue itself3 = %e h]self 7provid$ !re is su* a ?+ z virtue1 & y\r uncle ,brutus has remov$ all d\bt ( x7 has ev]y?+ t c befal mank9d 9 subjection to h]2 & by disreg>d+ su* ?+s1 %e is f> remov$ f be+ at all conc]n$ at human accid5ts2 &1 be+ free f e imp]fection1 %e ?9ks t no?+ :i* is ext]nal to h]self c conc]n h]4 ,b we1 :o increase e approa*+ evil by our fe>1 & e pres5t "o by our grief1 *oose r to condemn ! nature ( ?+s1 ?an our own errors4 ,,ii4 ,b ! am5dm5t ( ?is fault1 & ( all our o!r vices & (f5ces1 is to be s\ght = 9 philosophy3 & z my own incl9ation & desire l$ me1 f my e>lie/ y\? upw>ds1 to seek h] protection2 s1 "u my pres5t mis=tunes1 ,i h _h rec\rse to ! same port f :5ce ,i set out1 aft] hav+ be5 toss$ by a viol5t tempe/4 ,o ,philosophy1 ?\ guide ( life6 ?\ discov]] ( virtue1 & expell] ( vices6 :at _h n only ,i myself1 b ! :ole life ( man be5 )\t y8 ,to y x is t we owe ! orig9 ( cities2 y x 0 :o call$ toge!r ! disp]s$ race ( m5 into social life2 y unit$ !m toge!r1 fir/1 by plac+ !m ne> "o ano!r1 !n by m>riages1 & la/ly1 by ! communication ( spee* & languages4 ,y h be5 ! inv5tress ( laws2 y h be5 our in/ructress 9 morals & discipl9e3 to y we fly = refuge2 f y we implore assi/ance2 & z ,i =m]ly submitt$ to y 9 a great degree1 s n[ ,i surr5d] up myself entirely to y4 ,= "o day sp5t well1 & agreeably to y\r precepts1 is pref]able to an et]nity ( error4 ,^: assi/ance1 !n1 c be ( m s]vice to me ?an y\rs1 :5 y h be/[$ on u tranquillity ( life1 & remov$ ! fe> ( dea?8 ,b ,philosophy is s f> f be+ prais$ z mu* z %e has des]v$ by mank9d1 t %e is :olly neglect$ by mo/ m51 & actually evil spok5 ( by _m4 ,c any p]son speak ill ( ! p>5t ( life1 & d>e to pollute himself ?us ) p>ricide6 & be s impi\sly ungrateful z to accuse h]1 :om he ought to rev]5ce1 ev5 7 he less able to appreciate ! advantages :i* he might d]ive f h]8 ,b ?is error1 ,i imag9e1 & ?is d>kness1 has spread itself ov] ! m9ds ( ignorant m51 f _! n be+ able to look s f> back1 & f _! n imag9+ t ^? m5 by :om human life 0 fir/ improv$1 7 philosoph]s3 = ?\gh we see philosophy to h be5 ( long /&+1 yet ! "n mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be b mod]n4 ,,iii4 ,b inde$1 :o c dispute ! antiquity ( philosophy1 ei!r 9 fact or "n8 = x acquir$ ?is excell5t "n f ! anci5ts1 by ! k ( ! orig9 & causes ( ev]y?+1 bo? div9e & human4 ,?us ^? sev5 1 z !y 7 consid]$ & call$ by ! ,greeks1 h always be5 e/eem$ & call$ wise m5 by u3 & ?us ,lycurgus _m ages be=e1 9 ^: "t1 be=e ! build+ ( ?is city1 ,hom] is said to h liv$1 z well z ,ulysses & ,ne/or 9 ! h]oic ages1 are all h&$ d[n to u by tradition z hav+ really be5 :at !y 7 call$1 wise m52 nor w\ld x h be5 said t ,atlas support$ ! heav5s1 or t ,prome!us 0 b\nd to ,caucasus1 nor w\ld ,cepheus1 ) 8 wife1 8 son-9-law1 & 8 daught]1 h be5 enroll$ among ! con/ellations1 b t _! m ?an human k ( ! heav5ly bodies _h transf]r$ _! names into an errone\s fable4 ,f :5ce1 all :o occupi$ !mselves 9 ! contemplation ( nature1 7 bo? consid]$ & call$1 wise m53 & t "n ( !irs cont9u$ to ! age ( ,py?agoras1 :o is report$ to h gone to ,phlius1 z we f9d x /at$ by ,h]aclides ,ponticus1 a v le>n$ man1 & a pupil ( ,plato1 & to h disc\rs$ v le>n$ly & copi\sly on c]ta9 subjects1 ) ,leon1 pr9ce ( ! ,phliasii--& :5 ,leon1 admir+ 8 +5uity & eloqu5ce1 ask$ him :at art he p>ticul>ly pr(ess$2 8 answ] 01 t he 0 acqua9t$ ) no art1 b t he 0 a philosoph]4 ,leon1 surpris$ at ! novelty ( ! "n1 inquir$ :at he meant by ! "n ( philosoph]1 & 9 :at philosoph]s diff]$ f o!r m53 on :i* ,py?agoras repli$1 8,t ! life ( man seem$ to him to resemble ^? games1 :i* 7 celebrat$ ) ! greate/ possible v>iety ( sports1 & ! g5]al conc\rse ( all ,greece4 ,= z 9 ^? games !re 7 "s p]sons ^: object 0 glory1 & ! hon\r ( a cr[n1 to be atta9$ by ! p]=mance ( bodily ex]cises3 s o!rs 7 l$ ?i!r by ! ga9 ( buy+ & sell+1 & m]e views ( pr(it3 b !re 0 likewise "o class ( p]sons1 & !y 7 by f> ! be/1 ^: aim 0 nei!r applause nor pr(it1 b :o came m]ely z spectators ?r\gh curiosity1 to obs]ve :at 0 done1 & to see 9 :at mann] ?+s 7 c>ri$ on !re4 ,& ?us1 said he1 we come f ano!r life & nature unto ?is "o1 j z m5 come out ( "s o!r city1 to "s mu* frequ5t$ m>t2 "s be+ slaves to glory1 o!rs to money2 & !re are "s few :o1 tak+ no acc\nt ( any?+ else1 e>ne/ly look into ! nature ( ?+s3 & ^! m5 call !mselves /udi\s ( wisdom1 t is1 philosoph]s2 & z !re x is ! mo/ reputable occupation ( all to be a look]-on1 )\t mak+ any acquisition1 s 9 life1 ! contemplat+ ?+s1 & acqua9t+ oneself ) !m1 greatly exce$s e o!r pursuit ( life40 ,,iv4 ,nor 0 ,py?agoras ! inv5tor only ( ! "n1 b he enl>g$ also ! ?+ itself1 &1 :5 he came into ,italy aft] ?is conv]sation at ,phlius1 he adorn$ t ,greece1 :i* is call$ ,great ,greece1 bo? privately & publicly1 ) ! mo/ excell5t in/itutions & arts2 b ( 8 s*ool & sy/em1 ,i %all1 p]haps1 f9d ano!r opportunity to speak4 ,b numb]s & motions1 & ! beg9n+ & end ( all ?+s1 7 ! subjects ( ! anci5t philosophy d[n to ,socrates1 :o 0 a pupil ( ,ar*elaus1 :o _h be5 ! disciple ( ,anaxagoras4 ,^! made dilig5t inquiry into ! magnitude ( ! />s1 _! di/ances1 c\rses1 & all t relates to ! heav5s4 ,b ,socrates 0 ! fir/ :o br\ght d[n philosophy f ! heav5s1 plac$ x 9 cities1 introduc$ x into families1 & oblig$ x to exam9e into life & morals1 & good & evil4 ,& 8 diff]5t me?ods ( discuss+ que/ions1 toge!r ) ! v>iety ( 8 topics1 & ! greatness ( 8 abilities1 be+ immortaliz$ by ! memory & writ+s ( ,plato1 gave rise to _m sects ( philosoph]s ( diff]5t s5tim5ts3 ( all :i* ,i h pr9cipally adh]$ to t "o :i*1 9 my op9ion1 ,socrates himself foll[$2 & argue s z to conceal my own op9ion1 :ile ,i deliv] o!rs f _! errors1 & s discov] :at has ! greate/ appe>ance ( probability 9 e "q4 ,& ! cu/om ,c>neades adopt$ ) great copi\sness & acut5ess1 & ,i myself h (t5 giv5 9 to x on _m occasions else:]e1 & 9 ?is mann]1 too1 ,i disput$ lately1 9 my ,tusculan villa2 inde$ ,i h s5t y a book ( ! f\r =m] days' discussions2 b ! fif? day1 :5 we _h seat$ ourselves z be=e1 :at we 7 to dispute on 0 propos$ ?us3-- ,v4 ,a4 ,i d n ?9k virtue c possibly be suffici5t = a happy life4 ,m4 ,b my fri5d ,brutus ?9ks s1 ^: judgm5t1 ) submission1 ,i greatly pref] to y\rs4 ,a4 ,i make no d\bt ( x2 b y\r reg>d = him is n ! bus9ess n[2 ! "q is n[ :at is ! real "* ( t quality ( :i* ,i h decl>$ my op9ion4 ,i wi% y to dispute on t4 ,m4 ,:at6 d y d5y t virtue c possibly be suffici5t = a happy life8 ,a4 ,x is :at ,i entirely d5y4 ,m4 ,:at6 is n virtue suffici5t to enable u to live z we ought1 hone/ly1 comm5dably1 or1 9 f9e1 to live well8 ,a4 ,c]ta9ly suffici5t4 ,m4 ,c y1 !n1 help call+ any "o mis]able1 :o lives ill8 or w y d5y t any "o :o y all[ lives well1 mu/ inevitably live happily8 ,a4 ,:y may ,i n8 = a man may be upright 9 8 life1 hone/1 praisewor?y1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( torm5ts1 & !re=e live well4 ,provid$ y und]/& :at ,i mean by well2 = :5 ,i say well1 ,i mean ) con/ancy1 & dignity1 & wisdom1 & c\rage2 = a man may display all ^! qualities on ! rack2 b yet ! rack is inconsi/5t ) a happy life4 ,m4 ,:at !n8 is y\r happy life left on ! outside ( ! prison1 :il/ con/ancy1 dignity1 wisdom1 & ! o!r virtues1 are surr5d]$ up to ! execution]1 & be> puni%m5t & pa9 )\t reluctance8 ,a4 ,y mu/ look out = some?+ new1 if y w\ld d any good4 ,^! ?+s h v little effect on me1 n m]ely f _! be+ common1 b pr9cipally because1 l c]ta9 light w9es1 t w n be> wat]1 ^! argum5ts ( ! ,/oics are pleasant] to ta/e ?an to swall[4 ,z :5 t assemblage ( virtues is committ$ to ! rack1 x raises s rev]5d a spectacle be=e our eyes1 t happ9ess seems to ha/5 on t[>ds !m1 & n to suff] !m to be des]t$ by h]4 ,b :5 y take y\r att5tion (f f ?is picture & ^! images ( ! virtues1 to ! tru? & ! reality1 :at rema9s )\t disguise is1 ! "q :e!r any "o c be happy 9 torm5t8 ,:]e=e let u n[ exam9e t po9t1 & n be "u any appreh5sions1 le/ ! virtues %\ld expo/ulate & compla91 t !y are =sak5 by happ9ess4 ,= if prud5ce is connect$ ) e virtue1 !n prud5ce itself discov]s ?is1 t all good m5 are n !re=e happy2 & %e recollects _m ?+s ( ,m>cus ,atilius17#ajd7 ,qu9tus ,cpio17#aje7 ,m>cus ,aquilius27#ajf7 & prud5ce h]self1 if ^! repres5tations are m agreeable to y ?an ! ?+s !mselves1 re/ra9s happ9ess1 :5 x is endeav\r+ to ?r[ itself into torm5ts1 & d5ies t x has any connexion ) pa9 & torture4 ,,vi4 ,m4 ,i c easily be> ) y\r behav+ 9 ?is mann]1 ?\gh x is n fair 9 y to prescribe to me1 h[ y w\ld h me c>ry on ?is discussion2 b ,i ask y if ,i h effect$ any?+ or no?+ 9 ! prec$+ days8 ,a4 ,yes1 some?+ 0 done1 "s little matt] inde$4 ,m4 ,b if t is ! case1 ?is "q is settl$1 & almo/ put an end to4 ,a4 ,h[ s8 ,m4 ,because turbul5t motions & viol5t agitations ( ! m9d1 :5 x is rais$ & elat$ by a ra% impulse1 gett+ ! bett] ( reason1 leave no room = a happy life4 ,= :o t fe>s ei!r pa9 or dea?1 ! "o ( :i* is always pres5t1 ! o!r always imp5d+1 c be o!rwise ?an mis]able8 ,n[ suppos+ ! same p]son1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 to be afraid ( pov]ty1 ignom9y1 infamy1 or weakness1 or bl9dness2 or la/ly1 slav]y1 :i* do? n only befal individual m51 b (t5 ev5 ! mo/ p[]ful nations2 n[ c any "o "u ! appreh5sion ( ^! evils be happy8 ,:at %all we say ( him :o n only dreads ^! evils z imp5d+1 b actually feels & be>s !m at pres5t8 ,let u unite 9 ! same p]son1 bani%m5t1 m\rn+1 ! loss ( *ildr52 n[ h[ c any "o :o is brok5 d[n & r5d]$ sick 9 body & m9d by su* affliction be o!rwise ?an v mis]able inde$8 ,:at reason aga9 c !re be1 :y a man %\ld n rightly en\gh be call$ mis]able1 :om we see inflam$ & rag+ ) lu/1 covet+ ev]y?+ ) an insatiable desire1 & 9 proportion z he d]ives m pleasure f any?+1 ?ir/+ ! m viol5tly aft] !m8 ,& z to a man va9ly elat$1 exult+ ) an empty joy1 & boa/+ ( himself )\t reason1 is n he s mu* ! m mis]able 9 proportion z he ?9ks himself happi]8 ,!re=e1 z ^! m5 are mis]able1 s on ! o!r h& ^? are happy1 :o are al>m$ by no fe>s1 wa/$ by no griefs1 provok$ by no lu/s1 melt$ by no languid pleasures t arise f va9 & exult+ joys4 ,we look on ! sea z calm :5 n ! lea/ brea? ( air di/urbs its waves2 & 9 l mann] ! placid & quiet /ate ( ! m9d is discov]$ :5 unmov$ by any p]turbation4 ,n[ if !re be any "o :o holds ! p[] ( =tune1 & ev]y?+ human1 ev]y?+ t c possibly befal any man1 z supportable1 s z to be out ( ! rea* ( fe> or anxiety2 & if su* a man covets no?+1 & is lift$ up by no va9 joy ( m9d1 :at c prev5t 8 be+ happy8 & if ^! are ! effects ( virtue1 :y _c virtue itself make m5 happy8 ,,vii4 ,a4 ,b ! o!r ( ^! two propositions is und5iable1 t !y :o are "u no appreh5sions1 :o are no ways uneasy1 :o covet no?+1 :o are lift$ up by no va9 joy1 are happy3 & !re=e ,i grant y t2 b z = ! o!r1 t is n n[ 9 a fit /ate = discussion2 = x has be5 prov$ by y\r =m] argum5ts t a wise man is free f e p]turbation ( m9d4 ,m4 ,d\btless1 !n1 ! dispute is ov]2 = ! "q appe>s to h be5 entirely exhau/$4 ,a4 ,i ?9k inde$ t t is almo/ ! case4 ,m4 ,b yet1 t is m usually ! case ) ! ma!maticians ?an philosoph]s4 ,= :5 ! geometricians tea* any?+1 if :at !y h be=e taught relates to _! pres5t subject1 !y take t = grant$ :i* has be5 already prov$2 & expla9 only :at !y _h n writt5 on be=e4 ,b ! philosoph]s1 :atev] subject !y h 9 h&1 get toge!r ev]y?+ t relates to x2 not)/&+ !y may h dilat$ on x some:]e else4 ,7 n t ! case1 :y %\ld ! ,/oics say s mu* on t "q1 :e!r virtue 0 abundantly suffici5t to a happy life8 :5 x w\ld h be5 answ] en\gh1 t !y _h be=e taught1 t no?+ 0 good b :at 0 hon\rable2 = z ?is _h be5 prov$1 ! consequ5ce mu/ be1 t virtue 0 suffici5t to a happy life3 & ea* premise may be made to foll[ f ! admission ( ! o!r1 s t if x be admitt$ t virtue is suffici5t to secure a happy life1 x may also be inf]r$ t no?+ is good except :at is hon\rable4 ,!y h[ev] d n proce$ 9 ?is mann]2 = !y w\ld sep>ate books ab\t :at is hon\rable1 & :at is ! *ief good3 & :5 !y h demon/rat$ f ! "o t virtue has p[] en\gh to make life happy1 yet !y treat ?is po9t sep>ately2 = ev]y?+1 & especially a subject ( su* great consequ5ce1 %\ld be support$ by argum5ts & exhortations :i* belong to t alone4 ,= y %\ld h a c>e h[ y imag9e philosophy to h utt]$ any?+ m noble1 or t %e has promis$ any?+ m fruitful or ( great] consequ5ce3 =1 good ,gods6 do? %e n engage1 t %e w r5d] him :o submits to h] laws s accompli%$ z to be always arm$ aga9/ =tune1 & to h e assurance )9 himself ( liv+ well & happily2 t he %all1 9 %ort1 be = ev] happy4 ,b let u see :at %e w p]=m8 ,9 ! mean:ile ,i look ^u x z a great ?+1 t %e has ev5 made su* a promise4 ,= ,x]xes1 :o 0 load$ ) all ! rew>ds & gifts ( =tune1 n satisfi$ ) 8 armies ( horse & foot1 nor ! multitude ( 8 %ips1 nor 8 inf9ite treasure ( gold1 (f]$ a rew>d to any "o :o c\ld f9d out a new pleasure3 & yet1 :5 x 0 discov]$1 he 0 n satisfi$ ) x1 nor c !re ev] be an end to lu/4 ,i wi% we c\ld engage any "o by a rew>d1 to produce some?+ ! bett] to e/abli% u 9 ?is belief4 ,,viii4 ,a4 ,i wi% t inde$ myself2 b ,i want a little in=mation4 ,= ,i all[1 t 9 :at y h /at$1 ! "o proposition is ! consequ5ce ( ! o!r2 t z1 if :at is hon\rable be ! only good1 x mu/ foll[1 t a happy life is ! effect ( virtue3 s t if a happy life consi/s 9 virtue1 no?+ c be good b virtue4 ,b y\r fri5d ,brutus1 on ! au?ority ( ,ari/o & ,antio*us1 does n see ?is3 = he ?9ks ! case w\ld be ! same1 ev5 if !re 7 any?+ good besides virtue4 ,m4 ,:at !n8 d y imag9e t ,i am go+ to argue aga9/ ,brutus8 ,a4 ,y may d :at y please3 = x is n = me to prescribe :at y %all d4 ,m4 ,h[ ^! ?+s agree toge!r %all be exam9$ some:]e else3 = ,i frequ5tly discuss$ t po9t ) ,antio*us1 & lately ) ,ari/o1 :51 dur+ ! p]iod ( my comm& z g5]al1 ,i 0 lodg+ ) him at ,a!ns4 ,= to me x seem$ t no "o c\ld possibly be happy "u any evil3 b a wise man might be afflict$ ) evil1 if !re are any ?+s aris+ f body or =tune1 des]v+ ! "n ( evils4 ,^! ?+s 7 said1 :i* ,antio*us has ins]t$ 9 8 books 9 _m places3 t virtue itself 0 suffici5t to make life happy1 b yet n p]fectly happy3 & t _m ?+s d]ive _! names f ! pr$om9ant portion ( !m1 ?\gh !y d n include ev]y?+1 z /r5g?1 heal?1 ri*es1 hon\r1 & glory3 :i* qualities are det]m9$ by _! k9d1 n _! numb]3 ?us a happy life is s call$ f its be+ s 9 a great degree1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld fall %ort 9 "s po9t4 ,to cle> ?is up1 is n absolutely necess>y at pres5t1 ?\gh x seems to be said )\t any great consi/5cy3 = ,i _c imag9e :at is want+ to "o t is happy1 to make him happi]1 = if any?+ be want+ to him he _c be s mu* z happy2 & z to :at !y say1 t ev]y?+ is nam$ & e/imat$ f its pr$om9ant portion1 t may be admitt$ 9 "s ?+s4 ,b :5 !y all[ ?ree k9ds ( evils2 :5 any "o is oppress$ ) e imag9able evil ( two k9ds1 be+ afflict$ ) adv]se =tune1 & hav+ at ! same "t 8 body worn out & h>ass$ ) all sorts ( pa9s1 %all we say t su* a "o is b little %ort ( a happy life1 to say no?+ ab\t ! happie/ possible life8 ,,ix4 ,?is is ! po9t :i* ,!ophra/us 0 unable to ma9ta93 = aft] he _h once laid d[n ! position1 t /ripes1 torm5ts1 tortures1 ! ru9 ( "o's c\ntry1 bani%m5t1 ! loss ( *ildr51 _h great influ5ce on m5's liv+ mis]ably & unhappily1 he dur/ n any long] use any high & l(ty expressions1 :5 he 0 s l[ & abject 9 8 op9ion4 ,h[ "r he 0 is n ! "q2 he c]ta9ly 0 consi/5t4 ,!re=e ,i am n = object+ to consequ5ces :]e ! premises are admitt$4 ,b ?is mo/ elegant & le>n$ ( all ! philosoph]s1 is n tak5 to task v sev]ely :5 he ass]ts 8 ?ree k9ds ( good2 b he is attack$ by e "o = t book :i* he wrote on a happy life1 9 :i* book he has _m argum5ts1 :y "o :o is tortur$ & rack$ _c be happy4 ,= 9 t book he is suppos$ to say1 t a man :o is plac$ on ! :eel1 7t is a k9d ( torture 9 use among ! ,greeks17 _c atta9 to a completely happy life4 ,he n[h]e1 inde$1 says s absolutely1 b :at he says am\nts to ! same ?+4 ,c ,i1 !n1 f9d fault ) him2 aft] hav+ all[$1 t pa9s ( ! body are evils1 t ! ru9 ( a man's =tunes is an evil1 if he %\ld say t e good man is n happy1 :5 all ^? ?+s :i* he reckons z evils may befal a good man8 ,! same ,!ophra/us is f\nd fault ) by all ! books & s*ools ( ! philosoph]s1 = comm5d+ t s5t5ce 9 8 ,calli/h5es3 ,=tune1 n wisdom1 rules ! life ( man4 ,!y say1 nev] did philosoph] ass]t any?+ s languid4 ,!y are "r1 inde$1 9 t3 b ,i d n appreh5d any?+ c\ld be m consi/5t3 = if !re are s _m good ?+s t dep5d on ! body1 & s _m =eign to x t dep5d on *ance & =tune1 is x inconsi/5t to say t =tune1 :i* gov]ns ev]y?+1 bo? :at is =eign & :at belongs to ! body1 has great] p[] ?an c\nsel4 ,or w\ld we r imitate ,epicurus8 :o is (t5 excell5t 9 _m ?+s :i* he speaks1 b q indiff]5t h[ consi/5t he may be1 or h[ mu* to ! purpose he is speak+4 ,he comm5ds sp>e diet1 & 9 t he speaks z a philosoph]2 b x is = ,socrates or ,anti/h5es to say s1 & n = "o :o conf9es all good to pleasure4 ,he d5ies t any "o c live pleasantly unless he lives hone/ly1 wisely1 & ju/ly4 ,no?+ is m dignifi$ ?an ?is ass]tion1 no?+ m becom+ a philosoph]1 _h he n measur$ ?is v expression ( liv+ hone/ly1 ju/ly1 & wisely1 by pleasure4 ,:at c\ld be bett] ?an to ass]t t =tune int]f]es b little ) a wise man8 ,b does he talk ?us1 :o aft] he has said t pa9 is ! greate/ evil1 or ! only evil1 might himself be afflict$ ) ! %>pe/ pa9s all ov] 8 body1 ev5 at ! "t he is vaunt+ himself ! mo/ aga9/ =tune8 ,& ?is v ?+1 too1 ,metrodorus has said1 b 9 bett] language3 8,i h anticipat$ y1 ,=tune2 ,i h caught y1 & cut (f e access1 s t y _c possibly rea* me40 ,?is w\ld be excell5t 9 ! m\? ( ,ari/o ! ,*ian1 or ,z5o ! ,/oic1 :o held no?+ to be an evil b :at 0 base2 b = y1 ,metrodorus1 to anticipate ! approa*es ( =tune1 :o conf9e all t is good to y\r b[els & m>r[1--= y to say s1 :o def9e ! *ief good by a /rong con/itution ( body1 & a well assur$ hope ( its cont9uance1--= y to cut (f e access ( =tune8 ,:y1 y may in/antly be depriv$ ( t good4 ,yet ! simple are tak5 ) ^! propositions1 & a va/ cr[d is l$ away by su* s5t5ces to become _! foll[]s4 ,x4 ,b x is ! duty ( "o :o w\ld argue accurately1 to consid] n :at is said1 b :at is said consi/5tly4 ,z 9 t v op9ion :i* we h adopt$ 9 ?is discussion1 namely1 t e good man is always happy2 x is cle> :at ,i mean by good m53 ,i call ^? bo? wise & good m51 :o are provid$ & adorn$ ) e virtue4 ,let u see1 !n1 :o are to be call$ happy4 ,i imag9e1 inde$1 t ^? m5 are to be call$ s1 :o are possess$ ( good )\t any alloy ( evil3 nor is !re any o!r notion connect$ ) ! ^w t expresses happ9ess1 b an absolute enjoym5t ( good )\t any evil4 ,virtue _c atta9 ?is1 if !re is any?+ good besides itself3 = a cr[d ( evils w\ld pres5t !mselves1 if we 7 to all[ pov]ty1 obscurity1 humility1 solitude1 ! loss ( fri5ds1 acute pa9s ( ! body1 ! loss ( heal?1 weakness1 bl9dness1 ! ru9 ( "o's c\ntry1 bani%m5t1 slav]y1 to be evils3 = a wise man may be afflict$ by all ^! evils1 num]\s & important z !y are1 & _m o!rs also may be add$2 = !y are br\ght on by *ance1 :i* may attack a wise man3 b if ^! ?+s are evils1 :o c ma9ta9 t a wise man is always happy1 :5 all ^! evils may light on him at ! same "t8 ,i !re=e d n easily agree ) my fri5d ,brutus1 nor ) our common ma/]s1 nor ^? anci5t ones1 ,ari/otle1 ,speusippus1 ,x5ocrates1 ,polemon1 :o reckon all t ,i h m5tion$ above z evils1 & yet !y say t a wise man is always happy2 nor c ,i all[ !m1 because !y are *>m$ ) ?is beautiful & illu/ri\s title1 :i* w\ld v well become ,py?agoras1 ,socrates1 & ,plato1 to p]suade my m9d1 t /r5g?1 heal?1 beauty1 ri*es1 hon\rs1 p[]1 ) ! beauty ( :i* !y are ravi%$1 are contemptible1 & t all ^? ?+s :i* are ! opposites ( ^! are n to be reg>d$4 ,!n might !y decl>e op5ly1 ) a l\d voice1 t nei!r ! attacks ( =tune1 nor ! op9ion ( ! multitude1 nor pa91 nor pov]ty1 occasion !m any appreh5sions2 & t !y h ev]y?+ )9 !mselves1 & t !re is no?+ :atev] :i* !y consid] z good b :at is )9 _! own p[]4 ,nor c ,i by any means all[ ! same p]son1 :o falls into ! vulg> op9ion ( good & evil1 to make use ( ^! expressions1 :i* c only become a great & exalt$ man4 ,/ruck ) :i* glory1 up />ts ,epicurus1 :o1 ) submission to ! ,gods1 ?9ks a wise man always happy4 ,he is mu* *>m$ ) ! dignity ( ?is op9ion1 b he nev] w\ld h own$ t1 _h he att5d$ to himself3 = :at is !re m inconsi/5t1 ?an = "o :o c\ld say t pa9 0 ! greate/ or ! only evil1 to ?9k also t a wise man c possibly say 9 ! mid/ ( 8 torture1 ,h[ sweet is ?is6 ,we are n1 !re=e1 to =m our judgm5t ( philosoph]s f deta*$ s5t5ces1 b f _! consi/5cy ) !mselves1 & _! ord9>y mann] ( talk+4 ,,xi4 ,a4 ,y compel me to be ( y\r op9ion2 b h a c>e t y are n inconsi/5t y\rself4 ,m4 ,9 :at respect8 ,a4 ,because ,i h lately read y\r f\r? book on ,good & ,evil3 & 9 t y appe>$ to me1 :ile disput+ aga9/ ,cato1 to be endeav\r+ to %[1 :i* 9 my op9ion means to prove1 t ,z5o & ! ,p]ipatetics diff] only ab\t "s new words2 b if we all[ t1 :at reason c !re be1 if x foll[s f ! argum5ts ( ,z5o1 t virtue conta9s all t is necess>y to a happy life1 t ! ,p]ipatetics %\ld n be at lib]ty to say ! same8 ,=1 9 my op9ion1 reg>d %\ld be _h to ! ?+1 n to words4 ,m4 ,:at8 y w\ld convict me f my own words1 & br+ aga9/ me :at ,i _h said or writt5 else:]e4 ,y may act 9 t mann] ) ^? :o dispute by e/abli%$ rules3 we live f h& to m\?1 & say any?+ t /rikes our m9d ) probability1 s t we are ! only p :o are really at lib]ty4 ,b1 s9ce ,i j n[ spoke ( consi/5cy1 ,i d n ?9k ! inquiry 9 ?is place is1 if ! op9ion ( ,z5o & 8 pupil ,ari/o be true1 t no?+ is good b :at is hon\rable2 b1 admitt+ t1 !n1 :e!r ! :ole ( a happy life c be re/$ on virtue alone4 ,:]e=e1 if we c]ta9ly grant ,brutus ?is1 t a wise man is always happy1 h[ consi/5t he is1 is 8 own bus9ess3 = :o inde$ is m wor?y ?an himself ( ! glory ( t op9ion8 ,/ill we may ma9ta9 t su* a man is m happy ?an any "o else4 ,,xii4 ,?\gh ,z5o ! ,cittian1 a /rang] & an inconsid]able co9] ( words1 appe>s to h ins9uat$ himself into ! old philosophy2 /ill ! preval5ce ( ?is op9ion is due to ! au?ority ( ,plato1 :o (t5 makes use ( ?is expression1 8t no?+ b virtue c be entitl$ to ! "n ( good10 agreeably to :at ,socrates says 9 ,plato's ,gorgias2 = x is !re relat$ t :5 "s "o ask$ him if he did n ?9k ,ar*elaus ! son ( ,p]diccas1 :o 0 !n look$ ^u z a mo/ =tunate p]son1 a v happy man3 8,i d n "k10 repli$ he1 8= ,i nev] conv]s$ ) him40 8,:at1 is !re no o!r way y c "k x by80 8,none at all40 8,y _c1 !n1 pron\nce ( ! great k+ ( ! ,p]sians1 :e!r he is happy or n80 8,h[ c ,i1 :5 ,i d n "k h[ le>n$ or h[ good a man he is80 8,:at6 d y imag9e t a happy life dep5ds on t80 8,my op9ion entirely is1 t good m5 are happy1 & ! wick$ mis]able40 8,is ,ar*elaus1 !n1 mis]able80 8,c]ta9ly1 if unju/40 ,n[ does x n appe> to y1 t he is "h plac+ ! :ole ( a happy life 9 virtue alone8 ,b :at does ! same man say 9 8 fun]al oration8 8,=10 sai? he1 8:oev] has ev]y?+ t relates to a happy life s entirely dep5d5t on himself z n to be connect$ ) ! good or bad =tune ( ano!r1 & n to be affect$ by1 or made 9 any degree unc]ta9 by1 :at befals ano!r2 & :oev] is su* a "o has acquir$ ! be/ rule ( liv+2 he is t mod]ate1 t brave1 t wise man1 :o submits to ! ga9 & loss ( ev]y?+1 & especially ( 8 *ildr51 & obeys t old precept2 = he w nev] be too joyful or too sad1 because he dep5ds entirely ^u himself40 ,,xiii4 ,f ,plato1 !re=e1 all my disc\rse %all be d$uc$1 z if f "s sacr$ & hall[$ f\nta94 ,:5ce c ,i1 !n1 m prop]ly beg9 ?an f nature1 ! p>5t ( all8 ,= :atsoev] %e produces 7,i am n speak+ only ( animals1 b ev5 ( ^? ?+s :i* h sprung f ! e>? 9 su* a mann] z to re/ on _! own roots7 %e design$ x to be p]fect 9 its respective k9d4 ,s t among trees & v9es1 & ^? l[] plants & trees :i* _c advance !mselves high above ! e>?1 "s are ev]gre51 o!rs are /ripp$ ( _! leaves 9 w9t]1 &1 w>m$ by ! spr+ season1 put !m out afre%1 & !re are none ( !m b :at are s quick5$ by a c]ta9 int]ior motion1 & _! own se$s enclos$ 9 e "o1 s z to yield fl[]s1 fruit1 or b]ries1 t all may h e p]fection t belongs to x1 provid$ no viol5ce prev5ts x4 ,b ! =ce ( nature itself may be m easily discov]$ 9 animals1 z %e has be/[$ s5se on !m4 ,= "s animals %e has taught to swim1 & design$ to be inhabitants ( ! wat]2 o!rs %e has enabl$ to fly1 & has will$ t !y %\ld enjoy ! b\ndless air2 "s o!rs %e has made to creep1 o!rs to walk4 ,aga91 ( ^! v animals1 "s are solit>y1 "s greg>i\s1 "s wild1 o!rs tame1 "s hidd5 & buri$ b5ea? ! e>?1 & e "o ( ^! ma9ta9s ! law ( nature1 conf9+ itself to :at 0 be/[$ on x1 & unable to *ange its mann] ( life4 ,& z e animal has f nature some?+ t di/+ui%es x1 :i* e "o ma9ta9s & nev] quits2 s man has some?+ f> m excell5t1 ?\gh ev]y?+ is said to be excell5t by comp>ison4 ,b ! human m9d1 be+ d]iv$ f ! div9e reason1 c be comp>$ ) no?+ b ) ! ,deity itself1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression4 ,?is1 !n1 if x is improv$1 & :5 its p]ception is s pres]v$ z n to be bl9d$ by errors1 becomes a p]fect und]/&+1 t is to say1 absolute reason1 :i* is ! v same z virtue4 ,& if ev]y?+ is happy :i* wants no?+1 & is complete & p]fect 9 its k9d1 & t is ! peculi> lot ( virtue2 c]ta9ly all :o are possess$ ( virtue are happy4 ,& 9 ?is ,i agree ) ,brutus1 & also ) ,ari/otle1 ,x5ocrates1 ,speusippus1 ,polemon4 ,,xiv4 ,to me su* are ! only m5 :o appe> completely happy2 = :at c he want to a complete happy life :o relies on 8 own good qualities1 or h[ c he be happy :o does n rely on !m8 ,b he :o makes a ?reefold division ( goods mu/ necess>ily be diffid5t1 = h[ c he dep5d on hav+ a s\nd body1 or t 8 =tune %all cont9ue8 b no "o c be happy )\t an immovable1 fix$1 & p]man5t good4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is op9ion ( !irs8 ,s t ,i ?9k t say+ ( ! ,sp>tan may be appli$ to !m1 :o1 on "s m]*ant's boa/+ be=e him1 t he _h despat*$ %ips to e m>itime coa/1 repli$1 t a =tune :i* dep5d$ on ropes 0 n v desirable4 ,c !re be any d\bt t :atev] may be lo/1 _c be prop]ly class$ 9 ! numb] ( ^? ?+s :i* complete a happy life8 = ( all t con/itutes a happy life1 no?+ w admit ( )]+1 or gr[+ old1 or we>+ out1 or decay+2 = :oev] is appreh5sive ( any loss ( ^! ?+s _c be happy2 ! happy man %\ld be safe1 well f5c$1 well =tifi$1 out ( ! rea* ( all annoyance1 n l a man "u trifl+ appreh5sions1 b free f all su*4 ,z he is n call$ innoc5t :o b slightly (f5ds1 b he :o (f5ds n at all2 s x is he alone :o is to be consid]$ )\t fe> :o is free f all fe>1 n he :o is b 9 little fe>4 ,= :at else is c\rage b an affection ( m9d1 t is ready to und]go p]ils1 & pati5t 9 ! endurance ( pa9 & lab\r )\t any alloy ( fe>8 ,n[ ?is c]ta9ly c\ld n be ! case1 if !re 7 any?+ else good b :at dep5d$ on hone/y alone4 ,b h[ c any "o be 9 possession ( t desirable & mu*-covet$ security 7= ,i n[ call a fre$om f anxiety a security1 on :i* fre$om a happy life dep5ds7 :o has1 or may h1 a multitude ( evils att5d+ him8 ,h[ c he be brave & undaunt$1 & hold ev]y?+ z trifles :i* c befal a man1 = s a wise man %\ld d1 unless he be "o :o ?9ks t ev]y?+ dep5ds on himself8 ,c\ld ! ,lac$monians )\t ?is1 :5 ,philip ?reat5$ to prev5t all _! attempts1 h ask$ him1 if he c\ld prev5t _! kill+ !mselves8 ,is x n easi]1 !n1 to f9d "o man ( su* a _s z we are inquir+ aft]1 ?an to meet ) a :ole city ( su* m58 ,n[1 if to ?is c\rage ,i am speak+ ( we add temp]ance1 t x may gov]n all our feel+s & agitations1 :at c be want+ to complete 8 happ9ess :o is secur$ by 8 c\rage f uneas9ess & fe>2 & is prev5t$ f immod]ate desires & immod]ate insol5ce ( joy1 by temp]ance8 ,i c\ld easily %[ t virtue is able to produce ^! effects1 b t ,i h expla9$ on ! =ego+ days4 ,,xv4 ,b z ! p]turbations ( ! m9d make life mis]able1 & tranquillity r5d]s x happy2 & z ^! p]turbations are ( two sorts1 grief & fe>1 proce$+ f imag9$ evils1 & z immod]ate joy & lu/ arise f a mi/ake ab\t :at is good1 & z all ^! feel+s are 9 opposition to reason & c\nsel2 :5 y see a man at ease1 q free & dis5gag$ f su* tr\blesome commotions1 :i* are s mu* at v>iance ) "o ano!r c y hesitate to pron\nce su* an "o a happy man8 ,n[ ! wise man is always 9 su* a disposition1 !re=e ! wise man is always happy4 ,besides1 e good is pleasant2 :atev] is pleasant may he boa/$ & talk$ (2 :atev] may he boa/$ (1 is glori\s1 b :atev] is glori\s is c]ta9ly laudable1 & :atev] is laudable d\btless1 also1 hon\rable2 :atev]1 !n1 is good is hon\rable2 7b ! ?+s :i* !y reckon z goods1 !y !mselves d n call hon\rable27 !re=e :at is hon\rable alone is good4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a happy life is compris$ 9 hone/y alone4 ,su* ?+s1 !n1 are n to be call$ or consid]$ goods1 :5 a man may enjoy an abundance ( !m1 & yet be mo/ mis]able4 ,is !re any d\bt b t a man :o enjoys ! be/ heal?1 & :o has /r5g? & beauty1 & 8 s5ses fl\ri%+ 9 _! utmo/ quickness & p]fection2 suppose him likewise1 if y please1 nimble & active1 nay1 give him ri*es1 hon\rs1 au?ority1 p[]1 glory2 n[1 ,i say1 %\ld ?is p]son1 :o is 9 possession ( all ^!1 be unju/1 intemp]ate1 timid1 /upid1 or an idiot1 c\ld y hesitate to call su* an "o mis]able8 ,:at1 !n1 are ^? goods1 9 ! possession ( :i* y may be v mis]able8 ,let u see if a happy life is n made up ( p>ts ( ! same nature1 z a heap implies a quantity ( gra9 ( ! same k9d4 ,& if ?is be once admitt$1 happ9ess mu/ be comp\nd$ ( diff]5t good ?+s :i* alone are hon\rable2 if !re is any mixture ( ?+s ( ano!r sort ) ^!1 no?+ hon\rable c proce$ f su* a composition2 n[1 take away hone/y1 & h[ c y imag9e any?+ happy8 ,= :atev] is good is desirable on t acc\nt2 :atev] is desirable mu/ c]ta9ly be approv$ (2 :atev] y approve ( mu/ be look$ on z acceptable & welcome4 ,y mu/ consequ5tly impute dignity to ?is2 & if s1 x mu/ necess>ily be laudable2 !re=e1 ev]y?+ t is laudable is good4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t :at is hon\rable is ! only good4 ,& %\ld we n look ^u x 9 ?is light1 !re w be a great _m ?+s :i* we mu/ call good4 ,,xvi4 ,i =be> to m5tion ri*es1 :i*1 z any "o1 let him be ev] s unwor?y1 may h !m1 ,i d n reckon among/ goods2 = :at is good is n atta9able by all4 ,i pass ov] notoriety1 & popul> fame1 rais$ by ! unit$ voice ( knaves & fools4 ,ev5 ?+s :i* are absolute no?+s may be call$ goods2 su* z :ite tee?1 h&some eyes1 a good complexion1 & :at 0 comm5d$ by ,euryclea1 :5 %e 0 wa%+ ,ulysses's feet1 ! s(tness ( 8 sk9 & ! mildness ( 8 disc\rse4 ,if y look on ^! z goods1 :at great] encomiums c ! gravity ( a philosoph] be entitl$ to ?an ! wild op9ion ( ! vulg> & ! ?\ghtless cr[d8 ,! ,/oics give ! "n ( excell5t & *oice to :at ! o!rs call good3 !y call !m s1 inde$2 b !y d n all[ !m to complete a happy life4 ,b ^! o!rs ?9k t !re is no life happy )\t !m2 or1 admitt+ x to be happy1 !y d5y x to be ! mo/ happy4 ,b our op9ion is1 t x is ! mo/ happy2 & we prove x f t conclusion ( ,socrates4 ,= ?us t au?or ( philosophy argu$3 t z ! disposition ( a man's m9d is1 s is ! man3 su* z ! man is1 su* w be 8 disc\rse3 8 actions w correspond ) 8 disc\rse1 & 8 life ) 8 actions4 ,b ! disposition ( a good man's m9d is laudable2 ! life1 !re=e1 ( a good man is laudable3 x is hon\rable1 !re=e1 because laudable3 ! unavoidable conclusion f :i* is1 t ! life ( good m5 is happy4 ,=1 good ,gods6 did ,i n make x appe>1 by my =m] argum5ts1--or 0 ,i only amus+ myself & kill+ "t 9 :at ,i !n said1--t ! m9d ( a wise man 0 always free f e ha/y motion :i* ,i call a p]turbation1 & t ! mo/ undi/urb$ peace always reign$ 9 8 brea/8 ,a man1 !n1 :o is temp]ate & consi/5t1 free f fe> or grief1 & un9flu5c$ by any immod]ate joy or desire1 _c be o!rwise ?an happy3 b a wise man is always s1 !re=e he is always happy4 ,moreov]1 h[ c a good man avoid ref]r+ all 8 actions & all 8 feel+s to ! "o /&>d ( :e!r or n x is laudable8 ,b he does ref] ev]y?+ to ! object ( liv+ happily3 x foll[s1 !n1 t a happy life is laudable2 b no?+ is laudable )\t virtue3 a happy life1 !n1 is ! consequ5ce ( virtue4--,& ?is is ! unavoidable conclusion to be drawn f ^! argum5ts4 ,,xvii4 ,a wick$ life has no?+ :i* we ought to speak ( or glory 93 nor has t life :i* is nei!r happy nor mis]able4 ,b !re is a k9d ( life t admits ( be+ spok5 (1 & glori$ 91 & boa/$ (2 z ,epam9ondas sai?1-- ,! w+s ( ,sp>ta's pride my c\nsels clipt4 ,& ,africanus boa/s1-- ,:o1 f beyond ,motis to ! place ,:]e ! sun rises1 de$s l m9e c trace8 ,if1 !n1 !re is su* a ?+ z a happy life1 x is to be glori$ 91 spok5 (1 & comm5d$ by ! p]son :o enjoys x3 = !re is no?+ except+ t :i* c be spok5 (1 or glori$ 92 & :5 t is once admitt$1 y "k :at foll[s4 ,n[1 unless an hon\rable life is a happy life1 !re mu/ ( c\rse be some?+ pref]able to a happy life3 = t :i* is hon\rable1 all m5 w c]ta9ly grant to be pref]able to any?+ else4 ,& ?us !re w be some?+ bett] ?an a happy life2 b :at c be m absurd ?an su* an ass]tion8 ,:at6 :5 !y grant vice to be effectual to ! r5d]+ life mis]able1 mu/ !y n admit t !re is a correspond+ p[] 9 virtue to make life happy8 ,= contr>ies foll[ f contr>ies4 ,& "h ,i ask1 :at weight !y ?9k !re is 9 ! balance ( ,critolaus1 :o1 hav+ put ! goods ( ! m9d into "o scale1 & ! goods ( ! body & o!r ext]nal advantages into ! o!r1 ?\ght ! goods ( ! m9d outweigh$ ! o!rs s f>1 t !y w\ld require ! :ole e>? & sea to equalise ! scale4 ,,xviii4 ,:at h9d]s ,critolaus1 !n1 or t grave/ ( philosoph]s1 ,x5ocrates 7:o raises virtue s high1 & :o less5s & depreciates ev]y?+ else71 f n only plac+ a happy life1 b ! happie/ possible life1 9 virtue8 &1 inde$1 if ?is 7 n ! case1 virtue w\ld be absolutely lo/4 ,= :oev] is subject to grief1 mu/ necess>ily be subject to fe> too2 = fe> is an uneasy appreh5sion ( future grief3 & :oev] is subject to fe> is liable to dread1 timidity1 con/]nation1 c[>dice4 ,!re=e1 su* a p]son may1 "s "t or o!r1 be defeat$1 & n ?9k himself conc]n$ ) t precept ( ,atreus1-- ,& let m5 s conduct !mselves 9 life1 ,z to be always /rang]s to defeat4 ,b su* a man1 z ,i h said1 w be defeat$2 & n only defeat$1 b made a slave (4 ,b we w\ld h virtue always free1 always inv9cible2 & 7 x n s1 !re w\ld be an end ( virtue4 ,b if virtue has 9 h]self all t is necess>y = a good life1 %e is c]ta9ly suffici5t = happ9ess3 virtue is c]ta9ly suffici5t1 too1 = our liv+ ) c\rage2 if ) c\rage1 !n ) a magnanim\s _s1 & inde$ s z nev] to be "u any fe>1 & ?us to be always inv9cible4--,h5ce x foll[s1 t !re c be no?+ to be rep5t$ (1 no wants1 no lets or h9drances4 ,?us all ?+s w be prosp]\s1 p]fect1 & z y w\ld h !m2 & consequ5tly happy3 b virtue is suffici5t = liv+ ) c\rage1 & !re=e virtue is able by h]self to make life happy4 ,= z folly1 ev5 :5 possess$ ( :at x desires1 nev] ?9ks x has acquir$ en\gh3 s wisdom is always satisfi$ ) ! pres5t1 & nev] rep5ts on h] own acc\nt4 ,,xix4 ,look b on ! s+le consul%ip ( ,llius1--& t1 too1 aft] hav+ be5 set aside 7?\gh :5 a wise & good man1 l him1 is outvot$1 ! p are disappo9t$ ( a good consul1 r ?an he disappo9t$ by a va9 p72 b ! po9t is1 w\ld y pref]1 7 x 9 y\r p[]1 to be once su* a consul z ,llius1 or be elect$ f\r times1 l ,c9na8 ,i h no d\bt 9 ! _w :at answ] y w make1 & x is on t acc\nt ,i put ! "q to y4 ,i w\ld n ask e "o ?is "q2 = "s "o p]haps might answ] t he w\ld n only pref] f\r consulates to "o1 b ev5 "o day ( ,c9na's life to :ole ages ( _m fam\s m54 ,llius w\ld h suff]$ _h he b t\*$ any "o ) 8 f+]2 b ,c9na ord]$ ! head ( 8 colleague consul1 ,cn4 ,octavius1 to be /ruck (f2 & put to dea? ,p4 ,crassus7#ajg7 & ,l4 ,cs>17#ajh7 ^? excell5t m51 s r5[n$ bo? at home & abroad2 & ev5 ,m4 ,antonius17#aji7 ! greate/ orator :om ,i ev] he>d2 & ,c4 ,cs>1 :o seems to me to h be5 ! patt]n ( humanity1 polit5ess1 sweetness ( temp]1 & wit4 ,c\ld he1 !n1 be happy :o occasion$ ! dea? ( ^! m58 ,s f> f x1 t he seems to be mis]able1 n only = hav+ p]=m$ ^! actions1 b also = act+ 9 su* a mann]1 t x 0 lawful = him to d x1 ?\gh x is unlawful = any "o to d wick$ actions2 b ?is proce$s f inaccuracy ( spee*1 = we call :atev] a man is all[$ to d1 lawful4--,0 n ,m>ius happi]1 ,i pray y1 :5 he %>$ ! glory ( ! victory ga9$ ov] ! ,cimbrians ) 8 colleague ,catulus 7:o 0 almo/ ano!r ,llius1 = ,i look ^u ! two m5 z v l "o ano!r17 ?an :51 conqu]or 9 ! civil w>1 he 9 a passion answ]$ ! fri5ds ( ,catulus1 :o 7 int]c$+ = him1 ,let him die8 ,& ?is answ] he gave1 n once only1 b (t54 ,b 9 su* a case1 he 0 happi] :o submitt$ to t b>b>\s decree ?an he :o issu$ x4 ,& x is bett] to receive an injury ?an to d "o2 & s x 0 bett] to advance a little to meet t dea? t 0 mak+ its approa*es1 z ,catulus did1 ?an1 l ,m>ius1 to sully ! glory ( six consul%ips1 & disgrace 8 latt] days1 by ! dea? ( su* a man4 ,,xx4 ,dionysius ex]cis$ 8 tyranny ov] ! ,syracusans ?irty-eight ye>s1 be+ b tw5ty-five ye>s old :5 he seiz$ on ! gov]nm5t4 ,h[ beautiful & h[ weal?y a city did he oppress ) slav]y6 ,& yet we h x f good au?ority1 t he 0 rem>kably temp]ate 9 8 mann] ( liv+1 t he 0 v active & en]getic 9 c>ry+ on bus9ess1 b naturally mis*iev\s & unju/2 f :i* description1 e "o :o dilig5tly inquires into tru? mu/ inevitably see t he 0 v mis]able4 ,nei!r did he atta9 :at he s greatly desir$1 ev5 :5 he 0 p]suad$ t he _h unlimit$ p[]2 =1 not)/&+ he 0 ( a good family & reputable p>5ts 7?\gh t is conte/$ by "s au?ors71 & _h a v l>ge acqua9tance ( intimate fri5ds & relations1 & also "s y\?s atta*$ to him by ties ( love aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,greeks1 he c\ld n tru/ any "o ( !m1 b committ$ ! gu>d ( 8 p]son to slaves1 :om he _h select$ f ri* m5's families & made free1 & to /rang]s & b>b>ians4 ,& ?us1 ?r\gh an unju/ desire ( gov]n+1 he 9 a mann] %ut himself up 9 a prison4 ,besides1 he w\ld n tru/ 8 ?roat to a b>b]1 b _h 8 daught]s taught to %ave2 s t ^! royal virg9s 7 =c$ to desc5d to ! base & slavi% employm5t ( %av+ ! head & be>d ( _! fa!r4 ,nor w\ld he tru/ ev5 !m1 :5 !y 7 gr[n up1 ) a razor2 b contriv$ h[ !y might burn (f ! hair ( 8 head & be>d ) r$-hot nut-%ells4 ,& z to 8 two wives1 ,ari/oma*e 8 c\ntrywoman1 & ,doris ( ,locris1 he nev] visit$ !m at night be=e ev]y?+ _h be5 well se>*$ & exam9$4 ,& z he _h surr\nd$ ! place :]e 8 b$ 0 ) a broad dit*1 & made a way ov] x ) a wood5 bridge1 he drew t bridge ov] aft] %utt+ 8 b$*amb] door4 ,& z he did n d>e to /& on ! ord9>y pulpits f :i* !y usually h>angu$ ! p1 he g5]ally address$ !m f a high t[]4 ,& x is said1 t :5 he 0 dispos$ to play at ball1--= he delight$ mu* 9 x1--& _h pull$ (f 8 clo!s1 he us$ to give 8 sword into ! keep+ ( a "y man :om he 0 v fond (4 ,on ?is1 "o ( 8 intimates said pleasantly1 8,y c]ta9ly tru/ y\r life ) him20 & z ! "y man happ5$ to smile at ?is1 he ord]$ !m bo? to be sla91 ! "o = %[+ h[ he might be tak5 (f1 ! o!r = approv+ ( :at _h be5 said by smil+4 ,b he 0 s conc]n$ at :at he _h done1 t no?+ affect$ him m dur+ 8 :ole life2 = he _h sla9 "o to :om he 0 extremely p>tial4 ,?us d weak m5's desires pull !m diff]5t ways1 & :il/ !y indulge "o1 !y act c\nt] to ano!r4 ,,xxi4 ,?is tyrant1 h[ev]1 %[$ himself h[ happy he really 03 = once1 :5 ,damocles1 "o ( 8 flatt]]s1 0 dilat+ 9 conv]sation on 8 =ces1 8 weal?1 ! greatness ( 8 p[]1 ! pl5ty he enjoy$1 ! gr&eur ( 8 royal palaces1 & ma9ta9+ t no "o 0 ev] happi]1--8,h y an incl9ation10 said he1 8,damocles1 z ?is k9d ( life pleases y1 to h a ta/e ( x y\rself1 & to make a trial ( ! good =tune t att5ds me80 ,& :5 he said t he %\ld l x extremely1 ,dionysius ord]$ him to be laid on a b$ ( gold ) ! mo/ beautiful cov]+1 embroid]$ & wr\ght ) ! mo/ exquisite "w1 & he dress$ out a great _m sidebo>ds ) silv] & emboss$ gold4 ,he !n ord]$ "s y\?s1 di/+ui%$ = _! h&some p]sons1 to wait at 8 table1 & to obs]ve 8 nod1 9 ord] to s]ve him ) :at he want$4 ,!re 7 o9tm5ts & g>l&s2 p]fumes 7 burn$2 tables provid$ ) ! mo/ exquisite meats4 ,damocles ?\ght himself v happy4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is app>atus1 ,dionysius ord]$ a bright sword to be let d[n f ! ceil+1 susp5d$ by a s+le horsehair1 s z to hang ov] ! head ( t happy man4 ,aft] :i* he nei!r ca/ 8 eye on ^? h&some wait]s1 nor on ! well wr\ght plate2 nor t\*$ any ( ! provisions3 pres5tly ! g>l&s fell to pieces4 ,at la/ he entreat$ ! tyrant to give him leave to g1 = t n[ he _h no desire to be happy47#aaj7 ,does n ,dionysius1 !n1 seem to h decl>$ !re c be no happ9ess = "o :o is "u con/ant appreh5sions8 ,b x 0 n n[ 9 8 p[] to return to ju/ice1 & re/ore 8 citiz5s _! rights & privileges2 =1 by ! indiscretion ( y\?1 he _h engag$ 9 s _m wrong /eps1 & committ$ su* extravagances1 t _h he attempt$ to h return$ to a "r way ( ?9k+ he mu/ h endang]$ 8 life4 ,,xxii4 ,yet1 h[ desir\s he 0 ( fri5d%ip1 ?\gh at ! same "t he dread$ ! trea*]y ( fri5ds1 appe>s f ! /ory ( ^? two ,py?agoreans3 "o ( ^! _h be5 security = 8 fri5d1 :o 0 condemn$ to die2 ! o!r1 to release 8 security1 pres5t$ himself at ! "t appo9t$ = 8 dy+3 8,i wi%10 said ,dionysius1 8y w\ld admit me z ! ?ird 9 y\r fri5d%ip40 ,:at mis]y 0 x = him to be depriv$ ( acqua9tance1 ( company at 8 table1 & ( ! fre$om ( conv]sation2 especially = "o :o 0 a man ( le>n+1 & f 8 *ildhood acqua9t$ ) lib]al arts1 v fond ( music1 & himself a tragic poet1--h[ good a "o is n to ! purpose1 = ,i "k n h[ x is1 b 9 ?is way1 m ?an any o!r1 e "o ?9ks 8 own p]=mances excell5t4 ,i nev] z yet knew any poet 7& ,i 0 v intimate ) ,aqu9ius71 :o did n appe> to himself to be v admirable4 ,! case is ?is2 y are pleas$ ) y\r own works1 ,i l m9e4 ,b to return to ,dionysius3 he deb>r$ himself f all civil & polite conv]sation1 & sp5t 8 life among fugitives1 bondm51 & b>b>ians2 = he 0 p]suad$ t no "o c\ld be 8 fri5d :o 0 wor?y ( lib]ty or _h ! lea/ desire ( be+ free4 ,,xxiii4 ,%all ,i n1 !n1 pref] ! life ( ,plato & ,ar*ytas1 manife/ly wise & le>n$ m51 to 81 ?an :i* no?+ c possibly be m horrid1 or mis]able1 or dete/able8 ,i w pres5t y ) an humble & obscure ma!matician ( ! same city1 call$ ,ar*im$es1 :o liv$ _m ye>s aft]2 ^: tomb1 ov]gr[n ) %rubs & bri>s1 ,i 9 my qu/or%ip discov]$1 :5 ! ,syracusans knew no?+ ( x1 & ev5 d5i$ t !re 0 any su* ?+ rema9+3 = ,i rememb]$ "s v]ses1 :i* ,i _h be5 in=m$ 7 engrav$ on 8 monum5t1 & ^! set =? t on ! top ( ! tomb !re 0 plac$ a sph]e ) a cyl9d]4 ,:5 ,i _h c>efully exam9$ all ! monum5ts 7= !re are a great _m tombs at ! gate ,a*rad971 ,i obs]v$ a small column /&+ out a little above ! bri>s1 ) ! figure ( a sph]e & a cyl9d] ^u x2 :]eupon ,i imm$iately said to ! ,syracusans1 = !re 7 "s ( _! pr9cipal m5 ) me !re1 t ,i imag9$ t 0 :at ,i 0 inquir+ =4 ,sev]al m5 be+ s5t 9 ) scy!s1 cle>$ ! way1 & made an op5+ = u4 ,:5 we c\ld get at x1 & 7 come ne> to ! front ( ! p$e/al1 ,i f\nd ! inscription1 ?\gh ! latt] p>ts ( all ! v]ses 7 effac$ almo/ half away4 ,?us "o ( ! noble/ cities ( ,greece1 & "o :i* at "o "t likewise _h be5 v celebrat$ = le>n+1 _h kn[n no?+ ( ! monum5t ( its greate/ g5ius1 if x _h n be5 discov]$ to !m by a native ( ,arp9um4 ,b to return to ! subject f :i* ,i h be5 digress+4 ,:o is !re 9 ! lea/ degree acqua9t$ ) ! ,muses1 t is1 ) lib]al k1 or t deals at all 9 le>n+1 :o w\ld n *oose to be ?is ma!matician r ?an t tyrant8 ,if we look into _! me?ods ( liv+ & _! employm5ts1 we %all f9d ! m9d ( ! "o /r5g!n$ & improv$ ) trac+ ! d$uctions ( reason1 amus$ ) 8 own +5uity1 :i* is ! "o mo/ delici\s food ( ! m9d2 ! ?\ghts ( ! o!r engag$ 9 cont9ual murd]s & injuries1 9 con/ant fe>s by night & by day4 ,n[ imag9e a ,democritus1 a ,py?agoras1 & an ,anaxagoras2 :at k+dom1 :at ri*es w\ld y pref] to _! /udies & amusem5ts8 = y mu/ necess>ily look = t excell5ce :i* we are seek+ = 9 t :i* is ! mo/ p]fect "p ( man2 b :at is !re bett] 9 man ?an a sagaci\s & good m9d8 ,! enjoym5t1 !re=e1 ( t good :i* proce$s f t sagaci\s m9d1 c alone make u happy3 b virtue is ! good ( ! m9d2 x foll[s1 !re=e1 t a happy life dep5ds on virtue4 ,h5ce proce$ all ?+s t are beautiful1 hon\rable1 & excell5t1 z ,i said above 7b ?is po9t mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be treat$ ( m at l>ge71 & !y are well /or$ ) joys4 ,=1 z x is cle> t a happy life consi/s 9 p]petual & unexhau/$ pleasures1 x foll[s too1 t a happy life mu/ arise f hone/y4 ,,xxiv4 ,b t :at ,i propose to demon/rate to y may n re/ on m]e words only1 ,i mu/ set be=e y ! picture ( some?+1 z x 71 liv+ & mov+ 9 ! _w1 t may dispose u m = ! improvem5t ( ! und]/&+ & real k4 ,let u1 !n1 pit* ^u "s man p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! mo/ excell5t arts2 let u pres5t him = a :ile to our own ?\ghts1 & figure him to our own imag9ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he mu/ necess>ily be ( an extraord9>y capacity2 = virtue is n easily connect$ ) dull m9ds4 ,secondly1 he mu/ h a great desire ( discov]+ tru?1 f :5ce w arise t ?reefold production ( ! m9d2 "o ( :i* dep5ds on kn[+ ?+s1 & expla9+ nature3 ! o!r 9 def9+ :at we ought to desire1 & :at to avoid3 ! ?ird 9 judg+ ( consequ5ces & impossibilities3 9 :i* consi/s bo? subtilty 9 disput+1 & also cle>ness ( judgm5t4 ,n[ ) :at pleasure mu/ ! m9d ( a wise man be affect$1 :i* cont9ually dwells 9 ! mid/ ( su* c>es & occupations z ^!1 :5 he views ! revolutions & motions ( ! :ole _w1 & sees ^? innum]able />s 9 ! heav5s1 :i*1 ?\gh fix$ 9 _! places1 h yet "o motion 9 common ) ! :ole univ]se1 & obs]ves ! sev5 o!r />s1 "s high]1 "s l[]1 ea* ma9ta9+ _! own c\rse1 :ile _! motions1 ?\gh w&]+1 h c]ta9 def9$ & appo9t$ spaces to run ?r\gh1 ! sight ( :i* d\btless urg$ & enc\rag$ ^? anci5t philosoph]s to ex]cise _! inve/igat+ _s on _m o!r ?+s4 ,h5ce arose an inquiry aft] ! beg9n+s1 &1 z x 71 se$s f :i* all ?+s 7 produc$ & compos$2 :at 0 ! orig9 ( e k9d ( ?+1 :e!r animate or inanimate1 articulately speak+ or mute2 :at occasion$ _! beg9n+ & end1 & by :at alt]ation & *ange "o ?+ 0 conv]t$ into ano!r3 :5ce ! e>? orig9at$1 & by :at weights x 0 balanc$3 by :at cav]ns ! seas 7 suppli$3 by :at gravity all ?+s be+ c>ri$ d[n t5d always to ! middle ( ! _w1 :i* 9 any r\nd body is ! l[e/ place4 ,,xxv4 ,a m9d employ$ on su* subjects1 & :i* night & day contemplates !m1 conta9s 9 itself t precept ( ! ,delphic ,god1 s z to 8"k itself10 & to p]ceive its connexion ) ! div9e reason1 f :5ce x is fill$ ) an insatiable joy4 ,= reflections on ! p[] & nature ( ! ,gods raise 9 u a desire ( imitat+ _! et]nity4 ,nor does ! m9d1 t sees ! necess>y dep5d5ces & connexions t "o cause has ) ano!r1 ?9k x possible t x %\ld be itself conf9$ to ! %ortness ( ?is life4 ,^? causes1 ?\gh !y proce$ f et]nity to et]nity1 are gov]n$ by reason & und]/&+4 ,& he :o beholds !m & exam9es !m1 or r he ^: view takes 9 all ! p>ts & b\nd>ies ( ?+s1 ) :at tranquillity ( m9d does he look on all human affairs1 & on all t is ne>] him6 ,h5ce proce$s ! k ( virtue2 h5ce arise ! k9ds & species ( virtues2 h5ce are discov]$ ^? ?+s :i* nature reg>ds z ! b\nds & extremities ( good & evil2 by ?is x is discov]$ to :at all duties ought to be ref]r$1 & :i* is ! mo/ eligible mann] ( life4 ,& :5 ^! & simil> po9ts h be5 inve/igat$1 ! pr9cipal consequ5ce :i* is d$uc$ f !m1 & t :i* is our ma9 object 9 ?is discussion1 is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! po9t--t virtue is ( itself suffici5t to a happy life4 ,! ?ird qualification ( our wise man is ! next to be consid]$1 :i* goes ?r\gh & spreads itself ov] e "p ( wisdom2 x is t :]eby we def9e ea* p>ticul> ?+1 di/+ui% ! g5us f its species1 connect consequ5ces1 draw j conclusions1 & di/+ui% tru? f falsehood1 :i* is ! v art & sci5ce ( disput+2 :i* is n only ( ! greate/ use 9 ! exam9ation ( :at passes 9 ! _w1 b is likewise ! mo/ rational ent]ta9m5t1 & t :i* is mo/ becom+ to true wisdom4 ,su* are its effects 9 retirem5t4 ,n[ let our wise man be consid]$ z protect+ ! republic2 :at c be m excell5t ?an su* a "*8 ,by 8 prud5ce he w discov] ! true int]e/s ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 by 8 ju/ice he w be prev5t$ f apply+ :at belongs to ! public to 8 own use2 & 9 %ort1 he w be ev] gov]n$ by all ! virtues :i* are _m & v>i\s8 ,to ^! let u add ! advantage ( 8 fri5d%ips2 9 :i* ! le>n$ reckon n only a natural h>mony & agreem5t ( s5tim5ts ?r\gh\t ! conduct ( life1 b ! utmo/ pleasure & satisfaction 9 conv]s+ & pass+ our "t con/antly ) "o ano!r4 ,:at c be want+ to su* a life z ?is1 to make x m happy ?an x is8 ,=tune h]self mu/ yield to a life /or$ ) su* joys4 ,n[ if x be a happ9ess to rejoice 9 su* goods ( ! m9d1 t is to say1 9 su* virtues1 & if all wise m5 enjoy ?or\ghly ^! pleasures1 x mu/ necess>ily be grant$ t all su* are happy4 ,,xxvi4 ,a4 ,:at1 :5 9 torm5ts & on ! rack8 ,m4 ,d y imag9e ,i am speak+ ( him z laid on roses & violets8 ,is x all[able ev5 = ,epicurus 7:o only puts on ! appe>ance ( be+ a philosoph]1 & :o himself assum$ t "n = himself17 to say1 7?\gh z matt]s /&1 ,i comm5d him = 8 say+17 t a wise man might at all times cry out1 ?\gh he be burn$1 tortur$1 cut to pieces1 8,h[ little ,i reg>d x60 ,%all ?is be said by "o :o def9es all evil z pa91 & measures e good by pleasure2 :o c\ld ridicule :atev] we call ei!r hon\rable or base1 & c\ld decl>e ( u t we 7 employ$ ab\t words1 & utt]+ m]e empty s\nds2 & t no?+ is to be reg>d$ by u1 b z x is p]ceiv$ to be smoo? or r\gh by ! body8 ,:at1 %all su* a man z ?is1 z ,i said1 ^: und]/&+ is little sup]ior to ! bea/s1 be at lib]ty to =get himself2 & n only to despise =tune1 :5 ! :ole ( 8 good & evil is 9 ! p[] ( =tune1 b to say1 t he is happy 9 ! mo/ rack+ torture1 :5 he _h actually decl>$ pa9 to be n only ! greate/ evil1 b ! only "o8 ,nor did he take any tr\ble to provide himself ) ^? rem$ies :i* might h enabl$ him to be> pa92 su* z firmness ( m9d1 a %ame ( do+ any?+ base1 ex]cise1 & ! habit ( pati5ce1 precepts ( c\rage1 & a manly h>d9ess3 b he says t he supports himself on ! s+le recollection ( pa/ pleasures1 z if any "o1 :5 ! wea!r 0 s hot z t he 0 sc>cely able to be> x1 %\ld com=t himself by recollect+ t he 0 once 9 my c\ntry ,arp9um1 :]e he 0 surr\nd$ on e side by cool+ /reams3 = ,i d n appreh5d h[ pa/ pleasures c allay pres5t evils4 ,b :5 he says t a wise man is always happy1 :o w\ld h no "r to say s if he 7 consi/5t ) himself1 :at may !y n d1 :o all[ no?+ to be desirable1 no?+ to be look$ on z good b :at is hon\rable8 ,let1 !n1 ! ,p]ipatetics & old ,academics foll[ my example1 & at l5g? leave (f mutt]+ to !mselves2 & op5ly & ) a cle> voice let !m be bold to say1 t a happy life may n be inconsi/5t ) ! agonies ( ,phal>is's bull4 ,,xxvii4 ,b to dismiss ! subtleties ( ! ,/oics1 :i* ,i am s5sible ,i h employ$ m ?an 0 necess>y1 let u admit ( ?ree k9ds ( goods3 & let !m really be k9ds ( goods1 provid$ no reg>d is _h to ! body1 & to ext]nal circum/ances1 z entitl$ to ! appellation ( good 9 any o!r s5se ?an because we are oblig$ to use !m3 b let ^? o!r div9e goods spread !mselves f> 9 e direction1 & rea* ! v heav5s4 ,:y1 !n1 may ,i n call him happy1 nay1 ! happie/ ( m51 :o has atta9$ !m8 ,%all a wise man be afraid ( pa98 :i* is1 inde$1 ! greate/ enemy to our op9ion4 ,= ,i am p]suad$ t we are prep>$ & =tifi$ suffici5tly1 by ! disputations ( ! =ego+ days1 aga9/ our own dea?1 or t ( our fri5ds1 aga9/ grief & ! o!r p]turbations ( ! m9d4 ,b pa9 seems to be ! %>pe/ adv]s>y ( virtue3 t x is :i* m5aces u ) burn+ tor*es2 t x is :i* ?reat5s to cru% our =titude1 & greatness ( m9d1 & pati5ce4 ,%all virtue !n yield to ?is8 ,%all ! happy life ( a wise & consi/5t man succumb to ?is8 ,good ,gods6 h[ base w\ld ?is be6 ,sp>tan boys w be> to h _! bodies torn by rods )\t utt]+ a groan4 ,i myself h se5 at ,lac$mon1 troops ( "y m51 ) incr$ible e>ne/ness cont5d+ toge!r ) _! h&s & feet1 ) _! tee? & nails1 nay ev5 ready to expire1 r ?an own !mselves conqu]$4 ,is any c\ntry ( b>b>ians m unciviliz$ or desolate ?an ,india8 ,yet !y h among/ !m "s t are held = wise m51 :o nev] we> any clo!s all _! life long1 & :o be> ! sn[ ( ,caucasus1 & ! pi]c+ cold ( w9t]1 )\t any pa93 & :o if !y come 9 contact ) fire endure be+ burn$ )\t a groan4 ,! wom5 too1 9 ,india1 on ! dea? ( _! husb&s h a regul> conte/1 & apply to ! judge to h x det]m9$ :i* ( !m 0 be/ belov$ by him2 = x is cu/om>y !re = "o man to h _m wives4 ,%e 9 ^: fav\r x is det]m9$ exults greatly1 & be+ att5d$ by h] relations is laid on ! fun]al pile ) h] husb&3 ! o!rs1 :o are po/pon$1 walk away v mu* deject$4 ,cu/om c nev] be sup]ior to nature3 = nature is nev] to be got ! bett] (4 ,b our m9ds are infect$ by slo? & idl5ess1 & luxury1 & languor1 & indol5ce3 we h en]vat$ !m by op9ions1 & bad cu/oms4 ,:o is !re :o is unacqua9t$ ) ! cu/oms ( ! ,egyptians8 ,_! m9ds be+ ta9t$ by p]nici\s op9ions1 !y are ready to be> any torture1 r ?an hurt an ibis1 a snake1 a cat1 a dog1 or a crocodile3 & %\ld any "o inadv]t5tly h hurt any ( ^! animals1 he w submit to any puni%m5t4 ,i am speak+ ( m5 only4 ,z to ! bea/s1 d !y n be> cold & hung]1 runn+ ab\t 9 woods1 & on m\nta9s & des]ts8 w !y n fight = _! "y ones till !y are w\nd$8 ,are !y afraid ( any attacks or bl[s8 ,i m5tion n :at ! ambiti\s w suff] = hon\r's sake1 or ^? :o are desir\s ( praise on acc\nt ( glory1 or lov]s to gratify _! lu/4 ,life is full ( su* in/ances4 ,,xxviii4 ,b let u n dwell too mu* on ^! que/ions1 b r let u return to our subject4 ,i say1 & say aga91 t happ9ess w submit ev5 to be torm5t$2 & t 9 pursuit ( ju/ice1 & temp]ance1 & /ill m especially & pr9cipally =titude1 & greatness ( s\l1 & pati5ce1 x w n /op %ort at sight ( ! execution]2 & :5 all o!r virtues proce$ calmly to ! torture1 t "o w nev] halt1 z ,i said1 on ! outside & ?re%old ( ! prison3 = :at c be bas]1 :at c c>ry a worse appe>ance1 ?an to be left alone1 sep>at$ f ^? beautiful att5dants8 n h[ev] t ?is is by any means possible3 = nei!r c ! virtues hold toge!r )\t happ9ess1 nor happ9ess )\t ! virtues3 s t !y w n suff] h] to des]t !m1 b w c>ry h] along ) !m1 to :atev] torm5ts1 to :atev] pa9 !y are l$4 ,= x is ! peculi> quality ( a wise man to d no?+ t he may rep5t (1 no?+ aga9/ 8 incl9ation3 b always to act nobly1 ) con/ancy1 gravity1 & hone/y3 to dep5d on no?+ z c]ta9ty3 to wond] at no?+1 :5 x falls out1 z if x appe>$ /range & unexpect$ to him3 to be indep5d5t ( e "o1 & abide by 8 own op9ion4 ,= my "p1 ,i _c =m an idea ( any?+ happi] ?an ?is4 ,! conclusion ( ! ,/oics is inde$ easy2 = s9ce !y are p]suad$ t ! end ( good is to live agreeably to nature1 & to be consi/5t ) t1--z a wise man %\ld d s1 n only because x is 8 duty1 b because x is 9 8 p[]1 x mu/ ( c\rse foll[1 t :oev] has ! *ief good 9 8 p[]1 has 8 happ9ess s too4 ,& ?us ! life ( a wise man is always happy4 ,y h "h :at ,i ?9k may be confid5tly said ( a happy life1 & z ?+s n[ /&1 v truly also1 unless y c advance some?+ bett]4 ,,xxix4 ,a4 ,inde$ ,i _c2 b ,i %\ld be glad to prevail on y1 unless x is tr\blesome 7z y are "u no conf9em5t f obligations to any p>ticul> sect1 b ga!r f all ( !m :atev] /rikes y mo/ z hav+ ! appe>ance ( probability71 z y j n[ seem$ to advise ! ,p]ipatetics & ! ,old ,academy1 boldly to speak out )\t res]ve1 8t wise m5 are always ! happie/10--,i %\ld be glad to he> h[ y ?9k x consi/5t = !m to say s1 :5 y h said s mu* aga9/ t op9ion1 & ! conclusions ( ! ,/oics4 ,m4 ,i w make use1 !n1 ( t lib]ty :i* no "o has ! privilege ( us+ 9 philosophy b ^? ( our s*ool1 ^: disc\rses det]m9e no?+1 b take 9 ev]y?+1 leav+ !m1 unsupport$ by ! au?ority ( any p>ticul> p]son1 to be judg$ ( by o!rs1 accord+ to _! weight4 ,& z y seem desir\s ( kn[+ h[ x is t1 not)/&+ ! diff]5t op9ions ( philosoph]s ) reg>d to ! ends ( goods1 virtue has /ill suffici5t security = ! effect+ ( a happy life1--:i* security1 z we are in=m$1 ,c>neades us$ inde$ to dispute aga9/2 b he disput$ z aga9/ ! ,/oics1 ^: op9ions he combat$ ) great zeal & vehem5ce1--,i h[ev] %all h&le ! "q ) m temp]2 = if ! ,/oics h rightly settl$ ! ends ( goods1 ! affair is at an end2 = a wise man mu/ necess>ily be always happy4 ,b let u exam9e1 if we c1 ! p>ticul> op9ions ( ! o!rs1 t s ?is excell5t decision1 if ,i may s call x1 9 fav\r ( a happy life1 may be agreeable to ! op9ions & discipl9e ( all4 ,,xxx4 ,^! !n are ! op9ions1 z ,i ?9k1 t are held & def5d$3 ! fir/ f\r are simple ones2 8t no?+ is good b :at is hone/10 accord+ to ! ,/oics3 no?+ good b pleasure1 z ,epicurus ma9ta9s3 8no?+ good b a fre$om f pa910 z ,hi]onymus7#aaa7 ass]ts3 8no?+ good b an enjoym5t ( ! pr9cipal1 or all1 or ! greate/ goods ( nature10 z ,c>neades ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! ,/oics3--^! are simple1 ! o!rs are mix$ propositions4 ,!n !re are ?ree k9ds ( goods2 ! greate/ be+ ^? ( ! m9d1 ! next be/ ^? ( ! body1 ! ?ird are ext]nal goods1 z ! ,p]ipatetics call !m1 & ! old ,academics diff] v little f !m4 ,d9oma*us7#aab7 & ,callipho7#aac7 h c\pl$ pleasure ) hone/y3 b ,diodorus17#aad7 ! ,p]ipatetic1 has jo9$ indol5ce to hone/y4 ,^! are ! op9ions t h "s foot+2 = ^? ( ,ari/o17#aae7 ,pyrrho17#aaf7 ,h]illus17#aag7 & ( "s o!rs1 are q out ( date4 ,n[ let u see :at weight ^! m5 h 9 !m1 except+ ! ,/oics1 ^: op9ion ,i ?9k ,i h suffici5tly def5d$2 & inde$ ,i h expla9$ :at ! ,p]ipatetics h to say2 except+ t ,!ophra/us1 & ^? :o foll[$ him1 dread & abhor pa9 9 too weak a mann]4 ,! o!rs may g on to exagg]ate ! gravity & dignity ( virtue1 z usual2 & !n1 aft] !y h extoll$ x to ! skies1 ) ! usual extravagance ( good orators1 x is easy to r$uce ! o!r topics to no?+ by comp>ison1 & to hold !m up to contempt4 ,!y :o ?9k t praise des]ves to be s\ght aft]1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( pa91 are n at lib]ty to d5y ^? m5 to be happy1 :o h obta9$ x4 ,?\gh !y may be "u "s evils1 yet ?is "n ( happy has a v wide application4 ,,xxxi4 ,= ev5 z trad+ is said to be lucrative1 & f>m+ advantage\s1 n because ! "o nev] meets ) any loss1 nor ! o!r ) any damage f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 b because !y succe$ 9 g5]al3 s life may be prop]ly call$ happy1 n f its be+ entirely made up ( good ?+s1 b because x ab\nds ) ^! to a great & consid]able degree4 ,by ?is way ( reason+1 !n1 a happy life may att5d virtue ev5 to ! mom5t ( execution2 nay1 may desc5d ) h] into ,phal>is's bull1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ,x5ocrates1 ,speusippus1 ,polemon2 & w n be ga9$ ov] by any allurem5ts to =sake h]4 ,( ! same op9ion w ,calliphon & ,diodorus be3 = !y are bo? ( !m su* fri5ds to virtue1 z to ?9k t all ?+s %\ld be disc>d$ & f> remov$ t are incompatible ) x4 ,! re/ seem to be m hamp]$ ) ^! doctr9es1 b yet !y get cle> ( !m2 su* z ,epicurus1 ,hi]onymus1 & :oev] else ?9ks x wor? :ile to def5d ! des]t$ ,c>neades3 = !re is n "o ( !m :o does n ?9k ! m9d to be judge ( ^? goods1 & able suffici5tly to in/ruct him h[ to despise :at has ! appe>ance only ( good or evil4 ,= :at seems to y to be ! case ) ,epicurus1 is ! case also ) ,hi]onymus & ,c>neades1 & inde$ ) all ! re/ ( !m3 = :o is !re :o is n suffici5tly prep>$ aga9/ dea? & pa98 ,i w beg91 ) y\r leave1 ) him :om we call s(t & voluptu\s4 ,:at6 does he seem to y to be afraid ( dea? or pa91 :5 he calls ! day ( 8 dea? happy2 & :o1 :5 he is afflict$ by ! greate/ pa9s1 sil5ces !m all by recollect+ argum5ts ( 8 own discov]+8 ,& ?is is n done 9 su* a mann] z to give room = imag9+ t he talks ?us wildly f "s sudd5 impulse3 b 8 op9ion ( dea? is1 t on ! dissolution ( ! animal1 all s5se is lo/2 & :at is depriv$ ( s5se is1 z he ?9ks1 :at we h no conc]n at all )4 ,& z to pa9 too1 he has c]ta9 rules to foll[ !n3 if x be great1 ! com=t is1 t x mu/ be %ort2 if x be ( long cont9uance1 !n x mu/ be supportable4 ,:at !n8 ,d ^? gr&iloqu5t g5tlem5 /ate any?+ bett] ?an ,epicurus1 9 opposition to ^! two ?+s :i* di/ress u ! mo/8 ,& z to o!r ?+s1 d n ,epicurus & ! re/ ( ! philosoph]s seem suffici5tly prep>$8 ,:o is !re :o does n dread pov]ty8 ,& yet no true philosoph] ev] c dread x4 ,,xxxii4 ,b ) h[ little is ?is man himself satisfi$8 ,no "o has said m on frugality4 ,= :5 a man is f> remov$ f ^? ?+s :i* occasion a desire ( money1 f love1 ambition1 or o!r daily extravagance1 :y %\ld he be fond ( money1 or conc]n himself at all ab\t x8 ,c\ld ! ,scy?ian ,ana*>sis7#aah7 disreg>d money1 & %all n our philosoph]s be able to d s8 ,we are in=m$ ( an epi/le ( 81 9 ^! words3 8,ana*>sis to ,hanno1 greet+4 ,my clo?+ is ! same z t ) :i* ! ,scy?ians cov] !mselves2 ! h>dness ( my feet supplies ! want ( %oes2 ! gr\nd is my b$1 hung] my sauce1 my food milk1 *eese1 & fle%4 ,s y may come to me z to a man 9 want ( no?+4 ,b z to ^? pres5ts y take s mu* pleasure 91 y may dispose ( !m to y\r own citiz5s1 or to ! immortal gods40 ,& almo/ all philosoph]s1 ( all s*ools1 except+ ^? :o are w>p$ f "r reason by a vici\s disposition1 might h be5 ( ?is same op9ion4 ,socrates1 :5 on "o occasion he saw a great quantity ( gold & silv] c>ri$ 9 a procession1 cri$ out1 8,h[ _m ?+s are !re :i* ,i d n want60 ,x5ocrates1 :5 "s ambassadors f ,alex&] _h br\ght him fifty tal5ts1 :i* 0 a v l>ge sum ( money 9 ^? times1 especially at ,a!ns1 c>ri$ ! ambassadors to sup 9 ! ,academy2 & plac$ j a suffici5cy be=e !m1 )\t any app>atus4 ,:5 !y ask$ him1 ! next day1 to :om he wi%$ ! money :i* !y _h = him to be paid3 8,:at80 said he1 8did y n p]ceive by our slight repa/ ( ye/]day1 t ,i _h no occasion = money80 ,b :5 he p]ceiv$ t !y 7 some:at deject$1 he accept$ ( ?irty m91 t he might n seem to treat ) disrespect ! k+'s g5]osity4 ,b ,diog5es took a great] lib]ty1 l a ,cynic1 :5 ,alex&] ask$ him if he want$ any?+3 8,j at pres5t10 said he1 8,i wi% t y w\ld /& a little out ( ! l9e betwe5 me & ! sun10 = ,alex&] 0 h9d]+ him f sunn+ himself4 ,& inde$ ?is v man us$ to ma9ta9 h[ mu* he surpass$ ! ,p]sian k+1 9 8 mann] ( life & =tune2 = t he himself 0 9 want ( no?+1 :ile ! o!r nev] _h en\gh2 & t he _h no incl9ation = ^? pleasures ( :i* ! o!r c\ld nev] get en\gh to satisfy himself3 & t ! o!r c\ld nev] obta9 84 ,,xxxiii4 ,y see1 ,i imag9e1 h[ ,epicurus has divid$ 8 k9ds ( desires1 n v acutely p]haps1 b yet usefully3 say+1 t !y are 8p>tly natural & necess>y2 p>tly natural1 b n necess>y2 p>tly nei!r4 ,t ^? :i* are necess>y may be suppli$ almo/ = no?+2 = t ! ?+s :i* nature requires are easily obta9$40 ,z to ! second k9d ( desires1 8 op9ion is1 t any "o may easily ei!r enjoy or g )\t !m4 ,& ) reg>d to ! ?ird1 s9ce !y are utt]ly frivol\s1 be+ nei!r alli$ to necessity nor nature1 he ?9ks t !y %\ld be entirely root$ out4 ,on ?is topic a great _m argum5ts are adduc$ by ! ,epicureans2 & ^? pleasures :i* !y d n despise 9 a body1 !y disp>age "o by "o1 & seem r = less5+ ! numb] ( !m3 = z to wanton pleasures1 on :i* subject !y say a great deal1 ^!1 say !y1 are easy1 common1 & )9 any "o's rea*2 & !y ?9k t if nature requires !m1 !y are n to be e/imat$ by bir?1 condition1 or rank1 b by %ape1 age1 & p]son3 & t x is by no means difficult to refra9 f !m1 %\ld heal?1 duty1 or reputation require x2 b t pleasures ( ?is k9d may be desirable1 :]e !y are att5d$ ) no inconv5i5ce1 b c nev] be ( any use4 ,& ! ass]tions :i* ,epicurus makes ) respect to ! :ole ( pleasure1 are su* z %[ 8 op9ion to be t pleasure is always desirable1 & to be pursu$ m]ely because x is pleasure2 & = ! same reason pa9 is to be avoid$1 because x is pa94 ,s t a wise man w always adopt su* a sy/em ( c\nt]balanc+ z to d himself ! ju/ice to avoid pleasure1 %\ld pa9 ensue f x 9 too great a proportion2 & w submit to pa91 provid$ ! effects ( x are to produce a great] pleasure3 s t all pleasurable ?+s1 ?\gh ! corporeal s5ses are ! judges ( !m1 are /ill to be ref]r$ to ! m9d1 on :i* acc\nt ! body rejoices1 :il/ x p]ceives a pres5t pleasure2 b t ! m9d n only p]ceives ! pres5t z well z ! body1 b =esees x1 :ile x is com+1 & ev5 :5 x is pa/ w n let x q slip away4 ,s t a wise man enjoys a cont9ual s]ies ( pleasures1 unit+ ! expectation ( future pleasure to ! recollection ( :at he has already ta/$4 ,! l notions are appli$ by !m to high liv+2 & ! magnific5ce & exp5siv5ess ( ent]ta9m5ts are deprecat$1 because nature is satisfi$ at a small exp5se4 ,,xxxiv4 ,= :o does n see ?is1 t an appetite is ! be/ sauce8 ,:5 ,d>ius1 9 8 flight f ! enemy1 _h drunk "s wat] :i* 0 muddy & ta9t$ ) dead bodies1 he decl>$ t he _h nev] drunk any?+ m pleasant2 ! fact 01 t he _h nev] drunk be=e :5 he 0 ?ir/y4 ,nor _h ,ptolemy ev] eat5 :5 he 0 hungry3 = z he 0 travell+ ov] ,egypt1 8 company n keep+ up ) him1 he _h "s co>se bread pres5t$ him 9 a cottage3 ^u :i* he said1 8,no?+ ev] seem$ to him pleasant] ?an t bread40 ,!y relate too ( ,socrates1 t1 once :5 he 0 walk+ v fa/ till ! ev5+1 on 8 be+ ask$ :y he did s1 8 reply 0 t he 0 pur*as+ an appetite by walk+1 t he might sup ! bett]4 ,& d we n see :at ! ,lac$monians provide 9 _! ,phiditia8 :]e ! tyrant ,dionysius supp$1 b told !m he did n at all l t black bro?1 :i* 0 _! pr9cipal di%2 on :i* he :o dress$ x said1 8,x 0 no wond]1 = x want$ season+40 ,dionysius ask$ :at t season+ 02 to :i* x 0 repli$1 8,fatigue 9 hunt+1 sweat+1 a race on ! banks ( ,eurotas1 hung]1 & ?ir/30 = ^! are ! season+s to ! ,lac$monian banquets4 ,& ?is may n only be conceiv$ f ! cu/om ( m51 b f ! bea/s1 :o are satisfi$ ) any?+ t is ?r[n be=e !m1 provid$ x is n unnatural1 & !y seek no f>!r4 ,"s entire cities1 taught by cu/om1 delight 9 p>simony1 z ,i said b j n[ ( ! ,lac$monians4 ,x5ophon has giv5 an acc\nt ( ! ,p]sian diet2 :o nev]1 z he sai?1 use any?+ b cresses ) _! bread1 n b t1 %\ld nature require any?+ m agreeable1 _m ?+s might be easily suppli$ by ! gr\nd1 & plants 9 great abundance1 & ( incomp>able sweetness4 ,add to ?is1 /r5g? & heal?1 z ! consequ5ce ( ?is ab/emi\s way ( liv+4 ,n[ comp>e ) ?is1 ^? :o sweat & bel*1 be+ cramm$ ) eat+1 l fatt$ ox53 !n w y p]ceive t !y :o pursue pleasure mo/1 atta9 x lea/3 & t ! pleasure ( eat+ lies n 9 satiety1 b appetite4 ,,xxxv4 ,!y report ( ,timo!us1 a fam\s man at ,a!ns1 & ! head ( ! city1 t hav+ supp$ ) ,plato1 & be+ extremely delight$ ) 8 ent]ta9m5t1 on see+ him ! next day1 he said1 8,y\r supp]s are n only agreeable :il/ ,i p>take ( !m1 b ! next day also40 ,besides1 ! und]/&+ is impair$ :5 we are full ) ov]-eat+ & dr9k+4 ,!re is an excell5t epi/le ( ,plato to ,dion's relations1 9 :i* !re occurs z ne>ly z possible ^! words3 8,:5 ,i came !re1 t happy life s mu* talk$ (1 devot$ to ,italian & ,syracusan ent]ta9m5ts1 0 no ways agreeable to me2 to be cramm$ twice a day1 & nev] to h ! night to y\rself1 & ! o!r ?+s :i* are ! accompanim5ts ( ?is k9d ( life1 by :i* a man w nev] be made ! wis]1 b w be r5d]$ mu* less temp]ate2 = x mu/ be an extraord9>y disposition t c be temp]ate 9 su* circum/ances40 ,h[1 !n1 c a life be pleasant )\t prud5ce & temp]ance8 ,h5ce y discov] ! mi/ake ( ,s>danapalus1 ! weal?ie/ k+ ( ! ,assyrians1 :o ord]$ x to be engrav$ on 8 tomb1 ,i /ill h :at 9 food ,i did exhau/1 ,b :at ,i left1 ?\gh excell5t1 is lo/4 8,:at less ?an ?is10 says ,ari/otle1 8c\ld be inscrib$ on ! tomb1 n ( a k+ b an ox80 ,he said t he possess$ ^? ?+s :5 dead1 :i*1 9 8 lifetime1 he c\ld h no long] ?an :il/ he 0 enjoy+ !m4 ,:y1 !n1 are ri*es desir$8 ,& :]e9 do? pov]ty prev5t u f be+ happy8 ,9 ! want1 ,i imag9e1 ( /atues1 pictures1 & div]sions4 ,b if any "o is delight$ ) ^! ?+s1 h n ! poor p ! enjoym5t ( !m m ?an !y :o are ! own]s ( !m 9 ! greate/ abundance8 ,= we h great numb]s ( !m display$ publicly 9 our city4 ,& :atev] /ore ( !m private p h1 !y _c h a great numb]1 & !y b seldom see !m1 only :5 !y g to _! c\ntry seats2 & "s ( !m mu/ be /ung to ! he>t :5 !y consid] h[ !y came by !m4 ,! day w\ld fail me1 %\ld ,i be incl9$ to def5d ! cause ( pov]ty3 ! ?+ is manife/1 & nature daily in=ms u h[ few ?+s !re are1 & h[ trifl+ !y are1 ( :i* %e really /&s 9 ne$4 ,,xxxvi4 ,let u inquire1 !n1 if obscurity1 ! want ( p[]1 or ev5 ! be+ unpopul>1 c prev5t a wise man f be+ happy4 ,obs]ve if popul> fav\r1 & ?is glory :i* !y are s fond (1 be n att5d$ ) m uneas9ess ?an pleasure4 ,our fri5d ,demo/h5es 0 c]ta9ly v weak 9 decl>+ himself pleas$ ) ! :isp] ( a woman :o 0 c>ry+ wat]1 z is ! cu/om 9 ,greece1 & :o :isp]$ to ano!r1 8,t is he--t is ,demo/h5es40 ,:at c\ld be weak] ?an ?is8 & yet :at an orator he 06 ,b al?\gh he _h le>n$ to speak to o!rs1 he _h conv]s$ b little ) himself4 ,we may p]ceive1 !re=e1 t popul> glory is n desirable ( itself2 nor is obscurity to be dread$4 8,i came to ,a!ns10 sai? ,democritus1 8& !re 0 no "o !re t knew me30 ?is 0 a mod]ate & grave man :o c\ld glory 9 8 obscurity4 ,%all musicians compose _! tunes to _! own ta/es2 & %all a philosoph]1 ma/] ( a mu* bett] art1 seek to asc]ta91 n :at is mo/ true1 b :at w please ! p8 ,c any?+ be m absurd ?an to despise ! vulg> z m]e unpoli%$ me*anics1 tak5 s+ly1 & to ?9k !m ( consequ5ce :5 collect$ into a body8 ,^! wise m5 w\ld contemn our ambiti\s pursuits1 & our vanities1 & w\ld reject all ! hon\rs :i* ! p c\ld volunt>ily (f] to !m3 b we "k n h[ to despise !m till we beg9 to rep5t ( hav+ accept$ !m4 ,!re is an anecdote relat$ by ,h]aclitus ! natural philosoph]1 ( ,h]modorus ! *ief ( ! ,ephesians1 t he said1 8t all ! ,ephesians ought to be puni%$ ) dea?1 = say+1 :5 !y _h expell$ ,h]modorus out ( _! city1 t !y w\ld h no "o among/ !m bett] ?an ano!r2 b t if !re 7 any su*1 he might g else:]e to "s o!r p40 ,is n ?is ! case ) ! p ev]y:]e8 d !y n hate e virtue t di/+ui%es itself8 ,:at6 0 n ,ari/ides 7,i _h r in/ance 9 ! ,greeks ?an ourselves7 bani%$ 8 c\ntry = be+ em95tly j8 ,:at tr\bles1 !n1 are !y free f :o h no connexion :atev] ) ! p6 ,:at is m agreeable ?an a le>n$ retirem5t8 ,i speak ( t le>n+ :i* makes u acqua9t$ ) ! b\ndless ext5t ( nature1 & ! univ]se1 & :i* ev5 :ile we rema9 9 ?is _w discov]s to u bo? heav51 e>?1 & sea4 ,,xxxvii4 ,if1 !n1 hon\r & ri*es h no value1 :at is !re else to be afraid (8 ,bani%m5t1 ,i suppose2 :i* is look$ on z ! greate/ evil4 ,n[1 if ! evil ( bani%m5t proce$s n f ourselves1 b f ! fr[>d disposition ( ! p1 ,i h j n[ decl>$ h[ contemptible x is4 ,b if to leave "o's c\ntry be mis]able1 ! prov9ces are full ( mis]able m52 v few ( ! settl]s 9 :i* ev] return to _! c\ntry aga94 ,b exiles are depriv$ ( _! prop]ty6 ,:at1 !n6 has !re n be5 en\gh said on be>+ pov]ty8 ,b ) reg>d to bani%m5t1 if we exam9e ! nature ( ?+s1 n ! ignom9y ( ! "n1 h[ little does x diff] f con/ant travell+8 9 :i* "s ( ! mo/ fam\s philosoph]s h sp5t _! :ole life3 z ,x5ocrates1 ,crantor1 ,arcesilas1 ,lacydes1 ,ari/otle1 ,!ophra/us1 ,z5o1 ,clean!s1 ,*rysippus1 ,antipat]1 ,c>neades1 ,pantius1 ,clitoma*us1 ,philo1 ,antio*us1 ,posidonius1 & innum]able o!rs2 :o f _! fir/ sett+ out nev] return$ home aga94 ,n[ :at ignom9y c a wise man be affect$ ) 7= x is ( su* a "o t ,i am speak+7 :o c be guilty ( no?+ :i* des]ves x2 = !re is no occasion to com=t "o :o is bani%$ = 8 des]ts4 ,la/ly1 !y c easily reconcile !mselves to e accid5t :o measure all _! objects & pursuits 9 life by ! /&>d ( pleasure2 s t 9 :atev] place t is suppli$1 !re !y may live happily4 ,?us :at ,teuc] said may be appli$ to e case3 ,:]ev] ,i am happy1 is my c\ntry4 ,socrates1 inde$1 :5 he 0 ask$ :]e he belong$ to1 repli$1 8,! _w20 = he look$ ^u himself z a citiz5 & inhabitant ( ! :ole _w4 ,h[ 0 x ) ,t4 ,altibutius8 ,did he n foll[ 8 philosophical /udies ) ! greate/ satisfaction at ,a!ns1 al?\gh he 0 bani%$8 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld n h happ5$ to him1 if he _h obey$ ! laws ( ,epicurus1 & liv$ peaceably 9 ! republic4 ,9 :at 0 ,epicurus happi]1 liv+ 9 8 own c\ntry1 ?an ,metrodorus :o liv$ at ,a!ns8 ,or did ,plato's happ9ess exce$ t ( ,x5ocrates1 or ,polemo1 or ,arcesilas8 ,or is t city to be valu$ mu*1 t bani%es all h] good & wise m58 ,dem>atus1 ! fa!r ( our k+ ,t>qu91 n be+ able to be> ! tyrant ,cypselus1 fl$ f ,cor9? to ,t>qu9ii1 settl$ !re1 & _h *ildr54 ,0 x1 !n1 an unwise act 9 him to pref] ! lib]ty ( bani%m5t to slav]y at home8 ,,xxxviii4 ,besides ! emotions ( ! m9d1 all griefs & anxieties are assuag$ by =gett+ !m1 & turn+ our ?\ghts to pleasure4 ,!re=e1 x 0 n )\t reason t ,epicurus presum$ to say t a wise man ab\nds ) good ?+s1 because he may always h 8 pleasures3 f :5ce x foll[s1 z he ?9ks1 t t po9t is ga9$1 :i* is ! subject ( our pres5t inquiry1 t a wise man is always happy4 ,:at6 ?\gh he %\ld be depriv$ ( ! s5ses ( see+ & he>+8 ,yes2 = he holds ^? ?+s v *eap4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at are ! pleasures ( :i* we are depriv$ by t dreadful ?+1 bl9dness8 ,= ?\gh !y all[ o!r pleasures to be conf9$ to ! s5ses1 yet ! ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ by ! sight d n dep5d :olly on ! pleasure ! eyes receive2 z is ! case :5 we ta/e1 smell1 t\*1 or he>2 =1 9 respect ( all ^! s5ses1 ! organs !mselves are ! seat ( pleasure2 b x is n s ) ! eyes4 ,= x is ! m9d :i* is ent]ta9$ by :at we see2 b ! m9d may be ent]ta9$ 9 _m ways1 ev5 ?\gh we c\ld n see at all4 ,i am speak+ ( a le>n$ & a wise man1 ) :om to ?9k is to live4 ,b ?9k+ 9 ! case ( a wise man does n altoge!r require ! use ( 8 eyes 9 8 inve/igations2 = if night does n /rip him ( 8 happ9ess1 :y %\ld bl9dness1 :i* resembles night1 h t effect8 ,= ! reply ( ,antipat] ! ,cyr5aic1 to "s wom5 :o bewail$ 8 be+ bl9d1 ?\gh x is a little too obsc5e1 is n )\t its significance4 8,:at d y mean80 sai? he2 8d y ?9k ! night c furni% no pleasure80 ,& we f9d by 8 magi/racies & 8 actions1 t old ,appius7#aai7 too1 :o 0 bl9d = _m ye>s1 0 n prev5t$ f do+ :atev] 0 requir$ ( him1 ) respect ei!r to ! republic or 8 own affairs4 ,x is said1 t ,c4 ,drusus's h\se 0 cr[d$ ) cli5ts4 ,:5 !y1 ^: bus9ess x 01 c\ld n see h[ to conduct !mselves1 !y appli$ to a bl9d guide4 ,,xxxix4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy1 ,cn4 ,aufidius1 a bl9d man1 :o _h s]v$ ! (fice ( prtor1 n only gave 8 op9ion 9 ! s5ate1 & 0 ready to assi/ 8 fri5ds1 b wrote a ,greek hi/ory1 & _h a consid]able acqua9tance ) lit]ature4 ,diodorus ! ,/oic 0 bl9d1 & liv$ _m ye>s at my h\se4 ,he1 inde$1 :i* is sc>cely cr$ible1 besides apply+ himself m ?an usual to philosophy1 & play+ on ! flute1 agreeably to ! cu/om ( ! ,py?agoreans1 & hav+ books read to him night & day1 9 all :i* he did n want eyes1 contriv$ to tea* geometry1 :i*1 "o w\ld ?9k1 c\ld h>dly be done )\t ! assi/ance ( eyes1 tell+ 8 s*ol>s h[ & :]e to draw e l9e4 ,!y relate ( ,asclepiades1 a native ( ,eretria1 & no obscure philosoph]1 :5 "s "o ask$ him :at inconv5i5ce he suff]$ f 8 bl9dness1 t 8 reply 01 8,he 0 at ! exp5se ( ano!r s]vant40 ,s t1 z ! mo/ extreme pov]ty may be borne1 if y please1 z is daily ! case ) "s 9 ,greece2 s bl9dness may easily be borne1 provid$ y h ! support ( good heal? 9 o!r respects4 ,democritus 0 s bl9d he c\ld n di/+ui% :ite f black3 b he knew ! diff]5ce betwixt good & evil1 j & unju/1 hon\rable & base1 ! useful & useless1 great & small4 ,?us "o may live happily )\t di/+ui%+ col\rs2 b )\t acqua9t+ y\rself ) ?+s1 y _c2 & ?is man 0 ( op9ion1 t ! int5se application ( ! m9d 0 tak5 (f by ! objects t pres5t$ !mselves to ! eye1 & :ile o!rs (t5 c\ld n see :at 0 be=e _! feet1 he travell$ ?r\gh all inf9ity4 ,x is report$ also t ,hom]7#abj7 0 bl9d1 b we obs]ve 8 pa9t+1 z well z 8 poetry4 ,:at c\ntry1 :at coa/1 :at "p ( ,greece1 :at milit>y attacks1 :at dispositions ( battle1 :at army1 :at %ip1 :at motions ( m5 & animals c be m5tion$ :i* he has n describ$ 9 su* a mann] z to enable u to see :at he c\ld n see himself8 ,:at1 !n6 c we imag9e t ,hom]1 or any o!r le>n$ man1 has ev] be5 9 want ( pleasure & ent]ta9m5t = 8 m9d8 ,7 x n s1 w\ld ,anaxagoras1 or ?is v ,democritus1 h left _! e/ates & patrimonies1 & giv5 !mselves up to ! pursuit ( acquir+ ?is div9e pleasure8 ,x is ?us t ! poets :o h repres5t$ ,tiresias ! ,augur z a wise man & bl9d1 nev] exhibit him z bewail+ 8 bl9dness4 ,& ,hom]1 too1 aft] he _h describ$ ,polyphemus z a mon/] & a wild man1 repres5ts him talk+ ) 8 ram1 & speak+ ( 8 good =tune1 inasmu* z he c\ld g :]ev] he pleas$ & t\* :at he w\ld4 ,& s f> he 0 "r1 = t ,cyclops 0 a be+ ( n mu* m und]/&+ ?an 8 ram4 ,,xl4 ,n[1 z to ! evil ( be+ deaf3 ,m4 ,crassus 0 a little ?ick ( he>+2 b x 0 m uneas9ess to him t he he>d himself ill spok5 (1 ?\gh1 9 my op9ion1 he did n des]ve x4 ,our ,epicureans _c und]/& ,greek1 nor ! ,greeks ,lat93 n[1 !y are deaf reciprocally z to ea* o!r's language1 & we are all truly deaf ) reg>d to ^? innum]able languages :i* we d n und]/&4 ,!y d n he> ! voice ( ! h>p]2 b !n !y d n he> ! grat+ ( a saw :5 x is sett+1 or ! grunt+ ( a hog :5 8 ?roat is be+ cut1 nor ! ro>+ ( ! sea :5 !y are desir\s ( re/4 ,& if !y %\ld *ance to be fond ( s++1 !y ought 9 ! fir/ place to consid] t _m wise m5 liv$ happily be=e music 0 discov]$2 besides1 !y may h m pleasure 9 read+ v]ses ?an 9 he>+ !m sung4 ,!n1 z ,i be=e ref]r$ ! bl9d to ! pleasures ( he>+1 s ,i may ! deaf to ! pleasures ( sight3 moreov]1 :oev] c conv]se ) himself do? n ne$ ! conv]sation ( ano!r4 ,b suppose all ^! mis=tunes to meet 9 "o p]son3 suppose him bl9d & deaf1--let him be afflict$ ) ! %>pe/ pa9s ( body1 :i*1 9 ! fir/ place1 g5]ally ( !mselves make an end ( him2 /ill1 %\ld !y cont9ue s long1 & ! pa9 be s exquisite1 t we %\ld be unable to assign any reason = our be+ s afflict$1--/ill1 :y1 good ,gods6 %\ld we be "u any difficulty8 ,= !re is a retreat at h&3 dea? is t retreat--a %elt] :]e we %all = ev] be ins5sible4 ,!odoras said to ,lysima*us1 :o ?reat5$ him ) dea?1 8,x is a great matt]1 inde$1 = y to h acquir$ ! p[] ( a ,spani% fly60 ,:5 ,p]ses entreat$ ,paulus n to lead him 9 triumph1 8,t is a matt] :i* y h 9 y\r own p[]10 said ,paulus4 ,i said _m ?+s ab\t dea? 9 our fir/ day's disputation1 :5 dea? 0 ! subject2 & n a little ! next day1 :5 ,i treat$ ( pa92 :i* ?+s if y recollect1 !re c be no dang] ( y\r look+ ^u dea? z undesirable1 or at lea/ x w n be dreadful4 ,t cu/om :i* is common among ! ,grecians at _! banquets %\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be obs]v$ 9 life3--,dr9k1 say !y1 or leave ! company3 & rightly en\gh2 = a gue/ %\ld ei!r enjoy ! pleasure ( dr9k+ ) o!rs1 or else n /ay till he meets ) affronts f ^? t are 9 liquor4 ,?us1 ^? injuries ( =tune :i* y _c be>1 y %\ld flee f4 ,,xli4 ,?is is ! v same :i* is said by ,epicurus & ,hi]onymus4 ,n[1 if ^? philosoph]s1 ^: op9ion x is t virtue has no p[] ( itself1 & :o say t ! conduct :i* we d5om9ate hon\rable & laudable is really no?+1 & is only an empty circum/ance set (f ) an unmean+ s\nd1 c nev]!less ma9ta9 t a wise man is always happy1 :at1 ?9k y1 may be done by ! ,socratic & ,platonic philosoph]s4 ,"s ( ^! all[ su* sup]iority to ! goods ( ! m9d1 z q to eclipse :at conc]ns ! body & all ext]nal circum/ances4 ,b o!rs d n admit ^! to be goods2 !y make ev]y?+ dep5d on ! m9d3 ^: disputes ,c>neades us$1 z a sort ( honor>y arbitrator1 to det]m9e4 ,=1 z :at seem$ goods to ! ,p]ipatetics 7 all[$ to be advantages by ! ,/oics1 & z ! ,p]ipatetics all[$ no m to ri*es1 good heal?1 & o!r ?+s ( t sort1 ?an ! ,/oics1 :5 ^! ?+s 7 consid]$ accord+ to _! reality1 & n by m]e names1 8 op9ion 0 t !re 0 no gr\nd = disagree+4 ,!re=e1 let ! philosoph]s ( o!r s*ools see h[ !y c e/abli% ?is po9t also4 ,x is v agreeable to me t !y make "s pr(essions wor?y ( be+ utt]$ by ! m\? ( a philosoph]1 ) reg>d to a wise man's hav+ always ! means ( liv+ happily4 ,,xlii4 ,b z we are to dep>t 9 ! morn+1 let u rememb] ^! five days' discussions2 ?\gh1 inde$1 ,i ?9k ,i %all commit !m to writ+3 = h[ c ,i bett] employ ! leisure :i* ,i h1 ( :atev] k9d x is1 & :atev] x be ow+ to8 & ,i w s5d ^! five books also to my fri5d ,brutus1 by :om ,i 0 n only incit$ to write on philosophy1 b1 ,i may say1 provok$4 ,& by s do+1 x is n easy to say :at s]vice ,i may be ( to o!rs2 at all ev5ts1 9 my own v>i\s & acute afflictions1 :i* surr\nd me on all sides1 ,i _c f9d any bett] com=t = myself4 ,,! ,,end ,,footnotes #a ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important ( ! passages ref]r$ to3--8,s9ce ,i ent]$ ^u ^! philosophical inquiries1 ,v>ro has giv5 me notice ( a valuable & hon\rable d$ication ( a "w ( 8 to me4444 ,9 ! mean "t ,i h be5 prep>+ myself z he desir$ to make him a return4 4 8,i may z well1 !re=e1 remove f my ,academical ,disputations ! pres5t speak]s1 :o are di/+ui%$ *>act]s inde$1 b by no means philosophical1 & :o disc\rse ) too mu* subtlety1 & sub/itute ,v>ro 9 _! place4 ,= ^! are ! op9ions ( ,antio*us1 to :i* he is mu* atta*$4 ,i c f9d a place = ,catulus & ,lucullus else:]e40--,ep4 #ab4 8,! ,catulus & ,lucullus ,i imag9e y h _h be=e2 b ,i h made new introductions to ^! books :i* ,i wi% y to h1 conta9+ an eulogium ^u ea* ( ^! p]sons1 & !re are "s o!r additions40--,ep4 #cb4 8,9 consequ5ce ( ! lett] :i* y wrote to me ab\t ,v>ro1 ,i h tak5 ! ,academy entirely out ( ! h&s ( ^? di/+ui%$ p]sons1 & transf]r$ x to our fri5d4 ,& f two books ,i h made x into f\r4 ,^! are long] ?an ! o!rs 71 ?\gh !re are sev]al p>ts left out4444 ,9 tru?1 if my self-love does n deceive me1 ^! books h come out 9 su* a mann] t !re is no?+ ( ! same k9d l !m ev5 9 ,greek40--,ep4 #ac4 8,i h transf]r$ ! :ole ( t ,academical ,treatise to ,v>ro4 ,x _h at fir/ be5 divid$ among ,catulus1 ,lucullus1 & ,hort5sius4 ,aft]w>ds1 z ?is appe>$ unsuitable1 ow+ to ^? p]sons be+1 n inde$ unle>n$1 b notori\sly unv]s$ 9 su* subjects1 z soon z ,i got home ,i transf]r$ ^? dialogues to ,cato & ,brutus4 ,y\r lett] ab\t ,v>ro has j rea*$ me1 & !re is no "o by :om ! op9ions ( ,antio*us c\ld be m fitly support$40--,ep4 #af4 8,i _h det]m9$ to include no liv+ p]sons 9 my dialogues2 b s9ce y in=m me t ,v>ro is desir\s ( x1 & sets a great value ^u x1 ,i h compos$ ?is "w1 & complet$ ! :ole ,academical ,discussion 9 f\r books2 ,i "k n h[ well1 b ) su* c>e t no?+ c exce$ x4 ,9 ^!1 :at _h be5 excell5tly collect$ by ,antio*us aga9/ ! doctr9e ( incompreh5sibility1 ,i h attribut$ to ,v>ro2 to ?is ,i reply 9 my own p]son1 & y are ! ?ird 9 our conv]sation4 ,if ,i _h made ,cotta & ,v>ro disput+ ) "o ano!r1 z y sugge/ 9 y\r la/ lett]1 my own w\ld h be5 a mute "*4444 8,! ,academics1 z y "k1 ,i _h discuss$ 9 ! p]sons ( ,catulus1 ,lucullus1 & ,hort5sius2 b 9 tru? ! subject did n suit _! *>act]s1 be+ m logical ?an :at !y c\ld be suppos$ ev] to h dreamt (4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,i read y\r lett] to ,v>ro1 ,i seiz$ on x z a sort ( inspiration4 ,no?+ c\ld be m adapt$ to t species ( philosophy 9 :i* he seems to take p>ticul> delight2 or to ! support ( su* a "p t ,i c\ld manage to avoid mak+ my own s5tim5ts pr$om9ant4 ,= ! op9ions ( ,antio*us are extremely p]suasive1 & are s c>efully express$ z to reta9 ! acut5ess ( ,antio*us ) my own brilliancy ( language1 if inde$ ,i possess any40--,ep4 #ai4 ,! ,antio*us m5tion$ above 0 a native ( ,ascalon1 & ! f\nd] ( ! fif? ,academy2 he _h be5 ! tea*] ( ,cic]o :ile he /udi$ at ,a!ns2 & he _h also a s*ool 9 ,syria & ano!r 9 ,alex&ria4 ,cic]o con/antly speaks ( him ) great reg>d & e/eem4 ,! lead]s ( ! ,academy s9ce ! "t ( ,plato1 7& ,cic]o ranks ev5 him among ^? philosoph]s :o d5i$ ! c]ta9ty ( any k9d ( k17 _h gradually fall5 into a degree ( scepticism t seem$ to /rike at ! root ( all tru?1 !oretical & practical4 ,b ,antio*us pr(ess$ to revive ! doctr9es ( ! old ,academy1 ma9ta9+1 9 opposition to ,c>neades & ,philo1 t ! intellect _h 9 itself a te/ by :i* x c\ld di/+ui% betwe5 :at 0 real & :at exi/$ only 9 ! imag9ation4 ,he himself appe>s to h held doctr9es v ne>ly co9cid+ ) ^? ( ,ari/otle2 agree+ h[ev] s f> ) ! ,/oics z to insi/ t all emotions ought to be suppress$4 ,s t ,cic]o almo/ incl9es to class him among ! ,/oics2 ?\gh x appe>s t he consid]$ himself z an ,eclectic philosoph]1 unit+ ! doctr9es ( ! ,/oics & ,academics s z to revive ! old ,academy4 #b ,titus ,pomponius ,atticus 0 ?ree ye>s old] ?an ,cic]o1 ) :om he _h be5 educat$1 & ) :om he always cont9u$ on t]ms ( ! greate/ intimacy2 8 daught] 0 m>ri$ to ,agrippa4 ,he 0 ( ! ,epicurean s*ool 9 philosophy4 ,he di$ ,b4,c4 #cb4 #c ,m>cus ,t]5tius ,v>ro 0 t5 ye>s old] ?an ,cic]o1 & a man ( ! mo/ ext5sive & pr(\nd le>n+4 ,he _h held a naval comm& aga9/ ! pirates1 & aga9/ ,mi?ridates1 & s]v$ z lieut5ant to ,pompey 9 ,spa91 at ! beg9n+ ( ! civil w>1 adh]+ to 8 p>ty till aft] ! battle ( ,ph>salia1 :5 he 0 p>don$1 & tak5 into fav\r by ,cs>4 ,he 0 proscrib$ by ! second triumvirate1 b escap$1 & di$ ,b4,c4 #bh4 ,he 0 a v volum9\s au?or1 & accord+ to 8 own acc\nt compos$ f\r hundr$ & n9ety books2 b only "o1 ! ?ree books ,de ,re ,ru/ic1 h come d[n to u1 & a portion ( a l>ge treatise ,de ,l+u ,lat94 ,9 philosophy he _h be5 a pupil ( ,antio*us1 & atta*$ himself to ! ,academy ) some?+ ( a lean+ to ! ,/oics4 #d ,amafanius 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,roman writ]s ( ! ,epicurean s*ool4 ,he is m5tion$ by no "o b ,cic]o4 #e ,we d n "k :o ?is ,rabirius 04 #f ,lucius lius ,prcon9us ,/ilo 0 a ,roman knight1 & "o ( ! e>lie/ gramm>ians ( ,rome4 ,cic]o 9 ! ,brutus describes him z a v le>n$ man 9 bo? ,greek & ,roman lit]ature2 & especially 9 old ,lat9 works4 ,he _h be5 a tea*] ( ,v>ro 9 gramm>1 & ( ,cic]o himself 9 rhetoric4 ,he receiv$ ! "n ( ,/ilo f 8 compositions2 & ( ,prcon9us because 8 fa!r _h be5 a h]ald4 #g ,m5ippus 0 orig9ally a slave1 a native ( ,gad>a 9 ,cle ,syria1 & a pupil ( ,diog5es ! ,cynic4 ,he became v ri* by usury1 aft]w>ds he lo/ 8 money & committ$ suicide4 ,he wrote no?+ s]i\s1 b 8 books 7 entirely full ( je/s4 ,we h "s fragm5ts ( ,v>ro's ,satyr ,m5ippe1 :i* 7 writt51 z we are "h told1 9 imitation ( ,m5ippus4 #h ,cic]o ranges ^! poets "h 9 *ronological ord]4 ,ennius 0 born at ,rudi 9 ,calabria1 ,b4,c4 #bci1 ( a v noble family4 ,he 0 br\ght to ,rome by ,m4 ,porcius ,cato at ! end ( ! second ,punic w>4 ,8 plays 7 all translations or adaptations f ! ,greek2 b he also wrote a poetical hi/ory ( ,rome call$ ,annales1 9 eighte5 books1 & a poem on 8 fri5d ,scipio ,africanus2 "s ,satires1 ,epigrams1 & "o or two philosophical poems4 ,only a few l9es ( 8 works rema9 to u4 ,he di$ at ! age ( sev5ty4 ,pacuvius 0 a native ( ,brundusium1 & a relation1 probably a nephew1 ( ,ennius4 ,he 0 born ab\t ,b4,c4 #bbj1 & liv$ to ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #acj4 ,8 works 7 ne>ly entirely trag$ies translat$ f ! ,greek4 ,horace1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 him & ,accius1 says-- 8,auf]t ,pacuvius docti famam s5is2 ,accius alti40--,epi/4 ,,ii4 i4 #ee4 #i ,f 1 to walk4 #aj ,?is ,lucius ,lucullus 0 ! son ( ,lucius ,lic9ius ,lucullus1 :o 0 prtor ,b4,c4 #ajc1 & 0 appo9t$ by ! s5ate to take ! comm& 9 ,sicily1 :]e !re 0 a =midable insurrection ( ! slaves "u ,a!nion & ,tryphon4 ,he 0 n h[ev] successful1 & 0 recall$2 & subsequ5tly prosecut$ by ,s]vilius = brib]y & malv]sation1 convict$ & bani%$4 ,! exact "t ( ! bir? ( ?is ,lucullus 8 son is n kn[n1 b 0 probably ab\t ,b4,c4 #aji4 ,8 fir/ appe>ance 9 public life 0 prosecut+ ,s]vilius1 :o _h n[ become an augur1 on a crim9al *>ge1 7:i* is :at ,cic]o alludes to "h47 ,& ?\gh ! trial t]m9at$ 9 ! acquittal ( ,s]vilius1 yet ! "p ,lucullus took 9 x appe>s to h add$ greatly to 8 cr$it among 8 contempor>ies4 ,! special law 9 8 fav\r m5tion$ a few l9es l[] d[n1 0 pass$ by ,sylla ) :om ,lucullus 0 9 high fav\r2 s mu* s t ,sylla at 8 dea? confid$ to him ! *>ge ( revis+ & correct+ 8 ,comm5t>ies4 ,cic]o's /atem5t ( 8 p]fect inexp]i5ce 9 milit>y affairs be=e ! w> aga9/ ,mi?ridates is n q correct1 z he _h s]v$ ) di/9ction 9 ! ,m>sic w>4 ,! "t ( 8 dea? is n c]ta9ly kn[n1 b ,cic]o speaks ( him z dead 9 ! ,oration conc]n+ ! consul> prov9ces1 deliv]$ ,b4,c4 #ef1 :ile he 0 c]ta9ly alive ,b4,c4 #ei1 9 :i* ye> he 0 *>g$ by ,l4 ,vettius ) an imag9>y plot aga9/ ! life ( ,pompey4 ,8 second wife 0 ,s]vilia1 half-si/] to ,cato ,utic5sis4 #aa ,f 1 a heap4 #ab ,f an ant4 #ac ,x is n ev5 kn[n to :at "w ,cic]o is ref]r+ "h4 #ad ,9 ! ,heautontimorum5os4 ,act i4 ,sc4 #a4 #ae ,ccilius ,/atius 0 ! pr$ecessor ( ,t]5ce2 by bir? an ,insubrian ,gaul & a native ( ,milan4 ,he di$ ,b4,c4 #afe1 two ye>s be=e ! repres5tation ( ! ,&ria ( ,t]5ce4 ,he 0 consid]$ by ! ,romans z a great ma/] ( ! art ( excit+ ! feel+s4 ,& ,cic]o 7de ,opt4 ,g54 ,dic4 #a47 speaks ( him z ! *ief ( ! ,roman ,comic writ]s4 ,horace says-- ,v9c]e ,ccilius gravitate1 ,t]5tius arte4 #af ,m>cus ,atilius1 7?\gh ,cic]o speaks ( him "h z a trag$ian17 0 *iefly celebrat$ z a comic poet4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s ( t class2 b no?+ ( 8 has come d[n to u4 ,9 ano!r place ,cic]o calls him 8duris simusscriptor40 7,epi/4 ad ,att4 xiv4 #bj47 #ag ,diog5es 0 a pupil ( ,*rysippus1 & succe$$ ,z5o ( ,t>sus z ! head ( ! ,/oic s*ool at ,a!ns4 ,he 0 "o ( ! embassy s5t to ,rome by ! ,a!nians1 ,b4,c4 #aee1 & is suppos$ to h di$ almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds4 #ah ,antipat] 0 a native ( ,t>sus1 & ! pupil & successor ( ,diog5es4 ,cic]o speaks 9 v high t]ms ( 8 g5ius4 7,de ,(f4 iii4 #ab47 #ai ,mnes>*us 0 a pupil ( ,pantius & ! tea*] ( ,antio*us ( ,ascalon4 #bj ,pantius 0 a ,rhodian1 a pupil ( ,diog5es & ,antipat]1 :i* la/ he succe$$ z head ( ! ,/oic s*ool4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,p4 ,scipio milianus1 & accompani$ him on 8 embassy to ! k+s ( ,egypt & ,asia 9 alliance ) ,rome4 ,he di$ be=e ,b4,c4 #aaa4 #ba ,posidonius 0 a native ( ,apamea1 9 ,egypt1 a pupil ( ,pantius1 & a contempor>y ( ,cic]o4 ,he came to ,rome ,b4,c4 #ea1 hav+ be5 s5t !re z ambassador f ,rhodes 9 ! "t ( ,m>ius4 #bb ,lucius ,afranius liv$ ab\t #ajj ,b4,c4 ,8 com$ies 7 *iefly togat1 depict+ ,roman life2 he borr[$ l>gely f ,m5&]1 to :om ! ,romans comp>$ him4 ,horace says-- ,dicitur ,afran toga conv5isse ,m5&ro4 ,cic]o praises 8 language highly 7,brut4 #de74 #bc ,caius ,lucilius 0 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,roman satiri/s1 born at ,suessa ,aurunca1 ,b4,c4 #adh2 he di$ at ,naples1 ,b4,c4 #ajc4 ,he s]v$ "u ,scipio 9 ! ,numant9e w>4 ,he 0 a v vehem5t & bold satiri/4 ,cic]o alludes "h to a say+ ( 81 :i* he m5tions m expressly 7,de ,orat4 ii471 t he did n wi% ! ignorant to read 8 works because !y c\ld n und]/& !m3 nor ! le>n$ because !y w\ld be able to criticise !m4 ,p]sium non curo leg]e3 ,llium ,decimum volo4 ,?is ,p]sius be+ a v le>n$ man2 9 comp>ison ) :om ,llius 0 an ignoramus4 #bd ,polynus1 ! son ( ,a!nodorus 0 a native ( ,lampsacus3 he 0 a fri5d ( ,epicurus1 & ?\gh he _h previ\sly obta9$ a high reputation z a ma!matician1 he 0 p]suad$ by him at la/ to agree ) him z to ! wor?lessness ( geometry4 #be ,hi]onymus 0 a disciple ( ,ari/otle & a contempor>y ( ,arcesilaus4 ,he liv$ d[n to ! "t ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus4 #bf ,trabea 0 a ,roman comic poet1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #acj ,b4,c4 #bg ,d>k1 obscure4 #bh ,we "k no?+ m ( ,callipho ?an :at we d]ive f ?is & "o or two o!r notices ( him by ,cic]o4 #bi ,! ,hymnis 0 a com$y ( ,m5&]1 translat$ by ,ccilius4 #cj ,x is h>dly possible to translate ?is s z to give ! =ce ( ! orig9al4 ,cic]o says1 ,if cupiditas is 9 a man he mu/ be cupidus1 & we h no ,engli% ^w :i* w at all answ] to ?is adjective 9 ?is s5se4 #ca ,! ,lat9 is 8quicum 9 t5ebris10--! prov]b at full l5g? be+1 8,dignus quicum 9 t5ebris mices40 ,mic>e 0 a game play$1 7mu* ! same z t n[ call$ ,la ,mora 9 ,italy17 by ext5d+ ! f+]s & mak+ ! antagoni/ guess h[ _m f+]s 7 ext5d$ by ! two toge!r4 #cb ,?is 0 ,qu9tus ,pompeius1 ! fir/ man :o rais$ 8 family to importance at ,rome4 ,he 0 consul ,b4,c4 #ada4 ,be+ comm&] 9 ,spa91 he laid siege to ,numantia2 & hav+ lo/ great numb]s ( 8 troops ?r\gh cold & disease1 he propos$ to ! ,numant9es to come to t]ms4 ,publicly he requir$ ( !m an unconditional surr5d]1 b 9 private he only dem&$ ! re/oration ( ! prison]s & des]t]s1 t !y %\ld give ho/ages & pay ?irty tal5ts4 ,! ,numant9es agre$ to ?is1 & paid "p ( ! money1 b :5 ,popilius ,lnas arriv$ 9 ,spa9 z 8 successor1 he d5i$ ! treaty1 ?\gh x _h be5 witness$ by 8 own (fic]s4 ,! matt] 0 ref]r$ to ! s5ate1 :o on ! evid5ce ( ,pompeius decl>$ ! treaty invalid1 & ! w> 0 r5ew$4 #cc ,! ,voconia lex 0 pass$ on ! proposal ( ,qu9tus ,voconius ,saxa1 "o ( ! tribunes1 ,b4,c4 #afi4 ,"o ( its provisions 01 t a woman c\ld n be left ! heiress ( any p]son :o 0 rat$ 9 ! c5sus at #ajj1jjj se/]ces2 ?\gh %e c\ld take ! inh]itance p] fidei commissum4 ,b z ! law appli$ only to wills1 a daught] c\ld inh]it f a fa!r dy+ inte/ate1 :atev] ! am\nt ( 8 prop]ty might be4 ,a p]son :o 0 n c5sus c\ld make a woman 8 heir4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a good deal ( obscurity & unc]ta9ty z to "s ( ! provisions ( ?is law4 #cd ,!re appe>s to be "s corruption 9 ! text "h4 #ce ,spurius ,lucretius ,tricipit9us1 ! fa!r ( ,lucretia1 0 made consul z ! colleague ( ,val]ius ,publicola1 9 ! place ( ,brutus1 :o _h be5 sla9 9 battle by ,aruns1 "o ( ! sons ( ,t>qu94 #cf ,!mi/a 0 a female philosoph]1 wife ( a man nam$ ,leonteus1 or ,leon1 & a fri5d & correspond5t ( ,epicurus4 #cg ,he means :5 he 0 bani%$1 & :5 ,torquatus jo9$ 9 promot+ ! measures = 8 recal4 #ch ,cic]o alludes "h to ! /ory ( ,damon1 :o1 :5 8 fri5d ,py?ias 0 condemn$ to dea? by ,dionysius ( ,syracuse1 pl$g$ 8 life = 8 return 9 "t to be put to dea?1 if ! tyrant w\ld give him leave to g home = ! purpose ( arrang+ 8 affairs1 & ,py?ias did return 9 "t4--,see ,cic4 de ,(f4 iii4 #aj2 ,j4 ,div4 v4 #bb4 #ci ,b4,c4 #cfc4 #dj ,b4,c4 #dhj4 #da ,! ,greek l9e occurs 9 ! ,ore/es1 #bjg4 4 ,virgil has ! same idea-- ,vos et ,scyllam rabiem1 p5itusque sonantes ,acctis scopulos1 vos et ,cyclopia saxa ,exp]ti2 revocate animos1 moe/umque timorem ,pellite3 =san et haec olim mem9isse juvabit4--n4 i4 #bjj4 ,:i* ,dryd5 translates-- ,) me ! rocks ( ,scylla h y tri$1 ,?' inhuman ,cyclops & 8 d5 defi$3 ,:at great] ills h]eaft] c y be>8 ,resume y\r c\rage & dismiss y\r c>e2 ,an h\r w come ) pleasure to relate ,y\r sorr[s pa/ z b5efits ( fate4 #db ,t is1 ( ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future4 #dc ,?is seems to ref] to ! ,greek epigram-- 1 1 4 4 ,:i* may be translat$-- ,him :o ! pa?s ( l& & sea di/urb'd1 ,sail'd o'er ! e>?1 walk'd o'er ! humbl$ waves1 ,?ree hundr$ spe>s ( dauntless ,sp>ta curb'd4 ,%ame on y1 l& & sea1 ye will+ slaves6 #dd ,! ,lat9 is rumn3 p]haps x is 9 allusion to ?is passage t ,juv5al says-- ,et potiores ,h]culis rumnas cr$at1 svosque labores ,et ,v5]e et cnis1 et pluma ,s>danapali4 ,sat4 x4 #cfa4 #de ,! great ,lucullus1 fa!r ( ?is "y ,lucullus1 0 m>ri$ to ,s]vilia1 half-si/] to ,cato1 & daught] ( ,qu9tus ,s]vilius ,cpio1 :o 0 kill$ 9 ! ,social w>1 hav+ be5 decoy$ into an ambu% by ,pompdius1 ,b4,c4 #ij4 ,! "y ,lucullus 0 aft]w>ds kill$ 9 ! battle ( ,philippi4 #df 8,malitia1 badness ( quality 444 especially malice1 ill-w1 spite1 malevol5ce1 artfulness1 cunn+1 craft40--,riddle & ,arnold1 ,lat4 ,dict4 #dg ,! ,greek prov]b 01 4 #dh ,! ,curia ,ho/ilia 0 built by ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 & 0 orig9ally ! only place :]e a ,s5atus ,consultum c\ld be pass$1 ?\gh ! s5ate met at times 9 o!r places4 ,b1 "u ,cs>1 ! ,curia ,julia1 an imm5se edifice1 _h be5 built z ! s5ate-h\se4 #di ,pope's ,hom]1 ,odys4 xii4 #bca4 #ej ,ar*ilo*us 0 a native ( ,p>os1 & fl\ri%$ ab\t #gad-fgf1 ,b4,c4 ,8 poems 7 *iefly ,iambics ( bitt] satire4 ,horace speaks ( him z ! inv5tor ( ,iambics1 & calls himself 8 pupil4 ,p>ios ego primus ,iambos ,o/5di ,latio1 num]os animosque secutus ,ar*ilo*i1 non res et ag5tia v]ba ,lycamb54 ,epi/4 ,i4 xix4 #be4 ,& 9 ano!r place he says-- ,ar*ilo*um proprio rabies armavit ,iambo4--,a4 ,p4 #gd4 #ea ,?is 0 ,livius ,&ronicus3 he is suppos$ to h be5 a native ( ,t>5tum1 & he 0 made prison] by ! ,romans1 dur+ _! w>s 9 ,s\!rn ,italy2 ow+ to :i* he became ! slave ( ,m4 ,livius ,sal9ator4 ,he wrote bo? com$ies & trag$ies1 ( :i* ,cic]o 7,brutus #ah7 speaks v contemptu\sly1 z 8,livian fabul non satis dign qu it]um legantur10--n wor? read+ a second "t4 ,he also wrote a ,lat9 ,odyssey1 & "s hymns1 & di$ probably ab\t ,b4,c4 #bba4 #eb ,c4 ,fabius1 surnam$ ,pictor1 pa9t$ ! temple ( ,salus1 :i* ! dictator ,c4 ,junius ,brutus ,bubulus d$icat$ ,b4,c4 #cjb4 ,! temple 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 ! reign ( ,claudius4 ,! pa9t+ is highly prais$ by ,dionysius1 xvi4 #f4 #ec ,= an acc\nt ( ! anci5t ,greek philosoph]s1 see ! sket* at ! end ( ! volume4 #ed ,isocrates 0 born at ,a!ns1 ,b4,c4 #dcf4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,gorgias1 ,prodicus & ,socrates4 ,he op5$ a s*ool ( rhetoric1 at ,a!ns1 ) great success4 ,he di$ by 8 own h& at ! age ( #ih4 #ee ,s ,horace jo9s ^! two classes z inv5tors ( all k9ds ( improbable fictions-- ,pictoribus atque poetis ,quidlibet aud5di semp] fuit qua pote/as4--,a4 ,p4 #i4 ,:i* ,roscommon translates-- ,pa9t]s & poets h be5 /ill all['d ,_! p5cil & _! fancies unconf9$4 #ef ,epi*>mus 0 a native ( ,cos1 b liv$ at ,meg>a1 9 ,sicily1 & :5 ,meg>a 0 de/roy$1 remov$ to ,syracuse1 & liv$ at ! c\rt ( ,hi]o1 :]e he became ! fir/ writ] ( com$ies1 s t ,horace ascribes ! inv5tion ( com$y to him1 & s does ,!ocritus4 ,he liv$ to a great age4 #eg ,ph]ecydes 0 a native ( ,scyros1 "o ( ! ,cyclades2 & is said to h obta9$ 8 k f ! secret books ( ! ,phnicians4 ,he is said also to h be5 a pupil ( ,pittacus1 ! rival ( ,?ales1 & ! ma/] ( ,py?agoras4 ,8 doctr9e 0 t !re 7 ?ree pr9ciples1 1 or !r1 1 or ,*aos1 & 1 or ,"t2 & f\r elem5ts1 ,fire1 ,e>?1 ,air1 & ,wat]1 f :i* ev]y?+ t exi/s 0 =m$4--,vide ,smi?'s ,dict4 ,gr41 & ,rom4 ,biog4 #eh ,ar*ytas 0 a native ( ,t>5tum1 & is said to h sav$ ! life ( ,plato by 8 influ5ce ) ! tyrant ,dionysius4 ,he 0 especially great z a ma!matician & geometrician1 s t ,horace calls him ,m>is et t]r num]oque c>5tis ar5 ,m5sorem--,od4 i4 #bh4 #a4 ,plato is suppos$ to h le>nt "s ( 8 views f him1 & ,ari/otle to nave borr[$ f him e idea ( ! ,categories4 #ei ,?is 0 n ,timu ! hi/orian1 b a native ( ,locri1 :o is said also 9 ! ,de ,f9ibus 7c4 #bi7 to h be5 a tea*] ( ,plato4 ,!re is a treatise extant be>+ 8 "n1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 probably spuri\s1 & only an abridgm5t ( ,plato's dialogue ,timu4 #fj ,dicar*us 0 a native ( ,messana1 9 ,sicily1 ?\gh he liv$ *iefly 9 ,greece2 he 0 "o ( ! lat] disciples ( ,ari/otle4 ,he 0 a great geograph]1 politician1 hi/orian1 & philosoph]1 & di$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #bhe4 #fa ,ari/ox5us 0 a native ( ,t>5tum1 & also a pupil ( ,ari/otle4 ,we "k no?+ ( 8 op9ions except t he held ! s\l to be a h>mony ( ! body2 a doctr9e :i* _h be5 already discuss$ by ,plato 9 ! ,phd1 & combat$ by ,ari/otle4 ,he 0 a great musician1 & ! *ief portions ( 8 works :i* h come d[n to u are fragm5ts ( "s musical treatises4--,smi?'s ,dict4 ,gr4 & ,rom4 ,biog41 to :i* s\rce ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge my obligation = ne>ly ! :ole ( ^! biographical notes4 #fb ,! ,simonides "h meant1 is ! celebrat$ poet ( ,ceos1 ! p]fect] ( ,elegiac poetry among ! ,greeks4 ,he fl\ri%$ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w>4 ,besides 8 poetry1 he is said to h be5 ! inv5tor ( "s me?od ( aid+ ! memory4 ,he di$ at ! c\rt ( ,hi]o1 ,b4,c4 #dfg4 #fc ,!odectes 0 a native ( ,phaselis1 9 ,pamphylia1 a di/+ui%$ rhetorician & tragic poet1 & fl\ri%$ 9 ! "t ( ,philip ( ,mac$on4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,isocrates1 & liv$ at ,a!ns1 & di$ !re at ! age ( #da4 #fd ,c9eas 0 a ,!ssalian1 & 7z is said 9 ! text7 came to ,rome z ambassador f ,pyrrhus aft] ! battle ( ,h]aclea1 ,b4,c4 #bhj1 & 8 memory is said to h be5 s great t on ! day aft] 8 arrival he 0 able to address all ! s5ators & knights by "n4 ,he probably di$ be=e ,pyrrhus return$ to ,italy1 ,b4,c4 #bgf4 #fe ,*>madas1 call$ also ,*>mides1 0 a fell[ pupil ) ,philo1 ! ,l>issan ( ,clitoma*us1 ! ,c>?ag9ian4 ,he is said by "s au?ors to h f\nd$ a f\r? academy4 #ff ,metrodorus 0 a m9i/] ( ,mi?ridates ! ,great2 & employ$ by him z supreme judge 9 ,pontus1 & aft]w>ds z an ambassador4 ,cic]o speaks ( him 9 o!r places 7,de ,orat4 ii4 #hh7 z a man ( wond]ful memory4 #fg ,qu9tus ,hort5sius 0 eight ye>s old] ?an ,cic]o2 &1 till ,cic]o's fame surpass$ 81 he 0 acc\nt$ ! mo/ eloqu5t ( all ! ,romans4 ,he 0 ,v]res's c\nsel 9 ! prosecution conduct$ aga9/ him by ,cic]o4 ,s5eca relates t 8 memory 0 s great t he c\ld come out ( an auction & repeat ! catalogue backw>ds4 ,he di$ ,b4,c4 #ej4 #fh ,?is treatise is "o :i* has n come d[n to u1 b :i* _h be5 lately compos$ by ,cic]o 9 ord] to com=t himself = ! loss ( 8 daught]4 #fi ,! epigram is-- 1 1 1 4 ,:i* may be translat$1 p]haps-- ,f>ewell1 ,o sun1 ,cleombrotus exclaim'd1 ,!n plung'd f (f a height b5ea? ! sea2 ,/ung by pa91 ( no disgrace a%am$1 ,b mov'd by ,plato's high philosophy4 #gj ,?is is allud$ to by ,juv5al-- ,provida ,pompeio d$]at ,campania febres ,opt&as3 s$ mult urbes et publica vota ,vic]unt4 ,igitur ,=tuna ipsius et ,urbis1 ,s]vatum victo caput ab/ulit4--,sat4 x4 #bhc4 #ga ,pompey's second wife 0 ,julia1 ! daught] ( ,julius ,cs>2 %e di$ ! ye> be=e ! dea? ( ,crassus1 9 ,p>?ia4 ,virgil speaks ( ,cs> & ,pompey z relations1 us+ ! same expression 7soc]7 z ,cic]o-- ,agg]ibus soc] ,alp9is atque arce ,monci ,desc5d5s1 g5] adv]sis in/ructus ,eois4--n4 vi4 #hcj4 #gb ,?is idea is beautifully exp&$ by ,byron3-- ,yet if1 z holie/ m5 h deem'd1 !re be ,a l& ( s\ls beyond t sable %ore ,to %ame ! doctr9e ( ! ,sadducee ,& sophi/1 madly va9 ( dubi\s lore1 ,h[ sweet x 7 9 conc]t to adore ,) ^? :o made our mortal lab\rs light1 ,to he> ea* voice we fe>'d to he> no m1 ,behold ea* mighty %ade reveal'd to sight1 ,! ,bactrian1 ,samian sage1 & all :o taught ! "r4 ,*ilde ,h>old1 ii4 #h4 #gc ,! epitaph 9 ! orig9al is1-- 1 4 #gd ,?is 0 express$ 9 ! ,greek v]ses-- 1 2 :i* by "s au?ors are attribut$ to ,hom]4 #ge ,?is is ! fir/ fragm5t ( ! ,cresphontes4--,ed4 ,v>4 vii4 p4 #eid 1 4 4 #gf ,! ,greek v]ses are quot$ by ,plut>*-- 444 1 4 #gg ,?is ref]s to ! /ory t :5 ,eumolpus1 ! son ( ,neptune1 ^: assi/ance ! ,eleus9ians _h call$ 9 aga9/ ! ,a!nians1 _h be5 sla9 by ! ,a!nians1 an oracle dem&$ ! sacrifice ( "o ( ! daught]s ( ,ere*!us1 ! ,k+ ( ,a!ns4 ,& :5 "o 0 drawn by lot1 ! o!rs volunt>ily accompani$ h] to dea?4 #gh ,m5ceus 0 son ( ,creon1 & 9 ! w> ( ! ,argives aga9/ ,!bes1 ,t]esias decl>$ t ! ,!bans %\ld conqu] if ,m5ceus w\ld sacrifice himself = 8 c\ntry2 & accord+ly he kill$ himself outside ! gates ( ,!bes4 #gi ,! ,greek is1 1 4 #hj ,soph4 ,tra*4 #ajdg4 #ha ,! l9es quot$ by ,cic]o "h1 appe> to h come f ! ,lat9 play ( ,prome!us by ,accius2 ! ideas are borr[$ r ?an translat$ f ! ,prome!us ( s*ylus4 #hb ,f ,ex]ceo4 #hc ,ea* soldi] c>ri$ a /ake1 to help =m a palisade 9 front ( ! camp4 #hd ,insania--f 91 a p>ticle ( negative =ce 9 composition1 & sanus1 heal?y1 s\nd4 #he ,! man :o fir/ receiv$ ?is surname 0 ,l4 ,calpurnius ,piso1 :o 0 consul1 ,b4,c4 #acc1 9 ! ,s]vile ,w>4 #hf ,! ,greek is-- 4--,il4 ix4 #fdb4 ,i h giv5 ,pope's translation 9 ! text4 #hg ,?is is f ! ,!seus-- 4 1 1 4 #hh ,t]4 ,phorm4 ,,ii4 i4 #aa4 #hi ,?is ref]s to ! spee* ( ,agamemnon 9 ,euripides1 9 ! ,iphig5ia 9 ,aulis-- 444 1 1 1 1 4--v4 #ae4 #ij ,?is is a fragm5t f ! ,hypsipyle-- 2 1 4 2 4 #ia 4--,il4 x4 #ae4 #ib 1 4--,il4 vi4 #bja4 #ic ,?is is a translation f ,euripides-- 4--,m$4 #eg4 #id 1 8 1 1 1 4--,hom4 ,il4 xix4 #bbf4 #ie ,?is is "o ( ! fragm5ts ( ,euripides :i* we are unable to assign to any play 9 p>ticul>2 x occurs ,v>4 ,ed4 ,tr4 ,inc4 #afg4 1 1 2 1 4 #if ,?is is only a fragm5t pres]v$ by ,/obu-- 1 1 2 1 4 #ig 4 4 4 4 s*4 ,prom4 v4 #cgh4 #ih ,cic]o alludes "h to ,il4 vii4 #baa1 :i* is ?us translat$ by ,pope-- ,8 massy javel9 quiv]+ 9 8 h&1 ,he /ood ! bulw>k ( ! ,grecian b&2 ,?r\gh e ,argive he>t new transport ran1 ,all ,troy /ood trembl+ at ! mighty man3 ,e'en ,hector paus$1 & ) new d\bt oppress'd1 ,felt 8 great he>t susp5d$ 9 8 brea/2 ',twas va9 to seek retreat1 & va9 to fe>1 ,himself _h *all5g$1 & ! foe drew ne>4 ,b ,melmo? 7,note on ! ,famili> ,lett]s ( ,cic]o1 book ii4 ,let4 #bc7 rightly accuses ,cic]o ( hav+ misund]/ood ,hom]1 :o 8by no means repres5ts ,hector z be+ ?us totally dismay$ at ! approa* ( 8 adv]s>y2 & inde$ x w\ld h be5 inconsi/5t ) ! g5]al "* ( t h]o to h describ$ him "u su* circum/ances ( t]ror40 1 1 4 ,b !re is a great diff]5ce1 z ,dr4 ,cl>ke rem>ks1 betwe5 & 1 or 4--,! ,trojans1 says ,hom]1 trembl$ at ! sight ( ,ajax1 & ev5 ,hector himself felt "s emotion 9 8 brea/4 #ii ,cic]o means ,scipio ,nasica1 :o 9 ! riots consequ5t on ! re-election ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us to ! tribunate1 ,b4,c4 #acc1 hav+ call$ 9 va9 on ! consul1 ,mucius ,scvola1 to save ! republic1 attack$ ,grac*us himself1 :o 0 sla9 9 ! tumult4 #ajj ,morosus is evid5tly d]iv$ f mores--8,morosus1 mos1 /ubbornness1 selfwill1 etc40--,riddle & ,arnold1 ,lat4 ,diet4 #aja ,9 ! orig9al !y run ?us3-- 1 1 4 #ajb ,?is passage is f ! ,eunu* ( ,t]5ce1 ,act i4 sc4 #a1 #ad4 #ajc ,^! v]ses are f ! ,atreus ( ,accius4 #ajd ,?is 0 ,m>cus ,atilius ,regulus1 ! /ory ( ^: treatm5t by ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 ! fir/ ,punic ,w> is well kn[n to ev]ybody4 #aje ,?is 0 ,qu9tus ,s]vilius ,cpio1 :o1 ,b4,c4 #aje1 0 de/roy$1 ) 8 army1 by ! ,cimbri1--x 0 believ$ z a judgm5t = ! covet\sness :i* he _h display$ 9 ! plund] ( ,tolosa4 #ajf ,?is 0 ,m>cus ,aquilius1 :o1 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #hh1 0 s5t aga9/ ,mi?ridates z "o ( ! consul> legates3 & be+ defeat$1 0 deliv]$ up to ! k+ by ! inhabitants ( ,mityl5e4 ,mi?ridates put him to dea? by p\r+ molt5 gold d[n 8 ?roat4 #ajg ,?is 0 ! eld] bro!r ( ! triumvir ,m>cus ,crassus1 ,b4,c4 #hg4 ,he 0 put to dea? by ,fimbria1 :o 0 9 comm& ( "s ( ! troops ( ,m>ius4 #ajh ,lucius ,cs> & ,caius ,cs> 7 relations 7x is unc]ta9 9 :at degree7 ( ! great ,cs>1 & 7 kill$ by ,fimbria on ! same occasion z ,octavius4 #aji ,m4 ,antonius 0 ! gr&fa!r ( ! triumvir2 he 0 murd]$ ! same ye>1 ,b4,c4 #hg1 by ,annius1 :5 ,m>ius & ,c9na took ,rome4 #aaj ,?is /ory is allud$ to by ,horace-- ,di/rictus ensis cui sup] impi ,c]vice p5det non ,sicul dapes ,dulcem elaborabunt saporem1 ,non avium ci?>ve cantus ,somnum r$uc5t4--iii4 #a4 #ag4 #aaa ,hi]onymus 0 a ,rhodian1 & a pupil ( ,ari/otle1 fl\ri%+ ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 ,he is frequ5tly m5tion$ by ,cic]o4 #aab ,we "k v little ( ,d9oma*us4 ,"s ,,mss4 h ,clitoma*us4 #aac ,callipho 0 9 all probability a pupil ( ,epicurus1 b we h no c]ta9 in=mation ab\t him4 #aad ,diodorus 0 a ,syrian1 & succe$$ ,critolaus z ! head ( ! ,p]ipatetic ,s*ool at ,a!ns4 #aae ,ari/o 0 a native ( ,ceos1 & a pupil ( ,lycon1 :o succe$$ ,/ratton z ! head ( ! ,p]ipatetic ,s*ool1 ,b4,c4 #bgj4 ,he aft]w>ds himself succe$$ ,lycon4 #aaf ,pyrrho 0 a native ( ,elis1 & ! orig9ator ( ! sceptical !ories ( "s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,he 0 a contempor>y ( ,alex&]4 #aag ,h]illus 0 a disciple ( ,z5o ( ,cittium1 & !re=e a ,/oic4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 foll[ all ! op9ions ( 8 ma/]3 he held t k 0 ! *ief good4 ,"s ( ! treatises ( ,clean!s 7 writt5 expressly to confute him4 #aah ,ana*>sis 0 7,h]od1 iv4 #gf7 son ( ,gnurus & bro!r ( ,saulius1 k+ ( ,?race4 ,he came to ,a!ns :ile ,solon 0 occupi$ 9 fram+ laws = 8 p2 & by ! simplicity ( 8 way ( liv+1 & 8 acute obs]vations on ! mann]s ( ! ,greeks1 he excit$ su* g5]al admiration1 t he 0 reckon$ by "s writ]s among ! sev5 wise m5 ( ,greece4 #aai ,?is 0 ,appius ,claudius ,ccus1 :o 0 c5sor ,b4,c4 #caj1 & :o1 accord+ to ,livy1 0 afflict$ ) bl9dness by ! gods = p]suad+ ! ,potitii to in/ruct ! public s]vants 9 ! way ( sacrific+ to ,h]cules4 ,he x 0 :o made ! ,via ,appia4 #abj ,! fact ( ,hom]'s bl9dness re/s on a passage 9 ! ,hymn to ,apollo1 quot$ by ,?ucydides z a g5u9e "w ( ,hom]1 & :i* is ?us spok5 ( by "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ s*ol>s t ?is c\ntry or ?is age has ev] produc$3--8,!y are inde$ beautiful v]ses1 & if none worse _h ev] be5 attribut$ to ,hom]1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,poets w\ld h _h little reason to compla94 8,he has be5 describ+ ! ,delian fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,apollo & ,diana1 & concludes ?is "p ( ! poem ) an address to ! wom5 ( t isl&1 to :om x is to be suppos$ t he _h become famili>ly kn[n by 8 frequ5t recitations3 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 4 ,virg9s1 f>ewell1--& oh6 rememb] me ,h]eaft]1 :5 "s /rang] f ! sea1 ,a hapless w&]]1 may y\r isle explore1 ,& ask y1 8,maids1 ( all ! b>ds y boa/1 ,:o s+s ! sweete/1 & delights y mo/80 ,oh6 answ] all1--8,a bl9d old man1 & poor1 ,sweete/ he s+s1 & dwells on ,*ios' rocky %ore40 --,col]idge's ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,greek ,classic ,poets4