,,little ,,ma/]pieces ,,( ,,sci5ce ,illu/ration3 ,george ,/eph5son4 ,little ,ma/]pieces ( ,sci5ce ,edit$ by ,george ,iles ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,discov]y ,by ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell ,mi*ael ,f>aday ,c\nt ,rum=d ,joseph ,h5ry ,george ,/eph5son ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company #aijb ,copyright1 #aijb1 by ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 ,copyright1 #ahgg1 by ,george ,b4 ,prescott ,copyright1 #ahif1 by ,s4 ,s4 ,mc,clure ,co4 ,copyright1 #aijj1 by ,d\bl$ay1 ,mc,clure ,co4 ,,preface ,to a good _m ( u ! inv5tor is ! true h]o = he multiplies ! work+ value ( life4 ,he p]=ms an old task ) new economy1 z :5 he devises a m[+-ma*9e to ou/ ! scy!2 or he creates a s]vice :olly new1 z :5 he bids a l&scape depict itself on a photographic plate4 ,he1 & 8 tw9 bro!r1 ! discov]]1 h eyes to read a lesson t ,nature has held = ages "u ! undisc]n+ gaze ( o!r m54 ,:]e an ord9>y obs]v] sees1 or ?9ks he sees1 div]sity1 a ,frankl9 detects id5tity1 z 9 ! fam\s exp]im5t "h rec\nt$ :i* proves lightn+ to be "o & ! same ) a *>ge ( ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,( a lat] day ?an ,frankl91 advantag$ !re= by new k & bett] opportunities = exp]im5t1 /ood ,f>aday1 ! f\nd] ( mod]n electric art4 ,8 "w gave ! _w ! dynamo & motor1 ! transmission ( giant p[]s1 almo/ )\t toll1 = two hundr$ miles at a b\nd4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! c>riage ( b trifl+ quantities ( motion1 j en\gh = signals1 t electricity ?us f> has done its mo/ tell+ "w4 ,among ! m5 :o h creat$ ! electric telegraph ,joseph ,h5ry has a comm&+ place4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( :at he did1 told 9 8 own words1 is "h pres5t$4 ,!n foll[s a n>rative ( ! difficult task ( lay+ ! fir/ ,atlantic cables1 a task long sc\t$ z impossible3 x is a /ory :i* proves h[ mu* sci5ce may be indebt$ to unfalt]+ c\rage1 to fai? 9 ultimate triumph4 ,to give spee* ! w+s ( electricity1 to enable fri5ds 9 ,d5v] & ,new ,york to conv]se ) "o ano!r1 is a m>vel :i* only famili>ity places beyond ! pale ( miracle4 ,%ortly aft] he p]fect$ ! telephone ,pr(essor ,bell describ$ ! /eps :i* l$ to its con/ruction4 ,t recital is "h repr9t$4 ,a rec5t wond] ( electric art is its p5etration by a photographic ray ( sub/ances until n[ call$ opaque4 ,pr(essor ,ro5tg5's acc\nt ( h[ he wr\ght ?is feat =ms "o ( ! mo/ /irr+ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,next foll[s an acc\nt ( ! telegraph z x disp5ses ) metallic conductors altoge!r1 & tru/s itself to t weightless e!r :i* br+s to ! eye ! lum9\s wave4 ,to ?is succe$s a *apt] :i* consid]s :at electricity /&s = z "o ( ! supreme res\rces ( human wit1 a res\rce transc5d+ ev5 flame itself1 br++ articulate spee* & writ+ to new planes ( facility & usefulness4 ,x is %[n t ! rapidity ) :i* dur+ a s+le c5tury electricity has be5 subdu$ = human s]vice1 illu/rates t progress has leaps z well z delib]ate /eps1 s t at la/ a gulf1 all b inf9ite1 divides man f 8 next ( k94 ,at ?is po9t we pause to recall our debt to ! physical philosophy :i* und]lies ! calculations ( ! mod]n eng9e]4 ,9 su* an exp]im5t z t ( ,c\nt ,rum=d we obs]ve h[ ! corn]-/one 0 laid ( ! k t heat is motion1 & t motion "u :atev] guise1 z light1 electricity1 or :at n1 is equally beyond creation or annihilation1 h[ev] elusively x may glide f phase to phase & vani% f view4 ,9 ! ma/]y ( ,flame = ! sup]s$+ ( muscle1 ( breeze & wat]fall1 ! *ief cr$it re/s ) ,james ,watt1 ! inv5tor ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,beside him /&s ,george ,/eph5son1 :o devis$ ! locomotive :i* by abridg+ space has l5g!n$ life & add$ to its highe/ pleasures4 ,our volume closes by n>rat+ ! competition :i* decid$ t ,/eph5son's ,rocket 0 mu* sup]ior to its rivals1 & ?us op5$ a new *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,,george ,,iles4 ,,cont5ts ,,frankl91 ,,b5jam9 ,,lightn+ ,,id5tifi$ ,,) ,,electricity ,frankl9 expla9s ! action ( ! ,leyd5 phial or j>4 ,sugge/s lightn+-rods4 ,s5ds a kite into ! cl\ds dur+ a ?und]/orm2 ?r\gh ! kite-/r+ obta9s a sp>k ( lightn+ :i* ?r[s into div]g5ce ! loose fibres ( ! /r+1 j z an ord9>y electrical dis*>ge w\ld d4 #c ,,f>aday1 ,,mi*ael ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,way ,,= ,,! ,,electric ,,dynamo ,,& ,,motor ,notices ! inductive effect 9 "o coil :5 ! circuit 9 a conc5tric coil is complet$ or brok54 ,notices simil> effects :5 a wire be>+ a curr5t approa*es ano!r wire or rec$es f x4 ,rotates a galvanomet] ne$le by an electric pulse4 ,induces curr5ts 9 coils :5 ! magnetism is v>i$ 9 _! iron or /eel cores4 ,obs]ves ! l9es ( magnetic =ce z iron fil+s are magnetiz$4 ,a magnetic b> mov$ 9 & out ( a coil ( wire excites electricity !re91--me*anical motion is conv]t$ into electricity4 ,g5]ates a curr5t by sp9n+ a copp] plate 9 a horizontal plane4 #g ,,h5ry1 ,,joseph ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph ,improves ! electro-magnet ( ,/urgeon by insulat+ its wire ) silk ?read1 & by dispos+ ! wire 9 sev]al coils in/ead ( "o4 ,exp]im5ts ) a l>ge electro-magnet excit$ by n9e di/9ct coils4 ,uses a batt]y s p[]ful t electro-magnets are produc$ "o hundr$ times m en]getic ?an ^? ( ,/urgeon4 ,arranges a telegraphic circuit m ?an a mile long & at t di/ance s\nds a bell by means ( an electro-magnet4 #bc ,,iles1 ,,george ,,! ,,fir/ ,,atlantic ,,cables ,=]unn]s at ,new ,york & ,dov]4 ,gutta-p]*a ! indisp5sable insulator4 ,wire is us$ to %ea! ! cables4 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field's project = an ,atlantic cable4 ,! fir/ cable fails4 #aheh s does ! second cable #ahfe4 ,a triumph ( c\rage1 #ahff4 ,! highway smoo!d = successors4 ,lessons ( ! cable4 #cg ,,bell1 ,,alex&] ,,graham ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,telephone ,indebt$ to 8 fa!r's /udy ( ! vocal organs z !y =m s\nds4 ,exam9es ! ,helmholtz me?od = ! analysis & syn!sis ( vocal s\nds4 ,sugge/s ! electrical actuation ( tun+-=ks & ! electrical transmission ( _! tones4 ,di/+ui%es int]mitt5t1 pulsatory & undulatory curr5ts4 ,devises z 8 fir/ articulat+ telephone a h>p ( /eel rods ?r[n into vibration by electro-magnetism4 ,exhibits optically ! vibrations ( s\nd1 us+ a prep>ation ( a human e>3 is /ruck by ! effici5cy ( a slight aural membrane4 ,atta*es a bit ( clock spr+ to a piece ( goldbeat]'s sk91 speaks to x1 an audible message is receiv$ at a di/ant & simil> device4 ,?is contrivance improv$ is %[n at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition1 ,philadelphia1 #ahgf4 ,at fir/ ! same k9d ( in/rum5t transmitt$ & deliv]$1 a message2 soon two di/9ct in/rum5ts 7 inv5t$ = transmitt+ & = receiv+4 ,extremely small magnets suffice4 ,a s+le blade ( grass =ms a telephonic circuit4 #eg ,,dam1 ,h4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,photograph+ ,,! ,,unse5 ,ro5tg5 indebt$ to ! rese>*es ( ,f>aday1 ,cl]k-,maxwell1 ,h]tz1 ,lodge & ,l5>d4 ,! human optic n]ve is affect$ by a v small range 9 ! waves t exi/ 9 ! e!r4 ,beyond ! visible spectrum ( common light are vibrations :i* h long be5 kn[n z heat or z photographically active4 ,crookes 9 a vacu\s bulb produc$ s(t light f high t5sion electricity4 ,l5>d f\nd t rays f a ,crookes' tube pass$ ?r\gh sub/ances opaque to common light4 ,ro5tg5 ext5d$ ^! exp]im5ts & us$ ! rays photographically1 tak+ pictures ( ! bones ( ! h& ?r\gh liv+ fle%1 & s on4 #hg ,,iles1 ,,george ,,! ,,wireless ,,telegraph ,:at may foll[ ^u electric induction4 ,telegraphy to a mov+ tra94 ,! ,preece induction me?od2 its limits4 ,m>coni's sy/em4 ,8 precursors1 ,h]tz1 ,one/i1 ,branly & ,lodge4 ,! coh]] & ! v]tical wire =m ! ess5ce ( ! app>atus4 ,wireless telegraphy at sea4 #aji ,,iles1 ,,george ,,electricity1 ,,:at ,,its ,,ma/]y ,,means3 ,,) ,a ,,review ,,& ,a ,,prospect ,electricity does all t fire ev] did1 does x bett]1 & p]=ms unc\nt$ s]vices impossible to flame4 ,its ma/]y means z great a =w>d /ride z ! subjugation ( fire4 ,a m9or inv5tion or discov]y simply adds to human res\rces3 a supreme conque/ z ( flame or electricity1 is a multipli] & lifts art & sci5ce to a new plane4 ,gr[? is sl[1 fl[]+ is rapid3 progress at times is s quick ( pace z virtually to become a leap4 ,! ma/]y ( electricity bas$ on t ( fire4 ,electricity va/ly wid] ( range ?an heat3 x is en]gy 9 its mo/ available & desirable phase4 ,! telegraph & ! telephone contra/$ ) ! signal fire4 ,electricity z ! s]vant ( me*anic & eng9e]4 ,h\sehold uses ( ! curr5t4 ,electricity z an ag5t ( rese>* n[ exam9es ,nature 9 fre% aspects4 ,! inve/igator & ! comm]cial exploit] r5d] aid to "o ano!r4 ,social b5efits ( electricity1 9 telegraphy1 9 quick travel4 ,! curr5t %\ld s]ve e city h\se4 #abe ,,rum=d1 ,,c\nt 7,,b5jam9 ,,?ompson7 ,,heat ,,& ,,motion ,,id5tifi$ ,obs]ves t 9 bor+ a cannon mu* heat is g5]at$3 ! long] ! bor+ la/s1 ! m heat is produc$4 ,he argues t s9ce heat )\t limit may be ?us produc$ by motion1 heat mu/ be motion4 #aee ,,/eph5son1 ,,george ,,! ,,rocket ,,locomotive ,,& ,,its ,,victory ,%all x be a sy/em ( /ation>y eng9es or locomotives8 ,! two be/ practical eng9e]s ( ! day are 9 fav\r ( /ation>y eng9es4 ,a te/ ( locomotives is1 h[ev]1 pr(f]$1 & ,george ,/eph5son & 8 son1 ,rob]t1 discuss h[ !y may be/ build an eng9e to w9 ! fir/ prize4 ,!y adopt a /eam bla/ to /imulate ! draft ( ! furnace1 & raise /eam quickly 9 a boil] hav+ tw5ty-five small fire-tubes ( copp]4 ,! ,rocket ) a maximum spe$ ( tw5ty-n9e miles an h\r di/ances its rivals4 ,) its load ( wat] its weight 0 b f\r & a qu>t] tons4 #afc ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,discov]y ,,frankl9 ,,id5tifies ,,lightn+ ,,) ,,electricity ,f ,frankl9's ,works1 edit$ 9 t5 volumes by ,john ,bigel[1 ,vol4 ,i1 pages #bgf-bha1 copyright by ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,/ub]1 ! au?or ( ! fir/ cont9uation ( ,frankl9's life1 gives ?is acc\nt ( ! electrical exp]im5ts ( ,frankl93-- ,8 obs]vations he communicat$1 9 a s]ies ( lett]s1 to 8 fri5d ,coll9son1 ! fir/ ( :i* is dat$ ,m>* #bh1 #agdg4 ,9 ^! he %[s ! p[] ( po9ts 9 draw+ & ?r[+ (f ! electrical matt]1 :i* _h hi!rto escap$ ! notice ( electricians4 ,he also made ! gr& discov]y ( a plus & m9us1 or ( a positive & negative /ate ( electricity4 ,we give him ! hon\r ( ?is )\t hesitation2 al?\gh ! ,engli% h claim$ x = _! c\ntryman1 ,dr4 ,watson4 ,watson's pap] is dat$ ,janu>y #ba1 #agdh2 ,frankl9's ,july #aa1 #agdg1 sev]al mon?s prior4 ,%ortly aft] ,frankl91 f 8 pr9ciples ( ! plus & m9us /ate1 expla9$ 9 a satisfactory mann] ! ph5om5a ( ! ,leyd5 phial1 fir/ obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,cuneus1 or by ,pr(essor ,mus*5broeck1 ( ,leyd51 :i* _h mu* p]plex$ philosoph]s4 ,he %[$ cle>ly t :5 *>g$ ! bottle conta9$ no m electricity ?an be=e1 b t z mu* 0 tak5 f "o side z ?r[n on ! o!r2 & t to dis*>ge x no?+ 0 necess>y b to produce a communication betwe5 ! two sides by :i* ! equilibrium might be re/or$1 & t !n no signs ( electricity w\ld rema94 ,he aft]w>ds demon/rat$ by exp]im5ts t ! electricity did n reside 9 ! coat+ z _h be5 suppos$1 b 9 ! pores ( ! glass itself4 ,aft] ! phial 0 *>g$ he remov$ ! coat+1 & f\nd t ^u apply+ a new coat+ ! %ock might /ill be receiv$4 ,9 ! ye> #agdi1 he fir/ sugge/$ 8 idea ( expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( ?und] gu/s & ( aurora borealis ^u electric pr9ciples4 ,he po9ts out _m p>ticul>s 9 :i* lightn+ & electricity agree2 & he adduces _m facts1 & reason+s f facts1 9 support ( 8 positions4 ,9 ! same ye> he conceiv$ ! a/oni%+ly bold & gr& idea ( asc]ta9+ ! tru? ( 8 doctr9e by actually draw+ d[n ! lightn+1 by means ( %>p po9t$ iron rods rais$ into ! regions ( ! cl\ds4 ,ev5 9 ?is unc]ta9 /ate 8 passion to be useful to mank9d display$ itself 9 a p[]ful mann]4 ,admitt+ ! id5tity ( electricity & lightn+1 & kn[+ ! p[] ( po9ts 9 repell+ bodies *>g$ ) electricity1 & 9 conduct+ fires sil5tly & imp]ceptibly1 he sugge/$ ! idea ( secur+ h\ses1 %ips & ! l f be+ damag$ by lightn+1 by erect+ po9t$ rods t %\ld rise "s feet above ! mo/ elevat$ "p1 & desc5d "s feet into ! gr\nd or wat]4 ,! effect ( ^! he conclud$ w\ld be ei!r to prev5t a /roke by repell+ ! cl\d beyond ! /rik+ di/ance or by draw+ (f ! electrical fire :i* x conta9$2 or1 if !y c\ld n effect ?is !y w\ld at lea/ conduct ! electrical matt] to ! e>? )\t any injury to ! build+4 ,x 0 n until ! summ] ( #ageb t he 0 enabl$ to complete 8 gr& & unp>allel$ discov]y by exp]im5t4 ,! plan :i* he _h orig9ally propos$ 01 to erect1 on "s high t[] or elevat$ place1 a s5try-box f :i* %\ld rise a po9t$ iron rod1 insulat$ by be+ fix$ 9 a cake ( res94 ,electrifi$ cl\ds pass+ ov] ?is w\ld1 he conceiv$1 imp>t to x a portion ( _! electricity :i* w\ld be r5d]$ evid5t to ! s5ses by sp>ks be+ emitt$ :5 a key1 ! knuckle1 or o!r conductor1 0 pres5t$ to x4 ,philadelphia at ?is "t af=d$ no opportunity ( try+ an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d4 ,:ile ,frankl9 0 wait+ = ! erection ( a spire1 x occurr$ to him t he might h m ready access to ! region ( cl\ds by means ( a common kite4 ,he prep>$ "o by fa/5+ two cross /icks to a silk h&k]*ief1 :i* w\ld n suff] s mu* f ! ra9 z pap]4 ,to ! upright /ick 0 affix$ an iron po9t4 ,! /r+ 01 z usual1 ( hemp1 except ! l[] end1 :i* 0 silk4 ,:]e ! hemp5 /r+ t]m9at$1 a key 0 fa/5$4 ,) ?is app>atus1 on ! appe>ance ( a ?und]gu/ approa*+1 he w5t out into ! commons1 accompani$ by 8 son1 to :om alone he communicat$ 8 int5tions1 well kn[+ ! ridicule :i*1 too g5]ally = ! int]e/ ( sci5ce1 awaits unsuccessful exp]im5ts 9 philosophy4 ,he plac$ himself "u a %$1 to avoid ! ra92 8 kite 0 rais$1 a ?und]-cl\d pass$ ov] x1 no sign ( electricity appe>$4 ,he almo/ despair$ ( success1 :5 sudd5ly he obs]v$ ! loose fibres ( 8 /r+ to move t[>ds an erect position4 ,he n[ pres5t$ 8 knuckle to ! key & receiv$ a /rong sp>k4 ,h[ exquisite mu/ 8 s5sations h be5 at ?is mom5t6 ,on 8 exp]im5t dep5d$ ! fate ( 8 !ory4 ,if he succe$$1 8 "n w\ld rank high among ^? :o _h improv$ sci5ce2 if he fail$1 he mu/ inevitably be subject$ to ! d]ision ( mank9d1 or1 :at is worse1 _! pity1 z a well-mean+ man1 b a weak1 silly projector4 ,! anxiety ) :i* he look$ = ! result ( 8 exp]im5t may easily be conceiv$4 ,d\bts & despair _h begun to prevail1 :5 ! fact 0 asc]ta9$1 9 s cle> a mann]1 t ev5 ! mo/ incr$ul\s c\ld no long] )hold _! ass5t4 ,repeat$ sp>ks 7 drawn f ! key1 a phial 0 *>g$1 a %ock giv51 & all ! exp]im5ts made :i* are usually p]=m$ ) electricity4 ,,f>aday',s ,,discov]ies ,,lead+ ,,up ,,to ,,! ,,electric ,,dynamo ,,& ,,motor ,mi*ael ,f>aday 0 = _m ye>s ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london1 :]e 8 rese>*es did m to subdue electricity to ! s]vice ( man ?an ^? ( any o!r physici/ :o ev] liv$4 ,f>aday z a ,discov]]1 by ,pr(essor ,john ,tyndall 78 successor7 depicts a m9d ( ! r>e/ ability & a "* ( ! utmo/ *>m4 ,?is biography is publi%$ by ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york3 ! extracts :i* foll[ are f ! ?ird *apt]4 ,9 #ahca we h ,f>aday at ! climax ( 8 intellectual /r5g?1 =ty ye>s ( age1 /or$ ) k & full ( orig9al p[]4 ,?r\gh read+1 lectur+1 & exp]im5t+1 he _h become ?or\ghly famili> ) electrical sci5ce3 he saw :]e light 0 ne$$ & expansion possible4 ,! ph5om5a ( ord9>y electric induction belong$1 z x 71 to ! alphabet ( 8 k3 he knew t "u ord9>y circum/ances ! pres5ce ( an electrifi$ body 0 suffici5t to excite1 by induction1 an unelectrifi$ body4 ,he knew t ! wire :i* c>ri$ an electric curr5t 0 an electrifi$ body1 & /ill t all attempts _h fail$ to make x excite 9 o!r wires a /ate simil> to its own4 ,:at 0 ! reason ( ?is failure8 ,f>aday nev] c\ld "w f ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs1 h[ev] cle>ly describ$4 ,he knew well t f e exp]im5t issues a k9d ( radiation1 lum9\s1 9 diff]5t degrees to diff]5t m9ds1 & he h>dly tru/$ himself to reason ^u an exp]im5t t he _h n se54 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahca he began to repeat ! exp]im5ts ) electric curr5ts1 :i*1 up to t "t1 _h produc$ no positive result4 ,& "h1 = ! sake ( y\ng] inquir]s1 if n = ! sake ( u all1 x is wor? :ile to dwell = a mom5t on a p[] :i* ,f>aday possess$ 9 an extraord9>y degree4 ,he unit$ va/ /r5g? ) p]fect flexibility4 ,8 mom5tum 0 t ( a riv]1 :i* comb9es weight & directness ) ! ability to yield to ! flexures ( its b$4 ,! int5tness ( 8 vision 9 any direction did n app>5tly dim9i% 8 p[] ( p]ception 9 o!r directions2 & :5 he attack$ a subject1 expect+ results1 he _h ! faculty ( keep+ 8 m9d al]t1 s t results diff]5t f ^? :i* he expect$ %\ld n escape him ?r\gh pre-occupation4 ,he began 8 exp]im5ts on ! induction ( electric curr5ts by compos+ a helix ( two insulat$ wires1 :i* 7 w\nd side by side r\nd ! same wood5 cyl9d]4 ,"o ( ^! wires he connect$ ) a voltaic batt]y ( t5 cells1 & ! o!r ) a s5sitive galvanomet]4 ,:5 connection ) ! batt]y 0 made1 & :ile ! curr5t fl[$1 no effect :atev] 0 obs]v$ at ! galvanomet]4 ,b he nev] accept$ an exp]im5tal result1 until he _h appli$ to x ! utmo/ p[] at 8 comm&4 ,he rais$ 8 batt]y f t5 cells to "o hundr$ & tw5ty cells1 b )\t avail4 ,! curr5t fl[$ calmly ?r\gh ! batt]y wire )\t produc+1 dur+ its fl[1 any s5sible result ^u ! galvanomet]4 ,dur+ its fl[1 & ?is 0 ! "t :5 an effect 0 expect$--b "h ,f>aday's p[] ( lat]al vision1 sep>at+1 z x 7 f ! l9e ( expectation1 came into play--he notic$ t a feeble movem5t ( ! ne$le always occurr$ at ! mom5t :5 he made contact ) ! batt]y2 t ! ne$le w\ld aft]w>ds return to its =m] position & rema9 quietly !re unaffect$ by ! fl[+ curr5t4 ,at ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! circuit 0 int]rupt$ ! ne$le aga9 mov$1 & 9 a direction oppos$ to t obs]v$ on ! completion ( ! circuit4 ,?is result1 & o!rs ( a simil> k9d1 l$ him to ! conclusion t ! batt]y curr5t ?r\gh ! "o wire did 9 reality induce a simil> curr5t ?r\gh ! o!r2 b t x cont9u$ = an in/ant only1 & p>took m ( ! nature ( ! electric wave f a common ,leyd5 j> ?an ( ! curr5t f a voltaic batt]y4 ,! mom5t>y curr5ts ?us g5]at$ 7 call$ induc$ curr5ts1 :ile ! curr5t :i* g5]at$ !m 0 call$ ! induc+ curr5t4 ,x 0 imm$iately prov$ t ! curr5t g5]at$ at mak+ ! circuit 0 always oppos$ 9 direction to its g5]ator1 :ile t develop$ on ! rupture ( ! circuit co9cid$ 9 direction ) ! induc+ curr5t4 ,x appe>$ z if ! curr5t on its fir/ ru% ?r\gh ! prim>y wire s\ght a pur*ase 9 ! second>y "o1 &1 by a k9d ( kick1 impell$ backw>d ?r\gh ! latt] an electric wave1 :i* subsid$ z soon z ! prim>y curr5t 0 fully e/abli%$4 ,f>aday1 = a "t1 believ$ t ! second>y wire1 ?\gh quiesc5t :5 ! prim>y curr5t _h be5 once e/abli%$1 0 n 9 its natural condition1 its return to t condition be+ decl>$ by ! curr5t obs]v$ at break+ ! circuit4 ,he call$ ?is hypo!tical /ate ( ! wire ! electro-tonic /ate3 he aft]w>ds ab&on$ ?is hypo!sis1 b seem$ to return to x 9 aft] life4 ,! t]m electro-tonic is also pres]v$ by ,pr(essor ,du ,bois ,reymond to express a c]ta9 electric condition ( ! n]ves1 & ,pr(essor ,cl]k ,maxwell has ably def9$ & illu/rat$ ! hypo!sis 9 ! ,t5? ,volume ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society4 ,! m]e approa* ( a wire =m+ a clos$ curve to a second wire ?r\gh :i* a voltaic curr5t fl[$ 0 !n %[n by ,f>aday to be suffici5t to ar\se 9 ! neutral wire an induc$ curr5t1 oppos$ 9 direction to ! induc+ curr5t2 ! )drawal ( ! wire also g5]at$ a curr5t hav+ ! same direction z ! induc+ curr5t2 ^? curr5ts exi/$ only dur+ ! "t ( approa* or )drawal1 & :5 nei!r ! prim>y nor ! second>y wire 0 9 motion1 no matt] h[ close _! proximity might be1 no induc$ curr5t 0 g5]at$4 ,f>aday has be5 call$ a purely inductive philosoph]4 ,a great deal ( nons5se is1 ,i fe>1 utt]$ 9 ?is l& ( ,engl& ab\t induction & d$uction4 ,"s pr(ess to befri5d ! "o1 "s ! o!r1 :ile ! real vocation ( an inve/igator1 l ,f>aday1 consi/s 9 ! incessant m>riage ( bo?4 ,he 0 at ?is "t full ( ! !ory ( ,amp]e1 & x _c be d\bt$ t numb]s ( 8 exp]im5ts 7 execut$ m]ely to te/ 8 d$uctions f t !ory4 ,/>t+ f ! discov]y ( ,o]/$1 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* philosoph] _h %[n t all ! ph5om5a ( magnetism !n kn[n might be r$uc$ to ! mutual attractions & repulsions ( electric curr5ts4 ,magnetism _h be5 produc$ f electricity1 & ,f>aday1 :o all 8 life long ent]ta9$ a /rong belief 9 su* reciprocal actions1 n[ attempt$ to effect ! evolution ( electricity f magnetism4 ,r\nd a weld$ iron r+ he plac$ two di/9ct coils ( cov]$ wire1 caus+ ! coils to occupy opposite halves ( ! r+4 ,connect+ ! ends ( "o ( ! coils ) a galvanomet]1 he f\nd t ! mom5t ! r+ 0 magnetiz$1 by s5d+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! o!r coil1 ! galvanomet] ne$le :irl$ r\nd f\r or five times 9 succession4 ,! action1 z be=e1 0 t ( a pulse1 :i* vani%$ imm$iately4 ,on int]rupt+ ! curr5t1 a :irl ( ! ne$le 9 ! opposite direction occurr$4 ,x 0 only dur+ ! "t ( magnetization or demagnetization t ^! effects 7 produc$4 ,! induc$ curr5ts decl>$ a *ange ( condition only1 & !y vani%$ ! mom5t ! act ( magnetization or demagnetization 0 complete4 ,! effects obta9$ ) ! weld$ r+ 7 also obta9$ ) /raight b>s ( iron4 ,:e!r ! b>s 7 magnetiz$ by ! electric curr5t1 or 7 excit$ by ! contact ( p]man5t /eel magnets1 induc$ curr5ts 7 always g5]at$ dur+ ! rise1 & dur+ ! subsid5ce ( ! magnetism4 ,! use ( iron 0 !n ab&on$1 & ! same effects 7 obta9$ by m]ely ?ru/+ a p]man5t /eel magnet into a coil ( wire4 ,a ru% ( electricity ?r\gh ! coil accompani$ ! ins]tion ( ! magnet2 an equal ru% 9 ! opposite direction accompani$ its )drawal4 ,! precision ) :i* ,f>aday describes ^! results1 & ! complet5ess ) :i* he def9$ ! b\nd>ies ( 8 facts1 are wond]ful4 ,! magnet1 = example1 mu/ n be pass$ q ?r\gh ! coil1 b only half ?r\gh1 = if pass$ :olly ?r\gh1 ! ne$le is /opp$ z by a bl[1 & !n he %[s h[ ?is bl[ results f a rev]sal ( ! electric wave 9 ! helix4 ,he next op]at$ ) ! p[]ful p]man5t magnet ( ! ,royal ,society1 & obta9$ ) x1 9 an exalt$ degree1 all ! =ego+ ph5om5a4 ,& n[ he turn$ ! light ( ^! discov]ies ^u ! d>ke/ physical ph5om5on ( t day4 ,arago _h discov]$ 9 #ahbd1 t a disk ( non-magnetic metal _h ! p[] ( br++ a vibrat+ magnetic ne$le susp5d$ ov] x rapidly to re/2 & t on caus+ ! disk to rotate ! magnetic ne$le rotat$ along ) x4 ,:5 bo? 7 quiesc5t1 !re 0 n ! slighte/ measurable attraction or repulsion ex]t$ betwe5 ! ne$le & ! disk2 /ill :5 9 motion ! disk 0 compet5t to drag aft] x1 n only a light ne$le1 b a heavy magnet4 ,! "q _h be5 prob$ & inve/igat$ ) admirable skill by bo? ,arago & ,amp]e1 & ,poisson _h publi%$ a !oretic memoir on ! subject2 b no cause c\ld be assign$ = s extraord9>y an action4 ,x _h also be5 exam9$ 9 ?is c\ntry by two celebrat$ m51 ,mr4 ,babbage & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el2 b x /ill rema9$ a my/]y4 ,f>aday always recomm5d$ ! susp5sion ( judgm5t 9 cases ( d\bt4 ,i h always admir$1 he says1 ! prud5ce & philosophical res]ve %[n by ,m4 ,arago 9 resi/+ ! temptations to give a !ory ( ! effect he _h discov]$1 s long z he c\ld n devise "o :i* 0 p]fect 9 its application1 & 9 refus+ to ass5t to ! imp]fect !ories ( o!rs4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! "t = !ory _h come4 ,f>aday saw m5tally ! rotat+ disk1 "u ! op]ation ( ! magnet1 flood$ ) 8 induc$ curr5ts1 & f ! kn[n laws ( int]action betwe5 curr5ts & magnets he hop$ to d$uce ! motion obs]v$ by ,arago4 ,t hope he realiz$1 %[+ by actual exp]im5t t :5 8 disk rotat$ curr5ts pass$ ?r\gh x1 _! position & direction be+ su* z mu/1 9 accordance ) ! e/abli%$ laws ( electro-magnetic action1 produce ! obs]v$ rotation4 ,introduc+ ! edge ( 8 disk betwe5 ! poles ( ! l>ge horse%oe magnet ( ! ,royal ,society1 & connect+ ! axis & ! edge ( ! disk1 ea* by a wire ) a galvanomet]1 he obta9$1 :5 ! disk 0 turn$ r\nd1 a con/ant fl[ ( electricity4 ,! direction ( ! curr5t 0 det]m9$ by ! direction ( ! motion1 ! curr5t be+ rev]s$ :5 ! rotation 0 rev]s$4 ,he n[ /ates ! law :i* rules ! production ( curr5ts 9 bo? disks & wires1 & 9 s do+ uses1 = ! fir/ "t1 a phrase :i* has s9ce become fam\s4 ,:5 iron fil+s are scatt]$ ov] a magnet1 ! p>ticles ( iron arrange !mselves 9 c]ta9 det]m9$ l9es call$ magnetic curves4 ,9 #ahca1 ,f>aday = ! fir/ "t call$ ^! curves l9es ( magnetic =ce2 & he %[$ t to produce induc$ curr5ts nei!r approa* to nor )drawal f a magnetic s\rce1 or c5tre1 or pole1 0 ess5tial1 b t x 0 only necess>y to cut appropriately ! l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,f>aday's fir/ pap] on ,magneto-electric ,induction1 :i* ,i h "h endeav\r$ to cond5se1 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #bd? ( ,novemb]1 #ahca4 ,on ,janu>y #ab1 #ahcb1 he communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society a second pap] on ,t]re/rial ,magneto-electric ,induction1 :i* 0 *os5 z ! ,bak]ian ,lecture = ! ye>4 ,he plac$ a b> ( iron 9 a coil ( wire1 & lift+ ! b> into ! direction ( ! dipp+ ne$le1 he excit$ by ?is action a curr5t 9 ! coil4 ,on rev]s+ ! b>1 a curr5t 9 ! opposite direction ru%$ ?r\gh ! wire4 ,! same effect 0 produc$1 :51 on hold+ ! helix 9 ! l9e ( dip1 a b> ( iron 0 ?ru/ into x4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! e>? act$ on ! coil ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ! b> ( iron4 ,he ab&on$ ! b> & simply set a copp]-plate sp9n+ 9 a horizontal plane2 he knew t ! e>?'s l9es ( magnetic =ce !n cross$ ! plate at an angle ( ab\t #gj deg44 ,:5 ! plate spun r\nd1 ! l9es ( =ce 7 int]sect$ & induc$ curr5ts g5]at$1 :i* produc$ _! prop] effect :5 c>ri$ f ! plate to ! galvanomet]4 ,:5 ! plate 0 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 or 9 any o!r plane co9cid+ ) ! magnetic dip1 !n its rotation produc$ no effect ^u ! galvanomet]4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( a m9d fruitful 9 sugge/ions ( a pr(\nd & philosophic "*--,i mean t ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el--,mr4 ,b>l[1 ( ,woolwi*1 _h exp]im5t$ ) a rotat+ iron %ell4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie _h also p]=m$ an elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts on a rotat+ iron disk4 ,bo? ( !m _h f\nd t :5 9 rotation ! body ex]cis$ a peculi> action ^u ! magnetic ne$le1 deflect+ x 9 a mann] :i* 0 n obs]v$ dur+ quiesc5ce2 b nei!r ( !m 0 aw>e at ! "t ( ! ag5t :i* produc$ ?is extraord9>y deflection4 ,!y ascrib$ x to "s *ange 9 ! magnetism ( ! iron %ell & disk4 ,b ,f>aday at once saw t 8 induc$ curr5ts mu/ come into play "h1 & he imm$iately obta9$ !m f an iron disk4 ,) a holl[ brass ball1 moreov]1 he produc$ ! effects obta9$ by ,mr4 ,b>l[4 ,iron 0 9 no way necess>y3 ! only condition ( success 0 t ! rotat+ body %\ld be ( a "* to admit ( ! =mation ( curr5ts 9 its sub/ance3 x mu/1 9 o!r words1 be a conductor ( electricity4 ,! high] ! conduct+ p[] ! m copi\s 7 ! curr5ts4 ,he n[ passes f 8 little brass globe to ! globe ( ! e>?4 ,he plays l a magician ) ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,he sees ! invisible l9es along :i* its magnetic action is ex]t$ & sweep+ 8 w& across ^! l9es evokes ?is new p[]4 ,plac+ a simple loop ( wire r\nd a magnetic ne$le he b5ds its upp] portion to ! we/3 ! nor? pole ( ! ne$le imm$iately sw]ves to ! ea/3 he b5ds 8 loop to ! ea/1 & ! nor? poles moves to ! we/4 ,susp5d+ a common b> magnet 9 a v]tical position1 he causes x to sp9 r\nd its own axis4 ,its pole be+ connect$ ) "o end ( a galvanomet] wire1 & its equator ) ! o!r end1 electricity ru%es r\nd ! galvanomet] f ! rotat+ magnet4 ,he rem>ks ^u ! s+ul> indep5d5ce ( ! magnetism & ! body ( ! magnet :i* c>ries x4 ,! /eel behaves z if x 7 isolat$ f its own magnetism4 ,& !n 8 ?\ghts sudd5ly wid51 & he asks himself :e!r ! rotat+ e>? does n g5]ate induc$ curr5ts z x turns r\nd its axis f we/ to ea/4 ,9 8 exp]im5t ) ! twirl+ magnet ! galvanomet] wire rema9$ at re/2 "o portion ( ! circuit 0 9 motion relatively to ano!r portion4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! twirl+ planet ! galvanomet] wire w\ld necess>ily be c>ri$ along ) ! e>?2 !re w\ld be no relative motion4 ,:at mu/ be ! consequ5ce8 ,take ! case ( a telegraph wire ) its two t]m9al plates dipp$ into ! e>?1 & suppose ! wire to lie 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,! gr\nd und]nea? ! wire is influ5c$ l ! wire itself by ! e>?'s rotation2 if a curr5t f s\? to nor? be g5]at$ 9 ! wire1 a simil> curr5t f s\? to nor? w\ld be g5]at$ 9 ! e>? "u ! wire2 ^! curr5ts w\ld run aga9/ ! same t]m9al plates1 & ?us neutralize ea* o!r4 ,?is inf]5ce appe>s inevitable1 b 8 pr(\nd vision p]ceiv$ its possible invalidity4 ,he saw t x 0 at lea/ possible t ! diff]5ce ( conduct+ p[] betwe5 ! e>? & ! wire might give "o an advantage ov] ! o!r1 & t ?us a residual or diff]5tial curr5t might be obta9$4 ,he comb9$ wires ( diff]5t mat]ials1 & caus$ !m to act 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 b f\nd ! comb9ation ineffectual4 ,! m copi\s fl[ 9 ! bett] conductor 0 exactly c\nt]balanc$ by ! resi/ance ( ! wor/4 ,/ill1 ?\gh exp]im5t 0 ?us emphatic1 he w\ld cle> 8 m9d ( all discom=t by op]at+ on ! e>? itself4 ,he w5t to ! r\nd lake ne> ,k5s+ton ,palace1 & /ret*$ f\r hundr$ & eighty feet ( copp] wire1 nor? & s\?1 ov] ! lake1 caus+ plates sold]$ to ! wire at its ends to dip into ! wat]4 ,! copp] wire 0 sev]$ at ! middle1 & ! sev]$ ends connect$ ) a galvanomet]4 ,no effect :atev] 0 obs]v$4 ,b ?\gh quiesc5t wat] gave no effect1 mov+ wat] might4 ,he !re=e work$ at ,london ,bridge = ?ree days dur+ ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide1 b )\t any satisfactory result4 ,/ill he urges1 ,!oretically x seems a necess>y consequ5ce1 t :]e wat] is fl[+ !re electric curr5ts %\ld be =m$4 ,if a l9e be imag9$ pass+ f ,dov] to ,calais ?r\gh ! sea1 & return+ ?r\gh ! l&1 b5ea? ! wat]1 to ,dov]1 x traces out a circuit ( conduct+ matt] "o "p ( :i*1 :5 ! wat] moves up or d[n ! *annel1 is cutt+ ! magnetic curves ( ! e>?1 :ile ! o!r is relatively at re/4444 ,!re is e reason to believe t curr5ts d run 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! circuit describ$1 ei!r "o way or ! o!r1 accord+ z ! passage ( ! wat]s is up or d[n ! *annel4 ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! subm>9e cable 0 ?\ght (1 & he once in=m$ me t actual obs]vation ^u t cable _h be5 f\nd to be 9 accordance ) 8 !oretic d$uction4 ,?ree ye>s subsequ5t to ! publication ( ^! rese>*es1 t is to say on ,janu>y #bi1 #ahce1 ,f>aday read be=e ! ,royal ,society a pap] ,on ! influ5ce by induction ( an electric curr5t ^u itself4 ,a %ock & sp>k ( a peculi> "* _h be5 obs]v$ by a "y man nam$ ,william ,j5k91 :o mu/ h be5 a y\? ( "s sci5tific promise1 b :o1 z ,f>aday once in=m$ me1 0 dissuad$ by 8 own fa!r f hav+ any?+ to d ) sci5ce4 ,! inve/igation ( ! fact notic$ by ,mr4 ,j5k9 l$ ,f>aday to ! discov]y ( ! extra curr5t1 or ! curr5t induc$ 9 ! prim>y wire itself at ! mom5ts ( mak+ & break+ contact1 ! ph5om5a ( :i* he describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! beautiful & exhau/ive pap] ref]r$ to4 ,sev5 & ?irty ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! discov]y ( magneto-electricity2 b1 if we except ! extra curr5t1 until q rec5tly no?+ ( mom5t 0 add$ to ! subject4 ,f>aday ent]ta9$ ! op9ion t ! discov]] ( a great law or pr9ciple _h a "r to ! spoils--?is 0 8 t]m--aris+ f its illu/ration2 & guid$ by ! pr9ciple he _h discov]$1 8 wond]ful m9d1 aid$ by 8 wond]ful t5 f+]s1 ov]ran 9 a s+le autumn ?is va/ doma91 & h>dly left beh9d him ! %r$ ( a fact to be ga!r$ by 8 successors4 ,& "h ! "q may arise 9 "s m9ds1 ,:at is ! use ( x all8 ,! answ] is1 t if man's intellectual nature ?ir/s = k !n k is useful because x satisfies ?is ?ir/4 ,if y dem& practical ends1 y mu/1 ,i ?9k1 exp& y\r def9ition ( ! t]m practical1 & make x include all t elevates & enlight5s ! intellect1 z well z all t m9i/]s to ! bodily heal? & com=t ( m54 ,/ill1 if ne$$1 an answ] ( ano!r k9d might be giv5 to ! "q :at is its use8 ,z f> z electricity has be5 appli$ = m$ical purposes1 x has be5 almo/ exclusively ,f>aday's electricity4 ,y h notic$ ^? l9es ( wire :i* cross ! /reets ( ,london4 ,x is ,f>aday's curr5ts t spe$ f place to place ?r\gh ^! wires4 ,approa*+ ! po9t ( ,dung5ess1 ! m>9] sees an unusually brilliant light1 & f ! noble ligh?\se ( ,la ,heve ! same light fla%es across ! sea4 ,^! are ,f>aday's sp>ks exalt$ by suitable ma*9]y to sun-l spl5d\r4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! ,bo>d ( ,trade & ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 z well z ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,lights1 are contemplat+ ! introduction ( ! ,magneto-electric ,light at num]\s po9ts ^u our coa/s2 & future g5]ations w be able to ref] to ^? guid+ />s 9 answ] to ! "q1 :at has be5 ! practical use ( ! lab\rs ( ,f>aday8 ,b ,i w\ld aga9 emphatically say1 t 8 "w ne$s no ju/ification1 & t if he _h all[$ 8 vision to be di/urb$ by consid]ations reg>d+ ! practical use ( 8 discov]ies1 ^? discov]ies w\ld nev] h be5 made by him4 ,i h r1 he writes 9 #ahca1 be5 desir\s ( discov]+ new facts & new relations dep5d5t on magneto-electric induction1 ?an ( exalt+ ! =ce ( ^? already obta9$2 be+ assur$ t ! latt] w\ld f9d _! full developm5t h]eaft]4 ,9 #ahag1 :5 lectur+ be=e a private society 9 ,london on ! elem5t *lor9e1 ,f>aday ?us expresses himself ) ref]5ce to ?is "q ( utility4 ,be=e leav+ ?is subject1 ,i w po9t out ! hi/ory ( ?is sub/ance z an answ] to ^? :o are 9 ! habit ( say+ to e new fact1 ',:at is its use8' ,dr4 ,frankl9 says to su*1 ',:at is ! use ( an infant8' ,! answ] ( ! exp]im5tali/ is1 ',endeav\r to make x useful4' ,:5 ,s*eele discov]$ ?is sub/ance1 x appe>$ to h no use2 x 0 9 its infancy & useless /ate1 b hav+ gr[n up to maturity1 witness its p[]s1 & see :at endeav\rs to make x useful h done4 ,,pr(essor ,,joseph ,,h5ry',s ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph ,9 #ahee ! ,reg5ts ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 at ! in/ance ( _! secret>y1 ,pr(essor ,joseph ,h5ry1 took evid5ce ) respect to 8 claims z inv5tor ( ! electric telegraph4 ,! ess5tial p>agraphs ( ,pr(essor ,h5ry's /atem5t are tak5 f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 #aheg4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( ! electric telegraph2 fir/1 t 9 :i* frictional electricity has be5 propos$ to produce sp>ks & motion ( pi? balls at a di/ance4 ,second1 t 9 :i* galvanism has be5 employ$ to produce signals by means ( bubbles ( gas f ! decomposition ( wat]4 ,?ird1 t 9 :i* electro-magnetism is ! motive p[] to produce motion at a di/ance2 & aga91 ( ! latt] !re are two k9ds ( telegraphs1 ^? 9 :i* ! intellig5ce is indicat$ by ! motion ( a magnetic ne$le1 & ^? 9 :i* s\nds & p]man5t signs are made by ! attraction ( an electro-magnet4 ,! latt] is ! class to :i* ,mr4 ,morse's inv5tion belongs4 ,! foll[+ is a brief exposition ( ! sev]al /eps :i* l$ to ?is =m ( ! telegraph4 ,! fir/ ess5tial fact :i* r5d]$ ! electro-magnetic telegraph possible 0 discov]$ by ,o]/$1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahai-'bj4 ,x is illu/rat$ by figure #a1 9 :i* ! magnetic ne$le is deflect$ by ! action ( a curr5t ( galvanism transmitt$ ?r\gh ! wire ,a ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,! second fact ( importance1 discov]$ 9 #ahbj1 by ,arago & ,davy1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,x consi/s 9 ?is1 t :ile a curr5t ( galvanism is pass+ ?r\gh a copp] wire ,a ,b1 x is magnetic1 x attracts iron fil+s & n ^? ( copp] or brass1 & is capable ( develop+ magnetism 9 s(t iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,! next important discov]y1 also made 9 #ahbj1 by ,amp]e1 0 t two wires ?r\gh :i* galvanic curr5ts are pass+ 9 ! same direction attract1 & 9 ! opposite direction1 repel1 ea* o!r4 ,on ?is fact ,amp]e f\nd$ 8 celebrat$ !ory1 t magnetism consi/s m]ely 9 ! attraction ( electrical curr5ts revolv+ at "r angles to ! l9e jo9+ ! two poles ( ! magnet4 ,! magnetization ( a b> ( /eel or iron1 accord+ to ?is !ory consi/s 9 e/abli%+ )9 ! metal by induction a s]ies ( electrical curr5ts1 all revolv+ 9 ! same direction at "r angles to ! axis or l5g? ( ! b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,x 0 ?is !ory :i* l$ ,arago1 z he /ates1 to adopt ! me?od ( magnetiz+ sew+ ne$les & pieces ( /eel wire1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 transmitt+ a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh a helix surr\nd+ ! ne$le or wire to be magnetis$4 ,= ! purpose ( insulation ! ne$le 0 enclos$ 9 a glass tube1 & ! sev]al turns ( ! helix 7 at a di/ance f ea* o!r to insure ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! wire1 or1 9 o!r words1 to prev5t x f seek+ a %ort] passage by cutt+ across f "o spire to ano!r4 ,! helix employ$ by ,arago obvi\sly approximates ! arrangem5t requir$ by ! !ory ( ,amp]e1 9 ord] to develop by induction ! magnetism ( ! iron4 ,by an att5tive p]usal ( ! orig9al acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,arago1 x w be se5 t1 prop]ly speak+1 he made no electro-magnet1 z has be5 ass]t$ by ,morse & o!rs2 8 exp]im5ts 7 conf9$ to ! magnetism ( iron fil+s1 to sew+ ne$les & pieces ( /eel wire ( ! diamet] ( a millimetre1 or ( ab\t ! ?ickness ( a small knitt+ ne$le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,mr4 ,/urgeon1 9 #ahbe1 made an important /ep 9 advance ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,arago1 & produc$ :at is prop]ly kn[n z ! electro-magnet4 ,he b5t a piece ( iron wire into ! =m ( a horse%oe1 cov]$ x ) v>ni% to insulate x1 & surr\nd$ x ) a helix1 ( :i* ! spires 7 at a di/ance4 ,:5 a curr5t ( galvanism 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! helix f a small batt]y ( a s+le cup ! iron wire became magnetic1 & cont9u$ s dur+ ! passage ( ! curr5t4 ,:5 ! curr5t 0 int]rupt$ ! magnetism disappe>$1 & ?us 0 produc$ ! fir/ tempor>y s(t iron magnet4 ,! electro-magnet ( ,/urgeon is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,by comp>+ ,figs4 #c & #d x w be se5 t ! helix employ$ by ,/urgeon 0 ( ! same k9d z t us$ by ,arago2 in/ead h[ev]1 ( a /raight /eel wire inclos$ 9 a tube ( glass1 ! =m] employ$ a b5t wire ( s(t iron4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5t at fir/ sight might appe> to be small1 b ! diff]5ce 9 ! results produc$ 0 important1 s9ce ! tempor>y magnetism develop$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ,/urgeon 0 suffici5t to support a weight ( sev]al p\nds1 & an in/rum5t 0 ?us produc$ ( value 9 future rese>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,! next improvem5t 0 made by myself4 ,aft] read+ an acc\nt ( ! galvanomet] ( ,s*weigg]1 ! idea occurr$ to me t a mu* ne>] approximation to ! requirem5ts ( ! !ory ( ,amp]e c\ld be atta9$ by insulat+ ! conduct+ wire itself1 in/ead ( ! rod to be magnetiz$1 & by cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! iron ) a s]ies ( coils 9 close contact4 ,?is 0 effect$ by insulat+ a long wire ) silk ?read1 & w9d+ ?is ar\nd ! rod ( iron 9 close coils f "o end to ! o!r4 ,! same pr9ciple 0 ext5d$ by employ+ a /ill long] insulat$ wire1 & w9d+ sev]al /rata ( ?is ov] ! fir/1 c>e be+ tak5 to insure ! insulation betwe5 ea* /ratum by a cov]+ ( silk ribbon4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! rod 0 surr\nd$ by a comp\nd helix =m$ ( a long wire ( _m coils1 in/ead ( a s+le helix ( a few coils1 7,fig4 #e74 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ,arago & ,/urgeon ! sev]al turns ( wire 7 n precisely at "r angles to ! axis ( ! rod1 z !y %\ld be1 to produce ! effect requir$ by ! !ory1 b slightly oblique1 & !re=e ea* t5d$ to develop a sep>ate magnetism n co9cid5t ) ! axis ( ! b>4 ,b 9 w9d+ ! wire ov] itself1 ! obliquity ( ! sev]al turns comp5sat$ ea* o!r1 & ! resultant action 0 at "r angles to ! b>4 ,! arrangem5t !n introduc$ by myself 0 sup]ior to ^? ( ,arago & ,/urgeon1 fir/ 9 ! great] multiplicity ( turns ( wire1 & second 9 ! bett] application ( ^! turns to ! developm5t ( magnetism4 ,! p[] ( ! in/rum5t ) ! same am\nt ( galvanic =ce1 0 by ?is arrangem5t sev]al times increas$4 ,! maximum effect1 h[ev]1 ) ?is arrangem5t & a s+le batt]y 0 n yet obta9$4 ,aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( wire _h be5 coil$ ^u ! iron1 ! p[] dim9i%$ ) a fur!r increase ( ! numb] ( turns4 ,?is 0 due to ! increas$ resi/ance :i* ! long] wire (f]$ to ! conduction ( electricity4 ,two me?ods ( improvem5t !re=e sugge/$ !mselves4 ,! fir/ consi/$1 n 9 increas+ ! l5g? ( ! coil1 b 9 us+ a numb] ( sep>ate coils on ! same piece ( iron4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! resi/ance to ! conduction ( ! electricity 0 dim9i%$ & a great] quantity made to circulate ar\nd ! iron f ! same batt]y4 ,! second me?od ( produc+ a simil> result consi/$ 9 increas+ ! numb] ( elem5ts ( ! batt]y1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! projectile =ce ( ! electricity1 :i* enabl$ x to pass ?r\gh an increas$ numb] ( turns ( wire1 & ?us1 by increas+ ! l5g? ( ! wire1 to develop ! maximum p[] ( ! iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,to te/ ^! pr9ciples on a l>g] scale1 ! exp]im5tal magnet 0 con/ruct$1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,9 ?is a numb] ( comp\nd helices 7 plac$ on ! same b>1 _! ends left project+1 & s numb]$ t !y c\ld be all unit$ into "o long helix1 or v>i\sly comb9$ 9 sets ( less] l5g?4 ,f a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) ?is & o!r magnets x 0 prov$ t1 9 ord] to produce ! greate/ am\nt ( magnetism f a batt]y ( a s+le cup1 a numb] ( helices is requir$2 b :5 a comp\nd batt]y is us$1 !n "o long wire mu/ be employ$1 mak+ _m turns ar\nd ! iron1 ! l5g? ( wire & consequ5tly ! numb] ( turns be+ comm5surate ) ! projectile p[] ( ! batt]y4 ,9 describ+ ! results ( my exp]im5ts1 ! t]ms int5sity & quantity magnets 7 introduc$ to avoid circumlocution1 & 7 int5d$ to be us$ m]ely 9 a te*nical s5se4 ,by ! int5sity magnet ,i designat$ a piece ( s(t iron1 s surr\nd$ ) wire t its magnetic p[] c\ld be call$ into op]ation by an int5sity batt]y1 & by a quantity magnet1 a piece ( iron s surr\nd$ by a numb] ( sep>ate coils1 t its magnetism c\ld be fully develop$ by a quantity batt]y4 ,i 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ?is connection ( ! two k9ds ( ! batt]y ) ! two =ms ( ! magnet1 9 my pap] 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y1 #ahca1 & cle>ly to /ate t :5 magnetism 0 to be develop$ by means ( a comp\nd batt]y1 "o long coil 0 to be employ$1 & :5 ! maximum effect 0 to be produc$ by a s+le batt]y1 a numb] ( s+le /r&s 7 to be us$4 ,^! /eps 9 ! advance ( electro-magnetism1 ?\gh small1 7 su* z to int]e/ & a/oni% ! sci5tific _w4 ,) ! same batt]y us$ by ,mr4 ,/urgeon1 at lea/ a hundr$ times m magnetism 0 produc$ ?an c\ld h be5 obta9$ by 8 exp]im5t4 ,! developm5ts 7 consid]$ at ! "t ( mu* importance 9 a sci5tific po9t ( view1 & !y subsequ5tly furni%$ ! means by :i* magneto-electricity1 ! ph5om5a ( dia-magnetism1 & ! magnetic effects on pol>iz$ light 7 discov]$4 ,!y gave rise to ! v>i\s =ms ( electro-magnetic ma*9es :i* h s9ce ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( inv5tors 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & 7 ( imm$iate applicability 9 ! introduction ( ! magnet to telegraphic purposes4 ,nei!r ! electro-magnet ( ,/urgeon nor any electro-magnet ev] made previ\s to my inve/igations 0 applicable to transmitt+ p[] to a di/ance4 ,! pr9ciples ,i h develop$ 7 prop]ly appreciat$ by ! sci5tific m9d ( ,dr4 ,gale1 & appli$ by him to op]ate ,mr4 ,morse's ma*9e at a di/ance4 ,previ\s to my inve/igations ! means ( develop+ magnetism 9 s(t iron 7 imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,! electro-magnet made by ,/urgeon1 & copi$ by ,dana1 ( ,new ,york1 0 an imp]fect quantity magnet1 ! feeble p[] ( :i* 0 develop$ by a s+le batt]y4 ,x 0 entirely inapplicable to a long circuit ) an int5sity batt]y1 & no p]son possess+ ! requisite sci5tific k1 w\ld h attempt$ to use x 9 t connection aft] read+ my pap]4 ,9 s5d+ a message to a di/ance1 two circuits are employ$1 ! fir/ a long circuit ?r\gh :i* ! electricity is s5t to ! di/ant /ation to br+ into action ! second1 a %ort "o1 9 :i* is ! local batt]y & magnet = work+ ! ma*9e4 ,9 ord] to give projectile =ce suffici5t to s5d ! p[] to a di/ance1 x is necess>y to use an int5sity batt]y 9 ! long circuit1 & 9 connection ) ?is1 at ! di/ant /ation1 a magnet surr\nd$ ) _m turns ( "o long wire mu/ be employ$ to receive & multiply ! effect ( ! curr5t enfeebl$ by its transmission ?r\gh ! long conductor4 ,9 ! local or %ort circuit ei!r an int5sity or a quantity magnet may be employ$4 ,if ! fir/ be us$1 !n ) x a comp\nd batt]y w be requir$2 &1 !re=e on acc\nt ( ! increas$ resi/ance due to ! great] quantity ( acid1 a less am\nt ( "w w be p]=m$ by a giv5 am\nt ( mat]ial2 &1 consequ5tly1 ?\gh ?is arrangem5t is practicable x is by no means economical4 ,9 my orig9al pap] ,i /ate t ! advantages ( a great] conduct+ p[]1 f us+ sev]al wires 9 ! quantity magnet1 may1 9 a less degree1 be obta9$ by sub/itut+ = !m "o l>ge wire2 b 9 ?is case1 on acc\nt ( ! great] obliquity ( ! spires & o!r causes1 ! magnetic effect w\ld be less4 ,9 accordance ) ^! pr9ciples1 ! receiv+ magnet1 or t :i* is introduc$ into ! long circuit1 consi/s ( a horse%oe magnet surr\nd$ ) _m hundr$ turns ( a s+le long wire1 & is op]at$ ) a batt]y ( f twelve to tw5ty-f\r elem5ts or m1 :ile 9 ! local circuit x is cu/om>y to employ a batt]y ( "o or two elem5ts ) a mu* ?ick] wire & few] turns4 ,x w1 ,i ?9k1 be evid5t to ! imp>tial read] t ^! 7 improvem5ts 9 ! electro-magnet1 :i* fir/ r5d]$ x adequate to ! transmission ( me*anical p[] to a di/ance2 & _h ,i omitt$ all allusion to ! telegraph 9 my pap]1 ! consci5ti\s hi/orian ( sci5ce w\ld h aw>d$ me "s cr$it1 h[ev] small might h be5 ! advance :i* ,i made4 ,arago & ,/urgeon1 9 ! acc\nts ( _! exp]im5ts1 make no m5tion ( ! telegraph1 & yet _! names always h be5 & w be associat$ ) ! inv5tion4 ,i briefly1 h[ev]1 call$ att5tion to ! fact ( ! applicability ( my exp]im5ts to ! con/ruction ( ! telegraph2 b n be+ famili> ) ! hi/ory ( ! attempts made 9 reg>d to ?is inv5tion1 ,i call$ x ,b>l['s project1 :ile ,i ought to h /at$ t ,mr4 ,b>l['s inve/igation m]ely t5d$ to disprove ! possibility ( a telegraph4 ,i did n ref] exclusively to ! ne$le telegraph :51 9 my pap]1 ,i /at$ t ! magnetic action ( a curr5t f a tr\gh is at lea/ n s5sibly dim9i%$ by pass+ ?r\gh a long wire4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t ! imm$iate exp]im5t f :i* ?is d$uction 0 made 0 by means ( an electro-magnet & n by means ( a ne$le galvanomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,at ! conclusion ( ! s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* ,i describ$ 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 !re 7 two applications ( ! electro-magnet 9 my m9d3 "o ! production ( a ma*9e to be mov$ by electro-magnetism1 & ! o!r ! transmission ( or call+ into action p[] at a di/ance4 ,! fir/ 0 c>ri$ into execution 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e describ$ 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 vol4 xx1 #ahca1 & = ! purpose ( exp]im5t+ 9 reg>d to ! second1 ,i arrang$ ar\nd "o ( ! upp] rooms 9 ! ,albany ,academy a wire ( m ?an a mile 9 l5g?1 ?r\gh :i* ,i 0 enabl$ to make signals by s\nd+ a bell1 7,fig4 #g47 ,! me*anical arrangem5t = effect+ ?is object 0 simply a /eel b>1 p]man5tly magnetiz$1 ( ab\t t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 support$ on a pivot1 & plac$ ) its nor? end betwe5 ! two arms ( a horse%oe magnet4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 excit$ by ! curr5t1 ! end ( ! b> ?us plac$ 0 attract$ by "o arm ( ! horse%oe1 & repell$ by ! o!r1 & 0 ?us caus$ to move 9 a horizontal plane & its fur!r extremity to /rike a bell suitably adju/$4 ,i also devis$ a me?od ( break+ a circuit1 & !reby caus+ a l>ge weight to fall4 ,x 0 int5d$ to illu/rate ! practicability ( call+ into action a great p[] at a di/ance capable ( produc+ me*anical effects2 b z a description ( ?is 0 n pr9t$1 ,i d n place x 9 ! same category ) ! exp]im5ts ( :i* ,i publi%$ an acc\nt1 or ! facts :i* c\ld be imm$iately d$uc$ f my pap]s 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal4 ,f a c>eful inve/igation ( ! hi/ory ( electro-magnetism 9 its connection ) ! telegraph1 ! foll[+ facts may be e/abli%$3 #a4 ,previ\s to my inve/igations ! means ( develop+ magnetism 9 s(t iron 7 imp]fectly und]/ood1 & ! electro-magnet :i* !n exi/$ 0 inapplicable to ! transmission ( p[] to a di/ance4 #b4 ,i 0 ! fir/ to prove by actual exp]im5t t1 9 ord] to develop magnetic p[] at a di/ance1 a galvanic batt]y ( int5sity mu/ be employ$ to project ! curr5t ?r\gh ! long conductor1 & t a magnet surr\nd$ by _m turns ( "o long wire mu/ be us$ to receive ?is curr5t4 #c4 ,i 0 ! fir/ actually to magnetize a piece ( iron at a di/ance1 & to call att5tion to ! fact ( ! applicability ( my exp]im5ts to ! telegraph4 #d4 ,i 0 ! fir/ to actually s\nd a bell at a di/ance by means ( ! electro-magnet4 #e4 ,! pr9ciples ,i _h develop$ 7 appli$ by ,dr4 ,gale to r5d] ,morse's ma*9e effective at a di/ance4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,atlantic ,,cables ,,george ,,iles ,f ,flame1 ,electricity & ! ,cam]a1 copyright ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,electric telegraphy on l& has put a va/ di/ance betwe5 itself & ! me*anical signall+ ( ,*appe1 j z ! scope & availability ( ! ,fr5* inv5tion are 9 high contra/ ) ! rude signal fires ( ! primitive savage4 ,z ! fir/ l& telegraphs jo9$ village to village1 & city to city1 ! cross+ ( wat] came 9 z a m9or incid5t2 ! wires 7 readily committ$ to ! bridges :i* spann$ /reams ( mod]ate wid?4 ,:]e a riv] or inlet 0 unbridg$1 or a *annel 0 too wide = ! roadway ( ! eng9e]1 ! "q arose1 ,may we lay an electric wire "u wat]8 ,) an ord9>y l& l9e1 air s]ves z s good a non-conductor & insulator t z a rule *eap iron may be employ$ = ! wire in/ead ( exp5sive copp]4 ,9 ! que/ = non-conductors suitable = imm]sion 9 riv]s1 *annels1 & ! sea1 ob/acles ( a /ubborn k9d 7 confront$4 ,to ov]come !m dem&$ new mat]ials1 m ref9$ in/rum5ts1 & a complete revision ( electrical philosophy4 ,z f> back z #agie1 ,francisco ,salva _h recomm5d$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,b>celona1 ! cov]+ ( subaque\s wires by res91 :i* is bo? imp5etrable by wat] & a non-conductor ( electricity4 ,insulators1 inde$1 ( "o k9d & ano!r1 7 common en\gh1 b ea* ( !m 0 defective 9 "s quality indisp5sable = success4 ,nei!r glass nor porcela9 is flexible1 & !re=e to lay a cont9u\s l9e ( "o or ! o!r 0 out ( ! "q4 ,res9 & pit* 7 ev5 m faulty1 because extremely brittle & friable4 ,:at ( su* fibres z hemp or silk1 if saturat$ ) t> or "s o!r good non-conductor8 ,= v %ort di/ances "u /ill wat] !y s]v$ fairly well1 b any exposure to a rocky bea* ) its *af+ action1 any rub by a pass+ an*or1 0 fatal to !m4 ,:at ! copp] wire ne$$ 0 a cov]+ imp]vi\s to wat]1 un*angeable 9 composition by "t1 t\gh ( texture1 & non-conduct+ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,=tunately all ^! prop]ties are unit$ 9 gutta-p]*a3 !y exi/ 9 no?+ else kn[n to art4 ,gutta-p]*a is ! h>d5$ juice ( a l>ge tree 7,ison&ra gutta7 common 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago2 x is t\gh & /rong1 easily m\ld$ :5 mod]ately heat$4 ,9 comp>ison ) copp] x is b "o #fj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj? z conductive4 ,z )\t gutta-p]*a !re c\ld be no ocean telegraphy1 x is wor? :ile recall+ h[ x came )9 ! purview ( ! electrical eng9e]4 ,9 #ahdc ,jose d',almeida1 a ,portuguese eng9e]1 pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,london1 ! fir/ specim5s ( gutta-p]*a br\ght to ,europe4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,montgom]ie1 a surgeon1 gave o!r specim5s to ! ,society ( ,arts1 ( ,london1 :i* exhibit$ !m2 b x 0 f\r ye>s be=e ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! gum 0 recogniz$4 ,9 #ahdg ,mr4 ,s4 ,t4 ,arm/rong ( ,new ,york1 dur+ a visit to ,london1 inspect$ a p\nd or two ( gutta-p]*a1 & f\nd x to be twice z good a non-conductor z glass4 ,! next ye>1 ?r\gh 8 in/rum5tality1 a cable cov]$ ) ?is new insulator 0 laid betwe5 ,new ,york & ,j]sey ,city2 its success prompt$ ,mr ,arm/rong to sugge/ t a simil>ly protect$ cable be subm]g$ betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,eighte5 ye>s ( untir+ ef=t1 imp$$ by ! errors inevitable to ! pione]1 /ood betwe5 ! proposal & its fulfilm5t4 ,9 #ahdh ! ,messrs4 ,siem5s laid "u wat] 9 ! port ( ,kiel a wire cov]$ ) seamless gutta-p]*a1 su* z1 beg9n+ ) #ahdg1 !y _h employ$ = subt]ranean conductors4 ,?is p>ticul> wire 0 n us$ = telegraphy1 b =m$ "p ( a subm>9e-m9e sy/em4 ,9 #ahdi ,mr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,walk] laid an exp]im5tal l9e 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel2 he prov$ ! possibility ( signall+ = two miles ?r\gh a wire cov]$ ) gutta-p]*a1 & s prep>$ ! way = a v5ture :i* jo9$ ! %ores ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,calais-,dov] cable1 #ahea ,9 #ahej a cable tw5ty-five miles 9 l5g? 0 laid f ,dov] to ,calais1 only to prove wor?less f faulty insulation & ! lack ( arm\r aga9/ dragg+ an*ors & frett+ rocks4 ,9 #ahea ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) success4 ,! conductor n[ 0 n a s+le wire ( copp]1 b f\r wires1 w\nd spirally1 s z to comb9e /r5g? ) flexibility2 ^! 7 cov]$ ) gutta-p]*a & surr\nd$ ) t>r$ hemp4 ,z a means ( imp>t+ additional /r5g?1 t5 iron wires 7 w\nd r\nd ! hemp--a feature :i* has be5 copi$ 9 e subsequ5t cable 7,fig4 #eh74 ,! eng9e]s 7 fa/ le>n+ ! rigor\s conditions ( subm>9e telegraphy2 9 its ess5tials ! ,dov]-,calais l9e cont9ues to be ! type ( deep-sea cables to-day4 ,! success ( ! wire laid across ! ,briti% ,*annel incit$ o!r v5tures ( ! k9d4 ,_m ( !m1 ?r\gh c>eless con/ruction or unskilful lay+1 7 utt] failures4 ,at la/1 9 #ahee1 a subm>9e l9e #aga miles 9 l5g? gave excell5t s]vice1 z x unit$ ,v>na ) ,con/ant9ople2 ?is 0 ! greate/ l5g? ( satisfactory cable until ! subm]g5ce ( an ,atlantic l9e4 ,9 #ahed ,cyrus ,w4 ,field ( ,new ,york op5$ a new *apt] 9 electrical ent]prise z he resolv$ to lay a cable betwe5 ,irel& & ,newf\ndl&1 along ! %orte/ l9e t jo9s ,europe to ,am]ica4 ,he *ose ,val5tia & ,he>t's ,cont5t1 a little m ?an #a1fjj miles ap>t1 z 8 t]m9i1 & at once began to enli/ ! co-op]ation ( 8 fri5ds4 ,al?\gh an unfalt]+ en?usia/ :5 once 8 great idea _h possession ( him1 ,mr4 ,field 0 a man ( /rong common s5se4 ,f fir/ to la/ he w5t ^u well-asc]ta9$ facts2 :5 he fail$ he did s simply because o!r facts1 :i* he c\ld n possibly "k1 _h to be disclos$ by co/ly exp]i5ce4 ,messrs4 ,:iteh\se & ,bright1 electricians to 8 company1 7 in/ruct$ to beg9 a prelim9>y s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,!y unit$ a cont9u\s /ret* ( wires laid b5ea? l& & wat] = a di/ance ( #b1jjj miles1 & f\nd t ?r\gh ?is extraord9>y circuit !y c\ld transmit z _m z f\r signals p] second4 ,!y inf]r$ t an ,atlantic cable w\ld (f] b little m resi/ance1 & w\ld !re=e be electrically workable & comm]cially lucrative4 ,9 #aheg a cable 0 =?) manufactur$1 divid$ 9 halves1 & /[$ 9 ! holds ( ! ,niag>a ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy1 & ! ,agamemnon ( ! ,briti% fleet4 ,! ,niag>a sail$ f ,irel&2 ! si/] %ip proce$$ to ,newf\ndl&1 & 0 to meet h] 9 mid-ocean4 ,:5 ! ,niag>a _h run out #cce miles ( h] cable x snapp$ "u a sudd5 increase ( /ra9 at ! pay+-out ma*9]y2 all attempts at recov]y 7 unavail+1 & ! "w = t ye> 0 ab&on$4 ,! next ye> x 0 resum$1 a lib]al supply ( new cable hav+ be5 manufactur$ to replace ! lo/ section1 & to meet any fre% em]g5cy t might arise4 ,a new plan ( voyages 0 adopt$3 ! vessels n[ sail$ toge!r to mid-sea1 unit+ !re bo? portions ( ! cable2 !n "o %ip /eam$ (f to ,irel&1 ! o!r to ! ,newf\ndl& coa/4 ,bo? rea*$ _! de/9ations on ! same day1 ,augu/ #e1 #aheh1 &1 feeble & irregul> ?\gh x 01 an electric pulse = ! fir/ "t n[ bore a message f hemisph]e to hemisph]e4 ,aft] #gcb despat*es _h pass$ ?r\gh ! wire x became sil5t =ev]4 ,9 "o ( ^! despat*es f ,london1 ! ,w> ,(fice c\nt]m&$ ! dep>ture ( two regim5ts ab\t to leave ,canada = ,engl&1 :i* sav$ an outlay ( ab\t #bej1jjj4 ,?is widely quot$ fact demon/rat$ ) tell+ effect ! value ( cable telegraphy4 ,n[ foll[$ ye>s ( /ruggle :i* w\ld h dismay$ any less resolute s\l ?an ,mr4 ,field4 ,! ,civil ,w> _h brok5 out1 ) its p]ils to ! ,union1 its al>ms & anxieties = e ,am]ican he>t4 ,b :ile battle%ips & cruis]s 7 patroll+ ! coa/ f ,ma9e to ,florida1 & regim5ts 7 m>*+ ?r\gh ,wa%+ton on _! way to battle1 !re 0 no remission ( ef=t on ! "p ( ! great projector4 ,inde$1 9 ! misund]/&+s :i* grew out ( ! w>1 & t at "o "t ?reat5$ int]national conflict1 he pla9ly saw h[ a cable w\ld h be5 a peace-mak]4 ,a s+le ^w ( explanation ?r\gh its wire1 & angry feel+s on bo? sides ( ! ocean w\ld h be5 allay$ at ! "t ( ! ,tr5t affair4 ,9 ?is conviction he 0 confirm$ by ! ,engli% press2 ! ,london ,times said3 ,we ne>ly w5t to w> ) ,am]ica because we _h no telegraph across ! ,atlantic4 ,9 #ahei ! ,briti% gov]nm5t _h appo9t$ a committee ( em95t eng9e]s to inquire into ! feasibility ( an ,atlantic telegraph1 ) a view to asc]ta9+ :at 0 want+ = success1 & ) ! int5tion ( add+ to its orig9al aid 9 case ! ent]prise 7 reviv$4 ,9 ,july1 #ahfc1 ?is committee pres5t$ a report entirely fav\rable 9 its t]ms1 affirm+ t a well-insulat$ cable1 prop]ly protect$1 ( suitable specific gravity1 made ) c>e1 te/$ "u wat] ?r\gh\t its progress ) ! be/-kn[n app>atus1 & paid into ! ocean ) ! mo/ improv$ ma*9]y1 possesses e prospect ( n only be+ successfully laid 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b may reasonably be reli$ ^u to cont9ue = _m ye>s 9 an effici5t /ate = ! transmission ( signals4 ,tak+ 8 /& ^u ?is endorsem5t1 ,mr4 ,field n[ address$ himself to ! task ( rais+ ! l>ge sum ne$$ to make & lay a new cable :i* %\ld be s mu* bett] ?an ! old ones z to rew>d its own]s ) triumph4 ,he f\nd 8 ,engli% fri5ds will+ to v5ture ! capital requir$1 & )\t fur!r delay ! manufacture ( a new cable 0 tak5 9 h&4 ,9 e detail ! recomm5dations ( ! ,sci5tific ,committee 7 c>ri$ out to ! lett]1 s t ! cable ( #ahfe 0 incomp>ably sup]ior to t ( #aheh4 ,fir/1 ! c5tral copp] wire1 :i* 0 ! n]ve along :i* ! lightn+ 0 to run1 0 ne>ly ?ree times l>g] ?an be=e4 ,! old conductor 0 a /r& consi/+ ( sev5 f9e wires1 six laid ar\nd "o1 & weigh$ b #ajg p\nds to ! mile4 ,! new 0 compos$ ( ! same numb] ( wires1 b weigh$ #cjj p\nds to ! mile4 ,x 0 made ( ! f9e/ copp] obta9able4 ,to secure insulation1 ?is conductor 0 fir/ emb$d$ 9 ,*att]ton's comp\nd1 a prep>ation imp]vi\s to wat]1 & !n cov]$ ) f\r lay]s ( gutta-p]*a1 :i* 7 laid on alt]nately ) f\r ?9 lay]s ( ,*att]ton's comp\nd4 ,! old cable _h b ?ree coat+s ( gutta-p]*a1 ) no?+ betwe54 ,its entire insulation weigh$ b #bfa p\nds to ! mile1 :ile t ( ! new weigh$ #djj p\nds4#a ,! ext]ior wires1 t5 9 numb]1 7 ( ,bessem] /eel1 ea* sep>ately w\nd 9 pit*-soak$ hemp y>n1 ! %ore ends specially protect$ by ?irty-six wires girdl+ ! :ole4 ,"h 0 a comb9ation ( ! t5acity ( /eel ) mu* ( ! flexibility ( rope4 ,! insulation ( ! copp] 0 s excell5t z to exce$ by a hundr$fold t ( ! core ( #aheh--:i*1 faulty ?\gh x 01 _h1 nev]!less1 suffic$ = signals4 ,s mu* inconv5i5ce & risk _h be5 enc\nt]$ 9 divid+ ! task ( cable-lay+ betwe5 two %ips t ?is "t x 0 decid$ to *>t] a s+le vessel1 ! ,great ,ea/]n1 :i*1 =tunately1 0 l>ge en\gh to accommodate ! cable 9 an unbrok5 l5g?4 ,foilhomm]um ,bay1 ab\t six miles f ,val5tia1 0 select$ z ! new ,iri% t]m9us by ! company4 ,al?\gh ! mo/ anxi\s c>e 0 ex]cis$ 9 e detail1 yet1 :5 #a1ahf miles _h be5 laid1 ! cable p>t$ 9 #aa1jjj feet ( wat]1 & al?\gh ?rice x 0 grappl$ & br\ght t[>d ! surface1 ?rice x slipp$ (f ! grappl+ hooks & escap$ to ! ocean floor4 ,mr4 ,field 0 oblig$ to return to ,engl& & face z be/ he might ! m5 ^: capital lay at ! bottom ( ! sea--p]*ance z wor?less z s mu* ,atlantic ooze4 ,) h]oic p]si/5ce he argu$ t all difficulties w\ld yield to a r5ew$ attack4 ,!re mu/ be r$\bl$ precautions & vigilance nev] = a mom5t relax$4 ,ev]y?+ t deep-sea telegraphy has s9ce accompli%$ 0 at t mom5t daylight cle> to 8 prophetic view4 ,nev] has !re be5 a m signal example ( ! p[] ( en?usiasm to /ir cold-blood$ m5 ( bus9ess2 nev] has !re be5 a m /rik+ illu/ration ( h[ mu* sci5ce may dep5d = success ^u ! intellig5ce & ! c\rage ( capital4 ,electricians might h gone on p]fect+ exquisite app>atus = ocean telegraphy1 or indicat$ ! weak po9ts 9 ! comp>atively rude ma*9]y :i* made & laid ! cable1 yet _! ex]tions w\ld h be5 wa/$ if m5 ( weal? _h n respond$ to ,mr4 ,field's r5ew$ appeal = help4 ,?rice ^! m5 _h inve/$ l>gely1 & ?rice disa/] _h pursu$ _! v5tures2 nev]!less !y _h fai? surviv+ all mis=tunes = a f\r? attempt4 ,9 #ahff a new company 0 organiz$1 = two objects3 fir/1 to recov] ! cable lo/ ! previ\s ye> & complete x to ! ,am]ican %ore2 second1 to lay ano!r beside x 9 a p>allel c\rse4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n 0 aga9 put 9 commission1 & remodell$ 9 accordance ) ! exp]i5ce ( h] prec$+ voyage4 ,?is "t ! ext]ior wires ( ! cable 7 ( galvaniz$ iron1 ! bett] to resi/ corrosion4 ,! pay+-out ma*9]y 0 recon/ruct$ & greatly improv$4 ,on ,july #ac1 #ahff1 ! huge /eam] began runn+ out h] cable tw5ty-five miles nor? ( ! l9e /ruck out dur+ ! exp$ition ( #ahfe2 %e arriv$ )\t mi%ap 9 ,newf\ndl& on ,july #bg1 & electrical communication 0 re-e/abli%$ betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,! /eam] n[ return$ to ! spot :]e %e _h lo/ ! cable a few mon?s be=e2 aft] eighte5 days' se>* x 0 br\ght to ! deck 9 good ord]4 ,union 0 effect$ ) ! cable /[$ 9 ! tanks bel[1 & ! pr[ ( ! vessel 0 once m turn$ to ,newf\ndl&4 ,on ,septemb] #h? ?is second cable 0 safely l&$ at ,tr9ity ,bay4 ,mis=tunes n[ 7 at an end2 ! c\rage ( ,mr4 ,field knew victory at la/2 ! highe/ honors ( two cont95ts 7 %[]$ ^u him4 ',tis n ! grapes ( ,canaan t repay1 ,b ! high fai? t fail$ n by ! way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,comm]cial cable1 #ahid ,:at at fir/ 0 z mu* a d>+ adv5ture z a bus9ess ent]prise has n[ tak5 its place z a task no m out ( ! common ?an build+ a /eam%ip1 or re>+ a cantilev] bridge4 ,giv5 its price1 :i* w include too mod]ate a pr(it to betray any expectation ( failure1 & a responsible firm w contract to lay a cable across ! ,pacific itself4 ,9 ! ,atlantic l9es ! uni=mly l[ temp]ature ( ! ocean floor 7ab\t #d deg4 ,c471 & ! great pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t sea1 co-op]ate 9 effect+ an enorm\s enhancem5t bo? 9 ! insulation & 9 ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! wire4 ,z an example ( rec5t "w 9 ocean telegraphy let u glance at ! cable laid 9 #ahid1 by ! ,comm]cial ,cable ,company ( ,new ,york4 ,x unites ,cape ,canso1 on ! nor!a/]n coa/ ( ,nova ,scotia1 to ,wat]ville1 on ! s\?we/]n coa/ ( ,irel&4 ,! c5tral portion ( ?is cable mu* resembles t ( its pr$ecessor 9 #ahff4 ,its ext]ior arm\r ( /eel wires is mu* m elaborate4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,fig4 #ei %[s ! details ( manufacture3 ! c5tral copp] core is cov]$ ) gutta-p]*a1 !n ) jute1 ^u :i* ! /eel wires are spirally w\nd1 foll[$ by a /rong out] cov]+4 ,= ! greate/ dep?s at sea1 type ,a is employ$ = a total l5g? ( #a1dbj miles2 ! diamet] ( ?is "p ( ! cable is sev5-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,z ! wat] less5s 9 dep? ! %ea?+ increases 9 size until ! diamet] ( ! cable becomes "o & "o-sixte5? in*es = #aeb miles1 z type ,b4 ,! cable n[ und]goes a ?ird enl>gem5t1 & !n its f\r? & la/ proportions are pres5t$ z x t\*es ! %ore1 = a di/ance ( "o & ?ree-qu>t] miles1 :]e type ,c has a diamet] ( two & "o-half in*es4 ,! weights ( mat]ial us$ 9 ?is cable are3 copp] wire1 #die tons2 gutta-p]*a1 #cae tons2 jute y>n1 #ege tons2 /eel wire1 #c1jjj tons2 comp\nd & t>1 #a1jge tons2 total1 #e1dfj tons4 ,! telegraph-%ip ,f>aday1 specially design$ = cable-lay+1 accompli%$ ! "w )\t mi%ap4 ,electrical sci5ce owes mu* to ! ,atlantic cables1 9 p>ticul> to ! fir/ ( !m4 ,at ! v beg9n+ x bani%$ ! idea t electricity z x passes ?r\gh metallic conductors has any?+ l its velocity ?r\gh free space4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 z ,pr(essor ,m5d5hall says1 t x is no m correct to assign a def9ite velocity to electricity ?an to a riv]4 ,z ! rate ( fl[ ( a riv] is det]m9$ by ! "* ( its b$1 its gradi5t1 & o!r circum/ances1 s ! velocity ( an electric curr5t is f\nd to dep5d on ! conditions "u :i* ! fl[ takes place4#b ,mile = mile ! orig9al ,atlantic cable _h tw5ty times ! ret>d+ effect ( a good a]ial l9e2 ! be/ rec5t cables r$uce ?is figure by ne>ly "o-half4 ,9 an extreme =m1 ?is sl[+ d[n rem9ds u ( ! ob/ruction ( light z x ent]s ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?1 ( ! fur!r imp$im5t :i* ! rays enc\nt] if !y pass f ! air into ! sea4 ,9 ! ma9 ! causes :i* h9d] a pulse committ$ to a cable are two3 induction1 & ! electro/atic capacity ( ! wire1 t is1 ! capacity ( ! wire to take up a *>ge ( its own1 j z if x 7 ! metal ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,let u fir/ consid] induction4 ,z a curr5t takes its way ?r\gh ! copp] core x induces 9 its surr\nd+s a second & oppos+ curr5t4 ,= ?is ! rem$y is "o too co/ly to be appli$4 ,7 a cable manufactur$ 9 a d\ble l9e1 z 9 ! be/ telephonic circuits1 induction1 ) its ret>d+ & qu5*+ effects1 w\ld be neutraliz$4 ,"h ! /eel wire arm\r :i* encircles ! cable plays an unwelcome "p4 ,induction is always proportion$ to ! conductivity ( ! mass 9 :i* x appe>s2 z /eel is an excell5t conductor1 ! arm\r ( an ocean cable1 close z x is to ! copp] core1 has induc$ 9 x a curr5t mu* /rong]1 & !re=e m ret>d+1 ?an if ! /eel wire 7 abs5t4 ,a ^w n[ z to ! second difficulty 9 work+ b5ea? ! sea--t due to ! absorb+ p[] ( ! l9e itself4 ,an ,atlantic cable1 l any o!r ext5d$ conductor1 is virtually a long1 cyl9drical ,leyd5 j>1 ! copp] wire =m+ ! inn] coat1 & its surr\nd+s ! out] coat4 ,be=e a signal c be receiv$ at ! di/ant t]m9us ! wire mu/ fir/ be *>g$4 ,! effect is some:at l transmitt+ a signal ?r\gh wat] :i* fills a rubb] tube2 fir/ ( all ! tube is di/5d$1 & its compression1 or second>y effect1 really transmits ! impulse4 ,a rem$y = ?is is a cond5s] =m$ ( alt]nate %eets ( t9-foil & mica1 ,c1 connect$ ) ! batt]y1 ,b1 s z to balance ! electric *>ge ( ! cable wire 7,fig4 #fj74 ,9 ! fir/ ,atlantic l9e an impulse dem&$ "o-sev5? ( a second = its j\rney4 ,?is 0 r$uc$ :5 ,mr4 ,:iteh\se made ! capital discov]y t ! spe$ ( a signal is increas$ ?reefold :5 ! wire is alt]nately connect$ ) ! z9c & copp] poles ( ! batt]y4 ,sir ,william ,?omson asc]ta9$ t ^! successive pulses are mo/ effective :5 ( proportion$ l5g?s4 ,he accord+ly devis$ an automatic transmitt] :i* draws a duly p]=at$ slip ( pap] "u a metallic spr+ connect$ ) ! cable4 ,to-day #bej to #cjj lett]s are s5t p] m9ute in/ead ( fifte51 z at fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,cond5s] ,9 _m ways a deep-sea cable exagg]ates 9 an in/ructive mann] ! ph5om5a ( telegraphy ov] long a]ial l9es4 ,! two ends ( a cable may be 9 regions ( widely div]se electrical pot5tial1 or pressure1 j z ! read+s ( ! b>omet] at ^! two places may diff] mu*4 ,if a copp] wire 7 all[$ to (f] itself z a gateless conductor x w\ld equalize ^! v>iations ( pot5tial ) s]i\s injury to itself4 ,accord+ly ! rule is adopt$ ( work+ ! cable n directly1 z if x 7 a l& l9e1 b indirectly ?r\gh cond5s]s4 ,z ! ?rob s5t ?r\gh su* app>atus is b mom5t>y1 ! cable is 9 no risk f ! /rong curr5ts :i* w\ld c\rse ?r\gh x if x 7 p]mitt$ to be an op5 *annel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,reflect+ galvanomet] ,l1 lamp2 ,n1 mov+ spot ( light reflect$ f mirror ,a s]i\s error 9 work+ ! fir/ cables 0 9 suppos+ t !y requir$ /rong curr5ts z 9 l& l9es ( consid]able l5g?4 ,! v rev]se is ! fact4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,bright1 9 ,subm>9e ,telegraphs1 says3 ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k _h ! conductor ( ! #ahfe & #ahff l9es jo9$ toge!r at ! ,newf\ndl& end1 ?us =m+ an unbrok5 l5g? ( #c1gjj miles 9 circuit4 ,he !n plac$ "s sulphuric acid 9 a v small silv] ?imble1 ) a fragm5t ( z9c weigh+ a gra9 or two4 ,by ?is primitive ag5cy he succe$$ 9 convey+ signals ?r\gh twice ! bread? ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean 9 little m ?an a second ( "t aft] mak+ contact4 ,! deflections 7 n ( a dubi\s "*1 b full & /rong1 f :i* x 0 manife/ ?an an ev5 small] batt]y w\ld suffice to produce some:at simil> effects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,siphon record] ,at fir/ 9 op]at+ ! ,atlantic cable a mirror galvanomet] 0 employ$ z a receiv]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is receiv] has (t5 be5 illu/rat$ by a mis*iev\s boy z1 ) a slight & almo/ imp]ceptible motion ( 8 h&1 he has us$ a bit ( look+-glass to d>t a ray ( reflect$ sunlight across a wide /reet or a l>ge room4 ,on ! same plan1 ! extremely m9ute motion ( a galvanomet]1 z x receives ! successive pulsations ( a message1 is magnifi$ by a weightless lev] ( light s t ! words are easily read by an op]ator 7,fig4 #fa74 ,?is beautiful inv5tion comes f ! h&s ( ,sir ,william ,?omson n[ ,"l ,kelv91 :o1 m ?an any o!r electrician1 has made ocean telegraphy an e/abli%$ success4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,siphon record4 ,arriv$ ye/]day ,9 ano!r receiv]1 also ( 8 design1 ! siphon record]1 he began by tak+ advantage ( ! fact1 obs]v$ long be=e by ,bose1 t a *>ge ( electricity /imulates ! fl[ ( a liquid4 ,9 its orig9al =m ! ink-well into :i* ! siphon dipp$ 0 insulat$ & *>g$ to a high voltage by an influ5ce-ma*9e2 ! ink1 p[]fully repell$1 0 spurt$ f ! siphon po9t to a mov+ /rip ( pap] b5ea? 7,fig4 #fb74 ,x 0 aft]w>d f\nd bett] to use a delicate me*anical %ak] :i* ?r[s out ! ink 9 m9ute drops z ! cable curr5t g5tly sways ! siphon back & =? 7,fig4 #fc74 ,m9ute z ! curr5t is :i* suffices = cable telegraphy1 x is ess5tial t ! metallic circuit be n only unbrok51 b unimpair$ ?r\gh\t4 ,no "p ( 8 duty has m sev]ely tax$ ! res\rces ( ! electrician ?an to discov] ! breaks & leaks 9 8 ocean cables4 ,"o ( 8 me?ods is to p\r electricity z x 71 into a brok5 wire1 mu* z if x 7 a n>r[ tube1 & e/imate ! l5g? ( ! wire 7& consequ5tly ! di/ance f %ore to ! defect or break7 by ! quantity ( curr5t requir$ to fill x4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,h5ry ,m4 ,field1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,atlantic ,telegraph4 ,new ,york3 ,scribn]1 #ahff4 #b ,a ,c5tury ( ,electricity4 ,bo/on1 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 #ahhg4 ,,bell',s ,,telephonic ,,rese>*es ,f ,bell's ,electric ,speak+ ,telephones1 by ,george ,b4 ,prescott1 copyright by ,d ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahhd ,9 a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 9 ,london1 ,octob] #ca1 #ahgg1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,g4 ,bell gave a hi/ory ( 8 rese>*es 9 telephony1 toge!r ) ! exp]im5ts t he 0 l$ to und]take 9 8 endeav\rs to produce a practical sy/em ( multiple telegraphy1 & to realize also ! transmission ( articulate spee*4 ,aft] ! usual introduction1 ,pr(essor ,bell said 9 "p3 ,x is to-night my pleasure1 z well z duty1 to give y "s acc\nt ( ! telephonic rese>*es 9 :i* ,i h be5 s long engag$4 ,_m ye>s ago my att5tion 0 direct$ to ! me*anism ( spee* by my fa!r1 ,alex&] ,melville ,bell1 ( ,ed9burgh1 :o has made a life-long /udy ( ! subject4 ,_m ( ^? pres5t may recollect ! inv5tion by my fa!r ( a means ( repres5t+1 9 a wond]fully accurate mann]1 ! positions ( ! vocal organs 9 =m+ s\nds4 ,toge!r we c>ri$ on q a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 seek+ to discov] ! correct me*anism ( ,engli% & =eign elem5ts ( spee*1 & ,i rememb] especially an inve/igation 9 :i* we 7 engag$ conc]n+ ! musical relations ( v[el s\nds4 ,:5 vocal s\nds are :isp]$1 ea* v[el seems to possess a p>ticul> pit* ( its own1 & by :isp]+ c]ta9 v[els 9 succession a musical scale c be di/9ctly p]ceiv$4 ,our aim 0 to det]m9e ! natural pit* ( ea* v[el2 b unexpect$ difficulties made _! appe>ance1 = _m ( ! v[els seem$ to possess a d\ble pit*--"o due1 probably1 to ! resonance ( ! air 9 ! m\?1 & ! o!r to ! resonance ( ! air conta9$ 9 ! cavity beh9d ! tongue1 compreh5d+ ! ph>ynx & l>ynx4 ,i hit ^u an exp$i5t = det]m9+ ! pit*1 :i*1 at t "t1 ,i ?\ght to be orig9al ) myself4 ,x consi/$ 9 vibrat+ a tun+ =k 9 front ( ! m\? :ile ! positions ( ! vocal organs = ! v>i\s v[els 7 sil5tly tak54 ,x 0 f\nd t ea* v[el position caus$ ! re9=cem5t ( "s p>ticul> =k or =ks4 ,i wrote an acc\nt ( ^! rese>*es to ,mr4 ,alex4 ,j4 ,ellis1 ( ,london4 ,9 reply1 he in=m$ me t ! exp]im5ts relat$ _h already be5 p]=m$ by ,helmholtz1 & 9 a mu* m p]fect mann] ?an ,i _h done4 ,inde$1 he said t ,helmholtz _h n only analyz$ ! v[el s\nds into _! con/itu5t musical elem5ts1 b _h actually p]=m$ ! syn!sis ( !m4 ,he _h succe$$ 9 produc+1 artificially1 c]ta9 ( ! v[el s\nds by caus+ tun+ =ks ( diff]5t pit* to vibrate simultane\sly by means ( an electric curr5t4 ,mr4 ,ellis 0 k9d en\gh to grant me an int]view = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! app>atus employ$ by ,helmholtz 9 produc+ ^! extraord9>y effects1 & ,i sp5t ! great] "p ( a delightful day ) him 9 inve/igat+ ! subject4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 too slightly acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( electricity fully to und]/& ! explanations giv52 b ! int]view _h ! effect ( ar\s+ my int]e/ 9 ! subjects ( s\nd & electricity1 & ,i did n re/ until ,i _h obta9$ possession ( a copy ( ,helmholtz's great "w ,! ,!ory ( ,tone1 & _h attempt$1 9 a crude & imp]fect mann]1 x is true1 to reproduce 8 results4 ,:ile reflect+ ^u ! possibilities ( ! production ( s\nd by electrical means1 x /ruck me t ! pr9ciple ( vibrat+ a tun+ =k by ! int]mitt5t attraction ( an electro-magnet might be appli$ to ! electrical production ( music4 ,i imag9$ to myself a s]ies ( tun+ =ks ( diff]5t pit*es1 arrang$ to vibrate automatically 9 ! mann] %[n by ,helmholtz--ea* =k int]rupt+1 at e vibration1 a voltaic curr5t--& ! ?\ght occurr$1 ,:y %\ld n ! depression ( a key l t ( a piano direct ! int]rupt$ curr5t f any "o ( ^! =ks1 ?r\gh a telegraph wire1 to a s]ies ( electro-magnets op]at+ ! /r+s ( a piano or o!r musical in/rum5t1 9 :i* case a p]son might play ! tun+ =k piano 9 "o place & ! music be audible f ! electro-magnetic piano 9 a di/ant city4 ,! m ,i reflect$ ^u ?is arrangem5t ! m feasible did x seem to me2 inde$1 ,i saw no reason :y ! depression ( a numb] ( keys at ! tun+ =k end ( ! circuit %\ld n be foll[$ by ! audible production ( a full *ord f ! piano 9 ! di/ant city1 ea* tun+ =k affect+ at ! receiv+ end t /r+ ( ! piano ) :i* x 0 9 unison4 ,at ?is "t ! int]e/ :i* ,i felt 9 electricity l$ me to /udy ! v>i\s sy/ems ( telegraphy 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,am]ica4 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) ! simplicity ( ! ,morse alphabet1 & ) ! fact t x c\ld be read by s\nd4 ,in/ead ( hav+ ! dots & da%es record$ on pap]1 ! op]ators 7 9 ! habit ( obs]v+ ! duration ( ! click ( ! in/rum5ts1 & 9 ?is way 7 enabl$ to di/+ui% by e> ! v>i\s signals4 ,x /ruck me t 9 a simil> mann] ! duration ( a musical note might be made to repres5t ! dot or da% ( ! telegraph code1 s t a p]son might op]ate "o ( ! keys ( ! tun+ =k piano ref]r$ to above1 & ! duration ( ! s\nd proce$+ f ! correspond+ /r+ ( ! di/ant piano be obs]v$ by an op]ator /ation$ !re4 ,x seem$ to me t 9 ?is way a numb] ( di/9ct telegraph messages might be s5t simultane\sly f ! tun+ =k piano to ! o!r end ( ! circuit by op]ators1 ea* manipulat+ a diff]5t key ( ! in/rum5t4 ,^! messages w\ld be read by op]ators /ation$ at ! di/ant piano1 ea* receiv+ op]ator li/5+ = signals = a c]ta9 def9ite pit*1 & ignor+ all o!rs4 ,9 ?is way c\ld be accompli%$ ! simultane\s transmission ( a numb] ( telegraphic messages along a s+le wire1 ! numb] be+ limit$ only by ! delicacy ( ! li/5]'s e>4 ,! idea ( increas+ ! c>ry+ p[] ( a telegraph wire 9 ?is way took complete possession ( my m9d1 & x 0 ?is practical end t ,i _h 9 view :5 ,i comm5c$ my rese>*es 9 electric telephony4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,9 ! progress ( sci5ce x is univ]sally f\nd t complexity leads to simplicity1 & 9 n>rat+ ! hi/ory ( sci5tific rese>* x is (t5 advisable to beg9 at ! end4 ,9 glanc+ back ov] my own rese>*es1 ,i f9d x necess>y to designate1 by di/9ct names1 a v>iety ( electrical curr5ts by means ( :i* s\nds c be produc$1 & ,i %all direct y\r att5tion to sev]al di/9ct species ( :at may be t]m$ telephonic curr5ts ( electricity4 ,9 ord] t ! peculi>ities ( ^! curr5ts may be cle>ly und]/ood1 ,i %all project ^u ! scre5 a graphical illu/ration ( ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,! graphical me?od ( repres5t+ electrical curr5ts %[n 9 ,fig4 #a is ! be/ means ,i h be5 able to devise ( /udy+1 9 an accurate mann]1 ! effects produc$ by v>i\s =ms ( telephonic app>atus1 & x has l$ me to ! conception ( t peculi> species ( telephonic curr5t1 "h designat$ z undulatory1 :i* has r5d]$ feasible ! artificial production ( articulate spee* by electrical means4 ,a horizontal l9e 7g g'7 is tak5 z ! z]o ( curr5t1 & impulses ( positive electricity are repres5t$ above ! z]o l9e1 & negative impulses bel[ x1 or vice v]sa4 ,! v]tical ?ickness ( any electrical impulse 7b or d71 measur$ f ! z]o l9e1 indicates ! int5sity ( ! electrical curr5t at ! po9t obs]v$2 & ! horizontal ext5sion ( ! electric l9e 7b or d7 indicates ! duration ( ! impulse4 ,n9e v>ieties ( telephonic curr5ts may be di/+ui%$1 b x w only be necess>y to %[ y six ( ^!4 ,! ?ree prim>y v>ieties designat$ z int]mitt5t1 pulsatory & undulatory1 are repres5t$ 9 l9es #a1 #b & #c4 ,sub-v>ieties ( ^! c be di/+ui%$ z direct or rev]s$ curr5ts1 accord+ z ! electrical impulses are all ( "o k9d or are alt]nately positive & negative4 ,direct curr5ts may /ill fur!r be di/+ui%$ z positive or negative1 accord+ z ! impulses are ( "o k9d or ( ! o!r4 ,an int]mitt5t curr5t is *>act]iz$ by ! alt]nate pres5ce & abs5ce ( electricity ^u ! circuit4 ,a pulsatory curr5t results f sudd5 or in/antane\s *anges 9 ! int5sity ( a cont9u\s curr5t2 & ,an undulatory curr5t is a curr5t ( electricity1 ! int5sity ( :i* v>ies 9 a mann] proportional to ! velocity ( ! motion ( a p>ticle ( air dur+ ! production ( a s\nd3 ?us ! curve repres5t+ graphically ! undulatory curr5t = a simple musical note is ! curve expressive ( a simple p5dul\s vibration--t is1 a s9usoidal curve4 ,& "h ,i may rem>k1 t1 al?\gh ! conception ( ! undulatory curr5t ( electricity is entirely orig9al ) myself1 me?ods ( produc+ s\nd by means ( int]mitt5t & pulsatory curr5ts h long be5 kn[n4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 long s9ce discov]$ t an electro-magnet gives =? a decid$ s\nd :5 x is sudd5ly magnetiz$ or demagnetiz$4 ,:5 ! circuit ^u :i* x is plac$ is rapidly made & brok51 a succession ( explosive noises proce$s f ! magnet4 ,^! s\nds produce ^u ! e> ! effect ( a musical note :5 ! curr5t is int]rupt$ a suffici5t numb] ( times p] second4444 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,= sev]al ye>s my att5tion 0 almo/ exclusively direct$ to ! production ( an in/rum5t = mak+ & break+ a voltaic circuit ) extreme rapidity1 to take ! place ( ! transmitt+ tun+ =k us$ 9 ,helmholtz's rese>*es4 ,)\t go+ into details1 ,i %all m]ely say t ! great defects ( ?is plan ( multiple telegraphy 7 f\nd to consi/1 fir/1 9 ! fact t ! receiv+ op]ators 7 requir$ to possess a good musical e> 9 ord] to discrim9ate ! signals2 & secondly1 t ! signals c\ld only pass 9 "o direction along ! l9e 7s t two wires w\ld be necess>y 9 ord] to complete communication 9 bo? directions74 ,! fir/ objection 0 got ov] by employ+ ! device :i* ,i t]m a vibratory circuit break]1 :]eby musical signals c be automatically record$4444 ,i h =m]ly /at$ t ,helmholtz 0 enabl$ to produce v[el s\nds artificially by comb9+ musical tones ( diff]5t pit*es & int5sities4 ,8 app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,tun+ =ks ( diff]5t pit* are plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( electro-magnets 7a#a1 a#b1 c471 & are kept 9 cont9u\s vibration by ! action ( an int]mitt5t curr5t f ! =k b4 ,resonators1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 are arrang$ s z to re9=ce ! s\nds 9 a great] or less degree1 accord+ z ! ext]ior orifices are enl>g$ or contract$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,?us x w be se5 t ^u ,helmholtz's plan ! tun+ =ks !mselves produce tones ( uni=m int5sity1 ! l\dness be+ v>i$ by an ext]nal re9=cem5t2 b x /ruck me t ! same results w\ld be obta9$1 & 9 a mu* m p]fect mann]1 by caus+ ! tun+ =ks !mselves to vibrate ) diff]5t degrees ( amplitude4 ,i !re=e devis$ ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 :i* 0 my fir/ =m ( articulat+ telephone4 ,9 ?is figure a h>p ( /eel rods is employ$1 atta*$ to ! poles ( a p]man5t magnet1 ,n4 ,s4 ,:5 any "o ( ! rods is ?r[n into vibration an undulatory curr5t is produc$ 9 ! coils ( ! electro-magnet ,e1 & ! electro-magnet ,e' attracts ! rods ( ! h>p ,h' ) a v>y+ =ce1 ?r[+ into vibration t rod :i* is 9 unison ) t vibrat+ at ! o!r end ( ! circuit4 ,n only s1 b ! amplitude ( vibration 9 ! "o w det]m9e ! amplitude ( vibration 9 ! o!r1 = ! int5sity ( ! induc$ curr5t is det]m9$ by ! amplitude ( ! induc+ vibration1 & ! amplitude ( ! vibration at ! receiv+ end dep5ds ^u ! int5sity ( ! attractive impulses4 ,:5 we s+ into a piano1 c]ta9 ( ! /r+s ( ! in/rum5t are set 9 vibration sympa!tically by ! action ( ! voice ) diff]5t degrees ( amplitude1 & a s\nd1 :i* is an approximation to ! v[el utt]$1 is produc$ f ! piano4 ,!ory %[s t1 _h ! piano a v mu* l>g] numb] ( /r+s to ! octave1 ! v[el s\nds w\ld be p]fectly reproduc$4 ,my idea ( ! action ( ! app>atus1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 0 ?is3 ,utt] a s\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! h>p ,h1 & c]ta9 ( ! rods w\ld be ?r[n into vibration ) diff]5t amplitudes4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! circuit ! correspond+ rods ( ! h>p ,h w\ld vibrate ) _! prop] relations ( =ce1 & ! timbre *>act]i/ic quality ( ! s\nd w\ld be reproduc$4 ,! exp5se ( con/ruct+ su* an app>atus z t %[n 9 figure #c det]r$ me f mak+ ! attempt1 & ,i s\ght to simplify ! app>atus be=e v5tur+ to h x made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,i h be=e allud$ to ! inv5tion by my fa!r ( a sy/em ( physiological symbols = repres5t+ ! action ( ! vocal organs1 & ,i _h be5 invit$ by ! ,bo/on ,bo>d ( ,education to conduct a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) ! sy/em 9 ! ,bo/on s*ool = ! deaf & dumb4 ,x is well kn[n t deaf mutes are dumb m]ely because !y are deaf1 & t !re is no defect 9 _! vocal organs to incapacitate !m f utt]ance4 ,h5ce x 0 ?\ght t my fa!r's sy/em ( pictorial symbols1 popul>ly kn[n z visible spee*1 might prove a means :]eby we c\ld tea* ! deaf & dumb to use _! vocal organs & to speak4 ,! great success ( ^! exp]im5ts urg$ ^u me ! advisability ( devis+ me?od ( exhibit+ ! vibrations ( s\nd optically1 = use 9 tea*+ ! deaf & dumb4 ,= "s "t ,i c>ri$ on exp]im5ts ) ! manometric capsule ( ,koe5ig & ) ! phonautograph ( ,leon ,scott4 ,! sci5tific app>atus 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 9 ,bo/on 0 freely plac$ at my disposal = ^! exp]im5ts1 & x happ5$ t at t "t a /ud5t ( ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,mr4 ,maurey1 _h inv5t$ an improvem5t ^u ! phonautograph4 ,he _h succe$$ 9 vibrat+ by ! voice a /ylus ( wood ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 :i* 0 atta*$ to ! membrane ( ! phonautograph1 & 9 ?is way he _h be5 enabl$ to obta9 enl>g$ trac+s ^u a plane surface ( smok$ glass4 ,) ?is app>atus ,i succe$$ 9 produc+ v beautiful trac+s ( ! vibrations ( ! air = v[el s\nds4 ,"s ( ^! trac+s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) ?is improv$ =m ( app>atus1 & x occurr$ to me t !re 0 a rem>kable lik5ess betwe5 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is piece ( wood 0 vibrat$ by ! membrane ( ! phonautograph & ! mann] 9 :i* ! ossiculo small bones ( ! human e> 7 mov$ by ! tympanic membrane4 ,i det]m9$ !re=e1 to con/ruct a phonautograph modell$ /ill m closely ^u ! me*anism ( ! human e>1 & = ?is purpose ,i s\ght ! assi/ance ( a di/+ui%$ auri/ 9 ,bo/on1 ,dr4 ,cl>5ce ,j4 ,blake4 ,he sugge/$ ! use ( ! human e> itself z a phonautograph1 in/ead ( mak+ an artificial imitation ( x4 ,! idea 0 novel & /ruck me accord+ly1 & ,i reque/$ my fri5d to prep>e a specim5 = me1 :i* he did4 ,! app>atus1 z f9ally con/ruct$1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! /apes inmo/ ( ! ?ree auditory ossicles 0 remov$ & a po9t$ piece ( hay ab\t an in* 9 l5g? 0 atta*$ to ! end ( ! incus ! middle ( ! ?ree auditory ossicles4 ,^u moi/5+ ! membrana tympani membrane ( ! e> drum & ! ossiculae ) a mixture ( glyc]9e & wat] ! necess>y mobility ( ! p>ts 0 obta9$1 & ^u s++ into ! ext]nal artificial e> ! piece ( hay 0 ?r[n into vibration1 & trac+s 7 obta9$ ^u a plane surface ( smok$ glass pass$ rapidly und]nea?4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts ,i 0 /ruck ) ! rem>kable disproportion 9 weight betwe5 ! membrane & ! bones t 7 vibrat$ by x4 ,x occurr$ to me t if a membrane z ?9 z tissue pap] c\ld control ! vibration ( bones t 71 comp>$ to x1 ( imm5se size & weight1 :y %\ld n a l>g] & ?ick] membrane be able to vibrate a piece ( iron 9 front ( an electro-magnet1 9 :i* case ! complication ( /eel rods %[n 9 my fir/ =m ( telephone1 ,fig4 #c1 c\ld be done away )1 & a simple piece ( iron atta*$ to a membrane be plac$ at ei!r end ( ! telegraphic circuit4 ,figure #f %[s ! =m ( app>atus t ,i 0 !n employ+ = produc+ undulatory curr5ts ( electricity = ! purpose ( multiple telegraphy4 ,a /eel re$1 ,a1 0 clamp$ firmly by "o extremity to ! uncov]$ leg h ( an electro-magnet ,e1 & ! free end ( ! re$ project$ above ! cov]$ leg4 ,:5 ! re$ ,a 0 vibrat$ 9 any me*anical way ! batt]y curr5t 0 ?r[n into waves1 & electrical undulations trav]s$ ! circuit ,b ,e ,w ,e'1 ?r[+ into vibration ! correspond+ re$ ,a' at ! o!r end ( ! circuit4 ,i imm$iately proce$$ to put my new idea to ! te/ ( practical exp]im5t1 & = ?is purpose ,i atta*$ ! re$ ,a 7,fig4 #g7 loosely by "o extremity to ! uncov]$ pole h ( ! magnet1 & fa/5$ ! o!r extremity to ! c5tre ( a /ret*$ membrane ( goldbeat]s' sk9 n4 ,i presum$ t ^u speak+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! membrane n x w\ld be ?r[n into vibration & cause ! /eel re$ ,a to move 9 a simil> mann]1 occasion+ undulations 9 ! electrical curr5t t w\ld correspond to ! *anges 9 ! d5sity ( ! air dur+ ! production ( ! s\nd2 & ,i fur!r ?\ght t ! *ange ( ! d5sity ( ! curr5t at ! receiv+ end w\ld cause ! magnet !re to attract ! re$ ,a' 9 su* a mann] t x %\ld copy ! motion ( ! re$ ,a1 9 :i* case its movem5ts w\ld occasion a s\nd f ! membrane n' simil> 9 timbre to t :i* _h occasion$ ! orig9al vibration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,! results1 h[ev]1 7 unsatisfactory & disc\rag+4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,a4 ,watson1 :o assi/$ me 9 ?is fir/ exp]im5t1 decl>$ t he he>d a fa9t s\nd proce$ f ! telephone at 8 end ( ! circuit1 b ,i 0 unable to v]ify 8 ass]tion4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts1 att5d$ by ! same only p>tially successful results1 ,i det]m9$ to r$uce ! size & weight ( ! spr+ z mu* z possible4 ,= ?is purpose ,i glu$ a piece ( clock spr+ ab\t ! size & %ape ( my ?umb nail1 firmly to ! c5tre ( ! diaphragm1 & _h a simil> in/rum5t at ! o!r end 7,fig4 #h72 we 7 !n enabl$ to obta9 di/9ctly audible effects4 ,i rememb] an exp]im5t made ) ?is telephone1 :i* at ! "t gave me great satisfaction & delight4 ,"o ( ! telephones 0 plac$ 9 my lecture room 9 ! ,bo/on ,univ]sity1 & ! o!r 9 ! basem5t ( ! adjo9+ build+4 ,"o ( my /ud5ts repair$ to ! di/ant telephone to obs]ve ! effects ( articulate spee*1 :ile ,i utt]$ ! s5t5ce1 ,d y und]/& :at ,i say8 into ! telephone plac$ 9 ! lecture hall4 ,to my delight an answ] 0 return$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5t itself1 articulate s\nds proce$$ f ! /eel spr+ atta*$ to ! membrane1 & ,i he>d ! s5t5ce1 ,yes1 ,i und]/& y p]fectly4 ,x is a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ! articulation 0 by any means p]fect1 & expectancy no d\bt _h a great deal to d ) my recognition ( ! s5t5ce2 /ill1 ! articulation 0 !re1 & ,i recogniz$ ! fact t ! indi/9ctness 0 entirely due to ! imp]fection ( ! in/rum5t4 ,i w n tr\ble y by detail+ ! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* ! app>atus pass$1 b %all m]ely say t aft] a "t ,i produc$ ! =m ( in/rum5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 :i* s]v$ v well z a receiv+ telephone4 ,9 ?is condition my inv5tion 01 9 #ahgf1 exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 ,philadelphia4 ,! telephone %[n 9 ,fig4 #h 0 us$ z a transmitt+ in/rum5t1 & t 9 ,fig4 #i z a receiv]1 s t vocal communication 0 only e/abli%$ 9 "o direction4444 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,! articulation produc$ f ! in/rum5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #i 0 rem>kably di/9ct1 b its great defect consi/$ 9 ! fact t x c\ld n be us$ z a transmitt+ in/rum5t1 & ?us two telephones 7 requir$ at ea* /ation1 "o = transmitt+ & "o = receiv+ spok5 messages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,x 0 det]m9$ to v>y ! con/ruction ( ! telephone %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 & ,i s\ght1 by *ang+ ! size & t5sion ( ! membrane1 ! diamet] & ?ickness ( ! /eel spr+1 ! size & p[] ( ! magnet1 & ! coils ( insulat$ wire ar\nd _! poles1 to discov] empirically ! exact effect ( ea* elem5t ( ! comb9ation1 & ?us to d$uce a m p]fect =m ( app>atus4 ,x 0 f\nd t a m>k$ increase 9 ! l\dness ( ! s\nds result$ f %ort5+ ! l5g? ( ! coils ( wire1 & by enl>g+ ! iron diaphragm :i* 0 glu$ to ! membrane4 ,9 ! latt] case1 also1 ! di/9ctness ( ! articulation 0 improv$4 ,f9ally1 ! membrane ( goldbeat]s' sk9 0 disc>d$ entirely1 & a simple iron plate 0 us$ in/ead1 & at once intelligible articulation 0 obta9$4 ,! new =m ( in/rum5t is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 &1 z _h be5 long anticipat$1 x 0 prov$ t ! only use ( ! batt]y 0 to magnetize ! iron core1 = ! effects 7 equally audible :5 ! batt]y 0 omitt$ & a rod ( magnetiz$ /eel sub/itut$ = ! iron core ( ! magnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,x 0 my orig9al int5tion1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 & x 0 always claim$ by me1 t ! f9al =m ( telephone w\ld be op]at$ by p]man5t magnets 9 place ( batt]ies1 & num]\s exp]im5ts _h be5 c>ri$ on by ,mr4 ,watson & myself privately = ! purpose ( produc+ ?is effect4 ,at ! "t ! in/rum5ts 7 fir/ exhibit$ 9 public ! results obta9$ ) p]man5t magnets 7 n ne>ly s /rik+ z :5 a voltaic batt]y 0 employ$1 :]e=e we ?\ght x be/ to exhibit only ! latt] =m ( in/rum5t4 ,! int]e/ excit$ by ! fir/ publi%$ acc\nts ( ! op]ation ( ! telephone l$ _m p]sons to inve/igate ! subject1 & ,i d\bt n t numb]s ( exp]im5t]s h indep5d5tly discov]$ t p]man5t magnets might be employ$ in/ead ( voltaic batt]ies4 ,inde$1 "o g5tleman1 ,pr(essor ,dolbe>1 ( ,tufts ,college1 n only claims to h discov]$ ! magneto-electric telephone1 b1 ,i und]/&1 *>ges me ) hav+ obta9$ ! idea f him ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a mutual fri5d4 ,a /ill m p[]ful =m ( app>atus 0 con/ruct$ by us+ a p[]ful comp\nd horse%oe magnet 9 place ( ! /raight rod :i* _h be5 previ\sly us$ 7see ,fig4 #aa74 ,inde$1 ! s\nds produc$ by means ( ?is in/rum5t 7 ( suffici5t l\dness to be fa9tly audible to a l>ge audi5ce1 & 9 ?is condition ! in/rum5t 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,essex ,in/itute1 9 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #ab? ( ,febru>y1 #ahgg1 on :i* occasion a %ort spee* %\t$ into a simil> telephone 9 ,bo/on sixte5 miles away1 0 he>d by ! audi5ce 9 ,salem4 ,! tones ( ! speak]'s voice 7 di/9ctly audible to an audi5ce ( six hundr$ p1 b ! articulation 0 only di/9ct at a di/ance ( ab\t six feet4 ,on ! same occasion1 also1 a report ( ! lecture 0 transmitt$ by ^w ( m\? f ,salem to ,bo/on1 & publi%$ 9 ! pap]s ! next morn+4 ,f ! =m ( telephone %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj to ! pres5t =m ( ! in/rum5t 7,fig4 #ab7 is b a /ep4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! arrangem5t ( ,fig4 #aj 9 a portable =m1 ! magnet ,f4 ,h4 be+ plac$ inside ! h&le & a m conv5i5t =m ( m\?piece provid$4444 ,x 0 always my belief t a c]ta9 ratio w\ld be f\nd betwe5 ! sev]al p>ts ( a telephone1 & t ! size ( ! in/rum5t 0 immat]ial2 b ,pr(essor ,peirce 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate ! extreme smallness ( ! magnets :i* might be employ$4 ,& "h1 9 ord] to %[ ! p>allel l9es 9 :i* we 7 work+1 ,i may m5tion ! fact t two or ?ree days aft] ,i _h con/ruct$ a telephone ( ! portable =m 7,fig4 #ab71 conta9+ ! magnet inside ! h&le1 ,dr4 ,*ann+ 0 k9d en\gh to s5d me a pair ( telephones ( a simil> patt]n1 :i* _h be5 inv5t$ by exp]im5t]s at ,provid5ce4 ,! conv5i5t =m ( ! m\?piece %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 n[ adopt$ by me1 0 inv5t$ solely by my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,peirce4 ,i mu/ also express my obligations to my fri5d & associate1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,a4 ,watson1 ( ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 :o has = two ye>s pa/ giv5 me 8 p]sonal assi/ance 9 c>ry+ on my rese>*es4 ,9 pursu+ my inve/igations ,i h ev] _h "o end 9 view--! practical improvem5t ( electric telegraphy--b ,i h come across _m facts :i*1 :ile hav+ no direct be>+ ^u ! subject ( telegraphy1 may yet possess an int]e/ = y4 ,= in/ance1 ,i h f\nd t a musical tone proce$s f a piece ( plumbago or retort c>bon :5 an int]mitt5t curr5t ( electricity is pass$ ?r\gh x1 & ,i h obs]v$ ! mo/ curi\s audible effects produc$ by ! passage ( rev]s$ int]mitt5t curr5ts ?r\gh ! human body4 ,a break] 0 plac$ 9 circuit ) ! prim>y wires ( an induction coil1 & ! f9e wires 7 connect$ ) two /rips ( brass4 ,"o ( ^! /rips 0 held closely aga9/ ! e>1 & a l\d s\nd proce$$ f x :5ev] ! o!r slip 0 t\*$ ) ! o!r h&4 ,! /rips ( brass 7 next held "o 9 ea* h&4 ,! induc$ curr5ts occasion$ a muscul> tremor 9 ! f+]s4 ,^u plac+ my =ef+] to my e> a l\d crackl+ noise 0 audible1 seem+ly proce$+ f ! f+] itself4 ,a fri5d :o 0 pres5t plac$ my f+] to 8 e>1 b he>d no?+4 ,i reque/$ him to hold ! /rips himself4 ,he 0 !n di/9ctly consci\s ( a noise 7:i* ,i 0 unable to p]ceive7 proce$+ f 8 f+]4 ,9 ?is case a portion ( ! induc$ curr5t pass$ ?r\gh ! head ( ! obs]v] :5 he plac$ 8 e> aga9/ 8 own f+]1 & x is possible t ! s\nd 0 occasion$ by a vibration ( ! surfaces ( ! e> & f+] 9 contact4 ,:5 two p]sons receive a %ock f a ,ruhmkorff's coil by clasp+ h&s1 ea* tak+ hold ( "o wire ( ! coil ) ! free h&1 a s\nd proce$s f ! clasp$ h&s4 ,! effect is n produc$ :5 ! h&s are moi/4 ,:5 ei!r ( ! two t\*es ! body ( ! o!r a l\d s\nd comes f ! p>ts 9 contact4 ,:5 ! arm ( "o is plac$ aga9/ ! arm ( ! o!r1 ! noise produc$ c be he>d at a di/ance ( sev]al feet4 ,9 all ^! cases a slight %ock is exp]i5c$ s long z ! contact is pres]v$4 ,! introduction ( a piece ( pap] betwe5 ! p>ts 9 contact does n mat]ially int]f]e ) ! production ( ! s\nds1 b ! unpleasant effects ( ! %ock are avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,:5 an int]mitt5t curr5t f a ,ruhmkorff's coil is pass$ ?r\gh ! arms a musical note c be p]ceiv$ :5 ! e> is closely appli$ to ! arm ( ! p]son exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,! s\nd seems to proce$ f ! muscles ( ! =e-arm & f ! biceps muscle4 ,mr4 ,eli%a ,gray has also produc$ audible effects by ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh ! human body4 ,an extremely l\d musical note is occasion$ by ! sp>k ( a ,ruhmkorff's coil :5 ! prim>y circuit is made & brok5 ) suffici5t rapidity4 ,:5 two break]s ( diff]5t pit* are caus$ simultane\sly to op5 & close ! prim>y circuit a d\ble tone proce$s f ! sp>k4 ,a curi\s discov]y1 :i* may be ( int]e/ to y1 has be5 made by ,pr(essor ,blake4 ,he con/ruct$ a telephone 9 :i* a rod ( s(t iron1 ab\t six feet 9 l5g?1 0 us$ in/ead ( a p]man5t magnet4 ,a fri5d sang a cont9u\s musical tone into ! m\?piece ( a telephone1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 :i* 0 connect$ ) ! s(t iron in/rum5t allud$ to above4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! l\dness ( ! s\nd produc$ 9 ?is telephone v>i$ ) ! direction 9 :i* ! iron rod 0 held1 & t ! maximum effect 0 produc$ :5 ! rod 0 9 ! position ( ! dipp+ ne$le4 ,?is curi\s discov]y ( ,pr(essor ,blake has be5 v]ifi$ by myself4 ,:5 a telephone is plac$ 9 circuit ) a telegraph l9e ! telephone is f\nd seem+ly to emit s\nds on its own acc\nt4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y noises are (t5 produc$1 ! causes ( :i* are at pres5t v obscure4 ,"o class ( s\nds is produc$ by ! inductive influ5ce ( neighb\r+ wires & by leakage f !m1 ! signals ( ! ,morse alphabet pass+ ov] neighb\r+ wires be+ audible 9 ! telephone1 & ano!r class c be trac$ to e>? curr5ts ^u ! wire1 a curi\s modification ( ?is s\nd reveal+ ! pres5ce ( defective jo9ts 9 ! wire4 ,pr(essor ,blake in=ms me t he has be5 able to use ! railroad track = conv]sational purposes 9 place ( a telegraph wire1 & he fur!r /ates t :5 only "o telephone 0 connect$ ) ! track ! s\nds ( ,morse op]at+ 7 di/9ctly audible 9 ! telephone1 al?\gh ! ne>e/ telegraph wires 7 at lea/ fifty feet di/ant4 ,pr(essor ,peirce has obs]v$ ! mo/ s+ul> s\nds produc$ f a telephone 9 connection ) a telegraph wire dur+ ! aurora borealis1 & ,i h j he>d ( a curi\s ph5om5on lately obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,*ann+4 ,9 ! city ( ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 !re is an ov]-h\se wire ab\t "o mile 9 ext5t ) a telephone at ei!r end4 ,on "o occasion ! s\nd ( music & s++ 0 fa9tly audible 9 "o ( ! telephones4 ,x seem$ z if "s "o 7 practis+ vocal music ) a pian(orte accompanim5t4 ,! natural supposition 0 t exp]im5ts 7 be+ made ) ! telephone at ! o!r end ( ! circuit1 b ^u inquiry ?is prov$ n to h be5 ! case4 ,att5tion hav+ ?us be5 direct$ to ! ph5om5on1 a wat* 0 kept ^u ! in/rum5ts1 & ^u a subsequ5t occasion ! same fact 0 obs]v$ at bo? ends ( ! l9e by ,dr4 ,*ann+ & 8 fri5ds4 ,x 0 prov$ t ! s\nds cont9u$ = ab\t two h\rs1 & usually comm5c$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,a se>*+ exam9ation ( ! l9e disclos$ no?+ abnormal 9 its condition1 & ,i am unable to give y any explanation ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on4 ,dr4 ,*ann+ has1 h[ev]1 address$ a lett] ^u ! subject to ! editor ( "o ( ! ,provid5ce pap]s1 giv+ ! names ( su* songs z 7 recogniz$1 & full details ( ! obs]vations1 9 ! hope t publicity may lead to ! discov]y ( ! p]=m]1 & ?us af=d a solution ( ! my/]y4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,g[]1 communicat$ to me a curi\s obs]vation made by him reg>d+ ! slight e>? connection requir$ to e/abli% a circuit = ! telephone1 & toge!r we c>ri$ on a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) r />tl+ results4 ,we took a c\ple ( telephones & an insulat$ wire ab\t #ajj y>ds 9 l5g? into a g>d51 & 7 enabl$ to c>ry on conv]sation ) ! greate/ ease :5 we held 9 our h&s :at %\ld h be5 ! e>? wire1 s t ! connection ) ! gr\nd 0 =m$ at ei!r end ?r\gh our bodies1 our feet be+ clo!d ) cotton socks & lea!r boots4 ,! day 0 f9e1 & ! grass ^u :i* we /ood 0 seem+ly p]fectly dry4 ,^u /&+ ^u a gravel walk ! vocal s\nds1 ?\gh mu* dim9i%$1 7 /ill p]fectly intelligible1 & ! same result occurr$ :5 /&+ ^u a brick wall "o foot 9 height1 b no s\nd 0 audible :5 "o ( u /ood ^u a block ( free/one4 ,"o exp]im5t :i* we made is s v int]e/+ t ,i mu/ speak ( x 9 detail4 ,mr4 ,g[] made e>? connection at 8 end ( ! l9e by /&+ ^u a grass plot1 :il/ at ! o!r end ( ! l9e ,i /ood ^u a wood5 bo>d4 ,i reque/$ ,mr4 ,g[] to s+ a cont9u\s musical note1 & to my surprise ! s\nd 0 v di/9ctly audible f ! telephone 9 my h&4 ,^u exam9+ my feet ,i discov]$ t a s+le blade ( grass 0 b5t ov] ! edge ( ! bo>d1 & t my foot t\*$ x4 ,! removal ( ?is blade ( grass 0 foll[$ by ! cessation ( ! s\nd f ! telephone1 & ,i f\nd t ! mom5t ,i t\*$ ) ! toe ( my boot a blade ( grass or ! petal ( a daisy ! s\nd 0 aga9 audible4 ,! "q w naturally arise1 ,?r\gh :at l5g? ( wire c ! telephone be us$8 ,9 reply to ?is ,i may say t ! maximum am\nt ( resi/ance ?r\gh :i* ! undulatory curr5t w pass1 & yet reta9 suffici5t =ce to produce an audible s\nd at ! di/ant end1 has yet to be det]m9$2 no difficulty has1 h[ev]1 be5 exp]i5c$ 9 laboratory exp]im5ts 9 conv]s+ ?r\gh a resi/ance ( #fj1jjj ohms1 :i* has be5 ! maximum at my disposal4 ,on "o occasion1 n hav+ a rheo/at = produc+ resi/ance at h&1 ,i pass$ ! curr5t ?r\gh ! bodies ( sixte5 p]sons1 :o /ood h& 9 h&4 ,! longe/ l5g? ( real telegraph l9e ?r\gh :i* ,i h attempt$ to conv]se has be5 ab\t #bej miles4 ,on ?is occasion no difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ s long z p>allel l9es 7 n 9 op]ation4 ,sunday 0 *os5 z ! day on :i* x 0 probable o!r circuits w\ld be at re/4 ,conv]sation 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 myself1 9 ,new ,york1 & ,mr4 ,?omas ,a4 ,watson1 9 ,bo/on1 until ! op5+ ( bus9ess ^u ! o!r wires4 ,:5 ?is happ5$ ! vocal s\nds 7 v mu* dim9i%$1 b /ill audible4 ,x seem$1 inde$1 l talk+ ?r\gh a /orm4 ,conv]sation1 ?\gh possible1 c\ld be c>ri$ on ) difficulty1 ow+ to ! di/ract+ nature ( ! int]f]+ curr5ts4 ,i am in=m$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,preece t conv]sation has be5 successfully c>ri$ on ?r\gh a subm>9e cable1 sixty miles 9 l5g?1 ext5d+ f ,d>tm\? to ! ,isl& ( ,gu]nsey1 by means ( h& telephones4 ,,photograph+ ,,! ,,unse53 ,,! ,,ro5tg5 ,,ray ,h4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,dam ,by p]mission f ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1 ,april1 #ahif1 copyright by ,s4 ,s4 ,mc,clure1 ,limit$4 ,9 all ! hi/ory ( sci5tific discov]y !re has nev] be51 p]haps1 s g5]al1 rapid1 & dramatic an effect wr\ght on ! sci5tific c5tres ( ,europe z has foll[$1 9 ! pa/ f\r weeks1 ^u an ann\ncem5t made to ! ,wu]zburg ,physico-,m$ical ,society1 at _! ,decemb] #ahie meet+1 by ,pr(essor ,william ,konrad ,ro5tg51 pr(essor ( physics at ! ,royal ,univ]sity ( ,wu]zburg4 ,! fir/ news :i* rea*$ ,london 0 by telegraph f ,vi5na to ! effect t a ,pr(essor ,ro5tg51 until !n ! possessor ( only a local fame 9 ! t[n m5tion$1 _h discov]$ a new k9d ( light1 :i* p5etrat$ & photograph$ ?r\gh ev]y?+4 ,?is news 0 receiv$ ) a mild int]e/1 "s amusem5t1 & mu* incr$ulity2 & a week pass$4 ,!n1 by mail & telegraph1 came daily cle> indications ( ! /ir :i* ! discov]y 0 mak+ 9 all ! great l9e ( univ]sities betwe5 ,vi5na & ,b]l94 ,!n ,ro5tg5's own report arriv$1 s cool1 s bus9ess-l1 & s truly sci5tific 9 "*1 t x left no d\bt ei!r ( ! tru? or ( ! great importance ( ! prec$+ reports4 ,to-day1 f\r weeks aft] ! ann\ncem5t1 ,ro5tg5's "n is app>5tly 9 e sci5tific publication issu$ ?is week 9 ,europe2 & acc\nts ( 8 exp]im5ts1 ( ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs foll[+ 8 me?od1 & ( !ories z to ! /range new =ce :i* he has be5 ! fir/ to obs]ve1 fill pages ( e sci5tific j\rnal t comes to h&4 ,& be=e ! necess>y "t elapses = ?is article to atta9 publication 9 ,am]ica1 x is 9 all ways probable t ! laboratories & lecture-rooms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w also be giv+ full evid5ce ( ?is contagi\s ar\sal ( int]e/ ov] a discov]y s /range t its importance _c yet be measur$1 its utility be ev5 prophesi$1 or its ultimate effect ^u long e/abli%$ sci5tific beliefs be ev5 vaguely =etold4 ,! ,ro5tg5 rays are c]ta9 invisible rays resembl+1 9 _m respects1 rays ( light1 :i* are set free :5 a high-pressure electric curr5t is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a vacuum tube4 ,a vacuum tube is a glass tube f :i* all ! air1 d[n to "o-million? ( an atmosph]e1 has be5 exhau/$ aft] ! ins]tion ( a plat9um wire 9 ei!r end ( ! tube = connection ) ! two poles ( a batt]y or induction coil4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge is s5t ?r\gh ! tube1 !re proce$s f ! anode--t is1 ! wire :i* is connect$ ) ! positive pole ( ! batt]y--c]ta9 b&s ( light1 v>y+ 9 col\r ) ! col\r ( ! glass4 ,b ^! are insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! brilliant gl[ :i* %oots f ! ca?ode1 or negative wire4 ,?is gl[ excites brilliant phosphoresc5ce 9 glass & _m sub/ances1 & ^! ca?ode rays1 z !y are call$1 7 obs]v$ & /udi$ by ,h]tz2 & m deeply by 8 assi/ant1 ,pr(essor ,l5>d1 ,l5>d hav+1 9 #ahid1 report$ t ! ca?ode rays w\ld p5etrate ?9 films ( alum9um1 wood1 & o!r sub/ances1 & produce photographic results beyond4 ,x 0 left1 h[ev]1 = ,pr(essor ,ro5tg5 to discov] t dur+ ! dis*>ge q o!r rays are set free1 :i* diff] greatly f ^? describ$ by ,l5>d z ca?ode rays4 ,! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is ! fact t ,ro5tg5 rays are n deflect$ by a magnet1 indicat+ a v ess5tial diff]5ce1 :ile _! range & p5etrative p[] are incomp>ably great]4 ,9 fact1 all ^? qualities :i* h l5t a s5sational "* to ! discov]y ( ,ro5tg5's rays 7 ma9ly abs5t f ^? ( ,l5>d1 to ! end t1 al?\gh ,ro5tg5 has n be5 work+ 9 an entirely new field1 he has by common accord be5 freely grant$ all ! honors ( a great discov]y4 ,exactly :at k9d ( a =ce ,pr(essor ,ro5tg5 has discov]$ he does n "k4 ,z w be se5 bel[1 he decl9es to call x a new k9d ( light1 or a new =m ( electricity4 ,he has giv5 x ! "n ( ! ,x rays4 ,o!rs speak ( x z ! ,ro5tg5 rays4 ,?us f> its results only1 & n its ess5ce1 are kn[n4 ,9 ! t]m9ology ( sci5ce x is g5]ally call$ a new mode ( motion1 or1 9 o!r words1 a new =ce4 ,z to :e!r x is or n actually a =ce new to sci5ce1 or "o ( ! kn[n =ces masqu]ad+ "u /range conditions1 weighty au?orities are already argu+4 ,m ?an "o em95t sci5ti/ has already affect$ to see 9 x a key to ! great my/]y ( ! law ( gravity4 ,all :o h express$ !mselves 9 pr9t h admitt$1 ) m or less frankness1 t1 9 view ( ,ro5tg5's discov]y1 sci5ce mu/ =?) revise1 possibly to a revolution>y degree1 ! long accept$ !ories conc]n+ ! ph5om5a ( light & s\nd4 ,t ! ,x rays1 9 _! mode ( action1 comb9e a /range resemblance to bo? s\nd & light vibrations1 & are de/9$ to mat]ially affect1 if !y d n greatly alt]1 our views ( bo? ph5om5a1 is already c]ta92 & beyond ?is is ! op5+ into a new & unkn[n field ( physical k1 conc]n+ :i* speculation is already eag]1 & exp]im5tal inve/igation already 9 h&1 9 ,london1 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 &1 p]haps1 to a great] or less ext5t1 9 e well-equipp$ physical laboratory 9 ,europe4 ,?is is ! pres5t sci5tific aspect ( ! discov]y4 ,b1 unlike mo/ epo*-mak+ results f laboratories1 ?is discov]y is "o :i*1 to a v unusual degree1 is )9 ! grasp ( ! popul> & non-te*nical imag9ation4 ,among ! o!r k9ds ( matt] :i* ^! rays p5etrate ) ease is human fle%4 ,t a new photography has sudd5ly aris5 :i* c photograph ! bones1 &1 be=e long1 ! organs ( ! human body2 t a light has be5 f\nd :i* c p5etrate1 s z to make a photographic record1 ?r\gh ev]y?+ f a purse or a pocket to ! walls ( a room or a h\se1 is news :i* _c fail to />tle ev]ybody4 ,t ! eye ( ! physician or surgeon1 long baffl$ by ! sk91 & va9ly seek+ to p5etrate ! un=tunate d>kness ( ! human body1 is n[ to be supplem5t$ by a cam]a1 mak+ all ! p>ts ( ! human body z visible1 9 a way1 z ! ext]ior1 appe>s c]ta9ly to be a great] bless+ to humanity ?an ev5 ! ,li/]ian antiseptic sy/em ( surg]y2 & its b5efits mu/ inevitably be great] ?an ^? conf]r$ by ,li/]1 great z ! latt] h be54 ,already1 9 ! few weeks s9ce ,ro5tg5's ann\ncem5t1 ! results ( surgical op]ations "u ! new sy/em are gr[+ volum9\s4 ,9 ,b]l91 n only new bone fractures are be+ imm$iately photograph$1 b jo9$ fractures1 z well1 9 ord] to exam9e ! results ( rec5t surgical "w4 ,9 ,vi5na1 imb$d$ bullets are be+ photograph$1 in/ead ( be+ prob$ =1 & extract$ ) comp>ative ease4 ,9 ,london1 a w\nd$ sailor1 completely p>alyz$1 ^: injury 0 a my/]y1 has be5 sav$ by ! photograph+ ( an object imb$d$ 9 ! sp9e1 :i*1 ^u extraction1 prov$ to be a small knife-blade4 ,op]ations = mal=mations1 hi!rto obscure1 b n[ cle>ly reveal$ by ! new photography1 are already becom+ common1 & are be+ report$ f all directions4 ,pr(essor ,cz]m>k ( ,graz has photograph$ ! liv+ skull1 d5ud$ ( fle% & hair1 & has begun ! adaptation ( ! new photography to bra9 /udy4 ,! relation ( ! new rays to ?\ght rays is be+ eag]ly discuss$ 9 :at may be call$ ! non-exact circles & j\rnals2 & all t num]\s gr\p ( inquir]s into ! occult1 ! believ]s 9 clairvoyance1 spiritualism1 telepa?y1 & k9dr$ ord]s ( alleg$ ph5om5a1 are confid5t ( f9d+ 9 ! new =ce long-s\ght facts 9 pro( ( _! claims4 ,pr(essor ,neuss] 9 ,vi5na has photograph$ gall/ones 9 ! liv] ( "o pati5t 7! /one %[+ sn[-:ite 9 ! negative71 & a /one 9 ! bladd] ( ano!r pati5t4 ,8 results s f> induce him to ann\nce t all ! organs ( ! human body c1 & w1 %ortly1 be photograph$4 ,lannelongue ( ,p>is has exhibit$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce photographs ( bones %[+ inh]it$ tub]culosis :i* _h n o!rwise reveal$ itself4 ,b]l9 has already =m$ a society ( =ty = ! imm$iate prosecution ( rese>*es into bo? ! "* ( ! new =ce & its physiological possibilities4 ,9 ! next few weeks ^! /range ann\ncem5ts w be trebl$ or quadrupl$1 giv+ ! be/ evid5ce f all qu>t]s ( ! great future t awaits ! ,ro5tg5 rays1 & ! />tl+ impetus to ! univ]sal se>* = k t has come at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury f ! mode/ little laboratory 9 ! ,plei*] ,r+ at ,wu]zburg4 ,! ,physical ,in/itute1 ,pr(essor ,ro5tg5's p>ticul> doma91 is a mode/ build+ ( two /ories & basem5t1 ! upp] /ory con/itut+ 8 private resid5ce1 & ! rema9d] ( ! build+ be+ giv5 ov] to lecture rooms1 laboratories1 & _! att5dant (fices4 ,at ! door ,i 0 met by an old s]v+-man ( ! idolatr\s ord]1 ^: pa9 0 app>5t :5 ,i ask$ = ,pr(essor ,ro5tg51 & he g5tly correct$ me ) ,h]r ,doctor ,ro5tg54 ,z x 0 evid5t1 h[ev]1 t we ref]r$ to ! same p]son1 he conduct$ me along a wide1 b>e hall1 runn+ ! l5g? ( ! build+1 ) blackbo>ds & *>ts on ! walls4 ,at ! end he %[$ me into a small room on ! "r4 ,?is conta9$ a l>ge table desk1 & a small table by ! w9d[1 cov]$ by photographs1 :ile ! walls held r[s ( %elves lad5 ) laboratory & o!r records4 ,an op5 door l$ into a some:at l>g] room1 p]haps tw5ty feet by fifte51 & ,i f\nd myself gaz+ into a laboratory :i* 0 ! sc5e ( ! discov]y--a laboratory :i*1 ?\gh 9 all ways mode/1 is de/9$ to be endur+ly hi/orical4 ,!re 0 a wide table %elf runn+ along ! f>!r side1 9 front ( ! two w9d[s1 :i* 7 high1 & gave pl5ty ( light4 ,9 ! c5tre 0 a /ove2 on ! left1 a small cab9et ^: %elves held ! small objects :i* ! pr(essor _h be5 us+4 ,!re 0 a table 9 ! left-h& corn]2 & ano!r small table--! "o on :i* liv+ bones 7 fir/ photograph$--0 ne> ! /ove1 & a ,ruhmkorff coil 0 on ! "r4 ,! lesson ( ! laboratory 0 eloqu5t4 ,comp>$1 = in/ance1 ) ! elaborate1 exp5sive1 & complete app>atus (1 say1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 or ( any ( ! great ,am]ican univ]sities1 x 0 b>e & unassum+ to a degree4 ,x mutely said t 9 ! great m>* ( sci5ce x is ! g5ius ( man1 & n ! p]fection ( appliances1 t breaks new gr\nd 9 ! great t]ritory ( ! unkn[n4 ,x also caus$ "o to wond] at & endeav\r to imag9e ! great ?+s :i* are to be done ?r\gh elaborate appliances ) ! ,ro5tg5 rays--a field 9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) its =emo/ g5ius 9 inv5tion1 w v possibly1 if n probably1 take ! lead--:5 ! discov]] himself _h done s mu* ) s little4 ,already1 9 a few weeks1 a skill$ ,london op]ator1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,c4 ,sw9ton1 has r$uc$ ! necess>y "t ( exposure = ,ro5tg5 photographs f fifte5 m9utes to f\r4 ,he us$1 h[ev]1 a ,tesla oil coil1 dis*>g$ by twelve half-gallon ,leyd5 j>s1 ) an alt]nat+ curr5t ( tw5ty ?\s& volts' pressure4 ,"h 7 no oil coils1 ,leyd5 j>s1 or specially elaborate & exp5sive ma*9es4 ,!re 7 only a ,ruhmkorff coil & ,crookes 7vacuum7 tube & ! man himself4 ,pr(essor ,ro5tg5 ent]$ hurri$ly1 some?+ l an amiable gu/ ( w9d4 ,he is a tall1 sl5d]1 & loose-limb$ man1 ^: :ole appe>ance bespeaks en?usiasm & en]gy4 ,he wore a d>k blue sack suit1 & 8 long1 d>k hair /ood /raight up f 8 =ehead1 z if he 7 p]man5tly electrifi$ by 8 own en?usiasm4 ,8 voice is full & deep1 he speaks rapidly1 &1 altoge!r1 he seems cle>ly a man :o1 once ^u ! track ( a my/]y :i* appeal$ to him1 w\ld pursue x ) unremitt+ vigor4 ,8 eyes are k9d1 quick1 & p5etrat+2 & !re is no d\bt t he mu* pref]s gaz+ at a ,crookes tube to behold+ a visitor1 visitors at pres5t robb+ him ( mu* valu$ "t4 ,! meet+ 0 by appo9tm5t1 h[ev]1 & 8 greet+ 0 cordial & he>ty4 ,9 addition to 8 own language he speaks ,fr5* well & ,engli% sci5tifically1 :i* is diff]5t f speak+ x popul>ly4 ,^! ?ree tongues be+ m or less )9 ! equipm5t ( 8 visitor1 ! conv]sation proce$$ on an int]national or polyglot basis1 s to speak1 v>y+ at necessity's dem&4 ,x transpir$ 9 ! c\rse ( inquiry1 t ! pr(essor is a m>ri$ man & fifty ye>s ( age1 ?\gh 8 eyes h ! en?usiasm ( tw5ty-five4 ,he 0 born ne> ,zuri*1 & educat$ !re1 & complet$ 8 /udies & took 8 degree at ,utre*t4 ,he has be5 at ,wu]zburg ab\t sev5 ye>s1 & _h made no discov]ies :i* he consid]$ ( great importance prior to ! "o "u consid]ation4 ,^! details 7 giv5 "u good-natur$ prote/1 he fail+ to und]/& :y 8 p]sonality %\ld int]e/ ! public4 ,he decl9$ to admire himself or 8 results 9 any degree1 & laugh$ at ! idea ( be+ fam\s4 ,! pr(essor is too deeply int]e/$ 9 sci5ce to wa/e any "t 9 ?9k+ ab\t himself4 ,8 emp]or _h fea/$1 flatt]$1 & decorat$ him1 & he 0 loyally grateful4 ,x 0 evid5t1 h[ev]1 t fame & applause _h small attractions = him1 comp>$ to ! my/]ies /ill hidd5 9 ! vacuum tubes ( ! o!r room4 ,n[1 !n1 said he1 smil+1 & ) "s impati5ce1 :5 ! prelim9>y que/ions at :i* he *af$ 7 ov]1 y h come to see ! invisible rays4 ,is ! invisible visible8 ,n to ! eye2 b its results are4 ,come 9 "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bones ,,( ,a ,,human ,,foot ,,photograph$ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,fle% ,f a photograph by ,a4 ,a4 ,c4 ,sw9ton1 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,london4 ,exposure1 fifty-five seconds ,he l$ ! way to ! o!r squ>e room m5tion$1 & indicat$ ! induction coil ) :i* 8 rese>*es 7 made1 an ord9>y ,ruhmkorff coil1 ) a sp>k ( f f\r to six in*es1 *>g$ by a curr5t ( tw5ty amp]es4 ,two wires l$ f ! coil1 ?r\gh an op5 door1 into a small] room on ! "r4 ,9 ?is room 0 a small table c>ry+ a ,crookes tube connect$ ) ! coil4 ,! mo/ /rik+ object 9 ! room1 h[ev]1 0 a huge & my/]i\s t9 box ab\t sev5 feet high & f\r feet squ>e4 ,x /ood on end1 l a huge pack+ case1 its side be+ p]haps five in*es f ! ,crookes tube4 ,! pr(essor expla9$ ! my/]y ( ! t9 box1 to ! effect t x 0 a device ( 8 own = obta9+ a portable d>k-room4 ,:5 he began 8 inve/igations he us$ ! :ole room1 z 0 %[n by ! heavy bl9ds & curta9s s arrang$ z to exclude ! entrance ( all int]f]+ light f ! w9d[s4 ,9 ! side ( ! t9 box1 at ! po9t imm$iately aga9/ ! tube1 0 a circul> %eet ( alum9um "o millimetre 9 ?ickness1 & p]haps eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 sold]$ to ! surr\nd+ t94 ,to /udy 8 rays ! pr(essor _h only to turn on ! curr5t1 ent] ! box1 close ! door1 & 9 p]fect d>kness inspect only su* light or light effects z he _h a "r to consid] 8 own1 hid+ 8 light1 9 fact1 n "u ! ,biblical bu%el1 b 9 a m commodi\s box4 ,/ep inside1 said he1 op5+ ! door1 :i* 0 on ! side ( ! box f>!/ f ! tube4 ,i imm$iately did s1 n altoge!r c]ta9 :e!r my skeleton 0 to be photograph$ = g5]al inspection1 or my secret ?\ghts held up to light on a glass plate4 ,y w f9d a %eet ( b>ium pap] on ! %elf1 he add$1 & !n w5t away to ! coil4 ,! door 0 clos$1 & ! int]ior ( ! box became black d>kness4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,i f\nd 0 a wood5 /ool1 on :i* ,i resolv$ to sit4 ,!n ,i f\nd ! %elf on ! side next ! tube1 & !n ! %eet ( pap] prep>$ ) b>ium plat9ocyanide4 ,i 0 ?us be+ %[n ! fir/ ph5om5on :i* attract$ ! discov]]'s att5tion & l$ to 8 discov]y1 namely1 ! passage ( rays1 !mselves :olly invisible1 ^: pres5ce 0 only indicat$ by ! effect !y produc$ on a piece ( s5sitiz$ photographic pap]4 ,a mom5t lat]1 ! black d>kness 0 p5etrat$ by ! rapid snapp+ s\nd ( ! high-pressure curr5t 9 action1 & ,i knew t ! tube outside 0 gl[+4 ,i held ! %eet v]tically on ! %elf1 p]haps f\r in*es f ! plate4 ,!re 0 no *ange1 h[ev]1 & no?+ 0 visible4 ,d y see any?+8 he call$4 ,no4 ,! t5sion is n high en\gh2 & he proce$$ to increase ! pressure by op]at+ an app>atus ( m]cury 9 long v]tical tubes act$ ^u automatically by a weight lev] :i* /ood ne> ! coil4 ,9 a few mom5ts ! s\nd ( ! dis*>ge aga9 began1 & !n ,i made my fir/ acqua9tance ) ! ,ro5tg5 rays4 ,! mom5t ! curr5t pass$1 ! pap] began to gl[4 ,a yell[i% gre5 light spread all ov] its surface 9 cl\ds1 waves & fla%es4 ,! yell[-gre5 lum9esc5ce1 all ! /rang] & /rong] 9 ! d>kness1 trembl$1 wav]$1 & float$ ov] ! pap]1 9 rhy?m ) ! snapp+ ( ! dis*>ge4 ,?r\gh ! metal plate1 ! pap]1 myself1 & ! t9 box1 ! invisible rays 7 fly+1 ) an effect /range1 int]e/+ & uncanny4 ,! metal plate seem$ to (f] no appreciable resi/ance to ! fly+ =ce1 & ! light 0 z ri* & full z if no?+ lay betwe5 ! pap] & ! tube4 ,put ! book up1 said ! pr(essor4 ,i felt ^u ! %elf1 9 ! d>kness1 a heavy book1 two in*es 9 ?ickness1 & plac$ ?is aga9/ ! plate4 ,x made no diff]5ce4 ,! rays flew ?r\gh ! metal & ! book z if nei!r _h be5 !re1 & ! waves ( light1 roll+ cl\d-l ov] ! pap]1 %[$ no *ange 9 brightness4 ,x 0 a cle>1 mat]ial illu/ration ( ! ease ) :i* pap] & wood are p5etrat$4 ,& !n ,i laid book & pap] d[n1 & put my eyes aga9/ ! rays4 ,all 0 blackness1 & ,i nei!r saw nor felt any?+4 ,! dis*>ge 0 9 full =ce1 & ! rays 7 fly+ ?r\gh my head1 &1 = all ,i knew1 ?r\gh ! side ( ! box beh9d me4 ,b !y 7 invisible & impalpable4 ,!y gave no s5sation :atev]4 ,:atev] ! my/]i\s rays may be1 !y are n to be se51 & are to be judg$ only by _! works4 ,i 0 loa? to leave ?is hi/orical t9 box1 b "t press$4 ,i ?ank$ ! pr(essor1 :o 0 happy 9 ! reality ( 8 discov]y & ! music ( 8 sp>ks4 ,!n ,i said3 ,:]e did y fir/ photograph liv+ bones8 ,"h1 he said1 lead+ ! way into ! room :]e ! coil /ood4 ,he po9t$ to a table on :i* 0 ano!r--! latt] a small %ort-legg$ wood5 "o ) m ! %ape & size ( a wood5 seat4 ,x 0 two feet squ>e & pa9t$ coal black4 ,i view$ x ) int]e/4 ,i w\ld h b\ght x1 = ! little table on :i* light 0 fir/ s5t ?r\gh ! human body w "s day be a great hi/orical curiosity2 b x 0 n = sale4 ,a photograph ( x w\ld h be5 a consolation1 b = sev]al reasons "o 0 n to be _h at pres5t4 ,h[ev]1 ! hi/orical table 0 !re1 & 0 duly inspect$4 ,h[ did y take ! fir/ h& photograph8 ,i ask$4 ,! pr(essor w5t ov] to a %elf by ! w9d[1 :]e lay a numb] ( prep>$ glass plates1 closely wrapp$ 9 black pap]4 ,he put a ,crookes tube und]nea? ! table1 a few in*es f ! "u side ( its top4 ,!n he laid 8 h& flat on ! top ( ! table1 & plac$ ! glass plate loosely on 8 h&4 ,y ought to h y\r portrait pa9t$ 9 t attitude1 ,i sugge/$4 ,no1 t is nons5se1 said he1 smil+4 ,or be photograph$4 ,?is sugge/ion 0 made ) a deeply hidd5 purpose4 ,! rays f ! ,ro5tg5 eyes in/antly p5etrat$ ! deeply hidd5 purpose4 ,oh1 no1 said he2 ,i c't let y make pictures ( me4 ,i am too busy4 ,cle>ly ! pr(essor 0 entirely too mode/ to gratify ! wi%es ( ! curi\s _w4 ,n[1 ,pr(essor1 said ,i1 w y tell me ! hi/ory ( ! discov]y8 ,!re is no hi/ory1 he said4 ,i h be5 = a long "t int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( ! ca?ode rays f a vacuum tube z /udi$ by ,h]tz & ,l5>d4 ,i _h foll[$ _! & o!r rese>*es ) great int]e/1 & det]m9$1 z soon z ,i _h ! "t1 to make "s rese>*es ( my own4 ,?is "t ,i f\nd at ! close ( la/ ,octob]4 ,i _h be5 at "w = "s days :5 ,i discov]$ some?+ new4 ,:at 0 ! date8 ,! eigh? ( ,novemb]4 ,& :at 0 ! discov]y8 ,i 0 work+ ) a ,crookes tube cov]$ by a %ield ( black c>dbo>d4 ,a piece ( b>ium plat9ocyanide pap] lay on ! b5* !re4 ,i _h be5 pass+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! tube1 & ,i notic$ a peculi> black l9e across ! pap]4 ,:at ( t8 ,! effect 0 "o :i* c\ld only be produc$1 9 ord9>y p>lance1 by ! passage ( light4 ,no light c\ld come f ! tube1 because ! %ield :i* cov]$ x 0 imp]vi\s to any light kn[n1 ev5 t ( ! electric arc4 ,& :at did y ?9k8 ,i did n ?9k2 ,i inve/igat$4 ,i assum$ t ! effect mu/ h come f ! tube1 s9ce its "* indicat$ t x c\ld come f n[h]e else4 ,i te/$ x4 ,9 a few m9utes !re 0 no d\bt ab\t x4 ,rays 7 com+ f ! tube :i* _h a lum9esc5t effect ^u ! pap]4 ,i tri$ x successfully at great] & great] di/ances1 ev5 at two metres4 ,x seem$ at fir/ a new k9d ( invisible light4 ,x 0 cle>ly some?+ new1 some?+ unrecord$4 ,is x light8 ,no4 ,is x electricity8 ,n 9 any kn[n =m4 ,:at is x8 ,i don't "k4 ,& ! discov]] ( ! ,x rays ?us /at$ z calmly 8 ignorance ( _! ess5ce z has ev]ybody else :o has writt5 on ! ph5om5a ?us f>4 ,hav+ discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( a new k9d ( rays1 ,i ( c\rse began to inve/igate :at !y w\ld d4 ,he took up a s]ies ( cab9et-siz$ photographs4 ,x soon appe>$ f te/s t ! rays _h p5etrative p[]s to a degree hi!rto unkn[n4 ,!y p5etrat$ pap]1 wood1 & clo? ) ease2 & ! ?ickness ( ! sub/ance made no p]ceptible diff]5ce1 )9 reasonable limits4 ,he %[$ photographs ( a box ( laboratory weights ( plat9um1 alum9um1 & brass1 !y & ! brass h+es all hav+ be5 photograph$ f a clos$ box1 )\t any indication ( ! box4 ,also a photograph ( a coil ( f9e wire1 w\nd on a wood5 spool1 ! wire hav+ be5 photograph$1 & ! wood omitt$4 ,! rays1 he cont9u$1 pass$ ?r\gh all ! metals te/$1 ) a facility v>y+1 r\ghly speak+1 ) ! d5sity ( ! metal4 ,^! ph5om5a ,i h discuss$ c>efully 9 my report to ! ,wu]zburg society1 & y w f9d all ! te*nical results !re9 /at$4 ,he %[$ a photograph ( a small %eet ( z9c4 ,?is 0 compos$ ( small] plates sold]$ lat]ally ) sold]s ( diff]5t metallic proportions4 ,! diff]+ l9es ( %ad[1 caus$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! sold]s1 7 visible evid5ce t a new means ( detect+ flaws & *emical v>iations 9 metals _h be5 f\nd4 ,a photograph ( a compass %[$ ! ne$le & dial tak5 ?r\gh ! clos$ brass cov]4 ,! m>k+s ( ! dial 7 9 r$ metallic pa9t1 & ?us int]f]$ ) ! rays1 & 7 reproduc$4 ,s9ce ! rays _h ?is great p5etrative p[]1 x seem$ natural t !y %\ld p5etrate fle%1 & s x prov$ 9 photograph+ ! h&1 z ,i %[$ y4 ,a detail$ discussion ( ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 rays ! pr(essor consid]$ unpr(itable & unnecess>y4 ,he believes1 ?\gh1 t ^! my/]i\s radiations are n light1 because _! behavi\r is ess5tially diff]5t f t ( light rays1 ev5 ^? light rays :i* are !mselves invisible4 ,! ,ro5tg5 rays _c be reflect$ by reflect+ surfaces1 conc5trat$ by l5ses1 or refract$ or diffract$4 ,!y produce photographic action on a s5sitive film1 b _! action is weak z yet1 & h]e9 lies ! fir/ important field ( _! developm5t4 ,! pr(essor's exposures 7 comp>atively long--an av]age ( fifte5 m9utes 9 easily p5etrable m$ia1 & half an h\r or m 9 photograph+ ! bones ( ! h&4 ,conc]n+ vacuum tubes1 he said t he pref]r$ ! ,hittorf1 because x _h ! mo/ p]fect vacuum1 ! highe/ degree ( air exhau/ion be+ ! consummation mo/ desirable4 ,9 answ] to a "q1 ,:at ( ! future8 he said3 ,i am n a prophet1 & ,i am oppos$ to prophesy+4 ,i am pursu+ my inve/igations1 & z fa/ z my results are v]ifi$ ,i %all make !m public4 ,d y ?9k ! rays c be s modifi$ z to photograph ! organs ( ! human body8 ,9 answ] he took up ! photograph ( ! box ( weights4 ,"h are already modifications1 he said1 indicat+ ! v>i\s degrees ( %ad[ produc$ by ! alum9um1 plat9um1 & brass weights1 ! brass h+es1 & ev5 ! metallic /amp$ lett]+ on ! cov] ( ! box1 :i* 0 fa9tly p]ceptible4 ,b ,pr(essor ,neuss] has already ann\nc$ t ! photograph+ ( ! v>i\s organs is possible4 ,we %all see :at we %all see1 he said4 ,we h ! />t n[2 ! developm5t w foll[ 9 "t4 ,y "k ! app>atus = introduc+ ! electric light into ! /oma*8 ,yes4 ,d y ?9k t ?is electric light w become a vacuum tube = photograph+1 f ! /oma*1 any "p ( ! abdom5 or ?orax8 ,! idea ( swall[+ a ,crookes tube1 & s5d+ a high frequ5cy curr5t d[n into "o's /oma*1 seem$ to him exce$+ly funny4 ,:5 ,i h done x1 ,i w tell y1 he said1 smil+1 resolute 9 abid+ by results4 ,!re is mu* to d1 & ,i am busy1 v busy1 he said 9 conclusion4 ,he ext5d$ 8 h& 9 f>ewell1 8 eyes already w&]+ t[>d 8 "w 9 ! inside room4 ,& 8 visitor promptly left him2 ! words1 ,i am busy1 said 9 all s9c]ity1 seem+ to describe 9 a s+le phrase ! ess5ce ( 8 "* & ! wat*word ( a v unusual man4 ,return+ by way ( ,b]l91 ,i call$ ^u ,h]r ,spies ( ! ,urania1 ^: photographs aft] ! ,ro5tg5 me?od 7 ! fir/ made public1 & h be5 ! be/ se5 ?us f>4 ,9 speak+ ( ! discov]y he said3 ,i appli$ x1 z soon z ! p5etration ( fle% 0 app>5t1 to ! photograph ( a man's h&4 ,some?+ 9 x _h pa9$ him = ye>s1 & ! photograph at once exhibit$ a small =eign object1 z y c see2 & he exhibit$ a copy ( ! photograph 9 "q4 ,! speck !re is a small piece ( glass1 :i* 0 imm$iately extract$1 & :i*1 9 all probability1 w\ld h o!rwise rema9$ 9 ! man's h& to ! end ( 8 days4 ,all ( :i* indicates t ! ne$le :i* has pursu$ its travels 9 s _m p]sons1 ?r\gh s _m ye>s1 w be suppress$ by ! cam]a4 ,my next object is to photograph ! bones ( ! entire leg1 cont9u$ ,h]r ,spies4 ,i anticipate no difficulty1 ?\gh x requires "s ?\ght 9 manipulation4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,ro5tg5 rays & _! m>vell\s practical possibilities are /ill 9 _! infancy4 ,! fir/ successful modification ( ! action ( ! rays s t ! v>y+ d5sities ( bodily organs w enable !m to be photograph$ w br+ all su* morbid gr[?s z tum\rs & canc]s into ! photographic field1 to say no?+ ( vital organs :i* may be abnormally develop$ or deg5]ate4 ,h[ mu* ?is means to m$ical & surgical practice x requires little imag9ation to conceive4 ,diagnosis1 long a pa9fully unc]ta9 sci5ce1 has receiv$ an unexpect$ & wond]ful assi/ant2 & h[ greatly ! _w w b5efit !reby1 h[ mu* pa9 w be sav$1 only ! future c det]m9e4 ,9 sci5ce a new door has be5 op5$ :]e none 0 kn[n to exi/1 & a side-light on ph5om5a has appe>$1 ( :i* ! results may prove z p5etrat+ & a/oni%+ z ! ,ro5tg5 rays !mselves4 ,! mo/ agreeable feature ( ! discov]y is ! opportunity x gives = o!r h&s to help2 & ! "w ( ^! h&s w add _m new words to ! diction>ies1 _m new facts to sci5ce1 &1 9 ! ye>s long ahead ( u1 fill _m m volumes ?an !re are p>agraphs 9 ?is brief & imp]fect acc\nt4 ,,! ,,wireless ,,telegraph ,,george ,,iles ,f ,flame1 ,electricity & ! ,cam]a1 copyright by ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts int]e/+ en\gh b b>r5 ( utility1 ! wat] ( a canal1 riv]1 or bay has (t5 s]v$ z a conductor = ! telegraph4 ,among ! electricians :o h ?us impress$ wat] into _! s]vice 0 ,pr(essor ,morse4 ,9 #ahdb he s5t a few signals across ! *annel f ,ca/le ,g>d51 ,new ,york1 to ,gov]nor's ,isl&1 a di/ance ( a mile4 ,) mu* bett] results1 he s5t messages1 lat] 9 ! same ye>1 f "o side ( ! canal at ,wa%+ton to ! o!r1 a di/ance ( eighty feet1 employ+ l>ge copp] plates at ea* t]m9al4 ,! enorm\s curr5t requir$ to ov]come ! resi/ance ( wat] has b>r$ ?is me?od f practical adoption4 ,we pass1 !re=e1 to electrical communication z effect$ by induction--! influ5ce :i* "o conductor ex]ts on ano!r ?r\gh an int]v5+ insulator4 ,at ! outset we %all d well to be> 9 m9d t magnetic ph5om5a1 :i* are s closely ak9 to electrical1 are always inductive4 ,to obs]ve a common example ( magnetic induction1 we h only to move a horse%oe magnet 9 ! vic9ity ( a compass ne$le1 :i* w in/antly sway ab\t z if bl[n hi!r & ?i!r by a %>p draught ( air4 ,?is action takes place if a slate1 a pane ( glass1 or a %+le is int]pos$ betwe5 ! ne$le & its p]turb]4 ,!re is no kn[n insulator = magnetism1 & an induction ( ?is k9d ex]ts itself p]ceptibly = _m y>ds :5 l>ge masses ( iron are pol>is$1 s t ! d]angem5t ( compasses at sea f mov+ iron objects abo>d %ip1 or f f]ric ores und]ly+ a sea-coa/1 is a con/ant p]il to ! m>9]4 ,electrical conductors behave mu* l magnetic masses4 ,a curr5t convey$ by a conductor induces a c\nt]-curr5t 9 all surr\nd+ bodies1 & 9 a degree proportion$ to _! conductive p[]4 ,?is effect is1 ( c\rse1 greate/ ^u ! bodies ne>e/ at h&1 & we h already rem>k$ its s]i\s ret>d+ effect 9 ocean telegraphy4 ,:5 ! orig9al curr5t is ( high int5sity1 x c induce a p]ceptible curr5t 9 ano!r wire at a di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,9 #ahdb ,h5ry rem>k$ t electric waves _h ?is quality1 b 9 t e>ly day ( electrical int]pretation ! full significance ( ! fact elud$ him4 ,9 ! top room ( 8 h\se he produc$ a sp>k an in* long1 :i* induc$ curr5ts 9 wires /ret*$ 9 8 cell>1 ?r\gh two ?ick floors & two rooms :i* came betwe54 ,induction ( ?is sort causes ! annoyance1 famili> 9 s+le telephonic circuits1 ( be+ oblig$ to ov]he> o!r subscrib]s1 ^: wires are (t5 f> away f our own4 ,! fir/ practical use ( induc$ curr5ts 9 telegraphy 0 :5 ,mr4 ,edison1 9 #ahhe1 enabl$ ! tra9s on a l9e ( ! ,/at5 ,isl& ,railroad to be kept 9 con/ant communication ) a telegraphic wire1 susp5d$ 9 ! ord9>y way beside ! track4 ,! ro( ( a c> 0 ( insulat$ metal1 & e tap ( an op]ator's key )9 ! walls electrifi$ ! ro( j long en\gh to induce a brief pulse ?r\gh ! telegraphic circuit4 ,9 s5d+ a message to ! c> ?is wire 01 mom5t by mom5t1 electrifi$1 induc+ a response fir/ 9 ! c> ro(1 & next 9 ! s\nd] b5ea? x4 ,?is rem>kable app>atus1 aft]w>d us$ on ! ,lehigh ,valley ,railroad1 0 discont9u$ f lack ( comm]cial support1 al?\gh x w\ld seem to be advantage\s to ma9ta9 su* a s]vice on o!r ?an comm]cial gr\nds4 ,9 case ( *ance ob/ructions on ! track1 or o!r p]il1 to be able to communicate at any mom5t ) a tra9 z x spe$s along might mean safety in/ead ( disa/]4 ,! *ief item 9 ! co/ ( ?is sy/em is ! l>ge outlay = a special telegraphic wire4 ,! next electrician to employ induc$ curr5ts 9 telegraphy 0 ,mr4 7n[ ,sir7 ,william ,h4 ,preece1 ! eng9e] !n at ! head ( ! ,briti% telegraph sy/em4 ,let "o example ( 8 "w be cit$4 ,9 #ahif a cable 0 laid betwe5 ,lav]nock1 ne> ,c>diff1 on ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 & ,flat ,holme1 an isl& ?ree & a ?ird miles (f4 ,z ! *annel at ?is po9t is a mu*-frequ5t$ r\te & an*or gr\nd1 ! cable 0 brok5 aga9 & aga94 ,z a sub/itute = x ,mr4 ,preece1 9 #ahih1 /rung wires along ! opposite %ores1 & f\nd t an electric pulse s5t ?r\gh "o wire in/antly made itself he>d 9 a telephone connect$ ) ! o!r4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ?is e!ric =m ( telegraphy ! two opposite l9es ( wire mu/ be ea* z long z ! di/ance :i* sep>ates !m2 !re=e1 to communicate across ! ,engli% ,*annel f ,dov] to ,calais w\ld require a l9e along ea* coa/ at lea/ tw5ty miles 9 l5g?4 ,:]e su* l9es exi/ = ord9>y telegraphy1 !y might easily l5d !mselves to ! ,preece sy/em ( signall+ 9 case a subm>9e cable 7 to "p4 ,m>coni1 adopt+ electro/atic in/ead ( electro-magnetic waves1 has won /rik+ results4 ,let u note ! *ief ( 8 =]unn]s1 z !y prep>$ ! way = him4 ,9 #ahfd ,maxwell obs]v$ t electricity & light h ! same velocity1 #ahf1djj miles a second1 & he =mulat$ ! !ory t electricity propagates itself 9 waves :i* diff] f ^? ( light only 9 be+ long]4 ,?is 0 prov$ to be true by ,h]tz1 :o 9 #ahhh %[$ t :]e alt]nat+ curr5ts ( v high frequ5cy 7 set up 9 an op5 circuit1 ! en]gy might be convey$ entirely away f ! circuit into ! surr\nd+ space z electric waves4 ,8 detector 0 a ne>ly clos$ circle ( wire1 ! ends be+ sold]$ to metal balls almo/ 9 contact4 ,) ?is simple app>atus he demon/rat$ t electric waves move ) ! spe$ ( light1 & t !y c be reflect$ & refract$ precisely z if !y =m$ a visible beam4 ,at a c]ta9 int5sity ( /ra9 ! air insulation broke d[n1 & ! air became a conductor4 ,?is ph5om5on ( pass+ q sudd5ly f a non-conductive to a conductive /ate is1 z we %all duly see1 also to be not$ :5 air or o!r gases are expos$ to ! ,x ray4 ,n[ = ! effect ( electric waves su* z ,h]tz produc$1 :5 !y imp+e ^u sub/ances r$uc$ to p[d] or fil+s4 ,conductors1 su* z ! metals1 are ( ine/imable s]vice to ! electrician2 ( equal value are non-conductors1 su* z glass & gutta-p]*a1 z !y /rictly f5ce 9 an electric /ream4 ,a ?ird & rem>kable vi/a op5s to exp]im5t :5 x deals ) sub/ances :i*1 9 _! normal /ate1 are non-conductive1 b :i*1 agitat$ by an electric wave1 in/antly become conductive 9 a high degree4 ,z long ago z #ahff ,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,v>ley notic$ t black lead1 r$uc$ to a loose du/1 effectually int]cept$ a curr5t f fifty ,daniell cells1 al?\gh ! batt]y poles 7 v ne> ea* o!r4 ,:5 he increas$ ! electric t5sion f\r- to six-fold1 ! black-lead p>ticles at once compact$ !mselves s z to =m a bridge ( excell5t conductivity4 ,on ?is pr9ciple he inv5t$ a lightn+-protector = electrical in/rum5ts1 ! incom+ fla% caus+ a t9y heap ( c>bon du/ to provide x ) a pa? ?r\gh :i* x c\ld safely pass to ! e>?4 ,pr(essor ,temi/ocle ,calzec*i ,one/i ( ,f]mo1 9 #ahhe1 9 an indep5d5t s]ies ( rese>*es1 discov]$ t a mass ( p[d]$ copp] is a non-conductor until an electric wave beats ^u x2 !n1 9 an in/ant1 ! mass resolves itself into a conductor almo/ z effici5t z if x 7 a /\t1 unbrok5 wire4 ,pr(essor ,ed\>d ,branly ( ,p>is1 9 #ahia1 on ?is pr9ciple devis$ a coh]]1 :i* pass$ f resi/ance to invitation :5 subject$ to an electric impulse f af>4 ,he enhanc$ ! value ( 8 device by ! vital discov]y t ! conductivity be/[$ ^u fil+s by electric dis*>ges c\ld be de/roy$ by simply %ak+ or tapp+ !m ap>t4 ,9 a homely way ! pr9ciple ( ! coh]] is (t5 illu/rat$ 9 ord9>y telegraphic practice4 ,an op]ator notices t 8 in/rum5t is n work+ well1 & he suspects t at "s po9t 9 8 circuit !re is a defective contact4 ,a little dirt1 or oxide1 or dampness1 has come 9 betwe5 two metallic surfaces2 to be sure1 !y /ill t\* ea* o!r1 b n 9 ! firm & p]fect way dem&$ = 8 "w4 ,accord+ly he s5ds a p[]ful curr5t abruptly into ! l9e1 :i* cle>s its pa? ?or\ghly1 bru%es aside dirt1 oxide1 or moi/ure1 & ! circuit once m is z x %\ld be4 ,9 all likelihood1 ! coh]] is act$ ^u 9 ! same way4 ,among ! physici/s :o /udi$ x 9 its orig9al =m 0 ,dr4 ,oliv] ,j4 ,lodge4 ,he improv$ x s mu* t1 9 #ahid1 at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,london1 he 0 able to %[ x z an electric eye t regi/]$ ! impact ( invisible rays at a di/ance ( m ?an =ty y>ds4 ,he made bold to say t ?is di/ance might be rais$ to half a mile4 ,z e>ly z #ahgi ,pr(essor ,d4 ,e4 ,hughes began a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 wireless telegraphy1 on mu* ! l9es :i* 9 o!r h&s h n[ rea*$ comm]cial z well z sci5tific success4 ,pr(essor ,hughes 0 ! inv5tor ( ! microphone1 & t in/rum5t1 he decl>$1 af=ds an unrivall$ means ( receiv+ wireless messages1 s9ce x requires no tapp+ to re/ore its non-conductivity4 ,9 8 rese>*es ?is inve/igator 0 conv9c$ t 8 signals 7 propagat$1 n by electro-magnetic induction1 b by a]ial electric waves spread+ out f an electric sp>k4 ,e>ly 9 #ahhj he %[$ 8 app>atus to ,pr(essor ,/okes1 :o obs]v$ its op]ation c>efully4 ,8 dictum 0 t he saw no?+ :i* c\ld n be expla9$ by kn[n electro-magnetic effects4 ,?is errone\s judgm5t s disc\rag$ ,pr(essor ,hughes t he desi/$ f foll[+ up 8 exp]im5ts1 & ?us1 9 all probability1 ! bir? ( ! wireless telegraph 0 = sev]al ye>s delay$4#c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,m>coni coh]]1 enl>g$ view ,! coh]]1 z improv$ by ,m>coni1 is a glass tube ab\t "o & "o-half in*es long & ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in* 9 int]nal diamet]4 ,! electrodes are ins]t$ 9 ?is tube s z almo/ to t\*2 betwe5 !m is ab\t "o-?irtie? ( an in* fill$ ) a p9* ( ! responsive mixture :i* =ms ! pivot ( ! :ole contrivance4 ,?is mixture is #ij p] c5t4 nickel fil+s1 #aj p] c5t4 h>d silv] fil+s1 & a m]e trace ( m]cury2 ! tube is exhau/$ ( air to )9 "o t5-?\s&? "p 7,fig4 #ga74 ,h[ does ?is trifle ( metallic du/ manage l\dly to utt] its signals ?r\gh a telegraphic s\nd]1 or =cibly ind5t !m ^u a mov+ /rip ( pap]8 ,n directly1 b indirectly1 z ! v la/ ref9em5t ( initiation4 ,let u imag9e an ord9>y telegraphic batt]y /rong en\gh l\dly to tick out a message4 ,be x ev] s /rong x rema9s sil5t until its circuit is complet$1 & = t completion ! m]e/ t\* suffices4 ,n[ ! ?read ( du/ 9 ! coh]] =ms "p ( su* a telegraphic circuit3 z loose du/ x is an effectual b> & ob/acle1 "u ! influ5ce ( electric waves f af> x *anges in/antly to a coh]5t metallic l9k :i* at once completes ! circuit & deliv]s ! message4 ,an electric impulse1 almo/ too att5uat$ = computation1 is "h able to effect su* a *ange 9 a p9* ( du/ t x becomes a free av5ue in/ead ( a b>ricade4 ,?r\gh t av5ue a p[]ful bl[ f a local /ore ( en]gy makes itself he>d & felt4 ,no device ( ! trigg] class is comp>able ) ?is 9 delicacy4 ,an in/ant aft] a signal has tak5 its way ?r\gh ! coh]] a small hamm] /rikes ! t9y tube1 j>r+ its p>ticles asund]1 s t !y resume _! normal /ate ( high resi/ance4 ,we may well be a/oni%$ at ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! metallic fil+s to an electric wave orig9at+ _m miles away1 b let u rememb] h[ cle>ly ! eye c see a bright lamp at ! same di/ance z x %$s a si/] beam4 ,?us f> no sub/ance has be5 discov]$ ) a me*anical responsiv5ess to s feeble a ray ( light2 9 ! _w ( nature & art ! coh]] /&s alone4 ,! electric waves employ$ by ,m>coni are ab\t f\r feet long1 or h a frequ5cy ( ab\t #bej1jjj1jjj p] second4 ,su* undulations pass readily ?r\gh brick or /one walls1 ?r\gh common ro(s & floors--inde$1 ?r\gh all sub/ances :i* are non-conductive to electric waves ( ord9>y l5g?4 ,7 ! en]gy ( a ,m>coni s5d+-in/rum5t appli$ to an arc-lamp1 x w\ld g5]ate a beam ( a ?\s& c&le-p[]4 ,we h ?us a means ( comp>+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! ret9a to light ) ! responsiv5ess ( ! ,m>coni coh]] to electric waves1 aft] bo? radiations h und]gone a j\rney ( miles4 ,an ess5tial feature ( ?is me?od ( e!ric telegraphy1 due to ,m>coni himself1 is ! susp5sion ( a p]p5dicul> wire at ea* t]m9us1 its l5g? tw5ty feet = /ations a mile ap>t1 =ty feet = f\r miles1 & s on1 ! telegraphic di/ance increas+ z ! squ>e ( ! l5g? ( susp5d$ wire4 ,9 ! ,k+/[n regatta1 ,july1 #ahih1 ,m>coni s5t f a ya*t "u full /eam a report to ! %ore )\t ! loss ( a mom5t f />t to f9i%4 ,?is feat 0 repeat$ dur+ ! protract$ conte/ betwe5 ! ,columbia & ! ,%amrock ya*ts 9 ,new ,york ,bay1 ,octob]1 #ahii4 ,on ,m>* #bh1 #ahii1 ,m>coni signals put ,wim]eux1 two miles nor? ( ,b\logne1 9 communication ) ! ,s\? ,=el& ,ligh?\se1 ?irty-two miles (f4#d ,9 ,augu/1 #ahii1 dur+ ! manoeuvres ( ! ,briti% navy1 simil> messages 7 s5t z f> z eighty miles4 ,x 0 cle>ly demon/rat$ t a new p[] _h be5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a naval comm&]4 ,a t\* on a button 9 a flag%ip is all t is n[ ne$$ to initiate e tactical evolution 9 a fleet1 & insure an almo/ automatic precision 9 ! result+ movem5ts ( ! %ips4 ,! fla%+ lant]n is sup]s$$ at night1 flags & ! semaphore by day1 or1 if ^! are reta9$1 x is = s]vices purely auxili>y4 ,! hide\s & bewild]+ %rieks ( ! /eam-sir5 ne$ no long] be he>d 9 a fog1 & ! unc]ta9 sy/em ( gun signals w soon become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! int]e/ ( ! naval & milit>y /rategi/ 9 ! ,m>coni app>atus ext5ds f> beyond its communication ( intellig5ce4 ,any electrical appliance :atev] may be set 9 motion by ! same wave t actuates a telegraphic s\nd]4 ,a fuse may be ignit$1 or a motor />t$ & direct$1 by app>atus connect$ ) ! coh]]1 = all its m9ut5ess4 ,mr4 ,walt] ,jamieson & ,mr4 ,john ,trott] h devis$ means = ! direction ( torp$oes by e!r waves1 su* z ^? set at "w 9 ! wireless telegraph4 ,two rods project+ above ! surface ( ! wat] receive ! waves1 & are 9 circuit ) a coh]] & a relay4 ,at ! w ( ! di/ant op]ator a holl[ wire coil be>+ a curr5t draws 9 an iron core ei!r to ! "r or to ! left1 mov+ ! helm accord+ly4 ,z ! news ( ! success ( ! ,m>coni telegraph made its way to ! ,london ,/ock ,ex*ange !re 0 a fall 9 ! %>es ( cable companies4 ,! fe> ( rivalry f ! new inv5tion 0 baseless4 ,z b fifte5 words a m9ute are transmissible by ! ,m>coni sy/em1 x evid5tly does n compete ) a cable1 su* z t betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 :i* c transmit #b1ejj words a m9ute )\t difficulty4 ,! ,m>coni telegraph comes less z a competitor to old sy/ems ?an z a mode ( communication :i* creates a field ( its own4 ,we h se5 :at x may accompli% 9 w>1 f> outdo+ any feat possible to o!r app>atus1 ac\/ic1 lum9\s1 or electrical4 ,9 q z /rik+ fa%ion does x break new gr\nd 9 ! s]vice ( comm]ce & trade4 ,x enables ligh?\ses cont9ually to spell _! names1 s t receiv]s abo>d %ip may give ! /e]sm5 _! be>+s ev5 9 /orm & fog4 ,9 ! cr[d$ condition ( ! /eam%ip lanes :i* cross ! ,atlantic1 a priceless security aga9/ collision is af=d$ ! man at ! helm4 ,on ,novemb] #ae1 #ahii1 ,m>coni telegraph$ f ! ,am]ican l9] ,/4 ,paul to ! ,ne$les1 sixty-six nautical miles away4 ,on ,decemb] #aa & #ab1 #aija1 he receiv$ wireless signals ne> ,/4 ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 s5t f ,poldhu1 ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 or a di/ance ( #a1hjj miles1--a feat :i* a/oni%$ ! _w4 ,9 _m cases ! telegraphic bus9ess to an isl& is too small to w>rant ! lay+ ( a cable2 h5ce we f9d t ,tr9idad & ,tobago are to be jo9$ by ! wireless sy/em1 z also five isl&s ( ! ,hawaiian gr\p1 eight to sixty-"o miles ap>t4 ,a weak po9t 9 ! fir/ ,m>coni app>atus 0 t anybody )9 ! work+ radius ( ! s5d+-in/rum5t c\ld read its messages4 ,to modify ?is objection secret codes 7 at times employ$1 z 9 comm]ce & diplomacy4 ,a complete deliv]ance f ?is difficulty is promis$ 9 attun+ a transmitt] & a receiv] to ! same note1 s t "o receiv]1 & no o!r1 %all respond to a p>ticul> frequ5cy ( impulses4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* indicate success 9 ?is vital p>ticul> h be5 conduct$ by ,pr(essor ,lodge4 ,:5 electricians1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 committ$ en]gy to a wire & ?us enabl$ x to g r\nd a corn]1 !y felt t !y _h done well4 ,! ,h]tz waves s5t abroad by ,m>coni ask no wire1 z !y f9d _! way1 n r\nd a corn]1 b ?r\gh a corn]4 ,on ,may #a1 #ahii1 a p>ty ( ,fr5* (fic]s on bo>d ! ,ibis at ,sangatte1 ne> ,calais1 spoke to ,wim]eux by means ( a ,m>coni app>atus1 ) ,cape ,grisnez1 a l(ty promontory1 int]v5+4 ,9 asc]ta9+ h[ mu* ! e>? & ! sea may ob/ruct ! waves ( ,h]tz !re is a broad & fruitful field = inve/igation4 ,x may be1 says ,pr(essor ,john ,tr[bridge1 t su* long electrical waves roll ar\nd ! surface ( su* ob/ructions v mu* z waves ( s\nd & ( wat] w\ld d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc--;,discont9u\s electric waves ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd--,wehnelt int]rupt] ,x is s+ul> h[ discov]ies sometimes arrive abrea/ ( ea* o!r s z to r5d] mutual aid1 or supply a press+ want almo/ z soon z x is felt4 ,! coh]] 9 its pres5t =m is actuat$ by waves ( comp>atively l[ frequ5cy1 :i* rise f z]o to full height 9 extremely brief p]iods1 & are sep>at$ by p]iods decid$ly long] 7,fig4 #gc74 ,:at is ne$$ is a plan by :i* ! waves may fl[ ei!r cont9u\sly or s ne> toge!r t !y may l5d !mselves to attun+4 ,dr4 ,wehnelt1 by an extraord9>y discov]y1 may1 9 all likelihood1 provide ! lack+ device 9 ! =m ( 8 int]rupt]1 :i* breaks an electric circuit z (t5 z two ?\s& times a second4 ,! means = ?is amaz+ p]=mance are simplicity itself 7,fig4 #gd74 ,a j>1 a1 conta9+ a solution ( sulphuric acid has two electrodes imm]s$ 9 x2 "o ( !m is a lead plate ( l>ge surface1 b2 ! o!r is a small plat9um wire :i* protrudes f a glass tube1 d4 ,a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! cell betwe5 ! two metals at c is int]rupt$1 9 ord9>y cases five hundr$ times a second1 & 9 extreme cases f\r times z (t51 by bubbles ( gas giv5 (f f ! wire in/ant by in/ant4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,hi/ory ( ! ,wireless ,telegraph1 by ,j4 ,j4 ,fahie4 ,ed9burgh & ,london1 ,william ,blackwood ,sons2 ,new ,york1 ,dodd1 ,mead ,co41 #ahii4 ,?is "w is full ( int]e/+ detail1 well illu/rat$4 #d ,! value ( wireless telegraphy 9 relation to disa/]s at sea 0 prov$ 9 a rem>kable way ye/]day morn+4 ,:ile ! ,*annel 0 envelop$ 9 a d5se fog1 :i* _h la/$ ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! night1 ! ,ea/ ,goodw9 ,light%ip _h a v n>r[ escape f s9k+ at h] moor+s by be+ run into by ! /eam%ip ,r4 ,f4 ,mat!ws1 #a1ifd tons gross burd51 ( ,london1 outw>d b\nd f ! ,?ames4 ,! ,ea/ ,goodw9 ,light%ip is "o ( f\r su* vessels m>k+ ! ,goodw9 ,s&s1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 x happ5s to be ! "o %ip :i* has be5 fitt$ out ) ,signor ,m>coni's in/allation = wireless telegraphy4 ,! vessel 0 moor$ ab\t twelve miles to ! nor!a/ ( ! ,s\? ,=el& ,ligh?\se 7:]e !re is ano!r wireless-telegraphy in/allation71 & %e is ab\t t5 miles f ! %ore1 be+ directly opposite ,deal4 ,! in=mation reg>d+ ! collision 0 at once communicat$ by wireless telegraphy f ! disabl$ light%ip to ! ,s\? ,=el& ,ligh?\se1 :]e ,mr4 ,bullock1 assi/ant to ,signor ,m>coni1 receiv$ ! foll[+ message3 ,we h j be5 run into by ! /eam] ,r4 ,f4 ,mat!ws ( ,london4 ,/eam%ip is /&+ by u4 ,our b[s v badly damag$4 ,mr4 ,bullock imm$iately =w>d$ ?is in=mation to ! ,tr9ity ,h\se au?orities at ,ramsgate4--,times1 ,april #bi1 #ahii4 ,,electricity1 ,,:at ,,its ,,ma/]y ,,means3 ,,) ,a ,,review ,,& ,a ,,prospect ,,george ,,iles ,f ,flame1 ,electricity & ! ,cam]a1 copyright by ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,) ! ma/]y ( electricity man ent]s ^u 8 fir/ real sov]eignty ( nature4 ,z we he> ! :irr ( ! dynamo or li/5 at ! telephone1 z we turn ! button ( an inc&esc5t lamp or travel 9 an electromobile1 we are p>tak]s 9 a revolution m swift & pr(\nd ?an has ev] be=e be5 enact$ ^u e>?4 ,until ! n9ete5? c5tury fire 0 ju/ly acc\nt$ ! mo/ useful & v]satile s]vant ( man4 ,to-day electricity is do+ all t fire ev] did1 & do+ x bett]1 :ile x accompli%es unc\nt$ tasks f> beyond ! rea* ( flame1 h[ev] +5i\sly appli$4 ,we may ?us obs]ve "u our eyes j su* an impetus to human intellig5ce & p[] z :5 fire 0 fir/ subdu$ to ! purposes ( man1 ) ! imm5se advantage t1 :]eas ! subjugation ( fire dem&$ ages ( we>y & unc]ta9 exp]im5t1 ! ma/]y ( electricity is1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! assur$ "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 &1 9 tru?1 v l>gely ( its la/ ?ree decades4 ,! triumphs ( ! electrician are ( absorb+ int]e/ 9 !mselves1 !y be> a high] significance to ! /ud5t ( man z a creature :o has gradually come to be :at he is4 ,9 trac+ ! new horizons won by electric sci5ce & art1 a beam ( light falls on ! long & tortu\s pa?s by :i* man rose to 8 supremacy long be=e ! drama ( human life _h be5 *ronicl$ or sung4 ,( ! /rides tak5 by humanity on its way to ! summit ( t]re/rial life1 !re are b f\r wor?y ( m5tion z prep>+ ! way = ! victories ( ! electrician--! atta9m5t ( ! upright attitude1 ! int5tional k9dl+ ( fire1 ! matur+ ( emotional cries to articulate spee*1 & ! inv5tion ( writt5 symbols = spee*4 ,z we exam9e electricity 9 its fruitage we %all f9d t x be>s ! unfail+ m>k ( e o!r decisive factor ( human advance3 its ma/]y is no m]e addition to ! res\rces ( ! race1 b a multipli] ( !m4 ,! case is n z :5 an explor] discov]s a plant hi!rto unkn[n1 su* z ,indian corn1 :i* takes its place beside rice & :eat z a new food1 & s measures a s]vice :i* ends !re4 ,nor is x z :5 a prospector comes ^u a new metal1 su* z nickel1 ) ! sole effect ( increas+ ! v>iety ( mat]ials f :i* a smi? may fa%ion a hamm] or a blade4 ,almo/ inf9itely high] is ! b5efit wr\ght :5 en]gy 9 its mo/ useful phase is1 = ! fir/ "t1 subject$ to ! w ( man1 ) dawn+ k ( its unapproa*able p[]s4 ,x beg9s at once to m>ry ! res\rces ( ! me*anic & ! *emi/1 ! eng9e] & ! arti/1 ) issue atte/$ by all its own f]tility1 :ile its rays reveal prov9ce aft] prov9ce undream$ (1 & inde$ unexi/+1 be=e its adv5t4 ,e o!r primal gift ( man rises to a new height at ! bidd+ ( ! electrician4 ,all ! deftness & skill t h foll[$ f ! upright attitude1 9 its creation ( ! human h&1 h be5 br\ght to a new edge & a broad] range ?r\gh electric art4 ,betwe5 ! uses ( flame & electricity h sprung up alliances :i* h creat$ new weal? = ! m9] & ! metal-work]1 ! manufactur] & ! %ipma/]1 ) new insights = ! man ( rese>*4 ,articulate spee* borne on electric waves makes itself he>d half-way across ,am]ica1 & words r$uc$ to ! symbols ( symbols--express$ 9 ! p]=ations ( a /rip ( pap]--take flight ?r\gh a telegraph wire at tw5ty-fold ! pace ( spee*4 ,because ! late/ leap 9 k & faculty has be5 won by ! electrician1 he has wid5$ ! sci5tific outlook va/ly m ?an any explor] :o w5t be=e4 ,beyond any pr$ecessor1 he began ) a bett] equipm5t & a l>g] capital to prove ! ga9fulness :i* ev] att5ds ! exploit+ a supreme ag5t ( discov]y4 ,z we trace a few ( ! un5d+ int]lacem5ts ( electrical sci5ce & art ) o!r sci5ces & arts1 & /udy _! mutually /imulat+ effects1 we %all be rem9d$ ( a s]ies ( p]mutations :]e ! late/ ( ! factors1 because late/1 multiplies all prior factors 9 an unexampl$ degree4#e ,we %all f9d reason to believe t ?is is n m]ely a sugge/ive analogy1 b really true z a t5d5cy1 n only ) reg>d to man's ga9s by ! conque/ ( electricity1 b also ) respect to e o!r signal victory :i* has br\ght him to 8 pres5t p9nacle ( disc]nm5t & rule4 ,if ?is p]mutative pr9ciple 9 =m] advances lay undetect$1 x /&s =? cle>ly 9 t late/ accession to skill & int]pretation :i* has be5 u%]$ 9 by ,frankl9 & ,volta1 ,f>aday & ,h5ry4 ,al?\gh ( mu* less mom5t ?an ! triumphs ( ! electrician1 ! discov]y ( photography ranks second 9 importance among ! sci5tific feats ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! cam]a is an artificial eye ) almo/ e p[] ( ! human ret9a1 & ) _m t are d5i$ to vision--h[ev] +5i\sly =tifi$ by ! l5s-mak]4 ,a brief outl9e ( photographic hi/ory w %[ a p>allel to ! p]mutative impulse s conspicu\s 9 ! progress ( electricity4 ,at ! po9ts :]e ! electrician & ! photograph] collaborate we %all note a*ievem5ts su* z only ! l(tie/ primal p[]s may evoke4 ,a brief /ory ( :at electricity & its necess>y precursor1 fire1 h done & promise to d = civilization1 may h attraction 9 itself2 s1 also1 may a review1 ?\gh mo/ cursory1 ( ! "w ( ! cam]a & all t l$ up to x3 = ! prov9ces "h are z wide z art & sci5ce1 & _! b\nds compreh5d well-nigh ! entirety ( human exploits4 ,& betwe5 ! l9es ( ?is /ory we may read ano!r--"o :i* may tell u some?+ ( ! e>lie/ /umbl+s 9 ! dawn ( human faculty4 ,:5 we comp>e man & 8 next ( k91 we f9d betwe5 ! two a great gulf1 surely ! wide/ betwixt any alli$ families 9 nature4 ,c a be+ ( intellect1 consci5ce1 & aspiration h sprung at any "t1 h[ev] remote1 f ! same /ock z ! orang & ! *impanzee8 ,s9ce #ahei1 :5 ,d>w9 publi%$ 8 ,orig9 ( ,species1 ! !ory ( evolution has become s g5]ally accept$ t to-day x is little m assail$ ?an ! doctr9e ( gravitation4 ,& yet1 :ile ! av]age man ( intellig5ce b[s to ! =mula t all :i* n[ exi/s has come f ! simple/ conceivable /ate ( ?+s1--a univ]sal nebula1 if y w1--9 8 secret s\l he makes "o exception--himself4 ,t !re is a great deal m ass5t ?an conviction 9 ! _w is a *id+ :i* may come z ju/ly f ! tea*]'s table z f ! prea*]'s pulpit4 ,n[1 if we b cat* ! mean+ ( man's ma/]y ( electricity1 we %all h light ^u 8 e>li] /eps z a fire-k9dl]1 & z a grav] ( pictures & symbols on bone & rock4 ,z we ?us rec$e f civilization to primeval savag]y1 ! process ( ! mak+ ( man may become s cle> t ! argum5ts ( ,d>w9 %all be receiv$ ) conviction1 & n ) sil5t repulse4 ,z we proce$ to recall1 "o by "o1 ! sali5t *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( fire1 & ( ! arts ( depiction t =]an ! cam]a1 we %all p]ceive a tru? ( high significance4 ,we %all see t1 :ile e new faculty has its roots deep 9 old] p[]s1 & :ile its gr[? may h be5 go+ on = age aft] age1 yet its fl[]+ may be z ! ev5t ( a morn+4 ,ev5 z our g>d5s %[ u ! c5tury-plants1 once suppos$ to bloom only at ! end ( a hundr$ ye>s1 s hi/ory1 9 ! l>ge1 exhibits discov]ies ^: h>ve/s are ga!r$ only aft] ! lapse ( aeons in/ead ( ye>s4 ,! arts ( fire 7 sl[ly elaborat$ until man _h produc$ ! crucible & ! /ill1 ?r\gh :i* 8 lab\rs culm9at$ 9 metals purifi$1 9 acids va/ly m corrosive ?an ^? ( vegetation1 9 glass & porcela9 equally resi/ant to flame & ! electric wave4 ,^! 7 comb9$ 9 an h\r by ,volta to build 8 cell1 & 9 t h\r began a new era = human faculty & insight4 ,x is commonly imag9$ t ! progress ( humanity has be5 at a tol]ably uni=m pace4 ,our review ( t progress w %[ t "h & !re 9 its c\rse h be5 leaps1 z radically new =ces h be5 br\ght "u ! dom9ion ( man4 ,we ( ! electric revolution are %>ply m>k$ (f f our great-gr&fa!rs1 :o look$ ^u ! cell ( ,volta z a curi\s toy4 ,!y1 9 _! turn1 7 pr(\ndly diff]5c$ f ! m5 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o _h n le>n$ t flame c\ld outvie ! horse z a c>ri]1 & gr9d :eat bett] ?an ! mill urg$ by ! breeze4 ,& no?+ %ort ( an abyss /ret*es betwe5 ^! m5 & _! remote ance/ors1 :o _h n f\nd a way to w>m _! fro/$ f+]s or l5g!n ) lamp or c&le ! %ort1 d>k days ( w9t]4 ,?r\gh\t ! pages ( ?is book !re w be "s recital ( ! victories won by ! fire-mak]1 ! electrician1 ! photograph]1 & _m m 9 ! pe]age ( exp]im5t & rese>*4 ,und]ly+ ! sket* w appe> ! significant contra/ betwixt accessions ( m9or & ( supreme dignity4 ,! f9d+ a new wood1 su* z t ( ! yew1 means bett] b[s = ! ar*]1 /rong] h&les = ! tool-mak]2 ! subjugation ( a univ]sal =ce su* z fire1 or electricity1 /&s = ! exaltation ( p[] 9 e field ( toil1 = ! creation ( a new e>? = ! work]1 new heav5s = ! ?9k]4 ,z a coroll>y1 we %all obs]ve t an increas+ wid? ( gap m>ks (f ! successive /ages ( human progress f ea* o!r1 s t its late/ /ride is mu* ! longe/ & mo/ decisive4 ,& x w be fur!r evid5t t1 :ile e new faculty is ( age-long d]ivation f old] p[]s & anci5t aptitudes1 x nev]!less comes to ! bir? 9 a mom5t1 z x 71 & puts a /ra9 ( probably fatal sev]ity on ^? conte/ants :o miss ! new gift by h[ev] little4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 f9d t ! pr9ciple ( p]mutation1 "h m]ely indicat$1 acc\nts 9 l>ge measure = ?ree c>d9al facts 9 ! hi/ory ( man3 ,fir/1 8 leaps =w>d2 second1 ! con/ant accel]ations 9 ^! leaps2 & ?ird1 ! gap 9 ! record ( ! tribes :i*1 9 ! illimitable pa/1 h succumb$ z =ces ( a new edge & sweep h become engag$ 9 ! fray4#f ,! int]lacem5ts ( ! arts ( fire & ( electricity are intimate & p]vasive4 ,:ile _m ( ! uses ( flame date back to ! dawn ( human skill1 _m m h become ( new & high] value )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,fire to-day yields motive p[] ) t5fold ! economy ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & motive p[] ?us d]iv$ is ! ma9 s\rce ( mod]n electric curr5ts4 ,9 metallurgy !re has long be5 an unwitt+ prep>ation = ! adv5t ( ! electrician1 & "h ! s]vices ( fire )9 ! n9ete5? c5tury h won triumphs ^u :i* ! lat] successes ( electricity l>gely proce$4 ,9 produc+ alloys1 & 9 ! s+ul> use ( heat to effect its own bani%m5t1 novel & radical developm5ts h be5 record$ )9 ! pa/ decade or two4 ,^!1 also1 make easi] & bold] ! electrician's tasks4 ,! op5+ *apt]s ( ?is book w1 !re=e1 be/[ a glance at ! pr9cipal uses ( fire z ^! h be5 reveal$ & appli$4 ,?is glance w make cle> h[ fire & electricity supplem5t ea* o!r ) new & rem>kable ga9s1 :ile 9 o!r fields1 n less important1 electricity is no?+ else ?an a supplant] ( ! v =ce :i* made possible its own discov]y & impressm5t4 ,"h foll[ *apt]s :i* outl9e ! *ief applications ( flame & ( electricity4 ,let u comp>e electricity ) its precursor1 fire1 & we %all und]/& ! revolution by :i* fire is n[ 9 s _m tasks supplant$ by ! electric pulse :i*1 ! :ile1 creates = itself a ?\s& fields d5i$ to flame4 ,copp] is an excell5t !rmal conductor1 & yet x transmits heat almo/ inf9itely m sl[ly ?an x conveys electricity4 ,"o end ( a ?ick copp] rod t5 feet long may be safely held 9 ! h& :ile ! o!r end is heat$ to r$ness1 yet "o million? "p ( ?is same en]gy1 if 9 ! =m ( electricity1 w\ld trav]se ! rod 9 "o #ajj1jjj1jjj? "p ( a second4 ,comp>e next electricity ) light1 (t5 ! companion ( heat4 ,light travels 9 /raight l9es only2 electricity c g r\nd a corn] e in* = miles1 &1 none ! worse1 yield a brilliant beam at ! end ( its j\rney4 ,indirectly1 !re=e1 electricity enables u to conduct ei!r heat or light z if bo? 7 flexible p5cils ( rays1 & subject to b ! smalle/ tolls 9 _! travel4 ,we h rem>k$ ^u su* me?ods z ^? ( ! electric weld] :i* summon int5se heat )\t fire1 & we h glanc$ at ! electric lamps :i* %9e j because combu/ion is impossible ?r\gh _! rigid exclusion ( air4 ,!n = a mom5t we paus$ to look at ! plat+ ba?s :i* h develop$ !mselves into a comm&+ rivalry ) ! blaze ( ! smelt+ furnace1 ) ! flame :i* f "t immemorial has fill$ ! ladle ( ! f\nd] & m\ld]4 ,?us me?ods t comm5c$ 9 dismiss+ flame end boldly by dispossess+ heat itself4 ,b1 x may be said1 ?is usurp+ electricity usually f9ds its s\rce1 aft] all1 9 combu/ion "u a /eam-boil]4 ,true1 b m>k ! h>ness+ ( ,niag>a1 ( ! ,la*9e ,rapids ne> ,montreal1 ( a ?\s& /reams else:]e4 ,9 ! ne> future motive p[] ( ,nature's giv+ is to be wa/$ less & less1 & p]=ce w m & m exclude heat f ! *a9 ( trans=mations :i* issue 9 ! locomotive's flight1 9 ! :irl ( factory & mill4 ,?us 9 "s degree is allay$ ! fe>1 nev] well gr\nd$1 t :5 ! coal fields ( ! globe are sp5t civilization mu/ collapse4 ,z ! electrician he>s ?is =ebod+ he recalls h[ mu* fuel is wa/$ 9 conv]t+ heat into electricity4 ,he looks beyond ei!r turb9e or %aft turn$ by w9d or tide1 &1 rememb]+ t ! metal dissolv$ 9 8 batt]y yields at 8 w its full cont5t ( en]gy1 ei!r z heat or electricity1 he asks1 ,:y may n coal or =e/ tree1 :i* are b o!r k9ds ( fuel1 be made to d ! same8 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ uses ( light 0 a means ( communicat+ intellig5ce1 & to ?is day ! signal lamp & ! r$ fire ( ! m>9] are z useful z ( old4 ,b h[ mu* wid] is ! field ( electricity z x creates ! telegraph & ! telephone6 ,9 ! telegraph we h all t a p5cil ( light c\ld be 7 x z long z an equatorial girdle & z flexible z a silk5 ?read4 ,9 ! telephone = ne>ly two ?\s& miles ! pulsations ( ! speak]'s voice are n only audible1 b reta9 _! *>act]i/ic tones4 ,9 ! field ( me*anics electricity is decid$ly pref]able to any o!r ag5t4 ,heat may be trans=m$ into motive p[] by a suitable eng9e1 b !re its adaptability is at an end4 ,an electric curr5t drives n only a motor1 b e ma*9e & tool atta*$ to ! motor1 ! :ole execut+ tasks ( a delicacy & complication new to indu/rial art4 ,on an electric railroad an id5tical curr5t propels ! tra91 directs x by telegraph1 op]ates its signals1 provides x ) light & heat1 :ile x /&s ready to give con/ant v]bal communication ) any /ation on ! l9e1 if ?is be desir$4 ,9 ! home electricity has equal v]satility1 at once promot+ heal?fulness1 ref9em5t & safety4 ,its t9y button expels ! haz>d\s mat* z x lights a lamp :i* s5ds =? no baleful fumes4 ,an electric fan br+s fre% air into ! h\se--9 summ] z a grateful breeze4 ,simple telephones1 q effective = _! few y>ds ( wire1 give a bett] because a m flexible s]vice ?an speak+-tubes4 ,few invalids are too feeble to :isp] at ! light1 portable e> ( metal4 ,sew+-ma*9es & ! m exig5t app>atus ( ! kit*5 & laundry transf] _! dem&s f flagg+ human muscles to ! tireless s9ews ( electric motors--:i* ask no wages :5 !y /& unemploy$4 ,simil> motors already enjoy fav\r 9 work+ ! elevators ( tall dwell+s 9 cities4 ,if a h\sehold] is timid ab\t burgl>s1 ! electrician (f]s him a sleepless wat*man 9 ! guise ( an automatic al>m2 if he has a dread ( fire1 let him dispose on 8 walls an array ( !rmomet]s t at ! v inception ( a blaze w /rike a gong at headqu>t]s4 ,b ^!1 aft] all1 are matt]s ( m9or importance 9 comp>ison ) ! f\ndations ^u :i* may be re>$1 n a new piece ( me*anism1 b a new sci5ce or a new art4 ,9 ! rec5t swift subjugation ( ! t]ritory op5 alike to ! *emi/ & ! electrician1 :]e ea* advances ! quick] = ! o!r's company1 we h fre% confirmation ( an old tru?--t ! b\nd>y l9es :i* m>k (f "o field ( sci5ce f ano!r are purely artificial1 are set up only = tempor>y conv5i5ce4 ,! *emi/ has only to dig deep en\gh to f9d t ! physici/ & himself occupy common gr\nd4 ,delve f ! surface ( y\r sph]e to its he>t1 & at once y\r radius jo9s e o!r4 ,ev5 ! briefe/ glance at electro-*emi/ry %\ld pause to ackn[l$ge its pr(\nd debt to ! new !ories z to ! bond+ ( atoms to =m molecules1 & ( ! cont9uity betwe5 solution & electrical dissociation4 ,h[ev] mu* ^! hypo!ses may be modifi$ z m light is %$ on ! geometry & ! j\rney+s ( ! molecule1 !y h = ! "t be+ recomm5d$ !mselves z f9d]-?\ghts ( gold5 value4 ,^! speculations ( ! *emi/ c>ry him back p]=ce to ! days ( 8 *ildhood4 ,z he !n jo9$ toge!r 8 black & :ite bricks he f\nd t he c\ld build cubes ( widely diff]5t patt]ns4 ,x 0 9 prop\nd+ a !ory ( molecul> ar*itecture t ,kekule gave an impetus to a va/ & gr[+ bran* ( *emical indu/ry--t ( ! syn!tic production ( dyes & alli$ comp\nds4 ,x 0 9 pure rese>*1 9 pa?s undirect$ to ! m>ket-place1 t su* !ories h be5 ?\ght out4 ,let u consid] electricity z an aid to inve/igation conduct$ = its own sake4 ,! *ief physical g5]alization ( our "t1 & ( all "t1 ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 em]g$ to view only ) ! dawn ( electric art4 ,:5 x 0 obs]v$ t electricity might become heat1 light1 *emical action1 or me*anical motion1 t 9 turn any ( ^! might produce electricity1 x 0 at once indicat$ t all ^! phases ( en]gy might diff] f ea* o!r only z ! movem5ts 9 circles1 volutes1 & spirals ( ord9>y me*anism4 ,! sugge/ion 0 confirm$ :5 electrical measur]s 7 ref9$ to ! utmo/ precision1 & a s+le quantum ( en]gy 0 reveal$ a v ,proteus 9 its disguises1 yet b5ea? ^! disguises no?+ b con/ancy itself4 ,!re is t scatt]e?1 & yet increase?2 & !re is t )holde? m ?an is meet1 b x t5de? to pov]ty4 ,because ! geomet]s ( old pati5tly explor$ ! prop]ties ( ! triangle1 ! circle1 & ! ellipse1 simply = pure love ( tru?1 !y laid ! corn]-/ones = ! arts ( ! ar*itect1 ! eng9e]1 & ! navigator4 ,9 l mann] x 0 ! dis9t]e/$ "w ( inve/igation conduct$ by ,amp]e1 ,f>aday1 ,h5ry & _! compe]s1 9 asc]ta9+ ! laws ( electricity :i* made possible ! telegraph1 ! telephone1 ! dynamo1 & ! electric furnace4 ,! vital relations betwe5 pure rese>* & economic ga9 h at la/ work$ !mselves cle>4 ,x is p]fectly pla9 t a man :o has x 9 him to discov] laws ( matt] & en]gy does incomp>ably m = 8 k9d ?an if he c>ri$ 8 tal5ts to ! m9t = conv]sion into co94 ,! voyage ( a ,columbus may n imm$iately be> z mu* fruit z ! uncov]+s ( a m9e prospector1 b 9 ! long run a ,columbus makes possible ! f9d+ _m m9es :i* )\t him no prospector w\ld ev] see4 ,!re=e let ! se$-corn ( k be plant$ r ?an eat54 ,b 9 *oos+ betwe5 "o rese>* & ano!r x is impossible to =etell :i* may prove ! ri*] 9 its h>ve/s2 = in/ance1 all attempts ?us f> economically to oxidize c>bon = ! production ( electricity h fail$1 yet 9 obs]vations t at fir/ seem$ equally b>r5 h la9 ! h9ts to :i* we owe ! inc&esc5t lamp & ! wireless telegraph4 ,p]haps ! mo/ promis+ field ( electrical rese>* is t ( dis*>ges at high pressures2 "h ! lead+ ,am]ican inve/igators are ,pr(essor ,john ,tr[bridge & ,pr(essor ,elihu ,?omson4 ,employ+ a t5sion e/imat$ at "o & a half millions volts1 ,pr(essor ,tr[bridge has produc$ fla%es ( lightn+ six feet 9 l5g? 9 atmosph]ic air2 9 a tube exhau/$ to "o-sev5? ( atmosph]ic pressure ! fla%es ext5d$ !mselves to =ty feet4 ,accord+ to ?is inquir]1 ! famili> r5d+ ( trees by lightn+ is due to ! int5se heat develop$ 9 an in/ant by ! electric sp>k2 ! sudd5 expansion ( air or /eam 9 ! cavities ( ! wood causes an explosion4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,?omson confront him ) "s ( ! seem+ contradictions :i* ev] await ! explor] ( new sci5tific t]ritory4 ,9 ! atmosph]e an electrical dis*>ge is facilitat$ :5 a metallic t]m9al 7z a lightn+ rod7 is %ap$ z a po9t2 "u oil a po9t is ! =m lea/ fav\rable to dis*>ge4 ,9 ! same l9e ( p>adox x is obs]v$ t oil /eadily improves 9 its insulat+ effect ! high] ! electrical pressure committ$ to its keep+2 ) air z an insulator ! contr>y is ! fact4 ,^! & a goodly array ( simil> puzzles w1 )\t d\bt1 be cle>$ up z /ud5ts 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury pass f ! twilight ( anomaly to ! sun%9e ( asc]ta9$ law4 ,be=e !re c be appli$ sci5ce !re mu/ be sci5ce to apply1 & x is by enabl+ ! inve/igator to "k nature "u a fre% aspect t electricity rises to its highe/ (fice4 ,! laboratory r\t9e ( asc]ta9+ ! conductivity1 pol>isability1 & o!r electrical prop]ties ( matt] is dull & exact+ "w1 b x op5s to ! /ud5t new w9d[s ?r\gh :i* to pe] at ! ar*itecture ( matt]4 ,t ar*itecture1 z x rises to 8 view1 discloses "o law ( /ructure aft] ano!r2 :at 9 a fir/ & cl\d$ glance seem$ anomaly is n[ resolv$ & reconcil$2 ord] displays itself :]e once an>*y alone appe>$4 ,:5 ! inve/igator n[ ne$s a sub/ance ( peculi> prop]ties he kn[s :]e to f9d x1 or has a h9t = its creation--a creation p]haps new 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,z he ?9ks ( ! weal? ( qualities possess$ by 8 /ore ( alloys1 salts1 acids1 alkalies1 new uses = !m are borne into 8 m9d4 ,yet m--a new or*e/ration ( inquiry is possible by means ( ! in/rum5ts creat$ = him by ! electrician1 ?r\gh ! advances 9 me?od :i* ^! in/rum5ts effect4 ,) a second & m intimate po9t ( view arrives a new trigonometry ( ! p>ticle1 a trigonometry inconceivable 9 pre-electric days4 ,h5ce a surr\nd is 9 progress :i* e>ly 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury may g full circle1 mak+ atom & molecule z ob$i5t to ! *emi/ z brick & /one are to ! build] n[4 ,! laboratory inve/igator & ! comm]cial exploit] ( 8 discov]ies h be5 by turns borr[] & l5d]1 to ! great pr(it ( bo?4 ,:at ,leyd5 j> c\ld ev] be con/ruct$ ( ! size & reveal+ p[] ( an ,atlantic cable8 ,& h[ _m ref9em5ts ( measurem5t1 ( purification ( metals1 ( precision 9 manufacture1 h be5 impos$ by ! colossal inve/m5ts 9 deep-sea telegraphy alone6 ,:5 a curr5t admitt$ to an ocean cable1 su* z t betwe5 ,bre/ & ,new ,york1 c *oose = its pa? ei!r #c1edj miles ( copp] wire or a qu>t] ( an in* ( gutta-p]*a1 !re is a dang]\s opportunity = escape into ! sea1 unless ! curr5t is ( nicely adju/$ /r5g?1 & ! insulator has be5 made & laid ) ! be/-in=m$ skill1 ! mo/ consci5ti\s c>e4 ,9 ! con/ant te/s requir$ 9 lay+ ! fir/ cables ,"l ,kelv9 7!n ,pr(essor ,william ,?omson7 felt ! ne$ = bett] design$ & m s5sitive galvanomet]s or curr5t measur]s4 ,8 great skill bo? z a ma!matician & a me*anician creat$ ! exi/+ in/rum5ts1 :i* seem beyond improvem5t4 ,!y s]ve n only 9 comm]ce & manufacture1 b 9 promot+ ! /rictly sci5tific "w ( ! laboratory4 ,n[ t electricity purifies copp] z fire _c1 ! ma!matician is able to treat 8 problems ( long-di/ance transmission1 ( traction1 ( ma*9e design1 ) an economy & c]ta9ty impossible :5 8 mat]ials 7 n simply impure1 b impure 9 v>y+ & indef9ite degrees4 ,! factory & ! work%op orig9ally took _! magneto-ma*9es f ! exp]im5tal laboratory2 !y h return$ !m remodell$ beyond recognition z dynamos & motors ( almo/ ideal effectiv5ess4 ,a galvanomet] actuat$ by a !rmo-electric pile furni%es mu* ! mo/ s5sitive means ( detect+ *anges ( temp]ature2 h5ce electricity enables ! physici/ to /udy ! ph5om5a ( heat ) new ease & precision4 ,x 0 ?us t ,pr(essor ,tyndall conduct$ ! classical rese>*es set =? 9 8 ,heat z a ,mode ( ,motion1 asc]ta9+ ! s+ul> p[] to absorb t]re/rial heat :i* makes ! aque\s vap\rs ( ! atmosph]e act z an indisp5sable blanket to ! e>?4 ,& h[ va/ly has electricity1 :e!r 9 ! work%op or laboratory1 enl>g$ our conceptions ( ! =ces t ?rill space1 ( ! sub/ances1 seem+ly s simple1 t surr\nd u--sub/ances t prop\nd que/ions ( /ructure & behavi\r t sil5ce ! acute/ inve/igator4 ,y ask me1 said a great physici/1 if ,i h a !ory ( ! univ]se8 ,:y1 ,i hav5't ev5 a !ory ( magnetism6 ,! conv5tional phrase conduct+ a curr5t is n[ und]/ood to be m]e figure ( spee*2 x is ?\ght t a wire does little else ?an give direction to electric en]gy4 ,pulsations ( high t5sion h be5 prov$ to be ma9ly sup]ficial 9 _! j\rneys1 s t !y are be/ convey$ 7or convoy$7 by conductors ( tubul> =m4 ,& :at is x t moves :5 we speak ( conduction8 ,x seems to be n[ ! molecule ( atomic *emi/ry1 & anon ! same e!r t undulates ) light or radiant heat4 ,inde$1 ! conque/ ( electricity means s mu* because x impresses ! molecule & ! e!r into s]vice z its vehicles ( communication4 ,in/ead ( ! old-"t masses ( metal1 or b&s ( lea!r1 :i* mov$ /iffly ?r\gh ranges comp>atively %ort1 !re is to-day employ$ a m$ium :i* may trav]se #ahf1djj miles 9 a second1 & ) resi/ances mo/ trivial 9 contra/ ) ^? ( me*anical friction4 ,& :at is friction 9 ! la/ analysis b ! production ( motion 9 undesir$ =ms1 ! all[+ valuable en]gy to d useless "w8 ,9 t amaz+ case ( long di/ance transmission1 common sun%9e1 a sol> beam arrives at ! e>? f ! sun n "o :it ! weak] = its excursion ( #ib1jjj1jjj miles4 ,x is highly probable t we are surr\nd$ by simil> cases ( ! total abs5ce ( friction 9 ! ph5om5a ( bo? physics & *emi/ry1 & t art w come ne>] & ne>] to nature 9 ?is immunity is assur$ :5 we see h[ _m /eps 9 t direction h already be5 tak5 by ! electrical eng9e]4 ,9 a prec$+ page a brief acc\nt 0 giv5 ( ! !ory t gases & vap\rs are 9 ceaseless motion4 ,?is motion suff]s no abatem5t f friction1 & h5ce we may inf] t ! molecules conc]n$ are p]fectly ela/ic4 ,! op9ion is ga9+ gr\nd among physici/s t all ! prop]ties ( matt]1 transp>5cy1 *emical comb9ability1 & ! re/1 are due to imman5t motion 9 p>ticul> orbits1 ) div]se velocities4 ,if ?is be e/abli%$1 !n ^! motions also suff] no friction1 & g on )\t resi/ance =ev]4 ,z ! inve/igators 9 ! vangu>d ( sci5ce discuss ! con/itution ( matt]1 & weave hypo!ses m or less fruitful z to ! int]play ( its =ces1 !re is a gr[+ fai? t ! day is at h& :5 ! tie betwe5 electricity & gravitation w be unveil$--:5 ! reason :y matt] has weight w cease to puzzle ! ?9k]4 ,:o c tell :at relief ( man's e/ate may be b\nd up ) ! ability to trans=m any phase ( en]gy into any o!r )\t ! circuit\s me?ods & s]i\s losses ( to-day6 ,9 ! sph]e ( economic progress "o ( ! supreme advances 0 due to ! inv5tion ( money1 ! provid+ a m$ium = :i* any salable ?+ may be ex*ang$1 ) :i* any pur*asable ?+ may be b\ght4 ,z soon z a %ell1 or a hide1 or a bit ( metal 0 recogniz$ z hav+ univ]sal conv]tibility1 all ! delays & disc\nts ( b>t] 7 at an end4 ,9 ! _w ( physics & *emi/ry ! correspond+ m$ium is electricity2 let x be produc$ z readily z x produces o!r modes ( motion1 & human art w take a /ride =w>d su* z :5 ,volta dispos$ 8 z9c & silv] discs toge!r1 or :5 ,f>aday set a magnet mov+ ar\nd a copp] wire4 ,= all t ! electric curr5t is n z yet produc$ z economically z x %\ld be1 we d wrong if we reg>d x z an infant =ce4 ,h[ev] mu* new k may d ) electricity 9 ! laboratory1 9 ! factory1 or 9 ! ex*ange1 "s ( its be/ "w is already done4 ,x is n likely ev] to p]=m a great] feat ?an plac+ all mank9d )9 e>-%ot ( ea* o!r4 ,7 electricity unma/]$ !re c\ld be no democratic gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to-day ! drama ( national affairs is m directly 9 view ( e ,am]ican citiz5 ?an1 a c5tury ago1 ! public bus9ess ( ,delaw>e c\ld be to ! m5 ( t little ,/ate4 ,& :5 on ! broad] /age ( int]national politics misund]/&+s arise1 let u note h[ ! telegraph has modifi$ ! h>d-&-fa/ rules ( old-"t diplomacy4 ,to-day1 ?r\gh ! columns ( ! press1 ! facts 9 controv]sy are in/antly publi%$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & ?us s spe$ily give rise to au?oritative comm5t t a sev]e /ra9 is put ^u negotiators ^: tradition x is to be bo? secret & sl[4 ,railroads1 ) all !y mean = civilization1 c\ld n h ext5d$ !mselves )\t ! telegraph to control !m4 ,& railroads & telegraphs are ! s9ews & n]ves ( national life1 ! prime ag5cies 9 weld+ ! div]se & widely sep>at$ ,/ates & ,t]ritories ( ! ,union4 ,a ,bo/on m]*ant builds a cotton-mill 9 ,georgia2 a ,new ,york capitali/ op5s a copp]-m9e 9 ,arizona4 ,! telegraph :i* in=ms !m day by day h[ _! inve/m5ts prosp] tells idle m5 :]e !y c f9d "w1 :]e "w c seek idle m54 ,*icago is laid 9 a%es1 ,*>le/on topples 9 e>?quake1 ,john/[n is :elm$ 9 flood1 & in/antly a cont95t spr+s to _! relief4 ,& :at b5efits issue 9 ! /rictly comm]cial uses ( ! telegraph6 ,at its click bo? locomotive & /eam%ip spe$ to ! relief ( fam9e 9 any qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,9 times ( pl5ty or ( de>? ! m>kets ( ! globe are m]g$ & are br\ght to e man's door4 ,n less /rik+ is ! neighb\rhood guild ( sci5ce1 born1 too1 ( ! telegraph4 ,! day aft] ,ro5tg5 ann\nc$ 8 ,x rays1 physici/s on e cont95t 7 repeat+ 8 exp]im5ts--7 apply+ 8 discov]y to ! heal+ ( ! w\nd$ & diseas$4 ,let an anti-tox9 = diph!ria1 consumption1 or yell[ fev] be propos$1 & a hundr$ inve/igators ! _w ov] b5d _! skill to confirm or disprove1 z if ! sugge/] dwelt next door4 ,on a /age less dramatic1 or r n dramatic at all1 electricity works equal good4 ,its motor free+ u f dep5d5ce on ! horse is spread+ our t[ns & cities into _! adjo9+ c\ntry4 ,field & g>d5 compete ) airless /reets4 ,! sunny cottage is 9 active rivalry ) ! odi\s t5em5t-h\se4 ,x is f\nd t transportation )9 ! gates ( a metropolis has an importance second only to ! means ( transit :i* l9ks "o city ) ano!r4 ,! eng9e] is at la/ fill+ ! gap :i* too long exi/$ betwe5 ! traction ( horses & t ( /eam4 ,9 po9t ( spe$1 cleanl9ess1 & com=t su* an electric subway z t ( ,s\? ,london leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,?r\gh\t ,am]ica electric roads1 at fir/ suburban1 are n[ fa/ jo9+ t[n to t[n & city to city1 :ile1 z auxili>ies to /eam railroads1 !y place sp>sely settl$ communities 9 ! art]ial curr5t ( ! _w1 & build up a ready m>ket = ! dairyman & ! fruit-gr[]4 ,9 its sav+ ( :at ,mr4 ,osc> ,t4 ,crosby has call$ man-h\rs ! ?ird-rail sy/em is beg9n+ to ou/ /eam z a motive p[] f trunk-l9es4 ,already %rewd railroad manag]s are grant+ p>tn]%ips to ! electricians :o might o!rwise encroa* ^u _! divid5ds4 ,a s]vice at fir/ re/rict$ to pass5g]s has n[ ext5d$ itself to ! c>riage ( lett]s & p>cels1 & beg9s to rea* out = common freight4 ,we may soon see ! f>m]'s cry = good roads satisfi$ by good electric l9es t w take 8 crops to m>ket mu* m *eaply & quickly ?an horses & macadam ev] did4 ,9 cities1 electromobile cabs & vans /eadily increase 9 numb]s1 fur!r+ ! quiet & cleanl9ess introduc$ by ! trolley c>4 ,a ^w has be5 said ab\t ! bless+s :i* electricity promises to c\ntry folk1 yet great] are ! boons x /&s ready to be/[ 9 ! hives ( population4 ,until a few decades ago ! wat]-supply ( cities 0 a matt] n ( municipal b ( individual ent]prise2 wat] 0 drawn 9 l>ge "p f wells "h & !re1 f l9es ( pip+ laid 9 fav\r$ localities1 & always insuffici5t4 ,_m an epidemic ( typhoid fev] 0 due to ! contam9ation ( a spr+ by a cesspool a few y>ds away4 ,to-day a supply su* z t ( ,new ,york is abundant & *eap because x ent]s e h\se4 ,let a c5traliz$ electrical s]vice enjoy a l privilege1 & x w (f] a curr5t :i* is heat1 light1 *emical en]gy1 or motive p[]1 & all at a wage l[] ?an t ( any o!r s]vant4 ,unwitt+ly1 !n1 ! electrical eng9e] is a political re=m] ( high degree1 = he puts a new premium ^u ability & ju/ice at ! ,city ,hall4 ,8 sole condition is t electricity %all be "u control at once compet5t & hone/4 ,let u hope t 8 plea1 jo9$ to o!rs z weighty1 may quick5 ! _s ( civic righte\sness s t "s ( ! ri*e/ fruits ev] borne 9 ! g>d5 ( sci5ce & art may n be pr(f]$ 9 va94 ,flame1 ! old-"t s]vant1 is individual2 electricity1 its successor & heir1 is collective4 ,flame sits ^u ! he>? & draws a family toge!r2 electricity1 well+ f a public s\rce1 may b9d into a unit all ! families ( a va/ city1 because x makes ! b5efit ( ea* ! int]e/ ( all4 ,b n e promise br\ght =w>d 9 ! "n ( ! electrician has 8 ass5t or sanction4 ,s mu* has be5 done by electricity1 & s mu* m is pla9ly feasible1 t a reflection ( its triumphs has gild$ _m a baseless dream4 ,"o ( ^! is t ! *eap electric motor1 by supply p[] at home1 w break up ! factory sy/em1 & br+ back ! dome/ic manufactur+ ( old days4 ,b if ?is p[] co/ no?+ at all ! gift w\ld leave ! factory unassail$2 = we mu/ rememb] t p[] is be+ /eadily r$uc$ 9 co/ f ye> to ye>1 s t 9 _m indu/ries x has b a m9or place among ! exp5ses ( production4 ,! /r5g? & pr(it ( ! factory sy/em lie 9 its assembl+ a wide v>iety ( ma*9es1 ! fir/ deliv]+ its product to ! second = ano!r /ep t[>d completion1 & s on until a f9i%$ article is s5t to ! w>e-room4 ,x is ?is m9ute subdivision ( lab\r1 toge!r ) ! sav+ & effici5cy t inure to a bus9ess conduct$ on an imm5se scale "u a s+le manag]1 t bids u believe t ! factory has come to /ay4 ,to be sure1 a weav]1 a pott]1 or a l5s-gr9d] ( peculi> skill may ?rive at 8 loom or :eel at home2 b su* a man is f> f typical 9 mod]n manufacture4 ,besides1 x is v que/ionable :e!r ! lam5tations ov] ! home indu/ries ( ! pa/ d n ignore evil concomitants su* z /ill l+] 9 ! home indu/ries ( ! pres5t--^? ( ! sweat]'s d51 = example4 ,?is rapid survey ( :at electricity has done & may yet d--futile expectation dismiss$--has %[n x ! creator ( a ?\s& mat]ial res\rces1 ! p]fector ( t communication ( ?+s1 ( p[]1 ( ?\ght1 :i* 9 e prior /age ( advancem5t has m>k$ ! successive lifts ( humanity4 ,x 0 mu* :5 ! savage load$ a pack ^u a horse or an ox in/ead ( ^u 8 own back2 x 0 yet m :5 he c\ld make a beacon-fl>e give news or w>n+ to a :ole c\ntry-side1 in/ead ( be+ limit$ to ! messages :i* might be read 9 8 wav+ h&s4 ,all t ! mod]n eng9e] 0 able to d ) /eam = locomotion is rais$ to a high] plane by ! adv5t ( 8 new p[]1 :ile ! long-di/ance transmission ( electrical en]gy is contract+ ! dim5sions ( ! planet to a scale ^u :i* its cat>acts 9 ! wild]ness drive ! sp9dles & looms ( ! factory t[n1 or illum9ate ! ?or\ghf>es ( cities4 ,beyond & above all su* s]vices z ^!1 electricity is ! corn]-/one ( physical g5]alization1 a reveal] ( tru?s imp5etrable by any o!r ray4 ,! subjugation ( fire has done mu* 9 giv+ man a new indep5d5ce ( nature1 a mighty arm\ry aga9/ evil4 ,9 curtail+ ! mo/ ardu\s & brutaliz+ =ms ( toil1 electricity1 t subtl] k9d ( fire1 c>ries ?is emancipation a long /ep fur!r1 &1 mean:ile1 be/[s ^u ! poor _m a luxury :i* b lately 0 ! exclusive possession ( ! ri*4 ,9 m closely b9d+ up ! good ( ! bee ) ! welf>e ( ! hive1 x is an educator & confirm] ( e social bond4 ,9 s f> z x pr(f]s new help 9 ! w> on pa9 & disease x /r5g!ns ! confid5ce ( man 9 an ,ord] ( ,"r & ,happ9ess :i* = s _m dre>y ages has be5 a matt] r ( hope ?an ( vision4 ,are we n1 !n1 ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ electricity to be a multipli] ( faculty & insight1 a means ( dignify+ m9d & s\l1 unexampl$ s9ce man fir/ k9dl$ fire & rejoic$8 ,we h trac$ h[ dext]ity rose to fire-mak+1 h[ fire-mak+ l$ to ! subjugation ( electricity4 ,mu* ( ! mo/ tell+ "w ( fire c be bett] done by its great successor1 :ile electricity p]=ms _m tasks possible only to itself4 ,unwitt+ tru? !re 0 9 ! simple fable ( ! captive :o let d[n a spid]'s film1 t drew up a ?read1 :i* 9 turn br\ght up a rope--& fre$om4 ,x 0 9 #ahjj on ! ?re%old ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 t ,volta devis$ ! fir/ electric batt]y4 ,9 a hundr$ ye>s ! =ce !n lib]at$ has vitally int]wov5 itself ) e art & sci5ce1 be>+ fruit n to be imag9$ ev5 by m5 ( ! /ature ( ,watt1 ,lavoisi]1 or ,humboldt4 ,comp>e ?is rapid m>* ( conque/ ) ! sl[ adaptation1 ?r\gh age aft] age1 ( fire to cook+1 smelt+1 temp]+4 ,yet x 0 p>tly1 p]haps ma9ly1 because ! use ( fire _h drawn out man's intellig5ce & cultivat$ 8 skill t he 0 ready 9 ! fulness ( "t s quickly to seize ^u electricity & subdue x4 ,electricity is z legitimately ! (fspr+ ( fire z fire ( ! simple knack 9 :i* "o savage 9 t5 ?\s& 0 ri*] ?an 8 fell[s4 ,! pr9ciple ( p]mutation1 sugge/$ 9 bo? victories1 int]prets n only h[ va/ empire is won by a new weapon ( prime dignity2 x expla9s :y su* empires are br\ght "u rule ) ev]-accel]at$ pace4 ,e tal5t only pione]s ! way = ! ri*] tal5ts :i* are born f x4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,p]mutations are ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* two or m diff]5t ?+s may be arrang$ 9 a r[1 all ! ?+s appe>+ 9 ea* r[4 ,p]mutations are readily illu/rat$ ) squ>es or cubes ( diff]5t col\rs1 ) numb]s1 or lett]s4 ,p]mutations ( two elem5ts1 #a & #b1 are 7#a x #b7 two2 #a1 #b2 #b1 #a2 or a1 b2 b1 a4 ,( ?ree elem5ts ! p]mutations are 7#a x #b x #c7 six2 #a1 #b1 #c2 #a1 #c1 #b2 #b1 #a1 #c2 #b1 #c1 #a2 #c1 #a1 #b2 #c1 #b1 #a2 or a1 b1 c2 a1 c1 b2 b1 a1 c2 b1 c1 a2 c1 a1 b2 c1 b1 a4 ,( f\r elem5ts ! p]mutations are 7#a x #b x #c x #d7 tw5ty-f\r2 ( five elem5ts1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 & s on4 ,a new elem5t or p]mutator multiplies by an increas+ figure all ! p]mutations x f9ds4 #f ,"s ye>s ago ,i s5t an outl9e ( ?is argum5t to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o repli$3 ,i recognize a novelty & value 9 y\r inf]5ce t ! law implies an increas+ wid? ( gap betwe5 l[] & high] types z evolution advances4 ,,c\nt ,,rum=d ,,id5tifies ,,heat ,,) ,,motion4 ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 :o receiv$ ! title ( ,c\nt ,rum=d f ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia1 0 born 9 ,woburn1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #agec4 ,:5 ?irty-"o ye>s ( age he settl$ 9 ,muni*1 :]e he devot$ 8 rem>kable abilities to ! public s]vice4 ,twelve ye>s aft]w>d he remov$ to ,engl&2 9 #ahjj he f\nd$ ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,london1 s9ce fam\s z ! !atre ( ! lab\rs ( ,davy1 ,f>aday1 ,tyndall1 & ,dew>4 ,he bequea!d to ,h>v>d ,univ]sity a fund to end[ a pr(essor%ip ( ! application ( sci5ce to ! art ( liv+3 he in/itut$ a prize to be aw>d$ by ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,sci5ces = ! mo/ important discov]ies & improvem5ts relat+ to heat & light4 ,9 #ahjd he m>ri$ ! wid[ ( ! illu/ri\s *emi/ ,lavoisi]3 he di$ 9 #ahad4 ,c\nt ,rum=d on ,janu>y #be1 #agih1 read a pap] be=e ! ,royal ,society entitl$ ,an ,enquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,s\rce ( ,heat ,:i* ,is ,excit$ by ,friction4 ,! exp]im5ts !re9 detail$ prov$ t heat is id5tical ) motion1 z aga9/ ! notion t heat is matt]4 ,he ?us laid ! corn]-/one ( ! mod]n !ory t heat light1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emical action1 & all o!r =ms ( en]gy are 9 ess5ce motion1 are conv]tible into "o ano!r1 & z motion are inde/ructible4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract ( ,c\nt ,rum=d's pap] is tak5 f ,heat z a ,mode ( ,motion1 by ,pr(essor ,john ,tyndall1 publi%$ by ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,?is "w & ,! ,correlation & ,cons]vation ( ,=ces1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,y\mans1 publi%$ by ! same h\se1 w s]ve z a capital introduction to ! mod]n !ory t en]gy is motion :i*1 h[ev] v>i$ 9 its =ms1 is *angeless 9 its quantity4 ,be+ engag$ 9 sup]9t5d+ ! bor+ ( cannon 9 ! work%ops ( ! milit>y ars5al at ,muni*1 ,c\nt ,rum=d 0 /ruck ) ! v consid]able degree ( heat :i* a brass gun acquires1 9 a %ort "t1 9 be+ bor$1 & ) ! /ill m int5se heat 7mu* great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]7 ( ! metallic *ips sep>at$ f x by ! bor]1 he propos$ to himself ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,:5ce comes ! heat actually produc$ 9 ! me*anical op]ations above m5tion$8 ,is x furni%$ by ! metallic *ips :i* are sep>at$ f ! metal8 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 !n ! capacity = heat ( ! p>ts ( ! metal s r$uc$ to *ips ought n only to be *ang$1 b ! *ange und]gone by !m %\ld be suffici5tly great to acc\nt = all ! heat produc$4 ,no su* *ange1 h[ev]1 _h tak5 place1 = ! *ips 7 f\nd to h ! same capacity z slices ( ! same metal cut by a f9e saw1 :]e heat+ 0 avoid$4 ,h5ce1 x is evid5t1 t ! heat produc$ c\ld n possibly h be5 furni%$ at ! exp5se ( ! lat5t heat ( ! metallic *ips4 ,rum=d describes ^! exp]im5ts at l5g?1 & !y are conclusive4 ,he !n design$ a cyl9d] = ! express purpose ( g5]at+ heat by friction1 by hav+ a blunt bor] =c$ aga9/ its solid bottom1 :ile ! cyl9d] 0 turn$ ar\nd its axis by ! =ce ( horses4 ,to measure ! heat develop$1 a small r\nd hole 0 bor$ 9 ! cyl9d] = ! purpose ( introduc+ a small m]curial !rmomet]4 ,! weight ( ! cyl9d] 0 #aac4ac p\nds avoirdupois4 ,! bor] 0 a flat piece ( h>d5$ /eel1 #j4fc ( an in* ?ick1 f\r in*es long1 & ne>ly z wide z ! cavity ( ! bore ( ! cyl9d]1 namely1 ?ree & "o-half in*es4 ,! area ( ! surface by :i* its end 0 9 contact ) ! bottom ( ! bore 0 ne>ly two & "o-half in*es4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! %ade1 & also t ( ! cyl9d]1 0 #fj deg4 ,fahr4 ,at ! end ( ?irty m9utes1 & aft] ! cyl9d] _h made #ifj revolutions r\nd its axis1 ! temp]ature 0 f\nd to be #acj deg44 ,hav+ tak5 away ! bor]1 he n[ remov$ ! metallic du/1 or r scaly matt]1 :i* _h be5 deta*$ f ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] by ! blunt /eel bor]1 & f\nd its weight to be #hcg gra9s troy4 ,is x possible1 he exclaims1 t ! v consid]able quantity ( heat produc$ 9 ?is exp]im5t--a quantity :i* actually rais$ ! temp]ature ( above #aac p\nds ( gun-metal at lea/ #gj deg4 ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]--c\ld h be5 furni%$ by s inconsid]able a quantity ( metallic du/ & ?is m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( a *ange 9 its capacity ( heat8 ,b )\t insi/+ on ! improbability ( ?is supposition1 we h only to recollect t f ! results ( actual & decisive exp]im5ts1 made = ! express purpose ( asc]ta9+ t fact1 ! capacity = heat = ! metal ( :i* great guns are ca/ is n s5sibly *ang$ by be+ r$uc$ to ! =m ( metallic *ips1 & !re does n seem to be any reason to ?9k t x c be mu* *ang$1 if x be *ang$ at all1 9 be+ r$uc$ to mu* small] pieces by a bor] :i* is less %>p4 ,he next surr\nd$ 8 cyl9d] by an oblong deal-box1 9 su* a mann] t ! cyl9d] c\ld turn wat]-tight 9 ! c5tre ( ! box1 :ile ! bor] 0 press$ aga9/ ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! box 0 fill$ ) wat] until ! entire cyl9d] 0 cov]$1 & !n ! app>atus 0 set 9 action4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] on comm5c+ 0 #fj deg44 ,! result ( ?is beautiful exp]im5t1 writes ,rum=d1 0 v /rik+1 & ! pleasure x af=d$ me amply repaid me = all ! tr\ble ,i _h _h 9 contriv+ & arrang+ ! complicat$ ma*9]y us$ 9 mak+ x4 ,! cyl9d] _h be5 9 motion b a %ort "t1 :5 ,i p]ceiv$1 by putt+ my h& into ! wat]1 & t\*+ ! outside ( ! cyl9d]1 t heat 0 g5]at$4 ,at ! end ( "o h\r ! fluid1 :i* weigh$ #ah4gg p\nds1 or two & "o-half gallons1 _h its temp]ature rais$ =ty-sev5 degrees1 be+ n[ #ajg deg44 ,9 ?irty m9utes m1 or "o h\r & ?irty m9utes aft] ! ma*9]y _h be5 set 9 motion1 ! heat ( ! wat] 0 #adb deg44 ,at ! end ( two h\rs f ! beg9n+1 ! temp]ature 0 #agh deg44 ,at two h\rs & tw5ty m9utes x 0 #bjj deg41 & at two h\rs & ?irty m9utes x actually boil$6 ,x w\ld be difficult to describe ! surprise & a/oni%m5t express$ 9 ! c\nt5ances ( ! by/&]s on see+ s l>ge a quantity ( wat] heat$1 & actually made to boil1 )\t any fire4 ,?\gh1 !re 0 no?+ t c\ld be consid]$ v surpris+ 9 ?is matt]1 yet ,i ackn[l$ge fairly t x af=d$ me a degree ( *ildi% pleasure :i*1 7 ,i ambiti\s ( ! reputation ( a grave philosoph]1 ,i ought mo/ c]ta9ly r to hide ?an to discov]4 ,he !n c>efully e/imates ! quantity ( heat possess$ by ea* portion ( 8 app>atus at ! conclusion ( ! exp]im5t1 &1 add+ all toge!r1 f9ds a total suffici5t to raise #bf4eh p\nds ( ice-cold wat] to its boil+ po9t1 or ?r\gh #ahj deg4 ,fahr5heit4 ,by c>eful calculation1 he f9ds ?is heat equal to t giv5 out by ! combu/ion ( #b1cjc4h gra9s 7equal to f\r & eight-t5?s ounces troy7 ( wax4 ,he !n det]m9es ! cel]ity ) :i* ! heat 0 g5]at$1 summ+ up ?us3 ,f ! results ( ^! computations1 x appe>s t ! quantity ( heat produc$ equably1 or 9 a cont9u\s /ream1 if ,i may use ! expression1 by ! friction ( ! blunt /eel bor] aga9/ ! bottom ( ! holl[ metallic cyl9d]1 0 great] ?an t produc$ 9 ! combu/ion ( n9e wax-c&les1 ea* ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 all burn+ toge!r ) cle> bright flames4 ,"o horse w\ld h be5 equal to ! "w p]=m$1 ?\gh two 7 actually employ$4 ,heat may ?us be produc$ m]ely by ! /r5g? ( a horse1 &1 9 a case ( necessity1 ?is heat might be us$ 9 cook+ victuals4 ,b no circum/ances c\ld be imag9$ 9 :i* ?is me?od ( procur+ heat w\ld be advantage\s1 = m heat might be obta9$ by us+ ! fodd] necess>y = ! support ( a horse z fuel4 ,?is is an extremely significant passage1 intimat+ z x does1 t ,rum=d saw cle>ly t ! =ce ( animals 0 d]iv$ f ! food2 no creation ( =ce tak+ place 9 ! animal body4 ,by m$itat+ on ! results ( all ^! exp]im5ts1 we are naturally br\ght to t great "q :i* has s (t5 be5 ! subject ( speculation among philosoph]s1 namely1 ,:at is heat--is !re any su* ?+ z an igne\s fluid8 ,is !re any?+ t1 ) propriety1 c be call$ caloric8 ,we h se5 t a v consid]able quantity ( heat may be excit$ by ! friction ( two metallic surfaces1 & giv5 (f 9 a con/ant /ream or flux 9 all directions1 )\t int]ruption or int]mission1 & )\t any signs ( dim9ution or exhau/ion4 ,9 reason+ on ?is subject we mu/ n =get t mo/ rem>kable circum/ance1 t ! s\rce ( ! heat g5]at$ by friction 9 ^! exp]im5ts appe>$ evid5tly to be inexhau/ible4 ,! italics are ,rum=d's4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add1 t any?+ :i* any insulat$ body or sy/em ( bodies c cont9ue to furni% )\t limitation _c possibly be a mat]ial sub/ance2 & x appe>s to me to be extremely difficult1 if n q impossible1 to =m any di/9ct idea ( any?+ capable ( be+ excit$ & communicat$ 9 ^? exp]im5ts1 except x be ,,motion4 ,:5 ! hi/ory ( ! dynamical !ory ( heat is writt51 ! man :o1 9 opposition to ! sci5tific belief ( 8 "t1 c\ld exp]im5t & reason ^u exp]im5t1 z ,rum=d did 9 ! inve/igation "h ref]r$ to1 _c be lightly pass$ ov]4 ,h>dly any?+ m p[]ful aga9/ ! mat]iality ( heat has be5 s9ce adduc$1 h>dly any?+ m conclusive 9 ! way ( e/abli%+ t heat is1 :at ,rum=d consid]$ x to be1 ,motion4 ,,victory ,,( ,,! ,,rocket ,,locomotive4 ,"p ( ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,"p ,,ii1 ( ,! ,life ( ,george ,/eph5son & ( ,8 ,son1 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 by ,samuel ,smiles ,new ,york1 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahfh4 ,! works ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 7 n[ approa*+ completion4 ,b1 /range to say1 ! directors _h n yet decid$ z to ! tractive p[] to be employ$ 9 work+ ! l9e :5 op5 = traffic4 ,! diff]5ces ( op9ion among !m 7 s great z app>5tly to be irreconcilable4 ,x 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 t !y %\ld1 come to "s decision )\t fur!r loss ( "t1 & _m bo>d meet+s 7 accord+ly held to discuss ! subject4 ,! old-fa%ion$ & well-tri$ sy/em ( horse-haulage 0 n )\t its advocates2 b1 look+ at ! l>ge am\nt ( traffic :i* !re 0 to be convey$1 & at ! probable delay 9 ! transit f /ation to /ation if ?is me?od 7 adopt$1 ! directors1 aft] a visit made by !m to ! ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham railways 9 #ahbh1 came to ! conclusion t ! employm5t ( horse-p[] 0 inadmissible4 ,fix$ eng9es _h _m advocates2 ! locomotive v few3 x /ood z yet almo/ 9 a m9ority ( "o--,george ,/eph5son4444 ,9 ! meantime ! discussion proce$$ z to ! k9d ( p[] to be p]man5tly employ$ = ! work+ ( ! railway4 ,! directors 7 inundat$ ) s*emes ( all sorts = facilitat+ locomotion4 ,! projectors ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,am]ica seem$ to be let loose ^u !m4 ,!re 7 plans = work+ ! waggons along ! l9e by wat]-p[]4 ,"s propos$ hydrog51 & o!rs c>bonic acid gas4 ,atmosph]ic pressure _h its eag] advocates4 ,& v>i\s k9ds ( fix$ & locomotive /eam-p[] 7 sugge/$4 ,?omas ,gray urg$ 8 plan ( a greas$ road ) cog-rails2 & ,messrs4 ,vignolles & ,ericsson recomm5d$ ! adoption ( a c5tral friction-rail1 aga9/ :i* two horizontal roll]s "u ! locomotive1 press+ ^u ! sides ( ?is rail1 7 to af=d ! means ( asc5d+ ! incl9$ planes4444 ,! two be/ practical eng9e]s ( ! day concurr$ 9 report+ sub/antially 9 fav\r ( ! employm5t ( fix$ eng9es4 ,n a s+le pr(essional man ( em95ce c\ld be f\nd to co9cide ) ! eng9e] ( ! railway 9 8 pref]5ce = locomotive ov] fix$ eng9e p[]4 ,he _h sc>cely a support]1 & ! locomotive sy/em seem$ on ! eve ( be+ ab&on$4 ,/ill he did n despair4 ,) ! pr(ession aga9/ him1 & public op9ion aga9/ him--= ! mo/ frightful /ories w5t abroad respect+ ! dang]s1 ! unsightl9ess1 & ! nuisance :i* ! locomotive w\ld create--,/eph5son held to 8 purpose4 ,ev5 9 ?is1 app>5tly ! d>ke/ h\r ( ! locomotive1 he did n hesitate to decl>e t locomotive railroads w\ld1 be=e _m ye>s _h pass$1 be ! great highways ( ! _w4 ,he urg$ 8 views ^u ! directors 9 all ways1 9 season1 &1 z "s ( !m ?\ght1 out ( season4 ,he po9t$ out ! great] conv5i5ce ( locomotive p[] = ! purposes ( a public highway1 lik5+ x to a s]ies ( %ort unconnect$ *a9s1 any "o ( :i* c\ld be remov$ & ano!r sub/itut$ )\t int]ruption to ! traffic2 :]eas ! fix$-eng9e sy/em might be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a cont9u\s *a9 ext5d+ betwe5 ! two t]m9i1 ! failure ( any l9k ( :i* w\ld d]ange ! :ole4 ,b ! fix$ eng9e p>ty 0 v /rong at ! bo>d1 &1 l$ by ,mr4 ,cropp]1 !y urg$ ! propriety ( =?) adopt+ ! report ( ,messrs4 ,walk] & ,ra/rick4 ,mr4 ,s&>s & ,mr4 ,william ,ra?bone1 on ! o!r h&1 desir$ t a fair trial %\ld be giv5 to ! locomotive2 & !y ) reason object$ to ! exp5diture ( ! l>ge capital necess>y to con/ruct ! propos$ eng9e-h\ses1 ) _! fix$ eng9es1 ropes1 & ma*9]y1 until !y _h te/$ ! p[]s ( ! locomotive z recomm5d$ by _! own eng9e]4 ,george ,/eph5son cont9u$ to urge ^u !m t ! locomotive 0 yet capable ( great improvem5ts1 if prop] inducem5ts 7 held out to inv5tors & ma*9i/s to make !m2 & he pl$g$ himself t1 if "t 7 giv5 him1 he w\ld con/ruct an eng9e t %\ld satisfy _! requirem5ts1 & prove itself capable ( work+ heavy loads along ! railway ) spe$1 regul>ity1 & safety4 ,at l5g?1 influ5c$ by 8 p]si/5t e>ne/ness n less ?an by 8 argum5ts1 ! directors1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,h>rison1 det]m9$ to (f] a prize ( ,l#ejj = ! be/ locomotive eng9e1 :i*1 on a c]ta9 day1 %\ld be produc$ on ! railway1 & p]=m c]ta9 specifi$ conditions 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]4#g ,! requirem5ts ( ! directors z to spe$ 7 n excessive4 ,all t !y ask$ = 0 t t5 miles an h\r %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,p]haps !y _h 9 m9d ! animadv]sions ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review on ! absurdity ( travell+ at a great] velocity1 & also ! rem>ks publi%$ by ,mr4 ,ni*olas ,wood1 :om !y select$ to be "o ( ! judges ( ! competition1 9 conjunction1 ) ,mr4 ,ra/rick1 ( ,/\rbridge1 & ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 ( ,man*e/]4 ,x 0 n[ felt t ! fate ( railways 9 a great measure dep5d$ ^u ! issue ( ?is appeal to ! me*anical g5ius ( ,engl&4 ,:5 ! adv]tisem5t ( ! prize = ! be/ locomotive 0 publi%$1 sci5tific m5 began m p>ticul>ly to direct _! att5tion to ! new p[] :i* 0 ?us /ruggl+ into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! meantime public op9ion on ! subject ( railway work+ rema9$ susp5d$1 & ! progress ( ! und]tak+ 0 wat*$ ) int5se int]e/4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ?is important controv]sy ) ref]5ce to ! k9d ( p[] to be employ$ 9 work+ ! railway1 ,george ,/eph5son 0 9 con/ant communication ) 8 son ,rob]t1 :o made frequ5t visits to ,liv]pool = ! purpose ( assi/+ 8 fa!r 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 reports to ! bo>d on ! subject4 ,mr4 ,swanwick rememb]s ! vivid int]e/ ( ! ev5+ discussions :i* !n took place betwe5 fa!r & son z to ! be/ mode ( increas+ ! p[]s & p]fect+ ! me*anism ( ! locomotive4 ,he wond]$ at _! quick p]ception & rapid judgm5t on ea* o!r's sugge/ions2 at ! me*anical difficulties :i* !y anticipat$ & provid$ = 9 ! practical arrangem5t ( ! ma*9e2 & he speaks ( ^! ev5+s z mo/ int]e/+ displays ( two actively +5i\s & able m9ds /imulat+ ea* o!r to feats ( me*anical inv5tion1 by :i* x 0 orda9$ t ! locomotive eng9e %\ld become :at x n[ is4 ,^! discussions became m frequ5t1 & /ill m int]e/+1 aft] ! public prize _h be5 (f]$ = ! be/ locomotive by ! directors ( ! railway1 & ! work+ plans ( ! eng9e :i* !y propos$ to con/ruct _h to be settl$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important consid]ations 9 ! new eng9e 0 ! arrangem5t ( ! boil]1 & ! ext5sion ( its heat+ surface to enable /eam en\gh to be rais$ rapidly & cont9u\sly = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ high rates ( spe$--! effect ( high pressure eng9es be+ asc]ta9$ to dep5d ma9ly ^u ! quantity ( /eam :i* ! boil] c g5]ate1 & ^u its degree ( ela/icity :5 produc$4 ,! quantity ( /eam s g5]at$1 x w be obvi\s1 mu/ *iefly dep5d ^u ! quantity ( fuel consum$ 9 ! furnace1 &1 by necess>y consequ5ce1 ^u ! high rate ( temp]ature ma9ta9$ !re4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ,/eph5son's fir/ ,kill+wor? eng9es he invit$ & appli$ ! +5i\s me?od ( /imulat+ combu/ion 9 ! furnace by ?r[+ ! wa/e /eam into ! *imney aft] p]=m+ its (fice 9 ! cyl9d]s1 !reby accel]at+ ! asc5t ( ! curr5t ( air1 greatly increas+ ! draught1 & consequ5tly ! temp]ature ( ! fire4 ,?is plan 0 adopt$ by him1 z we h se51 z e>ly z #ahae1 & x 0 s successful t he himself attribut$ to x ! great] economy ( ! locomotive z comp>$ ) horse-p[]4 ,h5ce ! cont9uance ( its use ^u ! ,kill+wor? ,railway4 ,?\gh ! adoption ( ! /eam bla/ greatly quick5$ combu/ion & contribut$ to ! rapid production ( high-pressure /eam1 ! limit$ am\nt ( heat+ surface pres5t$ to ! fire 0 /ill felt to be an ob/acle to ! complete success ( ! locomotive eng9e4 ,mr4 ,/eph5son endeav\r$ to ov]come ?is by l5g!n+ ! boil]s & increas+ ! surface pres5t$ by ! flue-tubes4 ,! ,lanca%ire ,wit*1 :i* he built = ! ,bolton & ,leigh ,railway1 & us$ 9 =m+ ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway embankm5ts1 0 con/ruct$ ) a d\ble tube1 ea* ( :i* conta9$ a fire1 & pass$ longitud9ally ?r\gh ! boil]4 ,b ?is arrangem5t necess>ily l$ to a consid]able increase 9 ! weight ( ^? eng9es1 :i* am\nt$ to ab\t twelve tons ea*2 & z six tons 0 ! limit all[$ = eng9es admitt$ to ! ,liv]pool competition1 x 0 cle> t ! "t 0 come :5 ! ,kill+wor? eng9e mu/ und]go a f>!r important modification4 ,= _m ye>s previ\s to ?is p]iod1 +5i\s me*anics _h be5 engag$ 9 attempt+ to solve ! problem ( ! be/ & mo/ economical boil] = ! production ( high-pressure /eam4 ,! use ( tubes 9 boil]s = increas+ ! heat+ surface _h long be5 kn[n4 ,z e>ly z #aghj1 ,mat!w ,b\lton employ$ copp] tubes longitud9ally 9 ! boil] ( ! ,:eal ,busy eng9e 9 ,cornwall--! fire pass+ ?r\gh ! tubes--& x 0 f\nd t ! production ( /eam 0 !reby consid]ably increas$4 ,! use ( tubul> boil]s aft]w>ds became common 9 ,cornwall4 ,9 #ahjc1 ,woolf1 ! ,corni% eng9e]1 pat5t$ a boil] ) tubes1 ) ! same object ( increas+ ! heat+ surface4 ,! wat] 0 inside ! tubes1 & ! fire ( ! boil] outside4 ,simil> exp$i5ts 7 propos$ by o!r inv5tors4 ,9 #ahae ,trevi?ick inv5t$ 8 light high-pressure boil] = portable purposes1 9 :i*1 to expose a l>ge surface to ! fire1 he con/ruct$ ! boil] ( a numb] ( small p]p5dicul> tubes op5+ into a common res]voir at ! top4 ,9 #ahbc ,w4 ,h4 ,james contriv$ a boil] compos$ ( a s]ies ( annul> wr\ght-iron tubes1 plac$ side by side & bolt$ toge!r1 s z to =m by _! union a long cyl9drical boil]1 9 ! c5tre ( :i*1 at ! end1 ! fireplace 0 situat$4 ,! fire play$ r\nd ! tubes1 :i* conta9$ ! wat]4 ,9 #ahbf ,james ,neville took out a pat5t = a boil] ) v]tical tubes surr\nd$ by ! wat]1 ?r\gh :i* ! heat$ air ( ! furnace pass$1 expla9+ also 9 8 specification t ! tubes might be horizontal or incl9$1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,mr4 ,goldswor?y1 ! p]sev]+ adaptor ( /eam-c>riages to travell+ on common roads1 appli$ ! tubul> pr9ciple 9 ! boil] ( 8 eng9e1 9 :i* ! /eam 0 g5]at$ )9 ! tubes2 :ile ! boil] inv5t$ by ,messrs4 ,summ] & ,ogle = _! turnpike-road /eam-c>riage consi/$ ( a s]ies ( tubes plac$ v]tically ov] ! furnace1 ?r\gh :i* ! heat$ air pass$ be=e rea*+ ! *imney4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,george ,/eph5son 0 try+ ! effect ( introduc+ small tubes 9 ! boil]s ( 8 locomotives1 ) ! object ( increas+ _! evaporative p[]4 ,?us1 9 #ahbi1 he s5t to ,france two eng9es con/ruct$ at ! ,newca/le works = ! ,lyons & ,/4 ,eti5ne ,railway1 9 ! boil]s ( :i* tubes 7 plac$ conta9+ wat]4 ,! heat+ surface 0 ?us consid]ably increas$2 b ! exp$i5t 0 n successful1 = ! tubes1 becom+ furr$ ) deposit1 %ortly burn$ out & 7 remov$4 ,x 0 !n t ,m4 ,segu91 ! eng9e] ( ! railway1 pursu+ ! same idea1 is said to h adopt$ 8 plan ( employ+ horizontal tubes ?r\gh :i* ! heat$ air pass$ 9 /reamlets1 & = :i* he took out a ,fr5* pat5t4 ,9 ! meantime ,mr4 ,h5ry ,boo?1 secret>y to ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 ^: att5tion _h be5 direct$ to ! subject on ! prize be+ (f]$ = ! be/ locomotive to "w t l9e1 propos$ ! same me?od1 :i*1 unkn[n to him1 ,mat!w ,b\lton _h employ$ b n pat5t$1 9 #aghj1 & ,james ,neville _h pat5t$1 b n employ$1 9 #ahbf2 & x 0 c>ri$ into effect by ,rob]t ,/eph5son 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,rocket1 :i* won ! prize at ,ra9hill 9 ,octob]1 #ahbi4 ,! foll[+ is ,mr4 ,boo?'s acc\nt 9 a lett] to ! au?or3 ,i 0 9 almo/ daily communication ) ,mr4 ,/eph5son at ! "t1 & ,i 0 n aw>e t he _h any int5tion ( compet+ = ! prize till ,i communicat$ to him my s*eme ( a multitubul> boil]4 ,?is new plan ( boil] compris$ ! introduction ( num]\s small tubes1 two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & less ?an "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 ?r\gh :i* to c>ry ! fire in/ead ( a s+le tube or flue eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t half an in* ?ick1 by :i* plan we n only obta9 a v mu* l>g] heat+ surface1 b ! heat+ surface is mu* m effective1 z !re int]v5es betwe5 ! fire & ! wat] only a ?9 %eet ( copp] or brass1 n an eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 in/ead ( a plate ( iron ( f\r times ! sub/ance1 z well z an inf]ior conductor ( heat4 ,:5 ! conditions ( trial 7 publi%$1 ,i communicat$ my multitubul> plan to ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 & propos$ to him t we %\ld jo9tly con/ruct an eng9e & compete = ! prize4 ,mr4 ,/eph5son approv$ ! plan1 & agre$ to my proposal4 ,he settl$ ! mode 9 :i* ! fire-box & tubes 7 to be mutually arrang$ & connect$1 & ! eng9e 0 con/ruct$ at ! works ( ,messrs4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son ,co41 ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,i am ignorant ( ,m4 ,segu9's proce$+s 9 ,france1 b ,i claim to be ! inv5tor 9 ,engl&1 & feel w>rant$ 9 /at+1 )\t res]vation1 t until ,i nam$ my plan to ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 ) a view to compete = ! prize at ,ra9hill1 x _h n be5 tri$1 & 0 n kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,f ! well-kn[n high "* ( ,mr4 ,boo?1 we believe 8 /atem5t to be made 9 p]fect good fai?1 & t he 0 z mu* 9 ignorance ( ! plan pat5t$ by ,neville z he 0 ( t ( ,segu94 ,z we h se51 f ! _m plans ( tubul> boil]s inv5t$ dur+ ! prec$+ ?irty ye>s1 ! idea 0 n by any means new2 & we believe ,mr4 ,boo? to be entitl$ to ! m]it ( inv5t+ ! me?od by :i* ! multitubul> pr9ciple 0 s effectually appli$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! fam\s ,rocket eng9e4 ,! pr9cipal circum/ances connect$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! ,rocket1 z describ$ by ,rob]t ,/eph5son to ! au?or1 may be briefly /at$4 ,! tubul> pr9ciple 0 adopt$ 9 a m complete mann] ?an _h yet be5 attempt$4 ,tw5ty-five copp] tubes1 ea* ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 ext5d$ f "o end ( ! boil] to ! o!r1 ! heat$ air pass+ ?r\gh !m on its way to ! *imney2 & ! tubes be+ surr\nd$ by ! wat] ( ! boil]1 x w be obvi\s t a l>ge ext5sion ( ! heat+ surface 0 ?us effectually secur$4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty 0 9 fitt+ ! copp] tubes 9 ! boil] ends s z to prev5t leakage4 ,!y 7 manufactur$ by a ,newca/le copp]smi?1 & sold]$ to brass screws :i* 7 screw$ into ! boil] ends1 /&+ out 9 great knobs4 ,:5 ! tubes 7 ?us fitt$1 & ! boil] 0 fill$ ) wat]1 hydraulic pressure 0 appli$2 b ! wat] squirt$ out at e jo9t1 & ! factory floor 0 soon flood$4 ,rob]t w5t home 9 despair2 & 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( grief he wrote to 8 fa!r t ! :ole ?+ 0 a failure4 ,by return ( po/ came a lett] f 8 fa!r1 tell+ him t despair 0 n to be ?\ght (--t he mu/ try aga92 & he sugge/$ a mode ( ov]com+ ! difficulty1 :i* 8 son _h already anticipat$ & proce$$ to adopt4 ,x 01 to bore clean holes 9 ! boil] ends1 fit 9 ! smoo? copp] tubes z tightly z possible1 sold] up1 & !n raise ! /eam4 ,?is plan succe$$ p]fectly1 ! expansion ( ! copp] tubes completely fill+ up all int]/ices1 & produc+ a p]fectly wat]-tight boil]1 capable ( )/&+ extreme ext]nal pressure4 ,! mode ( employ+ ! /eam-bla/ = ! purpose ( increas+ ! draught 9 ! *imney 0 also ! subject ( num]\s exp]im5ts4 ,:5 ! eng9e 0 fir/ tri$1 x 0 ?\ght t ! bla/ 9 ! *imney 0 n suffici5tly /rong = ! purpose ( keep+ up ! int5sity ( fire 9 ! furnace1 s z to produce high-pressure /eam ) ! requir$ velocity4 ,! exp$i5t 0 !re=e adopt$ ( hamm]+ ! copp] tubes at ! po9t at :i* !y ent]$ ! *imney1 :]eby ! bla/ 0 consid]ably %>p5$2 & on a f>!r trial x 0 f\nd t ! draught 0 increas$ to su* an ext5t z to enable abundance ( /eam to be rais$4 ,! rationale ( ! bla/ may be simply expla9$ by ref]r+ to ! effect ( contract+ ! pipe ( a wat]-hose1 by :i* ! =ce ( ! jet ( wat] is proportionately increas$4 ,wid5 ! nozzle ( ! pipe1 & ! jet is 9 l mann] dim9i%$4 ,s x is ) ! /eam-bla/ 9 ! *imney ( ! locomotive4 ,d\bts 71 h[ev]1 express$ :e!r ! great] draught obta9$ by ! contraction ( ! bla/-pipe 0 n c\nt]balanc$ 9 "s degree by ! negative pressure ^u ! pi/on4 ,h5ce a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 made ) pipes ( diff]5t diamet]s1 & _! effici5cy 0 te/$ by ! am\nt ( vacuum t 0 produc$ 9 ! smoke-box4 ,! degree ( r>efaction 0 det]m9$ by a glass tube fix$ to ! bottom ( ! smoke-box & desc5d+ into a bucket ( wat]1 ! tube be+ op5 at bo? ends4 ,z ! r>efaction took place1 ! wat] w\ld1 ( c\rse1 rise 9 ! tube1 & ! height to :i* x rose above ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! bucket 0 made ! measure ( ! am\nt ( r>efaction4 ,^! exp]im5ts prov$ t a consid]able increase ( draught 0 obta9$ by ! contraction ( ! orifice2 accord+ly1 ! two bla/-pipes op5+ f ! cyl9d]s into ei!r side ( ! ,rocket *imney1 & turn$ up )9 x1 7 contract$ slightly bel[ ! area ( ! /eam-ports1 & be=e ! eng9e left ! factory1 ! wat] rose 9 ! glass tube ?ree in*es above ! wat] 9 ! bucket4 ,! o!r arrangem5ts ( ! ,rocket 7 briefly ^!3 ! boil] 0 cyl9drical1 ) flat ends1 six feet 9 l5g?1 & ?ree feet f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! upp] half ( ! boil] 0 us$ z a res]voir = ! /eam1 ! l[] half be+ fill$ ) wat]4 ,?r\gh ! l[] "p ! copp] tubes ext5d$1 be+ op5 to ! fire-box at "o end1 & to ! *imney at ! o!r4 ,! fire-box1 or furnace1 two feet wide & ?ree feet high1 0 atta*$ imm$iately beh9d ! boil]1 & 0 also surr\nd$ ) wat]4 ,! cyl9d]s ( ! eng9e 7 plac$ on ea* side ( ! boil]1 9 an oblique position1 "o end be+ ne>ly level ) ! top ( ! boil] at its aft] end1 & ! o!r po9t+ t[>d ! c5tre ( ! =emo/ or driv+ pair ( :eels1 ) :i* ! connection 0 directly made f ! pi/on-rod to a p9 on ! outside ( ! :eel4 ,! eng9e1 toge!r ) its load ( wat]1 weigh$ only f\r tons & a qu>t]2 & x 0 support$ on f\r :eels1 n c\pl$4 ,! t5d] 0 f\r-:eel$1 & simil> 9 %ape to a waggon--! =emo/ "p hold+ ! fuel1 & ! h9d "p a wat] cask4 ,:5 ! ,rocket 0 f9i%$ x 0 plac$ ^u ! ,kill+wor? ,railway = ! purpose ( exp]im5t4 ,! new boil] arrangem5t 0 f\nd p]fectly successful4 ,! /eam 0 rais$ rapidly & cont9u\sly1 & 9 a quantity :i* !n appe>$ m>vell\s4 ,! same ev5+ ,rob]t despat*$ a lett] to 8 fa!r at ,liv]pool1 in=m+ him1 to 8 great joy1 t ! ,rocket 0 all "r1 & w\ld be 9 complete work+ trim by ! day ( trial4 ,! eng9e 0 %ortly aft] s5t by waggon to ,c>lisle1 & !nce %ipp$ = ,liv]pool4 ,! "t s mu* long$ = by ,george ,/eph5son _h n[ arriv$1 :5 ! m]its ( ! pass5g] locomotive 7 ab\t to be put to ! te/4 ,he _h f\ght ! battle = x until n[ almo/ s+le-h&$4 ,engross$ by 8 daily lab\rs & anxieties1 & h>ass$ by difficulties & disc\ragem5ts :i* w\ld h cru%$ ! _s ( a less resolute man1 he _h held firmly to 8 purpose ?r\gh good & ?r\gh evil report4 ,! ho/ility :i* he exp]i5c$ f "s ( ! directors oppos$ to ! adoption ( ! locomotive 0 ! circum/ance t caus$ him ! greate/ grief ( all2 = :]e he _h look$ = enc\ragem5t1 he f\nd only c>p+ & opposition4 ,b 8 pluck nev] fail$ him2 & n[ ! ,rocket 0 ^u ! gr\nd to prove1 to use 8 own words1 :e!r he 0 a man ( 8 ^w or n4 ,on ! day appo9t$ = ! great competition ( locomotives at ,ra9hill ! foll[+ eng9es 7 ent]$ = ! prize3 #a4 ,messrs4 ,brai?waite & ,ericsson's ,novelty4 #b4 ,mr4 ,timo?y ,hackwor?'s ,sansp>eil4 #c4 ,messrs4 ,r4 ,/eph5son ,co4's ,rocket4 #d4 ,mr4 ,bur/all's ,p]sev]ance4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ! eng9es 7 to be tri$ 0 a level piece ( railroad1 ab\t two miles 9 l5g?4 ,ea* 0 requir$ to make tw5ty trips1 or equal to a j\rney ( sev5ty miles1 9 ! c\rse ( ! day1 & ! av]age rate ( travell+ 0 to be n "u t5 miles an h\r4 ,x 0 det]m9$ t1 to avoid confusion1 ea* eng9e %\ld be tri$ sep>ately1 & on diff]5t days4 ,! day fix$ = ! competition 0 ! #a/ ( ,octob]1 b1 to all[ suffici5t "t to get ! locomotives into good work+ ord]1 ! directors ext5d$ x to ! #f?4 ,x 0 q *>act]i/ic ( ! ,/eph5sons t1 al?\gh _! eng9e did n /& fir/ on ! li/ = trial1 x 0 ! fir/ t 0 ready1 & x 0 accord+ly ord]$ out by ! judges = an exp]im5tal trip4 ,yet ! ,rocket 0 by no means ! fav\rite ) ei!r ! judges or ! spectators4 ,ni*olas ,wood has s9ce /at$ t ! majority ( ! judges 7 /rongly pr$ispos$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,novelty1 & t n9e-t5?s1 if n t5-t5?s1 ( ! p]sons pres5t 7 aga9/ ! ,rocket because ( its appe>ance4 ,ne>ly e p]son fav\r$ "s o!r eng9e1 s t !re 0 no?+ = ! ,rocket b ! practical te/4 ,! fir/ trip made by x 0 q successful4 ,x ran ab\t twelve miles1 )\t int]ruption1 9 ab\t fifty-?ree m9utes4 ,! ,novelty 0 next call$ out4 ,x 0 a light eng9e1 v compact 9 appe>ance1 c>ry+ ! wat] & fuel ^u ! same :eels z ! eng9e4 ,! weight ( ! :ole 0 only ?ree tons & "o hundr$-weight4 ,a peculi>ity ( ?is eng9e 0 t ! air 0 driv5 or =c$ ?r\gh ! fire by means ( bell[s4 ,! day be+ n[ f> advanc$1 & "s dispute hav+ aris5 z to ! me?od ( assign+ ! prop] load = ! ,novelty1 no p>ticul> exp]im5t 0 made fur!r ?an t ! eng9e trav]s$ ! l9e by way ( exhibition1 occasionally mov+ at ! rate ( tw5ty-f\r miles an h\r4 ,! ,sansp>eil1 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,timo?y ,hackwor?1 0 next exhibit$1 b no p>ticul> exp]im5t 0 made ) x on ?is day4 ,?is eng9e diff]$ b little 9 its con/ruction f ! locomotive la/ suppli$ by ! ,/eph5sons to ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,hackwor? 0 ! locomotive =eman4 ,! conte/ 0 po/pon$ until ! foll[+ day2 b1 be=e ! judges arriv$ on ! gr\nd1 ! bell[s = creat+ ! bla/ 9 ! ,novelty gave way1 & x 0 f\nd incapable ( go+ ?r\gh its p]=mance4 ,a defect 0 also detect$ 9 ! boil] ( ! ,sansp>eil1 & "s fur!r "t 0 all[$ to get x repair$4 ,! l>ge numb] ( spectators :o _h assembl$ to witness ! conte/ 7 greatly disappo9t$ at ?is po/ponem5t2 b1 to less5 x1 ,/eph5son aga9 br\ght out ! ,rocket1 &1 atta*+ x to a coa* conta9+ ?irty p]sons1 he ran !m along ! l9e at a rate ( f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty miles an h\r1 mu* to _! gratification & amazem5t4 ,be=e sep>at+1 ! judges ord]$ ! eng9e to be 9 read9ess by eight o'clock on ! foll[+ morn+1 to g ?r\gh its def9ite trial accord+ to ! prescrib$ conditions4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #h? ( ,octob] ! ,rocket 0 aga9 ready = ! conte/4 ,! eng9e 0 tak5 to ! extremity ( ! /age1 ! fire-box 0 fill$ ) coke1 ! fire light$1 & ! /eam rais$ until x lift$ ! safety-valve load$ to a pressure ( fifty p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,?is proce$+ occupi$ fifty-sev5 m9utes4 ,! eng9e !n />t$ on its j\rney1 dragg+ aft] x ab\t ?irte5 tons' weight 9 waggons1 & made ! fir/ t5 trips backw>d & =w>d along two miles ( road1 runn+ ! ?irty-five miles1 includ+ /oppages1 9 an h\r & =ty-eight m9utes4 ,! second t5 trips 7 9 l mann] p]=m$ 9 two h\rs & ?ree m9utes4 ,! maximum velocity atta9$ dur+ ! trial trip 0 tw5ty-n9e miles an h\r1 or ab\t ?ree times ! spe$ t "o ( ! judges ( ! competition _h decl>$ to be ! limit ( possibility4 ,! av]age spe$ at :i* ! :ole ( ! j\rneys 0 p]=m$ 0 fifte5 miles an h\r1 or five miles beyond ! rate specifi$ 9 ! conditions publi%$ by ! company4 ,! entire p]=mance excit$ ! greate/ a/oni%m5t among ! assembl$ spectators2 ! directors felt confid5t t _! ent]prise 0 n[ on ! eve ( success2 & ,george ,/eph5son rejoic$ to ?9k t1 9 spite ( all false prophets & fickle c\nsellors1 ! locomotive sy/em 0 n[ safe4 ,:5 ! ,rocket1 hav+ p]=m$ all ! conditions ( ! conte/1 arriv$ at ! gr& /& at ! close ( its day's successful run1 ,mr4 ,cropp]--"o ( ! directors fav\rable to ! fix$ eng9e sy/em--lift$ up 8 h&s1 & exclaim$1 ,n[ has ,george ,/eph5son at la/ deliv]$ himself4444 ,! ,rocket _h eclips$ ! p]=mance ( all locomotive eng9es t _h yet be5 con/ruct$1 & out/ripp$ ev5 ! sangu9e expectations ( its con/ructors4 ,x satisfactorily answ]$ ! report ( ,messrs4 ,walk] & ,ra/rick1 & e/abli%$ ! effici5cy ( ! locomotive = work+ ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 &1 inde$1 all future railways4 ,! ,rocket %[$ t a new p[] _h be5 born into ! _w1 full ( activity & /r5g?1 ) b\ndless capability ( "w4 ,x 0 ! simple b admirable contrivance ( ! /eam-bla/1 & its comb9ation ) ! multitubul> boil]1 t at once gave locomotion a vigor\s life1 & secur$ ! triumph ( ! railway sy/em4#h ,illu/ration3 ,! ,rocket ,,footnotes3 #g ,! conditions 7 ^!3 #a4 ,! eng9e mu/ effectually consume its own smoke4 #b4 ,! eng9e1 if ( six tons' weight1 mu/ be able to draw aft] x1 day by day1 tw5ty tons' weight 7includ+ ! t5d] & wat]-tank7 at t5 miles an h\r1 ) a pressure ( /eam on ! boil] n exce$+ fifty p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 #c4 ,! boil] mu/ h two safety-valves1 nei!r ( :i* mu/ be fa/5$ d[n1 & "o ( !m be completely out ( ! control ( ! eng9e-man4 #d4 ,! eng9e & boil] mu/ be support$ on spr+s1 & re/ on six :eels1 ! height ( ! :ole n exce$+ fifte5 feet to ! top ( ! *imney4 #e4 ,! eng9e1 ) wat]1 mu/ n weigh m ?an six tons2 b an eng9e ( less weight w\ld be pref]r$ on its draw+ a proportionate load beh9d x2 if ( only f\r & a half tons1 !n x might be put on only f\r :eels4 ,! company w be at lib]ty to te/ ! boil]1 etc41 by a pressure ( "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 #f4 ,a m]curial gauge mu/ be affix$ to ! ma*9e1 %[+ ! /eam pressure above =ty-five p\nds p] squ>e in*4 #g4 ,! eng9e mu/ be deliv]$1 complete & ready = trial1 at ! ,liv]pool end ( ! railway1 n lat] ?an ! #a/ ( ,octob]1 #ahbi4 #h4 ,! price ( ! eng9e mu/ n exce$ ,l#eej4 ,_m p]sons ( influ5ce decl>$ ! conditions publi%$ by ! directors ( ! railway *im]ical 9 ! extreme4 ,"o g5tleman ( "s em95ce 9 ,liv]pool1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,ew>t1 :o aft]w>d fill$ ! (fice ( ,gov]nm5t ,inspector ( ,po/-(fice ,/eam ,packets1 decl>$ t only a p>cel ( *>latans w\ld ev] h issu$ su* a set ( conditions2 t x _h be5 prov$ to be impossible to make a locomotive eng9e g at t5 miles an h\r2 b if x ev] 0 done1 he w\ld und]take to eat a /ew$ eng9e-:eel = 8 breakfa/4 #h ,:5 heavi] & m p[]ful eng9es 7 br\ght ^u ! road1 ! old ,rocket1 becom+ reg>d$ z a ?+ ( no value1 0 sold 9 #ahcg4 ,x has s9ce be5 transf]r$ to ! ,museum ( ,pat5ts at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,london1 :]e x is /ill to be se54 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,page #cj--;imploy$ *ang$ to employ$4 ,page #ca--subsequ5ty *ang$ to subsequ5tly4 ,page #dg--;build *ang$ to build+4 ,page #adg--sugge/or *ang$ to sugge/]4 ,page #aff--supge/ion *ang$ to sugge/ion4 ,footnote #g--;,*ang$ "q m>k = a p]iod4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5at$ words h be5 made consi/5t4 ,obvi\s pr9t] errors1 includ+ punctuation1 h be5 correct$ )\t note4