,julia ,miller and the ,online          
,distributed ,proofreading ,team at     
https3_/_/www4pgdp4net 7,this file was  
produced from images  generously made   
available by ,the ,internet             
,archive_/,american  ,libraries47       
,transcriber's ,note    ,a number of    
typographical errors have been          
maintained in this version of  this     
book4 ,they have been marked with a     
,,tn-1 which refers to a  description in
 the complete list found at the end of  
the text4  ,inconsistencies in spelling 
and hyphenation have been maintained4 ,a
 list  of inconsistently spelled and    
hyphenated words is found at the end of 
the text4    ,oe ligatures have been    
expanded4            ,,prehistoric      
,,structures      ,,of      ,,central   
,,america4      ,,who ,,erected ,,them8 
,a ,,lecture1      ,,by      ,,martin   
,,ingham ,,townsend1    ,,of ,,troy1    
,,new ,,york4        ,,troy1 ,n4 ,y43   
,t4 ,j4 ,,hurley1 ,,printer1 ,,harmony  
,,hall ,,building4    #ahie4            

,,introduction4      ,it was not a long 
period after #adib1 when the great      
,italian navigator  with his ,spanish   
crew made their first discoveries upon  
the central  portion of ,america1 that  
the ,europeans1 who had followed the    
footsteps  of ,christopher ,columbus1   
began to fall in with structures of     
great  magnitude and architectural      
beauty scattered widely throughout      
,mexico1  ,guatemala and ,yucatan1 c42  
and when the conquest of ,peru was      
achieved1  artificial highways and water
 courses were found there1 such as could
  have owed their existence to no people
 but one with advanced knowledge  of    
science as well as of the arts of       
civilized life4 ,no people existed  then
 upon this continent capable of doing   
the work which so astonished  the world4
    ,thinking men and dreaming men have1
 from the earliest of these             
discoveries1 been busying themselves to 
find out when1 and by what  people1     
these early monuments to human efforts  

were constructed4    ,norwegian         
discoverers and ,welsh emigrants have   
been pressed into the  service4 ,our own
 ,donnelly has changed the place where  
,god and history  had located the origin
 of the human race in the valley of the 
,tigris and  ,euphrates1 to a           
suppositious island in the ,atlantic    
,ocean1 and led out  the nations of the 
earth from there to ,asia1 ,africa and  
western ,europe1  until he had no       
further need of the island and then sunk
 it in the  bottom of the sea4    ,a    
whole people have been pressed into the 
service of explaining this  mystery4    
,the convenient ,lost ten tribes of the 
,house of ,israel have  been set to do  
this work1 as their fathers were        
compelled to make brick  without straw  
in the ,land of ,egypt1 and then        
suffered to escape to some  land where  
search for them would be in vain4       
,the following treatise is written for  
the purpose of showing--                
,,first4--,that the lands where these   

structures exist were known to          
commercial people and to many of the    
scholars of the countries about the     
,mediterranean ,sea for at least a      
thousand years before the ,christian    
,era4    ,,second4--,that these         
discoveries were made by the people of  
,phoenecia1  originally located on the  
eastern border of the ,mediterranean    
,sea1 and  by their colonies settled    
about ,carthage in ,africa1 and         
throughout ,spain  and ,portugal up to  
the ,ebro2 and who traversed every ocean
 almost as  thoroughly as have their    
,anglo ,saxon successors for the past   
four  hundred years4    ,,third4--,that 
the origin of the people who made these 
structures is  shown1 to absolute       
certainty1 by the character of the      
architecture and  by the character of   
the religious belief exhibited upon the 
temples  which were erected to ,baal1 or
 ,moloch1 i4 e4 the ,sun1 who was their 
,god1  who was worshiped by the         
immolation of their infant children upon

 his  altars4    ,this is proven as     
fully by the carvings and frescoes in   
,mexico and  ,guatemala1 and by the     
stone circle of ,sillustani1 in the high
 country of  ,peru1 and the figures     
inscribed upon the great entrance to the
 cemetery  of ,tiahuanuco in the same   
region1 as if a thousand witnesses arose
 from  the dead and testified before us4
          ,,prehistoric ,,central       
,,america ,,and ,,peru4      ,,the      
,,ancient ,,greek ,,and ,,roman         
,,scholars ,,knew ,,of ,,the ,,existence
 ,,of ,,the  ,,western ,,continent4     
,in the earlier existence of the ,greek 
and ,roman peoples1 knowledge was       
extremely limited4 ,these peoples were  
without any mode of perpetuating  or    
transmitting knowledge until the days1 a
 little more than a thousand  years     
before the ,christian ,era1 when ,cadmus
 brought from ,phoenecia the  letters   
which had been invented and adopted     
there for the representation  and       
expression of articulate sounds2 and by 

the combination of these  letters to    
transmit and perpetuate human ideas4    
,there is scarce a race  of savages in  
our day where the mass of the body      
politic are as  profoundly ignorant as  
were the great body of the ,greek people
 a  thousand years before ,christ4      
,even those men who made such           
acquisitions of knowledge as were       
possible  in that day1 could only learn 
from the lips of their imperfectly      
trained  teacher1 and by travel to those
 countries which the barbarous condition
  of the world allowed them to visit2   
and even after the learned men of  the  
,greek ,islands came to know the power  
of letters1 how small must have  been   
the amount of knowledge existing in the 
world1 and how slow must  have been its 
spread amongst the untaught commonalty  
of the then ,greek  world8 ,in the day  
when the ,phoenician ship ,argo made a  
voyage to  ,colchis1 at the east end of 
the ,black ,sea1 it so fired the        
imagination  of the ,greek poets that   

they dreamed of the voyage and composed 
poems  about it for centuries4          
,indeed it was not until the ,romans1   
just before the ,christian ,era1 had    
subdued all the borders of the historic 
,mediterranean ,sea1 that free          
intercourse amongst the inhabitants     
prevailed4 ,up to that period every     
people1 as a rule1 carefully guarded all
 knowledge of their own wealth1  and of 
their own acts and possessions from the 
rest of mankind1 instead  of making     
public expositions to attract the       
attention of the outside  world to their
 useful achievements1 and they sometimes
 passed laws for  inflicting the        
severest punishments upon citizens who  
should reveal to  the outside world the 
locations1 nature1 or extent1 or value  
of their  possessions4    ,still1 we    
glean from the ancient writers the      
following announcements4    #a4 ,that   
ancient book entitled ,the ,book of     
,wonders1 ascribed to  ,aristotle1      
contains the following3 ,when the       

,carthagenians1 who were  masters of the
 western ocean1 observed that many      
traders and other men1  attracted by the
 fertility of the soil and the pleasant 
climate1 had  fixed there their homes1  
they feared that the knowledge of this  
land  should reach other nations1 a     
great concourse to it of men from the   
various lands of the earth would follow1
 that the conditions of life1  then so  
happy on that island1 would not only be 
unfavorably affected1  but the          
,carthagenian ,empire itself suffer     
injury1 and the dominion of  the sea be 
wrested from their hands2 and so they   
issued a decree that no  one1 under     
penalty of death1 should thereafter sail
 thither4 ,this  passage is quoted1 not 
merely with a claim that it refers to   
the  ,continent of ,america1 but for the
 purpose of showing how carefully the   
,phoenician people1 whether ,asiatic1   
,carthagenian1 or ,spanish1 guarded     
from the great world the foreign        
discoveries which they had made1 and    

where their kindred were enjoying       
prosperity2 and to enable us to see  how
 little likely their discoveries would  
be to come to the knowledge of  the     
great mass of mankind4    #b4 ,let us   
look for a moment at some of the things 
which the ancient  ,greek and ,latin    
authors have said indicating their      
knowledge of the  existence of a western
 continent4 ,crates1 a commentator on   
,homer1 is  quoted by authority of      
,strabo1 a very learned author of the   
century  before ,christ1 as saying that 
,homer means in his account of the      
western  ,ethiopians the inhabitants of 
the ,atlantis or the ,hesperides1 as the
  unknown world of the west was then    
variously called4    #c4 ,pliny also #f3
 #ca-cf1 locates the western ,ethiopians
 somewhere in the  ,atlantic4 ,this     
shows that ,crates and ,pliny believed  
that the great poet  ,homer believed in 
the existence of a great continent on   
the western  shore of the ,atlantic     
ocean4    #d4 ,plato says in his        

,timaeus1 ,chapter ,,vi43 ,the sea 7the 
,atlantic  ocean71 was indeed navigable 
and had an island fronting the mouth    
which  you in your tongue call the      
,pillars of ,hercules1 and this island  
is  larger than ,libya and ,asia put    
together1 and there is a passage hence  
for travelers of that day to the rest of
 the islands1 as well as from  those    
islands to the whole opposite continent 
that surrounds the real  sea4,,tn-#a    
#e4 ,humboldt quotes that ,anaxagoras1  
who was born five hundred years  ,b4    
,c41 and was a most eminent ,greek      
philosopher1 speaks of the grand        
division of the world beyond the ocean4 
#f4 ,aelian in his ,vari ,histori1 ,book
 #c1 ,chapter #ah1 cites ,theopompus1   
an eminent ,greek historian1 born about 
three hundred years ,b4 ,c41 as  stating
 that the ,meropians inhabit a large    
continent beyond the ocean1  in         
comparison with which the known world   
was but an island4    #g4 ,aristotle    
says in ,chapters #hd and #he3 ,beyond  

the ,pillars of  ,hercules1 they say    
that an inhabited island was discovered 
by the  ,carthagenians1 which abounded  
in forests and navigable rivers and     
fruits  of all kinds1 distant from the  
continent many days' sail4 ,and while   
the  ,carthagenians were engaged in     
making voyages to this land1 and some   
had  even settled there on account of   
the fertility of the soil1 the ,senate  
decreed that no one thereafter1 under   
penalty of death1 should voyage         
thither4 ,aristotle was born three      
hundred and eighty-four years before    
,christ4    #h4 ,diodorus of ,sicily1   
who lived in the century preceding the  
,christian  ,era1 says in his ,book     
#e1--ai and #bj1 that it was the        
,phoenicians  instead of the            
,carthagenians who were cast upon a most
 fertile island  opposite ,africa1 where
 the climate was that of perpetual      
spring1 and  that the land was the      
proper habitation for gods rather than  
men4    ,he speaks of the continent1    

however1 at length and with great       
detail1  enumerating its fertile valleys
 and navigable rivers1 its rich and     
abundant fruits and supply of game1 its 
valuable forests and its genial         
climate4    #i4 ,pliny quotes ,statius  
,sebosus1 in his volume #b1 page #ajf1  
,bohn1 as  saying that the two          
,hesperides are forty-two days' sail    
from the coast  of ,africa4      ,,the  
,,phoenician ,,people ,,were ,,equal    
,,to ,,the ,,discoveries ,,on ,,the     
,,western  ,,continent1 ,,if ,,we       
,,judge ,,them ,,by ,,what ,,they       
,,actually ,,accomplished4    ,the      
prophet ,isaiah1 writing soon after     
seven hundred and fifty years  before   
,christ1 in the twenty-third chapter of 
his prophecy1 gives us a  pretty good   
idea of the unlimited commerce and the  
unlimited prosperity  of the merchants  
of ,tyre4 ,among other things he says   
the following1  speaking of the ,city   
,whose antiquity is of ancient days4 ,he
 calls  the ,city ,the ,crowning ,city1 

whose merchants are princes1 whose      
traffickers are the honorable of the    
earth4 ,the wealth and luxury of  ,tyre 
was eternally injurious to the ,jewish  
people from the time of their  return   
from ,egypt to ,canaan to the carrying  
away of ,israel to ,babylon in  the     
later days4 ,the ,jewish husbandman1    
dazzled by the luxuries of ,tyre  and   
,sidon1 was affected as those in more   
moderate circumstances are in  later    
days1 by the manners and customs of     
their rich neighbors1 and were  building
 groves in high places under which to   
worship1 as did the  priests of ,baal in
 ,palestine1 and under the oaks in the  
northwest of  ,europe1 where they       
acquired the name of ,druids4 ,they     
forsook the ,god of  ,abraham1 ,isaac   
and ,jacob and worshipped ,baal and     
,ashtaroth and ,astarte1  the           
,phoenician ,venus4    ,they even       
sacrificed their children to ,moloch1   
the relentless fire god1  as ,baal      
appeared in his sterner characteristics4

 ,but upon the loss of  wealth which    
,phoenicia sustained in the wars with   
,nebuchadnezzar and  subsequently with  
,alexander1 the ,phoenicians ceased to  
be conspicuously  wealthy and luxurious1
 and ,israel was left to worship that   
,god who  called their father ,abraham  
from upper ,chaldea1 and who afterwards 
brought him out of the ,house of        
,bondage in ,egypt after having been    
four hundred years enslaved there4      
,we have now glanced at the widespread  
influence of the ,phoenician  people    
over the borders of the ,mediterranean  
sea and over the west and  northwest of 
,europe4    ,let it be remembered that  
what we have said upon this subject is  
founded  upon authentic evidence from   
ancient history and modern fact4    ,let
 us look for a moment now and see what  
these peoples accomplished  through the 
waters of the ,red sea and upon the     
waters easterly of the  straits of      
,bab-el-,mandeb4 ,after ,solomon had    
associated with ,hiram1 ,king  of ,tyre1

 and ,hiram1 the son of ,abif1 the chief
 of the mechanics who  built the temple1
 and become acquainted with the wealth  
brought home by  ,phoenician ships from 
the great outside world1 his spirit of  
,jewish  thrift was excited1 and he     
determined to share in the profits of   
nautical adventures4 ,in the first book 
of ,kings1 chapter #i1 verses #bf1  #bg 
and #bh1 we find the following3 ,and    
,king ,solomon made a navy of ships  in 
,ezion ,geber1 which is beside ,eloth1  
on the shore of the ,red ,sea1 in  the  
land of ,edom4 ,and ,hiram sent in the  
navy his servants1 shipmen who  had     
knowledge of the sea1 with the servants 
of ,solomon4    ,and they came to ,ophir
 and fetched from thence gold1 four     
hundred and  twenty talents1 and brought
 it to ,king ,solomon4 ,in the #ahth    
chapter of  this book1 #aath and #abth  
verses1 we find the following3 ,and the 
navy  also of ,hiram that brought gold  
from ,ophir1 brought in from ,ophir     
great  plenty of almug trees and        

precious stones1 and the king made of   
the  almug trees pillars for the house  
of the lord and for the king's house1   
harps also and psalteries for the       
singers4 ,there came no such almug      
trees nor were seen unto this day4      
,in the ,second of ,chronicles1 chapter 
#i1 verses #aj and #aa1 we find the     
following3 ,and the servants also of    
,hiram and the servants of ,solomon1    
which brought gold from ,ophir1 brought 
algum trees and precious stones1  and   
the king made of the algum trees        
terraces to the house of the lord  and  
to the king's palace1 and harps and     
psalteries for the singers1 and  there  
were none such seen before in the land  
of ,judah4    ,in ,second ,kings1       
chapter #aj1 verse #bb1 we find the     
following3 ,for the  king had at sea a  
navy of ,tharshish with the navy of     
,hiram4 ,once in  three years came the  
navy of ,tharshish bringing gold and    
silver1 ivory  and apes and peacocks4   
,this navy of ,tharshish is beyond      

question the  navy of big ships manned  
by ,jews and ,phoenicians1 and the      
expression  here used beyond question is
 used in the sense we should use in     
speaking  of a navy of big ships1 or    
,baltimore ,clippers4    ,in ,second    
,chronicles1 chapter #c1 verse #f1 we   
find the following3 ,and he  garnished  
the house with precious stones for      
beauty1 and the gold was  gold of       
,parvaim4    ,we will not at the present
 time stop to ask where was ,ophir1     
where was  ,parvaim1 where did the      
sailors of ,tyre1 so skilled in         
navigation and so  capable of navigating
 the western ocean1 as we have seen them
 to be1 as  to make successful voyages  
over to the ,orkneys1 a distance of some
 four  thousand miles from their homes1 
spend the three years during which they 
were absent on their voyages from the   
easterly gulf of the ,red ,sea8 ,no     
,jewish lexicon tells us of almug or    
algum trees2 no ,hebrew writer          
undertakes to describe them4 ,but that  

enterprising publicist1 ,o',donovan1    
who for the purposes of knowledge a few 
years ago traversed the  ,caucasus1     
crossed the ,caspian sea and buried     
himself for two or three  years among   
the still wild tribes of ,turkestan1    
tells us that after his  liberation from
 the ,turks1 and while traveling in     
eastern ,persia towards  the capital1 he
 found a tree which attracted his       
attention because its  fibre reminded   
him of that of the ,lignum ,vit1 which  
tree the natives  called ,the ,yalgam4  
,here we have ,solomon's algum tree with
 the name  scarcely modified4 ,would it 
be the strangest thing that ever        
happened if  these yalgam1 almug1 or    
algum trees1 so beautiful as to be      
unequalled by anything known in         
,palestine1 and for that reason set up  
as  ornaments in ,god's house1 should   
turn out in the day when all things     
become known to be rosewood and mahogany
 from the west coast of ,central        
,america1 taken on board by ,solomon's  

servants on their return from  ,parvaim 
or ,peru and the old mines of ,potosi1  
where they had gone for the  gold which 
filled the coffers of ,solomon4 ,it may 
be said that such would  be a long      
voyage2 true1 but not much longer than a
 voyage to the  ,orkneys4 ,authentic    
profane history tells us that between   
six and seven  hundred years before the 
birth of ,christ1 ,pharaoh ,necho1 ,king
 of ,egypt1  built a fleet in the ,red  
,sea1 manned it with ,phoenician sailors
 and  sent them out upon the waters to  
discover the shape and dimensions of    
the continent of ,africa4 ,these sailors
 passed down through the straits  of    
,bab et ,mandel and clear around the    
,cape of ,good ,hope and the  continent 
of ,africa more than two thousand years 
before ,vasco ,degama1  and coming in   
through the straits of ,gibraltar after 
an absence of about  two years4 ,their  
food supply run low1 their supply was   
mainly wheat1  they tied up their ships1
 landed1 plowed the ground with         

sharpened  sticks1 cast their bread1 not
 upon the waters1 but upon the ground1  
and  thus raised a new crop of wheat1   
preparing to supply their wants until   
they should return to ,egypt1 that      
eternal land of plenty4    ,it will be  
remembered that for centuries previous  
to the close of the  ,punic wars under  
,hannibal the ,phoenician people owned  
and controlled  the whole north of      
,africa1 west of ,egypt1 and the whole  
of ,spain up to  the ,ebro1 and the     
whole of ,cyprus and a very large       
portion of ,sicily1  and that when the  
ancient writers1 and even modern writers
 speak of  ,spain1 the ,carthagenians   
and northern ,africa1 they refer to the 
people  who sprang from the commercial  
cities on the eastern shore of the      
,mediterranean sea1 occupying a         
territory of not more than one hundred  
miles in extent north and south1 and    
extending back into ,syria not more     
than fifteen miles1 whence all these    
people sprang1 and applied to them  the 

general term of ,phoenicians4    ,from  
the authorities we have quoted we think 
there can be no doubt but  that here and
 there a learned man among the ,greek   
scholars had come to  believe that some 
eastern navigator had discovered a      
western world  exceedingly productive   
and beautiful1 and that a population of 
eastern  origin had sprung up and       
existed in the lands so discovered4     
,,if ,,the ,,western ,,continent ,,had  
,,really ,,been ,,discovered            
,,accidentally1 ,,or ,,of  ,,set        
,,purpose1 ,,what ,,eastern ,,nation    
,,would ,,be ,,most ,,likely ,,to ,,have
 ,,been ,,the  ,,discoverers ,,of ,,this
 ,,western ,,world4    ,nineveh and     
,babylon are never spoken of as having  
sent even a keel boat  out upon the     
seas4 ,egypt has been called the ,cradle
 of ,the ,arts and  the ,birthplace of  
,science and ,civilization1 but ,egypt  
never attained  the maritime power or   
skill to enable her to navigate the     
waters of the  ,mediterranean beyond the

 mouths of her eternal river4           
,greece1 afterwards so celebrated for   
science1 art and philosophy1 was at  the
 day of which ,homer sung1 a mere       
association of savage groups1  engaged  
in wars instead of seeking commercial   
profits in distributing  the products of
 civilized life among the nations of    
mankind4    ,and ,romulus and ,remus had
 not yet emerged from the sheep folds   
upon the  ,italian hills4 ,but very     
early in the history of the world1 and  
as  students of history believe1 earlier
 than the call of ,abraham1 the         
interests of mankind had called into    
existence along the eastern shore  of   
the ,mediterranean ,sea an active and   
intelligent population which had        
engaged in commerce as a means of       
subsistence1 and were carrying it on    
with such success as was possible in the
 then condition of the world of         
mankind4 ,a civilization had sprung up  
at a very early period along the  banks 
of the united rivers1 the ,tigris and   

the ,euphrates1 and from the  ,persian  
gulf to ,nineveh and ,nimroud1 where was
 produced a great variety  of articles  
of necessity and luxury unknown to the  
rest of the world4  ,we all understand  
the story told of ,aehan1 who secreted  
in the floor of  his tent a ,babalonish 
garment about fourteen hundred years    
before the  ,christian era1 while       
,israel was battling against ,ai,,tn-#b 
,see ,joshua1  ,chap4 #h4 ,the children 
of ,japhet had passed up through ,persia
 to the  ,caucasus1 and from the        
,caucasus around the ,black ,sea to the 
waters of  the ,danube and the ,grecian 
,islands4 ,the luxuries produced in the 
valley  of the ,euphrates and the       
,tigris1 called ,mesopotamia1 furnished 
a ready  basis for a successful commerce
 across the desert by the way of        
,damascus  to the shores of the         
,mediterranean2 and it was by this means
 that a  commerce sprang up along these 
shores such as the world had never seen1
  and which rendered the people resident

 there the leaders in all the arts  of  
life1 including the art of navigation1  
throughout the then known  world1 a     
result but twice paralleled on earth1   
once in the middle ages  at ,venice and 
once in our own age at our magical      
,chicago4 ,this enabled  this people to 
become the leaders of their race down to
 about six  hundred years before        
,christ1 when there came that terrible  
war wherein  ,nebuchadnezzar1 by        
besieging ,tyre1 caused every head of   
that people to  become bald and every   
shoulder to become pealed4,,tn-#c ,tyre 
subsisted  after the siege of           
,nebuchadnezzar1 but ,tyre never        
attained again the  prosperity or       
influence which she possessed at the    
commencement of this  memorable siege4  
,she had before this time planted two   
hundred and fifty  cities upon the north
 coast of ,africa1 including the        
celebrated city of  ,carthage4 ,she had 
settled and occupied two hundred cities 
in the  territory of ,spain1 and for    

centuries occupied the whole of that    
country  up to the ,ebro4 ,the ,jewish  
historians speak of ,spain as           
,tharshish4 ,greek  writers speak of    
,spain as ,tartesus4 ,jewish historians 
and prophets  speak of the ships of     
,tharshish as the most magnificent      
sea-going crafts  known to the world1 as
 we for half of a century boasted of our
 ,baltimore  ,clipper4 ,her sailors     
passed beyond the ,pillars of ,hercules 
and passed up  the northwest coast of   
,france and established their religion1 
the  worship of ,baal1 or the sun1 among
 the simple people of ,bretagne so      
firmly and universally that at this day 
at ,carnac1 in the ,morbihan1  there    
stand more ,phoenician funereal         
monuments of unknown antiquity  than can
 be found together in any form of       
religion in any other portion  of the   
world's surface4 ,they discovered tin in
 the ,scilly ,islands1 off  the coast of
 ,cornwall1 and wrought those mines for 
centuries4 ,those  ,islands were known  

to the ancient ,greeks and ,romans as   
the  ,cassiterrides1 or ,tin ,islands4  
,they worked both tin and copper mines  
in  ,cornwall1 and made profits on the  
sale of the products throughout the     
known world4 ,they passed up the        
,british channel and through the ,german
  ,ocean1 and in the immense sand dunes 
at the mouth of the ,baltic  discovered 
and utilized that beautiful product of  
the primeval forests  called amber1     
which they dug from the sand hills4     
,they took with them  their priests 7the
 priests of ,baal7 and introduced the   
worship of the  sun1 and made that      
worship paramount and universal in      
,england1 ,ireland  and ,scotland1 as   
well as in ,bretagne and the northwest  
of ,france4 ,so  thoroughly has the     
religion of ,baal been fastened upon the
 peoples of  these regions that portions
 of them at this day salute the arrival 
of  the ,summer ,solstice1 ,june        
twenty-fourth1 with burning fires1 the  
precise  meaning of which is forgotten1 

but through those fires in all the early
  portions of the present century the   
inhabitants have jumped with their      
little ones in their arms1 as the phrase
 goes1 on ,saint ,john's eve1  for luck4
 ,the wizard of the north1 ,sir ,walter 
,scott1 in his song  entitled ,hail to  
the ,chief1 in the ,lady of the ,lake1  
has the following  when speaking of     
,clan ,alpines ,pine3        ,ours is no
 saplin1      ,chance sown by the       
fountain1      ,blooming at ,beltane1   
7,baaltime7      ,in winter to fade4    
,indeed the literary men of ,scotland   
very generally call the ,summer         
,solstice the ,beltane4 ,one of the     
finest of the smaller towns in ,england 
even to this day bears the name of      
,belper1 7i4 e4 ,baalpeor47    ,they    
built that wonderful prehistoric open   
air temple1 still standing  upon        
,salsbury ,plain1 and bearing the name  
of ,stonehenge1 the most  wonderful     
monument now standing upon the earth's  
surface4 ,they built  several other     

circular open air temples in the        
,british ,islands1 and  conspicuously   
among them1 away up in the ,orkneys1    
above ,scotland1 a very  perfect and    
beautiful one called the ,standing      
,stones of ,stennes4    ,they visited   
the ,azore ,islands1 west of ,gibraltar1
 out in the ,atlantic  ocean1 and as we 
learn by ,chateaubriand's ,outretombe1  
,phoenician coin  in the last century   
was found scattered in the soil of these
 ,islands4 ,a  man who carries his eyes 
about him will rarely enter a large     
,irish  assembly1 or an assembly of     
,canadian ,frenchmen whose blood comes  
principally from ,bretagne1 without     
noticing here and there a swarthy       
complexion surrounding intensely bright 
flashing eyes which speak of  ,spain and
 ,carthage and the blood of warmer      
climes4    ,about one thousand years    
before ,christ1 ,solomon1 the ,prince of
 ,israel1  resolved to build a temple to
 the ,god of ,abraham which should      
exhibit on  ,mount ,zion architectural  

skill and beauty such as the world had  
never  seen4 ,the construction of that  
erection was intrusted entirely to the  
people of ,phoenicia2 everything was    
perfected at ,tyre so completely  that  
no hammer or instrument of iron sounded 
upon the building after  its component  
parts reached the ,mount of ,god4 ,even 
the basins that were  to be used in the 
,lord's house were constructed by the   
artizans of  ,phoenicia4      ,,is      
,,there ,,any ,,evidence ,,existing     
,,upon ,,the ,,western ,,continent      
,,showing ,,or  ,,tending ,,to ,,show   
,,whence ,,the ,,people ,,who ,,erected 
,,the ,,prehistoric ,,structures  ,,on  
,,the ,,western ,,continent ,,came8     
,,first4    ,the soil1 climate and      
productions of the ,peninsula of        
,yucatan1 and that  part of ,mexico and 
,guatemala where these prehistoric      
remains are found1  are precisely what  
are described by the ,european writers  
who speak of  the beauty1 the loveliness
 and the grandeur of the ,hesperides and

 the  homes founded by eastern          
adventurers beyond the western ocean4   
,,second4    ,the prehistoric structures
 found in those regions and in          
neighboring  regions are all built on   
plans and patterns borrowed from lands  
bordering the ,mediterranean ,sea1      
although the structures seem to have    
followed verbal descriptions rather than
 exact mechanical patterns4    ,all of  
these structures north of ,panama seem  
to have been erected for  public        
purposes1 and probably in connection    
with the offices of some  form of       
religion2 and every structure of them1  
of which any appreciable  portion is    
standing1 is built upon or in connection
 with pyramids as  perfectly pyramidal  
and regularly constructed as were the   
pyramids of  ancient ,egypt4 ,most of   
these pyramids1 however1 are mere earth 
mounds1  instead of being constructed of
 brick or stone as were those upon the  
banks of the ,nile4 ,let us refer to a  
few of the localities where these       

pyramidal structures are most           
conspicuous4    ,at ,copan1 situate at  
the western border of ,honduras1 and by 
the side of  the river ,copan1 is a     
large enclosure1 some two miles in      
extent1 bounded  upon the one side by   
the ,copan river1 on the bank of which  
are walls of  beautiful cut and fitted  
stone rising to the height of fifty to  
one  hundred feet1 designed to keep the 
earth upon that side of the river  from 
being carried away by floods4 ,this     
river at this place constitutes  one    
side of a tract of land laid out nearly 
in a square1 along the outer  sides of  
which1 at regular intervals1 are        
constructed1 and still  remaining1 a    
very large number of pyramids made of   
hewn stone evidently  designed to       
outline this extended sacred field4     
,this field within1 is ornamented with a
 wealth of statuary1 monuments  and     
figures of idols1 practically           
inconceivable in amount2 but we count   
this statuary of no importance now1 as  

we are confining our attention to  the  
tendency of this prehistoric people to  
erect pyramids4 ,for a fuller  account  
of this locality we refer to ,stephens' 
,travels in ,central  ,america1 ,chiapas
 and ,yucatan1 ,vol4 #a1 ,chap4 #h4     
,at ,santa ,cruz ,del ,quiche1 within   
the ,state of ,chiapas1 ,mexico1 there  
exists a pyramid erected for defensive  
purposes1 constructed of earth  and     
terraced as it rises1 of enormous       
proportions2 upon its top is a  regular 
fortification upon the top of which     
rises a pyramidal temple  above the     
fortification4 ,this structure is       
particularly described by  ,stephens in 
the work above quoted1 in his second    
volume1 chapter #aj1  page #afa1 c4     
,at ,occasingo in ,chiapas1 there is a  
conspicuous pyramid constructed of      
earth1 of somewhat exalted proportions1 
upon the top of which is a small        
pyramidal temple having over its porch  
the ornamentation which is so  common   
upon the temples of ancient ,egypt1 and 

occasionally seen in the  land of       
,phoenicia1 to wit3 a winged globe      
wrought in stone4 ,the globe  itself has
 become loosened1 and has dropped from  
its place upon the  front of the temple 
but still rests upon the ground before  
it1 while the  wing to which it was     
attached remains in place upon the      
temple as  perfect as when it was first 
wrought4 ,for a description of these    
works  at ,occasingo1 see ,stephens'    
second volume1 chapter #ae1 page #beh1  
c4    ,the same sort of pyramidal       
structures remain in admirable          
preservation  conspicuous at ,palenque1 
in ,chiapas1 where an immense pyramid   
still  exists standing in great         
perfection with an elegant temple upon  
its top4  ,pyramidal structures and     
shapings are found everywhere at        
,palenque4 ,see  ,stephens' ,work1 above
 quoted1 vol4 #b1 chap4 #bj1 page #ccg1 
c4    ,at ,uxmal1 also in ,chiapas1 we  
have another exhibition of pyramidal    
structures with temples upon their tops4

 ,we refer again to the same work  of   
,stephens1 vol4 #b1 chap4 #be1 page     
#dbj1 c4    ,these remains1 to which we 
have referred1 have far greater         
importance in  our investigation than   
can be attached to the mere building of 
pyramidal  structures4 ,the wealth of   
sculpture found at the places referred  
to is  immensely great and deserves the 
attention of scholars and thinking men  
to an extent greater than we can now    
devote to them4    ,in our view1 the    
people who erected those structures     
possessed a  knowledge and civilization 
far in advance of the population that   
surrounded them1 and that the           
surrounding populations to a great      
degree  imitated their examples and     
adopted their religion4    ,that1 as we 
believe1 led to the construction at     
,cholula1 a little town  now of ten     
thousand inhabitants1 fifteen miles from
 ,puebla1 on the road  leading from     
,vera ,cruz to ,mexico1 on the plains of
 ,anahuac1 at the  height of #fiab feet 

above the sea1 of that immense pyramid  
of earth  still standing1 #agg feet in  
height1 measuring #adde feet on either  
side1  and ascended by #abj steps4      
,there are two other pyramids at        
,otumba1 seven leagues north-east of the
  ,city of ,mexico1 and in the language 
of the aboriginal inhabitants1  called1 
one ,the ,house of the ,sun1 and the    
other1 ,the ,house of the  ,moon4 ,the  
,house of the ,sun is #fhj feet square  
at the base1 and #bba feet  high4    ,on
 the top of this there was originally   
erected a great statue of the  sun4 ,the
 other pyramid is much smaller but rises
 to the height of #add  feet1 and on its
 top was a statue of the moon4 ,upon the
 plain about  these structures are a    
number of smaller pyramids not necessary
 to be  described4--,the sides of all   
the pyramids here constructed correspond
  with the cardinal points of the       
compas4,,tn-#d ,the pyramids that we    
have  referred to are all patterned     
after those constructed upon the banks  

of  the ,nile1 and are all found about  
the west border of ,yucatan1 about the  
north border of ,guatamala,,tn-#e and   
south of the centre of the great        
,republic of ,mexico4    ,it will be    
well to remember that the mountains and 
plains of ,north  ,america cover        
millions of square miles north and east 
of the country  where these pyramids    
have been constructed1 and that those   
mountains and  plains are covered in    
many places with earth mounds of an     
almost  inconceivable variety of forms1 
and yet the form of the pyramid seems   
to be utterly unknown on the ,western   
,continent1 except in the narrow  region
 that we have delineated4 ,we might1    
perhaps1 be justified in  asking3 ,from 
what people on earth could this building
 of pyramids be  copied except from     
those dwelling upon the banks of the    
,nile8      ,,the ,,religious ,,belief  
,,of ,,the ,,peoples ,,who ,,constructed
 ,,the ,,wonderful  ,,prehistoric       
,,towers ,,and ,,temples ,,upon ,,the   

,,continent ,,of ,,america4    ,they    
were the worshipers of ,baal1 the god   
worshiped by the ,phoenicians1  and paid
 their devotions to him with the same   
rites that they practiced  wherever     
their influence was effective4    ,it   
will be remembered that ,baal was       
supposed to exist and was worshiped  as 
a being of biform existence4 ,in his    
beneficent qualities1 as the sun1  he   
was supposed to be the author and       
sustainer of all life and the  fountain 
of all pleasures4 ,in his sterner       
character wherein he was known  as      
,moloch or ,molech1 by the children of  
,israel1 he was the most cruel1  stern1 
relentless monster that the imagination 
of man ever depicted1 and  his votaries 
everywhere sought to conciliate him by  
presenting him with  the most horrid    
scenes of human agony4 ,attempts were   
everywhere made to  conciliate him by   
laying human captives upon his altar1   
and for want of  captives taken in war1 
such peaceful citizens as the priests   

saw fit to  select4    ,human victims   
were constantly dying upon a thousand   
altars not only in  ,phoenicia1 but in  
all western and north-western ,europe4  
,it was firmly believed by the votaries 
of ,moloch that he could be most        
readily conciliated by the offering of  
children upon the altars1 that he  most 
especially delighted in the sacrifice of
 the first born of every  family4 ,men  
thus offering the fruit of their bodies 
for the sin of  their souls4 ,early in  
the history of this worship it was      
deemed  sufficient if children passed   
through the fires without the           
destruction  of their lives1 but down   
the ages it came to be believed1 that if
 a  family would secure the favor of    
this deity1 the oldest child of each    
union must be actually roasted to       
conciliate favor4 ,even good old        
,abraham who had been called from upper 
,chaldea to receive all the land  of    
,israel for him and his seed forever1   
conceived the idea that ,god  required  

the roasting of the son of ,sarah upon  
the hill of ,zion1 and  never relented  
until a ray of common sense enlightened 
his intellectual  vision1 after he had  
actually bound ,isaac to the altar4     
,we have referred to the beautiful      
monuments that still exist at ,uxmal1   
,palenque1 ,occasingo1 ,queche and      
,otumba1 and to the temples and         
monuments  still standing there4 ,upon  
all these beautiful structures are      
engraved  in the living stone1 or       
wrought in stucco1 most striking        
representations  of the sun with a huge 
priest on either side1 standing with    
arms  outstretched each holding in his  
hands a naked child offering it to the  
relentless deity4 ,the practice of      
burning human beings as offerings to    
the sun existed very extensively down to
 the date of the ,spanish  conquest4    
,showing that the same so-called        
religion which prevailed in  western    
,europe before the ,roman conquest1 was 
still paramount and  terribly enforced  

among these settlers in ,america1 though
 so far removed  from the parent stock4 
,we have spoken thus far of ,american   
remains which  are found north of the   
,isthmus of ,panama1 but there are still
 existing1  in the old land of ,peru1   
structures which for thousands of years 
have  been telling the story of their   
origin4    ,there are all over this land
 of ,peru remains not of palaces and    
temples1  but of roads and water-courses
 showing a mechanical skill such as     
perhaps cannot be found in any part of  
the earth elsewhere as existing  as     
early as these must have been           
constructed4    ,the people who did this
 work are absolutely extinct4 ,many have
 supposed  that in the population of    
,central ,america there is still a      
remainder of  the blood of the people   
who once dwelt there1 thus rendering the
 local  inhabitants in some degree      
superior to the aboriginal ,indians of  
that  country4 ,not so in ,peru4 ,it is 
only from the structures which we find  

and the conditions which attend them    
that1 any evidence is found that  there 
ever was in ,peru1 any people superior  
to the dull ,indians of the  mountains4 
,the traditions of the country speak of 
one ,manco ,capac appearing in the      
country at some indefinite period1 and  
that he and his family  descendants were
 rulers for a long course of time1      
ruling and  controling,,tn-#f the       
business and social life of the         
population of ,peru4  ,that blood had   
been long extinct before the ,spanish   
conquest4    ,let us see for a moment   
whether anything remains to show what   
were the  religious ideas of ,manco     
,capac1 and those coming with and       
descended from  him4 ,we find abundant  
remains of structures and carved columns
 in the  almost desert regions of       
,atacama1 in the high lands of what is  
now  ,bolivia1 between ,peru and ,chili1
 between twelve and thirteen thousand   
feet above the level of the sea4 ,these 
structures and carved monuments  are    

largely gathered about the lake of      
,titicaca4 ,at ,sillustani on a         
promontory extending into that lake1 is 
constructed a stone circle as an        
outdoor temple1 standing more perfect   
to-day than ,stonehenge or  ,stennes1 or
 the structures at ,carnac in ,bretagne4
 ,it is undoubtedly an  outdoor temple  
for the worship of the sun4 ,see        
,squires' ,travels in the  ,lands of    
,incas1 page #chd1 c4    ,this1 taken by
 itself1 might not prove to a certainty 
that this outdoor  temple was for the   
worship of the sun1 but at ,tiahuanuco1 
in the same  work1 at page #bhh to #bib 
inclusive1 we have the whole story told 
as  plainly as it could be in a thousand
 printed volumes4 ,over the entrance  to
 a cemetery is a carved monolith1 or    
single stone1 on which is the  following
 described carving3 ,centrally over the 
gateway upon this  monolith is a well   
carved figure of the sun1 and upon the  
right hand and  the left hand and below1
 are sculptured some fifty figures of   

beings  with human bodies1 and the wings
 of angels as imagined and represented  
in western ,asia and in ,europe4 ,half  
of the angels have human bodies1  angel 
wings and the heads of hawks4 ,the      
,romans and the ,greeks held  ,mercury  
to be the god of eloquence and of       
wisdom4    ,instead of furnishing him   
with the wings of the ,asiatic angel1   
they  clothed his head in a cap close to
 the ears with wings extended from the  
ears1 and with other wings extended from
 his ankles4    ,it will be remembered  
that when ,paul and ,barnabas were upon 
their great  mission through ,asia      
,minor1 preaching the gospel1 the people
 became very  much excited at ,paul's   
preaching at ,lystra and ,derbe1 and    
believing that  the gods themselves had 
come to them1 they called ,barnabas1    
,jupiter1 and  the orator ,paul1        
,mercurius4 ,see acts of the ,apostles1 
,chap4 #ad1 #abth  verse4    ,in the    
,egyptian economy1 ,thoth was worshiped 
as the god of wisdom and  eloquence1 and

 represented as possessing a human body 
with a hawk's  head4 ,both regions      
representing the hawk as the embodiment 
of wisdom  among the feathered creation4
 ,here1 at ,tiahuanuco1 we have the     
,greek and  ,egyptian god of wisdom1    
furnished with the wings of the ,asiatic
 angel1  and standing in eternal        
attendance upon the ,phoenician sun god4
 ,all  these figures are perfect1 as    
showing the ideas and intentions which  
led  to their construction1 yet         
indicating in the roughness of the work 
that  they had been constructed by one  
who was without exact measurements1     
probably without patterns1 and without  
the means of obtaining either           
measurements or patterns4 ,in this      
cemetery at ,tiahuanuco1 one will find  
a hundred structures so like the round  
towers upon the south coast of  ,ireland
 as strongly to awaken one's attention4 
,so that1 ,manco ,capac and  his        
descendants were not only sun worshipers
 but very strongly imbued  with the     

ideas which originated in the eastern   
and southern coasts of  the             
,mediterranean sea4    ,thus we have    
seen that the prehistoric people who    
built the structures  in ,central       
,america and ,mexico1 which have in     
these later days filled the  civilized  
world with wonder and admiration1 were  
constructed by a people  whose knowledge
 of science and the arts had reached the
 same point of  advancement as had been 
reached upon the banks of the ,nile1 and
 in the  cities of ,phoenicia1 for at   
least a thousand years before the       
,christian  era4 ,that in the erection  
of these structures they had            
implicitely,,tn-#g  followed the        
patterns1 even to their ornamentation1  
of structures and  ornaments then known 
and adopted in ancient ,egypt4 ,that    
their religious  beliefs were identical 
with those which prevailed among the    
,phoenician  people upon the eastern    
shores of the ,mediterranean sea1 upon  
the coast  of north-western ,africa and 

throughout the entire west and          
north-western  portions of ,europe4     
,they were sun worshipers1 offering     
infants and full  grown human victims to
 appease the wrath and conciliate the   
favor of  their god4 ,and we have       
farther seen that that strange people   
called the  ,incas1 built outdoor       
temples of standing stones1 and upon the
 entrance  to their cemeteries engraved 
the effigies of the same god worshiped  
in  ,central ,america1 and in so large a
 portion of the eastern world4    ,so we
 think we may say1 with entire          
confidence1 that it was known to  many  
learned men in ancient times that there 
were settlements upon the  continent of 
,america1 and that the dreams of the    
,western ,islands of the  ,blest1 and of
 the gardens of the ,hesperides1 rested 
upon most  substantial facts4 ,modern   
scholars1 looking at the matter         
casually1 have  allowed themselves to   
conclude that1 because these discoveries
 were made  at a very early period in   

the history of the world1 by a people   
who were  unable to build their ships   
according to the rules of modern        
science1  and were compeled,,tn-#h to   
navigate stormy oceans without the aid  
of  steam1 and probably without the aid 
of the mariner's compass1 could  never  
have navigated wide seas and stormy     
oceans4    ,but how baseless this idea  
is found to be1 when we come to see how 
easily and successfully the ,phoenician 
people traversed northern1  western and 
eastern oceans1 and brought home the    
products of the whole  world to enrich  
themselves and the peoples among whom   
,providence had  fixed their destinies6 
,and how strangely such a suggestion    
sounds when  addressed to the           
understanding of peoples who have seen  
again and again  the boisterous         
,atlantic traversed from continent to   
continent by three  men1 two men1 and   
even a single man1 in an open boat6 ,so 
that the origin  of this people1 who    
were so conspicuous at one time in      

,central ,america1  is certainly found  
to have been of the ,phoenicians from   
,tyre1 ,sidon or  ,aridas or from       
,tharshish or ,carthage or the          
settlements towards the  west4 ,the     
settlement of these countries must have 
been very early1 and  their location    
must have been guarded by all the pains 
and penalties so  graphically described 
in the ancient authors which we have    
quoted4  ,intercourse with ,central     
,america from the east must have ceased 
before  the discovery of letters1 for   
nowhere that we have discovered         
throughout  the extent of the ,american 
settlements has a letter been found of  
any  form whether ,cuniform1 ,greek1    
,roman1 ,hebrew or ,phoenician4 ,these  
western  settlers must have been        
entirely ignorant of ,egyptian          
hieroglyphics1  for the figures upon    
their walls show the invention of a     
system of  hieroglyphics more           
complicated than anywhere else          
discovered1 and which  no ,champollion  

has yet been able to translate4 ,the    
human mind was not  dormant here but its
 discoveries are utterly lost to        
mankind4 ,it will be  asked what has    
become of this ,central ,american       
population who wrought  the works in    
question8 ,this can only be answered    
from conjecture4 ,the  number of actual 
settlers from the east were doubtless   
few4 ,in erecting  the structures which 
have been so much admired and wondered  
at1 they  doubtless used the labors of  
untold thousands of the aboriginal      
inhabitants1 appealing perhaps to their 
fears and desires to conciliate  the    
favor of that ,god1 whose terrors made  
the ,phoenecian priests such  an        
irresistable,,tn-#i power over the      
nations in the west and north of        
,europe4    ,but if for a moment        
superstition lost its terrors1 this     
little flock of  more intelligent       
incomers were powerless to resist the   
avenging hands of  the million          
aboriginal barbarians4 ,but we are not  

engaged in discussing  the mode in which
 this people became extinct1 but choose 
to confine  ourselves to the questions1 
who were they1 and where did they come  
from8  ,we say without hesitation1 that 
when ,columbus parted from ,palos in    
,spain1 he sailed from a ,phoenician    
city1 in ,phoenician vessels1 manned  by
 ,phoenician crews to rediscover worlds 
that the ,phoenician ancestors  of these
 men had known and settled not less than
 three thousand years  before4 ,we      
believe that traditions had always      
existed in ,spain1 whose  blood up to   
the ,ebro is almost purely ,phoenician1 
of these western  worlds discovered by  
their fathers4 ,no nation north of      
,spain could be  induced to give any    
considerable attention to the arguments 
and  solicitations of ,columbus4 ,true1 
,ferdinand and ,isabella were of        
northern  blood1 red haired ,goths1 but 
their northern blood had been nourished 
for  a thousand years upon the hillsides
 of ,northern ,spain1 and they had      

become ,spaniards in fact1 with all     
,spanish beliefs and tendencies4        
,beyond all question ,columbus took into
 account the ,norwegian and  ,icelandic 
voyages and the voyage of ,madoc with   
his ,welsh brethren4 ,but  ,columbus    
knew that those voyages only claimed to 
relate to lands lying  west and         
north-west of the ,straits of           
,gibraltar4 ,but when ,columbus         
unfurled his sails outside these        
,straits1 in latitude thirty-five1 he   
made no effort to find the lands claimed
 to have been discovered by the         
,icelanders1 ,norwegians or ,welsh1 but 
directed his course to a point from     
fifteen to twenty degrees farther south1
 and thus reopened to the  knowledge of 
the world what should have been the     
happy islands of the  west and the      
storied gardens of the ,hesperides4 ,we 
make no doubt that  the ,incas of ,peru 
were brought to that country by the     
ships of the same  ,phoenician people4  
,but the ,incas were very few in number1

 and came to  ,peru with mechanical     
knowledge and the knowledge of pottery  
far in  advance of that possessed by the
 settlers in ,central ,america1 and     
their  works initiated for the purpose  
of improving water courses and          
constructing roads were far more        
beneficial to mankind than the temples  
erected to ,baal in ,central ,america1  
although the ,incas1 though more        
intelligent than the settlers in        
,central ,america1 were not yet         
emancipated from belief in that heathen 
god4 ,manco ,capac1 the first  ,inca1   
may have been left1 for aught we know1  
by ,solomon's fleets from  ,eziongeber1 
when in search of rosewood1 mahogany1   
and gold1 and may have  been one of     
those skilled mechanics that built      
,solomon's ,temple1 and  constructed the
 basins for it1 and thus have become    
enlightened in  religious matters1      
although he had not yet advanced so far 
as to  entirely abandon the worship of  
,baal4    ,we are not unaware that      

,peruvian tradition introduces ,capac   
into ,peru at  a much later period1 but 
no confidence can be placed in dates    
suggested  by a people utterly          
unacquainted with letters or figures1   
and we make no  suggestion as to the    
exact time when the first ,inca showed  
himself in  ,peru4 ,it may be asked what
 we are to say in regard to the storied 
,atlantis1 and especially1 what shall we
 say to the fancies of ,ignatius        
,donnelly1 who has written such a       
beautiful romance in regard to that     
island supposed by him to have existed1 
and have been the actual  birthplace of 
man4 ,our reply is that ,central        
,america was the only true  ,atlantis2  
and that ,atlantis sunk in the ocean    
only when its discoverers  became       
weakened in the face of the barbarous   
people who surrounded them  and lost    
their supremacy in the commercial world 
among the nations4  ,beyond what was    
true of ,central ,america1 ,atlantis was
 a dream of fancy  at an age of the     

world when fancy supplied the place of  
facts to an  uninstructed people4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,note4    ,i am under strong           
obligations to ,,mr4 ,,george ,r4       
,,howell1 ,archivist of the  ,new ,york 
,state ,library1 for the aid he has     
given me in selecting from  ancient     
,greek and ,roman authors their         
substantial statements in regard  to    
what they considerered,,tn-#aj in their 
day to have been discoveries  in the    
western world4          ,transcriber's  
,note      ,the following misspellings  
and typographical errors were           
maintained4           ,page ,error      
,,tn-#a   #e  real sea4 should read real
 sea4    ,,tn-#b  #ac  against ,ai      
should read against ,ai4    ,,tn-#c  #ac
  pealed should read peeled    ,,tn-#d  
#bj  compas should read compass         
,,tn-#e  #bj  ,guatamala should read    
,guatemala    ,,tn-#f  #bd  controling  
should read controlling    ,,tn-#g  #bf 
implicitely should read implicitly      

,,tn-#h  #bg  compeled should read      
compelled    ,,tn-#i  #bi  irresistable 
should read irresistible    ,,tn-#aj #ca
  considerered should read considered   
,the following words were inconsistently
 hyphenated4      north-west _/         
northwest    ,sea _/ sea 7when referring
 to a named ,sea7