,pius ,,ix4 ,and ,his ,time ,by ,the ,rev4 neas ,mac,donell ,dawson4 ,london3 ,printed by ,thos4 ,coffey1 ,catholic ,record ,printing ,house4 #ahhj ,,contents ,preface4 ,pius ,,ix4 ,and ,his ,time4 ,footnotes ,,preface4 ,the history of ,pius ,,ix4 will always be read with interest4 ,his ,pontificate was1 indeed1 eventful4 ,in no preceding age were the annals of the ,church so grandly illustrated4 ,the spiritual sovereignty1 8with which10 to use the words of a ,british statesman1 8there is nothing on this earth that can at all compare10 was crowned with surpassing glory4 ,doctrines which1 hitherto1 had been open to theological discussion1 were ascertained and pronounced to be in accordance with the belief of all preceding ,christian ages4 ,the ,church was enabled1 through the labors of her ,chief and the zeal of her ,priesthood1 to extend vastly the place of her tent4 ,the life of ,pius ,,ix4 himself was a marvel and a glory4 ,none of his predecessors1 not even ,peter1 attained to his length of days4 ,on the other hand1 the venerable ,pontiff1 and1 together with him1 the ,catholic people1 were doomed to behold and lament the loss of the time-honored patrimony of ,st4 ,peter4 ,the ,papacy1 however1 unlike all temporal sovereignties1 was able to sustain so great a loss4 ,more ancient than its temporal power1 it still survives2 8not a mere antique1 but in undiminished vigor40 ,,pius ,,ix4 ,,and ,,his ,,time4 ,john ,mary ,count ,mastai ,ferreti was born at ,sinigaglia1 on the #acth of ,may1 #agib4 ,at the age of twenty-two he came to ,rome4 ,anxious to serve the ,holy ,father1 and yet not aspiring to the priesthood1 he resolved to become a member of the ,noble ,guard4 ,this the delicate state of his health forbade4 ,repelled by the ,prince ,commandant1 he sought counsel of the ,pope4 ,pius ,,vii4 pronounced that his destiny was the ,cross1 and advised him to devote himself to the ecclesiastical state4 ,the words of the ,holy ,father were1 to the youthful ,mastai1 as a voice from on high4 ,he decided for the ,church1 and1 as if in testimony that his decision was ratified in heaven1 the falling-sickness left him4 ,his studies were more than ordinarily successful1 and he already gave proof of those high qualities which were afterwards so greatly developed4 ,the distinguished ,canon ,graniare1 his professor1 little dreaming of the exalted destiny which awaited him1 held him up as a pattern of excellence to his fellow-students1 saying that he possessed the heart of a ,pope4 ,whilst yet a student1 ,mastai interested himself in an orphanage1 which was founded by ,john ,bonghi1 a charitable mason of ,rome4 ,he spent in this institution the first seven years of his priesthood1 devoting himself to the care of the orphans1 who were1 as yet1 his only parishioners4 ,the income which he derived from family resources was liberally applied in supplying the wants of these destitute children1 and even in ministering to their recreation4 ,it now became his duty to accompany1 as a missionary priest1 ,monsignore ,mazi1 who was appointed ,vicar-,apostolic for ,chili1 ,peru and ,mexico4 ,these countries had thrown off the yoke of ,spain and adopted ,republican forms of government4 ,the ,vicar-,apostolic and his companions suffered much in the course of their voyage to ,america4 ,they were cast into prison1 at the ,island of ,majorca1 by ,spanish officials1 who took it amiss that ,rome should hold direct relations with the rebellious subjects of their government4 ,their ship was attacked by corsairs1 and was afterwards in danger from a storm4 ,a single circumstance only need be mentioned in order to show what the faithful ministers of the ,church had to endure when traversing the inhospitable steppes of the ,pampas4 ,once1 at night1 they had no other shelter than a wretched cabin built with the bones of animals1 which still emitted a cadaverous odour4 ,in those arid deserts1 they suffered from thirst as well as from dearth of provisions4 ,great results can only be attained by equally great labors4 ,if1 after a period of privation1 the travellers enjoyed no more luxurious refreshment than the waters of the crystal brook1 it might well be said1 8de torrente in viabibet propterea exaltabit caput40 7,they shall be reduced to quench their thirst in the mountain stream1 and therefore shall be exalted47 ,the delegates of the ,holy ,father were received with enthusiasm by the ,south ,american populations4 ,meanwhile1 the narrow governments that were set over those countries raised so many difficulties that the mission was only partially successful4 ,this mission1 however1 was not without benefit to the ,reverend ,count ,mastai4 ,it had been the means of developing the admirable qualities which he possessed4 ,it had afforded him the opportunity of seeing many cities1 as well as the manners and customs of many people4 ,these lessons of travel were not addressed to an ordinary mind4 ,his views were enlarged1 elevated and refined by contact with so many rising or fallen civilizations1 so many different nationalities1 and by the spectacle of ,nature1 that admirable handmaid of the ,divinity1 with her varied splendors and her manifold wonders1 astonishing no less in the immensity of the ocean than in the vast forests of the ,new ,world4 ,the mind appears to grow as the sphere of material life extends4 ,vast horizons are adapted to great souls1 and prepare them for great things4 ,the ,abbe ,mastai had thus received in his youth two most salutary lessons1 which are often wanting to the best-tried virtues of the sacerdotal state--the lesson of the world1 which ,mastai had received before the time of his vocation to ,holy ,orders1 and the lessons of travel1 which disengages the mind from the bondage of local prejudices4 ,both of these teachers he admirably understood4 ,he had1 indeed1 drank of the torrent which exalts4 ,leo ,,xii4 now filled the ,apostolic ,chair4 ,this ,pontiff1 highly appreciating the good sense and penetration of which ,mastai had given proof in the difficult mission to ,chili1 appointed him ,canon of ,sancta ,maria1 ,rome1 in via lata1 and1 at the same time1 conferred on him the dignity of ,prelate4 ,never was the ,roman purple more adorned by the learning and genuine virtue of him on whom it was bestowed4 ,there is at ,rome an institution of charity1 the greatest which that city or even the world possesses1 the immense hospital of ,st4 ,michael a ,ripa ,grande4 ,a whole people dwells within its vast precincts4 ,it is at once a place of retreat for aged and infirm men1 a most extensive professional school for poor girls1 and a sort of workshop1 on a great scale1 for children that have been forsaken4 ,the greater number learn trades4 ,some1 who give proof of higher talents1 apply1 at the expense of the hospital1 to the study of the fine arts4 ,this hospital is1 in itself1 a world1 and its government requires almost the qualities of a statesman4 ,pope ,leo ,,xii41 anxious to render available the rare abilities of ,canon ,mastai1 named him ,president of the commission which governs this great establishment4 ,there was need1 at the time1 so low was the state of the hospital budget1 of the nicest management1 unremitting care1 and the highest financial capacity4 ,these qualities were all speedily at work1 and in the course of two years all the resources of the institution were in admirable order4 ,the fear of bankruptcy was removed1 deficits of income made up1 and receipts abundant4 ,it had not been the custom to allow to apprentice-workmen any share in the fruits of their labors4 ,herein ,mastai effected a great and certainly not uncalled-for reform4 ,far from impoverishing the hospital1 this liberal measure only showed1 by its happy results1 that justice is in perfect harmony with economy1 and that the best houses are not those which make the most of the labor of their inmates1 but those which encourage industry by allowing it what is just4 ,the orphans were thus1 in two years1 enabled to have a small sum1 which secured to them1 so far1 a mitigation of their lot4 ,meanwhile1 the proceeds of the hospital were doubled4 ,this was remarkable success4 ,count ,mastai's reputation for administrative ability was now of the highest order4 ,in the ,consistory of ,may #bast1 #ahbg1 ,canon ,count ,mastai was named ,archbishop of ,spoleto4 ,thus did ,pope ,leo ,,xii4 signalize his solicitude and affection for the city of his birth4 ,the appointment came not too soon4 ,it required all the influence of a great mind to maintain peace at ,spoleto4 ,party spirit ran high4 ,one side clamored against abuses3 the other1 dreading all change1 clung pertinaciously to the past4 ,wrath was treasured in every bosom4 ,if civil war had not yet broken out1 it raged already in the breasts of the people4 ,spoleto resembled two hostile camps1 and vividly recalled the state of these cities of the ,middle-,age1 where stood in presence1 and armed from head to heel1 the undying enmities of the ,ghibellins and the ,guelphs4 ,the slightest occasion would have sufficed to cause the hardly-suppressed embers of deadly strife to burst into a flame4 ,through the zeal and diplomacy of the ,archbishop1 such occasion was averted4 ,spoleto may yet remember1 and not without emotion1 how earnestly he studied to appease wild passions1 with what delicacy and perseverance he labored to reconcile the terrible feuds that prevailed1 to calm the dire spirit of revenge1 to bury the sense of wrong in the oblivion of forgiveness4 ,at length1 in #ahca and #ahcb1 a hopeless rebellion unfurled its blood-red banner4 ,it was speedily and pitilessly repressed4 ,such an occasion only was wanting in order to show what one man can do when sustained by the power of virtue and the esteem of mankind4 ,the foreign and ,teutonic arm which conquered the insurrection had been always hateful to the ,italian people2 nor did its display and exercise of military force1 in restoring tranquillity to the troubled ,state1 conciliate their friendship4 ,only when vanquished did the rebels appear before the walls of ,spoleto4 ,in their extremity1 they came to beg for shelter and for bread4 ,in the estimation of the benevolent ,archbishop1 they were as lost sheep whom it was his duty1 if possible1 to save4 ,he hastened1 accordingly1 to meet the wolf4 ,the ,austrian ,general1 although a stern warrior1 was1 at the same time1 the servant of a ,christian ,power4 ,he listened to the ,archbishop's remonstrances1 and resolved to refrain from further military proceedings1 the ,prelate undertaking to disarm the rebels1 and thus satisfy the sad requirements of war without any recourse to useless and hateful cruelties4 ,returning to the city1 he addressed the insurgents1 and1 to his unspeakable satisfaction1 they at once came to lay at his feet those arms which the ,austrian soldiers could only have torn from their lifeless bodies4 ,thus did the good pastor1 by disarming1 save the rebellious flock4 ,mastai was now transferred to ,imola4 ,this city is less considerable than ,spoleto4 ,the diocese1 however1 is richer and more populous4 ,its ,episcopal chair leads directly to the ,cardinalate4 ,it has also thrice given to the ,catholic ,church its ,chief ,pastor4 ,the people of ,spoleto sent a deputation1 but in vain1 to beseech the ,holy ,father to leave the good pastor to his affectionate flock4 ,he was destined also to reign in the hearts of the good people of ,imola4 ,the numerous institutions there1 which owe their existence to his ,episcopal zeal and ,christian charity1 are monuments of his pastoral care4 ,the virtue of which ,archbishop ,mastai was so bright a pattern had no sourness in it1 no outward show of austerity2 nor was it forbidding and intolerant1 but sweet and gentle4 ,words of forgiveness were always on his lips1 and his hand was ever open to distress4 ,he labored assiduously to reform1 wherever reform was needed1 but1 what rarely happens1 without alienating affection from the reformer4 ,it was his constant study to elevate the character of the clergy1 and he ceased not to encourage among them learning as well as piety4 ,into the ,diocesan ,seminary1 which was always the object of his most anxious care1 he introduced some new branches of study1 such as agriculture1 practical as well as theoretical1 and a general knowledge of the medical art4 ,there was yet wanting to the clergy of his diocese a common centre where they could meet for mutual edification and instruction4 ,to this purpose he devoted his own palace1 and founded there a ,biblical ,academy4 ,the members of this ,academy met once a month in order to discuss together some subjects connected with the ,sacred ,writings4 ,none can be ignorant how powerfully such meetings contribute to promote the study of the ,scriptures1 pulpit eloquence1 and the great science of theology4 ,in order1 moreover1 to obviate the dangers to which students were exposed1 who1 whilst they studied at the ,seminary1 were not inmates1 and enjoyed not the safeguards of its discipline1 he founded an institution called the 8,convitto10 where the poorer alumni were boarded without charge4 ,anxious also to provide for the comfort of the lowly poor1 and to guard against all wasting of their humble means1 the good ,prelate reformed the hospital of ,imola1 and set over it the ,sisters of ,charity--that incomparable ,order which owes its existence to the most benevolent of men1 ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,nor1 in his higher state1 did he forget his first care--the orphan4 ,an orphanage at ,imola is due to his munificence4 ,there were no bounds to his liberality4 ,at his own expense alone he repaired the tomb of ,st4 ,cassien1 and decorated the ,chapel of ,our ,lady of ,dolours in the ,church of the ,servites4 ,when raised to the dignity of ,cardinal1 by ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi41 in ,december1 #ahdj1 ,archbishop ,mastai was already universally popular4 ,the ovations of a later period may have originated in political motives--may even have been promoted by a political party2 but the honors now spontaneously heaped upon him were awarded to the man and the ,christian pastor4 ,congratulations in prose and in verse1 illuminations1 fireworks1 demonstrations of every kind1 announced the joy with which the new ,cardinal was welcomed everywhere4 ,gregory ,,xvi4 had the reputation of being highly conservative4 ,in the true sense of the term1 he really was so4 ,nevertheless1 he was not averse to reform1 and he showed that he was not when he elevated ,archbishop ,mastai1 whose tendencies were well known1 to the rank and office of ,cardinal4 ,more than this1 in concurrence with the ,great ,powers of ,europe1 with whom he took counsel1 he labored to introduce certain salutary reforms in his ,states4 ,such reforms1 indeed1 were needed2 and the aged ,pontiff resolved on them1 not only in order to render unnecessary the intervention of foreign arms in the affairs of his government1 but also with a view to bring his rule into harmony with the spirit and civilization of the age4 ,if in this most laudable undertaking he did not succeed1 he owed his failure to the ,socialist party1 those enemies of law and order1 of property1 and life even1 whose fatal action at a later period marred the political career of ,pius ,,ix4 ,the ,roman people1 generally1 were capable of appreciating1 and surely did appreciate1 the enlightened efforts of their ,pontiff ,sovereign4 ,they were not1 as some writers would have us believe1 in a semi-barbarous condition4 ,sylvio ,pellico1 whose testimony cannot be questioned1 speaks of them in the following terms3 8,the eight months ,i have spent at ,rome in #ahde and #ahdf 7time of ,gregory ,,xvi47 have abounded in delightful impressions4 ,it can never be sufficiently told how well this venerable city deserves to be visited1 and not in passing only4 ,how the good and beautiful abound in it60 ,a little later1 ,pellico writes3 8,i continue to be quite delighted with ,rome1 both as regards men and things4 ,in the small book1 ,dei ,doceri1 ,i have shown my inclination to avoid being absolute in my judgments1 a too common error1 especially with minds that dogmatize passionately4 ,by such ,rome is often unjustly judged4 8,several types of social customs must be considered as moderately good2 and we cannot condemn1 as decidedly bad1 anything but barbarism1 irreligion and a superabundance of knaves and fools4 ,these odious elements are by no means over-abundant in this country4 ,and in the midst of evils that are unavoidable everywhere1 ,i observe great intellectual power1 much goodness1 cultivated minds1 gracious and sincere generosity4 ,whoever comes to ,rome will be morally well off as regards intelligence4 ,he will be so1 likewise1 on account of the sociability of the inhabitants4 ,the ,romans are a jovial people4 ,but even their joviality is as admirably subject to good order as it is graceful1 and does not impair the natural goodness of their disposition4 ,but perhaps ,i am wrong2 and it were better ,i should assume a frowning aspect1 and behold only attempts on life1 importunate beggary1 useless priests and monks1 and reserve my praises for those happy nations where there are no crimes1 no inequality of fortune1 no misery4 ,impassioned men declaim1 exaggerate1 lie4 ,for my part1 ,i am neither an optimist nor a pessimist4 ,it is impossible to speak with certainty of the moral of a country if we speak of it too soon4 ,i know that here at ,rome ,i find amiability1 science and good sense4 ,it seems to me that everything is much the same as in other civilized countries40 ,such was the people over whom1 on the #afth day of ,june1 #ahdf1 ,cardinal ,mastai was called to exercise authority in the twofold capacity of ,pontiff and ,prince4 ,on the first day of the ,conclave several votes were cast for the liberal-minded ,cardinal ,gizzi1 and some in favor of the highly-conservative ,lambruschini4 ,the second day all joined for ,mastai4 ,and thus was elected to the ,papal ,chair1 by the unanimous voice of the ,sacred ,college1 one of their body1 who1 in all the positions which he had held1 as ,priest1 as ,archbishop1 as ,cardinal1 had shown his determination to promote reform and improvement4 ,no better proof could be required that the ,cardinals perfectly understood the state of the country1 its urgent wants1 its relations with the ,church and the rest of the world4 ,there was much rejoicing in the ,papal ,city4 ,it seemed as if1 with the elevation of a great character to high authority1 the days of the ,millennium had at length dawned on the distracted world4 ,there was now question only of forgiveness for the past4 ,order and peace only were possible in time to come4 ,the new ,pontiff was resolved that there should be no element of sorrow to mar the general joy2 and so he amnestied the political offenders who had borne arms against the government of his predecessor4 ,only one condition was required1 viz43 that1 in the future1 they should fulfil the duties of good and order-loving subjects4 ,thus were fifteen hundred exiles restored to their families1 who had lost all hope of ever seeing them again4 ,the cases only of a small number of the ring-leaders of the rebellion were reserved for consideration1 and they1 too1 were cheered with the hope of pardon4 ,the preamble of the decree of amnesty1 all in the ,pope's own handwriting1 bore the following words3 8,at the time when the public joy occasioned by our accession to the office of ,sovereign ,pontiff caused us to experience in our inmost soul the most lively emotion1 we could not avoid entertaining a feeling of sorrow when we remembered that a great number of families amongst our people could not take part in the general rejoicing1 deprived1 as they were1 of domestic happiness4444 ,on the other hand1 we cast a look of compassion on the numerous and inexperienced youth1 which1 although carried away by deceitful flatterers1 in the midst of political troubles1 appeared to us guilty rather of allowing itself to be led astray1 than of deceiving others4 ,on this account it was that1 from that moment1 we cherished the thought of extending a friendly hand1 and offering peace to such of these dear but misguided children as should come to us1 and give proof of their sincere repentance40 ,night was drawing on when the decree was posted on the walls of ,rome4 ,it was observed1 however1 amidst the growing darkness2 and no sooner was the word amnesty read than a cry of enthusiasm was heard4 ,people hastened from their houses in all directions1 the passers-by stopped in crowds to read1 by torchlight1 the cabalistic words4 ,among the fast-assembling masses there was but one feeling4 ,they embraced and even wept for joy4 ,in the depth of their emotion1 and whilst yet1 as may be said1 intoxicated with delight1 they sought how to express their gratitude4 ,the cry was raised1 8,to the ,quirinal60 ,arrived there1 they hailed1 with loud and united voice1 the beneficent ,pontiff--8,vivat ,pius ,nonus60 8,long live our ,holy ,father60 ,crowd after crowd thus approached the person of the ,pope4 ,it was now late1 and ,pius ,,ix41 much fatigued1 overwhelmed by his emotions1 had withdrawn to the silence of his ,oratory4 ,meanwhile1 fresh crowds of overjoyed citizens were pressing forward4 ,ten thousand men1 at least1 were now waiting1 with respectful anxiety1 under the walls of the ,quirinal ,palace4 ,the ,french ,ambassador to ,rome1 ,count ,rossi1 was a witness of these events4 ,he became also their historian4 ,he wrote thus to ,m4 ,guizot3 8,suddenly the acclamations are redoubled4 ,i had not yet understood on what account1 when some one called my attention to the light which was shining through the window-blinds at the farthest end of the ,pontifical ,palace4 ,the people had observed that the ,holy ,father was traversing the apartment in order to reach the balcony4 ,it was speedily thrown open1 and the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 in a white robe and scarlet mantle1 made his appearance1 surrounded by torches4 ,if your ,excellency 7,m4 ,guizot1 at that time ,minister of the ,french ,king1 ,louis ,philippe7 will only figure to yourself a magnificent place1 a summer night1 the sky of ,rome1 an immense people moved with gratitude1 weeping for joy and receiving with love and reverence the benediction of their ,pastor and their ,prince1 you will not be astonished1 if ,i add that we have shared the general emotion1 and have placed this spectacle above every thing that ,rome had as yet offered to our contemplation4 ,just as ,i had foreseen1 as soon as the window was closed the crowd withdrew peacefully and in perfect silence4 ,you would have called them a people of mutes2 they were satisfied40 ,it is not so difficult to grant an amnesty4 ,it is delightful1 even1 to men of the character of ,pius ,,ix4 to dispense forgiveness4 ,this is particularly the office and the privilege of the ,church4 ,sterner duties devolve upon the statesman4 ,and1 however reconcileable the two courses of conduct in public affairs may really be1 it is difficult often to reconcile them4 ,the amnesty1 although far from being everything1 was1 nevertheless1 a beginning1 and one of favorable omen4 ,the furrow was opened1 to use the language of ,m4 ,rossi1 and no doubt the ploughing would proceed4 ,many formidable difficulties must1 however1 be surmounted4 ,on the one hand1 stood the influence of the old feudal ,conservative party1 which frowned on the slightest change4 ,on the other1 were the ,socialists1 who aimed at the destruction of every existing institution--in whose estimation property even was not sacred1 nor life itself4 ,it was necessary1 meanwhile1 to improve the condition of the people1 and1 in doing so1 to guard against anarchy4 ,by wise and well-considered reforms only could the growth and advance of revolution be discouraged and stayed1 whilst a political system1 almost entirely new1 came to be firmly established4 ,for this purpose1 it was necessary that there should prevail in the ,pontifical ,states a sounder state of opinion4 ,this was not the work of a single day4 ,it was necessary1 nevertheless1 as the people could not be safely led by their ever-changing emotions4 ,based on such quicksands1 the government of the ,holy ,father could have no stability1 and it was his aim so to form it that it should be able to keep its ground without the aid of foreign arms4 ,the state of ,italy1 the peculiar position of the ,pontifical ,states1 the character of modern civilization1 the spirit of the age--all conspired to produce new wants1 and1 at the same time1 made it a matter of the greatest difficulty to meet them4 8,this difficulty10 writes the ,spanish ,sage1 ,balmes1 8it was impossible to surmount by chanting patriotic hymns any more than by having recourse to ,austrian bayonets40 ,by none was this better understood than by ,pius ,,ix4 ,the study of ,state affairs was not new to him4 ,he had considered and lamented the condition of things which so often brought upon his country foreign invasion1 the horrors of war1 and punishments without end1 inflicted on his fellow-citizens4 ,it is related even that he prepared and presented to ,gregory ,,xvi4 a programme of reforms1 which he believed would bring the necessary remedy4 ,now that he was at the head of the ,state1 he believed that the responsibility devolved on him of introducing such reforms as were called for by the exigency of the time1 and by which alone he was persuaded the evils which oppressed the country could be brought to an end4 ,it was not possible1 as yet1 to inaugurate any general measure of reform4 ,in the meantime1 however1 the rule of the ,pontiff was characterized by wise1 just1 humane and liberal acts1 which could not fail to pave the way for the greater improvements which he meditated4 ,among these lesser1 but by no means unimportant1 reforms may be mentioned the abolition of an odious law which had long disgraced the legislation of so many ,christian nations4 ,the punishment by imprisonment for petty debts was1 in the estimation of ,pius ,,ix41 as unjust as it was cruel and hateful4 ,it answered no better purpose1 for the most part1 than the gratification of private spite4 ,by a generous contribution from his own funds1 the ,pope threw open the prisons of the ,capitol4 ,he set a great example1 which could not fail to promote the cause of virtue whilst it relieved the indigent1 by distributing twelve thousand ,roman ecus1 in the form of dowries1 among the young women of poor families1 whose poverty rendered an honorable settlement extremely difficult4 ,he also encouraged collections in favor of such of the amnestied parties as were in need4 ,his financial reforms were more important4 ,and by these he won a title to the gratitude of the ,state4 ,the public revenue was alarmingly deficient4 ,only by some great change could ruin be averted4 ,first of all1 he proposed that his faithful clergy should make a sacrifice2 and every convent engaged to pay ten scudi yearly1 and every parish priest a scudo during three consecutive years4 ,he himself set the example of the most rigid economy by reducing the scale of his establishment4 ,he at the same time retrenched those rich sinecures which were1 so to say1 engrafted on the temporalities of the ,papacy4 ,what was well worthy of a great statesman1 he showed the most enlightened sympathy for all the sciences which contribute to the material and intellectual well-being of the populations1 such as physiology1 natural history1 political economy and mathematics4 ,nor was he unwilling that his people should avail themselves of the knowledge of foreigners4 ,he went so far as to intimate his intention to re-establish the celebrated ,scientific ,academy1 ,di ,lincei4 ,he could not1 as yet1 by any other than such isolated acts as these1 evince the elevated and liberal tendencies of his mind1 in which were blended boldness with moderation1 and views of reform with all that became his position1 and was adapted to the wants of the country and the age4 ,pius ,,ix41 although not a constitutional sovereign1 and unable so to constitute himself1 was anxious1 nevertheless1 to give to his people all the benefits of constitutional government4 ,a first step was to choose a popular ,minister1 and ,cardinal ,gizzi was called to the counsels of the ,state4 ,this ,cardinal was beloved at ,rome1 and not undeservedly4 ,when ,legate at ,forli1 he had opposed the establishment of an arbitrary court1 and thus won for himself the sympathies of all national reformers4 ,his loyalty1 sincerity and patriotism were well known2 nor was he wanting in any other quality of the statesman4 ,of a patient and enquiring mind1 he was incapable of coming hastily to a decision2 but1 when once resolved1 he could not be easily diverted from his purpose4 ,the ministry of such a man was full of promise2 but in this lay its weakness4 ,it held out hopes which1 in the state of parties which at that time prevailed1 it was unable to realize4 ,there were two great parties at ,rome1 with neither of which the ,gizzi ministry was in sympathy4 ,there existed no party with which it could act harmoniously4 ,there were no reformers4 ,it would have been most fortunate for ,pius ,,ix4 if such a party could have been formed1 but the elements were wanting4 ,the true idea of constitutional government was as little understood in ,italy as in the rest of continental ,europe4 ,the only party at ,rome who desired change were the ,socialists1 who identified reform with subversion1 who denied every right1 and sought the destruction of all existing institutions4 ,no wonder if1 in presence of such a faction1 the aristocracy1 so highly conservative1 dreaded and opposed all change4 ,the ,socialists1 whilst by the fear which they inspired strengthened the hands of the conservative party1 opposed and prevented the formation of a body of reformers who1 like ,gizzi and ,pius ,,ix41 would have labored intelligently to forward the cause of reform1 never losing sight of the great principles of humanity and justice1 never sacrificing to ,utopian theories inalienable rights1 above all the rights of property--the very groundwork of the social fabric4 ,without the aid and countenance of a body of reformers1 the able ministry that now surrounded the ,pope found it difficult to proceed4 ,they could not determine for any important constitutional change4 ,they could not even undertake any considerable improvement4 ,they were1 however1 not inactive4 ,they studied to educate the people by improving and extending the public schools1 and by what was1 indeed1 an advance in continental ,europe--establishing a periodical press4 ,there were few cities so highly favored as ,rome as regards the facilities for educating youth4 ,nevertheless1 there was room for improvement1 and ,pius ,,ix4 accordingly established in the city a central school for the instruction of the youth of the operative classes4 ,this was a school of arts and manufactures1 and1 at the same time1 a military institution1 in which the pupils were qualified to become either tradesmen or subordinate officers in the army4 ,whilst ,cardinal ,gizzi was ,minister many other useful schemes met the approbation of the ,pontiff1 and were sanctioned by his signature4 ,not a few commissions also were appointed--some for the study of railway communication in the ,roman ,states1 others for the improvement of both criminal and civil procedure1 and others for the amelioration of the municipal system and the repression of vagrancy4 ,rome1 so richly endowed in many respects1 could scarcely be said1 as yet1 to possess a periodical press4 ,to establish such a press was1 for the reforming ministry1 a labor of love4 ,whilst they were preparing a law by which it should be called into existence and its liberty secured and regulated1 ,pius ,,ix41 in anticipation of their labors1 authorized the publication of several journals4 ,first1 came the 8,contemporaneo10 which was followed in due time by the 8,bilancia10 the 8,italico10 the 8,alba40 ,these publications were in sympathy1 at first1 with the ,pontiff and his reforming ministry4 ,they advocated only rational reform1 real improvement1 such changes as were both practicable and useful4 ,they had not yet discovered the excellence of the ,socialist utopia4 ,their enthusiasm and their vivats were all for the reformer ,pope4 ,it is far from being matter of surprise to ,catholic people1 at least1 that the ,see of ,rome should be the first to practice the virtues--the high morality which it teaches4 ,in regard to their treatment of the ,jewish people1 the ,christian nations generally stood in need of such an example as ,papal ,rome has always shown in her consideration for the race of ,israel4 ,the nations1 although professing ,christianity1 have been anything but ,christian in their conduct towards these people4 ,it was their idea1 one would say1 that they were called of heaven to execute justice on an offending race4 ,the ,popes never believed that they or any other ,christians were entrusted with such a mission4 ,accordingly1 the ,jews1 when cruelly persecuted in other countries1 always found protection and safety at ,rome under the wing of the ,pope4 ,even such restrictions as they were subject to1 contributed to maintain them in security and peace4 ,the ,holy ,father1 although it was his sublime mission to preach the ,gospel1 could not always cause its precepts to be obeyed4 ,if prejudice was against living on terms of charity with the ,jews1 was it not kind1 as well as wise and politic1 to assign to them a quarter of the city where only they should dwell1 free from all interference on the part of the rest of the inhabitants8 ,pius ,,ix4 believed that the time had come when a more liberal arrangement might be advantageously adopted4 ,in pursuance of this conviction1 he regulated that the ,jews should enjoy the privilege of establishing their habitations wherever they should deem it most suitable1 that they should be governed by the same laws as the other citizens1 and in no way be treated as a foreign people4 ,such of them as stood in need of assistance ,pius ,,ix4 admitted to a share in his benefactions1 and without occasioning the slightest murmur on the part of his ,christian subjects4 ,the ,jews1 whilst considered as foreigners in ,rome1 were subject to the custom of coming yearly to the ,capitol to pay tribute4 ,with this custom the ,holy ,father generously dispensed4 ,all this liberality and kindness were highly appreciated4 ,the ,jewish people generally beheld in the wise and ,holy ,pontiff the looked-for ,messiah4 ,the aged ,rabbins1 more considerate1 affirmed only that the ,pope was a great prophet4 ,the chief of the ,synagogue1 ,moses ,kassan1 composed in his honor a canticle marked by poetic inspiration4 ,it extols and blesses the ,holy ,father for having gathered together in the same barque all the children whom ,god had confided to his care 444 for having snatched from the contempt of nations1 and sheltered under his wing1 a persecuted people4 ,there being many ,christians of the ,united ,greek rite throughout the dominions of the ,sultan1 it was necessary that the ,holy ,father should negotiate1 occasionally1 with the successor of ,mahomet4 ,pius ,,ix4 yielded not to any of his predecessors in zeal for the welfare of all ,catholic people4 ,those who lived and often suffered under the ,moslem yoke were1 especially1 objects of his fatherly solicitude4 ,policy had not yet brought the ,cross into the same field of strife in union with the ,crescent1 when1 on the #bjth of ,february1 #ahdg1 the portals of the ,quirinal were thrown open to the ,ambassador of the ,sublime ,porte4 ,to the ,jews the ,rome of ,pius ,,ix4 was as a new ,jerusalem4 ,islamism1 from its tottering throne at ,constantinople1 looked towards it with hope and rapture4 ,the armed protection of ,christians in the ,turkish dominions1 by the great ,european ,powers1 was1 no doubt1 galling to the ,sultan's court4 ,it was1 therefore1 ardently desired1 we can readily believe1 to place the ,christians of the ,levant under the peaceful guardianship of the ,roman ,pontiff4 ,the ,embassy may also have had other objects in view4 ,be this as it may1 it was new and quite extraordinary to behold the representative of the prophet at the palace of the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,no wonder if all ,europe was moved to admiration4 ,the presentation was very solemn--in the high ceremonial of ,eastern lands4 ,chekif ,effendi1 the ,turkish ,ambassador1 saluted the ,holy ,father in ,oriental style1 and addressed to him a magnificent oration1 which was richly interspersed with metaphors--the pearls and diamonds of his country's eloquence4 ,the ,sublime ,porte was compared to the ,queen of ,sheba1 and ,pius ,,ix4 to ,king ,solomon4 ,whatever may be thought of the figures1 the sentiments expressed in the speech were appropriate and affecting4 ,the ,pope replied by assuring the ,ambassador that he was anxious to cultivate friendly relations with the ,sultan1 his master4 ,three days later ,chekif ,effendi took his departure from ,rome1 bearing with him on his breast1 as a nishun 7decoration71 the portrait of the ,holy ,father4 ,this ,embassy was more than mere show--more than an interchange of friendly sentiments4 ,it enabled the ,pope to adopt a measure which was calculated to be highly beneficial to the ,christians of the ,east4 ,the ,latin ,patriarchate of ,jerusalem was restored4 ,and thus was accomplished a wonderful revolution in ,european diplomacy as regarded the ,eastern world4 ,at the request of the ,porte1 the ,latin ,patriarch became bound to reside in the city of ,jerusalem4 ,in the confidential position which he held there1 he was the natural protector of the ,catholic subjects of the ,sultan4 ,in addition to the duties of his sacred office1 he was1 as a consul1 appointed by the ,holy ,see to watch over the interests of religion--interests as important1 surely1 as those of trade and worldly policy4 ,the first whom the ,pope named to the dignity of ,latin ,patriarch was ,monsignore ,valergo1 who had formerly been a missionary at ,paris4 ,there appears to have been something irresistibly attractive in the character of ,pius ,,ix4 ,that illustrious champion of ,ireland and of liberty1 ,daniel ,o',connell1 resolved1 towards the close of his days1 to visit ,rome and pay the homage of a kindred spirit to the ,holy ,father4 ,not only was he anxious to be enriched with the choicest heavenly benedictions1 whilst kneeling reverently at the shrine of the ,apostles1 but he desired also1 with a fervor which finds place only in the most nobly-moulded souls1 whose love of liberty and whose patriotism are unfeigned and pure1 to hold communion with one who was1 no less than himself1 a friend of liberty1 and whose exalted station1 and whose high duties towards mankind at large1 hindered him not from laboring1 as did ,ireland's patriot1 to liberate his country1 not1 indeed1 from such cruel bondage as that under which the land of ,o',connell had for so many ages groaned1 but from the no less dangerous tyranny of abuses which1 like weeds that grow most luxuriantly in the richest soil1 it becomes necessary1 in due season1 to extirpate4 ,it was not1 however1 appointed that ,ireland's liberator should ever see ,rome4 ,his illness continued to increase4 ,no sooner had he reached the shores of ,italy than the strength of his once powerful frame declined rapidly1 and he was unable to proceed4 ,arrived at ,genoa1 ,o',connell understood that his last hour on earth was near at hand4 ,he now expressed the wish that his heart should rest in the ,holy ,city4 ,thither1 accordingly1 it was borne by friendly hands to commingle with the consecrated dust of heroes1 saints and martyrs4 ,to ,rome it was a relic of incomparable price4 ,although cold and inanimate1 it was still eloquent in death1 and grandly emblematic of all that he had been to whom it was the centre of life1 and to whose generous impulses it had so long and so faithfully beat responsive4 ,that son of ,o',connell who bore his name1 together with the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,miley1 of ,dublin1 who had accompanied him to ,genoa and ministered to him in his last hours1 now proceeded to ,rome and sought the presence of the ,holy ,father4 ,on their arrival at the ,quirinal1 the halls and ante-chambers were already filled with groups of personages in every style of costume1 from the glittering uniform to the cowl4 ,the travellers1 therefore1 must wait till all these have had an audience4 ,but no4 ,the name of ,o',connell1 as if possessed of talismanic power1 caused them to be at once admitted to the presence of the ,holy ,father4 ,the reception was most cordial4 8,since the happiness ,i had so much longed for10 said the ,pontiff1 8was not reserved for me1 to behold and embrace the hero of ,christianity1 let me1 at least1 have the consolation to embrace his son40 8,as he spoke10 writes ,dr4 ,miley1 8he drew the son of ,o',connell to his bosom and embraced him1 not unmoved1 with the tenderness of a father and a friend4 ,then1 with an emotion which stirred our hearts within us1 this great ,father of the faithful poured out his benign and loving soul in words of comfort1 which proved that it was not new to him to pour the balm of heaven into broken and wounded hearts40 8,his death10 said the ,pontiff1 8was blessed4 ,i have read the letter in which his last moments were described with the greatest consolation40 ,the ,pope then proceeded to eulogize the liberator1 as the great champion of religion and the ,church1 as the father of his people and the glory of the whole ,christian world4 8,how else10 observed ,monsignore ,cullen1 late ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,dublin1 who was present1 8could the ,pope have spoken of him than he has done1 even if he had been the bosom friend of the liberator1 as well as the ardent admirer of his career40 ,nor must we fail to record the terms in which the venerable ,pontiff1 on this memorable occasion1 referred to ,ireland4 ,the thought of ,o',connell was one with that of his native ,erin4 ,death1 even1 could not sever them4 ,whilst the living image of grief and bereavement stood in his presence1 the ,holy ,father could not refrain from giving expression to his paternal sympathy4 ,but1 at the same time1 the country of ,o',connell was not forgotten4 ,writes ,dr4 ,miley3 8,while he spoke of the sufferings of the ,irish1 of their fidelity1 of his solicitude and his hopes regarding them1 it was beautiful and impressive beyond my power to describe1 to observe that countenance1 which1 like a mirror1 reflects the charity1 the compassionate care1 the fortitude1 with a hundred other sentiments divine1 which are never dormant within his breast40 ,pius ,,ix41 anxious that due honor should be done to the memory of ,o',connell1 gave orders for the celebration of a solemn funeral service1 and intimated his will and command that it should be celebrated in his name4 8,the achievements also of his wonderful existence ,i desire to be commemorated and made known to the world0--not that this is necessary1 8because10 said the ,pontiff with a sublime look and gesture1 8his grand career was ever in the face of heaven--he always stood up for legality--he had nothing to hide2 and it was this1 with his unshaken fidelity and reverence for religion1 that secured his triumph40 ,it is only justice to the people of ,rome to state that they vied with the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 the magnates of their country and the representatives of ,european nations at the ,holy ,city1 in doing honor to the memory of ,o',connell4 8,from the ,campus ,martius10 writes ,dr4 ,miley1 8and the ,roman ,forum1 from both sides of the ,tiber1 and from all the seven hills and their interjacent valleys1 this people1 who grow up from infancy with the trophies of thirty centuries of greatness around them on every hand1 assembled with enthusiasm to supplicate heaven for the eternal happiness of ,ireland's liberator1 and to exult in the wonders he had achieved1 as if he had been their own40 ,the greatest homage paid by ,rome on this melancholy occasion1 was undoubtedly1 the funeral oration1 which was spoken by the ,bossuet of ,italy1 the celebrated preacher1 ,father ,ventura1 the friend and fellow-student of ,pius ,,ix4 ,this most eloquent discourse was listened to with attention and delight by the vast congregation that had gathered round the cenotaph of the immortal patriot4 ,let a passage or two here suffice to give an idea of the magnificent panegyric3 8,it is1 then1 because these two loves--the love of religion and the love of liberty1 common to all good ,princes1 to all great minds1 to all truly learned men1 to all elevated souls1 to all generous hearts might be said to be personified in ,daniel ,o',connell--because in him they manifested themselves in all the perfection of their nature--in all the energy of their deeply-felt conviction--in all the potency of their strength--in all the splendor of their magnificence1 and in all the glory of their triumph2 it is because of all this that this singular man--who was born and has lived at such a distance from ,rome--is now admired1 is now wept for by you1 as if he had been born in the midst of you4 ,hence it is that this great character1 this sublime nature1 has awakened all your sympathies40 ,o',connell had studied for some time at the ,college of ,st4 ,omer1 in ,france4 ,what he saw and learned in that country is ably described by the ,italian orator3 8,he saw with his own eyes monarchy compelled to degrade itself1 and to inflict its death-wound with its own hand2 he saw the throne that base courtiers had dragged through the mire defiled by the grip of parricidal hands1 and buried1 fathoms deep1 beneath a sea of blood2 he saw the best of kings expire upon a scaffold1 the victim not less of other men's crimes than of his own weakness2 he saw that vice was hailed1 as if it were virtue1 wickedness uplifted1 as if it were morality atheism1 proclaimed aloud1 as if it were religion2 that the #8,goddess of ,reason' 7or rather a vile strumpet7 was recognized as the only ,deity1 and honored with hecatombs of human victims2 the people decimated and oppressed by cruel tyrants1 in the name of the people2 whilst beneath the shade of the tree of liberty was instituted universal slavery2 and that the most ,christian1 as well as the most civilized of all nations1 had fallen down to the lowest limits of impiety and barbarism4 8,now1 ,god having so disposed that the young ,o',connell should be witness of these events--the most celebrated and the most instructive to be found in the annals of history--they served to inspire him with the greatest horror for tumults and rebellion2 they persuaded him that there is nothing more insane1 and1 at the same time1 more pernicious than to proclaim the rights of man1 in trampling upon those of heaven--in establishing liberty on the ruins of religion--in making laws1 under the dictation of passion1 or through the inspiration of sacrilege--and1 finally1 they convinced him1 that to regenerate a people1 religion is omnipotent--philosophy of little or no avail40 ,in alluding to the well-known piety of ,o',connell1 the preacher said3 8,what more moving spectacle than to see the greatest man in the ,united ,kingdom--to see him1 who was the object of ,ireland's devotion1 of ,england's fear1 and of the world's admiration1 kneeling with the people before the altar1 practicing the piety of the people1 with that humble simplicity1 that recollection1 that devoutness1 and that modesty1 which supercilious science and stolid pride abandon as things fit only to be followed by those whom they disdain as the people80 ,it is matter of notoriety that the ,tory party1 whose death-knell was soon to be tolled1 constantly poured on the great ,irish ,tribune the most scurrilous abuse4 ,one of the mock titles with which they honored him was that of 8,king of the ,beggars40 ,such pitiful ribaldry awakened the highest powers of the ,roman orator4 8,poor1 miserable1 and most pitiful fatuity which1 while intending to mock1 actually did him honor4 ,for1 what sovereignty is more beautiful than that whose tribute is not wrung from unwilling fear1 but that is a voluntary1 love-inspired offering8 ,what sovereignty is more glorious than that whose sword is the pen1 and whose only artillery the tongue2 whose only couriers are the poor1 and its sole bodyguard the affections of the people8 ,what sovereignty more beneficent than that which1 far from causing tears to flow1 dries them2 which1 far from shedding blood1 stanches it2 which1 far from immolating life1 preserves it2 which1 far from pressing down upon the people1 elevates them2 which1 far from forging chains1 breaks them2 and which always maintains order1 harmony and peace1 without ever inflicting the slightest aggression on liberty8 ,where is the monarch who would not esteem himself happy in reigning thus8 ,of such a sovereignty1 we may with truth say what was said of ,solomon's1 that none can equal its grandeur1 its glory and its magnificence40 ,so favorable an opportunity for instructing the ,italians was not thrown away4 ,false liberty was already strewing their path with its meretricious allurements4 8,as true liberty diffuses around it peace and grace and calm1 so does false liberty disseminate1 wherever it is implanted1 terror1 dismay and horror4 ,the brows of one are illuminated with the splendid halo of order1 and those of the other are covered with the red cap of anarchy4 ,one holds in her hand the olive-branch of peace2 the other waves the torch of discord4 ,one is arrayed in robes white as those of innocence1 and the other is enveloped in the dark1 blood-stained mantle of guilt4 ,one is the prop of thrones2 the other a yawning abyss beneath them4 ,one is the glory and the happiness of nations2 the other their disgrace and their punishment4 ,the latter bursts out of hell as if it were a poisonous blast issuing from the jaws of the devil himself2 whilst true liberty descends sweetly and gently upon the earth1 as if the spirit of ,god had sent it down to us a holy and blessed thing from heaven4 ,ubi spiritus ,domini ibi ,libertas40 ,none will be surprised to learn that on hearing these singularly eloquent words1 the immense auditory could no longer control their emotions4 ,a general murmur of approbation was heard throughout the vast temple and was breaking out into loud applause1 when the preacher1 mindful of the reverence due to the holy place1 made haste to repress it4 ,this great demonstration may well be considered as the best testimony that could be given as to the real sentiments of the ,italian people4 ,they were not ignorant of the nature of that liberty for which ,o',connell had so long and successfully contended4 ,nor were they under any erroneous impression as to what the gifted preacher meant when he extolled in such glowing terms that true liberty which is the glory1 at once1 and the best security of nations4 ,if1 a little later1 they pursued the phantom instead of the reality1 it must be considered that1 as yet1 they had no political education or experience1 and that no high-principled ,tribune1 like ,o',connell1 stood forward to lead them4 ,all who aspired to guide them1 and who won their confidence1 were tainted with the doctrines of the ,socialist party1 whose ideas of government and liberty were utterly utopian4 ,if it could be said that public rejoicings afforded any assistance to the ,pope1 in his labors as the head of the ,roman ,state1 he was not left without aid in his great undertakings4 ,such things1 however1 rather hindered than promoted his endeavors4 ,his people had1 so to say1 commenced1 under his auspices1 a long and laborious journey4 ,there was no time for mere pleasure and amusement4 ,nevertheless1 whenever a new scene or landscape opened to their view1 they stopped to rejoice1 and gave themselves up1 without control1 to the intoxication of delight4 ,in so doing they laid themselves open to the snares and attacks of many secret enemies1 who availed themselves of their frequent gatherings to sow the seeds of discord and corrupt their minds with false political doctrines4 ,far better would it have been if they had left to the ,sovereign in whom1 at first1 they placed unbounded confidence1 and the wise ,ministers whom he called to his counsels1 the care of forwarding the cause of reform4 ,it had been most benevolently and successfully begun1 and was proceeding1 in the estimation of all but an impatient people1 with rapidity which had no parallel in the history of nations4 ,the people1 by assembling tumultuously on occasion of every popular measure1 no doubt meant no more at first than to show gratitude and affection to their pastor and prince4 ,such meetings1 however1 were not without danger to the cause of reform4 ,the political enemies of the ,pope easily foresaw that1 by his wise and popular improvements in the ,state1 he would certainly secure to himself a peaceful1 strong and glorious reign4 ,so1 laying hold of the general enthusiasm1 they trained and disciplined to their will a people who were naturally good and unsuspecting4 ,these men came at length to give the watchword1 and1 according to their wishes and the views which it suited them to insinuate into the popular mind1 the uneducated and fickle multitude expressed satisfaction or discontent1 as they defiled in imposing masses before the mansion of the ,pontiff4 ,thus was formed a sort of government out of doors1 which1 if it did not yet oppose or appear to oppose at least1 powerfully swayed the official authority4 ,cardinal ,gizzi1 whose ministry was so popular1 deemed it necessary to require by proclamation that these noisy demonstrations should cease4 ,it was too late4 ,the people1 defying the ,cardinal's mandate1 hastened in crowds to the ,quirinal1 saluted1 as usual1 the ,pope with enthusiastic vivats1 expressing1 at the same time1 their detestation of his ministry1 which they were wont to applaud so loudly1 and which1 if it had not by any great activity done much to acquire1 had certainly done nothing to forfeit their favor4 8,viva ,pio ,nono6 ,pio ,nono ,solo60 was now their cry4 ,the ,pope himself next came to be considered as intolerably dilatory in preparing measures of reform4 ,nor did he escape the accusation1 at the same time1 of sacrificing to his zeal1 as a temporal ruler1 the higher duties which he owed to religion and the ,church4 ,according to one set of revilers1 he was breaking with inviolable tradition4 ,others insisted that so enthusiastic a reformer of the ,state must be a revolutionist in the ,church4 ,such attacks were met by anticipation in the ,encyclical of #ith ,november1 #ahdf4 ,this well-known document was received with applause by the civilized world4 ,it leaves no ground for the charges in question4 ,it would only destroy the ,church to pretend to reform its dogma and revolutionize its discipline and government4 ,such an idea could proceed from no other source than the stratagems of unbelief1 or from the snares of the wolf1 who1 in sheep's clothing1 seeks to insinuate himself into the fold4 ,it is nothing short of sacrilege to hold that religion is susceptible of progress or improvement1 as if it were a philosophical discovery1 which could advance with the march of science4 ,the ,holy ,father enumerates also in this ,encyclical the principal grounds of faith1 and exhorts all bishops to oppose with all their zeal and learning those who1 alleging progress as their motive1 perversely endeavor to destroy religion by subjecting it to every man's individual judgment4 ,he condemns indifference as regards religion1 eloquently defends ecclesiastical celibacy1 and1 mindful that the ,church is the teacher of the great as well as of the humble1 he enforces the obligations of sovereigns towards their subjects1 not forgetting the fulfilment of all the duties which the people owe to their rulers4 ,in a former ,encyclical1 ,pius ,,ix4 had expressed his predilection for the religious orders4 ,this expression was now renewed4 ,time may have interfered1 more or less1 with their discipline4 ,anxious to preserve them and promote their prosperity1 he was ever willing to correct such abuses as may have existed4 ,to some communities he offered the most admirable suggestions4 ,others he honored with personal visits1 evincing always a truly pastoral zeal for the well-being of institutions so precious to religion4 ,pius ,,ix41 although deeply occupied with affairs of ,state that would have commanded all the attention and energy of any ordinary mind1 found time1 nevertheless1 for the discharge of duties of a still higher order4 ,he never forgot that he was the ,bishop as well as the ,sovereign of ,rome4 ,the ,romans1 although inhabiting the ,holy ,city1 like all other people1 stood in need of the instructions and warnings of religion4 ,the ,pope was aware1 besides1 that bad habits prevailed1 such as profane swearing1 luxurious living1 the neglect of parents in the training of their children4 ,the knowledge of such things grieved him exceedingly4 ,he now resolved to have recourse to a measure which was as striking as it was unexpected4 ,in the trying days of the ,crusaders1 and moved by their zeal for the safety of ,christendom1 the ,popes of an earlier time had addressed1 as the ministers of ,god1 immense public assemblages4 ,no ,pope1 however1 had appeared in the pulpit since ,gregory ,,vii4 ,the ,church of ,st4 ,andrew1 where the eloquent ,father ,ventura was accustomed to preach1 was selected1 but1 lest there should be too great a crowd1 no notice of the ,pope's intention was published4 ,at half-past three o'clock on a ,sunday afternoon1 just as the congregation were expecting to see ,abbate ,ventura enter the church1 the ,pope himself made his appearance4 ,the sermon was not a long one2 but it was memorable1 and to be long remembered4 8,in this city10 said the ,holy ,father1 8which is the centre of ,catholicity1 there are men who insult the holy name of ,god by profane and blasphemous language4 ,on all those who now hear me ,i lay this charge3 publish everywhere that ,i have no hope for such men4 ,they cast in the face of ,heaven the stone which will1 one day1 recoil upon them and crush them4 ,i would also most earnestly exhort you as regards the duty of fasting4 ,many fathers and mothers come to me in order to impart to me the sorrow which they experience in considering the melancholy fact which cannot escape their observation1 that the demon of uncleanness exercises a destructive empire over the youth of ,rome4 ,our ,lord ,himself in the ,holy ,gospel assures us that1 by no other means than prayer and fasting1 is it possible to overcome this demon who poisons the sources of life and works the ruin of immortal souls40 ,the sermon1 although comparatively short1 spoke of the chief obligations of a ,christian life4 ,it was delivered with great unction1 and the ,holy ,father concluded with a fervent prayer for ,rome and the ,roman ,state4 8,look down upon this vine1 ,o ,lord1 which ,thy right hand hath planted6 ,look upon it in mercy1 and remove from it the hand of iron which weighs so heavily upon it4 ,pour into the bosoms of the rising generations those two most precious attributes of youth1--modesty and a teachable mind4 ,listen to my prayer1 ,o ,lord1 and bestow upon this congregation1 on this city and all people1 ,thy most precious blessings40 ,appropriate gesticulations added to the power of words4 ,another influence1 also1 came in aid1--an influence peculiar to ,pius ,,ix41--that indescribable expression of goodness which lighted up his countenance as he spoke4 ,the people1 whose feelings are naturally fine1 were moved even to tears and sighs4 ,the occasion itself was well calculated to move the minds of a ,catholic audience4 ,it was an element1 no doubt1 which1 together with the eloquence of the preacher1 and the power of apostolic preaching1 could not fail to produce a profound impression4 ,and1 indeed1 the whole congregation were filled with enthusiasm4 ,whilst thus finding consolation in the exercise of his sublime ministry1 the benevolent ,pontiff was destined to encounter formidable attacks on the part of political opponents4 ,on the one hand1 the ultra-,conservatives1 who held in abomination the mere idea of reform1 endeavored by every means to confound in the popular mind the beneficial measures which the ,pope was introducing into the economy of the ,state1 with radical changes in the most essential points of religion itself4 ,the ,socialists1 on the other hand1 studied to excite the people and increase their impatience by misrepresenting all the acts of the ministry1 and causing it to be believed that1 by the delay which was unavoidable in labors of such magnitude and importance1 they were only abusing the confidence of the sovereign and betraying the cause of reform4 ,some remains of chivalry might have been expected in the ranks of the high ,conservative party4 ,but1 alas6 too truly the age of chivalry was gone1 and these sticklers for the usages of a bygone age1 only showed by their modes of proceeding that they clung to an empty and inanimate form of things from which life and substance had departed4 ,as was related at the time1 they stepped down to the depths of calumny and published a cruel libel1 in which the ,holy ,father was held up to the scorn of all right-thinking men as an 8intruder10 8an enemy of ,religion10 8the chief of ,young ,italy40 ,in the estimation of such men discretion is the better part of valor4 ,but whilst they fought with the coward's weapon--slander--they could not wholly escape detection4 ,their libel was seized in the hands of a colporteur4 ,this wretched man offered to disclose the names of the libellers4 ,pius ,,ix4 declined his offer1 generously forgave him the offence1 and even bestowed upon him a sum of money in order to induce him and enable him to give up his nefarious trade4 ,meanwhile1 there was at ,rome a still more numerous body who sustained the policy of the ,holy ,father4 ,these friends of order1 it is most pleasing to record1 made every effort to aid him in carrying out the measures of reform which he contemplated4 ,this influential body of faithful and patriotic citizens1 who can never be sufficiently praised1 organized a considerable force which kept the populace in check4 ,this party consisted1 chiefly1 of the burghers of ,rome4 ,they were encouraged and headed by the higher nobles1 such as the ,borghese1 the ,rospigliosi1 the ,riguano1 the ,piombino1 and the ,aldobrandini4 ,acting as a noble guard1 they were able to preserve order in the city1 when1 on occasion of celebrating the memorable amnesty1 it was seriously threatened by the factions4 ,they were1 indeed1 a party of reform1 order-loving and law-abiding4 ,it can never be sufficiently regretted that1 unaccustomed as they were to political turmoil1 they knew not how to keep their ground in the face of new dangers which arose so soon4 ,the health of ,cardinal ,gizzi had begun to decline4 ,the toils of office were not calculated to improve it1 and so he relinquished a post which was1 every day1 becoming more onerous and difficult4 ,there was another ,cardinal whose high character had endeared him to the ,romans4 ,ability and learning were not his only qualities4 ,he was energetic and resolute1 faithful1 straightforward and self-sacrificing4 ,when the dread scourge of cholera swept over his episcopal city and impoverished his people1 ,cardinal ,ferretti gave up for the relief of the sufferers all that he possessed--money1 clothing1 plate1 furniture1 and remained in his empty ,palace1 as destitute as a pauper4 ,to this eminent ,cardinal ,pius ,,ix4 appealed1 offering him the high office which ,gizzi could no longer hold4 ,on #bfth ,july1 #ahdg1 the new ,chief ,minister arrived at ,rome4 ,he was warmly received4 ,the citizens gave him an ovation4 ,shortly before his arrival1 news had come to ,rome that ,austrian troops were marching on ,ferrara1 a city of the ,papal ,states4 ,they were1 indeed1 entitled1 by the treaty of #ahae1 to occupy this fortress1 as well as that of ,camachio4 ,they could urge no better excuse for a display of military power in the ,pope's ,states on occasion of the threatened disturbance of #afth ,july4 ,this parade was only the prelude to further military operations4 ,on #acth ,august1 ,general ,count ,auesperg occupied all the posts of ,ferrara4 ,whatever may be said as to treaty rights1 this was1 undoubtedly1 an insult to the ,papal flag4 ,the most energetic remonstrances were immediately addressed to the ,cabinet of ,vienna4 ,austria endeavored to justify her proceeding by a wide interpretation of the right of occupation1 by alleging the disturbed state of the public mind at ,rome1 and by insisting on certain precedents4 ,but to no purpose4 ,the diplomacy of ,ferretti contended successfully with that of ,metternich4 ,and ,austria1 yielding with the best grace possible to the representations of the ,holy ,father1 evacuated ,ferrara4 ,the ,pope1 far from allowing himself to be disquieted by the presence in his ,states of ,croat troops1 proceeded with the work of reform which he had undertaken1 slowly1 indeed1 but with energy and perseverance4 ,in these labors of the statesman1 he was ably aided by the ,cardinal ,minister ,ferretti4 ,a promise was given that before the end of the year two great political and administrative institutions would be called into existence4 ,accordingly1 so early as the month of ,october1 two ,state papers appeared1 the one instituting the municipality of ,rome1 which was to be called the ,senate1 the other decreeing an assembly that should be1 to a certain extent1 representative1 under the name of ,council of ,state 7consulta74 ,the ,city of ,rome had not1 for a long time1 possessed1 like the other cities of the ,pontifical ,states1 municipal institutions4 ,it was now ordained that there should be a ,city ,council1 consisting of the mayor 7in the language of the country1 ,senator71 with eight colleagues and a hundred other members4 ,this is not unlike our own municipal magistracy1 wherein are the mayor1 aldermen and common councilmen or councillors4 ,with us1 however1 aldermen could hardly be called the colleagues of the mayor4 ,this functionary stands alone in his worshipful dignity4 ,the first nomination of the members of this municipal body was reserved to the ,pope4 ,but it was appointed that1 ever after1 it should be chosen by free popular election4 ,none will question the wisdom and liberality of the language in which the ,pope expressed himself in the preamble to the new law4 8,when we were called by ,divine ,providence to govern the ,church and the ,state1 our paternal solicitude was at once directed to every portion of the ,dominion subjected to our ,government1 but especially towards the capital1 the chief of all our cities1 to which it is consoling for us to devote our watchings and our labors4 ,what was1 above all1 important1 and what we think will be a subject of joy to all1 is the restoration to this beloved city of its ancient glory of communal representation1 by granting to it a deliberative council4 ,the study of this project has been particularly pleasing to us1 and we have not allowed ourselves to be discouraged by any difficulty40 ,this important decree was published on the #bnd day of ,october1 #ahdg4 ,on the following day there was a national festival4 ,the people were in raptures1 and loudly demonstrated their gratitude to the ,holy ,father for an institution which recalled the glorious associations of ancient ,rome1 and restored it to its place and rank among modern cities4 ,the ,cardinal-prince ,altieri was named president4 ,he opened the first session of the municipal council by a speech which was marked by the homage paid therein to ,pius ,,ix4 8,he considered not10 said the orator1 8whether the work be difficult4 ,he sees its utility and hesitates not40 ,the council almost unanimously elected to the post of ,senator 7,mayor7 ,prince ,corsini1 who was1 at that time1 devoted to the policy of the reforming ,pontiff4 ,a measure of more general importance now occupied the attention of the ,sovereign ,pontiff and his ,ministers4 ,the ,council of ,state 7consulta7 was established4 ,it was a deliberative assembly4 ,it was not sovereign1 but possessed the right to advise the ,sovereign4 ,there were twenty-four councillors4 ,the ,president was a ,cardinal ,legate4 ,each councillor was chosen by the ,pope from a list of three candidates presented by each ,province of the ,pontifical ,states4 ,the ,council was divided into four sections1 whose office it was to prepare laws relating to the ,departments of ,finance1 ,home ,affairs1 ,public ,works and ,justice4 ,it was the duty also of these four ,committees to hold a general meeting on certain days1 in order to take counsel together on the draughts of proposed laws which they had separately prepared4 ,on the #beth ,november1 #ahdg1 the ,national ,representatives met for the first time4 ,their place of meeting was the throne-room of the ,quirinal ,palace4 ,cardinal ,antonelli was the first ,president4 ,the proceedings were commenced1 and most appropriately1 by a respectful address to the ,holy ,father4 ,it was well known to ,pius ,,ix4 that the creation of this institution had awakened exaggerated and premature hopes in the minds of a portion of the people1 and that some of the ,deputies were not disinclined to encourage them4 ,so he considered it necessary1 in his reply1 to define1 in a very decided manner1 the true character and functions of the ,national ,representative ,body4 8,it is chiefly10 said he1 8in order that ,i may become better acquainted with the wants of my people1 and that ,i may better provide for the exigencies of the ,state1 that ,i have called you together4 ,i am prepared1 in time1 to do everything1 without1 however1 diminishing the ,sovereignty of the ,pontificate4 ,that man would be grievously mistaken who should behold in the functions which devolve on you1 or in your institution itself1 his own ,utopias1 or the commencement of anything incompatible with the ,pontifical ,sovereignty40 ,in concluding1 he spoke in a still more determined tone1 and reproached his people with the ingratitude which they had already begun to manifest4 8,there are some persons who1 having nothing to lose1 wish for disorder and insurrection1 and go so far as to make a bad use even of our concessions40 ,there was in this ,council a commencement of representative government4 ,deputies from the ,provinces assembled--deliberated4 ,they heard a ,speech from the ,throne4 ,they presented an address in reply4 ,in due time this germ of constitutional monarchy would be developed4 ,but the ,sovereign would not proceed rashly4 ,the full measure of reform1 he was well aware1 must1 like all great works1 be the fruit of time1 of much labor and patient consideration4 ,count ,rossi1 the ,french ,ambassador1 considered that it was already time to introduce a lay element into the political administration of the ,papal ,states4 ,the ,holy ,father1 accordingly1 after due consideration1 appointed some distinguished laymen to the ,ministry4 ,in so doing1 no doubt1 he sacrificed time-honored usage2 but not so much to the wishes of his friends and allies1 as to the spirit of the age1 which1 whether right or wrong1 will have men of the world to deal with the world4 ,italy1 although divided into several ,states1 looked to ,rome as its centre and its capital4 ,whatever occurred in the city of the ,popes was at once known throughout the whole peninsula4 ,such important and unlooked-for measures of reform as were now carried into effect could not fail1 as they were communicated1 to affect deeply the ,italian mind4 ,public opinion was aroused4 ,the most profound sympathy was everywhere felt and expressed4 ,liberty had revived under the auspices of ,religion4 ,it had emanated as a new blessing from the ,cross4 ,the ,chief of ,religion1 the ,father of the ,faithful1 had become its ,high ,priest4 ,his name was held in benediction4 ,his praises were proclaimed not only by the ,italian people1 but also by every civilized nation4 ,it was no longer violence--no longer insurrection--that contended for liberty4 ,the greatest of all sovereigns had announced its reign4 ,it was not indebted to any secret society4 ,it relied upon society at large4 ,it rested secure1 so men believed1 on the firm foundation of enlightened public opinion4 ,philosophy1 as represented by ,m4 ,cousin1 hailed its advent4 ,the statesmanship of ,france1 headed by ,m4 ,thiers1 extolled its champion4 ,protestantism1 forgetting its illiberal prejudices1 re-echoed with enthusiasm the warm vivats of reformed ,italy4 ,pius ,,ix41 meanwhile1 enjoyed his reward1--not in the flattering echo of the thousand voices which sounded his praise1 but in the one still voice of approving conscience4 ,he was consoled1 moreover1 by a profound conviction that the cause which he had taken in hand would1 one day1 prove triumphant4 ,with every new concession came the desire for further change4 ,the people generally were satisfied1 even grateful1 and they frequently expressed their gratitude in the most sincere and enthusiastic manner4 ,they were not1 however1 all sincere4 ,there were not wanting those who studied only to make available for their own ends the tumultuous gatherings and warm expressions of satisfaction in which the people so often indulged4 ,this was the ,socialist faction4 ,it aimed at nothing less than to establish a ,republic--a ,republic1 one and undivided1 or1 as it has been called1 because of its cruel and blood-thirsty character1 the ,red ,republic4 ,with a view to the establishment of such a ,republic1 the men of this party took advantage of the numerous assemblages1 which could not now either be regulated or diminished in number1 to gain new friends1 to increase popular excitement1 and so to discipline it as to bring it1 through some favorite demagogues1 under their control4 ,it will shortly be seen with what a dangerous weapon they were arming themselves4 ,it can scarcely be doubted that but for the machinations of these factionists and their influence with the masses1 which was every day increasing1 ,pius ,,ix4 would have succeeded in establishing a system of government as constitutional and as free as was at all compatible with his own rights as sovereign4 ,these rights he was not at liberty to abandon4 ,no greater measure of political freedom could be reasonably desired by any people4 ,from all history it is manifest that liberty is as fully enjoyed1 and established on a more secure and permanent basis1 under the fostering auspices of a constitutional monarchy1 than in the best regulated republics4 ,such a form of government may indeed be said to be more republican than monarchical4 ,but although possessing many properties1 and all the popular advantages of a ,republic1 it does not cease to be a monarchy4 ,the kingly dignity still remains with all that appertains to it1 and is an essential element of its constitution4 ,such was the monarchy that ,pius ,,ix4 desired to retain1 and which he was bound in conscience1 he believed1 never to relinquish4 ,that in this he was sincere his high character bears witness4 ,never was there a less selfish sovereign1 or a man of more upright mind and sounder judgment4 ,no prince ever held less to prerogative4 ,essential rights he was firmly resolved to maintain1 whilst he never would have shrunk from any legitimate concession4 ,whatever was adapted to the time and the circumstances of his country1 useful to his people1 and conformable to a well-informed and sound public opinion1 he was prepared to introduce into the economy of the ,state4 ,but1 the complete secularization of public power in the ,pontifical ,states1 in other words1 the establishment of a ,republic based on anti-,christian principles1--the ,red ,republic1--could never for a moment be contemplated4 ,what may be called the consultative ,government had just entered upon the discharge of its duties1 when ,pius ,,ix4 resolved to render it completely representative4 ,this important resolution was the subject of frequent conversations with ,m4 ,rossi1 at the time ambassador at ,rome of the ,french constitutional monarchy4 ,m4 ,rossi wrote as follows1 to his government1 in ,january1 #ahdh3 8,it is a problem which1 after much reflection1 ,i consider may be solved4 ,the divisions of sovereignty in the world have been numerous and diverse4 ,and as they lasted for ages1 we might even try one more1 beginning by separating entirely the temporal from the spiritual--the ,pope from the ,king4 ,only it would be necessary to leave wholly to the spiritual1 and the clergy1 matters which with us are mixed40 ,not many days later1 the ambassador imparted to his government this more decided intelligence3 8,the ,pope will shortly grant the constitution4 ,it is his serious and constant study40 ,m4 ,rossi earnestly recommended that there should be no delay in adopting this important measure4 ,it would1 he conceived1 put an end to agitation1--a most desirable result1 surely1 when it is considered how fatal to the cause of liberty and reform might any day become the too frequent tumultuous assemblages which1 once constitutional government was established1 would necessarily cease4 ,the ,pope held the same idea as the eminent diplomatist4 ,the great idea was as yet1 however1 far from being realized4 ,a new and most serious difficulty unexpectedly arose4 ,on the #eth of ,march1 #ahdh1 a courier arrived1 bearing the startling intelligence that the constitutional monarchy of ,france had fallen1 and that a ,republic was established at ,paris4 ,no greater misfortune could have befallen ,rome4 ,the public excitement was increased beyond measure1 and exaggerated hopes were enkindled that could never be fulfilled4 ,the people1 at first enthusiastic only1 were now turbulent4 ,the events in ,france exercised a still more fatal influence4 ,they caused anarchy to prevail4 ,the extreme or ,socialist ,republicans1 whom the proclamation of the constitution would have paralyzed1 were now in the ascendant4 ,what had been done at ,paris1 they conceived1 might be done at ,rome4 ,and they induced the inexperienced multitude to share their conviction4 ,such belief was only an idle and a culpable dream4 ,for surely it could not be guiltless to resolve on sacrificing thousands on thousands of precious lives for an ,utopia1--a system that could never be realized4 ,events have shown that in ,france itself1 which was entirely free to make whatever political arrangement it pleased1 a ,republic was not possible1 even such a ,republic as was established at the downfall of the citizen monarchy1 in preference to the ,red ,republic4 ,how1 then1 should it be possible to build up at ,rome an extreme system in opposition to the views and wishes of the whole ,christian world1--in opposition even to the people of ,rome themselves1 who1 when free from undue excitement1 were the loyal supporters of the sovereign who had already introduced into the economy of the ,state so many liberal institutions--institutions that were in perfect harmony with their ideas1 and admirably adapted to the exigencies of the times8 ,there was no need1 as yet1 that the ,catholic nations should come to the aid of their ,chief4 ,it was necessary only to appeal1 in defence of his sovereignty1 from ,rome drunk to ,rome sober1--from ,rome intoxicated with unwonted draughts of liberty to ,rome in its normal state--to ,rome1 cool1 and calm1 and intellectual1 even as in the days of her ancient glory1 when her sages and grave senators sat by her gates sorrowing but dignified in their defeat4 ,with the like countenance ought modern ,rome to have met the tide of ,socialist invasion1 which every successive endeavor to establish the ,red or ,communist ,republic proves to be more destructive than the war of mighty legions1 which can only cast down material walls4 ,a ,socialist ,republic was impossible at ,rome1 the city of the ,popes4 ,it never could have held its ground against the sound principle which universally prevailed throughout the ,pontifical ,states4 ,nor would it ever have been able to obtain the countenance1 or even the recognition1 of the ,european governments4 ,not ,france and ,austria only2 every other ,catholic nation as well would have exerted all their influence against it4 ,nor in doing so would they have acted unwisely or unjustly4 ,had not ,rome been the residence of their ,chief ,pastor1 that great historic city would have ceased long ago to exist1 or would be known only as an insignificant village1 scarcely perceptible on the map of ,europe4 ,how often has not the celebrated city been rescued from destruction by the direct agency of the ,popes8 ,how long have they not governed it with wisdom and blessed it with prosperity8 ,if there be any such thing as prescriptive right1 undoubtedly it is theirs4 ,if there be any right better founded and stronger than that of conquest1 such right belongs unquestionably to the saviors of ,rome4 ,they have saved it for the ,christian world1 for mankind1 for the ,church4 ,it is no man's property4 ,it cannot be let1 like a paltry farm1 to those who shall bid the highest1 in vain compromises and delusive hopes of liberty4 ,should the ,roman people1 of their own free will1 pretend to give themselves away1--to sell themselves to a faction whose subversive principles they abhor1 their forefathers of all preceding ages would protest against their base degeneracy2 the children of the generations to come would curse their memory2 all reflecting men of the present time would accuse them of black ingratitude1--ingratitude to the mighty dead among their ,pontiffs1 to whom they are indebted for their very name1 their city's fame1 its honored ,state1 its very existence in modern times2 ingratitude1 above all1 to that ruler who offered them1 who bestowed upon them1 liberty1 and who would have gladly rescued them in his day from tyranny1--the tyranny of faction1--even as his predecessors1 in bygone times1 snatched them from the cruel grasp of barbarism4 ,pius ,,ix4 had made up his mind to institute thoroughly representative and constitutional government4 ,and this was all that the ,roman people1 as yet1 desired4 ,they were only anxious that the views of the ,pontiff should be speedily carried into effect4 ,accordingly1 ,prince ,corsini1 the ,senator 7,mayor71 and the eight principal members of the ,municipal ,council1 were commissioned to make known their wishes to the ,pope4 ,his reply was dignified and candid4 ,in declaring his intention to grant the constitution which they asked for1 he took care to intimate in the most decided manner that he was not making a concession to the urgency of the moment1 but accomplishing his premeditated purpose4 8,events10 said he1 8abundantly justify the request which you address to me in the name of the ,council and ,magistracy of ,rome4 ,all are aware that it is my constant study to give to the ,government the form which appears to me to be most in harmony with the times4 ,but1 none are ignorant1 at the same time1 of the difficulties to which he is exposed1 who unites in his own person two great dignities1 when endeavouring to trace the line of demarcation between these two powers4 ,what1 in a secular ,government1 may be done in one day1 in the ,pontifical can only be accomplished after mature deliberation4 ,i flatter myself1 nevertheless1 that the preliminary labours having been completed1 ,i shall be able1 in a few days1 to impart to you the result of my reflections1 and that this result will meet the wishes of all reasonable people40 ,on the #adth of ,march1 accordingly1 was published the fundamental statute for the temporal government of the ,holy ,see1 and so was inaugurated constitutional rule in the most complete and straightforward manner which it is possible to conceive4 ,the constitution was framed according to the model of the ,french ,liberal ,monarchy of #ahcj1 so modified as to render it capable of being adapted to the ,pontifical ,government4 ,under its provisions there were a ,ministry which was responsible1 and two ,houses of ,parliament1 one of which was elective1 and the other composed of members who should hold their appointment during their lifetime4 ,to the ,council of ,state belonged the framing of laws to be afterwards submitted to the votes of the two ,chambers4 ,in all constitutional monarchies1 the assent of the sovereign is necessary1 in order to give the force of law to measures voted by ,parliament4 ,so1 under the constitution promulgated at ,rome by ,pius ,,ix41 the ,college of ,cardinals were constituted a permanent council1 whose office it was to sanction finally the decisions of the ,legislative ,chambers4 ,such1 in substance1 was the statute by which the ,pontifical ,states became undeniably constitutional4 ,a few days later the ,ministry was named4 ,three-fourths of their number were laymen4 ,cardinal ,antonelli was appointed ,president or ,first ,minister4 ,and thus the constitution was no sooner framed than it came into operation1 so anxious was ,pius ,,ix4 to advance the interests and meet the wants and wishes of his people4 ,now1 one would say1 gratitude only could await the ,pontiff4 ,but no6 at the moment when1 of all others1 he was entitled to rely on the devotedness of his people1 a new and great difficulty arose4 ,by the diplomacy of #ahae1 at the close of the great ,european ,war1 certain portions of ,italy had been left subject to ,german rule4 ,by war only1 some ,italians imagined1 could this evil be removed4 ,this was an extravagant idea4 ,war could only raise up new enemies to the cause of ,italy and that regeneration which appeared to be so near at hand4 ,diplomacy would have served them better4 ,what it had done at one time1 under pressure of the most trying circumstances1 it would have been ready to achieve when circumstances were changed1 and imperatively demanded a new order of things4 ,in the new emergencies that had arisen1 the learning and ability of statesmen ought1 at least1 in the first instance1 to have been appealed to4 ,as between individuals1 it is reasonable that all peaceful means of adjusting a quarrel should be employed1 so1 in the greater affairs of nations1 all the arts of statesmanship ought to be had recourse to before resort is had to bayonets and blood4 ,how successful such a course would have proved1 and how beneficial to the cause of ,italian liberty1 is more than sufficiently shown by the great result which diplomacy obtained1 when ,austria1 insisting on treaty rights1 displayed the flag of war at ,ferrara4 ,in that case1 no doubt1 the ,pope was the chief diplomatist4 ,but would he not have been so1 likewise1 when there was question1 not of one city only1 but of many of the greatest cities and best provinces of ,italy8 ,it is not to be supposed1 that in these more momentous circumstances he would have found 8the ,barbarians0 more hard to deal with4 ,austria1 indeed1 was so barbarous as to ignore that exquisite refinement of modern times1 which despises religion and its ministers2 and so she would have shown1 as of old1 her reverence for the ,pontiff1 by withdrawing1 at his request1 her soldiers from ,italian soil4 ,the ,italians1 however1 did not think so4 ,they would have war1 cost what it would4 ,the people even of the ,papal ,states1 whose august ,chief could have conquered without war1 were bent on the same fatal purpose4 ,they were wholly under the influence of the ,socialist agitation1 and no wiser counsel could be made to prevail4 ,it was decided among the popular leaders that the question of war should be agitated in the greatest assembly which it was possible to gather together4 ,the ,coliseum was appointed as the place of meeting1 and it was destined to present an unwanted spectacle1 a grand but ill-omened scene4 ,all ,rome1 it may be said1 was congregated in the ancient arena1 the favorite tribunes at their head4 ,these demagogues were determined that the question of war should be settled by acclamation1 hoping thus to influence the ,sovereign ,pontiff to induce him to abandon his policy of neutrality by this imposing display of opinion and excitement1 by so much popular enthusiasm1 by such intoxication1 so to say1 of patriotism4 ,at an early hour the vast arena was already crowded4 ,all orders of the ,state were there--,nobles1 ,burghers1 ,soldiers1 ,princes--everybody4 ,priests even came in tolerable numbers to swell the crowd1 and monks of every order1 ecclesiastics of every college1 members of every congregation4 ,such was the immense open air assemblage in which the question of the new crusade was to be solemnly discussed4 ,it would have been a grand and noteworthy spectacle1 had it not been arranged beforehand by skilful leaders who were adepts in the art of getting up revolutionary displays4 ,in the great assembly there may have been sincerity4 ,in the chief actors there was none4 ,such a spontaneous expression of public sentiment1 if really such1 would1 indeed1 have been imposing--grand4 ,viewed only as a theatrical performance of parts learned to order--and it was nothing more--it was deserving of nothing but contempt4 ,there was in this display1 besides1 a sinister and melancholy feature--a set of actors practising on the popular mind to-day1 in order to discover what they might safely attempt to-morrow4 ,near the tribune which overlooks the arena were ranged all those agitators who were destined to become1 at a later period1 so notorious in the commotions of the time4 ,among them was observed ,padre ,gavazzi1 a ,barnabite monk1 whose puerile vanity made him aspire to distinction1 and whose career was already marked by pretentious eloquence1 a bombastic style1 confused ideas1 and a mind still undecided as to the limits of orthodoxy1 which1 a little later1 he stepped beyond4 ,he was the preacher of the crusade4 ,next came the shepherd poet1 ,rosi2 ,prince ,canino's ,secretary1 ,masi2 a young ,french monk of the order of ,conventualists1 ,dumaine2 ,generals ,durando and ,ferrari2 the journalist1 ,sterbini1 afterwards so fatally popular2 and1 of course1 the demagogue1 ,cicerruacho1 who had been1 at first1 enthusiastic in the cause of the ,pope1 but who now burned for war1 and1 ere long1 imparted to the revolution a character of fitful fanaticism and absurd sympathies4 ,the day was spent in magniloquent addresses1 which affected the style of ancient types1 urgent exhortations to war1 poetical orations1 rounds of applause1 rapturous demonstrations4 ,the result was1 lists for the enrolment of volunteers2 the establishment in the different quarters of the city of tables for receiving patriotic offerings1 and a threatening demonstration against the ,quirinal ,palace1 where it was intended to force the ,pope to bless the colours for the expedition against ,austria4 ,the movement was now beyond all control4 ,the orders of the ,pope were treated with a sort of respect1 but not obeyed4 ,the spirit of rebellion was abroad1 although the people still made a show of reverence4 ,they were no sooner from the presence of the ,pontiff than they transgressed his most sacred commands4 ,pius ,,ix4 had distinctly specified1 when he authorized the enrolment and the departure of volunteers1 that it was his intention and his will that the expedition should be exclusively defensive2 that it should protect the territory1 but avoid passing the frontier4 ,the leaders1 notwithstanding1 adding perfidy to rebellion1 made use of the ,pontiff's name in order to deceive the people4 ,general ,durando had no sooner arrived at ,bologna than he issued a proclamation1 in which1 falsifying the ,pope's wishes1 he adduced his authority in order to encourage the war4 8,radetsky10 said he1 8fights against the cross of ,christ4 ,pius ,,ix4 has blessed your swords together with those of ,charles ,albert4 ,this war of civilization against barbarism is not merely national1 it is a ,christian war4 ,with the cross and by the cross1 we shall be victorious4 ,god wills it40 ,nothing could have tended more completely to compromise the character of the ,pontiff4 ,it became necessary1 accordingly1 to publish the ,encyclical ,letter of #bith ,april1 #ahdh4 8,men are endeavouring10 said the ,holy ,father1 in this admirable document1 8to disseminate suspicions that are injurious to the temporal administration of our ,states4 ,it is our duty to prevent the scandal that might thus be given to the simple and unreflecting40 ,he then proceeds to declare that he is resolved to expose clearly and to proclaim loudly the origin of all the facts of his ,government4 ,he refers to the memorandum of #ahca1 which contained the collective counsels of the ,european ,cabinets to the ,apostolic ,see1 recommending the necessary reforms4 ,some of these reforms were adopted by ,gregory ,,xvi4 ,circumstances and the danger of the times caused others to be deferred4 ,pius ,,ix4 considered that it was his duty to complete what his predecessor had begun4 ,he does not disclaim having taken the initiative on certain other points4 ,he had pardoned extensively1 and he congratulates himself on this clemency4 ,he repels the calumny which would ascribe to the reforms which he had inaugurated the general movement of ,italy towards its enfranchisement4 ,this agitation he attributes to events that occurred elsewhere1 and which became facts of overwhelming influence for the whole of ,europe4 ,finally1 he protests that he gave no other order to his soldiers than that which required that they should defend the ,pontifical territory4 ,he cannot be held responsible for the conduct of those amongst his subjects who allow themselves to be swayed by the example of other ,italians4 ,he had given his orders distinctly4 ,they had been transgressed4 ,on the disturbing question of war with ,austria1 the ,encyclical bears the following words3 8,they would have us declare war against ,austria4 ,we have thought it our duty to protest formally against such a resolution1 considering that1 notwithstanding our unworthiness1 we hold on earth the place of ,him who is the ,author of peace--the ,friend of charity2 and that1 faithful to the ,divine obligations of our ,apostolate1 we embrace all countries1 all peoples1 all nations1 in a like sentiment of paternal love4 ,nor can we refrain from repelling1 in the face of all nations1 the perfidious assertions of those who desire that the ,roman ,pontiff should be the chief of the government of a new republic1 consisting of all the peoples of ,italy4 8,moreover1 we earnestly exhort1 on this occasion1 these same ,italian peoples to keep particularly on their guard against these treacherous counsels4 ,we conjure them to remain devotedly attached to their princes1 whose affection they have experienced4 ,to act otherwise would be not only to fail in their duty1 but also to expose ,italy to discord and factions4 ,as regards ourselves1 we declare once more that all the thoughts and all the efforts of the ,roman ,pontiff tend only to increase every day the kingdom of ,jesus ,christ1 which is the ,church1 and not to extend the limits of the temporal sovereignty1 with which ,divine ,providence has endowed the ,holy ,see1 for the dignity and the free exercise of the sublime ,apostolate40 ,no better argument could have been offered in reply to those parties who clamored so unreasonably for war4 ,nor could the ,pontiff have vindicated more eloquently the pacific character of that religion of which he is the ,chief and ,representative on earth4 ,at the same time1 he offered wise and authoritative counsel to the ,italian nationalities4 ,it was too late4 ,the voice of friendly warning remained unheard amidst the din of strife and revolution4 ,need it be added--the cause of liberty perished for a time1 victimized by its own excess4 ,the ,socialist party had succeeded in gaining the populace of ,rome1 and they now constituted a power which prevailed in the city1 whatever it might have been in the field4 ,skilfully managed by its leaders1 it gave law to the ,pontifical government4 ,the ,pope was not1 however1 powerless4 ,a merely secular sovereign would have been crushed4 ,he would have had no other resource than to abdicate4 ,the ,holy ,father was not reduced to this extremity4 ,he was still able to repel the unacceptable measures which the ,socialists endeavoured to thrust upon him4 ,they and their myrmidons vociferated for war with ,austria4 ,the ,pope could still say there should be no war1 and his people did not engage in the contest4 ,a few among the ,roman youth took the field4 ,but1 as effeminate as they were ardent1 their courage cooled at the first sight of a barbarian camp4 ,they returned to their hearths1 and there talked magniloquently of the tented fields which they had traversed1 the savage hordes which they had encountered1 and the dangers they had escaped4 ,the party succeeded1 however1 in forcing a ministry on the reluctant ,pontiff4 ,such a thing1 when done through the representative body1 however unreasonable1 does not so much shock our idea of constitutional government4 ,neither can we approve the conduct of a faction which1 whilst it was anything but constitutional1 imposed a minister who held its principles1 on the prince who had1 of his own accord1 become a constitutional monarch4 ,count ,mamiani was one of those whom the clemency of ,pius ,,ix4 had restored to their country1 of all the parties thus favored1 he alone refused to become bound in honor to the ,holy ,father never to abuse the favor1 but to remain always a good and faithful subject4 ,he was not without ability2 was well informed1 cool and resolute1 but without any fixed principle in politics4 ,he would as readily have set up a ,red ,republic as a constitutional monarchy4 ,his political conduct was guided more by events and circumstances than by any well-conceived idea of what is right and fitting4 ,he was one of those ,italian ,liberals who might be compared to the ,necker of the ,french ,revolution1 whilst ,mazzini and his followers were the ultra-radicals--the ,robespierres of ,roman politics4 ,the ,mamiani ministry necessarily arose out of the popular commotions1 and was a protest of the excited masses against the ,encyclical of #bith ,april4 ,its policy was no secret4 ,in the days of popular turmoil they immediately preceded his nomination4 ,mamiani had declared distinctly in his harangues to the people that no priest should be appointed to any public office2 that although ,pius ,,ix4 should remain at the head of the government1 they ought to obtain from him the revocation of his ,encyclical of #bith ,april1 and a declaration of war against ,austria2 that a new expedition should be speedily organized1 and that an official bulletin of the war should be published daily4 ,the warlike and revolutionary pronunciamentos1 thus pompously made1 could not fail to arouse the enthusiasm of the multitude1 whose excitement was already so great4 ,in matters of this nature1 however1 it is more easy to make fine speeches than to act4 ,the popular ,tribune was no sooner elevated to the ministry than he came to experience this difficulty4 ,so it was convenient to forget the grand lessons which he had labored so vehemently to impress upon the people4 ,he still1 however1 insisted1 or appeared to insist1 on the ,austrian war4 ,it may have been necessary for the new minister1 in order to maintain his influence over the masses1 to announce a war policy4 ,such policy1 nevertheless1 was chimerical4 ,it was decidedly opposed by the legitimately-constituted powers of the ,state--the ,sovereign on the one hand1 who1 by his name1 his character1 his virtues1 his office1 was still powerful2 and on the other1 the representative body4 ,accordingly1 when this body came together in the beginning of ,june1 there was an end to the government of the streets4 ,but there arose new difficulties1 and these difficulties the government of the ,holy ,father diligently studied to overcome4 ,cardinal ,altieri delivered1 on the part of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 an energetic and moving exhortation in support of unity and concord4 ,at the same time1 he expressed his earnest hope that the newly-elected deputies would show their good will by concurring with the ministry in rendering the new adaptation of the constitution compatible with the ,pontifical government4 ,this address1 however ineffectual1 possessed the merit of being thoroughly constitutional4 ,the same praise cannot be awarded to ,count ,mamiani's inaugural oration4 ,next day1 which was the #ith of ,june1 he ascended the ,tribune1 and there enunciated ideas which belonged more to the ministry in their individual capacity1 than as the representatives of their ,sovereign4 ,this was supremely unconstitutional1 and could only be the result of inexperience4 ,what knowledge could those men have had of a free and national constitution8 ,they ought1 at least1 to have been guided by the laws of honesty and honor4 ,who will say that they were so1 when they gave out that the opinion which they expressed in favor of war was also that of the ,pontiff8 ,they endeavored thus to extend the sanction of a venerated name to designs that were subversive of ,pontifical rule4 ,neither inexperience nor ignorance of constitutions presents any valid excuse1 or even palliation of such a proceeding4 ,no doubt they called it policy4 ,it was the basest trickery4 ,in the hands of honest and judicious ministers the new constitution might have proved successful4 ,so thought many persons who were well informed and competent to form an opinion in regard to so difficult a question4 ,it had also many well-wishers4 ,but for the war agitation1 it would1 to all appearance1 have had a different fate4 ,according to the exaggerated idea of ,italian patriotism which prevailed1 all true ,italians were bound to fight for their country4 ,on the ,mamiani ministry devolved the very arduous task of reconciling this warlike spirit with the pacific character of the ,pontificate4 ,the ,pope1 like any other sovereign1 had a right1 no doubt1 to defend himself4 ,but both the theology which guided him and the traditions of his sovereignty forbade him to wage war on any people4 ,such was the difficulty which it fell to the lot of his ministry to solve4 ,the arguments to which they had recourse1 however well meant1 were certainly very puerile4 ,the ,pope1 as such1 they insisted1 might decide for peace1 and condemn the shedding of blood1 whilst1 as temporal sovereign1 he would authorize his ministers to act as should seem to them proper1 and they would declare for war4 ,this miserable sophistry only showed the weakness of the government which employed it4 ,the ,pontiff could not be expected to act as if he were two distinct persons4 ,nor whilst his ministers waged war1 could he1 whose representatives they were1 be considered as neutral4 ,for a few months that this ministry remained in office1 the ,pope continued to save his ,states by resisting the war-cry in opposition to their wishes4 ,they were constantly at variance with him on this one great topic4 ,his repugnance to war they could neither comprehend nor overcome4 ,popular demonstrations of the most threatening kind were often made1 but to no purpose4 ,justum et tenacem propositi virum1 ,non civium ardor prava jubentum mente quatit solida4 ,the ,pontiff could not be moved from his firm resolve4 ,the ministry1 however1 was shaken4 ,with no better stay than sophistry and inconsistency1 its weakness became apparent1 and1 as had been for some time clearly inevitable1 it fell4 ,before considering further the statesman-like efforts of ,pius ,,ix4 in the cause of reform1 it may not be out of place to review briefly the political opinion of the time4 ,although all men cannot be expected to accept1 especially in many important matters1 all the ideas of those distinguished writers1 ,gioberti1 ,balbo1 ,d',azeglio1 it would be unjust1 nevertheless1 to deny them the credit of having imparted new vigor1 if not its first impulse1 to the cause of reform in ,italy4 ,they were not1 like so many others1 rash and inconsiderate4 ,they desired not to hurry on recklessly to the wished-for goal4 ,they thought it was unwise to aspire1 all at once1 to the greatest degree of liberty that might be attained4 ,the end in view could be best reached1 they conceived1 by judicious and well-timed measures of reform1 and by such institutions as might be developed at a later period1 when the ,italian people1 unaccustomed as yet to a constitutional regime1 should be capable of a greater degree of freedom4 ,nothing more wise can be supposed than this view of educating the people for liberty before bestowing on them the precious boon4 ,their idea of commencing the work of reform by waging war on ,austria does not appear to be so commendable4 ,it was not1 surely1 the part of prudence1 when on the eve of a great and arduous undertaking1 to stir up enemies on every side4 ,and this was really what they sought to do by provoking ,austrian hostility4 ,the government at ,vienna was not inclined to be hostile4 ,it had joined with other powers in recommending reform to the late ,pope4 ,and now it would rather have been an ally than an enemy4 ,but the 8barbarian0 ,germans were entirely odious to the ,italian people4 ,the power of education ought to have been brought to bear on this same people1 if only in order to disabuse their minds of this one noxious prejudice4 ,it had become necessary at length to extend to them the benefits of a political education4 ,and surely the eradication of illiberal ideas would have formed a profitable branch of study4 ,pius ,,ix41 as has been already shown1 was a practical reformer1 and he had zealously undertaken the work of reform4 ,austria was not inclined to throw any impediments in the way of his patriotic labors4 ,only on one occasion did that powerful empire show a disposition to interfere4 ,it was when ,rome and the ,sovereign ,pontiff were threatened by popular commotions4 ,then1 even on the representation of the ,holy ,father1 ,austria laid down her arms4 ,with these constitutional reformers1 if we except their insane idea of waging a needless war1 very little fault can be found as politicians4 ,so lately as the early part of the year #ahdh1 their opinions were generally accepted throughout ,italy4 ,they were1 at that time1 also the most powerful party4 ,their numbers1 authority and talent1 gave them a decided superiority1 whilst the ,republicans were still a weak minority4 ,in a few months1 to all appearance1 everything was completely changed4 ,talent1 respectability1 authority1 and influence1 were still on the side of the constitutional reformers4 ,but1 in the meantime1 the ,red ,republic had gained the command of numbers4 ,how this came to pass it may be well now to enquire4 ,in every great community there are many people who have no fixed principles in politics1 and others1 perhaps1 not less numerous1 who have no political principles at all4 ,both these classes of people depend entirety on other men for the sentiments and opinions by which1 at any given moment1 they shall be guided4 ,such people were sufficiently numerous at ,rome and the other cities and provinces of ,italy4 ,demagogues1 therefore1 who were not without ability and possessed fluency of speech1 found it no very difficult task to fashion as they had a mind1 for these classes of citizens1 any amount of political principles and programmes4 ,those even who were fairly imbued with constitutional ideas1 but whose minds were not wholly decided1 the leaders of the ,red ,republic endeavored1 and not without success1 to gain to their side1 by persuading them to compromise1 as regarded certain points1 to modify their opinions on others1 change their designations1 enter into coalitions1 and adopt such ingenious arrangements as were proposed to them4 ,thus1 by degrees1 and as was only to be expected in such circumstances1 the ultra-radicals succeeded but too well in causing the most extravagant political notions to prevail among the masses4 ,as fate would have it1 the revolution in ,france of ,february1 #ahdh1 which brought to an end the constitutional monarchy1 afforded no slight aid and encouragement to the ,red ,republic of ,italy4 ,the men of this party might have understood1 on reflection1 to what extreme peril ,france became exposed1 when she preferred brute force to constitutional proceeding1 and tore down by violence a system which was1 in many respects1 good2 and which1 inasmuch as it was a constitution1 could in due time have been extended and improved1 receiving1 as new wants arose1 and wisdom and experience warranted1 new developments1 new adaptations1 and daily increasing excellence4 ,the constitutional element once removed1 there was no medium between and safeguard against absolutism2 on the one hand1 and on the other anarchy1 or the reign of violence and terror4 ,the extremists of ,italy1 however1 beheld only in the too successful action of the ,parisian populace a new step towards liberty4 ,it became the duty of the ,italian people1 they declared1 to march onward in the wake of enlightened ,france1 and seize the prize that was at length presented for their acceptance4 ,by such counsellors were the people abused and led astray4 ,the moderate reform party were themselves excited by the enthusiasm which events had inspired1 and heeded not the snares which the radical chiefs were laying for them4 ,they were thus caught in the toils of those designing men1 whilst they imagined that they were only working out their own idea4 ,they supposed even that they were gaining ,mazzini1 whilst1 in reality1 ,mazzini was making proselytes of them4 ,gioberti and his more immediate friends1 who certainly were not without their faults1 were abandoned by the crowd4 ,reverting to what has been said already concerning ,mazzini and his political doctrines1 there need be no hesitation in pronouncing him the evil genius of modern ,italy4 ,in his book1 8,italy in its ,relations with ,liberty and ,moral ,civilization10 which was published in ,france1 where he was an exile1 in #ahdg1 he formally declared that 8,young ,italy0 7the extreme ,republicans7 was the only party that could exercise any decisive influence on the destiny of ,italy4 ,at the same time1 he treated with supreme contempt the ideas and hopes of the ,reform party4 ,in his mystic republic only was to be found1 he affirmed1 the principle of unity1 the ideal formula of actual progress4 ,this theory was the idol at whose shrine he offered sacrifice4 ,his followers were also his fellow-worshippers1 and he was their high priest4 ,they were fascinated by his brilliant utopias4 ,he was no longer a legislator1 a politician1 a philosopher only4 ,he was a man of inspiration1 a prophet1 the ,mahomet of a new hegira4 ,his sayings were oracles4 ,his doctrines were enunciated in sententious and poetical language2 and from his place of exile they were disseminated over the ,italian peninsula4 ,it has been shown already how generously ,pius ,,ix4 had recalled from banishment many subjects who had violated the laws of their country4 ,these men were1 at one time1 no doubt1 sincerely grateful1 and showed how highly they appreciated the clemency of the ,pontiff4 ,it is not1 however1 surprising1 if1 as is usual in such circumstances1 they began to consider more the severity which punished than the goodness which forgave them4 ,mazzini1 among others1 dissembled for a time4 ,it may be--it has even been suggested that he was at first sincere1 and had nobly resolved to sacrifice his favorite ideas to the cause of ,italy4 ,this opinion1 however1 was destined to be soon dispelled4 ,it was not long till the newspaper ,italia del ,popolo1 revealed the fact that he still held to extreme and revolutionary views4 ,the minds of the people were poisoned by the ravings of this journal1 and filled with mistrust4 ,it became the instrument by which sects and parties were stirred up to work the ruin of the country4 8,unita e non unione4 ,assemblea del ,popolo ,italiano e non dieta40 8,unity2 not union4 ,the assembly of the ,italian people2 not a federal diet40 ,such was the watchword of ,mazzini's paper4 ,and now the masses in the streets1 under the guidance of the revolutionary leader1 vociferated1 8,live the ,constituent ,assembly60 with as much wild enthusiasm as they had formerly shouted for ,pius ,,ix4 and reform4 ,they had no distinct idea as to the meaning of the cry1 but held it to be something extreme--a boundless measure of liberty4 ,the populace wanted nothing better2 and so they continued to shout1 as they believed1 for unity and ,republican ,government4 ,such a system was1 from the very nature and position of the ,states of ,italy1 impracticable1 and without pressure from without1 foreign war--which the ,mazzinians so much deprecated--could never have been established4 ,how bring under the yoke of a general popular convention so many diverse peoples8 ,they were all ,italian1 no doubt1 but of different races1 different nationalities1 and each of them had for ages enjoyed its own national laws1 customs1 manners1 prejudices1 predilections1 and antipathies4 ,nor had they common interests4 ,what would be good and suitable in one ,state might1 by no means1 be adapted to the requirements of another2 might even in some cases prove disastrous4 ,the ,grand ,dukes had1 by their mild and liberal rule1 endeared themselves to the ,tuscan people4 ,piedmont and ,naples were alike devoted to their respective monarchies4 ,the people of the ,papal ,states1 with the exception of the populace of ,rome1 were loyal to their government4 ,that populace was greatly increased in #ahdh by the influx of strangers--men holding ,republican opinions1 who were diligently culled from foreign nationalities4 ,all but these abnormal masses were attached to the wise and clement rule of their ,pontiff ,sovereigns4 ,of late years many things had occurred to confirm their devoted loyalty4 ,above all1 proof had been given that the sacred monarchy itself could1 without any diminution of its real power and dignity1 adopt such political reforms as were adapted to the wants of the time4 ,all these monarchies1 already so moderate and popular1 were becoming every day more constitutional4 ,were they now to be overthrown8 ,the ,mazzinian idea aimed at nothing less4 ,and yet1 what would it not have cost8 ,so many time-honored rights would never have been given up without a struggle--without bloodshed1 if they were at all to be sacrificed4 ,the torch of civil strife would have blazed from end to end of the ,italian peninsula4 ,and the ruin of the ancient monarchies--if1 indeed1 they had been destined at that time to fall--would probably have been succeeded by more despotic forms of kingly rule4 ,if1 at the time in question1 the people of the different ,states of ,italy had acted in concert1 uniting their influence1 they would have assumed an imposing attitude1 and might have obtained not only the forbearance but the aid even of their powerful neighbors in developing such of their institutions as already contained germs of liberty1 in extending constitutional rights which had long existed in monarchies that were by no means absolute4 ,in the place of political wisdom1 however1 a universal mania appeared to prevail4 ,in the confusion of popular demonstrations1 and the clamor of party cries1 the 8still small voice of reason0 was unheard4 ,the revolutionary chiefs harangued anew for war1 and ,italy1 listening to their ill-omened counsels1 took up arms against its sovereigns2 and so gave the death-blow to its political existence4 ,the moderate ,reform party conceived a plan which1 if it had been carried into effect1 would have been attended1 no doubt1 with great and happy results4 ,they proposed to unite all the ,states of ,italy by means of a ,federal ,parliament4 ,they directed their efforts in the first place to promote union between the rulers and the people1 recommending to the former moderation1 to the latter a wise forbearance4 ,they hoped thus to postpone the idea of absolute unity1 and of the popular convention by which it was designed to establish and maintain it4 ,the federal diet1 an excellent idea of which was reduced to writing by the reverend and learned ,abbate ,rosmini1 would have held the place of this assembly4 ,according to this plan of confederation1 the ,pope1 the ,king of ,sardinia1 the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany and the other ,princes would have been united in an offensive and defensive league4 ,based on these principles1 and provided that nothing were admitted in its details which could interfere with the sacred character and office of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 the proposed political arrangement would have found favor generally with all who held constitutional views4 ,eminent authors1 at least1 have written concerning it approvingly4 ,m4 ,laboulaye1 in his learned work on ,count ,balbo1 says3 8,it was necessary that the ,princes should be induced to take an interest in the independence which concerned them so much1 by forming a confederation like the ,zolverein1 which has so powerfully contributed to the union and the greatness of ,germany4 ,a confederation is undoubtedly that organization which is most suited to the character and the history of ,italy1 and it is also the best means of reviving ,italian nationality and of checking ,austria40 ,need it be added1 that when there should have been question of restraining ,austria1 there would have been at hand an influence which ,austria respected1 and to which that mighty empire and its disciplined armies would have yielded more readily than to all ,italy in arms4 ,without a confederation1 or an arrangement equally good1 there could be no better lot for ,italy than civil war and national ruin4 ,events1 meanwhile1 were hastening on with alarming rapidity4 ,the ,red ,republic persisted in maintaining its idea4 ,the danger with which the country was threatened from without did not1 in the least1 moderate its efforts1 and they were attended by the only results which they were calculated to produce4 ,italy remained divided4 ,the sword of ,charles ,albert could not cope alone with the formidable arms of ,austria4 ,a united people might have stayed the tide of battle4 ,the imposing spectacle of their union might even have influenced the ,german ,cabinet1 and the legions of ,radetsky might never have presumed to cross the ,mincio4 ,but it was fated to be otherwise4 ,excess followed on excess1 and the inevitable consequence was speedy chastisement4 8,perish ,italy rather than our idea10 was the watch-cry of the ,socialist leaders4 ,and as if fate had combined with their phrenzy to destroy a people1 ,italy was crushed by the invader4 ,what cared they8 ,what imported it to them that their country was brought low1 and its ,princes humbled in the field of ,novara8 ,the downfall of the ,sardinian monarch1 which at the same time was the defeat of ,italy1 was to them a victory4 ,one more impediment to their designs was removed4 8,the war of ,kings10 said ,mazzini1 8is at an end2 that of the people commences40 ,and he declared himself a soldier4 ,but ,garibaldi did not long command him4 ,his warlike enthusiasm was soon exhausted4 ,the war of the people also ended disastrously2 and the revolutionary chief1 tired of the sword1 resumed his pen and renewed his attacks on the moderate ,reformers1 who alone had fought1 like brave men1 in the ,austrian war4 ,the strife of words was more congenial to the revolutionist2 and he set about editing a new publication4 ,in this journal he raged against the ,reformers4 ,they were a set of traitors1 ante-chamber ,machiavels1 who had muzzled the popular lion for the benefit of kings and aristocracies4 ,these ,machiavels were such men as ,count ,balbo1 who had given his five sons to the war of independence2 ,signor ,d',azeglio1 who had been in the campaign with ,durando1 and who had a leg broken by a ball at ,vicenza1 whilst defending ,monte ,benico with two thousand men against twelve thousand ,austrians4 ,d',azeglio1 still smarting from his wounds1 as well as from the insults of these reckless politicians1 replied in a pamphlet1 which appeared under the title of 8,fears and ,hopes40 ,he took no pains to spare those club soldiers1 those tavern heroes and intriguers1 who could wage war so cleverly against the men who had stood under the enemy's guns4 8,for my part10 he wrote1 8,i do not fear your republic1 but despotism4 ,your agitation will end with the ,croats40 ,and so it fell out4 ,the prediction was but too speedily and too completely realized4 ,a ,french author1 ,m4 ,mignet1 comments on this subject at some length1 and with remarkable eloquence3 8,a party as extreme in its desires as in its doctrines1 and which believes that it is possessed of nothing so long as it does not possess everything1 and which1 when it has everything1 knows not how to make anything of it1 imagined the establishing of a republic in a country which is scarcely capable of attaining to representative monarchy1 and where the only thing to be thought of1 as yet1 was territorial independence4 ,this party divided the thoughts1 weakened the efforts of the country1 and caused mutual mistrust to arise between those governments and peoples which were reconciled under constitutional liberty1 and had an understanding against the common enemy4 ,they thus compromised the deliverance of the land4 ,the ,king of ,naples1 threatened by an insurrection in his capital1 retained his troops that were on the point of marching to the theatre of war2 the ,pope ceased to give encouragement2 the ,king of ,piedmont1 already in full march1 hesitated2 and ,italy1 agitated1 without being free1 became once more powerless1 because she was disunited1 and beheld the ,austrians reappear as conquerors1 and re-establish themselves anew as masters1 in the recovered plains of ,lombardy40 ,these eloquent words confirm the view so generally entertained1 that the ,red ,republicans were all along the cause of ,italy's disasters4 ,in consequence of the national weakness which their baneful operations produced1 ,radetski was enabled to reconquer ,upper ,italy1 whilst they themselves directed their steps towards ,rome1 spreading terror as they approached1 even as if they had been an army of ,goths and ,vandals4 ,swelling by their presence the numbers of men who held the same opinions1 who1 like them1 were dissatisfied1 and whom nothing could satisfy1 they occasioned an extraordinary agitation of the people1 caused fearful disquietude1 and excited inordinate hopes4 ,they imbued the masses with their subversive principles1 and there was an end to all transaction with the ,papal government4 ,they had already done all that lay in their power in order to destroy monarchy in ,piedmont4 ,they now brought into play every scheme that could be devised1 in order to advance the sinister work of dispossessing the ,holy ,father4 ,they succeeded in gaining many ,reformers1 who1 too easily1 allowed themselves to become their dupes4 ,at first1 as has been shown1 the popular demonstrations in honor of ,pius ,,ix4 were honestly expressive of gratitude to the beneficent ,pontiff4 ,the ,socialists now succeeded in gaining possession of this great influence1 and they employed it1 certainly1 with consummate ability4 ,the masses1 when once under the spell of agitation1 are at the disposal of the boldest demagogues4 ,the ,reformers who had allowed themselves to be ensnared1 continued to sing their patriotic hymns1 the ,roman ,marseillaises1 without heeding that ,socialist radicalism was imperceptibly taking the crown of the causeway1 and that the popular demonstrations had undergone a complete change4 ,at an earlier date 8,young ,italy0 had only used them as a threat4 ,they were now an arm in its hands4 ,and so it governed in the streets1 making a tribune of every milestone4 ,there was only wanting to them at this moment a common centre or general headquarters of insurrection1 from which should go forth the word of command1 the signal for every rising of the people4 ,this was found in the celebrated ,roman ,circle4 ,this circle was a kind of convention without commission--a travelling cohort of two or three hundred agitators1 who carried from town to town the dread and dismal flag of the ,red ,republic4 ,this mob-power had1 in opposition to the wishes of the ,holy ,father1 brought into office the ,mamiani ministry4 ,this weak and irresolute minister broke the ranks of his own party1 and passed over to 8,young ,italy04 ,this party now dictated to him on all occasions4 ,they urged on him with special earnestness war with ,austria1 knowing full well that the ,pope would never agree to it1 and so by his refusal would decline in popularity4 ,the constitution was now in abeyance1 the minister being at the orders of a party out of doors1 and no longer the organ of the ,sovereign and the representative body4 ,the ,pontifical authority1 although still venerated by many1 was no longer obeyed4 ,it was only a name4 ,the republic reigned1 and only waited for the moment1 too surely to come at last1 when it should be openly recognized4 ,in such circumstances the ,mamiani ministry rapidly lost ground4 ,now in its death agony1 and impotent for good1 it persisted1 with a degree of perverseness which nothing could moderate1 in reiterating its declarations of war against ,austria4 ,this only added to the confusion which prevailed4 ,the ministers and their more ardent adherents were ready1 as became patriots and heroes1 to fight for their country4 ,nevertheless1 with all this boasting1 they made no haste to be enrolled4 ,whilst these men were indulging in such idle and vain-glorious talk1 the few who had volunteered and taken the field1 returned from ,vicenza1 which1 during two days1 had been bravely but fruitlessly defended4 ,the forum warriors had only set out in time to meet their defeated and wounded fellow-countrymen1 and give them the honors of an ovation on their return to the city4 ,the war agitation was evidently nothing else than a weapon of offence against the ,holy ,see4 ,in its results it was most unprofitable1 every day bringing news of fresh disasters4 ,circumstances now rendered the war-cry more inopportune than ever4 ,charles ,albert1 ,king of ,sardinia1 had been driven from the ,mincio to the ,oglio1 thence to the ,adda1 thence to ,milan4 ,he was now recrossing the ,piedmontese frontier1 vanquished1 despairing and heart-broken4 ,piedmont1 nevertheless1 in the silence of her humiliation1 set about preparing for a final effort4 ,the various ministers whom ,pius ,,ix4 had called to his counsels were all alike unsuccessful4 ,circumstances of greater difficulty than ever had now arisen1 and not without a sad foreboding of the greater evils that were yet in store1 the ,holy ,father had recourse to the well-known statesmanship of ,count ,rossi1 who had formerly been ,french ,ambassador to the ,holy ,see4 ,m4 ,mignet1 the able biographer of this eminent statesman1 gives a distinct and interesting account of the difficulties with which1 as ,chief of the ,pope's ,council of ,state1 he was called to contend3 8,m4 ,rossi at first hesitated4 ,he knew what formidable problems there were to solve4 ,to conduct1 according to constitutional principles1 a government that had been heretofore absolute2 to administer by the hands of laymen the affairs of a country that had been hitherto subject to ,ecclesiastics2 to unite in an ,italian league a state that had been almost always opposed to a political union of the ,peninsula2 in a word1 to establish all at the same time1 a ,constitutional ,government1 a ,civil ,administration1 a ,national ,federation1 were not the only difficulties that he would have to overcome4 ,the minister of a ,prince1 whose confidence others would dispute with him1 a stranger in a country1 where he would exercise public authority1 he would be liable to be left without support notwithstanding his devotedness1 and without approbation notwithstanding his services2 to be attacked as a revolutionist by the blind advocates of abuses1 and disavowed as an enemy of liberty by the impassioned partisans of chimeras4 ,he continued to decline for a considerable time4 ,the conditions which he at first proposed to the ,sovereign ,pontiff not having been accepted1 ,m4 ,rossi thought that he had escaped the lot that was in store for him4 ,but the ,pope1 after having essayed in vain a new ministry1 pressed him more urgently1 in the month of ,september1 #ahdh1 to come to his aid1 offering him at the same time his full confidence and unlimited authority4 ,m4 ,rossi accepted40 ,at the time of his accession to office ,count ,rossi was sixty years of age4 ,he was no stranger to politics4 ,his life1 indeed1 had been spent in the midst of political turmoil4 ,as may be supposed1 he suffered much in the course of his checkered career4 ,he had1 at the same time1 learned much at the stern school of experience4 ,he had been several times an exile1 and had thus become the citizen of more than one country4 ,in #ahae he was banished from the ,peninsula1 on account of the part which he had borne in the cause of ,italian liberty2 and having resided at ,geneva and ,paris1 he had made for himself1 in those cities1 a brilliant reputation4 ,he wrote on the important subjects of political economy and jurisprudence1 displaying intimate knowledge of these sciences1 great intellectual power and superior penetration4 ,although relying on principles and theory1 he did not ignore facts1 nor refuse to accommodate the lofty forms of science to practical requirements4 ,he was versed in the knowledge of mankind1 and was far from being one of those1 who1 adhering rigidly to theories1 would force nature itself to yield to their opinion4 ,at a time when the affairs of ,italy were in a most dangerous crisis1 and anarchy actually prevailed at ,rome1 he was the ablest counsellor and auxiliary that ,pius ,,ix4 could have placed at the head of his ministry4 ,possessing many rare endowments1 ,count ,rossi was not gifted with those outward graces which tend so much to win favor for public men4 ,his manner was such that he appeared cold and reserved2 and his keen1 searching lynx-like eye1 was calculated to cause embarrassment4 ,familiarity with the objects of science and habits of diplomacy had imparted to him a gravity of demeanor which was easily mistaken for superciliousness and disdain4 ,withal he cared not to please1 preferring to exercise influence by strength of will and the authority of superior intellect1 rather than by attractive and amiable qualities and the charm of the affections4 ,he had the mind of a statesman1 but owned not that winning exterior which gains the crowd and disarms hostility4 ,none but his own family knew how good he really was1 and how tender-minded1 so completely was all this excellence concealed by his cold and repulsive manner4 ,the new minister was resolved1 above all1 to preserve the sovereignty of the ,holy ,see4 8,the ,papacy10 he wrote at the time1 8is the last living glory of ,italy40 ,his conduct was in perfect harmony with his language4 ,he applied with no less ardour than ability to the work that lay before him4 ,in less than two months he accomplished more than can be well conceived1 and further measures were in course of preparation4 ,those matters to which he first devoted his chief attention were the ,interior ,government of ,rome1 the state of the ,pontifical finances and the territorial independence of ,italy4 ,he found the public treasury in imminent danger of bankruptcy1 and he saved it by obtaining three millions of ecus from the ,roman clergy4 ,through this munificent donation the minister was relieved from all disquietude as regarded finance1 and so was enabled to direct his energies to the more difficult task of adapting the administration to the new institutions4 ,the constitution was1 indeed1 legally established4 ,the object now to be aimed at was to bring its wise provisions into practical operation2 in other words1 to create a constitutional ,pontificate4 ,with a view to this desirable end1 ,m4 ,rossi prepared such legislative measures as were calculated nicely to determine the sphere of action that should be proper to each of the powers4 ,by such means only could the disorderly force of popular movements be controlled and restrained within fixed limits4 ,the ,civil ,government of the ,roman ,states required to be entirely reorganized4 ,to this task also the minister diligently applied1 impressed with the conviction that good laws are at once the strongest bulwark of liberty1 and the most efficient check to arbitrary power4 ,count ,rossi was by birth an ,italian4 ,he was so in feeling also1 and was naturally led to consider how he should best avail himself in his political arrangements1 of the sound and enlightened doctrines of ,gioberti and ,rosmini4 ,with a view to this end he commenced negotiations at ,turin1 ,naples and ,florence1 for a confederation of the ,italian ,states4 ,it was his policy that all these ,states should unite under a general government1 whilst each ,state retained the forms1 laws and institutions to which it had been accustomed4 ,certain relations between them1 suitable to the time of peace1 should be established1 as well as such regulations as would facilitate their common action in case of war4 ,pius ,,ix4 saw the wisdom of this great design1 and favored its realization4 ,it redounds to his glory1 as a ruler of mankind1 that he decided for this salutary measure from which1 if it had been carried into effect1 might have resulted1 in time1 the complete emancipation and regeneration of ,italy4 ,time1 however1 was not granted1 and as we shall presently see1 anarchy resumed its dismal reign4 ,anterior to the accession of ,count ,rossi's ,ministry1 the ,legislative ,chambers had only wasted their time in unprofitable debates4 ,it was appointed that they should meet on the #aeth of ,december1 #ahdh1 and the minister prepared a bold and energetic1 but conciliatory address4 ,the representatives of the people1 it was designed1 should now hear no longer the ambiguous and factious harangues of a weak-minded demagogue1 but the true and candid utterances of a ,constitutional ,government4 ,rossi showed himself on this occasion1 to which melancholy circumstances have added extraordinary solemnity1 a grave and resolute minister1 determined to appear as the counsellor of his ,sovereign and the exponent of his views1 not as the slave of the people and the organ of their blind passions4 ,this discourse was not destined to be delivered4 ,it commenced as follows3 8,scarcely had his ,holiness ascended the ,pontifical throne when the ,catholic world was filled with admiration at his clemency as a ,pontiff and his wisdom as a temporal ,sovereign4444 ,the most important facts have shown to mankind the fallacy of the groundless predictions of that pretended philosophy which had declared the ,papacy to be1 from the nature of its constitutive principle1 the enemy of constitutional liberty4 ,in the course of a few months1 the ,holy ,father1 of his own accord1 and without aid1 accomplished a work which would have sufficed for the glory of a long reign4 ,history1 impartially sincere1 will repeat--and not without good reason--as it records the acts of this ,pontificate1 that the ,church1 immovable on her ,divine foundations1 and inflexible in the sanctity of her dogmas1 always intelligently considers and encourages with admirable prudence1 such changes as are suitable in the things of the world40 ,the oration was1 throughout1 a bold and luminous exposition of the ideas and policy which ,m4 ,rossi was charged to carry into effect4 ,it was1 at the same time1 an earnest appeal to the representative body in order to obtain the aid1 which was so necessary1 of their loyal concurrence1 and the minister held himself bound in honor to abide strictly by the provisions of the constitution4 ,the constitution1 meanwhile1 was in presence of very determined enemies4 ,they had sworn its overthrow4 ,they met1 however1 with a formidable opponent in the ministry1 which was resolved to sustain the new order of things1 and prepared to defeat all the schemes of the radical faction4 ,the constitution itself was also a serious impediment to their contrivances4 ,both constitution and ministry accordingly became the objects of violent attacks at street meetings and in the revolutionary journals4 ,the minister was undaunted4 8,to reach the ,holy ,father10 said he1 8they must pass by my lifeless body40 ,this noble determination only rendered him more odious to the revolutionists4 ,the leaders of the ,red ,republic party1 on their return from a scientific ,congress at ,turin1 where the name of science was only used as a cloak the better to conceal their plots1 decreed that ,rossi should be put to death4 ,mazzini1 in a letter which was published1 declared that his assassination was indispensable4 ,in one of the clubs of ,rome the ,socialists selected by lot the assassins who should bear a hand in the murder of the minister4 ,the wretched man who was appointed to be the principal actor in the deed of blood actually practised on a dead body in one of the hospitals4 ,the day on which ,parliament was summoned to meet1 #aeth ,november1 was to see the full purpose of the faction carried into effect4 ,as almost always occurs in such cases1 warnings reached the ears of the intended victim4 ,some of the conspirators1 struck with remorse1 had so far revealed the plot4 ,others boasted cynically that they would soon be rid of the oppressor4 ,the ,duchess de ,rignano conjured the minister to remain at home4 ,equally solemn and urgent words of warning came from other quarters1 and were alike unheeded4 ,if1 indeed1 he believed that there was a plot1 he relied on disarming the hatred of the conspirators by his courageous bearing1 and proceeded from his house to the ,quirinal ,palace4 ,when there he addressed comforting words to the ,pope1 who was in a a state of great anxiety4 ,pius ,,ix41 in bestowing a parting benediction1 earnestly recommended that he should keep on his guard4 ,at the door of the ,pope's apartments he met an aged priest1 who beseeched him to remain4 8,if you proceed10 said he1 8you will be murdered40 ,m4 ,rossi paused a moment and replied3 8,the cause of the ,pope is the cause of ,god40 ,a guard of carabiniers1 treacherously disobeying the orders which had been given them1 were absent from the approach to the house where parliament assembled4 ,the minister had reached the stairs1 and was ascending when a group of conspirators came around him4 ,at first they insulted him4 ,then one of the assassins struck him on the shoulder4 ,as he turned indignantly towards this assassin1 his neck was exposed to the poniard of another1 who1 availing himself of the opportune moment1 dealt the fatal blow4 ,the minister fell1 bedewing with his blood the steps at the very threshold of the legislative chamber4 ,as the details of the murder were related to the members1 they remained ominously silent4 ,not one of them uttered a word in condemnation of this monstrous crime4 ,they proceeded at once to the business of the day4 ,although in the open space at the foot of the stairs which led to the assembly hall the civic guard was stationed in arms1 nobody arrested1 or showed the slightest inclination to arrest1 the murderer4 ,on the contrary1 the criminal was conducted1 not only unpunished but in triumph1 through the streets of the city by his accomplices4 ,a new hymn was sung--8,blessed be the hand that slew ,rossi40 ,the dagger of the assassin was enwreathed with flowers and exposed for public veneration in the cafe of the ,fine ,arts4 ,the populace1 in the excess of their phrenzy1 insulted the widow of the murdered minister2 and1 by an extravagance of irony1 they required that she should illuminate her house4 ,the newspapers expressed approval of the crime1 as it was1 they pretended1 the necessary manifestation of the general sentiment4 ,the whole people1 by their silence1 although not by actual participation in such demon-like rejoicings1 declared themselves accomplices in the deed of blood4 ,together with the noble ,rossi perished1 for the time1 the cause of ,rome1 the cause of ,italy4 ,what might not have been the gain to both1 if the devoted minister had been allowed to fulfil his appointed mission8 ,constitutional government would have been established on a solid and permanent basis2 the wild agitation of the streets would have been brought to an end1 and the excited passions of the revolution1 beholding the sound1 regular and beneficial working of free political institutions1 would have been awed into composure4 ,but1 sad reflection6 by an act which history will never cease to stigmatize1 the only man who1 by the authority of his reputation1 abilities and experience1 was equal to the stupendous labor of building up on sure foundations the social fabric was struck down1 and the nations of ,europe1 which had looked on hitherto in sympathy1 recoiled with horror4 ,liberal men throughout the civilized world had long been deeply interested in the state of ,italy4 ,such was their belief in the bright future1 which they were confident awaited her1 that they could pardon the ill-controlled agitation of her children1 and even their greatest excesses1 when they first began to enjoy1 before they knew how to use it1 the unwonted boon of liberty4 ,with crime and the evils which followed in its train they had no sympathy4 ,a system which relied on assassination could not prosper4 ,inaugurated by violence1 it could exist only by violence4 ,the better feelings of mankind were shocked4 ,the die was cast1 and ,rome was doomed4 ,the fated city had rejoiced in the exercise of unhallowed force1 and through that legitimate force which1 in due time1 ,divine ,providence allowed to be brought against her1 she met her punishment4 ,with the death of ,rossi ended all hope of liberty4 ,the conspirators were resolved that nothing should be allowed to delay the benefits which they anticipated from their crime4 ,all sense of propriety was not yet extinguished in the representative body4 ,there was question of sending a deputation to the ,pope1 in order to convey to him the condolence of the ,chamber1 and express their regret for the sad event4 ,this step1 which good sense and proper feeling so urgently demanded1 was opposed1 and only too successfully1 by ,charles ,bonaparte1 ,prince of ,canino4 7,m#a7 ,the revolutionists now resolved themselves into a kind of permanent club4 ,this club set about making a great demonstration1 and required that both the civic guard and the army should join them4 ,when all was ready for this purpose1 a mob which had for some time been in course of organization marched to the ,quirinal ,palace1 where the ,pope resided1 and pointed cannon against the gates4 ,they also caused muskets to be discharged from the neighboring houses4 ,monsignore ,palma fell1 mortally wounded1 and expired7#a7 at the feet of the ,holy ,father4 ,they next set fire to one of the gates4 ,but the ,swiss ,guards succeeded in extinguishing the flames4 ,the rebels now threatened to put to death all the inmates of the palace1 with the exception of ,pius ,,ix4 himself1 unless he consented to their unreasonable demands4 ,even he would not have been spared1 as was but too well shown by the balls which fell in his apartments4 ,until this moment the ,holy ,father had resolutely refused to accept a ministry1 to press which upon him was an insult4 ,now1 but only in order to save the lives of the people around him1 he submitted to this indignity4 ,mamiani1 with his former programme1 supported by the constituent assembly1 which consisted of the representatives of all ,italy1 together with ,dr4 ,sterbini1 ,garetti1 and four other persons equally unacceptable1 constituted this ,socialist ministry4 ,they desired also to include in the sinister list the celebrated ,abbate ,rosmini4 ,but this gifted and eminent divine refused to take part with them1 or lend any countenance to their proceedings4 ,on the #agth ,november several members of the representative chamber proposed that a deputation should be sent to ,pius ,,ix41 in order to express to him their devotedness and gratitude4 ,they were not wholly lost to all sense of propriety4 ,but the ,prince de ,canino1 true to his antecedents1 succeeded in preventing so laudable a purpose from being carried into effect4 ,he declared that such a step would be imprudent1 and that they might have cause to repent it4 8,citizen ,bonaparte10 such was the appellation he gloried in1 further said that the ,italian people were undeniably the masters now1 and that they well understood how to humble all parliaments1 ministers and thrones that should oppose their energetic impulses4 7,m#b7 ,meanwhile the ,pope1 in such a fearful crisis1 was abandoned by all save a few friends1 the officials of his ,palace1 his faithful ,swiss ,guards and the foreign ambassadors4 ,among those who remained with him were six ,noble ,guards1 and the ,cardinals ,soglia and ,antonelli4 ,this was all the court and army that was left to the great ,pontiff1 who had been so deservedly the idol of his people and the hope of mankind4 ,in so desperate a condition he never lost confidence4 ,throughout all the trying circumstances he was self-possessed and serene4 ,nothing pained him so much as the ingratitude of his people4 ,the new ministry of subversion had extorted from the ,pope his forced and reluctant consent to their formation4 ,he deemed it his duty to protest1 which he did in the most solemn manner1 against them and all their acts1 before all the ,christian ,european nations1 as represented by their ambassadors4 ,these ambassadors and diplomatists were ,martizez ,della ,rosa1 the ambassador of ,spain1 with the ,secretary of the ,embassy1 ,m4 ,arnao2 the ,duke d',harcourt1 ambassador of ,france2 the ,count de ,spaur1 ambassador of ,bavaria2 the ,baron ,venda ,cruz1 ambassador of ,portugal1 with the ,commandant ,huston2 the ,count ,boutenieff1 who represented at that time the ,emperor of ,russia and ,king of ,poland2 ,figuereido1 ambassador of ,brazil2 ,liedekerke of ,holland1 and several other diplomatists1 of whom not one was an ,italian4 ,there was at ,rome also on the occasion1 although not in the apartments of the ,pope1 a ,british statesman1 who was not an ambassador1 inasmuch as1 whatever may have been his business at ,rome1 he had no recognized mission1 if any mission at all1 to the ,sovereign of ,rome4 ,he was rather officious than official1 and whether he had commission or not1 he held1 as is well known1 serious communications with the enemies of the ,pope4 ,lord ,minto was enthusiastically received by the secret societies of ,rome4 ,the people1 forgetting at the time the way to the ,quirinal1 went to serenade him4 ,lord ,minto frequented 8the popular circle0 7a band of three hundred chosen agitators1 whose office it was to carry the torch of discord into all the cities of the ,papal ,states and of ,italy7 and the offices of the ,socialist newspaper4 ,he went so far as to receive courteously ,cicervacchio1 and made verses for his son ,cicervacchietto4 ,the ,earl of ,minto was not1 however1 a faithful exponent of the opinions of ,british statesmen4 ,few of them1 fortunately1 held the subversive doctrines that were countenanced by his lordship when representing at ,rome the least respectable portion of the ,whig party4 ,the multitude1 intoxicated with their delusive success1 and the desperate men who led them1 were still celebrating their ill-gained victory1 the frequent discharge of fire-arms and the impassioned vociferations of the crowd were yet reverberating through the venerable edifices of ,rome1 when the ,holy ,father addressed the following words1 giving proof of the deepest emotion whilst he spoke1 to the ambassadors who remained with him3 8,gentlemen1 ,i am a prisoner here4 ,now that ,i am deprived of all support and of all power1 my whole conduct will have only one aim--to prevent any1 even one drop of fraternal blood from being uselessly shed in my cause4 ,i yield everything to this principle2 but at the same time ,i am anxious that you1 gentlemen1 should know1 that all ,europe should be made aware1 that ,i take no part1 even nominally1 in this government1 and that ,i am resolved to remain an absolute stranger to it4 ,i have forbidden them to abuse my name2 ,i have ordered that recourse should not be had even to the ordinary formulas40 ,the representatives of the ,european ,powers received respectfully1 and with feelings which found expression in tears1 the protestation of ,pius ,,ix41 who was now a prisoner in his own mansion1 and a hostage of the revolutionary faction4 ,pius ,,ix4 was in imminent danger4 ,a prisoner1 and surrounded by implacable enemies1 he had no power to protect his own life or that of any faithful citizens4 ,many who were devoted to his cause had been obliged to leave the city4 ,the ,cardinals1 indeed1 were all true to their illustrious ,chief4 ,but several were driven by threats of assassination to go into exile4 ,the children of ,saint ,ignatius withdrew1 at the request of the ,holy ,father1 in order to escape the wrath of the excited multitude4 ,the ,pope himself knew not whither to direct his steps4 7,m#c7 ,the revolution was everywhere4 ,it had not yet conquered1 but it disturbed all ,europe4 ,the representatives of the ,powers remained devotedly with the ,pope4 ,but the countries which would have sustained them were distracted by political commotions4 ,the ,king of ,naples was threatened on all hands by revolution4 ,lombardy and ,venice were in a state of insurrection4 ,piedmont was making war on ,austria1 and all ,hungary was in rebellion4 ,the ,emperor ,ferdinand was compelled twice over by civil commotion to abandon his capital4 ,unable to face the revolutionary tide1 he handed over his tottering throne to a youth of eighteen years4 ,the ,king of ,prussia and other ,german ,sovereigns1 who hoped at first to direct the revolutionary movement as to derive from it new strength1 were obliged either to fly before it or to struggle against it in the streets4 ,france1 who commenced the disturbance which was now so general1 was compelled to fight for her existence against her own children4 ,her chief city1 ,paris1 had become a battle-field1 where wicked men and equally wicked women slew the soldiers of the country with poisoned balls4 ,a greater number of the best officers of ,france fell in a single fight against ,parisian anarchy than during the whole time of the war with the wild ,bedouins of ,africa4 7,m#d7 ,at ,rome the revolutionary faction was gaining strength1 and the position of the ,pope was becoming every day more perilous4 ,it was the opinion of his most devoted friends that he should leave the city4 ,but to what country should he repair8 ,all ,europe was agitated by revolutionary troubles4 ,the ,holy ,father was still undecided1 when he received from the ,bishop of ,valence a letter of wise counsel1 together with a precious gift--the ,pyx which the venerable ,pius ,,vi4 had borne on his person when an exile and the captive of an earlier revolution4 ,pius ,,ix41 on receiving a present which was so suggestive1 resolved to remain no longer in the power of his enemies4 ,with the assistance of the ,duke d',harcourt1 ambassador of ,france1 and the ,bavarian ,ambassador1 ,count de ,spaur1 he left the ,quirinal ,palace and the city of ,rome4 ,he was safely conducted by the latter personage to ,albano1 and thence in this ambassador's carriage to ,gaeta1 in the kingdom of ,naples4 ,as soon as his arrival there was intimated to ,king ,ferdinand1 who was not yet deprived of his royal power1 this monarch1 attended by a brilliant suite1 embarked for ,gaeta1 in order to welcome the ,holy ,father and assure him of protection4 ,during seventeen months that ,pius ,,ix4 resided as a voluntary exile in the kingdom of ,naples1 ,ferdinand ceased not to afford all the comfort in his power to the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,his conduct towards him in every respect was beyond all praise4 ,as a fellow-man1 he consoled him in his sorrows2 as a prince1 he entertained him with truly royal magnificence1 sparing nothing that was calculated to lessen1 even to do away with the pain and tedium of exile1 whilst1 as a faithful ,christian1 he fulfilled every filial duty towards the ,vicar of ,christ1 expiating1 as far as was possible1 the crimes committed against him by so many ruthless enemies4 7,m#e7 ,the revolution of another country had for chiefs such men as ,robespierre4 ,that of ,rome and ,italy gloried in ,mazzini1 who ordered the assassination of ,count ,rossi4 ,there was at ,rome another revolutionary leader1 the ,advocate ,armellini1 who pronounced the downfall of the ,pope from his temporal sovereignty4 ,this consistorial advocate had1 six times over1 solemnly sworn fidelity to the ,pontiff4 ,he had even composed in honor of the ,papacy a sonnet1 in which are read these remarkable words3 8,i spoke with ,time1 and asked it what had become of so many empires1 of those kingdoms of ,argos and ,thebes and ,sidon1 and so many others which had preceded or followed them4 ,for only answer1 ,time strewed its passage with shreds of purple and kingly mantles1 fragments of armor1 wrecks of crowns1 and cast at my feet thousands of broken sceptres4 ,i then enquired what would become of the thrones of to-day4 ,what the first became1 was the reply--and ,time waved the direful scythe which levels all things under its merciless strokes--these also will be4 ,i asked if a like destiny was in store for the ,throne of ,peter4 ,time was silent2 ,eternity alone could reply40 ,not long after the departure of the ,holy ,father1 this traitor1 ,armellini1 gave a banquet to the principal chiefs of the revolution4 ,his wife1 who had often charged him with the violation of his oath1 remained on this occasion in her apartment1 lest she should be contaminated by any1 even an apparent association with1 such men as ,sterbini1 ,mamiani1 ,galetti and others4 ,the guests enquired the cause of her absence1 when suddenly the door opened1 and ,madam ,armellini1 pale1 animated1 in a threatening attitude1 and with a roll of paper in her hand1 exclaimed3 8,you are all accursed6 ,fear the judgments of ,god1 you1 who in contempt of your oaths1 although unable to slay1 have banished his minister4 ,dread the ,divine anger4 ,pius ,,ix41 from his place of exile1 appeals to ,god against you4 ,listen to his words40 ,she unrolled slowly1 as she spoke1 the paper which she held in her hand1 and read in a firm voice1 emphasising every word1 the decree of the ,holy ,father1 which contained a threat of excommunication4 ,this reading came like a lightning stroke on the startled guests4 ,madam ,armellini1 after a moment's silence1 resumed3 8,sirs1 have you understood8 ,the avenging hand which none can escape is suspended over your heads1 ready to strike4 ,but there is still time4 ,the voice of ,god has not yet1 through that of his ,vicar1 fulminated the terrible sentence4 ,for the sake of your happiness in this world and your salvation in the next1 throw yourselves on his mercy4 ,the cup of your iniquities is filling fast4 ,dash it from you before it overflow40 ,having thus spoken1 this courageous woman1 whose just indignation was at its height1 approached her husband and threw down before him1 on the table1 the decree of the ,holy ,father4 ,she then withdrew4 7,m#f7 ,about two months and a half after the assassination of the ,pope's minister1 ,count ,rossi1 the leading conspirators caused it to be decreed1 in their revolutionary assembly1 that the ,papacy was fallen1 de facto et de jure1 from the government of the ,roman ,states4 ,they made a fashion of providing1 at the same time1 that the ,pontiff should have all necessary guarantees for his independence in the exercise of his spiritual office4 ,above all1 they forgot not to declare that the form of government should be purely democratic1 and assume the glorious name of ,roman ,republic4 ,all this was very little in harmony with the sentiments which were expressed at the commencement of the popular movements4 ,with regard to these sentiments1 which were so loudly and apparently also so sincerely proclaimed1 new light was dispensed4 ,mazzini arrived at ,rome as a deputy to the ,revolutionary ,convention4 ,he had no sooner taken his place there than he declared that the reiterated vivats in honor of the reforming ,pope were lies1 and were had recourse to in order to conceal designs which it was not yet time to reveal4 ,is there not reason to believe that the new watchword1 8,live the ,roman people60 was equally sincere8 ,it is well known that they never would admit a fair representation of the people4 ,and had they not declared that they are incapable of governing themselves1 and must be ruled with a rod of iron8 7,m#g7 ,public opinion at the same time gave the lie to their unwarrantable pretensions4 ,the revolutionary chiefs gave out in an official proclamation1 8that a republic had arisen at ,rome on the ruins of the ,papal ,throne1 which the unanimous voice of ,europe1 the malediction of all civilized people and the spirit of the ,gospel1 had levelled in the dust40 ,not only the nations of ,europe1 but also the whole civilized world and people1 the most remote1 who scarcely yet enjoyed the blessings of civilization1 made haste to deny an assertion which was as false as it was audacious4 ,all the nations of ,christendom were deeply moved when they heard of the outrages which the ,roman populace had heaped upon the common ,father of the faithful4 ,compassion was universally expressed1 together with professions of duty and obedience1 whilst there was only indignation at the base conduct of the faction which persecuted him4 ,there was scarcely a ,sovereign ,prince in ,europe who did not send to ,pius ,,ix4 most affectionate letters1 expressive of reverence and devotedness1 whilst they promised assistance and defence4 ,the four ,catholic ,powers1 and not without the consent of the other ,states1 united in order to drive the rebels from ,rome and the ,roman ,states1 and restore to the ,pontiff his temporality4 ,in the representative assemblies of ,france and ,spain1 the most eloquent orators upheld the rights of the ,holy ,see1 the utility and necessity of the complete independence of the ,roman ,pontiff1 both for the government of his ,states and the exercise of his spiritual power4 ,at the same time numerous associations were formed under the auspices of the civil and ecclesiastical authorities1 for the purpose of collecting offerings in aid of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 impoverished as he was by the privation of his revenues4 ,these associations extended not only throughout ,europe1 but were established also in ,north and ,south ,america1 ,india1 ,china and the ,philippine ,islands4 ,the poorest even1 like the widow of the ,gospel1 insisted on contributing their mite4 ,many touching instances are quoted4 ,some young persons1 who were only humble artisans1 managed by great economy to save some thirty-five livres1 and sent them1 accompanied with a very feeling address1 to the association of their locality4 8,if1 at this moment10 they said1 8we were near the ,holy ,father1 we would say to him1 whilst reverently kneeling at his feet3 ,most ,holy ,father1 this is the happiest of our days4 ,we are a society of young persons who consider it our greatest happiness to give proof of our veneration for your ,holiness4 ,we claim to be your most affectionate children2 and notwithstanding the efforts of ill-disposed persons to separate us from ,catholic unity1 we declare that we recognize in your ,holiness the successor of ,st4 ,peter and the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ4 ,we are prepared to sacrifice all that we possess1 and even our life1 in order to prove ourselves worthy children of so good a ,father40 ,the testimony of youth and innocence is precious in the sight of heaven4 ,hence1 allusion is made to this case in preference to so many others4 ,ex ore infantium et lactantium perfecisti laudem4 ,on occasion of receiving such genuine marks of filial devotedness ,pius ,,ix4 was often moved to tears4 ,the revival of the offering of 8,peter's ,pence0 recalls to mind the piety of the early ages4 ,this practice was in vigor when the world had scarcely yet begun to believe4 ,it is not a little remarkable that it has been renewed in an age when so many have fallen from belief4 ,the more the ,church was persecuted in the early days the more were her ministers held in honor4 ,such1 one is compelled to say1 is her destiny in all ages4 ,pius ,,ix41 when an exile at ,gaeta1 was the object of the most respectful and devoted attentions of all classes of ,christians in every land4 ,bishops1 ecclesiastical communities1 religious congregations1 all orders of ,christian people1 vied with one another in their zeal to do him honor4 ,as many as six1 eight1 eleven thousand signatures were often appended to the same dutiful address4 ,the memory of such faith and devotedness can never perish4 ,a selection of letters and addresses to the ,holy ,father was published at ,naples in two large quarto volumes1 under the title3 ,the ,catholic world to ,pius ,,ix41 ,sovereign ,pontiff1 an exile at ,gaeta from #ahdh to #ahej4 7,m#h7 ,when ,peter himself was in prison the whole ,church was moved1 and prayed for his release4 ,it speedily followed4 ,prayer1 no less earnest1 was made in behalf of his successor4 ,with what success a few words will show4 ,the deliverers were the ,princes and people of ,catholic ,europe4 ,if there was still some delay it was only that for which diplomacy is proverbial4 ,austria1 that had more than once obeyed the voice of the ,holy ,father1 in withdrawing her troops from the ,roman ,states1 and against which he had so often refused to allow war to be declared1 was the first now to propose that measures should be adopted for his restoration4 ,in a note addressed by this ,state to the other ,powers we find the following words3 8,the ,catholic world is entitled to require for the visible ,chief of the ,church the plenitude of liberty which is essential for the government of ,catholic society1 and the restoration of that ancient monarchy which has subjects in every part of the world4 ,the ,catholic nations will never allow the head of their ,church to be robbed of his independence and reduced to be the subject of a foreign ,prince4 ,they will not suffer him to be degraded by a faction which1 under the cloak of his venerable name1 is endeavoring to undermine and destroy his power4 ,in order that the ,bishop of ,rome1 who is at the same time the ,sovereign ,pastor of the ,church1 may be able to exercise the duties of his exalted office1 it is necessary that he should be also ,sovereign of ,rome40 ,spain came next4 ,on the #bast ,december1 #ahdh1 the ,spanish ministry addressed to the other ,catholic nations the following circular letter3 8,the government of her ,majesty has decided on doing whatever shall be necessary in order to reinstate the ,holy ,father in a state of independence and dignity1 which will admit of his discharging the duties of his sacred office4 ,with a view to this end the government of ,spain1 having been apprised of the ,pope's flight1 addressed the ,french ,government1 which declared itself prepared to sustain the liberty of the ,pontiff4 ,these negotiations1 nevertheless1 may be considered as insufficient when we glance at the turn which affairs have taken at ,rome4 ,there is no question any longer of protecting the liberty of the ,pope1 but of re-establishing his authority on a solid and stable basis1 and of securing him against violence4 ,it is well known to you that the ,catholic ,powers have always had it at heart to guarantee the sovereignty of the ,pope1 and assure to him an independent position4 ,such position is so important for the ,christian ,states that it cannot on any account be subjected to the will and pleasure of so small a portion of the ,catholic world as the ,roman ,states4 ,it is the belief of ,spain that the ,catholic ,powers cannot commit the liberty of the ,pope to the caprice of the city of ,rome4 ,nor can they permit that1 whilst all the ,catholic nations are warmly offering to the ,holy ,father proofs of their profound respect1 a single town of ,italy shall dare to outrage his dignity1 and restrict the ,pope to a state of independence which could be so easily abused at any time as a religious power4 ,these considerations induce the government of her ,majesty to invite the other ,catholic ,powers to come to an understanding on the means to be employed for averting the evils which would arise1 if matters remained in their present position4 ,in furtherance of this object1 her ,majesty has ordered her government to address the governments of ,france1 ,austria1 ,bavaria1 ,sardinia1 ,tuscany and ,naples1 in order to invite them to name ,plenipotentiaries1 and appoint the place where they shall meet40 ,the ,catholic ,powers welcomed cordially this admirable note1 which expressed so clearly the idea which they all entertained4 ,piedmont alone1 as if already casting a covetous eye on ,rome and its territory1 refused to concur4 ,its refusal was expressed by the pen of the once so highly esteemed ,abbate ,gioberti1 who was ,president of the ,council4 ,it was not long till ,piedmont reaped its reward4 ,the following year1 #ahdi1 on the #bb;d of ,march1 it had to lament the disastrous battle of ,novara4 ,not long after1 ,cardinal ,antonelli1 who remained with the ,pope1 addressed1 on the part of the ,holy ,see1 to the governments of ,france1 ,austria1 ,spain and ,naples1 a highly important paper4 ,it recapitulated1 in a clear and forcible manner1 all that had occurred at ,rome from the time of the ,pope's departure till the #ahth of ,february1 and then requested1 in the most formal and pressing way possible1 the intervention of these four ,catholic ,powers4 ,the governments thus appealed to promptly replied by sending ,plenipotentiaries to ,gaeta1 where the ,pope desired that the diplomatic conference should be opened4 ,the ,catholic countries had already anticipated the intentions of the ,sovereign ,pontiff--some by acts1 others by energetic resolutions4 ,on the one hand1 ,general ,cavaignac1 to whom ,france had for the time committed her sword1 had concentrated1 as early as the month of ,september1 #ahdh1 a body of troops under the command of ,general ,molliere1 whose duty it should be to hold themselves in readiness to embark for ,italy at the first signal4 ,spain1 on the other hand1 prepared her fleet4 ,the ,king of the ,two ,sicilies could scarcely restrain the ardor of his soldiers4 ,portugal1 even1 which had not been mentioned in the document addressed to the four ,catholic ,powers1 considered it a duty to cause it to be represented to the government of the ,pope through its ambassador1 the ,baron de ,verda ,cruz1 that the ,portuguese people would be most happy to take up arms in the interest of the ,papal cause4 ,portugal was among the first1 on occasion of the #afth ,november1 #ahdh1 to offer hospitality to the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 and to invite him to one of the finest residences in ,christendom1 the magnificent palace of ,mafra4 7,m#i7 ,the time of the ,holy ,father at ,gaeta was employed1 as it usually is1 in prayer1 the giving of audiences and the business of the ,church4 ,in one point1 there was an exception to the rules of the ,papal ,court4 ,the ,king of ,naples1 the ,queen and the ,princes were admitted every day to the table of the ,pope4 ,king ,ferdinand1 notwithstanding his friendly relations with ,pius ,,ix41 never availed himself of this privilege without a new daily invitation4 ,in all other respects1 likewise1 his conduct towards the ,holy ,father was all that the most devout ,catholic could desire4 7,m#aj7 ,the internal state of the ,catholic ,powers caused their action to be delayed4 ,the political troubles of the ,austrian ,empire obliged the ,emperor ,ferdinand to abdicate in favor of his youthful nephew1 ,francis ,joseph4 ,france was laboring to consolidate her newly-founded ,republic4 ,there was question of electing a president4 ,and if1 on the occasion1 ,prince ,louis ,napoleon ,bonaparte secured the greatest number of votes1 he owed this success1 if not wholly1 in great measure1 at least1 to his repudiation of the undutiful conduct of his cousin1 the ,prince of ,canino1 at ,rome1 and his declaration in favor of the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope4 ,on the eve of the election he wrote as follows to the ,papal ,nuncio3 8,my ,lord1 ,i am anxious that the rumors which tend to make me an accomplice of the conduct of ,prince ,canino at ,rome should not be credited by you4 ,i have not1 for a long time1 had any relations with the eldest son of ,lucien ,bonaparte2 and ,i am profoundly grieved that he has not understood that the maintenance of the temporal sovereignty of the venerable ,head of the ,church is intimately connected with the glory of ,catholicism1 no less than with the liberty and independence of ,italy4 ,accept1 my ,lord1 the expression of my sentiments of high esteem4 8,,louis ,,napoleon ,,bonaparte40 7,m#aa7 ,spain had already despatched a fleet to ,gaeta1 the ,austrians had advanced in the direction of ,ferrara1 and the ,king of ,naples at ,terracina1 when1 on the #beth of ,april #ahdi1 a ,french army1 under the command of ,general ,oudinot1 disembarked at ,civita ,vecchia4 ,this military expedition was1 at first1 considerably thwarted by diplomacy4 ,the general-in-chief was assured at the outset that he had only to show himself before the walls of ,rome1 and the gates would be opened immediately in consequence of the reaction which was taking place within4 ,accordingly1 the army advanced1 on the #cjth ,april1 to the foot of the ramparts1 and was received with a discharge of fire-arms4 ,nevertheless1 one of the gates was opened to a ,french battalion4 ,the ,romans came out in crowds1 waving white handkerchiefs1 and shouting1 8,peace is concluded6 ,peace for ever6 ,enemies in the morning1 we are brothers this evening6 ,long live the ,french60 ,the soldiers1 deceived by these demonstrations1 were persuaded to enter they city4 ,they were at once disarmed and declared prisoners of war4 ,it was now manifest that a regular siege was necessary4 ,an impediment was1 however1 thrown in the way of military operations1 by a civil or diplomatic agent who entered ,rome1 and in the course of a few weeks concluded with the revolutionists a treaty which was contrary to his instructions1 to those of the commander-in-chief1 to the honor of ,france and the objects of the expedition4 ,odillon ,barrot was1 at that time1 ,president of the ,french ,ministry--the same ,odillon ,barrot who1 in #ahcj1 was prefect of police1 and allowed the mansion of the ,archbishop to be demolished without taking any measures for its protection4 ,such conduct1 as has been well observed1 showed that this official loved anarchy more than order4 ,hence1 probably1 arose those impediments to the ,roman expedition which gave time to 7,m#ab7 the revolutionists to organize1 under the leadership of a chief of banditti1 ,garibaldi1 of ,genoa4 ,they availed themselves1 at the same time1 of the leisure afforded1 to massacre many faithful priests1 to enable some renegade monks to profane the solemnities of religion1 and to commit1 in the hospitals1 outrages which were1 until that time1 unheard of4 ,unfortunate soldiers1 sick and at the point of death1 beholding persons dressed like ,nuns and ,sisters of ,charity1 expected to hear from them the language of religion1 in order to assist them in preparing for a ,christian death4 ,it can easily be imagined how greatly they were shocked to hear only lascivious expressions and the most infamous provocations to vice4 ,these pretended ,sisters of ,charity were nothing else than professed prostitutes4 ,their president1 a revolutionary princess1 admits1 in her memoirs1 this melancholy fact4 7,m#ac7 ,the ,king of ,naples and ,general ,cordova1 commander-in-chief of the ,spanish army1 offered to ,general ,oudinot the aid of their arms4 ,he thanked them1 but declined their offer1 desiring1 for the honor of the ,french army1 that as it had begun1 so it should complete the duty which it had undertaken4 ,the ,french general represented1 and with reason1 to the ,spanish commander1 that he would have entered ,rome several weeks sooner but for the diplomatic negotiations already alluded to4 ,the ,plenipotentiary1 who conducted these negotiations1 having been disavowed1 the general held himself alone responsible1 and it was his duty to simplify matters as much as possible4 ,he urged1 moreover1 that when an army is besieging a place no foreign troops can approach it1 unless their assistance is requested either by the besiegers or the besieged4 ,the latter were far from having any claim to the protection of ,spain1 and the ,french army was in a position to meet every contingency4 7,m#ad7 ,on the #cjth ,june1 #ahdi1 the city surrendered1 unconditionally4 ,on #crd ,july the ,french army entered ,rome1 amidst the joyous acclamations of the native ,roman people4 7,m#ae7 ,on the same day ,general ,oudinot despatched ,colonel ,niel to ,gaeta1 in order to deliver to the ,sovereign ,pontiff the keys of his capital4 ,pius ,,ix4 was overjoyed at the arrival of the ,french officer4 ,his people were now free4 ,the war was at an end4 ,blood no longer flowed4 ,there was nothing wanting to his satisfaction and happiness4 8,o6 speak to me of my children of ,rome and ,france10 he exclaimed4 8,how they must have suffered6 ,how earnestly have ,i prayed for them60 ,he then listened with interest1 and the feelings of a father1 to the recital of the sufferings of the ,french army and their prolonged labors1 which were patiently undergone2 in order to save the edifices and monuments of ,rome from irreparable destruction4 ,unable1 at length1 to contain his emotion1 he spoke thus to ,colonel ,niel3 8,colonel1 ,i have often said1 on other occasions1 and ,i am happy to be able to repeat the same to-day1 after so great a service1 that ,i have always relied on ,france4 ,that country had promised me nothing1 but ,i understood full well1 that when opportunity offered she would give to the ,church her treasures1 her blood1 and what is1 perhaps1 still more difficult for her valiant children1 that bravery which can restrain itself1 that patience and perseverance to which is due the preservation of ,rome1 that treasure of the world1 that beloved and sorely-tried city1 towards which1 during these days of exile1 ,i have always looked in great anxiety of mind4 ,say to the commander-in-chief1 to all the generals and all the officers--would it could also be said to every soldier of ,france6--that there are no bounds to my gratitude4 ,my prayers for the prosperity of your country will be more fervent than ever4 ,my love for the ,french people has been increased1 if1 indeed1 anything could make it greater than it was1 by the great service which ,i now acknowledge40 7,m#af7 ,at the same time1 ,pius ,,ix4 addressed an appropriate letter to ,general ,oudinot4 ,he recognized the well-known valor of the ,french armies1 which was sustained by the justice of the cause which they came to defend1 and which won for them the meed of victory4 ,in congratulating the general on the principal share which he bore in the important event1 the ,holy ,father was careful to say that he rejoiced not over the bloodshed which had necessarily occurred1 but in the triumph of order over anarchy1 and because liberty was restored to honest and ,christian people1 for whom it would no longer be a crime to enjoy the property which ,god had bestowed upon them1 and to adore ,him1 with becoming pomp of worship1 without incurring the risk of being deprived of life or liberty4 ,in the difficult circumstances which might arise1 the ,holy ,father would rely on the ,divine protection4 ,as it might prove useful to the ,french army to be acquainted with the events of his ,pontificate1 he sent1 along with his letter1 a number of copies of the ,allocution1 in which these events are related4 ,this paper1 he stated1 proved abundantly that the army had won a victory over the enemies of human society1 and that their triumph1 consequently1 would awaken sentiments of gratitude in the breasts of all honest men throughout ,europe and the whole civilized world4 7,m#ag7 ,the ,president of the ,french ,republic1 ,louis ,napoleon1 the ,french ,minister of ,war and the ,national ,assembly1 all joined in congratulating ,general ,oudinot and his army4 ,pius ,,ix4 had just appointed 7#cast ,july7 a commission of three ,cardinals for the government of the ,roman ,states1 when ,general ,oudinot arrived at ,gaeta1 and urged the ,pope to return himself to his capital4 ,pius ,,ix4 had already stated to ,m4 de ,corcelles1 the ,plenipotentiary of ,france1 his objections to an immediate return4 ,he now held the same language to ,general ,oudinot4 ,he could not1 he said1 so far forget the purely moral nature of his power as to bind himself in a positive way1 when there was nothing settled as to matters of detail1 and especially when he was called upon to speak in presence of a first-class ,power1 whose exigencies were no secret4 ,ought he to condemn himself to appear to act under the impulsion of force8 ,if he did anything good1 was it not necessary that his acts should be spontaneous1 and should also have the appearance of being so8 ,were not his inclinations well known8 ,were they not calculated to inspire confidence8 ,nevertheless1 it was his intention to return1 in a few days1 to his ,states1 and to remain some time at ,castel-,gandolfo1 in the midst of the ,french army4 ,general ,oudinot returned to ,rome fully assured of the speedy return of the ,holy ,father4 7,m#ah7 ,about this time it became manifest that the ,french ,republic desired to restore the ,pope as a mere agent of their newly-instituted government4 ,the ,french ministry1 of which ,odillon ,barrot was the head1 saw1 with impatience1 that ,pontifical affairs were not proceeding to such a conclusion as they wished4 ,accordingly1 ,general ,oudinot was recalled and replaced by ,general ,rostolan1 the next in command4 ,two days later1 a letter signed 8,louis ,napoleon10 and addressed to ,colonel ,edgar ,ney1 who was also the bearer of it1 was despatched to ,rome4 ,this letter contained insulting allusions to the ,pontifical government2 and its requirements would have annihilated1 in the estimation of ,europe1 the independence of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 whilst personally dishonoring him4 8,i thus recapitulate10 said the president1 in this memorable epistle1 8the temporal power of the ,pope1 a general amnesty1 secularization of the administration1 and liberal government40 ,it was appointed that ,general ,rostolan should publish this ill-timed letter1 and carry it into effect4 ,he refused to do so1 tendered his resignation1 and thus firmly replied3 8,conscience requires that ,i should sacrifice my position and my sympathies4 ,my successor1 more fortunate than myself1 will perhaps enjoy the signal honor to terminate peacefully the work which we have begun at the head of the army4 ,as a soldier and a ,christian1 ,i will rejoice on account of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 who will have been restored to his people1 and because of ,france1 which will have accomplished a noble and most worthy mission40 ,to the ,odillon ,barrot ministry1 which at one time disowned the letter1 and at another acknowledged it1 and ordered its publication1 the general declared that he would never identify himself with an act which1 besides being unjust1 would endanger the peace of all ,europe4 ,according to his view1 which was the same as that of the ,french ambassadors1 ,m4 de ,rayneval and ,m4 de ,corcelles1 a general war would follow the official publication of the letter of #ahth ,august2 and such a war could not but prove fatal to the ideas of order which were beginning to resume their empire4 ,he loved his country too well to bear part in incurring for it such fearful risks4 ,messrs4 de ,rayneval and de ,corcelles wrote to the same effect1 and communicated to the ,french ,government the resolution of the ,sovereign ,pontiff to seek the protection of ,austria1 or even to repair to ,america1 rather than submit to the constraint with which he was threatened4 7,m#ai7 ,it was not1 however1 ordained that the conditions of the ,pope's restoration should be decided by the ,president of the ,french ,republic1 or the ,odillon ,barrot ministry4 ,the ,national ,assembly of ,france took the matter in hand1 and after a keen debate1 which lasted three days--#acth1 #ahth and #aith ,october--came to a resolution favorable to the ,holy ,see4 ,there can be no doubt that the ,chamber was greatly influenced by the powerful eloquence of ,m4 de ,montalembert4 8,it has been said10 observed this orator1 8that the honor of our flag was compromised by the expedition undertaken against ,rome in order to destroy the ,roman ,republic and restore the authority of the ,pope4 ,all in this ,assembly must feel insulted by this reproach1 and cannot but repel it1 as ,i do at this moment4 ,no6 the honor of our flag was never compromised4 ,no6 never did this noble flag cover with its folds a more noble enterprise4 ,history will tell4 ,i confidently invoke its testimony and its judgment4 ,history will throw a veil over all the ambiguity1 tergiversation and contestation which have been pointed to with so much bitterness and so eager a desire to spread discord amongst us4 ,it will ignore all this1 or1 rather1 it will proclaim it all1 in order that the greatness of the undertaking may become apparent from the number and nature of the difficulties that have been surmounted4 8,history will say that a thousand years from the time of ,charlemagne1 and fifty from that of ,napoleon--a thousand years after ,charlemagne had won for himself imperishable glory by restoring the ,pontifical ,state1 and fifty years after ,napoleon1 in the zenith of power and prestige1 had failed in his endeavor to undo the work of his predecessor2 history will say that ,france has remained true to her traditions and deaf to odious counsels4 ,history will say that thirty thousand ,frenchmen1 under the leadership of the worthy son of one of the giants of our great imperial glories1 left the shores of their country1 in order to re-establish at ,rome1 in the person of the ,pope1 right1 equity1 ,european and ,french interest4 ,history will further say what ,pius ,,ix4 himself said1 in his letter of thanks to ,general ,oudinot3 #8,the victory of the ,french arms is won over the enemies of human society4' ,yes6 gentlemen1 such will be the judgment of impartial history2 and it will be one of the brightest glories of ,france and the nineteenth century4 ,you will not attenuate1 tarnish1 eclipse this glory by plunging into a mass of contradictions1 complications1 and inextricable inconsistency4 ,know you what would dim for ever the lustre of the ,french flag8 ,it would be to set it in opposition to the ,cross1 to the ,tiara1 which it has delivered4 ,it would be to transform the soldiers of ,france1 the protectors of the ,pope1 into his oppressors4 ,it would be to exchange the role and the glory of ,charlemagne for a pitiful mimicry of ,garibaldi40 7,m#bj7 ,a large majority of the legislative assembly agreed with ,montalembert4 ,the news of their decision1 which was in accordance with the general sentiment of the ,french nation1 was speedily conveyed to the ,pontifical ,court4 ,it dispelled all the unpleasant 7,m#ba7 apprehensions which had hitherto prevailed1 and gave great satisfaction to the ,holy ,father4 ,the influence which it exercised over his plans for the future may be learned from the reply which he gave to a deputation from the municipality of ,rome1 which now came to pray that he would return to his ,states4 8,it was repugnant to us10 said he1 8to return to our ,states1 so long as ,france made it a question whether we should be independent4 ,but now that a happy solution has been reached1 which appears to put an end to all doubt on this point1 we hope to be able1 in a short time1 to return to our city of ,rome40 ,accordingly1 on #abth ,april1 #ahej1 ,pius ,,ix4 made his entrance into ,rome amidst the dutiful and joyous acclamations of the ,french army and the ,roman people4 ,on the #ahth day of the same month he formally blessed the arms and colors of ,france in front of ,st4 ,peter's ,church4 ,thus ended at ,rome a political revolution1 which nothing less powerful than ,catholic sentiment could have overcome4 7,m#bb7 ,whilst the comparatively small ,pontifical ,state was agitated by revolution1 the greater kingdom of the church was steadily pursuing1 under the auspices of its august ,chief1 its grand career of progress and development4 ,a new era seemed to have dawned over all those great countries which the ,photian schism had so seriously affected4 ,about the time of ,pius the ,ninth's accession1 more favorable dispositions had come to prevail among the ,greeks of ,constantinople1 of ,syria1 of ,palestine1 of ,egypt4 ,among the ,armenians and ,chaldeans there were numerous conversions1 whilst even the ,turks showed a better feeling towards the ,catholic people1 among whom their lot was cast4 ,we have already seen how well such sentiments were encouraged by the newly-elected ,pontiff4 ,his words of kindness were repaid by increased affection for the ,catholic people1 and the wish1 not to say the belief1 that when the ,turkish ,empire fell1 the fragments of its once great inheritance would be gathered up by ,catholics4 8,are this belief and friendship10 asks the ,abbe ,etienne1 8an indication of the speedy reunion of the children of ,mahomet with the great ,christian family8 ,we have much reason to think so1 when we behold ,islamism everywhere dwindling away and giving place to the true faith40 ,damascus1 so sacred in ,mussulman estimation1 and so intolerant that no ,christian could pass within its gates except bareheaded1 and on paying a capitation tax1 now beholds with pleasure the celebration of ,catholic rites4 ,so great was the change that in a short time all the inhabitants of a village in the neighborhood embraced the ,catholic faith4 ,the ,mahometans who are most capable of appreciating religious questions1 study ,christianity secretly4 ,not long ago1 a ,turk of ,damascus caused a ,catholic priest to be called to his deathbed1 and begged to be baptized4 ,great was the surprise of the missionary to find him as well acquainted with the truths of religion as he was anxious to receive the sacrament of regeneration4 ,a few moments later the good priest beheld his neophyte expire1 expressing the most pious sentiments4 ,in ,russia1 the most powerful seat of the great eastern schism1 ,catholics were long subjected to the most trying persecution4 ,it is well known what influence the venerable ,pontiff1 ,gregory ,,xvi41 exercised over the mind of the late ,emperor ,nicholas1 and that he succeeded in causing him to mitigate the evils which weighed so heavily on his ,catholic subjects4 ,pius ,,ix4 was still more successful4 ,having concluded a ,concordat with the ,czar1 which was signed at ,rome on the #crd ,august1 #ahdg1 by ,cardinal ,lambruschini1 on the part of the ,holy ,see1 and ,counts ,bloudoff and ,boutenieff1 on the part of ,russia1 ,pius ,,ix41 in a consistory held on #crd ,july of the same year1 instituted bishops for the following ,sees of the ,russian ,empire3 ,the ,metropolitan ,church of ,mohilow1 the united dioceses of ,luccoria and ,zitomeritz1 in ,volhynia1 the diocese of ,vilna1 in ,poland1 and a coadjutor1 with right of succession1 for the archbishopric of ,mohilow4 ,the ,concordat contained #ca articles4 ,article #ast4 ,seven ,roman ,catholic dioceses are established in the ,russian ,empire--an archbishopric and six bishoprics1 viz43 the archbishopric of ,mohilow1 which comprises all those parts of the ,empire which are not contained in the undermentioned dioceses4 ,the ,grand ,duchy of ,finland is also included in this archdiocese4 ,the diocese of ,vilna1 comprising the governments of ,vilna and ,grodno1 according to their present limits2 the diocese of ,telsca1 or ,samogitia1 comprising the governments of ,courland and ,kowno2 the diocese of ,minsk1 comprising the government of ,minsk1 as at present limited2 the diocese of ,luceoria and ,zitomeritz1 containing the governments of ,kiovia and ,volhynia2 the diocese of ,kaminiec1 comprising the government of ,podolia2 the new diocese of ,kherson1 containing the ,province of ,bessarabia1 the governments of ,khersonesus1 ,ecatherinaslaw1 ,taurida1 ,saratow and ,astracan1 together with the regions that are subject to the general government of the ,caucasus4 ,in glancing at the articles of the ,concordat1 the ,catholic reader will be agreeably surprised to observe that in so many important things the wishes of the ,holy ,father were acceded to1 whilst it is matter for regret that in regard to others the ,plenipotentiaries could not come to an understanding4 ,it is provided by the #bnd and #crd articles that apostolic letters under the leaden seal shall determine the extent and limits of the dioceses1 as indicated in article #ast4 ,the decrees of execution shall express the number and the names of the parishes of each diocese1 and shall be submitted for the sanction of the ,holy ,see4 ,the number of suffragan bishoprics1 as settled by the apostolic letters of ,pius ,,vi4 in #aghi1 is retained in the six ancient dioceses4 ,in the following articles1 from #d to #aj1 it is agreed that the suffragan of the new diocese of ,kherson shall reside in the town of ,saratow4 ,the annual allowance to the ,bishop of ,kherson shall be #d1dhj silver roubles4 ,his suffragan shall have the same income as the other bishops of the ,empire1 viz43 #b1jjj silver roubles4 ,the chapter of the ,cathedral ,church of ,kherson shall consist of nine members1 viz43 two prelates or dignitaries1 the president and archdeacon2 four canons1 of whom three shall discharge the duties of theologian1 penitentiary and rector2 and three resident priests1 or beneficiaries4 ,in the new bishopric of ,kherson there shall be a diocesan seminary1 in which from fifteen to twenty-five students shall be supported at the cost of the government1 the same as those who enjoy a pension in other seminaries4 ,until a ,catholic bishop of the ,armenian rite is named1 the spiritual wants of the ,armenian ,catholics of the dioceses of ,kherson and ,kaminiec shall be provided for by applying the ninth chapter of the ,council of ,lateran1 held in #abae4 ,the bishops of ,kaminiec and ,kherson shall determine the number of ,catholic ,armenian ecclesiastics who shall be educated in their seminaries at the expense of the government4 ,in each of these seminaries there shall reside a ,catholic ,armenian priest1 in order to instruct the students in the ceremonies of their national rite4 ,as often as the spiritual wants of the ,armenian ,roman ,catholics of the newly-instituted diocese of ,kherson shall require it1 the bishop1 besides the means hitherto employed for this purpose1 may send priests as missionaries1 and the government will supply the funds that shall be necessary for their journeys and sustenance4 ,articles #aa and #ab provide that the number of dioceses in the ,kingdom of ,poland shall remain the same as ordained by the ,apostolical ,letters of ,pius ,,vii41 of date #cjth ,june1 #ahah4 ,there is no change as to the number and designation of the suffragans of these dioceses4 ,the appointment of bishops for the dioceses and the suffragan bishoprics of the ,empire of ,russia and the ,kingdom of ,poland shall only take effect after each nomination shall have been agreed upon between the ,emperor and the ,holy ,see4 ,canonical institution will be given by the ,roman ,pontiff in the usual form4 ,in articles #ac-bj are contained the following regulations3 the bishop is the sole judge and administrator of the ecclesiastical affairs of his diocese1 having due regard to the canonical obedience which he owes to the ,holy ,apostolic ,see4 ,certain affairs must be1 in the first place1 submitted to the deliberations of the diocesan consistory4 ,such affairs are decided by the bishop1 after having been examined by the consistory1 which1 however1 is only consultative4 ,the bishop is by no means bound to give the reasons of his decision1 even in case of his opinion being different from that of the consistory4 ,the other affairs of the diocese1 which are called administrative1 and among which are included cases of conscience1 and1 as has been said above1 cases of discipline which are visited only by light punishments and pastoral admonitions1 depend entirely on the authority and the spontaneous decision of the bishop4 ,all the members of the consistory are ecclesiastics4 ,their nomination and their revocation belong to the bishop4 ,the nominations are so made as not to displease the government4 ,the officials of the consistorial chancery are confirmed by the bishop1 on the presentation of the secretary of the consistory4 ,the secretary of the bishop1 who is charged with official and private correspondence1 is named directly by the bishop2 and an ecclesiastic1 as the bishop thinks proper1 may be chosen4 ,the duties of the members of the consistory cease when the bishop dies or resigns1 and also when the administration of a vacant ,see comes to an end4 ,from articles #ba-bi we read as follows3 ,the bishop has the supreme direction of the teaching of doctrine and discipline in the seminaries of his diocese1 according to the prescriptions of the ,council of ,trent4 ,the choice of rectors1 inspectors and ,professors for the diocesan seminaries is reserved to the bishop4 ,before naming them1 he must ascertain that1 as regards their civil conduct1 they will not give occasion to any objection on the part of the government4 ,the ,archbishop ,metropolitan of ,mohilow shall exercise in the ecclesiastical academy of ,st4 ,petersburg the same jurisdiction as does each bishop in his diocesan seminary4 ,he is the sole chief of this academy--its supreme director4 ,the council or directory of this academy is only consultative4 ,the choice of the rector1 the inspector and professors of this academy1 shall be made by the archbishop1 after he has received the report of the ,academical ,council4 ,the professors and assistant-professors of ,theological science shall always be chosen among ecclesiastics4 ,the other masters may be selected among lay persons1 professing the ,roman ,catholic religion4 ,the confessors of the students of each seminary and of the academy shall take no part in the disciplinary government of the establishment4 ,they shall be chosen and nominated by the bishop or archbishop4 ,when the limits of the dioceses shall have been fixed according to the new regulation1 the archbishop1 with the advice of the ordinaries1 shall determine1 once for all1 the number of students that each diocese may send to the academy4 ,the programme of studies in the seminaries shall be regulated by the bishops4 ,the archbishop shall decide upon that of the academy after having conferred with the ,academical ,council4 ,when the rule of the ecclesiastical academy of ,st4 ,petersburg shall have been modified conformably with the principles agreed upon in the preceding articles1 the ,archbishop of ,mohilow will send to the ,holy ,see a report on the academy like that which was made by ,archbishop ,koromanski when the academy was restored4 ,articles #cj and #ca4 ,wherever the right of patronage does not exist1 or has been discontinued for a certain time1 parish priests shall be appointed by the bishop4 ,they must not offend the government1 and must have undergone examination and competition according to the rules laid down by the ,council of ,trent4 ,roman ,catholic churches may be freely repaired at the expense of communities or individuals who shall please to take charge of this work4 ,when their own resources are insufficient1 they may apply to the ,imperial ,government in order to obtain assistance4 ,new churches shall be constructed1 and the number of parishes augmented1 when such measures become necessary from the increase of population1 the too great extent of existing parishes1 or the difficulty of communications4 ,such matters as could not be agreed upon and embodied in the ,concordat may be gleaned from the allocution which ,pius ,,ix4 addressed1 at the time1 to the ,cardinals4 8,many things of the greatest importance still remain1 in regard to which the ,plenipotentiaries could not come to an agreement1 and the omission of which awakens our most lively solicitude1 and causes us the utmost pain2 for they concern1 in the highest degree1 the liberty of the church1 its rights1 its essential principles1 and the salvation of the faithful in those ,russian countries4 ,we allude to that true and complete liberty1 which ought to be secured to the ,christian people1 of being able1 in regard to the things which relate to religion1 to communicate1 without impediment1 with this ,apostolic ,see1 the centre of ,catholic unity and truth1 the ,father and ,master of all the ,faithful4 ,all men may understand how deeply grieved we are1 when they call to mind the multiplied appeals which this ,apostolic ,see has never ceased to cause to be heard at divers times1 in order to obtain free communication of the faithful1 not only in ,russia1 but also in other countries1 where1 in certain affairs of religion1 it is seriously impeded1 to the great loss of souls4 ,we would speak of the property which ought to be restored to the clergy4 ,we would have removed from the ,episcopal ,consistories the lay person chosen by the government1 in order that1 in these assemblies1 the bishops may be able to act with all liberty4 ,we must advert to the law according to which mixed marriages are not recognized as valid1 until they have been blessed by a ,russo-,greek ,catholic priest2 and also to the liberty which ,catholics ought to possess of trying and judging their matrimonial causes1 in eases of mixed marriages1 by a ,catholic ecclesiastical tribunal4 ,finally1 we would allude to divers laws prevalent in ,russia1 which fix the age at which religious professions may be made1 which destroy entirely the schools that are held in the houses of religious orders1 which prevent the visits of provincial superiors1 which forbid and interdict conversion to the ,catholic faith40 ,in this same allocution the ,holy ,father deplores the miserable state of the illustrious ,ruthenian nation1 which1 dispersed throughout the vast countries of ,russia1 is1 from various causes1 exposed to great dangers as regards salvation4 ,without bishops1 they have none to guide them in the paths of righteousness1 none to administer to them spiritual succour1 or to warn them against the insidious approaches of heresy and schism4 ,the ,holy ,father is confident that the ,latin priests will bestow all their care and employ every available resource in affording spiritual aid to these 8most dear children40 8,from our inmost soul10 concludes the venerable ,pontiff1 8we exhort1 earnestly and lovingly in the ,lord1 and urge the ,ruthenians themselves to remain faithful and steadfast in the unity of the ,catholic ,church1 or1 if they have been so unfortunate as to abandon it1 to return to the bosom of their most loving mother1 to have recourse to us1 who1 with ,god's assistance1 will do whatever is best calculated to secure their salvation40 ,as regards some of these highly important matters1 the wishes of the ,holy ,father were acceded to by the ,russian ,emperor4 ,the bishop of ,kherson was allowed a second suffragan4 ,it was also regulated that matrimonial and other ecclesiastical causes1 whether in ,russia proper or in the kingdom of ,poland1 should1 on appeal from a sentence pronounced by the ordinary1 be heard before the tribunal of the metropolitan1 or before the more neighboring bishop1 in case of judgment having been first given by the metropolitan4 ,such causes1 in the event of final appeal1 should be referred to ,rome--to the tribunal of the ,apostolic ,see4 ,in considering1 at some length1 the ,concordat with ,russia1 and the more favorable terms by which it was followed1 we learn what hopes may be entertained as regards the spiritual well-being of the more numerous ,catholics1 ,armenians and others1 who will now1 in all probability1 come under the sway of ,russia47#b7 7,m#bc7 ,the ,society of the ,holy ,ghost had labored successfully in ,france1 the ,indies1 ,canada1 ,china1 ,acadia1 or ,nova ,scotia1 the islands1 ,miquelon and ,st4 ,peter4 ,in the countries referred to1 there were bishops1 vicars apostolic1 of this society1 and several missionary priests4 ,in ,cayenne and ,french ,guiana1 they maintained an apostolic prefect and twenty missionaries apostolic4 ,the troubles of the ,french revolution all but extinguished this zealous and influential missionary society4 ,it was revived in the year #ahdh1 under the auspices of ,pius ,,ix41 and resumed its labors under the title of ,society of the ,holy ,ghost and the ,immaculate ,heart of ,mary4 ,during the negotiations which led to the restoration of this society1 the ,vicariate ,apostolic of ,madagascar became vacant by the death of ,bishop ,dalton4 ,abbe ,monnet1 ,superior of the ,society of the ,holy ,ghost1 was appointed to succeed him1 and ,rev4 ,abbe ,liebermann1 a distinguished convert from ,judaism1 was unanimously elected to the post of superior-general of the two united societies4 ,the labors of ,abbe ,liebermann were crowned with complete success4 ,in #ahej1 the ,holy ,father1 in order to confirm and perpetuate the fruit of so much apostolic labor1 erected three bishoprics--one in the low country of ,guadeloupe1 another at ,fort ,francis1 in ,martinica1 and a third at ,st4 ,denis1 of ,bourbon ,island4 ,the eminent convert died in #aheb1 after having had the satisfaction to behold such great developments of his missionary work4 ,the death of the first superior-general did not1 by any means1 retard the increase of the new society4 ,on the contrary1 new blessings seemed to descend upon it4 ,under the guidance of the second superior1 the ,abbe ,schwindenhammer1 who had been the friend and confidential counsellor of the first1 the society came to be as an order of three choirs--,fathers1 ,friars1 ,sisters4 ,to the ,rev4 ,fathers1 who were missionaries apostolic1 the ,father of the great ,christian ,family1 ,pius ,,ix41 assigned a field of labor1 a hundred times more extensive than the land which was promised of old to the children of ,israel--a territory from eleven to twelve hundred leagues in length1 and broad in proportion4 ,the friars were lay missionaries1 whose duty it was to assist the ,rev4 ,fathers1 teach the neophytes the arts of ,christian civilization1 and change the deserts1 the wild forest lands and dismal swamps1 into smiling fields4 ,a brother1 who is a printer1 has already departed for those missions1 carrying with him a complete set of types4 ,the sisters1 in order to draw down the mercy of heaven on the negro lands1 devote themselves to prayer1 works of charity and self-denial1 perpetual adoration of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and the continual offering of themselves in sacrifice for the salvation of the souls that are most neglected4 ,they would even1 if it were the call of heaven1 repair to ,africa1 and found there religious communities1 in order to confirm the good work commenced by the missionaries4 ,so early as their first year1 #aheb1 they had established two or three houses in ,france4 ,this great missionary society came into existence at a singularly opportune moment1 and none can tell what an important part it may bear in carrying the light of ,christianity into that benighted ,africa which modern discovery1 the discovery of our age1 the age of ,pius ,,ix41 is now throwing open to the many blessed influences of civilization4 ,in the early days of the ,pontificate of ,pius ,,ix41 the ,guinea missions extended over regions of negro-land nine hundred leagues from east to west1 and seven hundred leagues from north to south1 with a coast-line of eleven hundred leagues4 ,these ,african countries are very populous2 and there are towns of #bj1jjj1 #cj1jjj1 and even #fj1jjj inhabitants4 ,the greatest barbarism prevails4 ,with the exception of a few ,mahometans in ,sanegambia1 the people are idolators4 ,they are also cannibals1 and human sacrifices are frequent4 ,polygamy is one of their vices1 and those on the sea coast of ,guinea have learned many others from contact with ,europeans1 such as hard drinking and all kinds of excess4 ,their women are in a degraded condition1 doing all the drudgery1 and not being admitted to an equality with their husbands4 ,notwithstanding all this1 the missionaries give them a high character4 ,they bear pain with fortitude1 and have a horror of slavery1 although so many of them are reduced to servitude by greedy traders4 ,a sea captain once offered a negro any amount of money1 on condition that he should become his slave4 8,all the gold your ship could hold10 said the spirited ,african1 8is no price for my liberty40 ,they are very sensitive1 grateful1 and even affectionate towards those who befriend them4 ,to the missionaries they always showed hospitality2 and the peaceful explorer1 ,livingstone1 and his friends generally met with the same kindness4 ,if it was otherwise with the adventurous discoverer1 ,stanley1 he owed the hostility with which he was often received by the ,african tribes to the armed force by which he was accompanied1 and his determination to traverse their countries1 whether they liked it or not4 ,they listened attentively to the missionaries1 and this circumstance induced these excellent persons to express the belief that1 with proper precautions1 they may be induced to embrace the ,christian faith4 ,many things have occurred1 in the course of this favored age1 to encourage this hope for the future welfare of so many millions of the human race4 ,science has thrown its light into the hitherto dark regions of ,central ,africa1 where no ,european had1 as yet1 been able to penetrate4 ,the petty and corrupting traffic on the coasts will speedily expand into wide extended and improving commerce4 ,the slave trade is gradually diminishing1 and must1 ere long1 disappear under the blessed influences1 more active than ever1 which are now at work2 the whole church is moved by the edifying narratives of zealous missionaries2 and the countenance of the ,apostolic ,see is willingly bestowed on missionary effort4 ,so1 it is not too much to say that1 with such auspicious commencements in the age of ,pius ,,ix41 the days of some future ,pontiff1 at no very distant epoch1 will be blessed to behold ,africa1 so long neglected1 happily1 at length1 brought within the pale of ,christianity and civilization4 ,the missionaries speak of a ,prince1 whose history1 if related by less trustworthy parties1 could not fail to be considered fabulous4 ,his territory is situated on the river ,gabon4 ,he speaks ,english and ,french fluently1 as well as an ,african dialect called ,boulou4 ,he is a man of gentle and polished manners1 and possesses the self-control of the most accomplished ,european4 ,in point of sobriety1 he is equal to the best of ,europeans4 ,he never drinks intoxicating liquor1 and forbids his children to use it4 ,he is beloved by his subjects1 and respected by the neighboring tribes1 who hold with him commercial and friendly relations4 ,he shows great friendship to the missionaries1 and takes great delight in assisting them4 ,a good bishop is also mentioned1 whose horror of the slave trade was such that he would not allow a negro to serve him4 ,in addition to the mission-house1 which is a solid stone building1 there is also a seminary1 where some of the native youth are educated for the duties of the ,christian priesthood4 ,the aboriginal populations receive the bishop and the heads of the missions with extraordinary honors4 ,the salubrity of the climate is favorably spoken of1 being nowise inferior to that of ,france4 ,everything appeared to favor the ,guinea missions in the early years of the ,pontificate of ,pius ,,ix4 ,with the aid of continued countenance and encouragement1 they cease not to be developed every day more and more throughout the vast countries extending from ,senegambia to the ,equator4 ,at ,joal and ,st4 ,mary of ,gambia1 there were flourishing missions so early as #aheb4 ,in #ahej ,m4 ,l',abbe ,arlabosse founded a mission at ,galam1 #aej leagues in the interior of ,senegal4 ,another mission was successfully established at ,grand ,bassam1 in #ahea4 ,the printing press1 already referred to1 has contributed powerfully to facilitate missionary work4 ,seven diverse languages are now taught1 viz43 ,wolof1 ,serer1 ,saracole1 ,abule1 ,mpongue1 ,bingue and ,balu1 or ,boulou4 ,it is somewhat remarkable that in all the countries connected as colonies with ,great ,britain1 where ,protestantism is so persistently adhered to1 there should prevail the greatest liberty as regards the exercise of the ,catholic religion4 ,thus1 ,cape ,colony 7,cape of ,good ,hope7 was no sooner transferred from the rule of ,holland to that of ,britain than the ,holy ,father was enabled to extend his care to the ,catholics of that remote land4 ,a bishop was appointed1 and missions speedily established4 ,there are now three bishops1 vicars apostolic1 at ,cape ,town1 ,graham's ,town1 ,natal4 ,the islands ,mauritius and ,bourbon1 each of which has a population of more than #ajj1jjj souls1 share the solicitude of the church and its august ,head4 ,they are not both equally favored by their civil rulers4 ,the former was annexed to ,great ,britain in #ahaj4 ,the ,holy ,father provides for its spiritual welfare1 confiding its administration to a bishop and a sufficient number of priests1 all of whom receive salaries from the government4 ,the bishops hitherto have been members of the illustrious order of ,st4 ,benedict1 and some of them have enjoyed a high reputation in the church1 such as the learned and eloquent ,bishop ,morris1 and the pious and accomplished ,bishop ,collier4 ,bourbon ,island1 until of late1 #ahej1 when a bishop was appointed1 had not been so fortunate4 ,an eminent ,french writer rather satirically remarks1 that it would have to wait until ,france ceded all her colonies to the ,british4 ,there are1 however1 some priests who1 together with the bishop1 minister to the spiritual wants of the people4 ,great efforts have been made to establish missions in the large and populous ,island of ,madagascar1 which1 according to geographers1 is #a1jjj miles in length4 ,the priests of the congregation of ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul1 as zealous now as in the days of their illustrious founder1 have penetrated into ,abyssinia1 and are laboring to bring about a complete reconciliation of that once eminently ,christian nation to the church of ,pius ,,ix4 ,the thiopian may not1 indeed1 change his skin4 ,but1 according to the reports of the missionaries1 these people are changing their ideas1 and giving proofs of a disposition to return to the centre of ,christian unity4 ,everywhere the missionaries are received with kindness by princes and people1 and favored with a respectful hearing4 ,so great is the reverence of the nations of the ,turkish ,empire for the character of the ,pope1 that one would say that he had a ,concordat with those nations and their chiefs4 ,the legate of the ,holy ,see1 ,archbishop ,auvergne1 of ,iconium1 was received with the greatest honor by the ,sovereign of gypt1 on occasion of his legation to that country and ,syria4 ,a ,catholic bishop was established at ,alexandria1 a city so intimately associated with the memory of ,saint ,athanasius4 ,his jurisdiction extends over the thiopian countries1 and this circumstance1 considering their relations in bygone ages with the ,patriarchs of ,alexandria1 facilitates their communion with the centre of unity4 ,the ,catholic bishop of ,cairo1 assisted by thirty priests1 so long ago as #ahdj1 governed a flock of nearly twenty thousand ,copts of the ancient race of gypt4 ,this body of faithful ,christians is daily increasing1 by the adherence of other ,copts who had fallen into the ,eutichyan heresy1 more from want of instruction than obstinacy4 ,nothing could surpass the generosity of the ,khedive towards the church4 ,he presented to the ,pope several marble columns1 for the restoration of the ,basilica of ,st4 ,paul at ,rome1 and built for the missionaries and sisters of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul a college1 schools1 and an hospital in the city of ,alexandria4 ,at ,tunis and ,tripoli there are #g1jjj ,catholics1 who are ministered to by nine priests of the order of ,st4 ,francis4 ,so early as #ahdj1 ,sisters of ,charity went from ,france in order to establish a community at ,tunis1 with the full concurrence of the ,mussulman government4 ,it is well known that as soon as a ,french colony was founded at ,algiers1 a bishop was appointed4 ,that ,african ,christendom1 so happily commenced1 still prospers1 and extends its labors under the auspices of the august ,head of the church4 ,it is consoling to observe that there are so many nascent and even flourishing churches around the vast continent of ,africa1 from ,senegambia and ,sierra ,leone1 by the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 the islands on the south-east coast1 thiopia and gypt1 to the gates of ,hercules4 ,they stand there as sentinels1 ready to intimate the moment when the army of the ,cross may penetrate to the central continent1 and conquer new kingdoms to the cause of ,christ4 ,this is surely not too much to hope for in an age when science has done so much1 and commerce1 that great handmaid of civilization1 is opening a highway to the darkest recesses of the wide and long-lost heathen land4 7,m#bd7 ,some serious-minded ,catholics of ,germany1 dreading lest a national or schismatical church should come to be established in that country1 conceived the happy idea of organizing1 under the auspices of ,pius ,,ix41 associations of laymen1 who made it their duty to assist the clergy in everything that could tend to improve morals and education1 relieve suffering1 and restore the liberty and rights of the church1 whilst they studied1 at the same time1 to impart a spirit of faith to the pursuits of science1 the arts1 and even the more humble occupations of trade4 ,the chief founder of these associations1 ,mr4 ,francis ,joseph ,busz1 has written a book1 in which he shows what progress they had already made in #ahea1 and what it still remained for them to accomplish4 ,they continued to prosper1 and gave birth to associations of a like nature4 ,thus1 at ,cologne1 ,abbe ,kolping1 ,vicar of the ,cathedral1 founded a society of ,catholic ,companions1 the object of whose institute was1 that they should spend their leisure hours together in a ,christian manner1 and increase the knowledge suited to their state of life1 instead of losing their time1 their money and their morals in taverns4 ,by the year #aheb1 such associations of workmen had taken root in no fewer than twenty-five cities in ,germany4 ,ever since the ,thirty ,years' ,war1 ,germany had been distracted by religious divisions4 ,and yet the sectarian spirit does not appear to have been so bitter as in some other countries4 ,there was at least a desire for religious peace and union4 ,this is sufficiently expressed in the articles of the treaty of ,westphalia1 which seems to have been intended as a temporary arrangement for the pacification of the country1 until peace should be permanently established 8by the agreement of all parties on points of religion20 8until all controversies should be terminated by an amicable and universal understanding40 8,but if1 which ,god forbid6 people cannot come to such amicable agreement on the controverted points of religion1 that this convention shall1 nevertheless1 be perpetual1 and this peace always continue40 ,thus was the great treaty only a preliminary of that lasting peace which can only be finally concluded when all minds and hearts are united in the bonds of a common faith4 ,whilst many good men labored to bring about this most desirable end1 others1 such as ,frederic of ,prussia1 and ,joseph ,,ii4 of ,austria1 by ill-advised measures1 and the countenance which they gave to unsound and even irreligious doctrines1 sowed the seeds of anarchy and unbelief1 which failed not1 in due time1 to produce fruit according to their kind1 and well-nigh accomplished the overthrow of society as well as that of the ,christian ,church4 ,the ,austrian ,emperor appears to have understood the situation1 and has generally maintained friendly relations with the ,chief ,pastor4 ,germany1 besides1 has not been without able and pious men1 who have nobly sustained the cause of ,truth and ,union4 ,among these are particularly deserving of honorable mention the ,counts ,stolberg1 father and son1 whose writings have exercised a salutary influence4 ,whilst many other noble laymen contributed1 like them1 to the regeneration of their country1 others1 who were noble only in the ranks of literature and science1 vied in their efforts with the learned of noble birth4 ,the elder ,grres headed the ,catholic movement when ,prussia so cruelly persecuted the ,archbishop of ,cologne4 ,so good an example was not lost on the son4 ,the younger ,grres ceased not to emulate his worthy parent until the day of his death1 in #aheb4 ,another distinguished author1 who1 by his writings1 greatly contributed to inform and encourage the ,catholics of ,germany1 was ,mr4 ,francis ,joseph ,busz1 already mentioned in connection with the associations of ,pius ,,ix4 ,he was a native of ,baden1 and an ,aulic ,counsellor of the ,grand ,duke4 ,he had also been a member of the great ,national ,parliament1 which assembled at ,frankfort for the purpose of restoring ,german unity4 ,the best-known of his works are3 ,catholic ,association of ,germany1 and the necessity of reform in the instruction and education of the ,catholic secular clergy of ,germany4 ,some of his remarks may be appropriately quoted1 as they throw light on the present 7#ahgg-gh7 state of ,germany1 and explain in great measure the extraordinary relations between ,church and ,state in the ,new ,german ,empire3 8,the year #ahdh proved to us ,germans that we could not rely on our governments4 ,both diplomacy and bureaucracy are1 and will remain1 incorrigible4 ,our misery is1 indeed1 great4 ,dissension prevails among our good citizens2 the ill-meaning are united4 ,the ,revolutionary ,war of #ahdh and #ahdi was a war of principles1 but without results4 ,it was repressed1 but not exhausted4 ,it keeps alive under the appearances by which it is concealed4 ,the inexhaustible volcano is at work amongst us1 not only since #ahdh1 but for three hundred years4 ,the abjuration of law1 and even of all principle of right1 is only the form or expression2 the essence of our malady is the denial of ,god and ,his ,church4 ,the revolution is apostacy1 the disunion of the nation is schism1 its anarchy ,atheism4 ,whoever1 like myself1 has witnessed the public negotiations of ,germany1 knows full well that the political struggle was1 for a long time1 and particularly for the last three years1 a contest between the religious confessions4 ,such evolutions of evil possess a certain life1 although it be only that which leads to dissolution4 ,they spring one from another1 and the new growth is always an improvement on that by which it was preceded4 ,i say it with sorrow4 ,the strife of political parties comes at last to be civil war1 which1 in its turn1 becomes a religious war1 and such war soon grows to a war of unbelief against ,faith1 of antichrist against ,christ4 ,the end is not uncertain4 ,christ will be victorious2 for it is appointed that the power of hell shall not prevail40 ,in such a state of things the first duty of ,german ,catholics is that they be united4 ,it is necessary that the ,german church should remain in intimate union with the ,holy ,apostolic ,see1 relinquishing all pretension to be a separate ,national ,church4 ,the aspiration of our author1 so warmly expressed in #ahej1 that the ,german ,episcopate should1 in mind and action1 be one body in the nation1 acting and suffering together1 appears1 in these later days1 to have been realized4 ,it was also his firm conviction that it behooved them to labor to obtain complete liberty of action for the church1 particularly in forming an exemplary clergy1 both in the lesser and greater seminaries1 as well as in those higher institutions1 the ,german universities4 ,neither should the laity fail in the fulfilment of all ,christian and charitable duties4 7,m#be7 ,it is well known that1 in ancient times1 no countries in the world were more ,catholic than ,spain and and ,portugal4 ,the great wealth and power and glory to which they attained was1 one would say1 a mark of ,heaven's approbation4 ,wealth1 however1 is a dangerous possession4 ,in the countries referred to it induced corruption and degeneracy4 ,principles of anarchy came to be disseminated1 devolution on revolution followed4 ,the authority of the ,chief ,pastor was resisted4 ,the ministers of religion and the religious orders were treated with contempt--were persecuted in lands where they had been so long cherished and revered4 ,the children of a corrupt nobility were sent to govern the provinces and churches of the falling ,empire4 ,the result was1 it is superfluous to say1 the decline of religion--the overthrow of the once flourishing churches of ,spain and ,portugal4 ,and yet were they not destined to perish wholly4 ,a remnant was left2 and it was appointed that this remnant should take root and fructify in a soil which trials and persecution had prepared for a new growth4 ,it was reserved for the age of ,pius ,,ix4 to behold ,spain and ,portugal renew their early fervor4 ,they have returned to the centre of ,catholic unity2 and in both countries arrangements have been entered into for staying the spoliation of ecclesiastical property1 appointing learned and edifying bishops to the vacant ,sees1 restoring seminaries and clerical education4 ,the clergy1 who had been infected more or less by the ,jansenist heresy1 now purified in the crucible of persecution1 have resumed the sound doctrines and the heroic virtues of the apostolic men who will ever be the brightest glory of their land--,thomas of ,villa-,nova1 ,francis ,xavier1 ,ignatius of ,loyola1 ,peter of ,alcantara1 ,francis ,borgia1 ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 and ,saint ,theresa4 ,the ,holy ,see1 with the concurrence of the ,spanish ,government1 has organized anew the churches of ,spain4 ,in the consistory of #crd ,july1 #ahdh1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 instituted bishops for the following ,sees3 ,segovia and ,calahorra1 in ,old ,castile2 ,tortosa and ,vich1 in ,catalonia2 ,porto ,rico1 in ,north ,america2 ,cuenca and ,st4 ,charles de ,aucud de ,chil1 in ,south ,america4 ,this last-named diocese1 at the time of the appointment1 was newly erected4 7,m#bf7 ,from the epoch of the 8,reformation10 when the ancient ,catholic hierarchy of ,england1 which had been so successfully founded by ,st4 ,augustine and the disciples of ,st4 ,columba1 was swept away1 until the year #ahej1 the church was missionary1 and governed1 as missions usually are1 by prefects1 who may be arch-priests1 or vicars-apostolic1 with episcopal titles4 ,until the year #afbe1 the ,english mission was under the guidance of an arch-priest4 ,in that year ,pope ,gregory ,,ii4 appointed a vicar-apostolic for all ,england4 ,circumstances appearing favorable to the church after the accession of ,king ,james ,,ii41 ,pope ,innocent ,,xi4 placed the ,english mission under the spiritual charge of four vicars-apostolic1 who were bishops1 with titles taken from churches1 in partibus infidelium4 ,the country was1 at the same time1 divided into four missionary districts--the ,london1 the ,eastern1 the ,midland and the ,western4 ,the numbers of ,catholics having greatly increased during the early portion of the present century1 the ,holy ,father1 ,gregory ,,xvi41 took into consideration the new requirements that had arisen1 by letters apostolical1 of date #crd ,july1 #ahdj1 made a new ecclesiastical division of the ,english counties1 and doubled the number of vicars-apostolic4 ,there were now eight districts under the spiritual jurisdiction of these vicars-apostolic1 who governed and were governed by the wise constitutions given to their predecessors by ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv4 ,meanwhile1 the state of the ,catholics of ,england was rapidly improving4 ,relieved of so many of their disabilities by the gracious ,act of #ahbi1 there were no longer any serious legal impediments to the legitimate development of their church4 ,it grew accordingly1 and by the year #ahdj had become comparatively flourishing4 ,it possessed many stately churches1 eight or ten important colleges1 the buildings of which were of a high order of architecture2 numerous charitable institutions1 each of considerable extent2 over six hundred public churches or chapels1 and eight hundred clergy4 ,many of the most ancient families of the land were among its devoted adherents1 and it also claimed a not unequal share of the intellect and learning1 the literary and scientific distinction of the country4 ,many of the ,british colonies had already been favored1 and not without the full concurrence of the ,imperial government1 with that more suitable and normal state of church government1 which depends on the institution of bishops in ordinary4 ,was the ,mother ,country1 the seat of empire1 whose church was so much more developed than that of any of the colonies1 alone to be deprived of so great an advantage8 ,were the ,catholics of ,england1 who were certainly in no respect behind the rest of their fellow-countrymen1 even in an age of light and improvement1 to rest satisfied with a primitive state of things1 when a broader1 a more free1 and in every way a more beneficial system of spiritual rule was within their reach8 ,the ,chief ,pastor was willing to inaugurate such rule1 provided that he found1 on examination1 that it was suited to the spiritual state and religious wants of the ,catholic people4 ,there was nothing1 besides1 in the legislation of the country that could be called an impediment to a new and better condition of ecclesiastical government4 7,m#bg7 ,for some time the ,catholics of ,england had desired that their church should enjoy the advantage of being governed by bishops in ordinary4 ,so early as the year #ahcd1 they petitioned the ,holy ,see to this effect4 ,at that time1 however1 nothing was concluded4 ,in #ahdg the vicars-apostolic assembled in ,london1 and deputed two of their number to bear a petition to the ,holy ,father1 earnestly praying for the long-desired boon4 ,it was craved1 not as a mark of triumphant progress1 far less as an act of aggression on the law-established church1 but simply in order to afford greater facility for the administration of the affairs of the church1 and more effectually to promote the edification of the ,catholic people4 ,the existing code of government had been adopted about a hundred years before1 when heavy penal laws1 together with endless disabilities1 were in force1 and religious liberty was unknown4 ,part of this code had been repealed by ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 ,but it still tended to embarrass rather than to aid and guide4 ,since ,emancipation1 in #ahbi1 the ,catholic church had greatly expanded1 and the bishops1 vicars-apostolic1 were in a situation of great difficulty1 as they were most anxious to be guarded against arbitrary decisions by fixed rules1 whilst as yet none were provided for them4 ,no doubt the system of church government by vicars-apostolic could have been amended and made more suitable to the altered circumstances of the church4 ,but it would have been necessarily complicated1 and at best could only have been a temporary arrangement4 ,it was thought expedient1 therefore1 that the ordinary mode of church government should be extended to the ,catholic church in ,england1 in as far as was compatible with its social position4 ,it was1 accordingly1 necessary that there should be a hierarchy4 ,the canon law could not be applied under vicars-apostolic1 nor could provincial synods be held1 however necessary their action might be1 without a metropolitan and suffragan bishops4 ,the vicars-apostolic petitioned only with a view to improve the internal organization of the church4 ,they had no idea of attacking any other body1 and surely never dreamt of rivalry with the established ,anglican church4 ,what they did1 besides1 was perfectly within the law1 and according to the rights of liberty of conscience4 ,the ,holy ,father kindly listened to the petition1 and referred it for further consideration to the congregation of ,propaganda4 ,when every point was carefully examined1 and objections satisfactorily replied to1 the favor petitioned for was granted4 ,difficulties having been started in regard to some matter of detail1 the publication of the new code of church administration was delayed4 ,these difficulties were removed the following year by ,bishop ,ullathorne4 ,but the measure was again retarded by the revolution which broke out at ,rome in #ahdh4 ,the delay was not without its uses4 ,it gave time to the statesmen of ,england to become acquainted with and consider the measure of reform which was proposed for adoption in the internal organization of the ,catholic church in ,england4 ,it was officially communicated to them when printed1 in #ahdh4 ,they made no objection4 ,and yet1 when it was promulgated in #ahej1 their chief spoke of it1 in his ill-timed letter to the ,bishop of ,durham1 as 8insolent and insidious40 ,for many an age to come1 ,catholics will read with astonishment that so inoffensive an act of the ,holy ,see1 done at the request of the ,catholic bishops of ,england1 and in the interest of the ,catholic people1 at the time some seven millions in number1 should have excited the anger of so great a portion of the ,english nation4 ,the isle was literally frighted from its propriety4 ,from the ,queen on her throne to the humblest villager1 all were seized with sudden and unaccountable fear1 as if the monarchy had been threatened with immediate overthrow4 ,the ,queen1 in terror1 called her ,council of ,state around her4 ,but her chief adviser1 a weak-minded old man1 had very little comfort to bestow4 ,he could only help her ,majesty's bishops to inflame the public mind4 ,in all conscience1 they had done quite enough in this direction without his assistance4 ,the spirit of bigotry was enkindled1 and the clergy1 with their chiefs1 gave proof of their bitter hostility through every newspaper of the land4 ,this acrimonious opposition was1 however1 chiefly confined to the ministers of the church by law established4 ,they believed1 or pretended to believe1 that the titles and legal rights of their bishops were aimed at1 whilst1 in reality1 care had been taken to avoid offending them1 or violating the law1 by conferring on the new bishops the titles of the ancient ,sees which were held by the established church4 ,it is impossible to mention anything connected with the establishment of the hierarchy which can at all explain the violence of the bishops and clergy generally of the establishment4 ,the popular commotion arose from misconception and the absurd falsehoods that were industriously disseminated4 ,the masses were still raging1 when ,dr4 ,wiseman1 who had just been raised to the dignity of ,cardinal1 published an appeal to the people of ,england1 in which he showed that the measure which had occasioned so much disturbance concerned only the internal organization of the ,catholic church1 that the ,pope had not sought such a measure1 but had only acceded to it at the earnest request of the bishops1 vicars-apostolic of ,england3 that there was nothing connected with it contrary to the laws of the country1 or that could not be reconciled with liberty of conscience1 which was now so completely and generally recognized4 ,it was as ridiculous as it was illiberal to heap torrents of abuse on the ,pope1 as if he had sought to usurp the rights of the ,crown1 or seize on the territory and revenues of the established ,anglican church4 ,as for himself1 he was reviled because he had received the title of ,archbishop of ,westminster1 whilst1 in reality1 as regarded the church of that name1 and any territory or property connected with it1 it was only an empty title4 ,he was to be metropolitan4 ,the title of ,london was inhibited by law4 ,southwark was to be itself a diocese4 ,to have taken the title of a subordinate portion of the great metropolis1 such as ,finsbury or ,islington1 would only have excited ridicule1 and caused the new episcopate to be jeered at4 ,westminster was naturally selected1 although not by himself1 as giving an honorable and well-known title4 ,he was glad that it was chosen1 not because it was the seat of the courts of law1 or of parliament1 but because it brought the real point of the controversy more clearly and strikingly before the opponents of the hierarchy4 8,have we1 in anything1 acted contrary to law8 ,and if not1 why are we to be blamed80 ,but he rejoiced1 also1 for another reason4 ,the chapter of ,westminster had been the first to protest against the new archiepiscopal title1 as though some practical attempt at jurisdiction within the ,abbey had been intended4 ,to this more than absurd charge1 the ,cardinal eloquently replied3 8,the diocese1 indeed1 of ,westminster1 embraces a large district1 but ,westminster proper consists of two very different parts4 ,one comprises the stately ,abbey1 with its adjacent palaces and its royal parks4 ,to this portion the duties and occupations of the dean and chapter are mainly confined1 and they shall range there undisturbed4 ,to the venerable old church ,i may repair1 as ,i have been wont to do4 ,but perhaps the dean and chapter are not aware1 that were ,i disposed to claim more than the right to tread the ,catholic pavement of that noble building1 and breathe its air of ancient consecration1 another might step in with a prior claim4 ,for successive generations there has existed ever1 in the ,benedictine order1 an ,abbot of ,westminster1 the representative in religious dignity of those who erected and beautified and governed that church and cloister4 ,have they ever been disturbed by this titular8 ,have they heard of any claim or protest on his part touching their temporalities8 ,then let them fear no greater aggression now4 ,like him1 ,i may visit1 as ,i have said1 the old ,abbey1 and say my prayer by the shrine of good ,st4 ,edward1 and meditate on the olden times1 when the church filled without a coronation and multitudes hourly worshipped without a service4 ,but in their temporal rights1 or their quiet possession of any dignity and title1 they will not suffer4 ,whenever ,i go in ,i will pay my entrance fee1 like other liege subjects1 and resign myself meekly to the guidance of the beadle1 and listen without rebuke when he points out to my admiration detestable monuments1 or shows me a hole in the wall for a confessional4 ,yet this splendid monument1 its treasures of art and its fitting endowments1 form not the parts of ,westminster which will concern me2 for there is another part which stands in frightful contrast1 though in immediate contact with this magnificence4 ,in ancient times the existence of an abbey in any spot1 with a large staff of clergy and ample revenues1 would have sufficed to create around it a little paradise of comfort1 cheerfulness and ease4 ,this1 however1 is not now the case4 ,close under the ,abbey of ,westminster there lie concealed labyrinths of lanes and courts1 and alleys and slums1 nests of ignorance1 vice1 depravity and crime1 as well as of squalor1 wretchedness and disease2 whose atmosphere is typhus1 whose ventilation is cholera2 in which swarms a huge and almost countless population1 in great measure1 nominally1 at least1 ,catholic2 haunts of filth which no sewerage committee can reach2 dark corners which no lighting board can brighten4 ,this is the part of ,westminster which alone ,i covet1 and which ,i shall be glad to claim and to visit1 as a blessed pasture in which sheep of ,holy ,church are to be tended1 in which a bishop's godly work has to be done1 of consoling1 converting and preserving4 ,and if1 as ,i humbly trust in ,god1 it shall be seen that this special culture1 arising from the establishment of our hierarchy1 bears fruits of order1 peacefulness1 decency1 religion and virtue1 it may be that the ,holy ,see shall not be thought to have acted unwisely1 when it bound up the very soul and salvation of a ,chief ,pastor with those of a city1 whereof the name1 indeed1 is glorious1 but the purlieus infamous--in which the very grandeur of its public edifices is as a shadow to screen from the public eye sin and misery the most appalling4 ,if the wealth of the ,abbey be stagnant1 and not diffusive2 if it in no way rescue the neighboring population from the depths in which it is sunk1 let there be no jealousy of any one who1 by whatever name1 is ready to make the latter his care1 without interfering with the former40 ,in the passage which follows1 the established clergy are rather unceremoniously handled2 and not undeservedly1 for there can be no doubt that their reckless diatribes in the pulpit1 on the platform1 and in the press1 were the chief cause of the unhallowed uproar which attended the publication of the new and much-needed organization of the ,catholic church in ,england4 ,it certainly was not their fault if the country was not disgraced by deeds of violence4 ,in one or two places1 indeed1 such things were attempted4 ,at a town in the north of ,england1 where there is a ,catholic mission1 a mob of excited people threatened the chapel and priest's house4 ,the presence of a counter-mob from a neighboring colliery speedily restored tranquillity4 ,in another town a crowd of the unwashed were proceeding to burn the ,pope and ,cardinal in effigy1 when these august persons were wisely seized by order of the magistrates1 and1 with some of their unruly escort1 secured within the prison walls4 ,although a few hired ruffians could attempt such things 7it is known that those last named were hired71 the ,english people were far from contemplating anything like violence4 ,so it is with no small pleasure that is here recorded the high compliment paid to them in the following eloquent passage of ,cardinal ,wiseman's appeal3 8,i cannot conclude10 he says towards the end1 8without one word on the part which the clergy of the ,anglican church have acted in the late excitement4 ,catholics have been their principal theological opponents1 and we have carried on our controversies with them temperately1 and with every personal consideration4 ,we have had no recourse to popular arts to debase them2 we have never attempted1 even when the current of public opinion has set against them1 to turn it to advantage1 by joining in any outcry4 ,they are not our members who yearly call for returns of sinecures or episcopal incomes2 they are not our people who form antichurch-and-state associations2 it is not our press which sends forth caricatures of ecclesiastical dignitaries1 or throws ridicule on clerical avocations4 ,with us the cause of truth and of faith has been held too sacred to be advocated in any but honorable and religious modes4 ,we have avoided the tumult of public assemblies and farthing appeals to the ignorance of the multitude4 ,but no sooner has an opportunity been given for awakening every lurking passion against us than it has been eagerly seized by the ministers of the ,establishment4 ,the pulpit and the platform1 the church and the town hall1 have been equally their field of labor2 and speeches have been made and untruths uttered1 and calumnies repeated1 and flashing words of disdain and anger and hate and contempt1 and of every unpriestly and unchristian and unholy sentiment1 have been spoken1 that could be said against those who almost alone have treated them with respect4 ,and little care was taken at what time or in what circumstances these things were done4 ,if the spark had fallen upon the inflammable materials of a gunpowder-treason mob1 and made it explode1 or1 what was worse1 had ignited it1 what cared they8 ,if blood had been inflamed and arms uplifted1 and the torch in their grasp1 and flames had been enkindled1 what heeded they8 ,if the persons of those whom consecration makes holy1 even according to their own belief1 had been seized1 like the ,austrian general1 and ill-treated1 and perhaps maimed1 or worse1 what recked they8 ,these very things were1 one and all1 pointed at as glorious signs1 should they take place1 of high and noble ,protestant feeling in the land1 as proofs of the prevalence of an unpersecuting1 a free1 inquiring1 a tolerant gospel creed6 8,thanks to you1 brave and generous and noble-hearted people of ,england6 who would not be stirred up by those whose duty it is to teach you1 gentlemen1 meekness and forbearance1 to support what they call a religious cause1 by irreligious means2 and would not hunt down1 when bidden1 your unoffending fellow-citizens1 to the hollow cry of #8,no ,popery1' and on the pretence of a fabled aggression40 ,the ,london ,times might well say1 referring to this magnificent appeal1 that the ,cardinal had at length spoken ,english4 ,it was easy to mystify the people in regard to theological utterances4 ,they could be no longer deceived now that the ,chief of the new hierarchy had addressed them in round ,saxon terms1 about the meaning of which there could be no mistake4 ,the appeal first published in the ,london ,times was reproduced in all the newspapers of the country4 ,the public mind was tranquillized1 and very little was heard1 afterwards1 of the 8,papal aggression40 ,the ,prime ,minister1 however1 was bound1 for the sake of consistency1 to do something4 ,what he did was highly in favor of the hierarchy4 ,it proved that everything had been done according to law1 simply by the fact that parliament was urged to make a new law by which everything that had been done would be illegal4 ,this was the famous ,ecclesiastical ,titles ,bill4 ,it was designed to accomplish a great deal--to extinguish for ever the ,cardinal ,archbishop1 and all the other newly-instituted bishops4 ,it proved utterly futile--telum imbelle sine ictu4 ,the people could not be made to put down the ,catholic institution2 and religious liberty was so thoroughly recognized that even an act of parliament was powerless against it4 7,m#bh7 ,the new ,sees constituted by the ,letters ,apostolical of #bith ,september1 #ahej1 were thirteen in number--,westminster1 the ,metropolitan ,see2 ,southwark1 ,hexham1 ,beverly1 ,liverpool1 ,salford1 ,shrewsbury1 ,newport1 ,clifton1 ,plymouth1 ,nottingham1 ,birmingham and ,northampton4 7,m#bi7 ,at the time of the restoration of the ,english hierarchy1 ,dr4 ,wiseman was created a ,cardinal1 not so much in honor of the important act to which it was his charge to give effect1 as because the ,holy ,father having resolved on a creation of ,cardinals so eminent a man could not be overlooked4 ,at the accession of ,pius ,,ix4 there were sixty-one living ,cardinals4 ,of these only nine were not ,italians4 ,when1 on his return to ,rome1 after his sojourn in the kingdom of ,naples1 he determined to add fourteen ,cardinals to the ,sacred ,college1 only four of the prelates selected were natives of ,italy4 ,the rest were1 at the time1 the most distinguished men of the ,catholic world4 ,of this number ,archbishop ,geissel of ,cologne was one1 and the ,king of ,prussia1 more liberal than certain magnates of ,england1 thanked the ,holy ,father1 in an autograph letter1 for the honor thus done to the ,catholic church of his country4 ,since that time the ,prussian monarch appears to have changed his sentiments as well as his ministry4 7,m#cj7 ,notwithstanding the noisy demonstrations in opposition to the ,cardinal ,archbishop and his brother bishops1 they were allowed to pursue in peace their labors of ,christian zeal4 ,the ,english grumbled1 as is their wont4 ,but discovering in time that they were neither attacked nor hurt1 the rights of liberty of conscience were respected1 and no persecution followed what it was at first the fashion to call the 8,papal aggression40 7,m#ca7 ,the ,emancipation ,bill of #ahbi1 by which liberty of conscience1 which was so proudly called the birthright of every ,englishman1 was extended to ,catholics1 tended powerfully1 no doubt1 to promote the development of the ,catholic church4 ,it grew also by emigration from ,catholic ,ireland1 and there were some conversions occasionally from the ,protestant ranks4 ,it was not1 however1 till the decade immediately preceding the restoration of the hierarchy1 that there was a very marked and decided movement of the educated and learned men of ,england towards the ,catholic church4 ,it is not recorded anywhere that ,catholic missionaries or envoys of the ,pope had penetrated into those sanctuaries of ,protestant learning--the celebrated universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge4 ,there1 at least1 there was no 8,papal aggression10 and tract upon tract was issued from the press of those seats of learning1 in which it was argued that the doctrines taught by the ,fathers of the first five centuries were the real ,christian teaching which all men were bound to accept4 ,it appeared to have escaped the learned men of ,cambridge and ,oxford that these were the very doctrines so perseveringly adhered to by the long-ignored and down-trodden ,catholics of ,england4 ,this fact1 however1 flashed upon their minds at last1 and they who were lights in the ,anglican establishment1 which had been so long surrounded by a halo of worldly glory1 and to be connected with which was a sure title to respectability1 hesitated not to place themselves in communion with those whose position as a church had been for so many generations like to that of the early ,christians who lurked in the catacombs of ,rome4 ,the clergy of the ,catholic church in ,england1 although they did not and could not have inaugurated the ,cambridge and ,oxford movement1 recognized its importance1 and freely seconded what it was beyond their power to initiate4 ,foremost amongst those who were ever ready to afford comfort and encouragement to the able and inquiring men who sought the one true fold1 was the learned ecclesiastic of world-wide renown who1 a little later1 bore so conspicuous a part in the re-establishment of the sacred hierarchy in ,england4 ,this highly-gifted divine was a willing worker in the great ,master's field4 ,his labors were beyond even his great powers2 and so his career1 though brilliant1 was comparatively short4 ,the cause which he so well sustained is one which cannot suffer an irreparable loss2 and great would be the joy of the pious and devoted ,cardinal1 so early snatched away1 if it were given him to behold the rapid developments of the church which1 in his day1 he so ably and successfully upheld4 7,m#cb7 ,if the increase of ,catholics in ,england was rapid during the decade which preceded1 it was much more so immediately alter the restoration of the hierarchy4 ,this event appears to have given a new impetus to the growth of the church and her salutary institutions4 ,religious communities multiplied under the fostering care of the ,cardinal ,archbishop1 and the encouragement which the ,holy ,father never ceased to afford4 ,from #hj1 at the accession of ,pius ,,ix41 they rose to #cfg2 and schools and colleges increased from #ejj to #a1cjj4 ,the number of priests in ,great ,britain was more than trebled4 ,it grew from #hbj to #a1ifh1 whilst churches and chapels rose in proportion--from #fbf to #a1bfh4 ,the number of dignitaries and other ministers of the ,church of ,england1 by law established1 who1 within the same period1 embraced the ,catholic faith1 is estimated at over one thousand4 ,there were1 at the same time1 numerous conversions among the laity4 ,all this1 together with the natural growth of population and immigration from ,ireland1 accounts for the increase of ,catholics throughout the ,british isles in the days of ,pius ,,ix41 as well as for the great additions to the number of their clergy1 churches1 religious and educational institutions4 ,monsignore ,capel ascribes these extraordinary developments in great measure to the action of that section of the ,church of ,england which is known as the ,high ,church or ,ritualist division of the ,establishment4 ,this is true1 no doubt1 as regards any augmentation of the church through conversions from ,protestantism1 and the impetus given by the movement towards ,catholic union4 8,it is scarcely possible10 says the ,rev4 ,monsignore ,capel1 8to find a family in ,england that will not own that one of its members1 or1 at least1 some acquaintance1 has relations with the ,catholic church1 or observes some of the practices of that church1 whether it be adoration of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 auricular confession1 devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin1 or veneration of the saints4 ,this movement is of such powerful proportions1 and possesses such vitality of action1 that no power on earth1 no persecution on the part of ,protestantism1 the government or the press1 is able to suppress it4 ,catholics would never have been able1 themselves alone1 to realize what is now accomplished by a section of the established ,anglican church4 ,the members of this party1 by their discourses in the pulpit1 have familiarized the public mind with expressions which ,catholics never could have spread among the ,english people to the same extent1 such as altar and sacrifice1 priest and priesthood1 high mass1 sacrament1 penance1 confession1 c4 ,the movement has produced this result4 ,many persons have become seriously religious1 who had been in the habit of considering that the service of ,god was only a fitting employment for ,sunday4 ,in fine1 the spirit of ,god which breathed on the waters at the commencement is now passing over the ,british nation and impelling it towards ,catholic truth40 ,not a few of those who were once distinguished ministers of the ,anglican church are now officiating1 with great acceptance1 as ,catholic priests4 ,of the #bfd priests of the diocese of ,westminster1 there are #dj who were members of the official or law church4 ,there passed not a week1 ,m4 ,capel assures us1 that he did not receive four or five ,ritualists into the communion of the ,catholic church4 ,this was no fruit of his labor and ability1 he modestly as well as truly declares4 ,they were persons with whom he had no relations whatsoever1 until they came to him1 their minds made up1 and expressed that serious determination which is so characteristic of them4 ,the publications of the celebrated statesman1 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 although they have not won for him reputation as a theologian1 have1 nevertheless1 promoted the cause of ,catholic theology4 ,the opinions of so eminent a man were naturally subjects of general discussion2 and thus1 whilst he opposed ,pius ,,ix4 and his decisions1 he caused many1 who would never probably have thought seriously of anything a ,pope could say1 to give their attention to matters spiritual of the highest import4 ,as regards his own theology1 it is partly sound1 partly the reverse4 ,whilst entirely misapprehending the doctrine of infallibility1 and denying what he conceives it to be1 he vigorously maintains the indefectibility of the ,catholic church1 and acknowledges the claim of her pastors to 8descent in an unbroken line from ,christ and ,his apostles40 ,such is one of the powerful agents in the great movement of the age4 ,the most influential of all1 however1 was ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 himself4 ,english people and ,americans often sought his presence4 ,and who shall tell how many1 after having conversed with him or his representatives1 have been disabused of their erroneous notions1 or have even embraced the ,catholic faith8 ,one chief cause of the remarkable development of the ,catholic church in the ,british isles1 is the complete religious liberty which ,catholics enjoy4 ,this important fact was thoroughly recognized on occasion of the celebration of the anniversary of ,o',connell in ,august1 #ahge1 when a solemn ,te ,deum was ordered in all the churches by the ,cardinal ,archbishop1 in thanksgiving for the liberty of conscience which was so gloriously won for the ,united ,kingdom as well as ,ireland and all the colonies4 ,pius ,,ix4 and the whole ,catholic world joined on the same occasion in acts of thanksgiving with the spiritual heirs of ,sts4 ,patrick1 ,augustine1 ,columba and ,st4 ,thomas of ,canterbury4 ,it is a noteworthy fact that the number of archiepiscopal and episcopal sees1 together with vicariates-apostolic1 c41 created by ,pius ,,ix4 throughout the ,british ,empire1 is not less than one hundred and twenty-five4 7,m#cc7 ,for three hundred years the ,catholics of ,holland were sorely tried by persecution4 ,until the time of the ,concordat of #ahbg1 they were governed by archpriests1 whose superior or prefect resided at the ,hague4 ,when ,holland was separated from ,belgium1 the king of the former country wisely resolved to act as a constitutional monarch4 ,he was considerate as regarded his ,catholic subjects4 ,his successor1 ,william ,,ii41 to whom in #ahdj he resigned the crown1 treated them with still greater benevolence4 ,he sought an understanding with the ,holy ,see1 and gave effect to the ,concordat of #ahbg4 ,vicars-apostolic1 invested with the episcopal character1 were now the chief pastors of the church of ,holland4 ,the king also sanctioned the establishment of several religious communities1 among the rest the ,society of ,jesuits and the ,liguorians4 ,these arrangements were joyfully accepted by the ,catholics of ,holland1 and paved the way for greater developments4 ,these worthy people were1 for a long time1 believed to be few in number1 and scarcely more than nominally ,catholics4 ,relieved1 at length1 from the pressure of persecution1 they astonished the world1 not only by their numbers1 but also1 and even more1 by their zeal in the cause of religion4 ,according to the census of #ahdj1 they were nearly one-half of the entire population of ,holland4 ,total population1 #b1hfj1dej2 ,protestants1 #a1gjj1bge2 ,catholics1 #a1ajj1faf4 ,the remainder was made up of ,jews and other dissenters4 ,thus were the ,catholics of ,holland as eleven to seventeen4 ,since that time they have not ceased to increase4 ,nor have they lost the high character which induced ,pius ,,ix41 in #ahec1 to restore1 the king concurring1 their long-lost hierarchy4 ,an archbishopric1 ,utrecht1 and four episcopal sees were established--,harlem1 ,herzogenbosch1 or ,bois le ,due1 ,breda and ,roermonde4 ,this wise and necessary measure was followed by an outburst of wrath on the side of the anti-,catholic party4 ,but in ,holland1 as in ,england1 it soon subsided1 and left only the impression that ,protestants and other non-,catholic people claim an exclusive right to religious liberty4 ,pius ,,ix4 never ceased to entertain a high opinion of the good ,catholics of ,holland4 8,ah60 said he to visitors from that country1 8could we ever forget that these single-minded1 loyal1 patient ,hollanders formed the majority of our soldiers1 who were not native ,italians1 at ,castelfidardo and ,mentana40 7,m#cd7 ,whilst in the old world1 wherever really free political institutions existed1 the spirit of persecution quailed before the recognized principle of religious liberty1 in certain portions of the new it appeared to gain strength1 and to increase in the violence of its opposition to the liberty of the church4 ,this was particularly the case in ,new ,granada1 where politicians1 without statesmanship or experience1 imagined that they had made their people free1 when they succeeded in separating them from ,spain and establishing a republic1 in which the first principles of liberty were ignored4 ,it is not recorded that the clergy of ,new ,granada sought to do violence to any man's conscience1 or ever thought of forcing any one to accept the ,catholic creed4 ,to say the least1 they were too wise to attempt1 thus to fill the church with hypocrites and secret enemies4 ,of such there were already too many in those societies which shun the light1 and in the new world as actively as in the old intrigue and manuvre in order to overthrow every regular and legitimately established government4 ,even the republic of ,new ,granada1 which had been fashioned so much according to their will1 was far from perfect in their estimation1 so long as the church was not completely subject to the state4 ,so early as #ahdg1 ,pius ,,ix4 addressed a fatherly remonstrance to the ,president of the ,new ,republic4 ,it was of no avail4 ,the evil continued4 ,anti-,catholic legislation was coolly proceeded with4 ,in #ahej the seminary of ,bogota was confiscated4 ,the following year bishops were forbidden the visitation of convents4 ,laws were enacted requiring that lay parishioners should elect their parish priests1 and that canons should be appointed by the provincial councils4 ,the clergy were robbed of their proper incomes1 and the congress or parliament of the republic arrogated the right to determine what salaries they should enjoy as well as what duties they should fulfil4 ,this surely was nothing less than to reduce the church to be nothing more than a department of the civil government4 ,the church could not so exist4 ,its principle and organization were from a higher source4 ,the ,socialists and secret plotters fully understood that they were so1 and that in this lay the secret of the church's power to promote virtue and check the course of evil4 ,it consisted1 it appears1 with their ideas of justice and liberty1 that the church should1 if possible1 be deprived of this great and salutary moral power4 ,so1 whilst neither its members1 generally1 nor its clergy desired radical and subversive changes in the essential constitution of the church1 the republican leaders determined that it should be completely revolutionized4 ,the bishops and priests protested1 with one voice1 against such fundamental innovations4 ,the republicans1 no less resolute1 and1 bent on their wicked purpose1 imprisoned and banished the clergy4 ,one dignitary alone showed weakness4 ,he was no other than the ,vicar-,caputular of ,antioquia4 ,pius ,,ix4 charitably rebuked him1 and exhorted him to suffer courageously1 like his brethren4 ,the persecution1 meanwhile1 was very sweeping4 ,the ,archbishop of ,bogota1 ,senor ,mosquera1 and almost all the suffragan bishops1 were driven from the country1 so that there was scarcely a bishop left in the republic4 ,it was now speedily seen that the godless radicals had overdone their ungracious work4 ,the country was roused4 ,the tide of popular indignation set in against the short-sighted politicians who persecuted the church1 and they1 dreading an insurrection1 withdrew1 with the best grace they could command1 from the false position which they had so unwisely assumed4 7,m#ce7 ,whilst the spirit of persecution brooded gloomily over many countries of the new world1 its influence began to decline in those lands where for centuries the idea of liberty of conscience was unknown1 where even the slightest toleration existed not4 ,those northern lights1 those champions in their day of ,protestantism and 8religious liberty0 ,gustavus ,wasa and ,gustavus ,adolphus1 were not mistaken when they bequeathed to their country laws which were intended to be as unchangeable as those of the ,medes and ,persians1 and which forbade all ,scandinavians1 whether ,swedes1 ,danes or ,norwegians1 under pain of death1 to embrace the ,catholic faith4 ,those princes were wise in their generation4 ,they understood the power of ,truth2 they knew that half measures were of no avail against it2 and that in order to stifle it1 even for a time1 all the terrors of worldly tyranny must be brought into play4 ,their laws1 more terrible than the code of ,draco1 remained in force and without mitigation until a great revolution had swept over ,europe1 and sent a military adventurer to fill the regal seat of the formidable ,wasas4 ,in the time of ,bernadotte 7the ,doct ,baron71 the infamous penal laws were relaxed4 ,to become a ,catholic now only led to imprisonment or exile4 ,six ladies of ,sweden1 in defiance of this milder law1 came to profess the ,catholic faith4 ,they were tried1 condemned and sentenced to be banished from the country4 ,the execution of this barbarous sentence roused all ,europe1 and caused the abrogation of the ,swedish penal laws against religion4 7,m#cf7 ,thus was a new field laid open to missionary zeal1 and ,pius ,,ix41 availing himself of so favorable a change of circumstances1 appointed a ,catholic pastor missionary apostolic at ,stockholm4 ,this devoted priest labors assiduously and in the midst of difficulties1 but not without fruit4 ,he contends1 with all the success that can be as yet expected1 against prejudices hostile to the religion which brought civilization to the ,scandinavian nations1 and which have been accumulating for three centuries and a half4 7,m#cg7 ,denmark followed in the wake of ,sweden4 ,within the first two years after the abrogation of the cruel ,danish penal code1 there were six hundred conversions to the ,catholic faith4 7,m#ch7 ,the ,catholic church in the recently-erected kingdom of ,greece was governed by vicars-apostolic4 ,it grieved ,king ,otho1 who1 as is well known1 was of the ,catholic royal family of ,bavaria1 to see his country treated as if it were a heathen land4 ,it was not1 however1 till the time of his successor1 who is a son of the ,king of ,denmark1 that ,pius the ,ninth was able to establish a hierarchy in ,greece4 ,there is now an archbishop of ,athens as well as an archbishop of ,corfu4 7,m#ci7 ,at a time when crime abounded1 the governments of certain petty ,states of ,germany1 instead of directing their energies towards its repression1 and so fulfilling one of the chief duties incumbent on the ,state1 employed all the authority with which they were invested to disorganize the church and destroy its salutary influence4 ,as is usual1 when ,states1 forgetting the great objects for which they are entrusted with the sword of justice1 follow such a course1 they attacked the ministers of the church1 banishing1 imprisoning1 thwarting and molesting them in every possible way4 ,in the ,grand ,duchy of ,baden the civil authorities arrogated the right to appoint parish priests and other members of the sacred ministry4 ,they went so far as to endeavor to poison religious instruction at its source1 and declared that the students in ,catholic seminaries must undergo1 before ordination1 an examination by civil officials4 ,this tyrannical law was courageously opposed by the venerable archbishop1 ,vicary1 of ,friburg4 7,m#dj7 ,although eighty years of age1 he was dragged before the courts1 and placed like a criminal under charge of the police4 ,the faithful clergy were banished1 imprisoned and fined4 ,the ,holy ,father1 with his usual zeal1 remonstrated4 ,it was to no purpose4 ,at length the ,catholics of ,germany were roused4 ,they could no longer be indifferent4 ,the day was come when the church1 in her utmost need1 could not dispense with their assistance4 ,all must now be for her or against her4 ,the great majority flocked around her standard4 ,meanwhile1 the public offices in the churches were suspended4 ,the bells and organs were heard no more4 ,silence and death-like gloom overspread the land4 ,baden gave way4 ,wurtemberg1 ,hesse ,cassel and ,nassau1 which had done their best to follow in the wake of ,baden1 paused in their mad career4 ,thus1 throughout those lesser ,states peace reigned once more1 and continued to reign in ,germany until a greater ,state1 ,prussia1 unwisely disturbed the religious harmony which so happily prevailed4 ,the chiefs of ,states1 alarmed by the revolutionary spirit which spread1 like contagion1 throughout ,germany as well as the rest of ,europe1 adopted a more rational policy4 ,they encouraged the clergy to hold missions everywhere4 ,they invited the ,liguorians and ,jesuits1 as well as the secular clergy1 to assemble the people in the towns and throughout the country1 knowing full well that they would preach peace and concord no less than respect for property and life4 ,these pastoral labors were attended with extraordinary success4 ,faith1 piety1 and every virtue flourished among the ,catholic people4 ,all honest ,protestants were filled with admiration4 ,among the latter there was also a remarkable movement4 ,some striking conversions took place1 especially in the higher and better educated classes of society4 ,the ,countess de ,hahn1 so renowned in the literary world for her wit1 abilities1 and fine writings1 joined the ,catholic church1 and published her reasons for so doing4 ,not satisfied with this step1 she came to the town of ,angers1 in ,france1 and placed herself as a novice under the direction of the devout sisters of the ,good ,shepherd4 ,it is on record also1 that a ,protestant journalist of ,mecklenburgh1 in view of the commotions which prevailed1 and the anti-social doctrines which pervaded society1 went so far as to declare that there was no other remedy for ,protestant ,germany than a return to the ,catholic church4 ,his remarks conclude with the following words1 extraordinary words1 indeed1 when it is considered whence they proceed3 8,forward1 then1 to ,rome60 7,m#da7 ,in countries nearer the ,holy ,city1 and professing to be ,catholic1 the venerable ,pontiff found not such a source of consolation4 ,sardinia had banished the archbishop of ,turin4 ,it not only refused to recall him1 but added to its list of exiles the archbishop of ,cagliari4 ,many more bishops were1 at the same time1 threatened with banishment4 ,a professor in the ,royal ,university of ,turin1 encouraged by the government1 attacked the doctrine of the church1 and was so bold as to deny1 in public1 that matrimony is a sacrament4 ,pius ,,ix4 issued a condemnation of his anti-,catholic writings4 ,the sentence did not move him4 ,nor did it stay the hand of the ,sardinian government which was raised against the church and her institutions4 ,it continued the preparation of its anti-marriage law4 ,in addition1 accusations were laid against the clergy4 ,the king himself1 evading the real question at issue1 accused them of disloyalty1 and declared that they were warring against the monarchy4 ,the ,holy ,father1 in the following letter to the king1 distinctly set forth the real state of the case3 8,if by words provoking insubordination are meant the writings of the clergy against the proposed marriage law1 we declare1 without endorsing the language which some may have adopted1 that in opposing it the clergy simply did their duty4 ,we write to your ,majesty that the law is not ,catholic4 ,now1 if the law is not ,catholic1 the clergy are bound to warn the faithful1 even though by doing so they incur the greatest dangers4 ,it is in the name of ,jesus ,christ1 whose ,vicar1 though unworthy1 we are1 that we speak1 and we tell your ,majesty1 in ,his sacred name1 not to sanction this law1 which will be the source of a thousand disorders4 ,we also beg your ,majesty to put a check to the press which is constantly vomiting forth blasphemy and immorality4 ,your ,majesty complains of the clergy4 ,but these last years the clergy have been persistently outraged1 mocked1 calumniated1 reviled and derided by almost all the papers published in ,piedmont40 ,that country1 unfortunately1 appears to have been entirely at the mercy of the party of unbelief4 ,it was ever ready to inflict new wrongs on the church1 and occasion anxiety and sorrow to the ,holy ,father4 7,m#db7 ,there are few readers of ecclesiastical history who are not deeply interested in that portion of ,india which was the first field of the extraordinary apostolic labors of ,saint ,francis ,xavier4 ,the blessing of the ,saint appears to have rested on the land of ,goa2 for after many years of trial and difficulty and schism1 this ,portuguese settlement1 once so great and important1 still remains a province of the church4 ,the ,portuguese government1 by unjustly claiming right of patronage1 originated the schism which1 unfortunately1 was of such long continuance4 ,it was reserved for ,pius ,,ix4 to restore harmony to the ,colonial church of ,goa4 ,happily1 in #ahea1 the schism was brought to an end4 7,m#dc7 ,pius ,,ix4 was still an exile at ,gaeta when1 observing the increasing piety of the ,catholic world towards the ,blessed ,virgin1 and moved by the representations of many bishops that were in harmony with his own conviction1 he issued the ,encyclical of the #bnd ,february1 #ahdi1 addressed to the ,patriarchs1 ,primates1 ,archbishops and ,bishops of the whole world1 in order to obtain from them the universal tradition concerning the ,immaculate ,conception of the ,blessed ,mother of ,god4 ,in this ,encyclical the ,holy ,father recognizes the fact that there was a universal movement among ,christians in favor of the belief in question1 so that the complete acknowledgment of it appeared to be sufficiently prepared both by the liturgy and the formal requisitions of numerous bishops1 no less than by the studies of the most learned theologians4 ,he further states that this general disposition was in full accordance with his own thought1 and that it would afford him great consolation1 at a time when so many evils assailed the church1 to add a flower to the crown of the most holy ,virgin1 and so acquire a title to her special protection4 ,he declares1 moreover1 that with this end in view he had appointed a commission of ,cardinals in order to study the question4 ,he concludes by inviting all his venerable brethren of the ,episcopate to make known to him their sentiments and join their prayers with his in order to obtain light from on high4 ,as the cross itself was folly in the estimation of the early unbelieving world1 so were such theological occupations1 at a time when the ,sovereign ,pontiff had not an inch of ground whereon he could freely tread1 a subject for jesting and sarcasm to the worldly-wise of the nineteenth century4 ,it was some time before they came to understand that a ,pope is a theologian more than a king1 that1 as such1 he is sure of the future1 and that the solemn proceeding in regard to the ,immaculate ,conception was a triumphant reply to all the errors of modern thought4 ,this dogma brings to naught all the rationalist systems which refuse to acknowledge in human nature either fall or supernatural redemption4 ,the means1 besides1 which were adopted in order to prepare its promulgation1 tended to bring the various churches throughout the world into closer relation with their common ,head and ,centre4 ,they who had hitherto laughed1 now raged when they saw this great result1 and attacked with the utmost fury what they called the 8new dogma40 ,both sectarianism and the schools of sophistry descanted loudly1 although certainly not learnedly1 on the ignorance and ineptitude of the institution which so powerfully opposed them4 ,all this was only idle clamoring4 ,it never hindered the ,holy ,pontiff from prosecuting calmly the important work which heaven had inspired him to begin4 ,the ,encyclical was warmly responded to by the ,episcopate4 ,six hundred and three replies were duly forwarded to the ,holy ,father4 ,five hundred and forty-six urgently insisted on a doctrinal definition4 ,a few only1 and among these was ,mgr4 ,sibour1 ,archbishop of ,paris1 doubted whether the time were opportune4 ,but there was no doubt as to the sentiments of the ,catholic world4 ,only in our time1 when the facilities of communication are so much greater than in any former age1 could the plan of consulting so many bishops in all parts of the world have been successfully adopted4 ,pius ,,ix4 was now at ,rome1 and invited around him all bishops who could travel to the ,holy ,city4 ,no fewer than one hundred and ninety-two from every country except ,russia sought the presence of the ,chief ,pastor4 ,the absence of the ,russian bishops was all the more surprising1 as the ,russo-,greek church vies with ,rome in the honor which it pays to the ,blessed ,mary4 ,the bishops1 however1 were not to blame4 ,their good purposes were frustrated by the jealous policy of the ,emperor ,nicholas4 ,the bishops assembled at ,rome1 in obedience to the wishes of ,pius ,,ix41 did not constitute a formal council4 ,they were1 nevertheless1 a very complete representation of the universal church4 ,there were of their number some highly distinguished cardinals1 archbishops and bishops1 such as ,cardinals ,wiseman and ,patrizzi1 ,archbishops ,fransoni of ,turin1 ,reisach of ,munich1 ,sibour of ,paris1 ,bedini of ,thebes1 ,hughes of ,new ,york1 ,kenrick of ,baltimore1 and ,dixon of ,armagh1 together with ,bishops ,mazenod of ,marseilles1 ,bouvier of ,mans1 ,malon of ,bruges1 ,dupanloup of ,orleans1 and ,ketteler of ,mayence4 ,who will say that the learning of the ,catholic world was not at hand to aid with sound counsel the commission of cardinals and theologians whom the ,holy ,father had appointed to prepare the ,bull of definition8 ,there had never been so many eminent bishops together at ,rome1 since the cumenial ,council of #abae4 ,on so great an occasion ,pius ,,ix4 had requested the prayers of the faithful1 and throughout the ,catholic world supplication was made to heaven1 in order to obtain1 through the light of the ,holy ,ghost1 such a decision as could tend only to promote the glory of ,god1 the honor due to the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary and the salvation of mankind4 ,the bishops at one of their sessions gave a very practical utterance as regards the infallible authority of the ,pope4 ,the question having arisen whether the bishops were to assist him as judges in coming to a decision1 and pronounce simultaneously with him1 or leave the final judgment solely to the word of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 the debate1 as if by inspiration from on high1 came suddenly to a close4 ,it was the ,angelus hour4 ,the prelates had scarcely resumed their places after the short prayer1 and exchanged a few words1 when they made a unanimous declaration in favor of the supremacy of ,st4 ,peter's chair3 ,petre1 doce nos2 confirma fratres tuos--8,peter1 teach us2 confirm thy brethren40 ,the teaching which the ,reverend ,fathers sought from the lips of the ,supreme ,pastor was the definition of the ,immaculate ,conception4 7,m#dd7 ,the #hth ,december1 #ahed1 was the great triumphal day which1 according to the fine language of ,bishop ,dupanloup1 8crowned the expectation of past ages1 blessed the present time1 claimed the gratitude of the centuries to come1 and left an imperishable memory--the day on which was pronounced the first definition of an article of ,faith which no dissentient voice preceded1 and which no heresy followed40 ,all ,rome rejoiced4 ,an immense multitude of people of all tongues crowded the approaches to the vast ,basilica of ,st4 ,peter1 which was by far too small to contain the imposing host4 ,then were seen advancing the bishops1 in solemn procession1 placed according to seniority1 and followed by the cardinals4 ,the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 surrounded by a brilliant cortege1 closed the procession4 ,meanwhile was heard the grave chant of the ,litanies of the ,saints1 inviting the heavenly court to join with the ,church militant in doing honor to her who was ,queen alike of angels and of men4 ,pius ,,ix4 ascended his throne2 and as soon as he had received the obedience of the cardinals and bishops1 the ,pontifical ,mass began4 ,when the ,gospel had been chanted in ,greek and in ,latin1 ,cardinal ,macchi1 ,dean of the ,sacred ,college1 accompanied by the deans of the archbishops and bishops1 by an archbishop of the ,greek rite1 also1 and an ,armenian archbishop1 advanced to the foot of the throne1 and begged of the ,holy ,father1 in the name of the whole church1 8to raise his apostolic voice and pronounce the dogmatic decree of the ,immaculate ,conception40 ,the ,pope1 bowing his head1 gladly welcomed the petition2 but wished once more to invoke the aid of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,then rising from his throne1 he intoned in a clear and firm voice1 which rang through the grand ,basilica1 the veni creator spiritus4 ,all who were present1 cardinals1 bishops1 priests and people1 mingled their voices with that of the ,father of the ,faithful1 and the sonorous tones of the heavenly hymn resounded through the spacious edifice4 ,silence came4 ,all eyes were rivetted on the venerable ,pontiff4 ,his countenance appeared to be transfigured by the solemnity of the act in which he was engaged4 ,and now1 in that firm and grave1 but mild and majestic1 tone of voice1 the charm of which was known to so many millions1 he began to read the ,bull1 which announced the sublime dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,it established1 in the first place1 the theological reasons for the belief in the privilege of ,mary4 ,it then appealed to the ancient and universal traditions of both the ,eastern and the ,western churches1 the testimony of the religious orders1 and of the schools of theology1 that of the ,holy ,fathers and the ,councils1 as well as the witness borne by ,pontifical acts1 both ancient and more recent4 ,the countenance of the ,holy ,father showed that he was deeply moved1 as he unfolded these magnificent documents4 ,he was obliged1 several times1 so great was his emotion1 to stop4 8,consequently10 he continued1 8after having offered without ceasing1 in humility and with fasting1 our own prayers and the public prayers of the church to ,god the ,father through ,his ,son1 that ,he would deign to guide and confirm our mind by the power of the ,holy ,ghost1 after we had implored the aid of the whole host of heaven1 to the glory of the ,holy and ,undivided ,trinity1 for the honor of the ,virgin ,mother of ,god1 for the exaltation of the ,catholic faith and the increase of the ,christian religion2 by the authority of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 of the blessed apostles ,peter and ,paul1 and by our own0--at these words the ,holy ,father's voice appeared to fail him1 and he paused to wipe away his tears4 ,the audience was1 at the same time1 deeply moved2 but1 dumb from respect and admiration1 they waited in deepest silence4 ,the venerable ,pontiff resumed in a strong voice1 which shortly rose to a tone of enthusiasm3 8,we declare1 pronounce and define1 that the doctrine which affirms that the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary was preserved and exempt from all stain of original sin from the first moment of her conception1 in consideration of the merits of ,jesus ,christ1 the ,saviour of mankind1 is a doctrine revealed by ,god1 and which1 for this cause1 the faithful must firmly and constantly believe4 ,wherefore1 if any one should be so presumptuous1 which1 ,god forbid6 as to admit a belief contrary to our definition1 let him know that he has suffered shipwreck of his faith1 and that he is separated from the unity of the church40 ,as the ,pontiff concluded1 a glad responsive 8,amen0 resounded through the crowded temple4 ,the ,cardinal-dean once more reverently approached1 and petitioned that order be given for the publication of the apostolic letters containing the definition2 the promoter of the ,faith1 accompanied by the ,apostolic ,protonotaries1 also came to ask that a formal record of the great act should be drawn up4 ,at the same time the cannon of the castle of ,saint ,angelo1 and all the bells of ,rome1 proclaimed to the world that the ever-blessed ,mary was gloriously declared immaculate4 ,throughout the evening the holy city echoed and re-echoed to the sounds of joyous music1 was ablaze with fire-works1 and decorated with innumerable inscriptions and emblematic transparencies4 ,the example of ,rome was immediately followed by thousands of towns and villages over the whole surface of the globe4 ,it would require libraries rather than volumes to reproduce the expressions of pious concurrence which everywhere took place4 ,the replies of the bishops to the ,pope before the definition1 were printed in nine volumes2 the ,bull itself1 translated into all the tongues and dialects of the universe1 by the labors of a learned ,french sulpician1 the ,abbe ,sire1 appeared in ten volumes2 the pastoral instructions1 publishing and explaining the ,bull1 together with the articles of religious journals1 would certainly make several hundred volumes1 especially if to these were added the many books by the most learned men1 and the singularly beautiful hymns and poems which flowed from the pens of ,catholic poets1 no less than the eloquent discourses of the most gifted orators4 ,descriptions of monuments and celebrations would also immensely swell the list4 ,sanctuaries1 altars1 statues1 monuments of every kind1 as well as pious associations rose everywhere in honor of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,the ever-increasing devotion to ,mary had become greater than ever4 ,it was to the unbelieving a phenomenon in the moral world of the nineteenth century1 which they could neither comprehend nor account for4 ,they could only see that it was as a source of new life to the church4 7,m#de7 ,the education law of ,france1 enacted in #ahej1 had given rise to differences of opinion among earnest ,catholics4 ,these only increased after the celebrated coup d'etat of #bnd ,december4 ,m4 de ,montalembert1 who had become hostile to ,prince ,louis ,napoleon1 on occasion of the iniquitous confiscation of the ,orleans property1 ,m4 de ,falloux1 and their friends of the ,correspondant1 and the ,ami de la ,religion1 insisted that they ought not to accept the protection of ,csar in place of the general guarantees which were so profitable to the liberty of the church4 ,they were right1 as was but too well shown in the sequel4 ,m4 ,louis ,veuillot and the writers of the ,univers opposed their views1 and so they accused these gentlemen of servility4 ,but this was too much1 as the event also showed4 ,the congregation of the 8,index0 had condemned several ,french works1 some absolutely1 and others only until they should be corrected4 ,among these last were books generally used1 notwithstanding their faults1 in the public schools1 such as the ,manual of ,canon ,law1 by ,m4 ,lequeux1 vicar-general of the ,archbishop of ,paris1 and the theology1 so long in use1 of ,bailly4 ,the authors of these works at once submitted4 ,one of the sentences1 however1 that which affected the ,dictionary of ,m4 ,bouillet1 greatly offended the ,archbishop of ,paris--,mgr4 ,sibour1 who had signified his approval of this publication4 ,he blamed the ,univers and the lay religious press in general4 ,he formulated his complaints in a charge of #aeth ,january1 #ahea1 and by a still more vigorous one in #ahec1 which was written at the instigation of a ,canon of ,orleans1 ,m4 ,l',abbe ,gaduel1 who had accused ,donoso ,cortes1 in the ,ami de la ,religion1 of several heresies1 and who complained of having been refuted in the ,univers with a warmth that was far from respectful4 ,mgr4 ,sibour forbade the priests of his diocese to read the ,univers1 and threatened with excommunication the editors of this journal1 if they presumed to discuss the sentence which he had pronounced against them4 ,a similar sentence came to be uttered by ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 ,bishop of ,orleans1 against the same writers1 condemning the opinions which they held concerning the study of the classics4 ,m4 ,veuillot1 following in the wake of ,m4 ,l',abbe ,gaume1 maintained that one of the principal causes of the weakening of faith since the time of the renaissance1 was the obligation imposed on youth of studying1 almost exclusively1 ,pagan authors4 ,mgr4 ,dupanloup contended rather against exaggerations of this opinion than against the idea itself4 ,but having developed his views in an episcopal letter to the professors of his lesser seminaries1 he would not allow them to be opposed2 and so1 like ,mgr4 ,sibour1 interdicted the ,univers to his clergy4 ,m4 ,louis ,veuillot appealed to the supreme bishop4 ,the ,french episcopate was greatly divided on the subject of these untoward controversies4 ,the ,bishops of ,chartres1 ,moulins and others1 had publicly defended the ,univers in opposition to the ,archbishop of ,paris4 ,cardinal ,gousset1 ,archbishop of ,rheims1 patronized the opinions of ,m4 ,veuillot in regard to the use of heathen classics4 ,an anonymous paper on the right of custom1 addressed to the episcopate1 now added to all these subjects of controversy the recriminations of ,gallicanism1 which was almost extinct4 ,the author denying that the customs of the church of ,france were abrogated by the ,concordat1 maintained that the disciplinary sentences of the ,popes could not be applied in any diocese until they were first promulgated therein4 ,he disputed the authority of the decrees of the 8,index10 blamed the liturgical movement1 reproached the religious journalists with seeking1 above all1 to please the ,court of ,rome1 and concluded by advising the bishops to come to an understanding among themselves1 in order to obtain from the ,pope a modification of his decisions4 ,pius ,,ix4 could be silent no longer4 ,accordingly1 he addressed to all the ,french bishops an ,encyclical1 which is known in history as the ,encyclical inter multiplices4 ,he commenced by acknowledging the subjects of joy and consolation afforded him by the progress of religion in ,france1 and especially by the zeal and devotedness of the bishops of that country4 ,he gave special praise to these prelates1 because they availed themselves of the liberty which had been restored to them in order to hold ,provincial ,councils1 and expressed his satisfaction1 8that in a great many dioceses1 where no particular circumstance opposed an impediment1 the ,roman ,liturgy was re-established40 ,he could not1 however1 dissemble the sorrow which was caused him by existing dissensions1 and for which he blamed1 although indirectly1 political opposition and party spirit4 8,if ever10 said the ,holy ,father1 8it behooved you to maintain among yourselves agreement of mind and will1 it is1 above all1 now1 when1 through the disposition of our very dear son in ,christ1 ,napoleon1 ,emperor of the ,french1 the ,catholic church amongst you enjoys complete peace1 liberty and protection40 ,in speaking of the good education of youth1 which he earnestly recommended as being of the highest importance1 he gave a practical solution of the vexed question of the classics4 8,it is necessary10 he insisted1 8that young ecclesiastics should1 without being exposed to any danger of error1 learn true elegance of language and style1 together with real eloquence1 whether in the very pious and learned works of the ,holy ,fathers1 or in the most celebrated ,pagan authors1 when thoroughly expurgated40 ,in this same ,encyclical also1 the venerable ,pontiff1 speaking of the ,catholic press1 declared it to be indispensible4 8,encourage1 we most anxiously ask of you1 with the utmost benevolence1 those men who1 filled with a truly ,catholic spirit1 and thoroughly acquainted with literature and science1 devote their time in writing books and journals for the propagation and defence of ,truth40 ,catholic writers1 in return1 it is added1 ought to acknowledge the authority of bishops to guide1 admonish and rebuke them4 ,the anonymous paper is then severely censured1 and the ,pope concludes by a new and pressing appeal in favor of concord4 ,as soon as this ,encyclical of #bast ,march1 #ahec1 was published1 ,m4 ,louis ,veuillot and his fellow-laborers addressed to ,mgr4 ,sibour a letter expressive of respect and deference1 in which they promised to avoid everything that could render them unworthy of the encouragement of their archbishop4 ,this prelate immediately withdrew the sentence which he had issued against them1 and thus was peace restored1 once more1 by the authority of the ,supreme ,pastor4 7,m#df7 ,on the #abth of ,april1 #ahee1 the fifth anniversary of his return from ,gaeta1 ,pius ,,ix4 drove by the via ,nomentana1 the beautiful ,church of ,st4 ,agnes and the ,porta ,pia1 to a spot five miles from the city1 where1 on grounds belonging to the congregation of ,propaganda1 catacombs had been recently discovered4 ,in these subterranean recesses were found1 among other venerated tombs1 that which contained the relics of ,st4 ,alexander ,i41 ,pope and ,martyr1 and those of the companions who shared his sufferings4 ,the professors and students of ,propaganda had assembled at the place in honor of the ,pope's visit4 ,they descended with him to the ,crypt1 where the ,holy ,father1 as soon as he entered1 knelt in prayer beside the remains of his sainted predecessor1 who1 more than seventeen centuries ago1 had sealed his faith with his blood4 ,after examining the long corridors of the catacomb1 the ,holy ,father took his seat on the ancient throne of the chapel1 which1 no doubt1 in the dark days of heathen persecution1 several of his predecessors had filled4 ,so placed1 he delivered to the pupils of ,propaganda a feeling allocution on the high career which lay before them as preachers of the true ,faith4 ,he then addressed a few words to the eminent persons who surrounded him1 and proceeded back to the ,church of ,st4 ,agnes4 ,having adored the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and venerated the relics of the ,virgin ,martyr1 he entered the neighboring convent of canons regular of ,st4 ,john ,lateran1 where a suitable repast awaited the august visitor4 ,this was followed by a conversazione in the parlor1 in which the distinguished parties who had accompanied the ,pope took part4 ,almost every ,catholic country was represented there2 and1 among the rest1 were ,archbishop ,cullen of ,dublin 7long since a ,cardinal71 and ,bishop de ,goesbriand of ,burlington4 ,the ,pope was on the point of departing1 when the ,superiors of ,propaganda prayed him to grant an audience to the students4 ,pius ,,ix4 graciously complied1 and resumed his seat in the chair of state which was appropriately canopied4 ,a hundred young ecclesiastics now rapidly entered the room4 ,all of a sudden the floor gave way with a loud crash1 and the whole assembly disappeared in a confused mass of furniture1 stones1 plaster1 and a blinding cloud of dust4 ,the joists had given way1 and the whole flooring fell to a depth of nearly twenty feet4 ,the voice of the ,pope was first heard1 intimating that he was safe and uninjured4 ,as a few inmates of the convent had remained outside1 assistance speedily came1 and the ,holy ,father was promptly extricated from the ruins4 ,solicitous only for the safety of the company1 he urgently ordered that they should all be withdrawn as rapidly as possible from their perilous position2 and he waited in the garden till every one of them was rescued4 ,not so much as one was dangerously injured4 8,it is a miracle10 said the ,pope1 who was greatly rejoiced4 8,let us go and thank ,god40 ,followed by the whole company1 as well as those who had come to rescue them1 he entered the church1 where1 deeply affected1 he intoned the ,te ,deum1 and concluded with the solemn benediction of the most ,holy ,sacrament4 ,the news of the accident spread rapidly through the city4 ,the people flocked to the churches4 ,at ,st4 ,agnes the wonderful deliverance was commemorated by a special service4 ,the interior of this church has been since restored at great cost by ,pius ,,ix4 ,a fresco in the open space in front represents the scene at the convent4 ,the #abth of ,april is now a holiday at ,rome1 and it is observed every year with piety and gratitude4 ,twenty years later--#abth of ,april1 #ahge--the ,romans held a magnificent celebration of the anniversary of the accident at ,st4 ,agnes4 ,it was also the day of the ,pope's return from ,gaeta1 in #ahej4 ,in reply to the address1 expressive of duty and devotedness1 which was presented to him on that occasion1 the ,holy ,father alluded1 in the language of an apostle1 to the mysterious ways of ,providence4 8,our fall at ,st4 ,agnes10 said he1 8appeared at first to be a catastrophe4 ,it struck us all with fear4 ,its only result1 however1 was to cause the works by which the ancient ,basilica was renewed and embellished to be more vigorously prosecuted4 ,the same will be the case in regard to the moral ruins which the powers of darkness are constantly heaping up against us and around us4 ,the church will emerge from the confused mass more vigorous and more beautiful than ever40 7,m#dg7 ,piedmont1 surely1 had little to do at the ,congress of ,paris1 the object of which was to make the best arrangements possible for the ,christians1 and especially the ,catholics1 of the ,east4 ,count ,cavour1 its representative1 nevertheless1 found a pretext for being present1 and introduced as he was by the ,minister of ,france1 ,count ,walewski1 and sustained by the ,british ,plenipotentiary1 ,lord ,clarendon1 he became more important than the power of his country1 or the share it had in the ,crimean ,war1 would alone have warranted4 ,he availed himself of his position to attack and undermine two of the minor sovereigns--the ,pope and the ,king of ,naples4 8,the ,states of the ,holy ,see10 he insisted1 8never knew prosperity1 except under the rule of ,napoleon ,i41 when they formed part of the ,french empire and the kingdom of ,italy4 ,later1 the ,emperor ,napoleon ,,iii41 with that precision and firmness of view by which he is characterized1 understood and clearly pointed out in his letter to ,colonel ,ney the solution of the problem3 ,secularization and the ,code ,napoleon2 but it is evident that the ,court of ,rome will struggle to the last moment1 and by every possible means1 against the realization of this twofold combination4 ,it is easily understood that it may appear to accept civil and even political reforms1 taking care always to render them illusory4 ,but it knows too well that secularization and the code ,napoleon1 once introduced into the edifice of the temporal power1 would undermine it and cause it to fall1 simply by removing its principal supports--clerical privileges and canon law4 ,clerical organization opposes insurmountable impediments to all kinds of innovations40 ,cavour urged1 in conclusion1 that 8the legations0 must be separated politically1 and a viceroy set over those provinces4 ,walewski and ,clarendon supported these views1 but cautiously using the enigmatic language of diplomacy4 ,the ,plenipotentiaries of the other ,powers were silent1 or refused to give an opinion1 on the ground that they had no instructions4 ,m4 de ,mauteuffel alone1 the ,prussian representative1 sternly observed that such recriminations as ,m4 de ,cavour had brought forward were very like an appeal to the revolutionary movements in ,italy4 ,prussia did not1 at that time1 foresee what advantage it was destined to reap from the alliance of the ,italian revolution with ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,france1 however1 had reason to dread lest the chief of her choice should return to the dark practices of his youth4 ,her too well-founded apprehensions were confirmed and aggravated when it came to the public ear1 through the newspapers of the time1 that the ,emperor had held a too intimate interview with ,m4 de ,cavour at the waters of ,plombieres4 ,all this1 notwithstanding an alliance of ,france with ,piedmont1 for the destruction of the ,pope's temporal sovereignty1 appeared as yet to be so completely out of the question1 that the ,french ambassador at ,rome refuted publicly the calumnies which ,m4 de ,cavour had so selfishly promulgated4 ,count de ,rayneval had been a long time at ,rome1 first as ,secretary of the ,embassy of ,king ,louis ,philippe1 and afterwards as ,plenipotentiary of the ,republic1 before he was appointed to represent the ,emperor ,napoleon4 ,none could be better qualified to give a luminous report of the state of matters at ,rome4 ,the revolutionary press1 however1 never noticed it1 and the government refused to publish it in the ,moniteur1 preferring the wretched pamphlet of ,m4 ,about on the ,roman ,question4 ,the ,french1 who wished to be well informed1 sought the words of ,m4 de ,rayneval's report in the columns of the ,london ,daily ,news3 ,,count ,,rayneval's ,,report ,,to ,,the ,,french ,,government4 8,pius ,,ix4 shows himself full of ardor for reforms4 ,he himself puts his hand to the work4 ,from the very day ,pius ,,ix4 mounted the throne he has made continuous efforts to sweep away every legitimate cause of complaint against the public administration of affairs4 8,already have civil and criminal cases1 as well as a code relating to commerce1 all founded on our own1 enriched by lessons derived from experience1 been promulgated4 ,i have studied these carefully--they are above criticism4 ,the ,code des ,hypotheques has been examined by ,french juris consults1 and has been cited by them as a model document4 ,abroad 7says this distinguished and able writer71 those essential changes that are introduced into the order of things1 those incessant efforts of the ,pontifical government to ameliorate the lot of the populations1 have passed unnoticed4 ,people have had ears only for the declamation of the discontented1 and for the permanent calumnies of the bad portion of the ,piedmontese and ,italian press4 ,this is the source from which public opinion has derived its inspiration4 ,and in spite of well established facts1 it is believed in most places1 but particularly in ,england1 that the ,pontifical government has done nothing for its subjects1 and has restricted itself to the perpetuation of the errors of another age4 ,i have only yet indicated the ameliorations introduced into the organization of the administration4 ,above all1 let us remember that never has a more exalted spirit of clemency been seen to preside over a restoration4 ,no vengeance has been exercised on those who caused the overthrow of the ,pontifical government--no measures of rigor have been adopted against them--the ,pope has contented himself with depriving them of the power of doing harm by banishing them from the land40 ,,economy ,,of ,,the ,,papal ,,government--,,moderate ,,taxation4 8,in spite of considerable burdens which were occasioned by the revolution1 and left as a legacy to the present government--in spite of extraordinary expenses caused by the reorganization of the army--in spite of numerous contributions towards the encouragement of public works1 the state budget1 which1 at the commencement1 exhibited a tolerably large deficit1 has been gradually tending towards equilibrium4 ,i have had the honor recently of pointing out to your ,excellency1 that the deficit of #aheg has been reduced to an insignificant sum1 consisting for the most part of unexpected expenses1 and of money reserved for the extinction of the debt4 ,the taxes remain still much below the mean rate of the different ,european ,states4 ,a ,roman pays the state #bb francs annually1 #fh1jjj1jjj being levied on a population of #c1jjj1jjj4 ,a ,frenchman pays the ,french government #de francs1 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj being levied on a population of #ce1jjj1jjj4 ,these figures show1 demonstratively1 that the ,pontifical ,states1 with regard to so important a point1 must be reckoned amongst the most favored nations4 ,the expenses are regulated on principles of the greatest economy4 ,one fact is sufficient4 ,the civil list1 the expenses of the cardinals1 of the diplomatic corps abroad1 the maintenance of ,pontifical palaces and the museum1 cost the state no more than #fjj1jjj crowns 7#c1bjj1jjj74 ,this small sum is the only share of the public revenue taken by the ,papacy for the support of the ,pontifical dignity1 and for keeping up the principal establishments of the superior ecclesiastical administration4 ,we might ask those persons1 so zealous in hunting down abuses1 whether the appropriation of #d1jjj crowns to the wants of the princes of the church seems to them to bear the impress of a proper economy exercised with respect to the public revenue8 ,,agriculture--,,draining ,,the ,,campagna--,,prison ,,discipline--,,administration ,,of ,,charitable ,,institutions--,,abuses--,,judicial ,,system1 ,,etc4 8,agriculture has been equally the object of encouragement1 and also gardening and the raising of stock4 ,lastly1 a commission1 composed of the principal landed proprietors1 is now studying the hitherto insoluble question of draining the ,campagna of ,rome1 and filling it with inhabitants4 ,there is1 in truth1 misery here as elsewhere1 but it is infinitely less heavy than in less favored climates4 ,mere necessaries are obtained cheaply4 ,private charities are numerous and effective4 ,here also the action of the government is perceptible4 ,important ameliorations have been introduced into the administration of hospitals and prisons4 ,some of these prisons should be visited1 that the visitor may admire--the term is not too strong--the persevering charity of the ,holy ,father4 ,i will not extend this enumeration4 ,what ,i have said ought to be sufficient to prove that all the measures adopted by the ,pontifical administration bear marks of wisdom1 reason and progress2 that they have already produced happy results2 in short1 that there is not a single detail of interest to the well-being1 either moral or material1 of the population1 which has escaped the attention of the government1 or which has not been treated in a favorable manner4 ,in truth1 when certain persons say to the ,pontifical government1 #8form an administration which may have for its aim the good of the people1' the government might reply1 #8look at our acts1 and condemn us if you dare4' ,the government might ask1 #8not only which of its acts is a subject of legitimate blame1 but in which of its duties it has failed8' ,are we1 then1 to be told that the ,pontifical government is a model--that it has no weakness or imperfections8 ,certainly not2 but its weakness and imperfections are of the same kind as are met with in all governments1 and even in all men1 with very few exceptions4 ,i am perpetually interrogating those who come to me to denounce what they call the abuses of the ,papal government4 ,the expression1 it must be remembered1 is now consecrated1 and is above criticism or objection4 ,it is held as ,gospel4 ,now1 in what do the abuses consist8 ,i have never yet been able to discover4 ,at least1 the facts which go by that name are such as are elsewhere traceable to the imperfection of human nature1 and we need not load the government with the direct responsibility of the irregularities committed by some of its subordinate agents4 ,the imperfections of the judiciary system are often cited4 ,i have examined it closely1 and have found it impossible to discover any serious cause of complaint4 ,those who lose their causes complain more loudly and more continuously than is the custom in other places1 but without any more reason4 ,most of the important civil cases are decided in the tribunal of the ,rota4 ,now1 in spite of the habitual license of ,italian criticism1 no one has dared to express a doubt of the profound knowledge and the exalted integrity of the tribunal of the ,rota4 ,if the lawyers are incredibly fertile in raising objections and exceptions--if they lengthen out lawsuits--to what is this fault to be attributed if not to the peculiarity of the national genius8 ,lastly1 civil law is well administered4 ,i do not know a single sentence the justice of which would not be recognized by the best tribunal in ,europe4 ,criminal justice is administered in a manner equally unassailable4 ,i have watched some trials throughout their whole details2 ,i was obliged to confess that necessary precautions for the verification of facts--all possible guarantees for the free defence of the accused1 including the publication of the proceedings--were taken40 ,,brigands--,,bands ,,of ,,robbers ,,dispersed ,,by ,,the ,,government4 8,much is said of the brigands who1 we are told1 lay the country desolate4 ,it has fallen to our lot to pass through the country1 in all directions1 without seeing even the shadow of a robber4 ,it cannot be denied that1 from time to time1 we hear of a diligence stopped1 of a traveller plundered4 ,even one accident of this kind is too much1 but we must remember that the administration has employed all the means in its power to repress these disorders4 ,thanks to energetic measures1 the brigands have been arrested at all points and punished4 ,when in ,france a diligence is stopped2 when in going from ,london to ,windsor a lady of the ,queen's palace is robbed of her luggage and jewels1 such incidents passed unnoticed2 but when1 on an isolated road in the ,roman ,states1 the least fact of this nature takes place1 the passenger1 for a pretext1 prints the news in large characters1 and cries for vengeance on the government4 ,on the side of ,rome the attacks which have taken place at distant intervals have never assumed an appearance calculated to excite anxiety4 8,in the ,romagna1 organized bands have been formed1 which1 taking advantage of the ,tuscan frontier1 easily escaped pursuit1 and were for a time to be dreaded4 ,the government declared unceasing war against them1 and after several engagements1 in which a certain number of gens d'armes were either killed or wounded1 these bands have been in a great measure dispersed4 ,the ,italians always depend for the completion of their projects on foreign support4 ,if this support were to fail1 then they would adopt a proper course much more readily than would be necessary4 ,meanwhile1 in ,england and ,sardinia1 the organs of the press should cease to excite the passions1 and ,catholic ,powers should continue to give the ,holy ,see evident marks of sympathy4 ,but how can we hope that enemies1 animated with such a spirit as influences the opponents of the ,holy ,see1 should put a stop to their attacks when they have been made in so remarkable a manner80 ,,extraordinarily ,,small ,,number ,,of ,,ecclesiastics ,,employed ,,by ,,the ,,papal ,,government4 ,those who are generally mentioned as ecclesiastics1 are not necessarily priests or in holy orders4 8,count ,rayneval took occasion to show1 with proofs in his hands1 that the half of these supposed priests were not in orders4444 ,the ,roman prelates are not all bound to enter into holy orders4 ,for the most part they dispense with them4 ,can we then call by the name of priests those who have nothing of the priest but the uniform8 ,is ,count ,spada a more zealous or a more skilful administrator now than when1 in the costume of a priest1 he officiated as ,minister of ,war8 ,do ,monsignor ,matteuci 7,minister of ,police71 ,monsignor ,mertel 7,minister of the ,interior71 ,monsignor ,berardi 7substitute of the ,secretary of ,state71 and so many others1 who have liberty to marry to-morrow1 constitute a religious caste1 sacrificing its own interests to the interests of the country1 and would they become1 all of a sudden1 irreproachable if they were dressed differently8 ,if we examine the share given the prelates1 both priests and non-priests1 in the ,roman administration1 we shall arrive at some results which it is important to notice4 ,out of ,rome1 that is1 throughout the whole extent of the ,pontifical ,states1 with the exception of the capital--in the ,legations1 the ,marshes1 ,umbria1 and all the ,provinces1 to the number of eighteen1 how many ecclesiastics do you think are employed8 ,their number does not exceed fifteen--one for each ,province except three1 where there is not one at all4 ,they are delegates1 or1 as we should say1 prefects4 ,the councils1 the tribunals1 and offices of all sorts1 are filled with laymen4 ,so that for one ecclesiastic in office1 we have in the ,roman ,provinces one hundred and ninety-five laymen40 ,the following table1 which appeared in the ,london ,weekly ,register 7,the ,weekly ,register1 ,june1 #ahei471 shows at a glance what a small proportion the clerical bore to the lay element in the government of the ,papal ,states3 ,ministries4 ,eccles4 ,lay ,places4 ,eccles4 ,lay ,salary ,places4 ,salary ,secretariate of ,state #ad #ah #ajj1ejj #h1cdj ,justice and ,police #bgg #c1bga #aaj1bje #fcg1fjb ,public ,instruction #c #i #a1cbj #a1hbd ,finance #g #c1jhd #aj1cbj #gcj1bfh ,commerce1 ,p4 ,work #a #cdg #b1djj #fi1hjh ,arms #abe #ea1hhe ,total #cjc #f1hed #bbd1gee #a1dij1gdg ,m4 ,de ,rayneval admits that the people are not enterprising4 ,if they do not show much industrial activity1 this is to be ascribed not to the government1 but to the climate1 the facility with which everything necessary for comfort is obtained1 and the long-established habits of the natives of the ,south of ,europe4 8,the condition of the population1 nevertheless10 adds the ambassador1 8is comparatively good4 ,they readily take part in public amusements1 when pleasure may be read on every countenance4 ,are these the misgoverned people #8whose miseries excite the commiseration of all ,europe8' ,there is misery1 no doubt1 as there is everywhere4 ,but it is less than in lands that are not so highly favored4 ,the necessaries of life are so cheap as to be easily procured4 ,private charity never fails2 and there are numerous and efficient public benevolent establishments40 7,m#dh7 ,it may be said1 by way of supplement to ,m4 ,de ,rayneval's report1 that ,pius ,,ix4 did all in his power to encourage both science and the fine arts4 ,his many foundations for their promotion are his witness4 ,among the rest are the ,college of ,sinigaglia1 and the ,seminario ,pio at ,rome1 together with the educational establishments1 endowed from his private resources1 at ,perugia1 ,civita ,vecchia1 ,ancona and ,pesaro4 ,to him also are due the high renown to which rose the studies of the ,roman university1 the restoration of the ,appian way1 and the many archological works which have won for their august promoter the glorious surname of ,vindex ,antiquitatis4 ,his day would be memorable if it had been illustrated only by the names of ,vico1 ,secchi1 ,rossi and ,visconti4 ,it is impossible to overrate the importance of ,count de ,rayneval's report1 or the influence which it exercised over the public mind of ,europe1 when1 at length1 through the agency of the ,british and ,belgian press1 it obtained publicity4 ,a refutation of ,cavour's interested calumnies1 so able1 distinct and straightforward1 powerfully impressed the minds of ,british statesmen1 and caused them to see the grievous error into which they had been betrayed at the ,congress of ,paris1 by ,count ,cavour and the ,emperor ,louis ,napoleon1 in the interest of their fellow-conspirators against the sovereignty of the ,pope4 7,m#di7 ,lord ,clarendon was the first who had knowledge of the now celebrated state paper4 ,he was also the first who1 for the sake of truth and justice1 made it public1 committing it to the ,english press1 whence it found its way to continental ,europe4 ,this eminent ,british statesman promptly communicated with ,count ,cavour1 and took him to task severely for his double dealing at the congress1 and for having induced him1 as ,british ,plenipotentiary1 by false statements1 to sanction his views4 7,m#ej7 ,the calumnies and misrepresentations of the ,cavour-,napoleon party had1 indeed1 been met by anticipation in the decree1 known as motu proprio1 which ,pius ,,ix4 issued from ,portici1 shortly before his return to ,rome4 ,this decree indicated the reforms which1 as we learn from ,count de ,rayneval's report1 were afterwards carried out4 ,it even granted a constitution as complete as was consistent with the existence of the ,papal ,sovereignty4 ,more could not be looked for4 ,the much-vaunted constitution of ,england itself does not abrogate or nullify the monarchy4 ,but neither this nor any other measure of reform1 however well adapted to circumstances and the character of the people1 could ever have satisfied the ,italianissimi1 whose hatred of every existing institution was boundless as it was incomprehensible4 ,the ,holy ,father solemnly declared that he decreed the measures in question for the good of his people1 and under the eye of heaven4 8,they are such10 he adds1 at the conclusion of the document1 motu proprio1 8as to be compatible with our dignity1 and1 if faithfully carried out1 we are convinced that they will produce results which must command the approval of all wise minds4 ,the good sense of all among you who aspire to what is best1 with a fervor proportionate to the ills which you have endured1 shall be our judge in this matter4 ,above all1 let us place our trust in ,god1 who1 even in fulfilling the decrees of ,his justice1 is never unmindful of ,his mercy40 ,it could not be expected1 and it was not expected1 that the ,pope should resign his sovereignty4 ,the words of ,donoso ,cortez1 spoken in the ,spanish parliament1 in defence of the temporal sovereignty1 were received at the time with universal acceptance4 7,m#ea7 8,civilized ,europe10 said this distinguished author and statesman1 8will not consent to see enthroned in that mad city of ,rome a new and strange dynasty begotten of crime4 ,and let no one here say1 that in this matter there are two separate questions--one a temporal question1 the other entirely spiritual--that the difficulty lies between the temporal sovereign and his subjects2 that the ,pontiff has been respected and still subsists40 ,two words on this point--just two words--shall suffice to make us understand the whole matter4 8,it is perfectly true that the spiritual power of the ,papacy is its principal power2 the temporal is only an accessory1 but that accessory is one that is indispensible4 ,the ,catholic world has a right to insist upon it1 that the infallible organ of its belief shall be free and independent4 ,the ,catholic world cannot know with certainty1 as it needs must know1 whether that organ is really free and independent1 unless it be sovereign4 ,for he alone who is sovereign1 depends on no other power4 ,hence it is that the question of sovereignty1 which everywhere else is a political question1 is in ,rome a religious question40 8,constituent assemblies may exist rightfully elsewhere2 at ,rome they cannot2 at ,rome there can be no constituent power outside of and apart from the constituted power4 ,neither ,rome herself nor the ,pontifical ,states belong to ,rome or belong to the ,pope--they belong to the ,catholic world4 ,the ,catholic world has recognized1 in the ,pope1 the lawful possessor thereof1 in order to his being free and independent2 and the ,pope may not strip himself of this sovereignty1 this independence40 ,the greatest statesmen of the age1 such as ,guizot1 ,thiers1 and ,montalembert1 in ,france2 ,normanby1 ,lansdowne1 ,disraeli1 and even ,palmerston1 in ,england2 the statesmen of ,prussia1 and even those of the ,russian ,empire2 the ,emperor of ,austria and his advisers2 ,spain1 ,portugal and ,naples1 all shared the opinion of the illustrious ,spanish statesman1 ,donoso ,cortes4 ,all alike favored the restoration of the ,holy ,father1 and the securing of his government against the accidents of revolution in the future by placing it under the protection of the ,great ,powers4 8,the affairs ,rome10 wrote the ,russian ,chancellor in a circular1 8cause to the government of his ,majesty the ,emperor great concern2 and it were a serious error to think that we take a less lively interest than the other ,catholic governments in the situation to which his ,holiness ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 has been brought by the events of the time4 ,there can be no room for doubting that the ,holy ,father shall receive from the ,emperor a loyal support towards the restoration of his temporal and spiritual power1 and that the ,russian government shall co-operate cheerfully in all the measures necessary to this result2 for it cherishes against the court of ,rome no sentiment of religious animosity or rivalry40 7,m#eb7 ,sardinia alone held aloof4 ,its minister did not1 like the other ,european ambassadors1 seek the presence of the ,pope when he was pressed by the revolutionists4 ,nor did he repair1 as they did1 to ,gaeta1 but remained in ,rome1 and1 to the great surprise and scandal of all the ,european ,courts1 transacted business with the governments which reigned there in the absence of the legitimate sovereign4 ,the absorption of all the states of ,italy1 not excepting that of the ,pope1 by ,piedmont1 was the ruling idea of ,piedmontese statesmen4 ,they were guided by a selfish view to what they considered their own interest1 not by principles that were universally recognized4 ,such were continental liberals4 ,the ,english liberals1 the party of reform1 thought differently4 ,one of their chiefs1 ,lord ,lansdowne1 whose high character as a statesman gives weight to his words1 declared1 in the ,british ,house of ,peers1 when the ,french expedition to ,rome was discussed there1 that 8the condition of the ,pope's sovereignty is especially remarkable in this1 that so far as his temporal power is concerned1 he is only a sovereign of the fourth or fifth order4 ,in his spiritual power he enjoys a sovereignty without its equal on earth4 ,every country which has ,roman ,catholic subjects has an interest in the condition of the ,roman ,states1 and should see to it that the ,pope be able to exercise his authority independently of any temporal influence that could affect his spiritual power40 ,thus did all ,christendom--all the states which owned the ,christian name--true to immemorial tradition1 consider that they lay under the obligation to watch over the freedom and independence of the great central power whence proceeded their early civilization4 ,the ,french government1 in restoring ,pius ,,ix41 only obeyed the will so often and so clearly expressed of the ,european nations4 ,now that he was once more firmly seated on the ,pontifical throne1 it was time1 thought the ,cavour-,napoleon-,mazzini party1 that he should introduce into his states what they called true reform--the ,code ,napoleon and the secularization of his government4 ,this1 as has been seen1 he could not do4 ,it was tantamount to the abdication of his sovereignty4 ,that he did reform1 however1 wisely and efficiently1 ,count de ,rayneval has abundantly shown4 ,his measures of reform were large and liberal1 and1 in the judgment of eminent statesmen1 left little room for improvement4 ,it is necessary to bestow a few words in making this fact still more apparent2 for it was long the fashion to say and insist that the policy of ,pius ,,ix41 after his restoration1 was reactionary1 and that the once-reforming ,pope had1 with inconceivable inconsistency1 ceased to be a reformer4 ,in the motu proprio1 published by the ,pope on occasion of reorganizing his states in #ahdi1 '#ej1 there was inaugurated as full a measure of liberty as was compatible with the circumstances of the country and the character of the people4 ,two political bodies1 a council of state and a council of finance were instituted4 ,these were designed as temporary institutions1 whose object it should be to remedy the fearful evils caused by the revolution--in plain terms1 to bring order out of anarchy and chaos4 ,m4 de ,rayneval has shown that in this they were successful1 and that they also put an end to the disorder and difficulty caused by the issue of forty millions of worthless paper which the ,republic had bequeathed to them4 ,the ,moniteur1 as well as the ambassador1 admitted that by the end of the first seven years the finances had nearly reached an equilibrium1 the deficit at that time being only half a million of dollars4 ,this temporary state of things was destined1 once its objects were accomplished1 to give place to a more ample constitution1 which certainly would have been granted in due time but for the hostile intrigues of those who blamed the most free and complete constitutional system4 ,it will not be without interest to consider what was thought among distinguished foreigners in regard to the ,pope's early measures--measures which1 it is well known1 were intended as a preparation for more advanced constitutional government4 ,the ,french ,republic appointed a commission1 consisting of fifteen of its best statesmen1 to examine and report upon the political wisdom and practical value of the institutions which ,pius ,,ix4 had granted to his states4 ,m4 ,thiers1 to whom none will give credit for being over friendly to the ,holy ,see1 drew up1 signed and presented this report3 8,your commission10 the report states1 8has maturely examined this act1 motu proprio1 in order to see whether the counsels which ,france believed herself authorized to offer had borne such fruits as to prevent her regretting having interfered in ,roman affairs4 ,well1 by a large majority1 twelve in fifteen1 your commission declares that it sees in the motu proprio a first boon of such real value1 that nothing but unjust pretensions could overlook its importance4 ,we shall discuss this act in its every detail4 ,but limiting ourselves1 at present1 to consider the principle on which is based the ,pontifical concession1 we say that it grants all desirable provincial and municipal liberties4 ,as to political liberties1 consisting in the power of deciding on the public business of a country in one of the two assemblies1 and in union with the executive--as in ,england1 for instance--it is very true that the motu proprio does not grant this sort of political liberty1 or only grants it in the rudimentary form of a council without deliberative voice4 ,this is a question of immense gravity1 which the ,holy ,father alone can solve1 and which he and the ,christian world are interested in not leaving to chance4 ,that on this point he should have chosen to be prudent2 that after his recent experience he should have preferred not to reopen a career of agitation among a people who have shown themselves so unprepared for parliamentary liberty1 is what we do not know that we have either the right or the cause to deem blameworthy40 ,a well-known ,british statesman expressed similar views4 8,we all know10 said ,lord ,palmerston1 8that the ,pope1 on his restoration to his states in #ahdi1 published an ordinance called motu proprio1 by which he declared his intention to bestow institutions1 not indeed on the large proportions of a constitutional government1 but based1 nevertheless1 on popular election1 and which1 if they had only been carried out1 must have given his subjects such satisfaction as to render unnecessary the intervention of a foreign army40 ,these words were uttered in #ahef1 when ,lord ,palmerston ought to have known1 if indeed he did not actually know1 that the proposed reforms of the ,pope had been faithfully and successfully carried out4 ,the report of ,count de ,rayneval was before the world1 and so important a state paper could not have been unknown to a statesman who interested himself so much in ,european affairs generally1 and those of ,rome in particular4 ,the ,rayneval report1 besides1 which showed how completely ,pius ,,ix4 had fulfilled his promises--how assiduously and effectually he had labored in the cause of reform--had been specially communicated1 as has been seen1 to an eminent member of the ,british ,cabinet1 ,lord ,clarendon4 ,it is not so clear that the ,pope's subjects were not satisfied4 ,none knew better than ,lord ,palmerston1 that there was always a foreign influence at ,rome which never ceased to cause discontent1 and was ready1 on occasion1 to raise disturbance4 ,this alien and sinister influence was only too powerfully seconded1 both by some members of the ,british ministry and the intriguing head of the ,french government4 ,baron ,sauzet1 who was ,president of the ,french ,chamber of ,deputies in the reign of ,louis ,philippe1 and who was1 by no means1 over partial to ,rome1 wrote in #ahfj on the system of legislation which obtained in the ,states of the ,church1 and gave utterance to the opinion that it was a solid basis on which ,pius ,,ix4 was endeavoring to raise such a superstructure of improvement as was adapted to the wants of modern society4 ,criminal law was regulated according to the wise codes of ,gregory ,,xvi41 which were a real progress4 ,civil legislation had for its groundwork the old ,roman law1 which the ,popes1 at various times1 had wisely adapted to their age and the circumstances of their people4 ,there are certain points of great delicacy1 with regard to which1 in ,christian communities1 religious authority only can legislate4 ,these excepted1 the ,justinian code1 with some necessary modifications1 prevailed4 ,few changes have been made since ,gregory the ,sixteenth's time1 and they are codified with such perfect scientific lucidity as to be available to practitioners4 ,this is one of the special labors of the ,council of ,state1 which is aided by a commission consisting of the most eminent and learned jurists of ,rome4 ,the distinguished statesman 7,baron ,sauzet71 moreover1 repels the idea of thrusting on the ,romans the ,code ,napoleon1 as was intended by the ,emperor ,louis ,napoleon4 ,galeotti1 who was ,minister of ,justice in the ,mazzini ministry1 and who cannot be suspected of much favor to the ,holy ,see1 declares that1 8in the ,pontifical government there are many parts deserving of praise2 it contains many ancient institutions which are of unquestioned excellence1 and there are others of more modern date which the other provinces of ,italy might well enjoy4 ,one may confidently say that there is no other government in ,italy in which the principle of discussion and deliberation has been so long established and so generally practised40 ,galeotti further says1 speaking of the ,judicature3 8,the tribunal of the ,rota is the best and the most respected of the ancient institutions of ,rome4 ,some slight changes would make it the best in all ,europe4 ,the mode of procedure followed in it is excellent1 and might serve as a model in every country where people would not have the administration of justice reduced to the art of simply terminating lawsuits40 ,another author1 whose remarks are deserving of attention1 ,monsignor ,fevre1 says that law expenses are very moderate1 the proceedings very rapid1 and the rules of the ,judiciary among the very best of the kind4 ,besides1 the poor are never taxed by the courts1 while they are always supplied with counsel4 ,in ,rome itself the pious confraternity of ,st4 ,yeo 7the patron saint of lawyers7 takes on itself1 gratuitously1 the cases of all poor people1 when they appear to have right on their side4 ,the arch-confraternity of ,san ,girolamo ,della ,carita1 also undertakes the defence of prisoners and poor persons1 especially widows4 8,it has the administration of a legacy left by ,felice ,amadori1 a noble ,florentine1 who died in the year #afci4 ,the principal objects of their solicitude are persons confined in prison4 ,these they visit1 comfort1 clothe1 and frequently liberate1 either by paying the fine imposed on them as the penalty of their offence1 or by arranging matters with their creditors4 ,with a wise charity they endeavor to simplify and shorten causes2 and they employ a solicitor1 who assists in settling disputes1 and thus putting an end to litigation4 ,this confraternity embraces the flower of the ,roman prelacy1 the patrician order and the priesthood40 ,one is naturally inclined to ask how it came to pass that a people1 possessing such wise institutions1 such an admirable system of legislation1 and a sovereign who constantly studied to enlarge and improve their inherited benefits1 were never satisfied8 ,it would be hard to say that the ,romans1 the real subjects of the ,pope1 were not satisfied4 ,but there were not wanting those who succeeded in making it appear that they were not1 and who also contrived to induce many of the ,romans themselves to believe that they had cause to be discontented4 ,it was the fashion in ,piedmont to rail against everything clerical1 and to such an extent did this mania proceed1 that they began to persecute the clergy4 ,through the agency of the secret societies1 whose chief was ,mazzini1 this anti-clerical prejudice spread through all ,italy1 and even extended to ,rome1 the government of which1 as a matter of course1 was bad1 for no other reason than that1 being conducted by the ,chief of the clergy1 it was reputed to be clerical4 ,thus did ,count ,cavour and the ,piedmontese government use the ,mazzinian faction for the furtherance of their own ambitious ends1 whilst the ,mazzinians believed that they were using them as they intended to use them1 and their king and all kings1 as long as there should be kings1 for their subversive purposes1 in the first instance1 and for the establishment1 finally1 of their ,utopian republic on the ruins of all thrones and regular governments whatsoever4 ,as will be seen1 most recent history shows the first act of the drama has been played1 apparently to the profit of a king4 ,time will prove to whom1 in the end1 victory shall belong4 ,one institution at least will remain1 for no power1 not even that of hell1 can prevail against it4 ,as in the early days1 when society had fallen to a state of chaos1 and orderly government had become impossible1 it may1 once more1 raise the standard of order and reconstitute the broken and scattered elements4 7,m#ec7 ,rome and the ,catholic world were yet rejoicing on occasion of the happy restoration of ,pius ,,ix4 to his states1 and pilgrims still flocked from every region of the universe to the holy city1 when two remarkable events came to add new glory to the flourishing church of ,america4 ,hitherto ,america could reverence and invoke only one native saint4 ,on #afth ,july1 #ahej1 took place the beatification of the venerable ,peter ,claver1 of the ,society of ,jesus1 the apostle of ,new ,granada2 and in ,october1 ,mariana de ,paredes1 of ,flores1 8the lily of ,quito10 was beatified4 ,the latter was first cousin and contemporary of ,saint ,rose of ,lima4 ,this circumstance vividly awakens the idea1 that already saints1 although there were few as yet who could claim the honors of canonization1 were not uncommon in ,america4 ,whatever may have been the measure and excellence of her children's sanctity1 the church was rapidly extending4 ,so great was her growth that1 in the year #ahej1 ,pius ,,ix4 considered it opportune to erect four metropolitan sees in the ,united ,states--,new ,york1 ,cincinnati1 ,st4 ,louis and ,new ,orleans4 ,baltimore1 the primatial see1 was already metropolitan4 7,m#ed7 ,the ,holy ,father showed no less solicitude for the welfare of the church in ,france1 ,spain1 and other ,european countries4 ,napoleon ,,iii41 anxious to gain the good-will of ,catholic ,france1 prayed the ,holy ,see to erect a new diocese at ,laval1 to raise the see of ,rennes to metropolitan dignity1 to reorganize the grand chaplaincy1 and restore the chapter of ,st4 ,denis4 ,all this was done by a brief of #cast ,march1 #aheg1 and there was now a thoroughly good understanding between the ,pope and the ,emperor1 between the latter and the people over whom he ruled4 7,m#ee7 ,it was even said that ,napoleon ,,iii4 desired1 like his uncle1 to be anointed ,emperor by a ,pope2 that with a view to this end1 he made many advances to ,pius ,,ix41 and went so far even as to propose in confidence the abolition of the organic articles1 and a modification of the ,code ,napoleon1 in so far as that parties who marry before the church should be exempted from the civil ceremony4 ,a still less doubtful pledge of the continuance of amicable relations between ,rome and ,paris was the baptism of the ,prince ,imperial4 ,the ,emperor had asked the ,pope to do him the favor to act as sponsor for the child that ,providence had deigned to give him1 and ,pius ,,ix4 readily consented4 ,as he could not be present in person at the ceremony1 he caused himself to be represented by his legate1 a latere1 ,cardinal ,patrizzi4 ,this cardinal1 at the same time1 presented to the ,empress the golden rose1 which is blessed every year on the fourth ,sunday of ,lent1 in order to be sent to the princes1 cities and churches on which the ,pope desires to confer special honor4 ,the blessed rose was a small rose-tree in gold1 covered with rose-flowers4 ,the vessel which contained it was of massive gold4 ,it stood on a pedestal of lapis lazzuli1 which bore in ,mosaic the arms of the ,pope and the ,emperor4 ,on the vase itself were sculptured the birth of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and the ,presentation in the ,temple4 ,it would have been well if all this friendship had been as sincere as it was warmly expressed4 ,it cannot1 however1 be forgotten that the government of the ,emperor ,napoleon had suppressed the ,rayneval report1 and ,pius ,,ix4 must have thought1 although prudence forbade him to say1 that there was reason to doubt the fidelity of his apparently devoted ally4 8,timeo ,danaos et dona ferentes40 7,m#ef7 ,it may be said that1 at this time1 the ,powers of the world vied with one another in seeking the favor of the ,pope4 ,isabella ,,ii41 ,queen of ,spain1 like ,napoleon of ,france1 was anxious that ,pius ,,ix4 should1 through a representative1 stand godfather to her son1 who afterwards became ,alphonso ,,xii4 ,other princes sought the like consideration1 and among the rest1 ,victor ,emmanuel1 whose daughter1 the ,princess ,pia1 thus became the godchild of ,pius the ,pope4 ,this princess is now the ,queen of ,portugal4 7,m#eg7 ,another bond of friendship with the world's ,powers was secured1 apparently1 by the conclusion of a ,concordat with the great ,austrian ,empire4 ,the negotiations which led to this ,concordat had lasted several years4 ,it was abundantly liberal in the true acceptation of this term4 ,nevertheless1 it awakened the hatred and contempt of the professed liberals1 who enjoy this appellation1 one would say1 simply because they are not liberal1 just as in ,latin a grove is called by a word expressive of light1 because it is not light 7lucus a non lucendo74 ,how can they be called truly liberal1 who have no liberality for any but themselves1 who know no other liberty than that which enables them to tyrannize over the church1 and trample under foot her most sacred and beneficial institutions8 ,the ,concordat with ,austria provides that the ,catholic1 ,apostolic and ,roman religion shall be preserved in its integrity throughout the whole extent of the ,austrian monarchy1 together with all the rights and prerogatives which it ought to enjoy in virtue of the order which ,god has established and the canon law4 ,the ,roman ,pontiff having1 by divine right1 in the whole church the primacy of honor and jurisdiction1 mutual communication1 as regards all spiritual things1 and the ecclesiastical relations of the bishops1 the clergy and the people with the ,holy ,see1 shall not be subject to the necessity of obtaining the royal placet1 but shall be wholly free4 ,in a consistorial allocution of #eth ,november1 #ahee1 ,pius ,,ix4 gave expression to the joy which it afforded him to have obtained1 after so much tedious negotiation1 such happy results4 ,the following year1 on the #agth of ,march1 he addressed a brief to the bishops of the ,austrian ,empire1 exhorting them to avail themselves of the spiritual independence which they had once more won1 in order to guard their dioceses against the ravages of rationalism and indifference4 7,m#eh7 ,meanwhile1 new difficulties arose in ,spain and ,spanish ,america4 ,the government of ,isabella ,,ii41 regretting the good to which it had so recently been a party1 commenced a new war against the church4 ,notwithstanding the ,concordat1 it exposed for sale such ecclesiastical property as was not yet sold1 forbade religious communities of women to receive novices1 and forcibly removed several bishops from their dioceses4 ,the excesses were such that ,pius ,,ix4 was obliged to recall his representative from ,madrid4 ,there were similar persecutions in the ,south ,american ,republics and in ,mexico4 ,the congress of ,mexico forbade monastic vows1 banished the ,archbishop of ,mexico1 and imprisoned the ,bishop of ,michoacan4 ,germany1 at the same time1 was not without its troubles4 ,a learned theologian of the diocese of ,cologne1 ,dr4 ,anthony ,gunther1 had allowed himself to drift from the sure ways of tradition1 imperceptibly gliding into rationalism1 and confounding reason and faith4 ,his ideas had partisans in several countries of ,germany4 ,the vigilant eye of ,pius ,,ix4 discovered in them germs of heresy1 which it was important to check before they attained development4 ,gunther1 on being condemned1 accepted humbly the judgment of the ,holy ,see4 ,but there was a long contest with some of his partisans who were less pious than himself4 7,m#ei7 ,the record of ,pius the ,ninth's progress through his ,states1 in #aheg1 is alone a sufficient reply to the calumnies of those enemies who never ceased to assert that ever since his return to ,rome he had pursued a retrograde policy4 ,reform was always an object of his solicitude4 ,it was with a view to improve the condition of his people that he undertook1 when almost a septuagenarian1 a four months' journey through the ,states of the ,church4 ,he travelled slowly1 and sometimes on foot1 in order the better to observe and ascertain the state of the provinces4 ,all could approach him and address him freely4 ,he visited churches1 hospitals and workshops4 ,he examined the works of the ports and the public ways4 ,many addresses and petitions were presented4 ,far1 however1 from asking the abolition of priestly rule1 the petitioners prayed for a return to the former state of things1 when cardinals and prelates only were set over the provinces4 ,the progress of the ,holy ,father was a series of joyous ovations from the time that he left ,rome--#dth ,may--till his return on the #eth ,september4 ,his journey was at first in the direction of ,ancona1 ,ravenna and ,bologna4 ,he returned by way of ,florence and ,modena4 ,his progress would have been crowned with success if it had only served to show the loyalty and devotedness of his people4 ,but it was attended with still greater results4 ,the ,holy ,father bestowed much time at every place in seeking1 personally and through his ministers1 information which became the basis of reform and improvement4 ,thus1 as is known by the authentic accounts which have been published1 many localities derived very material benefit from the ,papal visit4 ,the port of ,pesaro was to be almost entirely reconstructed1 the ,holy ,father bestowing #hj1jjj from his own resources4 ,the port of ,sinigaglia was also considerably improved1 and a new sanitary office built4 ,the cities of ,ancona and ,civita ,vecchia were to be enlarged4 ,at ,bologna the ,high street was widened and beautified2 the fine faade of the cathedral was to be completed1 the ,pope contributing #e1jjj for fifteen years4 ,at ,perugia new prisons were to be constructed1 and the condition of the prisoners was to be in every way improved2 a liberal annual contribution was given towards preserving the splendid native collections of art4 ,ravenna1 although long neglected and in decay1 was not forgotten4 ,pius ,,ix4 wished to revive1 as far as possible1 the ancient commercial prosperity of this city1 and promised #d1jjj annually for ten years towards improving the port4 ,at ,ferrara many improvements were ordered1 and #i1jjj contributed for the completing of the ,pamfilio canal4 ,the ,holy ,father also appointed a commission of engineers1 in order to devise a plan by which the river ,reno should be turned into the ,po1 and an extensive tract of fertile land thus saved from periodical inundations4 ,funds were provided for the relief of poor sailors4 ,liberal grants were allotted for artesian wells1 where required1 and for bridges and public roads4 ,especially were large allowances devoted for the improvement of the highways at ,pesaro1 ,macerata1 ,imola1 ,camerino1 c4 ,telegraphic communication was widely established4 ,prisons1 hospitals and schools were special objects of the ,holy ,father's care4 ,it was the duty of ,monsignor de ,merode1 who accompanied the ,pope1 on arriving in any city or town1 to visit the prison1 enquire into everything connected with it1 and report accordingly4 ,monsignor ,talbot had commission to look to the state of charitable1 industrial and educational institutions1 in all of which he aided in promoting valuable reforms4 ,it is impossible to consider1 without emotion1 the reception which greeted the ,holy ,father in his former diocese of ,spoleto4 ,at every step proof upon proof was given of reverence and affection1 which time had not diminished4 ,etiquette and state ceremony were laid aside4 ,the youthful and the aged alike would see their good shepherd1 and he was anxious to salute his people1 and converse with them all4 ,many a face1 familiar to him of old1 was recognized with pleasure1 and even names were not forgotten4 ,as has been seen1 the days of the ,holy ,father's journey were not all spent in pleasurable greetings or official receptions4 ,he never forgot or neglected the work of reform and improvement4 ,nor were such care and labor new to him4 ,it had often been said that the ,popes were hostile to all modern improvements4 ,why did they not favor railways8 ,why did they not drain the ,pontine ,marshes1 and cause the ,campagna to be cultivated8 ,let the labors of ,pius ,,ix4 reply4 ,a railway through the ,states of the ,church was one of his favorite ideas1 and he beheld it realized4 ,it must have afforded him no ordinary satisfaction to see the railway which his princely care had provided now winding along the valley of the ,tiber1 now climbing the heights and stretching its arms across the ,apennines1 reaching down to the seaboard at ,ancona1 now passing beyond the limits of the ,papal territory1 and extending away to the ,tuscan capital4 ,the uneducated or half-educated traveller1 who surveys the uncultivated and malarious plains around the city of the ,popes1 at once discovers1 in this desolation which prevails1 an argument against priestly rule4 ,with a little more information1 however1 he would see the ruins and the vestiges of a mighty empire1 the works of which1 like its conquests1 were the wonder of the world4 ,how such works came to be so successfully executed is easily understood1 when it is remembered that heathen ,rome commanded the wealth1 the intellect1 and the strong arms of many subject nations4 ,the ,popes1 on the other hand1 though they often tried1 as did ,pius ,,ix4 among the rest1 to cultivate the ,campagna and drain the ,pontine ,marshes1 had so little means at their disposal1 that they could never accomplish anything important4 ,among other difficulties that the ,roman ,pontiffs had to contend with1 was that of obtaining an outlet towards the sea1 whilst ancient ,rome commanded all the seas and lands of the known world4 ,surely it does not require a ,solomon to understand that without access to the ,mediterranean1 it is physically impossible to drain and cultivate such low-lying lands as the ,pontine ,marshes4 ,at ,perugia the ,holy ,father received the kindly visit of the ,archduke ,charles1 who came1 on the part of his father ,leopold1 to compliment the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,archduke ,maximilian1 of ,austria1 who1 at the time1 little thought of a ,mexican ,empire1 came to salute the ,pope at ,pesaro4 ,neither he nor ,pius ,,ix4 had been1 as yet1 betrayed and abandoned by ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany and all his family1 together with the ,dukes of ,parma and ,modena1 came to pay their homage at ,bologna4 ,the ,holy ,father accepted their pressing invitation to visit ,tuscany and ,modena1 the sovereigns showing publicly1 in presence of their people1 such reverence and devotedness as recalled the faith and loyalty of the ,middle ,ages4 ,the ,pope himself bears witness to the truly noble and chivalrous conduct of these provinces4 8,he introduced us himself into ,florence10 says ,pius ,,ix41 in speaking of the ,grand ,duke ,leopold1 8walking by our side1 and accompanied us to every ,tuscan city which we visited4 ,all the archbishops and bishops of his ,states1 all the clergy1 the corporate bodies1 the magistrates and the nobles showed their delight by testifying their devotion to us in a thousand ways4 ,not only at ,florence1 but wherever we went in ,tuscany1 the people from town and country1 far and near1 came forth to greet us1 acclaiming the ,chief ,pontiff of the church with such ardent affection1 showing such an intense desire to see him1 to do him reverence1 to receive his benediction1 that our fatherly heart was moved to its inmost depths40 ,on the ,holy ,father's return to ,rome there was high jubilee among all classes of the people a fact which the traducers of ,pius ,,ix4 would do well to note1 as it proves beyond a doubt how idle and ill-founded was all their clamor1 to the effect that in the holy city his popularity had departed4 7,m#fj7 ,a case in itself comparatively unimportant now became a cause celebre1 and agitated all ,europe4 ,one ,mortara1 a ,jew of ,bologna1 had1 in violation of the laws of the country1 taken into his service a ,christian maid4 ,meantime1 one of his children1 a boy about seven years of age1 became dangerously ill4 ,the ,christian girl1 unadvisedly1 and also in opposition to the law1 baptized him4 ,her act could not be undone1 and the law required that every baptized person should be educated as a ,christian4 ,pius ,,ix4 refused to interfere with the action of this law4 ,hence the torrents of abuse that were poured upon him by the infidel liberal press of ,europe1 as well as by the ultra-,protestant organs of ,england4 ,he had ignored liberty of conscience1 abused his authority1 c4 ,now1 let us suppose that he had acted otherwise1 and prevented the execution of a well-known law1 what would have been the result8 ,he would have been denounced as a despot1 whose arbitrary decision was the only law4 ,but might not he1 who was so great a reformer1 have contrived to cause the law to be altered8 ,such alteration could not have affected the ,mortara case4 ,a change1 besides1 would have been quite unnecessary1 as it was not probable that after such a storm1 and the lesson which it taught1 either ,jews or ,christians would expose themselves to the consequences of a violation of their country's laws4 ,and were not those laws a sufficient protection to the ,jewish people8 7,m#fa7 ,from the first days of his ,pontificate1 ,america engaged the solicitude of ,pius ,,ix4 ,so rapid was the growth of the church on that continent that it became necessary to give bishops to several countries where the ,catholic faith had been scarcely known4 ,so early as #ahdf ,oregon was constituted an ,archiepiscopal ,see4 ,in #ahej ,episcopal ,sees were erected at ,monterey and ,santa ,fe1 in the ,spanish ,american territory1 which was recently annexed to the ,united ,states1 and in ,savannah1 ,wheeling1 ,st4 ,paul and ,nesqualy4 ,the ,indian territory became a ,vicariate ,apostolic1 under the jurisdiction of a bishop4 ,three years afterwards six more sees were established--,san ,francisco1 ,brooklyn1 ,burlington1 ,covington1 ,erie and ,natchitoches4 ,later still1 #aheg1 ,pius ,,ix4 gave bishops to ,illinois2 ,fort ,wayne1 in ,indiana2 and ,marquette1 in ,michigan4 ,this last city derived its name from the celebrated missionary who first explored the river ,mississippi4 ,it was now more important than ever1 having become a centre of ,catholic life and action4 7,m#fb7 ,in #aheb1 ,pius ,,ix4 beatified ,john de ,britto1 a martyr in ,india1 ,john ,grande and the renowned ,paul of the ,cross1 who founded the zealous and austere order of ,passionists4 ,in #ahec1 the like honor was conferred on the pious ,french shepherdess1 ,germaine ,cousin1 and the ,jesuit father1 ,andrew ,bobola1 who was martyred by the ,cossacks4 ,in #ahfa1 ,john ,leonardi was beatified4 7,m#fc7 ,it is now time to record events of a less pleasing nature4 ,in #ahec1 several attempts had been made on the life of the ,emperor ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,in #ahee1 ,pianori made a similar attempt4 ,in #aheh1 ,count ,felix ,orsini almost succeeded in assassinating him4 ,this ,orsini was an accomplice of ,louis ,napoleon in raising an insurrection in ,romagna in #ahca4 ,he was condemned for conspiracy in #ahde1 and was amnestied by ,pius ,,ix4 ,in #ahdi1 he was a member of the ,roman ,constituent ,assembly4 ,in his political testament1 dated at the ,mazas prison1 and read before the jury by ,jules ,favre1 his counsel1 he coolly declared that the object of his crime was to remind the ,emperor of his former secret engagements in favor of ,italian independence2 that he was only one of the conspirators who had charge so to remind him2 and that1 although he had failed in his aim1 others would come after him who would not fail4 8,sire10 he wrote1 8let your ,majesty remember--so long as ,italy is not independent1 the tranquillity of ,europe and that of your ,majesty are mere chimeras40 ,french authors remark that it is painful to enquire what measure of influence these threats may have exercised on the subsequent resolutions of the man to whom they were addressed1 and still more painful to be compelled to recognize the unworthy motive of fear at the first link of the fatal chain which inevitably led to ,sedan1 where this same man had not the courage to seek a manly death4 ,god only could see his secret mind4 ,but it is impossible not to observe very sad coincidences4 ,immediately after ,orsini had penned his memorable testament1 the imperial policy was completely changed4 ,the declaration of ,orsini is as the dividing point between the two portions of the ,emperor's reign1 the former openly1 reasonably conservative and glorious1 the latter sometimes decidedly revolutionary1 sometimes vacillating1 contradictory1 or unwillingly conservative1 and finally terminated by a catastrophe unexampled in the annals of ,france4 7,m#fd7 ,all who take an interest in public affairs cannot fail to remember the startling words which the ,emperor ,napoleon ,,iii4 addressed to the representative of ,austria1 on occasion of the diplomatic reception at the ,tuileries1 on ,new ,year's day1 #ahei3 8,i regret that my relations with your government are not so good as in the past40 ,this language of ,napoleon astonished all ,europe4 ,it was as a sudden clap of thunder on the calmest summer day4 ,ten days later1 ,victor ,emmanuel gave the interpretation of this mysterious speech1 at the opening of the ,piedmontese parliament1 when he declared that 8he was not unmoved by the cries of pain which reached him from so many parts of ,italy40 ,finally1 the marriage of ,prince ,napoleon1 the ,emperor's cousin1 with a daughter of the ,sardinian ,king1 removed all doubt4 ,france was made to adopt1 without being consulted1 the enmities and the ambition of the ,cabinet of ,turin4 ,on the #dth of ,february appeared a pamphlet which increased the alarm of the friends of peace and order4 ,it may not have been written by ,napoleon1 but it was according to his ideas and dictation4 ,its title was1 8,napoleon ,,iii4 and ,italy20 and it set forth a programme of the political reconstituting of ,italy4 ,it exonerated ,pius ,,ix4 of all the things laid to his charge by the revolution1 but only in order to lay them at the door of the ,papacy itself4 8,the ,pope10 it alleged1 8being placed between two classes of duty1 is constrained to sacrifice the one to the other4 ,he necessarily makes political give way to spiritual duty4 ,this is condemnation1 not of ,pius ,,ix4 but of the system2 not of the man1 but of the situation2 since the latter imposes on the former the formidable alternative of immolating the ,prince to the ,pontiff1 or the ,pontiff to the ,prince40 ,the pamphlet further taught3 8,the absolutely clerical character of the ,roman government is opposed to common sense1 and is a fertile source of discontent4 ,the canon law does not suffice for the protection and development of modern society40 ,the document concluded by proposing the secularization of the ,roman government1 and the establishment of an ,italian confederation1 of which the ,pope should have the honorary presidency1 whilst ,piedmont should have the real control4 ,the pamphlet urged1 in support of its arguments1 the 8abnormal position0 of the ,papacy1 which was obliged1 in order to sustain itself1 to rely on foreign armies of occupation4 ,such a reproach on the part of one of those who lent succor to the ,pope was anything but generous4 ,pius ,,ix4 hastened to remove this cause of complaint4 ,on the #bgth of ,february ,cardinal ,antonelli notified ,france and ,austria that the ,holy ,father was grateful to them for their good services1 but that he thought he could himself maintain order in his ,states1 and so would beg of them to withdraw their troops4 ,this would not have suited ,piedmont1 which was interested in maintaining the grievance1 as well as in rendering it possible to involve the ,roman ,states in the war which was so rapidly approaching4 ,the troops were not removed4 ,pius ,,ix4 was too clear-sighted not to foresee what was so soon to happen4 ,in an ,encyclical of #bgth ,april1 he asked prayers for peace of all the patriarchs1 primates1 archbishops and bishops4 8,pax vobis6 pax vobis60 he painfully repeated4 ,but it was already too late4 ,the young and rash ,emperor of ,austria1 driven to extremity1 thought himself sufficiently strong to contend at once against ,france and the revolution4 ,he summoned ,piedmont to disband such of her regiments as were composed of ,lombards and ,venetians1 who were ,austrian subjects4 ,as this was refused1 he declared war4 ,he fell into a second error4 ,he assumed the offensive tardily1 and did not push forward rapidly to the point where the ,french army must concentrate1 before its concentration could be accomplished4 ,he made a third and more serious mistake1 which proved ruinous4 ,he withdrew from the war after his first defeats when his army was beat1 indeed1 but neither broken nor disorganized1 when he still held the unconquered quadrilateral1 and when ,prussia and ,germany were arming to support him4 ,in #ahff he was equally imprudent in the war against ,prussia1 when a continuation of the contest would have obliged ,france1 whether willingly or otherwise1 to intervene1 and would probably have saved both ,austria and ,france4 ,meanwhile1 ,napoleon felt that it was necessary to reassure the ,catholics of ,france4 8,we do not go to ,italy10 said he1 boldly1 but untruly1 in his proclamation of #crd ,may1 8in order to encourage disorder1 nor to shake the power of the ,holy ,father1 whom we have replaced on his throne1 but in order to liberate him from the foreign pressure which weighs upon the whole peninsula1 and assist in founding order on legitimate interests that will be satisfied40 ,m4 ,rouland1 the ,minister of ,public ,worship1 wrote to the bishops1 in order to inspire them with confidence as to the consequences of the contest4 8,the ,emperor10 he said1 hypocritically1 8has weighed the matter in the presence of ,god1 and his well-known wisdom1 energy and loyalty will not be wanting1 either to religion or the country4 ,the prince who has given to religion so many proofs of deference and attachment1 who1 after the evil days of #ahdh1 brought back the ,holy ,father to the ,vatican1 is the firmest support of ,catholic unity1 and he desires that the ,chief of the ,church shall be respected in all his rights as a temporal sovereign4 ,the prince1 who saved ,france from the invasion of the democracy1 cannot accept either its doctrines or its domination in ,italy40 ,these declarations1 which promised so much1 were joyfully accepted by the ,catholics4 ,events1 however1 soon made it appear how hollow they were4 ,the grand conspiracy1 whilst it amused the friends of order and legality with fine words and lying protestations1 acted in such a way as to favor the revolution and meet all its wishes4 ,on the #bgth of ,april1 the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany1 uncle of ,victor ,emmanuel1 was overthrown in consequence of intrigues and plots at the house of ,signor ,buoncompagni1 ambassador of the ,piedmontese ,king1 a fact to which ,mr4 ,scarlett1 the ,british representative1 bears witness in an official despatch4 ,the same blow was struck1 and with the like success1 against the excellent and popular ,duchess of ,parma4 ,but this princess was immediately recalled by the people1 who had been taken by surprise1 and remained until ,piedmont took military possession of the ,duchies1 which it never gave up4 ,prince ,napoleon1 who commanded the #eth ,french ,army ,corps1 looking out for the enemy by a devious route1 in the direction of ,romagna1 reached the battle-field of ,solferino too late to take part in the fight1 but quite in time to make it available to the revolution4 ,the ,austrian troops who occupied ,bologna1 being threatened by the movement1 made haste to recross the ,po1 without waiting to be replaced by a ,pontifical garrison1 and without even advising the ,holy ,see4 ,m4 de ,cavour's emissaries immediately availed themselves of so good an opportunity1 took possession of the city1 where there was not a soldier left1 and offered its government to ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,they were preparing at ,rome to celebrate the thirteenth anniversary of the coronation of ,pius ,,ix41 when the news of these sad events reached the city4 ,the addresses of the ,pope1 on this occasion1 therefore1 were necessarily full of melancholy feeling4 8,in whatever direction ,i look10 said he1 in his reply to the cardinals1 8,i behold only subjects of sorrow2 but1 #8v homini illi per quem scandalum venit6' ,woe to that man by whom scandal cometh6 ,for my part1 personally1 ,i am not shaken2 ,i place my trust in ,god40 ,three days later1 the #ahth ,june1 he announced1 in a consistorial allocution1 that ,cardinal ,antonelli had been commissioned to protest at the courts of all the ,powers against the events in ,romagna4 ,but his position as sovereign required of him something more than words1 and he did not shrink from any of his duties4 ,perugia had followed the example of ,bologna1 and to the former city he despatched troops1 who retook it without any difficulty4 ,in the contest some twelve men were either killed or wounded1 and the clamors of the revolutionary press rung throughout ,europe1 denouncing the massacres and the 8sack of ,perugia40 ,letter of the ,honorable ,mrs4 ,ross from ,perugia1 vide ,weekly ,register1 ,february #aath1 #ahfj4 ,,the ,,truth ,,about ,,perugia4--,we have received from ,rome an original ,english copy of the letter of ,mrs4 ,ross of ,bladensburgh1 written from ,perugia on the #bcrd of ,june last1 and an ,italian version of which we announced last week to our readers as having appeared in the ,giornale di ,roma of #bcrd ult41 and which is referred to in our special correspondence from ,rome this week4 ,we really never expected that our former ,perugino antagonist1 ,mr4 ,perkins1 of ,boston1 should have turned out to be such a very unfortunate man4 ,we have now a fair sample of the authorities consulted by travellers of his class to procure evidence against the ,pontifical government4 ------------------------------------- ,extract from a letter written by the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,ross of ,bladensburgh1 to her husband1 from ,villa ,monti1 at ,perugia1 dated ,perugia1 ,june #bast1 #ahei4 8,to ,david ,ross1 of ,bladensburgh1 ,hautes ,pyrenees1 ,france4 8,i wrote to you last ,wednesday1 #aeth inst41 to announce a revolution which occurred here on the previous day2 now ,i write to relieve your mind of anxiety in case an exaggerated account of what has occurred here be given in the public papers4 ,i have to tell you of the re-entrance of the ,papal troops1 which took place yesterday after a stubborn resistance of four hours on the part of the revolutionists4 8,when the revolt at ,perugia was known at ,rome1 orders were given to a body of ,swiss troops to replace the little garrison which had been driven out4 ,the revolutionary junta was well informed of what had been decided on at ,rome1 and immediately prepared to oppose the re-establishment of social order in the town4 ,victor ,emmanuel1 to whom they had offered the town1 returned no official answer1 but1 instead1 reports were industriously circulated among the citizens of sympathy and support from ,piedmont4 ,an honest refusal on the part of ,victor ,emmanuel1 or an open acceptance1 would have prevented subsequent events1 which his calculated silence brought about4 ,on ,saturday last1 the #ahth inst41 we heard that the ,pope's troops were close to ---- and on ,sunday that they had actually arrived there4 ,in the ---- ,buoncompagni sent from ,tuscany1 ,i am told1 #cjj muskets in aid and wagons were despatched to ,arezzo for arms and ammunition2 barricades were commenced4 ,the monks were turned out of their convent at ,st4 ,peter's ,gate 7one of them came down to us72 and #ejj armed men instead were put in to defend the gate and first barricade4 ,after two o'clock p4m41 the gates were closed1 and no one could go in or out of the town without an order4 ,it was then ,i wrote a note to ,mr4 ,perkins1 warning and requesting him and his family to accept a shake-down with us2 and with difficulty ,i got the note conveyed up to town by a woman who happened to have a pass4 ,nothing could induce any of the peasants about us to go near the town1 as the revolutionary party were making forced levies of the youth of the place1 and arming them to resist the coming troops4 ,next morning 7,monday the #bjth7 a body of shepherds coming up from the place1 told us that they had just seen the ,swiss troops at ,santa ,maria degli ,angioli1 where they stopped and had mass17#c7 having heard that the citizens contemplated resistance4 ,about ten o'clock that same morning ,i got ,mr4 ,perkins' answer to my note2 it was to this effect--that he had gone to the president 7of the ,junta71 who assured him that the ,swiss had not yet even reached ---- and that certainly they would not arrive before the next day at sunset4 ,and the inn-keeper 7the notorious ,storti71 he added1 said that they were not coming here at all1 but going to ,ancona6 ,i cannot imagine how he could trust such people1 who were all implicated in the business4 ,his messenger1 who was one of the servants of the hotel1 said1 as he gave the note1 #8,don't delay me1 or ,i shall not be in time to kill my three or four ,swiss1' showing how well informed and prepared the hotel was4 ,i should have written again to the poor ,perkins' to undeceive them2 but it was too late1 for almost immediately the columns of the ,swiss appeared in the plain below1 which you know we see from our villa1 and the president 7revolutionary ,junta7 and other heads of the rebellion had their carriages and horses ready waiting4 ,they fled at the first gun1 leaving the people to act for themselves after having inflamed1 deceived and armed them1 and gathered into the town all the canaille they could get from the neighboring country4 ,from the moment the troops appeared1 all the peasants belonging to the villa flocked around us4 ,anxiety was depicted on every face4 ,the countenance of one old man in particular was very striking--#8bad times1' he murmured4 #8,we have fallen on evil days--respect and awe are gone1 and the people are blinded4' ,the parish priest was also with us1 and the monk ,i mentioned before4 ,we watched with great anxiety the slow ascent of the troops up the long five miles to the city gate4 ,there the colonel and his men halted1 and he parleyed with the people4 ,we could see him stop and address them1 and then we saw a volley fired down on them by the armed men in the convent windows4 ,the first fire was from the people on the troops4 ,we could see all from our villa windows like a scene on the stage2 while the distance was sufficient to veil the horrors of war4 ,then we saw some troops separate from the main body and advance to the foot of the wall1 and in the twinkling of an eye they scaled it1 amid a hot fire from the insurgents1 whom we heard shouting out1 #8,coraggio6 coraggio6' from behind the walls4 ,then we saw one soldier rush up and tear down the revolutionary flag1 and carry it in triumph back to the main body of the troops1 and then we saw the ,pontifical flag float where the revolutionary one had been4 ,in the meantime the rest of the troops had planted their cannon opposite to the city gate4 ,boom6 boom6 they went at the barricades1 and in an hour after the firing of the first gun1 they had driven out the #ejj armed men from the convent of ,st4 ,peter's1 and entered the first enclosure of the town4 ,we then saw no more1 but sat all that afternoon in the window1 listening to the incessant firing in deep anxiety4 ,as the soldiers fought their way up to their barracks1 and as the report of the arms became more and more distant1 we could judge pretty well of the advance of the troops1 knowing as we did the chief points of resistance within4 ,the first gun fired was at three o'clock p4m4 precisely1 and at seven p4m4 all was silent again2 the soldiers had reached their barracks4 ,i hear that ---- have fled out towards ,arezzo2 all the canaille of the villages of the place were enlisted to defend the city1 and it was the talk of the country that had the ,swiss been beaten1 the city was to have been pillaged by that armed mob4 ,they say that had they not had promises of succor from ,victor ,emmanuel 7the #8,re ,galantuomo'71 and of encouragement from ,princess ,valentini 7nee ,buonaparte1 who resides here71 they would not have resisted as they did3 thus were they deceived6 ,there is more in it all than one sees at first2 and clearly it was an affair got up to make out a case against the ,pope4 ,piedmontese money was circulated there just before the revolution4 ,n---- got it in change in the shops4 8,june #bb4--,p4,s4--,our servant has been to town to-day2 he brings me a letter from the ,perkins'1 and such news as is the general talk of the cafes4 ,our poor friends in the ,hotel de ,france 7,locanda ,storti7 suffered much4 ,deceived to the last1 they had not even been told of the actual arrival of the troops1 and had just sat quietly to dinner when the roar of the guns startled them4 ,they strove to go to another hotel1 but alas6 the gates of their inn were fastened2 they could not stir4 ,the letter ,i got from them said that the troops were irritated on account of the firing from the roof4 ,we knew beforehand how it would be there2 and in fact they did shoot an officer and two men while passing the door4 ,it was on this that the soldiers1 infuriated1 rushed and assailed the house4444 ,i hear every one blames the imprudence of these people4 ,they could not afford to be hostile2 for the hotel1 if you remember1 commands the street from the base up the hill4 ,no troops1 therefore1 could risk going up that hill with a hostile house in that position ready to take them in the rear4 ,the escape of the poor ,perkins' is a perfect miracle2 they1 ,i hear1 lost everything4 ,the innkeeper1 waiter and stableman1 they say1 were killed in the fray4 ,the number of deaths among the ,swiss were #aj1 and #cc of the ,perugians4 ,several prisoners were made4 ,i went up on this same afternoon 7,june #bb7 with the two little boys to see the colonel of the regiment4 ,the town is wonderfully little injured1 only broken windows 444 after a mob riot1 with the exception of a few houses in the suburbs1 between the outer and inner gates4 ,one was burned by the accident of the falling of a bomb-shell4 ,the other was cannonaded as being a resort of the rebels4 ,there is great talk of how the heads of the revolution scampered off1 betraying thus the tools and dupes of their faction40 ------------------------------------- ,extract from another letter to ,david ,ross of ,bladensburgh3 8,there is great terror here among all the country people1 who dread1 sooner or later1 vengeance being taken upon them by the revolutionary party1 because they would have nothing to say to the movement40 7,m#fe7 ,it is well known how rapidly events succeeded one another1 when ,napoleon's friendly relations with ,austria came to an end4 ,on ,may #crd he declared war4 ,on the #abth he arrived at ,genoa1 commanded in person1 on the #dth of ,june1 at the battle of ,magenta1 where1 but for the superior generalship of ,marshal ,mc,mahon1 he would have lost his life1 together with his army1 and on the #bdth of the same month won the great victory of ,solferino4 ,he now gave out that he had enough of glory and would fight no more1 whilst in reality he was constrained to yield to powerful pressure from without4 ,prussia1 foreseeing that1 if ,austria experienced a few more defeats1 she herself would suffer1 deemed it wise to interfere4 ,prussia had1 indeed1 concerted matters beforehand with the ,emperor of the ,french1 and had undertaken to isolate ,austria1 her hereditary rival in ,germany4 ,but at the first rumor of the ,franco-,piedmontese aggression1 the ,german ,states were moved4 ,the ,diet of ,francfort insisted that the confederate nations should proceed to assist the ,emperor1 who was ,president of the ,german ,confederation4 ,it fell to ,prussia to head the movement4 ,but1 as may be conceived1 she was not hearty in the cause4 ,her statesmen hesitated1 argued1 equivocated1 and made a show of preparing1 but slowly1 for war4 ,meanwhile1 the news of the successive defeats of ,austria roused still more the patriotism of the ,germans4 ,the ,prussian monarch1 finding that he was on the point of being overwhelmed1 addressed to his ,imperial accomplice1 the day after the battle of ,solferino1 a most pressing telegram1 informing him that he must make peace1 cost what it would4 ,napoleon1 it need hardly be said1 obeyed1 and so the peace of ,villafranca was concluded4 ,by this treaty was established an ,italian ,confederation1 under the honorary presidency of the ,pope1 ,lombardy given to ,piedmont1 ,venice left to ,austria1 the rights of the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany and the other sovereigns1 who were for the moment dispossessed1 expressly reserved4 ,thus appeared to end the intrigues of the revolution4 ,pius ,,ix4 promptly invited the faithful of ,rome to join with him in offering thanksgiving to ,god4 ,his letter thus concludes3 8,what do we pray for8 ,that all the enemies of ,christ1 of ,his ,church and of the ,holy ,see1 may be converted and live40 7,m#ff7 ,so clear1 apparently1 was now the political atmosphere1 that men could not avoid accusing themselves of having judged rashly the mighty conqueror1 who1 by a word1 could restore serenity as easily as he had disturbed it4 ,it was not yet known by what power he was restrained4 ,in compliance with the requirements of the treaty of ,villafranca1 ,piedmont1 indeed1 withdrew her commissioners from ,central ,italy4 ,the public1 however1 soon learned1 to its great astonishment1 what1 at first1 it could not believe1 that provisional governments took the place of the ,piedmontese ,commissioners1 and that ,baron ,ricasoli1 at ,florence1 ,signor ,farini1 at ,modena and ,parma1 and ,cipriani1 at ,bologna1 all agents of ,count de ,cavour and the revolution1 dismissed everywhere such officials as were suspected of looking seriously to the return of the legitimate sovereigns1 and had recourse to popular suffrage4 ,this1 it is no exaggeration to say1 was a mere mockery4 ,the voting directed1 expurgated by these parties1 never extended to the landward districts1 but1 confined entirely to the towns1 was necessarily calculated to produce the result at which they aimed--a plebiscitum in favor of annexation to ,piedmont4 ,in ,romagna1 for instance1 where there were about two hundred thousand electors1 only #ah1jjj were registered1 and of these only one-third presented their votes4 ,by such means was a national assembly constituted4 ,this assembly met at ,bologna on the #fth of ,september1 and at its first sitting voted the abolition of the ,pontifical government1 and invited ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,this potentate dared not1 at first1 to accept1 but appointed ,signor ,buoncompagni1 governor-general of the league of ,central ,italy4 ,it did not appear from the state of the polls1 if1 indeed1 the polling of votes was even made a fashion of1 that the people of the ,papal ,states were at all anxious to do away with the government under which they and their forefathers had enjoyed so many blessings1 together with the surpassing honor of possessing1 as their capital1 the metropolis of the ,christian world4 ,they were too happy in being ruled over by the elective monarch whom they themselves had chosen1 to desire1 in preference to him1 the mere shadow of a king--the satrap of an ,imperial despot4 ,it was not they who1 in a pretended patriotic endeavor to shake off the ,pontifical yoke1 raised the standard of rebellion in so many cities and provinces of the ,papal ,states4 ,this was wholly the work of foreigners4 ,a ,bonaparte1 attended by a numerous and well-disciplined army1 invaded ,italy4 ,his arms were1 to a certain extent1 successful2 and so rebellion was encouraged4 ,another ,bonaparte excited to revolt the city of ,perugia4 ,the disturbance was speedily settled by a handful of troops whom the sovereign had despatched from ,rome1 to the great satisfaction of the citizens of ,perugia4 ,in other cities1 by the like instrumentalities1 were like movements occasioned4 ,they were invariably suppressed by the loyal and devoted people4 ,so much was this the case that the ,pontifical government warmly thanked the mayors and municipalities of no fewer than seven or eight cities for their good services in putting down the nascent revolution4 ,at ,bologna1 the capital of the ,romagnol or milian provinces1 a cousin of the ,bonapartes1 the ,marquis ,pepoli1 whom the benevolence of ,pius ,,ix4 had restored to his country1 stirred up rebellion1 and caused the ,pontifical government to give place to revolutionary misrule4 ,the abettors of ,pepoli1 in this most base and ungrateful proceeding1 were his associates of the secret societies2 others who were foreigners at ,bologna1 and a few malcontents of that city itself4 ,but all these were far from being the citizens of ,bologna1 far from being the people of the ,bolognese provinces4 ,whilst such things were done1 where was the peace of ,villafranca8 ,it had become1 or rather1 never was anything better than1 waste paper4 ,the head of the ,bonapartes was the offender1 and he contrived to make ,france the partner of his guilt4 8,it is ,france10 the illustrious ,m4 de ,montalembert affirms1 8that has allowed the temporal power of the ,pope to be shaken4 ,this is the fact1 which blind men only can deny4 ,france is not engaged alone in this path1 but her overwhelming ascendancy places her at the head of the movement1 and throws the great and supreme responsibility of it upon her4 ,we know all the legitimate and crushing reproaches that are due to ,england and ,piedmont2 but if ,france had so willed it1 ,piedmont would not have dared to undertake anything against the ,holy ,see1 and ,england would have been condemned to her impotent hatred4444 ,the ,congress of ,paris1 in #ahef--;having solemnly declared1 #8that none of the contracting powers had the right of interfering1 either collectively or individually1 between a sovereign and his subjects'7#d7--;after having proclaimed the principle of the absolute independence of sovereigns in favor of the ,turkish ,sultan against his ,christian subjects1 thought itself justified by its protocol of ,april #hth1 and in the absence of any representative of the august accused1 in proclaiming that the situation of the ,papal ,states was abnormal and irregular4 ,this accusation1 developed1 aggravated and exaggerated in parliament and elsewhere1 by ,lord ,palmerston and ,count ,cavour1 was1 nevertheless1 formally put forward under the presidency and on the initiative of the ,french minister for foreign affairs4 ,consequently1 ,france must be held accountable for it to the ,church1 and to the rest of ,europe40 ,the war which 8the skilful but guilty perseverance of ,piedmontese policy0 succeeded in occasioning between ,france and ,austria facilitated not a little the work of revolution in the ,states of the ,church4 ,in order to dispel the fears that prevailed1 the following words were addressed to the ,bishops of ,france by the minister of the ,emperor3 8,the prince who restored the ,holy ,father to his throne in the ,vatican wills that the ,head of the ,church should be respected in all his rights as a temporal sovereign40 ,a little later1 the ,emperor of the ,french1 elated with his military success1 issued a proclamation which renewed the apprehensions that had been so happily allayed4 8,italians6--,providence sometimes favors nations and individuals by giving them the opportunity of suddenly springing into their full growth4 ,avail yourselves1 then1 of the fortune that is offered you6 ,your desire of independence1 so long expressed1 so often deceived1 will be realized1 if you show yourselves worthy of it4 ,unite then for one sole object1 the liberation of your country4 ,fly to the standards of ,king ,victor ,emmanuel1 who has already so nobly shown you the way to honor4 ,remember that without discipline there can be no army1 and animated with the sacred fire of patriotism1 be soldiers only to-day1 and you will be to-morrow free citizens of a great country40 8,the ,romagnese10 continues ,montalembert1 8took the speaker at his word4 ,four days after the appearance of this proclamation1 they rose against the ,papal authority1 created a provisional government1 convoked a sovereign assembly1 voted the deposition of the ,pope1 and the annexation to ,piedmont4 ,finally1 seeing their audacity remained unpunished1 they organized an armed league1 officered by ,piedmontese1 and commanded by ,garibaldi--that ,garibaldi1 who1 having been vanquished by ,french troops ten years ago1 now avails himself of our recent hard-won victories1 to boast that he will #8soon make an end of clerical despotism4' 0 ,three months after the revolution had been established in the ,romagna1 ,m4 de ,montalembert wrote3 8,the revolution1 triumphant1 is still asking ,europe to sanction its work4 ,france has to impute to herself all the scandals and all the calamities that will follow4 ,great nations are responsible not only for what they do1 but for what they permit to be done under the shadow of their flag1 and by the incitement of their influence4 ,the war which ,france waged in ,italy has cost the ,pope the loss of the third part of his dominions1 and the irreparable weakening of his hold on what remains4 ,the eldest daughter of the church will remain accountable for it before contemporaries1 before history1 before ,europe1 and before ,god4 ,she will not be allowed to wipe her mouth like the adultress in ,scripture1 qu tergens os suum dicit1 non sum operata malum40 ,another power which was1 in the full sense of the term1 foreign in the ,roman ,states1 still more directly aided the revolution4 ,this power was the army of ,garibaldi4 ,it will be seen1 when it is considered what troops this army was composed of1 that it was wholly alien in the ,states of the ,church4 ,in this motley corps there were3 #f1gej ,piedmontese volunteers4 #c1bdj ,lombards volunteers #a1bjj ,venetians4 #b1aej ,neapolitans and ,sicilians4 #ejj ,romans4 #a1bjj ,hungarians4 #bjj ,french4 #cj ,english4 #aej ,maltese and ,ionians4 #bfj ,greeks4 #dej ,poles4 #cgj ,swiss4 #afj ,spaniards1 ,belgians and ,americans4 #hjj ,austrian deserters and liberated convicts4 ,could such an army as this be held to be a representation of the people of the ,papal ,states8 ,one-third of it was supplied by two hostile nations1 one of which1 ,piedmont1 had actually1 by the intrigues of its government and in pursuance of a policy which an able statesman1 a most candid writer and an honorable man1 ,count ,montalembert1 has stigmatized as criminal1 caused the rebellion in ,romagna1 and has since earnestly labored to avail itself of the state of things1 by annexing ,central ,italy to the territories of the ,piedmontese ,king4 ,it were superfluous to direct attention to the numbers of foreigners from various states4 ,it is1 however1 deserving of remark that the whole population of the ,papal ,states1 amounting to #c1jjj1jjj1 should have shown its alleged sympathy with the 8cause of ,italy10 by sending only #ejj men to fight its battles4 ,they did not want courage1 as was shown in #ahdh1 when neither the considerate advice and paternal remonstrances of the ,holy ,father1 nor the wise counsel of grave statesmen and learned cardinals1 could moderate the ardor of the ,roman youth1 believing1 as they had been persuaded1 that patriotism and duty called them to follow the standard of ,king ,charles ,albert4 ,then they took up arms1 as they conceived1 in the cause of ,italian liberty4 ,but now that honorable cause was manifestly in abeyance2 and they would not leave their homes and endanger their lives for the phantom of national independence offered them by the revolution4 ,the ,french were equally wary4 ,they sympathized with ,italy4 ,they fought for their ,emperor4 ,but they had no admiration for ,piedmontese ambition1 or that of ,murats1 and ,pepolis1 and ,bonapartes4 ,england was more cautious still4 ,however much her demagogues may have exerted their oratorical powers at home1 they carefully avoided perilling either life or limb in the cause of the revolution4 ,a more numerous band of fighting men of ,english origin1 in ,garibaldi's ranks1 would have shown more sympathy with rebellion in some ,italian ,states than the proposal made by a right honorable member of the richest peerage in the world to raise a penny subscription in order to supply the rebels with bayonets and fire-arms4 ,when we call to mind that this suggestion was made by that very lordly peer who was once ,governor-,general of ,india1 we have little difficulty in understanding why his superiors1 the members of the ,east ,india ,company1 dismissed him from the high and responsible office with which he had been entrusted4 ,it cannot be pretended that the army of ,garibaldi was1 in any degree1 a national representation4 ,no nation or community can be fairly represented by a number of its people1 insignificantly small1 unless1 indeed1 these few individuals hold commission from their fellow-countrymen4 ,we have not read anywhere that the ,garibaldian army was thus honored4 ,social status1 character and respectability1 may1 on occasions1 give to individuals the privilege of representing their country4 ,but on these grounds the motley troop of the revolutionary leader possessed no claim4 ,they were men for whom peace and order have no charms4 ,the powerful corrective of military discipline was applied to them in vain4 ,their insubordination was notorious4 ,to ,garibaldi even it was intolerable4 ,and this man1 daring as he was1 withdrew from the command in disgust4 ,he had scarcely retired when many of his men deserted4 ,these the people refused to recognize1 and would not afford them assistance on their journey4 ,some fifty of them arrived at ,placentia1 after having been reduced to mendicancy before they could reach their homes4 ,the revolutionary governor1 ,doctor ,fanti1 issued an order of the day1 requiring that these men1 on account of their insubordination and bad conduct1 should not be admitted anew into the army of the ,league4 ,the general-in-chief also published an order1 under date of #bfth ,november1 #ahei1 absolutely forbidding to accept any person who had belonged to ,garibaldi's force4 ,an army so composed could1 by no means1 claim to represent the highly refined1 intellectual1 and moral populations of ,italy4 ,far less did it afford any proof that the people of the ,papal ,states were anxious to forward the work of the revolution4 ,the inhabitants of ,rome and the ,roman ,states1 far from showing any inclination to side with the revolutionary party1 were wont never to let pass an opportunity of manifesting their satisfaction with the government of the ,pope4 ,his ,holiness walked abroad without guards4 ,and although he sought the most retired places1 for the enjoyment of that pedestrian exercise which his health required1 numbers of the people often contrived to throw themselves in his way1 in order to testify to him their reverence and affection1 as well as to receive his paternal benediction4 ,when taking his walk1 one day1 on ,monte ,pincio1 many thousands came around him1 declaring loudly their unfeigned loyalty4 ,the following day1 still greater crowds repaired to the same place4 ,but the ,holy ,father1 with a view to be more retired1 had gone in another direction4 ,it ought not to be forgotten1 that when returning1 in the autumn of #ahei1 from his villa at ,castel ,gandolpho1 the road was thronged on both sides to the distance of four miles from ,rome with citizens who had no other object in view than to give a cordial and loyal welcome to their ,bishop and ,prince4 ,this was an ovation--a triumph which the greatest conqueror might well have envied4 ,it has already been recorded that1 on occasion of the progress which the ,holy ,father made through his ,states1 he was everywhere received with the most lively demonstrations of enthusiastic loyalty1 reverence and affection4 ,on the #ahth of ,january1 #ahfj1 the municipal body1 or1 as it is called1 8the ,senate10 of ,rome1 presented to the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 as well in their own name as on behalf of all the people1 an address expressive of their filial duty and loyal sentiments4 ,on the following day1 ,january #aith1 one hundred and thirty-four of the nobility of ,rome1 who are1 in all1 one hundred and sixty1 approached the person of the ,pontiff in order to present an equally loyal and dutiful address4 ,the sentiments of this address will be best conveyed in its own plain and energetic language--language which does honor to the patricians of modern ,rome3 8,we1 the undersigned1 deeply grieved by the publication of various libels which1 emanating from the revolutionary press1 tend to make the world believe that the people subject to the authority of your ,holiness are wishing to shake off the yoke which1 as it is reported1 has become insufferable1 feel necessitated to show fidelity and loyalty to your ,holiness1 and to make known to the rest of ,europe1 which1 at the present moment1 doubts the sincerity of our words1 the fidelity of our persons towards your ,holiness1 by a manifestation of attachment and fidelity towards your person1 proceeding from our duty as ,catholics1 and from our lawful submission as your subjects4 8,it is not1 however1 our intention to vie with the miserable cunning of your enemies--enemies of the faith--of that very faith which they profess to venerate4 ,but placed1 as it is our fortune1 by your side1 and seeing the malignity of those who attack you1 and the disloyal character of their attacks1 we feel bound to gather ourselves at the foot of your twofold throne1 with vows for the integrity of your independent sovereignty2 and once more offering you our whole selves1 too happy if this manifestation of our fidelity may sweeten the bitterness with which your ,holiness is afflicted1 and if you are pleased to accept our offerings4 ,thus may ,europe1 deceived by so many perverse writings1 be thoroughly convinced that if the nobility have hitherto been restrained from the expression of their desires by respect and the fear of throwing any obstacle in the way of a happy solution1 so anxiously desired1 they have not the less retained them1 and expressed them as individuals2 and that they1 this day1 unite to declare them1 heartily and sincerely pledging to them before all the world their honor and their faith4 8,accept1 ,holy ,father1 ,pontiff and ,king1 this energetic protest and the unlimited devotedness which the nobles of ,rome offer in reverence to your ,sceptre1 no less than to your ,pastoral staff40--7,in the ,weekly ,register of ,january #bh1 #ahfj1 from the ,giornale di ,roma47 ,the like loyal and patriotic feeling was manifested throughout all the cities and provinces of the ,papal ,states4 ,one of the most eminent of liberal ,british statesmen1 the ,marquis of ,normanby1 bears witness to the fact that very few of the citizens of ,bologna could be compelled1 even at the point of the sword1 to express adherence to the revolution4 ,a portion of the periodical press labored to keep such facts as these out of view4 ,but they would have required better evidence than they were ever able to produce in order to convince reasonable and reflecting men that people1 blessed with so great a degree of material prosperity as the subjects of the ,pope and the other ,princes of ,italy1 were anxious to see radical changes introduced into the governments under which they were so favored4 ,that they were highly prosperous and but slightly taxed1 many distinguished travellers1 members of both houses of the ,british parliament1 and others bear witness4 ,none will question the evidence of these facts which are known on the authority of such men as the ,marquis of ,normanby and his ,excellency the ,earl of ,carlisle4 ,the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,pope ,hennessey stated in the ,house of ,commons3 8,that the national prosperity of the ,states of the ,church and of ,austria had become greater1 year after year1 than that of ,sardinia 7where a sort of revolutionary constitution had been established71 and that documents existed in the ,foreign ,office1 in the shape of reports from our own consuls1 which proved it1 with respect to commercial interests in ,sardinia4 ,mr4 ,erskine1 our minister at ,turin1 in a despatch of ,january #g1 #ahef1 gave a very unfavorable view of the manufacturing1 mining and agricultural progress of ,sardinia4 ,but from ,venetia1 ,mr4 ,elliott gave a perfectly opposite view1 showing that great progress was being made there4 ,the shipping trade of ,sardinia with ,england had declined #b1jjj tons4 ,but the ,british trade with ,ancona had increased #ba1jjj tons1 and with ,venice #be1jjj tons1 in the course of the last two years4 ,he attributed these results to the increase of taxation in ,sardinia1 through the introduction of the constitutional 7the ,sardinian institutional7 system of government1 and to the comparatively easy taxation of ,venetia4 ,the increased taxation of ,sardinia from #ahdg to #aheg was no less than #ej1jjj1jjj francs4 ,with respect to education in the ,papal ,states1 he contended that it was more diffused than it was in this country--,great ,britain40 ,in countries that were so prosperous1 every man literally 8sitting under his own vine and his own fig-tree10 it is difficult to believe that there was wide-spread discontent and a general desire for radical changes4 ,to prove that there was1 it would have required evidence of no ordinary weight4 ,all testimony that can be relied on shows a very different state of feeling4 ,lord ,john ,russell1 in his too memorable ,aberdeen speech1 gave expression to an opinion which1 through the labors of the newspaper press1 had become very prevalent in ,england1 that 8under their provisional revolutionary governments the people of ,central ,italy had conducted themselves with perfect order1 just as if they had been the citizens of a country that had long enjoyed free institutions40 ,the ,marquis of ,normanby1 in his place in the ,british ,house of ,peers1 made reply to this allegation37#e7 8,i should like to know where the noble ,lord found that information4 ,there is not in ,central ,italy a single government that has resulted from popular election4 ,they were all named by ,piedmont--which had1 as it were1 packed the cards4 ,liberty of speech there was none1 nor liberty of the press1 nor personal liberty4444 ,the ,grand ,duchess of ,parma was expelled by a ,piedmontese army1 and restored by the spontaneous call of her people4 ,she left the country1 declaring that she would suffer everything sooner than expose her subjects to the horrors of civil war4444 ,numberless atrocities have been committed under the rule of these governments which1 according to my noble friend1 are so wise and orderly4 ,i read to you the first day of this session the letter of a ,tuscan1 whose character is irreproachable4 ,since that time ,i have received from him another letter1 in which he says3 #8,you will not be surprised to learn that my letter to you has been the occasion of the coarsest invectives4 ,for what reason ,i cannot tell1 if it was not because it spoke the truth4' 8,here is a second letter1 which ,i received a few days ago from an ,english merchant of the highest standing at ,leghorn3 #8,no intervention is allowed in ,tuscany2 and nevertheless1 my ,lord1 intervention appears everywhere2 even armed and foreign intervention4 ,the governor-general is a ,piedmontese2 the minister of war is a ,piedmontese2 the commander of the armed police is a ,piedmontese2 the military governor of ,leghorn is a ,piedmontese2 the captain of the port is a ,piedmontese2 without reckoning a great number of other functionaries of the same nation4 ,this is what ,i call armed and foreign intervention4 ,let us be disembarrassed of all this2 let us be free from the despotic pressure of this government1 and the great majority of the country would vote the restoration of the ,house of ,lorraine4 ,almost all the army would be for the ,grand ,duke1 and on this account it is kept at a distance from ,tuscany4 ,i can say the same of two-thirds of the national guard4 ,all the ,great ,powers have observed strict neutrality here1 inasmuch as they have not been present at any ceremony which could be looked upon as a recognition of the existing government4 ,but since the peace of ,villafranca1 the ,english agents have taken part in all the ceremonies1 in all the balls4' ,assuredly1 thus to recognize such a government is far from being faithful to the assurance given last session by the noble ,lord at the head of the foreign department 7cheers740 ,lord ,normanby's trustworthy correspondent says1 moreover1 in the letter referred to1 that the ,tuscan troops being kept at a distance from ,tuscany1 the people dreaded making any demonstration1 being well aware that an imprudent word would be punished with imprisonment4 8,at ,leghorn1 however1 some private meetings were held1 at which influential persons were present4 ,public meetings are impossible4 ,twenty-three members of the assembly asked that it should be convened4 ,this was refused them4 ,at the private meetings1 however1 it was decided that ,ferdinand ,,iv4 should be recalled1 on condition of granting a constitution and an amnesty4 ,the people have been dreadfully deceived4 ,all promises have been violated1 the price of provisions has risen1 the national debt has been enormously increased40 ,lord ,normanby also laid before the ,house of ,peers the testimony of a distinguished ,italian writer1 ,signor ,amperi1 whom he described as a man of high character4 ,this gentleman addressed the governments of ,central ,italy in the following terms3 8,the false position in which you have placed yourselves has reduced you to the necessity1 in times of liberty1 as you pretend1 but of false liberty1 as ,i conceive1 to make falsehood a system of government4 ,of the promises of ,victor ,emmanuel that he would sustain before the ,great ,powers the vote of the ,tuscan ,assembly1 you have made a formal accepting for himself of this vote1 and1 in order to deceive the ignorant multitude1 you ordered public rejoicings in honor of a fact which you knew to be false4 ,you declared yourselves the ministers of a king who had not appointed you4 ,you administer the government in his name2 you give judgments in his name2 you pledge the public faith of a sovereign who has given you no commission to do any such thing2 and although you forced the ,tuscans to acknowledge him for king1 you despise his authority to such an extent as to impose upon him the choice of a regent4 ,what right have you to do this1 if he be really king1 and if he be not1 is your right any better founded80 ,the ,marquis of ,normanby laughs to scorn the various attempts that were made to establish a government in ,central ,italy against the will of the people4 ,first of all1 a certain ,signor ,buoncompagni was appointed governor-general by the ,king of ,sardinia4 ,the ,emperor of the ,french judged that the ambitious satrap had exceeded his powers1 and ,buoncompagni was immediately recalled4 ,the ,prince de ,carignan was then offered the regency of ,central ,italy4 ,he thought it prudent to decline2 but1 unwilling wholly to relinquish a cherished object of ambition1 he named in his place the above-mentioned ,signor ,buoncompagni4 ,it would be hard to say in virtue of what right he so acted4 ,the appointment1 it is well known1 caused the greatest indignation at ,florence1 and elicited a protest from the liberal representatives themselves4 ,will it be believed1 in after times1 that the ,british ministry1 at that time in power1 actually recognized this spurious government1 ordering the ,queen's representative to pay an official visit to ,signor ,buoncompagni8 ,whilst all ,europe held aloof1 anxious to avoid wrong and insult to the ,italian people1 whence this zeal and haste on the part of the ,british cabinet8 ,at first they had resolved to be neutral4 ,but there occurred to them the chimerical idea of a great kingdom of ,central ,italy2 and1 as ,lord ,normanby stated1 they hastened in their ignorance to carry this idea into effect4 8,yes10 continued the illustrious ,peer1 when assailed by the laughter of the more ignorant portion of his hearers1 8yes1 in complete ignorance of the aspirations and the prejudices of the ,italian people40 8,it is a painful duty10 said the illustrious statesman1 in concluding his eloquent appeal to the common sense and honorable feeling of the ,british peerage1 8to have to dispel the illusions of public opinion in regard to ,italy4 ,i have endeavored to fulfil this duty by laying before you information that can be relied on2 and ,i have the pleasure to observe that light is now beginning to penetrate the darkness which has hitherto enveloped this question4 ,there is already a greater chance that ,italian independence will be established on a more legitimate basis1 free from all foreign intervention1 and in such a way as to favor the cause of fidelity1 of truth1 of honor and general order 7cheers740 ,if there were no foreign intervention1 it was long the fashion with certain parties to say1 we should soon see the end of ,papal rule1 as well as that of all the other sovereignties of ,italy4 ,such1 however1 were not the views of the great majority of the ,italian people4 ,it has been satisfactorily proved1 those people themselves being the witnesses1 that such of them as were subjects of the ,pope1 far from being discontented and anxious to do away with the government which was set over them1 and substitute for it either a republic or a foreign monarchy1 highly appreciated and were steadfastly devoted to the wise and paternal rule of their ,pontiff ,sovereign4 ,the subjects of the other ,italian ,princes1 as well as the inhabitants of the revolutionized portion of the ,papal ,states1 were only prevented by the armed intervention of foreign ,powers from declaring in favor of their rightful sovereigns4 ,there is no pretension to deny that there were reformers and constitutionalists in those ,states4 ,of their number the ,pope himself was one4 ,but the well-informed and intellectual ,italians were not ignorant that all reforms must be the fruit of time and of opinion1 and that under the sway of enlightened and benevolent sovereigns1 aided by the learning and wise counsel of able and conscientious statesmen1 such changes1 in matters of civil polity1 as were adapted to the wants of the people would not have been delayed beyond the time when circumstances called for and justified their adoption4 7,m#fg7 ,all eyes were turned towards the victor of ,solferino1 who was the absolute master of the situation4 ,what would he do8 ,would he allow to be violated the definitive treaty which his ,plenipotentiaries were actually completing at ,zurich8 ,napoleon ,,iii4 did positively nothing4 ,he repeated in the treaty the stipulations in favor of the dispossessed sovereigns1 just as if the pretended plebiscitums were null1 and he had no knowledge of them4 ,he quietly permitted these plebiscitums to take effect with all their consequences1 quite the same as if the treaty had never existed4 ,austria saw the treaty executed1 as regarded every sacrifice to which she had consented1 and not without pain1 that it was set aside in all the points which set a limit to those sacrifices4 ,but ,austria was not the strongest ,power4 ,piedmont1 meanwhile1 adhibited her signature without wincing under those of ,france and ,austria4 ,thus1 as ,mgr4 ,pie of ,poitiers declared1 the church was deprived of all human stay4 ,such a state of things was not witnessed without emotion4 ,even in the frivolous society of ,france a change had taken place since the days of the great revolution4 ,catholic sentiment had gained among the lettered classes4 ,the dethronement of ,pius ,,vi4 had passed unnoticed1 like that of an ordinary sovereign4 ,that of ,pius ,,vii4 had excited only some isolated animadversions4 ,that of ,pius ,,ix4 raised storms of protestation on the one hand1 and on the other thunders of applause4 ,one party so hated the ,papacy as to become traitors to their country1 and bind themselves with a sort of wild enthusiasm1 first to the car of ,italian unity1 afterwards to that of ,germany4 ,they who thought otherwise carried their love of the imperilled institution to such an extent as to forget all their calculations1 all their political alliances1 and to incur freely the displeasure of men in power1 even to sacrifice the favor of the multitude1 favor which was not less valuable in times of universal suffrage than that of power4 ,the ,roman question became the inexhaustible subject of public discussions and private conversations4 ,it sometimes even occasioned family quarrels1 and was a trying ordeal for long-established friendships4 ,such extraordinary emotion on account of an idea--an abstraction1 as it was called by the indifferent1 who took part with neither one side nor the other--showed that society was not yet corroded to the core by selfishness and purely material interests4 ,it was sick1 indeed1 but far from dead4 ,the ,french government ought1 surely1 at the outset1 to have taken warning4 ,it ought to have learned something from the unanimity with which all the enemies of order1 who were also its enemies1 supported its new policy1 and the unanimity1 not less remarkable1 with which religious people who1 generally1 had been its friends1 combated that policy4 ,both liberal and ultramontane ,catholics1 ,protestants even1 such1 at least1 as were earnest ,christians1 and practised what they believed1 forgot their divisions4 ,the bishops were the first who spoke out4 ,mgr4 de ,parisis1 who had so nobly contended for the liberties of the church in the reign of ,louis ,philippe1 gave the keynote1 and all took part with him and their venerable colleagues of ,italy and ,germany1 of ,ireland and ,spain1 of ,england and ,america4 ,to say all in a word1 the note of alarm was sounded throughout the whole extent of ,christendom4 ,in this magnificent concert was heard the courageous language of ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 the learned and illustrious ,bishop of ,orleans4 ,on the #cjth of ,september1 #ahei1 this prelate wrote1 no less boldly than eloquently3 8,people say that to touch the sovereign is not to touch the ,pontiff4 ,certainly his temporal power is not a divine institution2 who does not know this8 ,but it is a providential institution1 and who is ignorant of the fact8 ,doubtless1 during three centuries1 the ,popes only possessed independence enough to die martyrs2 but they assuredly had a right to another sort of independence2 and providence1 which does not always use miracles for its purpose1 ended by founding on the most lawful sovereignty in ,europe the freedom and the independence necessary to the church4 ,history proves it beyond the possibility of doubt2 all eminent intellects have confessed it2 all true statesmen know it4 ,yes1 that the church may be free1 the ,pope must be free and independent4 ,that independence must be sovereign4 ,the ,pope must be free1 and he must be evidently so4 ,the ,pope must be free in his own interior as well as in his exterior government4 ,this must be so1 for the sake of his own dignity in the government of the church as well as for the security of our own consciences4 ,this must be so1 in order to secure to the common parent of all the faithful that neutrality which is indispensable to him amid the frequent wars between ,christian ,powers4 ,the ,pope must not only be free in his own conscience1 in his own interior1 but it must be evident to all that he is so2 he must show himself to be so1 in order that all may know and believe it1 and that no doubt or suspicion be possible on this subject4 ,but1 say the ,italian revolutionists1 we do not propose to do away with the ,papal sovereignty2 we merely wish to limit and restrain it4 ,and why so1 ,i ask you in my turn1 if thereby you also diminish and debase the honor of the ,catholic religion1 its dignity and independence8 ,why do so1 if thereby you lower and degrade the most ,italian sovereignty of the whole peninsula8 ,why1 more especially1 do so now1 in presence of all these unchained evil passions1 and thereby give against the ,holy ,see a sentence of incapacity1 and thus1 in the eyes of ,christendom1 insult that unarmed and oppressed ,majesty8 ,you say he will only lose the ,romagna and the ,legations4 ,but allow me to ask you by what right you take them8 ,and why not take all the rest1 if you please8 ,why1 in your dreams of ,italian unity1 should other ,italian cities fare otherwise than ,bologna and ,ferrara8 ,why have you not made up your minds to take everything outside of ,rome1 with the garden of the ,vatican8 ,you have said this1 you know4 ,but why leave him1 even in ,rome8 ,why should not ,dioclesian and the catacombs be the best of all governments for the church8 ,where are you going8 ,how far will your detestable principles lead you8 ,at least1 tell us clearly8 ,is this a clever calculation of yours8 and1 not daring to do more at present1 or unable to do more1 are you waiting for time and the violence of events to accomplish the rest8 ,but who1 think you1 is to be deceived by you8 ,must we say1 with the highest organ of the ,english press1 that in the present business ,france is aggressive and insidious8 ,i do not admit that our country is willing to play the part designed for her4 ,such calculations are not suited to ,french generosity4 ,for my part1 ,i protest1 with my whole soul1 against the perfidious intentions that we are supposed to entertain4 ,but1 in concluding1 ,i must protest1 still more solemnly1 as a devoted son of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 the mother and teacher of all others--,i protest against the revolutionary impiety which ignores her rights and would fain steal her patrimony4 ,i protest1 in the name of good sense and honor1 indignant at beholding an ,italian ,sovereign ,power become the accomplice of insurrection and revolt1 and at the conspiracy of so many blind and unreasoning passions against the principles proclaimed and professed throughout the world by all great statesmen and politicians4 ,i protest1 in the name of common decency and ,european law1 against this profanation of all that is most august1 against the brutal passions which have inspired acts of inconceivable cowardice4 ,and if ,i must speak out1 ,i protest1 in the name of good faith1 against this restless and ill-disguised ambition1 those evasive answers1 that disloyal policy1 of which we have the saddening spectacle before our eyes40 ,these burning words of the eminent and patriotic ,french bishop must have pierced the soul of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,to any other man1 at least1 an ,orsini shell would have been less terrible4 ,but1 8,perversi difficillime corriguntur40 ,no reproaches1 however severe and well deserved1 no remonstrance1 however well founded1 could move the ,french ,emperor4 ,a greater power than that of words had impelled him towards the evil courses which the great majority of the ,french nation1 together with the whole ,catholic world1 condemned4 ,the bishops1 meanwhile1 continued to protest4 ,the ,archbishop of ,sens1 ,mellon-,jolly1 dared to say1 in accents of sorrow3 8,events1 alas6 are far beyond all that we feared40 ,de ,prilly1 ,bishop of ,chalons1 ,dean of the ,french ,episcopate1 thus wrote a few days before his death3 8,ah6 who deserved less than ,pius ,,ix4 to be attacked by so many enemies6 ,if the tears which he sheds are so bitter for himself1 they are terrible to those who cause them6 ,a poor bishop1 at the point of death1 so assures him and craves his benediction40 ,the expiring prelate1 one would say1 had foreseen the humiliation of ,sedan4 ,the courageous language of the bishops was so much feared that it was thought necessary to silence them4 ,napoleon1 having endeavored in vain to remove their disquietude by renewing his hollow protestations1 denounced them as violent agitators1 abandoned them to the jeers of the infidel press1 for which alone there was liberty in those days1 and finally forbade all journals whatsoever to publish episcopal writings that bore any relation to the ,roman question4 ,thus did he think to escape the danger with which he was threatened by silencing the tongues which warned him4 ,the learned ,cardinal ,donnet1 so celebrated as a theologian1 now showed the abilities of a diplomatist4 ,when ,napoleon ,,iii4 was at ,bordeaux1 on the #aath ,october1 #ahei1 the cardinal1 whose duty it was to compliment the ,emperor as his sovereign1 failed not at the same time to remonstrate against his tortuous policy4 8,we pray10 said the pious cardinal1 8we pray confidently1 persistently1 and with hope which neither deplorable events nor sacrilegious acts of violence extinguished4 ,our hopes1 the realization of which appears to be so remote1 are founded on yourself1 sire1 next to ,god4 ,you were and you still desire to be the oldest son of the church1 and it cannot be forgotten that you spoke the memorable words3 #8,the temporal sovereignty of the venerable head of the church is intimately connected with the lustre of ,catholicism1 as also with the liberty and independence of ,italy4' ,grand idea6 perfectly in harmony with that of the august ,chief of your dynasty1 who said in regard to the temporal power of the ,popes3 #8,the centuries made it1 and they did well4' 0 ,the only reply of the all-powerful ,emperor was a refusal to reply4 8,i cannot here10 he said1 8discuss all the weighty matters1 the development of which would be required by the serious question to which you have alluded4 ,so ,i confine myself to reminding you that the government which restored the ,holy ,father to his throne can only give him counsel inspired by sincere and respectful devotedness to his interests4 ,but he is anxious1 and not without cause1 as to the time1 which cannot be far distant1 when our troops must evacuate ,rome4 ,for ,europe cannot allow the occupation1 which has already lasted ten years1 to be prolonged for an indefinite period4 ,but when our army shall be withdrawn1 what will be left behind8 ,these are questions of the importance of which none are ignorant4 ,but1 believe me1 in order to solve them1 we must1 considering the age in which we live1 avoid appealing to ardent passions1 calmly seek truth1 and pray ,divine ,providence to enlighten both peoples and kings1 in order that they may wisely use their rights and fully discharge their duties40 ,from these last words the ,emperor appeared to have forgot that when there are duties to be fulfilled prayer alone will not suffice4 ,his speech at the opening of the legislative session1 #gth ,march1 #ahfj1 showed that either irresistible illusion or a foregone conclusion of complicity guided his ,italian policy4 ,he accused the ,catholics of becoming excited without grounds1 and of ingratitude towards him4 ,the logic of events1 so plain to all besides1 was a dead letter to the imperial mind1 blinded as it was by the habit of dark manuvres4 8,i cannot pass unnoticed10 said he1 8the excitement of a portion of the ,catholic world4 ,it has accepted1 without reflection1 erroneous impressions1 allowed itself to become passionately alarmed4 ,the past which ought to have been a guarantee for the future has been so ignored1 and services rendered so forgotten1 that profound conviction1 absolute confidence in the public good sense1 was necessary for me1 in order to preserve1 amid the agitation which was industriously occasioned1 that serenity of mind which alone maintains us in the way of truth40 7,m#fh7 ,meanwhile1 a ,congress for settling the difficulties of ,italy was announced4 ,this ,congress was to be composed of all the great ,european ,powers--of ,france1 whose government had no good will2 of ,austria1 which had not the power to cause the treaty of ,zurich to be put in execution2 of schismatical ,russia2 of ,protestant ,prussia1 and of ,protestant ,england1 which favored revolution so long as it kept at a distance from its own doors4 ,pius ,,ix4 beheld in it many causes of disquietude4 ,nevertheless1 he accepted the congress4 ,the public were discussing1 and not without impatience1 the names of the presumed negotiators1 when there appeared on the #bb;d of ,december1 #ahei1 a new pamphlet which1 like the former1 was anonymous1 and was ascribed as it also had been1 to an author who was in too high a position to append his signature4 ,its title was1 8,the ,pope and the ,congress40 ,it abounded in high sounding words1 and was full of contradictions from beginning to end4 ,it demonstrated1 indeed1 that the temporal power of the ,pope was an essential guarantee of his spiritual independence1 but that this power could only be exercised within territorial limits of very small extent1 which could not enable him to sustain himself1 whilst1 nevertheless1 his dignity and the general interest forbade him to seek foreign intervention4 ,the pamphlet concluded by insisting that the ,pope ought to begin by giving up all claim to ,romagna1 and so prepare for ceding1 a little later1 the rest of his states1 when he would be satisfied to hold the ,vatican with a garden around it1 and receive a magnificent salary provided by all the ,catholic ,powers4 ,hundreds of pamphlets and articles in the ,catholic journals appeared in reply to this anonymous writing4 ,they proved that the proposed arrangement would subject the ,head of the ,church to the caprice of the ,powers1 and then enquired what security he would have against those who were his securities1 especially at a time like the present1 when the ancient law of nations1 which was founded on respect for the weak and sworn faith1 is suppressed by the revolution1 and the reason of the strongest is the only one attended to2 when the most solemn treaties are violated with impunity by those who have signed them1 and as soon as they have signed them4 ,the bishops raised their voice anew4 ,they stated with sorrow that the pamphlet decided in favor of the revolution4 ,but the boldest condemnation proceeded from ,rome itself4 ,the ,popes1 it is well known1 hesitate not to use the proper terms when there is question of stigmatizing iniquity4 ,no matter though they be at the mercy of those whom they brand1 they define each error and each act of injustice with the same precision as in writing a theological thesis4 ,pius ,,ix41 who was mildness itself1 more than once startles the delicate ear by the liberty of his language1 so different from the minced and often ambiguous style of diplomacy4 ,on the #cjth of ,december1 the official journal of ,rome published the following note3 8,there appeared lately at ,paris an anonymous pamphlet1 entitled1 #8,the ,pope and the ,congress4' ,this pamphlet is nothing else than homage paid to the revolution--an insidious thesis addressed to those weak minds who have no sure criterium by which they can detect the poison which it holds concealed1 and a subject of sorrow to all good ,catholics4 ,the arguments contained in this writing are only a reproduction of the errors and outrages so often hurled against the ,holy ,see1 and so often victoriously refuted4 ,if it was the object of the author1 perchance1 to intimidate him whom he threatens with such great disasters1 he can rest assured that he who has right on his side1 who seeks no other support than the solid and immovable foundations of justice1 and who is sustained especially by the protection of the ,king of kings1 has certainly nothing to fear from the snares of men40 ,on #ast ,january1 #ahfj1 ,pius ,,ix41 in his reply to the complimentary address of ,general ,goyon1 who commanded the ,french military at ,rome1 characterized the pamphlet as 8a signal monument of hypocrisy1 and an unworthy tissue of contradictions40 ,the ,holy ,father further observed1 before expressing his good wishes for the ,emperor1 the ,empress1 the ,prince ,imperial1 and all ,france1 that the principles enunciated in the pamphlet were condemned by several papers which his ,imperial ,majesty had some time before been so good as to send to him4 ,a few days later the ,moniteur published a letter of the ,emperor to the ,pope1 dated #cast ,december1 #ahei1 in which the former renews his hypocritical expressions of devotedness1 but admits1 at the same time1 that 8notwithstanding the presence of his troops at ,rome1 and his dutiful affection to the ,holy ,see1 he could not avoid a certain partnership in the effects of the national movement provoked in ,italy by the war against ,austria40 ,in this same letter ,napoleon ,,iii4 reminds the ,pontiff1 that at the conclusion of the war he had recommended1 as the best means of maintaining tranquillity1 the secularization of his government1 and he still believes that1 8if1 at that time1 his ,holiness had consented to an administrative separation of the ,romagna1 and the nomination of a lay governor1 the provinces would have come1 once more1 under his authority40 ,what1 then1 could the people have meant when they petitioned1 on occasion of the ,pope's progress1 to have a cardinal for governor1 as formerly1 and not lay prefects1 as was then the case1 under the regime inaugurated by ,pius ,,ix48 ,the ,pope having neglected his advice1 ,napoleon1 of course1 was powerless to stay the tide of revolution4 8,my efforts were only successful in preventing the insurrection from spreading1 and the resignation of ,garibaldi preserved the marches of ,ancona from certain invasion40 ,no doubt it did4 ,but1 as will soon be seen1 this modern crusader was let loose in order that he might follow his calling more vigorously1 i4e41 rob and slay on a more extensive scale4 ,the ,emperor now approaches the subjects of the ,congress4 ,in his letter he recognizes the indisputable right of the ,holy ,see to the legations4 ,but he does not think it probable that the ,powers would think it proper to have recourse to force1 in order to restore them4 ,if the restoration were effected by means of foreign troops1 it would be necessary1 for a long time1 to hold military occupation of these provinces2 and this would only feed the enmities and hatred of the ,italian people4 ,this state of uncertainty cannot always last4 ,what then is to be done8 ,the ,imperial revolutionist concludes1 expressing the most sincere regret1 and the pain which such a solution gives him1 that the way most in harmony with the interests of the ,holy ,see is that it should sacrifice the revolted provinces4 ,for the last fifty years they have only caused embarrassment to the government of the ,holy ,father4 ,if he asked of the ,powers to guarantee to him1 in exchange for them1 the possession of what remained1 order1 he had no doubt1 would be immediately restored4 ,this letter left no room to doubt that the policy of the pamphlet1 8,the ,pope and the ,congress10 was that of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,as soon as this was known the ,congress became impossible4 ,the ,pope could not agree to deliberations based upon the principle of his dispossession4 ,austria could not be a party to combinations which removed the bases of the treaty of ,zurich4 ,this opinion was expressed by ,count de ,rechberg1 first ,minister of ,austria1 in a note of #agth ,february1 #ahfj1 and by ,lord ,john ,russell1 in a despatch to ,lord ,cowley1 the ,british ,ambassador at ,paris4 8,the pamphlets are important10 said the latter statesman2 8the result of the one entitled1 #8,the ,pope and the ,congress1' is to prevent a ,congress1 and to cause the ,pope to be deprived of one-half of his dominions40 ,it was not without significance that ,m4 ,thouvenel was ,french ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs from the #dth of ,january4 ,piedmont understood this fact4 ,it caused its troops to cross the ,romagnese frontier1 whilst ,m4 de ,cavour1 triumphant1 affirmed1 in the ,piedmontese ,senate1 that the letter of ,napoleon ,,iii41 declaring that the temporal sovereignty was not sacred1 was a fact as important in the ,italian question as the battle of ,solferino4 ,the ,pope's reply to ,napoleon's letter of #cast ,december is of some length4 ,elegant in expression1 forcible in reasoning1 it can only be briefly reviewed4 8,i am under the necessity of declaring to your majesty that ,i cannot cede the legations without violating the oaths by which ,i am bound1 without causing misfortune and disturbance in the other provinces1 without doing wrong and giving scandal to all ,catholics1 without weakening the rights of the sovereigns of ,italy1 unjustly despoiled of their dominions1 but also the sovereigns of the whole ,christian world1 who could not see with indifference great principles trampled under foot40 ,the ,emperor had insisted that the cession of the legations by the ,pope was necessary1 in order to put an end to the disturbances1 which1 according to him1 although he knew that such disturbances proceeded wholly from foreigners1 had1 for the last fifty years1 caused embarrassment to the ,pontifical government4 8,who10 said the ,pope1 8could count the revolutions that have occurred in ,france during the last seventy years8 ,and yet1 who would dare maintain that the great ,french nation is under the necessity1 in order to secure the peace of ,europe1 to narrow the limits of the ,empire8 ,your argument proves too much4 ,so ,i must discard it4 ,your majesty is not ignorant by what parties1 with what money1 and with what support1 were committed the spoliations of ,bologna1 ,ravenna1 and other cities40 ,the ,imperial letter was communicated to all the newspapers4 ,the reply of the ,pope was carefully withheld from them4 ,it only became known in ,france1 some time later1 through a ,german translation in the ,austrian ,gazette4 ,pius ,,ix4 was anxious1 meantime1 that the public should hear both sides of the question4 ,he therefore brought to the knowledge of the ,catholic world the principal points of his answer to ,napoleon in the ,encyclical1 nullis certe verbis1 of date #aith ,january1 in which he declared that he was prepared to suffer the last extremities rather than betray the cause of the church and of justice4 ,he also invited all the bishops to join with him in praying that ,god would arise and vindicate his cause4 ,the government having information that there was a copy of this document in the hands of the distinguished ,catholic journalist1 ,m4 ,louis ,veuillot1 the ,minister of the ,interior1 ,m4 ,billaut1 sent for this courageous writer1 and gave him to understand that if he published the ,encyclical it would be the death-warrant of his journal4 ,but ,m4 ,veuillot was not to be intimidated4 ,next morning1 #bith ,january1 there appeared in his paper1 l',univers1 the ,latin text of the ,pontifical document1 together with a ,french translation4 ,the same day1 without trial or sentence1 was signed a decree suppressing l',univers4 ,yet was not this paper destined wholly to perish4 ,ten years later it reappeared1 when the tyranny of ,napoleon ,,iii4 was crushed for ever at ,sedan4 ,several other ,catholic journals shared the fate of l',univers1 such as the ,bretagne1 of ,saint ,brieue1 and the ,gazette1 of ,lyons4 ,the government of the ,emperor thus showed by what spirit its counsels were guided4 ,all the ,catholic journals of ,france were already under the ban of two warnings1 so that they had only a precarious existence1 a third warning1 according to the legislation of the time constituting their death-warrant4 ,so early as #crd ,december1 #ahei1 whilst yet a ,congress was believed to be possible1 ,pius ,,ix4 had written with his own hand to ,victor ,emmanuel1 in order to remind him of his duties1 and induce him to defend at the meeting of the ,powers the rights of the ,holy ,see4 ,the latter had answered1 #fth ,february1 #ahfj1 8that he certainly would not have failed in this duty if the ,congress had met40 ,for1 8devoted son as he was of the church1 and the descendant of a most pious family1 it never was his intention to neglect his duties as a ,catholic ,prince40 ,he protested1 therefore1 that he had done nothing to provoke the insurrection1 and that when the war was ended he had renounced all interference in the legations4 ,but he added1 8it is an acknowledged fact1 and which ,i have personally verified1 that in those provinces which1 lately1 were so unmanageable and dissatisfied with the court of ,rome1 the ministers of worship are actually respected and protected1 and the temples of ,god more frequented than ever40 ,victor ,emmanuel surely now thought that the ,pope would never think of disturbing this happiness and self-satisfaction4 8,the interests of religion required it not40 ,he even hoped that the ,holy ,father1 not satisfied with refraining from a renewal of his claim on ,romagna1 would also hand over to him the marches and ,umbria1 in order that they might enjoy the same prosperity4 ,and so he discoursed anew to ,pius ,,ix41 about his 8frank and loyal concurrence1 his sincere and devoted heart10 and ended by craving the ,holy ,father's apostolic blessing4 ,the ,king of ,piedmont must have been sadly blinded by revolutionary teachings not to see--if1 indeed1 he did not see--that such professions of loyalty and devotedness were positively derisive4 ,pius ,,ix4 so viewed them1 and gave the intriguing monarch to understand that he did so4 ,the moderation of his language is but slightly indicative of the sorrow and indignation which he must have experienced4 8,the idea which your majesty has thought fit to lay before me is highly imprudent1 unworthy1 most assuredly1 of a king who is a ,catholic and a member of the house of ,savoy4 ,you may read my reply in an ,encyclical which will soon appear4 ,i am deeply affected1 not on my own account1 but by the deplorable state of your majesty's soul4 ,you are already under the ban of censures1 which1 alas6 will be aggravated when the sacrilegious act which you and your accomplices are meditating shall have been consummated4 ,may the ,lord enlighten you and give you grace to understand and to bewail the scandals which have occurred1 and the fearful evils with which unfortunate ,italy has been visited through your co-operation40 7,m#fi7 ,about this time diplomatists discovered the convenient political doctrine of non-intervention4 ,it was1 like most diplomatic devices1 a fallacy4 ,but it served its purpose4 ,the ,catholic ,powers1 however friendly to the ,holy ,see1 were unable to intervene4 ,the greatest of them all1 ,austria1 was put hors de combat at ,solferino4 ,prussia had intervened1 as far as its policy required1 when it forbade further hostilities after the great battle which made ,france the mistress of the destinies of ,italy4 ,england1 which1 as a ,protestant ,power1 had no great friendship for the ,holy ,see1 found it suitable to preach non-intervention1 as an excuse for not being able or for not daring to aid her ancient and faithful ally1 the ,pope1 in opposition to her new friend1 the ,emperor of the ,french4 ,england1 at least1 was consistent1 for1 while she proclaimed and practised non-intervention in favor of the ,french ,emperor's subversive intervention in ,italy1 she adhered most devoutly to the doctrine when there was question1 a little later1 of aiding ,france against the crushing power of ,prussia4 7,m#gj7 ,whilst the ,european ,powers lay dormant under the spell of the new doctrine of non-intervention1 the ,king of ,piedmont vigorously pursued his career of spoliation4 ,having accepted a sham plebiscitum1 he annexed1 by a formal decree of #ahth ,march1 the ,grand ,duchy of ,tuscany1 the ,duchies of ,parma and ,modena1 and that portion of the ,papal ,states known as the ,legations1 to his ancient kingdom of ,sardinia and ,piedmont4 ,this was done with the full consent of his ,imperial patron1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,for1 at this time1 ,victor ,emmanuel ceded to ,france1 as compensation for ,central ,italy1 ,nice and ,savoy4 ,this boded ill for ,france4 ,some ,french writers consider that this transaction would have been less disgraceful if these provinces had been exchanged for ,lombardy1 which had been won from ,austria with ,french blood and treasure4 ,but1 as evil destiny1 which was hastening to its accomplishment1 would have it1 they were given as payment for the spoils of the widow and orphan of ,parma and the aged man of the ,vatican4 ,thus for once was non-intervention dearly purchased4 ,the usurping monarch having now accomplished a long-cherished purpose1 ought1 one would suppose1 to have obeyed the dictates of prudence1 and held his peace4 ,but no4 ,he must write to the ,pope1 in order to justify his nefarious proceeding4 ,piedmontese bayonets and four millions of ,piedmontese gold had won for him the plebiscitum of which he was so proud4 ,nevertheless1 he declared1 addressing the ,holy ,father1 that1 8as a ,catholic ,prince1 he believed he was not wanting to the unchangeable principles of the religion which it was his glory to profess with unalterable devotedness and fidelity40 ,notwithstanding1 8for the sake of peace1 he offered to acknowledge the ,pope as his ,suzerain1 would always diminish his charges and contribute towards his independence and security40 ,he ended his letter by most humbly soliciting1 once more1 the apostolic benediction4 ,there is more plain speaking in the reply of ,pius ,,ix4 than could have been to the liking of the ,re galantuomo4 8,i could say that the pretended universal suffrage was imposed1 not voluntary4 ,i could say that the ,pontifical troops were hindered by other troops1 and you know well what troops1 from restoring the legitimate government in the provinces40 ,the ,holy ,father then bewails the increasing immorality occasioned by the usurping government and the insults constantly offered to the ministers of religion4 ,even if he were not bound by solemn oaths to preserve intact the patrimony of the church1 he would1 nevertheless1 be obliged to repel everything that tended in this direction1 lest his conscience should be stained by even an indirect sanctioning of1 and participating in1 such disorders1 and justifying1 by concurrence1 unjust and violent spoliation4 ,the ,pope concludes by saying1 emphatically1 that he cannot extend a friendly welcome to the projects of his majesty1 but that1 on the contrary1 he protests against the usurpation1 and leaves on the conscience of his majesty and all who co-operate with him in such iniquity the fatal consequences which flow therefrom4 ,finally1 he hopes that the king1 in reperusing his own letter1 will find grounds for repentance4 ,the ,pope1 far from being actuated by feelings of resentment1 prays ,god to give his majesty the grace he stands so much in need of in such difficult circumstances4 ,the letter is dated at the ,vatican1 #bnd ,april1 #ahfj4 ,it is related that ,victor ,emmanuel bedewed with tears this letter1 which so gently and tenderly rebuked him4 ,it must have reached him at one of those moments of remorse which1 more than once1 interrupted his scandalous career4 ,it hindered him not1 however1 from fulfilling the promise which he had given to the revolution1 when1 at the beginning of the war of #ahei1 placing his hand on his sword and looking towards ,rome1 he said3 8,andremo al fondo0 78we shall go on to the end074 ,on the #bfth of ,march of the same year1 ,pius ,,ix4 issued a ,bull1 excommunicating all who took part in wrenching from him so great a portion of the patrimony of the church4 ,some parties received the intimation of this sentence with such noisy demonstrations of delight as to cause their sincerity to be doubted4 ,others1 and of the number was ,king ,victor ,emmanuel1 were struck with indescribable fear4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 insisted that the organic article of the ,concordat1 forbidding the publication in ,france of ,bulls1 ,briefs1 c41 should be enforced4 ,but he could not1 any more than his uncle1 forbid the excommunication to take effect4 ,the first ,napoleon was at the height of his greatness when struck with excommunication4 ,he received the sentence with jeers4 ,would it make the arms fall from the hands of his soldiers8 ,how literally this question was answered1 let the snows of ,russia tell4 ,there are other ministers of the wrath of heaven besides the frosts of a ,northern winter4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 was in the zenith of his power when he heard the sentence which he vainly tried to stifle4 ,his great political wisdom1 and the wonderful success of all he undertook had hitherto astonished the world4 ,there was now a manifest change4 ,but it need not here be said with what unspeakable humiliation his star went down4 ,the revolutionary party could not have more effectually shown their dread of the ,papal sentence1 than by their endeavors to suppress it4 ,they went so far as to publish in its place a forged document1 as odious as it was extravagant1 appended there to the signature of ,pius ,,ix41 and exposed it to the jeers of the ignorant multitude4 ,the bishops did their best in order to make known the truth2 with what difficulty it will be easily understood1 when it is remembered that an ,imperial decree forbade the newspapers to publish a word in their interest4 7,m#ga7 ,had there been question only of forming a united ,italy1 and of introducing such reforms as the time demanded into the ,states of the ,church1 and those of the ,italian grand dukes1 such a cause would have had no better friends and supporters than the ,pope and the native princes4 ,but the revolutionary party aimed at more than this1 and they hastened to show their hand as soon as they obtained any power4 ,as has been seen1 the ,holy ,father himself complained bitterly of the increase of irreligion and immorality under their ill-omened auspices in ,romagna4 ,it was not their policy to reconstitute1 but to subvert4 ,no existing institution1 however excellent1 was sacred in their eyes4 ,thus speak the archbishops and bishops of the ,marches in a remonstrance addressed to the ,piedmontese ,governor on #bast ,november1 #ahfj3 8,we scarcely believe our own eyes1 or the testimony of our own ears1 when we see and hear the excesses1 the abominations1 the disorders witnessed in the chief cities of our respective dioceses1 to the shame and horror of the beholders1 to the great detriment of religion1 of decency and public morality1 since the ordinances against which we protest deprive us of all power to protect religion and morality1 or to repress the prevailing crimes and licentiousness4 ,the public sale1 at nominal prices1 of mutilated translations of the ,bible1 of pamphlets of every description1 saturated with poisonous errors or infamous obscenities1 is permitted in the cities which1 a few months ago1 had never heard the names of these scandalous productions2 the impunity with which the most horrible blasphemies are uttered in public1 and the worse utterance of expressions and sentiments that breathe a hellish wickedness2 the exposition1 the public sale and the diffusion of statuettes1 pictures and engravings1 which brutally outrage piety1 purity1 the commonest decency2 the representation in our theatres of pieces and scenes in which are turned into ridicule the ,church--,christ's immaculate spouse--the ,vicar of ,christ1 the ministers of religion1 and everything held dear to piety and faith2 in fine1 the fearful licentiousness of public manners1 the odious devices resorted to for perverting the innocent and the young1 the evident wish and aim to make immorality1 obscenity1 uncleanness triumph among all classes2 such are1 your ,excellency1 the rapid and faint outlines of the scandalous state of things created in the ,marches by the legislation and discipline so precipitately introduced by the ,piedmontese government4 ,we appeal to your ,excellency4 ,could we remain silent and indifferent spectators of this immense calamity without violating our most sacred duty80 ,if anything under the government of subversion has saved ,italy from utter ruin1 it is nothing less than the zeal and devotedness of its pastors4 ,in the remonstrance referred to1 they declare that notwithstanding all the contradictions1 the trials1 the obstacles they have had to encounter1 8not one spark of charity1 of zeal1 of pastoral and fatherly solicitude has been quenched in our souls4 ,we solemnly affirm it1 with our anointed hands on our hearts1 and with the help of ,god's grace1 these sentiments shall never depart from us through fault of ours40 7,m#gb7 ,this mode of reforming1 so dear to the revolutionists1 is further illustrated by the proceedings of ,garibaldi in ,sicily and at ,naples4 ,it will be remembered that this hero of the revolution was eclipsed for a time by the splendors of ,solferino4 ,immediately after that battle he retired into private life1 and the motley troop which he commanded disappeared4 ,whilst1 however1 there remained any revolutionary work to be done1 such a man could not be idle4 ,the kingdom of the ,two ,sicilies was1 as yet1 unshaken4 ,this was too much for ,count de ,cavour1 and so he encouraged the ever-willing ,garibaldi to fit out an armament against that kingdom4 ,the hero sailed for ,sicily1 and there1 assured of non-intervention by the presence of the flags of ,france1 ,england and ,sardinia1 he made an easy conquest of the defenceless island4 ,as soon as he got possession of ,palermo1 and had assumed the title and powers of dictator1 he commenced1 like a true revolutionist1 the work of subversion4 ,garibaldi1 no doubt1 was a man of the age1 and the great diplomatic discovery which the age had fallen upon was never wanting to him4 ,it served him at ,naples as it had done in ,sicily2 and so1 a mere diplomatic idea--non-intervention--drove the king to ,gaeta1 and established the power of the revolutionist4 7,m#gc7 ,as soon as ,garibaldi was master in ,sicily1 the work of revolutionary reform commenced4 ,it was always the first aim of the revolutionists to strike at civilization and civilizing influences4 ,churches were desecrated1 the ministers of religion insulted1 religious orders suppressed4 8,the ,society of ,jesus alone10 said the venerable superior1 ,father ,beckx1 in his solemn protestation of #bdth ,october1 #ahfj1 to the ,king of ,sardinia1 8was robbed of three residences and colleges in ,lombardy2 of six in the ,duchy of ,modena2 of eleven in the ,pontifical ,states2 nineteen in the kingdom of ,naples2 and fifteen in ,sicily40 8,everywhere10 adds ,father ,beckx1 8the ,society has been literally stripped of all its property1 movable and immovable4 ,its members1 to the number of #a1ejj1 were driven forth from their houses and the cities4 ,they were led by an armed force1 like so many malefactors1 from province to province1 cast into the public prisons1 ill-treated and outraged in the most horrible manner4 ,they were even prevented from finding a refuge in pious families1 while in several places no consideration was had for the extreme old age of many among them1 nor for the infirmity and weakness of others4 8,all these acts were perpetrated against men who were not accused of one illegal or criminal act1 without any judicial process1 without allowing any justification to be recorded4 ,in one word1 all this was consummated in the most despotic and savage manner4 ,if such acts had been accomplished in a popular riot1 by men blinded by passion1 we might perhaps bear them in silence4 ,but1 as all such acts have been done in the name of the ,sardinian laws2 as the provisional governments established in ,modena and the ,pontifical ,states1 as well as the dictator of ,sicily himself1 have claimed to be supported by the ,sardinian government2 and as your majesty's name is still invoked to sanction these iniquitous measures1 ,i can no longer remain a silent spectator of such enormous injustice1 but in my quality of supreme head of the order1 ,i feel myself strictly bound to ask for justice and satisfaction1 and to protest before ,god and man1 lest the resignation inspired by religious meekness and forbearance should appear to be a weakness which might be construed into an acknowledgment of guilt1 or a relinquishment of our rights4 ,i protest solemnly1 and in the best form ,i can think of1 against the suppression of our houses and colleges1 against the proscriptions1 banishments and imprisonments1 against the acts of violence and outrage committed against the brethren bound to me by religious ties4 ,i protest before all ,catholics1 in the name of the rights of the church sacrilegiously violated4 ,i protest1 in the name of the benefactors and founders of our houses and colleges1 whose will and expressed intentions in founding these good works1 for the interest alike of the living and the dead1 are thus nullified4 ,i protest1 in the name of the sacred rights of property1 contemned and trampled under foot by brutal force4 ,i protest1 in the name of citizenship and the inviolability of individual persons1 of whose rights no man may be deprived without being accused in form1 arraigned and judged4 ,i protest1 in the name of humanity1 whose rights have been so shamefully outraged in the persons of so many aged men1 sick1 infirm and helpless1 driven from their peaceful seclusion1 left without any assistance1 cast on the highways without any means of subsistence40 ,such was the revolution which ,victor ,emmanuel and ,napoleon ,,iii4 were driven by fear1 or even worse motives1 to patronize and foster4 ,it had1 in the days of its power1 made ,france a desolation4 ,it was now sweeping like devouring flames over ,italy1 and fast approaching the city of the ,popes4 7,m#gd7 ,pius ,,ix41 although not unaware of the fearful calamities with which he was threatened1 was far from allowing his mind to be shaken4 ,he trusted in that ,providence which watches over the church4 8,we are as yet10 said he on #afth ,february1 #ahfj1 to the lenten preachers of the time1 8at the beginning of the evils which must soon overtake us4 ,at the same time1 we are consoled by the cheering prospect that1 as calamity succeeds calamity1 the spirit of faith and of sacrifice will be proportionately developed40 ,there was nothing now to be hoped for from the powers which nominally ruled the world1 but which were1 in reality1 under the control of the revolution4 ,deprived of so great a portion of his states1 and the revenue which accrued to him therefrom1 the ,holy ,father resolved to sustain his failing finances by relying on the spontaneous offerings of the faithful throughout the world4 ,his appeal was not made in vain4 ,the piety and zeal of the early ages appeared to have revived4 ,the word of the common ,father was received with reverence in the remotest lands4 ,offerings of 8,peter's pence10 as in days of apostolic fervor1 were poured into the ,papal treasury4 ,in ,europe1 especially1 the movement was so general as to show that the people everywhere were resolved to act independently of their governments1 which had so shamefully become subservient to the will of the revolution4 ,it was scarcely necessary that the bishops should speak a word of encouragement4 ,in ,france1 indeed1 under a jealous and revolutionary government1 there could be no associations for the collection of ,peter's pence4 ,but the government could not1 so far1 place itself in opposition to the religion of the country as to forbid collections in the churches2 nor could it reach such subscriptions as were offered in private dwellings4 ,in ,belgium1 although the party of unbelief1 of ,freemasonry and revolution1 held the reins of power1 the constitution protected all citizens alike1 and so the new work which the circumstances of the church required was accomplished by association1 pretty much in the same way as the work of the propagation of the faith4 ,by the end of three months1 there were in ,flanders no fewer than four hundred thousand associates for the collection of ,peter's pence4 ,in ,italy1 a ,catholic journal1 ,armonia1 collected considerable sums of money1 and caskets filled with jewels and other precious objects4 ,poland1 in her sorrow1 was magnificently generous4 ,and ,ireland1 renewing her strength after centuries of misgovernment1 persecution and poverty1 emulated the richest countries1 ,america1 ,germany1 ,holland and ,england4 ,one of the collections at ,dublin amounted to #aj1jjj4 ,all these rich donations1 together with thousands of addresses which bore millions of signatures1 were humbly laid at the feet of the ,holy ,father4 7,m#ge7 ,now that it is well known that ,france was not less hostile than ,sardinia and the revolution1 to the cause of the ,pope1 it appears more a loss of labor than a wise precaution1 that the ,holy ,father should have assembled an army for maintaining order in his states1 and repelling any attack on the part of the revolutionary faction4 ,this was all that he contemplated4 ,deceived by the professions of his ,french ally1 he was far from suspecting that the small force which he was collecting for the maintenance of order would be no sooner organized than it would be attacked by the military power of ,piedmont1 supported by the ,emperor of the ,french4 ,on the contrary1 ,pius ,,ix4 had every reason to believe that the formation of a ,pontifical army1 destined for the duties which devolved on the ,french soldiers1 then at ,rome1 would be acceptable to ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,the latter had1 more than once1 said to his ,holiness3 8,place yourself in a position to be independent of my army of occupation40 ,this recommendation is repeated in a despatch of ,messrs4 ,thouvenel and ,gramont1 so late as the #adth of ,april1 #ahfj4 ,as soon as it was known that the ,pope desired to have an army for maintaining internal peace1 and finally1 in order to replace the foreign troops which occupied ,rome1 the youth of many countries freely offered their services4 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,ireland1 ,spain1 ,holland1 and even distant ,canada sent numerous volunteers4 ,the noble youth of ,france1 whose education1 for the most part1 was eminently ,christian1 were only too happy to tear themselves from the luxurious life of ,paris4 ,their joy was equal to their ardor1 when they found that they could bear arms without serving a ,bonaparte4 ,gontants and ,larochefoucauld ,doudeauvilles1 ,noes and ,pimodans1 ,tournous and ,bourbon ,chalus1 came to range themselves1 as private soldiers1 when necessary1 under the banner of the ,pope4 ,nor were they attracted by any hope of gain4 ,a goodly number1 on the contrary1 sustained by their ample means the government to which they offered their lives4 ,the revolution signified its displeasure by branding these devoted youths with the ignominious title of 8,mercenaries of the ,pope40 ,this ungracious word proceeded from the palace of ,jerome ,napoleon1 on whom merciless history bestows a more opprobrious epithet4 ,as a matter of course1 it was repeated in all the revolutionary journals4 ,the command of the new force was offered to the brave and experienced ,general ,lamoriciere4 ,at first he hesitated1 the cause of the ,pope1 as regarded his temporal power1 was already so much compromised4 ,finally1 on the representation of the ,reverend ,count de ,merode1 he gave his consent4 ,it was pure sacrifice4 ,no success could add to his military renown4 ,and success was impossible4 ,the general distributed his soldiers1 from #bj1jjj to #be1jjj in number1 in small bodies1 throughout the towns of that portion of the ,papal ,states which still remained4 ,this was a judicious arrangement1 as far as internal peace and order were concerned4 ,neither ,lamoriciere nor the ,pope had any idea1 so firmly did they rely on the hollow professions of ,france1 that a foreign army would have to be met4 ,the general spoke words of encouragement to his willing soldiers4 8,the revolution10 said he1 in an order of the day1 8like ,islamism of old1 threatens ,europe4 ,to-day1 as in ancient times1 the cause of the ,papacy is the cause of civilization and of the liberty of mankind40 ,the infidel press was excited to fury1 and showed1 by the violence of its writing1 that the comparison of the revolution to ,islamism was but too well founded4 ,were not both alike ferocious8 ,did not both spread terror and desolation in their track8 ,weigh them together--,islamism has the advantage4 ,in addition to all its other barbarities1 the revolution violated the temples of ,god and the abodes of prayer4 ,the followers of the prophet were commanded to respect every place where ,god was worshipped1 and every house where dwelt the ministers of ,his worship4 ,the organization of ,lamoriciere's army was now so complete that a friendly convention was entered into with the ,cabinet of the ,tuilleries1 and that the evacuation of ,rome by the ,french garrison should commence on the #aath of ,may4 ,this was not at all to the liking of the revolutionists4 ,m4 de ,cavour1 who had complained so loudly at the ,congress of ,paris that the ,pope had not an army sufficiently strong to render unnecessary the protection of ,france and ,austria1 protested against the formation of such an army as soon as he saw that it was seriously contemplated4 ,he denounced it to all ,europe as a gathering of adventurers from every country1 and feigned the greatest disquietude for the new frontiers of ,piedmont4 ,on the #dth ,september1 #ahfj1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 was at ,chambery1 receiving the homage and congratulations of his ,savoyard subjects4 ,a public banquet was held in his honor1 and whilst the guests were yet at table1 two ,piedmontese envoys1 ,messrs4 ,farini and ,cialdini1 sought a private interview with the ,emperor4 ,napoleon left the festive board and remained closeted with the envoys the remainder of the evening4 ,the result of this conference was the immediate invasion of the ,papal ,states by ,sardinian troops1 under the command of ,general ,cialdini4 ,this officer reports that he was fully authorized by ,napoleon4 ,it is even related that the ,emperor1 strongly encouraging him used the words of our blessed ,lord to ,judas3 8,quod facis1 fac citius40 ,napoleon1 indeed1 denied having uttered these words4 ,it matters not4 ,all his acts1 at the time1 expressed their meaning4 ,whilst conferring with the envoys at ,chambery1 there lay on a table a map of ,central ,italy1 on which he traced in pencil and effaced several lines4 ,the map having been left on the table1 was afterwards found to contain one line in crayon1 which was not effaced4 ,it showed exactly the route which ,cialdini followed in marching to the destruction of the ,papal army4 ,between the conference of ,chambery and the arrival of ,cialdini on the ,pontifical territory1 there elapsed precisely the time necessary for the journey by post-carriage and railway4 ,seventy thousand men were waiting for him on the frontier1 ready to march as soon as he brought them the required authorization4 ,general ,fanti1 who also had an army corps concentrated on the borders of the ,marches1 had already intimated to ,general ,lamoriciere1 that if the ,papal troops had recourse to force1 8in order to suppress any insurrection in the ,papal ,state10 he would1 at once1 occupy the ,marches and ,umbria1 8in order to secure to the inhabitants full liberty to express their wishes40 ,the ,sardinian generals evidently wished to raise an insurrection1 but as no insurrection occurred1 they managed to do without one4 ,in the meantime1 it was thought expedient to perform a piece of mock diplomacy4 ,count ,delia ,minerva was despatched from ,turin to ,rome1 charged with an ultimatum to the ,pope4 ,without diplomatic negotiations or shadow of pretext1 purely by virtue of the right of the strongest and most audacious1 the ,holy ,father was suddenly summoned to dismiss his volunteers as foreigners1 and was allowed four-and-twenty hours to give his answer4 ,but the party did not wait so long4 ,the ultimatum1 of a piece with their other proceedings1 was a mockery4 ,on #ajth ,september1 before the reply of the ,pope could have been known1 even before ,delia ,minerva had reached ,rome1 ,generals ,cialdini and ,fanti1 without any previous declaration of war1 passed the ,pontifical frontier4 ,it was the barbarians once more at the gates of ,rome4 ,the orders of the day1 which the ,piedmontese commanders addressed to their troops1 were inexpressibly savage4 ,pitiless history fails not to record them4 8,soldiers10 said ,cialdini1 8,i lead you against a band of adventurers1 whom the thirst for gold and pillage has brought to our country4 ,fight1 disperse without mercy1 these wretched cut-throats4 ,let them feel1 by the weight of our arm1 the power and the anger of a people who strive to be independent soldiers4 ,perugia seeks vengeance4 ,and1 although late1 it shall have it40 ,the language of ,king ,victor ,emmanuel1 although somewhat more politely diplomatic1 was not less false and savage4 ,his proclamation is a master-piece of ,count de ,cavour's hypocritical style4 8,soldiers1 you are entering the ,marches and ,umbria1 in order to restore civil order in the desolated cities and to secure to the inhabitants the liberty to express their wishes4 ,you have not to meet powerful armies1 but only to deliver the unfortunate ,italian provinces from companies of foreign adventurers4 ,you are not going to avenge the injuries done to ,italy or to me1 but to hinder the popular hatred from wreaking vengeance on the oppressor4 ,you will teach by your example pardon of offences and ,christian toleration to those who compare ,italian patriotism to ,islamism4 ,at peace with all the ,great ,powers1 and without provocation1 ,i mean to banish from ,central ,italy a constant cause of trouble and discord4 ,i wish to respect the seat of the ,chief of the ,church1 c40 ,whatever this king may have wished to do1 he was compelled to obey the will of the revolution1 and to justify by his acts the comparison of the party which he patronized with ,islamism1--a comparison disparaging only to the followers of the prophet4 ,the ferocious sentiments to which ,cialdini gave utterance were not mere bravado4 ,when ,colonel ,zappi1 of the ,pontifical service1 dared to hold out with #hjj men at ,pesaro1 and check for two-and-twenty hours the whole ,piedmontese army before this village1 ,cialdini1 instead of admiring such bravery1 refused to cease firing1 when ,zappi1 crushed by numbers1 was at last obliged to capitulate4 ,for two hours longer he took pleasure in discharging grape shot at the little town which had ceased to reply otherwise than by exhibiting a white flag and sending messengers of peace4 ,nor did this vandalic soldier show any consideration for the wishes of the people whom he professed to have come to protect4 ,this contempt for the popular will was sufficiently well shown the following month1 in his despatch to the ,garibaldian ,commander of ,molise3 8,publish that ,i cause to be shot all peasants taken with arms in their hands4 ,i have this day commenced such executions40 7,m#gf7 ,lamoriciere was far from expecting to be attacked by the armies of ,piedmont4 ,the most he could contemplate was an attack by the ,garibaldians1 and the probability of some partial insurrections in the interior4 ,he distributed his troops accordingly in the towns and along the ,neapolitan frontier4 ,the insolent message of ,general ,fanti contributed to confirm him in this idea4 ,he had only #a1ejj men with him when the message reached him4 ,he held himself in readiness1 but without concentrating his force1 which appeared to him dangerous and premature4 ,he learned1 unexpectedly1 that the frontier on the side of ,piedmont was violated at every point of attack at the same time2 that an army corps1 commanded by ,general de ,sonnaz1 was marching on ,perugia2 another1 led by ,brignone1 on ,spoleto2 another1 under the ,garibaldian ,mazi1 on ,orvieto2 finally1 that ,cialdini was advancing on ,sinigaglia1 thence on ,torrede ,jesi1 ,castelfidardo and ,loretto1 and that his object was ,ancona1 the only city except ,rome which was capable of making any resistance4 ,lamoriciere1 unable to face so many enemies at once1 saw1 with pain1 that his scattered garrisons were lost4 ,he was far1 however1 from being discouraged4 ,recalling1 hastily1 all that were within reach1 and unfortunately they were not the most considerable1 he changed all the arrangements which he had made for another kind of contest2 he gave up all idea of opposing ,brignone1 ,de ,sonnaz and ,fanti1 who1 nevertheless1 were in a position to cut off his retreat towards ,rome1 and rushed boldly to the point of greatest danger between these generals and ,cialdini1 with the design of piercing the lines of the latter and reaching ,ancona before him4 ,there he thought he would be able to hold out a week or two1 more than sufficient time for ,france and the other civilized nations to come to his assistance4 ,he1 a ,french general1 relied on ,france1 so completely were ,frenchmen deceived4 ,he also trusted1 and with better grounds1 to ,austria4 ,this confidence emboldened him to reply defiantly to the insolent message of ,general ,fanti3 8,we are only a handful of men4 ,but a ,frenchman counts not his enemies1 and ,france will support us40 ,before the invasion took place1 the ,ambassador of ,france1 the ,duke of ,gramont1 whose word was corroborated by the presence of a ,french army at ,rome and in the neighborhood1 had1 several times1 reassured ,cardinal ,antonelli1 who was much disquieted1 affirming that the concentration of ,piedmontese troops was intended to check the banditti1 and protect the ,pontifical frontier1 but would not attack it4 ,lamoriciere testifies to this fact in the report of his operations4 ,when there was no longer any doubt as regarded the violation of ,papal territory1 the ,ambassador1 ,gramont1 communicated to ,cardinal ,antonelli1 and telegraphed1 in clear and distinct language1 to the ,vice-,consul of ,france1 at ,ancona1 the following despatch3 8,the ,emperor has written from ,marseilles to the ,king of ,sardinia1 that if the ,piedmontese troops advance on the ,pontifical territory he will be compelled to oppose them4 ,orders are already given for the embarkation of troops at ,toulon2 and these re-inforcements will forthwith arrive4 ,the government of the ,emperor will not tolerate the criminal attack of the ,sardinians4 ,as ,vice-,consul of ,france1 you will govern yourself accordingly40 ,m4 de ,courcy1 the ,vice-,consul1 to whom the despatch was addressed1 took it immediately to ,m4 de ,quatrebarbes1 the civil governor of ,ancona4 ,his great age would not admit of his carrying it in person to ,cialdini1 but he lost no time in sending it by an employee of the ,consulate1 making no doubt that a despatch which bore the signature of ,france would prevent bloodshed4 ,he was mistaken4 ,cialdini read the paper1 and coolly put it in his pocket1 saying3 8,i know more about these matters than you4 ,i have just had an interview with the ,emperor40 ,when the clerk asked for a receipt1 he signed one1 remarking that 8it would make a good addition to other diplomatic papers40 ,he then continued to advance4 ,the general was no less explicit1 a few days later1 at ,loretto1 when conversing with ,count ,bourbon ,busset and other prisoners taken at ,castelfidardo4 8,you astonish me1 gentlemen10 said he2 8how could you for a moment entertain the idea that we would have occupied the ,pontifical ,state without the full consent of the government of your country60 ,as one of the bystanders1 in reply to ,cialdini1 alluded to the fact which was announced1 of the disembarkation of a new ,french division at ,civita ,vecchia1 8,and to what purpose80 answered one of the higher officers of ,cialdini's staff4 8,france has no need to re-inforce her army of occupation4 ,see these wires1 gentlemen 7pointing to the telegraph71 if they chose to speak they would suffice to stop us at once40 ,it would have been impossible to express more plainly the omnipotence at that moment of the conqueror of ,solferino1 and the fearful stigma which he was preparing for his memory4 ,not only did he disorganize the defence1 the responsibility1 c41 of which he was understood to have assumed1 not only did he deceive the ,court of ,rome1 and inspire it with a false security1 as if it had been his purpose more surely to throw ,lamoriciere into the snares of ,cialdini2 but1 at the same time1 he paralyzed the good intention of the ,powers that were sincerely devoted to the ,holy ,see4 ,francis ,joseph1 ,emperor of ,austria1 had dreaded1 a month before it occurred1 an invasion of the ,pontifical ,state4 ,his army divisions of the ,mincio were on a war footing4 ,it was only necessary that they should pass the river and march against ,piedmont4 ,an order to this effect was signed4 ,but before despatching the order1 and taking on himself such great responsibility1 the youthful ,emperor1 who had been none the better for giving way to his chivalrous impulses in #ahei1 resolved to call a meeting of his ministers and chief generals4 ,addressing this grave assembly1 he stated distinctly the new situation in which ,austria was placed by the violation of recent treaties1 and the obligation under which he lay of opposing such proceedings by arms4 ,his duty as a ,catholic was concerned as well as his honor and interest as a sovereign4 ,it appeared1 besides1 that ,god had blinded the revolution1 and the invasion was so odious that ,piedmont would not find a single ally4 8,i have signed10 he added1 8an order to pass to-morrow into ,lombardy4 ,together with this1 ,i have addressed a manifesto to ,europe1 in which ,i declare that ,i will respect and cause to be respected the treaty of ,zurich4 ,lombardy does not now belong to me4 ,i have ceded it1 and ,i do not recall my word2 but ,i require that the clauses which are burdensome to ,austria shall not alone be executed4 ,i claim1 at the same time1 the incontestible rights of my cousins of ,florence1 ,parma and ,modena1 so unworthily robbed by one of those who signed and guaranteed the treaty4 ,finally1 ,i require that the neutrality of the ,pope and the integrity of his territory be respected2 for the ,pope is my ally1 as a sovereign1 and as the ,chief of the ,church1 my ,father4 ,the fleet of ,trieste will1 at the same time1 cruise before ,ancona40 ,this noble address was followed by profound silence4 ,the attitude of several of the bystanders was expressive of doubt when the ,emperor affirmed that the brutality of the ,piedmontese aggression would alone suffice to prevent any one from making common cause with it4 ,the ,count de ,thun at length rose4 ,he acknowledged the manifestly just grievances of ,austria1 and admired the manly resolution of the ,emperor4 ,he then set forth the dangers of every kind which this resolution would cause to arise4 ,the army had not yet repaired its losses2 the wounds of ,magenta and ,solferino were still bleeding4 ,the ,french would1 once more1 pass the ,alps1 and the revolution1 far from being stifled1 would be more threatening than ever4 8,if my crown must be broken10 interposed the ,emperor1 8,i prefer losing it at the gates of the ,vatican1 in defence of justice and religion1 than under the walls of ,vienna or ,presburgh by the hands of the revolutionists40 8,sire10 replied ,count de ,thun1 8whether at ,presburgh or the ,vatican1 you will always find us by your side1 ready to conquer or perish honorably with you4 ,but allow me to repeat that there is not question only of commencing a struggle against the two-fold revolution of the ,king of ,sardinia4 ,if ,france once more comes to his support1 who will be our auxiliaries8 ,what alliances have we1 so necessary in case of reverse8 ,our cruel experience of last year only shows too plainly that we have none2 and that ,prussia has an understanding with ,france4 ,and if the war continues any time1 if the revolution throws into the arms of ,russia ,hungary1 and our ,sclav provinces1 and gives to ,prussia our ,german countries1 what will become of the great ,catholic ,empire of ,germany8 ,will not your majesty have hastened1 without intending it1 the satisfaction of that cupidity which is everywhere aiming at our ruin1 and the triumph either of ,protestantism or the ,greek schism80 ,francis ,joseph replied by describing the not less serious dangers which the triumph of the ,italian revolution would occasion to the tranquillity and integrity of the ,empire4 ,he could not but foresee how precarious ,austrian rule would become at ,venice1 and how impossible it would be to preserve1 for any length of time1 the last remains of the ,pontifical ,state1 once the ,king of ,piedmont was master of the rest of the peninsula4 ,the struggle1 by being delayed1 could not be avoided4 ,we should only have to undertake it later against a usurper consolidated by time1 and with less manifest evidence of right on our side4 ,but the embarrassments of the moment engaged the thoughts of his ministers more than those of the future4 ,all the ministers dissenting from his opinion1 the ,emperor made up his mind1 after two hours' discussion1 to recall the order which he had signed4 ,the ,austrian fleet continued at anchor in the harbor of ,trieste1 and the army of the ,mincio remained inactive1 although1 as may be supposed1 indignant1 in its quadrilateral1 until ,italian unity became a reality1 and coalesced with ,prussia in order to expel it4 ,there must now be recorded another proof of the ,emperor ,napoleon's double dealing4 ,on #acth ,september1 ,m4 ,thouvenel wrote to ,baron de ,talleyrand1 the ,ambassador of ,france at ,turin3 8,the ,emperor has decided that you must leave ,turin immediately1 in order to show his firm determination to decline all partnership in acts which his counsels1 that were given in the interests of ,italy1 have not been able to prevent40 ,vain pretence6 inexorable history accepts not such apologies4 ,with the exception of the ,piedmontese1 and perhaps also the ,austrian ministers1 there were none in ,europe having knowledge of this document1 and the despatch of ,m4 de ,gramont to the ,consul of ,ancona1 who did not believe that a rupture was imminent1 if it had not already taken place1 between the ,emperor ,napoleon and ,king ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,general ,lamoriciere was too upright and loyal-minded not to fall into the snare4 ,he wrote promptly to ,mgr4 de ,merode1 asking him to send provisions to ,ancona1 where he purposed establishing his quarters1 not having had time to prepare for battle in the open country4 ,he had no disquietude as regarded ,umbria4 ,he left it to be defended by ,france4 ,he hoped also that ,general de ,goyon would not confine himself to guarding the walls of ,rome1 and that he would1 at least1 prevent invasion from the direction of ,naples1 and by way of the valley of ,orvieto4 ,he was confident that ,france would finally intervene4 ,and it would be highly advantageous if1 in the meantime1 ,french troops garrisoned ,viterbo1 ,velletri and ,orvieto4 ,the declarations of ,napoleon were like the despatches of ,messrs4 ,thouvenel and ,gramont1 nothing better than empty words--8diplomatic papers10 as ,cialdini contemptuously called them4 ,his only object was to lull public opinion1 and let the ,piedmontese have the advantage of a fait accompli4 ,of this there was no room to doubt1 when1 a little later1 he took officially under his protection the fruit of that criminal aggression against which he had so loudly protested4 ,either from weakness or treachery he was an accomplice1 and played a preconcerted game4 ,at first he may have been sincere in threatening1 in the hope of intimidating the revolution4 ,but when there was question of acting1 and he knew that it defied him1 he recoiled4 ,french historians remark1 with pain1 that this was a sad alternative1 as regards the memory of a man who had the honor to govern ,france--the nation1 more than all others1 renowned for chivalry4 ,it was also a rebuke to that nation which was so weak as to submit1 for twenty years1 to his rule4 ,his friends are brought to the extremity of demonstrating that he was a coward1 if they wish to hinder mankind from believing that he was a traitor4 ,meanwhile1 ,lamoriciere1 by forced marches1 on the #afth ,september1 reached ,loretto1 from which the enemy withdrew at his approach4 ,his inconsiderable force counted scarcely #c1jjj combatants1 viz43 #b1jjj infantry1 #hjj troopers1 and #bjj artillerymen4 ,but he had given rendezvous at the spot to the general1 ,marquis of ,pimodan1 who brought to him from ,terai #b1jjj infantry1 and arrived a little before night1 on the #agth4 ,thus did it fall to his lot1 with #e1jjj men at most1 and some old artillery which had not been sufficiently exercised1 to face ,cialdini1 who had1 at the moment1 #de1jjj men1 and was provided with rifled cannon4 ,an engagement on the #ahth was inevitable4 ,the ,piedmontese were echeloned along the hills which fill the declivity from ,castelfidardo towards the plain1 and extend to within #ejj metres of the small river ,musone4 ,their artillery swept the declivities in all directions4 ,they occupied1 in strength1 two farms which were situated1 the one #fjj metres behind the other1 towards the principal hill4 ,by delaying longer1 ,lamoriciere would only have exposed himself to be surrounded and compelled to lay down his arms4 ,at four o'clock in the morning1 the soldiers of the ,pope1 with the two generals at their head1 prepared for death1 by devoutly participating in the most holy sacrament of the ,eucharist4 ,at eight1 ,pimodan rushed upon the two farms already mentioned4 ,his watchword was to carry them and hold them as long as possible1 as they commanded the pass of ,musone1 where the bulk of the army1 with the baggage1 must defile1 and there was no other way than this pass by which the route of ,ancona could be gained4 ,the first farm1 although warmly defended1 was carried1 and a hundred prisoners were taken4 ,six six-pounders were immediately brought up1 in order to protect the position against a fresh attack of the enemy4 ,captain ,richter1 who commanded them1 under the orders of ,colonel ,blumenstihl1 was pierced in the thigh by a ball2 he would not1 however1 leave the field1 but remained in the midst of the fire4 ,two howitzers1 commanded by ,lieutenant ,dandier1 with the aid of a hundred ,irishmen1 who had arrived the night before from ,spoleto1 were placed in the open space in front of the farm1 exposed to the grape shot of the ,piedmontese1 to which they replied as if they had been in force4 ,unfortunately1 all parties did not do their duty so well4 ,pimodan was obliged to dismiss1 on the battle-field1 the commander of the ,first ,battalion of ,chasseurs4 8,the moment had come10 says ,lamoriciere in his report1 8to attack the second farm4 ,general ,pimodan formed a small column1 under the orders of ,commandant ,becdelievre1 composed of the ,battalion of ,belgian ,fusiliers1 of a detachment of ,carabiniers1 and of the ,first ,battalion of ,chasseurs4 ,this column boldly advanced1 notwithstanding a most active fusilade from the farm and the wood4 ,there were #ejj metres to march over thus exposed4 ,but when about a hundred and fifty feet from the summit of the hill it was received by the fire of two ranks of a strong line of battle1 which put so great a number of the men hors de combat that it was obliged to fall back4 ,the enemy pursued4 ,but when he had nearly reached our troops1 the column faced round1 waited for him at fifteen paces distance1 received him with a well-directed fire1 and rushed on him with the bayonet4 ,astonished at so much daring and coolness1 the enemy1 although superior in number1 fell back in his turn1 and thus allowed our soldiers to regain the position which they had left4 ,the fire of our artillery1 which was well supplied and well directed1 protected these movements4 ,the enemy had lost more men2 but1 relatively1 our losses were more felt than his4 ,pimodan had been wounded in the face2 but1 nevertheless1 he retained his command4 ,i observed that his two battalions and a half were not sufficiently strong to carry the second position2 so ,i sent for the two reserve battalions1 and ordered the cavalry to pass the river1 and follow on our right flank the march of our columns4 ,during this time the enemy had endeavored to overwhelm us on both sides4 ,major ,becdelievre brought together what remained of his battalion1 rushed upon the fusileers and forced them back into the wood whence they had come40 ,these were splendid feats of arms4 ,but the excessive inferiority of ,lamoriciere's artillery and numbers made victory impossible4 ,the revolution had its emissaries enrolled as soldiers in the ,pontifical army4 ,one of these1 by a traitorous blow from behind1 slew the brave ,pimodan in the height of the battle4 ,these traitors also caused a panic at the decisive moment by spreading false alarms4 ,the youthful soldiers of the reserve1 who had never seen fire1 became demoralized1 and fled in confusion1 without hearing the sound of a single ball4 ,others followed4 ,the artillery1 now no longer supported1 and1 fearing to be taken1 sought safety in flight4 ,but instead of gaining the road to ,ancona1 it fell back on ,loretto1 where it could not fail to fall into the hands of the enemy4 ,lamoriciere1 always calm in such terrible discomfiture1 made unheard-of exertions1 as did also his aids-de-camp1 ,messrs4 de ,maistre1 de ,lorgeril1 de ,robiano1 de ,france and ,montmarin1 in endeavoring to guide the precipitate retreat4 ,his orders either were not conveyed or were not executed4 ,then1 as was his custom in ,africa1 he hurried alone on horseback to within a hundred feet of the lines1 in order to ascertain the situation1 rejoined his staff1 labored to stay the flight1 and when all was lost1 he executed1 with five-and-forty horse and a hundred infantry1 a movement which with the army was impossible4 ,he took the route of ,ancona1 which a ,piedmontese squadron was preparing to bombard1 and reached that place by five o'clock in the evening4 ,the brave ,franco-,belgians sacrificed themselves in order to save the rest of the army4 ,they held out in the farm which they had occupied as long as their ammunition lasted4 ,the neighboring fields and hedges were covered with dead and wounded ,piedmontese2 but they themselves were all either killed or taken4 ,among the slain and wounded were many of the best nobility of ,europe--,paul de ,percevaux1 ,edme de ,montagnac1 ,arthur de ,chalus1 ,hyacinth de ,lanascol1 ,alfege du ,baudier1 ,joseph ,guerin1 ,georges de ,haliand1 ,felix de ,montravel1 ,alfred de la ,barre de ,nanteuil1 ,thierry du ,fougeray1 ,leopold de ,lippe1 ,gaston du ,plessis de ,grenedan1 ,raoul ,dumanoir1 ,lanfranc de ,beccary1 ,alphonse ,menard1 ,guelton1 ,rogatien ,picon1 ,anseline de ,puisage1 ,george ,myonnet4 ,such are a few of those noble youths who fell victims to their zeal and bravery when engaged with ,general ,lamoriciere in his hopeless attempt to stem the overwhelming tide of revolution which1 at the time1 successfully defied all the ,powers of ,europe to move an arm in opposition to it4 ,lamoriciere succeeded in reaching ,ancona1 but only to prolong1 for a few days more1 a desperate contest4 ,the available force in the place amounted only to #d1bjj effective men1 a number quite insufficient to man all the posts of such extensive fortifications4 ,the general did not yet despair of aid from the ,french at ,rome1 and he flattered himself with the idea that if he only held out a few days1 ,austria and the other ,catholic ,states would be shamed into activity4 ,they1 however1 knew too well the intentions of ,france1 and ,france had won the battle of ,solferino4 ,the brave ,lamoriciere was assailed in his last retreat1 both by sea and land4 ,the bombardment lasted ten days1 and was heard at ,venice1 the islands of ,dalmatia1 and even at ,trieste4 ,but not a friendly sail appeared in support of the besieged4 ,the prolonged struggle did not even attract such vessels of neutral ,powers as are commonly sent for the protection of their consuls and others of their respective nations1 as well as to offer their good services to women1 children and other non-combatants4 ,such disgraceful conduct was condemned alike by the ,protestant and ,catholic press of ,europe4 ,the ,london ,times reproached ,m4 de ,cavour with not having understood that 8candid and honorable conduct is not incompatible with patriotism40 ,the same paper quoted1 in this connection1 the words of ,manin1 which are a condemnation of the whole conduct of the ,piedmontese under ,victor ,emmanuel3 8,means which the moral sense repels1 even when they are materially profitable1 deal a mortal blow to a cause4 ,no victory can be put in comparison with the absence of self-respect40 ,ancona was yet undergoing bombardment1 when the three sovereigns of the ,north1 who alone could have undertaken efficaciously the defence of the violated law of nations1 met at ,warsaw2 and ,napoleon ,,iii4 presented to them a memorandum by which he engaged to abandon ,piedmont in the event of her attacking ,venice4 ,but 8he presupposed that the ,german ,powers would also confine themselves to an attitude of abstention1 and would avoid furnishing a pretext for an ,italian attack of ,austria40 ,at length1 the ,piedmontese fleet1 under ,admiral ,persano1 succeeded in demolishing the more important portion of the fortifications of ,ancona4 ,a white flag was now displayed on the citadel and all the lesser forts2 and ,major ,mauri was sent on board the admiral's ship to negotiate a capitulation4 ,the firing ceased on both sides4 ,but now occurred a circumstance which stigmatizes to all time the character of the ,piedmontese generals1 ,fanti and ,cialdini4 ,m4 de ,quatrebarbes relates1 8that whilst the conditions of capitulation were under discussion1 the land army1 furious at having been repelled1 and at having done nothing that could contribute towards the taking of the city1 recommenced firing along the whole line4 ,the bombardment and cannonade continued from nine o'clock in the evening of the #bhth until nine in the morning of the #bith1 and that1 although negotiators had been sent1 and bells had been rung1 announcing the cessation of hostilities1 in defiance even of a very pressing letter of the admiral1 who would not participate in such an infamous proceeding4 ,he also recalled on board his ships the marine who served a land battery4 ,all this time not a single cannon was fired from the city4 ,thus the ,piedmontese army bombarded incessantly for twelve hours a defenceless town1 in violation of the law of nations1 and all sentiments of honor and humanity4 ,admiral ,persano himself reported at ,turin the refusal of the land army to cease firing4 ,such a fact must excite the indignation of all right-thinking people40 ,the revolution was highly offended when compared to ,islamism4 ,are the regular troops of ,islam accused of such barbarities8 ,the ,bashi-,bazouks could not have done worse4 ,when the capitulation was signed at two o'clock in the afternoon of the #bith1 the small ,pontifical army had ceased to exist1 and the ,piedmontese1 now free to follow out their plans1 could go to join the bands of ,garibaldi1 under the walls of ,gaeta1 and1 together with him1 complete 8the extirpation of the ,papal cancer10 or1 as one of their school1 ,pinelli1 said1 8,crush the sacerdotal vampire40 ,but although right had been trampled down1 it knew how to do battle and to die4 8,for the first time10 observed a ,protestant journal1 the new ,gazette of ,prussia1 8a general of the party of legality has dared to lead his troops against the enemy4 ,for the first time the revolution has been met in the field of battle4 ,the effort has not been successful4 ,we know it4 ,and as we repeatedly said beforehand1 we had no hope that it would4 ,but the defeat of ,lamoriciere raises the mind by contrast4 ,for a long time we had been accustomed to the triumphs of cowardice1 treachery and corruption1 of all which the victories of ,garibaldi presented such a disgusting spectacle4 ,we are assured that the ,pontifical troops did their duty unto death4 ,this is enough4 ,it is easily understood how the adversaries of the revolution had become humble4 ,for years they could only record the victories of their enemies4 ,but if1 at ,castelfidardo1 a few individuals were defeated1 the principle of legality was at last asserted4 ,now1 if men contend in battle for a principle its final triumph is assured40 ,it was to be expected that ,pius the ,ninth would avenge the memory of the brave men who had been branded by the name of ,mercenaries1 the greater number of whom served without pay4 ,no wonder if he did justice on the pretended moral order which ,piedmont said it had come to restore in the ,states of the ,church4 ,not only did he honor their noble efforts1 he also founded at his own cost1 and for their benefit1 the chaplaincy of ,castelfidardo in the sanctuary of the ,scala ,santa4 ,he ordered the funeral obsequies of ,general ,pimodan to be celebrated with becoming magnificence1 and composed himself an inscription for his tomb in the ,french ,church of ,st4 ,louis4 ,he wished to confer on ,lamoriciere the title of ,roman ,count4 ,but the defeated hero declined the honor1 saying that he desired always to be called ,leon de la ,moriciere4 ,pius ,,ix4 then addressed him a few words1 which recall the piety of early times3 8,i send you what1 at least1 you cannot refuse1 the order of ,christ1 for whom you have combated1 and who will1 ,i trust1 be your reward as well as mine40 ,in ,france the government showed its revolutionary leaning by forbidding a subscription which was undertaken for the purpose of presenting a sword of honor to ,lamoriciere4 ,it did even worse than this4 ,it meanly persecuted the vanquished soldiers of the ,holy ,see1 as well as those who had hastened to fill their places4 ,this was pure revenge4 ,and now that the success of ,piedmont was no longer doubtful1 it could serve no other purpose than to establish the fact of the ,emperor's complicity4 ,such of the soldiers of the ,pope as were natives of ,france were deprived of their rights of citizenship4 ,thus were noble youths1 the flower of ,france1 on their return from ,castelfidardo and ,ancona1 deprived of the electoral franchise1 and stripped of their right to serve on juries and in the army4 ,some even were interdicted from inheriting property on the pretext that1 as strangers1 their signatures required to be legalized4 ,these men were1 nevertheless1 the actual defenders of a sovereign whom the government pretended to defend officially4 ,the revolutionary papers audaciously said that the same law was not applicable to such ,french subjects as joined the bands of ,garibaldi1 on the ground that these bands were neither a government nor a military corporation4 ,this odd interpretation completely met the views of ministerial jurisprudence2 and so was presented the extraordinary spectacle of a country outlawing such of her children as served the same cause as her army1 and in nowise molesting those who supported the opposite side4 ,all political allusions in the pulpit were now repressed with increased severity4 ,the bishops1 however1 could not be intimidated4 ,besides1 as they could not be displaced1 they were not so easily reached4 ,mgr4 ,pie1 the eminent ,bishop of ,poitiers1 ascended the pulpit the ,sunday after the battle4 8,my brethren10 said he1 8you all expected of me that ,i would speak to-day in my cathedral4 ,it is according to the customs of the church to know how to honor her defenders1 and to mourn for them when dead4 ,and because1 having taken upon myself a responsibility which ,i decline not1 and having encouraged and blessed the departure of several of those youthful volunteers1 ,i would be ashamed of myself if now1 restrained by the fears arising from a pusillanimous prudence1 ,i did not offer them the homage of my admiration together with that of my prayers4 ,your sympathies are already with my words4 ,if they gave offence to any hearers1 ,i would1 indeed1 be afflicted4 ,but1 by the grace of ,god1 the country which we inhabit is called ,france1 which warrants1 or rather commands1 that ,i should be candid40 ,in the absence of that fame which victory confers1 the vanquished were consoled by that immortality which eloquence bestows on those whom it celebrates4 ,so long as the great art of oratory shall be appreciated in the countries of ,fenelon and ,bossuet1 the funeral orations on ,lamoriciere1 by ,bishops ,pie and ,dupanloup1 together with the fine pages on the heroes of ,castelfidardo1 by ,bishop ,gerbet of ,perpignan1 ,mgr4 ,plantier of ,nismes1 and other writers1 will not cease to be read4 8,they died in order to defend us10 said1 as if prophetically1 ,archbishop ,manning1 who succeeded ,cardinal ,wiseman in the new ,see of ,westminster1 already so illustrious2 8the cause for which they fell is our cause4 ,they are blind1 indeed1 who cannot see that what has been begun by the head will soon be undertaken against all the members2 that the attacks will extend rapidly from the centre to the extremities2 that revolutionary tyranny and the despotism of civil power will strive to establish everywhere1 in detail1 the domination which they are endeavoring to exercise over the will and the person of the ,holy ,father4 ,we are at the commencement of a new era of penal laws against the liberty of the church4 ,it is for us1 therefore1 that they have given their life4 ,they died whilst the profane world loaded them with its curses1 as died the martyrs in the ,flavian amphitheatre1 whilst the cry resounded1 #8,the ,christians to the lions6' 7,christianas ad leones71 and in presence of thousands of spectators of the ,imperial and ,patrician families of ,rome1 and for the gratification of the multitude which thirsted for blood1 and such blood as was most noble and innocent4 ,thus died ,he who is greater than the martyrs1 assailed by the insults of the ,pharisees and the jeers of the ignorant masses4 ,it is1 therefore1 glorious to die for a cause which the world will not and cannot understand4 ,if they had died to defend commercial establishments against the indigenous inhabitants of some distant country1 or to repel the attacks of a neighbor1 or to maintain the integrity of the ,ottoman ,empire1 the world would have understood and honored them1 as it did in regard to the combatants of ,alma and ,inkerman4 ,but1 to fall in battle for the independence of the ,sovereign ,pontificate1 to sacrifice themselves for the liberty of ,christian consciences1 and that of the generations to come--this the world understands not1 and for this we proclaim them great and glorious among departed heroes40 ,four months later1 ,mgr4 ,pie was obliged to refute a new pamphlet1 entitled1 8,france1 ,rome and ,italy10 and so endeavor to prevent new iniquities4 ,he feared not to formulate the following terrible rebuke1 which was denounced as seditious1 but which history has already confirmed as a sentence3 8,pilate had it in his power to save ,christ1 and without ,pilate ,he could not be put to death4 ,the death-warrant could only come from him2 nobis non licet interficere1 said the ,jews4 ,wash thy hands1 ,o ,pilate6 declare thyself guiltless of the death of ,christ4 ,our only answer every day will be1 and the latest posterity will repeat the same3 ,i believe in ,jesus ,christ1 the only ,son of the ,father1 who was conceived of the ,holy ,ghost1 who was born of the ,virgin ,mary1 who suffered death and passion under ,pontius ,pilate2 ,quipassus est sub ,pontio ,pilato40 ,it was no secret when these words were spoken1 as it was to ,lamoriciere and his brave army1 that the government of the ,french ,emperor encouraged and patronized the iniquitous aggressions of ,piedmont1 whilst it pretended1 in the face of ,europe1 to support the ,holy ,see4 7,m#gg7 8,it was not ,garibaldi and his volunteers10 said the ,revue des deux ,mondes1 8that ,general ,lamoriciere had to fight2 the odds in that case would not have been so unequal4 ,but he had the regular army of ,piedmont before him--an army six times more numerous than his own4 ,nor was it the attack merely of a revolutionary party which was now directed against the temporal power of the ,papacy4 ,it was a government incomparably more powerful than the ,pope's1 which decreed arbitrarily itself alone1 and in the face of the other nations of the world1 the suppression of this power1 and which accomplished that suppression by the irresistible force of its arms1 and under the eyes of our garrison in ,rome40 ,whilst ,austria1 not from any want of sympathy with the ,holy ,see1 but from the dread her cautious ministry1 who had penetrated the designs of ,france1 entertained of a new ,french invasion1 looked tamely on from the heights of her quadrilateral1 the ,french ,emperor secretly expressed his approval of the ,piedmontese attack on the ,papal ,states1 and at the same time publicly withdrew his ambassador at ,turin1 as a protest in the face of mankind against this unprovoked and unjustifiable attack4 ,england1 which could not be supposed to have much sympathy with the ,holy ,see1 notwithstanding the declarations of her best statesmen in support of the temporal sovereignty1 openly pronounced in favor of the ,piedmontese aggression on the ,pope1 who1 in trying times1 had been her most faithful ally4 ,but the days of the elder ,bonaparte were forgotten1 and too much could not be done to conciliate the new ally whom the ,english had found in the second ,bonaparte4 ,so their representative1 ,sir ,john ,hudson1 remained at ,turin1 and was the confidential adviser there of ,count de ,cavour1 while ,sir ,henry ,elliot continued to reside at ,naples after that city had become the headquarters of ,garibaldi4 ,the great ,northern ,powers1 ,russia and ,prussia1 acted a more honorable part4 ,even before the fall of ,ancona was known1 they both withdrew their ambassadors from ,turin4 ,von ,schleinitz1 the ,prussian ,prime ,minister1 protested energetically against the unwarrantable aggression of ,piedmont4 ,m4 de ,cavour1 who understood the tendencies of the time1 replied to ,von ,schleinitz1 as if uttering a prophecy3 8,i regret that the ,court of ,berlin should judge so severely the conduct of the king and his government4 ,i am conscious of acting in the interests of my sovereign and my country4 ,i might reply successfully to what ,m4 ,von ,schleinitz says4 ,but1 be that as it may1 ,i console myself with the thought that1 on the present occasion1 ,i am setting an example which ,prussia1 within a short time probably1 will be happy to follow40 ,the cannonade had scarcely ceased to be heard at ,ancona1 when the ,holy ,father raised his voice in a consistorial allocution of #bhth ,september1 which1 although addressed to the cardinals1 is intended for the whole civilized world4 ,the allocution briefly enumerates the several acts of aggression successively committed by the ,piedmontese4 ,it then alludes to ,cavour's audacious letter1 which was intended as a justification beforehand of the violation of territory1 and the fearful bloodshed which followed4 ,it expresses the false accusations1 the repeated calumnies and insults which were put forward as a pretext for the invasion4 ,it also rebukes 8the singular malignity with which the ,piedmontese government dared to call the ,pontifical soldiers mercenaries1 when so many of them1 both ,italians and foreigners1 were of noble lineage1 bearing illustrious names1 and had resolved to serve in our troops without pay1 and for the sole love of our holy religion40 ,the fact is established1 to the disgrace of ,piedmont1 that the ,papal government 8could have had no intimation of the enemy's purpose4 ,the general-in-chief commanding our forces could not have entertained the thought of having to contend with the soldiers of ,piedmont40 ,the meed of praise is awarded to the fallen warriors1 together with the expression of unfeigned sorrow for their loss3 8,whilst we must bestow merited praise on the general1 his officers and his men1 we can scarcely restrain our tears as we remember all those brave soldiers1 those noble young men especially1 who had been impelled by faith and their own generous hearts to fly to the defence of the temporal power of the ,roman ,church1 and who have met with their death in this cruel and unjust invasion4 ,we are deeply moved by the grief of their families2 and would to ,god it were in our power1 by any word of ours1 to dry up the source of their tears60 ,if anything could be worse than the savage and murderous attack of ,piedmont1 it was the hypocritical pretence under which it was undertaken4 ,the invaders came as 8the restorers of moral order and as the preachers of tolerance and charity40 ,the allocution concludes by denouncing this hypocrisy1 together with the diplomatic principle of non-intervention1 of which ,france and ,piedmont set such brilliant examples4 7,m#gh7 ,the ,king of ,sardinia having violently seized ,umbria and the ,marches of ,ancona1 must also have a mock plebiscitum1 in order1 no doubt1 to make it appear that these provinces were spontaneously annexed to his kingdom4 ,the fall of ,gaeta and the conquest of ,naples by ,garibaldi encouraged the ambitious monarch in these unjustifiable annexations1 and although generally condemned by the ,european press1 he most audaciously issued a proclamation in reply to the ,papal allocution4 ,all these nefarious acts1 together with the outrages everywhere perpetrated against all who remained loyal to the ,holy ,see and faithful to the sacred laws of the church1 induced the ,holy ,father to publish the now celebrated allocution of ,march #ahth1 #ahfa4 ,this allocution is perhaps the greatest doctrinal utterance of the ,pontificate of ,pius ,,ix4 ,but it must be considered in connection with the syllabus1 which will now shortly be noticed4 ,the ,emperor ,napoleon had1 indeed1 suspended public diplomatic relations with the court of ,turin4 ,this was intended merely as a blind1 for he continued to negotiate secretly1 through ,prince ,jerome ,napoleon1 concerning ,rome1 and what yet remained to the ,pope of his states4 ,he appeared to bind ,piedmont to respect the sovereignty and independence of the ,holy ,see1 and had no objections that the ,pope should raise an army designed only for defensive purposes4 ,on such conditions the ,emperor would acknowledge the new kingdom of ,italy4 ,in all this there was a want of sincerity4 ,count ,cavour1 ,prince ,napoleon and the ,emperor1 were perfectly agreed that the ,holy ,father was1 in due course of time1 to be given up to his enemies4 7,m#gi7 ,in order to prepare the world for this consummation of ,franco-,sardinian policy1 there appeared a new pamphlet1 entitled ,la ,france1 ,rome et l',italie4 ,it was signed by ,m4 de la ,gueronniere1 and published on the #gth day of ,march4 ,it was suggested1 if not actually written1 by the ,emperor himself4 ,the allocution already alluded to1 dealt by anticipation with the chief points of this publication4 ,it was1 however1 directly replied to in a letter of the eminent ,cardinal ,antonelli1 to the ,papal ,minister at ,paris4 ,the cardinal begins by stating that the chief object of the pamphlet was 8to throw on the ,holy ,father and his government the responsibility of the condition to which ,italy and the ,pontifical ,states in particular were reduced40 ,he then proceeds lucidly1 logically1 and not without eloquence1 to attack all the positions assumed by the writer1 and exposes the treachery1 baseness and duplicity of the principal adversaries of the ,holy ,see in its long struggle with revolutionary ,piedmont1 supported as it was by the ,emperor ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,it will be recollected that it had been proposed1 indeed it was one of the articles of the treaty of ,zurich1 that there should be a confederation of the ,states of ,italy4 ,the writer of the pamphlet audaciously accused the ,pope of having rejected the plan of an ,italian confederacy1 just as if he and not the ,emperor and his ally1 the ,king of ,piedmont1 had violated the treaty which succeeded the battle of ,solferino4 8,the official proposition of such a confederacy10 the cardinal states1 8and of its presidency came only after the preliminaries of ,villafranca and the treaty of ,zurich2 and the ,holy ,father showed himself disposed to accept it as soon as its basis should be defined4 ,the author1 nevertheless1 says that it was then too late4 ,he does not1 in saying so1 seem to perceive that he seriously insults his own sovereign1 as if he and the other ,powers had proposed as the basis of a solemn treaty and the great means of conciliation1 a thing which was at that moment neither possible nor opportune4 ,be that as it may1 it was only then that the proposition was made by the person authorized to make it2 and it is unjust to pretend that his ,holiness had taken any action thereon before it was laid before him4 ,since1 therefore1 the plan fell through independently of his refusal1 how can he1 without a positive act of calumny1 be accused of obstinacy on this point80 ,the cardinal's letter is of great length4 ,in one place he recapitulates the heads of accusation contained in the pamphlet4 8,putting aside10 says he1 8the unfounded assertions1 the matters foreign to the case1 which helped to fill up the pamphlet1 the obstinacy which it imputes to the ,holy ,father amounts to his having declined an abdication which his conscience condemned1 to his having deferred some reforms that were promised till the revolted provinces had returned to their allegiance2 to his having proposed to recruit an army for himself instead of accepting the troops offered to him2 to his having preferred the voluntary offerings of the faithful to subsidies furnished by governments which are not all nor always equally disposed to be friendly4 ,and these acts of firmness1 of noble disinterestedness1 which must appear most praiseworthy to the unprejudiced mind1 which have appeared and do still appear worthy of the admiration of ,protestants1 seem1 on the other hand1 to the ,catholic author of the pamphlet1 to be so blameworthy that he could not find more bitter words of censure were he to write against those who are alone responsible for the sad disorders of the present time4 ,but this is precisely what is of a nature to surprise us4 ,the ,imperial government of ,france had given advice to his ,holiness2 it had also given advice to the ,piedmontese government4 ,now1 if the ,holy ,father must be accused of not having followed such advice1 the ,piedmontese government does not seem to have been more docile4 ,his ,holiness did not deem it expedient to do some things desired by the ,french government4 ,but ,piedmont did a great many things which the ,french government had publicly declared it was opposed to4 ,the ,imperial government forbade the violation of the neutrality of the ,papal ,states2 and to this the ,piedmontese government responded by occupying the ,romagna4 ,the ,imperial government disapproved annexation2 and the ,piedmontese government only answered by accomplishing annexation4 ,the ,imperial government forbade1 in threatening language1 the invasion of the ,marches and ,umbria2 and the ,piedmontese government responded by pouring grape shot into the small ,pontifical army1 by bombarding ,ancona from sea and land1 and by refusing to observe any of the laws of war acknowledged by all civilized nations4 ,the author of the pamphlet allows his pen the most cruel license against the ,holy ,see1 but has not one single word of blame for the ,piedmontese government4 ,who can explain such an attitude8 ,the explanation is a very natural one1 and is given on the last page of the pamphlet1 where the author tells us that the ,emperor of the ,french cannot sacrifice ,italy to the ,court of ,rome1 nor give up the ,papacy to the revolution2 which means that the ,court of ,rome must be sacrificed to the exigencies of the peninsula1 that the temporal dominion of the ,holy ,see must be done away with1 because it is in the way of the unification of ,italy1 and that this suppression is to prevent the ,papacy or the spiritual power from falling beneath the blows of the revolution40 ,it cannot fail to be remarked that in all the ,french ,emperor's manifestos appears the pretext of protecting the ,papacy from the revolution1 whilst1 but for his interference1 it needed not such protection4 ,pius ,,ix4 was quite able to contend successfully against whatever revolutionary element there was in the ,pontifical ,states4 ,with the aid of his allies1 he could also have repelled the attacks of ,piedmont1 if unsupported by the ,french4 ,but against a ,power so great that it could command the non-intervention of all other ,powers1 he was powerless4 ,it may have afforded a momentary pleasure to the ,carbonaro ,prince1 ,napoleon ,,iii41 to annihilate1 for the sake of his way of promoting ,italian unification1 the time-honored sovereignty of the ,pope4 ,it afforded him no lasting benefit4 ,germany caught the idea1 and becoming unified1 hurled her legions against the common ,european enemy1 who1 in his day of sorest need1 found not an ally1 not so much as one powerful friend even in that ,italy for which he had done and sacrificed so much4 7,m#hj7 ,it now only remained for young ,italy1 revolutionized as it was1 to assume and wear its blushing honors4 ,piedmont having seized ,umbria and the ,marches of ,ancona1 and having also1 through her agent ,garibaldi1 taken possession of ,sicily and ,naples1 was mistress not only of the greater portion of the ,pontifical ,states1 but also of almost all ,italy at the same time4 ,it became such greatness to have a parliament4 ,accordingly1 the first ,italian parliament assembled at ,turin in ,february1 #ahfa2 and on the #adth of ,march1 ,victor ,emmanuel was proclaimed ,king of ,italy4 ,it was not1 however1 till the #bdth of ,june that the ,french ,emperor found it convenient to recognize this extended sovereignty4 ,in doing so1 no doubt1 he was consistent with himself1 although quite at variance with the professions of him who had so lately withdrawn his ambassador from the ,court of ,turin4 7,m#ha7 ,count de ,cavour lived not to enjoy this recognition4 ,he died on the #fth of ,june4 ,this minister was a politician to the end2 and he had no wish ever to be anything else4 ,he was anxious1 however1 at the close1 to have the merit of reconciliation with the church which he had so cruelly persecuted1 both in the ancient ,state of ,sardinia and in the newly-annexed territories of the 8,kingdom of ,italy40 ,finding that his latter end was approaching1 he desired the presence of ,friar ,giacomo1 ,rector of the ,madonna degli ,angeli4 ,this ,friar1 with whom1 as is related1 the ,count had had a previous understanding1 faithfully came4 ,m4 de ,cavour remained alone with him for half an hour2 and when the priest was gone he called ,farini1 and said to him3 8,my niece has had ,fra ,giacomo to come to me2 ,i must prepare for the dread passage to eternity2 ,i have made my confession and received absolution4 ,i wish all to know1 and the good people of ,turin particularly1 that ,i die like a good ,christian4 ,i am at peace with myself4 ,i have never wronged any one40 ,it is a trite saying that the ruling passion of a man's life asserts its power at the hour of death2 and the last recorded words of ,count de ,cavour would seem to show that to the end he was more bent on politics than prayer4 ,as ,friar ,giacomo was reciting solemnly by his bedside the prayers for the departing soul1 8,frate6 ,frate60 he exclaimed1 whilst he pressed the ,friar's hand1 8libera chiesa in libera stato60 7a free church in a free state74 ,admirable1 no doubt4 ,but how was the great idea to be realized1 since the church could only be free when her ministers were dictated to1 imprisoned1 banished1 and otherwise tormented8 ,and what freedom for the state1 unless it were free to tyrannize over and persecute the church8 ,judging ,cavour and his party by their acts rather than their fine speeches1 such was their idea of a free church in a free state4 ,if it be true that1 as men live so they die1 it is not true that ,count de ,cavour died like a good ,christian4 ,none will be inclined to dispute with him the comfort which he claimed of being at peace with himself4 ,but they who are aware of the violence1 the spoliation1 the rapine1 bloodshed1 and unspeakable suffering1 in all which he was1 at least1 an accomplice1 if not the direct cause1 throughout the ,states of the ,italian ,grand ,dukes1 the ,pontifical territories and the kingdom of ,naples1 will not easily acknowledge that he spoke truth when he said that 8he had never wronged anyone40 ,but let us now be silent4 ,there is ,one1 and only ,one1 who judgeth4 7,m#hb7 ,considering the assistance so recently afforded to ,turkey by the ,christian ,powers1 her ,christian subjects were surely entitled to her protection1 ,but gratitude1 it would appear1 is not one of the virtues of ,islamism4 ,in ,june1 #ahfj1 the ,pachas disarmed and delivered up to their deadly enemies the ,christian ,maronites of ,lebanon and ,damascus4 ,over a hundred villages inhabited by these people were completely destroyed4 ,neither the aged nor the young that fell into the hands of the enemy were spared2 and1 worse than all1 seven thousand young women were carried captive into the desert4 ,in these melancholy circumstances1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 acted honorably and independently4 ,he sent an armed expedition to chastise the guilty1 and that in defiance of all opposition on the part of his allies1 the ,english1 who1 from national jealousy1 resisted a ,french protectorate in the ,east1 and so assumed the disgraceful role of patronizing hordes of assassins4 ,incomprehensible conduct6 since1 a few years later1 the same people were so moved by ,turkish atrocities in ,bulgaria that no ,british government could have dared to raise an arm in defence of the crumbling ,empire of the ,sultan4 ,pius ,,ix4 was deeply moved by the sufferings of his fellow-,christians4 ,in a letter of #bith ,july1 to the ,patriarch of ,antioch and the ,bishops of his ,patriarchate1 he expressed his sorrow and indignation at the fearful crimes that were committed4 8,it is particularly afflicting10 said he1 as he condemned certain speeches that were delivered in the ,british ,parliament in favor of the guilty parties1 8that more sympathy is accorded1 and even more assistance extended1 in our age to the fomenters of troubles and revolutions than to their victims40 ,he commended ,france1 that had remembered in the circumstances her ,catholic traditions1 and intimated that he would encourage with all his power the liberal offerings of the ,christians of the ,west in support of their brethren of ,syria4 ,he himself1 although he was deprived of his accustomed revenue1 together with the greater portion of his states1 contrived to bestow considerable assistance4 7,m#hc7 ,a little later in the same year1 the ,holy ,father met with unlooked-for consolation in the conversion of the ,bulgarian nation4 ,on the #bjth ,december1 bishops1 priests1 and a great many lay persons of that country1 abjured the ,photian schism1 and addressed to ,rome a solemn act of union in the name of the majority of their fellow-countrymen4 ,pius ,,ix4 replied on the #bith of ,january1 #ahfa4 ,he was pleased himself to consecrate in the ,sistine chapel their new archbishop1 ,sokolski4 ,the latter1 as he renewed the profession of faith1 which had been already formulated in writing at ,constantinople1 said to the ,holy ,father3 8,it is your work that1 although dead1 we are come to life1 and that1 being lost1 we are found again40 ,pius ,,ix4 referred all the glory to ,god4 8,such works10 he said1 8are wholly divine4 ,to ,thee praise1 benediction1 everlasting thanks6 ,o1 ,jesus ,christ6 source of mercy and of all consolation60 ,the ,bulgarians were unfortunately situated4 ,jealousies of race prevailed among them1 and did much to shake religious principle4 ,add to this that the schismatical ,patriarch of ,constantinople agreed to grant ecclesiastical autonomy1 as it might be called1 to ,bulgaria4 ,this was a deadly blow to the noble impulse which led them towards the centre of ,christian unity4 ,at first they were three millions of ,catholics4 ,the number speedily diminished to some tens of thousands4 ,archbishop ,sokolski suddenly disappeared4 ,it is not known whether he abandoned his post or was carried away by force4 ,the latter supposition is1 as yet1 the more probable4 ,he is thought to have been recognized1 several times1 in a ,russian monastery1 whither he is supposed to have been taken by surprise1 and obliged to remain against his will4 ,pius ,,ix41 understanding how necessary it was that the new flock should have a resident pastor1 appointed a provisional successor to ,sokolski1 with the title of ,administrator of the ,united ,bulgarians1 and labored assiduously to found for him churches and schools4 ,three schismatical ,greek bishops1 who had sought protection at ,rome from the violent proceedings of their patriarch1 did not persevere any more than the majority of the ,bulgarians4 ,a fourth1 however1 ,melethios1 ,archbishop of ,drama1 happily remained steadfast1 together with the ,protestant bishop of ,malta1 another ,protestant bishop1 who was an ,american of the ,united ,states1 and several prelates of the ,greek schism1 ,armenians1 ,chaldeans or ,copts4 ,all these1 about this time1 placed themselves under the crook of the ,supreme ,pastor4 7,m#hd7 ,shortly before the death of ,count de ,cavour1 the ,emperor ,napoleon was pleased to define the new limits of the papal domain4 ,in doing so1 he left the recently alienated provinces to ,piedmont1 and and confined the ,pontiff to a comparatively small territory around the city of ,rome4 ,he could not have sanctioned more decidedly or more publicly the unjustifiable spoliation of the ,sardinian king4 ,such a proceeding cannot but appear inconsistent to such as are aware only of his apparent quarrel with this monarch1 and the withdrawal of his ambassador from ,turin4 ,to those1 on the contrary1 who have knowledge of1 and consider his secret conference with1 the ,piedmontese ,envoys at ,chambery1 and the violent attack on the ,papal ,states1 which1 notwithstanding the public and official protest of the ,french government through their consul at ,ancona1 immediately followed1 it will appear that ,louis ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 ,emperor of the ,french1 was only acting up to his policy and character4 ,soon after this new distribution of territory1 the 8,kingdom of ,italy0 was officially recognized by the government of the ,french ,emperor2 and this recognition paved the way for that of the other ,powers1 by most of whom1 after some time1 it was reluctantly given4 7,m#he7 ,cavour was dead4 ,but ,sardinian ambition died not with him4 ,baron ,ricasoli1 who succeeded him as ,prime ,minister1 encouraged by the support of ,france1 which was no longer disguised1 actually wrote1 in the name of his king1 both to the ,pope and ,cardinal ,antonelli1 urging them to give up the sovereignty of ,rome4 ,this was done1 not1 of course1 from any ambitious motive1 but with a view to carrying out their great designs1 such as the regeneration of society1 and1 above all1 their conception of a 8free church in a free state40 ,the minister concludes magniloquently3 8,it is in your power1 ,holy ,father1 to renew1 once more1 the face of the earth4 ,you can raise the ,apostolic ,see to a height unknown for ages4 ,if you wish to be greater than earthly sovereigns1 cast away from you the wretched kingship which brings you down to their level4 ,italy will bestow upon you a firm seat1 entire liberty1 and new greatness4 ,she reveres in you the ,pontiff2 but she will not stop in her progress for the ,prince4 ,she intends to remain ,catholic2 but she purposes to be a free and independent nation4 ,if you will only hearken to the prayers of that daughter whom you love so dearly1 you will gain over souls more power than you can lose as a prince1 and from the ,vatican1 as you lift your hand to bless ,rome and the world1 you will behold the nations1 restored to their rights1 bow down before you1 their defender and protector40 ,the new minister1 less wary than his predecessor1 immediately set about realizing his grand idea4 ,with what success will soon be seen4 7,m#hf7 ,the ,piedmontese conquests had not been made without cost4 ,enormous sums had been spent in corrupting the ,neapolitan people4 ,large amounts were still scattered throughout the annexed provinces1 in order to maintain their loyalty to the new power2 and the press was liberally subsidized1 both in ,italy and abroad4 ,for such heavy expenditure money must be had4 ,rem6 quomodocunque modo rem6 ,an expedient which occurs so readily to revolutions was had recourse to4 ,the properties of the convents and the treasures of the churches were seized4 ,members of religious communities were expelled from their monasteries and reduced to mendicity4 ,the laws of the church were trampled under foot1 together with the rights of citizens4 ,the ,jesuits were banished and cruelly maltreated like so many felons4 ,religious corporations were suppressed1 the faithful clergy were thrown into prison1 and many dioceses and parishes deprived of their pastors4 ,pius ,,ix4 deplored these calamities in his ,allocution of #cjth ,november1 #ahfa4 ,in that of #ahth ,march of the same year1 he had replied to those who conjured him to be reconciled with modern civilization3 8,the ,holy ,see10 the ,pontiff insisted1 8is always consistent4 ,it has never ceased to promote and sustain civilization4 ,history bears witness to this fact4 ,it shows most eloquently that1 in every age1 the ,popes carried civilization into barbarous nations1 and even to the remotest lands4 ,but is that true civilization which enslaves the church1 makes no account of treaties1 and recognizes not the rights of weaker parties8 ,it is quite certain that the church can never come to an understanding with such civilization4 ,what is there in common1 says the apostle1 between ,christ and ,belial8 ,as to making friendship with the usurpers of our provinces1 before they have shown repentance1 let no such thing be hoped for4 ,to make such a proposition to us1 is to ask this see1 which has always been the rampart of justice and truth1 to sanction the principle that a stolen object can be possessed in peace by the thief1 and that injustice which succeeds is justified by success4 ,we loudly declare1 therefore1 before ,god and men1 that there is no reason why we should be reconciled with any one4 ,our only duty1 in this connection1 is to forgive our enemies1 and to pray for them1 in order that they may be converted4 ,this we do in all sincerity4 ,but when we are asked to do what is unjust1 we cannot give our consent3 ,prstare non possumus40 ,a little later1 ,january1 #ahfb1 ,cardinal ,antonelli replied in the name of ,pius ,,ix4 to the ,marquis de ,lavallette1 the ,french ,ambassador at ,rome1 showing that it was by no means true to say that the ,pope was at variance with ,italy4 8,an ,italian himself1 and the chief ,italian1 he suffers when ,italy suffers1 and he beholds with pain the severe trials to which the ,italian church is subjected4 ,as to arranging with those who have robbed us1 we never will do any such thing4 ,all transaction on this ground is impossible4 ,by whatever reservations it might be accompanied1 with whatever ingenuity of language it might be disguised1 we could not accept1 without appearing to consecrate the wrong4 ,the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 before his exaltation1 as well as the cardinals before their nomination1 bind themselves by oath to cede no portion of the territory of the church4 ,the ,holy ,father1 therefore1 will not make any concession of this kind4 ,neither a ,conclave1 nor a new ,pontiff1 nor his successors in any age1 would be entitled to make such concession40 ,the revolutionists1 however1 could help themselves4 ,it would not be difficult to imagine the people of ,italy1 a few generations hence1 if1 indeed1 the kingdom of ,italy be destined to last so long1 looking back to their founders with that same kind of pride which animated the great ,romans when they thought of ,romulus and ,remus1 and the band of brigands who helped them to found the city4 7,m#hg7 ,about this time the ,french parliamentary chambers began to enjoy1 to a certain extent1 liberty of speech4 ,they could now discuss an address to the sovereign1 and give full publicity to their debates4 ,inquiry could now be made to some purpose1 whether the ,italian policy of ,napoleon ,,iii4 was sanctioned by ,france1 whether that aberration were national which impelled to the violation of all right and law1 in order to unify ,italy1 and pave the way1 at the same time1 for the unification of ,germany4 ,the revolutionary left of the ,french parliament1 as a matter of course1 favored the ,emperor's revolutionary foreign policy4 ,but the liberty of debate showed that there was a powerful minority opposed to them1 and this minority enjoyed the sanction of the greatest statesmen of the age4 ,in the ,senate1 notwithstanding the absence of every member of the ,legitimist party1 as well as that of ,messrs4 de ,montalembert and de ,fallou1 whom a coalition of the despotism of the day with radicalism had caused to lose their seats1 a tolerable number of the most devoted partisans of the empire showed a boldness of language1 together with well-defined statesmanlike views1 to which the ,imperial regime was not accustomed4 ,several of the ablest orators concurred in presenting an amendment to the address to the throne in favor of the ,pope's temporal sovereignty4 ,it was1 of course1 opposed by the government1 but was supported1 nevertheless1 by sixty votes to seventy-nine4 ,in the legislative assembly1 notwithstanding all the ability displayed by the representatives of the government1 the ,emperor's ,italian policy could obtain the support of only #afa votes1 whilst it was condemned by the powerful minority of ninety-one4 ,the radical leaders of the majority now thought the time opportune for demanding the recall of the ,french troops from ,rome4 ,the government went dead against it1 and invited the deputies to join with it in condemning the inordinate and persistent ambition of the revolution4 ,this the assembly did by a solid vote of the whole house to five4 ,of this precious quintet1 ,jules ,favre and ,emile ,olivier1 the leaders of the government1 were two4 ,such national demonstrations in favor of the sovereignty which he had done his best to crush were very irritating to the ,emperor ,napoleon2 and although he endeavored to appear wholly absorbed by his life of ,csar1 he could not avoid showing by his acts how profoundly he was disturbed by being thwarted4 ,everywhere throughout ,france the ,catholics were made to suffer4 ,the clergy were persecuted as far as the laws of the country would allow1 and the ,imperial anger went so far as to wreak its vengeance on the poor by suppressing that benevolent and non-political institution1 the ,association of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,needless to say that1 at the same time1 the ,catholic press was held in fetters4 ,there was no relaxation in its favor till the year #ahfg1 when the law extending the liberty of the press became available to ,catholic as well as all other writers4 ,the ,emperor even sacrificed the best supporters of the ,imperial system on account of their dislike to his anti-,roman policy4 ,not only from such men did warnings come1 but also from eminent statesmen of former regimes1 such as ,messrs4 ,sauzet1 de ,broglie1 ,vitet1 and even ,m4 ,guizot1 who was a ,protestant1 together with ,messrs4 ,thiers1 ,cousin and ,dufaure1 who were only nominal ,catholics4 8,madame10 said ,m4 ,thiers1 one day1 to the ,empress1 with more truth than politesse1 8history lays down the law that quiconque mange du ,pape en creve407#f7 ,so many and such decided manifestations of public opinion were not without their effects4 ,no less a personage than ,garibaldi1 relying1 as he thought he could do1 on ,piedmontese support1 now undertook to realize to the full the revolutionary programme--the ,kingdom of ,italy1 with ,rome for its capital4 ,the ,king of ,piedmont1 whilst he publicly disowned the filibuster1 as he had affected to disown him in ,sicily1 held an army in reserve for his support4 ,he expected himself to be officially condemned1 whilst in reality1 as usual1 privately sustained4 7,m#hh7 ,in the meantime1 however1 the policy of his ,imperial patron was considerably modified2 and orders were despatched to his ,sardinian ,majesty1 which he could neither take as a blind nor dare to disregard4 ,so the ,piedmontese army1 which was intended to aid the filibusters in the sack of ,rome1 was obliged to fight them4 ,it came up with the bands of ,garibaldi1 at a place called ,aspromonte1 on the #bith of ,august1 #ahfb4 ,the irregular force was defeated1 its leader wounded in the heel and taken prisoner4 ,garibaldi being so renowned a warrior--,achilles was nothing to him--was immediately released4 ,napoleon had spoken sincerely at last4 ,if he had always done so there would have been less disorder1 less violation of all right and less bloodshed1 in bringing together the provinces and states of ,italy4 ,if it had been his policy to concur with the ,pope and the party of true reform1 instead of patronizing a filibustering prince1 he might have lived to see a less objectionable and more lasting unification of ,italy than that which he so powerfully aided in achieving4 ,the intriguing ,cabinet of ,turin took great credit to itself for having so vigorously acted1 although against its will1 in preventing ,garibaldi from seizing ,rome4 ,as a reward for this signal service1 it boldly proposed to go there itself4 ,but the time had not yet come4 ,the fall of ,rome was destined to occur simultaneously with another event1 in which the ,emperor ,napoleon was directly and personally interested4 ,to do him justice1 he was from this time anxious that matters should be settled advantageously to the ,holy ,see1 but without prejudice to the revolution4 ,the idea was chimerical4 ,but that is no reason for supposing that it was not sincerely entertained4 7,m#hi7 ,the venerable ,pontiff derived some comfort from the resolve of the ,french nation1 in which all parties1 as has been seen1 concurred1 and the determination of its ,imperial head to check the career of revolution1 and leave ,rome to its legitimate sovereign4 ,but meanwhile more abundant consolations in the spiritual order were showered upon him4 ,in the course of the great struggle in which there was now1 at length1 a pause1 he was practically abandoned1 even by the most friendly nations4 ,it now fell to his lot to fulfil a high duty incident to the ,pontifical office1 and the nations1 through their numerous representatives1 flocked around him4 ,no earthly prince was ever so sustained by the sympathies of mankind4 ,the time had now arrived1 all research and investigation having come to a close1 when those heroes of the ,christian faith who1 in the year #aeig1 had suffered martyrdom at the hands of the ,japanese1 should be solemnly canonized4 ,they were twenty-six in number4 ,one of these was an ,american1 and suffered at ,nagasaki in the year just mentioned4 ,another process of canonization had also been concluded--that of the blessed ,michael de ,sanctis1 a ,trinitarian1 and member of the order for the ,redemption of ,captives4 ,pius ,,ix4 had invited the bishops to attend the important ceremony4 ,the ,sardinian government1 which took credit to itself for having established a 8free church in a free state10 forbade the ,italian bishops to visit ,rome on this occasion4 ,no fewer than ninety bishops protested against this mockery of liberty1 and declared that nothing but the strong hand of power could have prevented them from repairing to the holy city4 ,notwithstanding the forced absence of so many bishops1 there were at ,rome three hundred and twenty-three cardinals1 patriarchs1 archbishops and bishops1 more than four thousand priests1 and one hundred thousand strangers of various nations and classes4 ,humble curates of the ,alpine regions1 who were too poor to undertake the journey1 subscribed in order to send a few of their number in the name of the rest4 ,numerous ships which were1 for the time1 as floating convents1 sailed from the ports of ,france1 ,spain and ,italy1 invoking ,mary the ,star of the ,sea--,ave ,maris ,stella--whilst masses of people responded from the shore2 the hearts of all were with them4 ,there was high festival at ,rome from ,ascension ,day to ,whitsuntide4 ,all thoughts of politics were dismissed2 the grand religious celebration absorbing all attention4 ,as often as ,pius ,,ix4 appeared in public1 he was honored with an ovation4 ,on one occasion1 in particular1 there was a great demonstration by the clergy and the artillerymen of the ,french army1 on the day before ,pentecost ,sunday4 ,the ,bishop of ,tulle1 ,mgr4 ,berteaud1 ,mgr4 ,dupanloup of ,orleans1 and other bishops1 addressed immense crowds1 and produced religious emotion in which unbelievers could not help participating4 ,it is not recorded that ,pius ,,ix4 had preached in public since the beginning of his ,pontificate4 ,he now1 on the #fth of ,june1 delivered the word of ,god in the ,sistine ,chapel1 speaking first in ,latin and afterwards in ,french4 ,his audience consisted of four thousand priests1 as many as could be assembled within the spacious edifice4 ,all were deeply moved1 and only refrained through reverence from giving vent to their feelings4 ,as soon as the ,holy ,father had announced the apostolic benediction1 one of the priests happily intoned the liturgical prayer3 8,oremus pro ,pontifice nostro ,pio40 8,let us pray for our ,pontiff ,pius40 ,all present1 as if with one voice1 responded3 8,the ,lord preserve him and give him life1 and make him blessed upon earth1 and deliver him not to the will of his enemies40 ,one may have some idea how the ,catholic mind was impressed1 from the words of ,m4 ,louis ,veuillot3 8,we traversed our beloved ,rome with filial affection4 ,and if the thought occurred to us that there existed a design to rob us of it1 our feeling was one of anger rather than of fear4 ,we passed from sanctuary to sanctuary1 inquiring as to the places where ,pius ,,ix4 would appear1 in order to pay profoundest reverence to the ,holy ,pontiff4 #8,no1 no1' exclaimed a bishop1 as he came from the presence of the ,holy ,father1 #8it is not true1 it is not possible6 ,do not believe that there are ,victor ,emmanuels1 ,garibaldis1 ,ratazzis6 ,such a man cannot have enemies6' 0 ,on ,pentecost ,sunday1 ,june #hth1 #ahfb1 it was known that the ,basilica of ,st4 ,peter would be open at five o'clock in the morning4 ,all night the neighboring streets were crowded1 and when the gates were thrown open that greatest of earth's temples was filled in a few minutes4 ,the ,pontifical troops were on guard inside4 ,the foreign ambassadors1 the royal family of ,naples1 and other distinguished persons filled the tribunes2 and the ,french infantry was massed on ,st4 ,peter's place4 ,the church was appropriately decorated with paintings representing scenes in the lives of the martyrs and illustrious confessors4 ,the thousands of lights which shone around added splendor to the scene4 ,at seven o'clock the great procession began to move4 ,first came a troop of orphans1 then appeared the students of the ecclesiastical seminaries4 ,these were followed by religious communities and the secular clergy4 ,bishops came next1 and archbishops1 patriarchs and cardinals4 ,then appeared the ,supreme ,pastor1 preceded by the banners of the saints that were to be canonized4 ,all besides was now forgot1 as the ,holy ,father was borne slowly along1 seated on the sedia gestatoria1 which was carried by twelve attendants in scarlet cloaks4 ,the ,tiara added dignity to the noble figure of the ,pontiff4 ,in his left hand1 which was veiled with white silk1 embroidered with gold1 he held a lighted wax taper1 while his right was left free to bless the people as he passed along4 ,the correspondent of the ,london ,times1 who was a ,protestant1 says3 8,looking over the sea of heads placed between me and the procession1 ,i observed that all knelt before ,pius ,,ix41 the meek and the good1 for it is only justice so to speak of him4 ,the chanters of the ,vatican chanted in angelic tones3 ,tu es ,petrus1 and these tones1 softened rather than weakened by distance1 pervaded the whole edifice like spirits4 ,at intervals1 another group chanted3 ,ave ,maris ,stella1 and thus the ,pope was borne1 through the thousands of ,christians who had come from every country on which the sun shines1 to the high altar behind the tomb of the apostles40 ,in the midst of so much pomp and glory1 ,pius ,,ix4 was humble and collected1 referring all to ,him of whom he was only the representative on earth4 ,at the same time1 his soul overflowed with happiness when he saw that there was still so much faith in ,israel4 ,the ,sovereign ,pontiff now took his seat upon the ,papal throne1 and having received the obedience of the cardinals and bishops1 he was approached by the consistorial advocate1 who thrice petitioned him to permit the names of the glorious martyrs and confessors to be inscribed on the diptychs of the saints1 which the church recognizes and holds sacred4 ,after the request had been made the third time1 the ,holy ,father read in a clear and audible voice the decree of canonization4 ,he then intoned the ,te ,deum1 which was chanted by the immense congregation4 ,the ceremonies concluded with a solemn ,high ,mass1 which was celebrated by the ,pope himself1 surrounded by the cardinals and bishops4 ,the people spent the remainder of the day in pious rejoicing4 ,they were gay and expansive1 but calm and brotherly2 thus exhibiting1 without being conscious of it1 a spectacle unknown to the inhabitants of other capitals4 7,m#ij7 ,the demonstrations which took place at ,rome on the following day were not less important1 and perhaps had greater significance1 although not accompanied by so much pomp and ceremony4 ,there was held in the ,palace of the ,vatican a semi-public consistory1 at which all the bishops who were at ,rome attended4 ,the venerable ,pontiff denounced1 in his allocution to the attentive audience1 those errors which are too ancient to have even the merit of originality1 but which are the more dangerous that1 at the present time more than ever1 they are loudly preached and widely disseminated4 ,he alluded in particular to that ,german criticism1 which views our sacred books as nothing better than a system of mythology1 and to that too well-known romance of a ,french writer1 ,m4 ,renan1 entitled3 8,the ,life of ,jesus40 ,he condemned materialism1 pantheism1 naturalism1 and all those more or less degrading systems which deny human liberty1 proclaim a morality independent of the laws of ,god2 which derive from material force and superior numbers all law and authority3 and which in philosophy make reason their ,god1 the state in politics1 and passion in the daily conduct of life4 ,the ,holy ,father then thanked the bishops who were present1 regretting the absence of those of ,portugal and ,italy1 the latter of whom were restrained by the ,piedmontese government1 and exhorted them all to continue to combat error1 and to turn away the eyes and hands of the faithful from bad books and bad journals1 and to promote1 without ever wearying1 the instruction of the clergy and the good education of youth4 ,he concluded1 in a voice which was impeded by his tears1 and with his eyes raised to heaven1 by joining with all present in beseeching the ,father of mercies1 through the merits of ,jesus ,christ1 ,his only ,son1 to extend a helping hand to ,christian and civil society1 and to restore peace to the church4 ,cardinal ,mattei1 dean of the ,sacred ,college1 replied in the name of all the bishops4 ,three points chiefly1 among others1 were affirmed in his declaration4 ,first of all1 the supreme doctrinal authority and infallibility of the ,roman ,pontiff4 8,you are in our regard the master of sound doctrine4 ,you are the centre of unity4 ,you are the foundation of the church itself1 against which the gates of hell shall not prevail4 ,when you speak1 we hear ,peter4 ,when you decree1 we obey ,jesus ,christ4 ,we admire you in the midst of so many trials and tempests1 with a serene brow and unshaken mind1 invincibly fulfilling your sacred ministry40 ,next1 the temporal sovereignty of the ,holy ,see4 8,we acknowledge that your temporal sovereignty is necessary1 and that it was established in fulfilment of a manifest design of ,divine ,providence4 ,we hesitate not to declare that this temporal sovereignty is required for the good of the church and the free government of souls4 ,it was necessary that the ,supreme ,pontiff should be neither the subject nor even the guest of any prince4 ,there was required in the centre of ,europe a sacred bond1 placed between the three continents of the ancient world1 an august seat1 whence arises in turns1 for peoples and for princes1 a great and powerful voice1 the voice of justice and of truth1 impartial and without preference1 free from all arbitrary influence1 and which can neither be repressed by fear nor circumvented by artifice4 ,how could it have been that at this very moment the prelates of the church1 arriving from all points of the universe1 should have come here in order to represent all peoples1 and confer in security on the gravest interests1 if they had found any prince whomsoever ruling in this land who had suspicions of their princes1 or who was suspected by them on account of his hostility8 ,in such case their duties as citizens might have conflicted with their duties as bishops40 ,finally1 the intimate union of the ,catholic world with the ,pope4 8,we condemn the errors which you have condemned4 ,we reprove the sacrilegious acts1 the violations of ecclesiastical immunity1 and the other crimes committed against the chair of ,peter4 ,we give utterance to this protest1 which we claim shall be inserted in the annals of the church1 in all sincerity1 in the name of our brethren who are absent1 in the name of those who1 detained at home by force1 lament and are silent1 in the name of those whom the state of their health or important affairs have prevented from joining us in this place4 ,to our number we add the clergy and the faithful people who give you proof of their love and veneration by their assiduous prayers1 as well as by the offering of ,peter's pence4 ,would to ,god that all kings and powerful men in the world understood that the cause of the ,pontiff is the cause of all states4 ,would to ,god that they came to an understanding in order to place in security the sacred cause of the ,christian world and of social order40 ,pius ,,ix4 made reply3 8,united as we are1 venerable brethren1 we cannot doubt that the ,god of peace and charity is with us4 ,and if ,god be with us1 who shall be against us8 ,praise1 honor1 glory to ,god6 ,to you1 peace1 salvation and joy6 ,peace to your minds2 salvation to the faithful committed to your care2 joy to you and to them1 in order that you may all rejoice1 chaunting a new canticle in the ,house of ,god for evermore60 ,the address which ,cardinal ,mattei read bore the signatures of all the bishops who were in ,rome4 ,the bishops of ,italy hastened to express their concurrence1 with one exception1 ,ariano1 who had participated in the revolutionary movement1 and who came to an unhappy death within the year4 ,there came1 in due course1 numerous adhesions from all parts of the world1 together with countless addresses from the clergy of the second order4 ,the laity1 on their part1 received the bishops on their return home with triumphal honors4 ,they came around them and escorted them to the pulpits of their cathedrals1 in order to hear from their lips all that had taken place at ,rome4 ,the ,bishop of ,moulins1 ,mgr4 de ,droux ,breze1 admirably expressed in a few words the impressions of the venerable pilgrims3 8,rome is a city of wonders2 but the wonder of ,rome is ,pius ,,ix40 ,the moral result of all these manifestations was incalculable4 ,at a time when universal suffrage had come into vogue1 it was impossible not to see in all this1 from a merely wordly point of view1 indirect1 indeed1 but strikingly universal suffrage4 ,the vote of the whole ,catholic world was shown1 united with that of the ,romans1 in affirming the rights of the ,catholic world over ,rome1 whilst appeared1 at the same time1 the determination of the ,romans to retain their cherished autonomy1 and to remain the capital of the ,catholic world4 ,the parliament of ,turin was greatly agitated4 ,there was indescribable confusion1 so that discussion was impossible4 ,they voted1 in opposition to the ,episcopal and ,pontifical allocutions1 an address to ,victor ,emmanuel1 the character of which may be gathered from the following few words3 8,sire1 bishops1 almost all strangers in ,italy1 have proclaimed the strange doctrine that ,rome is the slave of the ,catholic world4 ,we reply to them by declaring that we are resolved1 to maintain inviolable the right of the nation and that of the ,italian metropolis1 which is1 at present1 retained by force under a detested yoke40 ,it was of a piece with many other assertions of the revolutionary party that the ,romans detested the rule of the ,holy ,father4 ,it was particularly audacious to make such an assertion in face of the enthusiastic demonstrations which had just been made in the city of the ,popes4 ,they had forbidden the presence of the ,italian bishops at ,rome1 and nevertheless they dared to complain that almost all the bishops who gathered around the ,sovereign ,pontiff were strangers in ,italy4 ,but what did this avail them8 ,did not the ,italian bishops decidedly express complete concurrence with their brethren8 ,it is still more surprising that the ,emperor ,napoleon took no warning from the words of the ,turin parliament1 and went so far as to conclude an agreement with them for the preservation to the ,pope of the ,holy ,city4 7,m#ia7 ,it is difficult to understand how a people numerically so weak as the inhabitants of that portion of the once great kingdom of ,poland1 which fell to the ,russian ,empire at the time of the unfortunate partition1 could have undertaken a rebellion against so great a ,power as ,russia4 ,but provocation1 patriotism1 the sense of nationality1 together with the ardent love of liberty1 set the laws of prudence at defiance4 ,that provocation must have been of no ordinary kind which could excite1 in ,russian ,poland1 a third rebellion1 which had no better prospect of success than the two former1 which resulted so disastrously for the unhappy ,poles4 ,and1 indeed1 what could be worse or more calculated to cause insurrection than the cruelties1 crimes and sacrilegious acts which the ,russian government was guilty of throughout ,poland in the years #ahfa and #ahfb8 ,the churches of that ill-fated country were seized and profaned1 divine service interdicted1 and the bishops arraigned before courts-martial and cast into prison4 ,such atrocities1 instead of crushing1 only increased the patriotism of the people4 ,russian policy1 baffled as was to be expected1 in its design of establishing tranquillity by such barbarous proceedings1 had recourse to a rigid conscription intended to have the effect of forcing all the patriotic youth of the country into the ranks of the ,russian army4 ,this violent recruiting was first attempted at ,warsaw1 at dead of night1 on the #aeth of ,january1 #ahfc4 ,when the news of this violence spread throughout the country1 all the young men capable of bearing arms fled to the steppes and forests1 and1 in eight days1 all ,poland was in rebellion for the third time1 in order to break the yoke of the foreigner4 ,a word from the great ,powers1 or any one of them1 would have restored peace4 ,but they all alike refused to speak this word4 ,the ,british1 after having encouraged the ,poles to resistance in public speeches1 were on the point of intervening in their behalf1 when a hint from ,m4 de ,bismark suddenly cooled their zeal1 and determined ,lord ,john ,russell to recall by telegraph threatening despatches which were already on their way to ,st4 ,petersburgh4 ,it need scarcely be said that ,prussia1 which was an accomplice of ,russia in the iniquitous partition1 made common cause with ,russia in the work of repression4 ,austria was at the time paralyzed1 as ,italy was threatening ,venice4 ,italy simply expressed to ,prince ,gortschakoff1 the ,russian ,chancellor1 8its confidence that the ,emperor ,alexander would persevere in the reforms so unfortunately interrupted by the rebellion40 ,innocent ,italians6 ,they1 of course1 were not guilty of causing rebellion1 which was now1 in their estimation1 so deplorable in ,sicily1 ,naples1 the ,grand ,duchies1 c4 ,napoleon remained1 as was his wont1 undecided4 ,he would neither assist the ,poles nor give them to understand that he would not assist them4 ,a word from him would have shortened1 by eighteen months1 a hopeless struggle of two years1 which ended by exhausting them4 ,there was one1 however1 who protested4 ,pius ,,ix4 denounced the oppressor as fearlessly as if he had been the least of the princes of the earth4 ,he wrote to him1 at first1 in a tone of mild remonstrance1 on the #bb;d of ,april1 #ahfc4 ,but finding that his representations were not heeded1 he renewed them more pressingly4 ,he did not confine himself to merely official acts4 ,he sent ,cardinal ,reisach on a confidential mission to ,vienna1 and addressed a warm and feeling letter to the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph1 in order to induce him to take action energetically in common with ,france4 ,he invited the whole ,christian world to join with him in praying for the suffering nation which he nobly declared to be 8the soldier of civilization and of faith40 ,such as were at ,rome1 at the time of these prayers1 will never forget how enthusiastically the ,roman people responded to the call of ,pius ,,ix4 ,in praying for the defenders of a distant country1 they seemed to pray1 at the same time1 for their own1 which was now1 more than ever1 threatened4 ,but the time of mercy had not yet come1 and persecution was redoubled4 ,ecclesiastics were deported or put to death1 simply for not having refused the aid of religion to the dying on the field of battle4 ,families and whole populations were doomed to choose between exile and apostacy4 ,all the bishops1 without exception1 were driven from their dioceses1 and some of them perished on the way to ,siberia4 ,pius ,,ix4 could no longer contain his grief and indignation4 ,on the #bgth of ,april1 #ahfd1 in replying to the postulators in the cause of blessed ,francis of the five wounds1 he said3 8,the blood of the helpless and the innocent cries for vengeance to the throne of the ,almighty against those by whom it is shed4 ,unhappy ,poland6 ,it was my desire not to speak before the approaching consistory4 ,but ,i fear lest1 by being silent any longer1 ,i should draw down upon myself the punishment denounced by the prophets against those who tolerate iniquity4 ,no1 ,i would not that ,i were forced to cry out1 one day1 in presence of the ,sovereign ,judge3 #8,woe to me because ,i have held my peace6' 7,va mihi quia tacui47 ,i feel inspired at this moment to condemn a sovereign whose vast ,empire reaches to the ,pole4 ,this potentate1 who falsely calls himself the ,catholic of the ,east1 but who is only a schismatic cast forth from the bosom of the true church1 persecutes and slays his ,catholic subjects1 and by his ferocious cruelty has driven them to insurrection4 ,under the pretext of suppressing this insurrection1 he extirpates the ,catholic religion4 ,he deports whole populations to inhospitable climes1 where they are deprived of all religious assistance1 and replaces them by schismatical adventurers4 ,he tears the pastors from their flocks1 and drives them into exile1 or condemns them to forced labors and other degrading punishments4 ,happy they who have been able to escape1 and who now wander in strange lands6 ,this potentate1 all heterodox and schismatical as he is1 arrogates to himself a power which the ,vicar of ,christ possesses not4 ,he pretends to deprive a bishop whom we have rightfully instituted4 ,can he be ignorant that a ,catholic bishop is always the same1 whether in his see or in the catacombs1 and that his character is ineffaceable8 ,let it not be said that in raising our voice against such misdeeds we encourage the ,european revolution4 ,we can distinguish between the socialist revolution and the legitimate rights of a nation struggling for independence and its religion4 ,in stigmatizing the persecutors of the ,catholic religion1 we fulfil a duty laid on us by our conscience4 ,it behooves us to pray1 with renewed earnestness1 for that unfortunate country4 ,in consequence1 we impart our apostolic benediction to all who shall1 this day1 pray for ,poland4 ,let us all pray for ,poland60 ,it was as if the breath of ,god's anger were on the lips of the ,holy ,pontiff4 ,pius ,,ix41 remarks ,m4 de ,st4 ,albin1 swayed by his deep emotion1 had risen from his throne1 his voice was like thunder1 and his arm appeared to threaten as if possessed of omnipotence4 7,m#ib7 ,such apostolic courage commanded the admiration of the enemies of the ,papacy4 ,the deputy1 ,brofferio1 said in the parliament of ,turin1 whilst his colleagues1 revolutionists like himself1 applauded3 8,an old man1 exhausted1 sickly1 without resources1 without an army1 on the brink of the grave1 curses a potentate who slaughters a people2 ,i feel moved in my inmost soul2 ,i imagine myself borne back to the days of ,gregory ,,vii42 ,i reverence and applaud40 7,m#ic7 ,m4 ,meyendorf1 the charge d'affaires of ,russia1 having been admitted to a private audience on occasion of the ,christmas festivities of #ahff1 ,pius ,,ix4 naturally directed the conversation to the painful state of ecclesiastical affairs in ,poland4 ,the ,russian minister denied everything1 even the most notorious facts1 and ended by casting all the blame on the ,catholics1 who1 he affirmed1 had openly transacted with the ,polish insurrection1 whilst the ,protestants generally sided with the government4 8,nor was this astonishing10 he added1 8considering that ,catholicism and revolution are the same thing40 ,pius ,,ix4 could not tolerate this false assertion1 which was so absurd that it could have no other object than to insult him and the whole body of the faithful of whom he was the ,chief4 8,depart10 said he to the minister1 as he dismissed him1 8,i cannot but believe that your ,emperor is ignorant of the greater part of the injustice under which ,poland suffers4 ,i1 therefore1 honor and esteem your ,emperor2 but ,i cannot say as much of his representative who comes to insult me in my own house40 ,pius ,,ix4 vainly hoped that the ,envoy would be disowned1 and diplomatic relations between ,rome and ,st4 ,petersburgh continued4 ,when ,alexander ,,ii4 suppressed1 by his own authority1 in #ahfg1 the ,catholic diocese of ,kaminieck1 ,pius ,,ix4 was obliged to have recourse to the newspaper press1 in order to make known to the ,catholics of that unfortunate country that he appointed the ,bishop of ,zitomir provisional administrator4 8,i have no other means of communicating with them10 said he 8,i act like the captain of a vessel who encloses in a bottle his last words to his family1 and confides them to the storm1 hoping that the waves will deposit them on some shore where they will be gathered up40 7,m#id7 ,pius ,,ix4 showed himself as generous to princes as to peoples1 acting always as the champion of justice in the cause of the former1 as well as in supporting the undoubted rights of the latter4 ,francis ,,ii41 of ,naples1 dethroned by his ambitious cousin1 ,king ,victor ,emmanuel1 was1 as the ,bonapartes had once been1 an exile at ,rome1 and enjoyed the same princely hospitality which his predecessor1 in #ahdh1 had extended to the ,holy ,father in the ,kingdom of ,naples4 ,victor ,emmanuel remonstrated against this kindness to a fallen enemy4 ,but in vain6 ,he was powerless4 ,his ally and patron1 however1 the ,french ,emperor1 was not so easily resisted4 ,this potentate gave it to be understood1 although not in express terms1 that the stay of the ,french troops at ,rome was dependent on the departure of the exiled monarch4 ,the ,pope1 alluding to the family of ,napoleon ,i41 whom ,pius ,,vii4 had kindly received at ,rome1 replied1 satirically1 that the ,roman ,pontiffs had traditions of hospitality1 as regarded their persecutors1 and much more in favor of their benefactors4 ,napoleon was ashamed to persist2 and ,francis ,,ii4 remained at ,rome as long as ,pius ,,ix4 was master there4 7,m#ie7 ,it was quite natural that ,napoleon ,,iii4 should entertain the idea that he was born to found empires4 ,he had succeeded in establishing one on the ruins of a republic in the ,old ,world4 ,he now sought to build up ,imperial power side by side with a republic in the ,new4 ,mexico was designed to be the seat of this empire2 and1 as that country greatly needed government of some kind1 the time was deemed opportune for carrying into effect ,napoleon's idea4 ,the ,imperial dignity was offered to the ,archduke ,maximilian of ,austria2 and this prince1 relying on the support of ,france1 consented to ascend the throne of the ,montezumas4 ,before crossing the seas1 ,prince ,maximilian came1 together with his wife1 the ,princess ,charlotte of ,belgium1 to ,rome1 in order to beg the prayers1 the wise counsel and the apostolic benediction of the venerable ,pontiff4 ,so desired the new ,emperor to inaugurate a reign which1 it was hoped1 would be great and prosperous4 ,the ,holy ,father1 at the solemn moment of communion1 spoke to the ,prince of ,him by whom kings reign and the framers of laws decree just things4 ,in the name of this ,king of kings1 he recommended to him the ,catholic nation of ,mexico1 reminding him1 at the same time1 that he was1 under ,god1 the constituted protector of the rights of the people as well as those of the church4 ,the ,emperor and his youthful spouse were moved to tears2 and ,maximilian1 on leaving ,rome1 declared that he departed under the protection of ,god1 and with the benediction of the ,holy ,pontiff4 8,i am confident1 therefore10 he added1 8that ,i shall be able to fulfil my great mission to ,mexico40 ,unfortunately for him1 however1 liberalism1 or1 rather1 ill-disguised socialism1 was enthroned1 for the moment1 in what was destined to be1 for a little while longer1 the chief seat of ,european ,power4 ,it is not difficult to imagine whence counsel proceeded1 and the inexperienced ,emperor came to believe that ,mexico might be governed as ,france was1 whilst its ruler thwarted the will of the great majority of her people4 ,he may not1 indeed1 have been free to reject the advice which swayed him4 ,be this as it may1 he most unwisely cast himself into the arms of the party to whom monarchy and religion were alike hateful4 ,he now framed a ,concordat which1 whilst it could not be acceptable to his new friends1 was far from being such as the ,pope could ratify4 ,the revolutionary party had gained the new ,emperor4 7,m#if7 ,the ,holy ,father1 ever anxious to promote the well-being of the church1 sent a nuncio to ,maximilian1 in order to remind him of his promises1 and induce him to abolish the laws that had been enacted for the purpose of oppressing the church1 and completely to reorganize ecclesiastical affairs with the full concurrence of the ,holy ,see4 ,the letter borne by the nuncio required that the ,catholic religion should continue to be the stay and glory of the ,mexican nation2 that the bishops should be entirely free in the exercise of their pastoral ministry2 that the religious orders should be restored and organized according to the instructions and faculties imparted by the ,sovereign ,pontiff2 that the patrimony of the church and the rights connected therewith should be guaranteed and protected2 that none be allowed to disseminate false and subversive doctrines2 that public as well as private education be directed and superintended by ecclesiastical authority2 and1 finally1 that those fetters be broken which had hitherto for some time held the church dependent on the arbitrary will of the civil power4 8,if10 continued the ,holy ,father1 8the religious edifice be re-established1 as we doubt not it will1 on such foundations1 your ,majesty will satisfy one of the greatest wants and realize the most ardent aspirations of the religious people of ,mexico2 you will dispel our disquietude and that of the illustrious ,mexican ,episcopate2 you will pave the way for the education of a learned and zealous clergy1 as well as the moral reformation of the people4 ,you will thus1 also1 consolidate your throne1 and promote the prosperity and glory of your ,imperial family40 ,in all this the ,emperor would have been sustained by the great majority of the ,mexican people4 ,and there was nothing impossible required of him4 ,it is not shown anywhere that the restoration of church properties1 which had been long alienated and had often changed proprietors1 would have been exacted1 any more than in ,england1 when religion was restored under the reign of ,mary4 ,the policy indicated by ,pius ,,ix4 would have won for ,maximilian a host of friends and supporters4 ,the line of conduct which he pursued was most unacceptable to the ,catholic nation of ,mexico1 whilst it was not in the least calculated to satisfy the revolutionary party4 ,refusing to concede everything that the church required1 he wished to retain for himself the ancient regal privileges of the ,crown of ,spain--the investiture of bishops1 the regulating of ecclesiastical tariffs1 the limitation of the number of monastic orders and religious associations1 c4 ,so far the revolution was pleased4 ,it was loud in its applause4 ,with what sincerity events failed not to show4 ,pius ,,ix4 insisted on the ,emperor's solemn pledges so recently given at ,rome4 ,maximilian was deaf to the counsels1 the complaints1 the earnest prayers of the ,holy ,father4 ,so it remained only for the ,papal ,nuncio1 ,monsignor ,meglia1 to take his departure from ,vera ,cruz 7#ast ,june1 #ahfe74 ,meanwhile1 ,maximilian's chief support1 the ,french ,emperor1 dreading the formidable hostility of the ,united ,states of ,america1 which could not tolerate an empire on the borders of their great republic1 was obliged to withdraw from ,mexico the army which1 from the first1 was necessary to sustain the new empire4 ,napoleon1 one would say1 was pledged to ,maximilian1 having induced him to assume the ,imperial ,crown1 and having also promised all necessary support4 ,he could not1 however1 command success2 and chivalry1 even if it had still existed1 would have availed but little1 when power alone could win4 ,maximilian was now all alone1 face to face with anarchy and the ,mexican nation which he had slighted4 ,faction ruled in his place4 ,the revolutionary party which he had favored proved untrue2 and falling into the hands of his enemies1 he was solemnly murdered by the ruling brigand of the day4 ,the officers of ,napoleon's army sincerely believed that no better fate could be anticipated2 for they earnestly advised him to accompany them on their return to ,europe4 ,this he could have done without dishonor4 ,the idea of a ,mexican empire was ,napoleon's1 and he alone was answerable for its success4 ,on the part of ,maximilian it was more than chivalry to remain in ,mexico when his guard was gone4 ,but the idea of the youthful ,prince in regard to honor appears to have been1 like his policy1 unsound4 ,the policy may not have been1 most probably was not1 his4 ,but the sentiment of honor was all his own4 ,and although1 in an age of chivalry even1 it would have appeared exaggerated1 it redounds to his credit4 ,it is not surprising that a man animated by such noble sentiments should have died as became a hero and a ,christian4 7,m#ig7 ,the potentate1 on whom1 as far as worldly power was concerned1 depended the ,pope's temporal sovereignty1 was throwing himself every day more and more into the hands of the enemies of the church4 ,his ministers1 more audacious than himself1 carried their blind hatred of 8,clericalism0 to such an extent as to sacrifice many of the best supporters of the empire4 ,this was singularly apparent at the general election of #ahfc4 ,m4 de ,persigny hesitated not to employ all the influence of the government against such ,imperialists as had voted for or shown themselves favorable to the ,pope's temporal power4 ,he succeeded in causing such friends of ,napoleon as ,de ,caverville1 ,cochin and ,lemercier to be replaced by the most bitter enemies of the ,imperial regime4 ,he also managed to exclude from parliament ,messrs4 de ,montalembert1 de ,falloux and ,keller4 ,but ,messrs4 ,plichou1 ,berryer and ,thiers1 notwithstanding his hostile efforts1 were elected4 ,this last-named statesman was himself a host1 and his eloquent speeches in support of the temporal sovereignty made all the more impression that they were known to be dictated by far-seeing policy1 rather than any leaning towards religion4 ,they deeply impressed the parliament and the country2 but availed not with ,napoleon ,,iii41 whom an unprincipled ministry were leading blindfolded to destruction4 ,meanwhile1 the question of ,rome entered on a new phase4 ,the ,cabinets of ,turin and ,paris concluded an agreement in regard to the ,roman ,state on #aeth ,september1 #ahfd4 ,the text of this notorious agreement was known to ,europe1 whilst its meaning remained a mystery4 ,the ministry of ,napoleon ,,iii4 made it appear in ,france as a guarantee for the safety of the ,pope4 ,the ,piedmontese government flattered the revolutionary element of ,italy1 by representing that it did not in the least change their programme1 the keynote of which was 8,rome the ,capital40 ,they were right4 ,this proved to be the true solution of the mystery4 ,the first article provided that the ,king of ,piedmont should not attack1 and he bound himself by oath not to attack1 the remaining territory of the ,holy ,father1 to prevent by force1 if necessary1 all aggression from any other quarter1 and to pay the debts of the former ,states of the ,church4 ,by the second clause ,france became bound to withdraw her troops in two years4 ,a protocol was added1 by which ,victor ,emmanuel engaged to transfer his capital from ,turin to ,florence in six months4 ,it was more than disrespectful to the ,pope2 it was of evil omen1 of sinister import1 that the sovereign whose state was concerned was not a party to the treaty--was not even consulted4 ,the minds of all ,catholics were greatly disquieted1 and their anxiety was only increased by the ,italian interpretation of the agreement4 ,pius ,,ix41 who understood well by what men and by what principles the ,cabinet of the ,tuileries was governed1 made a remark which indicated more his fears for the great ,french nation than for the fragment which remained to him of his territory4 ,he would have nothing to do with the pecuniary compensation that was offered to him4 ,he could only say that 8he pitied ,france40 ,the crime of that country was that her government made any agreement at all with the monarch who had so unscrupulously violated the treaty of ,zurich1 and who was1 besides1 the chief hero of ,gaeta1 ,naples1 ,castelfidardo and ,ancona4 ,one of the most eloquent of ,bishop ,dupanloup's publications1 the one which1 perhaps1 has been the most generally read1 exposes the hollowness of this arrangement1 which is known in history as the ,september agreement4 7,m#ih7 ,the #hth of ,december1 #ahfd1 the tenth anniversary of the proclamation of the dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception1 was marked by the publication of the ,encyclical1 8quanta cura10 and1 together with it1 the 8,syllabus40 ,this great doctrinal act was a crushing reply to the erroneous assertions of the time1 as well as to the vain ideas of those politicians who boasted that1 through their efforts1 the spiritual office no less than the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope was drawing to a close4 ,the ,encyclical letter is addressed to all bishops in communion with the ,holy ,see1 and through them to all the faithful throughout the world4 ,it contains the teachings of ,pius ,,ix41 and the ,popes1 his predecessors1 in opposition to the errors of the present age--the mistaken ideas of natural religion2 religious indifference which1 falsely assuming the name of liberty of conscience and of worship1 establishes the reign of physical force in the place of law and justice2 communism and socialism2 the subjection of the church to the state2 and the independence of ,christians in regard to the ,holy ,see4 ,the 8,syllabus0 consists of eighty propositions1 which are a summary of the false teachings of the enemies of the ,catholic church1 as found in the periodical press1 as well as in their writings of a more permanent character4 ,the first seven propositions briefly express the errors on pantheism1 naturalism1 and absolute rationalism4 ,all who have any ,christian belief1 to whatever denomination they may adhere1 must surely acknowledge the justice of denouncing philosophers of the school of ,strauss1 who insist that ,christ is a myth1 and ,his religion a system of mythology4 ,from the eighth to the fourteenth proposition inclusively1 are pointed out and condemned the errors of modern rationalism4 ,from the fourteenth to the eighteenth1 indifferentism and latitudinarianism are exposed4 ,throughout the rest of the catalogue1 secret societies and communism are condemned2 erroneous views1 as regards church and state1 natural and ,christian ethics1 and ,christian marriage are expressed and denounced4 ,finally1 are pointed out the errors that have been uttered in regard to the temporal power of the ,pope1 together with such as have reference to modern liberalism4 ,these important documents1 the ,encyclical1 8quanta cura10 and the 8,syllabus10 are not so much the work of ,pius ,,ix4 as of all the ,popes of a century back1 from the ,council of ,pistoia1 ,febronianism and ,josephism4 ,whilst the 8,syllabus0 was yet in embryo1 it was1 with the exception of a few propositions which were not yet formulated1 confidentially communicated to the bishops on occasion of the canonization of the ,japanese martyrs4 ,each bishop was at that time invited to select two theologians in order to examine the propositions1 and give their opinion in six months4 ,the church1 therefore1 was not taken by surprise1 when the 8,syllabus0 appeared1 however much its publication may have struck with astonishment and alarm the party of revolution and unbelief4 ,catholics1 at least1 could not fail to be swayed by such a masterly exposition of ,catholic theology on so many subjects1 all intimately connected with human conduct in private life as well as in affairs of public import4 ,and there were ,catholics everywhere--among the rulers of the world and its leading statesmen1 no less than in all classes and grades of society4 ,such now could have no excuse for favoring opinions which were so distinctly condemned by that authority which they all recognized as the highest upon earth4 ,nevertheless1 whatever impression the clear teaching of the 8,syllabus10 in regard to the church and her rights1 civil society1 and both natural and ,christian morality1 was destined1 in time1 to produce1 but little disposition was shown to be guided by it at the outset4 ,there was all but a universal clamor that the church had pronounced a divorce between modern society and the spiritual order4 ,nor could it be otherwise1 so long as the former held principles which were essentially incompatible with the latter4 ,neither could reconciliation be easily or speedily brought about4 ,the principles which religion condemned were in the ascendant4 ,the existing civil law of all ,european nations was founded on them4 ,there was no government that had not adopted them and shown itself inclined to be entirely guided by them4 ,the formal condemnation of the cherished ideas of the age was as a thunderbolt hurled against the social elements of the day4 ,but why disturb their peace8 ,they had no peace4 ,they were already discordant4 8,non esi pax impiis40 ,peace could not be born of unbelief4 ,it could come only through the truth1 even as health conquers disease by the most trying curative process4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 was the first who openly resisted the 8encroachments0 of ,rome1 just as if they had constituted the only danger to his throne4 ,by a decree dated #ast ,january1 #ahfe1 he forbade the publication of the ,encyclical and the ,syllabus1 whilst he caused to be tried and condemned1 as guilty of abuse1 the ,archbishop of ,besanon and the ,bishop of ,moulins1 because they had read the ,encyclical in their pulpits4 ,the other prelates of ,france so far submitted as to avoid printing the obnoxious documents1 lest their printers should be uselessly compromised4 ,several bishops declared that the ,encyclical was already sufficiently published in their dioceses by the voice of the press4 ,they thus expressed the idea of the whole episcopate4 ,pius ,,ix4 highly commended their zeal4 8,we must go back10 he said1 8to the early ages of ,christianity1 in order to find an episcopal body that could show such courage40 ,to persons accustomed to theological studies1 it is sufficiently apparent why each proposition of the 8,syllabus0 stands condemned4 ,to others1 cause is shown in the consistorial allocutions1 ,encyclical and other letters apostolical of the ,holy ,father1 in relation to each proposition4 ,some things must be interpreted by the conduct of the ,pope himself4 ,for instance1 what is said in regard to the liberty of public worship and of the press must be read in the light of that reasonable tolerance which the ,popes were accustomed to exercise when they ruled at ,rome as sovereign ,princes4 ,there is no liberty without some restraint4 ,the press1 in this respect1 is in the same position as individuals4 ,according to the laws of all civilized lands1 when it abuses its liberty and commits crime1 it is visited with severe punishment4 ,the greater liberty which the press enjoys1 and must enjoy1 in the present circumstances of the world1 by no means clashes with the condemnation of proposition #gi of the 8,syllabus40 ,the press can no more be free to publish anything whatsoever1 however offensive it may be1 than persons are free to perform such acts as necessarily subject them1 even in states where there is the greatest attainable degree of liberty1 to condemnation and punishment4 ,if every organized community possesses1 as it certainly does possess1 the right so to stigmatize an offending citizen1 and that without any violation of liberty1 it is equally entitled to judge and punish an offending press4 7,m#ii7 ,not satisfied with the blow which so greatly weakened ,austria in the ,italian campaign1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 plotted with ,prussia for a further humbling of the great ,catholic ,power4 ,to this end he held dark consultations with ,count ,bismark1 at ,biarritz1 as he had formerly done with ,count de ,cavour at ,plombieres4 ,the former1 however1 proved to be more than a match for him4 ,hence the great victory of ,sadowa which paved the way for ,sedan4 ,prussia1 without a rival in ,germany1 could freely pursue her ambitious schemes4 ,napoleon1 apparently suspecting nothing1 left the ,rhine frontier comparatively unprotected2 and ,prussia1 victorious in the struggle with ,austria1 refused to ,france all compensation for her complicity and encouragement4 ,this hindered not ,napoleon from taking part in the treaty of ,prague1 as president1 and sanctioning by his signature the expulsion of ,austria from ,germany1 and the confiscation of ,hanover1 ,nassau1 the two ,hesses and other small independent sovereignties1 in the interest of ,prussia4 ,this ,power1 besides1 assumed the military direction of ,southern ,germany1 and so was1 literally1 doubled in extent and population4 ,thus was swept away in the course of seven years1 through the agency of ,napoleon ,,iii41 the barrier of small states which the wisdom of ages had placed along the continental frontier of ,france1 from the ,mediterranean to the ocean1 and which moderated the shocks of the greater ,powers4 ,france1 accordingly1 by her own act1 was confined between unified ,italy on the one hand1 and on the other1 the formidable ,german ,empire4 ,in exchange for combinations which proved so disastrous1 ,venice was ceded to ,napoleon1 and immediately made over by him to ,italy4 ,defeated both by sea and land in his struggle with ,austria1 ,victor ,emmanuel1 nevertheless1 accepted the present1 as if it had come to him by conquest1 and ,italy was free to the ,adriatic1 and the celebrated ,milan programme of #ahei completely carried out4 ,this result1 whilst it flattered the vanity of ,napoleon ,,iii41 crowned the wishes of the secret societies4 ,protestants1 ,jews1 ,freemasons1 and people of all shades of unbelief1 deputies of the ,french left1 and the revolutionary journals1 all zealous in the service of ,prussia1 enthusiastically applauded4 ,the ,french ,emperor's ministers1 even1 ,m4 ,rouher1 in the ,legislative ,chamber1 and ,m4 de ,lavalette1 in a diplomatic circular1 were not ashamed to congratulate themselves publicly on the stipulations of the treaty of ,prague4 ,in their mania for ,italian unity1 these wise statesmen became blind to the interests of their own country--condign punishment1 surely1 of their disloyal and unprincipled policy4 7,m#ajj7 ,whilst the political world was extraordinarily agitated1 and a great potentate was endeavoring to destroy the last remnant of ,papal sovereignty1 and was himself at the same time1 hastening blindly but surely to ignominy and ruin1 the ,pontiff against whom he warred calmly and successfully continued to accomplish the sublime work of his spiritual mission4 7,m#aja7 ,nothing tends more to the instruction and edification of the ,catholic people than the canonization of saints and martyrs4 ,but for the care which the church bestows in bringing to light the acts and sufferings of those heroes of the ,christian faith1 many of them1 remaining unknown1 would be lost as examples to the rest of mankind4 ,it is also due to the saints themselves that the church should honor them1 although1 indeed1 earthly celebrity and true fame which lasts throughout all time is as nothing compared to the glory which they enjoy4 ,john ,baptist de ,rossi 7de ,rubs7 was a canon of the ,collegiate ,basilica of ,saint ,mary1 in cosmedin4 ,the venerable ,john ,baptist de ,rossi was in every respect a worthy minister of ,god4 ,he labored last century at ,rome1 in the vineyard of the ,lord1 with so much1 patience1 longanimity and meekness1 and was so filled with the ,holy ,ghost and sincere charity1 that he spent his whole life in evangelizing the poor1 to the great gain of souls4 ,he instructed others unto righteousness1 and ,god willed that he should shine for evermore as a star in the firmament4 ,and not only was he crowned with light in heaven1 in order that1 transformed to the ,divine image1 he should appear in ,god's presence environed with heavenly splendor2 but ,god1 through ,his unspeakable bounty1 appointed that ,his servant1 enriched by an abundant harvest of merits1 illustrated by triumphal honors1 and glorified by miracles1 should also enjoy upon earth a name glorious in the estimation of mankind1 and should thus be a new ornament to the church militant4 ,the process of canonization was commenced in the time of ,gregory ,,xvi41 and completed by ,pius ,,ix41 when in ,march1 #ahei1 the name of ,john ,baptist de ,rossi was inscribed on the sacred diptychs4 7,m#ajb7 ,john ,sarcander was born at ,skoczovia1 in ,upper ,silesia1 in the year #aegg4 ,he obeyed the call of ,god and joined the ranks of the priesthood4 ,when ordained priest1 he showed himself in every way a pattern of excellence--by his good works1 his science1 the integrity and gravity of his character4 ,he was appointed1 accordingly1 to the charge and guidance of souls4 ,he fulfilled so well all the duties of a good pastor that the four parishes to which he was successively called by episcopal authority received him as an angel sent to them from heaven1 and bore witness by their tears to their regret when they were deprived of his presence4 ,meanwhile1 the ministers of the sect of ,pikardites were driven from the parish of ,holleschow1 where the scourge of heresy1 like the wild boar of the forests1 had spread devastation during eight years4 ,john ,sarcander was selected in order to repair the incalculable evil that had been done to that unfortunate vineyard4 ,he shrunk not from the struggle which it behooved him to maintain in the cause of the true faith4 ,he was in every sense an example to his flock4 ,he exhorted1 beseeched1 reprimanded with patience and wisdom1 neglecting nothing that was calculated to strengthen whatever was weak and heal what was sick1 to reunite those who were separated1 to raise up the fallen and seek such as were astray4 ,such exemplary conduct only excited the extreme hatred of the heretical party1 and he was obliged to leave ,holleschow and retire to ,poland4 ,but moved by the dangers to which were exposed the people whom he loved so dearly in ,christ1 he returned to his parish1 after having venerated the ,holy ,virgin at her shrine of ,crenstochow1 in fulfilment of a vow which he had made4 ,soon after his return the heretics cast him into prison as a traitor to his country1 but1 in reality1 on account of his zeal in preaching the ,catholic faith4 ,he was subjected to vigorous interrogatories1 and in order to induce him to reveal what the supreme head of the administration in ,moravia had confided to him in confession1 he was made to undergo the most exquisite torture4 ,preferring a glorious death to a miserable life1 he combated to his last breath for the work of ,christ1 and gave up his soul to ,god1 leaving to all the people the remembrance of his death as an example of fortitude and courage4 ,fearfully tortured on the rack for three hours1 burned slowly in almost every part of his body1 by torches and bundles of feathers steeped in rosin1 oil1 pitch and sulphur1 he was carried back almost lifeless to his prison4 ,there he lingered a whole month1 suffering more than the pain of death1 whilst his mind and heart were so fixed on ,god that he ceased not to sing ,his praises as long as life remained4 ,he fell asleep in the ,lord1 the sixteenth of the calends of ,april1 #afbj4 ,it was not appointed that such heroic suffering should be doomed to oblivion4 ,public report1 the witness of contemporary writers1 the monuments of the time1 and the splendor of miracles caused them to be so celebrated that1 notwithstanding the wars1 losses and other impediments which had prevented the ,archbishops of ,olmutz from considering this grand and beautiful cause1 and reporting it to the ,holy ,see sooner than the #ahth century1 the sanctity and martyrdom of the venerable ,john ,sarcander were not only known to the populations of ,moravia and the neighboring countries1 but were also remembered with the most profound veneration4 ,from #aged till the time of ,pius ,,ix41 this celebrated cause was before the church1 and subjected to the usual searching investigation4 ,finally1 in ,february1 #ahei1 it was concluded1 and the blessed ,john ,sarcander recognized1 as a saint and martyr1 by the universal church4 7,m#ajc7 ,this same year1 #ahei1 was canonized the venerable servant of ,god1 ,benedict ,joseph ,labre1 of the diocese of ,boulogne4 ,voluntary poverty was the lot in life of this saint of modern times4 ,worldly wisdom condemns as folly1 the choice of this devoted ,christian who preferred to all earthly advantages the most abject poverty4 ,god is1 indeed1 wonderful in ,his saints2 and as ,he often chooses what is folly in the estimation of the world1 in order to confound what it holds to be wise1 so ,he appointed that the humble ,labre who1 for the love of ,christ1 led a life of poverty1 and taught mankind the excellence of self-denial in an unbelieving and selfish age1 should be exalted1 even upon earth1 and ranked among the princes of ,god's people4 ,in ,june1 #ahdb1 ,gregory ,,xvi4 declared1 by a solemn decree1 that ,benedict ,joseph ,labre had practised1 in a heroic degree1 all the ,christian virtues4 ,the necessary investigations and formalities were continued1 and in ,september1 #ahei1 ,pius ,,ix4 ordained that apostolic letters should be issued1 ordering the celebration of the solemn rite of his beatification in the ,patriarchal ,basilica of the ,vatican4 7,m#ajd7 ,the year #ahei was also marked by the solicitude of ,pius ,,ix4 for the ,church of ,ireland4 ,in a letter to the archbishops and bishops of that country1 he commends their zeal in promoting ,catholic education1 and concurs with them in pointing out the dangers of mixed schools4 ,in the same letter the ,holy ,father earnestly entreats the venerable pastors of the ,irish ,church to pray that the designs of the wicked may not succeed1 that it would please ,god to bring to naught the machinations of those misguided men who1 by their false teachings1 endeavor to corrupt the people everywhere1 and to overthrow1 if that were possible1 the ,catholic religion4 ,at the same time1 it was appointed that the feast of ,saint ,patrick1 the ,patron ,saint of ,ireland1 should be celebrated according to a higher rite4 7,m#aje7 ,the anti-,president ,juarez had succeeded in establishing himself at ,vera ,cruz1 whilst ,miramon was recognized by ,mexico1 after ,general ,zuloago1 as the successor of ,santa ,anna4 ,juarez was a revolutionist and persecutor of the church2 ,miramon1 a conservative and friend of religion4 ,as proof of the tyranny of the former1 may be cited a decree which he published in ,july of this year 7#ahei74 ,this decree1 which aimed at nothing less than the destruction of religion1 and was1 at the same time1 a cruel outrage on the ,catholic nation of ,mexico1 accounts for the earnestness and determination with which ,pius ,,ix41 a little later1 as has already been shown1 insisted that the ,emperor ,maximilian should adopt a policy friendly to the church1 and in harmony with the wishes of the great majority of the ,mexican people4 ,such policy1 if only followed in time1 would have so strengthened the hands of ,maximilian that1 in all probability1 he would have been able to hold his ground when most unchivalrously abandoned by his faint-hearted ally4 ,no doubt the anti-president claimed that he was a reformer of the church4 ,and surely1 indeed1 he was1 if it was reform to suppress all religious societies whatsoever1 to rob the clergy of their property1 and that so completely as to reduce them to mendicancy4 ,but let the decree speak for itself3 ,art4 #a4 ,all property administered under divers titles1 by the regular or secular clergy1 whether real or personal1 whatever its name or object1 is henceforth the property of the nation4 ,art4 #c4 ,there shall be complete independence between affairs of state and such as are purely ecclesiastical4 ,the government will confine itself to protecting the public worship of the ,catholic religion the same as any other religion4 ,art4 #d4 ,the ministers of religion can accept such offerings as may be made on account of the administration of the sacraments and the other duties of their office4 ,they may also1 by an agreement with those who employ them1 stipulate for remuneration for their services4 ,but in no case can these offerings or this remuneration be converted into permanent property4 ,art4 #e4 ,all religious orders1 whatever their name or their object1 are suppressed throughout the whole republic1 as well as confraternities or associations connected with a religious community or any church whatsoever4 ,the #fth article1 whilst it prohibits the erection of new convents and new confraternities1 forbids also the use of the religious habit4 ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,centenary ,,of ,,the ,,martyrdom ,,of ,,ss4 ,,peter ,,and ,,paul4 ,a new joy awaited the ,holy ,father4 ,the year #ahfg will be ever memorable in sacred annals1 as the year of the great centennial celebration of the glorious martrydom of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul4 8,peter went to ,rome10 ,st4 ,jerome writes1 8in the second year of the ,emperor ,claudius1 and occupied there the priestly chair for twenty-five years40 ,on the same venerable authority it is known that ,peter suffered two years after the death of the great ,roman philosopher1 ,seneca1 who was executed by order of ,nero in the sixty-fifth year of the ,christian era4 ,in the same work 7de viris illustribus71 ,st4 ,jerome says that ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul were put to death in the fourteenth year of ,nero's reign1 which corresponds with the sixty-seventh year of our era1 when reckoned from the first of ,january1 and not from the #acth ,october1 the date of ,nero's accession4 ,the ,french troops had scarcely been withdrawn from ,rome in fulfilment of the ,september agreement1 when ,pius ,,ix4 invited all the clergy and people of the ,catholic world to visit the city in order to participate in the celebration of the centenary1 and witness the canonization of several holy persons long since deceased4 ,their names were ,josaphat1 the martyr ,archbishop of ,solotsk2 ,pedro de ,arbues1 an ,augustinian friar2 the martyrs of ,gorcum2 ,paul of the ,cross1 founder of the ,passionists2 ,leonardo di ,porto ,maurizio2 ,maria ,francesca1 a ,neapolitan of the third order of ,st4 ,peter of ,alcantara1 and ,germaine ,cousin1 of the diocese of ,toulouse4 ,shortly before1 in the preceding ,december1 the ,holy ,father enjoyed the great happiness of celebrating1 with even more than ordinary solemnity1 the beatification of the ,franciscan ,monk1 ,benedict of ,urbino1 who died in odor of sanctity1 at ,fossombrone1 in #afbe1 within a few miles of ,sinigaglia1 the birthplace of the ,pope1 leaving the whole country bordering on the ,adriatic and the province of ,umbria in a manner embalmed by a life of sanctity and extraordinary self-denial4 ,pius ,,ix41 from early youth1 was familiar with the history of this saint1 whose noble birth and distinguished abilities opened to him the way to worldly fame and prosperity1 but who1 nevertheless1 chose the cross1 becoming a ,capuchin1 and having no other ambition in the seclusion of the cloister than to be a worthy disciple of his crucified ,saviour4 ,it was by no means to indulge his own pious feelings1 or to gratify the clergy and ,catholic people1 that the venerable ,pontiff invited so many from ,italy and all parts of the ,christian world to take part with him in celebrating these canonizations1 and1 at the same time1 the eighteen hundredth anniversary of the martyrdom of the blessed ,apostles1 the founders of the ,church4 ,his object was to edify1 to place in contrast with1 and in opposition to1 the worldly and unbelieving spirit of the time the teachings and the solemn offices of religion1 together with the power of holiness1 so admirably shown forth in the lives and glory of the saints4 ,the revolution aimed at nothing less than the destruction of everything spiritual4 ,it was good for it to be taught that true spirituality is beyond its reach4 ,it would hardly be fair to contrast as purely worldly the grand exposition at ,paris1 the ,world's ,fair1 with the religious celebrations at ,rome4 ,the rich and varied display of the objects of art and industry1 in the beautiful capital of ,france1 was the result of an advanced ,christian civilization4 ,it was recognized as such by the greatest statesmen1 the ablest men of science1 and the wisest rulers of the age4 ,no doubt it savored more of the world and of things worldly than the festivals at ,rome4 ,but the holy city bore it no grudge4 ,it was other powers and other arts than those which furnished out so grandly the ,parisian exposition against which ,rome waged perpetual war4 ,a ,roman1 let it not be forgotten1 and not the least pious among the ,romans1 the illustrious scientist1 ,father ,secchi1 whose recent decease the world laments1 took the highest honors at the great industrial and artistic fair4 ,paris1 indeed1 was in contrast with ,rome1 but more by its materialist philosophy than by its magnificent exhibition of material improvements4 ,this philosophy availed itself of the exposition in order to show to what extent it prevailed2 and ,paris extolled mere worldly power1 luxury1 comfort and voluptuousness1 whilst ,rome had no praise but for humility1 poverty1 self-denial1 chastity4 ,paris applauded ,alexander ,,ii41 who massacred the ,poles2 ,rome1 on the other hand1 did honor to a ,polish bishop1 ,joseph ,kunicievicz1 who was cruelly murdered by ,russian fanaticism4 ,paris celebrated the apotheosis of free-thinking and religious indifference2 ,rome1 on the contrary1 heaped honors on an ,inquisitor1 ,peter d',arbues1 who suffered martyrdom4 ,paris was loud in her acclamations to the potentates and conquerors of the day1 whilst ,rome exalted an humble shepherdess1 ,germaine ,cousin1 and some poor and obscure monks who were hanged by heretics three hundred years ago1 in a small town of ,holland4 ,yet was not ,paris distinguished only by material glories1 nor was ,rome altogether free from the taint of modern worldliness4 ,there were those in the latter city who1 in the midst of an atmosphere of pious thought1 plotted deeds of diabolic wickedness1 whilst ,paris1 which honored the arts1 was not without sympathy at ,rome1 and her prelates1 the bishops of ,france1 were far from being the least among those five hundred high dignitaries1 twenty thousand priests of ,god's ,church1 and more than one hundred and fifty thousand ,christian people from all quarters of the known world1 who took part in celebrating the glorious centenary and the no less glorious victory of more than two hundred martyrs4 ,the display of art1 industry and modern improvements of very kind presented1 indeed1 in the midst of the beautiful ,french capital1 a magnificent and cheering sight4 ,it was nothing1 however1 to the moral spectacle afforded by the presence of ten or twelve mighty sovereigns around the now ,imperial author of the coup d'etat4 ,it was supremely worldly4 ,who would then have said that ,william of ,prussia1 and ,napoleon ,,iii41 the ,czar of ,russia1 and the successor of the caliphs1 who1 at the exhibition fetes1 joined hands in apparent friendship1 were so soon to be engaged in deadly strife8 and that that capital1 where so many great potentates came to honor ,napoleon1 should1 in a year or two1 know him no more1 and even struggle with all the energy of desperation to obliterate every vestige of the improvements with which he had so enriched and beautified the city8 ,this was the world2 for the world is insincere4 ,this was the world2 for the figure thereof passeth quickly away4 ,in ,rome it was not so4 ,there art and religion walked hand in hand4 ,religion fostered art4 ,art was dutiful1 and repaid the boon4 ,it became the handmaid of religion4 ,everywhere within the walls of her temples were seen the products of art's filial labor1 in sculpture1 painting1 poetry and music1 her inexhaustible treasury of thought and history ever presenting new sources of artistic power to the hand of genius4 ,those temples themselves being1 indeed1 the finest monuments of architecture1 bear glorious witness to the excellent union of art and religion4 ,worldliness1 on the other hand1 when at the height of its passion against religion1 seeks to destroy all the creations of art and genius4 ,it aims at nothing less than to reduce mankind to the condition of the savage1 and is not ashamed to acknowledge that such is its aim4 ,let us hear the testimony of the ,roman artists4 ,this body1 on the one hand1 rejoiced in the coming celebration of the centenary2 on the other1 they were filled with sad forebodings as to the approaching downfall of the ,papal sovereignty by the threats of ,garibaldi and the predictions of ,mazzini4 ,they resolved1 therefore1 whilst yet the ,pope1 who1 like his predecessors1 had shown them much kindness1 and munificently rewarded their labors1 reigned at ,rome1 to present to him a dutiful and affectionate address1 which should remain1 in time to come1 as a testimony of their gratitude to that beneficent sovereignty which they had but too much reason to fear would soon come to an end4 ,this address is so important and tells so much truth1 that it is deserving of a place in all histories4 ,it is as follows3 8,most ,holy ,father1 religion1 policy and mere human wisdom have protested in favor of the temporal power of the ,papacy4 ,the arts come1 in their turn1 to lay their homage at the feet of your ,holiness1 and to proclaim to the world that this power is to them indispensable4 ,their voice must be heard and listened to4 ,for when the tide of generations recedes1 the arts remain as the irrefutable witnesses of the power and splendor of the civilization amid which these generations lived4 ,the sovereigns who encourage and develop them acquire immortal renown2 those who neglect or oppress them meet only with the contempt of posterity4 ,what royal dynasty has in this respect deserved so well of civilization and humanity as that of the ,sovereign ,pontiffs8 ,they have been the watchful guardians of the master-pieces bequeathed to us by antiquity4 ,they have given these a home in their own palaces to show that religion adopts and ennobles all that is truly beautiful4 ,it is the ,sovereign ,pontiffs who1 by opening new avenues for modern art1 have brought it to the point of perfection1 embodied in the master-pieces of ,raphael and ,michael ,angelo4 ,they alone support in ,rome that unique assemblage of all that is beautiful in every order1 that splendid intellectual galaxy in whose light the artists of every land are formed4 ,holy ,father1 the little spot of earth which the revolution has not yet taken from you is the only place in which the arts find the inspiration that is for them the breath of life1 and the quiet without which that life cannot expand4 ,the soul of the true artist is filled with unspeakable apprehension by the possibility of seeing these master-pieces destroyed or scattered abroad1 these treasures plundered1 all this wealth annihilated2 and especially by the danger of seeing the ungraceful and meagre forms of modern utilitarianism usurp the place held by the manners1 the habits1 the face of all things in this privileged land of beauty1 all consecrated by the admiration of ages4 ,alas6 ,holy ,father1 what is happening in the rest of ,italy affords but too firm a ground for such apprehensions4 ,the genius of destruction is abroad there1 and proceeds to sweep away pitilessly what was the glory of ancient ,italy4 ,the spoliation and suppression of the religious orders are one of the most deadly blows ever aimed at the existence of the fine arts4 ,saddened by those forebodings1 fearful of what the future may bring forth1 the artists resident in ,rome come to the feet of your ,holiness to give utterance to their deep conviction that the splendor1 the greatness1 the very existence of the fine arts in ,europe are inseparably connected with the maintenance of the beneficent power of the ,sovereign ,pontiffs4 ,were it not that the rival passions which divide ,europe are of themselves fatally blind to consequences1 the reign of your ,holiness would suffice to render this truth evident to all4 ,for while elsewhere national wealth is wasted in frivolous undertakings1 or in preparing instruments of destruction1 the modest revenues inherited by your ,holiness are ever employed in continuing gloriously the noble labor of your predecessors4 ,on the one hand1 you have drawn from obscurity the beginnings of ,christian art1 thereby affording it new and precious data2 on the other1 you have adorned ,rome and the ,vatican with works which furnish a new and brilliant page to the grand history of art embodied in the ,vatican itself4 ,while elsewhere reigned trouble and agitation1 here artists were able1 beneath the blessed sway of your ,holiness1 to enjoy a kindly welcome1 an unrestrained liberty1 and the peaceful contemplation of those venerable structures and sites preserved so happily by the ,pontifical government from the sad alterations blindly wrought in other cities by the troublous life of modern communities4 ,may the ,almighty ,one hear our prayer1 and persuade both sovereigns and nations that their honor and glory will be measured1 in coming ages1 on the degree of protection they shall have afforded to the temporal power of the ,papacy1 which has ever been the unwearied promoter of the development of all the noblest faculties in man1 and which alone can continue to be the custodian of the works of art originated by itself1 and by it so faithfully treasured for the benefit of all peoples60 ,this eloquent address will ever remain carefully guarded by history1 a noble monument of gratitude1 and not only this1 but also as a testimony1 all the more valuable as it is the spontaneous utterance of men of the most cultivated intellect1 in favor of that sovereignty the destruction of which was sought1 and has been accomplished1 by a party in whose ranks could be counted only rude soldiers1 bands of filibusters and politicians1 if such they could be called1 whose counsels were inspired1 not by the wisdom which distinguishes statesmen1 but by blind passion1 and the most unworthy of all passions1 the passion of hatred--hatred of everything connected with the ,christian faith4 ,the great centennial celebration proceeded4 ,who would have dared to say1 whilst ,nero reigned at ,rome1 and ,christians were as pariahs1 tolerated only in order to afford the spectacle of their tortures to a heathen multitude1 that eighteen hundred years from ,nero's time1 ,christianity would flourish and celebrate in that city1 which was the scene of its greatest trials1 as well as all over the world1 its victory and the glorious martyrdom of its apostolic founders6 ,the month of ,june1 #ahfg1 will ever be memorable in the annals of the church4 ,never had so many bishops assembled in the holy city4 ,nor were there ever there1 at one time1 so many priests and pilgrims of all ranks and classes4 ,the duties of the time were commenced early in the month4 ,on the #aath and #abth of ,june1 consistories were held in presence of the bishops1 in order to make preparation for the canonization of two hundred and five ,japanese ,christians--priests1 catechists1 laymen1 women and children--put to death in hatred of the ,christian faith1 from #afag to #afcb4 ,on the #bfth of ,february1 #ahfg1 the decree of canonization had already been solemnly read in presence of ,pius ,,ix41 who1 on the occasion1 went in state to the ,roman ,college4 ,on the #bbnd ,february of the same year1 the ,holy ,father signed decrees bearing on the beatification of several holy persons1 among whom was ,clement ,maria ,hofbauer1 a ,redemptorist4 ,in an age of unbelief1 it was only to be expected that the enquiry should be made why the ,pope made so many saints8 ,in ,february1 #ahfg1 his ,holiness replied1 on occasion of a visit to the ,convent of the ,capuchin ,friars3 8,i have been shown10 said he1 8a pamphlet1 entitled #8,why so many ,saints8' ,had we ever so much need of intercessors in heaven and patterns in this world80 ,a little later he also said1 alluding to the festivals at ,paris3 8,man has not been placed on the earth solely in order to amass wealth2 still less in order to lead a life of pleasure4 ,the world is ignorant of this4 ,it forgets mind1 and devotes itself to matter4 ,neither you nor ,i are this world of which ,i speak4 ,you are come here in the good disposition to seek the edification of your souls4 ,i hope1 therefore1 that you will bear away with you a salutary impression4 ,never forget1 my children1 that you have a soul1 a soul created in the image of ,god1 and which ,god will judge4 ,bestow on it more thought and care than on industrial speculations1 railways1 and all those lesser objects which constitute the good things of this world4 ,i forbid you not to interest yourselves in such transient matters4 ,do so reasonably and moderately4 ,but let me once more beg of you to remember that you have a soul40 ,none of the ten or twelve potentates who visited ,paris came to ,rome4 ,but their absence was amply made up for by the immense concourse of clergy and people from every quarter of the civilized world4 ,the reverence shown to ,pius ,,ix4 by so many prelates was truly admirable4 ,a ,chinese bishop1 ,mgr4 ,languillat1 ,vicar-apostolic of ,nankin1 coming for the first time into the presence of the ,supreme ,pastor1 fell prostrate on the threshold1 and with his arms extended towards the ,pontiff1 began to exclaim3 8,tu es ,petrus60 78,thou art ,peter607 8,come to me1 my brother10 said the ,holy ,father4 8,tu es ,petrus60 replied the ,chinese bishop1 8,tu es ,petrus60 ,needless to say that when he approached the venerable ,pontiff affectionately embraced him1 whilst both gave vent to their feelings in tears4 ,the laity of all ranks and classes were no less devoted4 ,a very moving scene which was witnessed this same year 7#ahfg7 is beautifully described by the ,protestant correspondent of the ,london ,morning ,post3 8,it is truly delightful to meet ,pius ,,ix4 in the country on foot1 walking faster than one would suppose his age could allow1 his majestic person arrayed in a white soutane1 and protected by a large broad-brimmed purple hat4 ,the other day1 when ,i was at ,aricia1 he was proceeding towards ,genzano1 followed by his guards and his carriage4 ,the ex-,queen of ,naples and the ,infanta1 lately ,regent1 were walking in the opposite direction1 followed by their equipages and domestics4 ,at a turn of the road1 exactly below the ,villa ,chigi1 the two groups met4 ,in a moment their ,royal ,majesties were on their knees4 ,his ,holiness quickened his pace in order to raise them up4 ,the peasants of the neighborhood1 who were returning from their vineyards and orchards1 together with their wives and daughters1 were struck with admiration4 ,they also advanced and knelt on each side of the central group formed by the illustrious personages1 calling out with all their might3 #8,santo ,padre1 la benedizione4' #8,holy ,father1 your benediction6' ,it was a splendid tableau40 ,on occasion of the centennial1 substantial proofs of devotedness abounded4 ,the numerous pilgrims not only gave the homage of their faith1 but also brought magnificent offerings1 as ,peter's pence1 and presented addresses with millions of signatures4 ,one day fifteen hundred ,italians were received at an audience of the ,holy ,father1 and made the offering of a monumental album1 together with one hundred purses filled with gold1 as the homage of one hundred ,italian cities4 ,cardinal ,manning laid at the feet of ,pius ,,ix4 #cj1jjj--;a generous testimony of ,english piety4 ,the ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,mechlin brought to the centenary celebration #af1jjj1 the ,archbishop of ,posen #bj1jjj1 and the ,mexican archbishop #ab1jjj1 whilst ,cuba offered #ajj1jjj douros4 8,we are reversing the order of nature10 smilingly observed the ,holy ,father2 8here are the children supporting the ,father40 ,nor was it too much for the wants of such a ,father4 ,he received with one hand and generously dispensed with the other4 ,he took charge himself to lodge and entertain eighty-five of the poorer bishops from ,italy1 the ,east1 and remote missions4 ,none of these were allowed to depart without receiving abundant aid for their diocesan good works4 ,festival followed festival at ,rome1 from the #bjth ,june till the #gth of ,july4 ,on the former day was celebrated the grand solemnity of ,corpus ,christi4 ,the ,pope himself bore the holy sacrament1 kneeling and surrounded by the greater half of the whole ,christian episcopate4 ,it was remarked that he was as calm and collected in the midst of such a great and imposing multitude as if he had been in his private oratory4 ,the vast assemblage was also rapt in silent contemplation4 ,not a sound was heard save the murmur of the fountains4 ,an eye-witness has observed that if one closed his eyes he could imagine himself in a desert4 ,next day was celebrated the #bast anniversary of the coronation of ,pius ,,ix4 ,he had already said1 in reply to an address read by ,cardinal ,patrizi1 when all the visitors to ,rome were assembled on occasion of the commemoration of his election--#ajth ,june--8,modern society is ardent in the pursuit of two things1 progress1 and unity4 ,it fails to reach either1 because its motive principles are selfishness and pride4 ,pride is the worst enemy of progress1 and selfishness by destroying charity1 the bond of souls1 thereby rendering union impossible4 ,now ,god ,himself has established the ,sovereign ,pontiff in order to direct and enlighten society1 to point out evil and indicate the proper remedy4 ,this induced me1 some years ago1 to publish the #8,syllabus4' ,i now confirm that solemn act in your presence4 ,it is to be1 henceforth1 the rule of your teaching4 ,we have to contend1 unceasingly1 with the enemies who beset us4 ,placed on the mountain-top like ,moses1 ,i lift up my hands to ,god in prayer for the triumph of the church4 ,i ask of you1 my brother bishops1 to support my arms1 for they grow weary4 ,take courage6 ,the church must triumph4 ,i leave this hope in your hearts1 not as a hope merely1 but as a prophecy40 ,on the #bcrd was consecrated the ,church of ,st4 ,mary of the ,angels1 an admirable architectural monument1 built originally according to the plans of ,michael ,angelo1 and rebuilt by ,pius ,,ix4 ,the #bdth1 on leaving the ,basilica of ,st4 ,john ,lateran1 the ,pope was the object of a more splendid ovation than any1 perhaps1 that he had as yet received4 ,kneeling on the vast place1 and completely filling it1 the multitude which had not been able to enter the ,basilica waited for the ,pontifical benediction4 ,after the ,holy ,father had raised his hand and pronounced the words of blessing1 the whole people rose1 and1 by a simultaneous movement and with one voice1 replied3 8,live ,pius ,,ix46 ,live the ,pope-,king60 ,arms and handkerchiefs waved amidst a rain of beautiful flowers4 ,the ,pope's carriage was detained a considerable time1 and he himself1 accustomed as he was to the demonstrations of a devoted people1 was moved to tears4 ,his hood was almost taken to pieces1 thread by thread1 by ,french ecclesiastics who were close behind his ,holiness1 and who deposited the fragments1 as precious relics1 in their breviaries4 ,the crowd thronged around the ,holy ,father and continued their acclamations as far as the ,vatican1 a distance of three miles4 ,every new day gave proof of a like enthusiasm4 ,pius ,,ix4 was anxious to address words of encouragement to the twenty thousand priests of the church who had come to ,rome4 ,the greatness of their number was a serious hindrance to this laudable purpose4 ,the spacious consistorial hall was by far too small to contain so many4 ,on the #beth of ,june1 however1 they came to the hall1 crowding its approaches1 the passages1 the great staircase and the outer court4 ,the ,holy ,father1 desiring to show his respect and affection for so many pilgrims of the sacred order of the priesthood1 came to the assembly in more than usual state4 ,the throne was raised a few steps1 in order to afford an opportunity of seeing and hearing the ,supreme ,pastor4 ,the ,pontiff was preceded by the noble guard and the household prelates4 ,as he entered the hall1 loud and joyous acclamations burst from the assembled priesthood1 for whom it was impossible to restrain their feelings of love and veneration4 ,the ,holy ,father himself was deeply moved1 and1 gathering enthusiasm from the unusual scene around him1 spoke so as to be heard even in the remotest corridors1 whilst those at a still greater distance were visibly moved by the thrilling tones of his sonorous voice4 ,there are no readers who will not be interested in the words which fell from the lips of the ,sovereign ,pontiff on this unique and solemn occasion4 ,he began by thanking the assembled clergy for their attendance in such imposing numbers4 ,they were the tribe in ,israel1 he continued1 whose special inheritance was the ,lord4 ,they stood between him and his people evermore1 offering with prayer and supplication the spotless victim of the new law4 ,let them look well to the ministry entrusted to them1 shining in the presence of all men by the dignity of their bearing1 the innocence of their life1 by integrity and charity1 and the golden ornaments of every virtue4 8,you10 he said1 8who are the interpreters of the word of ,god1 you must preach it unweariedly to the wise and the unwise4 ,preach to them ,christ and ,him crucified1 not in loftiness of speech1 but in the knowledge of the spirit1 never ceasing to call into the right road all who stray1 and confirm them in sound doctrine4 ,dispensers of the divine mysteries and of the manifold grace of ,god1 deal it out to the faithful people1 to the sick especially1 in order that no help may fail them in their last struggle with the evil one4 ,do not refuse to the little ones of the flock the milk which they need4 ,let it be your dearest care to teach them1 to train them1 to form them4 ,be the faithful and devoted helpmates of your respective bishops2 obeying them in all things1 zealous to heal in your parishes whatever is ailing1 to bind up what is broken1 to raise up what is fallen1 to seek what is lost1 in order that in all things ,god may be honored through our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,lift up your souls and contemplate the immeasurable height of glory prepared by him for all true and faithful laborers40 ,on the #bfth a great public consistory was held4 ,the five hundred bishops then at ,rome were invited to attend4 ,so great a number had never before assembled in ,italy or any part of ,western ,christendom4 ,nor indeed was there ever1 or could there ever have been1 so great an occasion for their assembling4 ,there was question of celebrating the eighteen hundredth anniversary of the glorious martyrdom of ,rome's first great bishop1 so many prelates had come together1 also in order to venerate ,peter in the person of his venerable successor1 who had now so long and so gloriously borne witness to the ,truth--the ,truth in its plenitude1 as first committed to ,peter and his fellow-apostles4 ,the world was no longer heathen1 and no ,nero reigned1 but the spirit of unbelief was abroad1 and its champions were even then seeking to drive the ,sovereign ,pontiff from the holy city1 and were waging war with as determined wickedness as that of the early persecutors against whom the apostles had so successfully contended4 ,the number of pilgrims from all parts of the ,christian world1 who had come to ,rome on occasion of the centennial celebration1 is said by some writers to have been not less than half a million4 ,the presence of so great a number of devoted ,christian people on such an occasion was the noblest protest that could be imagined against the vain boasts and prophecies of the enemies of the ,church which ,peter founded4 ,that church was not yet forsaken1 or destined soon to perish1 which1 in the nineteenth century of her uninterrupted existence1 could speak through so many witnesses--the representatives of every civilized nation of the world4 ,the great consistorial hall in the ,vatican ,palace being too small to contain so great a crowd of dignified listeners1 the assembly was held in the more spacious room which is situated above the vestibule of ,st4 ,peter's ,church4 ,at the opening of the consistory the cardinal's hat was conferred on the ,archbishop of ,seville1 ,luis de la ,lastray ,cuesta4 ,a formal petition for the beatification of ,marie ,rivier1 the foundress of the presentation ,nuns of ,france1 was then presented4 ,after this ceremony1 the ,holy ,father1 as was expected1 delivered an allocution to the bishops4 ,he was full of admiration for their zeal in coming in such numbers on his invitation1 and he could not do less than express to them his gratitude4 ,their presence was a striking proof of the unity of the ,catholic ,church4 8,yes1 everything here proclaims that admirable unity by which1 as through a mysterious channel1 all the gifts and graces of the ,holy ,spirit flow into the mystic body of ,christ1 calling forth in every one of its members those acts of faith and charity which excite the wonder of all mankind4 ,what has brought you here8 ,are you not come to decree the honors of sanctity to those heroes of the church1 the greater number of whom bore away the palm of victory in their glorious witness for ,christ8 ,of these some died in defending the primacy of this apostolic see1 which is the centre of truth and unity2 others gave their lives in defence of the unity and integrity of the faith2 others again shed their blood in the endeavor to bring back schismatics to the one fold4 ,is it not providential that such heroism should be commemorated and honored at the very moment when the ,catholic faith and the authority of the ,holy ,see are the objects of such furious and implacable conspiracies8 ,we are also here to celebrate with solemn rites the memory of that auspicious day1 eighteen hundred years ago1 when ,peter and ,paul consecrated by their heroic witnessing and their precious blood this impregnable stronghold of ,catholic unity4 ,what can be more reasonable than that our joyous commemoration of this triumphant death of the prince of the apostles should be graced by your presence8 ,for he belongs to the entire ,catholic world4 ,it is also most important that the enemies of religion should conclude from what they witness here how mighty is the energy1 how unfailing the life1 of that ,catholic ,church which they so bitterly hate2 how little wisdom they display in matching their strength and their temporary triumphs over her against that incomparable union of living forces which the creative power of ,christ has bound around this central rock4 ,more than ever is it needful in our age1 that all men should see and understand that the only strong and lasting tie between men's souls depends on the reign over all of the same ,spirit of ,god4 ,besides1 what can make a more abiding impression on ,catholic nations2 what can draw them more powerfully and bind them more closely in obedience to this apostolic chair and to us1 than to see how much their pastors cherish the rights and duties of ,catholic unity1 than to behold them journeying from the farthest lands1 notwithstanding every inconvenience and impediment1 in order to visit ,rome and the apostolic chair1 as well as to revere in our humble person the successor of ,peter and the ,vicar of ,christ8 ,we have been always convinced1 from the moment we beheld you approaching ,peter in the person of his successor1 or even entering this city1 which is impregnated with his blood1 that from thence to each one of you should go forth a special virtue4 ,yes1 from this tomb1 where ,peter's ashes repose amid the veneration of the ,christian world1 a hidden power1 a salutary energy1 emanates which instils into the souls of the ,chief ,pastors the desire of great undertakings and of vast designs1 inspiring that fearlessness and magnanimity which enable them to put down the impudent boldness of their assailants4 ,there cannot be offered to the eyes of men and angels a more magnificent spectacle than what one beholds in such a concourse of pilgrims as this4 ,you who come from the ends of the earth to this home of your ,father remind us not only of that pilgrimage which leads us all to the eternal home1 you also call to mind the journey of the chosen people from gypt to the promised land1 the twelve tribes marching together1 each under its chief1 bearing its own name1 having its own appropriate place in the camp4 ,every family there was obedient to its parents1 every company of warriors hearkened to the voice of its captain1 and the entire multitude to the divinely-appointed leader4 ,all these tribes1 nevertheless1 were but one people1 adoring the same ,god1 worshipping at the same altar1 obeying the same laws1 having one ,pontiff1 ,aaron1 and one leader1 ,moses--one people1 enjoying common rights in the perils and labors of warfare as well as in the results of victory1 dwelling in the same tents1 and fed by the same miraculous bread1 whilst all yearned for the same end of their pilgrimage4 ,nothing is to us the subject of such ardent longing as to see both ourselves and the whole church deriving from this precious union the most salutary blessings4 ,it has long been a serious matter of thought for us1 and which1 indeed1 we communicated to several of the episcopal body1 to hold an cumenical ,council1 in which1 with the ,divine assistance1 our united counsels and solicitude should devise such efficient remedies as are necessary for the evils that afflict the church40 ,pius ,,ix4 had for a long time entertained the idea of holding an cumenical ,council4 ,and no doubt his mind found relief when he communicated his purpose to the assembled bishops4 ,two years later1 as is well known1 the proposed council was convened at the ,vatican1 and from this circumstance is known in history as the ,vatican ,council4 ,bishops1 priests and laity heard the intimation with delight4 ,their fervor and enthusiasm increased as the day of the grand centennial celebration approached4 ,the vigil1 #bhth ,june1 was enlivened by illuminations4 ,by early dawn on the #bith1 the feast of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 people poured into ,rome from the surrounding territory4 ,they were welcome visitors4 ,the ,romans1 far from being jealous of so great a concourse of strangers1 hailed them as brothers1 engaged1 as they also were1 in the great object of doing honor to the memory of ,rome's apostles4 ,the first grand public ceremony of the day was the solemn canonization1 of which no description need be given in this place1 as everything was conducted in the same way as in #aheb and #ahfc4 ,the ,holy ,father himself then celebrated ,high ,mass1 and1 what is still more noteworthy1 delivered the sermon of the day4 ,until the time of ,pius ,,ix41 no ,pope had preached in public since the epoch of the ,crusades and the ,pontificate of ,gregory ,,vii4 ,the ,holy ,father set an example to all who preach on great and solemn public occasions4 ,his sermon was short1 but replete with instruction1 and marked by that earnestness which commands attention and moves the soul4 ,the music1 as was fitting at so great a celebration1 was given by three choirs1 in all four hundred voices1 which completely filled the immense ,basilica1 conveying1 by the exquisite music which they gave forth1 an idea of that more than earthly harmony which ever ascends to the throne of heaven from the angelic choirs4 ,there was also a solemn service in the afternoon1 which was alike highly interesting and calculated to inspire devotion4 ,the general illumination which took place at night rivalled the splendor of the bright ,italian day4 ,on ,june #cjth was celebrated the special feast of ,st4 ,paul in the fine church dedicated to this great apostle1 and with scarcely less magnificence than that of ,st4 ,peter had been honored4 ,the bishops now desired1 before leaving ,rome1 to present an address to the ,holy ,father1 as well in reply to his allocution of #bfth ,june as to express their gratitude for the great kindness which he had shown them4 ,the #ast ,july was the day chosen for the presentation of this address4 ,it is a model of elegant ,latinity1 and completely refutes the modern assertion that churchmen are unacquainted with the ,latin of the classics4 ,the reply of the assembled bishops to the fatherly allocution of ,pius ,,ix4 affords1 moreover1 an admirable proof of the sympathy of the united episcopate with the ,supreme ,bishop4 ,it shows the excellent union of the bishops with one another1 and their no less perfect union with their ,head4 ,what more could there have been in the brightest days of the church's history8 7,m#ajf7 ,the ,french garrison had departed before the commencement of the memorable celebrations that have been just described4 ,although the population of ,rome was literally doubled by the presence of pious strangers1 not the slightest breach of order was ever observed4 ,the exercise of filial duty required not to be watched over by any outside power4 ,it was now seven months since ,napoleon ,,iii4 had withdrawn his troops4 ,on the #fth ,december1 #ahff1 ,pius ,,ix4 had taken leave of them in the following words3 8,your flag1 which left ,france eighteen years ago with commission to defend the rights of the ,holy ,see1 was at that time attended by the prayers and acclamations of all ,christendom4 ,to-day it returns to ,france4 ,i desire1 my dear children1 that it may be welcomed by the same acclamations4 ,but ,i doubt it4 ,it is only too manifest1 indeed1 that because it will appear to have ceased to protect me my enemies will not on that account cease to attack me4 ,quite the contrary4 ,we must not delude ourselves4 ,the revolution will come here4 ,it has declared and still declares that it will4 ,an ,italian personage in high position lately said that ,italy is made but not completed4 ,italy would be undone if there were here one spot of earth where order1 justice and tranquillity prevail6 ,formerly1 six years ago1 ,i conversed with a representative of ,france4 ,he asked me if there were anything ,i wished to transmit to the ,emperor4 ,i replied3 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,bishop of ,hippo1 which is now a ,french city1 beholding the barbarians at the gates of the town1 prayed the ,lord that he might die before they entered1 because his mind was horror-struck by the thought of the evils which they would cause4 ,i added3 ,say this to the ,emperor3 he will understand it4 ,the ambassador made answer3 ,most ,holy ,father1 have confidence2 the barbarians will not enter4 ,the ambassador was no prophet4 ,depart1 my children1 depart with my blessing and my love4 ,if you see the ,emperor1 tell him that ,i pray for him every day4 ,it is said that his health is not very good2 ,i pray that he may have health4 ,it is said that his mind is not at ease4 ,i pray for his soul4 ,the ,french nation is ,christian2 its ,chief ought also to be ,christian4 ,let there be prayer with confidence and perseverance1 and this great and powerful nation may obtain what it desires4 ,depart1 my children2 ,i impart to you my benediction1 and with it my wish that it may attend you throughout the journey of life4 ,think not that you leave me here alone and deprived of all resource4 ,god remains with me2 in ,him ,i place my trust60 ,pius ,,ix41 in a more private communication1 said3 8,yes1 ,god sustains ,his vicar and aids his weakness4 ,he may permit him to be driven away1 but only in order to show1 once more1 that he can bring him back4 ,i have been exiled2 ,i returned from exile4 ,if banished anew1 ,i will again return4 ,and if ,i die--well6 if ,i die1 ,peter will rise again60 ,thus did ,pius ,,ix4 clearly foresee the danger but was not on that account less confident4 ,nor did his confidence lessen his foresight4 ,what1 indeed1 he said publicly1 8,the revolution will come here10 everyone capable of reasoning said in secret4 ,the ,september convention left the small ,pontifical sovereignty surrounded on all sides by its enemies1 just as the government of ,napoleon ,,iii4 would have been if isolated in ,paris and the two neighboring departments1 all the rest of the ,french territory being in the power of a republic1 or a ,bourbon ,monarchy4 ,in vain did ,m4 ,rouher endeavor to demonstrate to the ,chambers that a stable equilibrium was established1 and which was of such a character as to remain by itself for an indefinite period4 ,nobody was convinced by his reasoning4 ,but the ,imperial majorities1 recruited as they were by the system of official candidatures1 asked not of the complaisant minister reasons which he had not to give4 ,they sought only pretexts which should allow them to vote1 with a show of decency1 according to the wishes of the master4 ,the ,holy ,father was destined to enjoy a period of success before his prophecy came to be fulfilled4 ,immediately after the disastrous but glorious events of #ahfj1 the courageous ,belgian1 ,mgr4 de ,merode1 as ,minister of ,war1 and afterwards ,general ,kanzler1 in this same capacity1 greatly renewed the small ,pontifical army4 ,as their labors deserved1 they were attended with success4 ,lamoriciere died towards the end of #ahfe2 but on the new alarm of danger1 many of his veterans of ,castelfidardo and ,ancona1 returned to ,rome in #ahff4 ,the flower of the ,french1 ,dutch1 ,belgian1 ,english1 ,swiss and ,roman youth made it a point of honor to swell the ranks of the ,papal ,zouaves4 ,the high tone1 the illustrious names of several of these new crusaders1 and the admirable discipline which prevailed among them all1 soon won for them the respect even of the few revolutionists who were at ,rome4 ,these brave and self-sacrificing youths1 many of whom served at their own cost1 were addressed as 8,signor ,soldato0 7,signor ,soldier7 by the passers-by1 whilst the venal scribes of the outside revolutionary press did their best to stigmatize them as 8the mercenaries of the ,pope40 ,whilst some of these warriors devoted their life1 others bestowed their gold4 ,it is honorable to the ,catholic people that1 in the circumstances1 they added the good work of supporting the ,pontifical army to their collections of ,peter's pence4 ,in order to furnish the sum of #ejj francs 7#bj sterling7 yearly1 which was required for each soldier1 artisans and even domestic servants freely subscribed4 ,in #ahfg1 the ,catholics of the diocese of ,cambrai1 sent two hundred ,zouaves2 those of ,rodez and ,arras1 one hundred for each diocese2 whilst ,cologne1 ,nantes1 ,rennes and ,toulouse did almost as much4 ,meanwhile1 having its eyes somewhat opened by the light from ,sadowa1 the ,french government appeared to have abandoned1 as regarded the protection of the ,holy ,see1 its secret maxim of #ahfj3 8,neither do anything nor allow anything to be done40 ,in withdrawing from ,rome1 it had authorized the creation1 under a chief whom it was pleased itself to designate1 a body of volunteers1 selected chiefly from the ,french army1 whose duty it should be to guard the ,pope4 ,this corps was called the ,legion of ,antibes1 from the name of the city where it was formed4 ,pius ,,ix41 besides1 could rely on the fidelity of the ,roman army1 properly so called4 ,thus was he more than sufficiently provided against any possible internal disturbance4 ,it was not to be expected that he should be prepared to meet a formidable foreign invasion of his state4 ,the notorious ,garibaldi had already made preparations for invading the ,roman territory4 ,whilst he neglected not to strengthen the ,international at the ,geneva ,congress of ,demagogues1 the indefatigable brigand availed himself of the crowding of pilgrims to ,rome in order to deceive the ,pontifical police1 and to introduce into the city bands of cutthroats1 munitions of war1 and arms of every kind1 not excepting ,orsini bombs4 ,after the departure of the bishops1 he opened publicly1 in ,italy1 subscription lists1 and enrolled soldiers4 ,the ,piedmontese government stores were at his service as they were in #ahfj1 in order to aid him in clothing and arming his volunteers4 ,these were joined by numerous functionaries and officers of the regular army1 who took no pains to conceal their ,piedmontese arms and uniforms4 ,municipalities1 at public deliberative meetings1 voted subsidies to the ,garibaldians1 and railway managers provided them with special trains4 ,whilst so many things that clearly showed the complicity of ,piedmont were done1 ,victor ,emmanuel sent protestation after protestation to ,paris4 ,he did not1 by any means1 intend1 he said1 to disembarrass himself of the obligations which were imposed on him by the first article of the convention of the #aeth ,september1 #ahfe4 ,it might be relied upon1 besides1 that he would check the agitators and repress by force1 even1 if necessary1 all violation of the ,pontifical frontier4 ,nor did the wily monarch confine himself to words4 ,he acted as he could act so well4 ,garibaldi was sent to his island1 ,caprera2 but only in order to escape from it at the opportune moment1 through the seven vessels by which he was guarded4 ,an order for his arrest was then issued4 ,active search was made for him at ,genoa1 at ,turin1 everywhere except at ,florence1 where he harangued the people in the most public places1 even under the windows of the ,king's palace4 ,later1 when it was undertaken to arrest him at ,florence1 it so happened that he had started by a special train for the ,roman frontier1 together with a complete staff4 7,m#ajg7 ,the telegraph was put in requisition in order to turn back the train4 ,but1 possibly through the fault of a disobedient employee1 the telegraph failed to accomplish its purpose4 ,the ,italian government neglected not to hold an investigation in regard to this matter1 and swore that the guilty party1 if found out1 would be punished4 ,what more could be desired8 ,was not ,france satisfied with much less than this in #ahfj8 ,whilst diplomacy was thus playing its role1 ,garibaldi and his myrmidons were penetrating on all sides at once the ,pontifical territory4 ,twenty-seven gensd'armes1 who guarded the small town of ,aquapendente1 were surprised by two hundred and fifty ,garibaldians1 who1 on being re-inforced by another band1 marched thence on ,ischia1 ,valentano and ,canino1 pillaging the public chests1 sacking the convents and churches1 prudently retiring as often as they met ,pontifical forces in any considerable numbers4 ,eighty-five ,zouaves1 or soldiers of the line1 having rashly pursued them at ,bagnorea1 and attacked them with the bayonet1 were repulsed with loss4 ,it could not well have been otherwise1 considering the great disparity of numbers4 ,garibaldi shouted victory1 in his usual emphatic style3 8,hail to the victors of ,aquapendente and ,bagnorea6 ,the foreign mercenaries have fled before the valiant champions of ,italian liberty4 ,those braggarts who thirsted for blood have experienced the noble generosity of their brave conquerors4 ,as to you1 priests1 who know so well how to burn1 torture and imprison2 you who drink1 with hyena-like delight1 in the cup of your deceit1 the blood of the liberators2 we pardon you1 and1 together with you1 that butcher soldiery1 the pestilent scum of a faithless faction40 ,the conquerors1 however1 were driven from their easy conquests before they received this proclamation which spoke of mercy in terms that expressed it so poorly4 ,events which were a cruel satire on ,garibaldi's words1 and which he had not foreseen1 caused his bands to fall into the power of the ,pontifical troops1 so that it was they who sued for pardon and obtained it4 ,it can even be said that on this occasion the generosity of the soldiers of the ,pope was excessive1 for the vanquished enemy had been guilty of many other crimes besides that of rising in arms against the legitimate government4 ,they had pillaged the ,cathedral of ,bagnorea1 broken the tabernacle1 stolen the sacred vessels1 defiled the image of the ,madonna1 pierced the crucifix with their bayonets1 decapitated the statues of the saints1 and enacting an infernal parody1 shot an inoffensive man1 in order that human blood might be shed on the altar of sacrifice4 ,at ,subiaco1 the governor1 who was a priest1 fell1 together with the town1 into the hands of the banditti4 ,they were preparing to sack the place and put the governor to death1 when a ,pontifical troop appeared4 ,the struggle was short4 ,the ,garibaldian chief was slain1 and the rest fled4 ,they who guarded the prisoner threw themselves at his knees1 imploring mercy4 8,have pity on us1 my ,lord2 do not give us up to the ,zouaves2 they would kill us40 ,the governor made them go into his oratory and closed the door4 ,meanwhile the commandant of the ,zouaves arrived1 gave him the details of the battle1 and spoke of the prisoners he had taken4 8,everybody makes prisoners10 said the governor1 smiling4 8,i have some also1 although not1 like you1 a man of the sword40 8,where are they80 8,ah6 they are mine and not yours4 ,promise that you will respect my absolute right of conqueror2 if not1 ,i will not show them40 ,the commandant made the desired promise1 and the governor opened the door of his oratory and made the ,garibaldians come out4 ,these prisoners were greatly amazed4 ,having asked and obtained the governor's priestly blessing1 they freely recrossed the ,italian frontier4 ,the action at ,monte-,libretti1 which took place on the #adth ,october1 was of a more serious character4 ,eighty ,zouaves contended from half-past five in the evening till eight o'clock against twelve hundred ,garibaldians4 ,arthur ,guillemin1 their captain1 and ,urbain de ,quelen1 their second lieutenant1 fell gloriously4 ,when night came1 the ,zouaves being unable to fight any longer1 and not venturing to establish themselves in the first houses which they had taken1 whilst all the rest of the town still swarmed with the enemy1 retired in good order1 bearing away their dead1 and also twelve prisoners4 ,they returned next morning1 in order to renew the attack1 but found the place evacuated4 ,the violation of the ,pontifical territory was now too flagrant to be denied any longer1 and the more so1 as the ,cabinet of the ,tuileries was not ignorant of anything that was taking place4 ,it was1 by a fortunate accident1 represented at ,rome by a diplomatist of a different school from that of ,thouvenel and ,lavalette4 ,the ambassador1 ,m4 de ,sartiges1 was absent on leave1 and was replaced by his first secretary1 ,m4 ,arman4 ,the latter understood his duty1 and1 at the risk of being importunate1 ceased not to make known1 every day1 to ,france1 the events which were so rapidly occurring4 ,thus did a comparatively humble secretary save the honor of his country4 ,compelled by the terms of the ,september convention to stay the invasion1 the ,government of ,florence stationed a corps of forty thousand men1 under the command of ,cialdini1 around the ,pontifical frontier1 and intimated to the ,tuileries that it was for its protection4 ,it soon became evident that it was in order to fall upon it1 in the wake of ,garibaldi1 as they had fallen upon the ,kingdom of ,naples in #ahfj4 ,meanwhile1 the invaders passed without any difficulty between the different posts1 and when beaten and pursued by the ,pontifical troops1 they retired and reformed behind the ranks of the ,piedmontese4 7,m#ajh7 ,hence the small body of ,pontifical soldiers was easily overwhelmed1 and the ,garibaldian hordes1 although beaten1 were always advancing4 ,rome was filled with consternation4 ,the cutthroats of the revolution spoke of applying gunpowder to public edifices4 ,and indeed they set about fulfilling their threat by blowing up the ,serratori barracks1 which they had undermined1 and which buried1 one evening1 in their ruins1 the music band of the ,zouaves1 whilst they were engaged at a rehearsal4 ,fortunately the bandsmen were the only victims4 ,the rest of the corps which remained to guard the city was at the moment patrolling at a distance from the barracks4 ,the ,garibaldians expected the explosion4 ,they rushed into the streets and endeavored to avail themselves of the terror and confusion which generally prevailed in order to seize the military posts4 ,they managed to assassinate1 in the dark1 a few soldiers and some gensd'armes2 but they succeeded not even in ringing the alarm-bell at the ,capitol1 which was intended to be their signal4 ,their principal leader1 a ,milanese1 whose name was ,cairoli1 was killed with arms in his hands1 together with some twenty of his followers1 in a vineyard near the city2 and so failed the enterprise4 ,the ,french ,cabinet ceased1 at length1 to persist in the face of the clearest evidence and against the unanimous voice of the national conscience4 ,a small body of soldiers had been sent to the ,french port of ,toulon4 ,it received orders to embark for ,civita ,vecchia4 ,catholics were relieved from their anxiety4 ,meanwhile came new assurances from ,florence4 ,a counter-order was given1 and the embarkation suspended4 ,victor ,emmanuel and his minister1 ,ratazzi1 thought they understood the secret meaning of this counter-order4 ,they remembered the past1 and the troops of ,cialdini boldly crossed the ,pontifical frontier4 7,m#aji7 ,french historians relate that1 on receiving this news1 all who had any concern for the honor of ,france believed that it had come to an end1 and made up their minds1 in sullen silence1 to swallow the new disgrace4 ,they who were indifferent1 even1 became indignant4 ,people who met on the boulevards of ,paris asked one another to what extremes those ,italian mountebanks 7farceurs7 would bring them4 ,the enemies of the ,pope1 who were equally hostile to the ,emperor1 rejoiced1 but secretly4 ,the deputies either protested together with the ,catholics1 or dared not show themselves2 the ministers were silent4 ,finally1 the army took its departure from ,toulon4 ,it was time that it should2 and this appeared to be well understood4 ,there was great irresolution in coming to a decision4 ,it was no less promptly carried into effect4 ,the ,french army disembarked at ,civita ,vecchia on the #bith ,october1 under the command of ,general de ,failly4 ,three days earlier1 #bfth ,october1 the small town of ,monte ,rotondo1 five leagues from ,rome1 was attacked by ,garibaldi in person1 attended by a band of five thousand four hundred fighting men4 ,its garrison consisted of five hundred men of the legion of ,antibes4 ,these few brave soldiers held their ground for two days and repelled five attacks4 ,they were compelled at last to yield1 having exhausted all their munitions of war4 ,they retired1 but left ,garibaldi so much weakened and disorganized by his inglorious victory that he was unable for several days to advance4 ,thus1 for the moment1 did the legion of ,antibes save ,rome4 7,m#aaj7 ,monte ,rotondo1 it is almost superfluous to relate1 experienced the fate of ,bagnorea4 ,nothing comparable in point of atrocity had occurred since the invasion of ,italy by the barbarians4 ,in justice to ,garibaldi1 it must be said that he rebuked publicly by an order of the day1 dated #bhth ,october1 the 8shameful excess0 of his fellow-adventurers1 and proceeded to expurgate their ranks4 ,but he could not hinder them from being what they were1 a mob of miscreants that the secret societies of the whole world had discharged on the ,pontifical ,state4 ,he was not less astonished to meet with so poor a welcome on the part of the people whom it was supposed he came to deliver4 ,his chief lieutenant1 ,bertani1 bears witness to this state of things1 in the ,riforma of #ahth ,november1 #ahfg3 8,it must be admitted10 said this writer1 8that the people of the ,roman ,states have no idea of an ,italy one and free4 ,we have not been greeted or encouraged by a single cry of rejoicing2 nor have we obtained either any spontaneous assistance1 or even a word of consolation1 from these brutified people40 ,general ,kanzler1 the pro-,minister of ,war1 well understood that it was impossible to defend for any length of time the frontier against bands that were constantly recruited4 ,accordingly1 he ordered all the isolated garrisons to concentrate at ,rome4 ,it was more important than anything else to preserve the ,papal city from being surprised by the invaders4 ,garibaldi1 when re-inforced1 marched in advance of ,monte ,rotondo4 ,cialdini followed him at some distance1 but without daring as yet openly to join the banditti4 ,the ,french1 however1 were en route4 ,kanzler took his departure from ,rome on #crd ,november1 at two o'clock in the morning1 followed by #c1jjj ,pontifical troops and #b1jjj ,french soldiers4 8,come10 said he1 to ,m4 ,emilius ,keller1 ,dr4 ,o',zannam1 and some others who had just arrived from ,paris1 in order to organize the ambulance service of the ,pontifical army1 8come1 and you will see a fine battle40 ,the small army met the enemy at one o'clock in the afternoon1 at a short distance from the town of ,mentana1 the ancient ,nomentum from which the ,nomentan way 7via ,nomentana7 took its name4 ,garibaldi's command was from #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj strong4 ,he placed his men in ambuscade1 partly on small hills that were covered with wood1 and partly scattered them1 as fusileers1 along the hedges4 ,his left wing was commanded by ,pianciani1 who1 some time later1 was ,mayor of ,rome4 ,kanzler's force commenced firing4 ,but what could it avail against an enemy that was invisible and in superior numbers8 ,a veteran of ,castelfidardo1 ,lieutenant-,colonel de ,charette1 the same who was destined afterwards to immortalize himself at ,patay and at ,mans1 understood that nothing was to be gained by a fusillade4 8,forward10 he cried1 8my ,zouaves6 charge with the bayonet2 and1 remember1 the ,french army is looking on40 ,the ,zouaves reply3 8,live ,pius ,,ix60 and spring forward with their leader4 ,the ,garibaldians are dislodged from the first hill--from the other hills1 and would have been utterly routed but for the formidable intrenchments presented by the ,santucci vineyard1 which was laid out in gardens rising in storeys1 one above the other1 and intersected by walls4 ,garibaldi was posted on the summit1 in a villa1 whence he directed his fire without being exposed to personal danger4 ,his position was1 indeed1 strong4 ,charette's troop was observed to waver4 8,forward1 ,zouaves60 cried their leader1 8or ,i shall die without you60 ,as he spoke1 his horse was struck by a ball and fell dead4 ,meanwhile1 the ,zouaves scaled the walls and the ravines1 without heeding those who fell4 ,garibaldi was disconcerted by this living tornado4 ,he fell back from his villa to the houses1 and thence to the ,castle of ,mentana4 ,the ,zouaves followed in the face of a murderous fire1 discharged from the walls of the castle2 but they always advanced1 and finally1 repelled1 by a bayonet charge1 a renewed and general attack of the enemy4 ,such efforts1 however1 could not have been sustained for any length of time unaided1 and bravery must1 in the end1 have given way to numbers4 ,general de ,courten1 who directed this attack1 sent to ask assistance from ,general ,polhes1 who commanded the army of ,france4 ,the ,french soldiers had been1 hitherto1 inactive1 although by no means unheeding spectators of the combat4 8,bravo6 ,zouaves1 bravo60 cried they1 eagerly desiring to share in the fight4 ,at a sign from their chief1 they sprang forward in their turn4 ,at their head was ,colonel ,saussier1 of the #bjth regiment of the line1 who was afterwards general and member of the ,national ,assembly at ,versailles4 ,the sudden and hitherto unknown fire of the chassepots carried death and terror within the precincts of the castle4 ,meanwhile1 a detachment of ,zouaves managed to place themselves between ,mentana and ,monte ,rotondo1 and so intercepted the reinforcements which were hastening from the latter place to join the ,garibaldians4 ,at sight of this achievement1 the bands1 already much demoralized1 were thrown into confusion4 ,night came1 and1 favoring their flight1 changed it to a rout4 ,garibaldi himself1 who had so often shouted1 8,rome or death0--stole away1 under cover of the darkness1 like the meanest of the fugitives4 ,his sons did in like manner4 ,it was expected that they would renew the battle next day1 as ,monte ,rotondo1 which they still held1 presented a convenient position for rallying4 ,they did nothing of the kind4 ,on the very night which followed the engagement ,garibaldi and his sons recrossed the ,italian frontier4 8,he always runs away0 7si salva sempre71 said his followers1 in the bitterness of their disappointment1 when so shamefully betrayed and abandoned4 ,the ,french soldiers1 on the other hand1 always inclined to raillery and punning1 baptized the action of the preceding day1 calling it the battle of ,montre ton dos4 ,the ,garibaldians1 who held the castle1 as well as the rest of the banditti who could not get away in time1 surrendered1 unconditionally1 to ,general ,polhes4 ,there was but little bloodshed on the side of the victors1 thanks to the rapidity with which the victory was won4 ,the losses of the ,french troops were not more than two killed1 two officers and thirty-six privates wounded4 ,of the ,pontifical force there were twenty killed and one hundred and twenty-three wounded4 ,several of these died of their wounds4 7,m#aaa7 ,among those noble victims who claim the gratitude of the ,catholic world1 were names already dear to the church--such as ,bernard de ,quatre-barbe1 a nephew of the defender of ,ancona2 ,rodolph de ,maistre1 grandson of the immortal author of 8,the ,pope20 and ,john de ,muller1 son of the celebrated ,german controversialist4 ,as if nothing that is glorious should be wanting to the field of ,mentana1 it had also its martyrs of charity4 ,the ,sisters of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul went and came among the wounded and the dying1 giving their aid alike to all1 no matter what their uniform4 ,there was need of water4 ,a ,pontifical ,zouave1 ,julius ,watts ,russell1 ran to find some for a ,garibaldian who was at the point of death4 ,as he was gently raising the head of the moribund1 in order that he might drink1 he was himself struck with a ball and fell dead on the body of him whom he had endeavored to succour4 ,on his person was found a small note1 in which he thus exhorted himself3 8,my soul1 ,o1 my soul6 love ,god and pursue thy way40 ,what ,christian would not be envious of a like death--a death which nobly crowned such a life as these few words necessarily suppose8 7,m#aab7 ,the vanquished had been fanaticised by the secret societies as well as by ,garibaldi himself1 that infuriated enthusiast1 who could not write four lines nor utter four words without enshrining therein the treasons of the black race1 that prurient sore of ,italy2 or the venom of the ,vatican1 that nest of vipers2 or the lies of ,pius ,,ix41 that pest1 that monster1 twice accursed1 as priest and as king4 ,so when these people were made prisoners1 they expected nothing better than the hardest treatment and the most terrible vengeance4 ,how surprised must they not then have been to find that their wounded were attended to on the field of battle1 and the same care and attention extended to them as to the wounded of the ,pontifical force1 whilst those who were sound met with no other punishment than to be well guarded at first1 and afterwards released by degrees1 as it became certain that ,garibaldi would be in no hurry to renew his game4 ,finally1 a complete amnesty was granted4 ,this extreme clemency of a legitimate government towards an invading banditti presented a noble and happy contrast with the implacable revenge of the usurping ,king of ,piedmont4 ,victor ,emmanuel1 in fact1 had no hesitation in putting to death the ,spanish general ,borges and his ,neapolitan comrades1 who were arrested whilst bearing arms in an endeavor to deliver the kingdom of ,naples1 and restore its former king1 ,francis ,,ii4 7,m#aac7 ,two men only were excepted from the ,pontifical amnesty4 ,these were the authors of that atrocious act1 the blowing up of the ,sorristori barracks4 ,their crime1 indeed1 could not be considered as anything connected with the war1 but simply as cowardly assassination4 ,those two wretches1 ,monti and ,tognetti1 underwent a regular trial1 which lasted more than a year1 and at which all the forms required by law were strictly observed4 ,they were convicted1 and ended by acknowledging everything4 ,they suffered capital punishment1 and1 at their execution1 begged pardon of ,god and men4 ,the day after this execution--coming generations will scarcely believe so strange a fact--the ,chamber of ,deputies at ,florence solemnly protested against it1 as did also ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,the secret societies opened a subscription list for the widows of the executed criminals4 ,victor ,emmanuel took part in it4 ,and thus did a king honor parties who commit murder by gunpowder plots4 ,true1 this king was the same prince who1 in pursuance of a decree issued by ,garibaldi1 at ,naples1 in #ahfa1 pensioned the widow of the regicide1 ,agesilas ,milano4 7,m#aad7 ,pius ,,ix4 entertained quite a different idea of the duties of royalty4 ,he was persuaded that an example should be made of the foul crime of ,monti and ,tognetti1 and so could not be moved4 8,a king10 said he1 8owes justice to all alike1 certainly not excepting honest people3 and hence assassins must not be allowed to count on impunity40 ,he went kindly to visit the wounded ,garibaldians1 8those unfortunate people1 a great many of whom were only misled1 and who1 nevertheless1 were his children40 ,two hundred of them had been conveyed to a lower room in the ,castle of ,st4 ,angelo4 ,he visited them quite alone1 and thus addressed them3 8,here ,i am1 my friends2 you see before you him whom your general calls the ,vampire of ,italy2 you all took up arms against me1 and you see that ,i am only a poor old man6 ,you are in need of shoes1 clothes and linen4 ,well1 the ,pope on whom you made war will cause you to be supplied with all these things4 ,he will then send you back to your families2 only before your departure1 you will1 from love to me1 make a spiritual retreat40 ,the unfortunate rebels could not believe their eyes or their ears4 ,some turned away from him in sullen wrath1 like demons who will not give up hating4 ,others1 in greater numbers1 seized hold of the paternal hand which was raised over them to bless them1 and bathed it with their tears4 ,the good ,pope1 marvelled at the designs of ,god1 who brings good out of evil4 8,o felix culpa0 78,o happy fault6071 said he1 alluding to the prayers of ,holy ,saturday1 8if these children had not borne arms against me1 they would not1 perhaps1 have died so piously40 ,it was some time before the details of ,mentana were known in ,france4 ,the government1 it would appear1 feared to acknowledge that the ,french soldiers took part in the engagement4 ,when1 however1 the general's report put an end to all doubt on the subject1 there were no bounds to the rage of the revolutionary party4 ,the revolution1 hitherto1 had used ,louis ,napoleon as a facile and valuable instrument4 ,it could not pardon him ,mentana4 ,but ,france was not all revolutionary4 ,the mass of the nation1 honest and loyal1 shared not the ideas of the secret societies4 ,far from regretting what had taken place1 the ,french people dreaded lest there should not have been enough done4 ,cialdini1 indeed1 had been able to withdraw his troops1 not with honor but without molestation1 within the ,italian frontier1 whilst no account was required of his violation of the ,september convention4 ,the ministers continued to discuss ,italian unity as freely as they had been in the habit of doing for eight years1 and the officious demagogue papers which were devoted to ,prince ,napoleon began to demand the speedy return of the ,french troops from ,rome1 and that by virtue of the famous convention which1 according to these politicians1 was binding on ,france1 but not on ,italy4 ,the legislative body was moved4 ,not only the deputies who were declared ,catholics1 and who always divided against the government on the ,roman question1 but a great number of those also who had never until that time shown any indocility at the moment of voting1 resolved to force the government to make a clear and public declaration of its intentions4 ,the debate was opened by ,m4 ,thiers in an eloquent speech at the sitting of #dth ,december4 ,he proved1 and the proof was not difficult1 that no reliance could be placed on the word of ,victor ,emmanual or ,italian promises4 8,the ,house of ,savoy10 said he1 8goes to a falcon hunt with ,garibaldi4 ,if the latter fails he is taken to ,caprera4 ,if he succeeds1 and takes a kingdom1 they say to him1 you are the revolution3 your prey does not belong to you2 it is ours1 who are order and legality40 ,jules ,favre1 a barrister1 shamelessly spoke in a contrary sense1 and endeavored to justify ,italy4 ,his sophistry met with no response4 ,the minister1 ,m4 ,rouher1 could not retreat4 ,he made a long speech1 in which he defended the policy of ,napoleon ,,iii4 against the two former speakers1 and involved himself once more in the inconceivable idea of neither sacrificing ,italian unity to the ,pope's temporal sovereignty nor that sovereignty to ,italian unity4 7,on the one hand1 ,m4 ,jules ,favre objected that ,italy1 and chiefly amongst others1 ,menabrea1 the actual head of the ,florence ,cabinet1 whose wisdom and moderation had just been praised by the ,french minister1 ceased not to declare that the possession of ,rome was indispensable47 ,on the other hand1 there were loud murmurs which protested against the iniquitous equality which was sought to be established between the victim and his executioner4 ,m4 ,rouher perceived that the majority which the ,imperial government had commanded for sixteen years1 was on the point of slipping from him2 so1 turning to ,jules ,favre1 he declared 8that he was not agreed with him on any point--that he absolutely rejected his policy40 ,then1 addressing the ,conservatives1 he affirmed that they would defend ,rome so long as the desired reconciliation did not take place--that ,france would never1 never abandon ,rome4 ,he concluded by conjuring the deputies to cling to the government which gave the battle of ,mentana as a pledge of its sincerity4 ,this declaration was greeted with prolonged applause1 and it could no longer be doubted that the vote would be almost unanimous4 ,the deputies1 however1 determined that the head of their church should not be imperfectly protected1 required of the minister a distinct explanation of what he meant by defending ,rome4 ,they were resolved that the government should not have the power to give up to ,italy the territory around the city which the ,pope still possessed1 and leave to him only the walls of ,rome4 ,this position was maintained by the veteran orator of ,french parliaments1 ,m4 ,berryer4 ,a great number of deputies came to his support1 so necessary was it understood to be to guard against all subterfuge in transacting with ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,m4 ,rouher was constrained to reascend the tribune4 ,he did so1 he said1 more fully to express his idea1 and declared1 whilst the ,chamber loudly applauded1 that the ,emperor guaranteed not only the city of ,rome1 but also the territory actually possessed by the ,holy ,see1 in all its integrity4 ,such was the memorable sitting of #dth ,december1 #ahfg1 at which the will of ,france was forced on its despotic ruler4 ,but both for him and the country1 ,french writers assure us1 it was too late4 ,if the representatives of the nation1 they say1 had shown from the beginning the same decision2 if the empire had always spoken as on the #dth ,december1 #ahfg2 if1 above all1 it had acted conformably to its words1 it would either not have fallen or fallen with honor4 ,but never would we have seen either ,italian unity or ,german unity1 and the black flag of ,prussia would not wave to-day over ,metz1 ,malhouse and ,strasbourg4 ,piedmont having withdrawn its threatening force on the approach of the ,french troops1 the ,holy ,see had nothing to dread1 for some time at least1 from foreign invasion4 ,it remained only to provide against the attacks of banditti such as had been just defeated at ,mentana4 ,in this important matter the ,holy ,father was not left to his own resources4 ,the whole ,christian world was in sympathy with him1 and anxious for his safety4 ,volunteers from all ,catholic countries hastened to ,rome4 ,even remote ,canada1 so early as #ahfh1 had sent her three hundred4 ,and these mercenaries1 as the enemy called them1 served at their own expense4 ,the ,bishops of ,hungary furnished three squadrons of ,hussars1 who were all mounted1 equipped1 and in every way supplied by ,hungarian subscriptions4 ,the bishops and nobility of ,galicia sent lancers4 ,france1 ,belgium and ,catholic ,germany1 emulated one another in their efforts to maintain the ,pontifical force4 ,there was nothing warlike in thus providing against possible danger4 ,so long as ,france held ,piedmont bound to treaty stipulations1 any army in the service of the ,pope could only be employed as a police force in maintaining internal peace1 or in repelling such attempts as had recently been made by the irregular bands of ,garibaldi against the ,pontifical ,states4 ,meanwhile1 the arts of peace were not neglected4 ,the ,holy ,father1 as might be supposed1 when freed from the fear of invasion and expulsion from his state1 applied with renewed zeal to the duties of his sublime office4 ,nor to these alone did he confine the exercise of his well-directed charity4 ,the agricultural school for children remains a lasting and solid proof of his enlightened benevolence4 ,this establishment is called1 in honor of its august founder1 the ,pio ,vigneard 7,pia ,vigna74 ,it is provided with all the most improved implements1 and is confided to the care of the ,belgian ,brothers of ,mercy4 ,it is wholly maintained by the private funds of ,pius ,,ix4 ,it may be seen on an eminence to the left of the railway as you approach the city of ,rome4 ,,anniversary ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,father',s ,,ordination4 ,the anniversary of the elevation of ,pius ,,ix4 to the ,christian priesthood happily occurred during this interval of peace4 ,there was but one feeling throughout the whole ,christian world4 ,the warmest expressions of love and devotedness proceeded from every land4 ,all the sovereigns of ,europe conveyed by autograph letters their dutiful congratulations1 whilst the joy of the people everywhere knew no bounds4 ,at ,rome the feast of the golden wedding of ,pius ,,ix4 lasted three days4 ,everywhere else1 as it fell on the ,sunday of the ,good ,shepherd1 it was celebrated in the churches1 and often in public places or on the mountains by illuminations or bonfires4 ,under the name of handsel to ,pius ,,ix41 the ,catholic press opened subscription lists4 ,notwithstanding the regular payment of ,peter's pence1 the public generosity was not exhausted4 ,one journal might be quoted1 which alone collected more than one hundred thousand francs4 ,the ,archbishop of ,cologne1 ,monsigneur ,melchers1 observed1 in a pastoral instruction which he issued on the occasion1 that never before had a ,pope been in such intimate and universal relation with the heart of humanity4 ,and indeed it was more consoling to the ,supreme ,pastor than all other demonstrations to reflect that so many millions on millions of faithful united with him in prayer at the ,mass of the #aath of ,april1 all on the occasion participating in the ,holy ,communion4 ,he felt that the whole universe prayed with him and for him4 8,o ,god60 he exclaimed1 in presence of some pilgrims who had come to congratulate him in person1 8,o ,god6 have mercy on me6 ,this is too much happiness6 ,i dread when1 ere long1 ,i shall appear before ,thy judgment-seat1 lest ,thou say to me3 ,thou hast had thy reward on earth6 ,not to me1 but to ,thee1 ,o ,lord6 belongeth the love of ,christians40 ,he fully appreciated the numerous offerings and congratulations of the ,catholic world4 ,his servants conceived the happy idea of placing in symmetrical order throughout the apartments of the ,vatican the rich and numerous gifts which were presented to him on the occasion of his jubilee4 ,beholding them1 he exclaimed3 8,i also have my universal exposition6 ,it is the fruit not of my industry but of the love of my children40 ,then1 as he turned over the leaves of the gigantic manuscripts which were covered with addresses of devotedness1 he added3 8,this is the true expression of the universal ,catholic suffrage40 ,this auspicious time of peace and rejoicing was not without its sorrows4 ,among these were the fearful massacres of ,christians in ,china4 ,nor were these the worst1 for they carried with them their consolation4 ,if the ,church was cruelly persecuted in ,china1 she won new glory in adding martyrs to the ,triumphant army in heaven4 ,the many scandals that occurred throughout ,christendom were more truly afflicting4 ,above all1 were truly trying to the paternal heart of the ,holy ,father those which happened among the ,catholic people1 who protected him in the possession of what remained of his dilapidated patrimony4 ,a court and a political system which were destined soon to disappear were laboring to put an end to ,christian education4 ,the prince1 cousin of the ,emperor1 ,napoleon ,,iii41 and the ,senator and ,academician1 ,sainte ,beuve1 held heathenish orgies in the ,lenten season1 even on ,good ,friday4 ,to crown the list of evil1 apostacy was not wanting4 ,it was of little consequence that one who fell away1 although a vehement declaimer1 was a shallow theologian2 his loss was1 nevertheless1 to be deplored4 ,the progress of a low sect in ,belgium called ,solidaires1 the success of a new revolution in ,spain1 under favor of which the members of religious communities1 both of men and of women1 were driven from their homes in the name of liberty1 together with the opening of revolutionary clubs in ,paris1 caused ,pius ,,ix4 to dread catastrophes in the near future4 ,severe domestic affliction came this year 7#ahfi7 to aggravate the sorrows of ,pius ,,ix4 ,his brother1 ,count ,gabriel ,mastai1 met with an accident which1 at his advanced age1 ninety1 proved to be serious4 ,the ,holy ,father1 immediately traversing ,rome1 ascended on his knees the scala sancta4 ,a few days later the death of the patient was intimated to him4 ,he shut himself up several hours in his private apartment1 in order that none might witness the tears which grief made him shed4 ,finally1 he repaired to the ,vatican ,basilica1 where he prayed for a long time1 both before the ,holy ,sacrament and at the tomb of the apostles4 ,,an ,,exercise ,,of ,,sovereignty4 ,those states which formed the monetary division of ,western ,europe--,france1 ,belgium1 ,switzerland and the ,holy ,see1 agreed at this time to refound their silver coinage4 ,a model was chosen1 which ,greece1 ,portugal1 ,roumania and some other countries adopted in their turn1 and it was understood that the new coinage for each state should be in proportion to its population4 ,hence it behooved the ,pontifical ,state to issue forty millions of livres or thereby1 for a population numbering from three to four millions of souls1 including ,romagna and ,umbria1 which the ,pope still claimed4 ,the ,florence government remonstrated against the issue of forty million livres1 on the ground that the ,pontiff could not now actually count more than from #fjj1jjj to #gjj1jjj subjects4 ,napoleon ,,iii41 always inclined to gratify the revolution1 summoned ,pius ,,ix4 to suspend the issue of his exaggerated coinage1 three-fourths of which1 it was insisted1 should be cast anew with the effigy of ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,this interference of ,napoleon was considered inopportune and unacceptable1 the operation of coining being almost completed4 ,cardinal ,antonelli maintained the right of the ,holy ,see4 ,the ,french and ,italian governments agreed to exclude from their circulation1 and consequently from that of the whole monetary union1 all silver coins which bore the meek and noble likeness of ,pius ,,ix4 ,this they did without offering to the public any explanation4 ,the revolutionary party1 however1 were too honest not to supply this want4 ,they at once gave circulation to the rumor that the coinage of the ,pope was of inferior quality4 ,he was pointed out as a money-counterfeiter by the thousand organs of the infidel press4 ,the people1 grossly deceived1 repelled with indignation1 as if it were that of a robber1 the likeness of the representative of justice on earth4 ,the ,catholics1 meanwhile1 observed with pain that while this storm of calumny was raging1 one of their own number1 once a champion of the temporal power1 held in the ,french government the portfolio of finance4 ,the ,pontifical treasury subjected itself to considerable sacrifices1 in order to diminish the losses and silence the recriminations of those who were compelled to stop its money1 which could no longer be circulated4 ,chemists1 in the interest of truth1 analyzed the depreciated metal1 and declared that it was exactly of the same value as the coinage of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,but neither the officious nor the official press took the pains to publish this fact1 and the calumny remained4 ,the time was even then at hand1 as ,french writers observe with pain1 when ,france1 in her downfallen and exhausted condition1 would have been glad to possess this ,pontifical money and dispense with worthless paper4 ,,the ,,vatican ,,council--,,purpose ,,of ,,the ,,pope ,,in ,,convening ,a ,,general ,,council4 ,this time of sorrow1 mourning and difficulty was succeeded by a period of unwonted activity4 ,it was deemed expedient to convoke an cumenical ,council4 ,this important measure was thought of on occasion of the centenary celebration of the martyrdom of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul4 ,after two years of serious and mature deliberation and consultation1 ,pius ,,ix4 issued apostolical letters1 convening a council of the whole church at the ,vatican ,basilica4 ,the #hth of ,december1 #ahfi1 was appointed as the day for its first assembling4 ,the objects in view cannot be better described than in the words of the venerable ,pontiff4 ,after a few preliminary paragraphs in his ,bull of ,indiction1 the ,holy ,father thus proceeds3 8,the ,roman ,pontiffs1 in the discharge of the office divinely confided to them in the person of ,peter of feeding the entire flock of ,christ1 have unweariedly taken on themselves the most arduous labors1 and used every possible means in order to have the various nations and races all over the earth brought to the light of the ,gospel1 and by truth and holiness to eternal life4 ,all men know the zeal and unceasing vigilance with which these same ,roman ,pontiffs have kept inviolate the deposit of faith1 discipline among the clergy1 purity and science in the education given to the members of the church1 the holiness and dignity of ,christian marriage3 how they studied day by day to promote the ,christian education of the youth of both sexes1 to foster among all classes the love of religion1 the practice of piety and purity of morals as well as everything that might conduce to the tranquillity1 the good order and the prosperity of civil society4 ,whenever great troubles arose1 or serious calamities threatened either the church or social order1 the ,roman ,pontiffs judged it opportune to convoke general councils1 in order that with the advice and assistance of the bishops of the ,catholic world1 whom the ,holy ,ghost hath established to rule the ,church of ,god1 they might1 in their united wisdom and forethought1 so dispose everything as to define the doctrines of faith1 to secure the destruction of the most prevalent errors1 defend1 illustrate and develop ,catholic teaching1 restore and promote ecclesiastical discipline and the reformation of morals4 8,no one at the present time can be ignorant how terrible is the storm by which the church is assailed1 and what an accumulation of evils afflicts civil society4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 her most salutary doctrines1 her most revered power1 the supreme authority of this ,holy ,see1 are all assailed and trampled on by the bitter enemies of ,god and man4 ,all that is most sacred is held up to contempt2 ecclesiastical property is made the prey of the spoiler2 the most venerable ministers of the sacraments1 men most eminent for their ,catholic character1 are harassed by unheard of annoyances4 ,the religious orders are suppressed1 impious books of every kind and pestilential publications are disseminated1 wicked and pernicious societies are everywhere and under every form multiplied4 ,the education of youth is1 in almost all countries1 withdrawn from the clergy1 and1 what is far worse1 intrusted in many places to teachers of error and evil4 8,in consequence of all these facts1 to our great grief and that of all good men1 and to the irreparable ruin of souls1 impiety1 corruption of morals1 unbridled licentiousness1 the contagion of depraved opinions1 and of every species of pestilential vice and crime1 the violation of all laws1 human and divine1 prevail everywhere to such an extent1 that not only religion but human society itself is thrown into the most deplorable disorder and confusion4 8,wherefore1 following in the footsteps of our illustrious predecessors1 we have deemed it opportune to call together a ,general ,council1 as we had long desired to do4 8,this cumenical ,council will have to examine most diligently1 and to determine what it is most seasonable to do1 in these calamitous times1 for the greatest glory of ,god1 the integrity of faith1 the splendor of ,divine worship1 the eternal salvation of men1 the discipline of the regular and secular clergy1 and their sound and solid education1 the observance of ecclesiastical laws1 the reformation of morals1 the ,christian education of youth1 the common peace and universal concord4 ,with the ,divine assistance1 our labors must also be directed towards remedying the peculiar evils which afflict church and state2 towards bringing back into the right road those who have strayed away from truth and righteousness2 towards repressing vice and error1 in order that our holy religion and her saving doctrines may acquire renewed vigor all over the earth1 that its empire may be restored and increased1 and that thereby piety1 modesty1 honor1 justice1 charity and all ,christian virtues may wax strong and nourish for the glory and happiness of our common humanity40 ,it has been alleged and persistently maintained by the enemies of the ,holy ,see1 that ,pius ,,ix4 sought only to promote his own importance by convening a ,general ,council4 ,of this calumny the foregoing words1 which so plainly and distinctly set forth the purposes of the council1 afford an abundant refutation4 ,no man holding a great public office can fulfil faithfully the duties of that office without exalting his own character in the estimation of mankind4 ,ought he then1 because such things exalt him1 to leave them undone8 ,this would1 indeed1 be mistaken humility4 ,councils1 although not an essential element in the government of the church1 are had recourse to in times of difficulty1 in order to settle doctrinal disputes1 promote morality and establish or restore discipline4 ,with the exception of the ,apostolic ,council of ,jerusalem1 no council was held for the first three hundred years of the church's existence4 ,the church1 nevertheless1 as regarded her spiritual state1 was highly prosperous and extended rapidly4 ,councils came as exigencies arose1 and when there was no insuperable impediment to their assembling4 ,they were in their time a source of great and lasting good1 whilst their record remains shedding light on the centuries as they pass4 ,there had already been eighteen cumenical ,councils1 that of ,trent1 held three hundred years ago1 having been the last4 ,causes like to those which occasioned the earlier councils1 although in a different state of the world and human society1 appeared to call for such action on the part of the church as should powerfully influence the passing age1 and cause the light of ,divine revelation to penetrate the dark places of the nineteenth century4 ,it was resolved1 accordingly1 to convoke the cumenical ,council of the age4 ,,bishops1 ,,etc41 ,,bidden ,,to ,,the ,,council4 ,it was the duty of the ,commission of ,direction to decide as to who had a right to be called to1 and to sit in1 the council4 ,this commission consisted of five cardinals who were presidents1 eight bishops and a secretary1 the ,archbishop of ,sardis4 ,there was no difference of opinion4 ,a question1 however1 arose as to the right of vicars-apostolic to be invited to the council4 ,they were bishops1 indeed1 but without ordinary jurisdiction4 ,hence the doubt as to their right to be called4 ,neither their admissibility1 if invited1 nor of their decisive vote when admitted was at all questioned4 ,the precedents and practice of the ,holy ,see were in favor of their being called4 ,it was also dreaded lest their exclusion should give rise to questions as to the cumenicity of the council4 ,all bishops1 undoubtedly1 were entitled to be invited4 ,it was decided1 therefore1 that bishops1 vicars-apostolic1 should be bidden to the council4 ,the ,bulls by which former councils had been convoked called together archbishops1 bishops1 etc4 ,the law1 therefore1 making no distinction between bishops in ordinary and such as were vicars-apostolic1 neither could the commission4 ,ubi lex non distinguit nec nos distingnere debemus4 ,it was a far more serious matter to invite 8the bishops of the ,oriental rite who are not in communion with the ,apostolic ,see40 ,an earnest and affectionate letter of invitation was addressed to them4 ,it was presented to the ,patriarch of the 8,orthodox0 ,greek ,church1 who did not consider it worth while to open it4 ,on the same day1 it is related1 four millions of ,bulgarians notified to this patriarch their withdrawal from his jurisdiction4 ,many bishops of the ,greek patriarchate were deeply moved by the most kind and pressing appeal of the ,holy ,father4 ,he had beseeched and conjured them in the most earnest manner 8to come to the general assembly of the bishops of the ,west and of the whole world1 as their fathers had come to the second ,council of ,lyons and that of ,florence1 in order that1 renewing the charity which existed of old1 and restoring the peace which prevailed in the early ages1 the fruits of which time has snatched from us1 we may behold at last the pure and bright dawn of that union which we so ardently desire40 ,the separated bishops to whom these touching words were addressed1 appear to have been profoundly moved4 ,a goodly number1 even1 actuated by the paternal intentions of the ,holy ,father1 were strongly inclined to meet his advances2 but so powerful was the example of the ,greek ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 that none of them dared to take the lead4 ,the non-united ,patriarch of ,armenia replied that he would attend the council4 ,but he failed to do so4 ,a very considerate letter was also addressed to ,protestants and all non-,catholics4 ,needless to say it was not responded to4 ,at the ,council of ,trent the same attention was shown1 but with an equally unsuccessful result4 ,julius ,,ii4 had published the condition on which alone non-,catholics generally could be invited1 viz43 that they should recognize the ,divine authority of the ,church4 ,it was not surely to be expected that1 on occasion of the meeting of a ,general ,council1 the ,catholic ,church should abandon1 in favor of a comparatively small number of dissenters1 her fundamental claim to ,divine commission1 which was acknowledged throughout all ,christendom4 ,the bishops of the ,anglican ,church were astonished and irritated on finding that they were invited only as other ,protestants1 and not convoked along with the ,fathers of the ,council4 ,rome thus plainly intimated to them that they have yet to prove their consecration and right to episcopal dignity4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,cumming of ,london1 a minister of the ,scotch ,presbyterian ,church1 asked1 through ,archbishop ,manning1 to be allowed to lay before the council such arguments as could be adduced in support of ,protestant opinions4 ,pius ,,ix4 caused the following reply to be sent to the learned minister3 8,the decisions of former councils could not be shaken by bringing them anew into question1 and by discussing what had been already examined1 judged and condemned40 ,two months later1 #cjth ,october1 #ahfi1 having been informed that his words might have been misunderstood1 and that certain ,protestants imagined that all access to the ,holy ,see was henceforth closed against them1 the ,holy ,father1 in a new ,bull which he very considerately issued1 declared that3 8,far from repelling any one1 we1 on the contrary1 make advances towards all4 ,to those who1 led astray by their education1 believe in the truth of their opinions1 we1 by no means1 refuse the examination and discussion of their arguments4 ,this cannot be done within the council2 but there are not wanting learned theologians whom we shall designate to them1 and to whom they can open their minds4 ,may there be many who1 in all sincerity1 shall avail themselves of this facility6 ,we earnestly pray that the ,god of mercy may bring about this happy result40 ,,fathers ,,who ,,attended ,,the ,,council4 ,a statement of the number of ,fathers who attended the council1 at any particular time during its celebration1 can hardly convey an accurate idea of the numbers who took part in its proceedings4 ,some were always arriving and others departing4 ,some fell sick1 and a few died4 ,the number in attendance1 however1 was always considerable4 ,an official list1 published by the ,apostolic ,chamber1 shows the number and quality of such as were entitled to be present1 and who could have attended except on account of hindrances arising from sickness1 age or impediments thrown in their way by the governments under which they lived4 ,these included #ee cardinals1 #aa patriarchs1 #g primates1 #aei archbishops1 #gee bishops1 #f abbots1 #bb mitred abbots-general1 #bi generals and vicars-general of orders2 in all1 #a1jdd4 ,a later official list of #ast ,may states the total number at #a1jej1 new primatial1 archiepiscopal and episcopal churches having been erected in the meantime4 ,on the #hth ,december there were at ,rome3 #di cardinals1 #i patriarchs1 #d primates1 #abc archbishops1 #dha bishops1 #f abbots1 #bb abbots-general1 #bi vicars and vicars-general of orders2 in all1 #gbc ,fathers4 ,on #bjth ,december there were #gdc4 ,the following ,bishops of ,england were in attendance at the council3 ,the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop ,manning1 of ,westminster2 the ,most ,rev4 ,dr4 ,errington1 ,archbishop of ,trebizonde2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,grant1 of ,southwark2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,cornthwaite1 of ,beverly2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,uullathorne1 of ,birmingham2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,clifford1 of ,clifton2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,chadwick1 of ,hexham2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,amherst1 of ,northampton2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,roskell1 of ,nottingham2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,vaughan1 of ,plymouth2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,turner1 of ,salford2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,brown1 of ,shrewsbury4 ,there was a somewhat longer list of ,irish bishops1 viz43 ,his ,eminence ,paul1 ,cardinal-,archbishop of ,dublin2 the ,most ,rev4 ,dr4 ,mc,gettigan1 ,primate of all ,ireland1 ,archbishop of ,armagh2 the ,most ,rev4 ,dr4 ,leahy1 ,archbishop of ,cashel2 the ,most ,rev4 ,dr4 ,mc,hale1 ,archbishop of ,tuam2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,derry1 of ,clonfert2 ,o',keane1 ,fermoy2 ,kelly1 ,derry2 ,moriarty1 ,kerry2 ,leahy1 ,dromore2 ,gillooly1 ,elphin2 ,mc,evilly1 ,galway2 ,furlong1 ,ferns2 ,o',hea1 ,ross2 ,dorrian1 ,down and ,connor2 ,butler1 ,limerick2 ,conaty1 ,kilmore2 ,nulty1 ,meath2 ,donnelly1 ,clogher2 ,power1 ,killaloe2 ,mc,cabe1 ,ardagh4 ,the hierarchy had not yet been restored in ,scotland2 so that country could send only three bishops to the cumenical ,council4 ,these were the ,right ,rev4 ,john ,strain1 ,vicar-,apostolic1 ,edinburgh 7afterwards1 in the restored hierarchy1 ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop of ,saint ,andrews and ,edinburgh72 the ,most ,rev4 ,dr4 ,eyre1 ,archbishop1 ,glasgow2 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,mc,donald 7in the restored hierarchy1 ,bishop of ,aberdeen71 ,vicar-,apostolic1 ,preshome4 ,all the other civilized nations1 with scarcely an exception17#g7 sent their bishops to the general assembly of the ,church4 ,france supplied the greatest number1 eighty-one4 ,the kingdom of the ,two ,sicilies came next1 being represented by sixty-eight bishops4 ,next came the ,states of the ,church1 sending sixty-two bishops4 ,from ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 with the colonies1 including ,canada1 went fifty-five bishops to the great council4 ,austria and ,hungary were nobly represented by forty-three bishops4 ,spain and the ,united ,states of ,america sent each forty prelates1 and the ,states of ,south ,america1 thirty2 whilst of the ,oriental rites there were forty-two bishops4 ,piedmont1 ,tuscany1 ,lombardy and ,venetia1 together with ,modena and ,parma1 ,prussia1 ,bavaria1 ,mexico1 ,belgium1 ,holland1 ,portugal1 ,switzerland1 the ,isles of ,greece1 and even the ,turkish empire1 cheerfully willed that the ,catholic prelates of their lands should bear their part in the grand cumenical ,council which was now about to assemble4 ,all these1 with the cardinals1 abbots1 mitred abbots and generals of religious orders1 who were also members of the great assembly1 made up the goodly number which has already been adverted to47#h7 ,,subjects ,,which ,,it ,,was ,,proposed ,,to ,,discuss ,,in ,,the ,,council4 ,the subjects for discussion were expressed in schemata1 or draft decrees1 which were drawn up by a 8congregation10 or1 as we should say1 a committee of one hundred and two ecclesiastics1 who were cardinals and others learned in theology and canon law1 selected from many nations on account of their superior wisdom and experience4 ,by these alone the schemata were prepared4 ,they bore not so much as the shadow of the supreme authority4 ,so the council was perfectly at liberty to accept or reject1 to change or to modify them1 as it should deem fit and proper4 ,of this we are assured by the words of the ,pope1 who1 in his 8,constitution10 at the commencement of the council1 informed the bishops that he had not given any sanction to the schemata1 and that consequently in regard to them there was complete freedom4 ,the schemata1 six in number1 were very comprehensive4 ,it is deeply to be regretted that the council was not allowed time to discuss them all4 ,they concerned3 #a4 ,catholic doctrine in opposition to the manifold errors flowing from rationalism4 #b4 ,the ,church of ,christ4 #c4 ,the office of bishops4 #d4 ,the vacancy of sees4 #e4 ,the life and manners of the clergy4 #f4 ,the ,little ,catechism4 ,the schema on the ,church of ,christ necessarily involved the question of infallibility4 ,as this question1 more than any other subject1 appears to have disturbed the equanimity of the outside world1 it may not be inappropriate to consider the preliminary labors1 as regarded it1 of the great theological commission4 ,the schema on the ,church of ,christ extended to fifteen chapters4 ,having treated1 at length1 on the body of the church1 the commission or committee of #ajb theologians could not fail to treat also of the ,church's ,head4 ,on this point they prepared two chapters4 ,the one spoke of the primacy of the ,roman ,pontiff1 the other of his temporal power4 ,in treating of the primacy1 its endowments also necessarily came under discussion4 ,among these claimed the first place the ,divine assistance in matters of faith which was promised to ,peter1 and in ,peter to his successors4 ,this is nothing less than infallibility4 ,on the #adth and #bast of ,january1 the commission discussed the nature of the primacy4 ,on the #aath of ,february1 it took up the question of infallibility4 ,it was enquired3 #ast1 whether the infallibility of the ,roman ,pontiff can be defined as an article of faith2 #bnd1 whether it ought to be so defined8 ,the first question was answered unanimously in the affirmative4 ,to the second1 all1 with one exception1 replied1 expressing concurrence in the judgment that the subject ought not to be proposed to the council unless it were demanded by the bishops4 ,the wording of the judgment is as follows3 ,sententia commissionis est1 nonnisi ad postulationem episcoporum rei hujus propositionem ab apostolica sede faciendam esse4 78,the judgment of the commission is that this subject ought not to be proposed by the ,apostolic ,see1 except at the petition of the bishops407 ,one member of the commission considered the discussion of the subject inopportune4 ,on account of his dissent1 the chapter bearing on infallibility was never completed4 ,thus for a second time was the question of infallibility deliberately set aside4 ,as for ,pius ,,ix4 himself1 he had no desire any more than he had need to propose that there should be a dogmatical definition4 ,even as his predecessors in all preceding ages1 he was conscious that his primacy was complete4 ,he had acted on this conviction1 exercising his sublime privilege with universal consent1 in the face of all ,christendom4 ,in #ahed1 #ahfb and #ahfg1 the bishops had abundantly testified in his favor4 ,if an authoritative declaration was called for1 it could only be on account of the few who disputed and doubted1 and the still smaller number who denied that the ,head of the ,church on earth can neither err in faith and morals1 nor lead into error the church of which he is divinely constituted the ,supreme ,teacher4 ,,opening ,,of ,,the ,,council4 ,on the #gth of ,december1 #ahfi--,vigil of the ,immaculate ,conception--,pius ,,ix41 attended by an imposing suite1 repaired to the ,church of the ,twelve ,apostles1 in order to inaugurate solemnly a period of nine days' prayer in honor of the ,blessed and ,immaculate ,mary4 ,the following day1 at an early hour1 the cannon of the ,castle of ,st4 ,angelo announced to the holy city the great event that had been so long looked forward to4 ,as early as six o'clock a4m4 the three naves of ,st4 ,peter's were filled with a crowd of the faithful1 and all the approaches to the ,basilica were thronged with people4 ,at nine o'clock was seen the magnificent procession of mitred abbots1 bishops and archbishops1 primates1 patriarchs and cardinals1 that preceded the sedia gestatoria which bore the ,pope4 ,the sacred cortege required about an hour to traverse the hall 7atrium7 and the chief nave of ,st4 ,peter's1 and reach the left7#i7 arm of the cross which forms the immense ,basilica1 and which had been set apart and prepared as a vast chamber for the celebration of the council by that skilful architect1 ,virginius ,vespignani4 #a1jdd ,fathers were invited to be present as members of the council4 #hjc attended at the opening4 ,of these there were six archbishops who were also princes1 forty-nine cardinals1 eleven patriarchs1 six hundred and eighty archbishops and bishops1 twenty-eight abbots1 and twenty-nine generals of religious orders4 ,the entire number surpassed by one hundred and thirty-five the united numbers of all the ,fathers of ,nice1 ,constantinople and ,ephesus4 ,the day had gone by when the ,european sovereigns could be bidden to an cumenical ,council4 ,several of their representatives1 however1 attended at the opening4 ,the highest of the ,roman nobility were also present4 ,the ,colonna and ,orsini families enjoyed the honor of being princes attendant at the ,papal throne on occasion of all the public ceremonials of the council4 ,others of the ,roman nobility1 sovereigns and princes1 at the time in the city1 were present4 ,among these were the ex-,king of ,naples1 the ,empress of ,austria1 the ex-,duke and ,duchess of ,tuscany1 the ex-,duke and ,duchess of ,parma1 together with the ,doria and ,borghese families4 ,several foreign princes1 ,general ,kanzler1 commander-in-chief of the ,papal forces1 and ,general ,dumont1 who commanded the ,french battalions in garrison at ,rome1 likewise attended4 ,the hymn1 ,veni ,creator1 was sung1 and immediately thereafter the first session of the ,vatican ,council was formally opened with the celebration of ,high ,mass4 ,at the conclusion of mass1 the secretary of the council placed upon the altar the ,book of the ,gospels1 which always remained open throughout the session4 ,the council then heard a sermon1 and the ,holy ,father intoned the ,synodal prayers1 which were followed by the ,litany of the ,saints4 ,immediately after the chanting of the ,gospel1 ,pius ,,ix4 made an allocution to the following effect3 8,you are met1 venerable brethren1 in the name of ,jesus ,christ1 to bear witness with us to the word of ,god2 to declare with us to all men the truth1 which is the way that leads to ,god2 and to condemn with us1 under the guidance of the ,holy ,ghost1 the doctrines of false science4 ,god is present in ,his holy place2 ,he is with our deliberations and our efforts2 ,he has chosen us to be ,his servants and fellow-workers in the great work of ,his salvation4 ,therefore1 knowing well our own weakness1 and filled with mistrust of ourselves1 we lift up our eyes and our prayers to ,thee1 ,o ,holy ,ghost1 to ,thee the source of true light and wisdom40 ,the ,veni ,creator having been once more sung1 the ,bishop of ,fabriano read from the ,ambo the decree ordaining the opening of the council4 ,it was in substance as follows3 8,is it the pleasure of the ,fathers that the cumenical ,council of the ,vatican should be opened1 and should be declared open for the glory of the ,most ,holy ,trinity1 the custody and declaration of the faith and of the ,catholic religion2 for the condemnation of errors which are widely spreading1 and the correction of clergy and people80 ,the council replied unanimously placet4 ,the ,pope then declared the council to be opened1 and fixed the second public session for the feast of the ,epiphany1 ,january #f1 #ahgj4 ,the session closed with the ,te ,deum and the ,pontifical benediction4 ,all the public sessions which were afterwards held were opened pretty much in the same manner4 ,,death ,,of ,,two ,,distinguished ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,council4 ,at this time the council and the ,catholic world had to bewail the death of two very eminent ,fathers4 ,cardinal de ,reisach was a man of great and varied learning1 of large and refined culture of mind1 and was fitted in a special way to understand the diversities of thought which met in the ,vatican ,council4 ,his loss to the ,holy ,see1 great as it would have been at any time1 was more seriously felt at the meeting of the council1 in preparing for which he had borne a chief part4 ,cardinal de ,reisach was not only one of the foremost members of the ,sacred ,college in the public service of the church1 but in private life he was greatly and deservedly loved for his genial and sympathetic character4 ,the late illustrious ,bishop of ,southwark1 the ,right ,rev4 ,thomas ,grant1 whose zeal induced him to proceed to ,rome in the height of a serious illness1 was also torn away from the cares of this life and the affection of many friends1 when1 a little later1 he was about to address a luminous discourse to the assembled ,fathers4 ,whilst he stood in the midst of them1 there occurred a crisis of his malady from which he never rallied4 ,he was visited on his deathbed1 which was that of the faithful servant1 by ,pius ,,ix41 who held him in the highest esteem4 ,,the ,,second ,,session4 ,preparatory to the second session of the council1 various commissions were constituted4 ,that of postulates or propositions was appointed by the ,pope1 and consisted of cardinals who had experience1 both as residents of ,rome and formerly as nuncios at foreign courts1 together with archbishops and bishops selected from each of the chief nations in the council4 ,its members were twelve cardinals1 two patriarchs--,antioch and ,jerusalem--ten archbishops1 among whom was the ,archbishop of ,westminster1 and two bishops4 ,it was resolved that the other commissions should be elected by the universal suffrage of the council4 ,the ,commission of ,faith was elected in the ,third ,general ,congregation1 on the #bjth of ,december4 ,it was composed of twenty-five members1 among whom were remarked the successor of ,fenelon in the archiepiscopal see of ,cambrai1 the ,archbishop of ,westminster and the ,archbishop of ,cashel 7,ireland71 three ,american bishops1 ,baltimore1 ,san ,francisco1 ,rio ,grande4 ,the ,commission of ,discipline consisted of twenty-four members1 who represented as many nations--the ,bishop of ,birmingham1 on the part of ,england4 ,the ,commission on ,religious ,orders was also chosen2 the ,bishop of ,clifton representing ,england4 ,no more being necessary at the earlier sittings of the council1 the nomination of all other commissions was postponed4 ,,second ,,public ,,session--,,profession ,,of ,,faith ,,by ,,all ,,the ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,council4 ,the second public session was held on the feast of the ,epiphany1 ,january #fth1 #ahgj4 ,it had been always customary at general councils to make a profession of faith4 ,this custom was not departed from at the ,vatican ,council4 ,as at ,constantinople1 ,a4 ,d4 #cha1 and ,chalcedon1 ,a4 ,d4 #dha1 was recited the ,creed of ,nicea1 and at subsequent councils was solemnly professed the faith as expressed by those which had preceded them2 so at the ,council of the ,vatican were repeated the articles of ,catholic belief1 as handed down through ,trent and the more ancient councils4 ,first of all1 the ,holy ,father1 rising from his seat1 read1 in a distinct voice1 the definitions of the ,council of ,trent1 known as the ,creed of ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 ,the same profession of faith was then read from the ,ambo by the ,bishop of ,fabriano4 ,as soon as he had done so1 the other ,fathers of the ,council expressed their adhesion by kissing the ,gospel at the throne of the ,chief ,pastor4 ,seven hundred bishops of the church1 representing more than thirty nations and about7#aj7 three hundred millions of ,christians1 thus solemnly professed1 with one heart and mind1 the same faith in the same form of words4 ,in this wonderful unanimity there is more than nature and philosophy4 ,through all the changes of nearly nineteen hundred years1 this intellectual unity of faith1 although minutely defined at ,nicea1 ,constantinople and ,trent1 has endured unchanged4 ,we cannot but behold in this immutability of ,divine faith something far beyond the power of human wisdom4 ,it is surely providential that1 in the face of so much unbelief1 such witness should have been borne to the unity and universality of the ,catholic faith4 ,and now closed the second public session of the ,vatican ,council4 ,,third ,,session4 ,preparatory to the opening of the third public session of the council1 the schema 8on ,catholic faith and on the errors springing from rationalism0 was discussed by thirty-five bishops in the general congregations1 between the #ahth of ,december and the #ajth of ,january4 ,it contained eighteen chapters1 and was sent back to the ,commission on ,faith in order to be completely remodeled4 ,it was a grand theological document1 and was cast in the traditional form of conciliar decrees1 taking its shape1 as they did1 from the errors which it was intended to condemn4 ,it was somewhat archaic1 perhaps1 in language1 but worthy to rank with the decrees of the ,councils of ,toledo or of ,lateran4 ,having been referred to the ,commission on ,faith1 it was again distributed to the council in its new form on the #adth of ,march1 wholly recast1 and was received with general approbation4 ,this new document is quite of a distinct character1 and not to be compared with the schema by which it was preceded4 ,it contained1 instead of eighteen chapters1 only an introduction and four chapters1 in which every sentence is full of condensed doctrine1 the whole having impressed upon it a singular beauty and splendor of ,divine truth4 ,the commission was engaged in recasting this schema until the end of ,february4 ,its subject-matter was what may well be considered the first foundations of natural and revealed religion1 viz43 the existence and perfections of ,god1 the creation of the world1 the powers and office of human reason1 revelation1 faith1 the relation of reason to faith and of faith to science4 ,as a consequence of these truths came the condemnation of atheism1 materialism1 pantheism1 naturalism and rationalism4 ,whilst the non-,catholic world believed that the ,pope and the ,fathers of the ,council were bestowing all their care on one subject which happened to be more prominently before the public1 they were1 on the contrary1 laboring with the greatest pains to elucidate every subject as it came up for consideration4 ,as has been seen1 the most important schema on ,catholic faith had been already very carefully discussed4 ,on the #ahth of ,march a second discussion took place in the general congregation 7or committee of the whole council7 on a report being made by the ,primate of ,hungary4 ,nine bishops then discoursed on the text of the schema1 after which1 no ,father desiring to speak more upon it1 the general discussion ended4 ,each chapter in particular now came to be discussed4 ,in the debate on the first chapter sixteen ,fathers took part2 on the second1 twenty2 on the third1 twenty-two2 on the fourth1 twelve2 in all1 seventy-nine spoke4 ,this discussion occupied nine sittings1 and only ended when no one desired to speak any further4 ,the amendments of the bishops were sent with the schema to the commission4 ,as soon as they were printed and distributed they were examined by the commission1 when a full report was made in the general congregation on the introduction1 and the amendments were put to the vote4 ,the text of the introduction was then once more referred4 ,each of the four chapters was treated in the same manner4 ,to the first there were forty-seven amendments1 which1 being printed and distributed1 the commission reported1 and the amendments were put to the vote4 ,still another revision1 and the first chapter was adopted1 almost unanimously1 on the #ast of ,april4 ,the second chapter had sixty-two amendments4 ,referring to the commission1 revising1 reporting and voting followed1 as in the case of the first chapter1 when the second was referred back for final amendment4 ,the third chapter had one hundred and twenty-two amendments4 ,the same process was followed1 in regard to these amendments1 as in the case of the first and second chapters4 ,the proceedings lasted two days4 ,the fourth chapter had fifty amendments1 which were subjected to the same process as those of the three first1 and sent back to the commission4 ,on the same day1 #hth ,april1 the second chapter as amended was passed1 and on the #abth of ,april1 the third and fourth1 the former unanimously1 the latter almost so4 ,when the whole was put to the vote1 no non placet was given1 whilst there were eighty-three placets juxta modum4 ,the amendments were all sent1 as before1 to the commission1 and printed in a quarto volume of fifty-one pages4 ,the report was made on the #ajth of ,april1 and on the same day the amended text was unanimously accepted4 ,all the time between the #adth of ,march and the #aith of ,april was consumed in passing this first schema4 ,sixty-nine members of the council spoke4 ,three hundred and sixty-four amendments were made1 examined and voted upon4 ,six reports were made by the commission upon the text1 which1 after its first recasting1 had been six times amended4 ,the decree was finally adopted unanimously by the assembled ,fathers1 all who were present1 six hundred and sixty-seven1 voting in the third public session1 on ,low ,sunday 7,dominica in ,abbis71 #bdth ,april4 ,this solemn vote of the council was confirmed by the ,pope1 who1 on the occasion1 spoke as follows3 8,the decrees and canons contained in the ,constitution just read were accepted by all the ,fathers1 no one dissenting2 and we1 the ,sacred ,council approving1 by our apostolical authority1 so define and confirm them40 ,continuing1 he addressed the ,fathers of the ,council3 8,you see1 beloved brethren1 how good and pleasant it is to walk in the ,house of ,god in unity and peace4 ,as our ,lord gave to ,his apostles1 so ,i1 ,his unworthy ,vicar1 in ,his name1 give peace to you4 ,that peace1 as you know1 casts out fear2 that peace shuts the ear to unwise words4 ,may that peace go with you in all the days of your life2 may that peace be with you in death2 may that peace be your everlasting joy in heaven40 ,after much deliberation and painstaking1 the third public session of the council came to a close4 ,at less formal sittings was discussed the discipline relating to bishops4 ,on this subject thirty-seven ,fathers discoursed in the council4 ,seven sittings were employed in discussing discipline as concerns the clergy1 and thirty-seven ,fathers spoke4 ,forty-one ,fathers took part in discussing the schema on the ,little ,catechism4 ,the discussion occupied six sittings4 ,there was no hurrying of matters in the council4 ,none of the discussions were closed until none of the ,fathers desired further to be heard4 ,all the schemata1 it is almost needless to say1 having been discussed1 were referred to their respective commissions1 in order to be revised in accordance with the speeches and the written amendments of the bishops4 ,pius ,,ix41 meanwhile1 was most anxious to aid and promote the labors of the council4 ,notwithstanding the great increase of ecclesiastical business occasioned by the presence in ,rome of so many prelates1 the affairs of whose churches1 as well as their own more personal matters1 required no small degree of attention1 he followed1 with unabated interest1 every stage of its proceedings1 and caused a minute account to be given to him every day of what was done in the various committees4 ,these unwonted cares1 and the unusual amount of labor and fatigue which they entailed1 never induced him to omit any of those devotional offices with which he was accustomed to renew and strengthen his soul4 ,he would not hear of any hurrying in the discussions on the first schema--that on faith1 but1 on the contrary1 gave due praise to the pains and labor bestowed by the ,fathers on every chapter1 word and sentence4 ,it was their object to secure that complete accuracy and perfection of expression which could not fail to prove eminently useful in all time to come4 ,as has been already remarked1 the ,fathers of the 8,congregations0 and 8,commissions0 labored most assiduously in preparing1 for the acceptance of the council1 the schema on faith and doctrine4 ,in the course of the six weeks that it was under review1 seventy-nine discourses were delivered1 three hundred and sixty-four amendments proposed1 examined and voted upon1 while six reports were made upon the text of the schema1 which had been six times amended4 ,the introduction1 the four chapters and the eighteen canons1 having finally passed the council1 were approved by the ,holy ,father1 adopted and promulgated as a ,papal 8,constitution10 which will be known in history as the ,constitution ,dei ,filius4 ,it is a masterpiece of theological science1 and may be compared to priceless gems artistically arranged by skilful hands in the richest settings4 ,it would be idle1 indeed1 to recount all the hard and absurd things that have been said by the enemies of the council and the ,catholic religion4 ,one of their accusations1 if well founded1 would be truly crushing4 ,some scientists1 who claim to be very profound1 deem it necessary to abjure the ,catholic faith1 because the ,vatican ,council has placed an impassable gulf between religion and science1 faith and reason4 ,the council anticipated and met this accusation which is so vigorously and persistently urged by the false science of the day4 ,let us quote from its 8,constitution30 8,although faith is above reason1 there can never be any real discrepancy between faith and reason1 since the same ,god who reveals mysteries and infuses faith has bestowed the light of reason on the human mind1 and cannot deny ,himself1 nor can truth ever contradict truth4 ,the false appearance of such a contradiction is mainly due1 either to the dogmas of faith not having been understood and expounded according to the mind of the church1 or to the inventions of opinion having been taken for the verdicts of reason4 ,and not only can faith and reason never be opposed to one another1 but they are of mutual aid the one to the other4 ,for right reason demonstrates the foundations of faith1 and1 enlightened by its light1 cultivates the science of things divine2 while faith frees and guards reason from errors1 and furnishes it with manifold knowledge4 8,so far1 therefore1 is the church from opposing the cultivation of human arts and sciences1 that it1 in many ways1 helps and promotes it4 ,for the ,church neither ignores nor despises the benefits to human life which result from the arts and sciences1 but confesses that1 as they came from ,god1 the ,lord of all science1 so1 if they be rightly used1 they lead to ,god by the help of ,his grace4 ,nor does the ,church forbid that each of these sciences1 in its sphere1 should make use of its own principle and its own method4 ,but while recognizing this just liberty1 it stands watchfully on guard1 lest the sciences1 setting themselves against the ,divine teaching1 or transgressing their own limits1 should invade and disturb the domain of faith40 ,,fourth ,,public ,,session4 ,there was only one point in the discussions on the ,church of ,christ in which the outside world appeared to take an interest1 and it is one which the council did not at first contemplate taking into consideration4 ,the ,fathers appear to have resolved to limit themselves1 in treating of the ,church1 and consequently of the ,head of the ,church on earth1 to the discussion of the primacy of the ,supreme ,pastor and of his temporalities4 ,the commission of one hundred and two cardinals1 and other learned theologians1 had even set aside the question of infallibility when it came before them1 one of their number pronouncing a decision on it as inopportune4 ,a great majority of the bishops1 however1 were strongly of opinion that in view of the outcry which had been raised on this point1 the opportunity of an cumenical ,council being held should not be allowed to pass without defining the belief of the ,church in regard to the unerring nature of the decisions1 in matters of doctrine and morals1 of the successor of ,st4 ,peter4 ,at their request1 accordingly1 it was ordered that the important subject should be introduced in the eleventh chapter of the schema on the ,church1 and prepared in the usual way for the consideration of the council4 ,it could not be laid before the ,fathers sooner than the #ahth of ,july1 when the fourth solemn session was held4 ,it is proper to remark here that the doctrine in question was never discussed1 either in the congregations or committees of the whole council1 as to its ,divine origin1 or as to the fact of its having been revealed2 not one of the seven hundred members of the council expressed any doubt as to this4 ,there was no discussion except as to the opportuneness of defining to be of faith what all believed to be so4 ,the schema having passed through all the preparatory stages1 finally assumed the form of a 8dogmatic constitution10 which will be known in history as the ,constitution1 ,pastor ternus1 from the words with which it commences4 ,this ,constitution was brought before the council at a solemn session1 the fourth and last which it held1 the #ahth ,july1 #ahgj4 ,the session was opened with all the usual solemnities4 ,the ,pope himself presided in person4 ,the ,mass of the ,holy ,ghost having been celebrated1 the ,sacred ,scriptures were placed upon the lectern on the high altar1 and1 as was customary1 the ,veni ,creator was sung4 ,the ,bishop of ,fabriano then read the ,constitution1 or decree de ,romano ,pontifice1 from the ,ambo 7pulpit71 and the ,fathers of the ,council were invited to vote4 ,each ,father1 accordingly1 as his name was called1 took off his mitre1 rose from his seat and voted4 ,of the five hundred and thirty-five who were present1 five hundred and thirty-three voted placet 7aye71 whilst there were only two nays4 ,the secretary of the council1 together with the scrutineers1 advanced to the ,pontifical throne and declared the result4 ,the ,holy ,father then confirmed the decision in the usual form4 ,he prayed1 at the same time1 that they who had considered such a decision inopportune1 at a time of unusual agitation1 might1 in calmer days1 unite with the great majority of their brethren1 and contend with them for the truth4 ,the insertion here of the allocution which he delivered on the occasion cannot but prove acceptable to all ,english readers3 8,great is the authority with which the ,supreme ,pontiff is invested4 ,this authority1 however1 does not destroy4 ,it builds up4 ,it does not oppress4 ,but1 on the contrary1 sustains4 ,very frequently it behooves it to defend the rights of our brethren1 the bishops4 ,if some have not been of the same mind with us1 let them consider that they have formed their judgment under the influence of agitation4 ,let them bear in mind that the ,lord is not in the storm 7#b ,kings1 xix41 #aa74 ,let them remember that1 a few years ago1 they held the opposite opinion1 and abounded in the same belief with us1 and in that of this most august assembly1 for then they judged in the untroubled air4 ,can two opposite consciences stand together in the same judgment8 ,by no means4 ,therefore1 we pray ,god that ,he who alone can work great things1 may ,himself enlighten their minds and hearts1 that all may come to the bosom of their ,father1 the unworthy ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ on earth1 who loves them and desires to be one with them1 and1 united in the bond of charity1 to fight with them the battle of the ,lord4 ,thus shall our enemies not dare to deride us1 but rather be awed1 and at length lay down the arms of their warfare in the presence of truth2 so that all may say1 with ,st4 ,augustine3 #8,thou hast called me unto ,thy wonderful light1 and behold ,i see4' 0 ,te ,deum was now chanted1 the ,pope intoning the sublime hymn1 and with the ,pontifical benediction1 ended the fourth solemn public session of the ,vatican ,council4 ,with this council also ended all discussion within the church on those questions in regard to which it pronounced authoritatively4 ,no doubt the enemies of the ,catholic faith would have been better pleased if there had been absolute unanimity when the final vote was taken on the widely-discussed question of infallibility4 ,such a coincidence would have afforded them a pretext1 although1 indeed1 a groundless one1 for asserting that there was either collusion or compulsion1 whilst in reality there was complete liberty4 ,the two ,fathers who voted1 nay1 constituting a minority of two1 acted according to their right1 and it was not questioned4 ,these ,fathers were ,monsignor ,louis ,riccio1 ,bishop of ,casazzio1 in the kingdom of ,naples1 and the ,right ,rev1 ,edward ,fitzgerald1 ,bishop of ,petricola 7,little ,rock1 ,arkansas71 in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,immediately after the confirmation of the 8,constitution10 these two prelates1 advancing to the ,papal chair1 solemnly declared their adhesion to the act of the council4 ,the four dissentient cardinals--,rauscher1 ,schwarzenberg1 ,mathieu and ,hohenlohe--who had left the council when the fourth session was held1 also1 in their turn1 expressed their assent to the decision of the assembled ,fathers4 ,the opposing bishops did in like manner4 ,all of them1 not excepting ,strossmayer1 ,bishop of ,sirmium1 who was the most eloquent orator of the minority in the council1 and who appeared to hesitate longer than the rest1 ended by promulgating all the decrees of the council in their respective dioceses4 ,this is more than could be said of ,nicea1 ,chalcedon and ,constantinople4 ,for the first time1 no bishop persisted in resisting the decisions of an cumenical ,council4 ,it was now acknowledged by the whole episcopate that those measures were timely1 wise and salutary1 which the ,church1 ever guided by the ,spirit of ,god1 had deemed it proper to adopt1 but which so many1 awed by the spirit of unbelief which was abroad1 had judged were inopportune4 ,it may have been merely a coincidence4 ,but there can be no doubt that grandeur was added to a scene1 in itself sufficiently imposing1 when1 as on ,sinai of old1 lightning flashed and thunder pealed1 as the ,fathers of the ,council solemnly rose to give their final vote4 8,the placets of the ,fathers10 writes the correspondent of the ,london ,times 7,aug4 #e1 #ahgj71 8struggled through the storm while the thunder pealed above1 and the lightning flashed in at every window1 and down through the dome and every smaller cupola4 #8,placet6' shouted his ,eminence or his ,grace1 and a loud clap of thunder followed in response1 and then the lightning darted about the ,baldacchino and every part of the church and council-hall1 as if announcing the response4 ,so it continued for nearly one hour and a half1 during which time the roll was being called1 and a more effective scene ,i never witnessed4 ,had all the decorators and all the getters-up of ceremonies in ,rome been employed1 nothing approaching to the solemn grandeur of the storm could have been prepared1 and never will those who saw it and felt it forget the promulgation of the first dogma of the church40 ,less friendly critics beheld1 in this magnificent thunder-storm1 a distinct voice of ,divine anger1 condemning the important act of the assembled ,fathers4 ,had they forgotten ,sinai and the ,ten ,commandments8 ,all of a sudden1 as the last words were uttered1 the tempest ceased2 and1 at the moment when ,pius ,,ix4 intoned the ,te ,deum1 a sun-ray lighted up his noble and expressive countenance4 ,the voices of the ,sixtine choristers1 who continued chanting the hymn1 could not be heard4 ,they were lost in the united concert of the venerable ,fathers and the vast assemblage4 ,,comparative ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,vatican ,,council4 ,in whatever light we view the ,council of the ,vatican--the cumenical of the nineteenth century--it strikes us as being1 in ecclesiastical annals1 the event of the age4 ,it also marks1 in a remarkable manner1 the character and progress of the time4 ,the ,council of ,trent was highly important in its day2 and still1 after a lapse of three hundred years1 its teachings govern the ,church4 ,whilst1 as regards the wisdom of its decisions1 it cannot be excelled1 it was surpassed in many things by the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,trent was attended by comparatively few bishops1 who were from ,europe1 the ,eastern ,church and the countries bordering on the ,mediterranean4 ,the ,vatican ,council consisted of prelates from at least thirty different nations1 from the remotest regions of the habitable globe1 from the numerous churches in ,india which owed their origin to the apostolic zeal of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 from ,north and ,south ,america1 ,china1 ,australia1 ,new ,zealand and ,oceanica4 ,one-fifth of the churches existed not as yet in the time of ,trent which sent their bishops to represent them at the ,vatican ,council4 ,the countries in which many of these churches flourish had no place1 when the ,council of ,trent was called1 on the map of the world4 ,from those vast regions which now constitute the ,united ,states of ,america1 there was not so much as one bishop at ,trent4 ,at the ,vatican ,council there were no fewer than sixty4 ,there were never more than three bishops of ,ireland present together at ,trent1 and four only were members of that council4 ,twenty ,irish prelates attended the ,vatican ,council4 ,england sent only one bishop to ,trent4 ,he is mentioned as ,godveus ,anglus1 ,episc4 ,asaphensis4 ,the ,catholics of ,england were represented by thirteen ,english bishops at the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,scotland had no representation at ,trent4 ,the ,catholics of that country were most worthily represented at the ,vatican by ,bishop ,strain1 now ,archbishop of ,st4 ,andrews and ,edinburgh2 ,archbishop ,eyre1 of ,glasgow1 and ,bishop ,mc,donald1 of ,aberdeen4 ,there was only a very small number of ,english-speaking bishops at ,trent4 ,at the ,vatican ,council they were particularly numerous1 constituting1 as nearly as can be calculated1 one-fifth of the assembled ,catholic hierarchy4 ,at ,trent there were not many bishops from countries speaking different languages4 ,twenty-seven languages1 and various dialects besides1 were represented by prelates at the ,vatican4 ,the greater facilities for travelling1 which this favored age enjoys1 no doubt rendered it more easy to attend the ,council of the ,vatican than it was to journey to ,trent1 even from the nearest lands4 ,nevertheless1 there was laborious journeying to the ,vatican4 ,prelates from the vast regions of ,asia and ,africa1 ,america and ,australia1 knew what they would have to encounter1 but they were not deterred4 ,some1 on their way to the ,vatican1 travelled for whole weeks mounted on camels before they could reach the ports at which it behooved them to embark4 ,bishop ,launy1 of ,santa ,fe1 was forty-two days on his land-journey1 and travelled on horseback4 ,such of the laity as visited ,trent were comparatively few1 and only from places not very distant4 ,one hundred thousand pilgrims1 many of them from the most remote regions1 repaired to the ,vatican4 ,the number of ,fathers at any one time in council at ,trent was somewhat under three hundred4 ,seven hundred and eighty-three took part in the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,the ,council of ,trent1 however1 must not be underrated4 ,it was a most important council1 and admirably calculated to meet the wants of the time4 ,it marked an era in the history of the ,church4 ,it provided remedies for numerous evils1 and safety in the midst of danger4 ,it became a power which time has not diminished4 ,for three hundred years it has guided the destinies of ,peter's barque1 prelates and people wisely accepting its discipline1 and meekly obeying its rule4 ,it added1 no doubt1 to the importance of the ,vatican ,council that it was held at ,rome1 in the very centre of ,catholicity and of ,catholic unity1 and near the tombs of the martyred apostles1 the founders of the ,church4 ,in this it contrasts with ,trent1 which1 although the ,fathers assembled at an obscure village in the ,tyrol1 was not less1 on this account1 an cumenical ,council4 ,papal legates presided at ,trent1 whilst the ,holy ,father himself was present at all the solemn sessions of the ,vatican ,council which have as yet been held4 ,,infallibility4 ,there was no intention at first1 as has been shown1 of laying the question of infallibility before the council4 ,it happened1 however1 that a great clamor1 in regard to this question1 came to prevail both within and without the ,church4 ,the enemies of the doctrine railed so strongly against it1 and they who did not deny it declaimed so loudly against the opportuneness of pronouncing any decision concerning it1 that it was positively forced upon the attention of the assembled ,fathers4 ,when1 therefore1 they came to discuss the primacy and the temporalities of the ,sovereign ,pontiff in connection with the ,church of ,christ1 they hesitated not to consider1 at the same time1 his immunity from error when speaking1 as ,head of the ,church and successor of ,saint ,peter1 ex cathedra on matters of faith and morals4 ,the learning of theologians and the ability of orators were brought into requisition1 and the fact came prominently out that it had been according to the mind of the ,church at all times1 that the ,pope1 the successor of ,st4 ,peter1 is divinely assisted when pronouncing solemnly ex cathedra on questions of faith and morals4 ,when so pronouncing1 the decisions of the ,supreme ,pastor have always been accepted by the ,church1 whether dispersed or assembled in council4 ,it is a received belief among ,christians that to every legitimate office is attached a grace of vocation4 ,is it not1 therefore1 in accordance with reason and ,christian faith1 that such grace should belong1 and specially to the highest and most important of all offices8 ,such grace or assistance was promised to ,st4 ,peter1 and through him to his successors1 who are appointed to bear witness throughout all time to the truths of ,divine revelation4 ,for our blessed ,lord declared1 8,i am with you all days40 ,he could not better have secured the permanence of his religion--the kingdom of ,god on earth1 for the salvation of men in every age of the world4 ,when the ,supreme ,pastor speaks in the exercise of his sublime office1 the ,church also speaks4 ,the teaching and testimony of the ,head of the ,church and of the great body of the ,church are identical4 ,they must always be in harmony1 as was so admirably shown by the decision of the council on infallibility and the confirmation thereof by the ,holy ,father--confirma fratres tuous--8confirm thy brethren40 ,let not the opponents of the ,church and her salutary doctrines be carried away by the idea that a subservient council wished only to glorify their spiritual ,chief by ascribing to him imaginary personal gifts4 ,they were incapable of any such thing4 ,they were an assembly of the most venerable men in ,christendom1 who felt all the weight of their responsibility to ,god and men in the exercise of their sacred functions4 ,their decision has not altered the position of the ,supreme ,pastor4 ,any writings or discourses which he may produce in his merely personal or more private capacity are received by the ,christian world with that degree of consideration to which they are entitled on account of the estimation in which he is held by men as a theologian and a man of learning and ability4 ,it is only when pronouncing solemnly ex cathedra1 as the successor of ,st4 ,peter and the ,head of the ,church1 on questions of faith and morals1 that he is universally believed to be divinely assisted so as to be above the danger of erring1 or of leading into error--in other words 7and we cannot help who may be offended71 that he is infallible4 ,,franco-,,prussian ,,war--,,withdrawal ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,garrison ,,from ,,rome--,,adjournment ,,of ,,the ,,council4 ,events were now at hand which made it impossible for the council to hold another session4 ,the ,french ,emperor had greatly fallen1 in the estimation of the people of ,france1 from the time of his shameful abandonment of the chivalrous ,maximilian and the popular design of establishing a ,latin empire on the continent of ,america4 ,in order to make amends and regain his prestige1 he had revived the idea1 so dear to the ,french1 of rectifying the ,rhine frontier of ,france by resuming possession of ,luxembourg and some other adjacent provinces4 ,he formally intimated his design to ,prussia4 ,that ,power1 however1 aware of its rights and conscious of its military superiority1 declined all negotiation on the subject4 ,from that moment ,prussia held herself in readiness to repel1 with the sword1 if necessary1 any insolence that1 in the future1 might proceed from her aggressive neighbor1 for whose tottering throne war was a necessity4 ,the candidature of ,prince ,leopold of ,hohenzollern for the throne of ,spain now afforded a pretext1 which ,napoleon ,,iii4 was only too anxious to find1 for provoking by a fresh insult his powerful rival4 ,it may be that he dreaded the accession of strength which might eventually accrue to ,prussia if the crown of ,spain were placed on the head of a ,prince of the house of ,hohenzollern4 ,napoleon remonstrated1 and threatened war4 ,the youthful ,german prince generously renounced a candidature which it was not hard to see would lead to a rupture between the two ,powers1 and cause a destructive war4 ,the ,king of ,prussia1 head of the ,hohenzollerns1 sanctioned1 if he did not command1 this act of moderation on the part of the prince1 his relative4 ,but moderation was of no avail4 ,napoleon1 surrounded by a ,jacobinical ministry1 insisted upon war4 ,the very idea of proposing a ,german for the throne of ,spain appeared to him to be a sufficient cause for issuing a declaration of hostilities4 ,the gauntlet thus thrown down1 the ,prussian monarch was too chivalrous to decline the challenge4 ,he relied on his great military strength1 and could afford to despise the comparatively inferior preparations of the ,french ,empire4 ,with the vast resources of ,france at his command1 the ,emperor1 one would suppose1 might have managed1 in the course of three years1 to increase and discipline his army1 garrison his fortresses and seek alliances4 ,he might have taken more time if necessary4 ,he had no need to precipitate events1 as he so recklessly did1 by declaring war when there was positively no preparation made for it4 ,we shall presently see whether he were not one of those whom ,providence deprives of reason when it has resolved on their destruction4 ,in the absence of more effective preparations1 the small garrison at ,rome of five thousand men was withdrawn in order to augment the army which all ,france believed was destined to crush the formidable ,teuton and capture ,berlin4 ,if1 however1 this had been ,napoleon's only object in recalling the troops1 he could have accomplished it as easily by ordering four thousand five hundred of the ,roman garrison to join the invading army1 leaving the remaining five hundred to guard the city of the ,popes4 ,this smaller number would surely have been as able as five thousand to repel a ,piedmontese force of sixty thousand men4 ,but there was question of more than mere physical power4 ,so long as it was evident that ,france protected the ,papal city1 whether by a greater or smaller number of soldiers1 the legions of ,piedmont never would have marched against it4 ,napoleon's minister1 ,m4 de ,gramont1 revealed the pretext3 8,it is certainly not from strategetical necessity that we evacuate the ,roman ,states1 but the political urgency is obvious4 ,we must conciliate the good-will of the ,italian ,cabinet40 ,much1 indeed1 it availed them4 ,viterbo was evacuated on the #dth of ,august4 ,the last remnant of ,french troops embarked at ,civita ,vecchia1 partly on the #dth and partly on the #fth1 the very days on which the ,french army experienced its first reverses at ,weissemberg1 ,wrth and ,spikeren4 ,instead of hesitating to perform a most cowardly act1 which1 viewing it only politically1 proclaimed his weakness to all ,europe1 the ,emperor ,napoleon made all haste to complete it4 ,he expressed regret4 ,who will say that he was sincere8 ,had he not perfected the master-work of his reign--his grand transalpine scheme8 ,the ,piedmontese minister1 ,visconti ,venosta1 gives a very distinct reply4 ,writing to the ,piedmontese representatives at foreign courts1 this minister says that as several governments had desired to know their views in regard to the relation of passing events with the ,roman question1 his government had no hesitation in making the clearest explanations4 ,the convention of #aeth ,september1 #ahfd1 had not sufficed to avert the causes arising abroad which hindered the settlement of the ,roman difficulty4 ,he then accuses the ,roman ,court of having assumed a hostile attitude in the centre of the peninsula1 and that the consequences of such a position might be serious for ,piedmont on occasion of the ,franco-,prussian war and the complications to which it might give rise4 ,visconti ,venosta further states that the basis of a new and definite solution of the ,roman question had been confidentially recognized in principle1 and was subject only to the condition of opportunity4 ,it is no pleasure1 surely1 to convict the late ,emperor of a deep-laid conspiracy to revolutionize the ,roman ,state1 and rob the ,holy ,father of his time-honored patrimony4 ,but there is no escaping the conclusion that he had never ceased to plot with the revolutionists4 ,he was not yet vanquished and fallen himself when he left the ,sovereign ,pontiff to his enemies4 ,one of the chief calumnies of the time was directed by the revolutionists against ,pius ,,ix4 ,they accused the venerable ,pontiff of encouraging the ,prussian monarch to wage war against ,france4 ,the falsehood of this accusation can only be equalled by its absurdity4 ,the ,holy ,father1 on the contrary1 earnestly endeavored1 although in vain1 before the commencement of hostilities1 to avert the dire calamity of war4 ,so early as #bbnd ,july1 #ahgj1 he interposed between the two rival sovereigns4 8,sire10 he wrote to the ,king of ,prussia1 8in the most serious circumstances in which we are placed1 it will appear to you unusual to receive a letter from me4 ,but as ,i hold the office of ,vicar of the ,god of peace in this world1 ,i cannot do less than offer you my mediation4 ,it is my desire that all preparations for war should disappear1 and that the evils which inevitably follow should be prevented4 ,my mediation is that of a sovereign who1 in his capacity of king1 cannot1 on account of the smallness of his territory1 excite any jealousy1 but who1 nevertheless1 will inspire confidence by the moral and religious influence which he personifies4 ,may ,god hear my prayers6 and may ,he also accept those which ,i offer for your ,majesty1 with whom ,i desire to be united in the common bond of charity4 ,pius ,,pp4 ,,ix40 8,i have written also to the ,emperor of the ,french40 ,the ,king of ,prussia replied from ,berlin on the #cjth ,july4 ,the kindly monarch expressed himself beautifully and with the finest feeling3 8,most blessed ,pontiff--,i was not surprised but deeply moved when ,i read the feeling words which you wrote1 in order to cause the voice of the ,god of peace to be heard4 ,how could ,i be deaf to such a powerful appeal8 ,god is my witness that neither ,i nor my people have desired this war4 ,in fulfilment of the sacred duties which ,god lays on sovereigns and on nations1 we have drawn the sword in order to defend the independence and honor of our country1 and we are prepared to lay it down as soon as these blessings shall no longer be in danger of being torn from us4 ,if your ,holiness could offer me1 on the part of him who has so unexpectedly declared war1 the assurance of sincerely pacific dispositions and of guarantees against a renewal of such violation of the peace and tranquillity of ,europe1 ,i certainly would be far from refusing to accept them at the venerable hands of your ,holiness1 united as ,i am with you by the bonds of ,christian charity and true friendship4 ,,william40 ,the letter of ,pius ,,ix4 to the ,french ,emperor has not been published1 and it is not known whether ,napoleon deigned to reply4 ,one thing is certain4 ,he did not either accept the mediation or heed the remonstrances of the ,holy ,father4 ,he was equally deaf to the warnings of his old allies of ,crimean fame4 ,the ,british government despatched to ,paris a member of the cabinet1 who1 in a prolonged interview with the demented ,emperor1 argued earnestly on the part of ,queen ,victoria and her ministry against his purposed violation of the peace of ,europe by undertaking an unprovoked1 unjust and irrational war4 ,the war broke out4 ,it was waged disastrously to the ,french4 ,pius ,,ix4 was deeply grieved4 8,poor ,france60 he exclaimed1 as he heard of each new defeat of the nation that he loved so well4 ,he interposed once more4 ,but with the like ill success4 ,neither could the ,germans be checked in their victorious career1 nor could the vanquished ,french be induced to acknowledge their defeat and seek such terms of peace as might possibly have been obtained4 ,on #abth ,november1 #ahgj1 the ,holy ,father wrote to ,mgr4 ,guibert1 ,archbishop of ,tours1 in whose palace was resident a delegation of the ,french government4 8,neglect nothing10 wrote the ,pontiff1 8we conjure you1 in order to prevail on your illustrious guests to put an end to this war4 ,nevertheless1 we are not unaware that it does not depend on them alone1 and that we should vainly pursue the great object of peace1 if our pacific ministry did not also meet with support on the part of the conqueror4 ,so we have not hesitated to write to this effect to his ,majesty the ,king of ,prussia4 ,we cannot1 indeed1 affirm anything as to the favorable result of the step which we have taken4 ,we have1 nevertheless1 some ground for hope1 as this monarch has in other circumstances shown us much good-will40 ,unfortunately1 the bold men who had assumed supreme authority in ,france1 and had undertaken the difficult task of saving the country1 were incapable of accepting good advice1 especially when it came from a ,pope4 ,the ,king of ,prussia and his minister1 on the other hand1 were of the number of those whom victory intoxicates1 and whom the power to dare everything deprives of all sense of moderation4 ,pius ,,ix4 did not know them as yet4 ,the representations of ,mgr4 ,guibert to ,messrs4 ,cremieux1 ,glais ,bisoin and ,gambetta1 were not more successful than those of ,mgr4 ,ledochowski1 ,archbishop of ,posen1 who hastened to the presence of ,king ,william at ,versailles4 ,the earnest endeavors of the archbishop met with less consideration1 to all appearance1 at least1 although it does not appear that1 on this occasion1 ,william made any reply to ,pius ,,ix4 ,notwithstanding these untoward circumstances1 the ,holy ,pontiff never lost confidence in the nation of ,charlemagne and ,st4 ,louis4 ,france1 he said1 although sadly exhausted and bathed in blood1 would yet show excellent fruits4 ,the ,piedmontese government1 which had been for some time established at ,florence1 now resolved to avail itself of the disasters of ,france to seize the city of the ,popes1 and to constitute it the capital of regenerated ,italy4 ,the minister1 ,visconti ,venosta1 in a circular letter1 renewed his calumnies1 pretending that a hostile power existed in the centre of ,italy1 and hypocritically declared that it had become necessary that the government of his master should assume the protection of the ,holy ,see4 ,they would not wait1 he said1 moreover1 till the agitation at home should lead to the effusion of blood between the ,romans and foreign forces1 but would proceed1 as soon as they could learn that the opportune time had come1 to occupy what remained to the ,holy ,father of the ,roman ,states4 ,the information which the minister sought came with remarkable rapidity4 ,the day after the circular alluded to was written1 another minister1 ,signor ,lanza1 declared that the solemn moment had arrived when the government of his king was called upon1 in the interest of the ,holy ,see and of ,italy1 to take measures for the national safety4 ,an envoy was despatched to ,rome1 with a letter to the ,pope1 assuring him that the king's government was firmly resolved to give the necessary guarantees for the spiritual independence of the ,holy ,see1 and that these guarantees would be hereafter the subject of negotiations with the ,powers that were interested in the ,papacy4 ,in addition to this mockery of diplomacy1 ,victor ,emmanuel himself wrote to the ,pope1 expressing his filial devotedness1 while at the same time he was preparing1 from an excess of affection1 to bombard his city and slay his defenders1 to rob him from an excessive zeal for justice1 to imprison him in order to set him free1 and1 finally1 that he ought to allow all this to be done without complaint1 and even thank the good king who took so much care of him4 ,the ,florentine ,envoy1 ,signor ,ponza di ,san ,martino1 when he came to ,rome1 made his first visit to ,cardinal ,antonelli1 who received him politely1 and did not refuse to ask for him an interview with the ,pope4 ,the cardinal1 however1 declined to have any conversation with him on the object of his mission4 8,i know already10 said he1 8all that you could tell me4 ,you are also aware of the reply that ,i would give4 ,force1 not argument1 speaks at present40 ,pius ,,ix4 was more afflicted than surprised when he read ,king ,victor ,emmanuel's letter4 ,he was particularly pained by the tone of this document4 8,how the revolution has abased a ,prince of the ,house of ,savoy6 ,it is not satisfied with dethroning kings as often as it can1 and with committing their heads to the guillotine4 ,it must also dishonor them40 ,the envoy insisted that the king was sincere2 that he was more convinced than any other1 that the independence of the ,chief of the ,church was a necessity2 and that he offered real and substantial guarantees to this independence4 8,and who will guarantee these guarantees0 asked the ,pope4 8,your king cannot promise anything4 ,he is no longer a king4 ,he depends on his parliament1 which1 in its turn1 depends on the secret societies40 ,the ambassador1 more disconcerted than ever1 remarked on the difficulties of the time4 ,he claimed1 although timidly1 that the king ought to be judged according to his intentions1 as at the time he was constrained by the aspirations of four-and-twenty millions of ,italians4 8,your statement is untrue1 sir10 replied ,pius ,,ix4 8,you calumniate ,italy6 ,of these four-and-twenty millions1 twenty-three millions are devoted to me1 love and respect me1 and only require that the revolution leave them and me in peace4 ,the remaining million you have poisoned with false doctrines and inspired with base passions4 ,these unfortunate people are the friends of your king and the instigators of his ambitious designs4 ,when they have no longer need of him they will cast him aside4 ,my answer will be communicated to you to-morrow4 ,i am too much moved with grief and indignation to be able to write at present40 ,next day1 accordingly1 #aath ,september1 the following reply to ,victor ,emmanuel was conveyed to ,signor ,ponza3 8,,sire1--,count ,ponza di ,san ,martino has handed me a letter which it has pleased your ,majesty to address to me4 ,this letter is not worthy of an affectionate son who glories in professing the ,catholic faith1 and who prides himself on being royally loyal4 ,i dwell not on the details contained in the letter1 in order to avoid renewing the pain which a first reading of it gave me4 ,i bless ,god1 who has permitted that your ,majesty should overwhelm with bitterness the last years of my life4 ,i cannot admit the demands made in your letter1 nor adopt the principles which it contains4 ,i call upon ,god anew1 and commend to ,him my cause1 which is also wholly ,his own4 ,i beseech ,him to bestow abundant graces on your ,majesty1 to deliver you from all danger1 and to grant you all the mercy which you require40 ,this answer was not waited for4 ,victor ,emmanuel made haste to become the declared enemy of ,pius ,,ix4 ,on #aath ,september1 the ,pontifical territory was invaded by his orders at three different points--,aquapendente1 in the north3 ,orte and ,correse1 to the east2 and on the south1 ,ceprano4 ,the invading army amounted to sixty thousand men4 ,after the withdrawal of the ,french garrison1 there remained only at ,rome the few soldiers who constituted the army of the ,pope4 ,a great portion of these were1 to the lasting honor of a remote ,british dependency1 ,canadians4 ,they all deserved well of the ,holy ,father1 and had imperilled their lives in his service4 ,on occasion of the great difficulty which had arisen1 accordingly1 he was pleased to address to them in person special words of comfort and encouragement4 ,it was evident that1 in the adverse circumstances of the time1 the ,council of the ,vatican could not long continue its deliberations4 ,accordingly1 the ,holy ,father authorized such of the bishops as desired to retire to return to their dioceses until the feast of ,st4 ,martin1 #aath ,november following1 at which date it was intended to resume the labors of the council4 ,it was not1 however1 strictly speaking1 suspended4 ,some general congregations 7committees7 were still held1 and the various deputations continued their studies4 ,during this time1 the bishops of the minority1 one after another1 expressed their adhesion4 ,the bishops1 on returning to their dioceses1 were received with magnificent proofs of the people's fidelity4 ,some parties pretending that the ,constitution1 ,pastor ternus1 was not obligatory1 because the council was not terminated1 ,cardinal ,antonelli addressed to the ,papal ,nuncio at ,brussels a letter under date of #aath ,august1 which removed all doubt on the subject4 ,the rapid march of events1 however1 rendered it necessary to interrupt the labors of the assembled ,fathers4 ,on #bjth ,october1 accordingly1 ,pius ,,ix4 published the ,bull1 ,postquam ,dei ,munere1 which suspended them for an indefinite period4 ,,the ,,wolf ,,in ,,the ,,fold4 ,when all the ,pontifical forces had returned from the outposts1 on the approach of the formidable ,piedmontese invader1 and were concentrated at ,rome1 they numbered not more than some ten thousand men4 ,such an army was quite inadequate to cope with the superior power of the ,florence government4 ,pius ,,ix41 therefore1 in order to prevent an unavailing conflict1 placed an order in the hands of his general-in-chief1 to the effect that as soon as sufficient resistance was made1 in order to show that violence was used against the ,holy ,see1 he should surrender the city4 ,this was a trial to the devoted ,papal ,zouaves1 who1 during the few moments that fighting was allowed1 conducted themselves in the most gallant style1 and kept the enemy at bay4 ,their bravery deserved a better fate than that which befell them and the ,roman ,state4 ,two lieutenants1 ,niel and ,brondeis1 fell1 pierced with wounds1 exclaiming with their last breath1 8,long live ,pius ,,ix460 ,a brave ,alsacian fell by their side4 ,a ,canadian ,zouave1 ,hormisdas ,sauvet1 was also wounded1 and declared that he was more fortunate than so many of his fellow-countrymen who had been two years in the ,pontifical service without the slightest accident4 ,another ,zouave1 whose name was ,burel1 when wounded in the mouth1 and his tongue was destroyed1 made a sign that he wished to write4 ,paper was brought to him1 and he thus wrote his will3 8,i leave to the ,holy ,father all that ,i possess40 ,he died the following day4 ,the paper1 all covered with blood1 was taken to ,pius ,,ix41 who1 in his turn1 bedewed it with tears1 and desired to keep it as a memorial4 ,the ,italian general ,cadorna1 an apostate priest1 commenced bombarding ,rome at five points4 ,at one of these1 between the gates ,pia and ,salara1 they speedily effected a breach in an old wall about two feet in thickness1 and built of bricks and tufa4 ,it may be conceived with what feelings the brave ,papal soldiers beheld the storming column enter the city1 whilst they1 in obedience to orders1 remained inactive spectators4 ,they bore in silence and without moving an arm the insults and even the violence of the fierce soldiery of ,piedmont4 ,finally1 after a white flag had been displayed for some time on the ,pontifical side1 almost in vain1 ,general ,kanzler had an interview with ,cadorna1 at the ,villa ,albani4 ,it can hardly be said that a convention was resolved on4 ,it would be more true to write that the terms of the conqueror were imposed on the vanquished1 and1 as a matter of necessity1 accepted4 ,the soldiers were better treated than in such circumstances could well be expected4 ,they were allowed to march out of ,rome with the honors of war1 bearing with them their colors1 arms and baggage4 ,when once out of the city1 however1 they were all obliged to lay down their arms and their colors1 with the exception of the officers1 who were permitted to retain their swords1 their horses and everything that belonged to them4 ,such soldiers as were foreigners were to be sent to their respective homes by the ,italian government4 ,the future position of the ,pope's native troops was to be taken into consideration4 ,by the articles of capitulation1 it was settled that the ,pope should be allowed only the ,vatican ,palace and that part of ,rome which is called the ,leonine city4 ,thus were carried into effect the views of those revolutionists of ,paris and ,turin who claimed to be moderate4 ,their programme was that which ,prince ,napoleon had concocted in #ahfa4 ,it is deeply to be regretted that when so little resistance was required1 so many of the ,pope's brave defenders should have fallen4 ,some were basely murdered in the streets on the nights of the #bjth and #bast ,september4 ,without counting these1 however1 there were sixteen killed1 of whom one was an officer1 and fifty-eight wounded4 ,among these last there were two officers1 two surgeons and a chaplain4 ,the troops having been so hastily dismissed to their foreign homes1 to ,civita ,vecchia1 etc41 it is possible that the list may be incomplete4 ,the losses of the ,piedmontese were never made known4 ,it is certain1 at any rate1 that one hundred wounded were received at the hospital 8de la ,consolation0 alone4 ,whilst ,pius ,,ix4 neglected not to warn1 remonstrate and use every fair and loyal art of diplomacy1 he failed not1 at the same time1 to have recourse to the spiritual weapon of prayer4 ,as the enemy approached his gates1 he repaired to the ,lateran ,basilica1 and there most earnestly addressed his supplications to the ,god of armies4 ,notwithstanding his great age1 he ascended1 on his knees1 all the time absorbed in prayer1 the twenty-nine steps of the ,scala ,santa1 which1 at the ,palace of ,pontius ,pilate1 was consecrated by the footsteps of our suffering ,saviour4 ,on reaching the chapel at the head of the holy stair1 he poured forth a prayer by which all who heard it were deeply moved4 ,he beseeched our blessed ,lord1 whose humble servant and representative he was1 to turn aside the wrath of heaven1 to prevent the profanation of the holy places1 to save his people4 ,he conjured our most loving ,saviour1 by virtue of ,his passion1 by the pain especially which ,he suffered when spontaneously ascending that same stair in order to undergo the mockery of judgment by ,his erring creatures1 to have mercy on afflicted ,rome1 on ,his people1 on ,his ,church--,his well-beloved and stainless spouse1 to save her temples from desecration and her children from the sword4 8,pardon10 he concluded1 8pardon my people1 who are also ,thy people4 ,if ,thou desirest a victim1 ,o ,god6 take ,thy unworthy servant6 ,have ,i not lived long enough8 ,mercy6 ,o ,god6 have mercy1 ,i beseech ,thee6 ,but whatever may happen1 ,thy holy will be done60 ,as was always the case when ,pius ,,ix4 appeared among his people1 he was received on this occasion with every demonstration of welcome4 ,as soon as the inhabitants of the locality became aware of his presence1 they thronged around his carriage in order to do him honor1 and1 urged by the circumstances of the time1 with that freedom and familiarity of manner peculiar to the ,romans1 they added to their acclamations and cordial vivats words of encouragement and even advice4 8,defend yourself4 ,holy ,father6 defend us6 courage6 courage60 ,a parting benediction1 and he left his people of ,rome to be with them no more4 ,all the representatives of foreign ,states1 with the exception of ,von ,arnim1 the ,prussian ,ambassador1 remained with the ,holy ,father1 protesting by their presence against the flagrant violation of a solemn treaty which the ,florence government was committing4 ,it is not known that ,von ,arnim was instructed by his government to act as he did4 ,but none are ignorant that since that time it has dealt severely with him4 ,the diplomatist who rejoiced over the fall of ,rome has himself incurred disgrace1 and undergoes the punishment of a banished man4 ,pius ,,ix41 complimenting the ambassadors1 called to mind how they had afforded him much comfort on a similar occasion4 ,this was in #ahdh1 and at the ,quirinal ,palace4 ,he informed them also that he had written to ,king ,victor ,emmanuel1 but did not know whether he had received his letter4 ,at any rate1 he had little hope that it would have any result4 ,his mention of the notorious ,bixio1 who was with the ,italian army1 was not without significance4 ,this rabid red republican had threatened that if ever he entered ,rome he would throw the ,pope and cardinals into the ,tiber4 8,his ideas10 the ,holy ,father observed1 8were now probably modified4 ,he was with a king4 ,may it please ,heaven to effect a complete transformation and convert this ,bixio and so many others40 ,the students of the ,american ,college at ,rome1 the ambassadors were then told1 had offered to take up arms in the service of ,pius ,,ix4 ,the ,holy ,father would not allow them to serve otherwise than by attending to the wounded4 8,i wish ,i could say that ,i count on you10 said the ,pope1 addressing the ambassadors1 8and that one of you will have the honor1 as formerly1 to extricate the ,church and her ,chief from difficulty4 ,but the times are changed4 ,the aged ,pope1 in his misfortunes1 cannot rely on any one in this world4 ,but the ,church is immortal4 ,let this never be forgotten40 ,general ,kanzler now brought the intelligence that a breach was made1 and the assault on the point of commencing4 ,the ,pope having conferred a few moments apart with ,cardinal ,antonelli1 resumed his discourse3 8,i have just given the order to capitulate4 ,we might still defend ourselves4 ,but to what purpose8 ,abandoned by every one1 ,i must yield sooner or later2 and ,i must not allow any useless shedding of blood4 ,you are my witnesses1 gentlemen1 that the foreigner enters here only by violence1 and that if my door is forced1 it is by breaking it open4 ,this the world shall know1 and history will tell it1 one day1 to the honor of the ,romans1 my children4 ,i speak not of myself1 gentlemen2 ,i weep not for myself1 but for those unfortunate young men who have come to defend me as their ,father4 ,you will take care1 each of you1 of those of your country4 ,there are some from all countries4 ,i recommend them all to you1 in order that you may preserve them from such maltreatment as others had to suffer ten years ago4 ,i absolve my soldiers from their oath of fidelity4 ,i pray ,god to give me strength and courage4 ,ah6 it is not they who suffer injustice that are most to be pitied40 ,having thus spoken1 he took leave of the ambassadors1 with tears in his eyes4 ,on the same day1 ,cardinal ,antonelli1 by his order1 intimated the sad tidings to the governments of all civilized nations4 ,pius ,,ix4 also protested by an allocution to the cardinals4 ,it only remains to chronicle the shameful violation of the treaty1 which bound the ,french nation to protect the ,holy ,father1 by the government temporarily established in ,france4 8,the ,september agreement10 wrote a representative of the ,french republic1 under the date of #bbnd ,september1 #ahgj1 8virtually ceases to exist by the proclamation of the ,french republic4 ,i congratulate the ,king of ,italy1 in the name of the ,french government and in my own name1 on the deliverance of ,home and the final consecration of ,italian unity40 ,thus was disgrace added to the misfortunes of a great country4 ,it was some time before order could be restored at ,rome4 ,from four thousand to five thousand vagrants and bandits1 chiefly ,garibaldians1 entered the city at the heels of the invading force4 ,the prisons were thrown open1 and swelled the ranks of these disorderly bands4 ,during two whole days that these lawless hordes were allowed to commit all kinds of excesses1 houses were fired1 valuable property destroyed or carried off1 some eighty unoffending citizens put to death1 and such of the ,roman soldiers as were recognized cut down or thrown into the ,tiber4 ,nor was the ,italian general in any hurry to repress such proceedings4 8,lasciate il popolo sfogarsir10 coolly said ,cadorna to the parties who entreated him to put an end to such horrors4 ,this general and the men with whom he acted were only robbers on a greater scale4 ,their commissioners lost not a moment4 ,when tranquillity was somewhat restored1 and complaints were made against housebreakers1 it was found that everything was already confiscated--libraries1 archives1 colleges1 museums1 etc4 ,victor ,emmanuel had need of the mob which followed his troops4 ,anxious to give a coloring of right to his brigandage1 he resolved1 according to the fashion of his ,imperial patron and accomplice1 to hold a plebiscitum4 ,in the city of ,rome1 with the help of his numerous assemblage of vagrants1 he had forty thousand votes1 whilst against him there were only forty-six4 ,something similar was done in the landward part of the ,roman ,state4 ,better1 surely1 no right beyond what the sword could give1 than such a transparent semblance of right4 ,no wonder that ,victor ,emmanuel's best friends condemned such an impolitic and ridiculous proceeding4 ,none could be so simple as to believe that there were only forty-six voters against him1 when all the numerous officials1 both civil and military1 protested against his aggression by resigning their offices4 ,it is bad enough when men in authority play fantastic tricks4 ,when the play is badly played1 the trickery becomes ridiculous4 ,it now remained to adhibit the seal of permanency to the fait accompli4 ,this was done by the following decree3 ,art4 #ast4 ,rome and the ,roman ,provinces constitute an integral portion of the kingdom of ,italy4 ,art4 #bnd4 ,the ,sovereign ,pontiff retains the dignity1 inviolability1 and all the prerogatives of a sovereign4 ,art4 #crd4 ,a special law will sanction the conditions calculated to guarantee1 even by territorial franchises1 the independence of the ,sovereign ,pontiff and the free exercise of the spiritual authority of the ,holy ,see4 ,thus was sacrificed to ,italian unity the city of the ,popes4 ,was the sacrifice essential8 ,florence might have well sufficed4 ,it was of little avail that the brigands who followed the ,piedmontese army were compelled1 by superior power1 to moderate their violence4 ,their robberies were1 for the most part1 of a private nature1 and committed on a small scale4 ,those of their superiors--the ,piedmontese usurpers--were grander and more extensive4 ,they astonished1 if they did not terrify1 by their magnitude and the daring which achieved them4 ,there were palaces at ,rome and soldiers' quarters which had satisfied all the requirements of ,papal grandeur4 ,these were nothing to the republican simplicity of the new order of things4 ,no doubt the parliament which had just arrived from ,florence required ample space4 ,the costly equipages and hunting studs of a constitutional king were also to be provided for4 ,could not all this have been done1 especially in such a vast city1 without expropriating convents1 desecrating churches1 and even seizing for their purposes the refuges of the sick8 ,it was more than an idea that required such spoliation4 ,but what shall we say when we call to mind that the mere desire to modernize everything threatened the destruction of all those monuments which rendered ,rome so dear to travellers from every clime8 ,it had been hitherto the city of the ,consuls1 of the ,emperors1 of the ,popes4 ,it must now become a commonplace town1 with straight lines1 rectangles and parallelograms1 like ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 or the ,haussmanized ,paris of ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,the ,royal ,palace of the ,popes1 the ,quirinal1 was unscrupulously seized1 in order to make a city mansion for the ,king of ,italy4 ,it was too magnificent1 apparently1 for this gentleman prince4 ,he seldom entered it4 ,it may be that he dreaded offending the revolution1 to which he owed so much1 by too great an affectation of royal style4 ,if the gratitude of such a heartless thing could be relied on1 he had no need to fear4 ,without the sword of ,piedmont the revolution never could have entered ,rome4 ,meanwhile1 the ,pope was engaged in most anxious deliberation4 ,at last1 considering the disturbed state of ,europe generally1 he concluded that it was better for him to remain at ,rome4 ,a ,pontifical ship1 which had not been included in the articles of capitulation1 awaited his orders in the waters of ,civita ,vecchia4 ,this vessel was named the 8,immaculate ,conception20 and two years later1 by order of his ,holiness1 was laid up at ,toulon1 under the protection of the flag of ,france4 ,a ,french ship1 the 8,orenoque10 was then placed at the disposal of ,pius ,,ix41 in case he should wish1 at any time1 to leave ,rome3 and later1 the 8,kleber10 which was stationed in the waters of ,bastia 7,corsica74 ,the ,holy ,father had made up his mind so early as the first days of ,september1 #ahgj1 to remain in the city4 ,his presence1 he felt confident1 would so far prevent the evils which he feared4 ,if he were gone1 there would be less restraint on the usurping power1 when it might wish to confiscate more convents1 churches and church property generally4 ,almost all the foreign ambassadors remained with him2 and this circumstance presented another cause why the new government would be more moderate and circumspect in its attacks on property4 ,a beautiful legend which the ,holy ,father recounted1 at an interview with ,cardinal ,de ,bonnechose1 was well calculated to reconcile the ,catholic world to the stay of ,pius ,,ix4 at ,rome1 even although he was there as a prisoner of the victorious king4 ,and a prisoner he really was2 for he could not have removed to any other country except by a successful stratagem1 so closely guarded were all the approaches to the city by the myrmidons of the conqueror4 ,taking the cardinal aside1 he informed him that he wished to present him with a memorial4 8,the object in itself is of little value4 ,the intention with which ,i give it is all its worth40 ,it was a small plate of ivory1 framed in gold1 surmounted by the arms of the ,holy ,see1 and representing in the most exquisite manner a moving scene in the life of ,st4 ,peter4 8,you behold the subject of my frequent meditations for many years4 ,when the prince of the apostles1 fleeing from persecution1 quitted ,rome1 he met1 not far from the gate of ,saint ,sebastian1 our ,lord ,himself1 carrying ,his cross and looking extraordinarily sad3 #8,domine quo radis8' #8,lord1 where are you going8' exclaimed ,peter4 #8,i am going to ,rome1' replied our blessed ,lord1 #8,in order to be there crucified anew to die in your place1 as your courage has failed you4' 0 8,peter understood10 continued the ,holy ,father1 8and remained at ,rome4 ,i also remain4 ,for if1 at this moment1 ,i left the eternal city1 it would seem to me as if our ,lord addressed to me the same words of reproach4 ,the representation of this scene ,i am anxious to leave with you as a memorial4 ,it may1 in reality1 be nothing more than a pious legend4 ,but for me it in a decisive instruction40 ,pius ,,ix4 then delivered the precious medallion to the cardinal4 ,,guarantees ,,which ,,guaranteed ,,nothing--#abj1jjj ,,with ,,which ,,nothing ,,was ,,paid--,,peter',s ,,pence ,,which ,,paid ,,everything4 ,in order to give a coloring to his usurpation in the eyes of ,christian ,europe1 and to set at rest any scruples which may have remained in the minds of his adherents1 ,victor ,emmanuel caused a law to be enacted on the #acth ,march1 #ahga1 which is known as the law of guarantees4 ,this law declared the person of the ,sovereign ,pontiff sacred and inviolable1 recognized his title and dignity of sovereign1 assured to him an annual endowment of #c1bbe1jjj francs 7#abj1jjj71 together with the possession of the ,vatican and ,lateran ,palaces1 as well as the ,pontifical ,villa of ,castel ,gandolfo1 and provided for the complete liberty of all future ,conclaves and cumenical ,councils4 ,it requires two parties to every contract or agreement4 ,the law of guarantees had no such condition1 the ,holy ,father not being a party to it4 ,he could not accept the honors which the new government pretended to confer1 nor the money which it offered4 ,it was not a government by any other law than that of the sword--that of a war not only undertaken against the unoffending1 but also in violation of a solemn treaty4 ,neither was the treasure which it proffered its rightful property4 ,it held it1 indeed2 but only as the robber holds the purse of his victim1 whilst he mocks him by an offer of alms4 ,it was also the merest mockery to pretend to recognize the ,pope as a sovereign1 whilst1 in reality1 he was detained as a prisoner1 who could not pass beyond the gate of his garden without coming into the custody of the armed police or soldiery of the usurper1 ,by the provisions of this same law of guarantees1 full liberty was secured to the ,sovereign ,pontiff in the exercise of his spiritual office4 ,the persecutions to which the ministers of the ,church were frequently subjected1 when they dared to obey the orders of the ,pope in fulfilling the duties of his and their ministry1 show to what extent the framers of the law were sincere4 ,it need only be added1 without further comment1 that article eighteen confiscated1 by anticipation1 all ecclesiastical properties1 under the pretence that they were to be reorganized1 preserved and administered4 ,no wonder that the ,pope stigmatized such a law as hypocritical and iniquitous4 ,in the supposition that he could have derived any benefit from accepting it1 he would still have been at the mercy of a fickle king and parliament1 to whom it was competent1 at any moment1 to change the law which they had made4 ,the safety of the ,holy ,father1 under ,heaven1 lay in this1 that the newly erected kingdom of ,victor ,emmanuel was most ambitious to figure as a ,state among the ,states of ,europe4 ,to none of these would it have been pleasing to see the venerable ,pontiff forcibly driven from the city of the ,popes4 ,it was necessary1 as far as possible1 to blindfold them4 8,i have1 indeed1 great need of money40 said ,pius ,,ix41 when the sum appropriated by the law of guarantees was first presented for his acceptance2 8my children1 everywhere1 impose on themselves the most serious sacrifices in order to supply my wants1 at all times so great1 but to which you are daily adding4 ,as it is a portion of the property that has been stolen from me1 ,i could only accept it as restitution money4 ,i will never sign a receipt which would appear to express my acquiescence in the robbery40 ,every succeeding year the form1 or rather the farce1 of offering the subsidy was renewed and as often rejected4 ,that the offer of so large a sum was hypocritical1 and intended only for show1 is well proved by the circumstance that the liberal ,italian government deprived of their incomes and drove from their places of residence many bishops1 whose wants were supplied in their great distress from the resources of the ,holy ,father4 ,love is stronger than hate2 and so well-beloved was ,pius ,,ix4 throughout ,catholic ,christendom1 that contributions of money from every country where there were any ,catholics were poured into his treasury1 in such abundance as more than compensated for the loss of his ,italian revenue4 ,not only were these contributions1 under the name of ,peter's pence1 sufficient to maintain the venerable ,pontiff during the remainder of his days1 without its being necessary to accept1 as a royal benefaction1 any portion of the property that was stolen from him1 they also sufficed to enable him to continue their salaries to his former employees1 who had almost all remained faithful1 as well as to those still required for his service and for transacting the business of the ,church4 ,in addition to this1 he retained on half or quarter pay a number of the soldiers of his former army1 and maintained his establishment of ,vigna ,pia1 together with the hospital of ,tata ,giovanni1 from which the new ,roman municipality had meanly withdrawn the subsidy1 for no other reason than that in former times it had been a favorite institution of ,pius ,,ix4 ,this was not all4 ,the ,holy ,pontiff maintained1 by means of popular schools1 a necessary warfare against both ,protestant and ,atheistic propagandism4 ,the former had been very active ever since the occupation of ,rome by the ,piedmontese4 ,the various ,protestant societies actually spent #ajj1jjj yearly in the vain attempt to ,protestantize the ,romans4 ,by #ast ,january1 #ahge1 they had erected three churches and founded twelve missionary residences in the interest of divers denominations--,anglicans1 ,methodists1 ,american ,episcopalians1 ,vaudois1 ,baptists1 ,anabaptists1 etc4 ,the ,italians have little taste for ,protestantism in any of its forms4 ,so there was no danger of discordant and jarring sects coming to prevail4 ,it cannot be denied1 however1 that the movement increased the number of free-thinkers--a result no less calculated to afflict tho ,holy ,father4 ,when to these expenses are added those of sustaining the ,sacred ,college1 the prelature1 the guards1 the museums1 and bishops that were exiled for the faith1 there is shown a monthly expenditure of more than six hundred thousand francs1 which is equal to seven millions and a half yearly4 ,these expenses always increased as the elder bishops passed away4 ,pius ,,ix4 appointed successors4 ,but as none of these could1 in conscience1 ask the royal exequatur1 which1 notwithstanding article sixteen of the notorious guarantees1 was still in force1 ,victor ,emmanuel had no hesitation in suppressing the revenues of the bishops4 ,pius ,,ix4 sent to the bishops who were thus deprived of their legitimate incomes five hundred francs monthly1 and to archbishops from seven hundred to one thousand francs4 ,he also labored to establish foundations for the education of ecclesiastical students whom a revolutionary and anti-,christian law made subject to military service1 thus rendering morally impossible the following out of clerical vocations and the recruiting of the priesthood4 ,from this and such like proceedings1 it can easily be seen that the revolutionary regime1 and the ,italian government was nothing less1 aimed at the extirpation of ,christianity1 and that civilization1 the only possible civilization which follows in its train4 ,misfortune1 meanwhile1 was not neglected by the ,holy ,pontiff4 ,he sent vestments to the churches of ,paris which had been pillaged by the ,commune4 ,he provided1 habitually1 in like manner1 for the churches of poor and remote missions4 ,in ,july1 #ahge1 he sent twenty thousand francs to the people who had suffered by inundations in the southwest of ,france1 and five thousand francs to such as had similarly suffered at ,brescia1 in ,upper ,italy4 ,he bestowed1 likewise1 large sums for the rebuilding of churches--for instance1 eight hundred francs for this pious purpose to the ,bishop of ,sarsina1 and two thousand to the ,bishop of ,osimo4 ,charitable institutions were not overlooked1 and the ,princess ,rospigliosi ,champigny de ,cadore received fifty thousand francs towards the support of the house of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 the object of which was the preservation of young women in the city of ,rome4 ,as regarded works of art or of public utility1 the venerable ,pontiff was no less munificent4 ,he completed the restoration of the ,church of ,saint ,ange in ,peschiera1 together with the magnificent contiguous portico called ,octavia1 and rebuilt the altar with the marbles found by ,visconti in the emporium of the ,emperors4 ,the tomb of his illustrious predecessor ,gregory ,,vii41 at ,salerno1 having become dilapidated1 he undertook to restore it at his own cost1 and renewed the fine epitaph which ,pope ,gregory himself had caused to be engraved on the sepulchral stone2 ,dileri justitiam et odici iniquitatem1 et ecce in exilio mortor4 7,i loved righteousness and hated iniquity1 and lo6 ,i die in exile47 ,quite a number of people were employed in the manufacture of mosaics at the ,vatican4 ,on this the ,romans justly prided themselves4 ,pius ,,ix4 continued to employ these artists1 and1 as in former times1 presented their works to his guests or to the churches of ,italy4 ,if he was not still a king1 he retained1 at least1 a truly royal prerogative--that of conferring gifts in every way worthy of royalty4 ,nothing could exceed the delicacy and graciousness with which he did so4 ,of this the two ,russian ,grand ,dukes1 brothers of the reigning ,emperor1 were witnesses1 when he made a present to them of a splendid table1 in mosaic1 which they were observed to admire among the more humble furniture of his apartment4 ,the funds must have been1 indeed1 abundant which could meet so many demands4 ,although despoiled of his revenues and property1 the ,holy ,father was a richer monarch than the prince who robbed him4 ,so liberally were ,peter's pence bestowed and so economically managed1 that ,pius ,,ix4 was able to invest money for the benefit of his successor1 although not to such an extent as to render the collection of ,peter's pence in the future unnecessary4 ,it has long been customary1 on occasion of the august ceremony of the coronation of the ,popes1 to address to them1 with due solemnity1 the words3 ,annos ,petri tu non ridebis4 7,thou wilt not see the years of ,peter47 ,it is related that one of the ,popes thus replied to the ominous address3 ,non est de fide4 7,that is no article of faith47 ,pius ,,ix41 however1 was the first who showed that the words were not strictly prophetic4 ,his ,pontificate was prolonged beyond the years of ,peter at ,rome4 ,already1 on the #ajth of ,june1 #ahga1 when he was enabled to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of his election to the ,pontifical chair1 he had enjoyed more than the years of ,peter4 ,the great apostle1 it will be remembered1 spent two years after our ,lord's ascension in preaching the ,gospel at ,jerusalem and throughout ,judea4 ,after this1 ,antioch1 at the time the capital of the ,eastern world1 became the scene of his apostolic labors4 ,he was bishop there for seven years when he established the central seat of ,christendom at ,rome1 the metropolis of the known world4 ,the apostle remained there till his martyrdom under ,nero1 ,a4 ,d4 #fg4 ,thus1 ,peter was ,pope thirty-four years or so1 whilst he was ,bishop of ,rome only twenty-five years and some days4 ,a festival at ,rome could not now be held with the wonted circumstance of outward religious pomp4 ,the remarkable anniversary was not1 however1 less devoutly observed at the ,basilicas of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,john ,lateran4 ,these immense edifices were crowded with people of all classes and of every age4 ,nor in this did the ,romans stand alone4 ,prayers and communions were offered up in every diocese of the world1 supplicating ,heaven for a continuation of the years which had been already so auspiciously granted to the venerable ,pontiff4 ,more than a thousand congratulatory messages were flashed along the telegraph lines4 ,all the sovereigns of ,europe1 with scarcely an exception1 paid their dutiful compliments to ,pius ,,ix42 the telegram of ,queen ,victoria being the first that reached him4 ,from the ,new ,world as well as from the ,old there came numerous deputations4 ,one day1 in replying to them1 the ,holy ,father delivered no fewer than twelve discourses in ,latin1 ,french1 ,spanish and ,italian4 ,to many of the addresses was appended a singularly great number of signatures4 ,the ,bishop of ,nevers presented one with two millions of names4 ,a few days later1 #bjth ,september1 the ,holy ,father had to lament the death of his brother1 ,count ,gaetano ,mastai4 ,so little1 however1 was his grief respected by ,victor ,emmanuel and his government1 that their cannon were heard booming joyously in honor of the violent occupation of the city4 ,all ,rome was indignant4 ,patrician and plebeian1 all citizens alike1 hastened to the ,vatican1 protesting and presenting addresses of condolence4 ,the ,riforma 7a ,roman journal7 said1 on the occasion3 8,after two years' sojourn ,italy was still as much a stranger as on the first day1 so that there was no appearance of friendliness1 but rather of a city that still groaned under a military occupation1 which it bore with the greatest impatience40 ,,more ,,spoliation ,,and ,,desecration--,,no ,,reconciliation4 ,robbery1 wholesale and sacrilegious1 was now the order of the day at ,rome4 ,throughout the city convents were closed and sequestrated1 libraries were confiscated1 and often dilapidated in transferring them from one place to another4 ,religious men and religious women were driven from their homes and brutally searched on their thresholds lest they should carry away with them anything that belonged to them4 ,these religious people obtained1 every month1 as indemnification1 twenty-five centimes each daily1 and the aged forty centimes2 but they were paid only when the treasury was in a condition to pay them1 and this was not the case every month4 ,the poor and the infirm1 no longer sustained by ,catholic charity1 encumbered the hospitals or were associated with the knights of industry1 who swarmed from the prisons of ,italy4 ,it was in vain that the police were doubled4 ,robberies increased in the same proportion4 ,the people in such circumstances could not but ask themselves what sacrifices were laid upon himself by the usurping king1 who was now the master of the domains of six ,italian princes who had never allowed their subjects to go without bread4 ,before the end of the year #ahgc1 the number of religious houses that were taken1 in whole or in part1 from their legitimate proprietors1 was over one hundred4 ,the intervention of diplomacy saved for a time the ,roman ,college1 which was essentially international and not ,roman1 as formerly no clerks of the city of ,rome could attend it1 and as it was endowed solely by foreign kings and benefactors4 ,the ,italian government consented1 not1 indeed1 to renounce1 but only to stay this new spoliation4 ,it claimed all the more credit for its pretended moderation1 as it secretly caused the newspapers in its interest to instigate it to listen to no terms4 ,by means of its gensd'armes and its police force1 it was master of the secret societies1 and allowed them to raise a cry without allowing them to act1 whilst it chose its own time for the execution of its wicked purposes4 ,pius ,,ix4 was deeply grieved when beholding so many evil deeds which he could not prevent4 ,his sorrow found expression in one of his allocutions1 that of #ast ,january1 #ahgc3 8,you are come10 said he1 to parties who had come to compliment him on ,new ,years day1 8from divers distant lands in order to offer me your congratulations and wish me a happy new year4 ,the past year1 alas6 is far from having been a happy one4 ,society is astray in evil courses4 ,there are people who think that peace prevails at ,rome1 and that matters are not so bad there as is said4 ,some strangers1 on arriving in the city1 even ask for cards of admission to religious ceremonies4 ,i am persuaded that this year also the same request will be made as regards the celebrations of holy week4 ,so long as the present state of things continues1 alas6 there can be no such celebrations4 ,the ,church is in mourning4 ,rome has lost its character of capital of the ,christian world--so many horrible deeds are done1 so many blasphemies uttered4 ,let us beseech the ,lord to put an end to such a painful state of things40 ,victor ,emmanuel1 notwithstanding his extraordinary proceedings1 appears to have thought that there might be a reconciliation with the ,pope4 ,the ,emperor of ,brazil1 a man of science and a celebrated traveller1 then at ,rome1 accepted the office of mediator4 ,one morning1 in the year #ahgb1 the ,brazilian monarch repaired to the ,vatican4 ,the hour of his visit was inopportune1 as its object also proved to be4 ,it was seven o'clock in the morning4 ,the ,holy ,father had not yet finished his ,mass when the ,emperor was announced4 ,as soon as was possible his ,holiness proceeded to receive him4 ,whether fearing some design1 or from dislike only to meet a prince who came from the hostile usurper's court1 ,pius ,,ix41 with an unusual coldness of manner1 addressed the ,emperor3 8,what does your ,majesty desire80 8,i beg your ,holiness will not call me ,majesty4 ,here1 ,i am only the ,count of ,alcantara40 ,the ,holy ,father then1 without showing the least emotion1 said to him3 8,my dear ,count1 what do you desire80 8,i am come1 your ,holiness1 in order to ask that you will allow me to introduce to you the ,king of ,italy40 ,at these words the ,pontiff rose from his seat1 and1 looking indignantly at the ,emperor1 said to him with much firmness3 8,it is quite useless to hold such language4 ,let the ,king of ,piedmont abjure his misdeeds and restore to me my ,states4 ,i will then consent to receive him4 ,but not till then40 ,,creation ,,of ,,cardinals--,,audiences ,,and ,,allocutions--,,the ,,pope ,,really ,a ,,prisoner--,,the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales--,,england--,,ireland4 ,a creation of cardinals was necessary4 ,there were twenty-nine vacant hats4 ,towards the close of #ahgc ,pius ,,ix4 resolved on twelve new creations4 ,one of these became the occasion of protesting anew against the ,italian government4 ,the ,society of ,jesuits had always been a special object of its hatred4 ,they were the first whom it expelled from ,rome1 as has been the case in more than one persecution4 ,and now they were robbed1 notwithstanding the hopes that the ,european ambassadors were led to entertain of the ,roman ,college which was their property4 ,the ,holy ,father met this new brigandage by raising a member of the society to the dignity of cardinal4 ,tarquini1 professor of canon law at the ,sapienza 7,roman ,college71 was the favored member4 ,thus did the despoiled ,pontiff condemn the ignorance and rebuke the robbery of the new rulers of ,rome4 8,i am aware10 said ,pius ,,ix4 on this occasion1 8that the ,jesuits do not willingly accept ecclesiastical dignities4 ,i had not1 therefore1 thought1 until now1 of conferring the purple on any of their members4 ,but the unjust acts from which your society is suffering at this moment have determined me4 ,it appeared to me to be necessary that ,i should make known in this way what ,i think of the ignorant calumnies of which you are the victims1 and at the same time give proof to yourself and your brethren of my esteem and friendship40 ,if1 ever since the violent seizure of ,rome1 it was customary to speak of the ,pope as 8the prisoner of the ,vatican10 his enemies1 on the other hand1 ceased not to insist that he was perfectly free1 whilst he obstinately persisted in remaining within the walls of his palace4 ,it has been noticed already that every approach to ,rome and the ,vatican was strictly guarded by the soldiers of the usurping king4 ,a circumstance which occurred on the evening of the #bjth ,june1 #ahgd1 further showed how close the imprisonment was4 ,it was the twenty-eighth anniversary of the coronation of ,pius ,,ix4 ,te ,deum was celebrated in the ,vatican ,basilica1 and1 what rarely happens1 the spacious edifice was completely filled4 ,more than one hundred thousand people1 as nearly as could be estimated1 or two-thirds of all the ,romans who were able to leave their houses1 were massed as well within the church as on the places ,st4 ,peter and ,risticucci4 ,when ,te ,deum was over1 all eyes instinctively turned towards a window of the second story of the palace4 ,it was the window of the ,pope's apartment4 ,suddenly a white figure appeared at this window1 and immediately a cry arose from below4 ,it was the voice of the ,roman citizens2 a voice so grand that it might be said to express the mind of a whole people1 as they saluted their king1 who was a prisoner4 ,it continued for some time1 and1 although the window was at once closed1 the prolonged acclamation of the faithful ,romans rose louder and louder1 until the ,piedmontese troops came on the ground and swept away the crowd4 ,the people departed without making any resistance4 ,the police1 nevertheless1 arrested some twelve persons1 of whom six were ladies of the best society of ,rome4 ,these ladies were at once set at liberty4 ,but four young men of the number of those arrested were detained and afterwards condemned1 one of them to two years1 and the rest to several months' imprisonment1 for having cried1 8,long live the ,pontiff-,king40 ,this crime they pretended not to deny4 ,could it be doubted any longer that the ,pope was a prisoner8 ,it was not only on moral grounds that he could not leave the ,vatican4 ,there were also bayonets and fire-arms between him and the nearest streets of ,rome4 ,it was only in the beginning of the year #ahge that ,pius ,,ix4 could no longer refrain from visiting the ,basilica of ,st4 ,peter4 ,he had not been within it for four years and a half4 ,every necessary precaution was observed on occasion of his visit4 ,the gates of the temple were kept shut1 and none were present but members of the chapter and some other persons required for the service of the ,church4 ,the ,holy ,father entered by the stair which forms direct communication between his palace and the holy place4 ,as may well be understood1 he prayed for some time with his accustomed earnestness1 that it would please ,god to put an end to the evils by which the ,church was so sorely afflicted4 ,pius ,,ix4 was indefatigable in giving audiences and receiving deputations from every country where there were members of the ,catholic ,church4 ,on such occasions he never failed to speak words of edification and encouragement4 ,it was even said that he spoke too much4 ,they were not1 however1 of the number of his friends who call him il ,papa verboso4 ,he was endowed with a wonderful gift of speech1 and he always used it effectively4 ,his discourses were invariably to the purpose1 the subject of them being suggested by the most recent events1 by the nationality of his visitors1 or by the expressed pious intentions which brought them to his presence4 ,he made allusion very often to the ,gospel of the preceding ,sunday1 or to the festival of the day1 and concluded by imparting his benediction1 which his hearers always received kneeling1 and seldom without tears4 ,the addresses of ,pius ,,ix4 delivered at the ,vatican have been preserved by the stenographic art1 and fill many volumes4 ,his ideas sometimes found expression in conversations with distinguished visitors4 ,such was the case on occasion of the visit1 in #ahgb1 of the ,prince of ,wales1 the heir apparent of the ,british ,crown4 ,his ,royal ,highness showed his good taste by declining the use of ,victor ,emmanuel's equipages in coming to the ,vatican4 ,the ,princess also made manifest her respect for the well-known sentiments of ,pius ,,ix4 in regard to showy toilettes by appearing in a plain dress4 ,there was a striking contrast between the placid old man1 so near the close of his career1 and the handsome young couple1 in the flower of their age4 ,the ,prince and the ,pope appeared delighted at meeting2 and the eyes of the ,princess1 who looked alternately at the animated figure of her husband and the benevolent countenance of the venerable ,pontiff1 were suffused with tears4 ,the ,pope began the conversation by expressing his great admiration for the character1 both public and private1 of the ,queen of ,great ,britain2 and smiling expressively1 and not without a slight degree of ,italian irony1 he thanked the ,british ministers who1 more than once1 had offered him1 in the name of the ,queen1 an asylum on ,british territory4 8,you see1 ,prince1 ,i have not left ,rome quite as soon as some of your statesmen supposed ,i would40 ,the ,holy ,father then alluded to the existing state of things1 adding3 8,in my present condition ,i am assuredly more happy than those who consider themselves more the masters of ,rome than myself4 ,i have no fear for my dynasty4 ,it is powerfully protected4 ,god ,himself is its guardian4 ,he also looks to my succession and my family4 ,you are not unaware that these are no other than the ,church4 ,i can speak without offence to the ,prince of ,wales of the instability of ,royal ,houses1 that which he represents being firmly anchored in the affections of a wise people40 8,i am delighted10 replied the ,prince1 smiling expressively1 8to find that your ,holiness has so good an opinion of our people40 8,yes1 indeed1 ,i respect the ,english people10 continued the ,holy ,father1 8because they are more truly religious1 both as regards feeling and conduct1 than many who call themselves ,catholics4 ,when1 one day1 they shall return to the fold1 with what joy will we not welcome that flock which is astray1 but not lost60 ,the ,prince and ,princess1 being rather incredulous1 received this benevolent aspiration with a good-natured smile4 8,oh6 my children10 resumed the ,pontiff1 8the future has in store for mankind the most strange surprises4 ,who could have imagined1 two years ago1 that we should see a ,prussian army in ,france8 ,i hesitate not to say that your ablest statesmen expected sooner to see the ,pope at ,malta than ,napoleon ,,iii4 in ,england4 ,as regards myself1 you will observe ,i am1 indeed1 robbed of my ,states1 but ,god1 who1 at any moment1 withdraws the possessions of this world1 can also restore them a hundred-fold4 ,is the dynasty of the ,head of the ,church1 on this account1 less secure8 ,i may1 for a time1 be driven from ,rome4 ,but when your children and grandchildren shall come to visit the holy city1 they will see1 as you see to-day--let the temporal power be more or less considerable--an old man1 clothed in white1 pointing the way to heaven for the good of hundreds of millions of human consciences4 ,to compensate for the absence of subjects immediately around him1 he will have devoted adherents at all times and everywhere40 ,the conversation turning on ,ireland1 the ,holy ,father spoke in the warmest terms of the fidelity of the ,catholics of that country4 8,you know1 ,prince1 the results of persecution4 ,it does not make us any more ,catholics4 ,your ,royal ,mother follows a policy quite different from that of her predecessors1 in regard to ,ireland1 and you are1 like her1 aware that good ,catholics are always good subjects40 ,that country1 the ,pope continued to observe1 had need of the vigilant and energetic superintendence of its devoted prelates1 whom he praised in the highest terms4 8,for10 said he1 8the wolf--,i do not mean ,protestantism--but the wolf of anarchy and infidelity is abroad1 ,i fear1 in the regions of the ,west40 ,he referred to the organization called 8the ,international10 and expressed his astonishment that 8any princes should be still so blind as to take pleasure in making war on the ,church1 at a period when the foundations of civil society were threatened on every side40 ,the chief cause of the ,holy ,father's grief and poignant sorrow1 under his calamities1 was the loss of souls4 8,ah60 said he1 in a conversation with ,mgr4 ,langenieux1 ,archbishop of ,rheims1 8,i could bear my misfortunes courageously1 and ,god would give me strength to withstand the evils which afflict the ,church4 ,but there is one thing ,i cannot forgive those who persecute us4 ,they eradicate the faith of my people--they kill the souls of the children of unfortunate ,italy40 ,the ,pontiff1 as he uttered these words1 moved his hand towards his breast1 and as his fingers ruffled his white robe1 he exclaimed1 in a tone that was truly heartrending3 8,they tear away my heart60 8,it was sublime10 adds the archbishop1 8the great soul of the ,pope subdued us1 and1 at the same time1 inspired us with light and fortitude40 ,,relations ,,of ,,pius ,,ix4 ,,with ,,foreign ,,states--,,switzerland--,,germany4 ,the party in ,europe who desired the suppression of the ,pope's temporal rule professed to be actuated by zeal for promoting a more free and useful exercise of his spiritual authority4 ,it soon became manifest that this was the merest sham4 ,switzerland1 guided by that narrow kind of ,protestantism which has so often asserted its power1 pretended to see only in the ,pope the ,chief of the small ,roman ,state2 when deprived of that ,state1 he was no longer a prince or dignitary1 with whom diplomatic relations could be held4 ,his legate at ,berne1 accordingly1 was informed that he must take his departure from the territory of the ,swiss ,confederation4 ,it is well understood that this ungracious measure was secretly advised and promoted by ,germany4 ,that ,power speedily followed the example1 although not at first in a very direct or open way4 ,the ,german ministry appointed to the ,embassy of the ,vatican ,cardinal ,hohenlohe1 the only one of the cardinals who proved unfaithful to ,pius ,,ix4 in the hour of his great distress4 ,the ,pope remonstrated against the appointment4 ,the inflexible ,prussian minister1 ,bismarck1 replied that he would send no other1 suspended and finally abolished diplomatic relations between the new ,empire and the ,holy ,see4 ,it is by no means matter for surprise that a man of ,prince ,bismarck's views and character should have so acted1 or even that he should have become the promoter of the greatest and most unwarrantable persecution by which any nation has been disgraced1 or to which any portion of the ,church has been subjected in modern times4 ,this minister1 who may be truly described as the political scourge of ,germany1 is as fanatical in religion as he is coarse and sceptical in politics4 ,he abandoned his party1 and became1 or feigned to become1 a liberal in order to gratify his hatred of the ,catholic ,church4 ,he belongs to that branch of ,protestantism which is called 8orthodox0 7lucus a non lucendo74 ,on occasion of the debate1 #adth ,april1 #ahgd1 on the law which withdrew the salaries of the ,catholic clergy1 a ,protestant conservative member of the representative body1 ,count de ,malrahn1 declared that he would vote for this law1 because it would affect only the ,catholics1 without interfering with the rights of the ,evangelical denomination4 ,bismarck1 by his reply1 not only showed an utter absence of all political faith1 but at the same time a degree of political hypocrisy with which all true history will never cease to stigmatize him4 8,i must express the great joy which ,i experience on hearing the declaration of the preceding speaker4 ,if1 at the commencement of the religious conflict1 the conservatives had taken this ground1 and sustained the government in the name of the ,evangelical religion1 ,i never would have been under the necessity of separating from the ,conservative party40 ,from ,chancellor ,bismarck's own words1 therefore1 it may be concluded that it was excessive sectarian fanaticism which made him an infidel and hypocrite in politics1 a traitor to his party1 and a savage persecutor of the ,church4 ,when there was question in ,december1 #ahgd1 of obtaining an act for the suppression of the ,prussian legation to the ,holy ,see1 the deep-rooted hatred of ,prince ,bismarck and his absolute want of conscience became still more apparent4 ,he audaciously accused the ,court of ,rome of having been the ally of ,france1 and even of the revolution in the war against ,prussia in #ahgj4 ,he pretended that if the cumenical ,council was closed abruptly1 it was in order to leave complete liberty of action to ,napoleon ,,iii42 and1 as facts were necessary in order to support this extraordinary and false assertion1 he ascribed to ,monsignor ,meglia1 at the time nuncio at ,munich1 the words1 8,our only hope is in the revolution40 ,as the chancellor uttered this odious calumny1 he suddenly took ill4 ,he became pale1 stammered1 and had recourse1 four or five times1 to a glass of water1 which was beside him1 in order to recover his spirits and find the words which he should use4 ,the whole parliament was struck with this incident4 ,the ,abbe ,majunke1 editor of the ,catholic journal ,germania1 was1 however1 the only one who spoke of it publicly4 ,such an offence against the omnipotent chancellor could not1 of course1 be overlooked4 ,m4 ,majunke was summoned to the police office1 and thence consigned to prison1 notwithstanding his inviolability as deputy1 and the protestations of the ,reichstag 7parliament74 ,what a grand conception ,chancellor ,bismarck must have had of constitutional government6 ,the great success of ,william ,i4 in the ,franco-,prussian war appears to have so elated that monarch that he considered there was nothing which he might not successfully undertake4 ,he had annexed to ,prussia some of the lesser ,states of ,germany1 and made a ,german ,empire4 ,the ,church in ,germany enjoyed many privileges and immunities under his predecessors1 who1 for the most part1 were1 like himself1 ,protestants4 ,whether it was that he desired to show himself a better ,protestant than his ancestors1 or that he could not emancipate himself from the control of the minister who had so long guided1 with singular success1 the destinies of the empire1 as well as his own career1 or that he believed it to be a political necessity to act according to the views and carry out the principles of the ,german and ,european 8,liberals0--the party of revolution and unbelief--he resolved to oppose no impediment to his chancellor and the liberal majority of parliament in their endeavors to destroy the ,catholic ,church in ,germany1 unless it chose to become as a mere department of the ,state1 acting and speaking in the name of the ,state1 receiving its appointments from the ,state1 as well as the funds requisite for the support of its ministers1 accepting all its orders and instructions1 even in the most spiritual things1 from the ,state2 in fine1 looking to the ,state as the sole source of all its authority1 honor1 power and influence4 ,there was nothing like the ,german ,empire4 ,it had conquered in gigantic wars with two ,powers that were considered the greatest in continental ,europe4 ,it had attained a degree of power and greatness1 scarcely if at all inferior to that of the first ,napoleon1 and1 like ,napoleon1 it aimed at more4 ,it sought1 like him1 to have the ,church1 no less than the police courts1 in every respect1 in all circumstances and on all occasions1 completely at its orders4 ,this ill-judged ambition accounts for the long list of oppressive laws which were enacted at ,berlin for the enslavement of the ,catholic ,church4 ,they are known as the 8,may ,laws10 all of them having been passed1 although not in the same year1 in the month of ,may4 ,dollinger1 ,hohenlohe and the rest of the anti-,catholic ,bavarian coterie1 deluded the ,emperor and his minister with the idea of an independent ,german alt1 or ,old ,catholic ,church4 ,they sold their country to the new empire1 politically4 ,but they could not sell its church4 ,one of these alt-,catholics1 ,dr4 ,schulte1 recommended persecution as the surest means of eradicating the ancient church4 8,let his twenty thousand florins be withdrawn from such a one1 his twelve thousand thalers from such another2 let the salaries of the bishops and chapters be suppressed1 and the result will soon be manifest4 ,the humbler clergy will rejoice4 ,since #ahth ,july1 #ahgj1 there has been neither belief in ,christ nor religious conviction among the bearers of mitres and tonsures40 ,thus was the ,prussian minister led to imagine that he had only to transfer the benefices of the ,catholic dignitaries to the alt-,catholics in order to constitute an independent ,german ,church1 which would unite the whole of ,germany religiously1 as he had already united it politically4 ,all ,catholics1 of course1 would be members of this new ,church4 ,the ,state ,protestantism of ,prussia would1 in due time1 join this ,state ,church1 and there would be1 if not one ,faith and one ,baptism1 one ,church and one ,state4 ,the calculations of ,chancellor ,bismarck were1 however1 at fault4 ,he soon discovered that the clergy were grossly calumniated1 and that the alt-,catholic ,church in which he trusted never counted more than thirty priests2 that this number increased not1 and that the hundreds of thousands of adherents of whom the pseudo bishop1 ,reinkens1 boasted1 were only some twenty thousand to thirty thousand1 scattered over all ,germany4 ,these had no principle of cohesion4 ,they could not agree as to any fundamental point of religious doctrine or discipline4 ,according to a census made in #ahgf1 they numbered only one hundred and thirty-six1 in a population of twenty-five thousand ,catholics1 at the city of ,bonn1 which ,m4 ,reinkens had selected as the seat and centre of his episcopal ministrations4 ,meanwhile1 there was a considerable reaction in prevaricating ,bavaria4 ,the ,catholic minority was changed into a majority1 and the ,prussian ,catholic representation1 which was called the fraction of the centre1 was strengthened at the elections of #ahgd by an increase from twenty-five to forty votes4 ,the chancellor1 although enlightened1 was not corrected4 ,nothing could divert him from his evil purpose4 ,by a strange confusion of ideas1 he called ,kulturcampf 7struggle for civilization7 the open war which he waged against the ,church1 the source of all civilization and of liberty of conscience4 ,the persecuting laws which1 with the aid of the so-called 8liberal0 party1 or party of unbelief1 he succeeded in causing to be enacted were to the following effect4 ,as was to be expected of the blind political fanaticism of the party1 the ,jesuits were the first objects of hostility1 and the first victims of persecution4 ,the ,may laws required that these unoffending individuals should be expelled without any form of trial1 and deprived of their rights of citizens4 ,at the same time1 certain religious orders which1 it was pretended1 were affiliated with the ,jesuits1 were subjected to the like treatment4 ,all ecclesiastical seminaries were suppressed1 the solons of legislation pretending that it was necessary to oblige the candidates for the priesthood to imbue their minds in lay schools1 with the ideas and wants of modern society4 ,the new laws abolished articles fifteen1 sixteen and eighteen of the ,prussian ,constitution1 which guaranteed the autonomy of the different forms of worship2 they bestowed on the ,state the nomination to ecclesiastical functions1 and went so far as to forbid bishops the use of their right to declare apostates excluded from the ,catholic communion4 ,they suppressed the subsidies and allowances which the ,state1 until that time1 paid to the diocesan establishments and the clergy generally1 notwithstanding that such subsidies were not gratuitously bestowed by the government1 but were nothing else than1 as in ,france and ,belgium1 the restitution1 in part1 of the debt due by the ,state to the ,church4 ,it was provided1 however1 that such members of the clergy as should make their submission should at once have their salaries restored4 ,by a refinement of cruelty1 all collections and subscriptions1 whether public or private1 for the requirements of public worship and the support of the clergy were forbidden1 and elective lay commissions were charged with the management of all ecclesiastical property4 ,finally1 all religious orders1 as well of men as of women1 were suppressed1 with the exception1 and that provisionally only1 of such as were devoted to the care of the sick4 ,if ,chancellor ,bismarck really believed1 at any time1 that the ,catholic clergy were without faith and conscience1 ready to submit to any terms the ,state might impose1 in order to save their incomes and the institutions of the ,church1 he must have been greatly surprised when he found them all1 without exception1 prepared to welcome poverty1 imprisonment and exile1 rather than abandon the inalienable rights of conscience4 ,on the #bfth ,may1 #ahgc1 the ,bishops of ,prussia signed a collective declaration1 in which they stated1 with regret1 that it was impossible for them to obey4 8,the ,church10 said they1 8cannot acknowledge the heathen state principle1 according to which the laws of the ,state are the source of all right1 and the ,church possesses only such rights as it pleases the ,state to grant4 ,by so doing1 it would deny its own ,divine origin1 and would make ,christianity wholly dependent on the arbitrary will of men40 ,in regard to temporal matters connected with the ,church they could afford to be less strict3 and so they authorized their people to take part in the election of the new lay managers of the properties of the churches4 ,this wise policy was attended with the most happy results4 ,the chancellor's plans were everywhere completely marred4 ,he had reckoned that the ,catholics would abstain from voting1 and so allow a 8liberal0 7infidel7 minority1 however small1 to dispose of the churches and presbyteries4 ,in reviewing the news of the day1 we have been accustomed to think of only one or two more eminent prelates suffering under the lash of persecution4 ,the truth is1 that the whole ,church suffered4 ,the persecution was as cruel as an age which does not permit the shedding of blood would tolerate4 ,the bishops were crushed with fines on account of each act which they performed of their spiritual office4 ,such fines they refused to pay1 lest they should acknowledge the justice of their condemnation4 ,their movable property1 accordingly1 was seized and sold at auction1 and they themselves were immured in the prisons1 where they were mixed up with felons condemned to the same labors1 and designated1 like them1 by numbers4 ,it was all in vain4 ,nothing could shake their constancy4 ,at ,berlin was erected a sort of ecclesiastical tribunal1 which arrogated to itself the power of deposing from sees1 and which actually pretended to depose the ,archbishop of ,posen1 the ,bishop of ,paderborn1 the ,prince-,bishop of ,breslau1 and several other prelates4 ,the fortresses of ,germany were filled with priests1 whose only crime was that they obeyed ,god rather than men4 ,the public ways were crowded with priests who had been deprived1 afterwards interned1 and finally banished4 ,numerous religious people1 both men and women1 were in the like sad position1 thronging the road of exile4 ,the people1 in tears1 escorted these victims of heathenish rage4 ,they chanted1 as they went1 the psalm1 8,miserere10 and the canticle1 8,wir sind ini waren ,christenthum0 78we are in true ,christianity071 until they reached the railway depots4 ,the ,prussian gensd'armes1 who were often no more than two or three in number1 were astonished to find that they could so easily conduct their prisoners1 whom thousands and tens of thousands of other men1 the greater number of whom were veteran soldiers1 accompanied1 as they passed1 expressing their regrets and good wishes4 ,persecution is impolitic no less than it is cruel and immoral4 ,the ,german people1 to say the least1 were shocked by the tyranny of their government4 ,nothing could prevent them from showing what they felt and thought1 on occasion of the release of the prisoners at the end of their two years' term of imprisonment4 ,they took every possible means of expressing their satisfaction4 ,thus1 at ,munster1 when ,bishop ,warendorf returned1 the inhabitants paid no attention to the prohibition of the burgomaster1 who1 by order of the government1 intimated that he would repress1 by force1 every external and public demonstration4 ,the whole city rushed to the gate1 ,st4 ,mauritius1 by which the released prisoner was to enter4 ,count ,droste-,erhdroste proceeded to receive him in a magnificent carriage1 drawn by four horses1 which was followed by four more carriages in charge of his servants1 who were in complete gala dress4 ,an immense crowd strewed flowers along the route as the bishop advanced1 and ceased not to hail him with joyous acclamations until he reached his residence1 where the first families of the country were in attendance to receive him4 ,in the evening1 the whole town1 with the exception of the public buildings1 was illuminated4 ,the citizens of ,posen were preparing a like triumphal reception for their archbishop1 ,cardinal ,ledochowski1 on occasion of his release in ,february1 #ahgf1 from the fortress of ,ostrowo1 where he had been incarcerated for two years1 when he was carried off in the nighttime and transported beyond the limits of his diocese1 in which he is forbidden ever again to set foot4 ,two suffragan bishops were left behind4 ,they also were imprisoned at ,gnesten1 one for having administered the ,sacrament of ,confirmation without special leave from the government1 the other for having consecrated the holy oils on ,maunday ,thursday1 #ahge4 ,by such acts1 which evidently belonged to the spiritual order1 they were held to be guilty of sedition and a violation of the rights of the ,state4 ,the whole ,catholic world was deeply moved by this modern and unprovoked persecution4 ,all could not speak1 indeed2 but all were in sympathy with the clergy and faithful people of ,germany4 ,the bishops of ,france would have brought war upon their country by uttering a word of disapproval4 ,the irascible chancellor actually sought to raise a quarrel with that country on account of a slight and inoffensive allusion which fell from the lips of two of the bishops4 ,could he not see that he will be branded throughout the ages as a persecutor and a short-sighted politician8 ,great ,britain and ,america could speak without fear or hindrance4 ,and they were not slow to send their words of consolation and encouragement to their suffering brethren of ,germany4 ,the ,cardinal-,archbishop of ,westminster wrote in a strain which may be described as apostolical1 to the ,archbishop of ,cologne1 the ,primate of ,germany1 greeting 8with the greatest affection both himself and his brethren1 the other bishops who are in prison for having defended the authority and liberty of the ,church40 ,this letter was reproduced by all the newspapers1 and could not have escaped the notice of the ,prussian minister4 ,nevertheless1 he was silent4 ,although sensitive in the extreme1 as regarded ,france and ,belgium1 his knowledge of geography and naval statistics1 no doubt1 enabled him to possess his soul in patience4 ,pius ,,ix4 could not but feel for his afflicted children of ,germany4 ,he was moved1 accordingly1 to address a very earnest remonstrance to the ,emperor1 ,william ,i4 ,this was done so early as ,august1 #ahgc4 ,he could not believe that such cruel measures proceeded from a prince who had so often given proof of his ,christian sentiments4 ,he had even been informed that his ,majesty did not approve of the conduct of his government1 and condemned the laws which were enacted against the ,catholic religion4 8,but1 if it be true that your ,majesty does not approve of these measures 7and the letters which you formerly addressed to me appear to me to prove sufficiently that you do not think well of what is actually taking place71--if1 ,i say1 it is not with your sanction that your government continues to extend more and more those repressive measures against the ,christian religion which so grievously injure that religion1 must you not come to the conclusion that such measures can have no other effect than to undermine your throne80 ,he may possibly have thought so1 when1 a little later1 his life was attempted by parties who are known to seek the destruction of religion and civil government at the same time4 ,be this as it may1 his reply to ,pius ,,ix4 was not in his usual kindly style4 ,it was scarcely polite1 and appeared to be the work of the savage chancellor rather than of the good-natured monarch4 ,the appeal of ,pius ,,ix4 produced no result4 ,the ,emperor's government added to the harshness of his refusal by advising him to address a letter of congratulation to the new bishop of the alt-,catholics4 ,this was done1 as was expressed1 8on account of his complete deference to the ,state and his acknowledgment of its rights40 ,in another letter1 which was also made public1 ,william ,i4 recalled to mind those ancient ,emperors of ,germany who were the irreconcilable enemies of the spiritual supremacy of the ,popes1 and intimated that he was resuming the work of ,frederick ,barbarossa and ,henry ,,iv4 ,the association was unfortunate4 ,the chancellor's commentary was more so4 8,we shall never10 he boasted1 8go to ,canossa60 ,these words1 spoken before the assembled parliament1 were a defiance of ,divine ,providence4 ,was it forgotten that there were other snows than those of ,canossa1 in which ,emperors could perish8 ,the first ,napoleon pursued1 in regard to the ,church1 the same policy that ,germany was now pursuing4 ,he defied the religious power1 and contemptuously asked whether the arms could be made to fall from the hands of his soldiers6 ,they did so fall1 nevertheless1 when the demented ,emperor led his legions into the snows of ,russia4 ,pius ,,ix4 could not behold without concern the deep distress of his brethren in ,germany4 ,he addressed an ,encyclical letter1 under date of #eth ,february1 #ahge1 to the ,bishops of ,prussia1 lamenting the persecution which tried them so severely1 dwelling at great length on the evils of the ,may laws1 praising the constancy of the clergy1 and exhorting them to continued patience and perseverance4 ,the whole doctrine of the ,encyclical may be said to be expressed in the following words3 8,let those who are your enemies know that you do no injury to the royal authority1 and that you have no prejudice against it when you refuse to give to ,csar what belongs to ,god2 for it is written1 #8,we must obey ,god rather than men4' 0 ,this eloquent letter1 like everything else that was done in order to mitigate the most trying persecution of modern times1 remained without any other result than to afford some comfort to the clergy of the afflicted ,church of ,germany4 ,pius ,,ix41 in order to show still further his appreciation of the constancy under persecution of the ,german clergy1 conferred the dignity of ,cardinal on ,archbishop ,ledochowski1 who courageously accepted the proffered honor4 ,the persecuting government prevented him from ever enjoying it in his diocese1 by condemning him to perpetual banishment4 ,this was1 at least1 an approach to the cruelty practised on ,fisher1 the illustrious ,english ,confessor1 who was consigned to the ,tower of ,london because he would not sanction the divorce of ,henry ,,viii41 and acknowledge the ,royal ,supremacy in questions of religion4 ,the ,pope of the time sent him a cardinal's hat4 ,but the enraged king took care that he should never wear it by cutting off his head4 ,the time was past when blood could be shed in hatred of the truth1 even by so hard a tyrant as the ,prussian minister4 ,in the nineteenth century1 however1 as well as in the sixteenth1 there would not be wanting those who would resist unto blood for religion's sake4 ,it was comparatively an easy matter to deprive and banish the legitimate pastors1 but not quite so easy to find priests so unprincipled as to become their successors4 ,the politic chancellor1 apparently1 had not thought of this beforehand4 ,in the course of five years he could find only two ecclesiastics who would consent to accept benefices at his hands4 ,all those on whom he might have counted for establishing a schism in the ,church had already joined1 with all the encouragement which the minister could bestow1 the alt-,catholic sect1 which1 as has been shown1 was destined to prove a failure4 ,it is almost superfluous to say that the parishioners studiously avoided all communication in things spiritual with the nominees of the ,state4 ,meanwhile1 the faithful people were not left destitute4 ,zealous young priests from the seminaries visited them privately at their houses1 and ministered to their religious wants4 ,such as so acted were arrested and conducted to the frontier4 ,they returned by the next railway train4 ,they were then cast into prison4 ,as soon as they were free they returned to the post of duty4 ,there was in ,germany a revival of the ,primitive ,church--of the zeal and self-sacrifice of the apostolic age4 ,all this was met by the closing of the seminaries1 the severest blow that had1 as yet1 been struck against the cause of religion4 ,the chancellor1 nevertheless1 was not successful4 ,the newspapers in his interest1 which he designated as the reptile press1 laughed at his short-sightedness4 ,he had counted on accomplishing his purpose by some six months of persecution4 ,generations would not suffice4 ,the endurance of the ,church is unconquerable4 ,it is as an anvil which wears out many hammers4 ,that which ,chancellor ,bismarck applied1 so vigorously1 will prove to be no exception47#aa7 ,southern ,germany1 it is a pleasure to record1 abhors the ridiculous ,kulturkampf of ,chancellor ,bismarck4 ,louis ,,ii41 of ,bavaria1 would fain follow in his wake4 ,but1 as is shown by the large ,catholic majorities at the elections1 he is not seconded1 even passively1 as in ,prussia1 by the ,bavarian people4 ,the persecution1 attended by its essential results1 is rendering all ,germany more ,catholic than ever4 ,when its work shall have been accomplished1 what will remain8 ,the ,church or the ,kulturkampf8 ,in the meantime many innocent persons must suffer3 many time-honored institutions will have been swept away3 in the pursuit of an ideal civilization1 and by means of cruelties unworthy of an enlightened age1 many monuments which owed their origin to the superior civilizing power of ,christianity will have disappeared forever4 ,in addition to all this1 feelings hostile to the ,church1 and prejudices hurtful as they are groundless1 are everywhere created4 ,pius ,,ix4 complained of this unfortunate state of things1 when he said 7#ajth ,january1 #ahge73 8,the revolution1 not satisfied with persecuting ,catholics in ,prussia1 excites1 on both sides of the ,alps1 those governments which profess to be ,catholic1 but which have only too plainly led the way1 in the shameful career of religious oppression4 ,it excites them to persist1 more boldly than ever1 in the work of persecution1 and these governments execute its behests4 ,god will arise1 some day1 and1 addressing the ,protestant oppressor1 he will say to him3 ,thou hast sinned--grievously sinned2 but the ,catholic governments1 on all hands1 have still more grievously sinned4 ,majus peccatum habent40 ,,italy--,,education4 ,at the time of the ,piedmontese invasion1 there were in the city of ,rome1 one hundred and sixty-eight colleges or public schools4 ,the number of schools was twenty thousand1 whilst the whole population of the city was two hundred and twenty thousand4 ,the pupils are classed as follows1 according to the statistics of his ,eminence the ,cardinal-,vicar1 in #ahgj3 ,students1 boarding in seminaries and colleges3 #gjc ,students1 day scholars1 gratuitously taught in the schools3 #e1eee ,students1 day scholars1 who paid a small fee3 #a1fjc ,total3 #g1ida ,girls1 boarding in refuges3 #b1ihf ,girls1 day scholars1 gratuitously taught3 #f1ebc ,girls1 day scholars1 who paid a small fee3 #b1hga ,total3 #aa1chj ,general total3 #ai1cba ,thus1 including the orphans of both sexes1 at ,st4 ,michael de ,termini and other asylums1 pupils are in the proportion of one to ten inhabitants4 ,this is not inferior to ,paris1 and surpasses ,berlin1 so much spoken of as a seat of education4 ,this ,prussian 7now ,german capital7 reckoned1 in #ahge1 only eighty-five thousand scholars for a population of nine hundred and seventy-four thousand souls1 or ten scholars to one hundred and fourteen citizens4 ,the ,godless schools1 established by the new rulers1 have impeded1 only to a certain extent1 the development given to education by the ,government of ,pius ,,ix4 ,in the poorer quarters of the city some parties have been either intimidated by the threats of the ,department of ,charity1 or gained by the offer of bounties to themselves and a gratuitous breakfast to their children4 ,but1 generally1 the people of ,rome still resist1 and several ,christian schools have considerably increased since #ahgj1 the number of their pupils4 ,this is all the more remarkable1 as the ruling faction showed a strong determination to put an end entirely to ,christian education4 ,by the end of #ahgc1 the usurping government had confiscated more than one hundred monasteries1 convents1 and other establishments of public education4 ,a ,lyceum was set up in place of the celebrated ,roman ,college1 from which its proprietors1 the ,rev4 ,fathers of the ,society of ,jesuits1 were finally expelled in #ahgd4 ,the better to show their animus on the occasion1 the new ,rulers tore down a magnificent piece of sculpture1 in marble1 which adorned the gate1 and on which was engraved the blessed name of the ,saviour1 replacing it by the escutcheon in wood of ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,as if to give zest to robbery1 the ,godless tyrants proposed that the professors of the ,roman ,college should continue their lessons1 as functionaries of the ,italian government1 and after having qualified by accepting diplomas from a lay university4 ,it would1 indeed1 have been comical to see such men as ,secchi1 ,franzelin1 ,tarquini1 and many1 besides1 the first professors in the world1 seated on scholars' benches1 to be examined by the semi-barbarous officials1 whether civil or military1 of the ,piedmontese ,king4 ,pius ,,ix41 although pressed by many wants1 provided an asylum for science4 ,he called together the ,jesuit ,fathers who had been dispersed1 in the halls of the ,american and ,german ,colleges4 ,there1 although somewhat pinched for room1 they continued their international courses1 the most extensive that ever were known4 ,the new ,rulers1 however1 it is only proper to observe1 never dared to drive ,father ,secchi from his observatory4 ,there ought never to have been any difficulty in ,italy as regards education4 ,the ,italians were1 and are still1 of one mind1 and not divided1 like us1 into numerous denominations1 all of which have to be considered without prejudice to their religious views4 ,the usurping ,italian government allotted one million of francs 7#dj1jjj7 per annum1 for elementary education at ,rome4 ,not one half of the children for whom this bounty is intended1 avail themselves of it--a fact which shows that the popular want has not been met4 ,the outlay only burdens the ratepayers without advancing the end for which it is designed--elementary education4 ,private persons supply the need according to the popular desire1 by means of regionary schools1 supported entirely at their own expense1 and with a laudable degree of self-sacrifice4 ,the same state of things prevails1 generally1 throughout ,italy1 as is shown by a circular of the minister of public instruction4 ,the new government aims at nothing less than the subversion of religious principle4 ,this the ,italians resist1 and will continue to resist4 ,the government schools for secular and irreligious education1 among the upper classes1 are like those for elementary teaching1 very thinly attended1 parents preferring to send their children abroad1 and1 when this cannot be afforded1 to such ecclesiastical colleges and seminaries as are still in existence4 ,the ,state schools have already a monopoly in the conferring of degrees and the consequent civil advantages4 ,it is proposed to go still further1 and1 actually1 to close by force1 all the higher schools in which religion is recognized1 even as the school established by the ,pope in the city of ,rome1 was recently put down4 ,it is thus that these emancipators of mankind understand liberty6 ,as regards female education1 especially1 the people will never1 willingly1 give up the schools that are conducted by 8,sisters0 or 8,nuns40 ,the education which such schools afford is universally appreciated--among ourselves who are divided1 but more particularly among the ,italians1 who are all ,catholics4 ,it is in vain to kick against the goad1 and this the ,italian government will learn1 some day1 when it is cast forth as a rotten institution by the people1 whose dearest wishes it ignores4 ,it is of no use to suppose that ,italy is advanced to a state of irreligion1 and so requires a system of ,godless education4 ,the contrary is well known4 ,state systems1 based1 not on statistical facts1 but1 on idle suppositions1 must needs come to nought4 ,,italy--,,religion4 8,a free ,church in a free ,state0--the great idea of such ,italian liberals as had any conception of a church at all1 was surely to be realized when the fellow-countrymen of ,count de ,cavour came to rule at ,rome4 ,what was the case8 ,there was neither a free church nor a free ,state8 ,that ,state is not free1 wherein the people are not fairly represented4 ,the new ,italian ,state could not claim any such representation4 ,it was held in such contempt that the great majority of the ,italian people1 unwisely1 indeed1 we who are accustomed to constitutional government would say1 declined to take part in the elections4 ,thus the entire control of the country was left in the hands of two comparatively small factions--the moderate and the extreme radicals4 ,it is of little importance to the mass of the ,italian people which of these factions holds sway for the moment4 ,they both legislate and execute the laws in opposition to the will of the nation1 and in the sense and for the benefit of the prevailing faction4 ,they are both alike characterized by hatred of the ,christian faith and all religious institutions4 ,this feeling impels them to war against everything connected with ,christianity1 and to substitute what the ,germans of the same school call ,kulturkampf1 or1 a struggle for culture1 on principles the very opposite of those on which is founded the high civilization of the nineteenth century4 ,no doubt these apostles of ,kulturkampf have a much higher civilization in store for mankind4 ,but it must be admitted that they follow a strange way of bringing about the much-desired consummation4 ,robbery and sacrilege they believe1 or profess to believe1 will promote the great object of their ambition1 and so they practice1 to their heart's content1 robbery and sacrilege4 ,have they forgotten that1 according to their code1 it is a ,jesuitical teaching1 that evil may be done in order to produce good4 ,these legislators and administrators of laws claim to be superior to the effete errors of the age4 ,why then should they still cling to those of the despised ,jesuits8 ,because1 no doubt1 it serves the purpose of the moment1 and affords some relief to1 if it does not satisfy1 an insatiable passion4 ,on approaching ,rome they affected much reverence for the ,holy ,father and the institutions of religion4 ,they could do nothing less1 accordingly1 than enact their now famous law of guarantees1 which assured complete protection to the ,pope and the institutions over which he presided4 ,let us enquire for a moment how this law was enforced4 ,it surpassed1 in generosity to the church1 the legislation of the most chivalrous monarchs4 ,it gave up the royal rights of former kings in regard to nominating and proposing to ecclesiastical offices4 ,it dispensed with the oath of bishops to the king1 and formally abolished 7see articles fifteen and sixteen7 the exequatur1 as it is called1 authorizing the publication and execution of all notable acts of ecclesiastical authority4 ,such clear and apparently solemn regulations appeared to be inviolable4 ,nevertheless1 whilst one hundred and fifty bishops were named by ,pius ,,ix41 from the commencement of the ,piedmontese invasions till the month of ,august1 #ahge1 no fewer than one hundred and thirty-seven of this number were not acknowledged by the civil power1 because they did not apply for and obtain the exequatur4 ,the ministry was not satisfied with this4 ,it pushed its tyranny to such an extreme as to refuse in future1 to grant the exequatur and to expel from their residences all bishops who should not possess it4 ,not only did the government withhold the incomes of the bishops1 and confiscate the revenues which the piety of the people had devoted for their support1 it also employed its gensd'armes and police agents in seizing the prelates at their homes and casting them into the streets4 ,the new rulers went further still1 and displayed their financial genius in a way peculiar to themselves4 ,they actually subjected to the tax on moveable property1 the alms which the bishops received from the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 who1 like themselves1 was robbed of his proper income4 ,thus did the beggarly government make money out of the small resources of those who1 when the exchequer failed to fulfil its duties1 endeavored themselves1 as best they could1 to make up for this dereliction4 ,military conscription is essentially tyrannical4 ,it is particularly so when used as an arm of offence against the church4 ,it was applied to ecclesiastical students1 and even to such as were in holy orders1 expressly for the purpose of depriving the church of recruits from the seminaries4 ,none could now be found to renew the ranks of the clergy1 except such as were invalids or of weak constitutions1 or who1 by miracle1 persevered in their vocation1 after four years' service in military barracks4 ,the public robbers1 notwithstanding their professions and guarantees1 audaciously laid sacrilegious hands on the properties of the ,basilicas of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,john ,lateran1 which they themselves had expressly reserved for the use of the ,holy ,see4 ,they hesitated not even to seize the funds of the celebrated missionary college--,propaganda4 ,these properties they did not simply annex1 as they did so many1 besides1 that belonged to the ,church4 ,they created a liquidating junta or commission1 as they called it1 which should change all immovable ecclesiastical properties that were not already confiscated into national rent4 ,such national rent1 as is well known1 had only an ephemeral value4 ,it was1 at best1 variable2 and ,italy1 which was partially bankrupt when it reduced the interest due to its creditors1 will1 sooner or later1 according to the opinion of the ablest writers1 land in complete bankruptcy4 ,the rents substituted by force1 instead of real property1 will then possess the value of the assignats of the first ,french revolution4 ,the endowments of ,propaganda1 appointed by ,christian generosity1 at different epochs1 were not designed for the use of ,rome or ,italy1 or any ,catholic country whatever4 ,their object was the support of remote missions4 ,this was well understood4 ,the very name of the institution shows that it was4 ,in vain did ,cardinal ,franchi apply to the tribunals4 ,the properties of the great universal institution1 as well as those of the ,chapters1 were sold at public auction1 and the confiscation1 although not immediate1 was in course of being accomplished4 ,the state of things did not improve on the advent to power of ,messrs4 ,nicotera and ,depretis1 the former a radical of the most extreme views1 and the latter1 very little1 if at all1 better4 ,these revolutionists having gained the object of their ambition1 might have been inclined to halt in their mad career2 but1 their party driving them onward1 they proceeded to still more rigid and cruel measures4 ,it is not too much to say that such men are digging a grave for the ,house of ,savoy and ,italian unity4 ,the measures aiming at the destruction of religion may be summarized as follows3 #ast4 ,they have introduced civil registration of births1 as an equivalent and alternative to ,christian baptism4 #bnd4 ,they have permitted and encouraged civil interment instead of ,christian burial4 #crd4 ,they have abolished oaths in courts of law4 #dth4 ,they have systematically encouraged the profanation of the ,sunday and the great festivals of ,christmas1 ,easter1 etc41 by ordering the prosecution of the government buildings and other public works on ,sundays2 by ostentatiously holding their sessions on those days3 by ordering public lectures in the universities and higher schools on ,sundays as on week days1 etc4 #eth4 ,they have established civil marriage as an equivalent before the law for ,christian marriage1 and as necessary1 in all cases1 besides the religious ceremony4 #fth4 ,they have established a recognized system of public immorality by indemnities1 and deriving from this shameful source a revenue which is applied to augment the secret service funds4 ,it is easily observed that in every detail of this enumeration1 religion and morals are directly attacked4 ,the ,pope1 who is the chief of religion and the great preacher of morality1 cannot give any countenance to such things4 ,far less can he identify himself with such anti-,christian legislation4 ,this is the insuperable impediment to his reconciliation with the present ,rulers of 8,united ,italy40 ,he can resist evil1 and resist unto blood1 as so many of his sainted predecessors have done4 ,but when there is question of accepting it1 his only word must be1 as it has always been1 non possumus4 ,what would men say1 if ,he1 who is the ,head of the ,church1 and the chief guardian of the truth confided to ,her keeping1 could be brought by the threats or caresses of ephemeral worldly ,powers1 to call good evil1 and evil good6 ,,italy--,,crime4 ,religion1 when persecuted in any country1 fails not to wreak vengeance on the persecuting power4 ,in such countries1 virtue1 generally1 respect for law1 order and authority1 as well as public security1 rapidly diminish1 and the ,state discovers1 although too late1 that1 in aiming at the ,church1 it has struck against itself a deadly blow4 ,since the inauguration of the much vaunted ,kulturkampf1 socialism has increased to such a degree in ,germany as to appal even ,chancellor ,bismarck1 whilst ,italy1 at the same time that it closed its convents and ,catholic colleges1 was obliged to multiply not only its military barracks1 but also its prisons4 ,in no part of ,italian territory have these preventives of crime1 if1 indeed1 they may be so-called1 proved sufficient4 ,so rapid has been the increase of crime1 that1 according to official statistics1 in the ,province of ,rome alone1 seven thousand two hundred and ninety-three cases were ascertained and brought before the tribunals1 in #ahgd4 ,this is just double what appeared in the criminal courts under the ,pontifical government4 ,in the whole kingdom there were eighty-four thousand prisoners1 or criminals under restraint4 ,this is thirty-five thousand more than in ,france1 the general population of which is greater by one-third1 and four times more than in ,great ,britain1 the population of which is about the same as that of united ,italy4 ,this state of crime is not surprising when it is considered that the rulers themselves have never ceased to set the example of the most unscrupulous and merciless theft and robbery4 ,the new civil code1 besides1 appears to have had no other object in view than to obliterate all idea of right1 and to legitimatize all robberies1 past1 present and future1 in the unfortunate kingdom of ,italy4 ,article seven hundred and ten of this code declares1 plainly1 that property is acquired by possession4 ,at ,rome1 barristers1 judges1 and even the most revolutionary journalists are assassinated by private vengeance1 in broad day1 in the street1 or in their offices1 and no one dare molest the murderers4 ,in ,romagna it was found necessary to bring to justice an association of assassins1 who were1 for the most part1 persons of good education and men of property4 ,in ,sicily matters were still worse4 ,there1 a society of ,brigands1 called ,maffia1 holds the island in a state of perpetual terror4 ,numerous ,garibaldians who have been without employment since #ahgj1 and were long tolerated1 on account of former complicity1 added to the ranks of this fraternity4 ,the ,maffia rid themselves of another society1 the ,kamorra1 by the successive assassination at ,palermo alone1 of twenty-three of its chiefs4 ,all these crimes remain unpunished1 none daring to bear witness against the guilty4 ,in the departments of government there is not less moral disorder4 ,the finances are mismanaged and dilapidated4 ,notwithstanding the enormous and oppressive increase of taxation1 together with the forcible appropriation of ecclesiastical property1 deficits are the order of the day1 and the nation has been1 more than once1 and probably is still1 on the verge of bankruptcy4 ,truly1 may the ,italians1 who are twenty-three to one1 exclaim1 in their distress3 ,quo usque tandem abuteris patientia nostra8 8,how long1 ,o disastrous revolution6 wilt thou abuse our patience80 ,nor are the better thinking ,italians without blame4 ,why did they not take part--why do they not still take part in the elections1 and return1 as they well may1 a majority to the would-be constitutional parliament8 ,their numbers would1 undoubtedly1 be imposing and influential4 ,so much so1 indeed1 that they must finally obtain admission1 without burdening their conscience with an obnoxious oath4 ,what did not ,daniel ,o',connell1 ,ireland's liberator1 accomplish1 by causing himself alone to be elected for an ,irish constituency1 and by proceeding to demand the seat to which he was elected in the ,british parliament1 without uttering an oath which shocked his conscience8 ,,russia ,,and ,,the ,,east4 ,the cruel and sanguinary persecution of ,catholics in the ,russian ,empire was a cause of intense sorrow to ,pius ,,ix4 ,he could do nothing towards alleviating the sufferings of those unfortunate people4 ,the ,tsar1 ,alexander ,,ii41 shows in his treatment of his ,ruthenian subjects of the united ,greek ,church1 that he is wholly unworthy of the reputation for enlightenment and benevolence with which he has been credited4 ,the ,empress1 indeed1 is blamed1 together with her fanatical favorite1 ,melle4 ,bludow1 the ,minister of ,public ,instruction1 ,tolstoy1 and ,gromeka1 ,governor of ,siedlce1 for having urged him to use the power of the empire in forcing conversions to ,russo-,greek orthodoxy4 ,that the heads of a semi-barbarous nation should so advise is not surprising4 ,the ,tsar1 who is an absolute monarch1 cannot be excused4 ,there is every reason1 besides1 for holding him personally responsible4 ,when he was at ,warsaw1 a peasant woman1 bearing a petition1 succeeded in obtaining admission to his presence4 ,as soon as he learned that the petition begged toleration for the united ,greek ,church1 he replied by inserting in all the newspapers a confirmation of the orders formerly given for the extinction of that church4 ,count ,alexandrowicz de ,constantinovo was repeatedly warned by the ,russian authorities that he had no right to attend the ,latin churches1 which1 being less persecuted1 were a refuge for the united ,greeks1 when1 indeed1 as was rarely the case1 they were allowed to enjoy it4 ,the ,count1 hoping to be more liberally dealt with by the enlightened ,tsar1 who was said to surpass in all that was great and noble1 his tolerant predecessor1 ,alexander ,i41 proceeded to ,st4 ,petersburgh4 ,the ,tsar made a reply to his representation1 which1 in the case of an ordinary mortal1 would be taken for a proof of stupidity1 or of impenetrable ignorance4 8,the ,orthodox religion is pleasing to me4 ,why should it not please you also80 ,it remained only for the ,count to sell his properties and abandon his country4 ,more humble members of the obnoxious church could not so easily escape4 ,the savage treatment to which they were subjected can only be briefly alluded to here4 ,a persecution which has lasted more than a hundred years1 and is not yet at an end1 is more a subject for the general history of the church than for the life of ,pius ,,ix4 ,a few facts1 therefore1 must suffice4 ,in the important diocese of ,chelm1 particularly1 the most ingenious devices were had recourse to1 in order to delude the ,catholic people1 and induce them to comply with the requirements of the ,russo-,greek ,church4 ,all these failing1 force was had recourse to1 and it was used1 assuredly1 without stint or measure4 ,seizure of property1 imprisonment1 the lash and exile to ,siberia1 proved equally unavailing1 as persecution1 in every form1 must always be4 ,greater excesses were then had recourse to4 ,they who dared to perform a pilgrimage1 take part in a religious procession1 or enter a ,catholic ,church1 were shot down like the wild game of the forests1 by the fanatical myrmidons of the ,tsar4 ,in ,january1 #ahgd1 the people of ,rudno were forced to abandon their dwellings and take refuge in the woods4 ,at ,chmalowski1 several united ,greeks1 of whom three were women1 were flogged to death by ,cossack troops4 ,at ,pratulin1 in the district of ,janow1 when a number of people assembled in a cemetery1 were guarding the door of the church against apostate priests1 a ,german colonel1 who commanded three companies of ,cossacks1 ordered his troops to fire4 ,nine of the people fell dead on the spot4 ,a great many more were mortally wounded4 ,of these four died within the day4 8,thus does the ,tsar punish rebels10 said the savage colonel to the mayors of the neighboring villages1 whom he had forced to witness the execution4 ,at ,drylow1 five men were slain on the same day1 and in the same cruel way as at ,pratulin4 ,so recently as ,august1 #ahgj1 a body of peasants1 returning from a pilgrimage1 were attacked by ,russian soldiers4 ,they defended themselves bravely1 as best they could1 with no better weapons than their walking canes4 ,six of the troops fell1 and thirty1 one of whom was an officer1 were wounded4 ,reinforcements coming to the aid of the military1 the peasants were defeated1 and a great number of them killed and wounded4 ,among the latter were many women1 and seven children4 ,two hundred arrests were made1 the next and following days4 ,the prisoners were at first immured in the ,citadel of ,warsaw4 ,it is not probable that they will ever be allowed to visit their kindred or their native villages4 ,pius ,,ix41 being partially informed of such cruelties1 which it was utterly beyond his power to prevent1 wrote to the ,united ,greek ,archbishop of ,lemberg1 ,sembratovicz1 conjuring him to send to the sorely persecuted people all the help in his power1 both spiritual and material4 ,he declared1 at the same time1 by the ,bull1 8omnem sollicitudinem0 dated #acth ,may1 #ahgd1 that the ,liturgies proper to the ,eastern ,churches1 and particularly that of the ,united ,greeks1 which was settled by the ,council of ,tamose1 in #agbj1 were always held in high esteem by the ,holy ,see1 and ought to be carefully preserved4 ,hearing that a ,bull which concerned them had arrived from ,rome1 the ,ruthenian peasants sent secretly to ,lemberg1 in order to procure it4 ,their envoys entering ,galicia without passports1 incurred the risk of being sent to ,siberia4 ,when the ,bull was once obtained1 the people assembled in groups1 in remote places1 and any one who could read1 read it to the rest of the company4 ,it was held in honor as a relic4 ,when the ,russians discovered that the ,bull was known to the people1 they did their best to cause it to be misunderstood1 both among the clergy and the laity4 ,they insisted1 even1 that the ,pope had discarded the ,greek rite2 that henceforth1 they who adhered to ,rome1 could not celebrate either the ,mass of ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom or that of ,st4 ,basil1 and that the marriage of secular priests1 together with the ,sclavonic language1 would cease to be tolerated4 ,it has been attempted to conceal from the civilized world the more atrocious circumstances of the ,russian persecution4 ,but the darkest deeds of the darkest despotism cannot be always done in the dark4 ,the press of continental ,europe has informed the public mind4 ,if anything were wanting to satisfy ,english readers1 generally1 it would be found in the despatch of ,mr4 ,marshall ,jewell1 ,minister of the ,united ,states1 at ,st4 ,petersburgh1 to ,mr4 ,secretary ,fish4 ,this document is dated at the ,united ,states ,legation at ,st4 ,petersburgh1 #bcrd ,february1 #ahgd4 ,the minister begins by stating that he took great pains to be correctly informed1 regarding the state of matters1 before writing his report4 ,this1 he adds1 was not done without difficulty1 as the affair was kept very quiet at ,st4 ,petersburgh4 ,certain repressive measures for the conversion of the ,ruthenian ,catholics having proved inadequate1 8new and more stringent orders were given a few weeks later4 ,in consequence of these orders1 several priests 7thirty-four1 ,i have been told7 who persisted in performing the former services1 were arrested4 ,in some localities the peasants refused to go to the churches when the ,orthodox priests officiated1 until they were forced to go by the troops4 ,in other localities they assembled in crowds1 shut the churches1 and prevented the priests from performing the offices4 ,in one case1 it is said1 a priest was stoned to death4 ,conflicts arose between the peasants and the armed force4 ,on such occasions many persons were maltreated1 and in the case of the village of ,drelow--#bhth ,february--thirty peasants were slain1 and many more wounded4 ,it is said1 even1 that several soldiers were killed4 ,it is reported that the prisons at ,lublin and ,kielce are crammed with prisoners4 ,the peasants have also been flogged1 men receiving fifty1 women twenty-five1 and children ten lashes each4 ,some women1 more determined and outspoken than the rest1 were punished with a hundred lashes4 ,like troubles1 it is said1 have occurred at ,pratulin and other localities1 with loss of life4444 ,last summer1 the peasants of divers villages1 in the ,government of ,lublin1 were constantly obliged to submit to examination1 and to appear before the courts4 ,it was1 in consequence1 impossible for them to cultivate their fields2 and1 hence1 they have been reduced almost to a state of famine4 7,signed47 ,,marshall ,,jewell40 ,,the ,,east--,,church ,,in ,,the ,,turkish ,,empire4 ,it is comparatively an easy undertaking to create trouble and disturbance in the church4 ,it is not so easy1 however1 to establish a schism4 ,the ,prussian chancellor learned this fact when he beheld the failure of his alt-,catholic scheme in ,germany4 ,having tried the same game in ,turkey1 his projects1 notwithstanding the aid and countenance of the ,mussulman ,power1 proved abortive4 ,the government of the sublime ,porte had been very tolerant hitherto1 as regarded its ,catholic subjects4 ,in the early days of ,pius ,,ix4 it had concurred with the ,holy ,see in establishing a ,catholic bishop at ,jerusalem2 it protected pilgrimages and processions2 it favored colleges and institutions for ecclesiastical education2 and to such a degree that1 under its auspices and through its care1 there are several flourishing seminaries which renew the intellectual life of the people who follow the ,latin rite4 ,a united ,bulgarian church has been founded and is daily gaining strength4 ,the ,maronites are almost completely restored after the disaster of #ahfj4 ,the number of ,greek ,catholics or ,melchites1 has been almost doubled1 so great is the number of conversions4 ,the same may be said of the ,chaldean or ,armenian ,catholics4 ,these last are probably the best informed and the most influential of the ,christian populations under the ,sultan's rule4 ,prussian intrigue1 and a momentary renewal of ,mussulman fanaticism1 have done much to check1 if not wholly to destroy this happy state of things4 ,one ,kupelian1 aspiring to be patriarch of ,armenia1 was put forward by rich and influential parties as the administrator of their nation1 and they succeeded in obtaining from the ,porte his investiture1 as the only true ,head of the ,armenian ,catholics4 ,the legitimate chief1 ,hassoum1 ,patriarch of ,cilicia1 protested4 ,in vain1 however1 as ,france was no longer able to maintain his right4 ,the last ambassador of that country representing ,napoleon ,,iii41 had even supported the pretensions and favored the machinations of the ,kupelianites4 ,the ,porte was induced to treat ,hassoum as a seditious person1 and banished him from the country4 ,the exile found his way to ,rome1 where he was kindly received by ,pius ,,ix4 ,he did not return to ,constantinople till #ahgf4 ,meanwhile1 persecution was cruelly carried on4 ,bishops were expelled from their sees1 rectors from their parishes1 churches1 monasteries and hospitals were seized by force of arms4 ,at ,damascus1 ,broussa1 ,sinope1 ,mardyn1 ,mossoul1 all the principal towns of the ,ottoman ,empire1 ,armenian ,catholics were forcibly driven from their churches1 in order to make room for mere handfuls of ,kupelianists4 ,the persecution extended as far as ,cairo4 ,at ,augora1 twelve thousand ,armenian ,catholics were dispossessed in favor of twelve dissenters1 one of these twelve being an apostate monk1 the delegate of ,kupelian4 ,at ,adana1 the church1 the school1 and the residence of the ,catholic ,armenian bishop1 with all the revenues attached thereto1 became the prey of two individuals1 a priest and a lay person4 ,at ,trebizonde1 the bishop was expelled by ,russian bayonettes1 and died of grief4 ,the value of property taken from ,catholics is estimated at one hundred millions of livres4 ,for what1 it may be asked1 was the power of an empire exercised1 and so much robbery perpetrated8 ,in favor1 at least1 one would say1 of some important sect8 ,no such thing4 ,it was all for the would-be ,kupelian schism1 seven hundred strong4 ,it is needless here to say how soon the degenerate ,sultan1 ,abdul ,aziz1 and his prevaricating empire met their reward1 whilst the legitimate ,armenian patriarch1 ,hassoum1 so long the victim of persecution1 has been restored1 is honored by the government of his country and held in the highest esteem by the ,chief ,pastor of the ,christian fold4 ,all this was foretold by ,pius ,,ix41 although1 indeed1 the ,holy ,pontiff pretended not to utter a prophecy4 ,in a letter intended for the consolation of the banished ,archbishop of ,mardyn1 in ,mesopotamia1 and the ,armenian ,catholics1 he says3 8,it behooves us not to lose courage1 nor to believe that the triumph of iniquity will be of long continuance4 ,for1 does not the ,scripture say3 #8,the wicked man is caught in his own perversity2 he is bound by the chains of his crimes1 and he who digs a pit for others will fall into it himself3 he who casts a stone into the path of his neighbor1 will strike against it and stumble2 finally1 he who lays a snare for another will be caught therein himself4' ,this war1 venerable1 brother1 is waged1 not so much against men as against ,god4 ,it is because of hatred to his name that his ministers and faithful people are persecuted4 ,persecution constitutes their merit and their glory4 ,god will at length arise and vindicate his cause4 ,whilst ,i applaud your firmness1 ,i most earnestly exhort you never to let it fail you1 but to possess your soul in patience1 to wait confidently1 and1 at the same time1 courageously1 for you rely not on your own strength1 but on the power of ,god1 whose cause you maintain4 ,your constancy will confirm that of your brethren of the clergy and of the flock confided to your care4 ,it will lead to a moral victory1 assuredly more brilliant and more solid than the ephemeral success of violence40 ,it was not long till the news of the day bore that many distinguished persons were returning to the one fold4 ,a moral victory for the ,armenian ,catholics was following fast in the wake of successful force4 ,the number of ,kupelianists was diminishing4 ,the churches and church properties of ,adana and ,diabekir1 were abandoned by them in #ahgf1 and the schism was in course of being extinguished4 ,the ,chaldean patriarch1 ,audon1 rashly undertook to establish a schism4 ,towards the end of ,february1 #ahgc1 he was reconciled to ,pius ,,ix41 and relieved from the censures which he had incurred4 ,the ,chaldean ,catholics gave a great deal of trouble4 ,however anxiously ,pius ,,ix4 labored for their salvation1 they are insignificant in point of numbers1 scarcely as many as would constitute a parish in any of our cities4 ,any further historical notice of them may1 therefore1 be very properly dispensed with4 ,,china--,,india--,,japan--,,wonderful ,,change4 ,china1 where the light of ,christianity has sought so long to penetrate and dispel the dismal gloom of heathen darkness1 may now1 at length1 be said to enjoy the greatest possible degree of religious liberty4 ,the ,european ,powers1 ,great ,britain and ,france1 whilst securing the freedom of trade1 and generally that intercourse which is customary between civilized nations1 neglected not1 at the same time1 to establish such relations as render safe and available the labors of ,christian missionaries4 ,if1 in ,tonquin1 there occurred a fearful massacre of ,christians1 it was due to the indiscretion of a ,french officer who exceeded his orders1 and excited against his fellow-countrymen and the ,christian populations1 generally1 the anger of the pagan ,mandarins4 ,the vengeance of these chiefs was prompt1 sweeping and cruel4 ,in the localities inhabited by ,christians only some women and little children were spared4 ,not a house was left4 ,the ,french government probably1 from unwillingness to recognize1 in any way1 the action of its officer1 refrained from punishing these atrocities4 ,a treaty1 placing the whole country of ,tonquin under the protection of ,france1 was concluded with the ,emperor of ,aunam1 who is the ,liege ,lord of ,tonquin1 and thus liberty to preach the ,gospel secured for the future4 ,in ,india and ,western ,china1 liberty of conscience has long prevailed4 ,pius ,,ix4 was1 in consequence1 enabled to increase the number of vicariates-apostolic in those countries1 as well as in ,china proper1 in proportion to the growth of the faithful people1 however inconsiderable it was1 as yet in the midst of countless numbers of heathens and ,mahometans4 ,the ,pontificate of ,pius ,,ix4 would be for ever memorable1 if only on account of the new era which appears1 at length1 to have dawned for the long benighted empire of ,japan4 ,that empire was as a sealed book to all ,christian nations4 ,as is well known1 no traveller or merchant from any ,christian land could set foot on its territory without first performing the revolting ceremony of trampling on the chief emblem of the ,christian faith4 ,at one time1 nevertheless1 there were many ,christians in ,japan1 and1 as will be seen1 heathen prejudice and persecution had not been able to extinguish the ,divine light4 ,it may be conceived how searching and cruel the persecution was when it is remembered that1 in the early part of the seventeenth century1 there were two millions of ,christians1 and1 about the same time1 almost as many martyrs4 ,all missionaries who1 since #afcj1 landed on the inhospitable shores of ,japan1 were immediately seized1 tortured1 and put to death4 ,it was generally believed that the ,christian people were totally exterminated4 ,pius ,,ix41 notwithstanding1 as if actuated by some secret inspiration1 the very first year of his ,pontificate1 created a vicariate-apostolic of ,japan4 ,several endeavors to enter into communication with the ,japanese were made2 but1 for a long time1 to no purpose4 ,the sealed-up empire1 at length1 opened its ports to ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,such was the power of trade4 ,the other civilized nations could no longer be excluded4 ,japan concluded a treaty with ,france by virtue of which the subjects of the latter ,state were secured in the free exercise of their religion among the ,japanese4 ,mgr4 ,petitjean1 who was1 at the time1 the vicar-apostolic1 availed himself of such favorable relations to erect a church at ,yokohama1 and establish his residence at ,nagasaki4 ,all this was happily accomplished under the encouraging auspices of ,pius ,,ix4 ,one day1 as the vicar-apostolic had concluded the celebration of ,mass1 some inhabitants of a large village named ,ourakami1 near the city1 came to him with countenances1 expressive1 at the same time1 of joy and fear4 ,addressing him1 they said3 8,have you and your priests renounced marriage1 and do you honor in your prayers the ,mother of ,christ80 ,the missionary replying in the affirmative1 the ,japanese fell on their knees and exclaimed3 8,you are1 indeed1 the disciples of ,saint ,francis ,xavier1 our first apostle4 ,you are the true brethren of our former ,jesuit ,fathers4 ,at last1 after a lapse of two hundred years1 we behold1 once more1 the priests of the true faith60 ,they gave thanks to ,god1 shedding abundance of tears1 with which mingled those of the good missionary2 8religion10 they added1 8is free only to strangers4 ,the law has not ceased to punish us ,japanese ,catholics with death4 ,no matter2 receive us1 nevertheless1 and instruct us4 ,the lapse of time and the want of books have1 perhaps1 disfigured in our memories the teachings of truth4 ,there will happen to us whatever it shall please ,god to appoint40 ,four thousand families1 comprising fourteen thousand individuals1 had secretly persevered1 clinging to the ,catholic faith since the days of the ,apostolic ,xavier4 ,notwithstanding all the prudence of the missionaries1 the secret of their relations with the natives became known to the local police1 and more than four thousand inhabitants of ,ourakami were arrested1 bastinadoed1 imprisoned or transported to the ,north4 ,their punishment lasted four years4 ,one-third of their number died of want1 but few of them gave way4 ,the survivors of these persecuted people were finally restored to their country1 and through the representations of the ,european consuls1 religious liberty was granted1 at least1 provisionally1 to natives as well as strangers4 ,thus did ,pius ,,ix41 at length1 enjoy the consolation to behold1 established in peace1 the church which ,st4 ,francis ,xavier had planted in the ,empire of ,japan1 and which was so celebrated in the annals of ,christian heroism4 ,,persecution ,,in ,,brazil4 ,gonsalvez de ,oliveira1 ,bishop of ,olinda1 had found it necessary to warn his diocesans against the machinations of certain secret societies1 which were alike hostile to the ,church and to the ,state4 ,they had obtained so much influence with the latter as to be able to attack1 with impunity1 the ,sisters of ,charity1 and the priests of the ,lazarist congregation1 as well as all other zealous priests who sought to restore the discipline of the church4 ,whilst1 on the one hand1 the bishop was sustained by the congratulations and encouragement of the ,holy ,see1 and by the deference to ecclesiastical authority of many ,catholics who had been accustomed to consider the secret societies as most inoffensive associations1 he was urged1 on the other hand1 by the fury of the chiefs of those societies1 who1 alone1 know all that they aim at and hold secret4 ,the ,emperor1 ,don ,pedro ,,ii41 influenced by his free-thinking entourage1 judged that the pastoral letter should be denounced to the ,council of ,state4 ,the councillors declared that it was an illegal document1 not having received the ,imperial placet 8required by the ,constitution of the ,empire40 ,now commenced the most heartless1 and1 as is always the case1 unavailing persecution4 ,by order of the ministry1 the procurator-general summoned the ,bishop of ,olinda before the ,supreme ,court of ,rio ,janeiro4 ,the intrepid prelate replied by a letter1 in which he declared that he could not1 in conscience1 appear before the ,supreme ,court1 because it was impossible to do so1 without acknowledging the competence of a civil court in matters purely religious4 ,on #crd ,january1 #ahgd1 the bishop was ordered to go to prison4 ,he intimated that he would yield only to force4 ,the chief of police1 accordingly1 accompanied by two army officers1 repaired to the ,episcopal palace1 and conducted ,mgr4 de ,oliveira to the port where a ship of war was in attendance1 to transport him to the maritime arsenal of ,rio ,janeiro1 one of the most unwholesome stations in ,brazil4 ,there the illustrious prisoner was visited by ,mgr4 ,lacerda1 ,bishop of ,rio ,janeiro1 who took off his pectoral cross1 which was a family keep-sake1 and placing it around the neck of ,mgr4 ,oliveira1 said3 8,my ,lord1 you have full jurisdiction throughout this land to which you are brought as a captive4 ,my clergy1 the chapter of my cathedral1 all will be most happy to obey your orders4 ,have the goodness to bless us all4 ,the blessing of those who suffer persecution in the cause of ,christ is a pledge of salvation40 ,bishop ,lacerda1 before retiring1 handed to the prisoner a large sum of money1 in order that he should want for nothing1 and promised to renew his visit as often as the gaolers would permit4 ,almost all the bishops of ,brazil sent congratulatory telegrams to the imprisoned bishop4 ,one of them went so far as to identify himself with the action of the ,bishop of ,olinda1 by doing in like manner4 ,it was the ,bishop of ,para1 who was speedily transferred from his ,episcopal palace to prison4 ,the administrator who filled his place1 having refused to remove the interdict which had been pronounced against certain confraternities which admitted members of the secret societies1 was condemned on #beth ,april1 #ahge1 to six years of forced penal labor4 ,four years of the like torture were decreed against the administrator of ,olinda for a similar offence4 ,so much for the humanitarian ,emperor of ,brazil and his enlightened advisers4 ,it was not long till new elections raised to power1 men who had more respect for the ,episcopal office1 and the wretched ,brazilian persecution came to an end4 ,the ,bishop of ,olinda was no sooner set at liberty than he repaired to ,rome1 in order to give an account of his conduct to ,pius ,,ix4 ,the ,holy ,father gave him every proof of the warmest affection4 ,the lesser ,states of ,south ,america1 which1 on being emancipated from the yoke of ,spain1 had chosen the republican form of government1 became a source of intense anxiety to the ,holy ,father4 ,venezuela1 ,chili1 the ,argentine ,republic1 and1 even ,hayti1 appear to have been seized with the spirit of the time4 ,they had become too great1 one would say1 to accept humbly the teachings of religion4 ,even ,chili1 where comparative moderation prevailed1 made an attempt to subordinate in all things1 spiritual as well as temporal1 the ,church to the ,state4 ,the bishops1 as in duty bound1 protested2 and1 being unanimously supported by the people1 the attack of ,chilian free-thinkers1 on public peace and liberty1 was abandoned4 ,the trouble in ,hayti arose more from a desire1 on the part of the negroes1 to have native priests than any real hostility to religion4 ,the government ignorantly assumed the right to appoint the chief administrators of the ,church4 ,the people were painfully affected by this unwarrantable encroachment on the spiritual power4 ,it was hardly to be supposed that ,peru should be out of the fashion4 ,pius ,,ix4 appears1 however1 to have settled the difficulties of the ,peruvians1 by granting to their presidents the same right of patronage which was formerly enjoyed by the ,kings of ,spain4 ,the religious troubles of ,mexico were not so easily composed4 ,the civil authorities of that sadly unsettled republic1 urged1 it is believed1 by the secret societies1 aimed at nothing less than the total suppression of religion4 ,on #bdth ,november1 #ahgd1 they decreed that no public functionary or body of officials1 whether civil or military1 should attend any religious office whatsoever4 8,the ,sunday or ,sabbath day10 they impiously ruled1 8shall henceforth be tolerated only in as far as it affords rest to public employees40 ,religious instruction1 together with all practices of religion1 was prohibited in all the establishments of the federation of the ,states and the municipalities4 ,no religious act could be done except in the churches1 and there1 only1 under the superintendence of the police4 ,no religious institution was authorized to acquire real estate or any capital accruing from such property4 ,article nineteen of this detestable legislation1 and which was carried by one hundred and thirteen to fifty-seven votes1 interdicted the ,sisters of ,charity from living in community and wearing publicly their costume4 ,thus were expelled from ,mexico four hundred sisters1 who performed their charitable offices in the hospitals1 schools and asylums of the country4 ,public opinion was roused1 but to no purpose4 ,the good sisters were allowed to embark for ,france1 bearing with them the fate of thousands of the unfortunate4 ,they may1 perhaps1 be replaced by the ,prussian chancellor's deaconesses2 of this sisterhood1 the best suited for the ,mexican climate1 would1 no doubt1 be that portion which fled from ,smyrna on the approach of an epidemic4 ,,ecuador4 ,in the midst of so many discontented1 turbulent1 persecuting1 semi-barbarous ,states1 there was one where there was neither discontent1 nor turbulence1 nor persecution4 ,this favored ,republic of ,ecuador was in close communion with ,pius ,,ix41 and its president discarding all the fine-spun views and chimerical theories of the time1 ruled1 as became the chief of a free ,state1 according to the wishes and the generally accepted principles of his people4 ,a republic1 so governed1 provided it remain uncorrupt1 cannot fail to enjoy the highest degree of prosperity compatible with its position and material resources4 ,not only did ,ecuador itself enjoy the fruits of its truly free and rationally republican government1 it was able also to extend the blessings of its ,christian and liberal civilization to neighboring tribes4 ,moved by the example and the representations of the good people of ,ecuador1 nine thousand savages of the ,province of ,oriente were induced to adopt the habits of ,christian civilization4 ,the government of the enlightened president1 ,garcia ,moreno1 was so abundantly blessed that1 in twelve years1 the trade of ,ecuador was doubled1 as were also the number of its schools and the sum of its public revenues4 ,so bright an illustration of the good-working of sound principles was not to be tolerated4 ,the love of a grateful and prosperous people could not protect their great and successful fellow-citizens against the weapons of secret conspirators4 ,political fanatics1 who were strangers in ,ecuador1 and who1 according to their own declaration1 bore no personal ill-will to the president1 struck the fatal blow4 8,i die10 said the illustrious victim1 as he expired1 8but ,god dieth not60 ,the assassins were they who hold that ,god has no business in this world4 8,dixit insipicus2 non est ,deus40 ,pius ,,ix4 lamented the death of ,garcia ,moreno1 as he had lamented some seven-and-twenty years before1 the untimely fate of his own minister1 ,count ,rossi4 ,he extolled the ,president of ,ecuador in several allocutions1 as the champion of true civilization and its martyr4 ,he caused his obsequies to be solemnized in one of the ,basilicas of ,rome1 over which he still held authority1 and ordered that his bust should be placed in one of the galleries of the ,vatican4 ,in the estimation of a certain class of politicians1 ,moreno was behind the age4 ,in reality he was far in advance of it4 ,the mania for ,godless government1 ,godless education1 ,godless manners1 and generally a ,godless state of society1 is only a passing phase on the face of the world4 ,if1 indeed1 it be anything more1 woe to mankind6 ,despair only can harbor the idea of its long continuance4 ,the social and political chaos which darkens the age1 must1 surely1 a little sooner or a little later1 give way to that order which is heaven's first law4 ,moreno beheld1 through the storms that raged around his infant ,state1 the early dawn of this better day4 ,this light led him onwards4 ,history will place him1 not only among heroes and sages1 but also among the most renowned initiators of great movements4 ,his death is a glorious protest against the ,godless1 reckless1 revolutionary sects4 ,his high career will be as a monument throughout the centuries1 constantly reminding mankind that1 in this age1 which may well be called the age of chaos and confusion--confusion in politics1 confusion in the social ,state1 confusion of ideas--there was1 at least1 one favored spot1 where truth1 order and justice reigned1 and there was a contented and happy people4 ,,states ,,of ,,europe--,,switzerland4 ,the ,protestant and free-thinking majority in ,switzerland were jealous of the prosperity of the ,catholic ,church4 ,they must1 therefore1 if possible1 divide1 and by dividing1 weaken1 if not destroy1 the ,catholic body4 ,the most efficient means they could think of was the establishment of an old or alt-,catholic ,church on the model of that of ,germany4 ,the idea was at hand1 and the elements were not far to seek4 ,among the ,swiss ,catholic clergy there were none so weak as to betray their church4 ,in the coterminous country--,france1 where there are fifty thousand parochial priests1 some thirty were found already in disgrace among their brethren1 who were ready to form the nucleus of the proposed schismatical church4 ,the pretext was the pretended novelties introduced by the cumenical ,council of the ,vatican1 which1 they insisted1 changed the character of the ancient ,catholic ,church4 ,the schism once on foot1 the majority in the ,state affected to treat the real ,catholics as dissenters1 and the handful of schismatics as the ,catholic ,church of ,switzerland4 ,founding on this idea1 persecution was speedily inaugurated4 ,first came the secularization of several abbeys1 which the revolution of the sixteenth century had respected1 in the northern cantons1 and the confiscation of the ,church of ,zurich1 which was handed over to the alt-,catholics4 ,their next measure was the expulsion of ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 ,bishop of ,hebron and ,coadjutor of ,geneva4 ,mgr4 ,lachat1 ,bishop of ,bale1 was then deprived1 and1 on a purely theological pretext1 his public adhesion to the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,the sixty-nine parish priests of ,bernese ,jura1 having declared in writing that they remained faithful to the ,bishop of ,bale1 were1 in their turn1 suspended from their offices and driven1 at first1 from their parishes1 and afterwards from the country4 ,as there was not a sufficient number of foreign priests to replace the dispossessed clergy1 the number of parishes was arbitrarily reduced from seventy-six to twenty-eight4 ,it was regulated that nominations should1 henceforth1 be made by the government alone1 and by a single stroke of the pen were suppressed1 both the ,concordat concluded with ,rome1 in #ahbh1 and the act of re-union of #ahae1 by which1 when ,bernese ,jura1 formerly ,french1 was incorporated with ,switzerland1 an engagement was made with ,france to respect1 in every way1 the liberty of ,catholic worship4 ,france was not in a position1 at the time1 to enforce the terms of the treaty4 ,they who dared to call it to mind1 accordingly1 were sent to prison or heavily fined4 ,almost all the ,bernese clergy1 when banished from their churches and presbyteries1 sought shelter and protection on the hospitable soil of ,france4 ,from that country they returned often1 under cover of night1 to their forsaken parishes1 in order to administer the sacraments and perform other religious offices for the consolation of their flocks1 hastening back to the land of liberty and safety before the approach of day4 ,the persecution was carried to such extremes that the ,catholics were not only deprived of their churches1 but forbidden1 under severe penalties1 to assemble for ,divine worship1 even in barns or such-like places4 8,as an official of the ,state of ,bearn10 wrote a school inspector to a school mistress1 8you are bound to strive1 with all your might1 that the purposes of the said ,state1 as regards attendance at public worship1 be carried out4 ,if your conscience does not admit of your attending the ,church which is recognized and approved by the government1 ,i leave you at liberty to refrain from attending any worship1 but ,i forbid you to go to the barn1 where the deprived parish priest officiates1 because ,i would not have you set a bad example to your children40 ,no encouragement or word of consolation that ,pius ,,ix4 could bestow1 was wanting to his persecuted children of ,switzerland4 ,in addressing ,bishop ,lachat1 whom he received with every mark of friendship1 when he came to represent the sad condition to which he was reduced1 the ,holy ,father said3 8,to you also it is now given to experience the greatest happiness that can fall to the lot of an apostolic man4 ,this happiness is thus expressed in the ,new ,testament3 ,ibant gaudentes1 quoniam digni habiti sunt pro nomine ,jesu contumeliam pati4 ,they went away rejoicing1 because they were thought worthy to suffer reproach for the name of ,jesus40 ,the ,prussian chancellor1 as devoid of humanity as he was short-sighted in statesmanship1 forbad the exiled clergy of ,switzerland to set foot in the annexed ,province of ,alsace4 ,the brutal conduct of the chancellor could1 however1 only injure himself4 ,it stigmatizes him as a persecutor throughout the ages1 as long as history shall be read1 whilst the sufferers to whom he refused shelter and bread1 found abundant compensation in the generous hospitality of the ,french nation4 ,mentita est iniquitas sibi4 ,the persecution brought little benefit to either the ,protestant or infidel party in the ,bernese ,legislature1 by whom it was inaugurated1 whilst the moral power of the ,catholics was greatly increased4 ,travellers relate that 8the ,catholics of ,jura treat with a degree of contempt1 as immense as is their faith1 the apostate priests who banished the true ministers of ,god4 ,they assembled in barns and all sorts of out-buildings1 all remaining faithful to ,god1 the ,holy ,church and their parish priests4 ,faith which slept in some souls is reawakened and endowed with new life4 ,bernese ,jura is more ,catholic than ever40 ,the ,central ,council of the ,swiss ,confederation1 at length1 became ashamed of the inglorious name which the ,canton of ,bearn was making for the common country--the country of ,william ,tell so highly famed for its love of liberty and its noble hospitality4 ,perhaps1 also1 they were not unconcerned to find that travellers from other lands protested1 in their way1 against the barbarous persecution1 and left their money in more favored lands4 ,the ,bernese government was advised1 either to proceed legally and regularly against the parish priests1 or to recall them4 ,there being nothing on which to found legal proceedings1 the exiles returned to their country at the end of #ahge4 ,the persecution was not1 however1 at an end4 ,neither churches1 nor presbyteries1 nor liberty1 were restored4 ,the faithful clergy1 rich in the fidelity of their devoted flocks1 fulfilled the duties of their ministry in the darkness of night1 using every precaution in order to escape the snares of the police1 and to avoid fines and imprisonment1 which were now the punishment instead of exile4 ,,great ,,britain ,,and ,,the ,,british ,,colonies4 ,taking leave of the dark and dreary pages which bear the melancholy record of persecution1 we turn1 with a feeling of relief1 to the more cheering picture presented by those countries where the great principle of religious liberty has come1 at length1 to be fully understood4 ,it was a great day for the united kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 when the legal disabilities which weighed so long on the ,catholic people1 were removed4 ,it was the noble and powerful protest of a mighty empire against the narrow and irrational spirit of persecution1 which still disgraces so many of the ,european nations4 ,if ever the ,catholics1 by superiority of numbers1 which is far from being an impossible state of things1 should come to sway the destinies of that empire1 the glorious fact will be remembered and bear its fruit4 ,england1 ,ireland and ,scotland1 already enjoy an abundant measure of their reward1 in the increase of piety and of that righteousness which exalteth a nation4 ,this is manifest in many ways4 ,it is particularly shown forth by the more friendly feeling towards the ,catholics of the empire which now universally prevails4 ,we may not be supposed to know much1 here in ,canada1 about the state of sentiment or opinion in ,england4 ,but when we appeal to the testimony of so eminent an ,englishman as ,cardinal ,newman1 what we affirm cannot be easily gainsaid4 ,in a discourse recently delivered at ,birmingham1 on the growth of the ,catholic ,church in ,england1 the very learned cardinal noted the striking contrast between the feeling towards ,catholics in ,cardinal ,wiseman's time and that of the present day1 and accounted for the improvement by showing that there is now a much better knowledge of the ,catholic religion among ,protestants4 8,what ,i wish to show10 said his ,eminence1 8and what ,i believe to be the remarkable fact is1 that whereas there have been many conversions to the ,catholic ,church during the last thirty years1 and a great deal of ill-will felt towards us1 in consequence1 nevertheless1 that ill-will has been overcome1 and a feeling of positive good-will has been created instead in the minds of our very enemies1 by means of those conversions which they feared from their hatred of us4 ,how this was1 let me now say3 ,the ,catholics in ,england1 fifty years ago1 were an unknown sect amongst us4 ,now there is hardly a family but has brothers or sisters1 or cousins or connections1 or friends and acquaintances1 or associates in business or work1 of that religion1 not to mention the large influx of population from the sister island3 and such an interpenetration of ,catholics with ,protestants1 especially in our great cities1 could not take place without there being a gradual accumulation of experience1 slow1 indeed1 but therefore the more sure about individual ,catholics1 and what they really are in character1 and1 whether or not1 they can be trusted in the concerns and intercourse of life2 and ,i fancy that ,protestants1 spontaneously1 and before setting about to form a judgment1 have found them to be men whom they could be drawn to like and to love quite as much as their fellow-,protestants--to be human beings in whom they could be interested and sympathize with1 and interchange good offices with1 before the question of religion came into consideration40 ,the increase in the number of ,catholics and of ,catholic institutions in ,great ,britain1 has kept pace with the growth of friendly sentiments in their regard4 ,that island1 8the mother of nations10 appears to be destined to unite by means of her ever spreading language1 the immense family of mankind4 ,for what end and purpose none can tell4 ,the hidden ways of ,divine ,providence are known to ,god alone4 ,we may1 nevertheless1 in view of certain well-known facts1 presume to draw the veil of mystery aside1 and discover so far the secret of ,god's mercy4 ,in ,pius the ,ninth's time the number of ,catholics has been doubled in ,great ,britain1 as well as in the ,united ,states of ,america1 ,canada1 ,australia1 remote ,india and the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,at the time of the election of ,pius ,,ix41 there were in ,england and ,scotland eight hundred and twenty ,catholic priests4 ,there are now two thousand and eighty-eight47#ab7 ,the number of churches and chapels had grown from six hundred and twenty-six to one thousand three hundred and fifteen4 ,within the last twenty years religious houses for men had increased from twenty-one to seventy-three1 and convents for religious sisters1 from ninety-seven to two hundred and thirty-nine4 ,catholic schools and colleges had more than doubled their number1 being now one thousand three hundred1 whilst a little over twenty years ago it was five hundred4 ,in the ,british colonies1 generally1 including ,british ,america1 ,australia1 ,india1 and the ,west ,indies1 there were1 in #ahee1 no more than forty-four ,episcopal ,sees1 several of which owed their erection to ,pius ,,ix4 ,by the year #ahgf1 the solicitude of the same venerable ,pontiff had raised to eighty-eight1 the number of archbishops and bishops who exercised the duties of their sacred office1 throughout the ,colonial ,empire of ,great ,britain4 ,in the whole empire there cannot be fewer than one hundred and twenty-five prelates1 whether vicars-apostolic1 archbishops1 bishops1 or prefects-apostolic4 ,in no country have the benefits of religious liberty been more abundantly enjoyed than in ,canada4 ,in #ahfi1 the two ,provinces of ,ontario and ,quebec1 formerly ,canada ,west and ,canada ,east1 counted ten dioceses and seven hundred and seventy-nine churches4 ,including ,sherbrooke1 ,chicoutimi1 and the vicariate-apostolic of ,northern ,canada1 there are now thirteen dioceses in the two provinces1 whilst1 during the seven years anterior to #ahgf1 there was an increase of one hundred and seventy-three churches1 making1 in all1 one thousand one hundred and seventy-one4 ,in the same period religious houses had increased from seventy-three to one hundred and ninety-six4 ,education of a religious character is1 at the same time1 amply provided for4 ,there are1 in the ,province of ,quebec1 three thousand one hundred and thirty-nine parochial1 and altogether three thousand six hundred and thirty elementary schools1 for a population of one million eight hundred and eighty-two thousand souls4 ,these schools1 without including educational institutions of a more private kind1 which are very numerous in ,lower ,canada 7,quebec71 allow one school to every six hundred people4 ,it may be doubted whether ,prussia1 even1 which possesses greater facilities for education than any other ,european country1 comes up to this standard4 ,the increase of ,catholic people everywhere1 throughout the country1 keeps pace with the building of churches and the establishing of ,catholic schools and other religious institutions4 ,this increase is particularly noticeable in the towns and cities1 where the growth of the ,catholic population is remarkably rapid4 ,in all the ,british dependencies1 liberty1 as understood by the ,british people1 prevails2 and1 wherever it is held in honor and exercises its legitimate influence1 religion nourishes4 ,contrast1 for instance1 ,australia1 when a penal colony1 and when liberty was unknown with ,australia1 as it is to-day4 ,in #ahjd two priests were permitted1 by the civil power1 to perform the duties of their sacred office4 ,their labors sufficed for the very limited spiritual wants of the colony4 ,by #ahbg these wants had so slightly increased that two priests were still able to meet them all4 ,one of these was ,dr4 ,ullathorne1 now ,bishop of ,birmingham1 assisted by another priest and a lay teacher4 ,so late as #ahdb1 matters were little better1 ,hobart-town having one priest1 but no church4 ,australia1 meanwhile1 was growing in importance1 and it came to possess1 as became an important ,british colony1 constitutional government4 ,this was a new era for the cause of religion4 ,australia has now1 #ahhj1 two archbishoprics and ten other episcopal sees4 ,in three of the dioceses1 ,melbourne1 ,sandhurst and ,perth1 there are no fewer than one hundred and thirty-five priests4 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4 ,at the epoch of ,independence1 #aggf1 the number of ,catholics in the new republic was estimated at twenty-five thousand4 ,the spiritual wants of this comparatively small body were ministered to by nineteen priests1 who were under the jurisdiction of the bishop ,vicar-,apostolic of ,london1 ,england4 ,by #agij1 the number of priests was doubled1 and a bishop was appointed4 ,in #ahdj1 there were in the ,united ,states one million five hundred thousand ,catholics4 ,by #ahee1 they had grown to two millions4 ,in the twenty-one years from #ahee to #ahgf the increase was from two millions to six million five hundred thousand4 ,this extraordinary growth1 though rapid1 was1 nevertheless1 vigorous and healthy4 ,there was a corresponding increase in the numbers of the clergy1 as well as of religious and educational institutions4 ,for the instruction and spiritual comfort of so great a flock1 there were1 in #ahgi1 no fewer than five thousand three hundred and fifty-eight priests1 with fifty-six bishops and archbishops1 five thousand and forty-six churches1 three thousand seven hundred and eleven oratories and missionary stations4 ,religious houses have also increased in due proportion4 ,in #ahee1 there were only fifteen religious houses for men in all the ,united ,states4 ,there are now ninety-five4 ,communities of religious sisters1 who chiefly devote themselves to works of charity and instruction1 also flourish4 ,in #ahee there were only fifty such communities4 ,there are now two hundred and twenty-five4 ,educational institutions of a religious character also abound4 ,in #ahjj1 there was only one ,catholic academy for girls in all the ,united ,states4 ,at the present day they number more than four hundred4 ,catholic colleges have increased from two to sixty-four4 ,the number of parochial schools is not so great1 in proportion to the population1 as in the ,province of ,quebec4 ,this is accounted for by the still defective state of religious liberty in the ,united ,states4 ,there is a sort of ,state fanaticism there in favor of common or national schools4 ,whilst ,catholics cannot avail themselves of such institutions1 which provide only a ,godless education1 they are1 nevertheless1 heavily taxed for their support4 ,being so burdened1 it is surely much to the credit of the ,catholics of the ,united ,states that they1 in addition1 support two thousand two hundred and forty-four parochial schools1 besides six hundred and sixty-three colleges or academies1 and twenty-four seminaries1 for higher and ecclesiastical education4 ,notwithstanding the drawback alluded to1 ,pius ,,ix4 entertained a high idea of the ,north ,american ,republic1 and he showed that he did so when he declared that it was almost the only country wherein he could exercise1 without hindrance1 the duties of his sublime office4 ,he further evinced his appreciation by raising several ,american bishops to the dignity of archbishop1 and one to that of cardinal4 ,the ,archbishop of ,new ,york is the first ,american who has enjoyed the high position of cardinal4 ,he was formally thanked for this well-merited honor by the ,president of the ,united ,states1 and all ,america concurred in extolling the wisdom of the choice which gave the dignity to the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop ,mc,closkey1 of ,new ,york4 ,,hierarchy ,,of ,,scotland4 ,one of the latest labors of ,pius ,,ix4 was that which he undertook1 on the urgent request of the ,catholics of ,scotland1 in connection with the restoration of the ancient ,scottish hierarchy4 ,the venerable ,pontiff1 now so far advanced in years1 did not live to complete this important work4 ,the late reverend and learned ,dr4 ,grant1 ,president of the ,scotch ,college at ,rome1 ceased not1 meanwhile1 to promote1 as representing the ,catholics of ,scotland1 the institution of the hierarchy4 ,his knowledge of the country and historical research eminently qualified him for the task4 ,the work1 so happily commenced under the auspices of ,pius ,,ix41 was brought to a conclusion soon after the accession of his successor1 ,leo ,,xiii4 ,the ,most ,rev4 ,john ,strain1 well known as a sound theologian and eminently practical preacher1 was appointed ,archbishop of ,st4 ,andrews and ,edinburgh4 ,the learned prelate thus became the successor of the ancient ,archbishops of ,st4 ,andrews and ,primate of ,scotland4 ,the other ,episcopal ,sees erected were ,glasgow1 ,aberdeen1 ,dunkeld1 ,galloway1 ,argyll and the ,isles4 ,glasgow1 in consideration of its former honors1 was made an archbishopric1 but without suffragans4 ,the archbishop is a member of the ,synod of ,st4 ,andrews and ,edinburgh4 ,to the undying honor of the people of ,scotland1 there is nothing more to record4 ,there were no commotions1 no eloquent appeals for the purpose of allaying groundless fears and calming the popular mind1 to burden the tale of the historian4 ,an unsuccessful attempt at riot1 by some rowdies1 in a city of six hundred thousand souls1 confirms rather than derogates from the absolute truth of this statement4 ,there are already in the ,archdiocese of ,st4 ,andrews and ,edinburgh several important religions institutions4 ,among these may be mentioned four communities of religious sisters4 ,the sisters1 called 8,ursulines of ,jesus10 have two establishments in the city of ,edinburgh1 and devote themselves entirely to education and charity4 ,there are fifty-four churches1 chapels and stations4 ,the missions1 properly so-called1 are twenty-eight in number1 and forty-three priests1 of whom thirteen are members of religious societies1 perform all the missionary duty and minister to the spiritual wants of the congregations4 ,it cannot be said that education is neglected1 and such education as recognizes religious principle2 there being1 in addition to the convent schools1 thirty-six congregational or parochial schools4 ,in the ,archdiocese of ,glasgow1 one hundred and twenty-one priests1 of whom twenty-four are members of religious societies1 attend to the spiritual wants of the missions and congregations4 ,the ,glasgow missions count fifty-nine1 with seventy-eight churches1 chapels and stations4 ,the congregational or parochial schools number one hundred and eighty-six1 in addition to religious educational institutions4 ,aberdeen has forty-seven priests1 of whom seven are members of the ,benedictine ,order4 ,it has thirty-two missions1 with fifty-one churches1 chapels and stations4 ,colleges1 convents1 and congregational schools1 are in proportion to the ,catholic population4 ,dunkeld contains within its borders the important seaport town of ,dundee1 and the ancient city of ,perth1 where may still be seen the ,church of ,st4 ,john1 against which the ,knox ,iconoclasts cast the first stone--the sad prelude to their furious onslaught on all the sacred edifices of the land4 ,at ,dundee there is a numerous ,catholic population4 ,in the whole diocese there are thirty-three priests1 of whom twelve are members of the religious ,society of ,redemptorists4 ,there are religious communities of ,sisters of ,mercy1 ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 and ,ursulines of ,jesus4 ,the ,marist ,brothers and ,redemptorists have their monasteries1 and there is a creditable number of congregational schools4 ,the ancient ,see of ,whithorn 7,candidacasa7 is now known as the diocese of ,galloway4 ,it dates from ,st4 ,ninian1 the apostle of the ,southern ,picts1 by whom it was founded in #cig4 ,it was destroyed in the time of the ,scandinavian invasions1 and remained extinct from #hjh till #aahi4 ,it fell again at the epoch of the ,reformation1 and had no bishop from the death of ,andrew ,durie1 in #aeeh1 till the appointment of ,bishop ,mc,lachlan by ,leo ,,xiii4 ,the residence of the bishop is at ,dumfries1 where there is a numerous congregation and an elegant church4 ,argyll and the ,isles is a diocese full of promise4 ,the traditions of its piety in ancient days are a rich inheritance4 ,it has already thirty-eight churches1 chapels and stations1 together with some numerous congregations4 ,,increase ,,and ,,number ,,of ,,catholics ,,throughout ,,the ,,world ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,pius ,,ix4 ,about the time of the accession of ,pius ,,ix41 the ,catholic population of the world was estimated by scientific men at two hundred and fifty-four million six hundred and fifty-five thousand 7see the ,scientific ,miscellany of the time74 ,since that time there has been a very considerable increase4 ,how great it has been we may judge from the statistics with which we are most familiar1 those of ,great ,britain and the ,british ,colonies1 as well as those of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the eminent statisticians1 ,drs4 ,behm and ,wagner1 hold that the number of ,protestants has more than doubled in the same period4 ,some thirty-five years ago1 according to the ,scientific ,miscellany1 the ,protestant population of the world was forty-eight million nine hundred and eighty-nine thousand4 ,without saying that the learned men alluded to are wrong in estimating them now at one hundred and one million1 it may be claimed that ,catholics have enjoyed at least as great an increase4 ,the tendency of the latter1 in the present age1 is to spread and to spread rapidly1 whilst among ,protestants1 according to their own ablest writers1 there exists no such expansive power4 ,an opinion prevails among those who are not friendly to the ,catholic ,church1 that such an institution can only take root and grow in an age of ignorance1 or among ignorant people4 ,this opinion enjoys not the sanction of the most distinguished ,protestant authors and preachers4 ,baron ,macaulay writes3 8,we often hear it said that the world is constantly becoming more and more enlightened1 and that the enlightenment must be favorable to ,protestantism and unfavorable to ,catholicism4 ,we wish that we could think so4 ,but we see great reason to doubt whether this is a well-founded expectation4 ,we see that during the last two hundred and fifty years the human mind has been in the highest degree active2 that it has made great advances in every branch of natural philosophy2 that it has produced innumerable inventions1 tending to promote the convenience of life2 that medicine1 surgery1 chemistry1 engineering1 have been very greatly improved2 that government1 police and law1 have been improved1 though not to so great an extent as the physical sciences4 ,yet we see that during these two hundred and fifty years ,protestantism has made no conquests worth speaking of4 ,nay1 we believe that as far as there has been change1 that change has been in favor of the ,church of ,rome4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 feel confident that the progress of knowledge will necessarily be fatal to a system which has1 to say the least1 stood its ground in spite of the immense progress made by the human race in knowledge since the time of ,queen ,elizabeth40 ,if1 then1 ,protestantism1 as regards increase and development1 has been at a stand-still for the last two7#ac7 hundred and fifty years1 whilst it is admitted on all hands that ,catholicism has been growing rapidly1 it is not1 surely1 unreasonable to claim that the increase of ,catholics keeps pace with that of ,protestants4 ,the claim1 however1 must be waived1 as it would give a greater expansion to the ,catholic ,church than ,catholics can suppose it is entitled to4 ,if the number of ,catholics had doubled within the last five-and-thirty or forty years1 as that of ,protestants is alleged by the learned statisticians to have done1 they would now count five hundred and nine million three hundred thousand4 ,behm and ,wagner estimate them at two hundred and seventy million4 ,judging by the facts alluded to1 this estimate is certainly below the mark1 and we shall still be considered as determining for a low figure when we reckon the ,catholic population of the whole world at three hundred million4 ,the heathen masses are still the most numerous4 ,but1 if the statement recently made by the ,secretary of the ,chinese ,legation1 at ,washington1 may be relied on1 they are not overwhelmingly so4 ,this statement reduces the population of ,china from the fabulous number of four hundred million to one hundred million4 ,it is not1 surely1 reasonable to suppose1 as the world has so long supposed1 that one nation1 ,china1 has a population double that of all the nations of ,india4 ,the whole heathen world1 therefore1 cannot count more than six hundred and fifty million souls--too many to be still in darkness and the shadow of death4 ,but let each believer labor to convert a heathen1 and there will be light at last4 ,the believing portion of mankind is not so far behind1 in point of numbers1 at least4 ,it consists of 7according to ,drs4 ,behm and ,wagner73 #cjj1jjj1jjj ,catholics4 #ij1jjj1jjj members of the ,greek ,church4 #aja1jjj1jjj ,protestants4 #g1jjj1jjj ,jews4 ,,anniversary ,,of ,,the ,,episcopal ,,consecration ,,of ,,pius ,,ix4 ,the #crd of ,june1 #ahgg1 was a great day for ,rome and the ,catholic world4 ,of all the fetes which ,plus ,,ix4 was favored to celebrate1 there was none more honored than the anniversary of his episcopal consecration4 ,one would say that the faithful ,catholic people everywhere had resolved to make it an occasion of protesting against the treatment to which the venerable ,pontiff was subjected1 and the false principles which governed the ,italian faction1 by which he was so cruelly persecuted4 ,pilgrims came from all lands and crowded the streets of the ,papal city2 for such it still was4 ,notwithstanding all the efforts of the usurping government1 the ,roman people acknowledged no other ruler at ,rome than the ,holy ,father4 ,during six months of the year #ahgg1 the devoted ,catholics of every nation ceased not to throng the streets1 the approaches to and from the halls of the ,vatican ,palace4 ,nor did they come empty-handed4 ,they were literally laden with gold and silver1 together with an endless variety of other rich and appropriate gifts4 ,a month before the anniversary day1 there were already five hundred chalices1 as well as other church plate1 jewellery1 vestments1 altar linens1 etc41 deposited in the ,vatican4 ,an eye-witness beheld these precious offerings suitably laid out in one of the largest galleries1 forming an immense treasury1 from which the benevolent ,pontiff supplied the poorer missions throughout the world4 ,congratulatory addresses were constantly presented1 and ,pius ,,ix4 was indefatigable in receiving these proofs of the faith and love of his spiritual children4 ,day after day he made replies to deputations1 and often1 four times a day without appearing fatigued or giving any sign that his bodily strength or vigor of mind was failing him4 ,day after day1 throughout the whole summer of #ahgg1 the faithful people ceased not to astonish the new masters of ,rome1 who flattered themselves with the belief that faith was dead in the world1 and would no longer be an impediment to their domination4 ,they beheld pilgrims from every clime in vast numbers1 of which they could form no estimate4 ,they also heard their voice1 and wondered at their admirable unanimity4 8,all of us1 whoever we are1 ,christians of every nation and of every tongue10 said the ,bishop of ,poitiers1 speaking in the name of his fellow-,catholics1 8we have all been brought here by the desire1 the necessity we are under1 to offer our tribute of regret and love to the venerated ,pontiff1 whom the whole world honors with all the veneration of filial duty4 ,after having placed at his feet our presents and our respectful homage1 we come to offer1 in this sanctuary1 our thanksgiving and our prayers--our thanksgiving1 for ,pius ,,ix4 has been preserved to us beyond the term of all preceding ,pontificates--our prayers for his remaining in this life is1 at present1 our only pledge of safety407#ad7 ,on occasion of the memorable anniversary1 ,pius ,,ix4 proclaimed a jubilee1 and thus afforded to all his children throughout the universe an opportunity of uniting with those of ,rome in one common prayer and act of thanksgiving4 ,numberless communions1 in every ,catholic land1 on the very day of the anniversary--#crd ,june--bore witness to the lively faith which universally prevailed1 and made it plain as noon-day to the unbelieving that the body of the ,church is united by the bond of charity1 even as is the family by the ties of blood4 ,the power of such a celebration was widely felt4 ,and the revolutionists of ,italy believed that something must be done in order to counteract its influence4 ,they could not propose1 as they had done six years before on occasion of the anniversary of ,pius the ,ninth's exaltation to the ,popedom1 to display on all the public edifices of ,rome the flag of revolutionized ,italy in fraternal union with that of the ,pontiff and the ,church4 ,it must1 therefore1 be unfurled in direct opposition to the cause of the ,holy ,father4 ,a festive commemoration of the 8constitutional statute0 was ordered to be held on the #crd ,june1 the day of the ,papal celebration4 ,the scheme proved to be more than a failure4 ,it was intended as an insult to the ,pope and protest against the ,christian faith4 ,in reality it became a testimony which redounded to the honor of the ,holy ,father and the glory of religion4 ,what cared the ,romans1 or the people of the ,roman territory1 for the 8constitutional statute0 of ,charles ,albert8 ,their vivats were all for ,pius ,,ix4 and his more constitutional constitution4 8,long live ,pius ,,ix46--,pius ,,ix41 our only ,king60 ,no other cry was heard in the streets of ,rome1 or in the wide campagna4 ,the populations of the country as well as of the city were alike devoted to ,pius ,,ix41 and would have no other to rule over them4 ,the usurping revolutionists must needs retaliate4 ,in doing so1 they still more degraded their fete of the 8constitutional statute40 ,on occasion of royal fetes1 favors are liberally dispensed4 ,this order of things was now reversed4 ,parties convicted of illuminating their houses1 of displaying white and yellow colors1 or of expressing in words their loyalty to ,pius ,,ix41 were sentenced to imprisonment4 ,,death ,,of ,,antonelli ,,and ,,patrizi4 ,shortly before the anniversary celebration1 ,pius ,,ix4 had to lament the death of his faithful ,secretary of ,state1 ,cardinal ,antonelli4 ,this intrepid statesman had done battle courageously during six-and-twenty years for the ,church1 the ,holy ,see and the temporal sovereignty of the ,roman ,pontiff1 who had been threatened in his life1 his priestly honor and his character for integrity4 ,the devoted cardinal defied both the poniard and the tongue of the calumniator4 ,although able to unmask the most secret intrigues of the revolutionists1 he could not avert the blow which it was permitted that they should strike against the time-honored institutions of his country4 ,they appear to have been destined to reign for a time4 ,their success did not appal ,antonelli nor shake his fidelity4 ,in evil report and good report he stood by his sovereign1 and shared his exile as well as the honor which he enjoyed in the more auspicious days of his glorious ,pontificate4 ,three weeks later1 ,cardinal ,patrizi1 who was ,vicar of ,rome and chief counsellor of ,pius ,,ix4 in all matters connected with the government of the church1 was called from this earthly scene4 ,thus was the aged ,pontiff destined to be tried by new afflictions4 ,the success of his enemies and of the enemies of the ,church1 the privation and humiliation to which he was subjected1 were rendered more severe by the death of his dearest friends who were also his ablest supporters4 ,he was grieved1 but could not be crushed by so many calamities4 ,he remained until his health utterly failed equal to his high position4 ,an additional cause of sorrow to the ,holy ,father was the enactment of the ,italian ,legislature1 known as the ,mancini law4 ,this law was in downright opposition to the law of guarantees4 ,it made it a crime to preach the ,gospel4 ,on pretence of repressing the abuses of the clergy1 their offences against the laws and institutions of the ,state1 it forbade all apostolic preaching4 ,it was too late4 ,nero1 even1 was not in time1 and all the fury of persecution could not uproot the belief in virtue which prevailed4 ,the clergy shall no longer say that fraud1 robbery1 lying1 violence and assassination are sins4 ,but cui bono8 ,the world has already its convictions--prejudices1 the philosophy of ,kulturkampf may call them--in regard to all such things1 and no law that an infidel parliament can enact will suffice to eradicate them4 ,it could only sadden the heart of the ,chief ,pastor to see the power which ruled in his country and in his stead laboring so strenuously but ineffectually to demolish the edifice of the church1 which1 for so many ages1 had been assailed in vain4 ,it was the height of presumption1 surely1 when a few modern ,italians1 a miserable minority of their own nation1 undertook a task which defied all the power of ,imperial ,rome4 ,in a country where liberty is better understood1 a powerful voice was raised in condemnation of the ,mancini law4 ,the ,british ,catholic ,union protested against the cruel enactment as an attack not only on the liberty of the ,church but also on the very existence of the ,christian faith in ,italy4 ,this purpose was1 indeed1 avowed by many of its supporters in the ,italian parliament4 ,pius ,,ix4 could not fail to protest against such an attack on that liberty which is the birthright of every ,christian4 ,in a ,consistorial ,allocution of #abth ,march1 #ahgg1 he exposed the plot which the revolutionists had prepared in order to prevent the ,holy ,father from accomplishing his appointed mission--that of instructing and edifying the whole flock of ,christ4 ,that his protest was fully justified and demanded by the circumstances of the case was abundantly shown by the rage which it excited among the ruling faction4 ,their press did its best to dissemble1 and affected to treat with contempt the ,pope's address4 ,it contained only 8lame and doubtful reasonings--such arguments as are termed paralogisms or involuntary sophisms1 which escape the notice of their authors40 ,the government1 in unison with the press1 sought to stifle the importunate voice of the ,pontiff4 ,the council of ministers went so far as to resolve on prosecuting any journals that should dare to publish the ,papal allocution4 ,but they found it was too late4 ,the obnoxious document was already printed in ,france1 and1 consequently1 open to the civilized world4 ,so the wrath of the ministry was allowed to cool4 ,it sought1 nevertheless1 to be revenged4 ,the minister of justice1 accordingly1 addressed a circular to the procurators-general1 in which he denounced the language of ,pius ,,ix4 as 8excessive and violent40 ,the ,pope himself he railed was a factious person1 as a fomenter of sedition and revolt4 ,he also charged him with ingratitude4 ,for what was he ungrateful8 ,had they not robbed him of his sovereignty and his property8 ,did they not now hold him closely guarded in the ,vatican8 ,they spared his life1 indeed1 but made him understand that he was their prisoner1 as1 in reality1 he was4 ,to have gone farther would have been to outrage all ,italy1 which they were so anxious to conciliate1 and the great ,powers1 whose forbearance they so much needed4 ,cardinal ,simeoni1 who had succeeded ,antonelli as ,secretary of ,state1 in a circular addressed to the ,papal nuncios1 pointed out the weakness and gross injustice of ,mancini's letter4 ,the secret societies1 on the other hand1 congratulated their most dear and most active brother1 and expressed the hope that he would not stop until he reached the end to which he so nobly tended4 ,the minister of justice fully acceded to the wishes of the brethren1 and they could rely upon it that he would persevere until he compassed the destruction of the ,papacy4 ,such good resolutions deserved a reward4 ,they awarded him1 accordingly1 what they called a diploma of honor4 ,the ,mancini law1 notwithstanding all the efforts of its supporters1 never became law4 ,there is not much in this history to be placed to the credit of ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,nevertheless1 he1 all of a sudden1 opposed the enactment of the odious law which he had allowed to be prepared and presented in his name to the representative chamber4 ,by expressing his repugnance to it1 he caused it to fail in the ,senate4 ,it is related that it was on the representation of his daughter1 the ,princess ,clotilde1 that he so acted4 ,,plan ,,for ,,electing ,a ,,pope4 ,one of the most daring enterprises of the ,italian ministry was their scheme1 in conjunction with the ,prussian chancellor1 for the election of a ,pope on the demise of ,pius ,,ix4 ,hitherto1 when the ,popes enjoyed their temporal sovereignty1 the ,cardinal ,camerlingo1 or high chamberlain1 directed everything from the time of the ,pope's decease until the election of a successor4 ,it was the purpose of the ministry to arrogate to themselves the attributes of this high dignitary1 who acted1 temporarily1 as the ,sovereign of ,rome4 ,for the attainment of their end1 fraud1 lying and forgery were freely had recourse to4 ,it being understood that there existed a ,bull relating to the election of ,pius the ,ninth's successor1 and that it was in the custody of ,mgr4 ,mercurelli1 the ,secretary of ,pontifical briefs1 a high price was offered to any one who should treacherously deliver it into the hands of the revolutionists4 ,such a temptation was not to be resisted4 ,a cunning scribe1 who could imitate the handwriting of ,mercurelli1 made a copy of an ancient ,bull of ,pius ,,vi41 adapting it to the circumstances of the time4 ,to the great confusion of the astute chancellor and his associates1 the ,italian ministers1 the forgery was discovered1 and the sage statesmen befooled in the sight of all ,europe by a common felon4 ,nothing1 however1 was to be left undone that was calculated1 as the conspirators conceived1 to secure the election of a ,pope who would reject the decisions of the ,vatican ,council4 ,for this end it was proposed to take military possession of the ,vatican ,palace1 and appoint a commissioner to superintend the election and carry out the views of the faction4 ,this iniquitous plot appears to have been overthrown by a vigorous article which was published in the ,osservatore ,romano4 ,it is said to have been inspired by ,pius ,,ix4 ,it stated1 among other things1 that 8the ,vatican changes not with the changes of the times1 and the ,lord1 who has protected it in the past1 and given visible proofs of ,his continued protection1 will protect it in the future1 and defend it against all1 whatever artifices1 whether secret or open1 its enemies may employ1 in order to conquer and overthrow it40 ,the revolutionary journals1 whose constant cry was 8war to the knife0 on the ,church and the ,papacy1 could not refrain from expressing their astonishment1 it ought to be said their admiration1 of this masterly document4 8,it is impossible10 said the ,republique ,francaise of #bhth ,july1 #ahgg1 8not to be struck by the tone of authority1 the vehemence and the menaces1 the ardent and deep-rooted faith which prevail from beginning to end of this extraordinary production40 ,,illness ,,of ,,the ,,pope--,,victor ,,emmanuel ,,at ,,the ,,vatican4 ,in the autumn of #ahgg1 the health of ,pius ,,ix4 began to fail4 ,he caught cold and had a renewal of rheumatic attacks4 ,he was obliged1 in consequence1 to discontinue giving audiences4 ,finally1 by the advice of his physicians1 he kept his bed continuously for three weeks1 from #bjth ,november4 ,the ,pope's indisposition appears to have been quite a ,god-send to the ever-busy press of the hostile faction4 ,there were1 of course1 spasms1 fainting fits1 mortification of the extremities1 etc4 ,the ,pope is dying--the ,pope is dead6--and the enemy rejoiced1 as over a hard-won victory4 ,but the end was not yet4 ,the ,holy ,father recovered1 and was able to hold a ,consistory and deliver an allocution on the #bhth of ,december4 ,there was one at ,rome who felt differently from the party with whom he acted in regard to the illness and possible death of the ,pope4 ,this was no other than ,king ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,the dethroned ,pontiff was still a power that helped to stem the tide of red republican revolution which rolled so angrily against the tottering throne of united ,italy4 ,the barrier was in danger4 ,only the slender thread of an exhausted life saved it from giving way4 ,the king was awe-struck1 and sought comfort in the ,palace of the ,vatican47#ae7 ,what passed at the extraordinary interview none will ever know4 ,all that can be found on record is that the ,king of ,italy retired with a lightened heart from the mansion of the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,pardon1 benediction1 renewal of promises--what may there not have been8 ,that the meeting was not without result1 an event which was not at that time far distant clearly shows4 ,the restoration of ,pius ,,ix4 to comparative health was matter for thanksgiving and congratulation4 ,a consistory was held1 accordingly1 on the #bhth of ,december1 #ahgg4 ,the cardinals having assembled1 the ,holy ,father thus addressed them3 8,we rejoice in the ,lord at having experienced how faithfully you sustain the burden of the apostolic ministry2 and1 at the same time1 for having enjoyed the sweet consolation to find the sorrows of our soul alleviated by your virtue and the constant affection of your charity40 ,the venerable ,pontiff concluded this address1 which was destined to be his last in solemn consistory1 by inviting the members of the ,sacred ,college 8to offer up their prayers assiduously to the throne of ,divine mercy for himself and for the ,church10 representing that the strength of ,christians is in prayer1 in the power of ,god1 which the prayer of ,his creature1 made in his image1 causes to be exerted4 ,and who is stronger than ,god8 ,quis ut ,deus8 ,the aged ,pontiff1 whom the revolutionists of ,italy and other countries cried out against with such vehemence of hatred and malediction1 asked no other favor for himself of the ,supreme ,giver than the pleasure to impart once more his benediction from the ,vatican to the city and the whole world4 ,on occasion of some foreign ladies resident at ,rome coming to present him with a rich canopy for decorating the ,vatican lodge1 at the benediction he gave utterance to the following prayer3 8,lend new strength1 ,o ,lord1 to ,thy ,vicar on earth2 give new vigor to his voice and to his arm1 in order that1 in the present crisis1 it may be permitted him1 as a sign of reconciliation and peace to bless once more solemnly the whole ,catholic people1 and that thus1 through ,thy assistance1 society may be restored to a state of tranquillity and the practice of all the ,christian virtues40 ,he adored1 without knowing it1 the ,divine will1 which was not that he should ever again impart his apostolic benediction from the ,vatican4 ,this he knew not1 and could not pretend to know4 ,but he was comforted in the firm belief that the benediction would never cease to be dispensed4 ,on the same day1 he said1 addressing the ,roman ladies who presented a carpet for the solemn benediction3 8,at this time of darkness and tribulation1 when we are in the power of our enemies1 you may say to me3 #8,we have exerted ourselves so much1 we have offered up so many prayers1 shed so many tears1 and1 notwithstanding1 all to no purpose4' ,the time will come when this present will be made use of4 ,tota nocte laborantes4444 ,the ,romans have1 indeed1 prayed4 ,they have given signal proof of their fidelity and their piety1 amid the gloom and trouble of our national catastrophes1 and why have they1 as yet1 obtained nothing8 ,but what do ,i say8 ,are those evidences of affection which every day reach the ,holy ,see to be reputed as nothing8 ,is that earnestness of prayer which prevails at ,rome and throughout the ,catholic world to no purpose8 ,in the most desert regions and remotest countries vows and prayers are offered up for our deliverance4 ,your prayers and communions are so many petitions1 laid at the foot of the altar1 which cannot fail to be heard4 ,as our ,lord1 who was pleased to show ,peter where to cast his nets1 in order to have an abundant draught of fish1 teaches us also how we shall escape from the abyss of calamity into which our sins1 perhaps1 have thrown us4444 ,although ,i1 who1 at present1 am the ,vicar of ,christ1 may not1 one of my successors will1 see ,rome1 which is our city1 restored to its pristine state1 tranquil and flourishing as it was some months ago4 ,he will also behold all the rights of this ,holy ,see completely recovered40 ,by one of two things only1 as far as man can see1 is it possible that ,italy should be emancipated from its present bondage1 and governed according to the wishes of its people4 ,a constitutional monarchy1 such as ,pius ,,ix4 sought so long to establish1 would be the most secure and permanent guarantee for peace and liberty in the south of ,europe4 ,a remedy for present evils may also be found in a thoroughly representative system of government1 which the system that prevails for the moment in ,italy has no claim to be4 ,there cannot1 however1 be representative government so long as the ,italian people allow a reckless faction1 which is only a small minority of the nation1 to control the elections1 monopolize the votes1 and constitute themselves the legislature of the country4 ,patience is a virtue4 ,but it may be abused4 ,it certainly has been so in the case of ,italy1 and by a base conspiracy4 ,when will the people arise in their might1 and1 by their immense superiority in numbers as well as intelligence1 cast off the yoke of the conspirators--the incubus which crushes and degrades them in the eyes of mankind8 ,,king ,,victor ,,emmanuel ,,sanctions ,,arrangements ,,for ,,the ,,funeral ,,of ,,pius ,,ix4--,,death ,,of ,,victor ,,emmanuel4 ,on the #bith ,december1 #ahgg1 ,king ,victor ,emmanuel came to ,rome on business of the ,state1 as if the city of the ,popes were de jure as well as de facto his capital4 ,on the #cast of the same month1 his ministers induced him to affix his royal signature to some new acts of brigandage and usurpation1 which they had prepared1 but which could not be accomplished until the death of ,pius ,,ix4 ,at the same time1 a decree regulating the funeral of the ,pope was drawn up and signed by the king4 ,royal honors were to be restored1 but only when they could not be enjoyed4 ,the ,holy ,father1 although stripped of his sovereignty in life1 was to be honored when dead as a sovereign prince4 ,it was appointed that mourning should be worn throughout all the ,kingdom of ,italy4 ,court liveries1 even1 were got ready1 and also the minutest details of mourning apparel4 ,nothing was wanting but death--and death came--but not the death that was so ardently desired4 ,scarcely had ,victor ,emmanuel signed the funeral decree1 which was intended to be1 at the same time1 the death-warrant of the ,papacy and the ,church1 when he was taken suddenly ill4 ,he was anxious to leave ,rome1 where his stay was always as short as possible1 but was detained by the receptions of ,new ,year's day1 and in order to attend a diplomatic dinner on the #fth of ,january4 ,on that very day1 a three-fold malady laid him on his deathbed4 ,he became at once the victim of pleuro-pneumonia1 together with the fatal malaria and miliary fevers4 ,there was no hope of his recovery4 ,to leave ,rome was impossible4 8,carry me hence1 at any rate10 cried the dying king1 in an agony of horror2 8,i must not die at the ,quirinal40 ,it was too late4 ,the physicians would not allow him to be moved4 ,unhallowed force placed him in the sacred palace of the ,conclave4 ,greater force held him there4 ,the prince who said1 8,we are at ,rome and at ,rome we shall remain10 was doomed to die at ,rome4 ,after death1 too1 he must remain at ,rome1 notwithstanding the wishes of all his kindred and of his son and successor4 ,the new king expressed to a deputation of the municipality of ,turin with what pain he made the sacrifice which policy required4 ,the policy of the revolutionary faction would not allow ,victor ,emmanuel to have his last resting-place with his ancestors at the ,superga4 ,policy forbade that death even should liberate him who was called the liberator of ,italy4 ,policy hoped to perpetuate usurpation1 by holding the usurper in the usurped capital4 ,the dead king remained in death1 as he had ever been in life1 the captive of the faction4 ,as soon as ,pius ,,ix4 became aware of the critical state of ,king ,victor ,emmanuel1 he sent to him his own chaplain1 ,bishop ,marinelli1 with full authority to reconcile the dying monarch to the church on his expressing repentance and retracting4 ,this dignitary went thrice to the palace1 and was as often repelled by the watchful ministers1 who strictly guarded the person of the king4 ,they dreaded lest so public a retractation as he was1 at the time1 able to make1 and as would have been required1 should prove injurious to their schemes4 ,later1 when there was no hope of recovery1 anxious that the king should have the credit of being at peace with the ,church1 they allowed his own chaplain1 the ,rev4 ,signor ,azenio1 to approach his bed-side4 ,this worthy priest1 being fully authorized1 heard the confession of ,king ,victor ,emmanuel1 and administered to him the ,sacraments of the ,church4 ,as the most ,holy ,sacrament was borne to the monarch's deathbed1 ,prince ,humbert1 ,princess ,margaret1 and1 together with them1 ten ministers and dignitaries of the ,court1 bearing lighted torches1 accompanied the priest3 and as ,victor ,emmanuel received the ,viaticum and ,extreme ,unction1 they all fell upon their knees4 7#ith ,january1 #ahgh47 ,this conclusion1 so consoling to the departing soul1 was gall and wormwood to the worldly ministers4 ,the founder of ,united ,italy1 before he could have the benefit of the last sacred rites1 prayed to be pardoned all his crimes against the ,sovereign ,pontiff and the ,church4 ,by acknowledging and condemning his faults1 he also condemned the unhallowed work which was forwarded by so much usurpation and sacrilege4 ,the ,christian-like end of ,victor ,emmanuel did not meet the views of the ministers4 7,osservatore ,romano of #ajth ,january47 ,accordingly1 they endeavored immediately to lessen its effect on the public mind4 ,their journals1 unable to deny the truth1 even acknowledging the benefit they had by the king's confession and communion1 cunningly labored to counteract the same by the grossest misrepresentation4 ,they related that the king1 at the moment of his death1 had spoken both as a ,christian and an infidel revolutionist4 ,they made him thus retract his retractation4 8,in all that ,i have done1 ,i am conscious of having always fulfilled my duties as a citizen and a prince1 and of having done nothing against the religion of my ancestors40 ,as his conscience was thus at ease1 for what did he beg pardon of the ,sovereign ,pontiff and the ,church8 ,of what could he repent who acknowledged no sin8 ,l',osservatore ,romano1 in reply1 reiterated all that it had already stated on the highest authority4 8,let there be an end1 once for all10 said this excellent journal1 8to the profane language which dares rashly to intervene between the dying man and his ,god1 of whom the priest is the representative4 ,the ,church1 appealed to on so short a notice1 and in the awful hour of the death agony1 mercifully extends her hand to him who is about to approach the presence of the ,sovereign ,judge1 and opens to him1 as far as possible1 the way of salvation2 but she strictly sees to it that her holy laws be fully observed40 ,policy makes laws which it violates as easily as it makes them4 ,the ,church can never break her laws1 which are of ,divine origin4 ,victor ,emmanuel1 accordingly1 must have submitted to the laws of the ,church1 in order to be reconciled to the ,church1 to ,pius ,,ix4 and to ,god4 ,at the death of the king the revolutionists were struck with consternation4 8,victor ,emmanuel is no more60 said the ,liberta1 8and ,italy is like a warrior without his sword40 ,they all felt as if the edifice which they had raised were falling to pieces4 ,they took no blame to themselves1 however4 ,they ascribed not to their folly or their wickedness the danger which threatened them4 8,god is unjust10 said one of the party1 as he announced to the ,romans the king's death4 ,considering the term of human life1 it was no doubt unjust1 to remove from this world a man at the advanced age of eight-and-fifty years6 ,another1 as the remains of the 8father of his country0 were borne to the ,pantheon1 blasphemously exclaimed3 8,that everlasting ,pantheon6 so long the altar of inanimate gods--now the temple of a hostile ,deity60 ,although ,pius ,,ix41 with his usual goodness and consistency1 authorized the clergy to take part in the funeral of the deceased king1 thus according what was due to the honor of a ,christian who had been reconciled to ,god and the ,church1 the ceremony which1 otherwise1 would have been so solemn1 was sadly marred by processions of secret societies1 ,grand ,orients and ,garibaldians1 which followed the funeral car to the ,church of ,st4 ,mary of the ,martyrs47#af7 ,the ,pantheon was not too grand for so great a king4 ,it was only fitting that he who had lent himself to the baleful work of paganizing modern ,rome should have his final resting-place in the temple that was so long sacred to ,rome's heathen deities4 ,the ,holy ,father had so well recovered from his illness1 and his health was so good during the months of ,december and ,january1 #ahgg-gh1 that he was able to transact business daily with the cardinals1 heads of congregations and other prelates4 ,it was for him the revival--the lucid interval--which so often precedes the final scene4 ,notwithstanding the pompous obsequies which the late king had prepared for ,pius ,,ix41 the venerable ,pontiff still lived1 and was able to protest against the pretensions of the successor of that king1 and to defend against his usurpation the ,church and her inalienable rights4 ,the proclamation of ,king ,humbert was met by a protest addressed to all the ,powers from the ,cardinal-,secretary of ,state1 and ,pius ,,ix4 himself raised his voice in order to vindicate publicly those writers who had spoken the truth concerning the deceased prince4 ,the whole world was moved by the solicitude of the ,holy ,father in laboring so as that ,victor ,emmanuel should die as became a ,christian1 and in providing that his funeral should be conducted according to the consoling ceremonial of the ,church4 ,it now became his duty to take care lest the irreconcilable enemies of religion should succeed in availing themselves of these circumstances in order to deceive and induce mankind to believe that the ,godless revolution was in sympathy with ,pius ,,ix4 and the ,church4 ,the venerable ,pontiff was still able to take to task the indiscreet writers who1 from mistaken zeal1 maintained that such an incongruous coalition had taken place or was possible4 ,a very great number of people of all ranks conceived the happy idea of celebrating the seventy-fifth anniversary of ,pius the ,ninth's first communion4 ,this afforded another great occasion for uniting in prayer all over the wide extent of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the fete occurred on the #bnd of ,february1 8,candlemas day10 or the purification of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the ,holy ,father was able1 all exhausted as he was1 to leave his couch1 celebrate ,mass1 and even repair to the throne-room of the ,vatican1 where he performed the ceremony of distributing blessed tapers to the cardinals1 bishops and heads of religious orders4 ,he spoke also with his accustomed eloquence to those whom it gave him so much pleasure to see gathered around him4 ,he addressed himself particularly to the parish priests of ,rome1 recommending above all things to their pastoral solicitude1 the children of the city who bore so important a part in the celebration of the anniversary4 ,he expatiated on the value of ,christian education1 and exhorted the pastors to stir up the zeal of parents4 ,his apostolate had begun with children in the happy days of ,tata ,giovanni4 ,it was only fitting that his last exhortation should be all in their interest and for their happiness4 ,all1 in expressing his gratitude for the prayers that were offered in his behalf1 he asked was that they should be continued1 hoping always 8that ,he who had commenced a good work would not fail to bring it to a successful termination40 ,but it is not given to man to complete or perfect anything in this life2 and that pontificate of thirty-two years1 which was still more astonishing by its acts and labors than by its long duration1 was destined to leave its good work incomplete4 ,it will be continued1 nevertheless1 and men will be made to understand that it is not alone ,mastai's work1 or any man's work1 but the cause of ,him who guides1 with irresistible power1 the destinies of mankind4 ,pius ,,ix41 however1 had accomplished his appointed task4 ,he had celebrated1 and with a wonderful renewal of health1 his last festival and his last anniversary4 ,four days later1 in the evening of the #fth ,february1 he was seized with a slight attack of fever1 which caused no alarm4 ,it was the prelude1 however1 to more serious attacks1 which shortly succeeded one another in rapid succession till the moment of his death4 ,at four o'clock in the morning a potion was administered1 in order to soothe the feverish agitation of the patient4 ,its good effect was only of short duration4 ,as his physician entered1 8this time10 said he1 8my dear doctor1 all is over40 ,he did not share the hopes of those who attended the celebration of ,candlemas day4 ,he understood that his last hour on earth was near at hand1 and he requested that the ,holy ,viaticum and ,extreme ,unction should be administered4 ,as soon as the doleful tidings reached the city1 the people were bid to prayer by a general ringing of the bells4 ,great numbers of the faithful sought the approaches to the ,vatican4 ,many entered and crowded the halls and ante-chambers of the palace1 offering up their prayers1 with abundance of tears1 as ,bishop ,marinelli1 whom1 only one month before1 ,pius ,,ix4 had sent to assist ,king ,victor ,emmanuel1 conveyed the ,viaticum to the chamber of death and administered the ,sacraments4 ,as the malady increased it attacked the lungs 7not the brain1 as the infidel newspapers falsely represented717#ag7 rendering difficult and painful the breathing of the patient4 ,nevertheless1 ,pius ,,ix4 calmly and distinctly repeated the prayers for the dying1 which ,cardinal ,bilio had begun to recite4 ,at the end of the ,act of ,contrition1 he said1 with great humility and confidence1 8,col rostro adjuto07#ah7 and expressed his ,christian hope1 saying1 8,in ,domumm ,domini ibimus407#ai7 ,as the cardinal1 bathed in tears1 hesitated to pronounce the words of final adieu--8,proficiscere anima ,christiana07#bj7--the ,holy ,father inspired the courage so necessary at the hour of separation1 be1 himself uttering the words1 8,si ,proficiscere40 ,he must bless1 once more1 the ,sacred ,college1 the members of which were all kneeling around him4 ,cardinal ,bilio1 in their name1 asked him to impart his blessing4 ,extending his right hand1 he blessed them for the last time4 ,scarcely had the hand that had been so often raised in blessing mankind fallen on the couch when the eyes became dim4 ,a little before four o'clock the death agony commenced4 ,a few moments before six ,pius ,,ix4 ceased to live4 8,eternal rest give to him1 ,o ,lord10 devoutly said the cardinal1 8and may perpetual light shine upon him40 ,these words conveyed the mournful fact that ,pius ,,ix4 lived no more4 ,they were1 at the same time1 the occasion of an outburst of love and devotedness1 which showed that this wonderful ,pope still commanded in death that affection which1 in his lifetime1 had been often so gloriously manifested4 ,cardinals1 prelates1 nobles1 people of ,rome1 guards and servants1 struggled and crowded on each other1 in order to press1 once more1 forehead and lips on those sacred hands which could never more be raised to bless them4 ,it was a singularly affecting scene4 ,the wail of sorrow and the unfeigned expression of esteem and love arose also as the tidings spread throughout the wide extent of the ,catholic world4 ,the deceased ,pontiff needs no eulogium4 ,his memory will be as green throughout the centuries to come as on the day of his decease4 ,it is impossible1 however1 to avoid calling to mind the words of ,saint ,cyprian1 spoken in praise of ,pope ,cornelius1 and most appropriately applied by the pious and learned ,bishop of ,poitiers to ,pius ,,ix3 8,after a promotion which he had neither desired nor sought1 but which was due to him alone who makes ,pontiffs1 what activity from the first moment he was in office6 what boldness of initiative6 ,and1 what we must chiefly consider and praise1 what strength of faith and what courage in having perseveringly and intrepidly held the sacerdotal chair at ,rome1 at a time when1 through opposition to the priesthood1 were uttered such fearful threats1 and when the ,powers of the world were more inclined to undergo any kind of reverse rather than that the ,priest of ,god should occupy at ,rome a throne which was the rival of their earthly throne4 ,if1 in the midst of so much agitation1 the power of the ,lord evidently protected the priest whom he had chosen1 that priest1 nevertheless1 in resisting1 suffered all that it was possible to suffer1 and overcame1 by his priestly energy1 those for whom were in store other and ulterior defeats40 ,,st4 ,,cyprian1 ,epist4 ,,lii1 ad ,antonianum4 ,the death of ,pius ,,ix41 long so ardently desired by the ,italian ministry1 came upon them unawares at last4 ,they had no scheme or plot in readiness1 to thwart the action of the cardinals in the election of a successor to the ,pontificate47#ba7 ,the ,conclave1 accordingly1 assembled in due course1 and1 on the third day of its meeting1 elected to the ,chair of ,peter ,cardinal-,archbishop ,pecci1 ,bishop of ,perugia1 who will be known in history as ,,leo ,,xiii4 --,,finis4-- ,,footnotes ,m#a ,further violence4--,attack on the ,holy ,father4--,murder of ,monsignore ,palma4 #a ,in #ahee the ,bonaparte family were without a name in that ,europe where they had possessed so many thrones4 ,one man had compassion on them1 and acted generously1 ,pius ,,viii4 welcomed them to his ,states4 ,a member of this family1 ,lucien ,bonaparte1 ,napoleon's brother1 having always shown great faithfulness to the ,holy ,see1 ,pius ,,viii4 conferred upon him the title of a ,roman ,prince and the principality of ,canino4 ,lucien's son has not been gifted to walk in the footsteps of his honorable father4 ,balleydier1 in his history of the ,roman revolution1 thus portrays him3 8,versed in dissimulation1 ,charles ,bonaparte had1 under the preceding ,pontificate1 acted two very opposite characters4 ,in the morning attending in the ante-chambers of the ,cardinals1 in the evening at the ,conciliabula of the secret ,societies1 he labored to secure1 by a double game1 the chances of the present and the probabilities of the future4 ,he had often been seen going piously to the ,vatican even1 to lay at the feet of ,gregory ,,xvi4 homage which his heart belied40 ,no doubt1 in #ahdg and #ahdh1 he thought himself an abler man than his father1 as he marched1 poignard in hand1 at the head of the malcontents of ,rome4 ,m#b ,the ,pope abandoned by his people4 ,the ,pope protests against the ,socialist ministry and its acts4 ,m#c ,unsettled state of the ,european nations4 ,m#d ,pius ,,ix4 retires to ,gaeta4 ,m#e ,treacherous conduct of sworn servants of the ,papacy4 ,m#f ,sentiments and declarations of the ,revolutionists4 ,m#g ,what the world thought of the proceedings at ,rome4 ,m#h ,the ,catholic ,powers resolve to reinstate the ,pope4 ,m#i ,dutiful conduct of ,ferdinand of ,naples1 towards the exiled ,pope4 ,m#aj ,action of the ,powers delayed4 ,prince ,louis ,napoleon repudiates the conduct of the ,prince of ,canino4--,declares for the temporal sovereignty4 ,m#aa ,several ,powers undertake to restore the ,pope4 ,france sends an army to ,rome4 ,treachery of the ,roman populace4 ,determination to besiege ,rome4 ,the siege delayed by diplomatic manuvres4 ,m#ab ,excesses of the ,revolutionists4 ,m#ac ,the ,king of ,naples and the ,spaniards offer to assist the ,french4 ,m#ad ,rome surrenders to the ,french4 ,m#ae ,colonel ,niel despatched to ,gaeta with the keys of the city4 ,m#af ,letter of ,pius ,,ix4 to ,general ,oudinot4 ,m#ag ,general ,oudinot repairs to ,gaeta and invites the ,pope to return to his ,capital4 ,m#ah ,the ,french ,republic tries to coerce the ,pope4--,letter to ,colonel ,edgar ,ney4 ,m#ai ,address of ,montalembert to the ,national ,assembly of ,france4 ,m#bj ,the ,municipality of ,rome invites the ,pope to return4 ,m#ba ,the ,pope returns to ,rome4 ,m#bb ,state of religion in countries affected by the ,photian schism and the ,mahometan imposture4 #b ,this danger is past4 ,m#bc ,french colonies and foreign missions--,africa4 ,m#bd ,german associations of ,pius ,,ix4--,state of religion in ,germany4 ,m#be ,degeneracy of ,spain and ,portugal1 and their colonies--,restoration under the auspices of ,pius ,,ix4 ,m#bf ,state of the ,catholic ,church in ,england prior to #ahej4 ,m#bg ,pius ,,ix4 restores the ,english ,hierarchy4 ,m#bh ,numbers and names of the new ,sees4 ,m#bi ,dr4 ,wiseman and thirteen other eminent persons raised by ,pius ,,ix4 to the dignity of ,cardinal4 ,m#cj ,success of the ,english ,hierarchy4 ,m#ca ,increase of ,catholics during the decade--#ahdj-ahej4 ,m#cb ,wonderful growth of the ,catholic ,church in ,england during the ,pontificate of ,pius ,,ix4 ,m#cc ,state of the ,catholic ,church in ,holland anterior to the restoration of its ,hierarchy in #ahec4 ,m#cd ,persecution in ,new ,granada4 ,pius ,,ix4 remonstrates4 ,m#ce ,persecution ceases at last in the ,scandinavian countries4 ,m#cf ,pius ,,ix4 sends a ,catholic pastor to ,stockholm4 ,m#cg ,denmark--#fjj conversions4 ,m#ch ,pius ,,ix4 establishes a ,metropolitan ,see at ,athens4 ,m#ci ,germany--,wars against the ,church4 ,m#dj ,an archbishop and other priests cruelly persecuted4 ,sustained by ,pius ,,ix4 and finally by the people4 ,m#da ,pius ,,ix4 laments the state of religion in ,sardinia4--,condemns the ,act secularizing marriage4 ,m#db ,pius ,,ix4 puts an end to the celebrated ,goa ,schism in #ahea4 ,m#dc ,encyclical on the ,immaculate ,conception--#ahdi4 ,m#dd ,pius ,,ix4 solemnly promulgated the ,dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,m#de ,disputes concerning the study of the ancient classics happily terminated by ,pius ,,ix4 ,m#df ,accident at ,st4 ,agnes4 ,narrow escape of ,pius ,,ix4 and many eminent persons4 ,m#dg ,piedmont seeks a ,french alliance against the ,pope4 ,m#dh ,pius ,,ix4 encourages ,science and the ,fine ,arts--8,vindex antiquitatis40 ,m#di ,lord ,clarendon rebukes ,count ,cavour4 ,m#ej 8,motu proprio40 ,m#ea ,donoso ,cortez1 in the ,spanish ,parliament1 supports the ,papal ,sovereignty4 ,m#eb ,lord ,lansdowne1 together with all the statesmen and ,states of ,christendom1 recognize the principles laid down in ,pius the ,ninth's 8motu proprio40 ,m#ec ,canonizations at ,rome4--,two ,american ,saints4 ,pius ,,ix4 erects four ,metropolitan ,sees in the ,united ,states4 ,m#ed ,new ,see of ,laval4--,rennes becomes ,metropolitan4--,restoration of the ,chapter of ,st4 ,denis4 ,m#ee ,napoleon desires to be crowned by the ,pope4 ,pius ,,ix4 sponsor for ,napoleon's son4--,golden rose sent to the ,empress4 ,m#ef ,pius ,,ix4 godfather to ,alphonso ,,xii4 of ,spain4 ,m#eg ,concordat with ,austria4 ,m#eh ,difficulties in ,spain and ,spanish countries4 ,errors of ,gunther4 ,m#ei ,pius ,,ix4 makes a progress through his ,states4--,his popularity4 ,m#fj ,the ,mortara case4 ,m#fa ,new ,sees erected by ,pius ,,ix4 in ,america4 ,m#fb ,several names added to the number of the ,saints4 ,m#fc ,count ,orsini attempts to murder the ,emperor ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,m#fd ,the war of #ahei4--,the legations severed from the states of the ,church4 #c ,mr4 ,perkins1 in his letter to the ,times1 makes out that they forced open the houses of the inhabitants to make them give up their wine1 and that they got drunk4 ,m#fe ,the peace of ,villafranca4 ,m#ff ,how the treaty was observed4 #d ,protocol1 ,march #ahth4 #e 8,if we were to sift the pretensions of all our public men1 to discover that one person who is necessarily best informed of the past and present state of ,italy1 and the causes and means that have produced the anarchy which now prevails over the greater part of that unfortunate peninsula1 ,lord ,normanby would inevitably be the man for our purpose4 ,his long residence in ,italy1 his intimate acquaintance with all that is there distinguished for literature1 science1 art and statesmanship1 and his unquestionable liberality of sentiment1 as a politician1 give him a paramount claim to our respectful attention1 and even to our confidence1 when he comes forward to enlighten his countrymen1 with respect to ,italian affairs--a claim to which no other member of the legislature can have the slightest pretensions4 ,he has1 too1 throughout a long public career1 always maintained such an independence of character1 and so nobly and generously subordinated his personal interests to his sense of public duty1 as to entitle him as a right to our confidence1 when he unbosoms himself either in print or in speech1 of that knowledge which he has acquired by long study and experience in official and non-official life1 and tells us important truths which it is necessary for us to know1 in order to be able to form a correct judgment upon momentous passing events40--,weekly ,register1 ,february #aa1 #ahfj4 ,m#fg ,the ,french ,emperor connives at the violation of the ,treaty4 ,m#fh ,a ,european ,congress proposed for settling the affairs of ,italy4 ,m#fi ,diplomatic doctrine of non-intervention4 ,m#gj ,tuscany1 ,parma1 ,modena and the ,legations finally annexed to ,piedmont4 ,price of the spoil4 ,m#ga ,results of ,revolutionary ,government4 ,m#gb ,garibaldi reappears4 ,m#gc ,revolutionary reforms in ,sicily1 ,naples1 ,lombardy1 ,modena1 the ,pontifical ,states1 c4 ,m#gd ,revival of ,peter's pence4 ,m#ge ,the ,pope forms an army4--,lamoriciere commands4 ,m#gf ,duplicity of the ,french ,government4--,the ,emperor of ,austria restrained by his ,council4--,lamoriciere's force cut to pieces by the ,piedmontese at ,castelfidaro4 ,m#gg ,further expression of opinion4--,the ,great ,powers4 ,m#gh ,a ,plebiscitum4--,umbria and the ,marches of ,ancona annexed to ,sardinia4 ,m#gi ,the pamphlet ,la ,france1 ,rome et l',italie4--,cardinal ,antonelli's reply4 ,m#hj ,first ,italian ,parliament4 ,victor ,emmanuel proclaimed ,king of ,italy4 ,m#ha ,death of ,count de ,cavour4 ,m#hb ,the ,lebanon ,massacres4--,generosity of ,pius ,,ix4 ,m#hc ,conversion of the ,bulgarians4 ,m#hd ,the annexation to ,piedmont of ,umbria and the ,marches publicly sanctioned by ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,m#he ,piedmont seeks to reign at ,rome4 ,m#hf ,the ,piedmontese ,government fills its coffers by plundering the church4 ,m#hg ,the ,emperor ,napoleon induced to modify his ,italian policy4 #f ,whoever thinks to devour the ,pope will die of indigestion4 ,these words1 though not very polite1 proved to be prophetic4 ,m#hh ,garibaldi defeated at ,aspromonte4 ,m#hi ,canonization of the ,martyrs of ,japan4 ,m#ij ,the ,pope's consistorial allocution to the assembled bishops4 ,he denounces the errors of the time4 ,m#ia ,the ,church in ,poland persecuted4 ,pius ,,ix4 raises his voice in its behalf4 ,m#ib ,the revolutionists admire the courage of ,pius ,,ix4 ,m#ic ,the ,russian ,envoy insults the ,pope4 ,m#id ,pius ,,ix4 insists on protecting the ex-,king of ,naples1 and takes ,napoleon severely to task4 ,m#ie ,an ,emperor and ,empress visit the ,pope4 ,m#if ,a ,papal ,nuncio sent to remind ,maximilian of his promises made at ,rome4 ,m#ig ,a further step towards the abolition of the ,papal sovereignty4 ,m#ih ,the ,syllabus4 ,m#ii ,successful efforts of ,napoleon ,,iii4 to humble ,austria4 ,m#ajj ,pius ,,ix4 devoted to the duties of his spiritual office4 ,m#aja ,canonization1 #ahei4 ,john ,baptist de ,rossi4 ,m#ajb ,john ,sarcander4 ,m#ajc ,benedict ,joseph ,labre4 ,m#ajd ,mixed schools--,ireland4 ,m#aje ,troubles of the ,church in ,mexico4 ,m#ajf ,revolutionary aggression4--,treachery of the ,italian ,government4 ,m#ajg ,garibaldi invades the ,papal states4 ,m#ajh ,murder of the ,zouave music band4 ,m#aji ,french army ordered to ,rome4 ,m#aaj ,character of ,garibaldians--,no sympathy with them4 ,m#aaa ,the ,maistre--,muller4 ,m#aab ,garibaldian fanaticism4 ,m#aac ,two murderers executed4 ,m#aad ,pius ,,ix4 visits the wounded rebels4 #g ,if ,russia were a little more within the pale of civilization1 it would be noted as an exception4 ,its bishops were not allowed to proceed to ,rome4 #h ,the number of prelates at ,rome attending the council was never1 for any length of time1 the same4 ,and writers give the numbers according to the time at which they noted them4 #i ,the left arm looking from the door of the ,basilica1 the right looking from the high altar4 ,as was fitting1 it was the ,gospel side4 #aj ,according to the best statistics that can be found4 #aa ,there appeared at ,munich1 in #ahgd1 an ingenious caricature4 ,it represented the ,prussian chancellor1 endeavoring1 with a ,krupp gun1 which he used as a lever1 to overthrow a church emblem of ,catholicism4 ,satan comes on the scene1 and says3 8,what are you doing1 my friend80 ,bismarck1 8,this church embarrasses me2 ,i want to upset it40 ,satan1 8,it embarrasses me1 too4 ,i have been laboring #ahjj years to demolish it4 ,if your ,excellency succeeds1 ,i pledge myself to resign my office in your favor40 #ab ,a later estimate than at page #abj4 #ac ,the late celebrated preacher1 ,dr4 ,cumming1 also admitted the expansive power which is characteristic of the ,catholic ,church4 ,and in doing so1 he bore witness to its actual growth in his time4 ,in a lecture delivered at ,brentford1 ,england1 in #ahfj1 he said3 8,he would do the priests of the ,church of ,rome the justice to say that a more earnest1 energetic1 a more industrious body he did not know in any portion of our church2 they were laboring incessantly for what they believed to be the truth1 and he would that he could say without success1 but he was sorry to say with great success4 ,he saw going over to the ,church of ,rome a section of the nobility and many ministers of our church4 ,these were well instructed1 and ought to have known better4 ,in ,england1 account for it as they could1 it had made progress to such an extent1 during the last twenty years1 that it had doubled its churches and doubled its priests40--,lecture at ,brentford4 ,england1 #ahfj4 #ad ,discourse delivered in the ,church of ,st4 ,peter ad vincula1 #ast ,june1 #ahgg1 by the ,bishop of ,poitiers4 #ae ,la ,captivite de ,pie ,,ix4 par ,alexander de ,st4 ,albin4 ,paris1 #ahgh4 ,pages #eac and #ead4 #af ,that was the ,pantheon1 or temple of all the ,gods4 ,it is now the ,church called ,st4 ,mary of the ,martyrs 7,s ,mari ad ,martyres74 #ag ,their purpose is sufficiently manifest4 ,but the calumny did not avail them4 ,pius the ,ninth's last illness was of such a character as to render impossible congestion of the brain4 ,he possessed to the end his mental faculties4 ,and when the power of speech failed1 he was still able to express his thoughts1 which were clear and distinct1 by looks and gestures4 #ah 8,with the aid of ,thy grace40 #ai 8,we shall enter into the ,house of the ,lord40 #bj 8,depart1 ,christian soul40 #ba ,the crisis in the ,eastern question1 the attitude of the ,holy ,father on the occasion of ,victor ,emmanuel's sudden demise1 the consequent devolution of the crown to a new sovereign1 the scandal of the ,prime ,minister's 7,orispi's7 notorious criminality before the law necessitating his unwilling resignation and the fall of the ministry1 the suddenness of the ,holy ,father's decease2 all these events and conditions1 in their several degrees and kinds1 made the moment at which it had to meet astonishingly propitious for the holding of the ,conclave in the ,vatican itself4