,,! ,,b[1 ,,its ,,hi/ory1 ,,manufacture ,,& ,,use4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,j4 ,h4 ,lav5d] & ,co41 #b1 ,duncan ,t]race1 ,city ,road1 ,london1 ,n4,i4 ,frontispiece3 ,,h5ry ,,sa9t-,,george4 ,,! ,,/rad ,,libr>y1 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,b[1 ,,its ,,hi/ory1 ,,manufacture ,,& ,,use ,,by ,,h5ry ,,sa9t-,,george ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,?ird ,,edition ,london3 ,,horace ,,m>%all ,,son1 #df1 ,f>r+don ,/reet1 ,e4,c4#d4 ,new ,york3 ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons1 #eig-eii1 ,fif? ,av5ue4 #aibb4 ,,preface4 ,x has always appe>$ to me a curi\s ?+ t ! b[1 )\t :i* ! fiddle c\ld h no be+1 %\ld h receiv$ s scant att5tion1 n alone f ! community ( fiddl]s1 b also f writ]s on ! subject4 ,i only "k ( "o book 9 :i* ! subject is adequately h&l$4 ,out ( e tw5ty viol9i/s :o pr(ess to "s k ( ! v>i\s types ( ,cremonese & o!r fiddles ( repute & value1 b>ely ?ree w be met ) :o take a simil> int]e/ 9 ! b[ beyond kn[+ a good "o1 or r "o t suits _! p>ticul> physique1 :5 play+ ) x4 ,!y are all famili> ) ! names ( ,dodd & ,t\rte1 b x is seldom t _! k ext5ds beyond ! names4 ,z = a p]ception ( ! *>act]i/ics ( b[s z works ( art1 :i* is ! /&>d ( ! fiddle connoisseur1 x h>dly has any exi/5ce outside ! small circle ( b[ mak]s4 ,( ! l>ge numb] ( und\bt$ fiddle exp]ts n[ 9 ,london1 b a small proportion pr(ess to any simil> k ( b[s1 & ( ^! !re are b few :o c be cr$it$ ) real au?ority 9 ! matt]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ) ! object ( br++ ! b[ into m g5]al notice t ?is little book has be5 writt51 &1 to drop into ! good old prefatory /yle1 if ,i succe$ 9 ar\s+ ! int]e/ ( b "o viol9i/ 9 ! b[ = itself1 & ap>t f its "w1 my ef=ts w n h be5 9 va94 ,my mo/ he>ty ?anks are due to ^? :o h s k9dly assi/$ me 9 my "w4 ,to ,messrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,hill & ,sons1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,)]s1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,*anot1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,*anot1 & ,messrs4 ,be>e1 ,goodw9 & ,co41 = ! loan ( valuable b[s = ! purpose ( illu/ration1 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,tubbs1 :o1 9 addition to simil> fav\rs1 mo/ k9dly plac$ mu* ( 8 valuable "t at my disposal1 & v pati5tly help$ me to a suffici5t und]/&+ ( ! b[ mak]'s craft = ! purpose ( collect+ mat]ials = ! second "p ( ! book4 ,! ?ird "p1 9 :i* ,i treat ( ! use ( ! b[1 ,i h purposely avoid$ mak+ a sy/ematic h&book ( b[+ te*nique1 = to h&le t subject z exhau/ively z ,i %\ld wi% w\ld require a sep>ate volume4 ,z /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv41 t portion ( ! book is address$ almo/ exclusively to tea*]s1 & 9 ! few cases :]e ,i h gone into que/ions ( te*nique x has be5 limit$ to ^? po9ts t appe> to be mo/ neglect$ or misund]/ood by ! g5]ality ( tea*]s4 ,any?+ t is wor? do+ is wor? do+ well is a maxim t tea*]s %\ld hold up to !mselves & _! pupils1 & ?is rem9ds me ( an exhortation to t effect 9 ,musick's ,monum5t1 t qua9t & pa!tic book ( ,?omas ,mace 7#afgf7 ) :i* ,i _c d bett] ?an end my already too ext5sive preamble4 ,n[ be+ ,?us f> ready = ,ex]cise1 attempt ! ,/rik+ ( y\r ,/r+s2 b be=e y d ,t1 ,arm y\rself ) ,prep>ative ,resolutions to ga9 a ,h&some--,smoo?--,sweet--,sm>t--,cle>--, /roak2 or else ,play n at all4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,b[4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,orig9 ,,( ,,in/rum5ts4 ,,frictional ,,vibration4 ,,! ,,b[ ,,di/9ct ,,f ,,! ,,plectrum4 ,,! ,,trigonon4 ,,b[+ ,,) ,,v>i\s ,,objects 4 4 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,ori5tal ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,b[4 ,,indian1 ,,*9ese ,,& ,,o!r ,,ea/]n ,,b[$ ,,in/rum5ts 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #g ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,crw?4 ,,flem+',s ,,etruscan ,,ravana/ron4 ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,b[4 ,,unreliability ,,( ,,e>ly ,,draw+s ,,& ,,sculptures 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ad ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,b[4 ,,ornam5tation4 ,a ,,possible ,,/radiv>i ,,b[4 ,,! ,,movable ,,nut4 ,,! ,,cremaill]e4 ,,! ,,screw ,,nut #bc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,vuillaume',s ,,facts4 ,,! ,,f]rule ,,& ,,slide4 ,,john ,,dodd 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ca ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,dr4 ,,selle',s ,,recollections ,,( ,,dodd4 ,,8 ,,"w ,,& ,,pov]ty4 ,,dodd ,,& ,,t\rte4 ,,! ,,calculation ,,( ,,fetis ,,& ,,vuillaume 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,lupot4 ,,peccatte4 ,,spuri\s ,,/amp+4 ,,panormo4 ,w4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,woolh\se',s ,,calculations 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #de ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,b[ ,,mak]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ea ,,"p ,,ii4 ,b[ ,mak+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,mat]ials4 ,,brazil ,,wood4 ,,horsehair4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,ros9 4 4 4 4 4 #fj ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,qualities ,,ess5tial ,,9 ,a ,,b[ ,,mak]4 ,,%ap+ ,,! ,,/ick4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,cambre4 ,,! ,,faces4 ,,! ,,tr5*es4 ,,! ,,nut 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fd ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,possible ,,repairs4 ,,splic+4 ,,r5ew+ ,,cups4 ,,re/or+ ,,! ,,nut4 ,,re-,,fac+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ga ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,re-,,lapp+4 ,,re-,,hair+4 ,,*oice ,,( ,,ros9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gg ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,p]fection ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,b[4 ,,dr4 ,,ni*olson',s ,,pat5t ,,b[4 ,,vuillaume',s ,,inv5tions4 ,,self-,,hair+ ,,b[s4 ,a ,,fold+ ,,b[4 ,,! ,,kett]idge ,,b[ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ha ,,"p ,,iii4 ,! ,art ( ,b[+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,undecid$ ,,aspect ,,( ,,te*nique4 ,,importance ,,( ,a ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,h&4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,?umb4 ,,individuality ,,9 ,,te*nique 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #he ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,b[+ ,,hi/orically ,,consid]$4 ,,! ,,olde/ ,,engli% ,,viol9 ,,me?od4 ,,sympson',s ,,in/ructions ,,9 ,,b[+4 ,,^? ,,( ,,mace 7#afgf74 ,,^? ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,mod]n ,,ma/]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ia ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,f+]s ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,h&4 ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,op9ion ,,!reon4 ,,sautille4 ,,! ,,loose ,,wri/ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ig ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,sl[ ,,b[4 ,,! ,,rapid ,,:ole ,,b[4 ,,/accato4 ,,b[+ ,,/udies ,,& ,,solos4 ,,conclusion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajb ,,publi%]',s ,,note4 ,9 ?is new impression ( ! late ,mr4 ,sa9t-,george's book opportunity has be5 tak5 to correct a few obvi\s errors1 su* z ^? occurr+ 9 ! notices ( ! ?ree b[mak]s nam$ ,peccatte2 ! dea?s ( ^? mak]s :i* h occurr$ s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition h be5 not$1 & a few fre% names h be5 add$ to ! li/ conta9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,9 o!r respects ! text ( ! "w rema9s practically z ! au?or left x4 ,,index ,,to ,,illu/rations4 ,,photo ,,reproductions ,,( ,,b[s4 ,,plate ,i4 ,head & nut ( inlaid b[ probably by ,/radiv>i to face page #cb ,,ii4 ,heads ( ?ree ,engli% b[s %[+ evolution ( design to foll[ page #cb ,,iii4 ,heads ( two viol91 two viola1 & "o 'cello b[1 by ,,iv4 ,j4 ,dodd 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 to foll[ page #cb ,v4 ,heads ( ?ree viol9 b[s & "o 'cello b[1 by ,,vi4 ,francois ,t\rte 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 to face page #dh ,,vii4 ,heads ( b[s by ,lupot 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 to foll[ page #dh ,,viii4 ,two heads ( b[s by ,d4 ,peccatte & "o by ,panormo to foll[ page #dh ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,locu/1 %[+ action ( h9d leg 9 produc+ note 4 4 4 4 #c #b4 ,assyrian ,trigonon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #e #c4 ,crw? b[ f ! ,gold5 ,por* at ,freiburg 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #f #d4 ,ravana/ron & b[ 7,indian7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #g #e4 ,uh-,*'9 & b[ 7,*9ese7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #h #f4 ,om]ti & b[ 7,indian7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #h #g4 ,kemangeh-a-g\z & b[ 7,arabian7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #i #h4 ,rebab-e%-,%a'er & b[ 7,arabian7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #i #i4 ,sit>a & b[ 7,p]sian7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aj #aj4 ,s>9da & b[ 7,b5galese7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aa #aa4 ,me?od ( hair+ "s ,egyptian b[s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ab #ab4 ,saw-,tai & b[ 7,siamese7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ac #ac4 ,b[ ( ,nyckelh>pa 7,sw$i%7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ac #ad4 ,b[ ( ,saw-oo 7,*9ese7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ac #ae4 ,b[ ( ! eigh? c5tury 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ah #af4 ,b[ ( ! n9? c5tury 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ah #ag4 ,b[ ( ! n9? c5tury 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ah #ah4 ,b[s ( ! elev5? c5tury 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ai #ai4 ,b[s ( ! twelf? c5tury 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bj #bj4 ,b[s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bj #ba4 ,b[s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ba #bb4 #bc4 ,b[s ( ! fifte5? c5tury 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ba #bd4 ,b[s ( ! sixte5? c5tury 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bb #be4 ,b[s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7drawn actual size f specim5s n[ 9 exi/5ce7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #be #bf4 ,b[s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7drawn actual size f specim5s n[ 9 exi/5ce7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bg #bg4 ,%[+ deta*able nut ( "s e>ly b[s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bh #bh4 ,heels ( e>ly b[s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bi #bi4 ,! ,cremaill]e 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cj #cj4 ,head & nut ( ornam5t$ ,cremonese b[ 7actual size7 4 4 4 #cb #ca4 ,head & nut ( ,dodd b[ 7r$uc$7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cc #cb4 ,head ( ,dodd b[ 7actual size7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cd #cc4 ,geometrical con/ruction %[+ gradation ( /ick 7,fetis7 #dc #cd4 ,b[ /ick 9 ! r\gh 7greatly r$uc$7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fe #ce4 ,patt]n ( b[ head 7actual size7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fe #cf4 ,ivory face 9 ! r\gh 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fh #cg4 ,gauge = nuts 7actual size7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fi #ch4 ,p>ts ( a b[ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gb #ci4 ,tip ( b[ %[+ cups 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gc #dj4 ,head ( b[ %[+ tr5* 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gd #da4 ,nut ( b[ %[+ screw & me?od ( hair+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ge #db4 ,end view ( nut %[+ b[ ) unequal facets 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gf #dc4 ,dr4 ,ni*olson's b[ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hb #dd4 ,a fifte5? c5tury violi/ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ia #de4 ,a sev5te5? c5tury gambi/ 7f ,sympson7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ic ,,! ,,b[3 ,its ,hi/ory1 ,manufacture & ,use4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,b[4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,in/rum5ts--,,frictional ,,vibration--,,! ,,b[ ,,di/9ct ,,f ,,! ,,plectrum--,,! ,,trigonon--,,b[+ ,,) ,,v>i\s ,,objects4 ,z has be5 obs]v$ by ! mo/ tal5t$ writ] on ?is subject ! hi/ory ( ! b[ is practically t ( ! viol94 ,x w !re=e be readily und]/ood t 9 ! e>li] portions ( ?is opusculum x w be impossible to sep>ate !m to any great ext5t2 also1 ,i mu/ crave my read]s' indulg5ce = go+ ov] a consid]able tract ( already well trodd5 gr\nd4 ,my excuse mu/ be my desire = complet5ess1 =1 z ,i propose to deal ) ! evolution ( ! mod]n b[1 ,i f9d x difficult to arbitr>ily select a />t+ po9t to ! exclusion ( all previ\s details1 :e!r ( asc]ta9$ fact or conjecture4 ,!re=e ,i w foll[ ! inv>iable cu/om ( fiddle lit]ature & g back to ! regions ( speculative hi/ory = a comm5cem5t4 ,speculative hi/ory is1 ,i fe>1 m fasc9at+ to ! writ] ?an conv9c+ to ! read]1 s ,i w be z brief z possible 9 ?is p>ticul>1 nor w ,i1 l "o ,john ,gunn :o wrote a treatise on f+]+ ! violoncello1 fill up space ) irrelevant matt] su* z ! modes & tun+s ( ! anci5t ,greek lyres1 etc41 highly int]e/+ z ^! subjects may be1 al?\gh x is a v tempt+ me?od ( gett+ ov] ! bald & unconv9c+ nature ( ! b['s e>ly hi/ory4 ,we ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 hav+ ! b[ 9 its mo/ p]fect =m1 are apt to take its exi/5ce = grant$2 we d n ?9k t !re mu/ h be5 a p]iod :5 no su* ?+ 0 kn[n1 &1 consequ5tly1 fail to appreciate ! difficulties 9 ! way ( its discov]y or inv5tion4 ,) "s o!r in/rum5ts x is diff]5t4 ,= w9d in/rum5ts we h a prototype 9 ! human voice1 & "o may reasonably suppose t ! trumpet class 7 evolv$ by sl[ process f ! simple action ( plac+ ! h&s on ei!r side ( ! m\? to augm5t a %\t4 ,! h>p may h be5 sugge/$ by ! twang+ ( a b[-/r+ z an arr[ left ! ar*]'s h&1 & a sev5te5? c5tury play writ] fancifully attribut$ ! inv5tion ( /r+ in/rum5ts to ! f9d+ ( a dead horse head4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be f\nd a complete resonance-*amb] & possibly "s dri$ & /ret*$ s9ews--q suffici5t to sugge/ lute-l in/rum5ts to m5 ( g5ius su* z mu/ h =m$ a mu* l>g] proportion ( ! _w's population 9 prehi/oric times ?an is ! case to-day2 = brilliant z our great m5 ( art & sci5ce are1 !re are few :o c be call$ orig9ators 9 ! simple/ mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,?us1 !n1 we h w9d in/rum5ts1 h>ps & lutes2 b ! b[ eludes u4 ,if we are det]m9$ to f9d a sugge/ion 9 nature we mu/ turn to c]ta9 insects ( ! cricket & gras%opp] tribe4 ,_m ( ^!1 9 p>ticul> ! locu/s1 are ?or\gh fiddl]s1 us+ _! long h9d-leg z a b[ across ! edge ( ! holl[ w+-case to produce ! famili> *irp+ s\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,naturally1 ! /r+s are abs5t1 b "h is to be f\nd a p]fect example ( ! excitation ( frictional vibration4 ,:e!r ?is 0 actually :at sugge/$ ! b[ is ano!r matt]4 ,= my own "p1 :ile admitt+ t 9 close obs]vation ( nature our e>ly =efa!rs 7 probably supreme1 ,i pref] to ?9k t ! innate concept ( ! b[ 0 lat5t 9 ! human m9d & only wait$ "s =tunate accid5t ( obs]vation to />t x into be+4 ,i am aw>e1 h[ev]1 t ?is is a highly unsci5tific position to take up4 ,t !re %\ld be s little 9 ! way ( adequate record conc]n+ ! developm5t ( ?is indisp5sable adjunct ( ! viol9 is n a matt] = great wond]m5t1 =1 z has else:]e be5 %[n1 ! e>li] b[$ in/rum5ts 7 ( su* primitive con/ruction1 &1 consequ5tly1 s weak 9 tone t !y 7 totally unsuit$ to ! purposes ( c]emonial or pageantry2 two subjects :i* =m prom95t features 9 anci5t pictorial repres5tations4 ,& if we come to :at we fondly t]m m civiliz$ times1 we f9d su* crude draw+s ( e>ly viols & k9dr$ in/rum5ts t we mu/ n be surpris$ if su* an app>5tly unimportant detail z ! b[ %\ld receive /ill m p]functory treatm5t at ! h&s ( ! arti/4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t ! ^w fiddle/icks is /ill appli$ to any?+ t is b5ea? contempt 9 its utt] lack ( importance4 ,und\bt$ly ! idea ( excit+ vibrations 9 a /ret*$ /r+ by means ( friction is "o ( great antiquity2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ! "q ( orig9 becomes m]ely "o ( conjecture4 ,true1 ! majority ( writ]s look ^u ! b[ z a developm5t ( ! plectrum1 b ?is is a !ory t ,i mu/ confess does n /rike me z be+ satisfactorily probable4 ,to p>aphrase a popul> expression1 f+]s 7 made be=e plectra1 ! latt] be+ an improvem5t on nature's contrivance4 ,& ,i see no reasonable objection to ! supposition t friction may h be5 us$ z a means ( tone-production prior to ! introduction ( ! plectrum4 ,! great dissimil>ity betwe5 ! produc+ ( s\nd by pluck+1 & t by friction is su* t ,i see no occasion to evolve "o f ! o!r & consid] _! introduction mo/ probably coeval4 ,:5 we come to ! direct p]cussion ( a /r+1 z 9 ! dulcim]1 piano1 etc41 we at once p]ceive a possible connection betwe5 ! hamm] ( ! "o & ! rod or b[ ( ! o!r3 ! accid5tal collid+ ( ! b[ ) ! /r+s ( its accompany+ in/rum5t w\ld soon sugge/ exp]im5ts end+ 9 ! =m+ ( dulcim]-l in/rum5ts4#a ,b if we grant t ! art ( pluck+ a /r+ _h fir/ advanc$ z f> z ! sub/itution ( a plectrum = :at ,mace calls ! nibble end ( ! fle%1 ,i fail to see h[ su* an implem5t c\ld sugge/ ! friction ( a /r+1 z1 if %ort en\gh = manipulation 9 its orig9al use1 x w\ld n be long en\gh to excite ! cont9u\s vibrations *>act]i/ic ( ! b[4 ,footnote #a3 ,! b[ is frequ5tly us$ n[ z a means ( p]cussion = c]ta9 effects4 ,i d n accept ! !ory ( a long plectrum us$ = pizzicato purposes1 z ,i consid]1 ) ,engel1 t su* an implem5t w\ld h be5 unmanageably clumsy ev5 = ! primitive music ( ! anci5ts4 ,:5ev] ,i see a rod1 z 9 ! accompany+ draw+ ( ! ,assyrian ,trigonon1 ,i ma9ta9 t its purpose 0 to excite frictional vibrations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! me?od ( p]=mance readily sugge/s itself 9 ?is case z x w be se5 t x w\ld be q possible & conv5i5t = ! play] to pass 8 rod--probably a r\gh surfac$ re$--betwe5 ! /r+s4 ,i d n ?9k x c\ld h be5 us$ = p]cussion z1 9 t case1 x w\ld surely h _h "s hamm] l projection at its end2 a sali5t feature h>dly to be miss$ by ! arti/ z 7 ! less obtrusive details ( ! true b[ 9 lat] ages4 ,we are all famili> ) ! (t repeat$ anecdote ( ,pagan9i's play+ ) a light re$-/em1 & ,i rememb] hav+ se5 at ,*ri/mas fe/ivities 9 c\ntry home/eads1 ! village fiddl] play+ a brisk old-"t tune ) ! long /em ( 8 clay pipe2 also1 q rec5tly1 ,i read an acc\nt ( an arti/e 9 ! ,/ates :o *>m$ 8 enlight5$ audi5ces ) 8 p]=mances on ! viol9 by us+ a v>iety ( het]og5e\s objects 9 lieu ( ! conv5tional b[1 includ+ a /ick ( seal+-wax & a c&le6 ,n[ ,i d n wi% to prove t ! implem5t held by ! b5ign ,assyrian 9 ,fig4 #b1 is ei!r ( ! la/ nam$ articles1 b m]ely to draw att5tion to ! fact t friction-tone is producible )\t ! aid ( a b[ prop]4 ,! use ( pla9 re$ /ems or o!r suitable rods = ! production ( cont9u\s s\nds w\ld naturally soon give place to m elaborately con/ruct$ implem5ts2 al?\gh ,ruhlmann gives a draw+ ( a portion ( ! sculptur$ decorations t adorn ! fam\s ,gold5 ,por* at ,freiburg :i* repres5ts a crw? & b[ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! b[ be+ m]ely a /raight rod ornam5t$ at ei!r end ) a simple knob 7,fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,he also gives a draw+ ( a violi/ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 sculptur$ on ! ca!dral at ,cologne1 :]e ! b[ is ev5 simpl] 9 =m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to judge h[ f> ! sculptor's imag9ation1 or lack ( obs]vation1 may h be5 responsible = ^! repres5tations1 s t !y c h>dly be tak5 z reliable evid5ce ( ! use ( su* primitive contrivances at s late a p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,ori5tal ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,b[--,,indian1 ,,*9ese ,,& ,,o!r ,,ea/]n ,,b[$ ,,in/rum5ts4 ,9 attempt+ to trace ! use ( ! b[ to its s\rce we are oblig$ to cont5t ourselves ) ! g5]aliz$ /atem5t t x is und\bt$ly ( ori5tal orig94 ,?us1 t x _h an orig9 is prov$ beyond all possible1 probable %ad[ ( d\bt4 ,b :e!r ! fir/ =m ( b[$ in/rum5t became ext9ct prehi/orically1 or :e!r x /ill survives1 z "s suppose1 9 ! ,ravana/ron ( ,india1 is n easily det]m9$4 ,my own p]sonal belief 9 ! extreme antiquity ( ! b[ is su* z almo/ to ju/ify ! qua9t /atem5t ( ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau t ,adam play$ ! viol 9 ,p>adise4 ,( exi/+ b[$ in/rum5ts ! ,ravana/ron 7,fig4 #d7 mo/ c]ta9ly seems to be ! olde/1 z its /ructure is m primitive ?an any o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,conc]n+ ?is in/rum5t leg5d runs to ! effect t x 0 inv5t$ by ,ravana1 :o 0 k+ ( ,ceylon "s #e1jjj ye>s prior to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,h[ f> ?is is accurate is impossible to say1 = ! olde/ names = ! b[ kn[n to ,sanskrit s*ol>s only take u back #a1ejj to #b1jjj ye>s4 ,( ^! names x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,kona 0 evid5tly no m ?an a friction rod z1 judg+ f ! e>ly descriptions1 x w\ld appe> to h be5 )\t hair4 ,:e!r ! ,g>ika or ,p>ivadas approa*$ m ne>ly to ! mod]n idea ( a b[ ,i am un=tunately n 9 a position to /ate ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! ,ravana/ron 01 l ! viol9 9 its e>lie/ /ages1 play$ only by ! inf]ior classes ( ,india2 a fact t1 z ,engel cle>ly po9ts out1 makes x seem highly improbable t x 0 a ,mohamm$an importation1 despite "s writ]s' ass]tions to t effect4 ,und\bt$ly x 0 introduc$ ) ,buddhism1 f ,india into ,*9a1 :]e x became modifi$ 9 unimportant details into ! ,ur-he54 ,a curi\s po9t 9 connection ) "s ori5tal fiddles1 su* z ! ,ur-he51 ,uh-,*'9 7,fig4 #e71 ,koka1 etc41 is t ! hair ( ! b[ passes betwe5 ! /r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,:e!r ?is circum/ance is at all confirmatory ( ! supposition t ! rod ( ! ,trigonon 0 pass$ betwe5 ! /r+s w\ld be difficult to e/abli% irrefutably2 d\btless a logician c\ld d s1 b ,i pref] mak+ a simple /atem5t ( facts r ?an =c+ !m into agreem5t ) any special !ory2 al?\gh ,i h pl5ty ( wor?y prec$5ts = su* a proce$+1 = ,i h obs]v$ t mo/ d\btful or disput$ que/ions--! ,bacon-,%akespe>e controv]sy1 = in/ance--are h&l$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,:at /rikes "o v =cibly on look+ into ! use ( ! b[ 9 ! ,ea/ is ! great numb] ( b[$ in/rum5ts "o f9ds4 ,?us 9 ,india we h ! ,ravana/ron 9 v>i\s =ms2 ! ,om]ti 7,fig4 #f71 ! ,b5galese ,s>9da1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! ,ur-he51 ,uh-,*'91 ,saw-oo & ,sawduang4 ,9 ,siam1 ! ,saw-tai1 etc4 ,9 ,turkey & ,arabia1 ! ,kemangeh-a-g\z 7,fig4 #g71 ,kemangeh-r\my1 ,rebab-e%-,%a'er 7,fig4 #h71 & ,rebab-el-maghanny1 also ! m mod]n ,gunibry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,9 ,p]sia !re is also an in/rum5t /rongly resembl+ ! ,om]ti & ,kemangeh 9 outl9e1 call$ ! ,sit>a 7,fig4 #i74 ,!n !re is a primitive b[$ in/rum5t ) ?ree /r+s1 kn[n to ! peasants ( ,russia z ! ,g\dok1 :i* is no d\bt an imm$iate desc5dant ( ! ?ree-/r+$ ,rebab1 &1 m remotely1 ( ! ,ravana/ron4 ,abyss9ia too1 has its b[$ in/rum5ts4 ,9 fact1 ! use ( ! b[ is univ]sal 9 ! glori\s ,ori5t1 f :5ce ne>ly all products ( we/]n civilization are d]iv$4 ,9 almo/ all cases great antiquity is ascrib$ to ^! in/rum5ts4 ,! v "n ,kemangeh-a-g\z1 anci5t 9 itself1 c be r\ghly translat$ anci5t-fiddle1 ?us %[+ t ! ,p]sians ! "n is ,p]sian & be>s out ! ,arab records t x came to !m f ,p]sia consid]$ x !n a relic ( ! pa/1 & t x 0 a survival ( "s /ill old] in/rum5t inh]it$1 mo/ likely f ,india4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ,fetis 0 "r 9 assum+ ?is to h be5 ! ,om]ti1 =1 b>r+ ! long tail-p91 ! /ructure ( bo? is almo/ id5tical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! b[s ( all ^! in/rum5ts be> a /rong resemblance to ea* o!r1 z is only to be expect$ :]e all are ( ! simple/ description4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! b[ is m]ely a l5g? ( cane ) a bun* ( horse-hair ti$ at ea* end 9 su* a mann] z to pull ! cane into a m or less pron\nc$ curve4 ,^? ( ! ,g\dok & ,s>9da 7,fig4 #aj7 are %ort1 approa* ne>ly to a semi-circle1 & are q rigid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,^? ( ! ,ravana/ron1 ,om]ti1 etc41 are long]1 & be+ m sl5d]1 h a c]ta9 am\nt ( flexibility1 b x does n appe> t ?is latt] qualification is s\ght = or consid]$ indisp5sable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! n[ ne>ly obsolete ,kokiu ( ,japan _h a b[ ( ab\t =ty-five in*es 9 l5g? t 0 extremely ela/ic4 ,x 0 made 9 sections aft] ! mann] ( a fi%+-rod1 & ! hair 0 tight5$ by ! f+] ( ! play]1 z 9 "s ( ! e>ly viol b[s ( ,europe4 ,! me?od ( hair+ 9 mo/ cases am\nts to ! simple/ way ( ty+ ! hair on to ! /ick4 ,sometimes ! hair is pass$ ?r\gh a slit & held 9 place by a knot4 ,9 o!r specim5s x is atta*$ to a lea!r ?ong1 & occasionally x is plugg$ into ! op5 end ( a piece ( bamboo 7,fig4 #aa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! b[s ( ! ,saw-tai 7,fig4 #ab71 ,uh-,*'91 ,koka & a few o!rs %[ a di/9ct advance 9 po9t ( curve & adju/m5t ( hair1 & /rongly resemble ! b[ ( ! qua9t ,sw$i% ,nyckelh>pa 9 pres5t use 7,fig4 #ac74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! b[s ( ! ,sit>a 7,fig4 #i7 & ,saw-oo 7,fig4 #ad71 approa* m ne>ly to ! ,european =m4 ,! draw+s ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 7 made f highly ornate & elaborate specim5s t may h be5 affect$ by ,we/]n influ5ce4 ,b aga9/ ?is mu/ be set ! religi\s cons]vatism ( ea/]n nations4 ,9 _m cases x w\ld am\nt to gross sacrilege to alt] 9 any way ! con/ruction ( c]ta9 objects 9 daily use1 s t we may take x g5]ally t ! ea/ ( to-day diff]s v little f :at x 01 ev5 sev]al ?\s& ye>s ago1 9 su* matt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,crw?--,,flem+',s ,,etruscan ,,ravana/ron--,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,b[--,,unreliability ,,( ,,e>ly ,,draw+s ,,& ,,sculptures4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! primitive b[$ in/rum5ts is ! ,wel% ,crw?4 ,unlike ! /ill m anci5t =ms yet surviv+ 9 ! ,ea/1 x is n[ completely obsolete3 unless we may c\nt ! ,norwegian & ,icel&ic langspiel & fidla z desc5dants !re(4 ,at "o "t x 0 consid]$ an ance/or ( ! viol91 b s9ce ,mr4 ,h]on-,all5 br\ght 8 legal acum5 & skill 9 sift+ evid5ce to be> on ! subject1 we f9d t x mu/ unque/ionably be look$ ^u z ! la/ ( its race1 & n z a direct =]unn] ( any?+ else4 ,z to its orig91 ,i %\ld say x 0 two-fold4 ,! (t-quot$ l9es ( t sev5? c5tury ,bi%op1 ,v5antius ,=tunatus3-- ,romanusque lyra1 plaudat tibi ,b>b>us h>pa ,graecus ,a*illiaca1 ,*rotta ,britanna canat prove1 h[ev] translat$1 t ! ,crw? 0 ess5tially ,briti%4 ,! /ructure ( ! in/rum5t /rongly sugge/s its d]ivation f ! ,roman & ,greek lyres1 & ,i h little d\bt t ! fir/ ,crw? 0 9 fact a lyre 9 ! h&s ( "o ( our e>ly ,briti% ance/ors1 :o ?\ght he w\ld try !reon ! effect ( a ,rebab or ,kemangeh b[1 & mo/ probably got himself he>tily laugh$ at = 8 pa9s4 ,?is is a k9d ( exp]im5t t has be5 tri$ 9 mod]n times1 z witness ! ,/rei*-,guit>re & m rec5t ,/rei*-,zi!r4 ,t ! ,ea/]n fiddles %\ld h come to ,brita9 !n is n a v extravagant supposition4 ,! di/ance is n great f nor!rn ,africa1 ?r\gh ,spa91 :]e a =m ( ,rebab is /ill play$ by ! ,basque peasantry1 on ?r\gh ,europe g5]ally & across ! ,*annel to ,engl&4 ,also1 x is v likely t !re 7 a numb] ( ,ori5tals 9 att5dance on ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt ( ! ,caes>s :o w\ld naturally br+ _! cu/oms1 religions & arts ) !m4 ,i d n ?9k ! ,greeks & ,romans made any use ( ! b[ :atev]1 al?\gh1 consid]+ ! enorm\s spread ( ! ,roman ,empire1 &1 z ,i say1 ! div]se nationalities t surr\nd$ ! c\rt1 _m ( ! ,indian1 ,p]sian & ,african b[$ in/rum5ts mu/ h be5 fairly famili> objects 9 ,rome & else:]e4 ,b be+ in/rum5ts ( conqu]$ nations2 primitive 9 con/ruction & /range 9 tonality2 !y 7 probably held 9 too light e/eem ev] to be adopt$ & develop$ by p ( su* importance & civilization z ! ,romans or ,greeks4 ,i say all ?is ) due respect to ,mr4 ,flem+4 ,?is g5tleman has contribut$ sundry valuable works to ! bibliography ( ! viol91 & 9 c]ta9 places m5tions an ,etruscan vase illu/rat$ 9 a catalogue publi%$ by ,pr9ce ,luci5 ,napoleon ( ,can9o4 ,he describes ! decorations ( ?is vase z foll[s3 ,! subject is a man seat$ read+ a volume to two y\?s1 :o1 lean+ on knott$ /icks1 are li/5+ att5tively4 ,on a little table or box 9 front ( ! pr9cipal figure is inscrib$ ! "n ',*ironeis4' ,on ea* side ( ! read] is an object :i* au?orities 9 ^! matt]s t]m '!cae1' indicat+ ! pr(ession ( ?is pr9cipal figure4 ,"o ( ^! has a neck or h&le1 an oval disc1 or s\nd+ plane1 & a tail piece ext5d+ bel[ ! disc r m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! neck4 ,f ! upp] extremity ( ! neck to ! l[] extremity ( ! disc are /ret*$ /r+s1 & across ^! /r+s at ! c5tre ( ! disc is plac$ a b[ ( z rational con/ruction z any?+ t has come d[n to u prior to ! days ( ,corelli4 ,! in/rum5t is inde$ almo/ id5tical ) ! ,ravana/ron4 ,n[ all ?is s\nds v nice & extremely conv9c+1 & :e!r or no ,mr4 ,flem+ himself believes ! ,greeks us$ ! b[1 ,i h no d\bt t he is p]fectly satisfi$ t he has prov$ su* to be ! case4 ,z ,i h se5 nei!r ! orig9al vase or ,pr9ce ,napoleon's catalogue1 ,i feel "s diffid5ce 9 ?r[+ my half-ounce ( d\bt on ?is p\nd--good1 ?ump+ weight--( fact4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h se5 ! reproduction ( ! draw+ z giv5 by ,mr4 ,flem+ 9 8 book1 ,viol9s1 ,old & ,new1 &1 s9ce he makes su* a feature ( ?is ,grecian ,ravana/ron1 ,i feel safe 9 assum+ t x is accurately copi$4 ,i di/9ctly rememb] fir/ look+ at t draw+4 ,i gaz$ at x long & e>ne/ly4 ,i !n ref]r$ to ! text2 aft] :i* ,i rapidly se>*$ ?r\gh ! book to see if !re 0 ano!r draw+ ( a ,greek vase4 ,i ?\ght p]*ance ! pr9t]s 9 a playful mood might h transpos$ !m2 su* ?+s h happ5$4 ,b x 0 n s2 ! draw+ on page #bej 0 ! only "o4 ,s ,i return$ to x4 ,!re 7 ! read]1 ! box1 ! inscription1 ! att5tive y\?s ) _! knott$ /icks1 &1 la/ly1 ! !cae4 ,i 0 n long 9 d\bt z to :i* ( ^! objects 0 ! "o ,mr4 ,flem+ atta*$ s mu* importance to4 ,ods catgut & fiddle/icks6 z ,bob ,acres w\ld g5teelly h exclaim$4 ,s ?is 0 ! ,etruscan ,ravana/ron ,i _h dream$ ab\t2 ?is 0 ! ,greek fiddle ,i _h disc\rs$ s le>n$ly ( :5 my pupils ) *ildlike p]t9acity que/ion$ me z to ! orig9 ( ! viol94 ,t is a useful sort ( vase4 ,if ev] ,i come across anyone anxi\s to prove some?+1 ,i %all advise him to use t draw+4 ,t ,ravana/ron w\ld prove any?+2 9 fact x prov$ too mu* = me4 ,! m ,i h se>*$ = pictorial records ( b[ 9 old pr9ts & draw+s1 ! m disappo9t$ ,i h become4 ,x is extraord9>y h[ arti/s ( g5ius h lit]ally scamp$ ! poor un=tunate fiddle-/ick 9 su* works4 ,9 ! small room ( pr9ts & draw+s at ! ,briti% ,museum is a draw+ ( a viol9i/ attribut$ to ,corregio4 ,x is m]ely a slight sket*1 b ! viol9 is beautifully drawn2 ! corn]s are well express$ & ! p]spective is good1 b ! b[ w\ld be unrecognisable z su* 7 x n = ! close proximity ( ! viol94 ,ev5 9 m highly-f9i%$ productions ! same ?+ obta9s4 ,i h f\nd draw+s ( cr[d]s1 violi/s & fiddl]s :]e e little detail ( dimple1 crease & nail has be5 almo/ photographically r5d]$ 9 a h& hold+ :at "o kn[s mu/ be a b[1 b if ! o!r h& held a %ield1 or a newspap]1 or a *ild's :ip-top w\ld be accept$ ) equal read9ess by ! judici\s obs]v] z a sword1 pap] knife or :ip respectively4 ,occasionally "o f9ds m9ute repres5tations ( b[s1 b ^! are m (t5 ?an n ( su* a nature z to be impossible ( cr$5ce z correct repres5tations4 ,ano!r ?+ t /&s 9 ! way ( a cle> exposition ( ! b['s developm5t is t ev5 ! mo/ reliable draw+s & sculptures d n %[ by any means a gradual improvem5t 9 ! %ape ( ! b[1 = x is no uncommon ?+ to f9d f\rte5? & fifte5? c5tury repres5tations ( b[s ( q eigh? & n9? c5tury type4 ,x is n likely t any ( su* primitive b[s w\ld h rema9$ 9 use unbrok5 = s _m c5turies1 !re=e ,i d n ?9k ^! lat] repres5tations ( e>ly b[s c h be5 copi$ f actual specim5s !n 9 use1 b1 :]e n evolv$ f ! arti/'s inn] consci\sness1 may h be5 tak5 f ! draw+s1 ,,mss41 etc41 h&$ d[n f ! e>li] p]iods4 ,on ?is po9t ,mr4 ,h]on-,all5 makes ! foll[+ v s5sible obs]vations3--,! conclusion we are br\ght to is consequ5tly ?is3 ei!r all repres5tations ( b[s :i* h come d[n to u are unreliable1 or1 ! b[1 in/ead ( develop+ z ! fiddle und\bt$ly did1 rema9$ 9 a /ate ( primitive simplicity1 & bore till a comp>atively rec5t date ! same relation to its companion ! fiddle1 z d ! e>ly specim5s ( ,delft w>e & ! exquisite ,sevres specim5s1 :i* recl9e side by side 9 ! cab9ets ( ! delightfully incongru\s n9ete5? c5tury draw+ room4 ,if y ask me to :i* ( ^! conclusions ,i incl9e1 ,i ?9k ! two d$uctions are to "o ano!r z ?ree times two are to twice ?ree1 & t a comb9ation ( ! two w\ld probably acc\nt = ! pres5t mi/y aspect ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! b[4 ,"o %\ld n lay too mu* /ress on pictorial records2 ev5 our contempor>y arti/s are n free f error1 & x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at future writ]s on ?is subject w say ( ! n9ete5? c5tury viol9s & b[s z repres5t$ by popul> pa9t]s at ! ,royal ,academy & o!r picture %[s4 ,!y w f9d ! evid5ce j z conflict+4 ,unconv9c+ & contradictory z ! exi/+ records are1 !y are all we h1 &1 su* z !y are1 ,i give a few select$ examples4 ,a =m ( b[ con/antly occurr+ 9 draw+s1 etc41 f ! eigh? to ! sixte5? c5turies1 is ,fig4 #ae4 ,x is only slightly sugge/ive ( ! ,ori5tal b[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury we f9d a b[ 7,fig4 #af7 /rongly resembl+ ^? ( ! ,saw-oo & ,saw-,tai4 ,& f ! same c5tury we f9d a m9iature repres5tation ( a ,crw? play] ) a b[ slightly m di/9ctive 9 "* 7,fig4 #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,simil> b[s to ! above appe> to h be5 pretty g5]al 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury a little m v>iety is app>5t1 z w be se5 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,"h are to be f\nd ! survival ( ! n9? c5tury =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 & a rem>kable advance 9 ! =m ( ! "o at ! bottom1 :i* is d\btless ! patt]n int5d$ to be %[n 9 ! sculptur$ b[1 second f ! top4 ,! top "o is m]ely giv5 z an example ( ! p]functory "w ! hi/orian has to exam9e & yet reta9 8 cu/om>y calm ext]ior4 ,fig4 #ai gives "s examples ( twelf? c5tury b[s z depict$ by ! arti/s ( t p]iod4 ,! fir/ two are evid5tly int5d$ to repres5t ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! sculptor probably f\nd ! /raight l9e ( ! hair inelegant4 ,! ?ird 7:i* is f a ,,ms4 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y7 & la/ %[ a return to ! n9? c5tury =m 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,?is is a =m t is f\nd s cont9ually ?r\gh all ! c5turies1 d[n to ! sev5te5? & eighte5?1 t ,i am incl9$ to ! belief t x is fairly accurate4 ,x is v mu* l ! outl9e ( ! mod]n d\ble bass b[4 ,9 ,fig4 #bj are giv5 "s ?irte5? c5tury b[s3 ! "o ) ! curi\s sword-hilt is rem>kable4 ,9 ! o!rs we f9d a return to m primitive l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,! f\rte5? c5tury b[s h v little to di/+ui% !m f ^? ( prec$+ ages1 & ,i give ! mo/ noticeable examples ,i h f\nd 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! second is a v advanc$ type4 ,aga9/ ^! mu/ be set ^? 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,^! appe> to me z be+ mo/ probably conv5tional repres5tations1 or copi$ f old] works z sugge/$ above4 ,( fifte5? c5tury b[s1 ! pictorial & pla/ic arts record ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 toge!r ) ! usual atavism or return to e>li] types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,?is atavism1 if cr$ible1 is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury z witness ^? 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,"h are b[s t take u back to be=e ! ,norman ,conque/1 drawn by arti/s :o 7 contempor>y ) ,gasp>o da ,salo & ,&reas ,amati4 ,x is q out ( ! "q to suppose t su* b[s 7 us$ at t "t4 ,! draw+s ( sev5te5? c5tury b[s are m conv9c+4 ,we !n get a m def9ite idea ( ! nut1 :i* 0 9 mo/ cases a fixture4 ,also1 ! head beg9s to m\ld itself into some?+ approa*+ ! =m ( ! mod]n hat*et4 ,al?\gh !re are cases ( b[s 9 draw+s z f> back z ! elev5? c5tury 7see ,fig4 #ah1 etc47 %[+ great advances1 x is n until rea*+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t "o c say ) any degree ( confid5ce t ! p]fect b[ is on ! horizon4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,b[--,,ornam5tation--,a ,,possible ,,/radiv>i ,,b[--,,! ,,movable ,,nut--,,! ,,cremaill]e--,,! ,,screw ,,nut4 ,i f9d x a matt] = extreme regret t !re %\ld be su* a l>ge elem5t ( unc]ta9ty 9 :at ,i am able to br+ =w>d ( ! e>li] hi/orical aspect ( ! b[4 ,( its primitive use "o c d little m ?an exam9e contempor>y evid5ce 9 ! ,ea/1 & !n assume1 albeit ) "s %[ ( reason1 t ! same =ms h surviv$ f remote p]iods4 ,com+ to ! m$iaeval b[ we appe> to tread on saf] gr\nd2 b[s are depict$ 9 m9iatures1 manuscripts1 pa9t+s1 etc41 f ! eight & n9? c5turies onw>ds1 & 9 ne>ly e case we c det]m9e ! date ( ! production & frequ5tly its au?or4 ,s f> no?+ c\ld be m satisfactory1 b z ,i h said above1 !re are v few examples t impress "o z be+ accurate repres5tations4 ,proce$+ to ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ,i am fur!r fru/rat$ 9 my attempt to elucidate ! obscure passages 9 ! b['s hi/ory by a rev]sal ( ^? conditions4 ,i c n[ lay be=e my read]s draw+s & photographs ( b[s ! accuracy ( :i* ,i c gu>antee1 b plac+ !m 9 p]fect *ronology is1 un=tunately1 little m ?an guess "w4 ,su* 0 ! mode/y ( _! mak]s t ! e>ly b[s 7 all s5t into ! _w nameless4 ,_m ( !m are m>vels ( workman%ip1 &1 ?\gh utt]ly unsci5tific 9 con/ruction & unfit = ! requirem5ts ( mod]n viol9i/s1 !y are = ! mo/ "p exquisite works ( art ^u :i* no pa9s h be5 sp>$4 ,"s ( ! flut+ & o!r ornam5tation is little %ort ( m>vell\s 9 po9t ( design & f9i%4 ,to a casual writ] l myself ! mass ( conflict+ detail f\nd on exam9+ anci5t b[s & ! records ( _! use is extremely disconc]t+4 ,! practis$ sci5ti/1 h[ev]1 surveys su* ?+s ) calmness1 = 8 tra9$ eye imm$iately selects ^? details t support ! !ories he wi%es to promulgate1 & ! re/ are quietly consign$ to oblivion4 ,9 ?is way ! mo/ *>m+ly satisfactory results are obta9$4 ,?us ,fetis1 9 8 article on ,t\rte1 gives a brief outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( ! b[1 illu/rat+ ! same ) :at purports to be a ,display ( ! successive ameliorations ( ! b[ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,?is consi/s ( a s]ies ( draw+s ( b[s rang+ f ,m]s5ne 9 #afbj ?r\gh ^? us$ by ,kir*]1 ,ca/rovill>i1 ,bassani1 ,corelli1 ,t>t9i & ,cram] to t ( ,viotti 9 #agij4 ,h]e9 is %[n h[ ! ar*$ b[ gave place to ! /raight3 & ?is 9 its turn to t hav+ ! inw>d curve kn[n z ! spr+ or cambre4 ,! succession is p]fect1 & x is only ! f9al draw+ ( ! s]ies 7! ,viotti b[ ( #agij7 t %[s ?is cambre4 ,n[1 9 ! collection ( anci5t b[s k9dly l5t me by ,mr4 ,a4 ,hill = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ^! pages are sev]al b[s ( a mu* e>li] date1 yet hav+ ! cambre mo/ pron\nc$ &1 9 "s examples1 extremely elegant4 ,n be+ a sci5ti/1 ,i d n "k h[ to omit ^! evid5ces ( advance at su* an e>ly date f my writ+s on ?is subject1 al?\gh ,i feel t by n do+ s ,i am r5d]+ ?is section ( ! "w f> f cle>4 ,z a matt] ( fact cle>ness 9 :at we c asc]ta9 ( ! b['s hi/ory is a quality conspicu\s by its abs5ce2 a condition d\btless due to ! v>y+ capacities ( e>ly b[ mak]s1 "s ( :om may h cont9u$ to make antiquat$ types :il/ o!rs ( great] tal5t 7 anticipat+ 9 a measure ! results ( ,t\rte's g5ius & obs]vation4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 o!r bran*es ( ! _w's progress t _m h grop$ 9 ! "r direction = a space until !re came "o ,g5ius :o grasp$1 almo/ by intuition1 ! v>i\s requirem5ts & produc$ ! p]fect "w beyond :i* no man c\ld g4 ,ent]+ ^u ! sev5te5? c5tury ,i n[ ab&on ! use ( pictorial records ( b[s 9 fav\r ( draw+s & photographs made f actual specim5s n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ,fig4 #be ,i give ! heads ( ?ree rem>kably int]e/+ b[s4 ,i h drawn !m ! exact size ( ! orig9als4 ,! fir/ is mo/ primitive ?r\gh\t1 ?\gh hav+ an +5i\sly contriv$ nut ( :i* ,i %all speak m fully fur!r on4 ,! l5g? ( ?is b[ is ne>ly #bc 942 ! di/ance f ! inside surface ( ! /ick at ! heel to ! hair is #c_/d 941 & ! wid? ( ! hair is #a_/d 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,! second b[ is extremely elegant1 al?\gh useless z a b[3 note ! grace ( ! long peak4 ,x is seldom t "o f9ds ^! peaks s well pres]v$ z _m h be5 fir/ brok5 & !n cut d[n to remove ! unsightly jagg$ end4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is b[ are3--,total l5g?1 #bh-a_/h 942 l5g? ( hair1 #bc-a_/d 942 di/ance ( hair f /ick at heel1 #c_/d 942 bread? ( hair #a_/d 94 ,! nut is on ! same pr9ciple z ! prec$+ "o4 ,! ?ird b[ may be late sev5te5? or e>ly eighte5? c5tury "w4 ,x is beautifully flut$ ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 ! l[] ?ird hav+ an extra rais$ l9e betwe5 ! flut+4 ,x is rem>kable inasmu* z x has a movable nut work+ ) a screw z 9 ! mod]n b[ & also a di/9ct cambre4 ,! inw>d deviation ( ! /ick f a /raight l9e is a full qu>t] ( an in* 9 #be-a_/b 942 b ?is is too l[ d[n to give ! b[ a good spr+4 ,be+ made1 l ! o!rs 9 ?is figure1 ( t unyield+ mat]ial snakewood1 ! exp]im5t1 ?\gh 9 ! "r direction1 _c be said to h be5 successful4 ,! full l5g? ( ?is b[ is #bh-a_/b 942 ! l5g? ( ! hair1 #bc-a_/b 94 ,plate ,i4 is a photograph ( an extremely int]e/+ b[4 ,l ! prec$+ example x has ! conv5tional nut & cambre4 ,9 ! matt] ( ornam5tation x is probably unique4 ,x is n only flut$ ?r\gh\t1 b is inlaid ) a m9ute mosaic ( r$1 yell[ & br[n woods4 ,9 appe>ance x rem9ds "o ( ! /raw-"w s popul> at "o p]iod4 ,inlaid on "o side ( ! nut are se5 ! ,arms ( ,spa91 & on ! rev]se is ! ,royal monogram4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,hill procur$ ?is b[ ) "s difficulty 9 ,madrid & 0 able to trace its p$igree 9 s f> z t x 0 orig9ally ) ! in/rum5ts made by ,/radiv>ius = ! ,spani% ,c\rt4 ,!re is j a %ad[ ( possibility t x may be ! actual "w ( t mo/ glori\s craftsman ( ,cremona4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,its l5g? ov] all is #bg-a_/b 942 ! play+ l5g? ( ! hair is #bc-a_/d 942 ! wid? ( ! hair b>ely #a_/d 94 ,?is b[ has ! mo/ sci5tific cambre z yet f\nd4 ,its deviation is #i_/af 94 9 #bf-e_/h 94 ,x is also ( m flexible mat]ial ?an ! o!rs4 ,! c5tre b[ 9 ,fig4 #bf is /amp$ by ,?omas ,smi? 7at la/ we h a sign$ specim571 *iefly kn[n = 8 'cellos4 ,x 0 mo/ probably made1 h[ev]1 by ,edw>d ,dodd4 ,! head1 :ile possess+ a c]ta9 elegance1 is ( a v e>ly type4 ,x is ( yell[ lance wood & has a v pron\nc$ cambre1 ! deviation be+ ne>ly #a_/b 94 9 #bg-a_/d 94 ,! total l5g? is #bh-c_/d 941 & f ! mortices 9 ! head & nut "o w\ld suppose t x 0 int5d$ to take some:at broad] hair ?an ! prec$+ examples4 ,! date ( ! b[ is some:]e betwe5 #agfj & #aghj4 ,! o!r b[s 9 ,fig4 #bf are viola da gamba b[s2 ! upp] "o ,i use frequ5tly myself 9 c]ta9 pieces = t in/rum5t4 ,x is v elegant & ,i %\ld say is ( ,fr5* make4 ,x is extremely flexible & mo/ adapt$ to su/a9+ *ords ( ?ree notes1 z ! great di/ance ( ! hair f ! /ick prev5ts any gr9d+ on ! middle /r+4 ,b l all ^! e>ly b[s ! hair is mu* too n>r[4 ,! o!r gamba b[ 9 ,fig4 #bf is v qua9t & appe>s to be ( mu* e>li] date4 ,x is h&somely flut$ ?r\gh ! upp] two ?irds3 ! l[] ?ird be+ a simple octagonal4 ,a curi\s feature is t ! di/ance ( ! hair f ! /ick gradually dim9i%es f #a 94 at ! heel to #a_/b 94 at ! po9t4 ,x has a slight cambre1 b be+ ( snake wood is q pok]-l 9 its rigidity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,z is x impossible to det]m9e ! exact date ( ^! b[s1 "o c arrive at no v safe conclusion z to :5 ! movable nut 0 fir/ introduc$4 ,fetis ?9ks ?is important modification came f ! ,ea/ also1 & he m5tions a *]ry wood b[ 9 8 possession1 made at ,bagdad1 :i* has a di/9ct head :]e ! hair is ins]t$1 & a nut fitt+ into a dovetail not* 9 ! /ick4 ,! fir/ & second ( ! b[s %[n 9 ,fig4 #be h a curi\s device4 ,! hair is fix$ into ! /ick at bo? ends1 & ! nut1 :i* is q deta*$1 slips into a slot ) a snap1 & is held 9 place by ! pressure ( ! hair4 ,a glance at ,fig4 #bg w make ?is arrangem5t cle>4 ,^! two nuts are ! second & ?ird 9 ,fig4 #bh1 :i* is r$uc$ "o-?ird bel[ actual size4 ,! ornam5tal tip to ! middle "o looks z ?\gh x _h a screw1 b ?is is m]ely a decoration to balance a f9ely flut$ design on ! /ick j above :]e ! lapp+ is usually plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,a great advance on ?is 0 ! cremaill]e 7,fig4 #bi71 :i* s]v$ to v>y ! t5sion ( ! hair 9 a m or less satisfactory mann]4 ,?is device is /ill 9 use 9 ,sw$54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,! actual inv5tion ( ! movable nut travell+ on a propell+ & )draw+ screw is attribut$ to ! eld] ,t\rte1 b "s ( ! b[s 9 ,mr4 ,hill's collection hav+ ?is contrivance appe> to be too remote = ?is to be ! case4 ,x is a po9t t ,i fe> w always be %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,9 ,plate ,,ii4 we see a ne>] approa* to ! outl9es ( ! mod]n b[4 ,^! ,i %\ld say are ! "w ( ,w4 ,tubbs1 :o work$ = mo/ ( ! ,engli% fiddle mak]s & deal]s4 ,! fir/ "o be>s ! /amp ( ,norris & ,b>nes4 ,?is b[ is #bg-g_/h 94 9 l5g?1 ! o!r two be+ exactly "o in* long]4 ,! hair 9 ! fir/ & ?ird is #a_/d 94 9 wid?2 9 ! c5tre "o x is full #e_/af 94 ,! h&some ivory nut ( ?is b[ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,!y are extremely elegant1 & h mu* ( ! "* ( ! mod]n b[ 9 f9i% & cambre1 ?\gh ! deviation is aga9 too l[ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,vuillaume',s ,,facts--,,! ,,f]rule ,,& ,,slide--,,john ,,dodd4 ,ano!r example ( b[1 rem>kable n only = its ornam5tation1 b also z hav+ a well def9$ cambre toge!r ) a nut & screw1 is ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,?is is a ,cremonese b[ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is flut$ 9 alt]nate sections1 or panels1 ! l[] ?ird hav+ a slight extra complication ( ! design ?r[n 94 ,truly ^! gr& old craftsm5 7 n afraid ( "w4 ,! screw-nut is z p]fect z "o c\ld wi%1 sav+1 only1 9 ! meagre all[ance ( hair provid$ =4 ,^! e>ly b[s ) screw-nuts q dispel ! g5]ally accept$ !ory t ?is me*anical contrivance = regulat+ ! t5sion & pres]v+ ! ela/icity ( ! /ick 0 ! inv5tion ( ! eld] ,t\rte4 ,! majority ( writ]s on ! hi/ory ( ! viol91 &1 incid5tally1 ! b[1 are cont5t to take _! data f t mu* quot$ hi/orian & sci5ti/1 ,fetis4 ,he appe>s to h made mo/ ( 8 m important /atem5ts on ! au?ority ( ,vuillaume4 ,h[ ,vuillaume became s v]s$ 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 craft does n appe>4 ,8 tal5t 9 ! way ( produc+ g5u9e ,cremonese & o!r ma/]pieces is well kn[n1 ! mo/ /up5d\s example be+ ! ,duiffoprugc> in/rum5ts ) :i* he impos$ on ! viol9 _w s successfully4 ,may we inf] t he _h equal facility 9 ! fabrication ( hi/orical facts8 ,de mortuis nil nisi bonum1 b at all co/ our hi/ory mu/ be made accurate4 ,bett] no facts at all ?an spuri\s ones4 ,hav+ dispos$ ( ! screw atta*m5t1 ! next important po9ts 9 ! developm5t ( ! b[ is ! f]rule1 :i* pres]ves ! ribbon-l appe>ance ( ! hair1 & ! slide1 :i* s]ves z an ornam5tal cov] = ! mortice 9 :i* ! hair is fix$4 ,^! additions are commonly attribut$ to ,francois ,t\rte1 b 9 ,fig4 #ca ,i give a draw+ ( a typical nut by ,john ,dodd1 hav+ bo? ^! improvem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,dodd & ,t\rte 7 contempor>ies1 ,t\rte's bir? hav+ tak5 place only five ye>s be=e t ( ,dodd 9 #ageb4 ,:5 ,i come to speak m p>ticul>ly ( ,t\rte ,i %all %[ my reasons = ?9k+ x unlikely t ,dodd copi$ ,t\rte 9 ?is respect4 ,! :ole matt] is %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,9 o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 art1 etc41 we f9d brilliant ?9k]s arriv+ simultane\sly at id5tical results1#a & ,i c q believe t ! idea ( ! f]rule & slide 7obvi\s contrivances :5 "o consid]s ! requirem5ts ( a good b[7 c\ld h occurr$ to m ?an "o ( ! work]s !n /riv+ aft] p]fection4 ,footnote #a3 ,z a notewor?y example1 take ! simultane\s discov]y by d$uction ( ! invisible planet ,neptune1 by ,adams & ,lev]ri]4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ,i wi% to call att5tion to 9 ! heel %[n above 7,fig4 #ca7 is ! great size ( ! slide 9 proportion to ! :ole l[] surface ( ! nut4 ,x leaves su* a v small m>g9 comp>$ ) t ( o!r mak]s4 ,?is w be f\nd 9 ne>ly e g5u9e specim54 ,un=tunately nuts we> out & become replac$ ) new ones1 s t x is n always possible to obta9 a b[ t is orig9al 9 all its p>ts4 ,dodd occasionally decorat$ ! face ( 8 b[s ) "m-(-pe>l1 z 9 ! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,he inv>iably /amp$ ! "n ,,dodd 9 l>ge1 pla9 lett]s bo? on ! side ( ! nut & on ! /ick4 ,i h se5 "s t are /amp$ ,j4 ,dodd1 b n _m4 ,fig4 #cb %[s 7actual size7 a v e>ly ,dodd head1 ?an :i* no?+1 ,i ?9k1 c\ld be m di/ress+ly ugly4 ,x is rem>kable t su* a c>icature %\ld h emanat$ f ! same man :o produc$ ^? %[n 9 ,plates ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ,plate ,,iii4 consi/s ( photographs 7actual size7 ( two viol9 b[s1 & "o t5or b[1 ,plate ,,iv4 giv+ "o t5or b[ & "o 'cello b[ by ?is mak]4 ,x w\ld be q impossible to give repres5tations ( all ,dodd's *>act]i/ics1 z 8 "w v>ies s v mu*4 ,i h !re=e *os5 a few only ( ! be/ types4 ,^! are all exceptionally well f9i%$4 ,9 ! second & ?ird is to be se5 ! t5d5cy to ar* 9 ! neck ( ! b[ s frequ5t 9 ,dodds2 9 ! o!rs ! sweep ( ! /ick up to ! head is p]fect4 ,8 'cello b[s are 8 be/ "w1 & comp>e fav\rably ) ! greate/ ,cont95tal mak]s4 ,! "o ,i h select$ is ( ! f9e/ p]iod4 ,! fir/ ( ! two t5or b[s 7?ird on ,plate ,,iii47 is ! type ( head mo/ frequ5tly se51 "s h ! head drawn backw>d at a v unga9ly angle1 & o!rs1 aga91 slope =w>ds1 to an ext5t great] ev5 ?an t ( ! 'cello b[ 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,ow+ to ! extreme elegance ( ,dodd's b[s1 & ! beautiful workman%ip ( 8 f9e/ specim5s1 he has be5 dubb$ ! ,engli% ,t\rte1 & among/ ! majority ( ,engli% amateurs ! "n ( ,dodd is held 9 ! highe/ possible e/imation4 ,b z a matt] ( fact v few ,dodd b[s are wor?y ( ?is reg>d4 ,8 be/ b[s1 su* z he sold = a p\nd or ?irty %ill+s1 are f9e1 al?\gh few ( ! viol9 b[s are su* z an arti/ w\ld make mu* use (4 ,! sl5d]ness is frequ5tly c>ri$ to excess1 & ! n>r[ness ( ! head prev5ts a suffici5t spread be+ giv5 to ! hair 9 _m cases1 & a great numb] are mu* too %ort4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,dodd work$ be=e =eign importation annihilat$ ! ,engli% viol9 & b[ mak+ indu/ries1 & he turn$ out a l>ge numb] ( b[s at prices rang+ f a few %ill+s a doz5 upw>ds4 ,?us x w be readily und]/ood t !re are _m g5u9e ,dodds 9 exi/5ce t are n wor? look+ at4 ,8 t5or b[s are (t5 excell5t1 &1 z ,i said above1 8 'cello b[s repres5t him ! be/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,dr4 ,,selle',s ,,recollections ,,( ,,dodd--,,8 ,,"w ,,& ,,pov]ty--,,dodd ,,& ,,t\rte--,,! ,,calculation ,,( ,,fetis ,,& ,,vuillaume4 ,x has be5 my great good =tune to be fav\r$ ) an int]view ) ! vet]an viol9i/1 ,doctor ,selle1 ( ,ri*mond4 ,?is g5tleman1 n[ well on 9 8 eighties1 knew ,john ,dodd mo/ intimately1 & gave me _m int]e/+ details ab\t him4 ,i h endeav\r$ to obta9 a portrait ( ,dodd1 b !re does n seem to be any?+ ( ! sort 9 exi/5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,selle gave me a graphic description ( 8 p]sonal appe>ance4 ,9 /ature he 0 %ort & ( a %uffl+ gait4 ,z he affect$ ne!r g>m5ts ( extreme brevity1 v broad-brimm$ hats1 & 0 excessively neglig5t 9 ! matt] ( clo?+1 etc41 8 habitual aspect 0 qua9t & ecc5tric to a degree4 ,he 0 un=tunately v illit]ate1 &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,selle1 x is d\btful :e!r he c\ld sign 8 own "n4 ,9 8 "w--! arti/ic excell5ce ( :i* is rem>kable "u ^! circum/ances--he 0 v secretive1 giv+ z 8 reason = tak+ no appr5tice1 8 desire t no "o else %\ld ev] "k or p]petuate 8 me?ods4 ,x has be5 said1 &1 ,i believe1 on good au?ority1 t he 0 once (f]$ ! sum ( #a1jjj p\nds = 8 secret1 a temptation t1 despite 8 great pov]ty1 he /eadfa/ly resi/$4 ,doctor ,selle tells me t he di/9ctly rememb]s see+ ,dodd cut out a b[ f ! r\gh plank ) a curi\sly con/ruct$ d\ble saw4 ,?is is v rem>kable z none ( ! b[ mak]s n[ work+ "k ( su* a tool1 or c conceive ! possibility ( us+ "o4 ,:e!r ?is may h any connexion ) ! mu* talk$ ( secret1 x is impossible to say4 ,x is probably ano!r ( ^? po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! b[ t seem doom$ to rema9 %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,doctor ,selle rememb]s see+ ,dodd walk+ home _m times ) 8 pockets full ( oy/] %ells begg$ f v>i\s /alls4 ,f ^! he us$ to cut out ! pe>l = ! slides & ornam5tation on 8 b[s4 ,?is acc\nts = ! *>act]i/ic pla9ness ( ^! features ( 8 "w4 ,he 0 (t5 at a loss = silv] = ! m\nt+s1 & ! ,doctor says x 0 highly div]t+ to him :5 a boy to he> ! old h\sekeep] s\ndly rat+ ,dodd = melt+ d[n ano!r ( h] metal spoons4 ,"o great drawback to ,dodd's success 0 8 p>tiality = ! fl[+ b[l4 ,z ! ,doctor epigramatically express$ x 9 ! notes he suppli$ to ,a4 ,vidal1 he 0 v regul> 9 8 irregul>ities4 ,vidal's translation at ?is po9t is wor?y ( note4 ,"o is surpris$ to f9d t ,dodd w\ld pay f\r daily visits to les voitures et *evaux publics--! public c>riages & horses4 ,! m9d fails to grasp ! ,gallic conception ( ! ecc5tric ,engli%man ^: nationally *>act]i/ic love ( horsefle% %\ld cause him s frequ5tly to inspect ! omnibus ( ! p]iod4 ,"o %udd]s to ?9k :at ,vidal w\ld h done if ,dodd's fav\rite h\se ( call _h be5 ! ,/> & ,g>t] in/ead ( ! ,coa* & ,horses6 ,8 la/ ye>s 7 sp5t 9 great pov]ty2 9 fact1 he subsi/$ almo/ entirely on ! *>ity ( a few viol9i/s & amateurs :o appreciat$ 8 g5ius4 ,he ultimately di$ ( bron*itis 9 ! ,infirm>y ( ,ri*mond ,workh\se1 & 0 buri$ at ,kew2 n1 z has be5 else:]e /at$1 at ,ri*mond4 ,i d n ?9k a man ( su* a taciturn1 secretive disposition1 w\ld h be5 likely readily to adopt ! me?ods & copy ! "w ( ano!r mak]4 ,z has be5 %[n by ! reproductions ( b[s ,i h giv5 s f>1 !re has be5 app>5t a conv]g+ t5d5cy to ! mod]n design ( head all ?r\gh4 ,! ,t\rte head is und\bt$ly ! mo/ beautiful1 ! mo/ p]fect 9 e way4 ,8 0 ! ma/] h& t did :at o!rs _h be5 try+ to d4 ,dodd1 work+1 z ,i believe1 q indep5d5tly1 came v ne> x4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ,dodd b[s %[n 9 ,plates ,,iii4 & ,,iv41 ) ! ,t\rtes 9 ,plates ,v4 & ,,vi41 w make cle> a v significant fact4 ,dodd's "w--f9e z x is--is di/9ctly e>li] 9 _s ?an t ( 8 great ,fr5* rival4 ,yet !y 7 contempor>ies--9 po9t ( fact ,dodd 0 a few ye>s lat] ?an ,t\rte4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,!n1 z reg>ds ! cambre1 ,dodd foll[$ on 9 ! primitive s*ool & cut 8 b[s at once to ! requir$ sweep3 ,t\rte1 9 addition to p]fect+ ! dim5sions & design1 in/itut$ an entirely new pr9ciple bas$ on sci5tific d$uctions4 ,8 b[s 7 all cut /raight1 & ! spr+ 0 produc$ by judici\s heat+ ( ! fibres4 ,ano!r ?+ "o has to consid] 9 ?is connexion is ! relations t exi/$ betwe5 ,engl& & ,france at ?is p]iod4 ,i ?9k mo/ p w admit t !y 7 /ra9$1 & t !re 7 _m ob/acles 9 ! way ( free int]c\rse betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,! w> ) ,france comm5c$ :5 ,dodd 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & ?\gh ,t\rte 0 five ye>s old] he _h sp5t 8 y\? fir/ly 9 ! pursuit ( a vocation entirely remov$ f b[ mak+1 & secondly 9 exp]im5ts la/+ "s consid]able "t be=e he comm5c$ produc+ ! p]fect "w t has made 8 "n "o to be extoll$ & rev]5c$ by all wield]s ( t magic w&1 ! fiddle-/ick4 ,:5 "o ?9ks ( ! r\ndab\t way su* a ?+ w\ld h to travel f ,p>is to ,london at ?is p]iod1 x seems highly probable t ,dodd may n h se5 a specim5 ( ,t\rte's "w until he 0 ab\t sixty4 ,:at a m>vell\s ?+ a f9e ,t\rte is6 ,:at a revelation ! fir/ "t a play] h&les "o6 ,:5 ,i h an opportunity ( play+ on a ,/rad ) a ,t\rte ,i c nev] decide :i* causes me ! mo/ delight4 ,!re is an indef9able some?+ ab\t a ,t\rte t seems to increase ! play]'s dext]ity ( manipulation to an extraord9>y ext5t4 ,no matt] h[ us$ "o may be to a c]ta9 b[3 no matt] h[ exp]t "o may be 9 ! execution ( /accato & arpeggio passages1 ! fir/ "t a ,t\rte is tri$ "o realizes t hi!rto !re has be5 an ef=t necess>y = ! adequate production ( su* effects1 :]eas n[ ! b[ seems end[$ ) a consci\sness q en rapport ) t ( ! play]1 & difficulties vani% magically4 ,x seems volunt>ily to c>ry into effect ! play]'s wi%es )\t any physical int]position :atev]4 ,x is l rid+ a ?or\ghbr$ 9 ! ,r[ aft] driv+ a donkey across ,hamp/ead ,hea?4 ,n t ,i or any ( my read]s w\ld ?9k ( indulg+ 9 any su* di/ress+ly vulg> ex]cise z ! la/ nam$4 ,x may s]ve1 h[ev]1 to conjure up 9 ! m9d a suffici5tly =cible simile4 ,ap>t f _! _m wond]ful qualities z b[s1 !y are q exceptional z works ( art4 ,/udy ! f\r heads %[n 9 ,plates ,v4 & ,,vi41 & note ! t5d] sweep ( ! out] l9e2 full ( =ce & delicacy comb9$4 ,see1 too1 h[ x is support$ by ! h>moni\s inn] l9e1 a ?\ght m rigid1 & yet full ( grace4 ,to become an exp]t 9 b[s requires ye>s ( cont9ual obs]vation1 = ! slight diff]5ces 9 l9e are too subtle to be app>5t to ^? :o are n con/antly look+ = & /udy+ !m4 ,b ,i ?9k anyone1 ev5 ye meane/ capacitie 9 ye _w--to quote good old ,rog] ,nor?--w be able to appreciate ! contra/ betwe5 ! b[ heads 9 ,plates ,,iii4 & ,,iv41 & ^? 9 ,plates ,v4 & ,,vi4 ,x is 9 ! two 'cello b[ heads t ! greate/ resemblance is se54 ,b ev5 "h "o c easily note ! unwont$ massiv5ess1 almo/ am\nt+ to clums9ess1 9 t ( ,dodd2 :ile ! ,t\rte is full ( lightness1 /r5g? & vig\r4 ,!re is m or less ( sluggi%ness obs]vable 9 mo/ ( ! prec$+ b[s1 b ! ,t\rte is awake2 x lives6 ,x is at times ( great int]e/ to note by :at sl5d] ?reads ( *ance great consequ5ces may be susp5d$4 ,take ! family ( ! ,t\rtes = in/ance4 ,we f9d ! fa!r a wor?y craftsman mak+ b[s z good1 & possibly bett]1 ?an ^? ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he1 obey+ a natural law ( cu/om1 educat$ 8 elde/ son 9 8 own craft1 & probably look$ to him to p]petuate ^? excell5cies 9 design & f9i% t _h br\ght him fame4 ,francois1 ! y\ng] son1 0 n =gott5 ?\gh1 & ! fa!r be?\ght him ( "s useful indu/ry at :i* he might e>n a liv+1 & decid$ on clockmak+ z ! mo/ suitable4 ,n[ m>k ! erratic work+s ( fate4 ,! elde/ son1 f :om s mu* 0 expect$1 prov$ a comp>ative failure1 inasmu* z t1 in/ead ( progress+1 8 "w 0 di/9ctly inf]ior to t ( 8 fa!r4#a ,francois1 on ! o!r h&1 became tir$ ( clockmak+ aft] eight ye>s' ill-remun]at$ gr9d1 & turn$ 8 att5tion to ! family trade4 ,footnote #a3 ,! few f9e b[s by ,t\rte-l'a9e1 z he 0 call$1 ,i %\ld ?9k 7 made aft] 8 bro!r's success 9 ?is direction4 ,he1 l ,dodd1 0 totally un$ucat$1 b _h great gifts ( p]ception & judgm5t4 ,at ?is "t viol9 play+ 0 becom+ e day m di/9ctive & prom95t4 ,great play]s 7 beg9n+ to und]/& ! *i> oscuro ( music4 ,!y 7 le>n+ expression4 ,!re 0 9 g5]al among/ viol9i/s an anticipation ( ! gr&1 yet simple law set =? by ,de ,b]iot 9 8 ,viol9 ,s*ool t ! human voice 0 ! pure ar*etype ^u :i* all play$ music %\ld be modell$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! viol9 0 capable ( simulat+ all ! subtle inflexions ( song1 :e!r ( passion or t5d]ness1 & play]s sigh$ = an ideal b[ t %\ld be tongue-l 9 its response to ! p]=m]'s emotion4 ,a b[ t %\ld at once be flexible to :isp] s(t no?+s 9 my lady's e>2 /rong--to s\nd a cl>ion-bla/ ( defiance2 &1 )al1 be ready = any coquett]ie or bad9age t might suit its own]'s :im4 ,?is is :at ,francois ,t\rte1 ! />v+ clockmak]1 gave !m4 ,we fiddl]s h to be v ?ankful t ! ma/] clockmak]s ( ,p>is 7 n m lib]al to _! employes6 ,illit]ate z he 0 he at once grasp$ all ! po9ts ( art & physics involv$1 & comm5c$ dilig5tly exp]im5t+ ) a view to solv+ ! v>i\s problems t pres5t$ !mselves to 8 consid]ation4 ,to ga9 facility 9 ! manipulation ( 8 tools1 he made c\ntless b[s f old b>rel /aves2 he c\ld n af=d to make 8 fir/ attempts on any?+ bett]4 ,:5 he _h atta9$ suffici5t skill 9 ! actual workman%ip1 & _h satisfi$ himself z to ! mo/ suitable =m1 he set to "w inve/igat+ ! "q ( mat]ial4 ,he tri$ all k9ds ( wood1 & at la/ decid$ t ! r$ wood ( ,p]nambuco1 !n l>gely import$ into ,europe = dye+ purposes1 0 ! be/4 ,to obta9 ?is 9 suffici5t quantities 0 no easy matt]1 = ! ,anglo-,fr5* w>s 7 int]f]+ s]i\sly ) int]national comm]ce2 a circum/ance t r5d]$ ?is mat]ial unusually exp5sive4 ,!n ! nature ( ?is wood is n by any means a b[ mak]'s ideal4 ,billets & logs am\nt+ to sev]al tons 9 weight may be exam9$ be=e a piece is f\nd suffici5tly free f knots & cracks1 & ( /raight en\gh gra9 to be suitable = ! purpose4 ,h[ev]1 g5ius & a capacity = tak+ inf9ite pa9s ov]came all difficulties1 & we n[ h b[s wor?y ( ! greate/ ma/]pieces ( ,cremona4 ,h[ little are ! work+s ( g5ius und]/ood by ! pa9/ak+ ones4 ,!y _c conceive ! sudd5ness ( inspiration--! almo/ in/antane\s grasp ( ess5tials t prec$es ! plodd+ me*anical "w necess>y ev5 to g5ius4 ,! results ( inf9ite pa9s1 or ( g5ius alone are equally unsatisfactory4 ,x is only :]e ^! qualities are comb9$ 9 p]fect balance t true greatness c be a*iev$4 ,9 ! case ( ,t\rte we h a rem>kable example ( ?is comb9ation4 ,8 g5ius made him grasp spontane\sly ! qualities requir$1 & 8 capacity = tak+ inf9ite pa9s help$ him to produce ! p]fect b[4 ,he x 0 :o det]m9$ f9ally ! l5g? & weight ( a b[1 its equilibrium1 ! angle ( ! hair necess>y = a good attack1 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! hair & sundry o!r po9ts t1 prior to #agge1 _h be5 q undecid$4 ,! mean l5g? ( a viol9 b[ z fix$ by ,t\rte is f #gd to #ge c5timetres 7#bi4acd to #bi4ebh in*es ,engli%72 t ( a viola b[ is #gd c5timetres 7#bi4acd in*es71 & a 'cello b[ #gb to #gc c5timetres 7#bh4cdg to #bh4gdj74 ,_m p imag9e t ! plates ( silv] or gold ) :i* ! nut ( a b[ is inlaid are no?+ m ?an m]e ornam5tation4 ,b _! fir/ purpose is di/9ctly "o ( utility1 :i* is z x %\ld be 9 a "w ( art2 sup]flu\s decoration has no beauty = an arti/4 ,x is by means ( ^! metal load+s at ! heel t ! weight ( ! head is c\nt]act$ & ! exact po9t ( equilibrium det]m9$4 ,! c5tre ( gravity 9 a viol9 b[ %\ld be at #ai c5timetres 7#g4dh in*es7 f ! nut2 9 a 'cello b[ at #age to #ahj millimetres 7#f4hi to #g4jhg in*es7 f ! nut4 ,conc]n+ ! geometric proportions ( ! ,t\rte b[s1 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ,bi%op's able translation ( ! explanation giv5 by ,fetis 9 8 notice ( ,a4 ,/radiv>ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,! m$ium l5g? ( a b[1 to ! head exclusively1 is #jm1 #gjj 7#bg4ef in*es74 ,! b[ comprises a cyl9drical or prismatic "p ( uni=m dim5sions1 ! l5g? ( :i* is #jm1 #aaj 7#d4cc in*es74 ,:5 ?is portion is cyl9drical1 its diamet] is #jm1 #jjh-f_/aj 74#cd in*74 ,f ?is cyl9drical or prismatic portion ! diamet] ( ! b[ decreases up to ! head1 :]e x is r$uc$ to #jm1 #jje-c_/aj 74#ba in*es74 ,?is gives a diff]5ce ( #jm1 #jjc-c_/aj ( a millimetre 74#ac in*7 betwe5 ! diamet]s ( ! extremities2 f :5ce x foll[s t ! /ick comprises t5 po9ts :]e its diamet] is necess>ily r$uc$ by #c_/aj ( a millimetre 74#jab in*7 reckon+ f ! cyl9drical portion4 ,aft] prov+ by a great numb] ( ,t\rte's b[s t ^! t5 po9ts are n only f\nd always at decreas+ di/ances on ! same /ick1 b also t ! di/ances are p]ceptibly ! same1 & t ! situations ( ! po9ts are id5tical on diff]5t b[s comp>$ toge!r1 ,m4 ,vuillaume s\ght to asc]ta9 :e!r ! positions ( ! t5 po9ts c\ld n be obta9$ by a geometrical con/ruction1 by :i* !y might be f\nd ) c]ta9ty2 & by :i*1 consequ5tly1 b[s might be made ^: good condition %\ld be always settl$ a priori4 ,?is he atta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,at ! extremity ( a "r l9e ,a ,b1 equal to #jm1 #gjj 7#bg4ef in*es71 t is to say ! l5g? ( ! b[1 raise a p]p5dicul> ,a ,c1 equal to ! l5g? ( ! cyl9drical portion1 namely #jm1 #aaj 7#d4cc in*es74 ,at ! extremity ,b ( ! same l9e1 raise ano!r p]p5dicul> ,b ,d1 ( ! l5g? #jm1 #jbb 74#hff in*es7 & unite ! upp] extremities ( ^! two p]p5dicul>s1 or ord9ates by a "r l9e ,c ,d1 s t ! two l9es ,a ,b & ,c ,d1 may lie at a c]ta9 incl9ation to ea* o!r4 ,take ! l5g? #jm1 #aaj 7#d4cc in*es7 ( ! ord9ate ,a ,c ) ! compasses1 & set x (f on ! l9e ,a ,b1 f ,a to e3 f ! po9t ?us obta9$1 draw ano!r ord9ate 7p>allel to ,a ,c & p]p5dicul> to ,a ,b71 until x meets ! l9e ,c ,d4 ,betwe5 ^! two ord9ates ,a ,c & e f--! latt] ( :i* is necess>ily less ?an ! =m]--lies ! cyl9drical portion ( ! b[1 ^: diamet]1 z be=e /at$1 is #jm1 #jjh-f_/aj 74#cd in*74 ,!n take ! l5g? ( ! ord9ate la/ obta9$1 e f1 & set x (f1 z be=e1 on ! l9e ,a ,b1 f f to g1 & at ! po9t g draw a ?ird ord9ate g h1 ! l5g? ( :i* mu/ also be set (f on ! l9e ,a ,b1 to det]m9e !reon a new po9t i1 f :i* to draw ! f\r? ord9ate1 i j3 ! l5g? ( :i*1 likewise1 :5 set (f on ! l9e ,a ,b1 det]m9es ! po9t :]e ! fif? ord9ate k l is to be drawn4 ,! latt]1 9 l mann]1 det]m9es ! six? m n1 & s ( ! o!rs1 to ! la/ b "o y z4 ,! po9ts g i k m o q s u w y s obta9$1 />t+ f ! po9t e1 are ^? :]e ! diamet] ( ! b[ is successively r$uc$ #c_/aj ( a millimetre 74#jab in*74 ,n[1 ^! po9ts h be5 det]m9$ by ! successively decreas+ l5g?s ( ! ord9ates drawn f ! same po9ts1 & _! respective di/ances progressively decrease f ! po9t e to ! po9t ,b4 ,if we subject ^! data to calculation1 we %all f9d t ! pr(ile ( ! b[ is repres5t$ by a log>i?mic curve1 ( :i* ! ord9ates increase 9 ari?metical progression2 :ile ! abscissae increase 9 geometrical progression2 & la/ly1 t ! curvature ( ! pr(ile w be express$ by ! equation y - #c4aa #b1 #eg log4 x2 &1 9 v>y+ x f #age to #afe t5?s ( a millimetre1 ! correspond+ values ( y w be ^? ( ! radii 7or semi-diamet]s7 ( ! transv]se circul> section ( ! b[ at correspond+ po9ts 9 ! axis4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,lupot--,,peccatte--,,spuri\s ,,/amp+--,,panormo--,w4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,woolh\se',s ,,calculations4 ,i h spok5 at l5g? ( ,dodd & ,t\rte--two names t /& out 9 ! hi/ory ( ! b[ ) rem>kable prom95ce--& be=e proce$+ ) ! g5]al li/ ( b[ mak]s1 great & small1 ,i propose to speak ( ,peccatte & ,lupot1 ^: g5ius 0 inf]ior only to t ( ,t\rte 9 t !y 7 foll[]s r ?an orig9ators4 ,francois ,lupot 0 a bro!r ( ,nicolas ,lupot ! viol9 mak]4 ,he1 h[ev]1 devot$ all 8 en]gies to ! manufacture ( b[s1 &1 9 8 be/ "w1 is consid]$ by _m to ne>ly equal ,t\rte4 ,b un=tunately ! /&>d ( excell5ce 9 ,lupot's b[s v>ies to a consid]able ext5t1 &1 :ile "s are truly magnific5t o!rs are v inf]ior4 ,?is is a fact t _c be too widely made kn[n 9 ! int]e/s ( int5d+ pur*as]s4 ,! gu>antee ( g5u95ess alone is n suffici5t = anyone desir+ a b[ = use1 &1 unless he has ! requisite k & exp]i5ce himself he %\ld always fir/ submit a b[ to a pr(essional man ( repute = 8 judgm5t z to its qualities = a play]4 ,_m ( ,lupot's /icks are /amp$ ,,lupot1 sometimes 9 two or ?ree places1 b x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r he did ?is himself or n4 ,9 g5]al x is ?\ght t x 0 done aft]w>ds by deal]s4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case ) ! few ,t\rtes t are /amp$ ) _! mak]'s "n1 = x is an asc]ta9$ fact t ! ,t\rtes nev] /amp$ _! "w4 ,!re are only two in/ances on record ( ,t\rte m>k+ a /ick1 & 9 ea* case x consi/$ ( a m9ute label glu$ into ! slot be>+ ! foll[+ inscription3 ,cet ar*et a ete fait p> ,t\rte en #ahbd1 age de soixante-dix-sept ans4 7,?is b[ 0 made by ,t\rte 9 #ahbd1 ag$ #gg ye>s74 ,an important addition1 said to h be5 in/itut$ by ,lupot1 0 ! metal plate :i* l9es ! groove 9 ! nut & prev5ts ! we>+ away ( ! nut by friction ) ! /ick4 ,9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,i give two examples ( ,lupot's "w4 ,"h w be se5 all ! t5d]ness ( l9e *>act]i/ic ( ,t\rte1 albeit t !y lack some:at ( 8 =ce4 ,! workman%ip 9 ^! two b[s is sup]b1 & !y are also delightful to play )1 be+ well balanc$ & ( controllable flexibility4 ,?is is a po9t 9 a b[ t is frequ5tly ov]look$4 ,_m imag9e t flexibility alone is ! *ief desid]atum1 & b[s h be5 %[n to me almo/ indi>ubb]-l 9 _! pliancy2 ! own]s expect+ me to wax en?usia/ic ov] ?is--to my m9d--s]i\s defect4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 flexibility & pliancy are n correct def9itions ( a b['s *ief quality1 z !y am\nt to weakness4 ,:at is really meant is ela/icity1 by :i* is convey$ n only ! prop]ty ( yield+ to pressure b also t ( spe$ily recov]+ its normal /ate4 ,we sometimes he> a play] 9 te/+ b[s say t su* a "o has too mu* life 9 x2 !reby imply+ t its action is l>gely out ( ! p]=m]'s control1 a condition usually attributable to an excess ( flexibility4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,z a contra/ to ! ,lupot b[s 9 ,plate ,,vii41 ,i give two examples ( ,dom9ique ,peccatte1 ,plate ,,viii4 ,"h we h =cibl5ess & en]gy to a mo/ m>k$ ext5t1 yet !re is a c]ta9 grace )al1 ! extreme squ>5ess ( ! out] l9e does n (f5d ! eye z 9 ^? ( ,dodd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,peccatte1 l ,francois ,t\rte1 />t$ life 9 an occupation f> remov$ f t :i* made him fam\s4 ,8 fa!r 0 a b>b] at ,mirec\rt1 :]e ,dom9ique 0 born #ahaj4 ,wield+ ! razor n prov+ cong5ial1 he adopt$ ! prevail+ indu/ry ( ! t[n & became a mak] ( viol9s & b[s2 9 ! latt] he became exceptionally exp]t4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbf ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume 0 9 want ( a tal5t$ workman & wrote to 8 bro!r1 :o 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,mirec\rt1 to f9d him "o4 ,! result ( ^! enquiries 0 t ,dom9ique ,peccatte came to ,p>is & rema9$ = elev5 ye>s ) ,vuillaume4 ,9 #ahcg ,francois ,lupot di$ & ,peccatte took ov] ! bus9ess4 ,t5 ye>s lat] he return$ to 8 native place1 ?\gh reta9+ 8 bus9ess connexion ) ,p>is until 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 #ahgd4 ,_m ( 8 b[s are un/amp$1 or be> ! /amp ( ,vuillaume1 b great numb]s ( !m are /amp$ ,,peccatte1 occasionally ) ! ^w ,,p>is on ! opposite side ( ! /ick4 ,mu* confusion has aris5 f ! fact t 9 "s specim5s ! /amp has only a s+le ,t1 ! result1 probably1 ( illit]acy on ! "p ( ! mak]4 ,! ?ird 9 ,plate ,,viii4 is a b[ by ,panormo4 ,8 "w is q di/9ct f t ( any o!r mak]2 b "o mu/ n run away ) ! idea t he affect$ an unju/ifiable s+ul>ity1 = ! flat sides & angul> facets ( ! ,panormo heads h a logical basis1 be+ 9 po9t ( fact ! natural cont9uation ( ! octagonal /ick4 ,indebt$ z we are to ! mak]s & sci5ti/s ( ,france = br++ ! indisp5sable fiddle/ick to su* a degree ( p]fection1 we mu/ n ov]look ! claims ( c]ta9 ( our own c\ntrym5 = recognition 9 ! same field ( art4 ,! late ma!matician & musical amateur1 ,w4 ,s4 ,b4 ,woolh\se1 no less ?an ,fetis1 contribut$ greatly to a full und]/&+ ( ! ess5tial prop]ties ( a b[ on ! "p ( ^? ^: (fice x is to produce ! actual in/rum5t4 ,woolh\se laid great /ress on a po9t ov]look$ by _m o!r /ud5ts ( ! subject1 ! same be+ t ! success ( a b[ dep5ds q z mu* on its purity z a vibrat+ body z does ! viol94 ,unless ! b[ is s adju/$ 9 its weight & proportions t x vibrates ) absolute uni=mity ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? x is useless to an arti/4 ,b[s are false frequ5tly 9 ! same way t /r+s are4 ,inequalities ( f9i%1 imp]ceptible to our ord9>y s5ses1 w r5d] a p]fect /accato f end to end impossible1 j z x is impossible to obta9 true fif?s 9 e "p ( a viol9's compass if "o ( ! /r+s be slightly want+ 9 absolute cyl9dricity4 ,i speak specially ( /accato1 z t =m ( b[+ suff]s p]haps m ?an any o!r f faulty b[s2 b any =m ( b[+ t calls = special dext]ity w betray ! ineffici5cy ( a b[4 ,x is ( great int]e/ to comp>e ! calculations ( ,woolh\se ) ^? ( ,fetis1 & ,i w "h quote ! results obta9$ by ! =m]4 ,if measurem5ts be tak5 9 in*es1 & p>ts ( an in*1 & h d5ote ! di/ance ( any "p ( ! b[ f ! head1 ! diamet] ( ! /ick 9 t locality1 suppos+ ! b[ to be r\nd1 may be readily calculat$ f ! foll[+ =mula3-- ,diamet] 4#b log47h #g4be7 - #i4hajj ,f ?is =mula ! numb]s giv5 9 ! la/ column ( ! foll[+ table 7 calculat$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,di/ance f ,head ( ,b[ 9 ,in*es4 ,diamet] ---------------------------------------- -- 9 p>ts ( ,viol9 ,viola ,violoncello an in*4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #j 4#baj #b #j 4#bcj #d #a-a_/b #j 4#bdg #f #c #a 4#bfb #i #e #c 4#bhj #ac #h #e-a_/b 4#cjj #ah #aa-a_/b #i 4#cah #bc #ae #ab 4#ccc #ai #af 4#cdh #bc #bj 4#cfj #bd 4#cgj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,^! measurem5ts1 ( c\rse1 only ext5d to ! comm5cem5t ( ! cyl9drical portion4 ,woolh\se made a small gauge ( ivory1 bas$ on ! above measurem5ts1 :i* prov$ ( great practical value 9 exam9+ b[s4 ,! measurem5ts he obta9$ by ! above calculation apply to wood ( m$ium d5sity4 ,he says1 ,= close & d5se wood ! dim5sions %\ld be some:at dim9i%$1 or1 :at am\nts practically to ! same ?+1 ! di/ance f ! head %\ld1 = d5se wood1 be increas$ by half an in*1 or an in*1 z ! case may be1 be=e apply+ ! gauge4 ,he !n gives a table ( inclusive weights ( viol91 viola & violoncello b[s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,weight ( ,b[ = --------------------------------------- ,viol9 ,viola ,violoncello --------------------------------------- gra9s gra9s gra9s ,light #hej #a1jjj #a1aej ,m$ium #ijj #a1jej #a1bjj ,heavy #iej #a1ajj #a1bej ---------------------------------------- -------- ,9 speak+ ( ! adju/m5t ( ! spr+ or cambre1 ,woolh\se gives a means ( obta9+ ! exact curve t does n /rike me z be+ suffici5tly reliable = ! purpose4 ,he sugge/s t an auxili>y b[ be made ( ! prop] dim5sions1 b s z to be q /raight2 !n1 on be+ hair$ & screw$ up 9 ! ord9>y way1 x w %[1 9 an inv]t$ position1 ! exact curve to :i* o!r b[s %\ld be set4 ,b screw$ up 9 ! ord9>y way appe>s to me to admit ( too mu* latitude ( application3 x is n possible to div9e to :at ext5t ?is auxili>y b[ is to be screw$1 & if ?is is left to ! judgm5t ( ! mak]1 :y n set ! cambre by judgm5t & save ! tr\ble ( ! /raight auxili>y b[8 ,i w n[ proce$ to give an alphabetical li/ ( b[ mak]s :i* ,i tru/ is z complete z possible4 ,i h endeav\r$ to leave out all purely factory mak]s 9 fav\r ( ^? :o are p]sonally engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( b[s4 ,!re are "s 9 ! li/ :o are n actual mak]s1 b :o c>efully sup]vise all ! b[s issu$ "u _! "n4 ,su* "w is always di/9ctive & diff]s greatly f t issu$ by firms :o ord] b[s by ! gross f =eign factories1 & !n /amp _! own "n on ! /ick4 ,?is is a class ( b[ t usually looks v pretty & tempt+ to ! "y lady amateur1 b is sadly lack+ 9 balance & spr+2 :at little !re may be ( ! latt] at fir/ soon disappe>s1 = x is q impossible = any firm to turn out ?or\ghly effici5t b[s at ! extraord9>ily l[ prices "o sees quot$4 ,"o mu/ rememb] t = a b[ to be ( any real utility1 ! mat]ial1 ! workman%ip1 & ! fitt+s mu/ be ( ! v be/ possible description4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,b[ ,,mak]s4 ,a noticeable feature 9 ! foll[+ li/ is ! great prepond]ance ( ,fr5* mak]s4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! li/ ( b[ mak]s comm5ces )3 ,,adam1 ,,jean ,,dom9ique4 ,he 0 born at ,mirec\rt 9 #agie1 & di$ at ! age ( sixty-n9e4 ,he is said by "s to h be5 ! son ( "o ,jean ,adams1 a b[ mak] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,h[ f> ?is may be true is impossible to say4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! spell+ ( ! "n may n be a great matt]1 b !re is no explanation =?com+4 ,! majority ( 8 b[s are v commonplace1 b occasionally he made an ef=t & produc$ some?+ out ( 8 ord9>y run1 & ^! he inv>iably /amp$ ,,adam4 ,( ^! ! octagonal /icks are mo/ highly priz$4 ,,all51 ,,samuel4 ,born 9 ,cornwall 9 #aheh2 0 orig9ally int5d$ = a s*oolma/]4 ,work$ at sev]al me*anical trades & be+ musical1 he naturally turn$ 8 att5tion to fiddles1 & ultimately1 b[s4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,hill & ,sons employ$ him z a b[ mak] = sev]al ye>s4 ,al?\gh he held a high position 9 _! work%op 8 indep5d5t nature 0 n satisfi$ until #ahia1 :5 he set up 9 bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt z a viol9 & b[ mak] & repair]4 ,,b>\x1 ,p>is4 ,e>ly half ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,occasionally made "s v excell5t b[s1 b ! g5]al av]age ( 8 "w is only mod]ate4 ,,baus* ,,& ,,son1 ,leipsic4 ,middle ( pres5t c5tury4 ,! b[s issu$ by ?is firm are valu$ highly 9 ,g]many4 ,!y are well made &1 z a rule1 /rong4 ,,baz91 ,,gu/ave1 ,mirec\rt4 ,a v capable workman1 "s ( 8 'cello b[s are excell5t4 ,,betts4 ,born #agee1 di$ #ahbc4 ,work$ 9 ,london z a viol9 mak] & deal]4 ,! b[s be>+ 8 "n 7 made by ,edw>d ,dodd & ,w4 ,tubbs4 ,,braglia1 ,,antonio1 ,mod5a4 ,beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,i h n se5 any ( ?is mak]'s "w4 ,,br[n1 ,,james 7,junior71 ,london4 ,born #aghf1 di$ #ahfj4 ,a clev] mak]1 work$ mu* = ! trade1 b turn$ out "s good /icks1 /amp$ ) 8 "n4 ,,*anot1 ,,adolph1 ,p>is4 ,bro!r ( ! late ,georges ,*anot ( ,w>d\r ,/reet4 ,born ab\t #ahbh4 ,work$ ) ,h5ry ( ,p>is & has turn$ out "s magnific5t /icks4 ,8 dea?1 :i* took place sudd5ly1 at ! age ( tw5ty-n9e1 0 due to an aneurism4 ,_h he liv$ he w\ld und\bt$ly h tak5 a high position 9 ! e/eem ( b[ wield]s4 ,,d>bey1 ,,george1 ,bri/ol4 ,di$ ,m>*1 #aiba4 ,,dodd1 ,,edw>d1 ,london & ,%effield4 ,born #agje1 di$ #ahaj4 ,"o seldom f9ds a b[ be>+ 8 "n z he 0 mo/ly employ$ by o!rs1 su* z ,betts1 ,=/]1 ,norris1 etc4 ,,dodd1 ,,james4 ,work$ 9 ,london 9 #ahfd2 x is d\btful if any ( 8 "w c be id5tifi$ z he almo/ inv>iably work$ = o!rs4 ,,dodd1 ,,john4 ,born 9 #ageb1 di$ 9 #ahci4 ,?is 0 ! ,engli% b[-mak] p> excell5ce4 ,= full] details ( 8 life & "w see ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,dodd1 ,,?omas1 ,london1 #aghf-ahbc4 ,he diff]$ f ! o!rs ( ?is "n inasmu* z he did n make = o!rs b employ$ o!rs to make = him4 ,,eury1 ,p>is4 ,e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,8 b[s are univ]sally e/eem$1 "s ( !m be+ exceptionally f9e4 ,he did n always /amp 8 b[s1 b :5 he did x 0 g5]ally "u ! lapp+ or1 z "s say1 ! :ipp+4 ,,fonclause1 ,,joseph4 ,born 9 #ahjj1 di$ 9 #ahfe4 ,he 0 an excell5t mak]4 ,he fir/ le>nt ! art ( b[-mak+ f ,pajeot at ,mirec\rt1 & ultimately work$ = ,j4 ,b4 ,vuillaume at ,p>is4 ,lat] on he />t$ on 8 own acc\nt4 ,8 b[s f ?is p]iod are usually m>k$ ) 8 own "n4 ,,=/]1 ,,william4 ,a not$ ,engli% viol9 mak] :o 0 born ne> ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,"o n[ & !n meets ) a b[ be>+ 8 "n4 ,^! are all ! "w ( ,e4 ,dodd1 ,w4 ,tubbs1 or "s o!r skill$ workm5 9 8 employ4 ,,g& ,,& ,,b]n>del1 ,p>is4 ,a mod]n firm ^: /aff make "s rem>kably f9e b[s4 ,!y are mo/ly /amp$ ) ! "n ( ! firm2 b z !y make b[s to ! ord] ( v>i\s o!r firms !re are _m examples ( _! "w ei!r un/amp$ or be>+ fictiti\s names4 ,,h>m&4 ,work$ 9 ,mirec\rt ab\t #ahce4 ,made "s fairly good b[s4 ,,h5ry4 ,born 9 #ahab at ,mirec\rt :]e he fir/ le>nt 8 craft4 ,he work$ !re till 8 tw5ty-fif? ye>1 :5 he w5t to ,p>is4 ,"h he 0 employ$ by ,*anot fir/1 & lat]1 by ,peccatte4 ,:5 ,peccatte left ,p>is1 ,h5ry ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,simon1 ano!r workman 9 ,peccatte's employ :o _h succe$$ to ! latt]'s ,p>is %op4 ,?is p>tn]%ip la/$ till #ahea4 ,he !n work$ alone4 ,he 0 a magnific5t workman & has produc$ "s spl5did b[s4 ,i h 9 m9d a 'cello b[ ( 8 %[n me by ,j4 ,*anot t is a m>vel ( /r5g? & ela/icity4 ,he di$ 9 #ahgj4 ,sometimes 8 b[s are /amp$ ,h5ry1 ,p>is4 ,,hill1 ,w4 ,e41 ,,& ,,sons1 ,london4 ,contempor>y4 ,?is firm issue "s v f9e b[s :i* are made 9 _! own work%ops by exp]t workm5 tra9$ "u ! p]sonal sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,hill4 ,,josephs4 ,am]ican1 contempor>y4 ,a v clev] mak] & repair] ( viol9s & b[s4 ,i h se5 "s ( 8 "w t 0 excell5t4 ,,kittel1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,mod]n4 ,i h nev] come across a specim5 ( ?is mak]'s "w4 ,flem+ /ates t !y are ab\t z ne>ly equal to ,t\rte's z ^? ( any mak] t has liv$ s9ce 8 day4 ,x is a pity !y are n m pl5tiful if ?is is ! case4 ,,knopf1 ,,he9ri*1 & ,,knopf1 ,,ludwig1 ,b]l91 contempor>y4 ,fairly good b[s made *iefly to ! ord] ( o!r firms4 ,,lafleur1 ,,jacques4 ,born at ,nancy 9 #agfj1 di$ 9 ,p>is #ahcb4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! old mak]s4 ,"s cont95tal au?orities place him on a p> ) ,t\rte4 ,^? ( 8 make t ,i h h&l$ are c]ta9ly v f9e inde$4 ,,lafleur1 ,,joseph ,,r5e1 ,p>is4 ,born 9 #ahab1 di$ 9 #ahgd4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,jacques ,lafleur & inh]it$ mu* ( 8 fa!r's skill4 ,,lamy1 ,,alfr$ ,,joseph4 ,born 9 #ahej at ,mirec\rt4 ,he 0 an excell5t mak]4 ,an int]e/+ feature is t he le>nt 8 craft at a rem>kably e>ly age4 ,he work$ fir/ ) ,gautrot at ,*ateau-,fleurry4 ,he w5t1 l ! re/1 to ,p>is 9 #ahgg1 & work$ = ,voir9 = "s eight ye>s4 ,at ,voir9's dea? he />t$ 9 bus9ess = himself4 ,,lupot1 ,,francois4 ,born at ,orleans #aggd1 di$ at ,p>is 9 #ahcg4 ,= full] p>ticul>s ( ?is mak] see ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,maire1 ,,nicolas1 ,mirec\rt & ,p>is4 ,0 a pupil ( ,jacques ,lafleur b nev] did any "w ( great di/9ction4 ,,miquel1 ,,emile4 ,a contempor>y ,mirec\rt mak]4 ,,nurnb]g]1 ,,k>l ,,alb]t1 ,m>kneukir*54 ,contempor>y4 ,a mo/ f9i%$ workman & a clev] imitator ( ! /yles ( v>i\s well-kn[n mak]s4 ,has work$ mu* = ! trade4 ,8 be/ examples are frequ5tly /amp$ ) 8 "n1 & among/ ^! w be f\nd b[s :i* are fit to rank ) "s ( ! f9e/ productions ( ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,!re are o!r mak]s ( ! same family engag$ 9 b[ mak+4 ,,pajeot4 ,work$ 9 ,mirec\rt 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,an excell5t mak]4 ,he taught ,joseph ,fonclause :o is kn[n to h made "s ( ! f9e/ b[s be>+ ,vuillaume's /amp4 ,,panormo4 ,! qua9t facet$ b[s ( :i* ,i h giv5 an example 9 ,plate ,,viii4 7 made1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta91 by ,george ,l\is ,panormo1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury4 ,details conc]n+ ?is family are nei!r pl5tiful nor cle>1 b x is fairly c]ta9 t ?is b[ mak] 0 a son ( ,v9c5t ,panormo ( ,pal]mo1 ,p>is1 ,irel&1 etc41 :o fir/ made ! "n fam\s 9 ! fiddle _w4 ,a description ( ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 "w w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,flem+ m5tions a ,george ,l\is ,panormo z a mod]n mak] 9 ,london1 b ,i d n "k ( su* a mak]4 ,i am in=m$ on excell5t au?ority t all ! ,panormo b[s 7 made 9 ,p>is4 ,,peccatte1 ,,dom9ique4 ,born 9 #ahaj & di$ 9 #ahgd at ,mirec\rt4 ,details ( 8 life & "w are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,peccatte1 ,,francois 7,,peccatte ,,jeune71 ,p>is4 ,born ,mirec\rt1 #ahbj1 di$ ,p>is1 #ahee4 ,a good workman1 ^: be/ b[s1 ?\gh n well kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 are ( ne>ly equal m]it ) 8 bro!r ,dom9ique's4 ,he work$ = t5 ye>s ) ,vuillaume4 ,"s ( 8 b[s are /amp$ ) 8 "n1 ! lett]+ ( ! /amp diff]+ slightly f t employ$ by 8 m fam\s bro!r4 ,,peccatte1 ,,*>les1 ,p>is4 ,son ( ,francois4 ,born ,mirec\rt1 #ahej4 ,a good workman1 b n equal to ! o!r mak]s ( ! "n4 ,,pellegri1 ,italian1 mod]n2 neat workman%ip4 ,,p]soit4 ,work$ 9 ,p>is ab\t #ahbh to #ahda4 ,he 0 employ$ l>gely by ,vuillaume & mo/ ( 8 b[s be> ! latt]'s "n1 b he occasionally work$ on 8 own acc\nt & !n 8 "w 0 /amp$ ,p4,r4,s4 ,,price1 ,london4 ,contempor>y1 excell5t mak]4 ,pupil ( ,tubbs4 ,,pfrets*n]1 ,m>kneukir*54 ,contempor>y mak]s1 ^: be/ "w is ( high m]it & f9i%1 ?\gh n q equal to t ( ,a4 ,nurnb]g]4 ,,poison1 ,p>is4 ,a really magnific5t workman4 ,he 0 employ$ l>gely by ! firm ( ,g& & ,b]n>del1 & ! majority ( 8 b[s be> _! /amp4 ,"o occasionally meets ) a b[ by ?is mak] be>+ 8 own "n4 ,,pup9at1 ,swiss4 ,middle ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,,rak[s*1 ,p>is4 ,mod]n4 ,,rau1 ,,augu/1 ,m>kneukir*54 ,born #ahff4 ,a fir/-class workman4 ,work$ mu* = ,wei*old ( ,dresd54 ,,ron*9i1 ,italian4 ,mod]n4 ,,s*w>tz1 ,,georg ,,fri$ri*1 ,/rasburg4 ,born #aghe1 di$ #ahdi4 ,made "s excell5t b[s m>k$ ,sw>tz1 ,/rasburg4 ,,simon1 ,p4 ,born at ,mirec\rt 9 #ahjh4 ,work$ = ,d4 ,peccatte 9 ,p>is 9 #ahch4 ,aft] ?is he work$ = ,vuillaume = sev5 ye>s4 ,he !n set up on 8 own acc\nt = "s two ye>s1 & :5 ,d4 ,peccatte left ,p>is he took ov] ! bus9ess 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,h5ry4 ,?ree ye>s lat] & he 0 aga9 alone4 ,8 workman%ip is always good & betrays ,peccatte's influ5ce4 ,,sirjean4 ,fr5*4 ,e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,,suss1 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian1 ,m>kneukir*54 ,born #ahbi4 ,di$ #aijj4 ,"o ( ! be/ mak]s ,g]many has produc$4 ,imitat$ ! /yle ( ,t\rte4 ,,tadol9i1 ,,ignazio4 ,born at ,bologna 9 #agia1 di$ at ,mod5a 9 #ahgc4 ,0 e/abli%$ ) 8 bro!r at ! la/-nam$ t[n4 ,made "s v f9e b[s b 0 n equal4 ,,t\rnatoris4 ,fr5*4 ,latt] "p ( la/ c5tury4 ,,t\rte4 ,eighte5? c5tury1 ,p>is4 ,"o ( ! be/ b[ mak]s ( ! old] type1 *iefly kn[n z ! fa!r ( ,francois ,t\rte4 ,,t\rte1 ,,sav]e4 ,elde/ son ( ! prec$+ & call$ ,t\rte l'a9e1 ,p>is4 ,,t\rte1 ,,francois1 ,p>is4 ,bro!r ( ! above1 ! greate/ ( all b[ mak]s4 ,born #agdg1 di$ #ahch4 ,= full] p>ticul>s ( 8 life & "w see ,*apt] ,,vi 7,plates ,v4 & ,,vi474 ,,tubbs1 ,w41 ,london4 ,e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,work$ = ,=/]1 ,betts1 ,norris & ,b>nes4 ,he 0 taught b[ mak+ by ,edw>d ,dodd4 ,,tubbs1 ,,james4 ,son ( ! prec$+4 ,born #ahce4 ,di$ ,april1 #aiba4 ,_m ( 8 b[s are graduat$ accord+ to a sy/em bas$ on ! calculations ( ,w4 ,s4 ,b4 ,woolh\se1 ! ma!matician 7see ,*apt] ,,vii74 ,! ,tubbs b[s h qualities di/9ctly _! own & :5 a play] becomes ?or\ghly us$ to a ,tubbs he r>ely feels com=table ) ev5 ! f9e/ b[s ( ano!r make4 ,conv]sely1 a play] 9 ! habit ( us+ con/antly any o!r b[ exp]i5ces a slight feel+ ( /rang5ess on fir/ try+ a ,tubbs4 ,! workman%ip 9 a ,tubbs b[ is almo/ unique 9 its p]fection4 ,& !re is a *>act]i/ic ,engli% solidity ab\t ! secure way 9 :i* all ! fitt+s are adju/$4 ,i h be5 an eye witness ( ! c>e & att5tion paid by 8 son1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,tubbs to ! "w ( repair+ a b[ t to ! casual obs]v] w\ld seem pa/ all treatm5t4 ,8 bro!r1 ,c4 ,e4 ,tubbs1 0 a good b[ mak]1 b some:at erratic4 ,,vign]on1 ,a4 ,a mod]n ,fr5* mak] :o turns out "s extremely high class "w4 ,,voir91 ,,ni*olas ,,francois4 ,ano!r ( ! great ,p>isian b[ mak]s4 ,le>nt ! craft 9 8 native t[n1 ,mirec\rt1 :]e he 0 born 9 #ahcc4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-two he 0 employ$ by ,vuillaume1 ) :om he work$ = "s fifte5 ye>s4 ,x is believ$ t ! f9e/ b[s be>+ ,vuillaume's "n 7 made by ,voir94 ,"s ( 8 b[s t 7 exhibit$ by ,vuillaume 9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition 9 #ahfg receiv$ hon\rable m5tion4 ,i %\ld say 8 "w is m equal ?an t ( any o!r mak]4 ,( c\rse1 z ) o!r popul> mak]s1 !re are to be f\nd pl5ty ( wor?less b[s be>+ ! =g$ /amp1 ,n4 ,f4 ,voir91 a ,p>is4 ,8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 ,p>is 9 #ahhe1 0 v pa!tic4 ,he 0 walk+ along ! ,faub\rg ,montm>tre on 8 way to ! abode ( a cu/om] to :om he 0 tak+ a b[ newly f9i%$1 :5 he sudd5ly fell d[n 9 an apoplectic fit4 ,=tunately 8 "n & address1 ,b\loi #c1 0 on ! p>cel conta9+ ! b[1 & he 0 ?us able to be tak5 home )\t delay4 ,b h[ sad a home-com+6 br\ght home 9 a dy+ condition to 8 wife :om he _h left b a few m9utes be=e 9 app>5tly good heal?4 ,he di$ ! same night4 ,,vuillaume1 ,j4 ,b41 ,p>is4 ,?is /range mixture ( cunn+ & ability w be ev] rememb]$ z ! craftie/ ( craftsm54 ,an und\bt$ g5ius z a viol9 mak]1 yet ) all ! tricks & subt]fuges ( ! v]ie/ *>latan4 ,conc]n+ ! real value ( ! hi/orical details furni%$ to ,fetis by ,vuillaume ,i h spok5 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,?\gh x is possible t he _h consid]able practical k ( b[ mak+1 ,i d n ?9k he actually made any b[s4 ,he ex]cis$ great judgm5t1 h[ev]1 9 ! employm5t ( skill$ workm51 :om he kept z a rule = a numb] ( ye>s--a fact t is suffici5t to /amp him z a good & consid]ate employ]4 ,! mo/ not$ mak]s :o work$ = him 7 ,fonclause1 ,peccatte1 ,p]soit1 ,simon & ,voir94 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! majority ( ! b[s be>+ ,vuillaume's "n are ( ! be/ possible workman%ip & quality4 ,un=tunately !re are 9 ?is case also a numb] ( =g]ies on ! m>ket4 ,! mo/ notewor?y features 9 connexion ) ,vuillaume1 z reg>ds b[s1 are 8 curi\s inv5tions--! /eel b[1 ! fix$ nut1 ! curv$ f]rule1 & ! self-hair+ b[4 ,( ! /eel b[1 ,mr4 ,h]on-,all5 says he has nev] met ) a specim5 ( s pond]\s an ecc5tricity except ! "o 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,i h come across a numb]1 & z !y are tubul> !y are n at all z pond]\s z ! "n ( ! mat]ial sugge/s4 ,9 fact ,i rememb] "o t 0 v pleasant to play )4 ,!y are ne>ly always lack+ 9 balance4 ,! fix$ nut 0 ! result ( an idea t ! play] %\ld always h ! same l5g? ( hair at 8 s]vice4 ,! curv$ f]rule 0 also a mi/ake1 ! idea be+ t x w\ld be good to get a broad surface ( hair on ! /r+ at ! heel4 ,! self-hair+ b[ 0 +5i\s b ( no practical value4 ,^! pat5ts are detail$ m fully 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ,vuillaume 0 born at ,mirec\rt on ,octob] #g?1 #agih1 & 0 ! son ( ! c>ri] betwe5 t t[n & ,nancy4 ,he di$ at ,p>is 9 #ahge4 ,,wei*old1 ,dresd54 ,an excell5t firm1 :o put _! "n on a sup]ior class ( trade b[4 ,,wilson1 ,,john ,,james ,,?ompson1 ,london4 ,born ,m>*1 #ahfd1 work$ 9 8 y\? ) ,james ,tubbs1 & lat] ) ,c4 ,e4 ,tubbs4 ,has work$ mu* = ! trade4 ,) ?is li/ ( b[ mak]s ends ! hi/orical section ( ^! pap]s4 ,z ,i h already expla9$1 a p]fect hi/ory ( ! b[ is q impossible to obta91 & all ,i h attempt$ has be5 to lay be=e my read]s ! facts ,i h accumulat$4 ,i h c>efully ab/a9$ f promulgat+ any !ories ( my own ) reg>d to ! evolution ( ! b[ 7save 9 su* cases :]e c]ta9 conclusions h be5 =c$ ^u me by ! evid5ce f\nd7 z f ! conflict+ nature ( ! records1 ,i consid] no "o !ory to be suffici5t4 ,!re seem to h be5 a numb] ( sep>ate influ5ces at "w1 ! ultimate conv]g5ce !re( result+ 9 ! production ( ! p]fect b[ z we n[ "k x4 ,if ,i h be5 unable to make a cle> exposition ( ! b['s progress1 ,i tru/ ,i h succe$$ 9 %[+ ! unpr9cipl$ elim9ation ( contradictory details resort$ to by e>li] writ]s 9 ord] to a*ieve ?is desir$ end4 ,& ,i hope x w be und]/ood t ?is has n be5 done 9 ! _s ( ! small boy :o1 disappo9t$ 9 8 attempt to build a s& ca/le1 d]ives an alleviative gratification f ! de/ruction ( ! m impos+ erections ( 8 playmates4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,b[ ,,mak+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,mat]ials--,,brazil ,,wood--,,horsehair--,,! ,,action ,,( ,,ros94 ,x is curi\s to pass 9 review ! /range ev5ts--! causes1 het]og5e\s & improbable1 t h produc$ _m ( ! mo/ important results 9 ! hi/ory ( man4 ,:at fiddl]1 = in/ance1 :5 indulg+ 9 ! cu/om>y smoke aft] an ev5+'s gr9d1 realises 8 indebt$ness = half 8 enjoym5t to an unscrupul\s ,g5oese pirate ( ! fifte5? c5tury8 ,yet1 see+ t 9 addition to wood5 nutmegs1 banjoes & o!r bless+s ( civilization emanat+ f ! ,new ,_w1 ,am]ica gives u bo? tobacco & ,brazil wood 7! only mat]ial ( :i* x is possible to make a ?or\ghly good b[71 ,i ?9k t1 if ,i may lik5 ! viol9i/'s m9d to a temple ( _m %r9es erect$ to all ^? :o h contribut$ to 8 welf>e & enjoym5t1 !re %\ld be "o ni*e res]v$ = ,*ri/oph] ,columbus ( egg-balanc+ fame4 ,x is also ( int]e/ to note h[1 z soon z viol9i/s 7 ready = a p]fect b[1 ,francois ,t\rte appe>$ on ! sc5e & provid$ ! mu* desir$ article4 ,h[ he exp]im5taliz$ on common sug>-b>rel wood ,i h already set d[n 9 its prop] place4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 to ga9 pr(ici5cy 9 ! use ( 8 new tools4 ,9 8 se>* aft] a wood t %\ld conta9 ! ess5tial qualities ( /r5g?1 lightness & spr+1 he made b[s ( _m k9ds ( wood1 b 0 n satisfi$ until he tri$ ! r$ wood import$ = dye+ purposes f ,p]nambuco4 ,i am afraid !re are few :o reflect on ! significance ( ! fact t ! exact wood requir$ did actually exi/4 ,=m]ly ! b[-mak] _h to buy ! wood 9 ! r\gh /ate j z %ipp$ ov]1 & !n w\ld beg9 ! we>y "w ( select+ ^? pieces suitable = 8 purpose4 ,z a matt] ( fact !y are few & f> betwe51 = ?is wood is p>ticul>ly full ( twi/s1 knots & splits4 ,n[ ?is is done = him by firms :o buy ! raw mat]ial1 select t ) ! desir$ /raight gra9 & cut x into squ>e rods ready = ! craftsm5 to "w up into b[s4 ,a few ye>s ago b[ mak]s dem&$ v d5se wood "u ! impression t x w\ld be advantage\s to h !m z sl5d] z possible1 = ! d5s] ! wood ! ?9n] mu/ be ! /ick to pres]ve a normal weight4 ,! fallacy ( ?is me?od1 h[ev]1 soon made itself app>5t1 =1 ?\gh y may ?9 d[n a /ick ad libitum1 ! head mu/ be a c]ta9 height & bread?1 consequ5tly ^! b[s 7 all m or less top heavy4 ,a mu* light] v>iety ( wood !re=e is n[ be+ us$1 & ,i mu/ say ! appe>ance ( "s rec5t b[s by our be/ ,engli% mak]s is extremely f9e2 !re is a great] s5se ( proportion app>5t to ! eye z well z to ! h&4 ,"s ( ! *eap ,g]man & ,fr5* trade b[s are made ( :at ! deal]s call ,brazilette wood1 a wood some:at alli$ to ! true ,brazil wood1 b totally lack+ 9 spr+ or firmness4 ,i wond] :e!r viol9i/s (t5 realise :5 !y take up a b[ h[ _m remote p>ts ( ! e>? h contribut$ to ?is little magic w&6 ,wood f ! ,we/1 ivory f ! ,ea/1 "m-(-pe>l f ! sea1 gold or silv] f ,ea/]n1 ,we/]n1 or1 x may be1 ,antipodean m9es2 &1 :5 we add !reto ! hair f ! horse's tail1 we levy a tax ^u ! ?ree k+doms1 vegetable1 animal & m9]al1 to m9i/] to our enjoym5t4 ,z mu* discrim9ation has to be ex]cis$ 9 select+ ! hair z 9 ! case ) ! wood1 = x is ess5tial t e hair 9 ! b[ be absolutely cyl9drical & ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,^! h to be s\ght = v c>efully & are n s pl5tiful z "o w\ld suppose1 = ! %ape ( a hair is regulat$ by t ( ! pore f :i* x gr[s & ^! are seldom circul>1 _m be+ flat on "o side1 "s1 ev51 squ>e or triangul>4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! proportion ( suitable hairs is n m ?an t5 p] c5t4 ,t\rte1 accord+ to ,fetis1 always pref]r$ ,fr5* hair = 8 b[s z he f\nd x l>g] & /rong] ?an t ( o!r c\ntries4 ,i believe at pres5t a quantity ( ,russian hair is us$4 ,t\rte's daught] 0 ( great assi/ance to him 9 select+ & prep>+ ! hair4 ,8 me?od 0 to ?or\ghly cleanse ! hair ) ord9>y soap1 !n to soak x 9 bran wat] & !n1 aft] remov+ all =eign matt]1 to dip 9 blue wat]4 ,a few ye>s ago "s misguid$ p tri$ blea*+ ! hair *emically4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 made x q dry & brittle1 & x has happily be5 ab&on$4 ,! av]age numb] ( hairs 9 a b[ n[-a-days is f #aej to #bjj4 ,9 ,t\rte's day a simil> numb] 7 us$4 ,a few words on ! /ructure & action ( b[ hair & ! real "p play$ by ros9 may n be amiss4 ,z ,mr4 ,h]on-,all5 truly obs]ves x is a/oni%+ h[ few viol9i/s "k any?+ ab\t ! me*anical & sci5tific action ( p[d]$ ros9 on tone production4 ,& = ! laity he says aga9 t _m ?9k1 :5 !y see a b[ be+ ros9$1 t x is be+ greas$ to make x g fa/]4 ,if we exam9e a hair microscopically we discov] a surface cov]$ ) m9ute scales4 ,ord9>ily ^! scales lie close to ! ma9 %aft1 b :5 ros9 is rubb$ along ! hair small p>ticles get fix$ "u ! scales caus+ !m to /& up some:at l ! tee? ( a saw4 ,^! erect$ scales act on ! /r+ l s _m inf9itesimal plectra & ?us produce 9 p]fection ! su/a9$ s\nd attempt$ 9 a gross] mann] by ! tremolo ( ! m&ol9e4 ,x is simply a rapid s]ies ( %ocks4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation w suffice to realize t cont9u\s pressure on a /r+ w\ld act z a det]r5t r ?an a promot] ( vibration4 ,9 fact an unros9$ b[ gives cont9u\s pressure & !re=e produces no s\nd4 ,! hair is usually ins]t$ 9 a b[ 9 ! natural position ( its gr[?1 i4e41 ! root end at ! top1 ?us1 z ! scales po9t d[nw>ds1 giv+ ! greate/ attack to ! d[n b[4 ,"s h tri$ plac+ half "o way & half ! o!r b ,i d n ?9k a v p]ceptible diff]5ce results f ?is proce$+4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,qualities ,,ess5tial ,,9 ,a ,,b[ ,,mak]--,,%ap+ ,,! ,,/ick--,,sett+ ,,! ,cambre--,,! ,,faces--,,! ,,tr5*es--,,! ,,nut4 ,! manufacture ( ! b[ is an indu/ry call+ = r>e qualities ( pati5ce & conc5tration on ! "p ( its foll[]s4 ,! skill requir$ is ( q a di/9ct k9d4 ,/r5g? & delicacy ( h& mu/ bo? be exceptionally pron\nc$1 & ma!matical accuracy ( eye is ess5tial4 ,delicacy ( t\* to readily appreciate ! v>y+ degrees ( ela/icity f\nd n only 9 diff]5t /icks b (t5 9 ! same piece ( wood4 ,/r5g? to "w ) precision 9 su* h>d wood4 ,& = ?is k9d ( "w ! /r5g? requir$ is n t ( ! c>p5t] :o c use ! weight & sw+ ( 8 body2 x is1 r1 a self-conta9$ /r5g? 9 :i* oppos+ =ces mu/ co-op]ate 9 ord] to ensure ! absolute accuracy s indisp5sable 9 a b[4 ,!n ! sight mu/ be ( un]r+ judgm5t1 = ne>ly all ! "w dep5ds on ! eye4 ,b[ mak+ is di/9ctly n]v\s "w = x keeps ! m9d con/antly al]t4 ,i am indebt$ = mo/ ( ! details giv5 9 ?is *apt] to ! late ,alfr$ ,tubbs1 son ( ,james1 & a good workman1 :o di$ comp>atively "y 9 #aiji4 ,he told me t he only made "o b[ at a "t = ! reason t ea* /ick has its own individuality1 "s intr9sic feature t has to be borne 9 m9d ?r\gh all ! details ( fitt+1 m\nt+ & adju/+4 ,! m9d is apt to lose its c]ta9ty ( ret5tion :5 ex]cis$ on z few1 ev51 z ?ree /icks simultane\sly4 ,!re=e ea* b[ is complet$ be=e ! next is comm5c$4 ,tak+ ! r\gh /ick z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd1 ! fir/ op]ation is t ( r\nd+ ! ?roat1 9 o!r words ! squ>e rod is made r\nd = a few in*es j bel[ ! r\gh block left = ! head to be cut f1 ?is portion be+ call$ by "s ! ?roat1 & by o!rs ! neck ( ! b[4 ,aft] ?is ! corn]s ( ! rema9+ squ>e portion are plan$ away1 !reby mak+ ! /ick octagonal 9 section4 ,%\ld x be int5d$ t ! f9i%$ b[ be octagonal1 naturally ! ?roat is n r\nd$ b ! plan+ away ( ! corn]s is c>ri$ out ) extreme c>e "r up to ! head4 ,! next op]ation is to lay ! patt]n 7,fig4 #ce7 on ! project+ block &1 ) a f9e po9t$ p5cil1 to m>k out ! outl9e ( ! head4 ,?is is ! only "p ( ! "w on ! /ick itself :]e9 ! eye is assi/$ by actual measurem5t or patt]n4 ,! %ap+1 or modell+ ( ! head1 z also1 lat]1 ! gradation 9 ?ickness ( ! /ick dep5d+ entirely ^u optic precision4 ,! absolute accuracy ( h& & eye requir$ = su* "w is only to be atta9$ by long ye>s ( con/ant application4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,aft] r\ghly %ap+ ! head comes ! delicate op]ation ( sett+4 ,?is is also kn[n z putt+ 9 ! spr+ or cambre4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! am\nt ( curve is det]m9$ is t an imag9>y /raight l9e drawn f ! face ( ! head to ! face ( ! nut %all co9cide ) ! /ick at ! po9t ( its greate/ deviation f ! horizontal4 ,!re is no fix$ di/ance f ei!r end = ?is extreme po9t ( deviation to occur4 ,x is a matt] t re/s entirely on ! judgm5t ( ! mak]1 :o1 if ?or\ghly exp]i5c$1 regulates ! curve by any v>iation 9 rigidity he may discov] 9 ! /ick4 ,?us %\ld 8 obs]vations po9t to ! fact t a c]ta9 portion ( ! /ick is slightly weak] ?an ! re/1 !re w he put ! greate/ am\nt ( spr+4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t a good mak] nev] uses a /ick t is palpably unequal4 ,he w only take ?is tr\ble to correct inf9itesimal weaknesses 7disc]nible only to a h& ( great exp]i5ce7 9 wood ( exceptionally good gra94 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ _m viol9i/s seem to ?9k good b[s are made by accid5t4 ,few "k t !re are "s m5 :o c make a f9e b[4 ,! prime factor 9 ! sett+ ( a b[ is heat1 by ! judici\s application ( :i* ! /raight rod is made to assume & reta9 ! desir$ cambre4 ,! heat us$ n[-a-days is t produc$ by an ord9>y gas flame4 ,dry heat is absolutely ess5tial1 z ! slighte/ moi/ure draws all ! pigm5t>y matt] out ( ! cells 9 ! wood & leaves ! b[ z col\rless & mean 9 appe>ance z a /ick ( deal4 ,z x is1 ) dry heat ev51 ! am\nt ( col\r exud$ by a good /ick dur+ ?is process is q en\gh to /a9 ! h&s a deep purple4 ,! great po9t to be obs]v$ 9 sett+ a b[ is to make sure t ! fibres are all heat$ equally "r ?r\gh to ! c5tre ( ! /ick4 ,if ?is does n receive suffici5t att5tion ! b[ c n possibly reta9 its curve1 = ! inn] fibres t h n be5 affect$ by ! heat w always be try+ to resume _! orig9al /raight position1 & are b\nd ultimately to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! heat$ out] fibres1 ) ! result t ! b[ ei!r becomes /raight or w>p$ & twi/$1 mo/ probably ! latt]4 ,to und]/& t ?is mu/ be s x is only necess>y to rememb] t any ela/ic rod1 a walk+ /ick = example1 c be held s z to =m a curve b z soon z ! pressure is releas$ x imm$iately recov]s its normal /ate4 ,?is is :at happ5s ) ! unheat$ inn] fibres 9 an inf]ior b[4 ,! con/ant /rife ( oppos+ =ces mu/ result 9 victory = ! active =ce ( ! inn] fibres ov] ! passive resi/ance ( ! heat$ out] fibres4 ,= ! op]ation ( sett+ ! b[ is left ab\t half z ?ick aga9 z ! f9i%$ /ick is int5d$ to be3 ?is to all[ = scor*+ or burn+ ! out] surface4 ,:5 ! sett+ is satisfactorily accompli%$ ! /ick is plan$ up r\nd1 aft] :i* ! bottom tr5* is cut4 ,?is is ! slot 9 :i* ! screw-eye ( ! nut travels4 ,!n ! hole = ! screw itself is drill$ out 9 a la! fitt$ ) a ,cu%man *uck4 ,! next ?+ is to put on ! black face4 ,?is is a ?9 slab ( ebony glu$ on to ! "u surface ( ! head1 :i* helps to /r5g!n ! head & =ms a solid b$ = ! ivory or metal plate :i* =ms ! out] fac+ ( ! head4 ,! ivory faces are cut out ( ! solid tusk to ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,!y are glu$ on ) ! v be/ glue procurable & ti$ d[n ) /rong tw9e4 ,?is is ano!r matt] ( extreme difficulty & delicacy1 z ivory is a v /ubborn mat]ial to "w 9 & x is easy to crack x 9 =c+ x d[n to ! curve ( ! face1 t is if x is suffici5tly ?ick adequately to fulfil its orig9al purpose z a /r5g!n] & protector ( ! head4 ,"o (t5 sees 9 *eap b[s faces ( ivory s ?9 z to %[ ! ebony face ?r\gh 9 a blui% t9t4 ,su* a face is ( z mu* value to ! b[ z a piece ( pap]1 b x 0 easy to put on6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,metal faces are gr[+ m & m into fav\r b1 p]sonally1 ,i pref] a sub/antial ivory face1 = ?\gh ! metal may be /rong] 9 itself ,i ?9k an ivory face well glu$ on is m homog5e\s4 ,! successive lay]s ( ebony & ivory on ! already h>d wood =ms a m equal gradation ( d5sity4 ,aft] bo? ! faces are adju/$ a circul> hole is drill$ 9 ! head & !n *isell$ out squ>e to =m ! top tr5* or box to receive ! hair4 ,! nut is !n fitt$4 ,_m p imag9e t ev5 ! be/ mak]s buy ! nuts :olesale & fit ! /icks to !m1 b good mak]s always make ! nut = ea* b[ z x is want$4 ,!y c by ?is means bett] regulate ! balance ( ! b[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,fig4 #cg %[s a gauge to det]m9e ! v>i\s dim5sions ( ! nuts ( viol91 viola & 'cello b[s4 ,be=e ! b[ is f9ally clean$ up x is hair$#a & screw$ to see if x is all true1 = !re may be some?+ faulty 9 ! cambre :i* c be correct$ at ?is /age4 ,if all is satisfactory ! b[ is f9i%$ & poli%$1 ! :ole process1 f ! r\gh /ick 9 ,fig4 #cd to ! f9i%$ b[ ready = ! arti/ to melt1 delight & amuse 8 he>]s1 be+ "o day's "w4 ,footnote #a3 ,= details ( b[ hair+ see ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,possible ,,repairs--,,splic+--,,r5ew+ ,,cups--,,re/or+ ,,! ,,nut--,,re-,,fac+4 ,b[ repair+ is a matt] call+ = almo/ m skill ?an ! actual manufacture ( new b[s1 & x is "o ab\t :i* v hazy ideas exi/ outside ! trade itself4 ,"o c divide viol9i/s r\ghly into two sections4 ,on ! "o h& !re are ^? :o believe any?+ is possible 9 ?is way1 & on ! o!r !re are _m :o h no fai? :atev] 9 su* repairs4 ,i recollect :5 only a lad meet+ an eld]ly amateur viol9i/ ( ! pomp\s class :o n only 0 k9d en\gh to pay ! mo/ emb>rass+ att5tion to my solos b fur!r fav\r$ me ) 8 conv]sation & advice4 ,n[1 said he1 y mu/ get a /eel b[2 tell y\r fa!r ab\t x2 absolutely necess>y4 ,y see ?is /ick ( a ?+ y are play+ ) 7alas1 my *]i%$ ,lupot67 is all v well n[1 b by-&-bye ! hairs w come out & x w be wor?less4 ,i v5tur$ to sugge/ t x c\ld be re-hair$4 ,ah yes1 yes1 yes6 he repli$1 ,i "k x c be done1 & x is done1 v (t51 b x is nev] ! same ?+4 ,no1 once ! hairs beg9 to g1 !re is no?+ to d b buy a new b[1 b if y h a /eel b[ ! hairs _c come out & y h an article t w endure 9 its orig9al /ate all y\r life4 767 ,i may obs]ve t ?is g5tleman _h n ! slighte/ comm]cial int]e/ 9 /eel b[s4 ,i also came 9 contact once ) an example ( ! opposite class4 ,?is g5tleman _h a little son :o 0 9 ! habit ( borr[+ 8 fa!r's viol9 b[ surreptiti\sly = ! purpose ( p]fect+ himself 9 ! useful art ( s+le /ick practice4 ,! inevitable happ5$1 & :5 ,i saw ! b[ x 0 pr\dly exhibit$ to me z an example ( :at c\ld be done ) a little +5uity4 ,! two halves ( ! brok5 b[ _h be5 well glu$ toge!r1 two /eel p5 nibs _h be5 plac$ s z to =m a sort ( metal tube to protect ! fracture1 & ! :ole 0 b\nd securely ) /rong silk4 ,9 its own]'s e/imation x 0 z good z ev]1 sir1 z good z ev]4 ,i propose to /ate "h briefly :at c be done & :at is advisable to h done 9 ! way ( b[-repair+4 ,if a b[ is brok5 9 ! upp] "p ( ! /ick x is j possible to splice on a new head & ?roat1 b x is n wor? do+1 = ! cambre & balance ( ! orig9al c nev] be reproduc$4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is a diff]5t piece ( wood :i*1 h[ev] well mat*$1 is b\nd to be suffici5tly /range to di/urb su* a delicate in/rum5t4 ,& !n ! cambre ( ! new piece has to be set be=e x is jo9$ on to ! old /ick & ?us x becomes impossible to make a satisfactory curve ?r\gh\t4 ,to re-adju/ ! orig9al head is n feasible1 z ! only jo9t t w /& ! /ra9 to :i* a b[ is subject$ is a long diagonal "o ext5d+ = sev]al in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,splic+ a new h&le 7,fig4 #ch;d7 is1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly done1 & is (t5 advisable4 ,x occasionally happ5s t a valuable b[ becomes s worn by ! pressure ( ! f+]s or ?umb1 or by ! friction ( ! nut & screw1 z to be beyond ! rea* ( ! m usual repairs4 ,x !n becomes necess>y to sub/itute a new h&le1 & ?is c be done by skilful repair]s z to make absolutely no diff]5ce to ! balance ( ! /ick4 ,! jo9t is 9 ?is case also a diagonal "o ext5d+ usually f ne> ! upp] extremity ( ! lapp+ d[nw>ds = "s f\r or five in*es4 ,x %\ld be se5 t ! surfaces br\ght 9 contact 9 su* a jo9t are s plac$ z to be p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! hair4 ,o!rwise x _c endure = any l5g? ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,v (t5 ! orig9al h&le c be re/or$ & made s\nd4 ,?us1 :5 ! screw hole becomes worn & ! cup 7see ,fig4 #ci1 :i* %[s ! two cups1 t at ! extremity ( ! /ick & t 9 ! tip7 brok51 x is cu/om>y to drill out ! hole1 turn up a piece ( well-season$ b[ wood 9 ! la! to ! exact diamet] ( ! enl>g$ hole1 & glue x well 9 place4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry a new screw hole ( ! orig9al dim5sions c be drill$ j z 9 mak+ a new b[4 ,sometimes1 :5 !re are cracks 9 ! h&le1 ! tr5* has to be fill$ up & re-cut1 z is also done to ! head if x is crack$ ?r\gh ! pressure ( ! plug 7,fig4 #dj;a74 ,repairs to ! nut are also done :5 ! nut is orig9al1 i4e41 :5 x belongs to ! b[ & is ( a di/+ui%$ mak]4 ,old nuts frequ5tly get crack$ d[n ! sides :]e !y come 9 contact ) ! /ick4 ,9 ?is case ! worn "p ( ! nut is cut away & new wood glu$ on & work$ up to ! orig9al %ape4 ,i h se5 a nut s re/or$ by ,mr4 ,tubbs 9 :i* x 0 absolutely impossible to discov] :]e ! new piece 0 jo9$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,) reg>d to ! screw hole1 x (t5 becomes worn to an oval %ape j above ! tr5* ow+ to ! screw be+ too %ort4 ,?is is frequ5tly f\nd 9 old ,fr5* b[s1 ev5 by ! be/ mak]s1 & causes ! unsightly tilt+ ( ! tip4 ,9 ,fig4 #da is %[n a section ( ! nut & h&le %[+ ! action ( ! screw & ! way ! hair is ins]t$4 ,! screw 9 ?is diagram is ! exact l5g? necess>y to prev5t ! we>+ away ( ! hole describ$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,b[ repair]s are (t5 p]plex$ z to _! cu/om]s' mean+ :5 s5d+ in/ructions by po/ = ! re/oration ( ! tip1 z _m p use ?is ^w to d5ote ! extremity ( ! head 7,fig4 #dj;d74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is kn[n to exp]ts z ! peak1 & ! ^w tip is appli$ solely to ! octagonal piece at ! opposite end ( ! b[1 by means ( :i* ! screw is turn$ & ! t5sion ( ! hair regulat$4 ,9 "s b[s ! octagonal portion1 kn[n z ! h&le 7,fig4 #ch;d7 on :i* ! nut travels has ! l[] face r l>g] ?an ! re/ z 9 ! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,! object ( ?is enl>gem5t is to give ! nut a broad] surface to travel on & ?us prev5t ! t5d5cy to rock exhibit$ by "s nuts4 ,b1 ?\gh !re is "s m]it 9 ! idea x has be5 f\nd t ! rock+ c be avoid$ 9 a normal b[ hav+ ! eight sides ( ! h&le equal by extra c>e 9 fitt+4 ,& ?\gh ! o!r patt]n may be easi] to fit 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! project+ sides ( ! nut t travel on ! adjac5t faces ( ! h&le are v small & weak2 consequ5tly be=e long ! nut %[s longitud9al cracks at ?is "p & becomes extremely rocky1 ?\gh f a diff]5t cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t repairs is ! op]ation ( re-fac+4 ,! h&some c5tral gasali] ( ! mod]n room is a great enemy to ! viol9 & seems to lie 9 wait = ! peak ( an unw>y viol9i/'s b[4 ,=tunately ! damage is n v s]i\s1 & an exp]i5c$ b[ repair] w n be long 9 re/or+ ! head to its orig9al elegance ( outl9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,re-,,lapp+--,,re-,,hair+--,,*oice ,,( ,,ros94 ,! lapp+ frequ5tly we>s out & becomes a s\rce ( great irritation until "o has an opportunity ( hav+ x newly done4 ,= ?is reason a lapp+ ( lea!r is ! mo/ conv5i5t & economical1 b no?+ looks bett] ?an a good quality ( silv] cord1 & :5 x is b\nd ) lea!r j :]e o!rwise x w\ld suff] f ! pressure & friction ( ! ?umb nail x is really v durable4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,hill & ,sons h an extremely h&some speciality 9 ! way ( lapp+4 ,?is consi/s ( :alebone1 sometimes blea*$ or dy$1 & is practically inde/ructible4 ,b\nd on 9 alt]nate /r&s ( diff]5t col\rs x has a v effective & neat appe>ance4 ,sometimes ! ord9>y ?read lapp+ gets cut ?r\gh & int]f]es ) ! play]1 & x is z well to "k h[ to fa/5 x (f at once4 ,i w assume t x is cut at ! end ne>e/ ! nut 7:]e x usually happ5s74 ,take out ! screw & w9d ! hair loosely b securely r\nd ! upp] "p ( ! b[4 ,!n unw9d ! lapp+ = ab\t an in* & a half4 ,take a piece ( /rong ?read & d\ble x1 !n place x on ! b[ ) ! d\bl$ end t[>ds ! h&le4 ,get a k9d fri5d to hold ! end ( ! lapp+ cord firmly & comm5ce w9d+ x on aga9 ev5ly & ov] ! d\bl$ ?read by sl[ly rotat+ ! b[4 ,:5 )9 half an in* ( ! end ( ! ?read1 take x all 9 y\r own h& & pass ! end ?r\gh ! loop ( d\bl$ ?read &1 tak+ ! loose ends ( ! ?read t w hang out at ! po9t :]e y />t$ re-w9d+1 pull ! d\bl$ ?read sm>tly out4 ,?is br+s ! end ( ! lapp+ "r ?r\gh "u ! re-w\nd portion1 :]e x w be held secure until aga9 cut ?r\gh by ! ?umb-nail4 ,?is is ! me?od employ$ 9 fa/5+ (f new lapp+s4 ,if y h n ! "t or pati5ce to d x ?is way a little seal+ wax w hold ! loose end d[n dur+ an ev5+'s practice4 ,consid]+ t re-hair+ is "o ( ! mo/ natural & mo/ frequ5t ev5ts 9 ! life ( a b[1 x seems some:at anomal\s to include x "u ! head+ ( repairs4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w crave ! read]'s k9d indulg5ce = s do+4 ,at ! outset ,i mu/ emphatically ass]t t ,i d n advise amateurs or arti/s to attempt to hair _! own b[s if any value atta*es to !m1 = x is a/oni%+ h[ soon ev5 a f9e b[ w lose its cambre if p]si/5tly hair$ 9 an unskilful mann]4 ,x requires enorm\s exp]i5ce to enable "o to get ! pull ( ! hair equal 9 e case1 & ! slighte/ extra pull on "o side or ! o!r gives ! b[ a twi/ t r5d]s its action erratic & extremely di/urb+ to a good viol9i/4 ,! prec$+ op]ation to re-hair+ is t ( unhair+4 ,?is is comp>atively a simple matt]4 ,! hair is fir/ cut (f %ort at ea* end1 !n hair at ! head is lift$ up to disclose ! plug 7,fig4 #dj;a74 ,?is is readily lift$ out ) a po9t$ tool1 & ! curl$ up knot ly+ b5ea? is pull$ out4 ,s mu* = ! head4 ,! nut is slightly m complex4 ,fir/ ! f]rule 7,fig4 #da;d7 is pull$ (f & ! slide 7,fig4 #da;f7 is pu%$ out4 ,aft] ?is ! hair is rais$ z ) ! head1 & ! plug 7,fig4 #da;e7 pick$ out 9 ! same mann]4 ,! w$ge 9 ! nut 7,fig4 #da;c7 is us$ to spread ! hair & keep x firm at ! heel1 to give a good attack = heavy d[n /rokes4 ,?is is usually de/roy$ 9 unhair+1 z x frequ5tly has to be cut away1 ow+ to its be+ glu$ into position4 ,! process ( re-hair+ is n[ id5tical ) t ( hair+ a new b[ 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,"s keep ! hair ready made up into hanks ( ! "r quantity = a b[1 & o!rs h x 9 l>ge bundles1 pull+ x out z requir$4 ,"o soon gets practice 9 ?is to judge by ! eye alone h[ mu* w be suffici5t4 ,at "o end x is ti$ securely ) wax$ silk or ?read1 & ! %ort ends are cut (f to )9 ab\t a sixte5? ( an in* f ! ?read4 ,to prev5t ! ?read be+ pull$ (f ! end ( ! hair1 ! ends are burnt ) ros9 s z to spread !m out slightly 7v slightly7 mu%room wise1 ov] ! ?read b9d+4 ,! usual way ( do+ ?is is to fill ! %ort end--:i* resembles a small /5cil bru%--) f9ely p[d]$ ros9 & !n1 by press+ x aga9/ a r$-hot iron1 to %ape x into a firm1 unyield+ knot4 ,?is knot is laid 9 ! tr5* ( ! head1 & ! plug press$ firmly into position1 s t its upp] surface is exactly level ) t ( ! plate or face4 ,! hair1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be br\ght ov] ! w$ge 9 an ev5 ribbon4 ,! hair %\ld n[ be well comb$ ) a f9e comb & !n /eep$1 coil fa%ion1 9 w>m wat] = sev]al m9utes4 ,x !n %\ld be ?or\ghly comb$ aga9 f top to bottom1 hold+ x firmly ! :ile at ! l[] end4 ,! nut is n[ plac$ 9 position ) ! screw-eye r above ! c5tre ( ! slot 9 :i* x travels1 !n a c>eful e/imate is made ( ! l5g? ( hair requir$ to g j f> en\gh r\nd ! plug 7,fig4 #da;e7 to be secure1 & a knot exactly l ! "o describ$ = ! head is made at ! po9t decid$ on4 ,?is requires consid]able exp]i5ce1 z x is v easy to make x too long or vice v]sa1 bo? ( :i* faults hamp] ! nicety ( adju/m5t ( t5sion requir$ = "s p>ticul> /yle ( b[+ te*nique4 ,:5 ?is l[] knot is made ! f]rule is slipp$ ov] ! hair1 ! knot is laid 9 ! tr5* & ! plug put 9 z be=e--! nut be+ completely deta*$ f ! /ick4 ,! nut is !n re-adju/$ & slightly screw$ up4 ,! hair is !n comb$ aga91 ! slide pu%$ 91 & ! f]rule slipp$ ov] ! extremity ( ! nut4 ,aft] ?is a ?9 w$ge is driv5 9 7beh9d ! hair7 usually ) a spot ( glue on ! side next ! hair1 z at c1 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,! b[ is n[ hair$1 & all t rema9s to make x ready = use is to ros9 x4 ,z new hair nev] bites on a block ( ros91 x is necess>y to spread a quantity ( p[d]$ ros9 on a c>d or %eet ( /\t pap] & rub ! hair ov] x till x is q full2 aft] ?is x w take freely f ! block4 ,a newly hair$ b[ is always extremely r\gh & is apt to produce a h>%1 scrat*y tone1 b ?is defect we>s (f 9 a v %ort "t4 ,i mu/ aga9 repeat my op9ion reg>d+ ! inadvisability ( viol9i/s hair+ _! own b[s1 & ,i h only giv5 ! above details to gratify ! curiosity ( ^? :o l to "k h[ x's done4 ,x is extraord9>y ! numb] & v>iety ( ros9s 9 ! m>ket2 "s 9 mo/ wond]fully contriv$ boxes design$ to keep ! ros9 du/ f mak+ ! f+]s /icky1 or--m probably--to sell6 ,( all ! diff]5t pat5ts 9 ?is way1 ,i f9d ! ord9>y book-%ape by f> ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,! fir/ quality ( ros9 is prep>$ by boil+ d[n ,v5ice turp5t9e4 ,9 a c]ta9 au?ority on viol9 matt]s ,i read t _m soloi/s ( celebrity use common kit*5 ros91 b ,i _c say ,i h mu* fai? 9 ! s\rce f :5ce he c h receiv$ su* in=mation4 ,x is advisable nev] to *ange ! ros9 us$ until ! b[ is re-hair$1 z 9 ea* !re is "s slight diff]5ce 9 composition t may n h>monize ) :at is already on ! b[4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,p]fection ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,b[--,,dr4 ,,ni*olson',s ,,pat5t ,,b[--,,vuillaume',s ,,inv5tions--,,self-,,hair+ ,,b[s--,a ,,fold+ ,,b[--,,! ,,kett]idge ,,b[4 ,x is wor?y ( note1 z a te/imony to ! simplicity & p]fection ( ! b[1 t !re h be5 s few attempts1 s9ce ,t\rte's day1 to alt] or improve x 9 any p>ticul>4 ,! few exp]im5ts t h be5 made 9 ?is direction h 9 ne>ly e case prov$ failures & h sunk into spe$y oblivion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable productions 9 ?is way 0 ! pond]\s mon/rosity inv5t$ by "o ,dr4 ,ni*olson 7,fig4 #dc74 ,?is hide\s & unwieldy weapon 0 put =? by its inv5tor z ! only correct =m = a viol9 b[6 ,x _h to be hair$ ) precisely #aej horse hairs dy$ r$4 ,! reasons = ?is & ! ecc5tric curve ( ! /ick are subtleties into :i* ,i d>e n v5ture6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,vuillaume's erratic g5ius 0 responsible = sundry attempts at improv+ ! b[1 ! mo/ complex be+ ! fix$ nut4 ,he 0 /ruck by ! fact t ) ! ord9>y nut advanc+ & retreat+ by ! action ( ! screw x 0 possible = x to be n always ma!matically 9 ! same place4 ,also t z ! hair gradually /ret*$ by use1 ! l5g? !re( increas$ z ! same t5sion 0 obta9$ ea* "t x 0 screw$ up = use4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 made a m9ute diff]5ce 9 ! balance ( ! b[4 ,he app>5tly consid]$ ?is a s]i\s defect & set ab\t inv5t+ a nut t %\ld r5d] ! balance & ! l5g? ( ! hair immutable4 ,?is 0 8 pat5t hausse fixe4 ,z ! "n implies ! nut 0 a fixture ext]nally b conta9$ a small] metal nut t travell$ inside x4 ,^! nuts 7 v unsightly z !y 7 mu* m bulky ?an ! ord9>y nut4 ,x is curi\s t x nev] occurr$ to him t ! movem5t ( ! int]nal nut w\ld simil>ly affect ! balance4 ,a sort ( w9dlass 9 ! nut w\ld h be5 m exact1 b1 z a matt] ( fact ! diff]5ce is m !oretical ?an practical1 & is imp]ceptible to ! play]1 s ! fix$ nut1 l _m o!r examples ( wa/$ +5uity1 di$ a natural dea?4 ,ano!r ( ,vuillaume's pat5ts 0 ! /eel b[4 ,?is 0 (t5 a h&some look+ in/rum5t4 ,"s 7 got up to look l ,brazil wood & o!rs 7 ( a bright blue4 ,z ?is 0 ! natural col\r ( ! metal x 0 m comm5dable b _h a v odd appe>ance4 ,^! b[s 7 n mu* heavi]1 if at all1 ?an ! av]age b[ z !y 7 holl[ ?r\gh\t4 ,!y 7 defici5t 9 balance & _h "o great drawback4 ,?\gh /rong] & t\gh] 9 "o s5se ?an ! wood5 b[ !y w\ld n /& s mu* knock+ ab\t4 ,a b[1 ev5 9 ! h&s ( ^? accu/om$ to h&l+ !m1 is liable to h an occasional fall1 & if n brok51 is z good z ev]2 9 fact a b[ r>ely breaks unless x falls peak d[nw>ds4 ,on ! o!r h& ! /eel b[ w\ld g5]ally k9k or get d9t$ & b5t if x came 9 contact ) any?+ 9 a fall & w\ld !n be entirely useless4 ,a ?ird mi/ake ( ,vuillaume's 0 ! curv$ f]rule4 ,?9k+ x w\ld be advantage\s to give ! play] a good spread ( hair at ! heel he made a f]rule t gave ! ribbon ( hair z x left ! nut some?+ ! appe>ance ( ! hair 9 ! primitive ,egyptian b[ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is is /ill to be met ) 9 "s *eap =eign b[s4 ,a fur!r notion ( 8 0 calculat$ to be ( great b5efit to su* play]s z might f9d !mselves 9 out-(-!-way places ) a b[ 9 ne$ ( new hair & no lu?i] or b[-repair] )9 rea*4 ,?is 0 ! pat5t self-hair+ b[4 ,its pr9ciples 7 sometimes us$ 9 conjunction ) ! fix$ nut & /eel b[s4 ,! hair = ?is b[ 0 sold ready made into ribbons ( ! exact l5g? by hav+ a small brass rod plac$ transv]sely at ei!r end2 ^! rods slipp$ into appropriately %ap$ not*es 9 ! head & nut & ! b[ 0 hair$4 ,x does n appe> to h be5 satisfactory & has gone ! way ( ! o!r innovations ( ?is & o!r mak]s4 ,"o o!r ?+ 9 connexion ) ,vuillaume's b[s ,i w m5tion "h ?\gh x is n 9 ! nature ( an improvem5t prop]ly s-call$1 albeit ,i h no d\bt ,vuillaume ?\ght x a great embelli%m5t4 ,9 ! nuts ( "s ( 8 b[s1 j :]e ! "m-o'-pe>l eye is usually plac$1 he _h ins]t$ a m9ute & p[]ful l5s ) a microscopic transp>5t portrait ( himself t c\ld be se5 !re9 on hold+ ! nut to ! light4 ,x 0 j l ! views "o sometimes sees 9 p5hold]s br\ght z pres5ts f popul> seaside resorts4 ,i h rec5tly he>d ( ano!r v>iety ( self-hair+ b[ pat5t$ 9 ,am]ica1 b h n yet se5 "o4 ,f t c\ntry1 :]e1 s ,i h he>d1 ! b[s drawn are ( q exceptional l5g?1 emanat$ a pat5t b[ :]e9 f9e cords are sub/itut$ = hair & also a contrivance1 :]eby1 :5 ! hair becomes smoo? & useless on ! "o side1 x c be tak5 out1 turn$ r\nd & !n ent]s on a rejuv5at$ exi/5ce ! o!r way ab\t4 ,to return to ,vuillaume's pat5t b[s4 ,all ( ^!1 except+ ! /eel b[s1 are spl5did /icks1 = !y 7 made by ,simon1 ,foncl\se1 & o!r not$ workm54 ,x is !re=e a pr(itable ?+ to h !m alt]$ into normal b[s4 ,?is c be done by skilful workm5 s t ! b[ is z good z any o!r ord9>y b[ by ! same mak]1 & is free f ! encumbrance ( ! pat5t4 ,g4 ,*anot1 ( ,man*e/]1 ,i am told1 has a pat5t b[ t is made to fold 9 two = conv5i5ce 9 pack+ = travell+ purposes4 ,! idea is n z orig9al z its inv5tor may ?9k1 = ! ,japanese kokiu :i* is fa/ becom+ obsolete _h an extremely long & flexible b[ t 0 jo9t$ toge!r l a fi%+ rod4 ,! improv$ b[1 pat5t$ by ,*as4 ,kett]idge1 is di/9ctly novel & has mu* to comm5d x4 ,! hair 9 ?is b[ is plac$ at su* an angle t1 ?\gh ! play] holds 8 h& 9 ! usual position1 ! full wid? ( ! hair lies ev5ly on ! /r+ f end to end4 ,x has be5 well spok5 ( by ! press & sev]al not$ arti/s4 ,= *ord play+ x possesses di/9ct advantages1 & ,i %\ld ?9k x w\ld be v useful = c]ta9 or*e/ral play]s2 x does n1 h[ev]1 seem to h attract$ m ?an pass+ att5tion4 ,truly ! fiddle/ick is a magic w& 9 m s5ses ?an "o4 ,z m5tion$ above x is significant t s little has be5 attempt$ 9 ! way ( alt]ation or improvem5t1 & x is /ill m s t ( t little su* a small proportion is wor?y ( a second ?\ght4 ,z ,ba* /&s 9 relation to ! fugue1 z ,bee?ov5 to ! symphony & ,/radiv>i to ! viol91 s is ,t\rte to ! b[4 ,sup]ior alike to 8 pr$ecessors & successors1 he /&s high pois$ ^u ! p$e/al ( 8 incomp>able g5ius4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,b[+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,undecid$ ,,aspect ,,( ,,te*nique--,,importance ,,( ,a ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,h&--,,! ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,?umb--,,individuality ,,9 ,,te*nique4 ,9 treat+ ( ! some:at complex &1 9 _m details1 highly-disput$ subject ( ! functions ( ! b[1 ,i %all pref] to h&le ! "q 9 ! ab/ract r ?an to laun* myself on ! *oppy sea ( te*nique2 a sea ab\nd+ 9 %oals1 reefs1 und]curr5ts & :irlpools2 extremely difficult to navigate inasmu* z t no two *>ts agree4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! m>9] laun*es 8 boat ! dang] to himself & 8 pass5g]s is consid]able4 ,9 pla9 ,engli% ! difficulty ( expla9+ all ! well-nigh imp]ceptible diff]5ces ( movem5t 9 bone & muscle requir$ = ! v>i\s /yles ( b[+ is s enorm\s t he :o attempts to d s on pap] lies "u ! grave dang] ( be+ misund]/ood1 & ! /ud5t "u ! sc>cely less grave "o ( misund]/&+4 ,! dang] is reciprocative1 j z1 to return to my nautical simile1 ! p]il ( ! helmsman is %>$ by ea* pass5g] if he by mis*ance /e]s ^u a subm]g$ rock4 ,!re=e1 de> read]1 ,i w survey ! :ole prospect f a secure coign ( vantage ^u ! ma9l&1 & tru/ my impressions !re( may prove ( "s slight s]vice to y4 ,z ,i h disclaim$ all int5tion ( mak+ ?is portion ( my "w a h&book ( b[+ te*nique x seems sup]flu\s to add t my obs]vations are address$ m to ! tea*] ?an ! /ud5t4 ,i use ^! words 9 _! accept$ & arbitr>y mean+s = ! sake ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 two sep>ate classes4 ,( c\rse1 f ! high] /&po9t1 a good tea*] is always a /ud5t4 ,if x 7 n s ! foll[+ pages w\ld be writt5 to no purpose4 ,"s ye>s ago a c]ta9 em95t ,m4,d4 collaborat$ ) a m or less well kn[n s++ ma/] 9 a "w on ! ,l>ynx4 ,! musical _w talk$ ( little else b vocal *ords & s(t palates = _m mon?s1 & ! musical press 0 teem+ ) correspond5ce 9 :i* ! pros & cons ( su* /udies 7 hotly discuss$1 _m ( ! antagoni/ic writ]s op9+ t ! k ( ! anatomy ( ! ?roat w\ld be ( z mu* s]vice to a vocali/ z t ( ! h& to a viol9i/4 ,:i* reason+ s\nds at fir/ glance q complete1 yet1 on exam9ation1 x w be obs]v$ t !re is no su* close analogy z ^! writ]s appe>$ to ?9k4 ,to beg9 )1 9 s++ ! m9d only occupies itself ) ! s\nd produc$4 ,to le>n s++ is to practise mimicry4 ,we _c det]m9e ! position ( ! vocal *ords be=e produc+ ! note4 ,our consci\sness beg9s at ! o!r end2 ! m9d conjures up a c]ta9 ideal s\nd :i* we attempt to realize vocally2 if ! desir$ timbre is produc$ ! l>yngeal action is correct4 ,) ! viol9 ?\ght comm5ces ) ! means4 ,! h& is tra9$2 we say set ! f+]s s1 & ! ?umb s4 ,n[ practice2 :5 ! action is p]fect ! tone w be "r4 ,briefly 9 s++ we /rive = ! tone & ! action foll[s1 9 ! viol9 we /rive = ! action & ! tone foll[s4 ,?us x is cle> t a k ( ! /ructure ( ! h& is ( di/9ct value to a viol9i/--9 p>ticul>1 a tea*]--:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! k ( ! anatomy ( ! ?roat c be little m ?an int]e/+ to ! vocali/4 ,a k ( ! /ructure & functions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! h& on ! "p ( a tea*] w\ld smoo? ov] _m di%e>t5+ exp]i5ces ( 8 pupils4 ,j z x is ( value to /udy ! m5tal *>act]i/ics ( a pupil s1 also1 is x ( value to ?or\ghly exam9e 8 physical peculi>ities4 ,i wond] h[ _m viol9 tea*]s h notic$1 or h pr(it$ by s notic+1 t no two h&s are alike1 or t ?umbs are ( diff]5t l5g?s & set on 9 v>i\s degrees ( opposition to ! f+]s4 ,x is seldom t su* app>5tly unimportant details are obs]v$ by tea*]s1 ! majority ( :om make all _! pupils hold ! b[ alike1 long ?umbs or %ort ?umbs x makes no diff]5ce4 ,i rememb] hav+ = a pupil a "y lady :o _h be5 taught to hold h] b[ at ! extreme tips ( h] f+]s4 ,naturally %e ga9$ no facility & e attempt at semiquav]s s5t ! b[ fly+ across ! room to ! imm95t dang] ( ! tea*]'s optics4 ,i surmis$ ! cause ( ?is ecc5tricity & 0 ultimately able to v]ify my conjectures4 ,! ma/] :o _h be5 s consci5ti\s 9 mak+ h] hold ! b[ 9 ?is /ra9$ & unga9ly position 0 bless$ ) an abnormally long ?umb2 ! pupil's ?umb 0 %ort4 ,:at came natural to ! "o 0 a /ra9 on ! o!r4 ,! function ( ! ?umb is t ( a pivot2 a fulcrum4 ,! b[ is a lev] re/+ !reon1 & its pressure on ! /r+ is regulat$ by ! fir/ & second f+]s on ! "o side & by ! ?ird & f\r? on ! o!r4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! be/ place = ! ?umb w\ld be exactly betwe5 ! second & ?ird f+]s4 ,b x is n giv5 to e ?umb to drop naturally into ?is position4 ,& "h is to be not$ ! g]m ( facility 9 b[+4 ,e ?umb closes naturally on a c]ta9 spot2 x may be on ! second f+]1 or on ! ?ird4 ,if ! =m] x c be made to re/ on ! ?ird or ev5 ! f\r? )\t app>5t ef=t1 b m9ute obs]vation w detect an inf9itesimal /ra9 :5 ! ?umb is tak5 beyond its natural re/+ place4 ,!re=e ,i ma9ta9 t ! be/ position = ! ?umb is to be det]m9$ by exam9ation ( ! h& & ?umb1 & w diff] slightly 9 ea* individual play]4 ,x is curi\s to note h[ _m tea*]s1 "s ( extreme em95ce1 take su* pa9s to p]petuate _! own bad habits 9 _! pupils "u ! impression t !y are tea*+ a p]fect & sup]ior te*nique4 ,i am afraid t x s\nds some:at ( a h]esy to speak ( great play]s & tea*]s hav+ bad habits2 ! expression is1 p]haps1 r /rong1 b :at ,i ref] to is ! p]sonal equation4 ,su* a play] has a t5d5cy to "p 8 f+]s1 ano!r elevates ! f\r? f+] 9 c]ta9 passages1 ?is "o has a peculi> movem5t ( ! elb[1 etc41 etc4 ,all ^! div]g5cies f rigid & p$antic te*nique be+ ! result ( _! sev]al physical diff]5ces4 ,:5 ^! m5 prove !mselves great arti/s & atta9 high positions z tea*]s _! advice is s\ght on matt]s ( te*nique4 ,f9d+ !mselves oracles !y fir/ consult ! oracle by aid ( look+ glasses1 analyse 9 ?is way _! own actions1 & !n ! "o :o p>ts 8 f+]s lays x d[n z a law t ! f+]s %\ld be p>t$1 & ! "o ) ! peculi> movem5t ( ! elb[ w n re/ until all 8 pupils h acquir$ ! same ecc5tricity4 ,i w quote ano!r example ( ?is sort ( ?+ t came "u my own obs]vation "s ye>s ago4 ,x deals ) ! left h&1 b displays ! _s s well t ,i feel x is n out ( place 9 ?is connexion4 ,a ?91 delicate lad1 ) f+]s l ne$les--z a bro!r viol9i/ describ$ !m to me--0 s5t to a ,g]man pr(essor ^: digits resembl$ no?+ s mu* z ! h&les ( table knives4 ,?is 0 an excell5t viol9i/1 or r geig]1 = ! ,g]mans make ?is di/9ction1 b ow+ to ! size ( 8 f+]tips he c\ld only play semitones 9 ! ?ird position by remov+ ! f+] /opp+ ! l[] note :ile putt+ d[n ! high] "o4 ,if he reta9$ ! second f+] on ,e on ! ,a /r+1 ?ird position1 ! ?ird f+] w\ld fall too %>p = ,f natural4 ,?is seem$ to him su* an unalt]able law ( nature t he made ! lad d ! same1 not)/&+ t ! boy c\ld h /opp$ qu>t] tones ) ease _h !y be5 want$6 ,_h ?is man made ev5 a sup]ficial /udy ( ! h& he w\ld h be5 sp>$ mu* pr(anity & ! pupil mu* he>ta*e & disappo9tm5t4 ,tuition is tw(old4 ,!re is direct tea*+ & !re is developm5t4 ,! se$ is s[n & !n ! soil is wat]$ & t5d$ 9 ! mann] calculat$ to n\ri% & develop ! p>ticul> plant to ! be/ advantage4 ,aga91 ! g>d5] does n plant 8 roses 9 damp %ady corn]s or 8 f]ns 9 s&4 ,tea*]s require to use m ( ! g>d5]'s judgm5t4 ,!y mu/ cease to look ^u _! pupils z defective copies ( !mselves & mu/ n fit !m out ) te*nique z soldi]s are ) clo?+4 ,! te*nique %\ld be made = ! p>ticul> play]4 ,a viol9i/ ) an ill-fitt+ te*nique is ab\t z elegant z a %ort man 9 clo!s int5d$ = a tall "o1 or vice v]sa4 ,_m cases ( bad or defective te*nique are directly attributable to ! tea*]'s want ( p]ception ( fit4 ,?us we see play]s ^: natural movem5ts are bold & free truss$ up 9 a small & f9ick+ te*nique1 & o!rs ^: b5t is t[>ds neatness1 /ruggl+ manfully ) a cumb]some l>ge /yle4 ,i h he>d a g5tleman def9$ z a man :o we>s clo!s t belong to him4 ,simil>ly we may say t a good viol9i/ is "o ^: te*nique belongs to him4 ,e movem5t %\ld come naturally1 x %\ld be z mu* a "p ( 8 p]sonality z 8 tone ( voice or ! glance ( 8 eye1 & x %\ld be ! tea*]'s aim to develop ?is p]sonality & n to /ifle x z is too (t5 ! case4 ,( c\rse great judgm5t is requir$ 9 ?is developm5t1 or ! p]sonality w become m>k$ mann]ism1 ?an :i* no?+ c\ld be worse4 ,true art always displays a c]ta9 retic5ce2 excess at ei!r end ( ! gamut ( emotion is avoid$4 ,calmness is n coldness1 & passion c>ri$ too f> becomes c>icature4 ,tone mu/ be develop$ also1 b x %\ld always be borne 9 m9d t ex]tion is n p[]2 a mi/ake too frequ5tly made4 ,h[ (t5 d we see a well mean+ b physically weak play] try+ to te> ! tone out ( a viol9 by ma9 /r5g?4 ,su* ef=ts are useless1 p>ticul>ly :5 practis$ on a f9e viol94 ,a really good in/rum5t is ( too s5sitive an organisation to respond to bully+4 ,tea*]s cry out to _! pupils sometimes lay x on6 pull x out6 & o!r contradictory s\nd+ phrases ) ! same mean+1 & occasionally su* admonitions & enc\ragem5ts be> good fruit1 b !re is always ! dang] ( ef=t be+ eng5d]$ !reby4 ,!re %\ld be no ef=t 9 art4 ,ef=t1 too1 defeats its own ends4 ,x weak5s2 ex]cise /r5g!ns4 ,!re=e let ! /r5g? ) :i* to lay x on or pull x out be gradually & naturally develop$ by con/ant & g5tle practice4 ,! muscles w ga9 /r5g? ?us1 & ! result w be a full r\nd tone1 capable ( e inflection & free f ev]y?+ l h>%ness4 ,p[] %\ld be impli$ r ?an display$4 ,! in/rum5t w !n respond freely & fully z a woman to ! c>ess ( a /rong manly arm4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,b[+ ,,hi/orically ,,consid]$--,,! ,,olde/ ,,engli% ,,viol9 ,,me?od--,,sympson',s ,,in/ructions ,,9 ,,b[+--,,^? ,,( ,,mace 7#afgf7--,,^? ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,mod]n ,,ma/]s4 ,if ! hi/ory ( ! b['s developm5t p] se pres5t$ a mi/y aspect we mu/ n be surpris$ to f9d t ( b[+ simil>ly obscure4 ,j z ! viol9 arriv$ at its /ate ( greate/ p]fection long be=e ! b[ develop$ into a fitt+ companion4 ,:5 we consid] ! enorm\s progress 9 left h& te*nique accompli%$ by ! e>li] viol9i/s & 'celli/s1 su* z ,corelli1 ,t>t9i1 ,ba*1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 x seems incompreh5sible t ! b[ %\ld h s long rema9$ 9 su* a comp>atively crude & primitive condition1 & its mode ( use s limit$ & undecid$4 ,! be/ draw+ ,i h se5 ( ! mann] ( hold+ ! b[ 9 play+ a high] pit*$ viol is 9 a m9iature repres5tation ( a /ate banquet 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 f :i* ,i extract ! play] %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,! evid5ce ( draw+s1 sculptures1 etc41 9 ! e>lie/ days ( rebecs & viols1 if n reliable 9 ! repres5tation ( ! b[ itself1 are /ill less s :5 x comes to ! "q ( h&l+ ! same4 ,) ! small] viols1 ! ?umb 7su* an important memb]7 is naturally invisible1 & ! effect is usually t ( a cl5*$ fi/4 ,x seems to h be5 ! g5]al rule ) all ! viols ( l[] pit* t 7 held p]p5dicul>ly1 to hold ! b[ und]h& z describ$ by ,sympson 9 #agei 7,fig4 #de74 ,b ! ?ird draw+ 9 ,fig4 #ah is rem>kable alike = ! mod]nness bo? ( ! b[ & ! po/ure ( ! h& hold+ x4 ,?is is on a p> ) ! e>ly b[s ) screw-nut & cambre describ$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ?is "w4 ,i _c ?9k x likely t ! sculptor saw anyone play+ a bass viol 9 ?is mann]4 ,:e!r ?is repres5tation 0 ! result ( gross ignorance or prophetic inspiration ,i leave to ! read] to decide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,( c\rse ! mann] ( hold+ ! b[ = ! small] viols w\ld h approximat$ m ne>ly to t :i* obta9s on ! viol9 at ! pres5t day1 z ! und]h& position w\ld h be5 extremely inconv5i5t1 & ev5 impossible4 ,! e>lie/ ,engli% me?od = ! viol9 kn[n is t conta9$ 9 ! second book ( ,an ,introduction to ! ,skill ( ,musick1 9 ,?ree ,books1 publi%$ 9 #afed by ,john ,play=d4 ,"h ! viol9 is j tol]at$ 9 a sort ( app5dix to ! m important subject ( ! ,treble1 ,t5or1 & ,bass ,viols4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( v>i\s me?ods ( ensur+ accuracy 9 tun+ ! fif?s1 & ! "q ( b[+ is summ>ily treat$ z foll[s3-- ,! ,b[ is held 9 ! "r ,h&1 betwe5 ! ends ( ! ,?umb & ! #c ,f+]s1 ! ,?umb be+ /ay'd ^u ! ,hair at ! ,nut1 & ! #c ,f+]s re/+ ^u ! ,wood4 ,y\r ,b[ be+ ?us fix'd1 y are fir/ to draw an ev5 ,/roak ov] ea* ,/r+ sev]ally1 mak+ ea* ,/r+ yield a cle> & di/9ct s\nd4 ,( ! ,treble ,viols v little is said on ! subject ( b[+1 ! mo/ complete in/ructions on t head be+ giv5 = ! viol p> excell5ce1 ! viola da gamba4 ,9 treat+ ( ?is glori\s in/rum5t ! old] writ]s sp>$ no pa9s to make _! directions z complete z possible4 ,?us ,sympson 9 8 ,division ,viol--fir/ publi%$ 9 #afei--says3-- ,hold ! ,b[ betwixt ! ends ( y\r ,?umb & two =emo/ f+]s1 ne> to ! ,nut4 ,! ,?umb & fir/ f+] fa/5$ on ! ,/alk2 & ! second f+]'s end turn$ 9 %ort]1 aga9/ ! ,hairs !re(2 by :i* y may poize & keep up ! po9t ( ! ,b[4 ,if ! second f+] h n /r5g? en\gh1 y may joyn ! ?ird f+] 9 assi/ance to x2 b 9 ,play+ ,swift ,division1 two f+]s & ! ,?umb is be/4444 ,:5 y see an ev5 ,numb] ( ,quav]s or ,semiquav]s1 z #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 y mu/ beg9 ) y\r ,b[ =w>d2 yea1 ?\gh ! ,b[ 7 imploy$ =w>d 9 ! next ,note be=e !m4 ,b if ! numb] be odd1 z #c1 #e1 #g 7:i* always happ5s by reason ( "s ,prick-,note or odd ,re/7 ! fir/ ( t odd numb] mu/ be play$ ) ! ,b[ backw>d4 ,?is is ! mo/ prop] motion ( ! ,b[1 ?\gh n absolutely )\t "s exception2 = sometimes ! quickness ( ! ,notes may =ce ! contr>y4 ,also quick ,notes skipp+ f ! ,treble to ! ,bass1 & s p]su$1 are be/ express'd ) contr>y ,b[s4 ,all ( :i* is v cle> & logical4 ,! way he balances up ! relative claims ( a /iff or loose elb[ is1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly amus+1 z witness ! foll[+3 ----y mu/ /ret* out y\r ,arm /reight1 9 :i* po/ure 7play+ long ,notes7 y w necess>ily move y\r %\ld] ,jo9t2 b if y /ir t ,jo9t 9 ,quick ,notes1 x w cause ! :ole body to %ake2 :i* 7by all means7 mu/ be avoyd$2 z also any o!r indec5t ,ge/ure4 ,quick ,notes1 !re=e1 mu/ be express$ by mov+ "s ,jo9t ne> ! ,h&2#a :i* is g5]ally agre$ ^u to be ! ,wri/4 ,! "q !n aris+ is ab\t ! m5age ( ! ,elb[ ,jo9t2 conc]n+ :i* !re are two diff]5t op9ions4 ,"s w h x kept /iff2 insomu*1 t ,i h he>d a judici\s violi/ positively affirm1 t if a ,s*ol> c b atta9 to ! play+ ( ,quav]s ) 8 ,wri/1 keep+ 8 ,arm /reight & /iff 9 ! ,elb[-,jo9t1 he ha? got ! ma/]y ( ! ,b[-,h&4 ,o!rs cont5d t ! motion ( ! ,wri/ mu/ be /r5g!n$ & assi/$ by a compliance or yield+ ( ! ,elb[-,jo9t unto x2 & !y1 to back _! ,argum5t1 produce = in/ance a p]son fam\s = ! excell5cy ( 8 ,b[-,h& us+ a free & loose ,arm4 ,to deliv] my own op9ion3 ,i d mu* approve ! /reightness ( ! ,arm1 especially 9 ,beg9n]s1 because x is a means to keep ! ,body upright1 :i* is a comm5dable po/ure4 ,i c also admit ! /iffness ( ! ,elb[1 9 smoo? & ,swift ,division2 = :i* x is mo/ prop]ly apt2 b ,cross & ,skipp+ ,divisions _c 7,i ?9k7 be s well express'd )\t "s cons5t or yield+ ( ! ,elb[-,jo9t unto ! motion ( ! ,wri/4444 ,?is motion or loos5ess ( ! ,wri/ ,i m5tion1 is *iefly 9 ,demi-semiquav]s2 =1 9 ,quav]s1 & ,semiquav]s too1 we mu/ all[ s mu* /iffness to ! wri/ z may comm& ! ,b[ on & (f ! ,/r+1 at e ,note1 if occasion s require4 ,footnote #a3 ,"s jo9t is v good2 x gives su* lib]ty 9 ! way ( *oice4 ,?is mu/ h be5 r a crude =m ( spiccato4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 pla9ly evid5t t ) heavy b[s1 de/itute ( ela/icity1 & held und]h&1 x 0 q impossible to all[ ! b[ to reb\nd naturally f ! /r+ = ?is effect4 ,mace1 ^: book1 ,musick's ,monum5t1 is "o ( ! mo/ amus+ works extant1 9 speak+ ( ! b[+ ( ! viol1 i4e41 viola da gamba1 or1 z he calls x1 ! g5]\s viol1 quotes ,sympson's direction = hold+ ! b[ & !n adds3-- ,yet ,i mu/ confess1 t = my own ,"p1 ,i c\ld nev] ,use x s well z :5 ,i held x #b or #c ,in*es (f ! ,nut 7m or less7 accord+ to ! ,l5g? or ,weight ( ! ,b[1 = ,good ,poyz+ ( ,x3 ,b 'tis possible1 t by ,vse ,i might h made ,x z ,famili> to ,myself1 z ,x 0 to ,him4 ,he1 also1 0 greatly ex]cis$ 9 8 m9d z to ! /iffness or ! rev]se ( ! elb[1 & deliv]$ himself ?uswise !reon3-- ,s likewise1 = ! ,exact ,/raitness ( ! ,b[-,arm1 :i* "s d ,cont5d =1 ,i c\ld nev] d s well1 z ) my ,arm 7/raight en\gh1 yet7 some?+ ,ply+1 or ,yield+ to an ,agile ,b5d+3 & :i* ,i d conceive mo/ ,famili>ly ,natural4 7,= ,i w\ld h no ,po/ure1 ,vrg$1 ,disput$1 or ,cont5d$ =2 t %\ld ,cross1 or ,=ce ,nature47 ,!re is mu* to comm5d 9 ! _s ( ?is la/ s5t5ce4 ,! h& & arm %\ld nev] be made to d any?+ t is unnatural4 ,b h]e9 mu/ be ex]cis$ ! greate/ possible judgm5t t ! unfamili> be n mi/ak5 = ! unnatural4 ,return+ to ! position ( ! ?umb 9 viol9 play+ we f9d ne>ly e tea*] insi/+ on a diff]5t po/ure4 ,9 ! ,me?ode de ,violon1 by ,baillot1 ,rode & ,kreutz]1 x is set d[n z be+ correct to h ! ?umb opposite ! middle f+]4 ,david1 9 8 ,viol9 ,s*ool1 says t ! ?umb %\ld be opposite ! fir/ f+]4 ,?is is to my m9d mo/ extraord9>y1 & ,i c h>dly conceive x possible t s great a viol9i/ & tea*] c\ld h ma9ta9$ su* an unsci5tific me?od to be correct4 ,! loss ( lev]age result+ f ! ?umb be+ s f> =w>d w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to cause ! elb[ to rise & give1 by ! dead weight ( ! arm1 ! pressure t %\ld come f ! s5ti5t ela/icity ( ! fir/ & second f+]s4 ,de ,b]iot says ! ?umb %\ld be betwe5 ! second & ?ird f+]s1 :i* is naturally ! be/ position4 ,pap9i1 ) great] p]ception ( ! fact ( anatomical diff]5ce 9 h&s1 says ! ?umb %\ld be z ne> ! c5tre ( ! f\r f+]s z possible4 ,9 all que/ions ( te*nique x is possible to det]m9e ! exact be/ mode ( proc$ure4 ,b unless ! h& be p]fectly fitt$ !reto1 ! rule %\ld be relax$1 = insi/+ on positions t are ev5 slightly /ra9$ 7?\gh possibly1 q com=table to a diff]5tly con/ruct$ h&7 c only d h>m4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,f+]s ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,h&--,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,op9ion ,,!reon--,,sautille--,,! ,,loose ,,wri/4 ,! functions ( ! "r h& f+]s are tw(old4 ,at times !y act 9 conjunction ) ea* o!r & at o!rs1 9 opposition4 ,"s writ]s say t ! two out] f+]s are ! hold+ f+]s1 & o!rs cont5d t ! two inn] f+]s are alone conc]n$ 9 ?is s]vice4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion is to me j z absurd z ! argum5ts an5t ! wri/ & elb[ ( ! old violi/s4 ,z a matt] ( fact bo? !ories are "r4 ,! diff]5ce be+ t1 9 ! "q ( hold+1 ! action ( ! out] f+]s is passive :ile t ( ! inn] f+]s is active4 ,to g m into detail1 9 s(t passages ! b[ simply re/s support$ by ! ?ree po9ts ( contact ) ! ?umb1 fir/ & f\r? f+]s4 ,! inn] f+]s !n tak+ little or no "p 9 ! matt]4 ,?is action ( ! out] f+]s ,i say is passive z ! b[ is n actually held b simply re/s on ! ?umb1 ! two out] f+]s m]ely prev5t+ x f fall+ to "o side or ! o!r4 ,occasionally ^! two f+]s w act 9 conc]t or opposition1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( expression & phras+4 ,:5 play+ l\dly x becomes necess>y t a m decid$ pur*ase ( ! b[ be ma9ta9$1 especially 9 rapid =te passages4 ,!n ! inn] f+]s come into play & hold ! b[ firmly aga9/ ! ?umb4 ,! two out] f+]s !n are solely conc]n$ ) regulat+ ! pressure & pres]v+ ! ela/icity ( ! /roke1 :i* is lo/ 9 a firm grip only4 ,^! slight diff]5ces ( action 9 my op9ion c n be practis$4 ,!y are ! outcome ( ye>s ( gr9d4 ,!y come1 & :5 !y are firmly e/abli%$ we c analyse !m4 ,to ga9 ! ma/]y ( ! b[ "o mu/ beg9 at ! bottom & be cont5t to "w gradually up to ! topmo/ rung 7or !reab\ts67 ( ! ladd]4 ,i (t5 meet ) amateur viol9i/s :o try to beg9 at ! top4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is proce$+ are di/9ctly m c]ta91 = :5 />t+ at ! bottom x is n always assur$ t mu* upw>d progress w be made1 :]eas1 by ! opposite me?od ! desc5t w be c]ta9 & consid]able6 ,no?+ is m hopeless ?an ! attempts "s amateur viol9i/s make to acquire c]ta9 /yles ( b[+ simply by m5tally ma/]+ ! v>i\s actions by :i* x is produc$4 ,sautille1 "o ( ! easie/ =ms ( b[+1 suff]s mo/ f ?is sort ( ?+4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ to see an amateur dilig5tly practis+ ! action ( lift+ ! b[ (f ! /r+ & putt+ x on aga9 aft] ea* note1 ?9k+ t if he keeps on long en\gh--say t5 m9utes a day = a =tnight--t he w acquire a p]fect ma/]y ( ?is mu* desir$ effect4 ,to practice ,sautille 9 ?is mann] is ! way n to ga9 x4 ,x is ! outcome ( ! p]fect action ( ! entire arm4 ,:5 t is atta9$ y w h ! ,sautille4 ,!n1 & !n only1 w a little specializ$ practice help to p]fect ! movem5t4 ,"s pupils ,i h _h :o possess$ ! ,sautille by nature & nev] und]/ood ! difficulty exp]i5c$ by o!rs :o _h to wait = x4 ,! be/ way to acquire ?is z ! result ( a p]fect b[ arm is to practise ! foll[+3 ,illu/ration3 ,musical notes1 etc4 ,try x fir/ on ! ,d /r+4 ,use :ole b[s1 freely & firmly1 = ! semibreves1 slightly less = ! m9ims1 ! middle ?ird = ! crot*ets1 & an in* or two = ! quav]s1 r$uc+ x /ill fur!r z ! pace increases4 ,! pupil mu/ ab&on all ?\ght ( mak+ ! b[ jump1 also he mu/ avoid press+ x on ! /r+4 ,! :ole action mu/ be free & bold & ! tempo = ?is ex]cise %\ld be n sl[] ?an ,m4,m4 crot*et #ajj4 ,at fir/ x w be f\nd impossible to get z f> z ! semiquav]s )\t "s confusion4 ,at ! fir/ sign ( irregul>ity ! pupil %\ld /op1 pause a mom5t1 & !n recomm5ce ) ! semibreves4 ,x %\ld be se5 t ! b[ is n gripp$ too tightly ?r\gh ov]-anxiety or excitem5t4 ,x w ne$ pati5ce on ! "p ( tea*] & pupil alike1 b bo? w be gratifi$ :5 sudd5ly ! b[ is se5 to jump naturally & ! ,sautille is won4 ,!re is "o phrase 9 connexion ) b[+ t irritates me greatly1 & t is a loose wri/4 ,z a te*nicality x is ( c\rse all "r1 b ! insi/+ on ! lit]al application ( ! t]m has be5 a /umbl+ block to _m viol9i/s4 ,ladies h come to me say+1 ,d y ?9k my wri/ loose en\gh = me to play ! viol98 ,accompany+ ! qu]y ) a viol5t flapp+ ( ! h& t w\ld almo/ make "o ?9k !y 7 desir\s ( emulat+ ! lob/]'s ability to ca/ away a claw at w4 ,^u mak+ su* p]sons hold a p5cil or p5hold] 7,i d>$ n let !m h&le a b[67 x 0 f\nd t ! wri/ became /iff & unyield+4 ,! wri/ t 0 loose :5 all ! muscles 7 flaccid became rigid :5 a few 7 ex]t$ suffici5tly to hold a light object4 ,?us x w be se5 t ! app>5t loos5ess ( a viol9i/'s wri/ is n really su*1 b is ! dom9at+ ( "o set ( muscles by ano!r4 ,_m tea*]s say t "o %\ld h ! ?umb tight & ! wri/ loose4 ,a manife/ absurdity :5 "o consid]s t a mo/ important ?umb muscle ext5ds "r across ! wri/4 ,x %\ld !re=e be well und]/ood t :at is impli$ by ! te*nical expression loose1 is1 9 reality1 control4 ,if x 7 really loos5ess1 x w\ld pres5t no difficulty to any "o n afflict$ ) an ossification4 ,x is to ga9 ?is extreme indep5d5ce ( ea* set ( muscles t long ye>s are tak5 up 9 monoton\s ex]cises4 ,! arm ( a viol9i/ has to be tra9$ 9 a mann] directly opposite to t ( an a?lete4 ,9 ! latt] we f9d an exemplification ( ! say+1 ,unity is ,/r5g?4 ,all ! muscles act 9 p]fect accord to ! same end4 ,) ! viol9i/1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a con/ant opposition ( =ces2 ! l>g] muscles are kept d[n & _m small] muscles are develop$ t h lo/ all use 9 ! arm ( an a?lete4 ,conc]n+ ! f+]s ( ! "r h& ,i advocate hold+ !m close toge!r--n cramp$1 b j lightly t\*+4 ,"s play]s recomm5d ! p>t+ ( ! fir/ f+] f ! o!rs z giv+ great] lev]age ov] ! b[4 ,x c]ta9ly has t effect1 b ,i advise x to be us$ v sp>+ly & 9 =tissimo passages only4 ,x is a lic5se "o may admit 9 an arti/1 b to my pupils :o are 9 ! e>li] /ages ,i entirely =bid x4 ,i %\ld only p]mit x 9 ! case ( a ?umb s %ort z n to rea* f> en\gh into ! c5tre ( ! h& to give ! "r am\nt ( control4 ,if a pupil is taught f ! fir/ to use ?is extreme lev]age he is likely to develop a r\gh tone4 ,:5 he has atta9$ ! ma/]y ( ! b[ he c use 8 own judgm5t z to ! occasional employm5t ( ?is res]ve =ce4 ,^! rem>ks ,i apply also to violoncello b[+4 ,unless ! pupil's h& be weak ! fir/ f+] %\ld be held back until ! :ole art ( b[+ is ma/]$4 ,all ^! obs]vations are address$ to soloi/s3 9 or*e/ral "w su* ret5tion ( =ce is unnecess>y4 ,i notice t :]e play]s use up all ! available lev]age ( ! h& f ! outset1 !y are compell$ to employ ! weight ( ! arm to re9=ce x = special effects4 ,ano!r reason--& an important "o--= keep+ ! f+]s toge!r1 is t ( appe>ance4 ,no?+ is m unsightly ?an to see ! f+]s ( ! "r h& spread out claw fa%ion1 & ,i q concur ) ,sympson t no po/ure or movem5t %\ld (f5d ! eye4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,sl[ ,,b[--,,! ,,rapid ,,:ole ,,b[--,,/accato--,,b[+ ,,/udies ,,& ,,solos--,,conclusion4 ,return+ = a mom5t to ! anxiety ( ! av]age fiddl] to acquire a good ,sautille1 x seems to me absurd t su* importance %\ld be atta*$ to x :51 9 reality1 ! te/ ( a viol9i/'s ability lies 9 8 comm& ( sl[ b[s4 ,too mu* att5tion _c be paid to ! /udy ( su/a9$ b[+ :i* c be practis$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,fir/ly1 long drawn semibreves--at "o ( ! ,cont95tal ,cons]vatoires !y make ! viol9 /ud5ts play scales ( two octaves1 tak+ "o b[ to ea* note1 ! same to la/ two m9utes1 ?us ! :ole scale1 asc5d+ & desc5d+1 occupies "o h\r6 ,! comm& obta9$ by ?is sort ( "w is enorm\s4 ,to v>y ! monotony ( semibreves ! /ud5t c !n play scales 9 semiquav]s1 mak+ "o b[ la/ out t51 twelve1 or m scales 9 two octaves4 ,ano!r useful v>iety ( ! same ?+ is to practise "s succession ( notes 9 :i* ! b[ requires to cont9ually pass f "o /r+ to ! next1 su* z3 ,illu/ration3 ,musical notes1 ,d4,c4 ad inf9itum4 ,^! %\ld be play$ z _m times z possible 9 "o b[4 ,"h ! comm& ( ! b[ on ! /r+ is n only greatly increas$1 b ! wri/ is well ex]cis$ at ! same "t4 ,! same ?+ %\ld be c>ri$ out on ! ?ird & f\r? /r+s ?us3 ,illu/ration3 ,musical notes4 ,x is a good ?+ to make ! pupil 7if end[$ ) suffici5t intellig5ce7 "w out a s]ies ( su* me*anical ex]cises1 he w ?is way take a mu* great] int]e/ 9 ! "w1 a po9t to :i* ,i atta* great importance1 = ,i consid] physical ex]cises1 h[ev] consci5ti\sly c>ri$ out1 d little good if ! m9d is fatigu$ or abs5t4 ,( sc>cely less importance is ! /udy ( rapid :ole b[s4 ,! pupil %\ld be made to draw ! b[ f end to end z rapidly z he c )\t los+ control ( ! b[1 & x mu/ be se5 t ! pressure does n v>y 9 any way4 ,! b[ %\ld be set on firmly at ! heel1 held !re =1 say1 a crot*et1 !n drawn1 )\t any swell+ ( ! tone 9 ! c5tre ( ! b[1 sm>tly to ! po9t :]e x mu/ /op sudd5ly )\t any *ange ( pressure4 ,?is is n f\nd an easy ?+ to accompli%1 b p]sev]ance ov]come? all difficulties4 ,! tea*] mu/ n be satisfi$ until ! pupil c draw a rapid up or d[n /roke /opp+ s sudd5ly & firmly z to make ! note s\nd z ?\gh cut (f4 ,9 practis+ ?is1 ! b[ %\ld rema9 firmly on ! /r+ betwe5 ea* /roke2 :e!r ! b[ travels or is /ation>y ! pressure mu/ be un*ang$4 ,/accato b[+ is a mu* misund]/ood bran* ( te*nics2 ,i d n mean ! deta*$ /accato1 b t =m 9 :i* a s]ies ( notes is play$ 9 "o b[ yet h a deta*$ effect on ! e>4 ,x is a pity t "o ^w %\ld h to /& = two totally diff]5t =ms ( b[+4 ,i h he>d & read _m v>y+ descriptions ( ! b[$-/accato & its me?od ( production4 ,( c\rse x is highly probable t "s play]s atta9 x diff]5tly to o!rs1 b z ,i see no anatomical reason = su* diff]5ces ( action x seems a wa/e ( en]gy to me*anically produce :at already exi/s 9 nature4 ,i h no d\bt a great deal ( ?is gratuit\s v>iegation ( /accato te*nique comes f tea*]s n fully und]/&+ _! own movem5ts1 or p]ceiv+ a portion ( ! action requir$ & lay+ all /ress on t "o feature alone4 ,b unless "o goes to ! prime s\rce ( ! matt] a p]fect /accato _c be atta9$4 ,?is mo/ important factor1 z ,i %\ld h ?\ght ev]yone ( common s5se w\ld at once p]ceive1 is no?+ less ?an ! wri/4 ,yet ,i h kn[n "s tea*]s :o conf9e _! att5tion to ! action ( ! f+]s1 lett+ ! wri/ foll[ z be/ x c4 ,x is f su* tea*]s1 usually1 t we receive ! prepo/]\s /atem5t t ! upp] half ( ! b[ only %\ld be us$ = ?is b[+2 "s1 ev51 limit+ x /ill fur!r to ! up-b[4 ,n[ if ! wri/ be fir/ well ex]cis$ ! co-op]ation ( ! f+]s w come naturally1 & a p]fect /accato f end to end 9 ei!r up or d[n /roke w be atta9$4 ,x %\ld be practis$ sl[ly & firmly at fir/ on "o note ?us3 ,illu/ration3 ,musical notes1 etc4 ,! b[ rema9+ on ! /r+ betwe5 ea* note4 ,! action is really no diff]5t to ord9>y b[+2 x is simply a %ort crisp /roke ( ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 a %ort int]val ( sil5ce 7)\t lift+ ! b[7 & !n ano!r simil> /roke 9 ! same direction1 ?is be+ cont9u$ to ! end ( ! hair4 ,! "p play$ by ! =ef+] is to imp>t a c]ta9 attack to ea* note1 & is be/ produc$ by a slight turn ( ! wri/ in/ead ( an indep5d5t pressure ( ! f+] itself4 ,?is attack is :at ! ,g]mans call ansatz1 & consi/s 9 mak+ a slight s\nd at ! initial impulse ( ea* note some:at resembl+ ! h>d pronunciation ( ! lett] ,k4 ,?is is a mo/ important s\nd1 & "o t adds greatly to ! crispness ( "o's play+4 ,x %\ld be produc$ 9 ! h&1 h[ev]1 z if ! arm is call$ on = ?is purpose ! tone w become gritty & h>%4 ,9 comm5c+ ! /udy ( /accato b[+ x is well to conf9e oneself to ! up-b[ =m at fir/4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ :5 rea*+ ! l[] half ( ! b[ t ! notes rema9 ( equal duration & l\dness4 ,j bel[ ! c5tre ( ! b[ !re is f\nd a curi\s turn+ po9t1 a sort ( corn] t is v difficult to get r\nd4 ,x is ev5 m noticeable 9 d[n b[ /accato4 ,?is turn+ po9t is 9 ! wri/1 = at t "p ( ! /roke ! mo/ important *ange 9 ! position ( ?is jo9t takes place4 ,!re=e1 z ! muscles are s occupi$ 9 _! int]nal movem5ts1 !y are n s ready to control ! t5d5cy to vibrate 9 ! b[4 ,?us1 !n1 z a bad b[ is n[h]e s easily controll$ z a good "o1 "s inf]ior b[s become q unmanageable :5 ! att5tion ( ! wri/ muscles is s divid$4 ,consequ5tly x is useless to attempt ! atta9m5t ( /accato )\t fir/ be+ provid$ ) a ?or\ghly well-balanc$ b[4 ,9 comm5c+ ! d[n b[ /accato1 all t5d5cy to lean on ! /r+ & s drag ! b[ along 9 a s]ies ( j]ks mu/ be *eck$ at once4 ,! b[ %\ld be lightly c>ri$ at ! heel4 ,?is w seem difficult1 b practice w be well repaid4 ,x may n be out ( place to give "h a %ort li/ ( /udies & solos t are conc]n$ *iefly ) ! art ( b[+4 ,( c\rse b[+ /udies are also to be f\nd 9 all good s*ools & books ( /udies4 ,,casorti1 ,! ,te*nic ( ! ,b[4 ,,dancla1 ,l',art de l',ar*et 7q easy74 ,,haakman1 ,/ead9ess & flexibility ( ! ,b[4 ,,me]tz1 ,twelve ,etudes ,elem5taires 7giv+ ! six fundam5tal b[+s74 ,,pap9i1 ,l',ar*et 7! mo/ complete "w on ! subject74 ,,poznanski1 ,! ,viol9 & ,b[ 7conta9s excell5t photographs ( positions74 ,sautille c be /udi$ 9 a pleas+ mann] by practis+ pieces ( ! ,moto ,p]petuo type4 ,( ^! ! be/ are ^? by ,pagan9i1 ,ries1 ,moszk[ski1 ,pap9i1 ,g4 ,sa9t-,george & ,e4 ,g]man4 ,( solos devot$ to p>ticul> =ms ( b[+1 ! mo/ notable are3 ,,de ,,b]iot1 ,le ,tremolo4 ,,kontski1 ,la ,cascade 7tremolo74 ,,pan(ka1 ,le ,/accato4 ,,prume1 ,les ,arpeges4 ,,vieuxtemps1 ,les ,arpeges4 ,,vieuxtemps1 #a/ ,conc]to 9 ,e 7/accato74 ,,bazz9i1 ,ronde de ,lut9s 7salt&o /accato74 ,9 an e>li] section ( ?is "w ,i allud$ to ! b[ z be+ tongue-l2 x is some?+ m1 = x is also ! brea? ( ! viol94 ,z brea?+ is to a vocali/ s is b[+ to a viol9i/4 ,x gov]ns ! phras+1 or1 r1 is gov]n$ by x 9 ! fir/ in/ance & !n controls its deliv]y to ! li/5]4 ,?us x w be se5 t too mu* att5tion _c be paid to ! real ,art ( ,b[+4 ,by :i* ,i d n mean ! brilliant te*nical feats ( arpeggio1 /accato1 tremolo1 etc41 b ! pure legato b[+ ( cantabile passages4 ,x is 9 su* song-l movem5ts t ! true arti/ reveals himself by ! ne>ness ) :i* he approa*es t highe/ ( all musical in/rum5ts1 ! human voice4 ,pure liquid tone1 ! inflexions sugge/$ r ?an insi/$ on1 cle> phras+ & an avoidance ( all extravagance are ! hall m>ks ( an arti/1 & n ! possession ( brilliant te*nique alone4 ,to ^? :o are cont5t ) sup]ficial glitt] electro plate is z good z /]l+ metal4 ,b critics ( disc]nm5t 7by :i* ,i d n mean all ^? :o write conc]t notices = ! daily pap]s7 require some?+ ( m la/+ value4 ,,! ,,end4