,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,figure #a4--;,hydnum ,er9aceum4 ,orig9al ,specim5 #bj #af4 ,f\nd on ,mt4 ,logan ne> ,*illico!1 ,ohio4 ,,! ,,mu%room ,,edible ,,& ,,o!rwise ,,its ,,habitat ,,& ,,its ,,"t ,,( ,,gr[? ,,) ,,photographic ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,ne>ly ,,all ,,! ,,common ,,species ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,mu%rooms1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,edible ,,& ,,poison\s ,,v>ieties1 ,,) ,a ,,view ,,( ,,op5+ ,,up ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,( ,,nature ,a ,,wide ,,field ,,( ,,useful ,,& ,,int]e/+ ,,k ,,by ,m4 ,e4 ,,h>d1 ,m4 ,a4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction ,kirkwood1 ,mo4 ,,! ,,ohio ,,libr>y ,,co4 ,,di/ributors ,,columbus1 ,,ohio ,press ( ,,! ,,new ,,frankl9 ,,pr9t+ ,,co4 ,,columbus1 ,,ohio4 ,halftones by ,,bu*] ,,engrav+ ,,co4 ,copyright #aijh by ! ,,mu%room ,,publi%+ ,,company ,columbus1 ,ohio 7,all rights res]v$7 ,,au?or',s ,,edition ,no4 ,illu/ration3 ,au?or4 ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,^: ?or\gh k ( plant life1 & ^: pati5ce 9 pres]v+ fungal specim5s--sometimes beautiful b (t5 odor\s--scatt]$ f ! back por* to ! au?or's libr>y1 ^: eyes1 quick to detect /ructural diff]5ces1 & ^: k9dly & pati5t help h be5 a con/ant b5$iction1 ?is "w's inscrib$4 ,,introduction ,i w\ld agree ) ^? :o might ma9ta9 t no ,introduction is ne$$ = ?is book on mu%rooms4 ,nev]!less a ^w may n be out ( place = ! inception ( ! "w is out ( ! ord9>y4 ,mr4 ,h>d did n decide t a book on ?is subject 0 ne$$ & !n set ab\t /udy+ ^! int]e/+ plants4 ,he has obs]v$ !m1 collect$ !m1 induc$ _m fri5ds to jo9 9 eat+ ^? :i* prov$ to be palatable & delici\s--really m$dl$ = ye>s ) ! v>i\s k9ds :i* are edible & o!rwise1 & !n rec5tly he has decid$ to publi% a book on 8 favorite subject4 ,! int]e/+ occupation ( photograph+ ! mu%rooms & ! toad/ools d\btless has contribut$ l>gely to ! det]m9ation culm9at+ 9 ! mat]ialization ( ! treatise4 ,if ,i h correctly appreh5d$ ! orig9 & ! contribut+ causes1 we w\ld expect ?is book to be diff]5t f ! o!r books on mu%rooms--n ( c\rse 9 scope & purpose2 b ! in/ruction & sugge/ions giv51 ! descriptions & g5]al rem>ks (f]$1 ! wide range ( =ms depict$ 9 ^w & picture1 ! :ole make up ( ! book 9 fact1 w appeal to ! p at l>ge r ?an ! college /ud5t 9 p>ticul>4 ,! au?or does n write = ! specially educat$ few1 b = ! mass ( intellig5t p--^? :o read & /udy1 b :o obs]ve m2 ^? :o are incl9$ to commune ) nature z %e displays h]self 9 ! gl5s & glades1 9 ! fields & =e/s1 & :o sp5d little1 if any1 "t *as+ ! =ms or sket*+ ! tissues t may be se5 on ! n>r[ /age ( a comp\nd microscope4 ,! book !n is = ! beg9n]1 & = all beg9n]s2 ! college /ud5t w f9d t ?is is ! guide to use :5 he is ready to beg9 /udy+ ! mu%rooms2 ! tea*]s 9 ! s*ools %\ld all beg9 to /udy mu%rooms n[1 & = ! purpose !y w f9d ?is book advantage\s2 ! p :o see mu%rooms (t5 b d n "k !m may f9d "h a book t really is a help4 ,we might wi% = color photography :5 ! subject is a delicately t9t$ mu%room2 b if ) x we %\ld lose detail 9 /ructure !n ! wi% w\ld be r5\nc$4 ,! colors c be1 approximately1 describ$1 (t5 n s ! *>act]i/ic m>k+s1 %apes & =ms4 ,! halftones f ! photographs w1 we anticipate1 prove a valuable feature ( ! book1 especially if ! plants be mo/ c>efully exam9$ be=e turn+ to ! pictures4 ,= half an h\r ! pages may be turn$ & ! illu/rations enjoy$4 ,t1 h[ev]1 w\ld give "o no real k ( mu%rooms4 ,if su* use only is made ( ! pictures1 bett] _h !y nev] be5 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,h>d & 8 fri5ds4 ,b if a *>m+ little toad/ool1 a delicately color$ mu%room1 a /ately ag>ic1 be c>efully remov$ f ! b$ ( loam1 ! decay+ /ump1 or ! old tree-trunk1 !n turn$ ov] & ov] aga91 & upside d[n1 e "p scrut9iz$1 ! /ructure 9 e detail att5tively reg>d$--n ) repugnant feel+1 r ) a sympa!tic int]e/ t %\ld naturally f9d all organisms inhabit+ our globe--!n 9 due "t com+ to ! picture1 a real picture1 9 ! book1 x mu/ surely br+ bo? pleasure & pr(it4 ,pond] ! sugge/ion4 ,!n1 to conclude 9 a ^w1 if ,mr4 ,h>d's book w induce p to le>n & enjoy ! mu%rooms t we h1 x w be a success1 & great w be 8 rew>d4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kell]man1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,botanical ,dep>tm5t1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,columbus1 ,o4 ,,au?or',s ,,note ,,9 ,,memoriam ,x is ) feel+s ( pr(\nd sadness t ,i am impell$ to supplem5t ! above ,introduction by a brief tribute to ! memory ( t g5ial g5tleman & lovable companion1 z well z en?usia/ic sci5ti/1 ! late ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kell]man4 ,sp5d+ 8 life 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 ! ,angel ( ,dea? ov]took him :ile /ill 9 se>* = wid] k ( ,nature & h] works1 & ) icy f+]s seal$ ! lids ov] eyes ev] on ! al]t = ! discov]y ( hidd5 tru?s4 ,quiet1 retic5t1 & unassum+1 x 0 giv5 to b few to "k ! great-he>t$1 unselfi% sweetness ( nature und]ly+ 8 :ole life4 ,yet ! sci5tific _w 9 g5]al & ,nature /ud5ts especially1 recognize 9 ,dr4 ,kell]man's dea? a loss long to be regrett$ & n soon to be repair$4 ,! =ego+ ,introduction f 8 p5 0 "o ( ! late/1 if n ! la/ ( 8 public writ+s1 done b a few weeks be=e be+ /rick5 ) ! fatal fev] :i* fell ^u him 9 ! =e/s ( ,guatemala1 & s quickly end$ 8 e>?ly hopes & aspirations4 ,x seems d\bly sad t "o s well & widely kn[n 9 8 life %\ld be call$ ^u to lay its burd5s & its pleasures d[n :ile s f> away f all :o knew & lov$ him well2 & to re/ at la/ among /rang]s 9 a /range l&4 ,to ?is belov$ fri5d & companion ( s _m pleasant days 9 woods & fields ! au?or ( ?is book desires to pay ! tribute ( a lov+ remembrance & he>tfelt appreciation4 ,! ,au?or4 ,,preface ,v>i\s z beaute\s1 ,nature1 is ?y face2 99 99 99 all t gr[s1 has grace4 ,all are appropriate4 ,bog & moss & f5 ,are only poor to undisc]n+ m54 ,"h may ! nice & curi\s eye explore ,h[ ,nature's h& adorns ! ruby moor2 ,beauties are ^! t f ! view retire1 ,b w repay ?' att5tion !y require4 ,botany & geology h be5 favorite /udies ( ! au?or s9ce leav+ college1 ?anks to ,dr4 ,nelson1 :o lives 9 ! he>ts ( all 8 /ud5ts4 ,he1 by 8 tea*+s1 made ^! subjects s attractive & int]e/+ t by "o1 at lea/1 e sp>e mom5t has be5 giv5 to foll[+ up ! /udies ( botany & paleontology4 ,b ! mycological "p ( botany 0 br\ght practically to ! au?or's att5tion by ! ,bohemian *ildr5 at ,salem1 ,ohio1 at ! same "t ar\s+ a desire to "k ! sci5tific side ( ! subject & ?us to be able to help ! _m :o 7 seek+ a p]sonal k ( ^! int]e/+ plants4 ,e tea*] %\ld be able to op5 ! doors ( ,nature to 8 pupils t !y may see h] v>i$ h&iwork1 &1 z f> z possible1 assi/ 9 remov+ ! mi/ f _! eyes t !y may see cle>ly ! beauties ( mead[1 wood or hillside4 ,9 beg9n+ ! full] /udy ( ! subject ! writ] labor$ at great disadvantage because1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 !re 0 b little available lit]ature4 ,e book writt5 ^u ?is subject1 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 pur*as$ z soon z x came out & all h be5 v helpful4 ,! /udy has be5 a v great pleasure1 & "s v delightful fri5d%ips h be5 made :ile 9 se>* = z great a v>iety ( species z possible4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! object 0 simply to become famili> ) ! diff]5t g5]a & species1 & no photographs ( specim5s 7 made4 ,?is 0 a great mi/ake2 =1 aft] x 0 det]m9$ to br+ out ?is "w1 x seem$ impossible to f9d _m ( ! plants :i* ! au?or _h previ\sly f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,h[ev]1 ?is failure has be5 v l>gely ov]come ?r\gh ! g5]\s c\rtesy ( 8 e/eem$ fri5ds1--,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd1 ( ,c9c9nati2 ,dr4 ,fi%]1 ( ,detroit2 ,pr(4 ,be>dslee1 ( ,a%ville1 ,n4 ,c42 ,pr(4 ,b4 ,o4 ,longye>1 ( ,ft4 ,coll9s1 ,col41 & ,dr4 ,kell]man1 ( ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1--:o h mo/ k9dly furni%$ photographs repres5t+ ^? species f\nd e>li] 9 o!r p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,! species repres5t$ "h h all be5 f\nd 9 ?is /ate )9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,! writ] is "u great obligation to ,pr(4 ,atk9son1 ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 = 8 v great assi/ance & enc\ragem5t 9 ! /udy ( mycology4 ,8 pati5ce 9 exam9+ & det]m9+ plants s5t him is m fully appreciat$ ?an c be express$ "h4 ,dr4 ,william ,h]b/1 ,trexl]t[n1 ,pa41 has help$ to solve _m difficult problems2 s also h ,mr4 ,lloyd1 ,pr(4 ,morgan1 ,capt4 ,mc,ilvaine & ,dr4 ,*>les ,h4 ,peck1 ,/ate ,botani/ ( ,new ,york4 ,! aim ( ! book has be5 to describe ! species1 z f> z possible1 9 t]ms t w be readily und]/ood by ! g5]al read]2 & x is hop$ t ! l>g] numb] ( illu/rations w make ! book helpful to ^? :o are anxi\s to become acqua9t$ ) a "p ( botany s little /udi$ 9 our s*ools & colleges4 ,no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to get z repres5tative specim5s z x 0 possible to f9d4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! illu/rations ( ! plants w1 9 mo/ cases1 v greatly assi/ ! /ud5t 9 det]m9+ ! classification ( ! plant :5 f\nd2 b ! illu/ration %\ld n be :olly reli$ ^u1 especially 9 ! /udy ( ,boleti4 ,! description %\ld be c>efully /udi$ to see if x tallies ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ! plant 9 h&4 ,9 _m plants :]e notes _h n be5 tak5 or _h be5 lo/1 ! descriptions giv5 by ! p>ties nam+ ! plants 7 us$4 ,?is is notably s ( _m ( ! ,boleti4 ,! au?or felt t ,dr4 ,peck's descriptions w\ld be m accurate & complete1 h5ce !y 7 us$1 giv+ him cr$it4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 to give ! translation ( names & to %[ :y ! plant 0 s call$4 ,x is always a wond] to ! un9itiat$ h[ ! ,lat9 "n is rememb]$1 b :5 /ud5ts see t ! "n includes "s prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ! plant & ?us discov] its applicability1 its recollection becomes comp>atively easy4 ,! habitat & "t ( gr[? ( ea* plant is giv51 also its edibility4 ,! au?or 0 urg$ by 8 _m fri5ds ?r\gh\t ! /ate1 :ile 9 in/itute "w & frequ5tly talk+ ^u ?is subject1 to give !m a book t w\ld assi/ !m 9 becom+ famili> ) ! common mu%rooms ( _! vic9ity4 ,! reque/ has be5 compli$ )4 ,x is hop$ t ! "w w be z helpful z x has be5 pleasant to p]=m4 ,m4 ,e4 ,h4 ,*illico!1 ,ohio1 ,janu>y #aa1 #aijh4 ,,cont5ts ,introduction by ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kell]man vii ,preface ix ,*apt] ,i4 ,:y ,/udy ,mu%rooms8 #a ,mu%rooms & ,toad/ools #c ,:at ,any ,"o ,may ,eat #d ,h[ to ,pres]ve ,mu%rooms #e ,t]ms ,us$ #e ,:at ,is a ,fungus or a ,mu%room8 #aj ,six ,gr\ps ( ,mu%rooms #ab ,gr\p ,i--,hym5omycetes #ac ,family ,i--,ag>icace #ac ,spore ,pr9ts #ad ,analytical ,key #af ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,:ite-,spor$ ,ag>ics #bj ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,rosy-,spor$ ,ag>ics #bcf ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,ru/y-,spor$ ,ag>ics #beg ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,purple-,br[n-,spor$ ,ag>ics #cjg ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,black-,spor$ ,ag>ics #cca ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,polyporace4 ,tube-,be>+ ,fungi #cej ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,fungi ,) ,tee? #dcb ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,!lephorace #dej ,*apt] ,x4 ,clav>iace--,coral ,fungi #dei ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,tremell9i #dgg ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,ascomycetes--,spore-,sac ,fungi #dhe ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,nidul>iace--,bird's ,ne/ ,fungi #eag ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,gr\p ,ga/romycetes #ebb ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,lycop]dace--,puff-,balls #eca ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,sphriace #egc ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,myxomycetes #egg ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,recipes = ,cook+ ,mu%rooms #ehb ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,h[ to ,gr[ ,mu%rooms #ehf ,gloss>y #eie ,a ,brief ,hi/ory ( ,mycologi/s #eih ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,:y ,,/udy ,,mu%rooms4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :ile 9 *>ge ( ! s*ools ( ,salem1 ,ohio1 we _h work$ up q a g5]al int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( botany4 ,x 0 my practice to g out e day aft] fl[]s1 especially ! r>] ones1 ( :i* !re 7 _m 9 ?is c\nty1 & br+ 9 specim5s = ! classes4 ,!re 0 9 ! city a wire nail mill1 runn+ day & night1 ^: proprietors br\ght ov]1 f "t to "t1 l>ge numb]s ( ,bohemians z work]s 9 ! mill4 ,v frequ5tly1 :5 driv+ to ! c\ntry e>ly 9 ! morn+1 ,i f\nd ! boys & girls ( ^! ,bohemian families se>*+ ! woods1 fields & pa/ures at "s di/ance f t[n1 al?\gh !y _h n be5 9 ?is c\ntry m ?an a week or two & c\ld n speak a ^w ( ,engli%4 ,i soon f\nd t !y 7 ga!r+ mu%rooms ( v>i\s k9ds & tak+ !m home = food mat]ial4 ,!y c\ld n tell me h[ !y knew !m1 b ,i quickly le>n$ t !y knew !m f _! g5]al *>act]i/ics1--9 fact1 !y knew !m z we "k p & fl[]s4 ,i resolv$ to "k some?+ ( ! subject myself4 ,i _h no lit]ature on mycology1 &1 at t "t1 !re seem$ to be little obta9able4 ,ab\t t "t !re appe>$ 9 ,h>p]'s ,mon?ly an article by ,w4 ,hamilton ,gibson ^u ,edible ,toad/ools & ,mu%rooms--an article :i* ,i ?or\ghly dev\r$1 soon aft] pur*as+ 8 book ^u ! subject4 ,salem1 ,ohio1 0 a v f]tile locality = mu%rooms & x 0 n long till ,i 0 surpris$ at ! numb] t ,i really knew4 ,i rememb]$ t :]e !re is a w !re is a way4 ,9 #ahig ,i mov$ to ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ohio2 !re ,i f\nd _m species :i* ,i _h f\nd ab\t ,salem1 ,ohio1 b ! extremely ri* soil1 heavy timb] & num]\s old lake bea*es seem$ to furni% a l>g] v>iety1 s t ,i add$ _m m to my li/4 ,aft] rema9+ ?ree ye>s 9 ,b[l+ ,gre51 mak+ delightful acqua9tance ) ! good p ( t city z well z ) ! fl[]s & mu%rooms ( ,wood c\nty1 ,provid5ce plac$ me 9 ,sidney1 ,ohio1 :]e ,i f\nd _m new species ( fungi & r5ew$ my acqua9tance ) _m ( ^? =m]ly met4 ,s9ce com+ to ,*illico! ,i h tri$ to h ! plants photograph$ z ,i h f\nd !m1 b hav+ to dep5d ^u a photograph] ,i c\ld n always d ?is4 ,i h n f\nd 9 ?is vic9ity _m t ,i h f\nd else:]e 9 ! /ate1 al?\gh ,i h f\nd _m new ?+s "h1 a fact :i* ,i attribute to ! hilly nature ( ! c\nty4 ,= pr9ts ( _m v>ieties ( fungi obta9$ be=e com+ "h1 ,i am indebt$ to my fri5ds4 ,i %\ld advise any "o int5d+ to make a /udy ( ?is subject to h all specim5s photograph$ z soon z !y are id5tifi$1 ?us fix+ ! species = future ref]5ce4 ,x seems to me t e s*ool tea*] %\ld "k some?+ ( mycology4 ,"s ( my tea*]s h dur+ ! pa/ ye> made q a /udy ( ?is int]e/+ subject1 & ,i h f\nd t _! pupils kept !m busy 9 id5tify+ _! f9ds4 ,_! li/s ( g5]a & species1 z exhibit$ on ! blackbo>ds at ! close ( ! season 7 q long4 ,i f\nd f my ,bohemian boys & girls t _! tea*]s 9 _! native c\ntry _h op5$ = !m ! door to ?is v useful k4 ,obs]vation has prov5 to me conclusively t !re is a l>ge & increas+ int]e/ 9 ?is subject ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,ohio4 ,e pr(essional man ne$s a hobby :i* he may m\nt 9 8 h\rs ( relaxation1 & ,i am q sure !re is no field t (f]s bett] inducem5t = a cant] ?an ! subject ( botany1 & especially ?is p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( botanical "w4 ,i h a fri5d1 a pr(essional man :o has an eye & a he>t = all ! beauties ( nature4 ,aft] h\rs ( conf9em5t 9 8 (fice at close & critical "w he is always anxi\s = a ramble ov] ! hillsides & ?r\gh ! woods1 & :5 we f9d any?+ new he seems to enjoy x beyond measure4 ,_m m9i/]s ( ! gospel h become fam\s 9 ! mycological _w4 ,! names ( ,rev4 ,lewis ,s*weiwitz1 ( ,be?lehem1 ,pa42 ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]keley & ,rev4 ,john ,/ev5son1 ( ,engl&1 w live z long z botany is kn[n to mank9d4 ,_! influ5ce = good & helpfulness to _! fell[m5 w be ev]la/+4 ,) su* an inspiration1 h[ quickly "o is lo/ to all bus9ess c>es1 & h[ free & life-giv+ are ! fields1 ! mead[s & ! woods1 s t "o mu/ exclaim ) ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,willey 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,li*53 ,if ,i c\ld put my woods 9 song1 ,& tell :at's !re enjoy$1 ,all m5 w\ld to my g>d5 ?rong1 ,& leave ! cities void4 ,9 my lot no tulips bl[2 ,sn[-lov+ p9es & oaks in/ead2 ,& rank ! savage maples gr[1 ,f ,spr+'s fir/ flu% to ,autumn r$2 ,my g>d5 is a =e/ l$ge1 ,:i* old] =e/s b\nd4 ,,mu%rooms ,,& ,,toad/ools ,,h[ ,,to ,,tell ,,mu%rooms ,,f ,,toad/ools4 ,9 all probability no /ud5t ( mycology has any "o qu]y m frequ5tly or p]si/5tly press$ ^u 8 att5tion ?an ! "q1 ,h[ d y tell a toad/ool f a mu%room8--or if 9 ! woods or fields1 9 se>* = new species1 ) an un9itiat$ comrade1 he has frequ5tly to decide :e!r a c]ta9 specim5 is a mu%room or a toad/ool1 s firmly fix$ is ! idea t "o class ( fungi--! toad/ools--are poison\s1 & ! o!r--! mu%rooms--are edible & altoge!r desirable2 & ^! inquir+ m9ds frequ5tly seem really disappo9t$ at be+ told t !y are "o & ! same ?+2 t !re are edible toad/ools & mu%rooms1 & poison\s mu%rooms & toad/ools2 t 9 %ort a toad/ool is really a mu%room & a mu%room is only a toad/ool aft] all4 ,h5ce ! que/ions ) ! beg9n] is1 h[ he may tell a poison\s fungus f an edible "o4 ,!re is b "o answ] to ?is "q1 & t is t he mu/ ?or\ghly le>n bo? g5]a & species1 /udy+ ea* till he kn[s its special features z he does ^? ( 8 mo/ famili> fri5ds4 ,c]ta9 species h be5 te/$ by a numb] ( p & f\nd to be p]fectly safe & savory2 on ! o!r h&1 !re are species "u v>i\s g5]a :i*1 if n actually poison\s1 are at lea/ delet]i\s4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( all books on fungi to assi/ ! /ud5t 9 sep>at+ ! plants into g5]a & species2 9 ?is "w special att5tion has be5 giv5 to di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! edible & ! poison\s species4 ,!re are a few species su* z ,gyromitra escul5ta1 ,lepiota ,morgani1 ,clitocybe illud5s1 etc41 :i* :5 eat5 by c]ta9 p]sons w cause sickness soon aft] eat+1 :ile o!rs w escape any disagreeable effects4 ,*emically speak+1 !y are n poison\s1 b simply refuse to be assimilat$ 9 "s /oma*s4 ,x is be/ to avoid all su*4 ,,h[ ,,mu%rooms ,,gr[4 ,!re is a /rong notion t mu%rooms gr[ v quickly1 spr++ up 9 a s+le night4 ,?is is errone\s4 ,x is true t aft] !y h rea*$ ! button /age !y develop v quickly2 or 9 ! case ( ^? t spr+ f a mature egg1 develop s rapidly t y c pla9ly see ! motion ( ! upw>d gr[?1 b ! developm5t ( ! button f ! mycelium or spawn takes "t--weeks1 mon?s1 & ev5 ye>s4 ,x w\ld be v difficult to tell ! age ( _m ( our tree fungi4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,le>n ,,mu%rooms4 ,if ! beg9n] w avoid all ,amanitas & p]haps "s ( ! ,boleti he ne$ n be mu* worri$ 9 reg>d to ! safety ( o!r species4 ,!re are ?ree ways by :i* he c become famili> ) ! edible k9ds4 ,! fir/ is ! physiological te/ sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,gibson 9 8 book4 ,x consi/s 9 *ew+ a small morsel & !n spitt+ x out )\t swall[+ ! juice2 if no important symptoms arise )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ano!r bit may be *ew$1 ?is "t swall[+ a small portion ( ! juice4 ,%\ld no irritation be exp]i5c$ aft] ano!r p]iod ( wait+1 a /ill l>g] piece may be tri$4 ,i always sample a new plant c>efully1 & ?us am (t5 able to e/abli% ! fact ( its edibility be=e be+ able to locate x 9 its prop] species4 ,?is fall ,i f\nd = ! fir/ "t ,tri*oloma columbetta2 x 0 "s "t aft] ,i _h prov5 x an edible mu%room be=e ,i _h settl$ ^u its "n4 ,a bett] way1 p]haps1 is to cook !m & fe$ !m to y\r cat & wat* ! result4 ,ano!r way is to h a fri5d :o kn[s ! plants g ) y1 & ?us y le>n "u a tea*] z a pupil le>ns 9 s*ool4 ,?is is ! quicke/ way to ga9 a k ( plants ( any k9d1 b x is difficult to f9d a compet5t tea*]4 ,/ill ano!r way1 & "o t is op5 to all1 is to ga9 a k ( a few species & ?r\gh _! description become famili> ) ! t]ms us$ 9 describ+ a mu%room2 ?is done1 ! way is op51 if y h a book conta9+ illu/rations & descriptions ( ! mo/ common plants4 ,d n be 9 a hurry to get ! names ( all ! plants1 & d n make use ( any ab\t :i* y are n absolutely sure4 ,9 ga!r+ mu%rooms to eat1 d n put into y\r basket ) ^? y int5d to eat a s+le mu%room ( ^: edible qualities y h any d\bt4 ,if y h ! lea/ d\bt ab\t x1 disc>d x1 or put x 9 ano!r basket4 ,!re are no fix$ rules by :i* y c tell a poison\s f an edible mu%room4 ,i f\nd a fri5d ( m9e eat+ ,lepiota nauc9a1 n ev5 kn[+ to :at g5us x belong$1 simply because %e c\ld peel x4 ,i told h] t ! mo/ deadly mu%room c be peel$ j z readily4 ,nor is !re any?+ m valuable 9 ! silv] spoon te/ 9 :i* ,mr4 ,gibson's old lady put s mu* confid5ce4 ,"s say1 d n eat any t h an acrid ta/e2 _m are edible ^: ta/e is q acrid4 ,o!rs say1 d n eat any ^: juice or milk is :ite1 b ?is w\ld disc>d a numb] ( ,lact>ii t are q good4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! :ite gills & holl[ /em !ory4 ,x is true t ! ,amanita has bo?1 b x mu/ be kn[n by o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,aga9 we are told to avoid su* z h a viscid cap1 or ^? t *ange color quickly2 ?is is too sweep+ a condemnation = x w\ld cut out sev]al v good species4 ,i ?9k ,i may safely say !re is no kn[n rule by :i* ! good c be di/+ui%$ f ! bad4 ,! only safe way is to "k ea* species by its own individual peculi>ities--to "k !m z we "k our fri5ds4 ,! /ud5t ( mycology has be=e him a description ( ea* species1 :i* mu/ tally ) ! plant 9 h& & :i* w soon r5d] him famili> ) ! diff]5t features ( ! v>i\s g5]a & species1 s he c recognize !m z readily z ! features ( 8 be/ fri5ds4 ,,:at ,,anyone ,,may ,,eat4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> !re comes ) ! e>lie/ fl[]s a mu%room s /rongly *>act]i/ic 9 all its =ms t no "o w fail to recognize x4 ,x is ! common morel or sponge mu%room4 ,none ( !m are kn[n to be h>mful1 h5ce "h ! beg9n] c safely tru/ 8 judgm5t4 ,:ile he is ga!r+ morels to eat he w soon beg9 to di/+ui% ! diff]5t species ( ! g5]a4 ,f ,may till fro/ ! diff]5t k9ds ( puff-balls w appe>4 ,all puff-balls are good :ile _! int]ior rema9s :ite4 ,!y are nev] poison\s1 b :5 ! fle% has begun to turn yell[ x is v bitt]4 ,! oy/] mu%room is f\nd f ,m>* to ,decemb] & is always a v acceptable mu%room4 ,! ,fairy ,r+s are easily recogniz$ & c be f\nd 9 any old pa/ure dur+ wet wea!r f ,june to ,octob]4 ,9 seasonable wea!r !y are usually v pl5tiful4 ,! common mead[ mu%room is f\nd f ,septemb] to fro/4 ,x is kn[n by its p9k gills & meaty cap4 ,!re is a mu%room ) p9k gills f\nd 9 /reets1 along ! pavem5ts & among ! cobble /ones4 ,! /ems are %ort & ! caps are v meaty4 ,x is ,a4 rodmani4 ,^! are f\nd 9 ,may & ,june4 ,! horse mu%room has p9k gills & may be f\nd f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,! ,russulas1 f\nd f ,july to ,octob]1 are g5]ally good4 ,a few %\ld be avoid$ because ( _! acrid ta/e or _! /rong odor4 ,!re is no "t f e>ly spr+ till freez+ wea!r :5 y c n f9d mu%rooms1 if ! wea!r is at all favorable4 ,i h giv5 ! habitat & ! "t :5 ea* species c be f\nd4 ,i %\ld recomm5d a c>eful /udy ( ^! two po9ts4 ,read ! descriptions ( plants :i* gr[ 9 c]ta9 places & at c]ta9 times1 & y w g5]ally be rew>d$1 if y foll[ out ! description & ! season is favorable4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,pres]ve ,,mu%rooms4 ,_m c be dri$ = w9t] use1 su* z ! ,morels1 ,m>asmius oreades1 ,boletus edulis1 ,boletus edulis1 va4 clavipes1 & a numb] ( o!rs4 ,my wife has v successfully cann$ a numb] ( species1 notably ,lycop]don pyri=me1 ,pleurotus o/reatus & ,tri*oloma p]sonatum4 ,! mu%rooms 7 c>efully pick$ ov] & wa%$1 let /& 9 salt wat] = ab\t five m9utes1 9 ord] to free !m ( any insect-life :i* may be 9 ! gills1 !n dra9$1 cut into pieces small en\gh to g into ! j>s easily4 ,ea* j> 0 pack$ z full z possible ) mu%rooms & fill$ up ) wat] salt en\gh to flavor ! mu%room prop]ly4 ,!n put into a kettle ( cold wat] on ! /ove1 ! lids be+ loosely plac$ on ! top1 & all[$ to cook = an h\r or m aft] ! wat] 9 ! kettle beg9s to boil4 ,! tops 7 !n fa/5$ on securely & aft] try+ ! j>s to see if !re 0 any leak1 !y 7 set away 9 a cool1 d>k place4 ,9 cann+ puff-balls !y %\ld be c>efully wa%$ & slic$1 be+ sure t !y are p]fectly :ite all ?r\gh4 ,!y d n ne$ to /& 9 salt wat] be=e pack+ 9 ! j> z d ^? mu%rooms :i* h gills4 ,o!rwise !y 7 cann$ z ! ,tri*oloma & oy/] mu%room4 ,any edible mu%room c easily be kept = w9t] use by cann+4 ,use glass j>s ) glass tops4 ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,common ,,t]ms ,,us$4 ,9 describ+ mu%rooms x is necess>y to use c]ta9 t]ms1 & x w be incumb5t ^u anyone :o wi%es to become famili> ) ?is "p ( botanical "w to und]/& ?or\ghly ! t]ms us$ 9 describ+ ! plants4 ,! sub/ance ( all mu%rooms is ei!r fle%y1 membranace\s1 or corky4 ,! pileus or cap is ! exp&$ "p1 :i* may be ei!r sessile or support$ by a /em4 ,! pileus is n made up ( cellul> tissue z 9 fl[]+ plants1 b ( myriads ( int]wov5 ?reads or hyphae4 ,?is /ructure ( ! pileus w become evid5t at once if a ?9 portion ( ! cap is plac$ "u ! microscope4 ,! gills or lamell are ?9 plates or membranes radiat+ f ! /em to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,:5 !y are atta*$ squ>ely & firmly to ! /em !y are said to be adnate4 ,if !y are atta*$ only by a "p ( ! wid? ( ! gills1 !y are adnex$4 ,%\ld !y ext5d d[n on ! /em1 !y are decurr5t4 ,!y are free :5 !y are n atta*$ to ! /em4 ,frequ5tly ! l[] edge is not*$ at1 or ne>1 ! /em & 9 ?is case !y are said to be em>g9ate or s9uate4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--,small portion ( a section ?r\gh ! spore-be>+ lay] ( a mu%room :i* produces its spores on ! ends ( cells call$ basidium4 7a7 ,spores1 7b7 basidium1 7c7 /]ile cells4 ,9 "s g5]a ! l[] surface ( ! cap is full ( pores in/ead ( gills2 9 o!r g5]a ! l[] surface is cr[d$ ) tee?2 9 /ill o!rs ! surface is smoo?1 z 9 ! ,/]eums4 ,! gills1 pores & tee? af=d a f\ndation = ! hym5ium or fruit-be>+ surface4 ,x w be readily se5 t ! gills1 pores & tee? simply expose 9 a v economical way ! greate/ possible spore-be>+ surface4 ,if a section ( ! gills be exam9$ by a microscope1 x w be obs]v$ t ^u bo? sides ( ! surface are ext5d$ hym5ial lay]s4 ,! hym5ium consi/s ( elongat$ cells or basidia 7s+ul>1 basidium7 m or less club-%ap$4 ,figure #b w %[ h[ ^! basidia appe> on ! hym5ial lay] :5 /rongly magnifi$4 ,x w be se5 t !y are plac$ side by side & are p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( ! gills4 ,^u ea* ( ^! basidia are 9 "s species two1 usually f\r1 sl5d] projections ^u :i* ! spores are produc$4 ,9 ,figure #b a numb] ( /]ile cells w be se5 :i* resemble ! basidia except t ! latt] be> f\r /]igmata ^u :i* ! spores re/4 ,among ^! basidia & /]ile cells w frequ5tly be se5 an ov]gr[n bladd]-l /]ile basidium :i* projects beyond ! re/ ( ! hym5ium1 & ^: use is n z yet fully kn[n4 ,!y are call$ cy/idia 7s+ul>1 cy/idium74 ,!y are nev] num]\s1 b !y are scatt]$ ov] ! entire surface1 becom+ m num]\s along ! edge ( ! gills4 ,:5 !y are color$1 !y *ange ! appe>ance ( ! gills4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,rootlike /r&s ( mycelium ( ! pe>-%ap$ puff-ball gr[+ 9 rott5 wood4 ,"y puff-balls 9 ! =m ( small :ite knots are =m+ on ! /r&s4 ,natural size4--,longye>4 ,! spores are ! se$s ( ! mu%room4 ,!y are ( v>i\s sizes & %apes1 ) a v>iety ( surface m>k+s4 ,!y are v small1 z f9e z du/1 & invisible to ! nak$ eye1 except z !y are se5 9 masses on ! grass1 on ! gr\nd1 or on logs1 or 9 a spore pr9t4 ,x is ! object ( e fungus to produce spores4 ,"s fall on ! p>5t ho/ or ^u ! gr\nd4 ,o!rs are waft$ away by e rise ( ! w9d & c>ri$ = days & f9ally settle d[n1 x may be1 9 o!r /ates & cont95ts f ^? 9 :i* !y />t$4 ,millions p]i% because ( n f9d+ a suitable re/+ place4 ,^? spores t d f9d a favorable re/+-place1 "u "r conditions1 w beg9 to g]m9ate by s5d+ out a sl5d] ?read-l filam5t1 or hyph1 :i* at once bran*es out 9 se>* ( food mat]ial1 & :i* always =ms a m or less felt$ mass1 call$ mycelium4 ,:5 fir/ =m$ ! hyph are cont9u\s & ramify ?r\gh ! n\ri%+ sub/ratum f :i* !re arises aft]w>d a spore-be>+ gr[? kn[n z ! sporoc>p or "y mu%room4 ,?is vegetative "p ( ! fungus is usually hidd5 9 ! soil1 or 9 decay$ wood1 or vegetable matt]4 ,9 ,figure #c is a repres5tation ( ! mycelium ( ! small pe>-%ap$ puff-ball ) a numb] ( small :ite knobs m>k+ ! beg9n+ ( ! puff-ball4 ,! mycelium expos$ "h is v simil> to ! mycelium ( all mu%rooms4 ,9 ! pore-be>+ g5]a ! hym5ium l9es ! v]tical pores2 9 tee?-be>+ fungi x l9es ! surface ( ea* too?1 or is spread out ov] ! smoo? surface ( ! ,/]eum4 ,! developm5t ( ! spores is q int]e/+4 ,! "y basidia z se5 9 ,figure #b are fill$ ) a granul> protoplasm4 ,soon small projections1 call$ /]igma 7plural1 /]igmata71 make _! appe>ance on ! ends ( ! basidia & ! protoplasm passes into !m4 ,ea* projection or /]igma soon swells at its extremity into a bladd]-l body1 ! "y spore1 &1 z !y enl>ge1 ! protoplasm ( ! basidium is pass$ into !m4 ,:5 ! f\r spores are full gr[n !y h consum$ all ! protoplasm 9 ! basidium4 ,! spores soon sep>ate by a transv]se p>tition & fall (f4 ,all spores ( ! ,hym5omycet\s fungi are arrang$ & produc$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ) _! spore-be>+ surface expos$ e>ly 9 life by ! rupture ( ! univ]sal veil4 ,9 ! puff-balls ! spores are arrang$ 9 ! same way1 b ! hym5ium is inclos$ )9 an out] sack4 ,:5 ! spores are ripe ! case is ruptur$ & ! spores escape into ! air z a du/y p[d]4 ,! puff-balls1 !re=e1 belong to ! ,ga/romycet\s fungi because its spores are inclos$ 9 a p\* until !y are matur$4 ,ano!r v l>ge gr\p ( fungi is ! ,ascomycetes1 or sac fungi4 ,x is v easily det]m9$ because all ( its memb]s develop _! spores inside ( small membran\s sacs or asci4 ,^! asci are g5]ally int]mix$ ) sl5d]1 empty asci1 or /]ile cells1 call$ p>aphyses4 ,^! asci are v>i\sly %ap$ bodies & are kn[n 9 diff]5t ord]s by diff]5t names1 su* z ascoma1 apo!cium1 p]i!cium1 & receptacle4 ,! ,ascomycetes (t5 include among _! numb]s fungi rang+ 9 size f microscopic "o-cell$ plants to q l>ge & v beautiful specim5s4 ,to ?is gr\p belong ! great numb] ( small fungi produc+ ! v>i\s plant diseases4 ,9 a "w ( ?is k9d especial att5tion is naturally giv5 to ! ord] ( ,discomycetes or cup fungi4 ,?is ord] is v l>ge & is s call$ because s _m ( ! plants are cup %ap$4 ,^! cups v>y greatly 9 size & =m2 "s are s small t x requires a l5s to exam9e !m2 "s are sauc]-%ap$2 "s are l goblets1 & "s resemble beak]s ( v>i\s %apes4 ,! saddle fungi & morels belong to ?is ord]4 ,"h ! sac surface is (t5 convolut$1 lob$1 & ridg$1 9 ord] to af=d a great] sac-be>+ surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,small portion ( a section ?r\gh ! spore-be>+ "p ( a morel 9 :i* ! spores are produc$ 9 little sacs or asci4 7a7 ,an ascus1 7b7 an ascus dis*>g+ its spores1 7c7 ! spores1 7d7 /]ile cells4 ,highly magnifi$4--,longye>4 ,9 ! mu%rooms1 puff-balls1 etc41 we f9d ! spores 7 borne on ! ends ( basidia1 usually f\r spores on ea*4 ,9 ?is gr\p ! spores are =m$ 9 m9ute club-%ap$ sacs1 kn[n z asci 7s+ul>1 ascus74 ,^! asci are long1 cyl9drical sacs1 /&+ side by side1 p]p5dicul> to ! fruit+ surface4 ,figure #d w illu/rate _! position toge!r ) ! /]ile cells on ! fruit+ surface ( "o ( ! morels4 ,!y usually h eight spores 9 ea* sac or ascus4 ,! /em ( ! mu%room is usually 9 ! c5t] ( ! cap1 yet x may be ecc5tric or lat]al2 :5 x is want+1 ! pileus is said to be sessile4 ,! /em is solid :5 x is fle%y ?r\gh\t1 or holl[ :5 x has a c5tral cavity1 or /uff$ :5 ! int]ior is fill$ ) pi?y sub/ance4 ,! /ems are ei!r fle%y or c>tilag9\s4 ,:5 ! =m]1 x is ( ! same consi/5cy z ! pileus4 ,if ! latt]1 its consi/5cy is always diff]5t f ! pileus1 resembl+ c>tilage4 ,! /em ( ! ,tri*oloma af=ds a good example ( ! fle%y /emm$ mu%room1 & t ( ! ,m>asmius illu/rates ! c>tilag9\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,small portion ( a /em ( a morel %[+ cell filam5ts4 ,highly magnifi$4--,longye>4 ,if ! cap or /em ( a mu%room is exam9$ ) a microscope ( high magnify+ p[] x w be f\nd to be made up ( a cont9uation ( ! mycelial filam5ts1 int]lac$ & int]wov51 bran*+1 & ! tubul> filam5ts (t5 delicately divid$1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( cells4 ,figure #e repres5ts a small portion ( a ,morel /em highly magnifi$ %[+ ! cell filam5ts4 ,9 s(t fungi ! mycelial ?reads are m loosely wov5 & h ?9 walls ) few] p>titions4 ,! veil is a ?9 %eet ( mycelial ?reads cov]+ ! gills1 sometimes rema9+ on ! /em1 =m+ a r+ or annulus4 ,?is sometimes rema9s = a "t on ! m>g9 ( ! cap :5 x is said to be app5diculate4 ,sometimes x resembles a spid]'s web :5 x is call$ ara*noid4 ,! volva is a univ]sal wrapp]1 surr\nd+ ! entire plant :5 "y1 b :i* is soon ruptur$1 leav+ a trace 9 ! =m ( scales on ! cap & a %ea? ar\nd ! base ( ! /em1 or break+ up into scales or a scaly r+ at ! base ( ! /em4 ,all plants hav+ ?is univ]sal volva %\ld be avoid$1 fur!r ?an = ! purpose ( /udy4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t1 9 _! "y /ate1 !y are n mi/ak5 = puff-balls4 ,frequ5tly :5 f\nd 9 ! egg /ate !y resemble a small puff-ball4 ,figure #f repres5ts a section ( an ,amanita 9 ! egg-/ate & also ! ,gemm$ puff-ball4 ,z soon z a section is made & c>efully exam9$ ! /ructure ( ! inside w reveal ! plant at once4 ,!re is b little dang] ( confus+ ! egg /age ( an ,amanita ) ! puff-ball1 = !y resemble ea* o!r only 9 _! oval %ape1 & n 9 ! lea/ 9 _! m>k+ on ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,! lef?& figure repres5ts a v]tical section ?r\gh a "y plant ( ! gemm$ puff-ball %[+ ! cellul> /ructure ( ! /em-l l[] half1 call$ ! subgleba4 ,! righ?& figure %[s a v]tical section ( ! egg /age ( an ,amanita1 a v poison\s fungus :i* gr[s 9 woods & :i* might be mi/ak5 = a "y puff-ball if n cut op54 ,! fungus =ms j bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 f9ally bur/+ ! volva1 s5d+ up a p>asol mu%room4 ,natural size4--,longye>4 ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,fungus ,,or ,a ,,mu%room8 ,x is a cellul>1 fl[]less plant1 n\ri%$ by ! mycelium :i* p]meates ! soil or o!r sub/ances on :i* ! fungus or mu%room gr[s4 ,all fungi are ei!r p>asites or saprophytes :i* h lo/ _! *lorophyll1 & are incapable ( support+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,!re is a va/ numb] ( g5]a & species1 & _m h ! p>asitic habit :i* causes !m to ent] ! bodies ( o!r plants & ( animals4 ,= ?is reason all fungi are ( economic importance1 especially ! microscopic =ms class$ "u ! head ( ,bact]ia4 ,"s rec5t writ]s are incl9$ to sep>ate ! ,bact]ia & slime-molds f ! fungus gr\p1 & call !m fungus animals4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !y are true plants & h _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! fungi4 ,!y may diff] f ! fungi 9 _! vegetative functions1 yet !y h s _m ?+s 9 common t ,i am incl9$ to place !m "u ?is gr\p4 ,_m1 su* z ! yea/ fungus1 ! v>i\s f]m5tative fungi1 & ! ,bact]ia conc]n$ 9 ! process ( decomposition1 are inde$ v useful4 ,! enri*m5t & prep>ation ( soils = ! uses ( high] plants1 effect$ by ,bact]ia1 are v important s]vices4 ,p>asites d]ive _! n\ri%m5t f liv+ plants & animals4 ,!y are s con/itut$ t :5 _! n\ri%+ ?reads come )9 range ( ! liv+ plant !y answ] a c]ta9 impulse by s5d+ out special ?reads1 envelop+ ! ho/ & absorb+ nutrition4 ,saprophitic plants d n exp]i5ce ?is reaction f ! liv+ plants4 ,!y are compell$ to get _! n\ri%m5t f decay+ products ( plants or animals1 consequ5tly !y live 9 ri* gr\nd or leaf mold1 on decay$ wood1 or on dung4 ,p>asites are usually small1 be+ limit$ by _! ho/4 ,saprophytes are n ?us limit$ = food supply & x is possible to build up l>ge plants su* z ! common mu%room gr\p1 puff-balls1 etc4 ,! spores are ! se$s or reproductive bodies ( ! mu%room4 ,!y are v f9e1 & invisible to ! nak$ eye except :5 collect$ toge!r 9 great masses4 ,und]nea? mu%rooms1 frequ5tly1 ! grass or wood w be :ite or pla9ly discolor$ f ! spores4 ,! hym5ium is ! surface or "p ( ! plant :i* be>s ! spores4 ,! hym5ophore is ! "p :i* supports ! hym5ium4 ,9 ! common mu%room1 & 9 fact _m o!rs1 ! spores develop on a c]ta9 club-l cell1 call$ basidium 7plural1 basidia71 on ea* ( :i* f\r spores usually develop4 ,9 morels ^! cells are elongat$ into cyl9drical membran\s sacs call$ asci1 9 ea* ( :i* eight spores are usually develop$4 ,! spores w be f\nd ( v>i\s colors1 %apes1 & sizes1 a fact :i* w be ( great assi/ance to ! /ud5t 9 locat+ /range species & g5]a4 ,9 g]m9ation ! spores s5d out sl5d] ?reads :i* ,botani/s call mycelium1 b :i* common read]s "k z spawn4 ,! me?od & place ( spore developm5t furni% a basis = ! classification ( fungi4 ,! be/ way to acquire a ?or\gh k ( bo? our edible & poison\s mu%rooms is to /udy !m 9 ! light ( ! prim>y *>act]s employ$ 9 _! classification & _! natural relation to ea* o!r4 ,!re is a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! classification ( mu%rooms4 ,p]haps ! mo/ simple & satisfactory is t ( ,und]wood & ,cook4 ,!y arrange !m "u six gr\ps3 #a4 ,basidiomycetes--^? 9 :i* ! spores or reproductive bodies are nak$ or ext]nal z %[n 9 illu/ration #b on page #ae4 #b4 ,ascomycetes--^? 9 :i* ! spores are inclos$ 9 sacs or asci4 ,^! sacs are v cle>ly repres5t$ 9 illu/ration ,figure #d on page #ah4 ,?is w include ! ,morels1 ,peziz1 ,pyr5omycetes1 ,tub]ace1 ,sphairiacei1 etc4 #c4 ,physcomycetes--includ+ ! ,mucor9i1 ,saprolegniace1 & ,p]onospore4 ,potato rot & d[ny mildew on grape v9es belong to ?is family4 #d4 ,myxomycetes--,slime m\lds4 #e4 ,sac*>omycetes--,yea/ fungi4 #f4 ,s*izomycetes--are m9ute1 unicellul> ,protophytes :i* reproduce ma9ly by transv]se fission4 ,,class1 ,,fungi--,,sub-,,class1 ,,basidiomycetes4 ,?is class w include all gill-be>+ fungi1 ,polyporus1 ,boletus1 ,hydnum1 etc4 ,fungi ( ?is class are divid$ into f\r natural gr\ps3 #a4 ,hym5omycetes4 #b4 ,ga/]omycetes4 #c4 ,ur$94 #d4 ,u/ilag9e4 ,,gr\p #a--;,,hym5omycetes4 ,"u ?is gr\p w be plac$ all fungi compos$ ( membranes1 fle%y1 woody1 or gelat9\s1 :e!r gr[+ on ! gr\nd or on wood4 ,! hym5ium1 or spore-be>+ surface1 is ext]nal at an e>ly /age 9 ! life ( ! plant4 ,! spores are borne on basidia z expla9$ 9 ,figure #b1 page #f4 ,:5 ! spores rip5 !y fall to ! gr\nd or are c>ri$ by ! w9d to a ho/ t pres5ts all ! conditions necess>y = g]m9ation2 !re !y produce ! mycelia or :ite ?read-l v9es t "o may h notic$ 9 pl[+ sod1 9 old *ip piles1 or decay$ wood4 ,if "o w exam9e ^! ?reads !re w be f\nd small knots :i* w 9 "t develop into ! full gr[n mu%room4 ,hym5omycetes are divid$ into six families3 #a4 ,ag>icace4 ,hym5ium ) gills4 #b4 ,polyporace4 ,hym5ium ) pores4 #c4 ,hydnace4 ,hym5ium ) sp9es4 #d4 ,!lephorace4 ,hym5ium horizontal & mo/ly on ! "u surface4 #e4 ,clav>iace4 ,hym5ium on a smoo? club-%ap$ surface4 #f4 ,tremellace4 ,hym5ium ev5 & sup]ior4 ,gelat9\s fungi4 ,,family #a--;,,ag>icaceae4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--,spore-pr9t ( ,ag>icus arv5sis4 ,9 ! ,ag>icace or common mu%rooms1 & 9 all o!r ( simil> /ructure1 ! spore-produc+ membranes are f\nd on ! "u surface ( ! cap4 ,!y consi/ ( ?9 lamell1 or gills1 atta*$ by ! upp] edge to ! cap & ext5d+ f ! /em to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,v frequ5tly t space may be entirely utiliz$ by %ort] lamell1 or gills1 int]v5+ betwe5 ! long]1 especially t[>d ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,9 a few species :]e ! /em seems to be want+1 or :]e x is atta*$ to ! side ( ! cap1 ! lamell1 or gills1 radiate f ! po9t ( atta*m5t or f ! lat]al /em to o!r p>ts ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! cap4 ,b]keley gives ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 ,hym5ium1 inf]ior1 spread ov] easily divisible gills or plates1 radiat+ f a c5t] or /em1 :i* may be ei!r simple or bran*$4 ,?is family includes ! foll[+ g5]a3 #a4 ,ag>icus--,gills1 n melt+1 edge acute2 includ+ all ! sub-g5]a :i* h be5 elevat$ to ! rank ( g5]a4 #b4 ,copr9us--,gills deliquesc5t1 spores black4 #c4 ,cort9>ius--,gills p]si/5t1 veil spid]-web-l1 t]re/rial4 #d4 ,paxillus--,gills sep>at+ f ! hym5ophorum & decurr5t4 #e4 ,gomphidius--,gills bran*$ & decurr5t1 pileus top-%ap$4 #f4 ,bolbitius--,gills becom+ moi/1 spores color$4 #g4 ,lact>ius--,gills milky1 t]re/rial4 #h4 ,russula--,gills equal1 rigid1 & brittle1 t]re/rial4 #i4 ,m>asmius--,gills ?ick1 t\gh1 hym5ium dry4 #aj4 ,hygrophorus--,/em conflu5t ) ! hym5ophorum2 gills %>p edg$4 #aa4 ,can?>ellus--,gills ?ick1 bran*$1 r\nd$ edge4 #ab4 ,l5t9us--,pileus hairy1 h>d1 t\gh2 gills1 t\gh1 unequal1 too!d2 on logs & /umps4 #ac4 ,l5zites--,:ole plant corky2 gills simple or bran*$4 #ad4 ,trogia--,gills v5ose1 fold-l1 *annell$4 #ae4 ,panus--,gills corky1 ) acute edge4 #af4 ,nyctalis--,veil univ]sal2 gills broad1 (t5 p>asitic4 #ag4 ,s*izophyllum--,gills corky1 split longitud9ally4 #ah4 ,x]otus--,gills t\gh1 fold-l4 ,!re=e ! gill-be>+ fungi are kn[n "u ! family "n1 ,ag>icace1 or m g5]ally kn[n z ,ag>ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--,spore-pr9t ( ,hypholoma sublat]tium4 ,?is family is divid$ into five s]ies1 accord+ to ! color ( _! spores4 ,! spores :5 se5 9 masses possess c]ta9 colors1 :ite1 rosy1 ru/y1 purple-br[n & black4 ,!re=e ! fir/ & mo/ important "p to be det]m9$ 9 locat+ a mu%room is to asc]ta9 ! color ( ! spores4 ,to d ?is1 take a fre%1 p]fect1 & fully develop$ specim51 remove ! /em f ! cap4 ,place ! cap ) ! gills d[nw>d on ! surface ( d>k velvety pap]1 if y suspect ! spores to be :ite4 ,inv]t a f+] b[l or a bell glass ov] ! cap to keep ! air f bl[+ ! spores away4 ,if ! spores %\ld be color$1 :ite pap] %\ld be us$4 ,if ! specim5 is left too long ! spore deposit w cont9ue upw>d betwe5 ! gills & x may rea* an eigh? ( an in* 9 height1 9 :i* case if great c>e is tak5 9 remov+ ! cap !re w be a p]fect lik5ess ( ! gills & also ! color ( ! spores4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--,spore-pr9t ( a ,flammula4 ,!re are two ways ( mak+ ^! spore pr9ts q p]man5t4 ,fir/ take a piece ( ?9 rice pap]1 muscilage x & all[ x to dry1 !n proce$ z above4 ,9 ?is way ! pr9t w /& h&l+ q a little4 ,ano!r way1 & t us$ to prep>e ! spore-pr9ts 9 ^! photographs1 is to obta9 ! spore-pr9t ^u ,japanese pap] z 9 ! prec$+ me?od1 !n by an atomiz] spray ! pr9t g5tly & c>efully ) a fixative su* z is us$ 9 fix+ *>coal draw+s4 ,success 9 mak+ spore-pr9ts requires bo? "t & c>e1 b ! satisfaction !y give is ample recomp5se = ! tr\ble4 ,x is m difficult to obta9 good pr9ts f ! :ite-spor$ mu%rooms ?an f ^? be>+ color$ spores1 because x is h>d to obta9 a black pap] hav+ a dull velvety surface1 & ! spores w n adh]e well to a smoo?-f9i%$1 glossy pap]4 ,= ! pr9ts illu/rat$ ,i am indebt$ to ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--,spore-pr9t ( a ,boletus4 ,if ! plant is dry x is well to moi/5 ! f+]b[l or bell-glass on ! inside be=e plac+ x ov] ! mu%room4 ,! spores ( ,boleti1 &1 inde$1 all fungi c be caught & fix$ 9 ! same way4 ,f ! /udy ( ^! spore-pr9ts we %all f9d five diff]5t colors ( spores4 ,?is family is1 !re=e1 divid$ into five s]ies1 det]m9$ by ! color ( ! spores1 :i* are always con/ant 9 color1 size & %ape4 ,! five s]ies w be treat$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 #a4 ,! :ite-spor$ ,ag>ics4 #b4 ,! rosy-spor$ ,ag>ics4 #c4 ,! ru/y-spor$ ,ag>ics4 #d4 ,! purple-br[n-spor$ ,ag>ics4 #e4 ,! black-spor$ ,ag>ics4 ,,analytical ,,key4 ,?is key is l>gely bas$ ^u ,cooke's analytical key4 ,its use w help to locate ! plant 9 h& 9 ! g5us to :i* x belongs4 ,! fir/ ?+ ! /ud5t %\ld d is to det]m9e ! color ( ! spore if x is n evid5t4 ,?is is be/ done accord+ to ! plan describ$ on page #ae4 ,! plant %\ld be fre% & mature4 ,c>eful att5tion %\ld be giv5 to diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,! habit ( ! plant %\ld be consid]$2 !n1 z soon z ! color ( ! spores is det]m9$1 x w be an easy matt] to locate ! g5us by means ( ! key4 ,,gr\p ,i--,,hym5omycetes4 ,mycelium floccose1 giv+ rise to a di/9ct hym5ium1 fungus fle%y1 membranace\s1 woody or gelat9\s4 ,spores nak$4 ,hym5ium1 normally inf]ior-- ,hym5ium ) gills ,ag>icace4 ,hym5ium ) pores ,polyporace4 ,hym5ium ) tee? ,hydnace4 ,hym5ium ev5 ,!lophorace4 ,hym5ium1 sup]ior-- ,hym5ium on smoo? surface1 club-%ap$1 ,clav>iace4 ,hym5ium lob$1 convolute1 gelat9\s1 ,tremellace4 ,,family #a--;,,ag>icaceae4 ,hym5ium inf]ior1 pileus m or less exp&$1 convex1 bell-%ap$4 ,gills radiat+ f ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! pileus ) ! /em1 or f a lat]al /em to o!r p>ts ( ! cap1 simple or bran*$4 ,i4 ,spores :ite or slightly t9t$4 ,a4 ,plants fle%y1 m or less firm1 decay+ soon4 a4 ,/em fle%y1 pileus easily sep>at+ f ! /em4 ,volva pres5t & r+ on ! /em4 ,pileus be>+ w>ts or pat*es free f ! cuticle ,amanita4 ,volva pres5t1 r+ want+ ,amanitopsis4 ,pileus scaly1 scales concrete ) cuticle1 ,volva want+1 r+ pres5t ,lepiota4 ,hym5ophore conflu5t1 ,)\t c>tilag9\s b>k1 b4 ,/em c5tral1 r+ pres5t 7sometimes vague71 ,volva want+1 gills atta*$ ,armill>ia4 ,)\t a r+1 ,gills s9uate ,tri*oloma4 ,gills decurr5t1 ,edges acute ,clitocybe4 ,edges swoll5 ,can?>ellus4 ,gills adnate1 ,p>asitic on o!r mu%rooms ,nyctalis4 ,n p>asitic1 ,milky ,lact>ius4 ,n exud+ juice :5 bruis$1 ,rigid & brittle ,russula4 ,q viscid1 waxy consi/5cy ,hygrophorus4 c4 ,/em lat]al or none1 r>ely c5tral ,pleurotus4 d4 ,/em ) c>tilag9\s b>k1 ,gills adnate ,collybia4 ,gills s9uate ,myc5a4 ,gills decurr5t ,omphalia4 ,plants t\gh1 fle%y1 membranace\s1 lea!ry1 ,/em c5tral1 ,gills simple ,m>asmius4 ,gills bran*$ ,x]otus4 ,b4 ,plants gelat9\s & lea!ry ,heliomyces4 ,/em lat]al or want+1 ,edge ( gills s]rate ,l5t9us4 ,edge ( gills entire ,panus4 ,gills fold-l1 irregul> ,trogia4 ,edge ( gills split longitud9ally ,s*izophyllum4 ,c4 ,plants corky or woody1 ,gills ana/omos+4 ,l5zites4 ,,ii4 ,spores rosy or salmon color4 ,a4 ,/em c5tral4 ,gills free1 /em easily sep>at+ f pileus4 ,)\t c>tilag9\s /em1 ,volva pres5t & di/9ct1 no r+ ,volv>ia4 ,)\t a volva1 ) a r+ ,annul>ia4 ,)\t a volva & )\t a r+ ,pluteus4 ,b4 ,/em fle%y to fibr\s1 m>g9 ( pileus at fir/ incurv$1 ,gills s9uate or adnate ,entoloma4 ,gills decurr5t ,clitopilus4 ,c4 ,/em ecc5tric or none1 pileus lat]al ,claudopus4 ,gills decurr5t1 pileus umbilicate ,eccilia4 ,gills n decurr5t1 pileus torn into scales1 & slightly convex1 m>g9 at fir/ involute ,leptonia4 ,pileus bell-%ap$1 m>g9 at fir/ /raight ,nolanea4 ,,iii4 ,spores ru/y-br[n or yell[-br[n4 ,a4 ,/em n c>tilag9\s1 a4 ,/em c5tral1 ,) a r+1 ,r+ cont9u\s ,pholiota4 ,veil ara*noid1 ,gills adnate1 p[d]y f spores ,cort9>ius4 ,gills decurr5t or adnate1 mo/ly epiphytal ,flammula4 ,gills some:at s9uate1 cuticle ( ! pileus silky1 or be>+ fibrils ,inocybe4 ,cuticle smoo?1 viscid ,hebeloma4 ,gills sep>at+ f ! hym5ophore & decurr5t ,paxillus4 b4 ,/em lat]al or abs5t ,crepidotus4 ,b4 ,/em c>tilag9\s1 ,gills decurr5t ,tub>ia4 ,gills n decurr5t1 ,m>g9 ( ! pileus at fir/ incurv$ ,naucoria4 ,m>g9 ( pileus always /raight1 ,hym5ophore free ,pluteolus4 ,hym5ophore conflu5t ,gal]a4 ,gills dissolv+ into a gelat9\s condition ,bolbitius4 ,,iv4 ,spores purple-br[n4 ,a4 ,/em n c>tilag9\s1 ,pileus easily sep>at+ f ! /em1 ,volva pres5t1 r+ want+ ,*itonia4 ,volva & r+ want+ ,pilosace4 ,volva want+1 r+ pres5t ,ag>icus4 ,gills conflu5t1 r+ pres5t on /em ,/roph>ia4 ,r+ want+1 veil rema9+ atta*$ to m>g9 ( pileus ,hypholoma4 ,b4 ,/em c>tilag9\s1 ,gills decurr5t ,deconia4 ,gills n decurr5t1 m>g9 ( pileus at fir/ incurv$ ,psilocybe4 ,m>g9 ( pileus at fir/ /raight ,psa?yra4 ,v4 ,black spor$ mu%rooms4 ,gills deliquesc5t ,copr9us4 ,gills n deliquesc5t1 ,gills decurr5t ,gomphidius4 ,gills n decurr5t1 pileus /riate ,psa?yrella4 ,pileus n /riate1 r+ want+1 veil (t5 pres5t on m>g9 ,panolus4 ,r+ want+1 veil app5diculate ,*alymotta4 ,r+ pres5t ,anell>ia4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,:ite-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 ,! species be>+ ! :ite spores seem to be high] 9 type ?an ^? produc+ color$ spores4 ,mo/ ( ! =m] are firm]1 :ile ! black spor$ specim5s soon deliquesce4 ,! :ite spores are usually oval1 sometimes r\nd1 & 9 _m cases q sp9y4 ,all :ite-spor$ specim5s w be f\nd 9 clean places4 ,amanita4 ,p]s4 ,amanita is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ,m\nt ,amanus1 an anci5t "n ( a range sep>at+ ,cilicia f ,syria4 ,x is suppos$ t ,gal5 fir/ br\ght specim5s ( ?is fungus f t region4 ,! g5us ,amanita has bo? a volva & veil4 ,! spores are :ite & ! /em is readily sep>able f ! cap4 ,! volva is univ]sal at fir/1 envelop+ ! "y plant1 yet di/9ct & free f ! cuticle ( ! pileus4 ,?is g5us conta9s "s ( ! mo/ deadly poison\s mu%rooms1 al?\gh a few are kn[n to be v good4 ,!re is a l>ge numb] ( species--ab\t #ge be+ kn[n1 #db ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry--a few be+ q common 9 ?is /ate4 ,all ! ,amanita are t]re/rial plants1 mo/ly solit>y 9 _! habits1 & *iefly f\nd 9 ! woods1 or 9 well wood$ gr\nds4 ,9 ! button /age x resembles a small egg or puff-ball1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #f1 page #aa1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 to di/+ui% x f ! latt]1 if "o is hunt+ puff-balls to eat2 yet ! dang] is n great1 s9ce ! volva usually breaks be=e ! plant comes ?r\gh ! gr\nd4 ,amanita phalloides4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,deadly ,,amanita4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--;,amanita phalloides4 ,fr4 ,%[+ volva at ! base1 cap d>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--;,amanita phalloides4 ,fr4 ,:ite =m %[+ volva1 scaly /em1 r+4 ,phalloides means phallus-l4 ,?is plant & its relat$ species are deadly poison\s4 ,= ?is reason ! plant %\ld be c>efully /udi$ & ?or\ghly kn[n by e mu%room hunt]4 ,9 diff]5t localities1 & sometimes 9 ! same locality1 ! plant w appe> 9 v diff]5t %ades ( color4 ,!re are also v>iations 9 ! way 9 :i* ! volva is ruptur$1 z well z 9 ! "* ( ! /em4 ,! beg9n] w imag9e he has a new species (t51 till he becomes ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all ! idiosyncrasies ( ?is plant4 ,! pileus is smoo?1 ev51 viscid :5 "y & moi/1 frequ5tly adorn$ ) a few fragm5ts ( ! volva1 :ite1 grayi% :ite1 sometimes smoky-br[n2 :e!r ! pileus be :ite1 oy/]-color or smoky-br[n1 ! c5t] ( ! cap w be sev]al %ades d>k] ?an ! m>g94 ,! plant *anges f a knob or egg-%ape :5 "y1 to almo/ flat :5 fully exp&$4 ,_m plants h a m>k$ umbo on ! top ( ! cap & ! rim ( ! cap may be slightly turn$ up4 ,! gills are always :ite1 wide1 v5tricose1 r\nd$ next to ! /em1 & free f x4 ,! /em is smoo?1 :ite unless 9 cases :]e ! cap is d>k1 !n ! /em ( ^? plants are apt to be ( ! same color1 tap]+ upw>d z 9 ! specim5 7,fig4 #aa72 /uff$1 !n holl[1 incl9$ to discolor :5 h&l$4 ,! volva ( ?is species is q v>iable & m or less buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 :]e c>eful obs]vation w reveal x4 ,"o ne$ nev] conf\nd ?is species ) ! mead[ mu%room1 = ! spores ( t are always purple-br[n1 :ile a spore-pr9t ( ?is w always reveal :ite spores4 ,i h se5 a slight t9t ( p9k 9 ! gills ( ! ,a4 phalloides b ! spores 7 always :ite4 ,until "o kn[s ?or\ghly bo? ,lepiota nauc9a & ,a4 phalloides be=e eat+ ! =m] he %\ld always hunt c>efully = ! rema9s ( a volva & a bulb\s base 9 ! soil4 ,?is plant is q conspicu\s & invit+ 9 all ( its v>i\s %ades ( color4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods1 & along ! m>g9 ( woods1 & sometimes on lawns4 ,x is f f\r to eight in*es high & ! pileus f ?ree to five in*es broad4 ,!re is a p]sonality ab\t ! plant t r5d]s x readily recognizable aft] x has once be5 le>n$4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,amanita recutita4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,fre%-,,sk9n$ ,,amanita4 ,,poison\s4 ,recutita1 hav+ a fre% or new sk94 ,pileus convex1 !n exp&$1 dry1 smoo?1 (t5 cov]$ ) small scales1 fragm5ts ( ! volva2 m>g9 almo/ ev51 gray or br[ni%4 ,! gills =m+ l9es d[n ! /em4 ,! /em /uff$1 !n holl[1 att5uat$ upw>d1 silky1 :ite1 r+ di/ant1 edge ( volva n free1 frequ5tly oblit]at$4 ,r common :]e !re is mu* p9e woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,?is species diff]s f ,a4 porphyria 9 r+ n be+ br[n or br[ni%4 ,amanita virosa4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,poison\s ,,amanita4 ,virosa1 full ( poison4 ,! pileus is f f\r to five in*es broad2 ! entire plant :ite1 conical1 !n exp&$2 viscid :5 moi/2 m>g9 (t5 some:at lob$1 ev54 ,! gills are free1 cr[d$4 ,! /em is frequ5tly six in*es long1 /uff$1 r\nd1 ) a bulb\s base1 att5uat$ upw>d1 squamulose1 r+ ne> apex1 volva l>ge1 lax4 ,! spores are subglobose1 #h-aj4 ,?is is probably simply a =m ( ,a4 phalloides4 ,x is f\nd 9 damp woods4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,amanita musc>ia4 ,l9n4 ,,! ,,fly ,,amanita4 ,,poison\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--;,amanita musc>ia4--,l9n4 ,cap r$di% or orange1 %[+ scales on ! cap & at base ( /em4 ,musc>ia1 f musca1 a fly4 ,! fly ,amanita is a v conspicu\s & h&some plant4 ,x is s call$ because infusions ( x are us$ to kill flies4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 dead flies on ! fully develop$ caps1 :]e !y _h sipp$ ( ! dew ^u ! cap1 &1 l ! ,lotos-eat]s ( old1 _h =gott5 to move away4 ,x is a v abundant plant 9 ! woods ( ,columbiana c\nty1 ?is /ate4 ,x is also f\nd frequ5tly 9 _m localities ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is (t5 a v h&some & attractive plant1 because ( ! bright colors ( ! cap 9 contra/ ) ! :ite /em & gills1 z well z ! :ite scales on ! surface ( ! cap4 ,^! scales seem to behave some:at diff]5tly f ^? ( o!r species ( ,amanita4 ,in/ead ( %rivell+1 curl+1 & fall+ (f !y are incl9$ to adh]e firmly to ! smoo? sk9 ( ! pileus1 turn+ br[ni%1 & 9 ! maturely exp&$ plant appe> l scatt]$ drops ( mud :i* h dri$ ^u ! pileus1 z y w obs]ve 9 ,figure #ac4 ,! pileus is ?ree to five in*es broad1 globose at fir/1 !n dumb-bell 9 %ape1 convex1 !n exp&$1 ne>ly flat 9 age2 m>g9 9 matur$ plants slightly /riate2 ! surface ( ! cap is cov]$ ) :ite floccose scales1 fragm5ts ( ! volva1 ^! scales be+ easily remov$ s t old plants are frequ5tly comp>atively smoo?4 ,! color ( ! "y plant is normally r$1 !n orange to pale yell[2 late 9 ! season1 or 9 old plants1 x fades to almo/ :ite4 ,! fle% is :ite1 sometimes /a9$ yell[ close to ! cuticle4 ,! gills are pure :ite1 v symmetrical1 v>i\s 9 l5g?1 ! %ort] ones t]m9at+ "u ! cap v abruptly1 cr[d$1 free1 b rea*+ ! /em1 decurr5t 9 ! =m ( l9es some:at broad] 9 front1 sometimes a slight t+e ( yell[ w be obs]v$ 9 ! gills4 ,! /em is :ite1 (t5 yell[i% ) age1 pi?y & (t5 holl[1 becom+ r\gh & %aggy1 f9ally scaly1 ! scales bel[ appe>+ to m]ge into ! =m ( an obscure cup1 ! /em f\r to six in*es long4 ,! veil cov]s ! gills ( ! "y plant & lat] is se5 z a coll>-l r+ on ! /em1 s(t1 lax1 deflex$1 9 old specim5s x is (t5 de/roy$4 ,! spores are :ite & broadly elliptical4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is plant is z int]e/+ z a novel4 ,its deadly prop]ties 7 kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! pages ( hi/ory record its undo+ & its accessory to crime4 ,pl9y says1 allud+ to ?is species1 v conv5i5tly adapt$ = poison+4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ! species t ,agripp9a1 ! "m ( ,n]o1 us$ to poison h] husb&1 ! ,emp]or ,claudius2 & ! same t ,n]o us$ 9 t fam\s banquet :5 all 8 gue/s1 8 tribunes & c5turions1 & ,agripp9a h]self1 fell victims to its poison\s prop]ties4 ,h[ev]1 x is said ?is mu%room is habitually eat5 by c]ta9 p z an intoxicant2 inde$1 x is us$ 9 ,kam*atka & ,asiatic ,russia1 g5]ally1 :]e ! ,amanita drunk>d takes ! place ( ! opium fi5d & ! alcohol bibb] 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,by read+ ,colonel ,george ,k5nan 9 8 ,t5t-life 9 ,sib]ia1 & ,cooke's ,sev5 ,si/]s ( ,sleep1 y w f9d a full description ( ! toxic employm5t ( ?is fungus :i* w f> surpass any possible imag9ation4 ,x caus$ ! dea? ( ! ,cz> ,alexis ( ,russia2 also ,c\nt de ,vec*i1 ) a numb] ( 8 fri5ds1 9 ,wa%+ton 9 #ahif4 ,he 0 9 se>* ( ! ,orange ,amanita & f\nd ?is1 & ! consequ5ces 7 s]i\s4 ,9 size1 %ape1 & color ( ! cap !re is simil>ity1 b 9 o!r respects ! two are v diff]5t4 ,!y may be contra/$ z foll[s3 ,orange ,amanita1 edible4--,cap smoo?1 gills yell[1 /em yell[1 wrapp] p]si/5t1 membranace\s1 :ite4 ,fly ,amanita1 poison\s4--,cap w>ty1 gills :ite1 /em :ite1 or slightly yell[i%1 wrapp] soon break+ into fragm5ts or scales1 :ite or sometimes yell[i% br[n4 ,f\nd along roadsides1 wood m>g9s1 & 9 ?9 woods4 ,x pref]s poor soil1 & is m abundant :]e popl> & hemlock gr[4 ,f ,june to fro/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--;,amanita musc>ia4--,l9n4 ,"o-half natural size1 %[+ developm5t ( ! plant4 ,amanita ,fro/iana4 ,pk4 ,,fro/',s ,,amanita4 ,,poison\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ae4--;,amanita ,fro/iana4 ,fro/iana1 nam$ 9 honor ( ,*>les ,c4 ,fro/4 ,! pileus is convex1 exp&$1 bright orange or yell[1 w>ty1 sometimes smoo?1 /riate on ! m>g91 pileus "o to ?ree in*es broad4 ,! gills are free1 :ite1 or slightly t+$ ) yell[4 ,! /em is :ite or yell[1 /uff$1 be>+ a slight1 sometimes evanesc5t1 r+1 bulb\s1 at ! base1 ! bulb slightly m>g9$ by ! volva4 ,! spores globose1 #h-aj 9 diamet]4 ,peck4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to di/+ui% ?is species f ,a4 cs>ea because ( its (t5 yell[ /em & gills4 ,i f\nd "s beautiful specim5s on ,cemet]y ,hill & on ,ral/on's ,run4 ,x is v poison\s & %\ld be c>efully avoid$1 or r1 x %\ld be ?or\ghly kn[n t x may be avoid$4 ,! /riations on ! m>g9 ( its yell[ t+e might lead "o to mi/ake x = ! ,orange ,amanita4 ,x is f\nd 9 %ady woods & sometimes 9 op5 places :]e !re is und]bru%4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,amanita v]na4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,spr+ ,,amanita4 ,,poison\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--;,amanita v]na4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ ! volva cup & ! r+4 ,v]na1 p]ta9+ to spr+4 ,?is species is consid]$ by "s only a :ite v>iety ( ,amanita phalloides4 ,! plant is always a pure :ite4 ,x c only be di/+ui%$ f ! :ite =m ( ! ,a4 phalloides by its clos] %ea?+ volva & p]haps a m ovate pileus :5 "y4 ,! pileus is at fir/ ovate1 !n exp&$1 some:at depress$1 viscid :5 moi/1 ev51 m>g9 nak$1 smoo?4 ,! gills are free4 ,! /em is /uff$1 ) advanc+ age holl[1 equal1 floccose1 :ite1 r+$1 base bulb\s1 volva closely embrac+ ! /em ) its free m>g91 r+ =m+ a broad coll>1 reflex$4 ,! spores are globose1 #h broad4 ,?is species is v abundant on ! wood$ hills 9 ?is section ( ! /ate4 ,its pure :ite color makes x an attractive plant1 & x %\ld be c>efully le>n$4 ,i h f\nd x be=e ! middle ( ,june4 ,amanita magnivel>is4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,l>ge ,,veil$ ,,amanita4 ,,poison\s4 ,magnivel>is is f magnus1 l>ge2 velum1 a veil4 ,! pileus is convex1 (t5 ne>ly plane1 ) ev5 m>g91 smoo?1 slightly viscid :5 moi/1 :ite or yell[i%-:ite4 ,! gills are free1 close1 :ite4 ,! /em is long1 ne>ly equal1 :ite1 smoo?1 furni%$ ) a l>ge mebranace\s volva1 ! bulb\s base tap]+ d[nw>d & root+4 ,! spores are broadly elliptical4 ,?is species v closely resembles ,amanita v]na1 f :i* x c be di/+ui%$ by its l>ge1 p]si/5t annulus1 ! elongat$ d[nw>d-tap]+ bulb ( its /em1 &1 especially1 by its elliptical spores4 ,x is f\nd solit>y & 9 ! woods4 ,i f\nd sev]al on ,ral/on's ,run "u bee* trees4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,amanita pellucidula4 ,ban4 ,pileus at fir/ campanulate1 !n exp&$1 slightly viscid1 fle%y 9 c5t]1 att5uat$ at ! m>g92 color a smoo? bright r$1 deep] at ! top1 %ad$ into cle> transp>5t yell[ at ! m>g92 glossy1 fle% :ite1 un*ang+4 ,! gills are v5tricose1 free1 num]\s1 yell[4 ,! /em is /uff$1 r+ desc5d+1 fugaci\s4 ,peck's #dd? ,report4 ,?is species diff]s f ,amanita cs>ea 9 hav+ an ev5 m>g9 & a :ite /em4 ,x is only a =m ( ! cs>ea4 ,! :ite /em w attract ! att5tion ( ! collector4 ,amanita solit>ia4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,solit>y ,,amanita4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--;,amanita solit>ia4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ ! peculi> veil4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4--;,amanita solit>ia4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ scaly cap & /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,figure #ai4--;,amanita solit>ia4 ,natural size1 %[+ scaly cap & /em1 plant :ite4 ,solit>y1 gr[+ alone4 ,i h f\nd ?is plant 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! /ate & h always f\nd !m gr[+ alone4 ,9 ,poke ,holl[1 :]e ,i f\nd ! specim5s 9 ! illu/rations1 ,i f\nd sev]al on ! hillside on diff]5t occasions1 b ,i h nev] f\nd !m gr[+ 9 gr\ps4 ,x is q l>ge 9 size1 :ite or :iti%1 v woolly or floccose4 ,usually ! cap1 /em1 & ! gills are cov]$ ) a floccose sub/ance :i* w s]ve to id5tify ! species4 ,?is fluffy ext]ior adh]es readily to y\r h&s or clo?+4 ,! cap is sometimes t+$ ) br[n1 b ! fle% is :ite & smells q /rong1 n unlike *loride ( lime4 ,! annulus is frequ5tly torn f ! /em & is f\nd adh]+ to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,! pileus is f ?ree to five in*es broad1 or m1 :5 fully exp&$1 at fir/ globose to hemisph]ical1 z w be se5 9 ,figures #ag & #ah1 convex1 or plane1 w>ty1 :ite or :iti%1 ! po9t$ scales be+ easily rubb$ (f1 or wa%$ (f by heavy ra9s1 ^! scales v>y+ 9 size f small granules to q l>ge conical flakes1 & diff]+ 9 condition & color 9 diff]5t plants4 ,! gills are free1 or are n atta*$ by ! upp] "p1 ! edges are frequ5tly floccose :]e !y are torn f ! slight connection ) ! upp] surface ( ! veil2 :ite1 or slightly t+$ ) cream-color1 broad4 ,! /em is f\r to eight in*es high1 solid1 becom+ /uff$ :5 old1 bulb\s1 root+ deep 9 ! soil1 v scaly1 v5tricose sometimes 9 "y plants1 :ite1 v mealy4 ,volva friable4 ,r+1 l>ge1 lac]at$1 usually hang+ to ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 b 9 ,figure #ai x adh]es to ! /em4 ,?is is a l>ge & beautiful plant 9 ! woods1 & easily id5tifi$ because ( its floccose nature & ! l>ge bulb at ! base ( ! /em4 ,x is n s w>ty & ! odor is n ne>ly s /rong z ! ,amanita /robili=mis4 ,x is edible b v great caution %\ld be us$ to be sure ( y\r species4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob] 9 woods & roadsides4 ,amanita radicata4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4--;,amanita radicata4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ scaly cap1 bulb\s /em & root brok5 (f & peculi> veil4 ,radicata means furni%$ ) a root4 ,! root ( ! specim5 9 ,figure #bj 0 brok5 (f 9 gett+ x out ( ! gr\nd4 ,! pileus is subglobose1 becom+ convex1 dry1 v]rucose1 :ite1 m>g9 ev51 fle% firm1 :ite1 odor resembl+ t ( *loride ( lime4 ,! gills are close1 free1 :ite4 ,! /em is solid1 deeply radicat+1 swoll5 at ! base or bulb\s1 floccose or mealy at ! top1 :ite2 veil ?91 floccose1 or mealy1 :ite1 soon lac]at$ & atta*$ 9 fragm5ts to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus or evanesc5t4 ,! spores are broadly elliptic1 #g4e-aj long1 #f-g broad4 ,peck4 ,?is is q a l>ge & beautiful plant1 v closely relat$ to ,amanita /robili=mis1 b readily di/+ui%$ f x because ( its :ite color1 its cle>ly radiat+ /em1 & small spores4 ,! /em %[s to be bulb\s & ! cap cov]$ ) w>ts4 ,i f\nd ! plant frequ5tly 9 ,poke ,holl[ & on ,ral/on's ,run4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4--;,amanita radicata4 ,amanita /robili=mis4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,fir-,,cone ,,amanita4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,figure #bb4--;,amanita /robili=mis4 ,"y plant %[+ veil cov]+ ! entire gill-surface ( ! plant4 ,cap cov]$ ) p]si/5t w>ts1 /em r\gh & root+1 odor /rong ( *loride ( lime4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,figure #bc4--;,amanita /robili=mis4 ,%[+ long root4 ,/robili=mis means fir-cone =m2 s call$ f ! simil>ity ( its undevelop$ =m to t ( ! /robile ( ! p9e4 ,! pileus is six to eight in*es broad1 :5 "y1 subglobose1 !n convex1 exp&$1 ne>ly plane1 ) p]si/5t w>ts1 :ite1 a%-color1 sometimes yell[ on ! cap1 ! m>g9 ev5 & ext5d+ beyond ! gills2 w>ts h>d1 angul>1 po9t$1 :ite2 fle% :ite1 compact4 ,! gills are free1 cr[d$1 r\nd$1 :ite1 becom+ yell[4 ,! /em is five to eight in*es long1 frequ5tly long]1 tap]+ upw>d1 floccosely scaly1 bulb\s1 root+ beyond ! bulb2 r+ l>ge1 torn2 volva =m+ conc5tric r+s4 ,! spores are #ac-adh-i4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ /ately plants 9 ! woods4 ,x is said to be edible1 b ! /rong pung5t odor1 l *loride ( lime1 has det]r$ me f eat+ x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is said to disappe> 9 cook+4 ,x gr[s to be v l>ge4 ,dr4 ,kell]man & ,i f\nd a specim5 9 ,haynes's ,holl[ ^: /em measur$ ov] elev5 in*es1 & cap n9e in*es4 ,x is f\nd 9 op5 woods & wood m>g9s4 ,great caution %\ld be us$ be=e ! plant is eat5 to "k x beyond d\bt4 ,f\nd ,july to ,octob]4 ,amanita mappa4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,delicate ,,amanita4 ,,poison\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd4--;,amanita mappa4 ,natural size1 %[+ long smoo? /em1 cap yell[i%-:ite & r+4 ,mappa means a napk91 s call$ f ! volva4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 convex1 !n exp&$1 plane1 obtuse or depress$1 )\t sep>able cuticle2 m>g9 ne>ly ev52 :ite or yell[i%1 usually ) pat*es ( ! volva dry4 ,! gills are adnex$1 close1 n>r[1 %9+1 :ite4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 /uff$1 !n holl[1 cyl9drical1 ne>ly smoo?1 bulb\s1 ne>ly globose at ! base1 :ite1 almo/ equal above ! bulb4 ,! volva ) its free m>g9 is acute & n>r[4 ,! r+ is membranace\s1 sup]ior1 s(t1 lax1 ragg$4 ,its color is q z v>iable & its habits are mu* l ,a4 phalloides1 f :i* x c only be di/+ui%$ by its less develop$ volva1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ cup-%ap$1 is little m ?an a m]e rim fr++ ! bulb4 ,! odor at times is v /rong4 ,x is f\nd 9 op5 woods & "u bru%4 ,label x poison\s4 ,amanita cr5ulata4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4--;,amanita cr5ulata4 ,cr5ulata means be>+ not*es1 ref]r+ to ! cr5ulate =m ( ! gills1 :i* are v di/9ct4 ,! pileus is ?91 two to two & a half in*es broad1 broadly ovate1 becom+ convex1 or ne>ly plane1 some:at /riate on ! m>g91 adorn$ ) a few ?9 :iti% floccose w>ts or ) :iti% floccul5t pat*es1 :iti% or grayi%1 sometimes t+$ ) yell[4 ,! gills are close1 rea*+ ! /em1 & sometimes =m+ decurr5t l9es ^u x1 floccose cr5ulate on ! edge1 ! %ort ones truncate at ! inn] extremity1 :ite4 ,! /em is equal1 bulb\s1 floccose mealy above1 /uff$ or holl[1 :ite1 ! annulus slight1 evanesc5t4 ,spores broadly elliptic or subglobose1 #g4e-aj long1 ne>ly z broad1 usually conta9+ a s+le l>ge nucleus4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,tor4 ,bot4 ,club4 ,! /em is bulb\s at ! base b ! volva is r>ely se5 ^u x al?\gh slight pat*es are frequ5tly se5 on ! pileus4 ,! r+ is v evanesc5t & soon disappe>s4 ,! specim5s ,i h receiv$ f ,mrs4 ,black=d look good en\gh to eat & %e speaks highly ( ! edible qualities ( ?is species4 ,s f> z ,i "k ?is plant is conf9$ to ! ,new ,engl& /ates4 ,f\nd f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,x gr[s 9 l[ damp gr\nd "u trees4 ,amanita co?urnata4 ,atk9son4 ,,! ,,boot$ ,,amanita4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf4--;,amanita co?urnata4 ,slightly r$uc$ f natural size1 %[+ diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,co?urnata means busk9$2 f cor?unus1 a high %oe or busk9 worn by actors4 ,?is species is easily sep>at$ f ! o!r ,amanitas4 ,i %all give ,pr(4 ,atk9son's description ( x 9 full3 ,! pileus is fle%y & passes f ne>ly globose to hemisph]ical1 convex1 exp&$1 & :5 specim5s are v old sometimes ! m>g9 is elevat$4 ,x is usually :ite1 ?\gh specim5s are f\nd ) a t+e ( citron yell[ 9 ! c5t] or ( tawny yell[ 9 ! c5t] ( o!r specim5s4 ,! pileus is viscid1 /rongly s :5 moi/4 ,x is f9ely /riate on ! m>g91 & cov]$ ) num]\s1 :ite1 floccose scales f ! upp] half ( ! volva1 =m+ m or less d5se pat*es1 :i* may wa% (f 9 heavy ra9s4 ,! gills are r\nd$ next ! /em1 & q remote f x4 ,! edge ( ! gills is (t5 erod$ or frazzly f ! torn-out ?reads ) :i* !y 7 loosely connect$ to ! upp] side ( ! veil 9 ! "y or button /age4 ,! spores are globose or ne>ly s1 ) a l>ge nucleus ne>ly fill+ ! spore4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 ev51 & exp&$ bel[ into q a l>ge oval bulb1 ! /em j above ! bulb be+ m>g9$ by a close-fitt+ roll ( ! volva1 & ! upp] edge ( ?is pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 sew$ at ! top l ! roll$ edge ( a g>m5t or busk94 ,! surface ( ! /em is m9utely floccose1 scaly or /rongly s1 & decid$ly holl[ ev5 f a v "y /age or sometimes :5 "y ) loose ?reads 9 ! cavity4 ,a4 co?urnata resembles 9 _m po9ts ,a4 fro/iana & x w af=d ! collector a v int]e/+ /udy to note ! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,i f\nd ! two species gr[+ on ,cemet]y ,hill4 ,figure #bf is f plants collect$ 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fi%]4 ,f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,amanita rubesc5s4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,r$di% ,,amanita4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bg4--;,amanita rubesc5s4 ,"o-?ird natural size1 caps a d+y r$di%-br[n1 /a9s r$di% :5 bruis$4 ,rubesc5s is f rubesco1 to become r$4 ,x is s call$ because ( ! d+y r$di% color ( ! entire plant1 & also because :5 ! plant is h&l$ or bruis$ x quickly *anges to a r$di% color4 ,x is (t5 a l>ge bulky plant & r un9vit+4 ,! pileus is f\r to six in*es broad1 d+y r$di%1 (t5 becom+ pale fle% color1 fle%y1 oval to convex1 !n exp&$2 spr9kl$ ) small pale w>ts1 unequal1 mealy1 scatt]$1 :ite1 easily sep>at+2 m>g9 ev51 fa9tly /riate1 especially 9 wet wea!r2 fle% s(t1 :ite1 becom+ r$ :5 brok54 ,! gills are :ite or :iti%1 free f ! /em b rea*+ x & =m+ at times decurr5t l9es ^u x1 ?91 cr[d$4 ,! /em is f\r or five in*es long1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 solid1 ?\gh incl9$ to be s(t )91 tap]+ f ! base up1 ) a bulb\s base :i* (t5 tap]s abruptly bel[1 conta9+ r$di% scales1 color dull r$4 ,x has seldom any di/9ct evid5ce ( a volva at ! base b abundant evid5ce on ! cap4 ,r+ l>ge1 sup]ior1 :ite1 & fragile4 ,! plant is q v>iable 9 color1 sometimes becom+ almo/ :ite ) a slight r$di% or br[ni% t9t4 ,! /rong di/+ui%+ "* ( ! species is ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( any rema9s ( ! volva at ! base ( ! /em4 ,by ?is1 & by ! dull r$ hues & ! bruis$ portions quickly *ang+ to a r$di% color1 x is easily di/+ui%$ f any ( ! poison\s ,amanitas4 ,accord+ to ,cordi] x is l>gely us$ z an article ( food 9 ,france4 ,/ev5son & ,cooke speak well ( x4 ,i notic$ ! small ,bohemian boys ga!r$ x ab\t ,salem1 ,ohio1 n hav+ be5 9 ?is c\ntry m ?an a week & n be+ able to speak a ^w ( ,engli%4 ,x conv9c$ me t x 0 an article ( diet 9 ,bohemia & t our species is simil> to !irs4 ,i h f\nd ! plants 9 woods ab\t ,b[l+ ,gre5 & ,sidney1 ,ohio4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #bg 7 collect$ on ,johnson's ,isl&1 ,s&usky1 ,ohio1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,x is f\nd f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,amanita asp]a4 ,fr4 ,,r\gh ,,amanita4 ,asp]a means r\gh4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n plane2 w>ts m9ute1 some:at cr[d$1 ne>ly p]si/5t2 m>g9 ev51 r ?91 increas+ 9 ?ickness t[>d ! /em2 sc>cely umbonate1 r$di% ) v>i\s t9ts ( livid & gray2 fle% r solid1 :ite1 ) t9ts ( r$di%-br[n imm$iately next to ! epid]mis4 ,! gills are free1 ) sometimes a little too? beh9d1 runn+ d[n ! /em1 :ite1 broad 9 front4 ,! /em is :ite1 squamulose1 bulb rugulose1 r+ sup]ior & entire4 ,! spores are #hf4 ,:5 ! fle% is bruis$ or eat5 by insects x assumes a r$di%-br[n color1 & 9 ?is respect x resembles ,a4 rubesc5s4 ,! odor is /rong b ! ta/e is n unpleasant4 ,9 woods f ,june till ,octob]4 ,! collector %\ld be sure he kn[s ! plant be=e he eats x4 ,amanita cs>ea4 ,scop4 ,,! ,,orange ,,amanita4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bh4--;,amanita cs>ea4 ,f a draw+ %[+ ! diff]5t /ages ( ! plant4 ,caps1 gills1 /em & coll> yell[1 volva :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,h4 ,c4 ,be>dslee4 ,figure #bi4--;,amanita cs>ea4 ,! ,orange ,amanita is a l>ge1 attractive1 & beautiful plant4 ,i h m>k$ x edible1 b no "o %\ld eat x unless he is ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all ! species ( ! g5us ,amanita1 & !n ) great caution4 ,x is said to h be5 ,cs>'s favorite mu%room4 ,! pileus is smoo?1 hemisph]ical1 bell-%ap$1 convex1 & :5 fully exp&$ ne>ly flat1 ! c5t] some:at elevat$ & ! m>g9 slightly curv$ d[nw>d2 r$ or orange1 fad+ to yell[ on ! m>g92 usually ! l>g] & well-develop$ specim5s h ! deep] & ri*] color1 ! color be+ always m m>k$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! pileus2 m>g9 di/9ctly /riate2 gills r\nd$ at ! /em end & n atta*$ to ! /em1 yell[1 free & /raight4 ,! color ( ! gills ( matur$ plants usually is an index to ! color ( ! spores b x is an exception 9 ?is case z ! spores are :ite4 ,! /em & ! flabby membranace\s coll> t surr\nds x t[>d ! top are yell[ l ! gills1 ! dep? ( ! color v>y+ m ) ! size ( ! plant ?an is ! case ) color ( ! cap4 ,sometimes 9 small & inf]ior plants ! color ( bo? /em & gills is ne>ly :ite1 & if ! volva is n di/9ct x is difficult to di/+ui% x f ! fly mu%room1 :i* is v poison\s4 ,! /em is holl[1 ) a s(t cottony pi? 9 ! "y plants4 ,9 v "y plants ! edge ( ! coll> is atta*$ to ! m>g9 ( ! cap & conceals ! gills1 b ) ! upw>d gr[? ( ! /em & ! expansion ( ! cap ! coll> sep>ates f ! m>g9 & rema9s atta*$ to ! /em1 :]e x hangs d[n ^u x l a ruffle4 ,! exp&$ cap is usually f ?ree to six in*es broad1 ! /em f f\r to six in*es long & tap]+ upw>d4 ,:5 9 ! button /age1 ! plant is ovate2 & ! :ite color ( ! volva1 :i* n[ entirely surr\nds ! plant1 pres5ts an appe>ance mu* l a h5's egg 9 size1 color1 & %ape4 ,z ! p>ts )9 develop1 ! volva ruptures 9 its upp] "p1 ! /em elongates & c>ries upw>d ! cap1 :ile ! rema9s ( ! volva surr\nds ! base ( ! /em 9 ! =m ( a cup4 ,:5 ! volva fir/ breaks at ! apex1 x reveals ! po9t ( ! cap ) its beautiful r$ color & 9 contra/ ) ! :ite volva makes q a pretty plant1 b ) advanc+ age ! r$ or orange r$ fades to a yell[4 ,9 dry+ ! specim5s ! r$ (t5 entirely disappe>s4 ,9 "y1 z well z 9 old plants1 ! m>g9 is (t5 prom95tly m>k$ ) /riations1 z w be se5 9 ,figures #bh & #bi4 ,! fle% ( ! plant is :ite b m or less /a9$ ) yell[ next to ! epid]mis & ! gills1 :i* are ( t color4 ,! plant gr[s 9 wet wea!r f ,july to ,octob]4 ,x gr[s 9 ?9 woods & seems to pref] p9e woods & s&y soil4 ,i h f\nd x f ! s\? ti] ( c\nties to ! nor? ( our /ate4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 a common plant 9 ,ohio4 ,f its sev]al names--,cs>'s ,ag>ic1 ,imp]ial ,mu%room1 ,cibus ,deorum1 ,kais]l+--"o w\ld inf] t = ages x _h be5 held 9 high e/eem z an escul5t4 ,too great caution _c be us$ 9 di/+ui%+ x f ! v poison\s fly mu%room4 ,amanita spreta4 ,pk4 ,,hat$ ,,amanita4 ,,poison\s4 ,spreta1 hat$4 ,! pileus at fir/ is ne>ly ovate1 slightly umbonate1 !n convex1 smoo?1 sometimes fragm5ts ( ! volva adh]+1 ! m>g9 /riate1 :iti% or pale-br[n t[>d & on ! umbo1 s(t1 dry1 m or less furr[$ on ! m>g94 ,! fle% is :ite1 ?9 on ! edges1 & increas+ 9 ?ickness t[>d ! c5t]4 ,gills close1 :ite1 rea*+ ! /em4 ,! /em is equal1 smoo?1 annulate1 /uff$ or holl[1 :iti%1 f9ely /riate at ! top f ! decurr5t l9es ( ! gills1 n bulb\s at ! base1 ! volva r l>ge & incl9$ to yell[i% color4 ,! spores are elliptical4 ,! plant resembles ! d>k =ms ( ! ,amanitopsis 9 hav+ ! m>k$ /riations & ! entire & closely fitt+ volva at ! base1 b c be easily di/+ui%$ by its r+4 ,i f\nd x on ,cemet]y ,hill 9 company ) ! ,amanitopsis4 ,x does n seem to root z deep 9 ! gr\nd z ! ,amanitopsis4 ,x is v poison\s & %\ld be c>efully /udi$ s t x may be readily recogniz$ & avoid$4 ,x is f\nd 9 op5 woods f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,amanitopsis4 ,roze4 ,amanitopsis is f ,am9ita & opsis1 resembl+2 s call$ because x resembles ! ,amanita4 ,! pr9cipal feature :]e9 ! g5us diff]s f ! ,amanita is ! abs5ce ( a coll> on ! /em4 ,its species are includ$ among ! ,amanita by _m au?ors4 ,! spores are :ite4 ,! gills are free f ! /em1 & x has a univ]sal veil at fir/ completely envelop+ ! "y plant1 :i* soon breaks x1 c>ry+ remnants ( x on ! pileus1 :]e !y appe> z scatt]$ w>ts4 ,x diff]s f ! ,lepiota 9 hav+ a volva4 ,amanitopsis vag9ata4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,%ea!d ,,amanitopsis4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4--;,amanita vag9ata4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,notice a portion ( ! volva adh]+ to ! cap4 ,vag9ata--f vag9a1 a %ea?4 ,! plant is edible b %\ld be us$ ) v great caution4 ,x is q v>iable 9 color1 rang+ f :ite to m\se color1 br[ni% or yell[i%4 ,! pileus is ovate at fir/1 bell-%ap$1 !n convex & exp&$1 ?91 q fragile1 smoo?1 :5 "y ) a few fragm5ts ( ! volva adh]+ to its surface1 deeply & di/9ctly /riate4 ,! gills are free1 :ite1 !n pallid1 v5tricose1 broade/ 9 front1 irregul>4 ,! fle% is :ite1 b 9 ! d>k] =ms /a9$ "u ! easily sep>at+ sk94 ,! spores are :ite & ne>ly r\nd1 #g-aj4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 ev5 or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 holl[ or /uff$1 smoo? or spr9kl$ ) d[ny scales1 n bulb\s at ! base4 ,! volva is long1 ?91 fragile1 =m+ a p]man5t %ea? :i* is q s(t & readily adh]es to ! base ( ! /em4 ,! /riations on ! m>g9 are deep & di/9ct1 z 9 ! ,orange ,amanita4 ,! cup is q regul> b x is fragile1 easily brok5 & usually deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 "s plants a slight umbo is develop$ at ! c5t]4 ,! mu%room-eat] wants to di/+ui% v c>efully betwe5 ?is species & ,amanita spreta1 :i* is v poison\s4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods1 9 op5 places :]e !re is mu* vegetable m\ld1 sometimes f\nd 9 /ubble & pa/ures1 especially 9 mead[s "u trees4 ,f\nd f ,june to ,novemb]4 ,! plant v>ies consid]ably 9 color1 & !re are sev]al v>ieties1 sep>able by means ( _! color3 ,a4 vag9ata1 v>4 alba4 ,! :ole plant is :ite4 ,a4 vag9ata v>4 fulva4 ,! cap tawny yell[ or pale o*race\s4 ,a4 vag9ata v>4 livida4 ,! cap lead5 br[n2 gills & /em t+$ ) smoky br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,v4 ,figure #ca4--;,amanita vag9ata ,amanitopsis /rangulata4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,gray ,,amanitopsis4 ,,edible4 ,/rangulata means *ok$1 f ! /uff$ /em4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 soon plane1 livid-bay or gray1 ) pat*es ( ! volva1 m>g9 /riate or groov$4 ,! gills are free1 :ite1 close4 ,! /em is /uff$1 silky above1 scaly bel[1 slightly tap]+ upw>ds4 ,! volva soon break+ up1 =m+ sev]al r+-l ridges on ! /em4 ,! spores are globose1 #aj-ac4 ,?is is a synonym = ,a4 ceciliae4 ,b4 & ,br4 & p]haps no?+ m ?an a vigor\s gr[? ( ,amanitopsis vag9ata4 ,x has almo/ no odor & a sweet ta/e & cooks delici\sly4 ,f\nd 9 ! woods & 9 op5 places f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,lepiota4 ,fr4 ,lepiota means a scale4 ,9 ! ,lepiota ! gills are typically free f ! /em1 z 9 ,amanita & ,amanitopsis1 b !y diff] 9 hav+ no sup]ficial or removable w>ts on ! cap1 & no %ea?+ or scaly rema9s ( a volva at ! base ( ! /em4 ,9 "s species ! epid]mis ( ! cap breaks into scales :i* p]si/5tly adh]e to ! cap1 & ?is feature1 inde$1 sugge/s ! "n ( ! g5us1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w lepis1 a scale4 ,! /em is holl[ or /uff$1 its fle% be+ di/9ct f ! pileus & easily sep>able f x4 ,!re are a numb] ( edible species4 ,lepiota proc]a4 ,scop4 ,,! ,,p>asol ,,mu%room4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,figure #cb4--,lepiota proc]a4 ,proc]a means tall4 ,! pileus is ?91 /rongly umbonate1 adorn$ ) br[n spot-l scales4 ,! gills are :ite1 sometimes yell[i%-:ite1 free1 remote f ! /em1 broad & cr[d$1 v5tricose1 edge sometimes br[ni%4 ,! /em is v long1 cyl9drical1 holl[ or /uff$1 ev51 v long 9 proportion to its ?ickness & is1 !re=e1 sugge/ive ( ! specific "n1 proc]a4 ,! r+ is r ?ick & firm1 ?\gh 9 mature plants x becomes loos5$ & movable on ! /em4 ,?is & ! =m ( ! plant sugge/ ! "n1 p>asol4 ,! cap is f ?ree to five in*es broad & ! /em f five to n9e in*es high4 ,i f\nd "o specim5 among fall5 timb] t 0 elev5 in*es tall & ^: cap 0 six in*es broad4 ,x has a wide di/ribution4 ,x is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,ohio b is n abundant any:]e4 ,x is a favorite ) ^? :o h eat5 x1 &1 inde$1 x is a delici\s morsel :5 quickly broil$ ov] coals1 season$ to ta/e ) salt & pepp]1 butt] melt$ 9 ! gills & s]v$ on toa/4 ,?is mu%room is especially free f grubs & x c be dri$ = w9t] use4 ,!re is no poison\s species ) :i* "o is likely to conf\nd x4 ,! v tall1 sl5d] /em ) a bulb\s base1 ! v peculi> spott$ cap ) ! prom95t d>k color$ umbo & ! movable r+ on ! /em1 are e>-m>ks suffici5t to id5tify ?is species4 ,spores :ite & elliptical1 #adaj4 ,lloyd4 ,x is f\nd 9 pa/ures1 /ubble1 & among fall5 timb]4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,i am indebt$ to ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd = ! photograph giv5 "h4 ,lepiota nauc9a4 ,fr4 ,,smoo? ,,lepiota4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4--,lepiota nauc9a4 ,! entire plant :ite4 ,pileus s(t1 smoo?1 :ite or smoky-:ite2 gills free1 :ite1 sl[ly *ang+ ) age to a dirty p9ki%-br[n color2 /em annulate1 slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 att5uat$ upw>d1 clo!d ) fibres pure :ite4 ,! ,smoo? ,lepiota is g5]ally v regul> 9 %ape & ( a pure :ite color4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! cap is sometimes t+$ ) yell[ or a smoky :ite hue4 ,its surface is ne>ly always v smoo? & ev54 ,! gills are some:at n>r[] t[>d ! /em ?an !y are 9 ! middle4 ,!y are r\nd$ & n atta*$ to ! /em4 ,cap two to f\r in*es broad2 /em two to ?ree in*es long4 ,x gr[s 9 clean grassy places 9 lawn1 pa/ures1 & along roadsides4 ,i h se5 ! roadside :ite ) ?is species ar\nd ,sidney1 ,ohio4 ,! specim5s repres5t$ 9 figure 7 f\nd 9 ,*illico!1 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ mu%rooms1 n inf]ior to ! mead[ mu%room4 ,x has ?is advantage ov] ! =m] t ! gills reta9 _! :ite color & d n pass f a p9k to a repulsive black4 ,! halftone & ! description ought to make ! plant kn[n to ! mo/ casual read]4 ,lepiota am]icana4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,lepiota4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cd4--,lepiota am]icana4 ,c5t] ( disk r$ or r$di%-br[n1 /em frequ5tly swoll54 ,plant turn+ r$ :5 dry+4 ,?is plant is q common ab\t ,*illico!1 especially ^u sawdu/ piles4 ,x gr[s bo? s+ly & 9 clu/]s4 ,! umbonate cap is adorn$ ) r$di% or r$di%-br[n scales except on ! c5t] :]e ! color is uni=mly r$di% or r$di%-br[n because ! surface is n brok5 up into scales2 gills close1 free1 :ite1 v5tricose2 /em smoo?1 enl>g$ at ! base4 ,9 "s plants ! base ( ! /em is abnormally l>ge2 r+ :ite1 incl9$ to be delicate4 ,w\nds & bruises are apt to assume br[ni%-r$ hues4 ,dr4 ,h]b/ says3 ,?is is truly an ,am]ican plant1 n be+ f\nd 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,?is is ! pride ( ! family4 ,!re is no?+ m beautiful ?an a clu/] ( ?is fungi4 ,to look ov] ! beautiful scaly pileus is a sight equally z fasc9at+ z a covey ( quail4 ,f\nd 9 grassy lawns & on old sawdu/ piles1 9 common ) ,pluteus c]v9us4 ,x is f\nd almo/ all ov] ! /ate4 ,x is q equal to ! ,p>asol mu%room 9 flavor4 ,x has a t5d5cy to turn ! milk or cream 9 :i* x is cook$ to a r$di% color4 ,x is f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,mr4 ,lloyd sugge/s ! "n ,lepiota ,bodhami4 ,x is ! same z ! ,european plant ,l4 hmatosp]ma4 ,bull4 ,lepiota ,morgani4 ,pk4 ,,9 ,,honor ,,( ,,pr(4 ,,morgan4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,figure #ce4--,lepiota morgani4 ,entire plant :ite or br[ni%-:ite4 ,gills :ite at fir/ !n gre5i%4 ,pileus fle%y1 s(t1 at fir/ subglobose1 !n exp&$ or ev5 depress$1 :ite1 ! br[ni% or yell[i% cuticule break+ up into scales on ! disk2 gills close1 lanceolate1 remote1 :ite1 !n gre52 /em firm1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 subbulb\s1 smoo?1 webby-/uff$1 :iti% t+$ ) br[n2 r+ r l>ge1 movable z y w obs]ve 9 ,figure #ce4 ,fle% ( bo? pileus & /em :ite1 *ang+ to a r$di%1 !n to yell[i% hue :5 cut or bruis$4 ,spores ovate or subelliptical1 mo/ly un9ucleate1 sordid gre54 #aj-acg-h4 ,peck4 ,?is plant is v abundant ab\t ,*illico! & ,i f\nd x equally s at ,sidney4 ,i h kn[n sev]al families to eat ( x1 mak+ ab\t half ( ! *ildr5 9 ea* family sick4 ,i reg>d x z a dang]\s plant to eat4 ,x gr[s v l>ge & ,i h se5 x gr[+ 9 well m>k$ r+s a rod 9 diamet]4 ,if y are 9 d\bt :e!r ! plant y h is ,morgani or n1 let x rema9 9 ! basket ov] night & y w pla9ly see t ! gills are turn+ gre54 ,! gills are :ite until ! spores beg9 to fall4 ,! plant is f\nd 9 pa/ures & sometimes 9 pa/ure woods4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,lepiota granulosa4 ,bats*4 ,,gra9y ,,lepiota4 ,,edible4 ,granulosa--f granosus1 full ( gra9s4 ,pileus ?91 convex or ne>ly pla91 sometimes almo/ umbonate1 r\gh1 ) num]\s granul> scales1 (t5 radiately wr9kl$1 ru/y-yell[ or r$di%-yell[1 (t5 gr[+ pal] ) age4 ,fle% :ite or r$di% t+$4 ,gills close1 r\nd$ beh9d & usually slightly adnex$1 :ite4 ,/em equal or slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 /uff$ or holl[1 :ite above ! r+1 color$ & adorn$ l ! pileus bel[ x4 ,r+ slight & evanesc5t4 ,spores elliptical1 4#jjjaf to 4#jjjb in* long1 4#jjjab to 4#jjjad in* broad4 ,plant "o to two & "o-fif? in*es high2 pileus "o to two & "o-fif? in*es broad2 /em "o to ?ree l9es ?ick4 ,common 9 woods1 copses1 & wa/e places4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,?is is a small species ) a %ort /em & granul> r$di%-yell[ pileus1 & gills slightly atta*$ to ! /em4 ,! annulus is v small & fugaci\s1 be+ little m ?an ! abrupt t]m9ation to ! coat+ ( ! /em4 ,! species 0 =m]ly made to include sev]al v>ieties :i* are n[ reg>d$ z di/9ct4--,peck's ,report4 ,f\nd 9 ! op5 woods ab\t ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,! plant is small b q meaty & ( a pleas+ quality4 ,lepiota cri/atella4 ,pk4 ,pileus ?91 convex1 subumbonate1 m9utely mealy1 especially on ! m>g91 :ite disk slightly t+$ ) p9k4 ,gills close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 free1 :ite2 /em sl5d]1 :iti%1 holl[2 spores subelliptical1 4#jjjb in* long4 ,mossy places 9 woods4 ,octob]4--,peck's ,report4 ,no "o w fail to recognize ! cre/$ ,lepiota ! mom5t he sees x4 ,x has _m ( ! e> m>ks ( ! ,lepiota family4 ,lepiota granosa4 ,morg4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,figure #cf4--,lepiota granosa4 ,granosa means cov]$ ) granules4 ,! pileus is convex1 obtuse or umbonate1 ev51 radiately rugose-wr9kl$1 g5]ally ev5 & regul> on ! m>g91 r$di%-yell[ or light bay4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 slightly decurr5t1 some:at cr[d$1 :iti%1 !n r$di%-yell[4 ,! /em is ?ick5$ at ! base1 tap]+ t[>d ! cap1 fle% ( ! /em is yell[4 ,! veil is membran\s & =ms a p]si/5t r+ on ! /em4 ,x gr[s on decay$ wood4 ,i f\nd x 9 l>ge quantities1 & tri$ to make x ,l4 granulosa1 b ,i f\nd x fit bett] ,l4 amian?9us1 :i* x resembles v closely1 b x is mu* l>g] & its habit is n ! same4 ,i 0 n satisfi$ ) ?is description & s5t ! specim5s to ,pr(4 ,atk9son1 :o set me "r4 ,x is a beautiful plant f\nd on decay$ wood 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,lepiota cep/ipes4 ,s[4 ,,! ,,onion ,,/emm$ ,,lepiota4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cg4--,lepiota cep/ipes4 ,pileus ?91 :ite or yell[i%4 ,cep/ipes is f cepa1 an onion & /ipes1 a /em1 ,pileus is ?9 at fir/ ovate1 !n bell-%ap$ or exp&$1 umbonate1 soon adorn$ ) num]\s m9ute br[ni% scales1 :i* are (t5 granul> or mealy1 fold$ into l9es on ! m>g91 :ite or yell[1 ! umbo d>k]4 ,! gills are ?91 close1 free1 :ite1 becom+ d+y ) age or dry+4 ,! /em is r long1 tap]+ t[>d ! apex1 g5]ally enl>g$ 9 ! middle or ne> ! base1 holl[4 ,! r+ is ?9 & subp]si/5t4 ,! spores are subelliptical1 ) a s+le nucleus1 #h-aje-h4 ,! plants (t5 cespitose1 two to f\r in*es high4 ,pileus is "o to two in*es broad4 ,x is f\nd 9 ri* gr\nd & decompos+ vegetable matt]4 ,x is also f\nd 9 grap]ies & cons]vatories4 ,peck4 ,?is plant d]ives its specific "n f ! resemblance ( its /em to t ( ! se$-/alk ( an onion4 ,"o =m has a yell[ or yell[i% cap1 :ile ! o!r has a :ite or fair cap4 ,x seems to delight to gr[ 9 well rott$ sawdu/ piles & hot h\ses4 ,! specim5s repres5t$ 9 ,figure #cg 7 collect$ 9 ,clevel& & photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,c4 ,be>dslee4 ,lepiota acutesquamosa4 ,we94 ,,! ,,squ>rose ,,lepiota4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch4--,lepiota acutesquamosa4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ small po9t$ scales4 ,acutesquamosa is f acutus1 %>p1 & squama1 a scale2 s call$ f ! _m bri/l+1 erect scales on ! pileus4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex1 obtuse1 or broadly umbonate2 pale ru/y ) num]\s small po9t$ scales1 :i* are usually l>g] & m num]\s at ! disk4 ,! gills are free1 cr[d$1 simple1 :ite or yell[i%4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es or m long2 /uff$ or holl[1 tap]+ upw>d slightly f a swoll5 base2 bel[ ! r+ r\gh or silky1 pru9ose above1 r+ l>ge4 ,! spores are #g-hd4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! woods1 9 g>d5s1 & frequ5tly 9 gre5h\ses4 ,!re is a slight diff]5ce betwe5 ! specim5s gr[+ 9 ! woods & ^? 9 ! gre5h\se4 ,9 ! latt] ! pubesc5t cov]+ is less d5se & ! erect scales are m num]\s ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,9 old] specim5s ^! scales fall (f & leave small sc>s on ! cap :]e !y 7 atta*$4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #ch 7 ga!r$ 9 ,mi*igan & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fi%] ( ,detroit4 ,armill>ia4 ,fr4 ,armill>ia1 f armilla1 a bracelet--ref]r+ to ! r+ ^u ! /em4 ,?is g5us diff]s f all ! =ego+ :ite-spor$ species 9 hav+ ! gills atta*$ to ! /em by _! inn] extremity4 ,! spores are :ite & ! /em has a coll>1 ?\gh a some:at evanesc5t "o1 b no wrapp] at ! base ( ! /em z 9 ! ,amanita & ,amanitopsis4 ,by ! coll> ! g5us diff]s f ! o!r g5]a :i* are to foll[4 ,! ,amanita & ,lepiota h ! fle% ( ! /em & ! pileus n cont9u\s1 & _! /ems are1 !re=e1 easily sep>at$ f ! cap1 b 9 ! ,armill>ia ! gills & ! pileus are atta*$ to ! /em4 ,armill>ia mellea4 ,vahl4 ,,! ,,honey-,,color$ ,,armill>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ci4--;,armill>ia mellea4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,honey color$4 ,tuft$ ) d>k-br[n fugitive hairs4 ,fle% :ite4 ,mellea1 f melleus1 ( ! color ( honey4 ,cap fle%y1 honey color$1 or o*race\s1 /riate on ! m>g91 %ad$ ) d>k] br[n t[>d ! c5t]1 hav+ a c5tral boss-l elevation & sometimes a c5tral depression 9 full gr[n specim5s1 tuft$ ) d>k-br[n fugitive hairs4 ,color ( ! cap v>ies1 dep5d+ ^u climatic conditions & ! "* ( ! habitat4 ,gills di/ant1 end+ 9 a decurr5t too?1 pallid or dirty :ite1 v (t5 %[+ br[n or ru/ color$ spots :5 old4 ,spores :ite & abundant4 ,frequ5tly ! gr\nd "u a clump ( ?is species w be :ite f ! fall5 spores4 ,/em ela/ic & scaly1 f\r in*es or m 9 l5g?4 ,r+ d[ny4 ,diamet] ( cap f two to five in*es4 ,mann] ( gr[? is frequ5tly 9 tufts1 &1 z ) mo/ ( ! ,armill>ias1 g5]ally p>asitic on old /umps4 ,! veil v>ies greatly4 ,x may be membranace\s & ?91 or q ?ick1 or may be want+ entirely1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #ci2 9 ,figure #dj only a slight trace ( ! r+ c be se54 ,! two plants grew "u v diff]5t environm5t2 ! la/ grew 9 ! woods & ,figure #ci on a lawn 9 ! city4 ,! species is v common & gr[s ei!r 9 ?9 woods or 9 cle>$ l&s1 on ! gr\nd or on decay+ wood4 ,its favorite habit is ab\t /umps4 ,x is ei!r solit>y1 greg>i\s1 or 9 d5se clu/]s4 ,x is v abundant ab\t ,*illico!1 :]e ,i h se5 /umps lit]ally surr\nd$ ) x4 ,x has a slight acridity :ile raw1 :i* x seems to lose 9 cook+4 ,^? :o l x may eat x )\t fe>1 all v>ieties be+ edible4 ,pr(4 ,peck gives ! foll[+ v>ieties3 ,a4 mellea v>4 obscura--has ! cap cov]$ ) num]\s small black scales4 ,a4 mellea v>4 flava--has a cap yell[ or r$di%-yell[1 o!rwise normal4 ,a4 mellea v>4 glabra--has a smoo? cap1 o!rwise normal4 ,a4 mellea v>4 radicata--has a tap]+ root p5etrat+ ! soil4 ,a4 mellea v>4 bulbosa--has a bulb\s base4 ,a4 mellea v>4 exannulata--has ! cap smoo? & ev5 on ! m>g91 & ! /em tap]+ at ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dj4--;,armill>ia mellea4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ d\ble r+ pres5t4 ,armill>ia bulbig]a4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,m>g9ate-,,bulb$ ,,armill>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #da4--;,armill>ia bulbig]a4 ,r$di%-gray caps & %ort bulb\s /ems4 ,bulbig]a is f bulbus1 a bulb1 & g]o1 to be>4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 ?ree to f\r in*es across1 convex1 !n exp&$1 obtuse1 ev51 br[ni%1 gray1 sometimes r$di%1 dry1 fibrillose ne> ! m>g94 ,! gills are not*$ at ! /em1 pallid1 cr[d$ at fir/1 at l5g? r di/ant1 becom+ slightly color$4 ,! /em is di/9ctly bulb\s1 two to ?ree in*es long1 /uff$1 pallid1 fibrillose1 r+ oblique1 fugaci\s4 ,! spores are #g-aje4 ,i h f\nd "s v f9e specim5s 9 ,poke ,holl[1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,! /ems 7 %ort & v bulb\s1 hav+ h>dly any trace ( ! r+ on ! old] specim5s4 ,! caps 7 obtusely convex & ( a grayi% rufesc5t color4 ,?is species c readily be di/+ui%$ by ! di/9ctly m>g9ate bulb at ! base ( ! /em4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #da 7 f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[1 ne> ,*illico!1 ,octob] #b;d4 ,i h no d\bt ( _! edibility b ,i h n eat5 !m4 ,armill>ia n>dosmia4 ,ellis4 ,,spik5>d-,,smell+ ,,armill>ia4 ,,ellis4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #db4--;,armill>ia n>dosmia4 ,"o-half natural size1 %[+ ! veil & incurv$ m>g94 ,n>dosmia is f n>dosmius1 ! odor ( n>dus or spik5>d4 ,! pileus is q ?ick1 firm & compact1 ?9n] t[>d ! m>g91 /rongly involute :5 "y1 grayi% :ite & beautifully v>iegat$ ) br[n spots1 l ! brea/ ( a pheasant1 r t\gh1 ) a sep>able epid]mis1 fle% :ite4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 slightly not*$ or em>g9ate1 some:at v5tricose1 :ite4 ,! /em is solid1 %ort1 fibr\s1 %ea!d by a veil =m+ a r+ m or less evanesc5t4 ,! spores are ne>ly r\nd1 #f 9 diamet]4 ,?is is ! mo/ beautiful species ( ! g5us1 & f its pheasant-l spott$ cap1 z well z its /rong odor & ta/e ( spik5>d or almonds1 x is easily det]m9$4 ,! almond ta/e & odor disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,i f\nd "s v f9e specim5s ar\nd a pond 9 ,mr4 ,%riv]'s woods1 ea/ ( ,*illico!4 ,9 old] specim5s ! cuticule ( ! caps frequ5tly breaks into scales4 ,f\nd 9 woods 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,armill>ia app5diculata4 ,pk4 ,app5diculata1 be>+ small app5dages4 ,pileus is broadly convex1 glabr\s1 :iti%1 (t5 t+$ ) ru/-color or br[ni% ru/-color on ! disk4 ,fle% :ite or :iti%4 ,gills close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 :iti%4 ,/em equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 bulb\s1 :iti%1 ! veil ei!r membrane\s or webby1 :ite1 commonly adh]+ 9 fragm5ts to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 #he4 ,pileus two to f\r in*es broad4 ,/em #a4e-c4e in*es long2 #e-aj l9es ?ick4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ?is species is sugge/ive ( ,tri*oloma album1 b ! appe>ance ( a veil sep>ates x f t fungus & places x 9 ! g5us ,armill>ia4 ,! veil1 h[ev]1 is (t5 slightly lac]at$1 or webby1 & adh]5t to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,peck's ,report4 ,i h f\nd ?is at ,salem & ,*illico!4 ,tri*oloma4 ,fr4 ,tri*oloma is f two ,greek words mean+ hair & fr+e4 ,?is g5us is kn[n by its /\t1 fle%y /em1 )\t any evid5ce ( a r+1 & by ! gills be+ atta*$ to ! /em & hav+ a not* 9 _! edges ne> or at ! extremity4 ,! veil is abs5t1 or1 if pres5t1 x is d[ny & adh]5t to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,! cap is g5]ally q fle%y2 ! /em is homog5e\s & conflu5t ) ! pileus1 c5tral & ne>ly fle%y1 )\t ei!r r+ or volva1 & ) no di/9ct b>k-l coat4 ,! spores are :ite or grayi%-:ite4 ,! di/+ui%+ features are ! fle%y /em1 cont9u\s ) ! fle% ( ! pileus1 & ! s9uate or not*$ gills4 ,?is is q a univ]sal g5us4 ,all ! species gr[ on ! gr\nd1 s f> z ,i "k !m4 ,!re are _m edible species "u ?is g5us1 !re be+ only two1 s f> z ,i "k1 n edible2 & no "o is likely to t\* ^? on acc\nt ( _! /rong odor4 ,!y are ,t4 sulphureum & ,t4 saponaceum4 ,tri*oloma transmutans4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,*ang+ ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,transmutans means *ang+1 f *anges ( color 9 bo? /em & gills 9 diff]5t /ages ( ! plant4 ,?is species has a cap two to f\r in*es broad1 viscid or /icky :5 moi/4 ,x is at fir/ tawny-br[n1 especially ) advanc+ age4 ,! fle% is :ite & has a decid$ f>9ace\s odor & ta/e4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 r n>r[1 sometimes bran*$1 becom+ r$di%-spott$ ) age4 ,! /em is equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d2 b>e1 or slightly silky-fibrillose2 /uff$ or holl[2 :iti%1 (t5 m>k$ ) r$di% /a9s or becom+ r$di%-br[n t[>d ! base1 :ite )94 ,spores subglobose1 #e4 ,! species gr[s 9 woods & op5 places1 also 9 clov] pa/ures1 ei!r s+ly or 9 tufts4 ,i h se5 l>ge tufts ( !m1 & 9 t case ! caps are m or less irregul> on acc\nt ( _! cr[d$ condition4 ,i f\nd x frequ5tly ab\t ,salem1 & ?is fall1 #aije1 ,i f\nd x q pl5tiful 9 a clov] pa/ure ne> ,*illico!4 ,f\nd 9 wet wea!r f ,augu/ to ,septemb]4 ,tri*oloma eque/re4 ,l9n4 ,,! ,,knightly ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dc4--,tri*oloma eque/re4 ,eque/re means belong+ to a horseman2 s call$ f its di/+ui%$ appe>ance 9 ! woods4 ,! pileus is ?ree to five in*es broad1 fle%y1 compact1 convex1 exp&$1 obtuse1 viscid1 scaly1 m>g9 incurv$ at fir/1 pale yell[i%1 ) sometimes a slight t+e ( gre5 9 bo? cap & gills4 ,fle% :ite or t+$ ) yell[4 ,! gills are free1 cr[d$1 r\nd$ beh9d1 yell[4 ,! /em is /\t1 solid1 pale yell[ or :ite1 :ite )94 ,! spores are #g-he4 ,x diff]s f ,t4 coryphum 9 hav+ gills entirely yell[1 :ile ! edges only ( ! latt] are yell[4 ,x diff]s f ,t4 sejunctum 9 ! latt] hav+ pure :ite gills & a m sl5d] /em4 ,x is f\nd b occasionally "h1 & !n only a specim5 or two4 ,x is an attractive plant & no "o w\ld pass x 9 ! woods )\t admir+ x4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,tri*oloma sordidum4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dd4--,tri*oloma sordidum4 ,sordidum means d+y1 dirty4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 r t\gh1 fle%y1 convex1 bell-%ap$1 !n depress$1 subumbonate1 smoo?1 hygrophan\s1 m>g9 slightly /riate1 br[ni% lilac1 !n dusky4 ,! gills are r\nd$1 r cr[d$1 d+y violet !n dusky1 not*$ ) a decurr5t too?4 ,! /em is color$ l ! pileus1 fibrillose /riate1 usually slightly curv$1 /uff$1 %ort1 (t5 ?ick5$ at ! base4 ,! spores are #g-hc-d1 m9utely rugulose4 ,?is species diff]s f ,t4 nudum 9 be+ small]1 t\gh]1 & (t5 hygrophan\s4 ,x is f\nd 9 ri*ly manur$ g>d5s1 ab\t manure piles1 & 9 hot-h\ses4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #dd 7 f\nd 9 a hot-h\se ne> ,bo/on1 ,mass41 & s5t to me by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,black=d4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,tri*oloma grammopodium4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,groov$ ,,/em ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #de4--,tri*oloma grammopodium4 ,natural size4 ,grammopodium is f two ,greek words mean+ l9e & foot4 ,! pileus is ?ree to six in*es broad1 fle% ?ick at ! c5t]1 ?9 at ! m>g91 solid yet t5d]2 br[ni%1 blacki%-umb]1 almo/ a d+y-lav5d] :5 moi/1 :iti% :5 dry2 at fir/ bell-%ap$1 !n convex1 sometimes slightly wavy1 obtusely umbonate2 m>g9 at fir/ incl9$ to be involute1 & ext5d+ beyond ! gills4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 broadly not*$ z w be se5 9 ! specim51 closely cr[d$1 q entire1 %ort] ones num]\s1 a few bran*$1 :ite or :iti%4 ,! /em is ?ree to f\r in*es long1 ?ick5$ at ! base1 smoo?1 firm1 longitud9ally groov$ f :i* x gets its specific "n1 :iti%4 ,! spores are ne>ly r\nd1 #e-f4 ,x closely resembles ,t4 fulig9eum b c be di/+ui%$ by ! groov$ /em & cr[d$ gills4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #de 7 f\nd ne> ,bo/on1 & 7 s5t to me by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,! plants keep well & are easily dri$4 ,!y 7 f\nd ! fir/ ( ,june4 ,!y h an excell5t flavor4 ,tri*oloma pdidum4 ,fr4 ,pa$idum means na/y1 /9k+4 ,! pileus is small1 ab\t "o & a half in*es broad1 r fle%y1 t\gh2 convex1 !n flatt5$1 soon depress$ ar\nd ! conical umbo2 fibrillose1 becom+ smoo?2 smoky gray1 some:at /reak$2 moi/2 m>g9 involute1 nak$4 ,! gills are adnex$1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 :ite1 !n grayi%1 some:at s9uate ) a slight decurr5t too?4 ,! /em is %ort1 slightly /riate1 d+y gray1 ?ick5$ at ! base4 ,! spores are elliptical or fusi=m1 #aj-aae-f4 ,! specific "n1 na/y or /9k+1 has really no application to ! plant4 ,x is said to be v good :5 cook$4 ,x is f\nd 9 well manur$ g>d5s & fields1 or ab\t manure piles4 ,x diff]s f ,t4 sordidum 9 hav+ no trace ( violet color4 ,t4 lixivium diff]s 9 ! free truncate gills4 ,tri*oloma lixivium4 ,fr4 ,lixivium means made into lye2 h5ce1 ( ! color ( a%es & wat]4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad2 fle% ?92 convex !n plane2 umbonate1 nev] depress$2 ev52 smoo?2 grayi%-br[n :5 moi/1 !n umb]2 m>g9 membranace\s1 at l5g? slightly /riate1 sometimes wavy4 ,! gills are r\nd$ beh9d & adnex$1 free1 s(t1 di/ant1 (t5 crisp$1 gray4 ,! /em is ab\t two in*es long1 fibr\s1 holl[1 or /uff$1 equal1 at fir/ cov]$ ) a :ite d[n1 fragile1 gray4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #gd-e4 ,! umbonate pileus & ! ne>ly free1 broad1 gray gills w di/+ui% x4 ,!y are a late gr[] & are f\nd "u p9e trees 9 ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma sulphureum4 ,bull4 ,,sulphury ,,tri*oloma4 ,,poison\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #df4--,tri*oloma sulphureum4 ,sulphureum1 sulphur2 s call$ f ! g5]al color ( ! plant4 ,! pileus is "o to ?ree in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex1 !n exp&$1 plane1 slightly umbonate1 sometimes depress$1 or flexu\s & irregul>1 m>g9 at fir/ involute1 d+y or r$di%-yell[1 at fir/ silky1 becom+ smoo? & ev54 ,! gills are r ?ick1 n>r[$ beh9d1 em>g9ate or acutely adnate1 sulphur-color$4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 some:at bulb\s1 sometimes curv$1 frequ5tly slightly /riate2 /uff$1 (t5 holl[2 sulphur-yell[1 yell[ )92 furni%$ at ! base occasionally ) _m r /rong1 yell[1 fibr\s roots4 ,odor /rong & disagreeable4 ,fle% ?ick & yell[4 ,spores are #i-aje4 ,x gr[s 9 mix$ woods4 ,i f9d x frequ5tly :]e logs h decay$4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #df 0 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[ & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,f\nd 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma qu9quep>titum4 ,fr4 ,qu9quep>titum means divid$ into five p>ts4 ,!re is no app>5t reason = ! "n4 ,fries c\ld n id5tify ,l9nu' ,ag>icus qu9quep>titus & he atta*$ ! "n ( ?is species4 ,! pileus is ?ree or f\r in*es broad1 slightly fle%y2 convex1 r involute1 !n flatt5$1 some:at rep&2 viscid1 smoo?1 ev51 pale yell[i%4 ,! gills are not*$ at ! po9t ( atta*m5t to ! /em1 broad1 :ite4 ,! /em is ?ree to f\r in*es long1 solid1 /riate or groov$1 smoo?4 ,! spores are #e-fc-d4 ,?is species diff]s f ,t4 port5tosum 9 ! pileus n be+ virgate1 & f ,t4 fucatum 9 ! smoo?1 /riate or groov$ /em4 ,?is plant is f\nd 9 ?9 woods :]e logs h decay$4 ,i h n eat5 ?is species b ,i h no d\bt ( its edibility4 ,! ta/e is pleasant4 ,f\nd 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma lat]>ium4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dg4--,tri*oloma lat]>ium4 ,lat]>ium is f lat]1 a brick2 s call$ because !re is ne>ly always a slight t+e ( brick r$ on ! disk4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 convex1 !n exp&$1 sometimes slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]2 pru9ose1 :iti%1 ! disk (t5 t+$ ) r$ or br[n1 ! ?9 m>g9 m>k$ ) slight subdi/ant1 %ort1 radiat+ ridges4 ,! gills are n>r[1 cr[d$1 :ite1 prolong$ 9 little decurr5t l9es on ! /em4 ,! /em is ne>ly equal1 solid1 :ite4 ,! spores are globose1 4#jjjah in* 9 diamet]4 ,peck's #bf? ,rep4 ,?is plant is q widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is f\nd q frequ5tly 9 ,ohio & is r abundant on ! hillsides ab\t ,*illico!1 :]e x is frequ5tly some:at bulb\s4 ,! t+e ( br[ni%-r$ on ! disk1 & ! %ort radiat+ ridges on ! m>g9 ( ! pileus w s]ve to id5tify ! plant4 ,x is edible & fairly good4 ,f\nd on leaf-mold 9 r damp woods f ,july to ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma panolum4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dh4--,tri*oloma panolum4 ,panolum1 all v>iegat$4 ,! pileus is f ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 deeply depress$1 dusky ) a gray bloom1 hygrophan\s2 m>g9 at fir/ inroll$1 sometimes wavy or irregul> :5 fully exp&$4 ,! gills are q cr[d$1 adnate1 arcuate1 :ite at fir/1 turn+ to a light gray t+$ ) an intimation ( r$1 not*$ ) a decurr5t too?4 ,! /em is %ort1 slightly bulb\s1 tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 smoo?1 ab\t ! same color z ! cap4 ,! spores are subglobose1 #e-f4 ,i f\nd ! specim5s 9 ,figure #dh "u p9e trees1 gr[+ on a b$ ( p9e ne$les1 on ,cemet]y ,hill4 ,!y 7 f\nd on ! #i? ( ,novemb]4 ,v>4 calceolum1 ,/]b41 has ! pileus spongy1 de=m$1 ?91 s(t1 exp&$1 edge incurv$1 sooty-gray2 gills smoky2 /em exc5tric1 fusi=m1 v %ort4 ,tri*oloma columbetta4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,dove-,,color$ ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #di4--,tri*oloma columbetta4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,caps :ite4 ,/ems bulb\s4 ,columbetta is ! dim9utive ( columba1 a dove2 s call$ f ! color ( ! plant4 ,! pileus is f "o to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex1 !n exp&$2 at fir/ smoo?1 !n silky2 :ite1 c5t] sometimes a dilute m\se color %ad+ to a :ite1 frequ5tly a t+e ( p9k w be se5 on ! m>g91 :i* is at fir/ inroll$1 tom5tose 9 "y plants1 sometimes crack$4 ,! gills are not*$ at ! junction ( ! /em1 cr[d$1 ?91 :ite1 brittle4 ,! /em is two in*es or m long1 solid1 :ite1 cyl9drical1 unequal1 (t5 compress$1 smoo?1 crook$1 silky especially 9 "y plants1 bulb\s4 ,spores 4#jjjbc by 4#jjjah in*4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,?is is a beautiful plant1 seem+ to be q free f insects1 & w rema9 s\nd = sev]al days on y\r /udy table4 ,i _h no end ( tr\ble ) x till ,dr4 ,h]b/ sugge/$ ! species4 ,x is q pl5tiful "h4 ,dr4 ,peck gives q a numb] ( v>ieties4 ,curtis1 ,mc,ilvaine1 ,/ev5son1 & ,cooke all speak ( its escul5t qualities4 ,f\nd 9 ! woods 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,tri*oloma melaleucum4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,*angeable ,,tri*oloma4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ej4--,tri*oloma melaleucum4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,melaleucum1 black & :ite2 f contra/$ colors ( ! cap & gills4 ,?is ,tri*oloma gr[s 9 abundance 9 nor!rn ,ohio4 ,i h f\nd x 9 ! woods ne> ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ohio4 ,! specim5s 9 ! halftone 7 f\nd ne> ,s&usky1 ,ohio1 & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 s&y soil1 gr[+ s+ly 9 %ady woods4 ,! pileus fle%y1 ?91 f "o to ?ree in*es broad1 convex1 r broadly umbonate1 smoo?1 moi/1 ) v>iable color1 usually pale1 ne>ly :ite at fir/1 lat] mu* d>k]1 sometimes slightly wavy4 ,! gills are not*$1 adnex$1 v5tricose1 cr[d$1 :ite4 ,! /em is /uff$1 !n holl[1 ela/ic1 f two to f\r in*es long1 some:at smoo?1 :iti%1 spr9kl$ ) a few fibrils1 usually ?ick5$ at ! base4 ,! fle% is s(t & :ite4 ,!re is no report1 s f> z ,i "k1 reg>d+ its edibility1 & ,i h no d\bt z to ?is1 b w\ld advise caution4 ,tri*oloma lascivum4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,t>ry ,,tri*oloma4 ,lascivum1 playful1 wanton2 s call$ because ( its _m aff9ities1 none ( :i* are v close4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex1 !n exp&$1 slightly obtuse1 some:at depress$1 silky at fir/1 !n smoo?1 ev54 ,! gills are not*$1 adnex$1 cr[d$1 :ite2 ! /em is solid1 equal1 rigid1 root+1 :ite1 tom5tose at ! base4 ,f\nd 9 ! woods1 ,haynes' ,holl[ ne> ,*illico!4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,tri*oloma ,russula4 ,s*ff4 ,,! ,,r$di% ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ea4--,tri*oloma ,russula4 ,natural size4 ,caps r$di% or fle% color4 ,russula is s nam$ because ( its lik5ess 9 color to "s species ( ! g5us ,russula4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex1 !n depress$1 viscid1 ev5 or dott$ ) granul> scales1 r$ or fle% color1 ! m>g9 some:at pal]1 involute & m9utely d[ny 9 ! "y plant4 ,! gills are r\nd$ or slightly decurr5t1 r di/ant1 :ite1 (t5 becom+ r$-spott$ ) age4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 solid1 firm1 :iti% rosy-r$1 ne>ly equal1 scaly at ! apex4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #aje4 ,?is plant is q v>iable 9 _m ( its peculi> *>act]i/ics1 yet x usually has en\gh to readily di/+ui% x4 ,! cap may be fle%-color & ! /em rosy-r$1 ! cap may be r$ & ! /em :ite or :iti% ) /a9s ( r$4 ,dur+ wet wea!r ! caps ( all are viscid2 :5 dry1 all may be crack$ m or less4 ,! /ems may n be scaly at ! apex1 (t5 rosy :5 "y4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! woods solit>y1 9 gr\ps1 or frequ5tly 9 d5se clu/]s4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #ea 7 f\nd 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fis*]4 ,i f\nd ?is plant 9 ,poke ,holl[4 ,! gills 7 q decurr5t4 ,tri*oloma ac]bum4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,bitt] ,,tri*oloma4 ,ac]bum means bitt] to ! ta/e4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 convex to exp&$1 obtuse1 smoo?1 m or less spott$1 m>g9 ?91 at fir/ involute1 rugose1 sulcate1 viscid1 :iti%1 (t5 t+$ ruf\s1 or yell[1 q bitt] to ! ta/e4 ,! gills are not*$1 cr[d$1 pallid or rufesc5t1 n>r[4 ,! /em is solid1 r %ort1 blunt1 yell[i%1 squamulose above or ab\t ! apex4 ,! spores are subglobose1 #e-f4 ,^! plants 7 f\nd gr[+ 9 a ?ick b$ ( moss along ) ,armill>ia n>dosmia4 ,!y 7 n p]fect plants b ,i judg$ !m to be ,t4 ac]bum f _! ta/e & involute m>g94 ,i s5t "s to ,pr(4 ,atk9son1 :o confirm$ my classification4 ,!y gr[ 9 op5 woods 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma c9]asc5s4 ,bull4 ,c9]asc5s means becom+ ! color ( a%es4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex to exp&$1 ev51 obtuse1 smoo?1 :ite1 !n grayi%1 m>g9 ?94 ,! gills are em>g9ate1 cr[d$1 r undulate1 d+y1 r$di% (t5 yell[i%1 easily sep>at+ f ! pileus4 ,! /em is /uff$1 equal1 smoo?1 ela/ic4 ,!y gr[ 9 clu/]s 9 mix$ wood4 ,!y are mild to ! ta/e4 ,tri*oloma album4 ,s*ff4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eb4--,tri*oloma album4 ,entirely :ite4 ,album means :ite4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 entirely :ite1 convex1 !n depress$1 obtuse1 smoo?1 dry1 disc frequ5tly t+$ ) yell[1 m>g9 at fir/ involute1 at l5g? rep&4 ,! gills are r\nd$ beh9d1 r cr[d$1 ?91 :ite1 broad4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 solid1 firm1 n>r[$ upw>ds1 smoo?4 ,?is plant is q pl5tiful 9 our woods1 gr[+ usually 9 gr\ps4 ,x gr[s ^u ! leaf m\ld & is frequ5tly q l>ge4 ,x is q acrid to ! ta/e :5 raw1 b ?is is ov]come 9 cook+4 ,x is f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,^! plants are q pl5tiful on ! wood$ hillsides ab\t ,*illico!4 ,^? 9 ,figure #eb 7 f\nd on ,ral/on's ,run & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,tri*oloma imbricatum4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,imbricat$ ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd ,figure #ec4--,tri*oloma imbricatum4 ,imbricatum means cov]$ ) tiles1 imbreces1 ref]r+ to ! lac]at$ condition ( ! cap4 ,?is species is v closely relat$ to ,t4 transmutans 9 size1 color & ta/e4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 easily sep>at$ by its dry cap & solid /em4 ,its cap is r$di%-br[n or c9namon-br[n1 & its surface (t5 pres5ts a some:at scaly appe>ance because ! epid]mis becomes lac]at$ or torn into small irregul> fragm5ts :i* adh]e & seem to ov]lap l %+les on a ro(4 ,! fle% is firm1 :ite1 & has a f>9ace\s ta/e z well z odor4 ,! gills are :ite1 becom+ r$ or ru/y spott$1 r close1 & not*$4 ,! /em is solid1 firm1 ne>ly equal1 except slightly swoll5 at ! base1 color$ mu* l ! cap b usually pal]4 ,:5 old x is sometimes holl[ on acc\nt ( ! insects m9+ x4 ,! spores are :ite & elliptical1 4#jjjbe in* long4 ,i f\nd ?is mu%room ne> ,salem1 ,ohio1 ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ohio1 & on ,ral/on's ,run ne> ,*illico!4 ,f\nd 9 mix$ woods f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma t]rif]um4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,e>?-,,be>+ ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,t]rif]um1 e>?-be>+1 allud+ to ! viscid cap's hold+ p>ticles ( loam & p9e ne$les to x z x breaks ?r\gh ! soil4 ,?is is a meaty mu%room1 & :5 prop]ly clean$ makes an appetiz+ di%4 ,! pileus is convex1 irregul>1 wavy on ! m>g9 & roll$ inw>d1 smoo?1 viscid1 pale yell[1 sometimes :iti%1 g5]ally cov]$ ) loam on acc\nt ( ! /icky surface ( ! cap1 fle% :ite4 ,! gills are :ite1 ?91 close1 slightly adnex$4 ,! /em is %ort1 fle%y1 solid1 equal1 mealy1 v slightly bulb\s at ! base4 ,f\nd ne> ,salem1 ,ohio1 on ,hon4 ,j4 ,?w+ ,brooks' f>m ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,tri*oloma fumidellum4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,smoky ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,fumidellum--smoky1 because ( ! clay-color$ caps cl\d$ ) br[n4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 convex1 !n exp&$1 subumbonate1 b>e1 moi/1 d+y-:ite or clay-color cl\d$ ) br[n1 ! disk or umbo g5]ally smoky br[n4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 subv5tricose1 :iti%4 ,! /em is "o & a half to two & a half in*es long1 equal1 b>e1 solid :iti%4 ,! spores m9ute1 subglobose1 #d-ed4 ,peck1 #dd ,rep4 ,! specim5s ,i f\nd grew 9 a mix$ woods 9 ! leaf-mold4 ,!y are f\nd only occasionally 9 our woods 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,tri*oloma leucocephalum4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,:ite-,,capp$ ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,leucocephalum is f two ,greek words mean+ :ite & head1 ref]r+ to ! :ite caps4 ,! pileus is "o & a half to two in*es across1 convex1 !n plane2 ev51 moi/1 smoo? :5 ! silky veil is gone1 wat]-soak$ aft] a ra92 fle% ?91 t\gh1 smell mealy1 ta/e mild & pleasant4 ,! gills are r\nd$ beh9d & almo/ free1 cr[d$1 :ite4 ,! /em is ab\t two in*es long1 holl[1 solid at ! base1 smoo?1 c>tilag9\s1 t\gh1 root+4 ,! spores are #i-ajg-h4 ,x diff]s f ,t4 album 9 hav+ ! odor ( new meal /rongly m>k$4 ,x is f\nd 9 op5 woods dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,tri*oloma fumesc5s4 ,pk4 ,,smoky ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ed4--,tri*oloma fumesc5s4 ,fumesc5s means gr[+ smoky4 ,pileus convex or exp&$1 dry1 clo!d ) a v m9ute appress$ tom5tum1 :iti%4 ,! gills are n>r[1 cr[d$1 r\nd$ beh9d1 :iti% or pale cream color1 *ang+ to smoky blue or blacki% :]e bruis$4 ,! /em is %ort1 cyl9drical1 :iti%4 ,spores are oblong-elliptical1 #e-fe4 ,pileus is "o in* broad4 ,/em "o to "o & a half in*es high4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,! caps are q a bit l>g] 9 ! specim5s f\nd 9 ,ohio ?an ^? describ$ by ,dr4 ,peck4 ,s mu* s t ,i 0 9 d\bt z to ! correct id5tification4 ,i s5t "s specim5s to ,dr4 ,peck = 8 det]m9ation4 ,! species w be readily id5tifi$ by ! f9e cr[d$ gills & ! smoky blue or blacki% hue !y assume :5 bruis$4 ,! caps are frequ5tly wavy1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #ed4 ,i f\nd ! plants 9 ,poke ,holl[ ne> ,*illico!1 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma t]reum4 ,s*aeff4 ,,! ,,gray ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ee4--,tri*oloma t]reum4 ,cap grayi%-br[n or m\se color4 ,t]reum is f t]ra1 ! e>?2 s call$ f ! color4 ,?is is q a v>iable species 9 color & size1 z well z mann] ( gr[?4 ,! pileus is "o to ?ree in*es broad1 dry1 fle%y1 ?91 convex1 exp&$1 ne>ly plane1 (t5 hav+ a c5tral umbo2 floccose-scaly1 a%y-br[n1 grayi%-br[n or m\se-color4 ,! gills are adnex$1 subdi/ant1 :ite1 becom+ grayi%1 edges m or less erod$4 ,spores1 #e-f4 ,! /em is :iti%1 fibrillose1 equal1 pal] ?an ! cap1 v>y+ f solid to /uff$ or holl[1 "o to ?ree in*es high4 ,i f9d ?is plant on nor? hillsides1 9 bee* woods4 ,x is n pl5tiful4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties3 ,v>4 orirub5s4 ,q4 ,edge ( gills r$di%4 ,v>4 atrosquamosum4 ,*ev4 ,pileus gray ) small black scales2 g4 :iti%4 ,v>4 argyraceum4 ,bull4 ,entirely pure :ite1 or pileus grayi%4 ,v>4 *rysites4 ,jungh4 ,pileus t+$ yell[i% or gre5i%4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #ee 7 f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[ ne> ,*illico!4 ,_! "t is ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma saponaceum4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ef4--,tri*oloma saponaceum4 ,saponaceum is f sapo1 soap1 s call$ f its peculi> odor4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 convex1 !n plane1 involute at fir/ z w be se5 9 ,figure #ef1 smoo?1 moi/ 9 wet wea!r b n viscid1 (t5 crack$ into scales or punctate1 grayi% or livid-br[n1 (t5 ) a t+e ( olive1 fle% firm1 becom+ m or less r$ :5 cut or w\nd$4 ,! gills are unc9ately em>g9ate1 ?91 q entire1 n cr[d$1 :ite1 sometimes t+$ ) gre54 ,spores subglobose1 #ed4 ,! /em is solid1 unequal1 root+1 smoo?1 sometimes reticulat$ ) black fibrils or scaly4 ,?is species is f\nd q frequ5tly ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is q v>iable 9 size & color1 b c be readily recogniz$ f its peculi> odor & ! fle%'s becom+ r$di% :5 w\nd$4 ,x is n poison\s b its odor w prev5t any "o f eat+ x4 ,f\nd 9 mix$ woods f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma c>tilag9eum4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,c>tilag9\s ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eg4--,tri*oloma c>tilag9eum4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,c>tilag9eum means gri/ly or c>tilag9\s4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 c>tilag9\s1 ela/ic1 fle%y1 convex1 soon exp&$1 wavy1 z se5 9 ,figure #eg1 m>g9 incurv$1 smoo?1 incl9$ to be blacki% at fir/1 !n brok5 up into small black spots4 ,! gills are slightly not*$1 adnex$1 some:at cr[d$1 grayi%4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 r firm1 /uff$1 equal1 smoo?1 :ite1 (t5 /riate & mealy4 ,ta/e & odor pleasant4 ,a numb] ( my fri5ds ate x because ( its invit+ ta/e & odor4 ,x grew 9 quantities among ! clov] 9 our city p>k dur+ ! wet wea!r ( ! la/ ( ,may & ! fir/ ( ,june4 ,tri*oloma squ>rulosum4 ,bres4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eh4--,tri*oloma squ>rulosum4 ,caps %[+ black squamules4 ,squ>rulosum means full ( scales4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 convex1 !n exp&$1 umbonate1 dry2 fusc\s !n lurid tan1 c5t] black1 ) black squamules2 edge fibrillose1 exce$+ gills4 ,! gills are broad1 cr[d$1 :iti%-gray1 r$di% :5 bruis$4 ,! /em is ( ! same color z ! pileus1 punctato-squamulose4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #g-id-e4 ,?is is a beautiful plant1 gr[+ 9 mix$ woods among ! leaves4 ,! /em is %ort & app>5tly ! same color z ! pileus4 ,! latt] is cov]$ ) black squamules :i* give rise to ! "n ( ! species4 ,i h succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! plants only 9 ,octob]4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #eh 7 f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,tri*oloma maculatesc5s4 ,pk4 ,,spott$ ,,tri*oloma4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ei4--,tri*oloma maculatesc5s4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,maculatesc5s means gr[+ spott$2 s call$ because :5 ! specim5 is dri$ ! cap becomes m or less spott$4 ,! pileus is "o & a half to ?ree in*es broad1 compact1 spongy1 r$di%-br[n1 convex1 !n exp&$1 obtuse1 ev51 slightly viscid :5 wet1 becom+ rivulose & br[n spott$ 9 dry+1 fle% :iti%1 m>g9 inflex$1 exce$+ ! gills4 ,! gills are slightly em>g9ate1 r n>r[1 c9]e\s4 ,! /em is spongy-fle%y1 equal1 sometimes abruptly n>r[$ at ! base1 solid1 /\t1 fibrillose1 pallid or :iti%4 ,! spores are oblong or subfusi=m1 po9t$ at ! ends1 un9ucleate1 4#jjjc in* long1 4#jjjaf broad4 ,peck4 ,i f\nd ! plant on sev]al occasions 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 b 0 unable to fix x satisfactorily until ,pr(4 ,morgan help$ me out4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #ei 7 f\nd on ,?anksgiv+ day 9 ! ,morton woods1 9 ,gallia ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,i _h f\nd sev]al specim5s ab\t ,*illico!1 previ\s to ?is4 ,?is species seems to be v ne> ,t4 flavobrunneum1 ,t4 graveol5s1 & ,t4 ,s*uma*]i1 b may be di/+ui%$ f !m by ! spott+ ( ! pileus :5 dry+ & ! peculi> %ape ( ! spores4 ,x is f\nd among ! leaves 9 mix$ woods ev5 dur+ freez+ wea!r4 ,x is no d\bt edible1 b ,i %\ld try x cauti\sly = ! fir/ "t4 ,tri*oloma flavobrunneum4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,yell[-,,br[n ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,flavobrunneum is f flavus1 yell[2 brunneus1 br[n2 s call$ f ! br[n caps & yell[ fle%4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r or m in*es broad1 fle%y1 conical1 !n convex1 exp&$1 subumbonate1 viscid1 br[ni%-bay1 scaly-/reak$1 fle% yell[1 !n t+$ ) r$4 ,! gills are pale yell[1 em>g9ate1 slightly decurr5t1 some:at cr[d$1 & (t5 t+$ ) r$4 ,! /em is ?ree to f\r in*es long1 holl[1 slightly v5tricose1 br[ni%1 fle% yell[1 at fir/ viscid1 sometimes r$di%-br[n4 ,! spores are #f-gd-e4 ,f\nd 9 mix$ woods among leaves4 ,tri*oloma ,s*uma*]i4 ,fr4 ,s*uma*]i 9 honor ( ,c4 ,f4 ,s*uma*]1 au?or ( ,plant>um ,sll&i4 ,! pileus is f two to ?ree in*es broad1 spongy1 convex1 !n plane1 obtuse1 ev51 livid gray1 moi/1 edge beyond gills incurv$4 ,! gills are n>r[1 close1 pure :ite1 slightly em>g9ate4 ,! /em is ?ree to f\r in*es long1 solid1 fibrillosely-/riate1 :ite & fle%y4 ,?is seems to be a dome/ic plant1 f\nd 9 gre5h\ses4 ,tri*oloma gr&e4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,l>ge ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,gr&e1 l>ge1 %[y4 ,?is 0 q abundant 9 ,ha9es' ,holl[ & on ,ral/on's ,run dur+ ! wet wea!r ( ! fall ( #aije4 ,x seems to be v l ,t4 columbetta & is f\nd 9 ! same localities4 ,! pileus is ?ick1 firm1 hemisph]ical1 becom+ convex1 (t5 irregul>1 dry1 scaly1 some:at silky-fibrillose t[>d ! m>g91 :ite1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute4 ,fle% grayi%-:ite1 ta/e f>9ace\s4 ,! gills are close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 adnex$1 :ite4 ,! /em is /\t1 solid1 fibrillose1 at fir/ tap]+ upw>d1 !n equal or b slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 pure :ite4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #i-aaf4 ,! pileus is f\r to five in*es broad1 ! /em two to f\r in*es long1 & an in* to an in* & a half ?ick4 ,peck1 #dd? ,rep4 ,?is is a v l>ge & %[y plant1 gr[+ among leaves aft] heavy ra9s4 ,bo? ?is & ,t4 columbetta1 z well z a :ite v>iety ( ,t4 p]sonatum1 7 v pl5tiful 9 ! same woods4 ,!y gr[ 9 gr\ps s closely cr[d$ t ! caps are (t5 q irregul>4 ,! d>k] & scaly disk & l>g] siz$ spore w help y to di/+ui% x f ,t4 columbetta4 ,! v l>ge specim5s are too co>se to be good4 ,f\nd 9 damp woods1 among leaves1 f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma sejunctum4 ,s[4 ,,! ,,sep>at+ ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fj4--,tri*oloma sejunctum4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,sejunctum means hav+ sep>at$4 ,x ref]s to ! sep>ation ( ! gills f ! /em4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 !n exp&$1 umbonate1 slightly viscid1 /reak$ ) innate br[n or blacki% fibrils1 :iti% or yell[1 sometimes gre5i%-yell[1 fle% :ite & fragile4 ,! gills are broad1 subdi/ant1 r\nd$ beh9d or not*$1 :ite4 ,! /em is solid1 /\t1 (t5 irregul>1 :ite4 ,! spores are subglobose1 4#jjjbe in* broad4 ,! pileus is "o to ?ree in*es broad2 /em "o to f\r in*es long & f f\r to eight l9es ?ick4 ,peck's ,report4 ,?is is q common ab\t ,salem1 ,ohio2 on ! old ,lake ,%ore l9e 9 ,wood ,c\nty ne> ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ohio2 & ,i h f\nd x frequ5tly ne> ,*illico!4 ,:5 cook$ x has a pleasant flavor4 ,x is always an attractive specim54 ,i f9d x "u bee* trees 9 ! woods1 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma unifactum4 ,pk4 ,,unit$ ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,unifactum means unit$ or made into "o1 ref]r+ to ! /ems unit$ 9 "o base root or /em4 ,! pileus is fle%y b ?91 convex2 (t5 irregul>1 sometimes ecc5tric f its mode ( gr[?2 :iti%1 fle% :iti%1 ta/e mild4 ,! gills are ?91 n>r[1 close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 slightly adnex$1 sometimes =k$ ne> ! base1 :ite4 ,! /ems are equal or ?ick] at ! base1 solid1 fibr\s1 :ite1 unit$ at ! base 9 a l>ge fle%y mass4 ,spores are :ite1 subglobose1 4#jjjaf to 4#jjjb ( an in* broad4 ,peck4 ,i f\nd a beautiful specim5 9 ,poke ,holl[1 9 a bee* woods ) "s oak & *e/nut4 ,!re 0 b "o clu/] gr[+ f a l>ge :iti% fle%y mass4 ,!re 7 fifte5 caps gr[+ f ?is fle%y mass4 ,i c\ld n id5tify species until too late to photograph4 ,tri*oloma albellum4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,:iti% ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 becom+ pale-:ite1 pass+ into gray :5 dry1 fle%y1 ?ick at ! disk1 ?9n] at ! sides1 conical !n convex1 gibb\s :5 exp&$1 :5 9 vigor moi/ on ! surface1 spott$ z ) scales1 ! ?9 m>g9 nak$1 fle% s(t1 floccose1 :ite1 un*angeable4 ,! gills are v mu* att5uat$ beh9d1 n em>g9ate1 becom+ broad 9 front2 v cr[d$1 q entire1 :ite4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 solid1 fle%y-compact1 ovate-bulb\s 7conical to ! middle1 cyl9drical above71 fibrillose-/riate1 :ite4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd4 ,tri*oloma p]sonatum4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,mask$ ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fa4--,tri*oloma p]sonatum4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,caps usually t+$ ) lilac or violet4 ,/ems bulb\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fb4--,tri*oloma p]sonatum4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,! entire plant :ite4 ,p]sonatum means we>+ a mask2 s call$ because ( ! v>iety ( colors x und]goes4 ,?is is a beautiful mu%room1 & is excell5tly flavor$2 x has a wide range & is frequ5tly f\nd1 9 great abundance4 ,i h (t5 se5 x gr[+ 9 almo/ a /raight l9e = ov] tw5ty feet1 ! caps s ?or\ghly cr[d$ t !y _h lo/ _! =m4 ,:5 "y ! cap is convex & q firm1 ) ! m>g9 m9utely d[ny or adorn$ ) mealy p>ticles1 & incurv$4 ,9 ! mature plant x is s(t]1 broadly convex1 or ne>ly plane1 ) ! ?9 m>g9 spread+ & m or less turn$ upw>d & wavy4 ,:5 "y x is pale lilac 9 color1 b ) advanc+ age x *anges to a tawny or ru/y hue1 especially 9 ! c5t]4 ,sometimes ! cap is :ite1 :iti% or gray1 or ( a pale violace\s color4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 r\nd$ next to ! /em1 & ne>ly free b approa*+ close to ! /em1 m n>r[ t[>d ! m>g91 ) a fa9t t+e ( lilac or violet t9t :5 "y1 b (t5 :ite4 ,! /em is %ort1 solid1 adorn$ ) v m9ute fib]s1 d[ny or mealy p>ticles :5 "y & fre%1 b becom+ smoo? ) advanc+ age4 ,! color ( ! /em is mu* l ! cap b p]haps a %ade light]4 ,! cap is f "o to five in*es broad1 & ! /em f "o to ?ree in*es high4 ,x gr[s s+ly or 9 gr\ps4 ,x is f\nd 9 ?9 woods & ?ickets4 ,x delights to gr[ :]e an old saw mill has /ood4 ,! f9e/ specim5s ( ?is species t ,i ev] saw grew on a pile ( compo/ ( :at _h be5 gre5 cobs f ! cann+ factory4 ,!y _h la9 9 ! pile = ab\t ?ree ye>s & late 9 ,novemb] ! compo/ 0 lit]ally cov]$ ) ?is species1 _m ( ^: caps exce$$ five in*es :ile ! color & figuration ( ! plants 7 q typical4 ,9 ,engli% books ?is plant is spok5 ( z ,blewits & 9 ,france z ,blue-/ems1 b ! /ems 9 ?is c\ntry are incl9$ to be lilac or violet1 & !n only 9 ! y\ng] plants4 ,! spores are ne>ly elliptical & d+y :ite1 b 9 masses on :ite pap] !y h a salmon t9t4 ,its smoo?1 almo/ %9+1 unbrok5 epid]mis & its peculi> pea*-blossom t9t di/+ui% x f all o!r species ( ! ,tri*oloma4 ,!re is a :ite v>iety1 v pl5tiful 9 our woods1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #fb4 ,!y are f\nd only 9 leaf-m\ld 9 ! woods4 ,septemb] to freez+ wea!r4 ,tri*oloma nudum4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,nak$ ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,nudum1 nak$1 b>e2 f ! "* ( ! m>g94 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 fle%y1 r ?91 convex1 !n exp&$1 slightly depress$2 smoo?1 moi/1 ! :ole plant violet at fir/1 *ang+ color1 m>g9 involute1 ?91 nak$1 (t5 wavy4 ,! gills are n>r[1 r\nd$ beh9d1 slightly decurr5t :5 ! plant becomes depress$1 cr[d$1 violet at fir/1 *ang+ to a r$di%-br[n )\t any t+e ( violet4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 /uff$1 ela/ic1 equal1 at fir/ violace\s1 !n becom+ pale1 m or less mealy4 ,spores #gc4e ,i f\nd "s v f9e specim5s among ! leaves 9 ! woods 9 ,haynes' ,holl[1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,tri*oloma gambosum4 ,fr4 ,,/4 ,,george',s ,,mu%room4 ,,edible4 ,gambosum1 ) a swell+ ( ! ho(1 gamba4 ,! pileus is ?ree to six in*es broad1 sometimes ev5 l>g]2 v ?ick1 convex1 exp&$1 depress$1 commonly crack$ "h & !re2 smoo?1 sugge/+ s(t kid lea!r2 m>g9 involute at fir/1 pale o*re or yell[i% :ite4 ,! gills are not*$1 ) an adnex$ too?1 d5sely cr[d$1 v5tricose1 moi/1 v>i\s l5g?s1 yell[i% :ite4 ,! /em is %ort1 solid1 flocculose at apex1 sub/ance creamy :ite2 swoll5 slightly at ! base4 ,! spores are :ite4 ,x is call$ ,/4 ,george's mu%room 9 ,engl& because x appe>s ab\t ! "t ( ,/4 ,george's day1 ,april #bc;d4 ,x frequ5tly gr[s 9 r+s or cresc5ts4 ,x has a v /rong odor4 ,its season is ,may & ,june4 ,tri*oloma port5tosum4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,/range ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fc4--,tri*oloma port5tosum4 ,port5tosum means /range or mon/r\s4 ,! pileus is ?ree to five in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex1 !n exp&$1 subumbonate1 viscid1 sooty1 (t5 ) purple t+e1 frequ5tly unequal & turn$ up1 /reak$ ) d>k l9es1 ! ?9 m>g9 nak$1 fle% n compact1 :ite1 fragile1 & mild4 ,! gills are :ite1 v broad1 r\nd$1 almo/ free1 di/ant1 (t5 becom+ pale-gray or yell[i%4 ,! /em is ?ree to six in*es long1 solid1 q fibr\s1 sometimes equal1 (t5 tap]+ t[>d ! base1 :ite1 /\t1 /riate1 vill\s at base4 ,! spores are subglobose1 #d-ed4 ,! plants gr[ 9 p9e woods & along ! m>g9s ( mix$ woods1 frequ5tly by roadsides4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #fc 7 f\nd ne> ,wal?am1 ,mass41 & 7 s5t to me by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,black=d4 ,?is is said to ev5 excel ,t4 p]sonatum 9 edible qualities4 ,clitocybe4 ,fr4 ,clitocybe is f two ,greek words1 a hillside1 or declivity1 & a head2 s call$ f ! c5tral depression ( ! pileus4 ,! g5us ,clitocybe diff]s f ,tri*oloma 9 ! "* ( ! gills4 ,!y are atta*$ to ! /em by ! :ole wid? & usually are prolong$ d[n ! /em or decurr5t4 ,?is is ! fir/ g5us ) decurr5t gills4 ,! g5us has nei!r a volva nor a r+ & ! spores are :ite4 ,! /em is ela/ic1 spongy )91 frequ5tly holl[ & extremely fibr\s1 cont9u\s ) ! pileus4 ,! pileus is g5]ally fle%y1 gr[+ ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 plane or depress$ or funnel-%ap$1 & ) m>g9 incurv$4 ,! univ]sal veil1 if pres5t at all1 is se5 only on ! m>g9 ( ! pileus l fro/ or silky dew4 ,^! plants usually gr[ on ! gr\nd & frequ5tly 9 gr\ps1 ?\gh a few may be f\nd on decay$ wood4 ,! ,collybia1 ,myc5a1 & ,omphalia h c>tilag9\s /ems1 :ile ! /em ( ! ,clitocybe is extremely fibr\s1 & ! ,tri*oloma is di/+ui%$ by its not*$ gills4 ,?is g5us1 because ( ! v>iations 9 its species1 w always be puzzl+ to ! beg9n]1 z x is to exp]ts4 ,we may easily decide x is a ,clitocybe because ( ! gills squ>ely meet+ ! /em1 or decurr5t ^u x1 & its ext]nal fibr\s /em1 b to locate ! species is q a diff]5t matt]4 ,clitocybe m$ia4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,int]m$iate ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fd4--;,clitocybe m$ia4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,m$ia is f m$ius1 middle2 x is s call$ because x is int]m$iate betwe5 ,c4 nebul>is & ,c4 clavipes4 ,x is n z pl5tiful z ei!r ( ! o!rs 9 our woods4 ,! pileus is grayi%-br[n or blacki%-br[n1 always d>k] ?an ,c4 nebul>is4 ,! fle% is :ite & f>9ace\s 9 ta/e4 ,! gills are r broad1 n cr[d$1 adnate & decurr5t1 :ite1 ) few transv]se ridges or ve9s 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! gills4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 usually tap]+ upw>d1 pal] ?an ! pileus1 r ela/ic1 smoo?4 ,! spores are pla9ly elliptical1 #he4 ,?is resembles v closely ! two species m5tion$ above & is h>d to sep>ate4 ,i f\nd ! specim5s 9 ,figure #fd along ,ral/on's ,run :]e ! gr\nd is mossy & damp4 ,f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,clitocybe infundibuli=mis4 ,s*aeff4 ,,! ,,funnel-,,=m$ ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,ix4 ,figure #fe4--;,clitocybe infundibuli=mis4 ,infundibuli=mis means funnel-%ap$4 ,?is is a beautiful plant & v abundant 9 woods aft] a heavy ra94 ,x gr[s ^u ! leaves & especially among p9e ne$les4 ,! pileus is at fir/ convex & umbonate & z ! plant advances 9 age ! m>g9 becomes elevat$ until ! plant becomes funnel-%ap$4 ,! m>g9 is frequ5tly incurv$ & f9ally wavy4 ,! fle% is s(t & :ite4 ,! color ( ! cap is a pale tan4 ,if ! cap is exam9$ c>efully x w be se5 to be cov]$ ) a slight d[n or silky sub/ance1 especially on ! m>g94 ,! color ( ! cap is apt to fade s t specim5s w be f\nd almo/ :ite4 ,! gills are ?91 close1 :ite or :iti%1 & v decurr5t4 ,! /em is q smoo?1 & g5]ally tap]s upw>d f ! base4 ,x is sometimes :ite or :iti%1 b m frequ5tly l ! cap4 ,mycelium w usually be f\nd at ! base on ! leaves1 =m+ a s(t :ite d[n4 ,i h f\nd ?is species 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd 9 clu/]s1 :5 ! caps w be irregul> on acc\nt ( ! cr[d$ condition4 ,!y are v t5d] & ( excell5t flavor4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,clitocybe odora4 ,bull4 ,,sweet-,,smell+ ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ff4--;,clitocybe odora4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,cap pale gre54 ,odora means fragrant4 ,?is is "o ( ! easie/ ( ! ,clitocybes to id5tify4 ,! collector w v readily recognize x by its olive-gre5 color & its odor4 ,! color 9 ! old plant is q v>iable b 9 "y plants is well m>k$4 ,! pileus is "o to two & a half in*es broad1 fle% q ?ick2 at fir/ convex1 !n exp&$1 plane1 (t5 depress$1 sometimes incl9$ to be wavy2 ev51 smoo?1 olive-gre54 ,! gills are adnate1 r close1 sometimes slightly decurr5t1 broad1 pallid4 ,! /em is "o to "o & a half in*es long1 (t5 slightly bulb\s at ! base4 ,^! plants are f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]1 9 ! woods1 on leaves4 ,!y are q common ab\t ,*illico! aft] a ra94 ,:5 cook$ by !mselves ! flavor is a bit /rong1 b :5 mix$ ) o!r plants n s /rong 9 flavor1 !y are f9e4 ,clitocybe illud5s4 ,s*w4 ,,! ,,deceiv+ ,,clitocybe4 ,,n ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,x4 ,figure #fg4--;,clitocybe illud5s4 ,caps r$di%-yell[ to deep yell[4 ,gills yell[ & decurr5t4 ,illud5s means deceiv+4 ,pileus ( a beautiful yell[1 v %[y & invit+4 ,_m a basketful has be5 br\ght to me to be id5tifi$ ) ! hope ( _! edibility4 ,! cap is convex1 umbonate1 spread+1 depress$1 smoo?1 (t5 irregul> f its cr[d$ condition ( gr[?2 9 old] & l>g] plants ! m>g9 ( ! pileus is wavy4 ,! fle% is ?ick at ! c5t] b ?9n] t[>d ! m>g94 ,9 old plants ! color is br[ni%4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 "s mu* fur!r ?an o!rs2 yell[2 n cr[d$2 broad4 ,! /em is solid1 long1 firm1 smoo? tap]+ t[>ds ! base1 z w be se5 by ,figure #fg1 sometimes ! /ems are v l>ge4 ,! pileus is f f\r to six in*es broad4 ,! /em is six to eight in*es high4 ,x occurs 9 l>ge clu/]s & ! ri* saffron color ( ! entire plant compels our admiration & we are rem9d$ t n all is gold t glitt]s4 ,x w be int]e/+ to ga!r a l>ge clu/] to %[ its phosphoresc5ce & ! heat :i* ! plant w g5]ate4 ,y c %[ ! phosphoresc5ce by putt+ x 9 a d>k room & by plac+ a !rmomet] 9 ! clu/] y c %[ ! heat4 ,x is frequ5tly call$ ,jack-o'-lant]n4 ,i h kn[n p to eat x )\t h>m1 b ! *ances are t x w make mo/ p]sons sick4 ,x ought to be good1 s9ce x is s abundant & looks s ri*4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,clitocybe multiceps4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,_m-,,head$ ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fh4--;,clitocybe multiceps4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,caps grayi%-:ite4 ,multiceps means _m heads2 s call$ because _m caps are f\nd 9 "o clu/]4 ,x is a v common plant ar\nd ,*illico!4 ,x has be5 f\nd )9 ! city limits4 ,x is q a typical species1 too1 hav+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! g5us4 ,i h (t5 se5 ov] fifty caps 9 "o clu/]4 ,! pileus is :ite or gray1 br[ni%-gray or buff2 smoo?1 ?9 at ! m>g91 convex1 slightly moi/ 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,! gills are :ite1 cr[d$1 n>r[ at ea* end1 decurr5t4 ,! /em is t\gh1 ela/ic1 fle%y1 solid1 t+$ ) ! same color z ! cap4 ,! pileus is "o to ?ree in*es broad2 gr[s 9 d5se tufts4 ,spores are :ite1 smoo? & globose4 ,:5 f\nd 9 ,june ! plants are a %ade :it] ?an 9 ! fall4 ,! fall plants are v mu* ! oy/] color4 ,! e>ly plant is a m t5d] "o & bett] = table use1 h[ev]1 ,i d n reg>d x z excell5t4 ,!y are f\nd 9 woods1 9 old pa/ures by logs & /umps1 & 9 lawns4 ,june to ,octob]4 ,clitocybe clavipes4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #fi4--;,clitocybe clavipes4 ,clavipes is f clava1 a club1 & pes1 a foot4 ,! pileus is "o to two & a half in*es broad1 fle%y1 r spongy1 convex to exp&$1 obtuse1 ev51 smoo?1 gray or br[ni%1 sometimes :iti% t[>d ! m>g94 ,! gills are decurr5t1 desc5d+1 r di/ant1 ne>ly entire1 r broad1 :ite4 ,! /em is two in*es long1 swoll5 at ! base1 att5uat$ upw>d1 /uff$1 spongy1 fibrillose1 livid sooty4 ,spores are elliptical1 #f-gd4 ,i f\nd specim5s on ,cemet]y ,hill und]nea? p9e trees4 ,i s5t "s to ,dr4 ,h]b/ & ,pr(4 ,atk9son2 bo? pron\nc$ !m ,c4 clavipes4 ,!y resemble q closely ,c4 nebul>is4 ,i h also f\nd ?is plant 9 mix$ woods4 ,edible & fairly good4 ,clitocybe tornata4 ,fr4 ,tornata means turn$ 9 a la!2 s call$ because ( its neat & regul> =m4 ,! pileus is orbicul>1 plane1 some:at depress$1 ?91 smoo?1 %9+1 :ite1 d>k] on ! disk1 v regul>4 ,! gills are decurr5t adnate1 r cr[d$1 :ite4 ,! /em is /uff$1 firm1 sl5d]1 smoo?1 pubesc5t at ! base4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #d-fc-d4 ,^! are small1 v regul>1 & inodor\s plants4 ,!y are f\nd 9 op5 fields 9 ! grass ab\t elm /umps4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,!y are edible & cook readily4 ,clitocybe meta*roa4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,obconic ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #gj4--;,clitocybe meta*roa4 ,caps d>k gray4 ,gills pale gray4 ,meta*roa means *ang+ color4 ,! pileus is "o to two & a half in*es broad1 some:at fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 depress$1 smoo?1 hygrophan\s1 br[ni%-gray1 !n livid1 gr[+ pale4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 cr[d$1 pale gray1 slightly decurr5t4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 /uff$1 !n holl[1 apex mealy1 equal1 gray4 ,x diff]s f ,c4 ditopa 9 be+ inodor\s & hav+ a ?ick] & depress$ pileus4 ,! caps are q smoo? & are frequ5tly conc5trically crack$ or wr9kl$1 mu* z 9 ,clitopilus noveborac5sis4 ,x is f\nd gr[+ on leaves 9 mix$ woods1 aft] a ra91 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,:5 "y ! m>g9 is incurv$ b wavy 9 age4 ,x is q a h>dy plant4 ,clitocybe adirondack5sis4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ga4--;,clitocybe adirondack5sis4 ,?ree-f\r?s natural size4 ,caps :ite4 ,adirondack5sis1 s call$ because ! plant 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,york4 ,! pileus is ?91 submembranace\s1 funnel-=m1 ) ! m>g9 decurv$1 ne>ly smoo?1 hygrophan\s1 :ite1 ! disk (t5 d>k]4 ,! gills are :ite1 v n>r[1 sc>cely broad] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! fle% ( ! pileus1 cr[d$1 long1 decurr5t1 sub>cuate1 "s ( !m =k$4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 subequal1 n holl[1 :iti%1 mycelio-?ick5$ at ! base4 ,peck4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad & ! /em is "o to two & a half long4 ,?is is q a pretty mu%room & has ! ,clitocybe appe>ance 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,! long1 n>r[1 decurr5t gills1 sometimes t+$ ) yell[1 "s ( !m =k$1 m>g9 ( ! pileus sometimes wavy1 w assi/ 9 di/+ui%+ x4 ,i h no d\bt ( its edibility4 ,f\nd among leaves 9 woods aft] heavy ra9s4 ,) u x is conf9$ to ! wood$ hillsides4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #ga 7 f\nd 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fis*]4 ,f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,clitocybe o*ropurpurea4 ,b]k4 ,,! ,,clay-,,purple ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xi4 ,figure #gb4--;,clitocybe o*ropurpurea4 ,o*ropurpurea is f o*ra1 o*] or clay color2 purpureus1 purple2 x is s call$ because ! caps are clay-color & ! gills are purple4 ,! caps are convex1 fle%y1 q compact1 clay-color$1 sometimes t+$ ) purple ar\nd ! m>g91 cuticle easily sep>at+1 m>g9 involute1 (t5 at fir/ tom5tose1 old =ms (t5 rep& or wavy4 ,! gills are purple1 sometimes :iti% 9 old specim5s f ! :ite spores1 broad beh9d1 decurr5t1 di/ant4 ,! /em is pal] ?an ! cap1 (t5 t9t$ ) purple1 solid1 frequ5tly long & swoll5 9 ! middle1 fibr\s4 ,! spores :ite or pale yell[4 ,! fir/ "t ,i f\nd ?is species ,i nev] dream$ t x 0 a ,clitocybe4 ,x 0 especially abundant on our wood$ clay banks or hillsides1 ne> ,*illico!1 dur+ ! wet wea!r 9 ,july & ,augu/ ( #aije4 ,x is a h>dy plant & w keep = days4 ,insects d n seem to "w 9 x readily4 ,:5 cook$ c>efully x is r t5d] & fairly good4 ,clitocybe subditopoda4 ,pk4 ,subditopoda is s call$ because x is ne>ly 7sub7 l ,fries' ,c4 ditopus1 :i* means liv+ 9 two places1 p]haps ref]r+ to ! /em be+ sometimes c5tral & sometimes ecc5tric4 ,! pileus is ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 umbilicate1 hygrophan\s1 grayi%-br[n1 /riate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/1 pal] :5 dry1 fle% concolor\s1 odor & ta/e f>9ace\s4 ,! gills are broad1 close1 adnate1 :iti% or pale c9]e\s4 ,! /em is equal1 smoo?1 holl[1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,! spores are elliptical1 4#jjjb to 4#jjjbe in* long1 4#jjjab to 4#jjjaf broad4 ,peck4 ,x is f\nd on mossy gr\nd 9 woods4 ,i h f\nd !m "u p9e trees on ,cemet]y ,hill4 ,dr4 ,peck says he sep>at$ ?is species f ,c4 ditopoda because ( ! /riate m>g9 ( ! pileus1 pal] gills1 long] /em1 & elliptical spores4 ,! plant is edible4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,clitocybe ditopoda4 ,fr4 ,ditopoda is f two ,greek words1 di-totos1 liv+ 9 two places1 & pus or poda1 foot1 hav+ ref]5ce to ! /em be+ c5tral at times & aga9 ecc5tric4 ,! pileus is r fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 depress$1 ev51 smoo?1 hygrophan\s4 ,! gills are adnate1 cr[d$1 ?91 d>k1 c9]e\s4 ,! /em is holl[1 equal1 almo/ nak$4 ,?is species resembles 9 appe>ance ,c4 meta*roa b c be sep>at$ by ! mild ta/e & f>9ace\s odor4 ,its favorite habit is on p9e ne$les4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,i f\nd ?is species 9 v>i\s places ab\t ,*illico! & on ,?anksgiv+ day ,i f\nd x 9 a mix$ wood 9 ,gallia ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 along ) ,hygrophorus laur & ,tri*oloma maculatesc5s4 ,i s5t "s specim5s to ,dr4 ,h]b/1 :o pron\nc$ x ,c4 ditopoda4 ,clitocybe pi?yophila4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,p9e-,,lov+ ,,clitocybe4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #gc4--;,clitocybe pi?yophila4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,cap :ite & %[+ ! p9e ne$les ^u :i* !y gr[4 ,pi?yophila means p9e-lov+4 ,?is plant is v abundant "u p9e trees on ,cemet]y ,hill4 ,!y gr[ on ! b$ ( p9e ne$les4 ,! pileus is v v>iable 9 size1 :ite1 "o to two in*es broad2 fle%y1 ?91 becom+ plane1 umbonate1 smoo?1 gr[+ pale1 at l5g? irregul>ly %ap$1 rep&1 wavy1 sometimes slightly /riate4 ,! /em is holl[1 t]ete1 !n compress$1 smoo?1 equal1 ev51 d[ny at ! base4 ,! gills are adnate1 some:at decurr5t1 cr[d$1 plane1 always :ite4 ,! spores are #f-gd4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #gc are small1 hav+ be5 f\nd dur+ ! cold wea!r 9 ,novemb]4 ,!y are said to be good1 b ,i h n eat5 !m4 ,clitocybe c&icans4 ,fr4 ,c&icans1 :iti% or %9+ :ite4 ,pileus is "o in* broad1 entirely :ite1 some:at fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 or depress$1 ev51 %9+1 ) regul>ly deflex$ m>g94 ,! gills are adnate1 cr[d$1 ?91 at l5g? decurr5t1 n>r[4 ,! /em is ne>ly holl[1 ev51 waxy1 %9+1 ne>ly equal1 c>tilag9\s1 smoo?1 incurv$ at ! base4 ,! spores are broadly elliptical1 or subglobose1 #e-fd4 ,f\nd 9 damp woods on leaves4 ,clitocybe obbata4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,beak]-,,%ap$ ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,obbata means %ap$ l an obba or beak]4 ,! pileus is some:at membranace\s1 umbilicate1 !n r deeply depress$1 smoo?1 incl9$ to be hygrophan\s1 sooty-br[n1 m>g9 at l5g? /riate4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 di/ant1 grayi%-:ite1 pru9ose4 ,! /em is holl[1 grayi%-br[n1 smoo?1 equal1 r t\gh4 ,i f\nd plants gr[+ on ,cemet]y ,hill "u p9e trees4 ,i _h "s tr\ble to id5tify ! species until ,pr(4 ,atk9son help$ me out4 ,augu/ to ,septemb]4 ,clitocybe gilva4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,yell[ ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,gilva means pale yell[ or r$di% yell[4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 compact1 soon depress$ & wavy1 smoo?1 moi/1 d+y o*]1 fle% same color1 sometimes spott$1 m>g9 involute4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 closely cr[d$1 ?91 sometimes bran*$1 n>r[ b broad] 9 ! middle1 o*race\s yell[4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 solid1 smoo?1 ne>ly equal1 some:at pal] ?an ! cap1 & incl9$ to be vill\s at ! base4 ,! spores are ne>ly globose1 #d-e4 ,?is plant is sometimes f\nd 9 mix$ woods1 b x seems to pref] p9e trees4 ,x has a wide di/ribution1 f\nd 9 ! ea/ & s\? z well z ! we/4 ,i h f\nd x 9 sev]al localities 9 ,ohio4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,clitocybe flaccida4 ,s[4 ,,! ,,limp ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #gd4--;,clitocybe flaccida4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,flaccida means flabby1 limp4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 r fle%y1 ?91 limp1 umbilicate1 !n funnel-%ap$1 ev51 smoo?1 sometimes crack+ into m9ute scales1 tawny or ru/-color$1 m>g9 broadly reflex$4 ,! gills are /rongly decurr5t1 yell[i%1 to :iti%1 close1 arcuate4 ,! /em is tuft$1 unequal1 ru/y1 some:at wavy1 t\gh1 nak$1 vill\s at ! base4 ,! spores are globose or ne>ly s1 #d-ec-d4 ,?is resembles ! ,c4 infundibuli=mis v closely1 bo? 9 its appe>ance & its habit4 ,x gr[s among leaves 9 mix$ woods dur+ wet wea!r4 ,x is greg>i\s1 (t5 _m /ems gr[+ f "o mass ( mycelium4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #gd 7 collect$ 9 ,ack]man's woods ne> ,columbus1 ,ohio1 & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,!y are f\nd on all ! hillsides ab\t ,*illico!4 ,f\nd f ,july to late 9 ,octob]4 ,clitocybe monadelpha4 ,morg4 ,,! ,,"o-,,bro!rhood ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xii4 ,figure #ge4--;,clitocybe monadelpha4 ,monadelpha is f monos1 "o & adelphos1 bro!r4 ,pr(4 ,morgan ( ,pre/on1 ,ohio1 gives ! foll[+ description ( ! ,"o-,bro!rhood ,clitocybe 9 ! ,mycological ,flora ( ! ,miama ,valley3 ,d5sely cespitose4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 !n depress$1 at fir/ glabr\s1 !n scaly1 honey-color$1 v>y+ to pallid-br[n or r$di%4 ,! /em elongat$1 solid1 crook$1 twi/$1 fibr\s1 tap]+ at ! base1 pallid-br[ni% or fle% color4 ,spores :ite1 a little irregul>1 4#jjee,,mm4 ,x might be easily tak5 = ! r+less ,armill>ia mellea1 b ! decid$ly decurr5t gills & ! solid /em ought to set any "o "r4 ,9 v wet wea!r x soon becomes wat]-soak$1 & is !n n good4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods ab\t /umps1 & 9 newly cle>$ fields ab\t roots or /umps4 ,f spr+ to ,octob]4 ,see ,plate ,,xii1 ,figure #ge1 = an illu/ration4 ,bresadola ( ,europe has det]m9$ ?is to be ! same z t describ$ by ,scop>ius 9 #aggb z ,ag>icus 7,clitocybe7 tabesc5s4 ,i h pref]r$ to reta9 ! "n giv5 by ,pr(4 ,morgan4 ,clitocybe dealbata4 ,s[4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,clytocybe4 ,,edible4 ,dealbata means :itewa%$2 s call$ f its :ite color4 ,! pileus is ab\t "o in* broad1 r fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 upturn$ & wavy1 smoo?1 %9+1 ev54 ,! gills are cr[d$1 :ite1 atta*$ to ! /em4 ,! /em is fibr\s1 ?91 equal1 /uff$4 ,spores are #d-eb4e4 ,?is is a beautiful plant & widely di/ribut$4 ,f\nd among leaves & sometimes 9 ! grass4 ,x makes a delici\s di%4 ,clitocybe phyllophila4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,leaf-,,lov+ ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,phyllophila means leaf & fond (4 ,x is s call$ because x is f\nd on leaves 9 ! woods dur+ wet wea!r4 ,! pileus is "o & a half to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 :iti%-tan1 r fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 at l5g? depress$1 ev51 dry1 noticeably :ite ar\nd ! m>g94 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 decurr5t especially aft] ! cap is depress$1 some:at di/ant1 r broad1 :ite1 becom+ yell[i% or o*] t+$1 ?94 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 /uff$1 becom+ holl[1 silky1 r t\gh1 :iti%4 ,! spores are elliptical41 #fd4 ,! :iti%-tan cap ) its :ite1 silv]y zone ne> ! m>g9 w s]ve to id5tify ! species4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,clitocybe cya?i=mis4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,cup-,,%ap$ ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,cya?i=mis is f cya?us1 a dr9k+ cup2 =mis1 =m or %ape4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 fle%y1 r ?92 at fir/ depress$1 !n funnel-%ap$2 ev51 smoo?1 moi/1 hygrophan\s2 ! m>g9 involute1 sooty or d>k br[n :5 moi/1 becom+ pale :5 dry1 (t5 d+y o*race\s or tan-color1 incl9$ to be wavy4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 decurr5t f ! depress$ =m ( ! pileus1 unit$ beh9d1 some:at d+y1 sp>+ly bran*$4 ,! /em is /uff$1 ela/ic1 tap]+ upw>d1 fibrillose1 base vill\s4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #if4 ,?is plant has a wide di/ribution & is f\nd 9 woods or wood m>g9s4 ,i f\nd "s v f9e specim5s on ,ral/on's ,run1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,clitocybe laccata4 ,scop4 ,,waxy ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #gf4--;,clitocybe laccata4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps violet or r$di%-br[n4 ,gills broad & di/ant4 ,laccata means made ( %ellac or seal+-wax4 ,?is is a v common1 v>iable plant4 ,sometimes ( a bright ame?y/ b usually ( a r$di% br[n4 ,! pileus is f "o to two in*es broad1 almo/ membranace\s1 convex1 !n plane1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 d[ny ) %ort hairs1 violet or r$di%-br[n4 ,! gills are broad1 di/ant1 atta*$ to ! /em by ! entire wid?2 pale fle%y-r$ 9 hue :i* is m con/ant ?an ! color ( ! cap & :i* =ms an e>-m>k to tell ! species2 adnate ) a decurr5t too?1 plane1 ! :ite spores be+ v abundant4 ,! /em is t\gh1 fibr\s1 /uff$1 crook$1 :ite-vill\s at ! base1 r long & sl5d]1 dull r$di% yell[ or r$di%-fle%-color$1 sometimes pallid or dull o*race\s1 slightly /riate2 :5 ! season is wet x is (t5 wat]y4 ,?is waxy ,clitocybe has a wide range & is frequ5tly v abundant4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh almo/ ! entire season4 ,x w gr[ almo/ any:]e1 9 woods1 pa/ures1 & lawns1 & sometimes on nak$ gr\nd4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #gf 7 f\nd 9 tall grass 9 a grove 9 ,augu/4 ,^? 9 ,figure #gg 7 f\nd ! la/ ( ,novemb] on ,cemet]y ,hill1 "u p9e trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #gg4--;,clitocybe laccata4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,specim5s gr[+ late 9 ! fall4 ,pr(4 ,peck gives ! foll[+ v>ieties3 ,v>4 ame?y/9a--9 :i* ! cap is mu* d>k] 9 color4 ,v>4 pallidifolia--gills mu* pal] ?an usual4 ,v>4 /riatula--cap smoo?1 ?91 s t %ad[y l9es are se5 on cap1 radiat+ f ne> ! c5t] to ! m>g94 ,?is gr[s 9 damp places4 ,"s au?ors make ,clitocybe laccata a type = a new g5us & call x ,lac>ia laccata4 ,collybia4 ,fr4 ,collybia is f a ,greek ^w mean+ a small co9 or a small r\nd cake4 ,! r+ & volva are bo? want+ 9 ?is g5us4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 g5]ally ?91 & :5 ! plant is "y ! m>g9 ( ! pileus is incurv$4 ,! gills are adnate or ne>ly free1 s(t1 membranace\s4 ,_m species ( ,collybia w revive to "s ext5t :5 moi/5$1 b !y are n coriace\s4 ,! /em diff]s 9 sub/ance f ! pileus1 c>tilag9\s or has a c>tilag9\s cuticle1 :ile ! inside is /uff$ or holl[4 ,?is is q a l>ge g5us1 conta9+ fifty-f\r ,am]ican species4 ,collybia radicata4 ,rehl4 ,,! ,,root+ ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,figure #gh4--;,collybia radicata4 ,?is1 9 its season1 is "o ( ! mo/ common mu%rooms 9 ! woods4 ,x gr[s 9 ! gr\nd1 frequ5tly ar\nd old /umps1 sometimes on lawns4 ,^? 9 ,figure #gh 7 f\nd 9 ! woods on ! gr\nd4 ,"o plant1 z w be se5 by ! squ>e1 is a foot high4 ,x is easily recogniz$ by its long root & flat cap4 ,! root ext5ds into ! gr\nd & w frequ5tly break be=e pull+ up4 ,?is root gives "n to ! species4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 r ?91 convex1 !n plane1 (t5 ) m>g9 upturn$ 9 old plants z 9 ,figure #gh1 & frequ5tly wr9kl$ at & t[>d ! umbo1 smoo?1 viscid :5 moi/4 ,! color is q v>iable1 f almo/ :ite to gray1 grayi%-br[n2 fle% ?91 v :ite1 ela/ic4 ,! gills are usually sn[ :ite1 broad1 r di/ant1 broad 9 ! middle1 jo9$ to ! /em by ! upp] angle1 unequal4 ,! /em is frequ5tly long1 ( ! same color z ! cap1 yet sometimes pal]2 smoo?1 firm1 sometimes groov$1 (t5 twi/$1 tap]+ upw>d1 end+ 9 a long tap]+ root1 deeply plant$ 9 ! soil4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #aeaj4 ,!y gr[ s+ly1 b g5]ally h _m neighbors4 ,!y are f\nd 9 op5 woods & ar\nd old /umps4 ,i seldom h any tr\ble 9 gett+ en\gh = a l>ge family & "s = my neighbor1 :o may n "k :at to get b does "k h[ to appreciate !m4 ,f\nd f ,june to ,octob] & f ! ,new ,engl& /ates ?r\gh ! middle we/4 ,!y diff] f ,c4 h>iol>um 9 ! d5sely tuft$ habit ( ! latt]4 ,colybia +rata4 ,s*um4 ,+rata means unpleasant2 f its some:at unpleasant odor4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 globose1 bell-%ap$1 !n convex1 umbonate1 ev51 br[ni%-tan4 ,! gills are free1 n>r[1 cr[d$1 pallid4 ,! /em is twi/$1 subcompress$1 spr9kl$ ) a mealy tom5tum above1 umb] bel[1 holl[1 r long1 unequal4 ,i f\nd ?is plant q abundant on ,cemet]y ,hill1 gr[+ "u p9e trees1 f ! mass ( p9e ne$les4 ,f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,collybia platyphylla4 ,fr4 ,,broad-,,gill$ ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #gi4--;,collybia platyphylla4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,platyphylla is f two ,greek words mean+ broad & leaf1 ref]r+ to ! broad gills4 ,x is a mu* l>g] & /\t] plant ?an ,collybia radicata4 ,x is f\nd 9 new gr\nd on op5 pa/ures ab\t /umps1 also 9 woods1 on rott5 logs & ab\t /umps4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 at fir/ convex1 !n exp&$1 plane1 m>g9 (t5 upturn$1 smoky br[n to grayi%1 /reak$ ) d>k fibrils1 wat]y :5 moi/1 fle% :ite4 ,! gills are adnex$1 v broad1 obliquely not*$ beh9d1 di/ant1 s(t1 :ite1 9 age m or less brok5 or crack$4 ,! /em is %ort1 ?ick1 (t5 /riat$1 :iti%1 s(t1 /uff$1 sometimes slightly p[d]$ at ! apex1 root blunt4 ,! spores are :ite & elliptical4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f ,c4 radicata by ! blunt base ( ! root & ! v broad gills4 ,l ,c4 radicata !y ne$ to be cook$ well or !re is a slightly bitt] ta/e to !m4 ,!y are f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,collybia dryophila4 ,bull4 ,,oak-,,lov+ ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #hj4--;,collybia dryophila4 ,natural size4 ,caps bay-br[n4 ,dryophila is f two ,greek words1 oak & fond (4 ,! pileus is bay-br[n1 bay r$1 or tan color1 "o or two in*es broad1 convex1 plane1 sometimes depress$ & ! m>g9 elevat$1 fle% ?9 & :ite4 ,! gills are free ) a decurr5t too?1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 :ite1 or :iti%1 r>ely yell[4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s1 smoo?1 holl[1 yell[1 or yell[i%1 equal1 sometimes ?ick5$ at ! base z w be se5 9 ,figure #hj4 ,! color ( ! /em is usually ! same z ! cap4 ,?is is a v common plant ab\t ,*illico!4 ,!y are f\nd 9 woods1 especially "u oak trees1 b are also f\nd 9 op5 places4 ,i f\nd !m on ! ,high ,s*ool lawn 9 ,*illico!4 ,"s v f9e specim5s t 7 f\nd gr[+ 9 a well m>k$ r+1 9 an old or*>d1 7 br\ght to me ab\t ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,_! season is f ! fir/ ( ,may to ,octob]4 ,collybia zonata4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,zon$ ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,figure #ha4--;,collybia ,zonata4 ,zonata1 zon$2 ref]r+ to ! conc5tric zones on ! cap :i* %[ fa9tly 9 ,figure #ha4 ,! pileus is ab\t "o in* broad1 sometimes m1 sometimes less2 r fle%y1 ?91 convex1 :5 exp&$ ne>ly plane1 slightly umbilicate1 cov]$ ) fibr\s d[n2 tawny or o*race\s tawny1 sometimes m>k$ ) fa9tly d>k] zones2 ev5 9 ! v "y specim5s ! umbilicate condition is usually pres5t4 ,! gills are n>r[1 close1 free1 :ite or ne>ly :ite1 usually ) a pulv]ul5t edge4 ,! /em is "o to ?ree in*es long1 r firm1 equal1 holl[1 cov]$ l ! cap ) a fibr\s d[n1 tawny1 or br[ni% tawny4 ,! spores are broadly elliptical1 4#jjjb in* long1 4#jjjaf broad4 ,?is species closely resembles ,c4 /ipit>ia1 b is easily di/+ui%$ f x because ( its habits ( gr[?1 diff]5t gills1 & %ort] spores4 ,x is f\nd on or ne> decay+ wood 9 mix$ woods4 ,i h f\nd x frequ5tly on ,ral/on's ,run b always only a few specim5s 9 "o place4 ,x does n gr[ 9 a cespitose mann] ) u4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/4 ,collybia maculata4 ,alb4 ,s*w4 ,,! ,,spott$ ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #hb4--;,collybia maculata4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,r$di%-br[n spots on caps & /ems4 ,maculata1 spott$2 ref]r+ to ! r$di% spots or /a9s bo? on ! cap & on ! /em4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 at fir/ :ite1 !n spott$ 7z well z ! /em7 ) r$di% br[n spots or /a9s1 fle%y1 v firm1 convex1 sometimes ne>ly plane1 ev51 smoo?1 truly c>nose1 compact1 at fir/ hemisph]ical & ) an involute m>g91 (t5 rep&4 ,! gills are some:at cr[d$1 n>r[1 adnex$1 (t5 free1 l9e>1 :ite or :iti%1 (t5 br[ni% cream1 gills n rea*+ to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,! /em is ?ree to f\r in*es long1 ne>ly solid1 m or less groov$1 /\t1 unequal1 sometimes v5tricose1 frequ5tly p>tially bulb\s1 light] ?an ! gills1 usually spott$ 9 age1 :ite at fir/4 ,! spores are subglobose1 #d-f4 ,! plant is a h>dy "o4 ,x w keep = sev]al days4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #hb grew 9 ! woods :]e a log _h rott$ d[n4 ,v>4 immaculata1 ,cooke1 diff]s f ! typical =m 9 n *ang+ color or be+ spott$1 & 9 ! broad] & s]rat$ gills4 ,?is v>iety delights 9 fir woods4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,collybia atrata4 ,fr4 ,,*>coal ,,collybia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #hc4--;,collybia atrata4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,caps dull blacki%-br[n4 ,gills grayi%-:ite4 ,atrata1 clo!d 9 black2 f ! pileus be+ v black :5 "y4 ,! pileus is f "o to two in*es broad1 at fir/ regul> & convex1 :5 exp&$ becom+1 z a rule1 irregul> 9 %ape1 sometimes p>tially lob$ or wavy2 9 "y plants ! cap is a dull blacki% br[n1 fad$ 9 old] specim5s to a light] br[n1 umbilicate1 smoo?1 %9+4 ,! gills are adnate1 slightly cr[d$1 ) _m %ort ones1 r broad1 grayi%-:ite4 ,! /em is smoo?1 equal1 ev51 holl[1 or /uff$1 t\gh1 %ort1 br[n )9 & )\t1 b light] ?an ! cap4 ,! plant gr[s 9 pa/ures :]e /umps h be5 burn$ out1 always1 s f> z ,i h notic$1 on burn$ gr\nd4 ,spores 4#jjjbc4jjjaf4 ,collybia ambu/a4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,scor*$ ,,collybia4 ,ambu/a1 burn$ or scor*$1 f its be+ f\nd on burn$ soil4 ,! pileus is ne>ly membranace\s1 convex1 !n exp&$1 ne>ly plane1 papillate1 /riatulate1 smoo?1 livid br[n1 hygrophan\s1 umbonate4 ,! gills are adnate1 cr[d$1 lanceolate1 :ite1 !n ( a smoky t+e4 ,! /em is some:at /uff$1 t\gh1 %ort1 livid4 ,spores #e-fc-d4 ,?is species diff]s f ,c4 atrata 9 hav+ an umbonate pileus4 ,collybia conflu5s4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,tuft$ ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #hd4--;,collybia conflu5s4 ,natural size1 %[+ r$di% /ems4 ,conflu5s means gr[+ toge!r2 s call$ f ! /ems (t5 be+ conflu5t or adh]+ to ea* o!r4 ,! pileus is f an in* to an in* & a qu>t] broad1 r$di%-br[n1 (t5 d5sely cespitose1 some:at fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 flaccid1 smoo?1 (t5 wat]y1 m>g9 ?91 9 old specim5s slightly depress$ & wavy4 ,! gills are free & 9 old plants remote f ! /em1 r cr[d$1 n>r[1 fle% color$1 !n :iti%4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 holl[1 pale r$1 spr9kl$ ) a mealy pubesc5ce4 ,! spores are slightly ovate1 incl9$ to be po9t$ at "o end1 #e-fc-d4 ,^! plants gr[ among leaves 9 ! woods aft] w>m ra9s1 gr[+ 9 tufts1 sometimes 9 r[s or l9es4 ,!y are n z l>ge z ,c4 dryophylla1 ! /em is q diff]5t & ! plants seem to h ! ability to revive l a ,m>asmius4 ,!y c be dri$ = w9t] use4 ,collybia myriadophylla4 ,pk4 ,,_m-,,leav$ ,,collybia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #he4--;,collybia myriadophylla4 ,myriadophylla is f two ,greek words1 mean+ _m leaves4 ,x has ref]5ce to its num]\s gills4 ,! pileus is v ?91 broadly convex1 !n plane or c5trally depress$1 sometimes umbillicate1 hygrophan\s1 br[n :5 moi/1 o*race\s or tan-color :5 dry4 ,! gills are v num]\s1 n>r[1 l9e>1 cr[d$1 r\nd$ beh9d or slightly adnex$1 br[ni%-lilac4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 b commonly %ort1 equal1 glabr\s1 /uff$ or holl[1 r$di%-br[n4 ,! spores are m9ute1 broadly elliptical1 4#jjjab to 4#jjjaf-;in* long1 4#jjjh-;in* broad4 ,peck1 #di? ,rep4 ,i f\nd only a few specim5s 9 ,haynes's ,holl[4 ,! caps 7 ab\t an in* broad & ! /ems 7 an in* & a half long4 ,x w be easily id5tifi$ if "o has ! description ( x1 because ( its peculi>ly color$ gills4 ,i f\nd my plants on a decay$ /ump 9 ,augu/4 ,9 ! dri$ specim5s ! gills assume a m br[ni%-r$ hue1 z 9 ! next foll[+ species4 ,collybia colorea4 ,pk4 ,!y sometimes appe> to h a glauc\s reflection1 probably f ! abundance ( ! spores4 ,! /em is m or less radicat$ & (t5 slightly floccose-pru9ose t[>d ! base4 ,! basidia are v %ort1 be+ only 4#jjjf to 4#jjjh-;in* long4 ,collybia atratoides4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,blacki% ,,collybia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #hf4--;,collybia atratoides4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps blacki% to grayi%-br[n4 ,atratoides means l ! species atrata1 :i* means black2 s call$ because ! caps :5 fre% are q black4 ,atratoides has a diff]5t habitat & is n s d>k4 ,! pileus is ?91 convex1 subumbilicate1 glabr\s1 hygrophan\s1 blacki%-br[n :5 moi/1 grayi%-br[n & %9+ :5 dry4 ,! gills are r broad1 subdi/ant1 adnate1 grayi%-:ite1 (t5 transv]sely ve9y above & v5osely connect$4 ,! /em is equal1 holl[1 smoo?1 grayi%-br[n ) a :iti% mycelioid tom5tum at ! base4 ,! spores are ne>ly globose1 ab\t 4#jjjb-;in* broad4 ,! pileus is six to t5 l9es broad & ! /em is ab\t "o in* long4 ,peck4 ,! plant is greg>i\s1 gr[+ on decay$ wood & on mossy /icks 9 mix$ woods4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap is (t5 s]rat$1 z y w see 9 ,figure #hf1 yet ?is does n seem to be a con/ant *>act]i/ic ( ! species4 ,x is closely relat$ to ,c4 atrata1 b its habitat & ! color ( its pileus & gills diff] v greatly4 ,i h n eat5 x1 b h no d\bt ( its good qualities4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,q common 9 all our woods4 ,collybia ac]vata4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,tuft$ ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #hg4--;,collybia ac]vata4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps pale1 tan or d+y p9k4 ,ac]vata1 f ac]vus1 a mass1 a heap4 ,pileus fle%y b ?91 convex1 or ne>ly plane1 obtuse1 glabr\s1 hygrophan\s1 pale1 tan-color or d+y p9ki%-r$1 & commonly /riate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/1 pal] or :iti% :5 dry4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 adnex$ or free1 :iti% or t+$ ) fle%-color4 ,! /em sl5d]1 rigid1 holl[1 glabr\s1 r$di%1 r$di%-br[n or br[n1 (t5 :iti% at ! top1 especially :5 "y1 commonly ) a matt$ d[n at ! base4 ,spores elliptical1 #fc-d4 ,! plant is cespitose4 ,pileus "o-half in* broad4 ,/em two to ?ree in*es long4 ,peck's #di? ,report4 ,?is is a beautiful plant :5 gr[+ 9 l>ge tufts4 ,! entire plant is t5d] & has a delicate flavor4 ,i f\nd ! plant figur$ "h on ! ,frank=t pike :]e an old saw mill _h =m]ly /ood4 ,x grew abundantly !re1 along ) ,lepiota ,am]icana & ,pluteus c]v9us4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,collybia velutipes4 ,curtis4 ,,! ,,velvet-,,foot ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xv4 ,figure #hh4--;,collybia velutipes4 ,natural size1 %[+ ! velvet /ems1 :i* give "n to ! species4 ,velutipes1 f vellum1 velvet & pes1 foot4 ,pileus f "o to f\r in*es broad1 tawny yell[1 fle%y at ! c5t]1 ?ick on ! m>g91 q /icky or viscid :5 moi/1 m>g9 slightly /riate1 sometimes incl9$ to be exc5tric4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 broad1 slightly adnex$1 tan or pale-yell[1 some:at di/ant4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s1 t\gh1 holl[1 umb]1 !n becom+ blacki%1 ) a velvety coat4 ,spores are elliptical1 #gc-c4e4 ,x gr[s on /umps1 logs & roots1 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x gr[s almo/ ! ye> r\nd4 ,i h ga!r$ x to eat 9 ,febru>y4 ,plate ,,xv gives a v correct notion ( ! plant4 ,x is mo/ pl5tiful 9 ,septemb]1 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 yet f\nd ?r\gh\t ! w9t] mon?s4 ,myc5a4 ,fr4 ,myc5a is f a ,greek ^w1 mean+ a fungus4 ,! plants ( ?is g5us are small & r fragile4 ,pileus m or less membranace\s1 g5]ally /riate1 ) ! m>g9 almo/ /raight1 & at fir/ press$ to ! /em1 nev] involute1 exp&$1 campanulate1 & g5]ally umbonate4 ,! /em is ext]nally c>tilag9\s1 holl[1 n /uff$ :5 "y1 conflu5t ) ! cap4 ,gills nev] decurr5t1 ?\gh "s species h a broad s9us ne> ! /em4 ,mo/ species are small & inodor\s1 b "s :i* h a /rong alkal9e odor are probably n good4 ,"s are kn[n to be edible4 ,a few species exude a color$ or wat]y juice :5 bruis$4 ,! ,myc5a resembles ! ,collybia1 b nev] has ! incurv$ m>g9 ( ! latt]4 ,! plants are usually small]1 & ! caps are m or less conical4 ,?is g5us might be mi/ak5 = ,omphalia1 9 :i* ! gills are b slightly decurr5t1 b 9 ,omphalia ! cap is umbilicate :ile 9 ,myc5a x is umbonate4 ,_! be+ s small makes ! det]m9ation ( species some:at difficult4 ,"s h *>act]i/ic odors :i* greatly assi/ 9 e/abli%+ _! id5tity4 ,myc5a gal]iculata4 ,scop4 ,,! ,,small ,,peak$-,,cap ,,myc5a4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,figure #hi4--,myc5a gal]iculata4 ,natural size4 ,gal]iculata1 a small peak$-cap4 ,! pileus is campanulate1 :iti% or grayi%1 c5t] ( ! disk d>k] & light] t[>d ! m>g91 smoo?1 dry1 m>g9 /riat$ ne>ly to ! peak ( ! umbo1 sometimes slightly depress$4 ,! gills are adnate ) a too?1 connect$ by ve9s1 :iti%1 !n gray1 (t5 fle% color1 r di/ant1 v5tricose1 edge sometimes entire1 sometimes s]rate4 ,! /em is rigid1 c>tilag9\s1 holl[1 t\gh1 /raight1 poli%$1 smoo?1 hairy at ! base4 ,x gr[s on logs & /umps 9 ! woods4 ,x is v common & sometimes f\nd 9 abundance4 ,! plants are frequ5tly d5sely clu/]$1 ! num]\s /ems matt$ toge!r by a s(t hairy d[n at ! base4 ,!re are _m =ms ( ?is plant4 ,f\nd f ,septemb] to fro/4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #hi 7 photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smi?1 ,akron1 ,o4 ,myc5a rugosa4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,wr9kl$ ,,myc5a4 ,,edible4 ,rugosa means wr9kl$4 ,! pileus is some:at fle%y1 d>k] & small] ?an ! gal]iculata1 q t\gh1 bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 ) unequal elevat$ wr9kles1 always dry1 /riate on ! m>g94 ,! gills are adnate1 ) a too?1 unit$ beh9d1 connect$ by ve9s1 some:at di/ant1 :iti%1 !n gray1 edge sometimes entire1 sometimes s]rate4 ,! /em is %ort1 t\gh1 root$ ) a hairy base1 /rongly c>tilag9\s1 holl[1 rigid1 smoo?4 ,x is f\nd on /umps or decay$ logs dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,myc5a prolif]a4 ,s[4 ,,! ,,prolif]\s ,,myc5a4 ,,edible4 ,prolif]a is f proles1 (fspr+1 & f]o1 to be>4 ,! pileus is some:at fle%y1 campanulate1 !n exp&$1 dry1 ) a broad1 d>k umbo2 m>g9 at l5g? sulcate or furr[$ & sometimes split1 pale-yell[i% or becom+ br[ni%-tan4 ,! gills are adnex$1 subdi/ant1 :ite1 !n pallid4 ,! /em is firm1 rigid1 smoo?1 %9+1 m9utely /riate1 root+4 ,fries4 ,?is species1 z well z ,m4 gal]iculata1 is closely relat$ to ,m4 cohr5s4 ,i h f\nd x 9 d5se tufts or clu/]s1 sometimes on lawns1 on ! b>e gr\nd1 & 9 ! woods4 ,x is "o ( ! plants 9 :i* ! /ems may be cook$ ) ! caps4 ,myc5a capill>is4 ,s*um4 ,capill>is means hair-l4 ,?is is a v small b beautiful :ite plant4 ,! pileus is bell-%ap$1 at l5g? umbilicate1 smoo?4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 asc5d+1 r di/ant4 ,! /em is ?read-l1 smoo?1 %ort4 ,! spores are #g-hd4 ,fries4 ,^! plants are v small & easily ov]look$4 ,!y gr[ on leaves 9 ! woods aft] a ra94 ,july & ,augu/4 ,q common4 ,myc5a setosa4 ,s[4 ,setosa means full ( set or hairs4 ,! pileus is v delicate1 hemisph]ical1 obtuse1 smoo?4 ,! gills are di/ant1 :ite1 almo/ free4 ,! /em is %ort1 sl5d]1 & cov]$ ) spread+ hairs :i* gives rise to its specific "n4 ,commonly f\nd on dead leaves 9 ! woods aft] a ra94 ,f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,myc5a hmatopa4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,blood-,,foot ,,myc5a4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ij4--,myc5a hmatopa4 ,br[ni%-r$ or fle%-color4 ,a dull r$ juice exudes f ! /em4 ,m>g9 d5tate by /]ile flap4 ,hmatopa is f two ,greek words1 mean+ blood & foot4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 "o in* broad1 conic1 or bell-%ap$1 some:at umbonate1 obtuse1 :iti% to fle%-color1 ) m or less dull r$1 ev51 or slightly /riate at ! m>g91 ! m>g9 ext5d+ beyond ! gills & is too!d4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 (t5 ) a decurr5t too?1 :iti%4 ,spores1 #ajf-g4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 firm1 holl[1 sometimes smoo?1 sometimes p[d]$ ) :iti%1 s(t hairy d[n1 9 color ! same z ! pileus1 yield+ a d>k r$ juice :i* gives "n to ! species4 ,! color v>ies q a little 9 ^! plants1 ow+ to "s hav+ m ( ! r$ juice ?an o!rs4 ,! g5us is readily id5tifi$ by ! dull blood-r$ juice1 holl[ /em1 ! cr5ate m>g9 ( ! cap1 & its d5se cespitose habits4 ,x is f\nd on decay$ logs 9 damp places f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #ij 7 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[1 ,septemb] #h4 ,! plant is widely di/ribut$ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no "o w h ! slighte/ difficulty 9 recogniz+ ?is species aft] see+ ! plants 9 ! figure above4 ,myc5a alkal9a4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,/ump ,,myc5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ia4--,myc5a alkal9a4 ,two-?irds natural size1 (t5 l>g]4 ,"y specim5s4 ,solit>y or cespitose2 pileus "o-half to two in*es broad1 r membranace\s1 campanulate1 obtuse1 nak$1 deeply /riate1 moi/1 %9+ :5 dry1 :5 old exp&$ or depress$1 b little *ang$ 9 color1 ?\gh occasionally ) a p9k or yell[ hue1 :iti% or grayi%1 ! c5t] ( ! disk d>k]4 ,! gills are adnate1 r di/ant1 slightly v5tricose1 at fir/ pale1 !n glauc\s1 p9ki%1 or yell[1 m or less connect$ by ve9s4 ,! /em is smoo?1 slightly /icky1 %9+1 vill\s at ! base ) a sometimes tawny-d[n1 sometimes firm & t5aci\s1 holl[1 att5uat$ upw>d4 ,! plant is rigid1 b brittle1 & /rong-sc5t$4 ,f\nd on decay$ /umps & logs1 y w meet x frequ5tly4 ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,myc5a filopes4 ,bull4 ,,?ready-,,/emm$ ,,myc5a4 ,pileus membranace\s1 obtuse1 campanulate1 !n exp&$1 /riate1 br[n or umb]1 t+$ ) p9k4 ,! gills are free or m9utely adnex$1 slightly v5tricose1 :ite or pal] ?an ! pileus1 cr[d$4 ,! /em is holl[1 juicy1 smoo?1 fili=m1 r brittle1 :iti% or br[ni%4 ,f\nd 9 woods on leaves1 aft] a ra91 f ,july to ,octob]4 ,myc5a /annea4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,t9-,,color$ ,,myc5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ib4--,myc5a /annea4 ,natural size4 ,caps :ite1 sometimes smoky4 ,/annea p]ta9+ to ! color ( t94 ,?is is a delicate species t gr[s 9 ! woods 9 tufts on rott5 wood 9 damp places4 ,! g5]al "* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 be+ ne>ly :ite b _m ( ! pilei are some:at smoky4 ,! pileus is firm1 membranace\s1 bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 smoo?1 v slightly /riate1 hygrophan\s1 q silky1 t9-color4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 ) a decurr5t too?1 connect$ by ve9s1 grayi%-:ite4 ,! /em is smoo?1 ev51 %9+1 becom+ pale1 at l5g? compress$4 ,?is species diff]s f ,myc5a vitrea 9 hav+ a too? to ! gills4 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july4 ,myc5a vitrea4 ,fr4 ,vitrea1 glassy4 ,?is plant is q fragile4 ,! pileus is membranace\s1 bell-%ap$1 livid-br[n1 f9ely /riate1 no trace ( umbo4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 n connect$ by ve9s1 di/9ct1 l9e>1 :iti%4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 slightly /riate1 poli%$1 pale1 base fibrillose4 ,?is species diff]s f ,m4 tites & ,m4 /annea 9 gills n hav+ a decurr5t too? & n be+ connect$ by ve9s4 ,myc5a corticola4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ic4--,myc5a corticola4 ,corticola means dwell+ on b>k4 ,x is "o ( ! smalle/ ( ! ,myc5as1 ! pileus be+ ab\t two to f\r l9es across1 ?91 hemisph]ical1 obtuse1 becom+ slightly umbilicate1 deeply /riate1 glabr\s or flocculosely pru9ose1 gray1 tan1 or br[ni%4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 ) slight decurr5t too?1 broad1 r ovate1 pallid4 ,! /em1 is %ort1 sl5d]1 incurv$1 glabr\s or m9utely scurfy1 some:at pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #e-fc2 cy/idia obtusely fusi=m1 #ej-fjh-aj4 ,^! plants are f\nd on ! b>k ( liv+ trees4 ,aft] ra9s ,i h se5 ! b>k on ! %ade trees along ! walks 9 ,*illico!1 lit]ally cov]$ ) ^! beautiful little plants4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #ic 7 tak5 f a maple tree ! #d? ( ,decemb]4 ,!y are v close alli$ to ,m4 hiemalis b c be di/+ui%$ by ! broad1 ovate gills be>+ cy/idia1 & small] spores4 ,myc5a hiemalis4 ,osbeck4 ,,! ,,w9t] ,,myc5a4 ,hiemalis1 (1 or belong+ to1 w9t]4 ,! pileus q ?91 bell-%ap$1 v slightly umbonate1 m>g9 /riate2 p9ki%1 rufesc5t1 :ite1 sometimes pru9ose4 ,! gills are adnate1 l9e>1 :ite or :iti%4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 curv$1 base d[ny1 :iti%1 p9ki%-r$4 ,! spores are #g-hc4 ,?is is a m delicate species ?an ,m4 corticola & diff]s f x 9 its n>r[ gills1 & /riate1 n sulcate1 pileus1 also 9 ! color ( ! /em4 ,f\nd on /umps & logs4 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,myc5a ,leaiana4 ,b]k4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #id4--,myc5a leaiana4 ,natural size4 ,caps bright orange & v viscid4 ,leaiana nam$ 9 honor ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,g4 ,lea1 :o 0 ! fir/ man to /udy mycology 9 ! ,miami ,valley4 ,?is is a v beautiful plant gr[+ on decay$ bee* logs 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 v viscid1 bright orange1 ! m>g9 slightly /riate z w be se5 9 ! "o ^: cap %[s4 ,! gills are di/ant1 n entire1 broad1 not*$ at ! /em1 atta*$1 ! edge a dusky orange1 or v]milion1 ! %ort gills beg9n+ at ! m>g94 ,! /em is 9 mo/ cases curv$1 att5uat$ t[>d ! cap1 smoo?1 holl[1 r firm1 q hirsute or /rigose at ! base4 ,! spores are elliptical1 apiculate1 4#jjij4jjef mm4 ,!y are cspitose1 gr[+ 9 d5se tufts on logs some:at decay$4 ,x is extremely viscid1 s mu* s t y\r h&s w be /a9$ yell[ if y h&le x mu*4 ,x gr[s f spr+ to fall b is usually m abundant 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,v common4 ,myc5a iris4 ,b4 ,pileus is small1 convex1 exp&$1 obtuse1 slightly viscid1 /riate1 q blue8 :5 "y1 gr[+ br[ni% ) blue fibrils4 ,! gills are free1 t+$ ) gray4 ,! /em is %ort1 blui% bel[1 t+$ ) br[n above1 some:at pru9ose4 ,f\nd 9 damp woods aft] a ra91 9 ,augu/4 ,myc5a pura4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smi?4 ,figure #ie4--,myc5a pura4 ,pura means un/a9$1 pure4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 ?91 bell-%ap$1 exp&$1 obtusely umbonate1 f9ely /riate on ! m>g91 sometimes hav+ m>g9 upturn$1 violet to rose4 ,! gills are broad1 adnate to s9uate1 9 old] plants sometimes free by break+ away f ! /em1 connect$ by ve9s1 sometimes wavy & cr5ate on ! edge1 ! edge ( ! gills sometimes almo/ or q :ite1 violet1 rose4 ,! /em is ev51 ne>ly nak$1 some:at vill\s at ! base1 sometimes almo/ :ite :5 "y1 lat] assum+ ! color ( ! cap1 holl[1 smoo?4 ,! spores are :ite & oblong1 #f-hc-c4e4 ,m4 ,pelian?9a diff]s f ?is 9 hav+ d>k-edg$ gills4 ,x diff]s f ,m4 pseudopura & ,m4 zephira 9 hav+ a /rong smell4 ,m4 ian?9a diff]s 9 hav+ a conical cap4 ,?is plant is q widely di/ribut$4 ,our plants are light-violet 9 color1 & ! color seems con/ant4 ,i h f\nd x 9 mix$ woods4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,myc5a vulg>is4 ,p]s4 ,vulg>is means common4 ,! pileus is small1 convex1 !n depress$1 papillate1 viscid1 br[ni%-gray1 f9ely /riate on ! m>g94 ,! gills are subdecurr5t1 ?91 :ite2 ! depress$ cap & decurr5t gills make ! plant resemble an ,omphalia4 ,spores1 #eb4e4 ,! /em is viscid1 pale1 t\gh1 fibrillose at ! base1 root+1 becom+ holl[4 ,x diff]s f ,m4 pelliculosa 9 n hav+ a sep>able cuticule & ! fold-l gills4 ,?is plant w be recogniz$ by its smoky or grayi% color1 umbilicate pileus1 & viscid /em4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods on leaves & decay$ /icks4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,myc5a epipt]ygia4 ,scop4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #if4--,myc5a epipt]ygia4 ,epipt]ygia is ,epi1 ^u1 & ,pt]ygion1 a small w+4 ,^! are small1 ! pileus be+ "o-half to "o in* broad1 membranace\s1 bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 r obtuse1 n depress$1 /riate1 ! cuticule sep>able 9 e condition & viscid 9 damp wea!r1 gray1 (t5 pale yell[i%-gre5 ne> ! m>g9 (t5 m9utely not*$ :5 "y4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em ) a decurr5t too?1 ?91 :iti% or t+$ ) gray4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 holl[1 t\gh1 root+1 viscid1 yell[i%1 sometimes gray or ev5 :iti%4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #h-ajd-e4 ,^! plants h a wide di/ribution & are8 f\nd on bran*es1 among moss & dead leaves4 ,!y are f\nd 9 clu/]s & solit>y4 ,!y resemble 9 _m ways ,m4 alcal9a b d n h ! peculi> smell4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #if 7 photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smi? ( ,akron4 ,omphalia4 ,fr4 ,omphalia is f a ,greek ^w mean+ ! navel2 ref]r+ "h to ! c5tral depression 9 ! cap4 ,! pileus f ! fir/ is c5trally depress$1 !n funnel-%ap$1 almo/ membranace\s1 & wat]y :5 moi/2 m>g9 incurv$ or /raight4 ,/em c>tilag9\s & holl[1 (t5 /uff$ :5 "y1 cont9u\s ) ! cap b diff]5t 9 "*4 ,gills decurr5t & sometimes bran*$4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd on wood1 pref]r+ a damp woody situation & a wet season4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f ,collybia & ,myc5a by its decurr5t gills4 ,9 "s ( ! species ( ! ,myc5a :]e ! gills are slightly decurr5t1 ! pileus is n c5trally depress$ z x is 9 correspond+ species ( ,omphalia4 ,!re are a few species ( ,omphalia ^: pileus is n c5trally depress$ b ^: gills are pla9ly decurr5t4 ,omphalia campanella4 ,bats*4 ,,! ,,bell ,,omphalia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,figure #ig4--,omphalia campanella4 ,campanella means a little bell4 ,! pileus is membranace\s1 convex to ext5d$1 c5trally depress$1 /riate1 wat]y1 ru/y-yell[ 9 color4 ,! gills are mod]ately close1 decurr5t1 b[-%ap$1 connect$ by ve9s1 rigid1 firm1 yell[i%4 ,! spores elliptical1 #f-gc-d4 ,! /em is holl[1 clo!d ) d[n1 & pal] above4 ,?is plant is v common & pl5tiful 9 our woods & is widely di/ribut$ 9 ! /ates4 ,x gr[s on wood or on gr\nd v heavily *>g$ ) decay+ wood4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh ! summ] & fall4 ,x is delici\s if y h ! pati5ce to ga!r !m4 ,omphalia epi*ysia4 ,p]s4 ,! pileus is ?91 convex to exp&$1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 sooty-gray ) a wat]y appe>ance1 pallid to ne>ly :ite :5 dry4 ,! gills are slightly decurr5t1 :iti% !n gray1 some:at cr[d$4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 holl[1 gray4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #h-ajd-e4 ,x gr[s 9 decay$ wood4 ,its smoky color1 funnel-%ap$ pileus1 & gray %ort /em w di/+ui% x4 ,i h "s plants s5t me f ,massa*usetts :i* seem to be mu* small] ?an our plants4 ,omphalia umbellif]a4 ,l9n4 ,,! ,,umbel ,,omphalia4 ,,edible4 ,umbellif]a--umbella1 a small %ade2 f]ro1 to be>4 ,pileus "o-half in* broad1 membranace\s1 :iti%1 convex1 !n plane1 broadly obconic1 slightly umbilicate ev5 9 ! smalle/ plants1 hygrophan\s 9 wet wea!r1 ray$ ) d>k] /ri4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 v di/ant1 q broad beh9d1 triangul>1 ) /raight edges4 ,! /em is %ort1 n m ?an "o in* long1 dilat$ at ! apex1 ( same color z ! pileus1 at fir/ /uff$1 !n holl[1 firm1 :ite1 vill\s at ! base4 ,x is a common plant 9 our woods1 gr[+ on decay$ wood or gr\nd l>gely made up ( rott5 wood4 ,decay$ bee* b>k is a favorite habitat4 ,f\nd f ,july till ,octob]4 ,omphalia cspitosa4 ,bol4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ih4--,omphalia cspitosa4 ,natural size4 ,cspitosa means gr[+ 9 tufts2 cspes1 turf4 ,! pileus is submembranace\s1 v small1 convex1 ne>ly hemisph]ical1 umbilicate1 ?91 sulcate1 light-o*re1 m>g9 cr5ate1 smoo?4 ,! gills are di/ant1 r broad1 %ortly decurr5t1 :iti%4 ,! /em is curv$1 holl[1 color$ l ! pileus1 slightly bulb\s at ! base4 ,! spores are #fe4 ,?is species is v mu* l ,omphalia oniscus & !y c only be di/+ui%$ by _! habitats & color4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,x delights 9 well rott$ wood4 ,i h se5 millions 9 "o place4 ,omphalia oniscus4 ,fr4 ,,bolton',s ,,omphalia4 ,,edible4 ,oniscus1 a "n giv5 to a species ( codfi% by ! ,greeks1 s nam$ because ( _! gray color4 ,! pileus is flaccid1 irregul>1 ab\t "o in* broad1 convex1 plane1 or depress$1 slightly fle%y1 wavy1 sometimes lob$1 m>g9 /riate1 d>k c9]e\s1 pal] :5 dry4 ,! gills are adnate1 decurr5t1 livid or :iti%1 arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r1 some:at di/ant4 ,! /em is ab\t "o in* long1 r firm1 /raight or curv$1 sometimes unequal1 ne>ly holl[4 ,! spores are #abg-h4 ,?is is f\nd 9 damp places f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,omphalia pyxidata4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,box ,,omphalia4 ,pyxidata means made l a box1 f pyxis1 a box4 ,! pileus is some:at membranace\s1 cle>ly umbilicate1 !n funnel-%ap$1 smoo? :5 moi/1 m>g9 (t5 /riate1 brick-r$4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 r di/ant1 triangul>1 n>r[1 r$di% gray1 (t5 yell[i%4 ,! /em is /uff$1 !n holl[1 ev51 t\gh1 pale-tawny4 ,! spores are #g-he-f4 ,! plants are usually hygrophan\s1 b :5 dry1 floccose or slightly silky4 ,?is is a small plant gr[+ usually on lawns1 ne>ly hidd5 9 ! grass4 ,i f\nd "s v f9e specim5s on ,dr4 ,sulzba*]'s lawn on ,second ,/reet1 ,*illico!4 ,! plant is1 h[ev]1 widely di/ribut$4 ,i f\nd _m specim5s on ! #c;d ( ,novemb]4 ,omphalia fibula4 ,bull4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ii4--,omphalia fibula4 ,fibula means a buckle or p91 f ! p9-l /em4 ,! pileus is membranace\s1 at fir/ top-%ap$1 exp&$1 slightly umbilicate1 /riate1 m>g9 incl9$ to be inflex$1 yell[ or tawny1 ) a dusky c5t]1 m9utely pilose4 ,! gills are deeply decurr5t1 pal]1 di/9ct4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 ne>ly orange color ) a violet-br[n apex1 ! :ole m9utely pilose4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #d-eb4 ,!y are f\nd on mossy banks :]e x is m or less damp4 ,i h only f\nd x 9 ,octob]4 ,omphalia alb(lava4 ,moy4 ,,! ,,gold5-,,gill$ ,,omphalia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajj4--,omphalia alb(lava4 ,cap yell[i%-br[n1 sometimes a gre5i% t+e4 ,gills gold5 yell[4 ,alb(lava is f two ,greek words mean+ :iti%-yell[1 f ! yell[ gills4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 ?91 some:at membranace\s1 umbilicate1 flaccid1 cov]$ ) f9e woolly mat]ial1 yell[-br[n1 light] :5 dry1 m>g9 reflex$4 ,! gills are di/ant1 deep gold5-yell[1 occasionally =k$4 ,! /em is holl[1 equal1 smoo?1 %9+1 egg-yell[4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #hd4 ,?is plant1 is f\nd q frequ5tly on decay$ bran*es & logs ab\t ,*illico!4 ,i h nev] _h ! opportunity to te/ its edibility b ,i h no d\bt ( its be+ good4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #ajj 7 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[ & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,m>asmius4 ,fr4 ,m>asmius is a ,greek p>ticiple mean+ )]$ or %rivel$2 x is s call$ because ! plant w )] & dry up1 b revive ) ! com+ ( ra94 ,! spores are :ite & subelliptical4 ,! pileus is t\gh & fle%y or membranace\s4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s & cont9u\s ) ! pileus1 b ( a diff]5t texture4 ,! gills are ?ick1 r t\gh & di/ant1 sometimes unequal1 v>i\sly atta*$ or free1 r>ely decurr5t1 ) a %>p entire edge4 ,x is q a l>ge g5us & _m ( its species w be ( great int]e/ to ! /ud5t4 ,m>asmius oreades4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,fairy-,,r+ ,,mu%room4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aja4--,m>asmius oreades4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,oreades1 m\nta9 nymphs4 ,pileus is fle%y1 t\gh & pliable :5 moi/1 brittle :5 dry1 convex1 becom+ flat1 some:at umbonate1 br[ni%-buff at fir/1 becom+ cream-color2 :5 old x is usually q wr9kl$4 ,! gills are broad & wide ap>t1 creamy or yell[i%1 r\nd$ at ! /em end1 unequal 9 l5g?4 ,! /em is solid1 equal1 t\gh1 fibr\s1 nak$ & smoo? at base1 ev]y:]e ) a d[ny surface4 ,! spores are :ite1 #he4 ,to my m9d !re is no m appetiz+ mu%room ?an ! ,fairy ,r+ mu%room4 ,figure #aja w give an accurate notion ( ! plant & ,figure #ajb w %[ h[ !y gr[ 9 ! grass4 ,x is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,ohio4 ,e old pa/ure field or lawn w be full ( ^! r+s4 ,! plant is small b its pl5tifulness w make up = its size4 ,!re are _m conjectures :y ?is & _m o!r mu%rooms gr[ 9 a circle4 ,! explanation is q obvi\s4 ,! r+ is />t$ by a clump or an individual mu%room4 ,! gr\nd :]e ! mu%room grew is r5d]$ unfit = mu%rooms aga91 ! spores fall ^u ! gr\nd & ! mycelium spreads out f ?is po9t1 consequ5tly ea* ye> ! r+ is gr[+ l>g]4 ,sometimes !y appe> only 9 a cresc5t =m4 ,"o c tell1 by look+ ov] a lawn or pa/ure1 :]e ! r+s are1 because1 f ! decay ( ! mu%room1 ! grass is gre5] & m vigor\s !re4 ,long ago1 9 ,engl& & ,irel&1 be=e ! peasantry _h begun to "q ! reality ( ! exi/5ce ( ! fairy folk & _! b5efic5t int]f]5ce 9 ! affairs ( life1 ^! em]ald-hu$ r+s 7 firmly believ$ to be due to ! fairy foot/eps :i* nightly press$ _! *os5 haunts1 & to m>k ! little p's favorite danc+ gr\nd4 ,!y _h always f9e music among !mselves1 & danc$ 9 a moon%9y night ar\nd or 9 a r+1 z "o may see to ?is day ^u e common 9 ,engl& :]e mu%rooms gr[1 qua9tly says "o old writ]4 ,& ! ,rev4 ,g]>d ,smi? /ill fur!r voices ! belief ( ! p z to ! nature ( ^! grassy r+s3 ,! nimble elves ,t d by moon%9e gre5 s\r r+lets make1 ,:]e( ! ewe bites n2 ^: pa/ime 'tis ,to make ^! midnight mu%rooms4 ,x is a v common plant1 & x w pay any "o to "k x1 z we _c f9d any?+ 9 ! m>kets t w equal x z a table delicacy4 ,f\nd 9 pa/ures & lawns dur+ ra9y wea!r f ,may till fro/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajb4--,m>asmius oreades4 ,%[+ a fairy r+4 ,m>asmius ur5s4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,/++ ,,m>asmius4 ,ur5s means burn+2 s call$ f its acrid ta/e4 ,! pileus is pale-buff1 t\gh1 fle%y1 convex or flat1 becom+ depress$ & f9ally wr9kl$1 smoo?1 ev51 "o to two in*es broad4 ,! gills are unequal1 cream-color$1 becom+ br[ni%1 mu* clos] ?an 9 ! ,fairy ,r+1 h>dly rea*+ ! /em prop]1 jo9$ beh9d4 ,! /em is solid above & holl[ bel[1 fibr\s1 pale1 its surface m or less cov]$ ) floccul5t d[n1 & d5sely cov]$ ) :ite d[n at ! base4 ,x w be well = collectors to pass by ?is & ,m4 p]onatus1 or to ex]cise ! greate/ caution 9 _! use4 ,!y h be5 eat5 )\t h>m1 b !y also h s long be5 br&$ z poison\s t too great c>e _c be tak54 ,its ta/e is acrid1 & x gr[s 9 lawns & pa/ures f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,m>asmius &rosaceus4 ,l9n4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajc4--,m>asmius &rosaceus4 ,natural size4 ,&rosaceus is f a ,greek ^w :i* means an unid5tifi$ sea plant or zoophyte4 ,! pileus is ?ree to six l9es broad1 membranace\s1 convex1 ) a slight depression1 pale-r$di%1 d>k] 9 ! c5t]1 /riate1 smoo?4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 frequ5tly q simple & few 9 numb]1 ab\t fifte51 ) %ort] ones betwe51 sometimes =k$1 :iti%4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 horny1 fili=m1 holl[1 q smoo?1 black1 (t5 twi/$ :5 dry4 ,! spores are #gc-d4 ,?is is a v attractive little plant f\nd on ! leaves 9 ! woods aft] a ra94 ,!y are q abundant4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,m>asmius foetidus4 ,s[4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajd4--,m>asmius foetidus4 ,foetidus means /9k+ or foetid4 ,! pileus is submembranace\s1 t\gh1 convex1 !n exp&$1 umbilicate /riato-plicate1 turn+ pale :5 dry1 subpru9ose4 ,! gills are annulato-adnex$1 di/ant1 rufesc5t ) a yell[ t+e4 ,! /em is holl[1 m9utely velvety1 bay1 base flocculose4 ,! caps are light br[ni%-r$ 9 color1 fad+ :5 dry4 ,:5 fre% x has a foetid odor q p]ceptible = su* small plants4 ,x is f\nd on decay$ /icks & leaves 9 woods4 ,dur+ wet wea!r or aft] heavy ra9s x is q common 9 ! woods ab\t ,*illico!4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,?is is also call$ ,heliomyces foet5s 7,pat47 & is s classifi$ by ,pr(4 ,morgan 9 8 v excell5t ,monogram on ,nor? ,am]ican ,species ( ,m>asmius4 ,m>asmius velutipes4 ,b4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aje4--,m>asmius velutipes4 ,velutipes means velvet-foot$1 f ! velvety /em4 ,! pileus is ?91 submembranace\s1 smoo?1 convex1 or exp&$1 grayi%-ruf\s :5 moi/1 c9]e\s :5 dry1 a half to "o & a half in*es broad4 ,! gills are v n>r[1 cr[d$1 :iti% or grayi%4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 ?ree to five in*es long1 equal1 holl[1 clo!d ) a d5se grayi% velvety tom5tum4 ,peck4 ,!y usually gr[ 9 a v cr[d$ condition1 _m plants gr[+ f "o mat ( mycelium4 ,x is q a common plant ) u1 f\nd 9 damp woods or ar\nd a swampy place4 ,! pileus ) u is convex4 ,"s au?orities speak ( an umbilicate cap4 ,! plant is q h>dy & easily id5tifi$ because ( its long & sl5d] /em1 ) ! grayi% tom5tum at ! base4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #aje 7 f\nd at ,a%ville1 ,ohio4 ,m>asmius cohr5s4 7,fr47 ,bres4 ,,! ,,/emm$-,,mass$ ,,m>asmius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajf4--,m>asmius cohr5s4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ h[ ! /ems are mass$ toge!r4 ,cohr5s means hold+ toge!r1 ref]r+ to ! /ems be+ mass$ toge!r4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 ?91 convex1 campanulate1 !n exp&$1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 9 old specim5s ! m>g9 upturn$ or wavy1 velvety1 r$di% tan-color1 d>k] 9 ! c5t]1 indi/9ctly /riate4 ,! gills are r cr[d$1 n>r[1 adnate1 sometimes becom+ free f ! /em1 connect$ by slight ve9s1 pale c9namon-color1 becom+ some:at d>k] ) age1 ! v>iation ( color due to ! numb] ( cy/idia scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! gills & on _! edge4 ,spores1 oval1 :ite1 small1 #fc4 ,! /em is holl[1 long1 rigid1 ev51 smoo?1 %9+1 r$di%-br[n1 gr[+ pal] or :iti% t[>d ! cap1 a numb] ( ! /ems gr[+ toge!r at ! base ) a :iti% myceloid tom5tum pres5t4 ,! plant gr[s 9 d5se clu/]s among leaves & 9 well rott$ wood4 ,i h f\nd x q (t5 ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is call$ ,myc5a cohr5s1 ,fr41 ,collybia la*nophylla1 ,b]k41 ,collybia sp9ulif]a1 ,pk4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #ajf 7 f\nd ne> ,a%ville1 ,ohio4 ,septemb] to fro/4 ,m>asmius c&idus4 ,bolt4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,m>asmius4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajg4--,m>asmius c&idus4 ,natural size4 ,c&idus means %9+ :ite4 ,?is delicate species gr[s 9 moi/ & %ady places 9 ! woods4 ,x gr[s on twigs1 its habitat & /ructure are fully illu/rat$ 9 ! ,figure #ajg4 ,! pileus is r membranace\s1 hemisph]ical1 !n plane or depress$1 pellucid1 wr9kl$1 nak$1 entirely :ite4 ,! gills are adnex$1 v5tricose1 di/ant1 n entire4 ,! /em is ?91 /uff$1 :iti%1 slightly pru9ose1 base t+$ ) br[n4 ,spores are elliptical1 #db4 ,?is plant has a wide di/ribution 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! specim5s figur$ 7 collect$ by ,h4 ,h4 ,york ne> ,s&usky1 ,ohio1 & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,i h f\nd !m at v>i\s po9ts 9 ,ohio4 ,m>asmius rotula4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,coll>$ ,,m>asmius4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ajh4--,m>asmius rotula4 ,natural size4 ,caps :ite or pale-buff4 ,rotula means a little :eel4 ,! pileus is "o to ?ree l9es broad1 hemisph]ical1 umbilicate1 & m9utely umbonate1 plait$1 smoo?1 membranace\s1 m>g9 cr5ate1 :ite1 or pale buff1 ) a d>k umbilicus4 ,! gills are broad1 di/ant1 few1 equal1 or occasionally ) a few %ort ones1 ( ! color ( ! pileus1 atta*$ to a free coll> beh9d4 ,! /em is seti=m1 slightly flexu\s1 :ite above1 !n tawny1 deep %9+ br[n at ! base1 /riate1 holl[1 frequ5tly bran*$ & s>m5tose1 ) or )\t abortive pilei4--,m4 ,j4 ,b4 ,?is plant is v common 9 woods on fall5 twigs4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #ajh 7 collect$ ne> ,c9c9nati4 ,?is plant has a wide di/ribution4 ,x is 9 all our ,ohio woods4 ,m>asmius scorodonius4 ,fr4 ,,/rong-,,sc5t$ ,,m>asmius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aji4--,m>asmius scorodonius4 ,scorodonius is f a ,greek ^w mean+ l g>lic4 ,! pileus is "o-half in* or m broad1 r$di% :5 "y1 b becom+ pale1 :iti%2 some:at fle%y1 t\gh2 ev51 soon plane1 rugulose ev5 :5 "y1 at l5g? rugulose & crisp$4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 (t5 sep>at+1 connect$ by ve9s1 crisp$ 9 dry+1 :iti%4 ,! /em is at lea/ "o in* long1 holl[1 equal1 q smoo?1 %9+1 r$di%4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #fd4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods gr[+ on /icks & decay$ wood4 ,x is /rong-smell+4 ,x is frequ5tly put ) o!r plants to give a flavor ( g>lic to ! di%4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,m>asmius calopus4 ,fr4 ,calopus is f two ,greek words mean+ beautiful & foot1 s call$ because ( its beautiful /em4 ,! pileus is r fle%y1 t\gh1 convex1 plane !n depress$1 ev51 at l5g? rugose1 :iti%4 ,! gills are em>g9ate1 adnex$1 ?91 :ite1 9 gr\ps ( #b-d4 ,! /em is holl[1 equal1 smoo?1 n root+1 %9+1 r$di%-bay4 ,x is f\nd gr[+ on twigs & fall5 leaves1 9 ! woods4 ,small] ?an ,m4 ,scorodonius b ) long] /em4 ,m>asmius prasiosmus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,leek-,,sc5t$ ,,m>asmius4 ,prasiosmus means smell+ l a leek2 f1 prason1 a leek4 ,! pileus is "o-half to "o in* broad1 some:at membranace\s1 t\gh1 bell-%ap$1 pale yell[ or :iti%1 disk (t5 d>k]1 wr9kl$4 ,! gills are adnex$1 some:at close1 :ite4 ,! /em is t\gh1 holl[1 pallid & smoo? above1 dilat$ at ! base1 tom5tose & br[n4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods adh]+ to oak leaves aft] heavy ra9s4 ,x is v ne> ,m4 porreus b diff]s f x 9 its gills be+ :ite & caps n be+ /riat$4 ,x diff]s f ,m4 t]g9us ma9ly 9 its habitat & leek-l sc5t4 ,m>asmius anomalus4 ,pk4 ,anomalus1 n con=m+ to rule1 irregul>4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 some:at fle%y1 t\gh1 convex1 ev51 r$di%-gray4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 holl[1 equal1 smoo?1 pallid above1 r$di%-br[n bel[4 ,! gills are rotundate-free1 close1 n>r[1 :iti% or pallid4 ,morgan4 ,?is is q a pretty plant1 gr[+ on /icks among leaves 9 ! woods4 ,x is l>g] ?an mo/ ( ! small ,m>asmii f\nd 9 simil> habitats4 ,m>asmius semihirtipes4 ,pk4 ,semihirtipes means a slightly hairy foot or /em4 ,! pileus is ?91 t\gh1 ne>ly plane or depress$1 smoo?1 sometimes /riate on ! m>g91 hygrophan\s1 r$di%-br[n :5 moi/1 alutace\s :5 dry1 ! disk sometimes d>k]4 ,! gills are subdi/ant1 rea*+ ! /em1 slightly v5ose-connect$1 sub-cr5ulate on ! edge1 :ite4 ,! /em is equal1 ev5 or f9ely /riate1 holl[1 smoo? above1 velvety-tom5tose t[>d ! base1 r$di%-br[n4 ,peck4 ,^! plants are v small1 (t5 no d\bt ov]look$ by ! collector4 ,!y are greg>i\s 9 _! mode ( gr[?4 ,m>asmius longipes4 ,pk4 ,longipes means long /em or foot4 ,! pileus is ?91 convex1 smoo?1 f9ely /riate on ! m>g91 tawny-r$4 ,! gills are n cr[d$1 atta*$1 :ite4 ,! /em is tall1 /raight1 holl[1 equal1 cov]$ ) a d[ny meal1 root+1 br[n or fawn-color1 :ite at ! top4 ,^! plants are q small & sl5d]1 sometimes f\r to five in*es high4 ,!y are r common 9 our woods aft] a ra94 ,m>asmius gram9um4 ,b]k4 ,gram9um is ! g54 pl4 ( gram51 :i* means grass4 ,! pileus small1 membranace\s1 convex1 !n ne>ly plane1 umbonate1 deeply & di/9ctly /riate or sulcate1 t+$ ) ruf\s1 ! furr[s pal]1 disc br[n4 ,! gills are atta*$ to a coll> t is free ar\nd ! /em1 few 9 numb]1 slightly v5tricose1 cream-color4 ,! /em is %ort1 sl5d]1 equal1 smoo?1 %9+1 black1 :iti% above4 ,! spores are globose1 #c-d4 ,?is species is v ne> ,m4 rotula b x c be easily di/+ui%$ by ! pale rufesc5t1 di/9ctly sulcate pileus1 & its gr[+ on grass4 ,i h frequ5tly f\nd x on ! ,*illico! high s*ool lawn4 ,m>asmius siccus4 ,s*w4 ,,! ,,bell-,,%ap$ ,,m>asmius4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,figure #aaj4--,m>asmius siccus4 ,natural size4 ,! cap o*race\s r$1 ! disks some:at d>k]1 ! /ems %9+ & blacki%-br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aaa4--,m>asmius siccus4 ,natural size4 ,caps deeply furr[$ & p9ki%4 ,?is is a v beautiful plant f\nd 9 ! woods aft] a ra91 gr[+ f ! leaves4 ,!y are f\nd s+ly1 b usually 9 gr\ps4 ,! pileus is at fir/ ne>ly conical1 !n campanulate1 membranace\s1 dry1 smoo?1 furr[s radiat+ f almo/ ! c5t]1 gr[+ l>g] z !y approa* ! m>g91 o*race\s-r$1 ! disk a little d>k]4 ,! gills are free or slightly atta*$1 few1 di/ant1 broad1 n>r[$ t[>d ! /em1 :iti%4 ,! /em is holl[1 t\gh1 smoo?1 %9+1 blacki%-br[n1 two to ?ree in*es long4 ,! pileus is ab\t a half in* broad4 ,! plant is q common 9 our woods4 ,i h n f\nd x else:]e4 ,! plants 9 ! photograph repres5t ! p9k =m1 :i* is n s common z ! o*race\s-r$4 ,9 ! p9k =m ! c5t] ( ! cap & ! apex ( ! /em is a delicate p9k1 :i* gives ! plant a beautiful appe>ance4 ,f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,i h n te/$ x b h no d\bt ( its escul5t qualities4 ,m>asmius fag9eus4 ,morgan4 ,fag9eus means belong+ to bee*4 ,pileus a little fle%y1 convex !n plane or depress$1 at l5g? some:at rep&1 rugose-/riate1 r$di%-pallid or alutace\s4 ,! gills are %ort-adnate1 some:at crisp$1 close1 pale r$di%4 ,! /em is %ort1 holl[1 pubesc5t1 ?ick5$ upw>d1 concolor\s2 ! base some:at tub]culose4 ,morgan1 ,myc4 ,flora ,m4 ,v4 ,?is plant is q frequ5tly f\nd 9 our woods gr[+ on ! b>k at ! base ( liv+ bee* trees4 ,its habitat1 its r$di% or alutace\s cap1 & its pal] gills w cle>ly id5tify ! species4 ,m>asmius p]onatus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,mask$ ,,m>asmius4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aab4--,m>asmius p]onatus4 ,natural size4 ,cap r$di%-buff4 ,gills creamy or light r$di%-br[n4 ,p]onatus is f p]o1 a boot4 ,! pileus is r$di%-buff1 convex1 slightly flatt5$ at ! top1 q wr9kl$ :5 old2 diamet]1 at full expansion1 betwe5 "o & two in*es1 m>g9 /riate4 ,! gills are ?9 & cr[d$1 creamy1 becom+ light r$di%-br[n1 cont9u+ d[n ! /em by a %ort curve4 ,! /em is fibr\s-/uff$1 pale1 d5sely clo!d at ! base ) /iff yell[i% hairs4 ,x gr[s 9 ! woods1 among dead leaves1 f ,may till fro/4 ,x is usually solit>y yet is sometimes f\nd 9 clu/]s4 ,x has be5 eat5 frequ5tly )\t injury1 b by mo/ writ]s is br&$ poison\s4 ,x is q acrid1 b t disappe>s 9 cook+4 ,! d5se yell[ hairs at ! base ( ! /em appe> to con/itute ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,m>asmius ramealis4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aac4--,m>asmius ramealis4 ,natural size4 ,ramealis means a bran* or /ick2 s call$ because ! plant is f\nd gr[+ on /icks1 9 op5 woods4 ,! pileus is v small1 some:at fle%y1 plane or a trifle depress$1 obtuse1 n /riate1 slightly rugulose1 opaque4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 some:at di/ant1 n>r[1 :ite4 ,! /em is ab\t "o in* long1 /uff$1 mealy1 :ite1 incl9$ to be rufesc5t at ! base4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #db4 ,?is is a v pretty plant1 b easily ov]look$4 ,x is f\nd on oak & bee* bran*es1 frequ5tly 9 l>ge gr\ps4 ,figure #aac illu/rates _! mode ( gr[? & w assi/ ! collector 9 id5tify+ ! species4 ,n poison\s1 b too small to ga!r4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #aac 7 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[ ne> ,*illico! & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,m>asmius sac*>9us4 ,bats*4 ,,granul> ,,m>asmius4 ,,edible4 ,sac*>9us is f sac*>um1 sug>2 x is s call$ because ! :ite pileus looks v mu* l loaf sug>4 ,! pileus is entirely :ite1 membranace\s1 convex1 some:at papillate1 smoo?1 sulcate & plicate4 ,! gills are broadly & firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 n>r[1 ?ick1 v di/ant1 unit$ by ve9s1 :iti%4 ,! /em is q ?91 ?read-=m1 att5uat$ upw>d1 at fir/ flocculose1 at l5g? becom+ smoo?1 ins]t$ obliquely1 r$di%1 pale at ! apex4 ,spores1 #ec4 ,q common 9 wet wea!r on dead oak limbs 9 woods4 ,?is plant diff]s f ,m4 epiphyllus 9 its habitat1 9 ! papillate =m ( its pileus & ! /em's be+ flocculose1 !n smoo?2 also 9 t ! gills are unit$ 9 a reticulat$ mann]4 ,common4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,m>asmius epiphyllus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,leaf ,,m>asmius4 ,,edible4 ,epiphyllus means gr[+ on leaves4 ,! pileus is :ite1 membranace\s1 ne>ly plane1 at l5g? umbilicate1 smoo?1 wr9kl$1 plicate4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 :ite1 connect$ by ve9s1 entire1 di/ant1 few4 ,! /em is r horny1 bay1 m9utely velvety1 apex pale1 ins]t$4 ,! spores are #cb4 ,?is plant is abundant ev]y:]e1 on fall5 leaves 9 woods dur+ ra9y wea!r4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,m>asmius delectans4 ,morgan4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aad4--,m>asmius delectans4 ,natural size4 ,caps :ite4 ,gills broad & di/ant4 ,delectans means pleas+ or delightful4 ,! pileus is subcoriace\s1 convex1 !n exp&$ & depress$1 glabr\s1 rugulose1 :ite1 *ang+ 9 dry+ to pale alutace\s4 ,! gills are mod]ately broad1 unequal1 r di/ant1 trabeculate betwe51 :ite1 em>g9ate1 adnex$2 ! spores are lance-oblong1 hyal9e1 #g-id4 ,! /em1 aris+ f an abundant :ite-floccose mycelium1 is long1 sl5d]1 tap]+ slightly upw>d1 smoo?1 br[n & %9+1 :ite at ! apex4 ,x is f\nd gr[+ on old leaves 9 woods4 ,! plants 9 ! figure 7 collect$ 9 ! woods at ,sug> ,grove1 ,ohio1 by ,r4 ,a4 ,"y1 ,july #bh1 #aijf1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,m>asmius nigripes4 ,s*w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aae4--,m>asmius nigripes4 ,natural size4 ,caps & gills :ite1 /ems black4 ,nigripes means black foot1 s call$ because ! /ems are black4 ,tremmelloid4 ,pileus v ?91 pure :ite1 pru9ose1 rugulose-sulcate1 convex !n exp&$4 ,! gills are pure :ite1 unequal1 "s ( !m =k$1 adnate1 ! int]/ices v5ulose4 ,! /em is ?icke/ at ! apex1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 black1 :ite-pru9ose1 ! base insititi\s4 ,morgan4 ,x is f\nd on old leaves1 /icks1 & old acorns & hickory-nuts4 ,:5 dry1 ! /em loses its black color & ! gills become fle%-color4 ,x is q common 9 ?9 & op5 woods4 ,! spores are hyal9e & /ellate1 #c-e-ray$4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,?is is call$ ,heliomyces nigripes by "s au?ors4 ,pleurotus4 ,fr4 ,pleurotus is f two ,greek words mean+ side & e>1 allud+ to its mann] ( gr[? on a log4 ,?is g5us is v common ev]y:]e 9 ,ohio1 & is easily det]m9$ by its ecc5tric1 lat]al1 or ev5 abs5t /em1 b x mu/ h :ite spores1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,ag>ic9i4 ,pileus fle%y 9 ! l>g] species & membranace\s 9 ! small] =ms1 b nev] becom+ woody4 ,/em mo/ly lat]al or want+2 :5 pres5t1 cont9u\s ) cap4 ,gills ) s9us or broadly decurr5t1 too!d4 ,gr[s 9 woods4 ,pleurotus o/reatus4 ,jacq4 ,,! ,,oy/] ,,mu%room4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aaf4--,pleurotus o/reatus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,(t5 gr[+ v l>ge4 ,pileus two to six in*es broad1 s(t1 fle%y1 convex1 or slightly depress$ beh9d1 subord9ate1 (t5 cespitosely imbricat$1 moi/1 smoo?1 m>g9 involute2 :iti%1 c9]e\s or br[ni%2 fle% :ite1 ! :ole surface %9+ & sat9y :5 dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,figure #aag4--,pleurotus o/reatus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,gills broad1 decurr5t1 subdi/ant1 bran*+ at ! base1 :ite or :iti%4 ,! /em :5 pres5t is v %ort1 firm1 lat]al1 sometimes r\gh ) /iff hair1 hairy at ! base4 ,spores oblong1 :ite1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjd in* long1 4#jjjaf in* broad4 ,?is is "o ( our mo/ abundant mu%rooms1 & ! easie/ = ! beg9n] to id5tify4 ,9 ,figures #aaf & #aag1 y w see ! plant gr[+ 9 imbricat$ =m app>5tly )\t any /em4 ,9 ,figure #aah is a v>iety t has a pron\nc$ /em1 %[+ h[ ! /ems gr[ toge!r at ! base1 ! slight groov+ on ! /ems1 also ! decurr5t gills4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! plants ! /ems are pla9ly lat]al1 b a few w appe> to be c5tral4 ,x w be difficult to di/+ui% x f ! ,sapid mu%room & = table purposes !re is little ne$ to sep>ate !m4 ,9 ,ohio ! ,oy/] mu%room is v common ev]y:]e4 ,i h se5 trees sixty to sev5ty feet high simply load$ ) ?is mu%room4 ,if "o w locate a few logs or /umps ^u :i* ! ,oy/] mu%room gr[s1 he c f9d !re an abundant supply 7:5 conditions are "r = fungus gr[?7 dur+ ! entire season4 ,x is almo/ univ]sally a favorite among mu%room eat]s1 b x mu/ be c>efully & ?or\ghly cook$4 ,x gr[s v l>ge & frequ5tly 9 great masses4 ,i h (t5 f\nd specim5s ^: caps 7 eight to t5 in*es broad4 ,x is f\nd f ,may to ,decemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aah4--,pleurotus o/reatus4 ,"o-half natural size1 %[+ gills & /ems4 ,pleurotus salignus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,will[ ,,pleurotus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aai4--,pleurotus ulm>ius4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,salignus1 f salix1 a will[4 ,pileus is compact1 ne>ly halv$1 horizontal1 at fir/ cu%ion-%ap$1 ev51 !n ) ! disk depress$1 sub/rigose1 :ite or fulig9\s4 ,! /em1 ecc5tric or lat]al1 sometimes obsolete1 %ort1 :ite-tom5tose4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 some:at bran*$1 erod$1 di/9ct at ! base1 ne>ly ( ! same color4 ,spores 4#jjjcf by 4#jjjae in*4 ,fries4 ,i f\nd ?is species ne> ,b[l+ ,gre5 on will[ /umps4 ,ab\t e t5 days ! /umps (f]$ me a v excell5t di%1 bett] ?an any meat m>ket c\ld af=d4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,pleurotus ulm>ius4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,elm ,,pleurotus4 ,,edible4 ,ulm>ius1 f ulmus1 an elm4 ,x takes its "n f its habit ( gr[+ on elm trees & logs4 ,x appe>s 9 ! fall & may be f\nd 9 company ) ! ,oy/] mu%room1 late 9 ,decemb]1 froz5 solid4 ,?is species is frequ5tly se5 on elm trees1 bo? dead & alive1 on live trees :]e !y h be5 trimm$ or injur$ 9 "s way4 ,x is (t5 se5 on elms 9 ! cities1 :]e ! elm is a common %ade tree4 ,its cap is l>ge1 ?ick & firm1 smoo? & broadly convex1 sometimes pale yell[ or buff4 ,frequ5tly ! epid]mis 9 ! c5t] ( ! cap cracks1 giv+ ! surface a tessellat$ appe>ance z 9 ,figure #aai4 ,! fle% is v :ite & q compact4 ,! gills are :ite or (t5 becom+ tawny at maturity1 broad1 r\nd$ or not*$1 n closely plac$1 sometimes ne>ly decurr5t4 ,! /em is firm & solid1 v>i\s 9 l5g?1 occasionally v %ort1 incl9$ to be ?ick at ! base & curv$ s t ! plant w be upright1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #aai4 ,! cap is f ?ree to six in*es broad4 ,a specim5 t measur$ ov] t5 in*es across ! cap1 0 f\nd "s ?irty feet high 9 a tree4 ,:ile x 0 v l>ge1 x 0 q t5d] & made sev]al meals = two families4 ,b ?is species is n limit$ entirely to ! elm4 ,i f\nd x on hickory1 ab\t ,*illico!4 ,!re are a few elm logs along my rambles t af=d me f9e specim5s ) great regul>ity4 ,insects d n seem to infe/ x z !y d ! o/reatus & ! sapidus4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! plant gr[s f ! top ( a log or ! cut surface ( a /ump1 ! /em w be long]1 /raight1 & 9 ! c5t] ( ! cap4 ,?is =m is call$ by "s au?ors v>4 v]ticalis4 ,= my own use ,i ?9k ! ,elm mu%room1 :5 prop]ly prep>$1 v delici\s4 ,l all tree mu%rooms x %\ld be eat5 :5 "y4 ,x is easily dri$ & kept = w9t] use4 ,f\nd f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,pleurotus petaloides4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,petaloid ,,pleurotus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #abj4--,pleurotus petaloides4 ,?is species is s call$ f its lik5ess to ! petals ( a fl[]4 ,pileus fle%y1 spa?ulate1 entire2 m>g9 at fir/ involute1 f9ally fully exp&$2 vill\s1 depress$4 ,! /em is compress$ & vill\s1 (t5 *annell$1 ne>ly erect4 ,! gills are /rongly decurr5t1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 & :ite or :iti%4 ,spores m9utely globose1 4#jjjc by 4#jjjae4 ,! plant v>ies v greatly 9 =m & size4 ,its *ief *>act]i/ic is ! pres5ce ( num]\s %ort :ite cy/idia 9 ! hym5ium1 :i* dot ! surface ( ! hym5ium1 & "u an ord9>y pocket l5s give to ! gills a sort ( fuzzy appe>ance4 ,frequ5tly x w h ! appe>ance ( gr[+ f ! gr\nd1 b a c>eful exam9ation w reveal a piece ( wood ( "s k9d1 :i* s]ves z a ho/ = ! mycelium4 ,i h f\nd ?is plant b a few times1 ,x seems to be q r>e 9 our /ate1 especially 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #abj 7 photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smi? ( ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,pleurotus sapidus4 ,kal*b4 ,,! ,,sapid ,,pleurotus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aba4--,pleurotus sapidus4 ,"o-?ird natural size1 %[+ imbricat$ gr[?4 ,spores lilac4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #abb4--,pleurotus sapidus4 ,sapidus1 savory4 ,?is plant gr[s 9 clu/]s ^: /ems are m or less unit$ at ! base z 9 ,figure #aba4 ,! caps :5 d5sely cr[d$ are (t5 irregul>4 ,!y are smoo? & v>y mu* 9 color1 be+ :iti%1 a%-gray1 br[ni%1 yell[i%-gray4 ,! fle% is ?ick & :ite4 ,! gills are :ite or :iti%1 r broad1 runn+ d[n on ! /em1 & slightly connect$1 at times1 by oblique or transv]se bran*es4 ,! /em is g5]ally %ort1 solid1 sev]al usually spr++ f a ?ick5$ base1 :ite or :iti% & ei!r lat]ally or ecc5trically connect$ ) ! cap4 ,?is plant is class$ ) ! :ite-spor$ species1 yet its spores1 aft] a %ort exposure to ! air1 really exhibit a pale lilac t9t4 ,?is c only be se5 :5 ! spores are 9 suffici5t quantity & re/+ on a suitable surface4 ,! size ( ! plant v>ies1 ! cap be+ commonly f two to five in*es long4 ,x gr[s 9 woods & op5 places1 on /umps & logs ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,its edible quality is q z good z ! ,oy/] mu%room4 ,! only way by :i* x c be di/+ui%$ f ! ,p4 o/reatus is by its lilac-t9t$ spores4 ,x is f\nd f ,june to ,novemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xx4 ,figure #abc4--pleurotus ,sapidus4 ,pleurotus s]ot9oides4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,yell[i% ,,pleurotus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #abd4--,pleurotus s]ot9oides4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,s]ot9oides1 l s]ot9us1 :i* means late-com+2 f its appe>+ 9 ! w9t]4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 "o to ?ree in*es broad1 compact1 convex or ne>ly plane1 viscid :5 "y & moi/1 half-kidney-%ap$1 r\ndi%1 solit>y or cr[d$ & imbricat$1 v>i\sly color$1 d+y-yell[1 r$di%-br[n1 gre5i%-br[n or olivace\s1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute4 ,! gills are close1 det]m9ate1 :iti% or yell[i%4 ,! /em is v %ort1 lat]al1 ?ick1 yell[i% b5ea?1 & m9utely d[ny or scaly ) blacki% po9ts4 ,! spores are m9ute1 elliptical1 4#jjjb in* long1 4#jjja in* broad4 ,!re is probably no diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ,p4 s]ot9us1 ! ,european species4 ,x is a beautiful plant4 ,! color & size are q v>iable4 ,i f\nd x on ,ral/on's ,run & 9 ,baird's woods on ,frank=t ,pike4 ,x is f\nd f ,septemb] to ,janu>y4 ,pleurotus applicatus4 ,bats*4 ,,little ,,gray ,,pleurotus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #abe4--,pleurotus applicatus4 ,natural size4 ,applicatus means ly+ ^u or close to2 s nam$ f ! sessile pileus4 ,! pileus is "o-?ird ( an in* across1 :5 "y cup-%ap$1 d>k c9]e\s1 some:at membranace\s1 q firm1 resup9ate1 !n reflex$1 some:at /riate1 slightly pru9ose1 vill\s at ! base4 ,! gills are ?ick1 broad 9 proportion to ! size ( ! cap1 di/ant1 radiat+1 gray1 ! m>g9 light]1 sometimes ! gills are z d>k z ! pileus4 ,sometimes x is atta*$ only by ! c5t] ( ! pileus2 sometimes1 gr[+ on ! side ( a %elv+ log1 x is atta*$ lat]ally4 ,x is n z abundant z "s o!r =ms ( ,pleurotus4 ,x diff]s f ,p4 tremulus 9 abs5ce ( a di/9ct /em4 ,pleurotus cyphell=mis4 ,b]k4 ,cyphell=mis means %ap$ l ! holl[s ( ! e>s4 ,! pileus is cup-%ap$1 p5dul\s1 d[ny or mealy1 upp] lay] gelat9\s1 gray1 v m9utely hairy1 especially at ! base1 m>g9 pal]4 ,! gills are n>r[1 r di/ant1 pure :ite1 alt]nate ones be+ %ort]4 ,^! are v small plants1 f\nd only 9 damp places on dead h]bace\s plants4 ,!y resemble a ,cyphella griseo-pallida 9 habit4 ,pleurotus abscond5s4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #abf4--,pleurotus abscond5s4 ,entire plant :ite4 ,abscond5s means keep+ out ( view4 ,x is s call$ because x p]si/s 9 gr[+ 9 places :]e x is hidd5 f sight4 ,! pileus is (t5 two & a half in*es broad1 delicate-:ite1 /rong /r+5t odor1 usually pru9ose1 m>g9 slightly incurv$4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 r cr[d$1 v :ite1 some:at n>r[4 ,! /em is %ort1 solid1 pru9ose1 usually lat]al1 & curv$4 ,! plant usually gr[s 9 holl[ /umps or logs1 & 9 ?is case ! /em is always lat]al & ! plant gr[s v mu* z does ! ,p4 o/reatus1 except t !y are n imbricat$4 ,occasionally ! plant is f\nd on ! bottom ( a holl[ log & 9 t case ! cap is c5tral & consid]ably depress$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,i h nev] se5 x gr[+ except 9 a holl[ /ump or log4 ,its mann] ( gr[? & its delicate %ape ( :ite w s]ve to id5tify x4 ,x is f\nd f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,pleurotus circ9atus4 ,fr4 ,circ9atus means to make r\nd1 ref]r+ to ! %ape ( ! pileus4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 :ite1 plane1 orbicul>1 convex at fir/1 ev51 cov]$ ov] ) silky-pru9ose lu/re4 ,! gills are adnate-decurr5t1 r cr[d$1 q broad1 :ite4 ,! /em is equal1 smoo?1 "o to two in*es long1 /uff$1 c5tral or slightly ecc5tric1 root$ at ! base4 ,! =m ( ^! plants is q con/ant & ! r\nd :ite caps w at fir/ sugge/ a ,collybia4 ,! :ite gills & its decurr5t =m w di/+ui% x f ,p4 lignatilis4 ,x makes q a delici\s di% :5 well cook$4 ,i f\nd "s beautiful specim5s on a decay$ bee* log 9 ,poke ,holl[4 ,f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,lact>ius4 ,fr4 ,lact>ius means p]ta9+ to milk4 ,!re is "o feature ( ?is g5us t %\ld easily m>k x1 ! pres5ce ( milky or color$ juice :i* exudes f a w\nd or a brok5 place on a fre% plant4 ,?is feature alone is suffici5t to di/+ui% ! g5us b !re are o!r po9ts t s]ve to make ! det]m9ation m c]ta94 ,! fle%1 al?\gh x seems q solid & firm1 is v brittle4 ,! fracture is always ev51 clean cut1 & n ragg$ z 9 m fibr\s sub/ances4 ,! plants are fle%y & /\t1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> resemble ! ,clitocybes1 b ! brittl5ess ( ! fle%1 milky juice1 & ! m>k+ ( ! cap1 w easily di/+ui% !m4 ,_m species h a v acrid or pepp]y flavor4 ,if a p]son ta/es "o :5 raw1 he w n soon =get x4 ,?is acridity is usually lo/ 9 cook+4 ,! pileus 9 all species is fle%y1 becom+ m or less depress$1 m>g9 at fir/ involute1 (t5 m>k$ ) conc5tric zones4 ,! /em is /\t1 (t5 holl[ :5 old1 conflu5t ) ! cap4 ,! gills are usually unequal1 edge acute1 decurr5t or adnate1 milky2 9 ne>ly all ! species ! milk is :ite1 *ang+ to a sulphur yell[1 r$1 or violet1 on exposure to ! air4 ,lact>ius torm9osus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,woolly ,,lact>ius4 ,,poison\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #abg4--,lact>ius torm9osus4 ,?ree-f\r?s natural size4 ,caps yell[i%-r$ or o*race\s t+$ ) r$1 m>g9 incurv$4 ,torm9osus1 full ( grips1 caus+ colic4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 convex1 !n depress$1 smoo?1 or ne>ly s1 except ! involute m>g9 :i* is m or less %aggy1 some:at zon$1 viscid :5 "y & moi/1 yell[i%-r$ or pale o*race\s1 t+$ ) r$4 ,! gills are ?91 close1 r n>r[1 ne>ly ( ! same color z ! pileus1 b yell[] & pal]1 slightly =k$1 subdecurr5t4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 pal] ?an ! cap1 equal or slightly tap]+ d[nw>d1 /uff$ or holl[1 sometimes spott$1 clo!d ) a v m9ute adpress$ d[n4 ,! milk is :ite & v acrid4 ,! spores are e*9ulate1 subglobose1 #i-ajg-h4 ,?is diff]s f ,l4 cilicioides 9 its zon$ pileus & :ite milk4 ,mo/ au?orities speak ( x z dang]\s4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine speaks ( ! ,russians z pres]v+ x 9 salt & eat+ x season$ ) oil & v9eg>4 ,!y gr[ 9 ! woods1 op5 places1 & 9 fields4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #abg 7 f\nd 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fis*]4 ,lact>ius pip]atus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,pepp]y ,,lact>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #abh4--,lact>ius pip]atus4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,pip]atus--hav+ a pepp]y ta/e4 ,! pileus is creamy-:ite1 fle%y1 firm1 convex1 !n exp&$1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 dry1 nev] viscid1 & q broad4 ,! gills are creamy-:ite1 n>r[1 close1 unequal1 =k$1 decurr5t1 adnate1 exud+ a milky juice :5 bruis$1 milky-:ite1 v acrid4 ,! /em is creamy :ite1 %ort1 ?ick1 solid1 smoo?1 r\nd$ at ! end1 slightly tap]+ at ! base4 ,spores g5]ally ) an apiculus1 4#jjjb by 4#jjjbd in*4 ,! plant is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,ohio1 b mo/ p are afraid ( x on acc\nt ( its v pepp]y ta/e4 ,al?\gh x c be eat5 )\t h>m1 x w nev] prove a favorite4 ,x is f\nd 9 op5 woods f ,july to ,octob]4 ,9 its season is "o ( ! v common plants 9 all ( our woods4 ,lact>ius p]gam5us4 ,fr4 ,p]gam5us is f p]gam5a1 p>*m5t4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n exp&$1 plane1 depress$1 wavy1 wr9kl$1 )\t zones1 (t5 rep&1 smoo?1 :ite4 ,! gills are adnate1 v n>r[1 t+$ ) /raw-color1 (t5 :ite1 bran*$1 mu* cr[d$1 horizontal4 ,! /em is smoo?1 /uff$1 discolor$1 n long4 ,! milk is :ite & acrid4 ,spores1 #hf4 ,x diff]s f ,l4 pip]atus 9 its cr[d$1 n>r[ gills & long] /em4 ,f\nd 9 woods f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,lact>ius deceptivus4 ,pk4 ,,deceiv+ ,,lact>ius4 ,,edible ,illu/ration3 ,figure #abi4--,lact>ius deceptivus4 ,deceptivus means deceiv+4 ,! pileus is ?ree to five in*es broad1 compact1 at fir/ convex1 & umbilicate1 !n exp&$ & c5trally depress$ or sub9fundibuli=m1 obsoletely tom5tose or glabr\s except on ! m>g91 :ite or :iti%1 (t5 v>i$ ) yell[i% or sordid /ra9s1 ! m>g9 at fir/ involute & clo!d ) a d5se1 s(t cottony tom5tum1 !n spread+ or elevat$ & m or less fibrillose4 ,! gills are r broad1 di/ant or subdi/ant1 adnate or decurr5t1 "s ( !m1 =k$1 :iti%1 becom+ cream-color$4 ,! /em is "o to ?ree in*es long1 equal or n>r[$ d[nw>d1 solid1 pru9ose-pubesc5t1 :ite4 ,spores are :ite1 #i-ab4g4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e acrid4 ,?is plant delights 9 woods & op5 groves1 especially "u conif]\s trees4 ,x is a l>ge1 meaty1 acrid :ite species1 ) a ?ick1 s(t1 cottony tom5tum on ! m>g9 ( ! pileus ( ! "y plant4 ,! specim5 photograph$ 0 s5t me f ,massa*usetts by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,x gr[s 9 ,july1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,its %>p acridity is lo/ 9 cook+1 b l all acrid ,lact>ius x is co>se & n v good4 ,lact>ius indigo4 7,s*w47 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #acj4--,lact>ius indigo4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,entire plant indigo blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aca4--,lact>ius indigo4 ,"o-?ird natural size1 %[+ gills4 ,?is is "o ( our mo/ /rik+ plants4 ,no "o c fail to recognize x1 because ( ! deep indigo blue t p]vades ! :ole plant4 ,i h f\nd x 9 only "o place1 ne> :at is kn[n z ! ,lone-,tree ,hill ne> ,*illico!4 ,i h f\nd x !re on sev]al diff]5t occasions4 ,! pileus is f ?ree to five in*es broad1 ! v "y plants seem to be umbilicate ) ! m>g9 /rongly incurv$1 !n depress$ or funnel-%ap$2 z ! plant ages ! m>g9 is elevat$ & sometimes wav$4 ,! entire plant is indigo blue1 & ! surface ( ! cap has a silv]y-gray appe>ance ?r\gh :i* ! indigo color is se54 ,! surface ( ! cap is m>k$ ) a s]ies ( conc5tric zones ( d>k] %ade1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #acj especially on ! m>g92 sometimes spott$1 becom+ pal] & less di/9ctly zonate ) age or 9 dry+4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 indigo blue1 becom+ yell[i% & sometimes gre5i%1 ) age4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 %ort1 ne>ly equal1 holl[1 (t5 spott$ ) blue1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,x is edible b r co>se4 ,f\nd 9 op5 woods ,july & ,augu/4 ,lact>ius regalis4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #acb4--,lact>ius regalis4 ,natural size4 ,caps :ite1 t+$ ) yell[4 ,regalis means regal2 s nam$ f its l>ge size4 ,! pileus is f\r to six in*es broad1 convex1 deeply depress$ 9 ! c5t]2 viscid :5 moi/2 (t5 corrugat$ on ! m>g92 :ite1 t+$ ) yell[4 ,! gills are close1 decurr5t1 :iti%1 "s ( !m =k$ at ! base4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long & "o in* ?ick1 %ort1 equal1 holl[4 ,! ta/e is acrid & ! milk sp>se1 :ite1 quickly *ang+ to sulphur-yell[4 ,! spores are 4#jjjc ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,peck4 ,?is is frequ5tly a v l>ge plant1 resembl+ 9 appe>ance ,l4 pip]atus b easily recogniz$ because ( its viscid cap & its sp>e milk *ang+ to yell[1 z 9 ,l4 *rysorrhu4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 ! woods1 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,i f9d x "h *iefly on ! hillsides4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #acb 7 f\nd 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fis*]4 ,lact>ius scrobiculatus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,spott$-,,/emm$ ,,lact>ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #acc4--,lact>ius scrobiculatus4 ,natural size4 ,caps r$di%-yell[1 zon$4 ,m>g9 v mu* incurv$1 /em pitt$4 ,scrobiculatus is f scrobis1 a tr5*1 & f]ro1 to be>1 ref]r+ to ! pitt$ condition ( ! /em4 ,! pileus is convex1 c5trally depress$1 m or less zon$1 r$di%-yell[1 viscid1 ! m>g9 v mu* incurv$1 d[ny4 ,! gills are adnate1 or slightly decurr5t1 :iti%1 & (t5 v mu* curl$1 because ( ! incurv$ condition ( ! cap at fir/4 ,! /em is equal1 /uff$1 adorn$ (t5 ) pits ( a d>k] color4 ,! spores are :ite1 juice :ite1 !n yell[i%4 ,! plant is v acrid to ! ta/e1 & solid4 ,too hot to be eat54 ,i h f\nd x only a few times on ! hills ( ,hunt+ton t[n%ip1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,! yell[i% hue & m>k$ly incurv$ m>g9 w id5tify ! plant4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,lact>ius trivialis4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #acd4--,lact>ius trivialis4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,caps light tan ) a p9ki% hue4 ,v acrid4 ,trivialis means common4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 usually damp or wat]y1 sometimes q viscid1 %9+ :5 dry1 convex1 !n exp&$1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$1 ev51 smoo?2 w>m1 s(t tan1 r light1 & sometimes a v slight p9ki% hue prevails4 ,! fle% is solid & p]si/5t4 ,! gills are r cr[d$1 slightly decurr5t1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n a light yell[1 _m n rea*+ to ! /em1 none =k$4 ,! /em is f ?ree to f\r in*es long1 ( same color z ! pileus1 (t5 a mu* light] %ade2 tap]+ f ! cap to ! base1 smoo?1 /uff$1 & f9ally holl[4 ,! plant is q full ( milk1 :ite at fir/1 !n turn+ yell[i%4 ,! plant is v acrid & pepp]y4 ,x is q pl5tiful along ! /reams ( ,ross c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,x is n poison\s1 b x seems too hot to eat4 ,x is f\nd aft] ra9s f ,july to ,octob]1 9 mix$ woods :]e x is damp4 ,lact>ius insulsus4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ace4--,lact>ius insulsus4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,caps yell[i% or /raw color4 ,v acrid4 ,insulsus1 insipid or ta/eless4 ,?is is a v attractive plant4 ,q solid & ma9ta9s its =m = sev]al days2 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 convex1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 !n funnel-%ap$1 smoo?1 viscid :5 moi/1 m or less zon$1 ! zones mu* n>r[] ?an ,l4 scrobiculatus1 yell[i% or /raw-color1 m>g9 slightly incurv$ & nak$4 ,! gills are ?91 r cr[d$1 adnate & sometimes decurr5t1 "s ( !m =k$ at ! base1 :iti% or pallid4 ,spores subglobose1 r\gh1 #ajh4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 equal or slightly tap]+ d[nw>d1 /uff$1 :iti%1 g5]ally spott$4 ,milk1 :ite4 ,mo/ au?orities class ?is z an edible plant1 b x is s hot & ! fle% s solid t ,i h nev] tri$ x4 ,i f\nd two plants :i* fully answ]$ ! description ( ! ,european plants4 ,! zones 7 orange-yell[ & brick-r$4 ,i h visit$ ! place _m times s9ce1 b h nev] be5 able to f9d ano!r4 ,x is n an abundant plant ) u4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]1 9 op5 woods4 ,lact>ius lignyotus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,sooty ,,lact>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,figure1 #acf4--,lact>ius lignyotus4 ,natural size4 ,caps a sooty umb]4 ,fle% mild to ! ta/e4 ,lignyotus is f lignum1 wood4 ,! pileus is "o to f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 fle%y1 convex1 !n exp&$1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 (t5 9 age slightly depress$1 smoo? or (t5 wr9kl$1 pru9osely velvety1 sooty umb]1 ! m>g9 9 ! old plants wavy & di/9ctly plait$2 ! fle% :ite & mild to ! ta/e4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em2 unequal2 sn[-:ite or yell[i%-:ite1 sl[ly *ang+ to a p9ki%-r$ or salmon color :5 bruis$2 di/ant 9 old plants4 ,! /em is "o to ?ree in*es long1 equal1 abruptly con/rict$ at ! apex1 smoo?1 /uff$1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,milk :ite1 ta/e mild or t>dily acrid4 ,! spores are globose1 yell[i%1 #i-aa4c4 ,?is is call$ ! ,sooty ,lact>ius & is v easily id5tifi$4 ,x w be frequ5tly f\nd associat$ ) ! ,smoky ,lact>ius :i* x greatly resembles4 ,x seems to delight 9 wet swampy woods4 ,x is said to be "o ( ! be/ ( ! ,lact>ii4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #acf 7 collect$ at ,s&usky1 ,ohio1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,lact>ius c9]eus4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #acg4--,lact>ius c9]eus4 ,c9]eus is f c9]es1 a%es2 s call$ f ! color ( ! plant4 ,! pileus is "o to two & a half in*es broad1 zoneless1 some:at viscid1 floccose-scaly1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 m>g9 ?91 ev51 fle% ?9 & :ite1 mild to ! ta/e1 a%y-gray4 ,! gills are adnate1 r close1 sometimes =k$ 7usually ne> ! /em71 unev51 :ite or creamy-:ite1 milk :ite1 n pl5tiful4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 tap]+ upw>d1 loosely /uff$1 f9ally holl[1 (t5 floccose at ! base4 ,?is plant is q common f ,septemb] to ,novemb]1 gr[+ 9 damp wea!r on leaves 9 mix$ woods4 ,x has a mild ta/e4 ,:ile ,i h n eat5 x ,i h no d\bt ( its edibility4 ,! color ( ! pileus is sometimes q d>k4 ,lact>ius griseus4 ,pk4 ,,gray ,,lact>ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ach4--,lact>ius griseus4 ,griseus means gray4 ,! pileus is ?91 ne>ly plane1 broadly umbilicate or c5trally depress$1 sometimes infundibuli=m1 g5]ally ) a small umbo or papilla1 m9utely squamulose tom5tose1 gray or br[ni%-gray1 becom+ pal] ) age4 ,! gills are ?91 close1 adnate1 or slightly decurr5t1 :iti% or yell[i%4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 r fragile2 /uff$ or holl[2 g5]ally villose or tom5tose at ! base2 pal] ?an1 or color$ l1 ! pileus4 ,! spores are 4#jjjc to 4#jjjce in*2 milk :ite1 ta/e subacrid4 ,pileus is #f to #ah l9es broad1 /em #a to #b in*es long1 #a to #c l9es ?ick4 ,peck4 ,x resembles ,l4 mammosus & ,l4 c9]eus4 ,x diff]s f ! =m] 9 n hav+ f]rug9\s gills & pubesc5t /ems1 & f ! latt] by its small] size1 its d5sely pubesc5t pileus1 & its habitat4 ,x gr[s on mossy logs or 9 mossy swamps4 ,! base ( "o ( ! plants 9 ,figure #ach is cov]$ ) ! moss 9 :i* !y grew4 ,^! plants 7 f\nd 9 ,purgatory ,swamp1 ne> ,bo/on1 by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,!y gr[ f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,lact>ius di/ans4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,di/ant-,,gill$ ,,lact>ius4 ,,edible4 ,di/ans means di/ant1 s call$ because ! gills are v wide ap>t4 ,! pileus is firm1 broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 umbilicate or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]2 ) a m9ute1 velvety pru9osity2 yell[i%-tawny or br[ni%-orange4 ,! gills are r broad1 di/ant1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :ite or creamy yell[1 int]spaces ve9$2 milk :ite1 mild4 ,! /em is %ort1 equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 solid1 pru9ose1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,! spores are subglobose1 #i-aa broad4 ,peck1 ,n4 ,y4 ,report1 #eb4 ,i frequ5tly mi/ake ?is plant = ,l4 volemus :5 se5 gr[+ 9 ! gr\nd1 b ! widely sep>at$ gills di/+ui% ! plant z soon z x is ga!r$4 ,! /em is %ort & r\nd1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 solid1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,! milk is bo? :ite & mild4 ,i f9d x on ne>ly e wood$ hillside ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is f\nd f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,lact>ius atroviridus4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,d>k-,,gre5 ,,lact>ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aci4--,lact>ius atroviridus4 ,cap & /em d>k gre54 ,cap depress$ 9 c5t]4 ,gills :ite4 ,atroviridus is f at]1 black2 viridus1 gre52 s call$ f ! color ( ! cap & ! /em ( ! plant4 ,! pileus is convex1 plane1 !n depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 ) an adh]5t pellicle1 gre5i% ) d>k] scales1 m>g9 involute4 ,! gills are slightly decurr5t1 :iti%1 broad1 di/ant2 milk :ite b n copi\s z 9 _m ( ! ,lact>ii4 ,! /em is q %ort1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 d>k gre51 scaly4 ,! /em is s %ort t ! cap seems to be "r on ! gr\nd1 h5ce x is v easily ov]look$4 ,x is f\nd only occasionally on mossy hillsides1 :]e !re are n too _m leaves4 ,! plant 9 ,figure #aci 0 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,i h f\nd ! plant on top ( ,mt4 ,logan4 ,x is f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,i d n "k ( its edibility4 ,all specim5s t ,i h f\nd ,i h s5t to my ,mycological fri5ds4 ,x %\ld be ta/$ ) caution4 ,lact>ius subdulcis4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,sweet ,,lact>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #adj4--,lact>ius subdulcis4 ,subdulcis means almo/ sweet1 or sweeti%4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 r ?91 papillate1 convex1 !n depress$1 smoo?1 ev51 zoneless1 c9namon-r$ or tawny-r$1 m>g9 sometimes wavy4 ,! gills are r n>r[1 ?91 close1 :iti%1 (t5 r$di% or t+$ ) r$4 ,spores1 #i-aj4 ,! /em is /uff$1 !n holl[1 equal1 slightly tap]+ upw>d1 sl5d]1 smoo?1 sometimes vill\s at ! base4 ,! milk is :ite1 sometimes r acrid & unpleasant to ! ta/e :5 raw4 ,x ne$s to be cook$ a long "t to make x good4 ,x is likely to be f\nd any:]e1 b x does be/ 9 damp places4 ,! plants f\nd ) u all seem to h r$ or c9namon-r$ gills1 especially be=e ! spores beg9 to fall4 ,!y are f\nd gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 among leaves1 or on well-rott$ wood & sometimes on ! b>e gr\nd4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,novemb]4 ,lact>ius s]ifluus4 ,fr4 ,s]ifluus means fl[+ ) s]um1 ! wat]y "p ( milk4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 dry1 smoo?1 n zon$1 tawny-br[n1 m>g9 ?91 incurv$4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 light-br[n1 or yell[i%1 milk scanty & wat]y4 ,! /em is solid1 equal1 pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,spores1 #g-h4 ,x diff]s f ,l4 subdulcis 9 hav+ a solid /em & p]haps a %ade d>k] color4 ,f\nd 9 woods1 ,july to ,novemb]4 ,lact>ius corrugis4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,wr9kl$ ,,lact>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ada4--,lact>ius corrugis4 ,caps wr9kl$1 tawny-br[n4 ,gills orange-br[n4 ,corrugis means wr9kl$4 ,! pileus is convex1 plane1 exp&$1 slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]2 surface ( ! cap wr9kl$1 dry1 bay-br[n2 m>g9 at fir/ involute4 ,! gills are adnex$1 broad1 yell[i% or br[ni%-yell[1 gr[+ pal] ) age4 ,! /em is r %ort1 equal1 solid1 pru9ose1 ( ! same color z ! pileus4 ,! spores are subglobose1 #aj-ac4 ,?is species looks v mu* l ,l4 volemus1 & its only ess5tial diff]5ce is 9 ! wr9kl$ =m1 & color ( ! pileus4 ,! milk :5 dry is v /icky & becomes r black4 ,x has j a t\* ( acridity4 ,any "o det]m9+ ?is species w n fail to note ! numb] ( br[n cy/idia or set1 9 ! hym5ium1 :i* project above ! surface ( ! gills4 ,!y are s num]\s & s ne> ! edge ( ! gills t !y give ^! a d[ny appe>ance4 ,! quality ( ?is species is ev5 bett] ?an ,l4 volemus1 ?\gh x is n z abundant "h z ! latt]4 ,f\nd 9 ?9 woods f ,augu/ to ,septemb]4 ,! photograph1 ,figure #ada1 0 made by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,c4 ,be>dslee4 ,lact>ius volemus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,orange-,,br[n ,,lact>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,pr(4 ,atk9son4 ,figure #adb4--,lact>ius volemus4 ,natural size4 ,caps gold5-tawny4 ,milk copi\s1 z w be se5 :]e ! plant has be5 prick$4 ,volemus f volema pira1 a k9d ( a pe>1 s call$ f ! %ape ( ! /em4 ,! pileus is broad1 fle% ?ick1 compact1 rigid1 plane1 !n exp&$1 obtuse1 dry1 gold5-tawny1 at l5g? some:at wr9kly4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :ite1 !n yell[i%2 milk copi\s1 sweet4 ,! /em is solid1 h>d1 blunt1 g5]ally curv$ l a pe>-/em2 its color is t ( ! pileus b a %ade light]4 ,spores globose1 :ite4 ,! milk 9 ?is species is v abundant & r pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,x becomes q /icky z x dries on y\r h&s4 ,?is plant has a good record among mu%room eat]s1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,!re is no dang] ( mi/ak+ x4 ,! plants gr[ 9 damp woods f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,!y are f\nd s+ly or 9 pat*es4 ,!y 7 f\nd q pl5tifully ab\t ,salem1 ,ohio1 & also ab\t ,*illico!4 ,lact>ius deliciosus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,delici\s ,,lact>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #adc4--,lact>ius deliciosus4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,caps light r$di%-yell[4 ,milk orange color4 ,deliciosus1 delici\s4 ,! pileus is ?ree to five in*es broad2 color v>y+ f yell[ to dull orange or ev5 br[ni%-yell[ ) mottl$ conc5tric zones ( deep] color1 especially 9 y\ng] plants1 sometimes a light r$di%-yell[1 )\t app>5t zones 7z is ! case ( ^? 9 ,figure #adc72 convex1 :5 exp&$ becom+ v mu* depress$2 funnel-%ap$2 smoo?1 moi/1 sometimes irregul>1 wavy2 fle% brittle1 creamy1 m or less /a9$ ) orange4 ,! gills are slightly decurr5t 9 ! depress$ specim5s1 some:at cr[d$1 =k$ at ! /em1 %ort ones beg9n+ at ! m>g92 :5 bruis$ exud+ a copi\s supply ( milky juice ( an orange color2 a pale tan-color1 turn+ gre5 9 age or 9 dry+4 ,spores are e*9ulate1 #i-ajg-h4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es or m1 equal1 smoo?1 holl[1 slightly pru9ose1 pal] ?an ! cap1 occasionally spott$ ) orange1 t+$ ) gre5 9 old plants4 ,! ta/e ( ! raw plant is slightly pepp]y4 ,x gr[s 9 damp woods & is sometimes q common4 ,its "n sugge/s ! e/imation 9 :i* x is held by all :o h eat5 x4 ,l all ,lact>ii x mu/ be well cook$4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #adc 7 ga!r$ on ,cemet]y ,hill close to ! p9e trees & 9 company ) ,boletus ,am]icanus4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,novemb]4 ,i f\nd ! plant 9 a m typical =m ab\t ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,lact>ius uvidus4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #add4--,lact>ius uvidus4 ,uvidus is f uva1 grape1 s call$ because :5 expos$ to ! air *anges to ! color ( a grape4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 fle% r ?91 convex1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 !n depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 n zon$1 viscid1 d+y pale o*race\s-tan1 m>g9 at fir/ involute1 nak$1 milk mild at fir/ !n becom+ acrid1 :ite *ang+ to lilac4 ,! gills are ?91 slightly decurr5t1 cr[d$1 %ort] ones v obtuse & truncate beh9d1 connect$ by ve9s1 :ite1 :5 w\nd$ becom+ lilac4 ,! /em is soon holl[1 two to ?ree in*es long1 viscid1 pallid4 ,! spores are r\nd1 #aj4 ,n only ! milk *anges to a lilac :5 cut1 b ! fle% itself4 ,!y are f\nd 9 damp woods dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #add 7 f\nd ne> ,bo/on1 by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,^! plants grew 9 ,purgatory ,swamp4 ,! ,sphagnum moss w be se5 at ! base ( ! upright plant4 ,lact>ius *rysorrheus4 ,fr4 ,,yell[-,,juic$ ,,lact>ius4 ,*rysorrheus f two ,greek words2 *rysos1 yell[ or gold52 reo1 ,i fl[1 because ! juice soon turns to a gold5 yell[4 ,! pileus is r fle%y1 depress$1 !n funnel-%ap$1 yell[i%-fle% color$1 m>k$ ) d>k zones or spots4 ,! /em is /uff$1 !n holl[1 equal1 or tap]+ bel[1 pal] ?an ! pileus1 sometimes pitt$4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 ?91 cr[d$1 yell[i%1 milk :ite1 !n gold5-yell[1 v acrid4 ,! milk is :ite1 q acrid1 has a peculi> ta/e1 & *anges at once on exposure to a beautiful yell[4 ,?is is a common species ab\t ,salem1 ,ohio1 & is q v>iable 9 size4 ,f\nd 9 woods & groves f ,july to ,octob]4 ,i d n "k :e!r its edible quality has ev] be5 te/$4 ,:5 ,i f\nd x "s ye>s ago ,i _h less fai? 9 mu%rooms ?an ,i h n[4 ,lact>ius vell]eus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,wooly-,,:ite ,,lact>ius4 ,,edible4 ,vell]eus f vellus1 a fleece4 ,! pileus is :ite1 compact1 fle%y1 depress$ or convex1 tom5tose1 zoneless1 m>g9 at fir/ involute1 milk :ite & acrid4 ,! gills are :ite or :iti%1 di/ant1 =k$1 adnate or decurr5t1 connect$ by ve9s1 b[-%ap$1 milk scanty4 ,! /em is solid1 blunt1 pubesc5t1 :ite1 tap]+ d[nw>d4 ,spores :ite & ne>ly smoo?1 4#jjjai by 4#jjjcd in*4 ,?is species is q common2 & ?\gh v acrid to ! ta/e1 ?is acridity is entirely lo/ 9 cook+4 ,x w be readily kn[n by ! d[ny cov]+ ( ! cap4 ,f\nd 9 ?9 woods & wood m>g9s4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,russula4 ,p]s4 ,russula1 r$ or r$di%4 ,! beg9n] w h little difficulty 9 det]m9+ ?is g5us4 ,!re is su* a /rong family lik5ess t1 f9d+ "o1 he w say at once x is a ,russula4 ,! cont\r ( ! cap1 ! brittl5ess ( its fle% & ( its /em1 ! fragile gills1 & ! failure ( any "p ( ! plant to exude a milky or color$ juice1 ! _m gay colors--w all help 9 det]m9+ ! g5us4 ,_m species ( ,russula /rongly resemble ^? ( ! g5us ,lact>ius1 9 size1 %ape1 & texture4 ,! spores1 too1 are q simil>1 b ! abs5ce ( ! milky juice w m>k ! diff]5ce at once4 ,! cap may be r$1 purple1 violet1 p9k1 blue1 yell[1 or gre54 ,! color$ zones (t5 se5 9 ! ,lact>ii d n appe> "h4 ,! beg9n] w possibly f9d tr\ble 9 id5tify+ species1 because ( v>iation ( size & color4 ,! spores are :ite to v pale yell[1 g5]ally sp9y4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex1 !n exp&$1 & at l5g? depress$4 ,! /em is brittle1 /\t1 & smoo?1 g5]ally spongy )91 & conflu5t ) ! cap4 ,! gills are milkless1 ) acute edge1 & v t5d]4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine1 9 8 v valuable book1 ,"o ,?\s& ,am]ican ,fungi1 says3 ,to ?is g5us au?ors h done special inju/ice2 !re is n a s+le species among !m kn[n to be poison\s1 & :]e !y are n too /rong ( *]ry b>k & o!r highly flavor$ sub/ances1 !y are all edible2 mo/ ( !m favorites4 ,i c te/ify to ! fact t _m ( !m are favorites1 ?\gh a few are v pepp]y & x requires "s c\rage to attack !m4 ,!y are all f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 op5 woods1 f e>ly summ] to late fall4 ,russula delica4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,wean$ ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,delica means wean$1 s call$ because1 ?\gh x resembles ,lact>ius vell]eus 9 appe>ance1 x is void ( milk4 ,! pileus is q l>ge1 fle%y1 firm1 depress$1 ev51 %9+1 m>g9 involute1 smoo?1 n /riat$4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 ?91 di/ant1 unequal1 :ite4 ,! /em is solid1 compact1 :ite1 %ort4 ,specim5s w be f\nd t resemble ,lact>ius pip]atus & ,l4 vell]eus1 b !y may be easily di/+ui%$ because !y h no milk 9 _! gills & ! ta/e is mild4 ,!y are n equal to mo/ ( ! ,russulas4 ,f\nd 9 woods f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,russula adu/a4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,smoky ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ade4--,russula adu/a4 ,adu/a means burn$4 ,! pileus is fulig9\s1 c9]e\s1 fle% compact1 m>g9 ev5 & inflex$1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 decurr5t1 ?91 cr[d$1 unequal1 :ite1 n r$d5+ :5 bruis$4 ,! /em is obese1 solid1 ( ! same color z ! pileus1 n turn+ r$ :5 bruis$4 ,! plant resembles ,r4 nigricans1 b c readily be di/+ui%$ f x because ( ! ?91 cr[d$ gills & failure to turn r$ :5 cut or bruis$4 ,! spores are subglobose1 almo/ smoo?1 #h-i2 no cy/idia4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! woods dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,edible b n fir/ class4 ,x is a plant v widely di/ribut$4 ,russula nigricans4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #adf4--,russula nigricans4 ,nigricans means blacki%4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 d>k grayi%-br[n1 black ) advanc+ age1 fle%y1 compact1 fle% turn+ r$ :5 bruis$ or convex1 flatt5$1 !n depress$1 at l5g? funnel-%ap$1 m>g9 entire1 )\t /riate1 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$1 "y specim5s are slightly viscid :5 moi/1 ev51 )\t a sep>able pellicle2 :iti% at fir/1 soon sooty olive1 at l5g? becom+ brok5 up into scales & black2 fle% firm & :ite1 becom+ r$di% :5 brok54 ,! gills are r\nd$ beh9d1 slightly adnex$1 ?ick1 di/ant1 broad1 unequal1 ! %ort] ones sometimes v scanty1 =k$1 r$d5+ :5 t\*$4 ,! /em is r %ort1 ?ick1 solid1 equal1 pallid :5 "y1 !n black4 ,! spores are subglobose1 r\gh1 #h-i4 ,! plant is q compact1 inodor\s1 becom+ entirely black ) age4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f ,r4 adu/a by ! fle% becom+ r$di% :5 bruis$1 & by ! mu* ?ick]1 & m di/ant gills4 ,x is v close to ,r4 d5sifolia b diff]s f x 9 t its gills are m di/ant & because ( its mild ta/e4 ,i am pleas$ to pres5t to my read]s1 9 ,figure #adf1 a photograph ( a plant :i* grew 9 ,sw$5 9 ! locality :]e ,pr(4 ,fries did 8 great "w 9 fungal /udy & rese>*4 ,x is a typical specim5 ( ?is species4 ,x 0 ga!r$ & photograph$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,x is f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,n poison\s1 b n good4 ,russula foet5s4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,fetid ,,russula4 ,,n ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #adg4--,russula foet5s4 ,foet5s means /9k+4 ,! pileus is f\r to six in*es broad1 dirty :ite or yell[i%2 fle% ?92 at fir/ hemisph]ical1 !n exp&$1 almo/ plane1 (t5 depress$ 9 ! c5t]2 cov]$ ) a pellicle :i* is adnate2 viscid 9 wet wea!r2 widely /riate-tub]culate on ! m>g91 :i* is at fir/ incurv$4 ,! gills are adnex$1 connect$ by ve9s1 cr[d$1 irregul>1 _m =k$1 r broad1 :iti%1 becom+ d+y :5 bruis$1 exud+ wat]y drops at fir/4 ,! /em is /\t1 /uff$1 !n holl[1 concolor1 two to f\r in*es long4 ,! spores are small1 e*9ulate1 almo/ r\nd4 ,i h f\nd ! plants v g5]ally diffus$ ov] ! /ate4 ,x is v co>se & un9vit+4 ,its smell & ta/e are bad4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,^! plants are widely di/ribut$ & usually r abundant4 ,russula alutacea4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,tan-,,color$ ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #adh4--,russula alutacea4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps fle% color4 ,gills broad & yell[i%4 ,alutacea1 tann$ lea!r4 ,! pileus is fle%-color1 sometimes r$2 fle% :ite2 bell-%ap$1 !n convex2 exp&$1 ) a viscid cov]+1 gr[+ pale2 slightly depress$2 ev52 m>g9 incl9$ to be ?91 /riate4 ,! gills are broad1 v5tricose1 free1 ?ick1 some:at di/ant1 equal1 yell[1 !n o*race\s4 ,! /em is /\t1 solid1 ev52 :ite1 ?\gh p>ts ( ! /em are r$1 sometimes purple2 wr9kl$ l5g?wise2 spongy4 ,! spores are yell[4 ,! ta/e is mild & pleasant :5 "y1 b q acrid :5 old4 ,alutacea w be kn[n mo/ly by its mild ta/e1 broad1 & yell[ gills4 ,x is q common1 b does n gr[ 9 gr\ps4 ,x is sweet & nutty4 ,f ,july to ,octob]4 ,russula o*rophylla4 ,pk4 ,,o*rey ,,gill$ ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,o*rophylla is f two ,greek words mean+ o*re & leaf1 because ( its o*re-color$ gills4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 firm1 convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]2 ev51 or r>ely v slightly /riate on ! m>g9 :5 old2 purple or d>k purpli%-r$2 fle% :ite1 purpli% "u ! adnate cuticle2 ta/e mild4 ,! gills are entire1 a few ( !m =k$ at ! base1 subdi/ant1 adnate at fir/ yell[i%1 becom+ bright1 o*race\s-buff :5 mature & du/$ by ! spores1 ! int]spaces some:at v5ose4 ,! /em is equal or ne>ly s1 solid or spongy )91 r$di% or rosy t9t$1 pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,! spores are bright1 o*race\s-buff1 globose1 v]ruculose1 4#jjjd ( an in* broad4 ,peck4 ,?is is "o ( ! easie/ ,russulas to det]m9e because ( its purple or purpli%-r$ cap1 entire gills1 at fir/ yell[i%1 !n a bright1 o*race\s-buff :5 mature4 ,! ta/e is mild & ! flavor fairly good4 ,!re is also a plant :i* has a purpli% cap & a :ite /em1 call$ ,russula o*rophylla albipes4 ,pk4 ,x q agrees 9 its edible qualities ) ! =m]4 ,r4 o*rophylla is f\nd 9 ! woods1 especially "u oak trees1 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,russula lepida4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,neat ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #adi4--,russula lepida4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps1 purpli%-r$1 ) m or less br[n4 ,lepida1 f lepidus1 neat4 ,! pileus firm1 solid2 v>y+ 9 color f bright r$ to dull1 subdu$ purpli% ) a di/9ct br[n2 compact2 convex1 !n depress$1 dry unpoli%$2 m>g9 ev51 sometimes crack$ & scaly1 n /riat$4 ,! gills are :ite1 broad1 pr9cipally ev51 occasionally =k$1 v brittle1 r\nd$1 some:at cr[d$1 connect$ by ve9s1 sometimes r$ on ! edge1 especially ne> ! m>g94 ,! /em is solid1 :ite1 usually /a9$ & /reak$ ) p9k1 compact1 ev54 ,! surface is dull1 z ) a f9e du/ or plum-l bloom1 & ?us )\t poli%4 ,(t5 times ! surface w appe> almo/ velvety4 ,! t9ts ( ! fle% & ! gills w be f\nd uni=m4 ,! plant :5 raw is sweet & nut-l to ! ta/e4 ,?is is a beautiful species1 ! color be+ av]ag$ "u ! g5]al hue ( d>k1 subdu$ r$1 incl9+ to m>oon4 ,x is simply delici\s :5 prop]ly cook$4 ,f\nd 9 woods f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,russula cyanoxan?a4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,blue ,,& ,,yell[ ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,cyanoxan?a1 f two ,greek words1 blue & yell[1 ref]r+ to color ( ! plant4 ,! pileus is q v>iable z to color1 rang+ f lilac or purpli% to gre5i%2 disk yell[i%1 m>g9 blui% or livid-purple2 convex1 !n plane1 depress$ 9 c5t]2 m>g9 fa9tly /riate1 sometimes wr9kl$4 ,! gills are r\nd$ beh9d1 connect$ by ve9s1 =k$1 :ite1 slightly cr[d$4 ,! /em is solid1 spongy1 /uff$1 holl[ :5 old1 equal1 smoo? & :ite4 ,! color ( ! cap is q v>iable b ! peculi> comb9ation ( color w assi/ ! /ud5t 9 di/+ui%+ x4 ,x is a beautiful plant & "o ( ! be/ ( ! ,russulas to eat4 ,! mu%room-eat] c\nts himself lucky inde$ :5 he c f9d a basketful ( ?is species aft] ! jo9] squirrel has satisfi$ 8 love ( ?is special good ?+4 ,x is q common 9 woods f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,russula vesca4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,edible ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,vesca f vesco1 to fe$4 ,! pileus is f two to ?ree in*es broad2 r$-fle%-color1 disk d>k]2 fle%y2 firm2 convex1 ) a slight depression 9 ! c5t]1 !n funnel-%ap$2 slightly wr9kl$2 m>g9 ev51 or remotely /riate4 ,gills adnate1 r cr[d$1 unequal1 =k$1 & :ite4 ,! /em is firm1 solid1 sometimes peculi>ly reticulat$1 tap]+ at ! base4 ,! spores are globose1 sp9y1 & :ite4 ,i frequ5tly f\nd x ne> ,salem1 ,o41 9 ?9 *e/nut woods & 9 pa/ures "u su* trees4 ,a mu%room lov] w be amply paid = ! long tramps if he f9ds a basket full ( ^! da9ties4 ,x is mild & sweet :5 raw4 ,x is f\nd 9 ?9 woods & 9 wood m>g9s1 sometimes "u trees 9 pa/ures1 f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,russula viresc5s4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aej4--,russula viresc5s4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps pale-gre54 ,gills :ite4 ,viresc5s1 be+ gre54 ,! ,pileus is grayi%-gre52 at fir/ globose1 !n exp&$1 convex1 at la/ depress$ at ! c5t]2 firm1 adorn$ ) flaky gre5i% or yell[ pat*es1 produc$ by ! crack+ ( ! sk92 two to f\r in*es broad1 m>g9 /riate1 (t5 :ite4 ,! gills are :ite1 mod]ately close1 free or ne>ly s1 n>r[ z !y approa* ! /em1 "s be+ =k$1 o!rs n2 v brittle1 break+ to pieces at ! slighte/ t\*4 ,! /em is %ort] ?an ! diamet] ( ! cap1 smoo?1 :ite1 & solid or spongy4 ,! spores are :ite1 r\gh1 & ne>ly globose4 ,?is plant is especially sweet & nutty to ! ta/e :5 "y & unwilt$4 ,all ,russulas %\ld be eat5 :5 fre%4 ,i h f\nd ! plant ov] ! /ate q g5]ally4 ,x is a prime favorite ) ! squirrels4 ,y w (t5 f9d !m half eat5 by ^! little nibbl]s4 ,f\nd 9 op5 woods f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ mu%rooms to eat & "o t is v easily id5tifi$4 ,x is q common ab\t ,*illico!1 ,ohio4 ,its m\ldy color is n z prepossess+ z ! bright] hues ( _m f> less delici\s fungi1 b x /&s ! te/ ( use4 ,russula v>iata4 ,ban4 ,,v>iable ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,pileus is firm1 convex becom+ c5trally depress$ or some:at funnel-=m1 viscid1 ev5 on ! ?9 m>g91 r$di%-purple1 (t5 v>iegat$ ) gre51 pea-gre5 sometimes v>i$ ) purple1 fle% :ite1 ta/e acrid or t>dily acrid4 ,! gills are ?91 n>r[1 close1 (t5 =k$1 tap]+ t[>d ea* end1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 :ite4 ,! /em is equal or ne>ly s1 solid1 sometimes cav]n\s1 :ite4 ,! spores are :ite1 subglobose1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjd ( an in* long1 4#jjjc broad4 ,peck1 ,rep4 ,/ate ,bot41 #aije4 ,?is plant gr[s 9 op5 bee* woods1 r damp1 & appe>s 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,! caps are (t5 d>k purple1 (t5 t+$ ) r$1 & sometimes ! caps conta9s %ades ( gre54 ,i f\nd ! plants pl5tifully 9 ,woodl& ,p>k1 ne> ,newtonville1 ,ohio1 9 ,july1 #aijg4 ,we ate !m on sev]al occasions & f\nd !m v good4 ,! gre5i% m>g9 & purpli% c5t] w m>k ! plant4 ,russula integra4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,entire ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,integra1 :ole or entire4 ,! pileus is ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 fle%y2 typically r$1 b *ang+ color2 exp&$1 depress$1 ) a viscid cuticle1 gr[+ pale4 ,m>g9 ?91 furr[$ & tub]culate4 ,fle% :ite1 sometimes yell[i% above4 ,! /em is at fir/ %ort & conical1 !n club-%ap$ or v5tricose1 sometimes ?ree in*es long & up to "o in* ?ick2 spongy1 /uff$1 commonly /riate2 ev51 & %9+ :ite4 ,! gills are some:at free1 v broad1 sometimes ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*2 equal or bifid at ! /em1 r di/ant & connect$ by ve9s2 pallid or :ite1 at l5g? light yell[1 be+ p[d]$ yell[ ) ! spores4 ,al?\gh ! ta/e is mild x is (t5 a/r+5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *angeable ( all species1 especially 9 ! color ( ! pileus1 :i*1 ?\gh typically r$1 is (t5 f\nd incl9+ to azure-blue1 bay-br[n1 olivace\s1 etc4 ,x occasionally happ5s t ! gills are /]ile & rema9 :ite4 ,fries4 ,! spores are sph]oid1 sp9y1 pale o*race\s4 ,r4 integra s closely resembles ,r4 alutacea t to di/+ui% !m requires a k ( bo? plants1 & ev5 !n "o may n feel q sure2 h[ev]1 x matt]s little z !y are equally good4 ,its p[d]y gills w help to di/+ui% ,r4 integra f ,r4 alutacea4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,russula roseipes4 7secr7 ,bres4 ,,! ,,rosy-,,/emm$ ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aea4--,russula roseipes4 ,natural size4 ,roseipes is f rosa1 a rose2 pes1 a foot2 s call$ because ( its rose-color$ or p9ki% /em4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane1 or slightly depress$2 at fir/ viscid1 soon dry1 becom+ slightly /riate on ! m>g92 rosy-r$ v>i\sly modifi$ by p9k1 orange or o*race\s hues1 sometimes becom+ pal] ) age2 ta/e mild4 ,! gills are mod]ately close1 ne>ly entire1 r\nd$ beh9d & slightly adnex$1 v5tricose1 :iti% becom+ yell[4 ,! /em is "o to ?ree in*es long1 slightly tap]+ upw>d1 /uff$ or some:at cav]n\s1 :ite t+$ ) r$4 ,! spores are yell[1 r\nd4 ,peck1 #ea ,r4 ,?is plant is widely di/ribut$ f ,ma9e to ! ,we/4 ,x gr[s be/ 9 p9e & hemlock woods1 b sometimes f\nd 9 mix$ woods4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,russula fragilis4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,t5d] ,,russula4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aeb4--,russula fragilis4 ,fragilis means fragile4 ,! pileus is r small1 fle%-color or r$1 or r$di%2 ?91 fle%y only at ! disk2 at fir/ convex & (t5 umbonate1 !n plane1 depress$2 cuticle ?91 becom+ pale1 viscid 9 wet wea!r1 m>g9 tub]culate-/riate4 ,! gills are ?91 v5tricose1 :ite1 slightly adnex$1 equal1 cr[d$1 sometimes slightly erod$ at ! edge4 ,! spores are m9utely e*9ulate1 #h-ajh4 ,! /em is /uff$1 holl[1 %9+ :ite4 ,q z acrid z ,r4 emetica1 :i* x resembles 9 _m ways1 especially ! small] plants4 ,x c be di/+ui%$ by its ?9n] caps1 ?9n] & cr[d$ gills1 m v5tricose & (t5 slightly erod$ at ! edge4 ,x is g5]ally class$ among poison\s mu%rooms2 b ,capta9 ,*>les ,mc,ilvaine 9 8 book says3 ,?\gh "o ( ! pepp]y k9d1 ,i h n1 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( eat+ x1 _h reason to "q its edibility4 ,i %\ld advise caution4 ,eat ( x sp>+ly till sure ( its effects4 ,f\nd 9 woods f ,july to ,octob]4 ,russula emetica4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,emetic ,,russula4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aec4--,russula emetica4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps rose-r$ to yell[-r$4 ,gills :ite4 ,emetica means mak+ sick1 incit+ to vomit4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 q viscid1 exp&$1 poli%$1 %9+1 oval1 or bell-%ap$ :5 "y2 its color is v v>iable f rose-r$ to a yell[-r$ or ev5 purple2 m>g9 furr[$1 fle% :ite4 ,! gills are free1 equal1 broad1 di/ant1 :ite4 ,! spores are r\nd1 #h4 ,! /em is /\t1 solid1 ?\gh sometimes spongy /uff$1 ev51 :ite or r$di%4 ,! spores are :ite1 r\nd1 & sp9y4 ,?is species is recogniz$ by its v acrid ta/e & free gills4 ,a di/9ct *annel w be se5 betwe5 ! gills & ! /em4 ,?is v pretty mu%room is q common 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,ohio4 ,i f\nd x 9 abundance ab\t ,salem1 ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,sidney1 & ,*illico!--all 9 ?is /ate4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine /ates t he has repeat$ly eat5 x & cites a numb] ( o!rs :o ate x )\t bad results1 al?\gh weight ( au?ority w\ld b& x a reprobate4 ,i am glad to report some?+ 9 its favor1 = x is a beautiful plant1 yet ,i %\ld advise caution 9 its use4 ,x is f\nd 9 op5 woods or 9 pa/ures "u trees1 f ,july to ,octob]4 ,its viscid cap w di/+ui% x4 ,russula furcata4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,=k$ ,,gill$ ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aed4--,russula furcata4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps gre5i%-umb] to r$di%4 ,furca1 a =k1 s call$ f ! =k+ ( ! gills4 ,?is is n peculi>1 h[ev]1 to ?is species4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad2 gre5i%1 usually gre5i%-umb]1 sometimes r$di%2 fle%y2 compact2 ne>ly r\nd1 !n exp&$1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]2 ev52 smoo?2 (t5 spr9kl$ ) a silky lu/]1 pellicle sep>able1 m>g9 at fir/ inflex$1 !n exp&$1 always ev51 sometimes turn$ upw>d4 ,! fle% is firm1 :ite1 dry1 some:at *eesy4 ,! gills are adnate or slightly decurr5t1 some:at cr[d$1 broad1 n>r[$ at bo? ends1 _m =k$1 %9+ :ite4 ,! spores1 #g-hi4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 solid1 :ite1 r firm1 ev51 equal or tap]+ d[nw>d4 ,! spores are r\nd & sp9y4 ,i h f\nd x frequ5tly on ! wood$ hillsides ( ! /ate4 ,! ta/e :5 raw is mild at fir/1 b soon develops a slight bitt]ness :i*1 h[ev]1 is lo/ 9 cook+4 ,fri$ 9 butt] !y are excell5t4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,russula rubra1 ,fr4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,russula4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aee4--,russula rubra4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps bright-v]milion4 ,gills =k$ & t+$ ) r$4 ,rubra means r$1 s call$ f ! cap be+ concolor\s1 bright v]million2 %[y1 becom+ pale ) age1 c5t] ( ! cap usually d>k]2 compact1 h>d1 fragile1 convex1 exp&$1 some:at depress$1 dry1 no pellicle1 (t5 crack$ :5 old4 ,! fle% is :ite1 (t5 r$di% "u ! cuticle4 ,! gills are adnate1 r cr[d$1 :ite at fir/1 !n yell[i%1 _m =k$ & ) "s %ort ones int]mix$1 frequ5tly t+$ ) r$ at ! edge4 ,spores #h-aj1 cy/idia po9t$4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 solid1 ev51 :ite1 (t5 ) a fa9t r$di% hue4 ,! spores are ne>ly r\nd & :ite4 ,x is v acrid to ! ta/e1 & because ( ?is acridity x is usually ?\ght to be poison\s1 b ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine says he does n hesitate to cook x ei!r by itself or ) o!r ,russul4 ,x is f\nd v g5]ally 9 ! /ate & is q pl5tiful 9 ! woods ab\t ,*illico!1 f ,july to ,octob]4 ,russula purpur9a4 ,quel ,s*ulz4 ,,! ,,purple ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aef4--,russula purpur9a4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps rosy-p9k to light-yell[4 ,gills yell[i% 9 age4 ,purpur9a means purple4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 m>g9 acute1 subglobose1 !n plane1 at l5g? depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 slightly viscid 9 wet wea!r1 n /riate1 (t5 split1 pellicle sep>able1 rosy-p9k1 pal+ to light-yell[4 ,gills are cr[d$ 9 y\?1 aft]w>d subdi/ant1 :ite1 9 age yell[i%1 rea*+ ! /em1 n greatly n>r[$ beh9d1 almo/ equal1 n =k$4 ,! /em is /uff$1 spongy1 v v>iable1 cyl9drical1 att5uat$ above1 rosy-p9k1 becom+ pal] t[>d ! base1 color obscure 9 age4 ,! fle% is fragile1 :ite1 r$di% "u ! sk92 odor slight & ta/e mild4 ,! spores :ite1 globose1 sometimes subelliptical1 #d-h long1 m9utely w>t$4 ,peck1 #db ,rept41 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,?is is n a l>ge plant1 b x c be readily det]m9$ by its r$ or r$di% /em1 mild ta/e & :ite spores4 ,f\nd 9 op5 woods 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,russula d5sifolia4 ,gillet4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aeg4--,russula d5sifolia4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps :iti%1 becom+ fulig9\s gray4 ,fle% turn+ r$ :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,d5sifolia has ref]5ce to ! cr[d$ condition ( ! gills4 ,! pileus is f ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 q compact1 convex1 exp&$1 !n depress$1 m>g9 inflex$1 smoo?1 n /riate1 :ite or :iti%1 becom+ fulig9\s1 gray1 or br[ni%1 q black 9 c5t]1 fle% r$ :5 brok54 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 some:at decurr5t1 unequal1 ?91 cr[d$1 :ite or :iti%1 ) a rosy t9t4 ,spores1 #g-h4 ,! /em is %ort1 slightly mealy1 :ite1 !n gray1 at l5g? blacki%1 smoo?1 r\nd1 turn+ r$ or br[n on be+ h&l$4 ,x diff]s f ,r4 nigricans 9 be+ mu* small]1 & 9 its cr[d$ gills4 ,x diff]s f ,r4 adu/a 9 fle% turn+ r$ :5 brok54 ,! fle% or sub/ance is :ite at fir/1 turn+ r$ :5 expos$ to ! air1 !n blacki%4 ,?is plant is n abundant 9 ?is /ate4 ,i f\nd a numb] ( plants on ,cemet]y ,hill1 :]e "s %ale _h be5 dump$ "u a l>ge bee* tree4 ,f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,can?>ellus4 ,adanson4 ,can?>ellus means a dim9utive dr9k+-cup or vase4 ,?is g5us c be di/+ui%$ f all o!r g5]a by ! "* ( its gills :i* are q blunt on ! edge1 l folds1 poli%$1 & are mo/ly =k$ or bran*$4 ,9 "s species ! gills v>y 9 ?ickness & numb]4 ,!y are decurr5t1 fold$1 m or less ?ick & swoll54 ,! spores are :ite4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd1 on rott5 wood1 & among moss4 ,!y seem to delight 9 damp %ady places4 ,can?>ellus cib>ius4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,edible ,,can?>ellus4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,figure #aeh4--;,can?>ellus cib>ius4 ,natural size4 ,entire plant egg-yell[4 ,cib>ius means p]ta9+ to food4 ,?is plant is frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! ,*ant]elle4 ,! entire plant is a ri* egg-yell[4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 at fir/ convex1 lat] flat1 ?ree to five in*es broad1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 f9ally funnel-%ap$2 bright to deep yell[2 firm1 smoo?1 b (t5 irregul>1 its m>g9 (t5 wavy2 fle% :ite1 ! cap has ! appe>ance ( an inv]t$ cone4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 %all[ & flut$1 resembl+ swoll5 ve9s1 bran*$1 m or less int]connect$ & tap]+ d[nw>d on ! /em1 color ! same z ! pileus4 ,! /em is solid1 v>iable 9 l5g?1 (t5 curv$1 tap]+ t[>ds ! base1 pal] ?an ! pileus & gills4 ,x gr[s 9 woods & r op5 places4 ,i f\nd x 9 great abundance 9 ,/anley's woods1 ne> ,damascus1 ,ohio4 ,i h f\nd x v (t5 ab\t ,*illico!4 ,! plant has a /rong prune-l odor2 :5 ta/$ raw !y are pepp]y & pung5t b sweet & q delici\s :5 cook$4 ,my fri5ds & myself h eat5 x & pron\nc$ v good4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #aeh 7 ga!r$ ne> ,columbus1 ,ohio1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,! species is q common 9 ! /ate1 & is f\nd f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,can?>ellus aurantiacus4 ,fr4 ,,false ,,*ant>elle4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #aei4--;,can?>ellus aurantiacus4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,caps orange-yell[4 ,gills yell[ & =k$4 ,aurantiacus means orange-yell[4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 s(t1 depress$1 d[ny1 ! m>g9 /rongly incurv$ :5 "y1 9 mature plants x is wavy or lob$2 color dull yell[i%1 usually br[ni%4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 /raight1 d>k-orange1 bran*$1 ) a regul> bifurcation4 ,! /em is light] 9 color ?an ! pileus1 solid at fir/1 spongy1 /uff$1 holl[1 unequal1 tap]+ upw>d1 & some:at curv$4 ,x is g5]ally label$ poison\s1 b "s good au?orities say x is :olesome4 ,i h nev] eat5 x fur!r ?an 9 its raw /ate4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f ! edible species by its dull orange cap & its orange gills1 :i* are ?9n] & clos] & m regul>ly =k$ ?an ^? ( ! ,edible ,*ant>elle4 ,x gr[s 9 woods & op5 places4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,can?>ellus floccosus4 ,s*w4 ,,! ,,woolly ,,can?>ellus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,figure #afj4--;,can?>ellus floccosus4 ,floccosus means floccose or woolly4 ,! pileus at ! top is f "o to two in*es broad1 fle%y1 elongat$ funnel-=m or trumpet-%ape1 floccose-squamose1 o*race\s-yell[4 ,! gills are ve9-l1 close1 mu* ana/omos+ above1 long decurr5t & subp>allel bel[1 concolor\s4 ,! /em is v %ort1 ?ick1 r deeply root$4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #ab4e-aeg4f4 ,peck1 #bc ,rep41 ,n4 ,y4 ,?is plant is funnel-%ap$ ne>ly to ! base ( ! /em4 ,x is a small plant1 nev] m ?an f\r in*es high4 ,i f\nd x 9 ,haynes's ,holl[1 9 r op5 woods1 on mossy hillsides4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,can?>ellus brevipes4 ,pk4 ,! ,%ort-,/emm$ ,can?>ellus4 ,edible4 ,brevipes is f brevis1 %ort2 pes1 foot2 s call$ because ( its %ort /em4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 obconic1 glabr\s1 alutace\s1 or d+y cream-color1 ! ?9 m>g9 erect1 (t5 irregul> & lob$1 t+$ ) lilac 9 ! "y plant2 folds num]\s1 ne>ly /raight 9 ! m>g91 abundantly ana/omos+ bel[2 pale umb]1 t+$ ) lilac4 ,! /em is %ort1 tom5tose-pubesc5t1 a%-color$1 solid1 (t5 tap]+ d[nw>d4 ,spores yell[i%1 oblong-elliptical1 un9ucleate1 #aj-abe4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep41 ,n4 ,y4 ,! plant is small2 ) u1 n m ?an ?ree in*es high & ! pileus n m ?an two in*es broad at ! top4 ,x diff]s some:at 9 color1 9 ! "* ( ! folds1 & mat]ially 9 ! %ape ( ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,f\nd occasionally on ! hillsides ( ,hunt+ton ,t[n%ip1 ne> ,*illico!1 ,july to ,augu/4 ,can?>ellus c9nab>9us4 ,s*w4 ,,! ,,c9nab> ,,can?>ellus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #afa4--;,can?>ellus c9nab>9us4 ,cap & /em c9nib>-r$1 fle% :ite4 ,natural size4 ,c9nab>9us means c9nab>-r$1 f ! color ( ! plant4 ,! pileus is firm1 convex1 or slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 (t5 irregul> ) wavy or lob$ m>g92 glabr\s1 c9nab>-r$1 fle% :ite4 ,! gills are n>r[1 di/ant1 bran*$1 decurr5t1 ( ! same color z ! cap1 dull on ! edge4 ,! /em is equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 glabr\s1 solid1 sometimes /uff$1 c9nab>-r$4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #h-aj long1 #d-e broad4 ,no "o w h any difficulty 9 id5tify+ ?is plant1 s9ce its color sugge/s ! "n at once4 ,x is q common ab\t ,*illico! & ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,x is f\nd frequ5tly ) ,crat]ellus can?>ellus4 ,x is a v pretty plant1 gr[+ 9 op5 woods or along ! roadside 9 woods4 ,x w keep = "s "t aft] x is ga!r$4 ,x is f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,can?>ellus infundibuli=mis4 ,fr4 ,,funnel-,,%ap$ ,,can?>ellus4 ,infundibuli=mis means %ap$ l a funnel4 ,! pileus is "o to two & a half in*es broad1 some:at membranace\s1 umbilicate1 !n infundibuli=m1 usually p]=at$ at ! base1 & op5+ into ! cavity ( ! /em1 floccosely rugose on ! surface1 yell[i%-gray or smoky :5 moi/1 pale :5 dry1 becom+ wavy4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 ?ick1 di/ant1 regul>ly =k$1 /raight1 yell[ or c5]e\s1 at l5g? pru9ose4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 holl[1 ev51 smoo?1 always yell[1 slightly ?ick5$ at ! base4 ,! spores are elliptical1 smoo?1 #i-ajf4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd1 especially :]e wood has decay$ & become a "p ( ! gr\nd4 ,!y also gr[ on decay$ wood4 ,!y are f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,nyctalis4 ,fr4 ,nyctalis is f a ,greek ^w mean+ night4 ,pileus symmetrical1 9 "s species be>+ l>ge conidia ^u its surface4 ,! gills are adnate or decurr5t1 ?ick1 s(t1 m>g9 obtuse4 ,! /em is c5tral1 its sub/ance cont9u\s ) ! fle% ( ! pileus4 ,! spores are colorless1 smoo?1 elliptical or globose4 ,fries4 ,nyctalis a/]ophora4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #afb4--,nyctalis a/]ophora4 ,a/]ophora means />-be>+4 ,! pileus is ab\t "o-half in* broad1 fle%y2 conical1 !n hemisph]ical2 flocculose & r mealy1 ow+ to ! l>ge1 /ellate conidia2 :iti%1 !n t+$ ) fawn-color4 ,! gills are adnate1 di/ant1 n>r[1 some:at =k$1 /raight1 d+y4 ,! /em is ab\t "o-half in* long1 sl5d]1 twi/$1 /uff$1 :ite !n br[ni%1 r mealy4 ,! spores are elliptical1 smoo?1 #cb4 ,fries1 ,hym4 ,i f\nd1 ab\t ! la/ ( ,augu/1 ^! plants gr[+ on decay+ specim5s ( ,russula nigricans1 along ,ral/on's ,run1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,hygrophorus4 ,fr4 ,hygrophorus is f two ,greek words mean+ be>+ moi/ure4 ,s call$ because ! memb]s ( ?is g5us may be kn[n f _! moi/ caps & ! waxy nature ( ! gills1 :i* di/+ui% !m f all o!rs4 ,z 9 ! ,pleurotus1 ! gills ( "s ( ! species are r\nd$ or not*$ at ! end next to ! /em1 b ( o!rs !y are decurr5t on x2 h5ce1 9 "s species !y are l ! gills ( ,tri*oloma 9 _! atta*m5t1 9 o!rs !y run d[n on ! /em z 9 ! ,clitocybe4 ,9 _m ( !m bo? cap & /em are v viscid1 a *>act]i/ic n f\nd 9 ! ,clitocybes2 & ! gills are g5]ally ?ick] & mu* f>!r ap>t ?an 9 t g5us4 ,a numb] ( ! species are beautifully color$4 ,hygrophorus prat5sis4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,pa/ure ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,figure #afc4--;,hygrophorus prat5sis4 ,prat5sis1 f pratum1 a mead[4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad2 :5 "y almo/ hemisph]ical1 !n convex1 turb9ate or ne>ly flat1 ! c5t] m or less convex1 z if umbonate2 m>g9 (t5 crack$1 frequ5tly contract$ or lob$2 :ite or v>i\s %ades ( yell[1 buffi%-r$di%1 or br[ni%4 ,fle% :ite1 ?ick 9 ! c5t]1 ?9 at ! m>g94 ,! /em is /uff$1 att5uat$ d[nw>ds4 ,! gills are ?ick1 di/ant1 :ite or yell[i%1 b[-%ap$1 decurr5t1 & connect$ by ve9-l folds4 ,spores are :ite1 broadly elliptical1 4#jjjbd to 4#jjjbh in* long4 ,! pa/ure hygrophorus is a small b r /\t-appe>+ mu%room4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 pa/ures1 wa/e places1 cle>+s1 & ?9 woods1 f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,sometimes all :ite or gray4 ,v>4 c9]eus1 ,fr4 ,pileus & gills gray4 ,! /em :iti% & sl5d]4 ,v>4 pallidus1 ,b4 ,br4 ,pileus depress$1 edge wavy1 entirely pale o*re4 ,?is species diff]s ma9ly f ,h4 lepor9us 9 t ! latt] is q floccose on ! pileus4 ,hygrophorus eburneus4 ,bull4 ,,%9+ ,,:ite ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #afd4--;,hygrophorus eburneus4 ,eburneus is f ebur1 ivory4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 sometimes ?91 sometimes some:at compact1 :ite2 v viscid or glut9\s 9 wet wea!r1 & slipp]y to ! t\*2 m>g9 unev51 sometimes wavy2 smoo?1 & %9+4 ,:5 "y1 ! m>g9 is incurv$4 ,! gills are firm1 di/ant1 /raight1 /rongly decurr5t1 ) ve9-l elevations ne> ! /em4 ,! spores are :ite1 r long4 ,! /em is unequal1 sometimes long & sometimes %ort2 /uff$1 !n holl[1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 punctate above ) granul> scales4 ,odor & ta/e are r pleasant4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods & pa/ures 9 all p>ts ( ,ohio1 b x is n pl5tiful any:]e4 ,i h f\nd x only 9 damp woods ab\t ,*illico!4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,hygrophorus cossus4 ,s[4 ,cossus1 because x smells l ! cat]pill>1 ,cossus lignip]da4 ,! pileus is small1 q viscid1 %9+ :5 dry1 :ite ) a yell[ t+e1 edge nak$1 v /rong-sc5t$4 ,! gills are some:at decurr5t1 ?91 di/ant1 /raight1 firm4 ,! /em is /uff$1 ne>ly equal1 scurvy-punctate upw>ds4 ,spores #hd4 ,f\nd 9 ! woods4 ,! /rong smell w s]ve to id5tify ! species4 ,hygrophorus *lorophanus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,gre5i%-,,yell[ ,,hygrophorus4 ,*lorophanus is f two ,greek words1 mean+ appe>+ gre5i%-yell[4 ,! pileus is "o in* broad1 commonly bright sulphur-yell[1 sometimes sc>let-t9t$1 n *ang+ color2 slightly membranace\s1 v fragile1 (t5 irregul>1 ) ! m>g9 split or lob$1 at fir/ convex1 !n exp&$2 smoo?1 viscid1 m>g9 /riate4 ,! gills are em>g9ate1 adnex$1 q v5tricose1 ) a ?9 decurr5t too?1 ?91 subdi/ant1 di/9ct1 pale-yell[4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 holl[1 equal1 r\nd1 viscid :5 moi/1 %9+ :5 dry1 :olly unicolor\s1 ri* light-yell[4 ,! spores are slightly elliptical1 #he4 ,?is species resembles 9 appe>ance ,h4 c]aceus1 b x c be id5tifi$ by its em>g9ate gills & some:at l>g] =m4 ,! plant has a wide di/ribution1 hav+ be5 f\nd f ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates ?r\gh ! ,middle ,we/4 ,x is f\nd 9 damp1 mossy places f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,i h no d\bt ( its edibility4 ,x has a mild & agreeable ta/e :5 eat5 9 ! raw /ate4 ,hygrophorus can?>ellus4 ,s*w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #afe4--;,hygrophorus can?>ellus4 ,natural size4 ,caps bright r$4 ,can?>ellus means a small vase4 ,! pileus is ?91 convex1 at l5g? umbilicate1 or c5trally depress$1 m9utely squamulose1 moi/1 bright r$1 becom+ orange or yell[4 ,! gills are di/ant1 sub>cuate1 decurr5t1 yell[1 sometimes t+$ ) v]milion4 ,! /em is "o to ?ree in*es long1 smoo?1 equal1 sub-solid1 sometimes becom+ holl[1 concolor\s1 :iti% )94 ,peck4 ,i h f\nd ab\t ,*illico! a numb] ( ! v>ieties giv5 by ,dr4 ,peck4 ,v>4 flava4 ,pileus & /em pale yell[4 ,gills arcuate1 /rongly decurr5t4 ,v>4 flavipes4 ,pileus r$ or r$di%4 ,/em yell[4 ,v>4 flaviceps4 ,pileus yell[4 ,/em r$di% or r$4 ,v>4 rosea4 ,has ! pileus exp&$ & m>g9 wavy scallop$4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,hygrophorus cocc9eus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,sc>let ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,cocc9eus1 p]ta9+ to sc>let4 ,! pileus is ?91 convex1 obtuse1 viscid1 sc>let1 gr[+ pale1 smoo?1 fragile4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 ) a decurr5t too?1 connect$ by ve9s1 v>i\sly %ad$4 ,! /em is holl[ & compress$1 r ev51 n slipp]y1 sc>let ne> ! cap1 yell[ at ! base4 ,?is plant :5 "y is ( a bright sc>let1 b x soon %ades into a light-yell[ ) advanc+ age4 ,x is q fragile & v>ies v greatly 9 size 9 diff]5t localities4 ,f\nd 9 woods & pa/ures f ,july to ,octob]4 ,hygrophorus conicus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,conical ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aff4--;,hygrophorus conicus4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 acutely conical1 submembranace\s1 smoo?1 some:at lob$1 at l5g? exp&$1 & rimose2 turn+ black1 z does ! :ole plant :5 brok5 or bruis$2 orange1 yell[1 sc>let1 br[n1 dusky4 ,! gills are free or adnex$1 ?ick1 att5uat$1 v5tricose1 yell[i% ) frequ5tly a c9]e\s t+e1 wavy1 r cr[d$4 ,! /em is ?ree to f\r in*es long1 holl[1 cyl9drical1 fibrillose1 /riat$1 color$ l ! pileus1 turn+ black :5 h&l$4 ,?is plant is q fragile4 ,x c be id5tifi$ by its turn+ black :5 bruis$4 ,x sometimes appe>s e>ly 9 ! spr+ & cont9ues till late 9 ! fall4 ,x is n abundant b is only occasionally f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 woods & op5 places4 ,hygrophorus flavodiscus4 ,fro/4 ,,yell[-,,disk$ ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #afg4--;,hygrophorus flavodiscus4 ,natural size4 ,! glut5 is %[n connect+ ! m>g9 ( ! cap to _! /em4 ,flavodiscus means yell[-disk$4 ,! pileus is "o-half to ?ree in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 v viscid or glut9\s1 :ite1 pale-yell[ or r$di%-yell[ 9 ! c5t]1 fle% :ite4 ,! gills are adnate or decurr5t1 subdi/ant1 :ite1 sometimes ) a slight fle%-color$ t9t1 ! int]spaces sometimes v5ose4 ,! /em is "o to ?ree in*es long1 solid1 subequal1 v viscid1 or glut9\s1 :ite at ! top1 :ite or yell[i% else:]e4 ,! spores are elliptical1 :ite1 4#jjjbe to 4#jjjc ( an in* long1 4#jjjaf to 4#jjjb broad4 ,^! mu%rooms make a delici\s di%4 ,! specim5s 9 ! photograph 7 ga!r$ at ,we/ ,gl\ce/]1 ,mass41 by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,black=d1 ( ,bo/on4 ,i h f\nd !m ab\t ,*illico!4 ,!y are v viscid1 z ! plants 9 ,figure #afg w %[4 ,! caps are ?ick & ! m>g9 inroll$4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,hygrophorus speciosus4 ,pk4 ,,%[y ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #afh4--;,hygrophorus speciosus4 ,speciosus means beautiful1 %[y2 s call$ f ! sc>let color ( ! umbo4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es 9 diamet]1 broadly convex1 (t5 ) small c5tral umbo2 glabr\s1 v viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/2 yell[1 usually bright r$ or sc>let 9 ! c5t]2 fle% :ite1 yell[ "u ! ?91 sep>able pellicle4 ,! gills are di/ant1 decurr5t1 :ite1 or slightly t+$ ) yell[4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 ne>ly equal1 solid1 viscid1 slightly fibrillose1 :iti% or yell[i%4 ,! spores are elliptic1 4#jjjc ( an in* long1 4#jjjb broad4 ,peck4 ,?is is a v beautiful & %[y plant4 ,x gr[s 9 swampy places & "u tam>ack trees4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #afh 7 f\nd 9 ,massa*usetts by ,mrs4 ,black=d1 & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,augu/4 ,hygrophorus fulig9eus4 ,fro/4 ,,sooty ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #afi4--;,hygrophorus fulig9eus4 ,natural size4 ,specim5 on ! "r is ,h4 capr9us4 ,fulig9eus means sooty or smoky4 ,! pileus is "o to f\r in*es broad1 convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 v viscid or glut9\s1 grayi%-br[n or fulig9\s1 ! disk (t5 d>k] or almo/ black4 ,! gills are subdi/ant1 adnate or decurr5t1 :ite4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 solid1 viscid or glut9\s1 :ite or :iti%4 ,! spores are elliptic1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjce ( an in* long1 4#jjjb broad4 ,peck1 ,no4 #d1 ,vol4 #c4 ,?is species is f\nd frequ5tly associat$ ) ,h4 flavodiscus1 :i* x resembles v closely1 save 9 color4 ,:5 moi/1 ! cap & /ems are cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( glut51 & :5 ! caps are dry ?is gives !m a v>ni%$ appe>ance4 ,i d n f9d !m abundant "h4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #afi 7 f\nd by ,mrs4 ,black=d ne> ,we/ ,gl\ce/]1 ,mass4 ,!y are f\nd ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,hygrophorus capr9us4 ,scop4 ,,! ,,goat ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,capr9us means belong+ to a goat2 x is s call$ f ! fibrils resembl+ goat's hair4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 fle%y1 fragile1 conical1 !n flatt5$ & umbonate1 r wavy1 sooty1 fibrillose4 ,! gills are v broad1 q di/ant1 deeply decurr5t1 :ite1 !n glauc\s4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 solid1 fibrillose1 sooty1 (t5 /reak$ or /riate1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #afi1 page #bab4 ,! spores are #ajg-h4 ,^! plants gr[ 9 p9e woods 9 company ) ,h4 fulig9eus & ,h4 flavodiscus4 ,! specim5 on ! "r 9 ,figure #afi 0 f\nd ne> ,we/ ,gl\ce/]1 ,mass41 by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,x is f\nd f ,septemb] till h>d fro/4 ,hygrophorus ,laur4 ,morg4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #agj4--;,hygrophorus ,laur4 ,?is is a beautiful plant1 f\nd among leaves1 & s completely cov]$ ) p>ticles ( leaves & soil t x is h>d to clean !m (f4 ,!y are v viscid1 bo? /em & cap4 ,!y are only occasionally f\nd 9 our /ate4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad2 r$di%-br[n 9 ! c5t]1 %ad+ to a v light tan on ! edges2 v viscid2 convex2 m>g9 at fir/ slightly incurv$1 !n exp&$4 ,! gills are adnate1 slightly decurr5t1 n cr[d$1 unequal1 yell[i%4 ,! /em is /uff$1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 :iti%1 furfurace\s ne> ! cap4 ,i h f\nd ?is plant 9 ,poke ,holl[1 ne> ,*illico!1 on sev]al occasions1 also 9 ,gallia c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,i h n f\nd x else:]e 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,:ile ,i h n f\nd x 9 suffici5t quantity to try x ,i h no d\bt ( its edible qualities4 ,i h f\nd x only ab\t ! la/ ( ,septemb] & ! fir/ ( ,octob]4 ,x gr[s 9 r d5se woods on ! nor? sides ( ! hills1 :]e x is con/antly %ad$ & damp4 ,nam$ 9 honor ( ,pr(4 ,morgan's wife4 ,hygrophorus micropus4 ,pk4 ,,%ort-,,/emm$ ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,micropus means %ort-/emm$4 ,! pileus is ?91 fragile1 convex or c5trally depress$1 umbilicate2 silky1 gray1 (t5 ) "o or two n>r[ zones on ! m>g92 ta/e & odor f>9ace\s4 ,! gills are n>r[1 close1 adnate or slightly decurr5t1 gray1 becom+ salmon color ) age4 ,! /em is %ort1 solid or ) a slight cavity1 (t5 slightly ?ick5$ at ! top1 pru9ose1 gray1 ) a :ite1 mycelioid tom5tum at ! base4 ,! spores are angul>1 un9ucleate1 salmon color1 4#jjjc--4jjjd ( an in* long1 4#jjjbe--4jjjc broad4 ,peck4 ,?is is a v small plant & n frequ5tly f\nd1 b widely di/ribut$4 ,i h always f\nd x 9 op5 grassy places dur+ damp wea!r4 ,! caps are ?91 (t5 m>k$ly depress$4 ,its silky appe>ance & n>r[ zones on ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 toge!r ) its r close gills1 broadly atta*$ to ! /em1 gray at fir/1 !n salmon color1 w id5tify ! species4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,hygrophorus m9iatus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,v]milion ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aga4--;,hygrophorus m9iatus4 ,cap & /ems v]milion-r$4 ,gills yell[i% & t+$ ) bright-r$4 ,m9iatus is f m9ium1 r$ lead4 ,?is is a small b a v common species1 highly color$ & v attractive4 ,! pileus & ! /em are bright r$ & (t5 v]milion4 ,! pileus is at fir/ convex1 b1 :5 fully exp&$1 x is ne>ly or q flat1 & 9 wet wea!r x is ev5 concave by ! elevation ( ! m>g91 smoo? or m9utely scaly1 (t5 umbilicate4 ,its color v>ies f a bright r$ or v]milion or blood-r$ to pale orange hues4 ,! gills are yell[ & frequ5tly /rongly t+$ ) r$1 di/ant1 atta*$ to ! /em1 & sometimes not*$4 ,! /em is usually %ort & sl5d]1 color$ l1 or a little pal]1 ?an ! cap2 solid1 :5 "y1 b becom+ /uff$ or holl[ ) age4 ,! spores are elliptical1 :ite1 #h long4 ,! ,v]milion mu%room gr[s 9 woods & 9 op5 fields4 ,x is m pl5tiful 9 wet wea!r4 ,x seems to gr[ be/ :]e *e/nut logs h decay$4 ,x c be f\nd 9 su* places 9 suffici5t quantities to eat4 ,few mu%rooms are m t5d] or h a m delicate flavor4 ,!re are two o!r species hav+ r$ caps1 ,hygrophorus cocc9eus & ,h4 puniceus1 b bo? are edible & no h>m c\ld come f any mi/ake4 ,!y are f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,^? 9 ,figure #aga 7 f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[ ,septemb] #bi4 ,hygrophorus m9iatus sphagnophilus4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,figure #agb4--;,hygrophorus m9iatus sphagnophilus4 ,natural size4 ,sphagnophilus means sphagnum-lov+1 s call$ because x is f\nd gr[+ on sphagnum4 ,! pileus is broadly convex1 subumbilicate1 r$4 ,! gills are adnate1 :iti%1 becom+ yell[i% or sometimes t+$ ) r$1 occasionally r$ on ! edge4 ,! /em is color$ l ! pileus1 :iti% at ! base1 bo? x & ! pileus are v fragile4 ,?is is m fragile ?an ! typical =m & reta9s its color bett] 9 dry+4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,?is is a beautiful plant gr[+1 z ,figure #agb %[s1 on ! l[] dead portion ( ! /ems ( bog moss or sphagnum4 ,x gr[s v abundantly 9 ,buckeye ,lake4 ,! photograph 0 made by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,x is f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,^! plants cook readily1 h an excell5t flavor & because ( _! color make an invit+ di%4 ,i h eat5 he>tily ( !m sev]al times4 ,hygrophorus m>g9atus4 ,pk4 ,,m>g9$ ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #agc4--;,hygrophorus m>g9atus4 ,m>g9atus1 s call$ f ! frequ5t v]milion edg$ gills4 ,! pileus is ?91 fragile1 convex1 subcampanulate or ne>ly plane1 (t5 irregul>1 sometimes broadly umbonate1 glabr\s1 %9+1 /riatulate on ! m>g91 bright gold5-yell[4 ,! gills are r broad1 subdi/ant1 v5tricose1 em>g9ate1 adnex$1 yell[1 sometimes becom+ orange or v]milion on ! edge1 int]spaces v5ose4 ,! /em is fragile1 glabr\s1 (t5 flex\s1 compress$ or irregul>1 holl[1 pale-yell[2 spores broadly elliptic1 4#jjjbd--4jjjc ( an in* long1 4#jjjbd--4jjjb broad4 ,peck1 ,n4 ,y41 #aijf4 ,?is plant has ! mo/ beautiful yell[ ,i h ev] se5 9 a mu%room4 ,?is bright gold5 yell[ & ! orange or v]milion color on ! m>g9 or edge ( ! gills w always *>act]ize ! plant4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #agc 7 s5t to me by ,mrs4 ,black=d1 ( ,bo/on1 ,mass41 ! la/ ( ,augu/4 ,!y 7 n 9 ! be/ condition :5 photograph$4 ,hygrophorus c]aceus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,wax-,,l ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #agd4--;,hygrophorus c]aceus4 ,caps waxy yell[4 ,c]aceus is f c]a1 wax4 ,! pileus is "o in* & less broad1 waxy-yell[1 %9+1 fragile1 ?91 occasionally subumbonate1 slightly fle%y1 slightly /riate4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 subdecurr5t1 di/ant1 broad1 v5tricose (t5 connect$ ) ve9s1 almo/ triangul>1 yell[4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 holl[1 (t5 unequal1 flexu\s1 sometimes compress$1 yell[1 occasionally orange at ! base1 waxy4 ,! spores #hf4 ,?is is a v beautiful1 fragile plant1 usually f\nd gr[+ 9 ! grass4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ by its waxy yell[ color4 ,! plants photograph$ 7 f\nd on ! ,cemet]y ,hill4 ,!y are f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,hygrophorus virg9eus4 ,wulf4 ,,! ,,ivory-,,capp$ ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #age4--;,hygrophorus virg9eus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,entire plant :ite4 ,virg9eus1 virg92 s call$ f its :it5ess4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 obtuse1 at l5g? depress$2 moi/1 sometimes crack$ into pat*es1 floccose :5 dry4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 di/ant1 r ?ick1 (t5 =k$4 ,! /em is curt1 /uff$1 firm1 att5uat$ at ! base1 ext]nally becom+ ev5 & nak$4 ,spores #abe-f4 ,fries4 ,! plant is :olly :ite & nev] l>ge4 ,x is easily conf\nd$ ) ,h4 niveus & sometimes difficult to di/+ui% f ! :ite =ms ( ,h4 prat5sis4 ,?is plant is q common 9 pa/ures1 bo? 9 ! spr+ & 9 ! fall4 ,i f\nd ! specim5s 9 ,figure #age on ,cemet]y ,hill "u ! p9e trees on ,novemb] #aa4 ,!y 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,hygrophorus niveus4 ,,! ,,sn[-,,:ite ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,niveus1 sn[-:ite4 ,! plant is :olly :ite4 ,! pileus is sc>cely "o in* broad1 some:at membranace\s1 bell-%ap$1 convex1 !n umbilicate1 smoo?1 /riate1 viscid :5 moi/1 n crack$ :5 dry1 fle% ?91 ev]y:]e equal4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 ?91 di/ant1 acute1 q entire4 ,! /em is holl[1 ?91 equal1 smoo?4 ,spores #gd4 ,f\nd 9 pa/ures4 ,hygrophorus sordidus4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,d+y ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #agf4--;,hygrophorus sordidus4 ,sordidus means a dirty :ite1 or d+y1 ref]r+ to ! color ( ! caps1 s made by adh]+ e>?4 ,! pileus is broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 slightly viscid1 :ite1 b usually defil$ by adh]+ dirt2 ! m>g9 at fir/ /rongly involute1 !n spread+ or reflex$2 fle% firm :5 "y1 t\gh :5 old4 ,! gills are subdi/ant1 adnate1 or decurr5t1 :ite or creamy-:ite4 ,! /em is five to t5 ,cm4 long1 firm1 solid1 :ite4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #f4e-g4ed-e4 ,peck4 ,! specim5s ,i f\nd 7 cle> :ite1 gr[+ among leaves & 7 especially free f soil4 ,! /ems 7 %ort & 7 incl9$ to be slightly v5tricose4 ,dr4 ,peck says t ?is species is di/+ui%$ f ,h4 p5>ius by its cle> :ite color1 ?\gh ?is is commonly obscur$ by ! adh]+ dirt t is c>ri$ up 9 ! gr[? ( ! fungus4 ,! "y1 gr[+ plants 7 /rongly involute b ! old] plants 7 reflex$1 giv+ ! plants a funnel-%ap$ appe>ance & giv+ ! gills a mu* /rong] decurr5t appe>ance4 ,f\nd ,octob] #bf?4 ,hygrophorus s]ot9us4 ,pk4 ,,late ,,hygrophorus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #agg4--;,hygrophorus s]ot9us4 ,s]ot9us means late4 ,s call$ because x is late 9 ! season4 ,pileus is fle%y b ?91 convex or ne>ly plane1 (t5 ) ! ?9 m>g9 curv$ upw>d1 glabr\s or ) a few obscure innate fibrils1 r$di% 9 ! c5t]1 :iti% on ! m>g91 fle% :ite1 ta/e mild4 ,! gills are ?91 subdi/ant1 adnate or decurr5t1 :ite1 ! int]spaces slightly v5ose4 ,! /em is equal1 /uff$ or holl[1 glabr\s1 :iti%4 ,! spores are :ite1 elliptic1 4#jjjc ( an in* long1 4#jjjb broad4 ,pileus is #h-ae l9es broad2 /em ab\t #a in* long1 #a4e-b4e l9es ?ick4 ,peck4 ,"s specim5s ( ?is species 7 s5t to me f ,bo/on by ,mrs4 ,black=d1 b aft] a c>eful /udy ( !m ,i 0 unable to place !m4 ,%e !n s5t !m to ,dr4 ,peck1 :o gave !m _! v appropriate "n4 ,^? 9 ,figure #agg 7 s5t me 9 ,decemb]1 #aijg4 ,!y gr[ a numb] 9 ! same locality & frequ5tly 9 close gr\ps or tufts4 ,!y seem to delight 9 oak & p9e woods4 ,dr4 ,peck obs]ves t ?is species is simil> to ,hygrophorus queletii1 ,bres41 bo? 9 size & color1 b ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! plants d n agree4 ,he also says x is simil> 9 size & color to ,h4 subrufesc5s1 ,pk41 b diff]s mat]ially 9 ! specific description4 ,panus4 ,fr4 ,panus means swell+4 ,! species "u ?is g5us are lea!ry plants1 hav+ ! /ems lat]al & sometimes want+4 ,!y dry up b revive ) moi/ure4 ,! gills are simple & ?9n] ?an ! ,l5t9us1 b ) an entire1 acute edge4 ,!re are a few species :i* give a phosphoresc5t light :5 gr[+ on decay$ logs4 ,! g5us closely resembles ,l5t9us b c be readily recogniz$ on acc\nt ( ! smoo? edg$ gills4 ,a numb] ( good au?orities d n sep>ate !m b give bo? "u ! "n ,l5t9us4 ,?is g5us ab\nds :]ev] !re are /umps & fall5 timb]4 ,panus /ypticus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,/yptic ,,panus4 ,,poison\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #agh4--,panus /ypticus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,c9namon color4 ,/ypticus means a/r+5t1 /yptic4 ,! pileus is coriace\s1 kidney-%ap$1 c9namon-color1 gr[+ pale1 cuticle break+ up into scales1 m>g9 entire or lob$1 surface ne>ly ev51 sometimes zon$4 ,! gills are ?91 cr[d$1 connect$ by ve9s1 ( same color z cap1 det]m9ate1 q n>r[4 ,! /em is lat]al1 q %ort1 swoll5 above1 solid1 compress$1 pru9ose1 pal] ?an ! gills4 ,x is f\nd v pl5tifully on decay$ logs & /umps1 & at times x is q phosphoresc5t 9 its manife/ations4 ,x has an extremely unpleasant a/r+5t ta/e4 ,"o might z well eat an ,indian turnip z ?is species4 ,j a ta/e w betray x4 ,f\nd f fall to w9t]4 ,panus /rigosus4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,! ,,hairy ,,panus4 ,,edible4 ,/rigosus1 cov]$ ) /iff hairs4 ,! pileus is sometimes q l>ge1 ecc5tric1 cov]$ ) /iff hairs1 m>g9 ?91 :ite4 ,! gills are broad1 di/ant1 decurr5t1 /raw-color4 ,! /em is /\t1 two to f\r in*es long1 hairy l ! pileus4 ,! favorite ho/ ( ?is species is an apple tree4 ,i f\nd a beautiful clu/] on an apple tree 9 ,*illico!4 ,its creamy :it5ess & hairy cap & %ort hairy /em w di/+ui% x f all o!r tree fungi4 ,x is edible :5 "y1 b soon becomes woody4 ,panus con*atus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,%ell ,,panus4 ,con*atus means %ell-%ap$4 ,! pileus is ?91 unequal1 t\gh1 fle%y1 ecc5tric1 dimidiate2 c9namon1 !n pale2 becom+ scaly2 flaccid2 m>g9 (t5 lob$4 ,! gills are n>r[1 =m+ decurr5t l9es on ! /em1 (t5 bran*$1 p9ki%1 !n o*re4 ,! /em is %ort1 unequal1 solid1 r pale1 base d[ny4 ,?is species w frequ5tly be f\nd imbricat$ & v g5]ally conflu5t4 ,its %ell-l =m1 its t\gh sub/ance1 & its ?9 pileus are its di/+ui%+ m>ks4 ,! ta/e is pleasant b its sub/ance v t\gh4 ,f\nd f ,septemb] to fro/4 ,panus rudis4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #agi4--,panus rudis4 ,?is is a v pl5tiful plant ab\t ,*illico! & is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh x is a r>e plant 9 ,europe4 ,x is g5]ally giv5 9 ,am]ican ,mycology "u ! "n ,l5t9us ,lecomtei4 ,x gr[s on logs & /umps4 ,! =m ( ! plant is q diff]5t :5 gr[+ on ! top ( a log or a /ump1 f ^? spr++ f ! side4 ,^? 9 ! extreme left ( ,figure #agi grew on ! side ( ! log1 :ile ^? 9 ! c5t] grew on ! top1 9 :i* case ! plant has usually a funnel-%ap$ appe>ance4 ,! pileus is t\gh1 r$di% or r$di%-br[n1 depress$1 s9uate1 bri/l+ ) tufts ( hair1 ! m>g9 q /rongly incurv$1 cspitose4 ,! gills are n>r[ & cr[d$1 decurr5t1 consid]ably pal] ?an ! cap4 ,! /em is %ort1 hairy1 tawny2 sometimes ! /em is almo/ obsolete4 ,!re is a slight t+e ( bitt]ness 9 ! plant :5 raw1 b 9 cook+ ?is disappe>s4 ,:5 prep>$ = food x %\ld be *opp$ f9e & well cook$4 ,x c be dri$ = w9t] use4 ,x is f\nd f spr+ to late fall4 ,panus torulosus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,twi/$ ,,panus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ahj4--,panus torulosus4 ,torulosus means a tuft ( hair4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 fle%y1 !n t\gh1 coriace\s2 plane1 !n funnel-%ap$1 or dimidiate2 ev52 smoo?2 almo/ fle% color1 v>y+ to r$di%-livid1 sometimes violet t9t$4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 r di/ant1 di/9ct beh9d1 sep>ate1 simple1 ruddy1 !n tan-color$4 ,! /em is %ort1 /\t1 oblique1 gray1 cov]$ ) a violace\s d[n4 ,! spores are #fc4 ,! plant is v>iable bo? 9 =m & color4 ,sometimes %ad$ v slightly ) p9k4 ,x is n v common "h4 ,i f\nd "s v f9e specim5s gr[+ on a log ne> ,spid] ,bridge1 ,*illico!4 ,x is edible b q t\gh4 ,panus levis4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,! ,,light ,,panus4 ,,edible4 ,levis1 light4 ,pileus two to ?ree in*es broad1 orbicul>1 some:at depress$1 :ite1 cov]$ ) a d5se mat ( hair2 m>g9 inflex$ & m>k$ by triangul> ridges4 ,! gills are broad1 entire1 decurr5t4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 att5uat$ upw>d1 ecc5tric1 lat]al1 solid1 hairy bel[ l ! pileus4 ,! spores are :ite4 ,?is c]ta9ly is a v beautiful plant & w hold ! att5tion ( ! collector4 ,x is n common ) u4 ,i h f\nd x only on hickory logs4 ,x is said to be ( good flavor & to cook readily4 ,l5t9us4 ,fr4 ,l5t9us means t\gh4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 corky1 t\gh1 h>d & dry1 reviv+ :5 moi/4 ,! /em is c5tral or lat]al & (t5 want+1 b :5 pres5t is cont9u\s ) ! cap4 ,! gills are t\gh1 unequal1 ?91 normally too!d1 decurr5t m or less1 m>g9 acute4 ,! spores are smoo?1 :ite1 orbicul>4 ,all ! species1 s f> z ,i "k1 gr[ on wood4 ,!y assume a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,?is g5us is v closely relat$ to ,panus 9 ! dry1 coriace\s nature ( ! pileus & ! gills1 b x c be readily recogniz$ by ! too!d m>g9 ( ! gills4 ,l5t9us vulp9us4 ,fr4 ,,/rong-,,sc5t$ ,,vulp9us4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,figure #aha4--,l5t9us vulp9us4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,vulp9us is f vulpes1 a fox4 ,?is is q a l>ge1 massive plant1 gr[+ 9 a sessile & imbricat$ mann]4 ,x has appe>$ 9 l>ge quantities = ! pa/ f\r ye>s on an elm1 v slightly decay$1 b 9 q a damp & d>k place4 ,! read] w get "s idea ( ! size ( ! :ole plant 9 ,figure #aha if he w consid] ea* pileus to be five to six in*es broad4 ,!y are built up "o on top ( ano!r1 ov]lapp+ ea* o!r l %+les on a ro(4 ,! pileus is fle%y b t\gh1 %ell-%ap$1 connate beh9d1 longitud9ally r\gh1 co/ate1 corrugate1 tan-color$1 & ! m>g9 is /rongly incurv$4 ,! gills are broad1 ne>ly :ite1 fle%-color$ ne> ! base1 co>sely too!d4 ,! /em is usually obsolete1 yet 9 "s cases x is app>5t4 ,! spores are almo/ r\nd & v small1 4#jjjjf in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 all plants :i* ,i h f\nd ! odor is some:at /rong & ! ta/e is pung5t4 ,x gr[s 9 ! woods 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,l5t9us lepideus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,scaly ,,l5t9us4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ahb4--,l5t9us lepideus4 ,lepideus is f lepis1 a scale4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 compact1 convex1 !n depress$1 unequal1 brok5 up 9 d>k scales1 fle% :ite1 t\gh4 ,! gills are s9uate1 decurr5t1 broad1 torn1 transv]sely /riate1 :iti%1 or ) :ite edges1 irregul>ly too!d4 ,! /em is /\t1 c5tral or lat]al1 tom5tose or scaly1 (t5 crook$1 root+1 :iti%1 solid1 equal or tap]+ at ! base4 ,?is is a peculi> plant1 gr[+ sometimes to imm5se =ms4 ,x gr[s on wood1 seem+ly to be p>tial to railroad ties to :i* its mycelium is v injuri\s4 ,i f\nd ! plant frequ5tly ab\t ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,! specim5s 9 ! halftone 7 f\nd ne> ,akron1 ,ohio1 & photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,smi?4 ,z an escul5t x almo/ rivals ! ,pleuroti4 ,x is f\nd f spr+ to autumn4 ,i f\nd a beautiful clu/] on an oak /ump ne> ,*illico!1 :ile look+ = ,morels1 ab\t ! la/ ( ,april4 ,l5t9us co*leatus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,spiral-,,=m$ ,,l5t9us4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ahc4--,l5t9us co*leatus4 ,co*leatus is f co*lea1 a snail1 f resembl+ its %ell4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 t\gh1 flaccid1 irregul>1 depress$1 sometimes funnel-%ap$1 sometimes lob$ or contort$1 fle%-color1 becom+ pale4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 beautifully s]rat$1 p9ki%-:ite4 ,! /em is solid1 l5g? v>iable1 sometimes c5tral1 frequ5tly ecc5tric1 (t5 lat]al1 smoo?4 ,! spores are ne>ly r\nd1 #d4 ,?is is a beautiful plant b sp>+ly f\nd ) u4 ,i f\nd a pretty clu/] at ! foot ( a maple /ump 9 ,poke ,holl[4 ,! s]rat$ =m ( ! gills w attract att5tion at once4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,l5zites4 ,fr4 ,l5zites1 nam$ aft] ,l5z1 a ,g]man botani/4 ,! pileus is corky1 dimidiate1 sessile4 ,! gills are corky1 firm1 unequal1 bran*$1 edge obtuse4 ,x is v common 9 ! woods1 sometimes almo/ cov]+ /umps & logs4 ,l5zites betul9a4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,figure #ahd4--,l5zites betul9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ahe4--,l5zites betul9a4 ,betul9a1 f betula1 a bir*4 ,?is has a some:at corky1 lea!ry cap1 firm & )\t zones1 woolly1 sessile1 deeply groov$ conc5trically1 m>g9 ( ! same color4 ,! gills are radial1 some:at bran*+1 & com+ toge!r aga91 sordid :ite or tan-color4 ,?is species is wide-spread & is q v>iable4 ,x gr[s 9 ! =m ( brackets4 ,figure #ahe 0 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,l5zites sep>ia4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,*ocolate ,,l5zites4 ,! pileus is corky1 lea!ry %ells1 ) ! upp] surface m>k$ ) r\gh zones ( v>i\s %ades ( br[n2 m>g9 yell[i%4 ,! gills are r ?ick1 bran*$1 "o runn+ into ano!r2 yell[i%4 ,/em obsolete4 ,gr[+ on limbs & bran*es1 especially ( ! fir tree4 ,l5zites flaccida4 ,fr4 ,,flaccid ,,l5zites4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ahf4--,l5zites flaccida4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,flaccida means limp1 flaccid4 ,pileus is coriace\s1 ?91 flaccid1 unequal1 hairy1 zon$1 pallid1 m or less flabelli=m1 imbricat$4 ,! gills are broad1 cr[d$1 /raight1 unequal1 bran*$1 :ite1 becom+ pallid4 ,spores are #eg4 ,?is is a v attractive plant & q common4 ,x runs almo/ imp]ceptibly into ,l5zites betul9a4 ,x is f\nd on /umps & trunks4 ,l5zites vialis4 ,pk4 ,pileus is corky1 almo/ woody1 firm1 zon$4 ,gills are ?ick1 firm1 s]p5t9e4 ,/em1 none4 ,s*izophyllum4 ,fr4 ,s*izophyllum is f two ,greek words1 mean+ to split1 & a leaf4 ,! pileus is fle%y & arid4 ,! gills are corky1 fan-l1 bran*$1 unit$ above by ! tom5tose pellicle1 bifid1 split longitud9ally at ! edge4 ,! spores some:at r\nd & :ite4 ,! two lips ( ! split edge ( ! gills are commonly revolute4 ,?is g5us is f> remov$ f ! type ( ,ag>ic9i4 ,x gr[s on wood & is v common4 ,/ev5son4 ,s*izophyllum commune4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ahg4--,s*izophyllum commune4 ,?is is a v common plant1 gr[+ 9 ! woods on bran*es & decay$ wood1 :]e x c be f\nd 9 bo? w9t] & summ]4 ,! pileus is ?91 adnate beh9d1 some:at ext5d$1 m or less fan-%ap$ or kidney-%ap$1 simple1 (t5 mu* lob$1 n>r[$ beh9d to ! po9t ( atta*m5t2 :iti%1 d[ny1 !n /rigose4 ,! gills are radiat+1 gray1 !n br[ni%-purple1 & sometimes :ite1 bran*$1 split along ! edges & r deeply roll$ backw>ds4 ,! spores are ne>ly r\nd1 #e-f4 ,?is is a v common species all ov] ! _w4 ,i f\nd x 9 ! w9t] ( #aijg on decay$ %ade-trees along ! /reets ( ,*illico!4 ,x seems to be p>tial to maple timb]4 ,"s call ?is ,s4 alneum4 ,x is v easily id5tifi$ f its purple gills be+ split4 ,trogia4 ,fr4 ,trogia is s call$ 9 honor ( ! ,swiss botani/1 ,trog4 ,! pileus is ne>ly membranace\s1 s(t1 q t\gh1 flaccid1 dry1 flexible1 fibrillose1 reviv+ :5 moi/4 ,! gills are fold-l1 v5ose1 n>r[1 irregul>1 crisp$4 ,trogia crispa4 ,fr4 ,crispa means crisp or curl$4 ,! pileus t\gh1 cup-%ap$1 reflex$1 lob$1 vill\s1 :iti% or r$di% t[>d ! atta*m5t1 (t5 tan-color$4 ,! gills are q n>r[1 ve9-l1 irregul>1 m or less bran*$1 blunt on ! edge1 :ite or blui%-gray1 q crisp$1 edge n *annel$4 ,! caps are usually v mu* cr[d$ & imbricat$4 ,x revives dur+ wet wea!r & is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 g5]ally on bee* limbs 9 our woods4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,rosy-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 ,! spores ( ?is s]ies are ( great v>iety ( color1 includ+ rosy1 p9k1 salmon-color1 fle%-color1 or r$di%4 ,9 ,pluteus1 ,volv>ia1 & mo/ ( ,clitopilus1 ! spores are regul> 9 %ape1 z 9 ! :ite-spor$ s]ies2 9 ! o!r g5]a !y are g5]ally irregul> & angul>4 ,!re are n s _m g5]a z 9 ! o!r s]ies & few] edible species4 ,pluteus4 ,fr4 ,pluteus means a %$1 ref]r+ to ! %$s us$ to make a cov] = besieg]s at _! "w1 t !y might be scre5$ f ! missiles ( ! enemy4 ,!y h no volva1 no r+ on ! /em4 ,gills are free f ! /em1 :ite at fir/ !n fle%-color4 ,pluteus c]v9us4 ,s*ff4 ,,fawn-,,color$ ,,pluteus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,figure #ahh4--,pluteus c]v9us4 ,natural size4 ,c]v9us is f c]vus1 a de]4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 bell-%ap$1 exp&$1 viscid 9 wet wea!r1 smoo?1 except a few radiat+ fibrils :5 "y1 m>g9 entire1 fle% s(t & :ite2 color ( ! cap light-br[n or fawn-color1 sometimes sooty1 (t5 m ?an ?ree in*es across ! cap4 ,! gills are free f ! /em1 broad1 v5tricose1 unequal 9 l5g?1 almo/ :ite :5 "y1 fle%-color$ :5 mature f ! fall+ ( ! spores4 ,! /em is solid1 slightly tap]+ upw>d1 firm1 brittle1 :ite1 spread ov] ) a few d>k fibrils1 g5]ally crook$4 ,! spores are broadly elliptical4 ,! cy/idia 9 ! hym5ium on ! gills w be ( int]e/ to ^? :o h a microscope4 ,?is is a v common mu%room ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is f\nd on logs1 /umps1 & especially on old sawdu/ piles4 ,note h[ easily ! /em is remov$ f ! cap4 ,?is w di/+ui% x f ! g5us ,entoloma4 ,y _c get any?+ 9 ! m>ket t w make a bett] fry ?an ,pluteus c]v9us2 fri$ 9 butt]1 x is simply delici\s4 ,f\nd f ,may to ,octob]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ahi4--,pluteus c]v9us4 ,pluteus granul>is4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #aij4--,pluteus granul>is4 ,pileus is convex1 !n exp&$1 slightly umbonate1 wr9kl$1 spr9kl$ ) m9ute blacki% granules1 v>y+ 9 color f yell[ to br[n4 ,! gills are r broad1 close1 v5tricose1 free1 :iti%1 !n fle%-color$4 ,! /em is equal1 solid1 pallid1 or br[n1 usually pal] at ! top1 velvety ) a %ort1 close pile4 ,! spores are subglobose1 ab\t 4#jjjb in* 9 diamet]4 ,! plant is two to ?ree in*es high1 pileus "o to two in*es broad1 /em "o to two l9es ?ick4 ,peck1 #ch? ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,?is is a mu* small] species ?an ,p4 c]v9us1 b its escul5t qualities are q z good4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,pluteus eximius4 ,smi?4 ,eximius1 *oice1 di/+ui%$4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 bell-%ap$ :5 "y1 exp&$1 beautifully fr+$ on ! m>g91 l>g] ?an ! c]v9us4 ,! gills are free1 broad1 v5tricose1 :ite at fir/1 !n rose-color$1 fle% :ite1 & firm4 ,! /em is ?ick1 solid1 & clo!d ) fib]s4 ,dr4 ,h]b/1 ,fungal ,flora ( ! ,lehigh ,valley4 ,i f\nd "s beautiful specim5s 9 ,george ,mo%]'s iceh\se4 ,i am v sorry ,i did n photograph !m4 ,volv>ia4 ,fr4 ,! spores ( ?is g5us are regul>1 oval1 rosy-spor$4 ,! veil is univ]sal1 =m+ a p]fect volva1 di/9ct f ! cuticle ( ! pileus4 ,! /em is easily sep>able f ! pileus4 ,! gills are free1 r\nd$ beh9d1 at fir/ :ite1 !n p9k1 s(t4 ,mo/ ( ! species gr[ on wood4 ,"s on damp gr\nd1 ri* mold1 9 g>d5s1 & 9 hot-h\ses4 ,"o is a p>asite on ,clitocybe nebul>is & monadelphus4 ,volv>ia bombyc9a4 7,p]s47 ,fr4 ,,! ,,silky ,,volv>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,figure #aia4--,volv>ia bombyc9a4 ,! egg =m ( ! ,v4 bombyc9a %[+ ! univ]sal veil or volva bur/+ at ! apex4 ,^! are unusually l>ge specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aib4--,volv>ia bombyc9a4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,entire plant :ite & silky4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aic4--,volv>ia bombyc9a4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ ! gills1 :i* are p9k1 !n d>k-br[n4 ,bombyc9a is f bombyx1 silk4 ,?is plant is s call$ because ( ! beautiful silky lu/re ( ! entire plant4 ,! pileus is ?ree to eight in*es broad1 globose1 !n bell-%ap$1 f9ally convex & some:at umbonate1 :ite1 ! entire surface silky1 9 old] specim5s m or less scaly1 sometimes smoo? at ! apex4 ,! fle% is :ite & n ?ick4 ,! gills are free1 v cr[d$1 broad1 v5tricose1 fle%-color$1 n rea*+ ! m>g91 too!d4 ,! /em is ?ree to six in*es long1 tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 smoo?1 ! t\gh volva rema9+ l a cup at ! base4 ,! spores are rosy 9 mass1 smoo?1 & elliptical4 ,! volva is l>ge1 membranace\s1 some:at viscid4 ,! plant 9 ,figure #aib 0 f\nd ,augu/ #af?1 on a maple tree :]e a limb _h be5 brok51 on ,nor? ,high ,/reet1 ,*illico!4 ,_m p _h pass$ along & enjoy$ ! %ade ( ! trees b its discov]y rema9$ = ,miss ,m>ian ,frankl91 ^: eyes are tra9$ to see birds1 fl[]s1 & ev]y?+ beautiful 9 nature4 ,i h f\nd ! plant frequ5tly ab\t ,*illico!1 usually solit>y2 b on "o occasion ,i f\nd ?ree specim5s ^u "o trunk1 app>5tly gr[+ f ! same mycelial mass4 ,! caps ( two ( !m 7 ea* five in*es across4 ,x usually gr[s on maple & bee*4 ,if y w obs]ve a holl[ bee*1 or sug> snag ( :i* "o side is brok5 away1 leav+ ! %elt]$ yet op5 ne/l+ place1 y are v likely to f9d snugly ensc\nc$ 9 its decay+ he>t "o or m specim5s ( ^! beautiful silky plants4 ,! volva is q ?ick & frequ5tly ! plant1 :5 9 ! egg /ate1 has ! appe>ance ( a phalloid4 ,f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,volv>ia umbonata4 ,peck4 ,,! ,,umbonate ,,volv>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aid4--,volv>ia umbonata4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,entire plant :ite & silky4 ,umbonata1 hav+ an umbo or conical projection l ! boss ( a %ield4 ,?is plant is q common on ! ri*ly manur$ lawns ( ,*illico!4 ,i h f\nd x f ,june to ,octob]4 ,! pileus is :ite or :iti%1 sometimes grayi%1 (t5 smoky on ! umbo2 globose :5 "y1 bell-%ap$1 plane :5 fully exp&$1 umbonate1 smoo?2 slightly viscid :5 moi/1 %9+ :5 dry1 in* to an in* & a half broad4 ,! fle% is :ite & v s(t4 ,! gills are free1 :ite at fir/1 !n f fle%-color to a r$di% hue f ! rosy-color$ spores2 "s ( ! gills are dimidiate1 some:at cr[d$1 broad] 9 ! middle4 ,! /em is two in*es to two & a half long1 tap]+ f ! base up1 smoo?1 cyl9drical1 holl[ & firm4 ,! volva is always pres5t1 free1 v>i\sly torn1 :ite & sometimes grayi%4 ,! entire plant is silky :5 dry4 ,i h f\nd x gr[+ 9 my buggy %$4 ,x is n abundant1 ?\gh q common4 ,i h nev] eat5 x1 b ,i d n d\bt its edibility4 ,volv>ia pusilla4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aie4--,volv>ia pusilla4 ,! pileus is explanate1 :ite1 fibrillose1 dry1 /riate1 c5t] slightly depress$ :5 mature4 ,! gills are :ite1 becom+ fle%-color1 f ! color ( ! spores1 free1 di/ant4 ,! /em is :ite1 smoo?1 volva split to ! base into f\r ne>ly equal segm5ts4 ,! spores are broadly elliptical1 #e-f mc4 ,?is is ! smalle/ species ( ! ,volv>ia4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd among ! we$s & is apt to escape ! att5tion ( ! collector unless he kn[s its habitat4 ,x is q likely t ,v4 p>vula is ! same plant z ?is4 ,also ,v4 temp]ata1 al?\gh x has a diff]5t habitat1 seems to be v ne> ?is species4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #aie 7 collect$ 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fis*]4 ,! volva is br[n-tipp$ z %[n 9 ! figure giv54 ,volv>ia volvacea4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,/ove ,,volv>ia4 ,x is call$ ,! ,/ove ,volv>ia because x has be5 f\nd 9 old unus$ /oves4 ,pileus fle%y1 s(t1 bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 obtuse1 virgate1 ) adpress$ black fibrils4 ,! gills are free1 fle%-color$1 & incl9$ to deliquesce4 ,! /em is solid1 subequal1 :ite4 ,! volva loose1 :iti%4 ,! spores are smoo?1 elliptical4 ,?is is a mu* small] plant ?an ! ,v4 bombyc9a & gr[s 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is (t5 f\nd 9 hot-h\ses & cell>s4 ,entoloma4 ,fr4 ,entoloma is f two ,greek words2 entos1 )92 loma1 a fr+e1 ref]r+ to ! inn] "* ( ! veil1 :i* is seldom ev5 app>5t4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us h rosy spores :i* are prom95tly angul>4 ,!re is nei!r volva1 nor annulus4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em or not*$ ne> ! junction ( ! gills & ! /em4 ,! pileus is fle%y & ! m>g9 incurv$1 especially :5 "y4 ,! /em is fle%y1 fibr\s1 sometimes waxy1 cont9u\s ) ! pileus4 ,x corresponds ) ,hypholoma1 ,tri*oloma1 & ,hebeloma4 ,x c always be sep>at$ f ! rosy-spor$ g5]a by ! not*$ gills4 ,! fle%-color$ spores & gills di/+ui% ! ,entoloma f ! ,hebeloma1 :i* has o*re-spor$ ones1 & ,tri*oloma1 :i* has :ite ones4 ,all ! species1 s f> z ,i "k1 h r a pleasant odor1 & = t reason x is highly necess>y t ! g5us & species %\ld be ?or\ghly kn[n1 z !y are all dang]\s4 ,entoloma rhodopolium4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,rose-,,gray ,,entoloma4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aif4--;,entoloma rhodopolium4 ,?ree-f\r?s natural size4 ,rhodopolium is compos$ ( two ,greek words1 rose & gray4 ,! pileus is two to five in*es broad1 hygrophan\s2 :5 moi/ d+y-br[n or livid1 becom+ pale :5 dry1 isabell9e-livid1 silky-%9+2 slightly fle%y1 bell-%ap$ :5 "y1 !n exp&$ & some:at umbonate1 or gibb\s1 at l5g? r plane & sometimes depress$2 fibrillose :5 "y1 smoo? :5 full gr[n2 m>g9 at fir/ b5t inw>ds & :5 l>ge1 undulat$4 ,fle% :ite4 ,! gills adnate1 !n sep>at+1 some:at s9uate1 slightly di/ant1 broad1 :ite1 !n rose color4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 holl[2 equal :5 small]1 :5 l>g]1 att5uat$ upw>d2 :ite pru9ate at ! apex1 o!rwise smoo?2 slightly /riate1 :ite1 (t5 r$di% f spores4 ,spores #h-ajf-h4 ,fries4 ,! plant is f\nd 9 mix$ woods & is r common4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine reports x edible1 b ,i h nev] eat5 any ( ! ,entolomas4 ,"s ( !m h a bad reputation4 ,f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,entoloma grayanum4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aig4--;,entoloma grayanum4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,! pileus is convex to exp&$1 sometimes broadly umbonate1 drab 9 color1 ! surface wr9kl$ or rugose1 & wat]y 9 appe>ance4 ,! fle% is ?9 & ! m>g9 incurv$4 ,! gills are at fir/ drab 9 color1 b light] ?an ! pileus1 becom+ p9ki% 9 age4 ,! spores on pap] are v light salmon-color4 ,!y are globose or r\nd$ 9 outl9e1 #e-g angl$1 ) an oil globule1 #h-aj1 9 diamet]4 ,! /em is ( ! same color z ! pileus1 b light]1 /riate1 holl[1 some:at twi/$1 & enl>g$ bel[4 ,! above accurate description 0 tak5 f ,atk9son's ,/udies ( ,am]ican ,fungi4 ,! plants 7 f\nd ne> a slate cut on ! ,b4 ,o4 railroad ne> ,*illico!4 ,n edible4 ,?is species & ,e4 grisea are v closely relat$4 ,! latt] is d>k] 9 color1 ) n>r[] gills1 & has a diff]5t habitat4 ,entoloma subco/atum4 ,atk9son n4 sp4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,figure #aih4--;,entoloma subco/atum4 ,mature plants %[+ broad gills & v ?9 fle%1 also fibr\s /riate /ems4 ,subco/atum means some:at ribb$1 ref]r+ to ! gills4 ,plants greg>i\s or 9 tr\ps or clu/]s1 #f-h cm4 high2 pileus #d-h cm4 broad2 /ems #a-a4e cm4 ?ick4 ,! pileus is d>k-gray to hair-br[n or olive-br[n1 (t5 subvirgate ) d>k] l9es2 gills light salmon-color1 becom+ dull2 /em color$ z ! pileus1 b pal]2 9 dry+ ! /ems usually become z d>k z ! pileus4 ,pileus subviscid :5 moi/1 convex to exp&$1 plane or subgibb\s1 n umbonate1 irregul>1 rep&1 m>g9 incurv$2 fle% :ite1 r ?91 v ?9 t[>d ! m>g94 ,gills are broad1 #a-a4e cm4 broad1 n>r[$ t[>d ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 deeply s9uate1 ! angles usually r\nd$1 adnex$1 easily becom+ free1 edge usually pale1 sometimes connect$ by ve9s1 sometimes co/ate1 especially t[>d ! m>g9 ( ! pileus4 ,basidia f\r-spor$4 ,spores subglobose1 ab\t six angles1 #h-aj 9 diamet]1 "s slightly long] 9 ! direction ( ! apiculus1 pale-rose "u ! microscope4 ,/em ev51 fibr\s /riate1 out] b>k subc>tilag9\s1 fle% :ite1 /uff$1 becom+ fi/ulose4 ,odor some:at ( old meal & nutty1 n pleasant2 ta/e simil>4 ,relat$ to ,e4 prunuloides1 ,fr41 & ,e4 clypeatum1 ,l9n4 ,diff]s f ! =m] 9 d>k /em & unev5 pileus1 diff]s f ! latt] 9 be+ subviscid1 ) ev5 /em1 & pileus n umbonate & mu* m irregul>1 & diff]s f bo? 9 subco/ate gills4 ,atk9son4 ,! specim5s 9 ,plate ,,xxx grew 9 grassy gr\nd on ! campus ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,!y 7 collect$ by ,r4 ,a4 ,"y & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kell]man1 & ?r\gh 8 c\rtesy ,i publi% x4 ,! plants 7 f\nd ! la/ ( ,octob]1 #aijf4 ,entoloma salmonea4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aii4--;,entoloma salmonea4 ,pileus ?91 conical or campanulate1 subacute1 r>ely ) a m9ute papilla at ! apex1 smoo?1 ( a peculi> s(t1 o*race\s color1 slightly t+$ ) salmon or fle% color4 ,! gills & /em are color$ l ! pileus4 ,peck4 ,dr4 ,peck says1 ,x is ) "s hesitation t ?is is propos$ z a species1 its resemblance to ano!r species is s close4 ,! only diff]5ce is f\nd 9 its color & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! prom95t cusp ( t plant4 ,9 bo? species ! pileus is s ?9 t 9 well dri$ specim5s1 sl5d]1 d>k1 radiat+ l9es on x1 m>k ! position ( ! lamell b5ea?1 al?\gh 9 ! liv+ plant ^! are n visible4 ,! plant 9 ,figure #aii 0 f\nd 9 ,purgatory ,swamp ne> ,bo/on1 by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,entoloma clypeatum4 ,l9n4 ,,! ,,buckl] ,,entoloma4 ,clypeatum1 a %ield or buckl]4 ,! pileus is slightly fle%y1 lurid :5 moi/1 :5 dry gray & r %9+1 /reak$1 spott$1 campanulate1 !n exp&$1 umbonate1 smoo?1 wat]y4 ,gills j rea*+ ! /em1 r\nd$1 v5tricose1 some:at di/ant1 m9utely too!d1 dirty fle%-color4 ,! /em is /uff$1 !n holl[1 equal1 r\nd1 clo!d ) small fib]s1 becom+ pale1 cov]$ ) a m9ute p[d]y sub/ance4 ,! fle% is :ite :5 dry4 ,?is plant w be di/+ui%$ usually by ! am\nt ( :ite mycelium at ! base ( ! /em4 ,dr4 ,h]b/ rem>ks t x is a g5u9e ,entoloma4 ,x is c]ta9ly a beautiful plant :5 fully develop$4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods & 9 ri* gr\nds f ,may till ,septemb]4 ,label x poison\s until its reputation is e/abli%$4 ,clitopilus4 ,fr4 ,clitopilus is f clitos1 a declivity2 pilos1 a cap4 ,?is g5us has nei!r volva nor r+4 ,x is (t5 m or less ecc5tric1 m>g9 at fir/ involute2 /em fle%y1 diffus$ upw>d into ! pileus2 ! gills are :ite at fir/1 !n p9k or salmon-color z ! plant matures & ! spores beg9 to fall2 decurr5t1 nev] not*$4 ,! pileus is m or less depress$1 d>k] 9 ! c5t]4 ,! spores are salmon-color1 9 "s cases r pale1 smoo? or w>t$4 ,clitopilus is closely relat$ to ,clitocybe1 ! latt] hav+ :ite gills1 ! =m] p9k4 ,x diff]s f ,entoloma j z ,clitocybe diff]s f ,tri*oloma4 ,x c always be di/+ui%$ f ,eccilia because ! /em is nev] c>tilag9\s at ! surface4 ,x diff]s f ! g5us1 ,flammula1 ma9ly 9 ! color ( ! spores4 ,clitopilus prunulus4 ,scop4 ,,! ,,plum ,,clitopilus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bjj4--;,clitopilus prunulus4 ,prunulus means a small plum2 s call$ f ! :ite bloom cov]+ ! plant4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 firm2 at fir/ convex1 !n exp&$1 at l5g? becom+ slightly depress$1 (t5 ecc5tric1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #bjj2 :iti%1 (t5 cov]$ ) a fro/-l bloom1 m>g9 (t5 wavy1 b5d+ backw>d4 ,! gills are /rongly decurr5t1 comp>atively few ( full l5g?1 :ite1 !n fle%-color4 ,! /em is solid1 :ite1 nak$1 /riate1 %ort4 ,spores1 #g-he4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ plants because ( ! v>i\s =ms x pres5ts4 ,i h f\nd x 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! /ate & frequ5tly ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x has a pleasant ta/e1 & an odor rem9d+ y ( new meal4 ,x is t5d] & its flavor is excell5t4 ,f\nd 9 woods or op5 woods1 especially :]e x is damp1 & "u bee* trees1 z well z oak4 ,f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #bjj 7 collect$ ne> ,a%ville1 ,n4 ,c41 & photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,c4 ,be>dslee4 ,clitopilus orcellus4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,sweet-,,bread ,,clitopilus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bja4--;,clitopilus orcellus4 ,orcellus is a dim9utive mean+ a small cask2 f orca1 a cask4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 s(t1 plane1 or slightly depress$1 (t5 irregul>1 ev5 :5 "y2 slightly silky1 some:at viscid :5 moi/2 :ite or yell[i%-:ite1 fle% :ite1 ta/e & odor f>9ace\s4 ,! gills are deeply decurr5t1 close1 :iti%1 !n fle%-color4 ,! /em is %ort1 solid1 flocculose1 (t5 ecc5tric1 ?ick5$ above4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #i-aje4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,?is plant resembles ! ,plum mu%room1 ,c4 prunulus1 v closely 9 appe>ance1 ta/e & odor1 b x is consid]ably small]4 ,x gr[s 9 wet wea!r1 9 op5 fields & lawns4 ,x is q widely di/ribut$ 9 our /ate1 hav+ f\nd x 9 ,salem1 ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,sidney1 & ,*illico!4 ,i frequ5tly f9d x associat$ ) ,m>asmius oreades4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bja 7 f\nd ne> ,a%ville1 ,n4 ,c41 & 7 photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,c4 ,be>dslee4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,clitopilus abortivus4 ,b4 & ,c4 ,,! ,,abortive ,,clitopilus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bjb4--;,clitopilus abortivus4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ ! grayi%-br[n cap & solid /em4 ,abortivus means abortive or imp]fectly develop$2 s call$ f its _m irregul> & undevelop$ =ms4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 firm1 convex1 or ne>ly plane1 regul> or irregul>1 dry1 clo!d ) a m9ute silky tom5tum1 becom+ smoo!r ) age1 gray or grayi%-br[n1 fle% :ite1 ta/e & odor subf>9ace\s4 ,! gills are slightly or deeply decurr5t1 at fir/ :iti% or pale gray1 !n fle%-color$4 ,spores irregul>1 #g4e-ajf4e4 ,! /em is ne>ly equal1 solid1 m9utely flocculose1 sometimes fibr\s1 /riate1 pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,peck1 #db;d ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,!re are (t5 ?ree =ms ( ?is plant2 a p]fect =m1 an imp]fect =m1 & an abortive =m z w be se5 9 ,figure #bjc4 ,! abortive =ms seem to be m common1 especially 9 ?is locality4 ,!y w be tak5 at fir/ to be "s =m ( puff-ball4 ,!y are f\nd 9 op5 woods & 9 rav9es4 ,i f\nd "s v f9e specim5s "u bee* trees on ,cemet]y ,hill4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 widely di/ribut$ ov] ! /ate & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bjc 7 collect$ ne> ,a%ville & photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,be>dslee4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bjc4--;,clitopilus abortivus4 ,abortive =ms4 ,edible4 ,clitopilus subvilis4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,silky-,,capp$ ,,clitopilus4 ,,edible4 ,subvilis means v *eap1 insignificant4 ,! pileus is ?91 c5trally depress$ or umbilicate1 ) ! m>g9 decurv$1 hygrophanus1 d>k-br[n1 /riate on ! m>g9 :5 moi/1 ta/e f>9ace\s4 ,! gills are subdi/ant1 adnate1 or slightly decurr5t1 :iti% :5 "y1 !n fle%-color$4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 brittle1 r long1 /uff$ or holl[1 glabr\s1 color$ l ! pileus or a little pal]4 ,! spores are angul>1 #g4e-aj4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rept4 ,?is plant is di/+ui%$ f ,clitopilus villis by its %9+ pileus1 widely sep>at$ gills1 & f>9ace\s ta/e4 ,f\nd on ,ral/on's ,run & 9 ,haynes' ,holl[1 ne> ,*illico!1 f ,july to ,octob]4 ,clitopilus ,noveborac5sis4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bjd4--;,clitopilus ,noveborac5sis4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,noveborac5sis1 ! ,new ,york ,clitopilus4 ,pileus ?91 convex1 !n exp&$ or slightly depress$2 d+y-:ite1 crack$ 9 areas or conc5trically rivulose1 sometimes obscurely zonate2 odor f>9ace\s1 ta/e bitt]4 ,gills n>r[1 close1 deeply decurr5t1 "s ( !m =k$1 :ite1 becom+ d+y1 t+$ ) yell[ or fle%-color4 ,/em equal1 solid1 color$ l ! pileus1 ! mycelium :ite1 (t5 =m+ :ite1 bran*+1 root-l fib]s4 ,spores globose4 ,pr(4 ,be>dslee ?9ks t ?is species is d\btless id5tical ) ,c4 pop9alis ( ,europe4 ,he has submitt$ specim5s & photographs to ,european mycologi/s1 :o hold to ?is view4 ,i f\nd ?is plant q abundant on ! ,hunt+ton ,hills aft] heavy ra9s 9 ,augu/4 ,_! season is f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bjd 7 f\nd gr[+ among leaves aft] a heavy ra9 ,octob] #aj?4 ,! plants h a t5d5cy to turn blacki% if !y are bruis$ 9 h&l+ !m4 ,v>4 brevis4 ,?is is s call$ f its %ort /em4 ,! m>g9 ( ! pileus is pure :ite :5 moi/4 ,gills atta*$ to ! /em or slightly decurr5t4 ,eccilia4 ,fr4 ,eccilia is f a ,greek v]b :i* means ,i holl[ out2 s call$ because ! holl[ c>tilag9\s /em exp&s upw>d into a membranace\s pileus1 ^: m>g9 at fir/ is incurv$4 ,gills decurr5t1 att5uat$ beh9d4 ,?is g5us corresponds ) ,omphalia & is sep>at$ f ,clitopilus by ! c>tilag9\s1 smoo? /em4 ,eccilia c>neo-grisea4 ,b4 ,br4 ,,! ,,fle%-,,gray ,,eccilia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bje4--;,eccilia c>neo-grisea4 ,caps d>k-gray or slate color4 ,gills rosy4 ,c>neo-grisea means fle%y-gray4 ,! pileus is "o in* or m broad1 umbilicate1 d>k-gray or grayi% fle% color1 f9ely /riate1 m>g9 d>k5$ ) micace\s p>ticles4 ,! gills are di/ant1 adnate1 decurr5t1 rosy1 slightly undulate1 m>g9 irregul>ly d>k5$4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 sl5d]1 smoo?1 holl[1 wavy1 same color z ! pileus1 :ite tom5tose at ! base4 ,spores irregul>ly oblong1 r\gh1 #ge4 ,x is f\nd f ,nova ,scotia ?r\gh ! ,middle ,we/4 ,x is commonly report$ 9 fir & p9e woods b ,i f9d x on ! hillsides ab\t ,*illico! 9 mix$ woods4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd "h associat$ ) ,bolet9us porosus4 ,f\nd 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]4 ,eccilia polita4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bjf4--;,eccilia polita4 ,natural size4 ,caps hair-br[n to olive1 umbilicate4 ,polita means hav+ be5 furbi%$4 ,! pileus is "o in* or m broad1 convex1 umbilicate1 some:at membranace\s1 wat]y1 livid or hair-br[n to olive1 smoo?1 %9+ :5 dry1 f9ely /riate on ! m>g94 ,! gills are slightly decurr5t1 cr[d$1 irregul> or unev51 fle% color4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s1 /uff$ or holl[1 light] 9 color ?an ! pileus1 equal or sometimes slightly enl>g$ at ! base1 poli%$ f :i* ! specific "n is d]iv$4 ,?is is a l>g] plant ?an ,e4 c>neo-grisea2 & x diff]s mat]ially 9 ! "* ( its spores1 :i* are /rongly angl$ & "s ( !m squ>e1 #aj-ab 9 diamet]1 ) a prom95t mucro at "o angle4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! woods f ,septemb] to fro/4 ,leptonia4 ,fr4 ,leptonia means sl5d]1 ?94 ,! spores are salmon-color & irregul>4 ,! pileus is nev] truly fle%y1 cuticle always torn into scales1 disk umbilicate1 & (t5 d>k] ?an ! m>g9 :i* is at fir/ incurv$4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em & easily sep>at$ 9 old plants4 ,! /em is rigid1 ) c>tilag9\s b>k1 holl[ or /uff$1 smoo?1 %9+1 (t5 d>k-blue1 conflu5t ) ! cap4 ,leptonia incana4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,ho>y ,,leptonia4 ,incana means ho>y or grayi%-:ite4 ,! pileus is ab\t "o in* broad1 some:at membranace\s1 convex1 !n plane1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 smoo?1 ) a silky lu/re1 m>g9 /riate4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 broad1 some:at di/ant1 :ite1 !n gre5i%4 ,! /em is holl[1 %9+1 smoo?1 br[ni%-gre54 ,! spores are v irregul>1 dull-yell[i%1 p9k1 r\gh1 #h-i4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd 9 pa/ures aft] w>m ra9s4 ,!y gr[ 9 clu/]s1 & h ! odor ( mice to a m>k$ degree4 ,leptonia s]rulata4 ,p]s4 ,,saw ,,leptonia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bjg4--,leptonia s]rulata4 ,s]rulata means saw-be>+1 s nam$ f ! s]rulate "* ( ! gills4 ,! pileus is d>k-blue1 fle% ?91 umbilicate1 depress$1 )\t /riate1 squamulose4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 ) a d>k s]rulate edge4 ,! /em is ?91 c>tilag9\s1 pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,nolanea4 ,fr4 ,nolanea means a little bell1 s call$ f ! %ape ( ! pileus4 ,x is rosy-spor$4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s & holl[4 ,! pileus is submembranace\s1 ?91 bell-%ap$1 papillate1 m>g9 /raight1 press$ close to ! /em4 ,! gills are free & n decurr5t4 ,!y are f\nd gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 ! woods & pa/ures4 ,nolanea pascua4 ,p4 ,,! ,,pa/ure ,,nolanea4 ,pascua means pa/ure4 ,! pileus is membranace\s1 conical1 !n exp&$1 slightly umbonate1 smoo?1 /riate1 wat]y2 :5 dry1 %9+ l silk4 ,! gills are ne>ly free1 v5tricose1 cr[d$1 dirty-grayi%4 ,! /em is holl[1 fragile1 silky-fibr\s1 /riate4 ,! spores are irregul>1 #i-aj4 ,!y are f\nd 9 pa/ures 9 summ] & fall1 aft] a ra94 ,nolanea conica4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,cone ,,nolanea4 ,! pileus is ?91 membranace\s1 conical1 ) a m9ute umbo or papilla1 c9namon-color1 /riatulate :5 moi/4 ,! gills are light fle%-color1 ne>ly free4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 /raight1 holl[4 ,f\nd 9 moi/ woods4 ,claudopus4 ,smi?4 ,claudopus is f two ,greek words3 claudos1 lame2 pus1 foot4 ,! pileus is ecc5tric or lat]al l ! ,pleuroti4 ,! species 7 =m]ly plac$ 9 ! ,pleuroti & ,crepidoti1 :i* !y v closely resemble1 save 9 ! color ( ! spores4 ,?is g5us =m]ly includ$ ^? plants :i* h lilac spores1 b ,pr(4 ,fries limit$ x to ^? :i* h p9k spores4 ,! spores 9 "s species are ev5 & 9 o!rs1 r\gh & angul>4 ,! /em is ei!r want+ or v %ort1 h5ce its "n4 ,all are f\nd on decay$ wood4 ,claudopus nidulans4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bjh4--;,claudopus nidulans4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,cap yell[ or buff4 ,gills orange-yell[4 ,nidulans is f nidus1 a ne/4 ,! pileus is sessile1 sometimes n>r[$ beh9d into a %ort /em-l base1 caps (t5 ov]lapp+ "o ano!r1 kidney-%ap$1 q d[ny1 ! m>g9 involute1 hairy t[>d ! m>g91 a ri* yell[ or buff color4 ,! gills are broad1 mod]ately close1 orange-yell[4 ,! spores are ev51 #c-ea1 elongat$1 some:at curv$1 delicate p9k 9 mass4 ,x is q common 9 ! woods ab\t ,*illico!4 ,a maple log f :i* ,i secur$ ! specim5 photograph$ 9 ,figure #bjh 0 completely cov]$ & pres5t$ a beautiful sight4 ,x has a r /rong & disagreeable odor4 ,x is edible1 b g5]ally t\gh1 & mu/ be *opp$ v f9e & cook$ well4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods1 on logs & /umps1 f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,claudopus v>iabilis4 ,p]s4 ,v>iabilis1 v>iable or *angeable4 ,! pileus is :ite1 ?91 resup9ate--t is ! plant seems to be on its back1 ! gills be+ turn$ upw>d t[>d ! light1 q d[ny1 ev51 be+ fa/5$ 9 ! c5t] to a %ort d[ny /em4 ,! gills are at fir/ :ite1 !n ( ! color ( ! spores4 ,x is f\nd on decay+ limbs & bran*es 9 ! woods4 ,x is q common ev]y:]e4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ru/y-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 ,! spores are ( v>i\s %ades ( o*re yell[1 ru/y1 ru/y-br[n1 br[n1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,! hym5ophore is nev] free f ! /em 9 ! ru/y-spor$ s]ies1 nor is !re a volva4 ,pholiota4 ,fr4 ,pholiota1 a scale4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us h ru/y spores4 ,^! may be sepia-br[n1 bright yell[i%-br[n or light r$4 ,!re is no volva1 b !re is a r+ :i* is sometimes p]si/5t1 friable1 & fugaci\s4 ,9 ?is respect x corresponds ) ! ,armill>ia among ! :ite spor$ ag>ics4 ,! pileus is fle%y4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em & sometimes not*$ ) a decurr5t too?1 tawny or ru/y 9 color on acc\nt ( ! fall+ ( ! spores4 ,_m species gr[ on wood1 logs1 /umps1 & bran*es ( trees1 al?\gh o!rs gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,pholiota precox4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bji4--,pholiota precox4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps :iti%1 (t5 t+$ ) yell[4 ,precox1 e>ly4 ,pileus is fle%y1 s(t1 convex1 !n exp&$1 at l5g? smoo?1 ev51 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$2 moi/ b n /icky1 :iti%1 (t5 ) slight t+e ( yell[ or tan-color2 :5 ! plant is fully matur$ x is (t5 upturn$ & flut$4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em & slightly decurr5t by a too?1 mod]ately broad1 cr[d$1 unequal1 creamy :ite1 !n ru/y-br[n4 ,spores br[ni%1 #h-acf-g4 ,! /em is /uff$1 !n holl[1 (t5 /riate above ! r+1 r sl5d]1 sometimes mealy1 sk9 peel+ readily1 :iti%4 ,! spores are ru/y-br[n & elliptical4 ,! caps are f "o to two in*es broad1 & ! /em is f two to ?ree in*es long4 ,! veil is /ret*$ l a drumhead f ! /em to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,x v>ies 9 mann] ( break+2 sometimes x sep>ates f ! m>g9 ( ! cap & =ms a r+ ar\nd ! /em2 aga91 b little rema9s on ! /em & mu* on ! rim ( ! cap4 ,x appe>s e ye> on ! ,*illico! high s*ool lawn4 ,! gills are creamy-:ite :5 ! cap fir/ op5s1 b !y soon turn to a ru/y-br[n4 ,x comes 9 ,may4 ,i h nev] f\nd x aft] ,june4 ,i am always delight$ to f9d x = x is always appetiz+ at t season4 ,look = !m on lawns & pa/ures & 9 gra9 fields4 ,pholiota dura4 ,bolt4 ,,! ,,h>d ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #baj4--,pholiota dura4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,caps tawny tan-color4 ,dura1 h>d2 s call$ because ! surface ( ! cap becomes q h>d & crack$4 ,! pileus is f ?ree to f\r in*es or m broad1 v compact1 convex1 !n plane1 cuticle (t5 v mu* crack$1 m>g9 ev51 tawny1 tan-color1 sometimes q br[n4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 some:at decurr5t ) a too?1 v5tricose1 livid1 !n a br[n ru/y color4 ,spores elliptical1 #h-ie-f4 ,! /em is /uff$1 h>d1 ext]nally fibr\s1 ?ick5$ t[>d ! apex1 sometimes v5tricose1 (t5 irregul>ly %ap$4 ,on ,june #f?1 #aijd1 ,i f\nd ,mr4 ,dillman's g>d5 on ,hickory /reet1 ,*illico!1 :ite ) ?is plant4 ,"s 7 v l>ge & beautiful & ,i _h an excell5t opportunity to obs]ve ! irregul>ity 9 ! =m ( ! /em4 ,"s ye>s previ\s ,i f\nd a g>d5 9 ,sidney1 ,ohio1 equally fill$4 ,9 ! fall ( #aije ,i 0 ask$ to drive out ab\t sev5 miles f ,*illico! to see a :eat-field1 ! la/ ( ,octob]1 t 0 :ite ) mu%rooms4 ,i f\nd !m to be ( ?is species4 ,only ! "y plants %\ld be us$1 z ! old] ones are a bit t\gh4 ,pholiota adiposa4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,fat ,,or ,,p9eapple ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #baa4--,pholiota adiposa4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps saffron-yell[4 ,adiposa is f adeps1 fat4 ,! pileus is %[y1 deep-yell[1 compact1 convex1 obtuse1 slightly umbonate1 q viscid :5 moi/1 %9+ :5 dry2 cuticle pla9 or brok5 into scales :i* are d>k-br[n1 ! m>g9 incurv$2 ! fle% is saffron-yell[1 ?ick at ! c5t] & ?9n+ out t[>d ! m>g94 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 sometimes slightly not*$1 close1 yell[1 !n ru/-color ) age4 ,spores elliptical1 #gc4 ,! /em is equal1 /uff$1 t\gh1 ?ick5+ at ! base1 br[n bel[ & yell[ above1 q scaly4 ,! beautiful appe>ance ( ! tufts or clu/]s 9 :i* ! ,p9eapple ,pholiotas gr[ w attract ! att5tion ( an ord9>ily unobs]vant behold]4 ,! scales on ! cap seem to contract & rise f ! surface & sometimes disappe> ) age4 ,! caps ( mu%rooms %\ld n ord9>ily be peel$ be=e cook+1 b x is bett] to peel ?is "o4 ,! r+ is slight & ! specim5s repres5t$ "h 7 f\nd on a /ump 9 ,miss ,effie ,mace's y>d1 on ,pa9t ,/reet1 ,*illico!4 ,pholiota ,cap]ata4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,wr9kl$ ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,cap]ata means wr9kl$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,figure #bab4--,pholiota cap]ata4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 v>y+ f a clay to a yell[i% color1 at fir/ some:at egg-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 obtuse1 wr9kl$ at ! sides1 ! entire cap & especially at ! c5t] is cov]$ ) a :ite sup]ficial flocci4 ,! gills are adnate or atta*$ to ! /em1 r cr[d$1 ?is1 some:at too!d on _! edges1 clay-c9namon color4 ,spores elliptical1 #abd4e4 ,! /em is f\r to five in*es long1 solid1 /\t1 r\nd1 some:at bulb\s at ! base1 :ite1 scaly above ! r+1 :i* is (t5 v slight1 (t5 only a trace1 z w be se5 on ! left h& plant 9 ,figure #bab4 ,! spores are d>k f]rug9\s :5 caught on :ite pap]1 b pal] on d>k pap]4 ,! :ite sup]ficial flocci w m>k ! plant4 ,x has a wide di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! /ates4 ,i f\nd x 9 a numb] ( places 9 ,ohio & x is q pl5tiful ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is a favorite 9 ,g]many & x is call$ by ! common p ,zigeun]1 a ,gypsy4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,pholiota unicolor4 ,fl4 ,dan4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bac4--,pholiota unicolor4 ,natural size4 ,unicolor means ( "o color4 ,! pileus is campanulate to convex1 subumbonate1 hygrophan\s1 bay1 !n o*re1 ne>ly ev51 nev] fully exp&$4 ,! gills are subtriangul>1 adnate1 sec$+1 broad1 o*race\s-c9namon4 ,spores #i-aje4 ,! /em is /uff$1 !n holl[1 color$ z ! pileus1 ne>ly smoo?1 r+ ?9 b entire4 ,!y are a late gr[] & f\nd on well-decay$ logs4 ,!y are q common 9 our woods4 ,f\nd 9 ,novemb]4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #bac 7 f\nd on ! #bd? ( ,novemb]1 9 ,haynes' ,holl[4 ,pholiota mutablis4 ,s*aff4 ,,! ,,*angeable ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,mutablis means *angeable1 v>iable4 ,! pileus two to ?ree in*es broad1 fle%y2 deep c9namon :5 moi/1 pal] :5 dry2 m>g9 r ?91 transp>5t2 convex1 !n exp&$1 sometimes obtusely umbonate1 & sometimes slightly depress$2 ev51 q smoo?1 fle% :iti% & ta/e mild4 ,! gills are broad1 adnate1 slightly decurr5t1 close1 pale umb]1 !n c9namon-color4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 sl5d]1 /uff$1 becom+ holl[1 smoo? above or m9utely pulv]ul5t1 & pale1 bel[ slightly scaly up to ! r+1 & d>k] at ! base1 r+ membranace\s1 ext]nally scaly4 ,! spores are ellipsoid1 #i-aae-f4 ,i f9d ?is specim5 gr[+ 9 a cspitose mann] on decay$ wood4 ,x is q common "h late 9 ! season4 ,i f\nd "s v l>ge specim5s on ,?anksgiv+ day1 #aije1 9 ,gallia ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,x is "o ( ! late/ edible plants4 ,pholiota het]oclita4 ,fr4 ,,bulb\s-,,/emm$ ,,pholiota4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bad4--,pholiota het]oclita4 ,natural size4 ,caps :iti% or yell[i%4 ,het]oclitus means lean+ to "o side1 out ( ! c5t]4 ,! pileus is ?ree to six in*es broad1 compact1 convex1 exp&$1 v obtuse1 r ecc5tric1 m>k$ ) scatt]$1 innate1 adpress$ scales1 :iti% or yell[i%1 sometimes smoo? :5 dry1 viscid if moi/4 ,! gills are v broad1 at fir/ pallid1 !n f]rug9\s1 r\nd$1 adnex$4 ,! /em is ?ree to f\r in*es long1 solid1 h>d1 bulb\s at ! base1 fibrillose1 :ite or :iti%2 veil apical1 r+ fugaci\s1 app5diculate4 ,! spores are subelliptical1 #h-aje-f4 ,?is species has a /rong & pung5t odor v mu* l horse-radi%4 ,x gr[s on wood & its favorite ho/s are ! popl> & ! bir*4 ,x is f\nd at almo/ any "t 9 ! fall4 ,! specim5s 9 ! ,figure #bad 7 f\nd 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fis*]1 ( ,detroit4 ,pholiota aurevella4 ,bats*4 ,,gold5 ,,pholiota4 ,aurevella is f auri-vellus1 a gold5 fleece4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 bell-%ap$1 convex1 gibb\s1 tawny-yell[1 ) d>k] scales1 r viscid4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 not*$ beh9d1 fix$1 v broad1 plane1 pallid olive1 at l5g? f]rug9\s4 ,! /em is /uff$1 ne>ly equal1 h>d1 v>i\s 9 l5g?1 curv$1 ) ru/y adpress$ squamules1 r+ r di/ant4 ,on trunks ( trees 9 ! fall1 g5]ally solit>y4 ,n v common4 ,pholiota curvipes4 ,fr4 ,curvipes1 ) a curv$ foot or /em4 ,pileus is r fle%y1 convex1 !n exp&$1 torn into adpress$ floccose scales4 ,! gills are adnate1 broad1 :ite1 !n yell[i%1 at l5g? tawny4 ,! /em is some:at holl[1 ?91 incurv$ 7f :i* x d]ives its "n71 fibrillose1 yell[1 z well z is ! floccose r+4 ,spores #f-gc-d4 ,cooke4 ,i f\nd sev]al specim5s ( ?is species at diff]5t times on "o well rott$ bee* log on ,ral/on's ,run1 b 0 unable to f9d x on any o!r log 9 any woods ne> ,*illico!4 ,i _h tr\ble to place x till ,pr(4 ,atk9son help$ me out4 ,i f\nd x f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,pholiota spectabilis4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,%[y ,,pholiota4 ,spectabilis1 ( notable appe>ance1 wor? see+4 ,! pileus is compact1 convex1 !n plane1 dry1 torn into silky scales disappe>+ t[>d ! m>g91 gold5 orange color1 fle% yell[4 ,! gills are adnex$1 r\nd$ ne> ! /em1 slightly decurr5t1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 yell[1 !n f]rug9\s4 ,! /em is solid1 ?ree to f\r in*es high1 q ?ick1 t\gh1 spongy1 ?ick5$ t[>d ! base1 ev51 bulb\s1 some:at root+4 ,r+ inf]ior4 ,i f\nd ! specim5s 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,x may gr[ e>li]4 ,f\nd on decay$ oak /umps4 ,pholiota m>g9ata4 ,bats*4 ,,! ,,m>g9ate ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bae4--,pholiota m>g9ata4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps honey-color$ & tan-color$4 ,m>g9ata means edg$1 m>g9$2 s call$ f ! p]iph]al /ri ( ! pileus4 ,! pileus is r fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 smoo?1 moi/1 wat]y1 /riate on ! m>g91 honey-color$ :5 moi/1 tan-color$ :5 dry4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 cr[d$1 unequal2 :5 mature1 ( a d>k r$di%-br[n f ! %$d+ ( ! spores4 ,spores #g-hd4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 smoo?1 holl[1 ( ! same color z ! pileus1 cov]$ ) a fro/-l bloom above ! r+1 :i* is di/ant f ! apex ( ! /em & frequ5tly disappe>s entirely4 ,x is q common1 be+ f\nd on ne>ly e rott5 log 9 our woods4 ,x comes e>ly & la/s till late 9 ! fall4 ,! caps are excell5t :5 well prep>$4 ,pholiota g]ita4 ,fr4 g]ita is ! ,greek "n = ! black popl>2 s call$ because x gr[s on decay$ popl> logs4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 m or less *eck$ or rivulose1 wr9kl$1 tawny1 edge ( ! cap r pale4 ,! gills are adnate1 ) a decurr5t too?1 r close1 pallid1 !n gr[+ d>k]4 ,! /em is /uff$1 equal1 silky-:ite1 r+ sup]ior1 fibrillose1 tumid4 ,spores #aje4 ,f\nd 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 9 ! woods :]ev] !re are decay$ popl> logs4 ,pholiota squ>rosoides4 ,pk4 ,,l ,,! ,,scaly ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #baf4--,pholiota squ>rosoides4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps yell[ or yell[i%4 ,squ>rosoides means l ,squ>rosa4 ,! pileus is q firm1 convex1 viscid1 especially :5 moi/2 at fir/ d5sely cov]$ ) erect papillose or subsp9ose tawny scales1 :i* soon sep>ate f ea* o!r1 reveal+ ! :iti% or yell[i% color ( ! cap & its viscid "*4 ,! gills are close1 em>g9ate1 at fir/ :iti%1 !n pallid or dull c9namon color4 ,! /em is equal1 firm1 /uff$1 r\gh1 ) ?ick squ>rose scales1 :ite above ! ?ick floccose annulus1 pallid or tawny bel[4 ,! spores are m9ute1 elliptical1 4#jjjb in* long1 4#jjjae in* broad4 ,!y gr[ 9 tufts on dead trunks & old /umps1 especially ( ! sug> maple4 ,!y closely resemble ,p4 squ>rosa4 ,f\nd late 9 ! fall4 ,its favorite haunt is ! inside ( a /ump or )9 ! protection ( a log4 ,pholiota squ>rosa4 ,mull4 ,,! ,,scaly ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,figure #bag4--,pholiota squ>rosa4 ,squ>rosa means scaly4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 bell-%ap$1 convex1 !n exp&$2 obtusely umbonate1 tawny-yell[1 clo!d ) ri* br[n scales2 fle% yell[ ne> ! surface4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 ) a decurr5t too?1 at fir/ yell[i%1 !n ( a pale olive1 *ang+ to ru/y-br[n 9 color1 cr[d$1 & n>r[4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #hd4 ,! /em is ?ree to six in*es high1 saffron yell[1 /uff$1 clo!d ) small fib]s1 scaly l ! pileus1 att5uat$ at ! base f ! mann] ( its gr[?4 ,! r+ is close to ! apex1 d[ny1 ri* br[n1 incl9+ to orange 9 color4 ,?is is q a common & %[y mu%room4 ,x is f\nd on rott5 wood1 on or ne> /umps1 gr[+ out f a root und]gr\nd1 & is (t5 f\nd at ! foot ( trees4 ,only ! caps ( ! "y specim5s %\ld be eat54 ,x is f\nd f ,augu/ to late fro/4 ,inocybe4 ,fr4 ,inocybe is f two ,greek words mean+ fib] & head2 s call$ f ! fibrillose veil1 concrete ) ! cuticle ( ! pileus1 (t5 free at ! m>g91 9 ! =m ( a cort9a4 ,! gills are some:at s9uate1 ?\gh !y are sometimes adnate1 & 9 two species are decurr5t2 *ang+ color b n p[d]$ ) c9namon4 ,spores are (t5 r\gh b 9 o!r specim5s are ev51 m or less br[ni% ru/-color4 ,/ev5son4 ,inocybe scab]4 ,mull4 ,,r\gh ,,inocybe4 ,,n ,,edible4 ,scab] means r\gh4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 conical1 convex1 obtusely gibb\s1 spr9kl$ ) fibr\s adpress$ scales2 m>g9 entire1 grayi%-br[n4 ,! gills are r\nd$ ne> ! /em1 q cr[d$1 pale d+y-br[n4 ,! /em is solid1 :iti% or pal] ?an ! pileus1 clo!d ) small fib]s1 equal1 veil$4 ,! spores are elliptical1 smoo?1 #aae4 ,x is f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 damp woods4 ,n good4 ,inocybe lac]a4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,torn ,,inocybe4 ,lac]a means torn4 ,! pileus is some:at fle%y1 convex1 !n exp&$1 obtuse1 umbonate1 clo!d ) fibr\s scales4 ,! gills are free1 broad1 v5tricose1 :ite1 t+$ ) r$1 light-gray4 ,spores are obliquely elliptical1 smoo?1 #abf4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 %ort1 /uff$1 clo!d ) small fib]s1 nak$ above1 r$di% )94 ,f\nd on ! gr\nd :]e ! soil is clayi% or poor4 ,n good4 ,inocybe subo*racea ,burtii4 ,peck4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bah4--;,inocybe subo*racea ,burtii4 ,natural size4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ species4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,peck3 ,veil conspicu\s1 webby fibrillose1 m>g9 ( ! pileus m fibrillose2 /em long] & m conspicu\sly fibrillose4 ,! well develop$ veil1 & ! long] /em1 are ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ?is v>iety4 ,! plants are f\nd 9 mossy pat*es on ! nor? hillsides ab\t ,*illico!4 ,! pale o*race\s yell[ & ! v fibrillose caps & /em w attract ! att5tion ( ! collector at once4 ,! caps are "o to two & a half in*es broad & ! /em is two to ?ree in*es long4 ,inocybe subo*racea4 ,peck4 ,pileus ?91 conical or convex1 sometimes exp&$1 g5]ally umbonate1 fibrillose squamulose1 pale o*race\s-yell[4 ,! gills are r broad1 atta*$1 em>g9ate1 :iti%1 becom+ br[ni%-yell[4 ,! /em is equal1 :iti%1 slightly fibrillose1 solid4 ,peck4 ,?is is a small plant f "o to two in*es high ^: cap is sc>cely ov] an in* broad4 ,x gr[s 9 op5 groves :]e ! soil is s&y4 ,x is f\nd on ,cemet]y ,hill f ,june to ,octob]4 ,inocybe geophylla1 v>4 violacea4 ,pat4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bai4--;,inocybe geophylla1 v>4 violacea4 ,?is is a small plant & has all ! *>act]i/ics ( ,inocybe geophylla except+ color ( cap & gills4 ,! pileus is an in* to an in* & a half broad1 hemisph]ical at fir/1 !n exp&$1 umbonate1 ev51 silky-fibrillose1 lilac1 gr[+ pal] 9 age4 ,! gills are adnex$1 lilac at fir/1 !n color$ by ! spores4 ,spores #aje4 ,! /em equal1 firm1 holl[1 slightly violace\s4 ,?is plant gr[s 9 ,septemb] 9 mix$ woods among ! dead leaves4 ,its bright violet color w arre/ ! att5tion at once4 ,inocybe dulcam>a4 ,a4 ,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bbj4--;,inocybe dulcam>a4 ,dulcam>a means bitt]-sweet4 ,! pileus is an in* to an in* & a half 9 diamet]1 r fle%y1 convex1 umbonate1 pilosely-scaly4 ,! gills are arcuate1 v5tricose1 pallid olivace\s4 ,! /em is some:at holl[1 fibrillose & squamulose f ! veil1 f>9ace\s at ! apex4 ,spores #h-aje4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,septemb]1 9 grassy places4 ,inocybe c9c9nata4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bba4--;,inocybe c9c9nata4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps scaly1 d>k or grayi%-br[n4 ,c9c9nata means ) curl$ hair4 ,?is is q an int]e/+ little plant4 ,x is f\nd on ,cemet]y ,hill1 9 ,*illico!1 "u ! p9e trees & along ! walks :]e !re is b little grass4 ,x is greg>i\s & q a h>dy plant4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 q squ>rosely scaly1 some:at d>k or grayi%-br[n4 ,! gills are grayi%-br[n ) a t+e ( violet at times2 adnex$1 r close1 v5tricose4 ,! /em is solid1 sl5d]1 scaly1 some:at light] ?an ! pileus4 ,! spores are #h-aje4 ,?is plant seems to be a late gr[]4 ,i did n f9d x till ab\t ! #ae? ( ,octob] & x cont9u$ till ! la/ ( ,novemb]4 ,i _h f\nd two o!r species on ! same hill e>li] 9 ! season4 ,no ,inocybes are good to eat4 ,inocybe pyriodora4 ,p]s4 ,pyriodora1 smell+ l a pe>4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 q /rongly umbonate1 at fir/ conical1 exp&$1 cov]$ ) fibr\s adpress$ scales1 9 old plants ! m>g9 turn$ up1 smoky or br[n-o*re becom+ pale4 ,! gills are not*$ at ! /em1 n cr[d$1 d+y-:ite1 becom+ ne>ly c9namon-br[n1 some:at v5tricose4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 /uff$1 firm1 equal1 pale1 apex pru9ose1 veil v fugaci\s4 ,fle% t+$ ) r$4 ,common 9 ! woods 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! plant is n edible4 ,inocybe rimosa4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,crack$ ,,inocybe4 ,rimosa1 crack$4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 %9+1 sat9y1 adpress$ fibrillose1 br[n-yell[1 campanulate1 !n exp&$1 longitud9ally crack$4 ,! gills are free1 some:at v5tricose1 at fir/ :ite1 br[ni%-clay color4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es high1 di/ant f ! pileus1 solid1 firm1 ne>ly smoo?1 bulb\s1 mealy :ite above4 ,spores smoo?1 #aj-aaf4 ,i4 eu!les diff]s f ?is species 9 be+ umbonate2 ,i4 pyriodora 9 its /rong smell4 ,_m plants w (t5 be f\nd 9 "o place 9 op5 woods or 9 cle>$ places4 ,_! radiately crack$ pilei1 ) ! inn] sub/ance %[+ yell[ ?r\gh ! cracks1 w help to di/+ui% ! species4 ,f\nd f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,hebeloma4 ,fr4 ,hebeloma is f two ,greek words mean+ y\? & fr+$4 ,p>tial veil fibrillose or abs5t4 ,pileus is smoo?1 cont9u\s1 some:at viscid1 m>g9 incurv$4 ,! gills are not*$ adnate1 edge ( diff]5t color1 :iti%4 ,! spores clay-color4 ,all f\nd on ! gr\nd4 ,hebeloma glut9osum4 ,l9n4 ,glut9osum1 ab\nd+ 9 glue4 ,! pileus is "o to ?ree in*es broad1 light-yell[1 ! disk d>k]1 fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 cov]$ ) a viscid glut5 9 wet wea!r2 fle% is :ite1 becom+ yell[4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 not*$1 slightly decurr5t1 cr[d$1 pallid1 light yell[1 !n clay-color4 ,spores elliptical1 #aj-abe4 ,! /em is /uff$1 firm1 some:at bulb\s1 cov]$ ) :ite scales1 & mealy at ! top4 ,!re is a p>tial veil 9 ! =m ( a cort9a4 ,f\nd among leaves 9 ! woods4 ,9 wet wea!r ! glut5 is abundant4 ,:ile x is n poison\s x is n good4 ,hebeloma fa/ibile4 ,fr4 ,,o*rey ,,hebeloma4 ,,poison\s4 ,fa/ibilis means nause\s1 disagreeable2 s call$ f its pung5t ta/e & smell4 ,! pileus is "o to ?ree in*es across1 convex1 plane1 wavy1 viscid1 smoo?1 pale yell[i%-tan1 m>g9 involute & d[ny4 ,! gills are not*$1 r di/ant1 pallid1 !n c9namon2 la*rymose4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 solid1 subbulb\s1 :ite1 fibr\s scaly1 sometimes twi/$1 (t5 becom+ holl[1 veil evid5t4 ,! spores are pip-%ap$1 #ajf4 ,! odor is mu* ! same z 9 ,h4 cru/ul9i=me b x diff]s 9 hav+ a manife/ veil & m di/ant gills4 ,f\nd 9 woods f ,july to ,octob]4 ,hebeloma cru/ul9i=me4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,r+ ,,hebeloma4 ,,n ,,edible4 ,cru/ul9i=me means ! =m ( a cake or bun4 ,! pileus is convex1 !n exp&$1 smoo?1 some:at viscid1 (t5 wavy1 yell[i%-r$1 q v>iable 9 size4 ,! gills are not*$1 ?91 n>r[1 :iti% !n br[n1 cr[d$1 edge cr5ulate1 & ) beads ( moi/ure4 ,! /em is solid1 or /uff$1 firm1 subbulb\s1 :iti%1 ) m9ute :ite recurv$ flecks4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods or ab\t old sawdu/ piles4 ,! plants sometimes gr[ 9 r+s4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,hebeloma pascu5se4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bbb4--;,hebeloma pascu5se4 ,natural size4 ,caps *e/nut-color4 ,pascu5se1 p]ta9+ to pa/ures2 ref]r+ to its habitat4 ,! pileus is convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane1 viscid :5 moi/1 obscurely innately fibrillose2 br[ni%-clay1 (t5 d>k] or rufesc5t 9 ! c5t]1 ! m>g9 9 ! "y plant slightly :it5$ by ! ?9 webby veil2 ! m>g9 ( ! cap m or less irregul>1 fle% :ite1 ! ta/e mild1 odor weak4 ,! gills are close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 adnex$1 :iti%1 becom+ pale o*race\s4 ,! /em is %ort1 firm1 equal1 solid1 fibrillose1 slightly mealy at ! top1 :iti% or pallid4 ,! spores are pale o*race\s1 subelliptical4 ,i f\nd ! plants 9 ,figure #bbb on ,cemet]y ,hill late 9 ,novemb]4 ,x is a v l[ plant1 gr[+ "u ! p9e trees & keep+ close to ! walks4 ,! :it5$ m>g9 ( ! "y plant is a v good e>-m>k by :i* to "k ?is species4 ,pluteolus4 ,fr4 ,pluteolus means a small %$4 ,x is ! dim9utive ( pluteus1 a %$ or p5?\se1 f its conical cap4 ,! pileus is r fle%y1 viscid1 conical or campanulate1 !n exp&$2 m>g9 at fir/ /raight1 adpress$ to ! /em4 ,/em some:at c>tilag9\s1 di/9ct f ! hym5ophore4 ,gills free1 r\nd$ beh9d4 ,pluteolus reticulatus4 ,p]s4 ,reticulatus means made l a net2 f rete1 a net1 s call$ f ! net-l appe>ance ( ve9s on ! cap4 ,! pileus is slightly fle%y1 campanulate1 !n exp&$1 rugoso-reticulate1 viscid1 m>g9 /riate1 pale violace\s4 ,! gills are free1 v5tricose1 cr[d$1 saffron-yell[1 to f]rug9\s4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 holl[1 fragile1 fibrillose1 incl9$ to be mealy at ! top1 :ite4 ,i h f\nd only a few plants ( ?is species 9 our /ate4 ,x seems to be r>e4 ,! ana/omos+ ve9s on ! cap & its pale violace\s color w m>k ! species4 ,i h always f\nd x on decay$ wood4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine speaks ( f9d+ x 9 quantities on ! /ems ( fall5 we$s & says x 0 t5d] & ( f9e flavor4 ,septemb]4 ,gal]a4 ,fr4 ,gal]a means a small cap4 ,! pileus is m or less bell-%ap$1 m>g9 /raight1 at fir/ depress$ to ! /em1 hygrophan\s1 almo/ ev51 atomate :5 dry1 m or less membranace\s4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em or ) a decurr5t too?1 z 9 ,myc5a4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s1 holl[1 conflu5t )1 b diff]5t 9 texture f ! cap4 ,! veil is (t5 want+1 b :5 pres5t is fibr\s & fugaci\s4 ,! spores are o*race\s f]rug9\s4 ,gal]a hypnorum4 ,bats*4 ,,! ,,moss-,,lov+ ,,gal]a4 ,hypnorum means ( mosses2 f hypna1 moss4 ,! pileus is membranace\s1 conic1 campanulate1 smoo?1 /riate1 wat]y :5 moi/1 pale :5 dry1 c9namon4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 broad1 r di/ant1 c9namon-color$1 :iti% on ! edge4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 wavy1 same color z ! pileus1 pru9ose at ! apex4 ,?is plant is v l ,g4 t5]a1 only mu* small]1 & ( a v diff]5t habitat4 ,f\nd 9 mosses f ,june to ,octob]4 ,gal]a t5]a4 ,s*aeff4 ,,! ,,sl5d] ,,gal]a4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bbc4--;,gal]a t5]a4 ,t5]a is ! fem99e =m ( t5]1 sl5d]1 delicate4 ,! pileus is some:at membranace\s1 at fir/ cone-%ap$1 p>tially exp&$1 bell-%ap$1 hygrophan\s1 o*race\s :5 dry4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 cr[d$1 r broad1 asc5d+1 c9namon-br[n1 ! edges :iti%1 sometimes slightly s]rate4 ,! /em is /raight1 holl[1 fragile1 r %9+2 ?ree to f\r in*es long1 equal or sometimes incl9$ to ?ick5 d[nw>d1 ( ne>ly ! same color z ! pileus4 ,! spores are elliptical & a d>k ru/-color1 #ab-acg4 ,y w frequ5tly meet a v>iety ^: cap & /em are q pubesc5t b ^: o!r *>act]i/ics agree ) ,g4 t5]a4 ,pr(4 ,peck calls x ,g4 t5]a v>4 pilosella4 ,f\nd 9 ri*ly manur$ lawns & pa/ures4 ,x is q common4 ,! caps1 only1 are good4 ,gal]a lat]itia4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,brick-,,r$ ,,gal]a4 ,,edible4 ,lat]itia means made ( brick1 f lat]1 a brick2 s call$ because ! caps are brick-color$4 ,! pileus is some:at membranace\s1 cone-%ap$1 !n bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 ev51 hygrophan\s1 r pale yell[ :5 wet1 o*race\s :5 dry4 ,! gills are almo/ free1 adnex$ to ! top ( ! cone1 l9e>1 v n>r[1 tawny or f]rug9\s4 ,! /em is ?ree to f\r in*es long1 holl[1 slightly tap]+ upw>d1 /raight1 fragile1 :ite pru9ose1 :iti%4 ,spores are elliptical1 #aa-abe-f4 ,?is plant resembles ,g4 ovalis1 f :i* x c be di/+ui%$ by its l9e> asc5d+ gills & ! abs5ce ( a veil4 ,f\nd on dung & 9 ri*ly manur$ pa/ures1 f ,july to fro/4 ,gal]a ,kell]mani4 ,pk4 sp4 nov4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bbd4--;,gal]a ,kell]mani4 ,%[+ "y plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bbe4--;,gal]a ,kell]mani4 ,%[+ old] plants4 ,kell]mani is nam$ 9 honor ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kell]man1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,! pileus is v ?91 subovate or subconic1 soon becom+ plane or ne>ly s2 /riatulate ne>ly to ! c5t] :5 moi/1 m or less wavy & p]si/5tly /riate on ! m>g9 :5 dry1 m9utely granulose or mealy :5 "y1 unpoli%$ :5 mature1 (t5 ) a few scatt]$ floccose squamules :5 "y1 & sometimes ) a few slight fragm5ts ( a veil adh]+ to ! m>g9 :i* appe>s z if f9ely not*$ by ! project+ ends ( ! gills2 wat]y-br[n :5 moi/1 grayi%-br[n :5 dry1 a little d>k] 9 ! c5t]2 ta/e slight1 odor fa9t1 l t ( decay+ wood4 ,! gills are ?91 close1 adnate1 a delicate c9namon-br[n becom+ d>k] ) age4 ,! /em is two & a half to f\r cm4 long1 sl5d]1 equal1 or slightly tap]+ upw>d2 f9ely /riate1 m9utely scurvy or mealy1 at lea/ :5 "y2 holl[1 :ite4 ,! spores are br[ni% f]rug9\s ) a fa9t p9ki% t9t 9 mass1 elliptic1 #h-abf-g4 ,peck4 ,dr4 ,peck says ! di/+ui%+ features ( ?is species are its broadly exp&$ or plane grayi%-br[n pileus1 ) its granulose or mealy surface1 its p]si/5tly /riate m>g91 & its v n>r[ gills becom+ br[ni% ) age4 ,i h se5 ! plant gr[+ 9 ! culture b$s 9 ! gre5h\se ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,x is a beautiful plant4 ,plants ( all ages are %[n 9 ,figures #bbd & #bbe4 ,gal]a crispa4 ,longye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bbf4--;,gal]a crispa4 ,natural size4 ,cap o*race\s-br[n4 ,crispa means crisp$2 ! specific "n is bas$ on ! peculi> "* ( ! gills :i* are always crisp$ z soon z ! pileus is exp&$4 ,! pileus is #a4e to #c4e cm4 broad1 membranace\s1 p]si/5tly conico-campanulate1 subacute1 unev5 & some:at rivulose1 o*race\s-br[n on disk1 light] t[>d ! m>g9 :i* becomes cr5ulate & upturn$ 9 old] specim5s2 slightly pru9ose at fir/1 rugulose & a little pal] :5 dry4 ,! gills are adnex$1 n cr[d$1 r n>r[1 int]sp]s$ ) ana/omos+ ve9s2 mu* crisp$2 at fir/ ne>ly :ite1 !n becom+ f]rug9\s f ! spores4 ,! /em is #g to #aj cm4 long1 tap]+ f a some:at bulb\s base1 yell[i%-:ite1 pru9ose at base1 holl[1 fragile4 ,! spores are #h-aj broad1 #ab-af long4 ,longye>4 ,!y are f\nd 9 grass on lawns & 9 pa/ures1 ,june & ,july4 ,dr4 ,peck1 to :om specim5s 7 ref]r$1 sugge/$ t !y may be a v>iety ( ,g4 lat]itia1 unless ! peculi> "* ( ! gills prov$ to be con/ant4 ,pr(4 ,longye> has f\nd ! plant frequ5tly 9 ,mi*igan & x 0 f\nd by him 9 ! ,city ,p>k1 ,d5v]1 ,col41 9 ,july1 #aije4 ,its di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic is suffici5tly con/ant to make ! recognition ( ! species a matt] ( ease4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #bbf 7 photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,b4 ,o4 ,longye>4 ,gal]a ovalis4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,oval ,,gal]a4 ,! pileus is some:at membranace\s1 oval or bell-%ap$1 ev51 wat]y1 dusky-ru/ color1 some:at l>g] ?an ,g4 t5]a4 ,! gills are almo/ free1 v5tricose1 v broad1 ru/-color$4 ,! /em is /raight1 equal1 slightly /riate1 ne>ly ( ! same color z ! cap1 ab\t ?ree in*es long4 ,f\nd 9 pa/ures :]e /ock has be54 ,i h f\nd x 9 ! ,dunn pa/ure1 on ! ,columbus pike1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,o4 ,crepidotus4 ,fr4 ,crepidotus is f a ,greek ^w mean+ a slipp]4 ,! spores are d>k or yell[i%-br[n4 ,!re is no veil4 ,! pileus is exc5tric1 dimidiate or resup9ate4 ,! fle% is s(t4 ,! /em is lat]al or want+1 :5 pres5t x is cont9u\s ) ! cap4 ,!y g5]ally gr[ on wood4 ,crepidotus v]sutus4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bbg4--;,crepidotus v]sutus4 ,natural size4 ,caps pure :ite4 ,?is is a v mode/ little plant gr[+ on ! und]side ( rott5 logs or b>k1 ?us1 no d\bt1 escap+ ! att5tion ( _m4 ,sometimes x may be f\nd gr[+ f ! side ( a log1 9 :i* case x gr[s 9 a %elv+ =m4 ,:5 gr[+ "u ! log ! upp] side ( ! cap is aga9/ ! wood & x is said to be resup9ate4 ,! pileus is kidney-=m1 q small1 ?91 pure :ite1 cov]$ ) a s(t :iti% d[n4 ,! gills are radiate f ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! cap1 n cr[d$1 :iti%1 !n f]rug9\s f ! spores4 ,crepidotus mollis4 ,s*aeff4 ,,s(t ,,crepidotus4 ,! pileus is betwe5 subgelat9\s & fle%y2 "o to two in*es broad2 sometimes solit>y1 sometimes imbricat$2 flaccid1 ev51 smoo?1 r5i=m1 subsessile1 pallid1 !n grayi%4 ,! gills are decurr5t f base1 cr[d$1 l9e>1 :iti% !n wat]y c9namon4 ,! spores are elliptical1 f]rug9\s1 #h-ie-f4 ,?is species is widely di/ribut$ & q common on decay$ logs & /umps1 f ,july to ,octob]4 ,naucoria4 ,fr4 ,naucoria1 a nut %ell4 ,! pileus is "s %ade ( yell[1 convex1 inflex$1 smoo?1 floccul5t or scaly4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 sometimes ne>ly free1 nev] decurr5t4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s1 conflu5t ) ! cap b ( a diff]5t texture1 holl[ or /uff$4 ,! veil is abs5t or sometimes small traces may be se5 atta*$ to ! rim ( ! pileus1 9 "y plants 9 ! =m ( flakes4 ,! spores are ( v>i\s %ades ( br[n1 dull or bright4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd on lawns & ri* pa/ures4 ,"s on wood4 ,naucoria hamadryas4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,nymph ,,naucoria4 ,,edible4 ,hamadryas1 "o ( ! nymphs ^: life dep5d$ ^u ! tree to :i* %e 0 atta*$4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 r fle%y1 convex1 exp&$1 gibb\s1 ev51 bay-f]rug9\s :5 "y & moi/1 pale yell[i% :5 old4 ,! gills are att5uat$1 adnex$1 almo/ free1 ru/y1 slightly v5tricose1 some:at cr[d$4 ,! /em is holl[1 equal1 fragile1 smoo?1 pallid1 two to ?ree in*es long4 ,! spores are elliptical1 ru/-color1 #ac-adg4 ,?is is q a common species1 (t5 gr[+ alone along pavem5ts1 "u %ade trees1 & 9 ! woods4 ,! caps only are good4 ,f\nd f ,june to ,novemb]4 ,naucoria p$iades4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,tan-,,color$ ,,naucoria4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bbh4--,naucoria p$iades4 ,natural size4 ,p$iades is f a ,greek ^w mean+ a pla9 or a field1 ref]r+ to its be+ f\nd on lawns & pa/ures4 ,! pileus is some:at fle%y1 convex1 !n plane1 obtuse or depress$1 dry1 f9ally opaque1 frequ5tly incl9$ to be m9utely rivulose4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em b n adnate to x1 broad1 subdi/ant1 only a few entire br[ni%1 !n a d+y c9namon4 ,! /em is pi?y or /uff$1 r wavy & silky1 yell[i%1 base slightly bulb\s4 ,! spores are ( a br[ni%-ru/ color1 #aj-abd-e4 ,if ! small bulb at ! base ( ! /em is exam9$1 x w be f\nd to be =m$ *iefly ( mycelium roll$ toge!r ar\nd ! base4 ,x is f\nd on lawns & ri*ly manur$ pa/ures f ,may to ,novemb]4 ,use only ! caps4 ,?is plant is usually kn[n z semiorbicul>is4 ,naucoria paludosella4 ,atk9son n4 sp4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,figure #bbi4--,naucoria paludosella4 ,%[+ mode ( gr[?1 clay-br[n scales on ! caps4 ,paludosella is a dim9utive ( palus1 g54 paludis1 a swamp or m>%4 ,plants six to eight cm4 high2 pileus two & a half to ?ree cm4 broad2 /em ?ree to f\r mm4 ?ick4 ,pileus viscid :5 moi/1 convex to exp&$1 9 age some:at depress$2 clay color1 d>k] ov] c5t]1 (t5 ) appress$ clay br[n scales ) a d>k] color4 ,gills raw umb] to ,m>s br[n 7,r71 em>g9ate1 adnate sometimes ) a decurr5t too?1 easily becom+ free4 ,cy/idia on sides ( gills none1 edge ( gills ) l>ge1 hyal9e1 ?9-wall$ cells1 subv5tricose1 sometimes ne>ly cyl9drical1 abruptly n>r[$ at ea* end ) a slight s9us ar\nd ! middle4 ,spores subovate to subelliptical1 sub9equilat]al1 smoo?1 #g-id-e1 fusc\s f]rug9\s1 dull o*race\s "u microscope4 ,/em same color z pileus b pal]1 c>tilag9\s2 floccose f loose ?reads or1 9 "s cases1 abundant ?reads ov] ! surface2 becom+ holl[1 base bulb\s1 ! extreme base cov]$ ) :iti% mycelium4 ,veil r ?ick1 floccose1 disappe>+1 leav+ remnant on /em & m>g9 ( pileus :5 fre%4 ,atk9son4 ,dr4 ,kell]man & ,i f\nd ?is plant gr[+ on liv+ sphagnum1 o!r mosses & on rott5 wood on ,cranb]ry ,isl&1 9 ,buckeye ,lake1 ,ohio4 ,figure #bbi w illu/rate its mode ( gr[?1 & ! old] plant ) upturn$ cap w %[ ! conspicu\s clay-br[n scales ( ! pileus4 ,! plants are f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,flammula4 ,fr4 ,flammula means a small flame2 s call$ because _m ( ! species h bright colors4 ,! spores are f]rug9\s1 sometimes light yell[4 ,! cap is fle%y & at fir/ usually inroll$1 bright color$2 veil filam5t\s1 (t5 want+4 ,! gills are decurr5t or atta*$ ) a too?4 ,! /em is fle%y1 fibr\s1 & ( ! same "* z ! cap4 ,! species ( ! ,flammula are mo/ly f\nd on wood4 ,a few are f\nd on ! gr\nd4 ,flammula flavida4 ,s*aeff4 ,,! ,,yell[ ,,flammula4 ,flavida means yell[4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex1 exp&$1 plane1 equal smoo?1 moi/1 m>g9 at fir/ inroll$4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 yell[1 turn+ slightly f]rug9\s4 ,! /em is /uff$1 some:at holl[1 fibrillose1 yell[1 f]rug9\s at ! base4 ,^! plants are ( a %[y yell[1 & are frequ5tly f\nd 9 our woods on decay$ logs4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,flammula c>bon>ia4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,viscid ,,flammula4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcj4--;,flammula c>bon>ia4 ,c>bon>ia is s call$ because x is f\nd on *>coal or burn$ e>?4 ,! pileus is q fle%y1 tawny-yell[1 at fir/ convex1 !n becom+ plane1 ev51 ?91 viscid1 m>g9 ( ! cap at fir/ inroll$1 fle% yell[4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 clay-color$ or br[n1 mod]ately close4 ,! /em is /uff$ or ne>ly holl[1 sl5d]1 rigid1 squamulose1 pallid1 q %ort4 ,! spores are f]rug9\s-br[n1 elliptical1 #gc4e4 ,i h f\nd ?is species q frequ5tly :]e an old /ump _h be5 burn$ out4 ,x is greg>i\s4 ,i h only f\nd x f ,septemb] to ,novemb] b ! specim5s 9 ,figure #bcj 7 s5t to me 9 ,may1 f ,bo/on4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ,purgatory ,swamp1 :]e ! grass & vegetation _h be5 burn$ away4 ,flammula fusus4 ,bats*4 ,fusus means a sp9dle2 s call$ f ! sp9dle-%ap$ /em4 ,! pileus is compact1 convex1 !n exp&$1 ev51 r viscid1 r$di%-tan1 fle% yell[i%4 ,! gills are some:at decurr5t1 pallid yell[1 becom+ f]rug9\s4 ,! /em is /uff$1 firm1 color$ l ! pileus1 fibrillose1 /riate1 att5uat$ & some:at fusi=m1 root+4 ,! spores are broadly elliptical1 #ajd4 ,f\nd on well-decay$ logs or on gr\nd made up l>gely ( decay$ wood4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,flammula fillius4 ,fr4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 ev51 smoo?1 ) r viscid cuticle1 pale orange-r$ ) ! disc r$di%4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 arcuate1 r cr[d$1 :ite1 !n pallid or tawny-yell[4 ,! /em is ?ree to five in*es long1 holl[1 smoo?1 pallid1 r$di% )94 ,! spores are elliptical1 #aje4 ,f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 ! woods f ,july to ,octob]4 ,flammula squalida4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bca4--;,flammula squalida4 ,! pileus is "o to "o & a half in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex1 or plane1 firm1 viscose1 glabr\s1 d+y-yell[i% or rufesc5t1 fle% :iti% b 9 color simil> to ! pileus "u ! sep>ate cuticle4 ,! gills are r broad1 adnate1 pallid1 becom+ d>k f]rug9\s4 ,! /em is "o & a half to ?ree in*es long1 "o to two l9es ?ick1 sl5d]1 g5]ally flexuose1 holl[ fibrillose1 pallid or br[ni%1 pale-yell[ at ! top :5 "y2 spores are br[ni%-f]rug9\s1 4#jjjc in* long1 4#jjjaf broad4 ,peck4 ,x is f\nd 9 bu%y & swampy places4 ,dr4 ,peck says x is closely relat$ to ,f4 spumosa4 ,its d+y appe>ance1 sl5d] habit1 m uni=m & d>k] color ( ! pileus1 & d>k] color ( ! lamell4 ,x gr[s 9 gr\ps4 ,! plant 9 ,figure #bca 0 f\nd 9 ,purgatory ,swamp1 by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,paxillus4 ,fr4 ,paxillus means a small /ake or peg4 ,! spores z well z ! entire plant are f]rug9\s4 ,! pileus1 ) an involute m>g91 gradually unfolds4 ,x may be symmetrical or ecc5tric4 ,! /em is cont9u\s ) ! hym5ophore4 ,! gills are t\gh1 s(t1 p]si/5t1 decurr5t1 bran*+1 membranace\s1 usually easily sep>at+ f ! hym5ophore4 ,! di/9ctive features ( ?is g5us are ! involute m>g9 & ! s(t1 t\gh1 & decurr5t gills :i* are easily sep>able f ! hym5ophore4 ,"s gr[ on ! gr\nd1 o!rs gr[ on /umps & sawdu/4 ,paxillus involutus4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bcb4--,paxillus involutus4 ,involutus means roll$ inw>d4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 compact1 convex1 plane1 !n depress$2 viscid :5 moi/1 ! cap be+ cov]$ ) a f9e d[ny sub/ance1 s t :5 ! m>g9 ( ! cap unrolls ! m>ks ( ! gills are q prom95t2 yell[i% or tawny-o*race\s1 spott+ :5 bruis$4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 bran*$2 ana/omos+ beh9d1 ne> ! /em2 easily sep>at+ f ! hym5ophore4 ,! /em is pal] ?an ! pileus1 fle%y1 solid1 firm1 ?ick5$ upw>d1 br[n spott$4 ,! fle% is yell[i%1 *ang+ to r$di% or br[ni% :5 bruis$4 ,! spores are ru/-color$ & elliptical1 #h-aj4 ,x is f\nd on ! gr\nd & decay$ /umps4 ,:5 f\nd on ! side ( a decay$ /ump or a moss-cov]$ log ! /em is usually ecc5tric1 b 9 o!r cases x is g5]ally c5tral4 ,x w be f\nd ar\nd swampy places 9 an op5 woods4 ,i f\nd q l>ge specim5s ar\nd a swamp 9 ,mr4 ,%riv]'s woods ne> ,*illico!1 b !y 7 too f> gone to photograph4 ,x is edible b co>se4 ,x appe>s f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,"s au?ors call x ! ,br[n ,*ant>elle4 ,paxillus atrotom5tosus4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcc4--,paxillus atrotom5tosus4 ,atrotom5tosus is f at]1 black1 & tom5tum1 woolly or d[ny4 ,! pileus is ?ree to six in*es broad1 ru/-color or r$di%-br[n1 compactly fle%y1 ecc5tric1 convex !n plane or depress$1 m>g9 ?91 frequ5tly m9utely rivulose1 sometimes tom5tose 9 ! c5t]1 fle% :ite1 t+$ ) br[n "u ! cuticle4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 slightly decurr5t1 cr[d$1 bran*$ at ! base1 yell[i%-tawny1 int]spaces v5ose4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 /\t1 solid1 ela/ic1 ecc5tric or lat]al1 root+1 cov]$ except at ! apex ) a d>k-br[n velvety d[n4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #e-fc-d4 ,i f\nd ! specim5 9 ,figure #bcc at ! foot ( an old p9e tree on hillside at ,sug> ,grove1 ,ohio4 ,i f\nd ! plant frequ5tly at ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,x gr[s :]e ! p9e tree is a native4 ,x is n poison\s4 ,i d n reg>d x z v good4 ,f\nd dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,paxillus rhodoxan?us4 ,s*w4 ,,! ,,yell[ ,,paxillus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcd4--,paxillus rhodoxan?us4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,cap r$di%-yell[ or *e/nut-br[n4 ,gills yell[4 ,rhodoxan?us means a yell[ rose4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 convex1 !n exp&$1 cu%ion-%ap$1 ! epid]mis ( ! cap (t5 crack$ %[+ ! yell[ fle%1 resembl+ v mu* ,boletus subtom5tosus2 r$di%-yell[ or *e/nut-br[n4 ,! fle% is yell[ & ! cap dry4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 some:at di/ant1 /\t1 *rome yell[1 occasionally =k$ at ! base2 ana/omos+ ve9s q prom95t1 ! cy/idia be+ v noticeable4 ,! /em is firm1 /\t1 ( ! same color z ! cap1 p]haps pal] & m yell[ at ! base4 ,! spores are oblong1 yell[1 #h-abc-e4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ tr\blesome plants ^: g5us we h to settle4 ,"o ( my mycological fri5ds advis$ me to omit x f ! g5us altoge!r4 ,x has be5 plac$ 9 v>i\s g5]a1 b ,i h foll[$ ,pr(4 ,atk9son & class$ x "u ,paxillus4 ,! plant is widely di/ribut$4 ,i f9d x frequ5tly ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is edible4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/1 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,a full discussion ( ! plant w be f\nd 9 ,pr(4 ,atk9son's book4 ,cort9>ius4 ,fr4 ,cort9>ius is f cort9a1 a curta91 allud+ to a cobwebby veil se5 only 9 ! comp>atively "y plants4 ,sometimes1 p>ts ( x w seem m sub/antial1 rema9+ = a "t on ! m>g9 ( ! cap or on ! /em4 ,! color ( ! pileus v>ies & its fle% & t ( ! /em are cont9u\s4 ,! hym5ophore & ! gills are cont9u\s4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 frequ5tly not*$1 membranace\s1 p]si/5t1 *ang+ color1 dry1 p[d]y1 ) ru/y-yell[ spores :i* drop sl[ly4 ,! veil & gills are ! *ief m>ks ( di/9ction4 ,! =m] is gossam]-l & sep>ate f ! cuticle1 & ! latt] are always p[d]$4 ,x is always ess5tial to note ! color ( ! gills 9 ! "y plant1 s9ce color is v>iable & sometimes %[s only ! slighte/ trace on ! /em1 color$ f ! fall+ spores4 ,mo/ au?orities divide ! g5us into six tribes1 f ! appe>ance ( ! pileus4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,i4 ,phlegmacium1 mean+ a %9y or clammy moi/ure4 ,! pileus has a cont9u\s pellicle1 viscid :5 moi/1 /em dry1 veil spid]-webby4 ,,ii4 ,myxacium1 mean+ mucus1 slime2 s call$ f ! glut9\s veil4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 glut9\s1 r ?92 ! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 slightly decurr5t2 ! /em is viscid1 poli%$ :5 dry1 slightly bulb\s4 ,,iii4 ,inoloma1 mean+ a fibr\s fr+e2 f is1 g5itive inos1 a fibre2 & loma1 a fr+e4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 dry1 n hygrophan\s or viscid1 silky ) innate scales2 ! gills may be violace\s1 p9ki%-br[n1 yell[ at fir/1 !n 9 all cases c9namon-color f ! spores2 ! /em is fle%y & some:at bulb\s2 veil simple4 ,,iv4 ,d]mocybe1 mean+ a sk9head2 f d]ma1 sk91 & cybe1 a head4 ,! pileus ?9 & fle%y1 entirely dry1 at fir/ clo!d ) silky d[n1 becom+ smoo? 9 mature plants4 ,! gills are *angeable 9 color4 ,! /em is equal or tap]+ d[nw>d1 /uff$1 sometimes holl[1 smoo?4 ,v4 ,telamonia1 mean+ a b&age or l9t4 ,! pileus is moi/1 wat]y1 smoo? or spr9kl$ ) :iti% sup]ficial fibres1 ! remnants ( ! web-l veil4 ,! fle% is ?91 some:at ?ick] at ! c5t]4 ,! /em is r+$ & frequ5tly scaly f ! univ]sal veil1 slightly veil$ at ! apex1 h5ce almo/ ) a d\ble veil4 ,! plants are usually q l>ge4 ,,vi4 ,hydrocybe1 mean+ wat]-head or moi/ head4 ,! pileus is moi/1 n viscid1 smoo? or spr9kl$ ) a :iti% sup]ficial fibril1 fle% *ang+ color :5 dry1 & r ?94 ,! /em is some:at rigid & b>e4 ,veil ?91 fibrillose1 r>ely =m+ a r+4 ,gills also ?94 ,,tribe ,i4 ,,phlegmacium4 ,cort9>ius purpurasc5s4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,purpli% ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,purpurasc5s means becom+ purple or purpli%2 s nam$ because ! blue gills become purple :5 bruis$4 ,! pileus is f\r to five in*es broad1 bay-br[n1 viscid1 compact1 wavy1 spott$ :5 old2 (t5 depress$ at ! m>g91 sometimes b5d+ back2 ! fle% blue4 ,! gills are broadly not*$1 cr[d$1 blui%-tan1 !n c9namon-color1 becom+ purpli% :5 bruis$4 ,! /em is solid1 bulb\s1 clo!d ) small fibres1 blue1 v compact1 juicy2 becom+ purpli% :5 rubb$4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #aj-abe-f4 ,?is is "o ( ! delici\s mu%rooms to eat1 ! /em cook+ t5d] z readily z ! caps4 ,i f\nd x 9 ,tol]ton's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio1 & 9 ,poke ,holl[ ne> ,*illico!4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,cort9>ius turmalis4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,yell[-,,tan ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,turmalis means ( or belong+ to a troop or a squadron1 turma2 s call$ because occurr+ 9 gr\ps1 & n solit>y4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 viscid :5 wet1 o*race\s-yell[1 smoo?1 discoid1 fle% s(t2 veil ext5d+ f ! m>g9 ( ! cap to ! /em 9 delicate ara*noid ?reads1 be/ se5 9 "y plants4 ,! gills are em>g9ate1 decurr5t1 dep5d+ ^u ! age ( ! plant2 cr[d$1 some:at s]rat$1 :iti% at fir/1 !n br[ni%-o*race\s-yell[4 ,! remnants ( ! veil w usually %[ above ! middle ( ! /em z a zone ( m9ute /ri1 d>k] ?an ! /em4 ,i f\nd specim5s on ,cemet]y ,hill "u p9e trees4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,cort9>ius olivaceo-/ram9eus4 ,kauff4 n4 ,sp4 ,olivaceo-/ram9eus means an olive /raw-color4 ,pileus #d-g cm4 broad1 viscid f a glut9\s cuticle1 broadly convex1 slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t] :5 exp&$2 m>g9 incurv$ = "s "t2 pale-yell[ ) an olivace\s t+e1 slightly ruf\s-t+$ :5 old2 smoo? or silky-fibrillose1 disk sometimes cov]$ ) m9ute squamules1 %r$s ( ! p>tial veil atta*$ to ! m>g9 :5 exp&$4 ,fle% v ?ick1 becom+ abruptly ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 :ite1 d+y-yell[i% 9 age1 soon s(t & spongy4 ,gills r n>r[1 #g mm4 broad1 s9uate-adnex$1 :iti% at fir/1 !n pale c9namon1 cr[d$1 edge s]ratulate & pal]4 ,/em #f-h cm4 long1 ) a slight bulb :5 "y1 f ^: m>g9 arises ! d5se p>tial veil2 :ite & v pru9ate above ! veil1 :i* rema9s z d+y fibrils /a9$ by ! spores2 spongy & s(t )91 becom+ some:at holl[4 ,veil :ite ) an olive t+e4 ,spores1 #aj-abe4e-f4e1 granul> )91 almo/ smoo?4 ,odor agreeable4 ,kauffman says ?is resembles ,c4 h]peticus1 except t ! gills :5 "y are nev] violet-t+$4 ,i f\nd ?is plant 9 ,poke ,holl[1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,x 0 unkn[n to me & ,i s5t x to ,dr4 ,kauffman ( ,mi*igan ,univ]sity to det]m9e4 ,i f\nd x "u bee* trees1 dur+ ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,cort9>ius v>ius4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,v>iable ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,v>ius--,v>iable1 s call$ because x v>ies 9 /ature1 its color & habit are un*angeable4 ,! pileus is ab\t two in*es broad2 compact1 hemisph]ical1 !n exp&$2 regul>1 slightly viscid1 ?9 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$1 sometimes ) fragm5ts ( ! web-l veil adh]+4 ,! gills are not*$1 ?91 cr[d$1 q entire1 purpli%1 at l5g? clay-color$ or c9namon4 ,! /em is solid1 %ort1 cov]$ ) ?reads1 :iti%1 bulb\s1 f "o & a half to two & a half in*es long4 ,! plant is q v>iable 9 size b con/ant 9 color4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods4 ,i f\nd specim5s at ,salem1 ,ohio1 & at ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ohio4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,cort9>ius crulesc5s4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,azure-,,blue ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,crulesc5s1 azure-blue4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 exp&$1 ev51 viscid1 azure-blue1 fle% s(t1 n *ang+ color :5 bruis$4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 slightly r\nd$ beh9d1 cr[d$1 q entire1 at fir/ ( a pure d>k blue1 !n ru/y f ! spores4 ,! /em is solid1 att5uat$ upw>d1 firm1 bright violet1 becom+ pale1 :iti%1 bulb gr[+ less ) age1 fibrillose f ve94 ,spores elliptical4 ,nei!r ! fle% nor ! gills *ange color :5 bruis$4 ,?is fact di/+ui%es x f ,c4 purpurasc5s4 ,:5 "y ! entire plant is m or less blue1 or blui%-purple1 & ! color nev] entirely leaves ! plant4 ,9 age x becomes some:at spott$ ) yell[4 ,! fle% is a little t\gh & ne$s to be /ew$ = "s "t4 ,f\nd 9 ,:9n]y's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,,tribe ,,ii4 ,,myxacium4 ,cort9>ius coll9itus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,sme>$ ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bce4--;,cort9>ius coll9itus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,caps purpli%-br[n1 also %[+ veil4 ,coll9itus means sme>$4 ,! pileus is at fir/ hemisph]ical1 convex1 !n exp&$1 obtuse2 smoo?1 ev51 glut9\s1 %9+ :5 dry2 purpli% :5 "y1 lat] br[ni%2 at fir/ incurv$4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 r broad1 d+y-:ite or grayi%-tan :5 "y1 !n c9namon4 ,! /em is solid1 cyl9drical1 viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/1 transv]sely crack+ :5 dry1 :iti% or pal] ?an ! cap4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #abf4 ,i f\nd ?is species 9 ,tol]ton's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio1 ,/4 ,john's woods1 ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ohio1 also on ,ral/on's ,run ne> ,*illico!1 :]e ! specim5s 9 ,figure #bce 7 f\nd4 ,bo? cap & /em are cov]$ ) a ?ick glut54 ,!y gr[1 ) u1 9 woods among leaves4 ,! "y plant has a developm5t peculi> to itself4 ,! cap v>ies greatly 9 color4 ,! fle% is :ite or :iti%4 ,! peculi> blui%-:ite gills ( ! "y plant w attract att5tion at once4 ,x is f\nd f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,,tribe ,,iii4 ,,inoloma4 ,cort9>ius autumnalis4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,fall ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcf4--;,cort9>ius autumnalis4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,cap a dull ru/y-yell[1 also %[+ bulb\s /em4 ,autumnalis p]ta9+ to fall4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex or exp&$1 dull ru/y-yell[1 v>iegat$1 or /reak$ ) innate ru/-color$ fibrils4 ,! gills are r broad1 ) a wide1 %all[ em>g9ation4 ,! /em is equal1 solid1 firm1 bulb\s1 a little pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,! height is ?ree to f\r in*es1 bread? ( pileus two to f\r in*es4 ,peck4 ,! plant 0 nam$ by ,dr4 ,peck because x 0 f\nd late 9 ! fall4 ,i f\nd ! plant on sev]al occasions 9 ,septemb]1 #aije4 ,x grew v sp>+ly 9 a mix$ woods on a nor? hillside4 ,cort9>ius alboviolaceus4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,light ,,violet ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcg4--;,cort9>ius alboviolaceus4 ,! caps are violet4 ,alboviolaceus means :iti%-violet4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 fle%y1 r ?91 convex1 !n exp&$1 sometimes broadly subumbonate2 smoo?1 silky1 :iti%1 t+$ ) lilac or pale violet4 ,! gills are g5]ally s]rulate1 :iti%-violet1 !n c9namon-color4 ,! /em is ?ree to f\r in*es long1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 solid1 silky1 :ite1 /a9$ ) violet1 especially at ! top1 slightly bulb\s1 ! bulb gradually tap]+ into ! /em4 ,spores1 #abe-f4 ,peck's ,report4 ,sometimes ! /em has a m$ian r+-l zone1 be+ violet above ! zone & :ite bel[4 ,! spid]-l veil %[s v pla9ly 9 ! specim5 on ! left 9 ,figure #bcg4 ,9 ! plant on ! "r is %[n ! tap]+ /em f ! base to ! apex4 ,^! plants 7 f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[1 ,septemb] #ba/4 ,!y are q abundant !re & else:]e ab\t ,*illico!4 ,!y are v good b n equal 9 flavor to ,c4 violaceus4 ,!y are f\nd 9 mix$ woods4 ,septemb] to fro/4 ,cort9>ius lilac9us4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,lilac-,,color$ ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 firm1 hemisph]ical1 !n convex1 m9utely silky1 lilac-color4 ,! gills are close1 lilac1 !n c9namon4 ,! /em is f\r to five in*es long1 /\t1 bulb\s1 silky-fibrillose1 solid1 :iti%1 t+$ ) lilac4 ,spores nucleate1 #ajf4 ,peck4 ,i h f\nd ?is plant 9 b "o place ne> ,*illico!4 ,9 ,poke ,holl[ on a nor? hillside ,i h f\nd a numb] ( r>e specim5s4 ,all 7 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,kauffman ( ,mi*igan ,univ]sity4 ,all 7 f\nd "u bee* trees )9 a v small radius4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,cort9>ius bol>is4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,coll>$ ,,cort9>ius4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 obsoletely umbonate1 gr[+ pale1 v>iegat$ ) saffron-r$1 adpress$1 innate1 pilose scales4 ,! gills are subdecurr5t1 cr[d$1 wat]y c9namon4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 at fir/ /uff$1 !n holl[1 ne>ly equal1 squamose4 ,f\nd "u bee* trees4 ,only occasionally f\nd "h4 ,cort9>ius violaceus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,violet ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bch4--;,cort9>ius violaceus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps d>k violet4 ,/ems bulb\s4 ,gills violet4 ,violaceus1 violet color4 ,! pileus is convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane1 dry1 adorn$ ) num]\s p]si/5t hairy tufts or scales2 d>k violet4 ,! gills are r ?ick1 di/ant1 r\nd$1 or deeply not*$ at ! inn] extremity2 color$ l ! pileus 9 ! "y plant1 br[ni%-c9namon 9 ! mature plant4 ,! /em is solid1 clo!d ) small fibres2 bulb\s1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,! spores are slightly elliptical4 ,! ,violet ,cort9>ius is a v beautiful mu%room & "o easy ( recognition4 ,at fir/ ! :ole plant is uni=mly color$1 b ) age ! gills assume a d+y o*race\s or br[ni%-c9namon hue4 ,! cap is g5]ally well =m$ & regul>1 & is beautifully adorn$ ) little hairy scales or tufts4 ,^! are r>ely %[n 9 figures ( ! ,european plant1 b !y are q noticeable 9 ! ,am]ican plant1 & %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,! fle% is m or less t+$ ) violet4 ,peck4 #ej? ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,no "o c fail to recognize ?is plant4 ,! web-l veil 9 ! "y plant1 ! bulb\s /em1 & ! violet t+e ?r\gh\t w readily di/+ui% x4 ,x gr[s 9 ri* hilly c\ntry4 ,x gr[s solit>y1 & 9 op5 woods4 ,,tribe ,,iv4 ,,d]mocybe4 ,cort9>ius c9namoneus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,c9namon ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bci4--;,cort9>ius c9namoneus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps c9namon-br[n4 ,/ems yell[4 ,! pileus is ?91 convex1 ne>ly exp&$1 sometimes ne>ly plane1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 sometimes ! pileus is abruptly b5t d[nw>d2 dry1 fibrillose at lea/ :5 "y1 (t5 ) conc5tric r[s ( scales on ! m>g91 c9namon-br[n1 fle% yell[i%4 ,! gills are ?91 close1 firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 slightly not*$1 decurr5t ) a too?1 becom+ easily sep>at$ f ! /em1 %9+1 yell[i%1 !n tawny-yell[4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 equal1 /uff$ or holl[1 ?91 clo!d ) small fibres1 yell[1 z is also ! fle%4 ,! spores are elliptical4 ,?is plant is s call$ because ( its color1 ! entire plant be+ ( a c9namon-color4 ,sometimes !re are c9nab> /a9s on ! pileus4 ,x seems to gr[ be/ "u p9e trees1 b ,i h f\nd x 9 mix$ woods4 ,my att5tion 0 call$ to x by ! little ,bohemian boys pick+ x :5 !y _h be5 9 ?is c\ntry b a few days & c\ld n speak a ^w ( ,engli%4 ,x is evid5tly l ! ,european species4 ,!re is also a ,cort9>ius t has blood-r$ gills4 ,x is v>4 semi-sangu9eus1 ,fr4 ,july to ,octob]4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #bci 7 f\nd on ,cemet]y ,hill1 ,*illico!1 ,o4 ,cort9>ius o*roleucus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,pallid ,,cort9>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bdj4--;,cort9>ius o*roleucus4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ veil & bulb\s =m ( /em4 ,o*roleucus1 mean+ yell[i% & :ite1 because ( ! color ( ! cap4 ,! pileus is an in* to two & a half in*es broad1 fle%y2 convex1 sometimes some:at depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 (t5 rema9+ convex2 dry2 on ! c5t] f9ely tom5tose to m9utely scaly1 sometimes ! scales are arrang$ 9 conc5tric r[s ar\nd ! cap2 q fle%y at ! c5t]1 ?9n+ out t[>d ! m>g92 ! color is a creamy to a deep-buff1 consid]ably d>k] at ! c5t]4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 cle>ly not*$1 some:at v5tricose2 9 mature plants1 some:at cr[d$1 n entire1 _m %ort ones1 pale fir/1 !n clay-color$ o*re4 ,! /em is ?ree in*es long1 solid1 firm1 (t5 bulb\s1 tap]+ upw>d1 (t5 becom+ holl[1 a creamy-buff4 ,! veil1 q beautiful & /rongly p]si/5t1 =ms a cort9a ( ! same color z ! cap b becom+ discolor$ by ! fall+ ( ! spores4 ,9 ,figure #bdj ! cort9a & ! bulb\s =m ( ! /em w be se54 ,f\nd along ,ral/on's ,run4 ,9 bee* woods f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bda4--;,cort9>ius o*roleucus4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ ! develop$ plant4 ,,tribe ,v4 ,,telamonia4 ,cort9>ius ,morrisii4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bdb4--;,cort9>ius ,morrisii4 ,morrisii is nam$ 9 honor ( ,george ,e4 ,morris1 ,ellis1 ,mass4 ,pileus fle%y1 except ! ?9 & at l5g? reflex$ m>g92 convex1 irregul>1 hygrophan\s1 o*race\s or tawny-o*race\s2 fle% ?91 color$ l ! pileus2 odor weak1 l t ( radi%es4 ,! gills are broad1 subdi/ant1 erod$ or unev5 on ! edge2 r\nd$ beh9d1 adnex$1 pale-yell[ :5 "y1 becom+ d>k] ) age4 ,! /em is ne>ly equal1 fibrillose1 solid1 :iti% or pale-yell[ & silky at ! top1 color$ l ! pileus bel[ & fibrillose2 irregul>ly /riate & subreticulate1 ! d\ble veil :iti% or yell[i%-:ite & sometimes =m+ an imp]fect annulus4 ,! spores are tawny-o*race\s1 subglobose or broadly elliptic1 nucleate1 #h-aj long1 #f-g broad4 ,peck4 ,pileus #c-aj cm4 broad2 /em #g-aj cm4 long1 #a-b cm4 ?ick4 ,!y require moi/ & %ady places & ! pres5ce ( hemlock trees4 ,!y are f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #bdb 7 f\nd ne> ,bo/on by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,black=d4 ,cort9>ius armillatus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,r$-,,zon$ ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bdc4--;,cort9>ius armillatus4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ ! r+s on ! /em4 ,armillatus means r+$2 s call$ because ! /em is b&$ ) "o or m r+s1 or r$ b&s4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 n compact1 bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 soon innately fibrillose & torn into scales1 smoo? :5 "y1 r$di%-brick-color1 m>g9 ?91 fle% d+y-pallid4 ,! gills are v broad1 di/ant1 adnate1 slightly r\nd$1 pallid1 !n d>k-c9namon4 ,! /em is fairly long1 solid1 bulb\s1 :iti%1 ) two or ?ree r$ zones1 some:at fibrillose4 ,! spores #ajf4 ,?is is a v l>ge & beautiful ,cort9>ius & x has su* a numb] ( /rik+ e> m>ks t x c be easily recogniz$4 ,! ?9 & g5]ally unev5 m>g9 ( ! pileus & ! "o to f\r r$ b&s ar\nd ! /em1 ! upp] "o be+ ! brighte/1 w di/+ui% ?is species f all o!rs4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! woods 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,9 q "y specim5s ! collector w notice two well def9$ ara*noid veils1 ! l[] "o be+ mu* m d5se4 ,pr(4 ,fries speaks ( !m z foll[s3 ,ext]ior veil wov51 r$1 arrang$ 9 #b-d di/ant c9nab> zones encircl+ ! /em2 p>tial veil cont9u\s ) ! upp] zone1 ara*noid1 r$di%-:ite4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bdc 7 collect$ 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fis*] ( ,detroit4 ,a numb] ( ?is species =m a prize = ! table4 ,cort9>ius ,atk9sonianus4 ,kauff4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bdd4--;,cort9>ius ,atk9sonianus4 ,caps waxy-yell[1 bulb\s /em1 spid]-l veil4 ,atk9sonianus is nam$ 9 honor ( ,pr(4 ,geo4 ,f4 ,atk9son4 ,! pileus is #h cm4 broad1 exp&$1 wax-yell[ or gall/one-yell[ to clay-color$ & tawny 7,ridg471 colors v /rik+ & sometimes sev]al pres5t at once2 viscid1 smoo?1 ev51 some:at %9+ :5 dry4 ,fle% ?ick1 except at m>g91 blui%-:ite l ! /em1 or pal]1 sc>cely or n at all *ang+ :5 bruis$4 ,! gills are comp>atively n>r[1 #f-h mm41 wid? uni=m except ne> out] end1 adnate1 becom+ slightly s9uate1 purpli% to yell[1 !n c9namon4 ,! /em is violaceus-blue1 #h cm4 long1 #ab-ae mm4 ?ick1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 bulb\s by a r ?ick1 m>g9ate bulb #c cm4 ?ick1 hung ) fibrillose ?reads ( ! univ]sal veil1 :i* is a beautiful pale-yell[ & clo!s ! bulb ev5 at maturity2 violace\s-blue )91 solid4 ,spores #ac-aeg-h4e1 v tub]cul>4 ,kauff4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bdd 7 f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[ ne> ,*illico!4 ,i h f\nd !m on sev]al occasions4 ,!y are edible & ( v good flavor4 ,f\nd f ,septemb] to fro/4 ,! specim5s illu/rate ! spid]-l veil t gives rise to ! g5us4 ,cort9>ius umidicola4 ,kauff4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bde4--;,cort9>ius umidicola4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,caps p9ki%-buff4 ,umidicola means dwell+ 9 moi/ places4 ,pileus z mu* z #af cm4 broad 7g5]ally #f-g cm4 :5 exp&$71 hemisph]ical1 !n convex & exp&$1 ) ! m>g9 = a long "t m>k$ly incurv$2 "y cap heliotrope-purpli% ) umb] on disk1 or some:at fawn-color$1 fad+ v quickly to p9ki%-buff1 9 :i* condition x is usually f\nd2 m>g9 :5 "y ) n>r[ /rips ( silky fibrils f ! univ]sal veil2 pileus :5 old cov]$ ) innate1 :iti%1 silky fibrils1 hygrophan\s2 surface punctuate1 ev5 :5 "y4 ,fle% ( /em & pileus lav5d] :5 "y b soon fad+ to a sordid :ite1 ?ick on disk1 abruptly ?9 t[>ds m>g91 soon cav]n\s f grubs4 ,! gills are v broad1 z mu* z #b cm42 at fir/ lav5d]1 soon v pale-tan to c9namon2 r di/ant1 ?ick1 em>g9ate ) a too?2 at fir/ plane1 !n v5tricose2 edge slightly s]ratulate1 concolor\s4 ,/em z mu* z #ac cm4 long 7usually #h to #aj cm471 #a-b cm4 ?ick1 usually ?ick5$ bel[ & tap]+ slightly upw>ds1 mo/ly ?ick] also at apex1 r>ely att5uate at ! base1 sometimes curv$1 always /\t1 solid1 lav5d] above ! wov51 sordid :ite1 univ]sal veil1 :i* at fir/ cov]s ! l[] "p z a %ea?1 b soon breaks up s z to leave a b&-l annulus half way or l[] d[n on ! /em4 ,! annulus is soon rubb$ (f1 leav+ a b>e /em4 ,cort9a violace\s-:ite4 ,spores #g-ie-f1 almo/ smoo?4 ,kauffman4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bde 7 ga!r$ at ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fis*]4 ,!y gr[ 9 gr\ps 9 damp places1 pref]r+ hemlock trees4 ,cort9>ius croceocolor4 ,kauff4 sp4 nov4 ,,saffron-,,color$ ,,cort9>ius4 7,,telamonia47 ,croceocolor means saffron-color$4 ,pileus #c-g cm4 broad1 convex !n exp&$1 saffron-yell[1 ) d5se1 d>k-br[n1 erect squamules on disk2 :ole surface has a velvety appe>ance & feel1 sc>cely hygrophan\s1 ev52 fle% ( pileus yell[i%-:ite1 r ?9 except on disk1 slightly hygrophan\s1 scissile4 ,gills cadmium-yell[ 7,ridg471 mod]ately di/ant1 r ?ick1 em>g9ate1 r broad1 #h-i mm41 wid? uni=m except 9 front :]e !y tap] quickly to a po9t4 ,/em #d-h cm4 long1 tap]+ upw>ds f a ?ick5$ base1 i4e41 clavate-bulb\s1 #i-ae mm4 ?ick bel[1 p]onate ?ree-f\r?s ( its l5g? by ! crome-yell[ to saffron veil1 pal] above ! veil1 solid1 saffron-color$ )91 hygrophan\s1 soon d+y2 atta*$ to /r&s ( yell[i% mycelium4 ,spores subsph]oid to %ort elliptical1 #f4e-he4e-f4e1 e*9ulate :5 mature4 ,f\nd "u bee* trees 9 ,poke ,holl[ ne> ,*illico!4 ,f\nd 9 ,octob]4 ,cort9>ius ev]nius4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bdf4--;,cort9>ius ev]nius4 ,ev]nius comes f a ,greek ^w mean+ spr\t+ well1 fl\ri%+4 ,! pileus is "o to ?ree in*es broad1 r ?91 betwe5 membranace\s & fle%y1 at fir/ conical1 becom+ bell-%ap$1 & f9ally exp&$1 v slightly umbonate1 ev]y:]e cov]$ ) silky1 adpress$ veil1 usually purpli%-bay :5 smoo?1 brick-r$ :5 dry1 !n pale o*race\s :5 old1 at l5g? crack$ & torn into fibrils1 v fragile1 fle% ?9 & color$ l ! pileus4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 q broad1 v5tricose1 some:at di/ant1 purpli%-violet1 becom+ pale1 f9ally c9namon4 ,! /em is ?ree to five in*es long1 equal or att5uat$ d[nw>ds1 (t5 slightly /riate1 s(t1 violace\s1 scaly f ! rema9s ( ! :ite veil4 ,! spores are elliptical1 granul>1 #ajg4 ,!y gr[ 9 damp p9e woods4 ,! specim5s 9 ! photograph 7 ga!r$ 9 ,purgatory ,swamp ne> ,bo/on1 & s5t to me by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,,tribe ,,vi4 ,,hydrocybe4 ,cort9>ius ca/aneus4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,*e/nut-,,color$ ,,cort9>ius4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bdg4--;,cort9>ius ca/aneus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,ca/aneus1 a *e/nut4 ,! pileus "o in* or m broad1 at fir/ q small & globose1 ) a delicate fibrillose veil1 :i* makes ! m>g9 appe> silv]y2 d>k-bay or dirty-violet1 (t5 ) a tawny t9t2 soon exp&$1 broadly umbonate1 pileus (t5 crack$ on ! m>g9 & slightly upturn$4 ,! gills are fix$1 r broad1 some:at cr[d$1 violet-t+$1 !n c9namon-br[n1 v5tricose4 ,spores1 #he4 ,! /em is "o to ?ree in*es high1 incl9$ to be c>tilag9\s1 /uff$1 !n holl[1 ev51 lilac-t+$ at ! top1 :ite or :iti% bel[ ! veil1 ! :ole /em beautifully fibrillose1 veil :ite4 ,?is plant is v abundant on ,cemet]y ,hill1 gr[+ "u p9e trees4 ,! caps are small1 b !y gr[ 9 su* pr(usion t x w\ld n be difficult to secure en\gh = a meal4 ,!y comp>e v favorably ) ! ,fairy ,r+ mu%room 9 flavor4 ,!y h little or no odor4 ,f\nd 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,purple-,,br[n ,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 ,ag>icus4 ,l9n4 7,psalliota4 ,fr47 ,! pileus is fle%y1 b ! fle% ( ! /em is ( diff]5t texture f t ( ! pileus1 veil univ]sal1 concrete ) ! cuticle ( ! pileus1 & fix$ to ! /em1 =m+ a r+ :i* soon disappe>s 9 "s species2 ! /em is readily sep>at$ f ! cap & ! gills are free f ! /em or slightly adnex$1 :ite at fir/1 !n p9k1 aft]w>ds purple-br[n4 ,all ! species gr[ 9 ri* gr\nd1 & x includes _m ( our valuable food mu%rooms4 ,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,l9n4 ,,! ,,mead[ ,,mu%room4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bdh4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,campe/ris1 f campus1 a field4 ,?is is p]haps ! wide/ kn[n ( all mu%rooms1 famili>ly kn[n z ! ,p9k-gill$ mu%room4 ,x is ! species f\nd 9 ! m>kets4 ,x is ! only species :i* is sure to respond to ! me?ods ( cultivation4 ,x is ! same species :i* is b\ght 9 cans at ! /ore4 ,9 v "y plants ! pileus is some:at globul>1 z w be se5 9 ! small plants 9 ! front r[ 9 ,figure #bdh4 ,! edge is connect$ ) ! /em by ! veil2 !n r\nd convex1 !n exp&+1 becom+ almo/ flat2 surface dry1 d[ny1 ev51 q scaly1 v>y+ 9 color f creamy-:ite to a light-br[n2 m>g9 ext5d+ beyond ! gills1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #bdi 9 ! "o on ! extreme "r4 ,! gills1 :5 fir/ reveal$ by ! sep>ation ( ! veil1 are ( a delicate p9k hue1 b ) advanc+ age ?is g5]ally deep5s to a d>k-br[n or blacki%-br[n color4 ,! /em is r %ort1 ne>ly equal1 :ite or :iti%2 ! sub/ance 9 ! c5t] is m spongy ?an ! ext]ior1 h5ce x is said to be /uff$4 ,sometimes ! coll> %rivels s mu* t x is sc>cely p]ceptible1 & may disappe> altoge!r 9 old plants4 ,! spores are br[n 9 mass4 ,! cap ( ?is mu%room is f ?ree to f\r in*es 9 diamet] & ! /em f "o to ?ree in*es long4 ,?is is ! fir/ mu%room t yield$ to cultivation4 ,x is rais$ 9 l>ge quantities1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry1 b especially 9 ,france1 ,japan1 & ,*9a4 ,no d\bt o!r species & g5]a w be produc$ 9 "t4 ,?is species gr[s 9 grassy places1 9 pa/ures1 & ri*ly manur$ gr\nds1 nev] 9 ! woods4 ,i f\nd x 9 great abundance 9 ,wood ,c\nty1 9 fields :i* _h nev] be5 pl[$ & :]e ! gr\nd 0 unusually ri*4 ,!re x seem$ to gr[ 9 gr\ps or l>ge clu/]s4 ,usually x is f\nd s+ly4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,! plants figur$ "h 7 f\nd ne> ,*illico!4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bdi4--;,ag>icus campe/ris4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,ag>icus ,rodmani4 ,pk4 ,,rodman',s ,,mu%room4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bej4--;,ag>icus rodmani4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,! pileus is creamy1 ) br[ni% spots1 firm1 surface dry4 ,! mature specim5s frequ5tly h ! surface ( ! cap brok5 into l>ge1 br[ni% scales4 ,! gills are :iti%1 !n p9k1 becom+ d>k-br[n2 n>r[1 close & unequal4 ,! /em is fle%y1 solid1 %ort1 ?ick1 ab\t two in*es long4 ,! coll> :5 well develop$ exhibits a /rik+ *>act]i/ic4 ,x appe>s z if !re 7 two coll>s ) a space betwe5 !m4 ,its spores are broadly elliptical1 4#jjjb to 4#jjjbe in* long4 ,x may be easily di/+ui%$ f ! common ,ag>ic by ! "t :5 f\nd1 its ?ick firm fle%1 its n>r[ gills1 :i* are almo/ :ite at fir/1 & its d\ble coll>4 ,i h f\nd p eat+ x1 suppos+ !y 7 eat+ ! common mu%room4 ,x is f\nd 9 grassy places & especially betwe5 ! cobble /ones along ! gutt]s 9 ! cities4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bej 7 f\nd 9 ,*illico! 9 ! gutt]s4 ,x is a meaty plant & "o c soon tell x f its weight alone4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh ,may & ,june4 ,x is fully z good to eat z ! common mu%room4 ,macadam speaks ( f9d+ x 9 ! fall1 b ,i h nev] succe$$ 9 f9d+ x lat] ?an ,june4 ,ag>icus silvicola4 ,vitt4 ,,! ,,silvan ,,ag>ic4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bea4--;,ag>icus silvicola4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,silvicola1 f silva1 woods & colo1 to inhabit4 ,! pileus is convex1 sometimes exp&$ or ne>ly plane1 smoo?1 %9+1 :ite or yell[i%4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 ?91 free1 r\nd$ beh9d1 g5]ally n>r[$ t[>d ea* end1 at fir/ :ite1 !n p9ki%1 f9ally blacki%-br[n4 ,! /em is long1 cyl9drical1 /uff$ or holl[1 :ite1 bulb\s2 r+ ei!r ?ick or ?91 entire or lac]at$4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd-e4 ,! plant is f\r to six in*es high4 ,pileus ?ree to six in*es broad4 ,peck4 #cf? ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,a4 silvicola is v closely relat$ to ! common mu%room4 ,its *ief diff]5ces are 9 its place ( gr[?1 its be+ sl5d]1 & its holl[ /em some:at bulb\s at ! base4 ,i h f\nd x _m times 9 ! woods ab\t ,*illico!1 al?\gh ,i h nev] succe$$ 9 f9d+ m ?an "o or two at a "t4 ,i h always put !m ) edible species & h eat5 !m :5 ?us cook$ ) o!rs4 ,because ( ! resemblance :i* x be>s1 9 its e>li] /ages1 to ! deadly ,amanita1 "o c n ex]cise too great c>e 9 id5tify+ x4 ,x gr[s 9 ! woods & is f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,ag>icus arv5sis4 ,s*aeff4 ,,! ,,field ,,or ,,horse ,,mu%room4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #beb4--;,ag>icus arv5sis4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ veil4 ,arv5sis1 p]ta9+ to a field4 ,pileus is smoo?1 :ite or yell[i%1 convex or conical1 bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 m or less mealy4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 free1 g5]ally broad] t[>d ! /em2 at fir/ :iti%1 !n p9ki%1 f9ally black-br[n4 ,! /em is /\t1 equal1 slightly ?ick5$ at ! base1 smoo?1 holl[ or /uff$1 r+ r l>ge & ?ick1 ! upp] "p membranace\s & :ite1 :ile ! l[] or ext]ior surface is ?ick]1 d[ny1 radically split & yell[i%4 ,! spores are elliptical1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjd in* long4 ,?is plant gr[s mu* l>g] ?an ! common mu%room1 & may be di/+ui%$ by ! coll> be+ compos$ ( two p>ts closely alli$ to ea* o!r mak+ a d\ble membrane1 ! l[] "p be+ mu* ?ick]1 s(t] 9 texture & split 9 a /ellate mann] into broad & yell[ rays1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #beb4 ,i f\nd x v pl5tiful 9 ,wood ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 & 9 quantities 9 ,dr4 ,manville's y>d 9 ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ohio4 ,i ate !m frequ5tly & gave !m to my fri5ds1 :o all vot$ !m delici\s4 ,:5 ! /em is fir/ cut !re exudes f ! w\nd a yell[i% liquid :i* is q a sure e> m>k ( ?is species4 ,!re is a tradition t ! spores w n g]m9ate unless !y pass ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal ( ! horse or "s animal4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is f\nd frequ5tly :]e no trace ( ! horse c be f\nd4 ,x appe>s f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,i h f\nd x 9 ,fayette ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 9 l>ge r+s1 resembl+ ! ,fairy-,r+ ,mu%room1 only ! r+ is v l>ge1 z well z ! mu%rooms4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,figure #bec4--;,ag>icus arv5sis4 ,ag>icus abruptus4 ,pk4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bed4--;,ag>icus abruptus4 ,abruptus means to break away1 ref]r+ to ! break+ ( ! veil f ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,! pileus is creamy-:ite1 dry & silky1 q irregul> 9 %ape :5 "y1 turn+ yell[ :5 bruis$ or :5 ! /em is cut4 ,! gills are slightly p9ki% :5 ! veil fir/ breaks1 gradually gr[+ a deep] p9k1 9 mature specim5s becom+ br[ni%1 s(t1 free f ! /em1 q close1 unequal4 ,! /em is creamy-:ite1 mu* d>k] t[>d ! base1 holl[1 r /iff1 q brittle1 frequ5tly f\nd to be split l5g?wise1 v5tricose1 tap]+ t[>d ! cap4 ,! veil is r frail1 "o portion ( x (t5 adh]+ to ! cap & ano!r portion =m+ a r+ on ! /em4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine ,i am able to pres5t an excell5t picture ( ?is species4 ,! beg9n] w h "s tr\ble to di/+ui% x f ,a4 silvicola4 ,?is species1 l ! ,a4 silvicola1 is closely relat$ to ! mead[ mu%room1 b c be readily sep>at$ f x4 ,?is1 too1 l ! ,a4 silvicola1 :5 se5 9 ! woods at a di/ance1 resembles ! ,amanita1 b a c>eful glance at ! gills w detect ! diff]5ce4 ,! gills ( ! v "y plant may appe> :ite1 b !y w soon develop a p9ki% t+e :i* w di/+ui% x f ! ,amanita4 ,x is f\nd 9 ?9 woods f ,july to ,octob]4 ,ag>icus comptulus4 ,fr4 ,comptulus means beautifi$ or luxuri\sly deck$2 s call$ f ! silky lu/re ( its cap4 ,! pileus is at fir/ convex1 !n exp&$1 r fle%y1 ?9n] at ! m>g9 & incurv$1 usually ) an adpress$ silky f9i% to ! surface ( ! cap :i* gives rise to its specific "n4 ,! gills are free1 mu* r\nd$ t[>d ! m>g9 & ! /em1 :ite at fir/1 !n grayi%1 p9ki%1 purple-br[n 9 old plants4 ,! /em is holl[1 tap]+ f ! base to ! cap1 slight bulb\s1 :ite1 !n yell[i%1 fle%y1 fibr\s4 ,! veil is m delicate ?an 9 ,a4 silvaticus1 p>ts ( x (t5 f\nd 9 "y plants on ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 =m+ a r+ on ! /em :i* soon almo/ disappe>s4 ,spores small1 #d-eb-c4 ,! surface ( ! cap1 ! r\nd+ ( ! gills bo? 9 front & beh9d1 also ! t5d5cy to turn :ite pap] blue or blui% :5 ! fle% ( ! cap comes 9 contact ) x1 w assi/ 9 det]m9+ ?is species4 ,x is f\nd 9 grassy places 9 op5 woods1 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( p9e trees1 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,ag>icus placomyces4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,flat-,,cap ,,mu%room4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,figure #bee4--;,ag>icus placomyces4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bef4--;,ag>icus placomyces4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #beg4--;,ag>icus placomyces4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,placomyces means a flat mu%room4 ,?is is "o ( our prettie/ plants4 ,! pileus is broadly ovate1 r ?91 at fir/ convex1 b :5 x is fully exp&$ x is q flat1 :iti%1 br[n 9 ! c5t]1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #bef1 b x is cov]$ ) a p]si/5t br[n scale4 ,! gills are :ite at fir/1 !n p9k1 turn+ blacki% br[n1 q cr[d$4 ,! /em is r long1 & sl5d]1 cyl9drical /uff$1 some:at bulb\s at ! base1 commonly :iti% b at times be>s yell[ /a9s t[>d ! base1 tap]+ t[>d ! cap4 ,! veil is q int]e/+4 ,x is broad & d\ble1 loosely jo9$ toge!r by ?reads1 ! l[] or out] veil break+ fir/ into regul> radiat+ portions4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #e-f4e long4 ,! caps are two to f\r in*es broad & ! /em is ?ree to five in*es long4 ,!y are f\nd 9 lawns or 9 ?9 woods4 ,!y are mu* m abundant 9 hemlock woods ?\gh !y are frequ5tly f\nd 9 mix$ woods 9 :i* !re are hemlock trees4 ,! behavior ( ! veil is v simil> to ,a4 arv5sis & ,a4 silvicola & inde$ ?is plant seems to be v closely relat$ to ^! species4 ,x is f\nd f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,ag>icus cretaceus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,*alk ,,ag>ic4 ,,edible4 ,cretaceus1 relat+ to *alk4 ,! pileus is entirely :ite1 fle%y1 obtuse1 dry2 sometimes ev51 sometimes m>k$ ) f9e l9es ar\nd ! m>g94 ,! gills are free1 remote1 q v5tricose1 n>r[$ t[>d ! /em1 cr[d$1 :ite1 & only 9 mature plants d !y become br[ni%4 ,spores1 #e-fc4e4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 ev51 smoo?1 firm1 tap]+ t[>d ! cap1 holl[1 or /uff$ ) a f9e pi?1 :ite4 ,x is f\nd on lawns & 9 ri* places4 ,i f9d x m frequ5tly 9 ri* /ubble fields4 ,x makes a r>e di%4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,ag>icus subrufesc5s4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,slightly ,,r$ ,,mu%room4 ,,edible4 ,subrufesc5s1 sub1 "u2 rufesc5s1 becom+ r$4 ,! pileus is at fir/ incl9$ to be hemisph]ical1 becom+ convex or broadly exp&$2 silky fibrillose & m9utely or obscurely scaly1 :iti%1 grayi%1 or dull r$di%-br[n1 usually smoo? & d>k] on ! disk4 ,fle% :ite & un*angeable4 ,! gills are at fir/ :ite or :iti%1 !n p9k1 f9ally blacki%-br[n4 ,! /em is r long1 (t5 some:at ?ick5$ or bulb\s at ! base1 at fir/ /uff$1 !n holl[1 :ite1 ! r+ is scaly on ! "u side1 mycelium :iti%1 =m+ sl5d] bran*+ root-l /r+s4 ,! spores are elliptical4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,! r$di%-br[n color is due to ! coat+ ( fibrils t cov]s ! cap4 ,9 ! c5t] x does n sep>ate into scales1 h5ce x is smoo!r & m di/9ctly r$di%-br[n ?an ! re/4 ,its veil resembles t ( ! ,a4 placomyces1 b in/ead ( ! l[] surface break+ into radial portions x breaks into small floccose flakes or scales4 ,?is species is f\nd ab\t gre5h\ses1 & is frequ5tly f\nd 9 l>ge clu/]s4 ,dr4 ,mc,ilvaine says3 ,?is species is n[ cultivat$ & has manife/ advantages ov] ! m>ket species--x is easi] to cultivate1 v productive1 produces 9 less "t aft] plant+ ! spawn1 is free f attacks ( insects1 c>ries bett] & keeps long]4 ,mu%room b$s 9 cell>s are becom+ q popul> & _m are hav+ v good results4 ,ag>icus halophilus4 ,pk4 ,,sea-,,lov+ ,,ag>icus ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,figure #beh4--;,ag>icus halophilus4 ,%[+ ! globose caps1 n>r[ gills1 solid /em1 & ! peculi> incurv$ m>g94 ,natural size4 ,halophilus is f two ,greek words mean+ sea & lov+1 or fond (4 ,?is is a l>ge fle%y plant & does n readily decay4 ,at fir/ x is q r\nd1 !n becomes broadly convex4 ,all specim5s t ,i h exam9$ 7 cov]$ ) adpress$ scales ( a r$di%-br[n color1 becom+ grayi%-br[n :5 old4 ,! fle% is :ite1 becom+ p9k or r$di% :5 cut4 ,! m>g9 has a peculi> angul> turn1 (t5 reta9+ portions ( ! r fragile veil4 ,! ta/e is pleasant1 & ! odor is di/9ctly t ( ! sea%ore4 ,! gills are q n>r[1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #beh1 mu* cr[d$1 free1 p9ki% at fir/1 becom+ purpli%-br[n z ! plant matures4 ,! edge ( ! gills is :iti%4 ,! /em is %ort1 /\t1 solid1 firm1 equal1 or occasionally slightly bulb\s4 ,! r+ is r delicate & 9 old] specim5s x is frequ5tly want+4 ,! spores are broadly elliptical & purpli%-br[n1 #g-he-f4 ,! specim5s 9 figure #beh 7 s5t to me f ,bo/on1 ,mass41 by ,mrs4 ,black=d1 & on op5+ ! box ! odor ( ! sea%ore 0 pla9ly notic$4 ,! fle% :5 cut quickly turn$ to a p9ki% or r$di% hue & ! wat] 9 :i* ! plants 7 prep>$ = cook+ 0 *ang$ to a fa9tly p9k t+e4 ,^! plants 7 s5t me ! fir/ ( ,june1 b ! /ems 7 free f worms & 7 z easily cook$ z ! caps4 ,i reg>d x z "o ( ! v be/ mu%rooms = table use1 :ile also easy to di/+ui%4 ,x seems to delight 9 s&y soil ne> salt wat]4 ,?is 0 =m]ly call$ ,ag>icus m>itimus4 ,pilosace4 ,fr4 ,pilosace is f two ,greek words1 pilos1 felt2 sakos1 g>m5t4 ,hym5ophore is di/9ct f ! /em4 ,gills are free1 & at fir/ remote1 f ! /em4 ,! g5]al & p>tial veil are bo? abs5t1 h5ce x is )\t r+ or volva4 ,?is g5us seems to h ! habit ( ,ag>icus b no r+4 ,pilosace eximia4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bei4--,pilosace eximia4 ,eximia means *oice1 di/+ui%$4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 ?91 convex or broadly campanulate1 at l5g? exp&$ & subumbonate1 smoo?1 d>k sooty-br[n4 ,! gills are close1 broad1 v5tricose1 r\nd$ beh9d1 free1 dull-r$1 or br[ni%-p9k1 !n br[n4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 holl[1 a little ?ick] at ! base1 dull-r$4 ,! spores are elliptical1 4#jjd in* long4 ,^! plants are small & q r>e1 yet ,i h f\nd ! plants 9 ,haynes' ,holl[ on ?ree diff]5t occasions4 ,dr4 ,peck writes t x is a v r>e plant4 ,x gr[s on old /umps & decay$ logs4 ,! plants 9 figure #bei8 7 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[ & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,/roph>ia4 ,fr4 ,/roph>ia is f ! ,greek1 /rophos1 a sword belt4 ,! spores are bright purple-br[n1 br[n or slate color4 ,! fle% ( ! /em & ! pileus is cont9u\s4 ,! veil1 :5 ruptur$1 =ms a r+ on ! /em4 ,! gills are r\nd$ & are n free4 ,! g5us c be di/+ui%$ f all ! g5]a ( ! purple-spor$ plants except ! ,ag>ics by ! pres5ce ( a r+ & by ! unit$ fle% ( ! /em & ! cap & by ! atta*m5t ( ! gills4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd or are elliptical4 ,/roph>ia semiglobata4 ,bats*4 ,,! ,,semiglobose ,,/roph>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bfj4--,/roph>ia semiglobata4 ,semiglobata--semi1 half2 globus1 a ball4 ,! pileus is some:at fle%y at ! c5t]1 ?9 at ! m>g91 hemisph]ical1 n exp&$1 ev51 viscid :5 moi/4 ,! /em is holl[1 sl5d]1 /raight1 smoo?1 glut9\s1 yell[i%1 veil abrupt4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 broad1 plane1 sometimes incl9$ to be v5tricose1 cl\d$ ) black4 ,?is plant is v common on ! ,dunn f>m on ! ,columbus ,pike1 nor? ( ,*illico!1 b is f\nd ev]y:]e 9 grassy places rec5tly manur$1 or on dung4 ,?is plant has be5 "u ! ban = a numb] ( ye>s1 b l _m o!rs its bad reputation has be5 outliv$4 ,f\nd f ,may to ,novemb]4 ,/roph>ia ,h>dii4 ,atk9son n4 sp4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bfa4--,/roph>ia ,h>dii4 ,h>dii is nam$ = ! collector & au?or ( ?is book4 ,plant #aj cm4 high2 pileus #i cm4 broad2 /em #a cm4 ?ick4 ,pileus pale bright o*race\s2 gills br[ni%1 ne> ,pr\t's br[n 7,r72 /em pale-yell[ t+e4 ,pileus convex to exp&$1 ?ick at ! c5t]1 ?9 t[>d ! m>g91 smoo?2 fle% t+$ yell[4 ,gills subelliptical to subv5tricose beh9d1 broadly em>g9ate1 adnex$4 ,basidia #d-spor$4 ,spores suboblong1 smoo?1 #e-ic-e1 purple-br[n "u ! microscope4 ,cy/idia n v num]\s on side ( gills1 v>y+ f clavate to subv5tricose & sublanceolate1 ! free end m or less irregul> :5 n>r[1 r>ely bran*+ bel[ ! apex1 & usually ) a prom95t broad apiculus or ) two or sev]al %ort processes4 ,simil> cells on edge ( gills1 b some:at small] & m regul>4 ,/em ev5 at ! base1 tap]+ to a %ort root1 transv]sely floccose1 scaly bo? above & bel[ ! r+4 ,! r+ membranace\s1 n prom95t b /ill evid5t1 ab\t #b cm4 f ! apex4 ,atk9son4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bfa are v old plants4 ,:ile ! plant 0 9 season ,i did n photograph x1 b :5 ,pr(4 ,atk9son nam$ x ,i ha/5$ to f9d "s good specim5s b only two _h surviv$ suffici5tly to photograph4 ,!y 7 f\nd ,octob] #ae1 #aijf1 on ,mr4 ,mill]'s f>m 9 ,poke ,holl[ ne> ,*illico!4 ,/roph>ia /]cor>ia4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,dung ,,/roph>ia4 ,,edible4 ,/]cor>ia is f /]cus1 dung4 ,! pileus is slightly fle%y at ! c5t] b ?9 at ! m>g92 hemisph]ical1 !n exp&$1 ev51 smoo?1 discoid1 slightly /riate on ! m>g94 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 slightly cr[d$1 broad1 :ite1 umb]1 !n olive-black4 ,! /em is ?ree in*es or m long1 /uff$ ) a fibr\s pi?1 equal1 r+ close to cap1 flocculose bel[ ! r+1 viscid :5 moi/1 yell[i%4 ,?is species is di/+ui%$ f ! ,s4 semiglobata by ! di/9ct pi?y sub/ance ) :i* ! /em is /uff$1 also by ! fact t ! cap is nev] fully exp&$4 ,x is f\nd on dung & manure piles1 9 ri*ly manur$ fields1 & sometimes 9 woods4 ,/roph>ia rug9osa4 ,curt4 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,/roph>ia4 rug9osa is f rugo1 v]digris4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 plano-convex1 subumbonate1 clo!d ) a gre5 evanesc5t slime1 becom+ pal] z ! slime disappe>s4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 s(t1 br[n1 t+$ ) purple1 slightly v5tricose1 n cr[d$4 ,! /em is holl[1 equal1 fibrillose or squamose bel[ ! r+1 t+$ ) blue4 ,?is species is q v>iable 9 =m & color4 ,! mo/ typical =ms are f\nd 9 ! fall1 9 v wet wea!r & 9 %ady woods4 ,?is is "o ( ! species f :i* ! ban has n be5 remov$ b its appe>ance w lead no "o to c>e to cultivate its acqua9tance fur!r ?an "n x4 ,x is claim$ by mo/ writ]s t x is poison\s4 ,f\nd 9 mead[s & woods1 f ,july to ,novemb]4 ,hypholoma4 ,fr4 ,hypholoma is f two ,greek words1 mean+ a web & a fr+e1 ref]r+ to ! web-l veil :i* frequ5tly adh]es to ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 n =m+ a r+ on ! /em & n always app>5t on old specim5s4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,! gills are atta*$ to ! /em1 sometimes not*$ at ! /em4 ,! /em is fle%y1 simil> 9 sub/ance to ! cap4 ,!y gr[ mo/ly 9 ?ick clu/]s on wood ei!r above or "u ! gr\nd4 ,! spores are br[n-purple1 almo/ black4 ,?is g5us diff]s f ! g5us ,ag>icus f ! fact t its gills are atta*$ to ! /em & its /em is de/itute ( a r+4 ,hypholoma inc]tum4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,unc]ta9 ,,hypholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,figure #bfb4--;,hypholoma inc]tum4 ,inc]tum1 unc]ta94 ,pr(4 ,peck1 :o nam$ ?is species1 0 unc]ta9 :e!r x 0 n a =m ( ,h4 c&olleanum1 to :i* x seem$ to be v closely relat$2 b z ! gills ( t plant are at fir/ violace\s & ( ?is "o :ite at fir/1 he conclud$ to risk ! unc]ta9ty on a new species4 ,! pileus is ?91 ovate1 broadly spread+1 fragile1 :iti%1 m>g9 (t5 wavy & (t5 adorn$ ) fragm5ts ( ! woolly :ite veil1 opaque :5 dry1 transp>5t :5 moi/4 ,! gills are ?91 n>r[1 close1 fa/5$ to ! /em at _! inn] extremity1 :ite at fir/1 !n purpli%-br[n1 edges (t5 unev54 ,! /em is equal1 /raight1 holl[1 :ite1 sl5d]1 at lea/ "o to ?ree in*es long4 ,! spores are purpli%-br[n & elliptical4 ,x is f\nd 9 lawns1 g>d5s1 pa/ures1 & ?9 woods4 ,x is small b gr[s 9 su* pr(usion t "o c obta9 quantities ( x4 ,! caps are v t5d] & delici\s4 ,x appe>s z e>ly z ,may4 ,hypholoma app5diculatum4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,app5diculate ,,hypholoma4 ,,edible4 ,app5diculatum1 a small app5dage4 ,?is is s call$ f ! fragm5ts ( ! veil adh]+ to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,! pileus is ?91 ovate1 exp&$1 wat]y1 :5 dry1 cov]$ ) dry atoms2 m>g9 ?9 & (t5 split1 ) a :ite veil2 ! color :5 moi/ d>k-br[n1 :5 dry ne>ly :ite1 (t5 ) floccose scales on ! cap4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 cr[d$1 :ite1 !n rosy-br[n1 & at l5g? d+y-br[n4 ,! /em is holl[1 smoo?1 equal1 :ite1 fibr\s1 mealy at ! apex4 ,! veil is v delicate & only se5 9 q "y plants4 ,! plant gr[s 9 ! spr+ & ! summ] & is f\nd on /umps & sometimes on lawns4 ,x is a favorite mu%room ) ^? :o "k x4 ,! plant c be dri$ = w9t] use & reta9s its flavor to a rem>kable degree4 ,hypholoma c&olleanum1 ,fr41 resembles ! ,h4 app5diculatum 9 _m features1 b ! gills are violace\s1 becom+ c9namon-br[n & 9 old plants ne>ly free f ! /em4 ,x has m sub/ance4 ,! caps1 h[ev]1 are v t5d] & delici\s4 ,f\nd 9 clu/]s4 ,hypholoma la*rymabundum4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,weep+ ,,hypholoma4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bfc4--;,hypholoma la*rymabundum4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bfd4--;,hypholoma la*rymabundum4 ,la*rymabundum--full ( te>s4 ,?is plant is s call$ because 9 ! morn+ or 9 damp wea!r ! edge ( ! gills reta9 v m9ute drops ( wat]4 ,! plant 9 ,figure #bfc 0 photograph$ 9 ! aft]noon yet !re c be se5 a numb] ( ^! m9ute drops4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 campanulate1 !n convex1 sometimes broadly umbonate1 spott$ ) hairy scales2 fle% :ite4 ,! gills are closely atta*$ to ! /em1 not*$1 cr[d$1 some:at v5tricose1 unequal1 :iti%1 !n br[n-purple1 di/ill+ m9ute drops ( dew 9 wet wea!r or 9 ! morn+4 ,! /em is holl[1 some:at ?ick5$ at ! base1 q scaly ) fibrils1 (t5 becom+ br[ni%-r$1 two to ?ree in*es long4 ,! spores are br[ni%-purple4 ,i h nev] f\nd ! plant else:]e ?an on ! ,*illico! high s*ool lawn1 & !n n 9 suffici5t numb]s to te/ its edible qualities4 ,:5 ,i d1 ,i %all try x cauti\sly1 b ) full fai? t ,i %all be p]mitt$ to try o!rs4 ,f\nd on ! gr\nd & on decay$ wood4 ,x (t5 gr[s 9 clu/]s4 ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,hypholoma sublat]itium4 ,s*aeff4 ,,! ,,brick-,,r$ ,,hypholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bfe4--;,hypholoma sublat]itium4 ,natural size4 ,sublat]itium is f sub1 "u1 & lat]1 a brick4 ,! pileus is brick-r$1 ) pale yell[i% bord]2 ! surface is cov]$ ) f9e silky fibres2 fle%y1 moi/1 & firm2 ! cap is f two to f\r in*es broad2 remnants ( ! veil are (t5 se5 on ! m>g92 fle% creamy1 firm1 & bitt]4 ,! gills are creamy :5 "y1 olive :5 old2 atta*$ to ! /em at inn] extremity1 r n>r[1 cr[d$1 & unequal4 ,! /em is creamy :5 "y1 l[] "p slightly t+$ ) r$1 holl[ or /uff$1 hav+ silky fibres on ! surface1 two to f\r in*es long1 (t5 incurv$ because ( position4 ,! spores are sooty-br[n & elliptical4 ,x gr[s 9 l>ge clu/]s ar\nd old /umps4 ,x is especially pl5tiful ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is n equal to _m o!rs ( ! ,hypholomas z an escul5t4 ,sometimes x is bitt] ev5 aft] x is cook$4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine gives a plausible reason :5 he says x may be due to ! passage ( l>v ?r\gh ! fle% ( ! plant4 ,x is f\nd f ,septemb] to e>ly w9t]4 ,hypholoma p]plexum4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,p]plex+ ,,hypholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bff4--;,hypholoma p]plexum4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,caps br[n1 ) a pale yell[ m>g94 ,p]plexum means p]plex+2 s call$ because x is q difficult to di/+ui% x f ,h4 sublat]itium1 also f ,h4 fascicul>is4 ,f ! latt] x may be kn[n by its r$d] cap1 its :iti% fle%1 purple-br[n t9t ( ! mature gills & mild flavor4 ,its small] size1 ! gre5i% & purpli% t9t ( ! gills1 & ! sl5d] holl[ /em w aid 9 di/+ui%+ x f ,h4 p]plexum4 ,! pileus is complex1 fle%y1 exp&$1 smoo?1 sometimes broadly & slightly umbonate1 br[n ) a pale-yell[ m>g91 disk sometimes r$di%4 ,! gills are r\nd$1 not*$1 easily sep>at+ f ! /em1 pale-yell[1 gre5i% a%-color1 f9ally purpli%-br[n1 ?91 q close4 ,! /em is ne>ly equal1 firm1 holl[1 slightly fibrillose1 yell[i% or :iti% above & r$di%-br[n bel[4 ,! spores are elliptical & purpli% br[n4 ,?is plant is v abundant 9 ,ohio4 ,x gr[s ab\t old /umps1 b a favorite habitat seems to be ^u old sawdu/ piles4 ,i h f\nd x aft] we h _h consid]able freez+ wea!r4 ,! plants 9 ! figure 7 froz5 :5 ,i f\nd !m1 ! #bg? ( ,novemb]4 ,dr4 ,mc,ilvaine says 9 8 book1 ,if ! collector gets puzzl$1 z he w1 ov] "o or all ( ^! species1 because no description fits1 he c :et 8 pati5ce & 8 appetite by call+ x ,h4 p]plexum & graci\sly eat+ x4 ,psilocybe4 ,p]s4 ,psilocybe is f two ,greek words1 nak$ & head4 ,! spores are purple-br[n or slate color4 ,! pileus is smoo?1 at fir/ incurv$1 br[ni% or purple4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s1 r+less1 t\gh1 holl[1 or /uff$1 (t5 root+4 ,g5]ally gr[+ on ! gr\nd4 ,psilocybe fo5isecii4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,br[n ,,psilocybe4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bfg4--,psilocybe fo5isecii4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,fo5isecii means m[n hay4 ,! pileus is some:at fle%y1 smoky-br[n or br[ni%1 convex1 campanulate at fir/1 !n exp&$2 obtuse1 dry1 smoo?4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 v5tricose1 n cr[d$1 br[ni%-umb]4 ,! /em is holl[1 /raight1 ev51 smoo?1 n root+1 :ite1 cov]$ ) du/1 !n br[ni%4 ,q common 9 grassy lawns & fields aft] summ] ra9s4 ,i h nev] eat5 x1 b ,i h no d\bt ( its escul5t qualities4 ,psilocybe spadicea4 ,s*aeff4 ,,! ,,bay ,,psilocybe4 ,,edible4 ,spadicea means bay or date-br[n4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex-plane1 obtuse1 ev51 moi/1 hygrophan\s1 bright bay-br[n1 pal] :5 dry4 ,! gills are r\nd$ beh9d1 atta*$ to /em1 easily sep>at+ f x1 n>r[1 dry1 cr[d$1 :ite1 !n rosy-br[n or fle%-color4 ,! /em is holl[1 t\gh1 pallid1 equal1 smoo?1 "o to two in*es long4 ,!y gr[ 9 d5se clu/]s :]e old /umps h be5 or :]e wood has decay$4 ,! caps are small b v good4 ,!y are f\nd f ,septemb] to fro/ or freez+ wea!r4 ,psilocybe ammophila4 ,mont4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bfh4--,psilocybe ammophila4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ ! s& on ! base4 ,ammophila is f two ,greek words2 ammos1 s&1 & philos1 lov+2 s call$ because ! plants seem to delight to gr[ 9 s&y soil4 ,! pileus is small1 convex1 exp&$1 umbilicate1 at fir/ hemisph]ical1 r fle%y1 yell[1 t+$ ) r$1 fibrillose4 ,! gills are smoky 9 color1 ) a decurr5t too?1 p[d]$ ) ! blacki% spores4 ,! /em is s(t1 r %ort1 holl[1 l[] half clavate & sunk into ! s&1 /riate4 ,! spores are #abh4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,!y delight 9 s&y soil1 z ! specific "n indicates4 ,! plants 9 ! photograph 7 f\nd ne> ,columbus & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,x is q common 9 s&y soil4 ,i d n ?9k x is edible4 ,i %\ld advise great caution 9 its use4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,black-,,spor$ ,,ag>ics4 ,! g5]a belong+ to ?is s]ies h black spores4 ,!re is an entire abs5ce ( purple or br[n %ades4 ,! g5us ,gomphidius1 plac$ 9 ?is s]ies = o!r reasons1 has d+y-olivace\s spores4 ,copr9us4 ,p]s4 ,copr9us is f a ,greek ^w mean+ dung4 ,?is g5us c be readily recogniz$ f ! black spores & f ! deliquesc5ce ( ! gills & cap into an inky sub/ance4 ,_m ( ! species gr[ 9 dung1 z ! "n implies1 or on rec5tly manur$ gr\nd4 ,"s gr[ 9 flat ri* gr\nd1 or :]e !re has be5 a fill1 or on dump+ gr\nds2 "s gr[ on wood & ar\nd old /umps4 ,! pileus sep>ates easily f ! /em4 ,! gills are membranace\s1 closely press$ toge!r4 ,! spores1 ) few exceptions1 are black4 ,mo/ ( ! species are edible1 b _m are ( su* small size t !y are easily ov]look$4 ,copr9us comatus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,%aggy ,,mane ,,copr9us4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,pr( ,%aftn]4 ,figure #bfi4--;,copr9us comatus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bgj4--;,copr9us comatus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,comatus is f coma1 hav+ long hair1 %aggy4 ,x is s call$ f a fanci$ resemblance to a wig on a b>b]'s block4 ,a description is h>dly necess>y ) a photograph be=e u4 ,!y always rem9d u ( a congregation ( goose eggs /&+ on end4 ,?is plant _c be conf\nd$ ) any o!r1 & ! f9d] is ! happy possessor ( a ri*1 savory morsel t _c be duplicat$ 9 any m>ket4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 moi/1 at fir/ egg-%ap$1 cyl9drical1 becom+ bell-%ap$1 seldom exp&$1 splitt+ at ! m>g9 along ! l9e ( ! gills1 adorn$ ) scatt]$ yell[i% scales1 t+$ ) purpli%-black1 yet sometimes entirely :ite2 surface %aggy4 ,! gills are free1 cr[d$1 equal1 creamy :ite1 becom+ p9k1 br[n1 !n black1 & dripp+ an inky fluid4 ,! /em is ?ree to eight in*es long1 holl[1 smoo?1 or slightly fibrillose1 tap]+ upw>d1 creamy-:ite1 brittle1 easily sep>at+ f ! cap1 slightly bulb\s at ! base4 ,! r+ is r>ely adh]5t or movable 9 "y plants1 lat] ly+ on ! gr\nd at ! base ( ! /em or disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,! spores are black & elliptical1 & are %$ 9 liquid drops4 ,f\nd 9 damp ri* gr\nd1 g>d5s1 ri* lawns1 b>ny>ds1 & dump+ gr\nds4 ,!y (t5 gr[ 9 l>ge clu/]s4 ,!y are f\nd ev]y:]e 9 great abundance1 f ,may till late fro/4 ,a weak /oma* c dige/ any ( ! ,copr9i :5 almo/ any o!r food w give x tr\ble4 ,i am always pleas$ to give a di% ( any ,copr9i to an invalid4 ,copr9us atram5t>ius4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,inky ,,copr9us4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bga4--;,copr9us atram5t>ius4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,atram5t>ius means black ink4 ,! pileus is at fir/ egg-%ap$1 gray or grayi%-br[n1 smoo?1 except t !re is a slight scaly appe>ance2 (t5 cov]$ ) a m>k$ bloom1 m>g9 ribb$1 (t5 not*$1 s(t1 t5d]1 becom+ exp&$1 :5 x melts away 9 inky fluid4 ,! gills are broad1 close1 v5tricose1 creamy-:ite 9 "y specim5s1 becom+ p9ki%-gray1 !n black1 moi/1 melt+ away 9 inky drops4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 two to f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 holl[1 smoo?1 tap]+ upw>d1 easily sep>at+ f ! cap1 ) slight ve/ige ( a coll> ne> ! base :5 "y b soon disappe>+4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #abf41 & black1 fall+ away 9 drops4 ,i h f\nd x abundantly all ov] ! /ate1 f ,may till late fro/4 ,9 ,figure #bga ! "o 9 ! c5t] w %[ ! spot-l scales2 on ! o!rs ! bloom ref]r$ to is q app>5t2 ! section to ! "r %[s ! broad1 v5tricose gills--cream-:ite ?\gh slightly t+$ ) p9k--also ! %ape ( ! /em4 ,! plant at ! extreme "r has exp&$ & begun to deliquesce4 ,c4 atram5t>ius is v abundant1 gr[+ 9 ri* soil1 lawns1 fill$ places1 & g>d5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,figure #bgb4--;,copr9us atram5t>ius4 ,copr9us micaceus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,gli/5+ ,,copr9us4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bgc4--;,copr9us micaceus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,micaceus is f mic>e1 to gli/51 & ref]s to ! small scales on ! pileus :i* resemble mica scales4 ,! pileus is tawny-yell[1 tan or light buff1 ovate1 bell-%ap$2 hav+ /riations radiat+ f ne> ! c5t] ( ! disk to ! m>g92 gli/5+ mica-l scales cov]+ undi/urb$ "y specim5s2 ! m>g9 some:at revolute or wavy4 ,! gills are cr[d$1 r n>r[1 :iti%1 !n t+$ ) p9ki% or purpli%-br[n !n black4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 fragile1 holl[1 silky1 ev51 :iti%1 (t5 twi/$1 "o to ?ree in*es long4 ,! spores are blacki%1 sometimes br[n1 elliptical1 #aje4 ,! ,gli/5+ ,copr9us is a small b common & beautiful species4 ,"o _c fail to recognize a ,copr9us f a photograph4 ,x is some:at bell-%ap$ & m>k$ ) impress$ l9es or /riations f ! m>g9 to or beyond ! c5t] ( ! disk & spr9kl$ ) fugaci\s micace\s granules all ( :i* %[ 9 ,figure #bgc4 ,= eat+1 ?is is )\t d\bt ! be/ mu%room t gr[s4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bgc grew ar\nd an old pea* /ump 9 ,dr4 ,miesse's y>d1 9 ,*illico!4 ,y w f9d !m ar\nd any /ump1 especially j be=e a ra94 ,if y secure a good supply & wi% to keep !m1 p>tially cook !m & w>m !m = use4 ,copr9us ebulbosus4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bgd4--;,copr9us ebulbosus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,ebulbosus1 )\t be+ bulb\s4 ,?is seems to be ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,am]ican & ! ,european plants1 ! latt] be+ bulb\s4 ,! pileus is membranace\s1 at fir/ ovate1 bell-%ap$1 /riate1 v>iegat$ ) broad :ite scales1 or :ite pat*es2 "o to two in*es broad4 ,! gills are free1 broad1 v5tricose1 grayi%-black1 soon deliquesc+4 ,! /em is holl[1 equal1 fragile1 smoo?1 f\r to five in*es long4 ,usually f\nd :]e old /umps h be5 cut (f "u ! gr\nd1 leav+ ! roots 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x is v abundant4 ,! collector w h no tr\ble to recognize x f ,figure #bgd4 ,!y are f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,edible1 b n z good z ,c4 atram5t>ius4 ,copr9us ephem]us4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,ephem]al ,,copr9us4 ,,edible4 ,ephem]us1 la/+ = a day4 ,?is plant la/s only = a %ort "t4 ,x comes up 9 ! e>ly morn+ or at night & z soon z ! sun's rays t\* x x deliquesces into an inky fluid4 ,! pileus is membranace\s1 v ?91 oval1 slightly cov]$ ) bran-l scales1 disk elevat$1 ev54 ,gills are adnex$1 di/ant1 :iti%1 br[n1 !n black4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 equal1 pellucid1 smoo?1 f "o to two in*es high4 ,:5 ?is plant is fully develop$ x is q a beautiful specim51 /riat$ f m>g9 to c5t]4 ,f\nd on dung & dung heaps & 9 well manur$ grass plots f ,may to ,octob]4 ,x mu/ be cook$ at once4 ,its *ief value is its excell5t mu%room flavor4 ,copr9us ovatus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,ovate ,,copr9us4 ,,edible4 ,ovatus is f ovum1 an egg4 ,x is s call$ f ! %ape ( ! pileus1 :i* is some:at membranace\s1 ovate1 !n exp&$1 /riate2 at fir/ wov5 into d5sely imbricat$1 ?ick1 conc5tric scales2 is bulb\s1 root+1 flocculose1 holl[ above1 ! r+ decidu\s2 gills free1 remote1 slightly v5tricose1 = sometime :ite1 !n umb]-blacki%4 ,?is plant is mu* small] & less /rik+ ?an ! ,c4 comatus1 yet its edible qualities are ! same4 ,i h eat5 x & f\nd x delici\s4 ,x is f\nd 9 ab\t ! same locality 9 :i* y w\ld expect to f9d ! ,c4 comatus4 ,copr9us fimet>ius4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,%aggy ,,dung ,,copr9us4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,figure #bge4--;,copr9us fimet>ius4 ,fimet>ius is f fimetum1 a dunghill4 ,! pileus is some:at membranace\s1 clavate1 !n conical1 at l5g? torn & revolute2 at fir/ r\gh ) floccose scales1 !n nak$2 longitud9ally crack$ & furr[$1 ev5 at ! apex4 ,! /em is incl9$ to be scaly1 ?ick5$ at ! base1 solid4 ,! gills are free1 rea*+ ! /em1 at fir/ v5tricose1 !n l9e>1 br[ni%-black4 ,fries4 ,?is is q a v>iable plant4 ,!re are a numb] ( v>ieties class$ "u ?is species4 ,x is said to be ( excell5t flavor4 ,i h nev] eat5 x4 ,panolus4 ,fr4 ,panolus is f two ,greek words1 all2 v>iegat$4 ,?is g5us is s call$ f ! mottl$ appe>ance ( ! gills4 ,! pileus is some:at fle%y1 m>g9 ev51 b nev] /riate4 ,! m>g9 always ext5ds beyond ! gills & ! gills are n uni=m 9 color4 ,! mottl$ appe>ance ( ! gills is due to ! fall+ ( ! black spores4 ,! gills d n deliquesce4 ,! /em is smoo?1 sometimes scaly1 at times q long1 holl[4 ,! veil1 :5 pres5t1 is int]wov54 ,?is plant is f\nd on ri* lawns rec5tly manur$1 b pr9cipally on dung4 ,!re are only two edible species1 ,p4 retirugis & ,p4 solidipes4 ,! o!r species w\ld n be likely to attract ! att5tion ( ! ord9>y collector4 ,panolus retirugis4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,ribb$ ,,panaeolus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xl4 ,figure #bgf4--,panaeolus retirugis4 ,natural size1 %[+ portions ( ! veil on ! m>g94 ,retirugis is f rete1 a net2 ruga1 a wr9kle4 ,! pileus is ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]1 incl9$ to be globose1 !n hemisph]ical1 slightly umbonate1 c5t] d>k]1 ) unit$ rais$ ribs1 sometimes spr9kl$ ) opaque atoms2 veil torn1 app5diculate4 ,! gills are fix$1 asc5d+1 broad 9 middle2 & 9 ! exp&$ =ms ! gills are sep>at$ m & m f ! /em & f9ally appe> m or less triangul>2 c9]e\s-black1 frequ5tly some:at cl\d$4 ,! /em is equal1 cov]$ ) a fro/-l bloom1 cyl9drical1 sometimes tortu\s1 c>tilag9\s1 becom+ holl[1 p9ki%-purple1 always d>k] bel[ & pal] above1 bulb\s4 ,! veil 9 "y & unexp&$ plants is q /rong & prom95t2 z ! /em elongates x loos5s f ! /em1 & z ! cap exp&s x breaks into segm5ts1 frequ5tly hang+ to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,by close obs]vation "o w sometimes detect a black b& on ! /em1 caus$ by ! fall+ ( ! black spores1 :5 ! plant is damp1 be=e ! pileus has sep>at$ f ! /em4 ,! spores are black & elliptical4 ,i h f\nd x a numb] ( times on ! ,*illico! high s*ool lawn1 especially aft] x 0 f]tiliz$ 9 ! w9t]4 ,x is f\nd mo/ly on dung f ,june to ,octob]4 ,i d n recomm5d x z a delicacy4 ,panolus epimyces4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bgg4--,panolus epimyces4 ,note black spores 9 c5tral =egr\nd4 ,note also huge masses ( abortive /uff ^u :i* x gr[s4 ,epimyces is f epi1 ^u2 myces1 a mu%room2 s call$ because x is p>asitic on fungi4 ,!re are a numb] ( species ( mu%rooms ^: habitat is on o!r mu%rooms or fungus gr[?s2 su* z ,collybia cirrhata1 ,c4 racemosa1 ,c4 tub]osa1 ,volv>ia loveiana & ! species ( ,nyctalis4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 at fir/ subglobose1 !n convex1 :ite1 silky1 fibrillose1 fle% :ite or :iti%1 s(t4 ,! gills are r broad1 some:at close1 r\nd$ beh9d1 adnex$1 d+y-:ite1 becom+ br[n or blacki%1 ) a :ite edge4 ,! /em is %ort1 /\t1 tap]+ upw>ds1 /rongly /riate & m9utely mealy or pru9ose2 solid 9 ! "y plant1 holl[ 9 ! mature1 b ) ! cavity small2 hairy1 or sub/rigose at ! base4 ,! spores elliptical & black1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjce ( an in* long1 4#jjjb to 4#jjjbe broad4 ,peck4 ,! plants are small1 ab\t two ?irds to an in* broad & f an in* to an in* & a half high4 ,x is ref]r$ to ?is g5us because ( its black spores4 ,x has o!r *>act]i/ics :i* w\ld seem to place x bett] among ,hypholomas4 ,x is n common4 ,f\nd 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bgg 7 f\nd 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fi%]4 ,panolus campanulatus4 ,l9n4 ,,bell-,,%ap$ ,,panaeolus4 ,campanulatus is f campanula1 a little bell4 ,! pileus is an in* to an in* & a qu>t] broad1 oval or bell-%ap$1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 smoo?1 some:at %9+1 grayi%-br[n1 sometimes becom+ r$di%-t9t$1 ! m>g9 (t5 fr+$ ) fragm5ts ( ! veil4 ,! gills are atta*$1 n broad1 asc5d+1 v>iegat$ ) gray & black4 ,! /em is ?ree to five in*es long1 holl[1 sl5d]1 firm1 /raight1 (t5 cov]$ ) fro/-l bloom & (t5 /riate at ! top1 ! veil rema9+ only a %ort "t4 ,! spores are subellipsoid1 #h-if4 ,! gills d n deliquesce4 ,x is widely di/ribut$ & is f\nd 9 almo/ any horse pa/ure4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine says 9 8 book t he has eat5 x 9 small quantities1 because l>g] c\ld n be obta9$1 & ) no o!r ?an pleasant effect4 ,i h f\nd x ab\t ,*illico! q frequ5tly b h nev] eat5 x4 ,x is f\nd f ,june to ,augu/4 ,panolus fimicolus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,dung ,,panaeolus4 ,fimicolus is f fimus1 dung2 colo1 to inhabit4 ,! pileus some:at fle%y1 convex-bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 smoo?1 opaque2 m>k$ ne> ! m>g9 ) a n>r[ br[n zone2 ! /em is fragile1 elongat$1 equal1 pallid1 cov]$ ) fro/-l bloom above2 ! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 broad1 v>iegat$ ) gray & br[n4 ,fries4 ,! plant is v small & unimportant4 ,x is f\nd on dung1 z its "n indicates1 f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,! caps appe> light] 9 color :5 dry ?an :5 wet4 ,panolus solidipes4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,solid ,,foot ,,panaeolus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xli4 ,figure #bgh4--,panaeolus solidipes4 ,solidipes is f solidus1 solid2 pes1 foot2 & is s call$ because ! /em ( ! plant is solid4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es across2 firm2 at fir/ hemisph]ical1 !n subcampanulate or convex2 smoo?2 :ite2 ! cuticle at l5g? break+ up into d+y-yell[i%1 r l>ge1 angul> scales4 ,! gills are broad1 slightly atta*$1 :iti%1 becom+ black4 ,! /em is five to eight in*es long & two to f\r l9es ?ick1 firm1 smoo?1 :ite1 solid1 slightly /riate at ! top4 ,! spores are v black ) a blui% t9t4 ,peck4 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,?is is a l>ge & beautiful plant & easily di/+ui%$ because ( its solid /em1 gr[+ on dung4 ,sometimes m9ute drops ( moi/ure w be se5 on ! upp] "p ( ! /em4 ,! plant is said to be "o ( ! be/ ( mu%rooms to eat4 ,panolus papilionaceus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,butt]fly ,,panaeolus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bgi4--,panolus papilionaceus4 ,natural size4 ,papilionaceus is f papilio1 a butt]fly4 ,! pileus is ab\t an in* broad1 some:at fle%y1 at fir/ hemisph]ical1 sometimes subumbonate1 ! cuticle break+ up into scales :5 dry1 z w be se5 9 ! photograph1 pale-gray ) a t+e ( r$di%-yell[ especially on ! disk1 sometimes smoo?4 ,! gills are broadly atta*$ to ! /em1 q wide1 at l5g? plane1 blacki% or ) v>y+ t9ts ( black4 ,! /em is ?ree to f\r in*es long1 sl5d]1 firm1 equal1 holl[1 p[d]$ above1 :iti%1 sometimes t+$ ) r$ or yell[1 slightly /riate at ! top1 z w be se5 9 ! photograph ) a glass1 g5]ally /a9$ ) ! spores4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bgi 7 f\nd 9 a g>d5 t _h be5 /rongly manur$4 ,x is usually f\nd on dung & on grassy lawns dur+ ,may & ,june4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine 9 8 book speaks ( ?is mu%room produc+ hil>ity or a mild =m ( intoxication4 ,i %\ld advise aga9/ its use4 ,anell>ia4 ,k>/4 ,anell>ia is f anellus1 a little r+4 ,?is g5us is s call$ because ( ! pres5ce ( a r+ on ! /em4 ,! pileus is some:at fle%y1 smoo?1 & ev54 ,! gills are adnex$1 d>k slate-color$1 v>iegat$ ) black spores4 ,! /em is c5tral1 smoo?1 firm1 %9+1 r+ p]si/5t or =m+ a zone ar\nd ! /em4 ,anell>ia sep>ata4 ,k>/4 ,sep>ata means sep>ate or di/9ct4 ,! pileus is some:at fle%y1 bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 ev51 viscid1 at fir/ o*race\s1 !n d+y-:ite1 %9+1 smoo?1 wr9kl$ :5 old4 ,! gills are firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 broad1 v5tricose1 ?91 cr[d$1 cl\d$1 c9]e\s1 m>g9 ne>ly :ite1 slightly deliquesc5t4 ,! /em is long1 /raight1 %9+1 :ite1 ?ick5$ d[nw>d1 r+ di/ant1 top some:at /riate1 bulb\s at ! base4 ,! spores are broadly elliptic-fusi=m1 black1 opaque1 #ajg4 ,x is f\nd on dung f ,may to ,octob]4 ,x is n poison\s4 ,bolbitius4 ,fr4 ,bolbitius is f a ,greek ^w mean+ c[-dung1 ref]r+ to its place ( gr[?4 ,! pileus is membranace\s1 yell[1 becom+ moi/2 gills moi/ b n deliquesc+1 f9ally los+ _! color & becom+ p[d]y2 /em holl[ & conflu5t ) ! hym5ophore4 ,z ! g5]ic "n implies ! plant usually gr[s on dung1 b sometimes x is f\nd gr[+ on leaves & :]e ! gr\nd _h be5 manur$ ! ye> be=e4 ,! spores are ( a ru/y-r$ color4 ,bolbitius fragilis4 7,l47 ,fr4 ,fragilis means fragile4 ,! pileus is membranace\s1 yell[1 !n :iti%1 viscid1 m>g9 /riate1 disk some:at umbonate4 ,! gills are att5uat$1 adnex$1 ne>ly free1 v5tricose1 yell[i%1 !n pale c9namon4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 nak$1 smoo?1 yell[4 ,! spores are ru/-color$1 #gc4e1 ,massee4 #ad-aeh-i4 ,sacc>do4 ,?is species is mu* m delicate & fragile ?an ,b4 ,boltoni4 ,i f9d x (t5 9 dairy pa/ures4 ,x is well flavor$ & cooks readily4 ,f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,bolbitius ,boltoni4 ,fr4 ,,bolton',s ,,bolbitius4 ,,edible4 ,! pileus is some:at fle%y1 viscid1 at fir/ smoo?1 !n ! m>g9 sulcate1 disk d>k] & slightly depress$4 ,! gills are ne>ly adnate1 yell[i%1 !n livid-br[n4 ,! /em is att5uat$1 yell[i%1 r+ fugaci\s4 ,?is is r common 9 dairy pa/ures & is f\nd f ,may to ,septemb]4 ,psa?yrella4 ,fr4 ,psa?yrella is f a ,greek ^w mean+ fragile4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us are mebranace\s1 /riat$1 m>g9 /raight1 at fir/ press$ to ! /em1 n ext5d+ beyond ! gills4 ,gills adnate or free1 sooty-black1 n v>iegat$4 ,! /em is conflu5t )1 b diff]5t 9 "* f1 ! spore-be>+ surface4 ,veil inconspicu\s & g5]ally abs5t4 ,psa?yrella dissem9ata4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,clu/]$ ,,psa?yrella4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bhj4--,psa?yrella dissem9ata4 ,natural size4 ,dissem9ata is f dissem9o1 to scatt]4 ,pileus is ab\t a half in* across1 membranace\s1 ovate1 bell-%ap$1 at fir/ scurvy1 !n nak$2 co>sely /riat$1 m>g9 entire2 yell[i% !n gray4 ,gills adnate1 n>r[1 :iti%1 !n gray1 f9ally blacki%4 ,/em "o to "o & a half in*es long1 r curv$1 mealy !n smoo?1 fragile1 holl[4 ,massee4 ,?is is a v small plant1 gr[+ on grassy lawns1 & v common on old trunks1 & ab\t decay+ /umps4 ,a clu/] ab\t two y>ds squ>e %[s itself at int]vals all summ] on ! ,*illico! ,high ,s*ool lawn4 ,! grass %[s itself to be gre5] & ?rifti] !re on acc\nt ( f]tilization by ! mu%room4 ,! entire plant is v fragile & soon melts away4 ,i h eat5 ! caps raw _m times & !y h a ri* flavor4 ,!y are f\nd f ,may till fro/4 ,psa?yrella hirta4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bha4--,psa?yrella hirta4 ,hirta means hairy1 r\gh or %aggy4 ,pileus ?91 hemisph]ical or convex1 adorn$ :5 "y ) erect or spread+ tufts ( :ite1 easily det]m9$ & quickly evanesc5t hairs2 hygrophan\s1 br[n or r$di%-br[n & slightly /riatulate :5 moi/1 pale grayi%-br[n or d+y-:iti% :5 dry1 fle% subconcolor\s2 lamell broad1 mod]ately close1 adnate & (t5 furni%$ ) a decurr5t too?1 at fir/ pallid1 becom+ blacki%-br[n or black2 /em flexuose1 squamose1 holl[1 %9+1 :ite2 spores elliptical1 black1 4#jjje to 4#jjjee in* long1 4#jjjbe to 4#jjjc broad4 ,subcspitose2 pileus #d to #f l9es broad2 /em #a to #b in*es long to #a #a-e l9es ?ick4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bha 7 f\nd 9 ! gre5h\se at ! ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,:5 q "y tufts ( :ite hair 7 v conspicu\s4 ,!y are sc>cely obs]v$ 9 mature specim5s4 ,! plants 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,gomphidius4 ,fr4 ,gomphidius is f a ,greek ^w mean+ a wood5 bolt or peg4 ,! hym5ophore is decurr5t on ! /em4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 di/ant1 s(t1 some:at mucilag9\s2 edge acute1 pru9ate ) ! blacki% fusi=m spores2 veil viscoso-floccose1 =m+ an imp]fect r+ ar\nd ! /em4 ,a small1 b di/9ct1 g5us1 ) great diff]5ce among species2 int]m$iate by its habits betwe5 ,cort9>ius & ,hygrophorus4 ,gomphidius viscidus4 ,fr4 ,,viscid ,,gomphidius4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 viscid1 convex1 !n depress$ r\nd ! disk1 obtusely umbonate1 m>g9 acute1 r$di%-br[n to yell[i%-br[n 9 ! c5t]1 ! m>g9 liv]-color1 fle% yell[i%-br[n4 ,! gills are decurr5t1 di/ant1 some:at bran*$1 firm1 ela/ic1 r ?ick1 purple-br[n ) an olive t+e4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es high1 subequal or slightly v5tricose2 pale yell[i%-br[n1 fibrillose1 firm1 solid1 slimy f ! rema9s ( ! veil1 :i* =m an obsolete filam5tose r+4 ,! spores are elongato-fusi=m1 #ah-bjf4 ,its favorite habitat is "u p9e & fir trees4 ,its ta/e is sweet & x has ! mu%room smell4 ,x is edible1 b n fir/-class4 ,f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,polyporaceae4 ,,tube-,,be>+ ,,fungi4 ,9 ?is family ! cap has no gills on ! upp] surface1 b1 in/ead1 !re are small tubes or pores4 ,?is class ( plants may be naturally divid$ into two gr\ps3 ,! p]i%able fungi ) ! pores easily sep>at+ f ! cap & f ea* o!r1 :i* may be call$ ,boletace2 & ! lea!ry1 corky1 & woody fungi1 ) pores p]man5tly unit$ to ! cap & ) ea* o!r1 mak+ ! family ,polyporace4 ,9 ea* gr\p ! spores are borne on ! l9+ ( ! pore4 ,a spore pr9t may be made 9 ! same mann] z f mu%rooms hav+ gills4 ,! color ( ! spores does n ent] into ! classification z 9 ! case ( ! ,ag>ic9i4 ,! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ^! g5]a may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,pores compact$ toge!r & =m+ a cont9u\s /ratum #a ,pores ea* a di/9ct tube1 /&+ closely side by side ,fi/ul9a #a4 ,/em c5tral1 & /ratum ( spores easily sep>able f ! cap ,boletus #a4 ,/ratum ( tubes n sep>at+ easily1 cap cov]$ ) co>se scales ,/robilomyces ,/ratum ( tubes sep>at+1 b n easily2 tubes arrang$ 9 di/9ct1 radiat+ l9es4 ,9 ,bolet9us porosus ! tubes d n sep>ate f ! cap ,bolet9us ,/ratum ( pores n sep>able f cap2 plant s(t :5 "y1 b becom+ h>d1 corky1 /ipitate1 %elv+ ,polyporus ,boletus4 ,dill4 ,boletus1 a clod4 ,!re are v _m species "u ?is g5us & ! beg9n] w exp]i5ce mu* tr\ble 9 sep>at+ ! species ) any degree ( assurance4 ,! ,boletus is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r pore-be>+ fungi by ! fact t ! /ratum ( tubes is easily sep>able f ! cap4 ,9 ! ,polyporus ! /ratum ( tubes _c be sep>at$4 ,ne>ly all ,boleti are t]re/rial & h c5tral /ems4 ,!y gr[ 9 w>m & ra9y wea!r4 ,_m are v l>ge & pond]\s2 fle%y & putresc5t1 decay+ soon aft] maturity4 ,x is important to note :e!r ! fle% *anges color :5 bruis$ & :e!r ! ta/e is pleasant or o!rwise4 ,:5 ,i fir/ began to /udy ! ,boleti !re 7 b few species t 7 ?\ght to be edible1 b ! ban has be5 remov$ f v _m1 ev5 f ! mo/ wick$1 ,boletus ,satanus4 ,boletus scab]4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,r\gh-,,/emm$ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bhb4--;,boletus scab]4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,! pileus is f two to five in*es 9 diamet]1 r\nd$ convex1 smoo?1 viscid :5 moi/1 m9utely woolly1 velvety or scaly1 color f ne>ly :ite to almo/ black1 ! fle% :ite4 ,! tubes are free f ! /em1 :ite1 long1 m\?s m9ute & r\nd4 ,! /em is solid1 tap]+ slightly upw>d1 long1 d+y-:ite2 r\gh5$ ) blacki%-br[n or r$di% dots or scales1 ?is be+ ! mo/ pron\nc$ *>act]i/ic by :i* to di/+ui% ! species2 ?ree to five in*es long4 ,! spores are oblong fusi=m & br[n4 ,pr(4 ,peck has describ$ a numb] ( v>ieties "u ?is species1 mo/ ( :i* dep5d on ! color ( ! cap4 ,all are edible & good4 ,?is is a common plant1 usually f\nd 9 woods & %ady wa/e places1 f ,june to ,octob]4 ,photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,c4 ,be>dslee4 ,boletus granulatus4 ,l4 ,,! ,,granulat$ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bhc4--;,boletus granulatus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 hemisph]ical1 !n convex2 at fir/ cov]$ ) a br[ni% glut51 !n turn+ yell[i%2 fle% ?ick1 yell[i%1 does n turn blue2 m>g9 involute at fir/4 ,! tubes are adnate2 at fir/ :ite1 !n light yell[2 ! m>g9 di/ill+ a pale wat]y fluid :i* :5 dry gives ! granulat$ appe>ance4 ,! /em is %ort1 "o to two in*es high1 ?ick1 solid1 pale yell[ above1 :ite bel[1 granulat$4 ,! spores are sp9dle-%ap$1 ru/y-yell[4 ,?is plant gr[s abundantly 9 p9e regions1 b ,i h f\nd x :]e only a "p ( ! trees 7 p9e4 ,! br[ni% glut51 always con/ant on ! pileus1 & ! gummy juice dry+ ^u ! /em1 l granules ( sug>1 w be /rong features by :i* to id5tify ! species4 ,!y are f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,boletus bicolor4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,two-,,color$ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,! pileus is convex1 smoo? or m]ely d[ny1 d>k r$1 fad+ :5 old1 (t5 m>k$ ) yell[2 fle% yell[1 sl[ly *ang+ to blue :5 bruis$4 ,! tubes are bright yell[1 atta*$ to ! /em1 ! color *ang+ to blue :5 bruis$4 ,! /em is solid1 r$1 g5]ally r$ at ! top1 "o to ?ree in*es long4 ,! spores are pale1 ru/y-br[n color4 ,f\nd 9 woods & op5 places1 f ,july to ,octob]4 ,boletus subtom5tosus4 ,l4 ,,! ,,yell[-,,crack$ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bhd4--;,boletus subtom5tosus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,subtom5tosus1 slightly d[ny4 ,! pileus is f ?ree to six in*es broad1 convex1 plane2 yell[i%-br[n1 olive or subdu$ tan color2 cuticle s(t & dry1 ) a f9e pubesc5ce2 ! cracks 9 ! surface become yell[4 ,! fle% is creamy :ite 9 mature specim5s1 *ang+ to blue1 & at l5g? lead51 on be+ bruis$4 ,! tube surface is yell[ or yell[i% gre51 becom+ blui% :5 bruis$2 op5+ ( tubes l>ge & angul>4 ,! /em is /\t1 yell[i%1 m9utely r\gh5$ ) scurvy dots or fa9tly /rip$ ) br[n4 ,! spores are a ru/y-br[n4 ,! cracks 9 ! cap become yell[1 on :i* acc\nt ?is species is call$ ! ,yell[-crack$ ,boletus4 ,! ta/e ( ! fle% is sweet & agreeable4 ,palm] comp>es x ) ! ta/e ( a walnut4 ,! plant %\ld n be fe>$ because ! fle% turns blue :5 bruis$4 ,i fir/ f\nd ?is species 9 ,:9n]y's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bhd grew ne> ,*illico! & 0 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,july to ,augu/4 ,boletus *rys5t]on4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,r$-,,crack$ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bhe4--;,boletus *rys5t]on4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,caps yell[i% to r$4 ,fle% yell[4 ,*rys5t]on means gold or gold5 )94 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 convex1 becom+ m flatt5$1 s(t to ! t\*1 v>y+ f light to yell[i%-br[n or bright brick-r$1 m or less fissur$ ) r$ cracks2 ! fle% yell[1 *ang+ to blue :5 bruis$ or cut1 r$ imm$iately b5ea? ! cuticle4 ,! tube surface is olive-yell[1 becom+ blui% :5 bruis$1 tube-op5+s r l>ge1 angl$ & unequal 9 size4 ,! /em is g5]ally /\t1 /raight1 yell[i%1 & m or less /reak$ or spott$ ) ! color ( ! cap4 ,! spores are light br[n & sp9dle-%ap$4 ,?is species w be easily di/+ui%$ f ,b4 subtom5tosus because ( its bright color & ! cracks 9 ! cap turn+ r$1 :5ce ! "n ( ! ,r$-crack$ ,boletus4 ,! cap ( ?is species /rongly resembles ,boletus alveolatus1 b ! latt] has rose-color$ spores & a r$ pore surface1 :ile ! =m] has light br[n spores & an olive-yell[ pore surface4 ,tol]ton's & ,b[]'s woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio1 ,july to ,octob]4 ,boletus edulis4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,edible ,,boletus4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlii4 ,figure #bhf4--;,boletus edulis4 ,pileus light br[n1 tubes yell[i% or gre5i%-yell[4 ,/em bulb\s & fa9tly reticulate4 ,natural size4 ,?is is q a l>ge & h&some plant & "o r easily recogniz$4 ,! firm caps ( ! "y plant & ! :ite tubes ) _! v indi/9ct m\?s1 & ! mature plants ) ! tubes *ang+ to a gre5i% yell[ ) _! m\?s q di/9ct1 are en\gh to id5tify ! plant at once4 ,! pileus is convex or ne>ly plane2 v>iable 9 color1 light br[n to d>k br[ni%-r$1 surface smoo? b dull1 cap f ?ree to eight in*es broad4 ,! fle% is :ite or yell[i%1 n *ang+ color on be+ bruis$ or brok54 ,! tube-surface is :iti% 9 v "y plants1 at l5g? becom+ yell[ & yell[i%-gre54 ,pore op5+s angl$4 ,! tubes depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 :i* is /\t1 bulb\s1 (t5 disproportionately elongat$2 pale-br[n2 /raight or flexu\s1 g5]ally ) a f9e rais$ net-"w ( p9k l9es ne> junction ( cap1 sometimes ext5d+ to ! base4 ,! ta/e is agreeable & nutty1 especially :5 "y4 ,woods & op5 places4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,common ab\t ,salem & ,*illico!1 ,ohio4 ,x is "o ( our be/ mu%rooms4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine says3 ,c>efully slic$1 dri$1 & kept :]e safe f mold1 x may be prep>$ = ! table at any season4 ,boletus speciosus4 ,fro/4 ,,! ,,h&some ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bhg4--;,boletus speciosus4 ,natural size4 ,cap r$ or deep sc>let4 ,tubes bright lemon-yell[4 ,speciosus means h&some4 ,! pileus is ?ree to six in*es broad1 at fir/ v ?ick1 subglobose1 compact1 !n s(t]1 convex1 glabr\s or ne>ly s1 r$ or deep sc>let4 ,! fle% is pale yell[ or bright lemon-yell[1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,! tubes are adnate1 small1 subrotund1 plane1 or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em2 bright lemon-yell[1 becom+ d+y-yell[ ) age1 *ang+ to blue :]e bruis$4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 /\t1 subequal or bulb\s1 reticulat$1 bright lemon-yell[ )\t & )91 sometimes r$di% at ! base4 ,! spores are oblong-fusi=m1 pale1 o*race\s-br[n1 #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,! "y specim5 c be recogniz$ by ! :ole plant's be+ ( a vivid lemon-yell[ except ! surface ( ! cap4 ,! plant quickly turns to gre51 !n blue1 :]ev] t\*$4 ,x has a wide di/ribution 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,middle /ates4 ,! plant 9 ,figure #bhg 0 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[ by ,dr4 ,*as4 ,miesse & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,z an edible x is among ! be/4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,boletus cyanesc5s4 ,bull4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bhh4--;,boletus cyanesc5s4 ,cyanesc5s is f cyaneus1 deep blue1 s call$ ! mom5t y t\* x1 x turns a deep blue4 ,pileus is two to f\r in*es across1 convex1 !n exp&$1 sometimes ne>ly plane1 frequ5tly wavy1 cov]$ ) an appress$ tom5tum2 opaque1 pale-buff1 grayi%-yell[1 or yell[i%1 fle% ?ick1 :ite1 quickly *ang+ to a beautiful azure-blue :]e cut or w\nd$4 ,! tubes are q free1 op5+s small1 :ite1 !n pale-yell[1 r\nd1 *ang+ color ! same z ! fle%4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 v5tricose1 ho>y ) f9e hair1 /uff$ at fir/1 !n becom+ holl[1 color$ l ! pileus4 ,! spores are subelliptical1 #aj-ab4ef-g4e4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bhh 7 f\nd on r /eep wood$ hillsides1 ,sug> ,grove1 ,ohio4 ,!y 7 all solit>y4 ,i h f\nd a few specim5s ab\t ,*illico!4 ,!y are widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine says 9 8 book ! caps make an excell5t di% cook$ 9 any way4 ,i h nev] tri$ !m4 ,f\nd on hilly gr\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,boletus indecisus4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,undecid$ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bhi4--;,boletus indecisus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,indecisus means undecid$2 s call$ because x favors v closely ,boletus felleus4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 ! /yle ( ! two plants by :i*1 aft] cont9u$ ta/+1 ! /ud5t c readily sep>ate !m4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 dry1 slightly d[ny1 convex1 o*race\s-br[n1 plane1 (t5 irregul> on ! m>g91 sometimes wavy1 fle% :ite1 & un*angeable1 ta/e mild or sweet4 ,! tube surface is ne>ly plane & firmly set aga9/ ! /em1 grayi%1 becom+ t+$ ) fle% color 9 age1 *ang+ to a br[n :5 bruis$2 ! m\?s small & ne>ly r\nd4 ,! /em is cov]$ ) a f9e mealy sub/ance1 /raight or flexu\s1 sometimes reticulat$ above4 ,! spores are oblong1 br[ni% fle% color1 #ab4e-aed4 ,! ,b4 indecisus c be readily told f ,b4 felleus by its sweet ta/e & br[ni% spores4 ,x is my favorite ( all ! ,boleti1 inde$ ,i ?9k x equals ! be/ ( mu%rooms4 ,its favorite habitat is "u bee* trees 9 ! op54 ,x is widely di/ribut$ f ,massa*usetts to ! we/4 ,f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,boletus edulis4 ,bull4--,v>4 clavipes4 ,pk4 ,,club-,,foot$ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bij4--;,boletus edulis1 v>4 clavipes4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,note conflu5t caps on "r4 ,clavipes means club-foot$4 ,pileus fle%y1 convex1 glabr\s1 grayi%-r$ or *e/nut-color4 ,fle% :ite1 un*angeable4 ,! tubes at fir/ concave or ne>ly plane1 :ite & /uff$1 !n convex1 slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 o*race\s-yell[4 ,/em mo/ly obclavate1 inv]sely club-%ap$1 & reticulate to ! base4 ,! spores oblong-fusi=m1 #ab-aed-e4 ,peck4 #ea/ ,rep4 ,! club-foot$ ,boletus is v closely relat$ to ,b4 edulis4 ,x diff]s1 p]haps1 9 a m uni=m color ( ! cap1 & 9 hav+ tubes less depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 & less t9t$ ) gre5 :5 mature4 ,! /em is m club-%ap$ & m completely reticulat$4 ,! pileus 9 ! "y plant is mu* m highly color$ & fades out 9 age1 b ! m>g9 does n become pal] ?an ! disk z is (t5 ! case ) ,b4 edulis4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bij 7 f\nd 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fis*]4 ,!y are q z good z ,b4 edulis4 ,boletus ,sullivantii4 ,b4 ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bia4--;,boletus sullivantii4 ,sullivantii is nam$ 9 honor ( ,pr(essor ,sullivant1 an e>ly ,ohio botani/4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 hemisph]ical at fir/1 glabr\s1 r$di%-tawny or br[n1 br[ni% :5 dry1 crack$ 9 squ>es4 ,! tubes are free1 convex1 m$ium size1 angul>1 long] t[>d ! m>g91 _! m\?s r$di%4 ,! /em is solid1 violace\s at ! ?ick5$ base1 r$-reticulat$ at ! apex1 exp&$ into ! pileus4 ,! spores are pallid to o*race\s1 oblong-fusi=m1 #aj-bj long4 ,peck's ,boleti 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,?is species is v close to ,boletus scab] & ,boletus edulis4 ,x diff]s f ,b4 scab] 9 its reticulat$ /em & f ,b4 edulis 9 its l>g] tubes4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bia 7 f\nd by ,hambleton ,"y ne> ,columbus1 & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,boletus p>vus4 ,pk4 ,p>vus means small2 s nam$ f ! smallness ( ! plant4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 convex1 becom+ plane1 (t5 slightly umbonate1 subtom5tose1 r$di%4 ,fle% yell[i%-:ite1 sl[ly *ang+ to p9ki% :5 bruis$4 ,! tubes are ne>ly plane1 adnate1 _! m\?s r l>ge1 angul>1 at fir/ bright-r$1 becom+ r$di%-br[n4 ,! /em is equal or slightly ?ick5$ bel[1 r$1 f "o to two in*es long4 ,! spores are oblong1 #ab4ed4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ?9 woods1 ,july & ,augu/4 ,boletus eximius4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,select ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bib4--;,boletus eximius4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,eximius means select4 ,! pileus at fir/ is v compact1 ne>ly r\nd1 some:at cov]$ ) a mealy sub/ance1 purpli%-br[n1 or *ocolate color1 sometimes ) a fa9t t+e ( lilac1 becom+ convex1 s(t1 smoky r$1 or pale-*e/nut1 fle% grayi% or r$di%-:ite4 ,! tube surface is at fir/ concave or ne>ly plane1 /uff$1 color$ ne>ly l ! pileus1 becom+ pal] ) age & depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 ! m\?s m9ute1 r\nd4 ,! /em is /\t1 g5]ally %ort1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 abruptly n>r[$ at ! base1 m9utely branny1 color$ l or a little pal] ?an ! cap1 purpli%-gray )94 ,! spores are subf]rug9\s1 #ab4e-aee-f4 ,?is plant is f\nd 9 op5 woods :]e !re are bee* trees4 ,i f\nd x frequ5tly on ,cemet]y ,hill1 ,*illico!4 ,x is widely di/ribut$1 be+ f\nd f ! ea/ to ! we/4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,boletus pallidus4 ,fro/4 ,,! ,,pallid ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,pallidus1 pale4 ,! pileus is convex1 becom+ plane or c5trally depress$1 s(t1 smoo?1 pallid or br[ni%-:ite1 sometimes t+$ ) r$4 ,fle% is :ite4 ,tubes plane or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 ne>ly adnate1 v pale or :iti%-yell[1 becom+ d>k] ) age1 *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$1 ! m\?s small4 ,! /em is equal or slightly ?ick5$ t[>d ! base1 r long1 smoo?1 (t5 flexu\s2 :iti%1 sometimes /reak$ ) br[n1 (t5 t+$ ) r$ )94 ,spores pale o*race\s-br[n4 ,pileus two to f\r in*es broad4 ,/em ?ree to five in*es long4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,?is species is v good1 t5d]1 & appetiz+4 ,i f\nd x q abundant 9 ! woods ( ,gallia ,c\nty & ne> ,*illico!1 ,ohio4 ,boletus alveolatus4 ,b4 & ,c4 ,,! ,,alveolate ,,boletus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bic4--;,boletus alveolatus4 ,alveolatus is f alveolus1 a small holl[1 ref]r+ to ! pitt$ =m ( ! pore-surface1 :i* is "o ( ! *>act]s ( ?is species4 ,! pileus is convex1 smoo?1 poli%$1 usually ri* crimson or m>oon1 sometimes v>i$ ) pal] yell[i% t9ts2 sub/ance solid1 *ang+ to blue on be+ fractur$ or bruis$1 ?ree to six in*es broad4 ,! tube-surface rea*es ! /em prop]1 undulate ) unev5 holl[s1 m>oon1 ! tubes 9 section be+ yell[ beyond _! d>k r$ m\?s4 ,! /em is usually q long1 cov]$ ) depressions or pitt$ d5tations1 ) int]m$iate co>se net-"w ( rais$ ridges1 r$ & yell[4 ,! spores are yell[i%-br[n4 ,i f\nd ?is species 9 ! woods ne> ,gallipolis1 ,ohio1 also ne> ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,! bright color ( its cap w comm& ! att5tion ( any "o pass+ ne> x4 ,x has be5 br&$ z a reprobate1 b ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine gives x a good reputation4 ,f\nd 9 ! woods1 especially along /reams1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,c4 ,be>dslee4 ,boletus felleus4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,bitt] ,,boletus4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,pr(4 ,atk9son4 ,figure #bid4--;,boletus felleus4 ,natural size4 ,felleus is f fel1 gall1 bitt]4 ,! pileus is convex1 ne>ly plane1 at fir/ r firm 9 sub/ance1 !n becom+ s(t & cu%ion-l1 smoo?1 )\t poli%1 v>y+ 9 color f pale o*re to yell[i% or r$di%-br[n or *e/nut1 fle% :ite1 *ang+ to fle%-color :5 bruis$1 ta/e exce$+ly bitt]1 cap ?ree to eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! tube-surface is :ite at fir/1 becom+ dull p9ki% ) age or ^u be+ cut or brok52 r\nd$ upw>d z x rea*es ! /em1 atta*$ to ! /em1 m\?s angul>4 ,! /em is v>iable1 tap]+ upw>d1 r /\t1 q z smoo? z ! cap & a %ade pal] 9 color1 t[>d ! apex cov]$ ) a net-"w :i* ext5ds to ! base1 (t5 bulb\s4 ,! fle% is n poison\s b int5sely bitt]4 ,no am\nt ( cook+ w de/roy its bitt]ness4 ,i gave x a ?or\gh trial1 b x 0 z bitt] aft] cook+ z be=e4 ,x is a common ,boletus ab\t ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,i h se5 plants !re eight to t5 in*es 9 diamet] & v heavy4 ,!y gr[ 9 woods & wood m>g9s1 usually ab\t decay+ /umps & logs1 sometimes 9 ! op5 fields4 ,july to ,septemb]4 ,boletus v]sipellis4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,orange-,,cap ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bie4--;,boletus v]sipellis4 ,natural size4 ,v]sipellis is f v]to1 to *ange1 & pellis1 a sk94 ,! pileus is two to six in*es 9 diamet]1 convex1 orange-r$1 dry1 m9utely woolly or d[ny1 !n scaly or smoo?1 m>g9 conta9+ fragm5ts ( ! veil1 fle% :ite or grayi%4 ,! tube-surface is grayi%-:ite1 tubes long1 free1 m\?s m9ute & gray4 ,! /em is equal or tap]+ upw>d2 solid1 :ite ) scaly wr9kles2 ?ree to five in*es long2 & is frequ5tly cov]$ ) small r$di% or blacki% dots or scales4 ,! spores are oblong sp9dle-%ap$4 ,?is plant c be easily di/+ui%$ by ! remnant ( ! veil :i* adh]es to ! m>g9 ( ! cap & is ( ! same color4 ,x is frequ5tly turn$ "u ! m>g9 adh]+ to ! tubes4 ,x is a l>ge & impos+ plant f\nd 9 s&y soil & especially among ! p9es4 ,i f\nd x 9 ,j4 ,?w+ ,brooke's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,boletus gracilis4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,sl5d]-,,/emm$ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bif4--;,boletus gracilis4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,gracilis means sl5d]1 ref]r+ to ! /em4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 convex1 smoo? or m9utely tom5tose1 ! epid]mis frequ5tly crack$ z 9 ! illu/ration2 o*race\s-br[n1 tawny1 or r$di% br[n2 fle% :ite4 ,! tube surface is convex to plane1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 ne>ly free1 :iti%1 becom+ fle%-color$4 ,! /em is long & sl5d]1 equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 usually curv$2 pru9ose or mealy4 ,! spores are subf]rug9\s1 4#jjje to 4#jjjg in* long1 4#jjjb to 4#jjjbe in* broad4 ,?is is q a pretty plant1 b at fir/ sight x w n be tak5 = a ,boletus4 ,!y are n pl5tiful 9 our woods4 ,i f9d !m only occasionally & !n sp>sely4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/1 ! mon?s = ! ,boleti4 ,!y gr[ 9 leaf mold 9 mix$ woods1 especially among bee* timb]4 ,boletus /ripes4 ,secr4 ,/ripes means /riate /em4 ,! pileus is convex or plane1 s(t1 silky1 olivace\s1 ! cuticle ru/-color )91 fle% :ite1 yell[ next ! tubes1 sp>+ly *ang+ to blue4 ,! tubes are adnate1 gre5i%1 _! m\?s m9ute1 angul>1 yell[4 ,! /em is firm1 curv$1 m>k$ ) br[ni%-black /riations1 yell[1 & br[ni%-rufesc5t at ! base4 ,! spores are #aj-acd4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,i f\nd "s beautiful specim5s 9 a mix$ woods on ! ,ed+] hillside1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,i locat$ !m "h1 b obs]v+ t ?is species 0 n common ,i s5t "s to ,pr(4 ,atk9son1 :o plac$ !m "u ?is species4 ,augu/4 ,boletus radicans4 ,p]s4 ,! pileus is convex1 dry1 subtom5tose1 olivace\s-c9]eus1 becom+ pale-yell[i%1 ! m>g9 ?91 involute4 ,fle% pale-yell[1 ta/e bitt]i%4 ,! tubes are adnate1 _! m\?s l>ge1 unequal2 lemon-yell[4 ,! /em is two to ?ree in*es long1 ev51 tap]+ d[nw>d & radiat+1 flocculose ) a r$di% bloom1 pale-yell[1 becom+ nak$ & d>k ) a t\*4 ,! spores are fusi=m1 olive1 #aj-ab4ee4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,i f\nd ^! specim5s 9 ! same locality ) ! ,b4 /ripes4 ,! olivace\s cap ) its peculi> involute m>g9 & its radiat+ /em w greatly assi/ 9 its det]m9ation4 ,augu/4 ,boletus subluteus4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,yell[ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #big4--;,boletus subluteus4 ,natural size4 ,subluteus is f sub1 "u1 ne>ly2 luteus1 yell[4 ,pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 convex1 becom+ plane1 q viscid :5 moi/1 dull yell[i% to r$di% br[n1 frequ5tly m or less /reak$4 ,! fle% is :iti% or dull yell[4 ,! tube surface is plane or convex1 ! tubes set squ>ely aga9/ ! /em1 be+ small1 ne>ly r\nd1 yell[i% or o*race\s1 becom+ d>k] 9 age4 ,! /em is r long1 ne>ly equal1 ab\t ! color ( ! cap1 dott$ bo? above ! r+ & bel[ x2 ! r+ is membranace\s1 q v>iable & p]si/5t1 usually collaps+ z a n>r[ r+ on ! /em4 ,! spores are o*race\s-br[n1 oblong or elliptical1 #h-ajd-e4 ,pr(4 ,atk9son has made a c>eful /udy ( bo? ! ,am]ican & ! ,european plants call$ 9 ?is c\ntry ,b4 luteus & ,b4 subluteus1 & has come to ! conclusion t !y %\ld all be call$ ,b4 luteus4 ,9 di/+ui%+ ! two we usually say ^? hav+ mu* glut5 & dott$ above ! r+ are ,b4 luteus1 & ^? dott$ bo? above & bel[ ! r+ are ,b4 subluteus4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #big 7 collect$ at ! ,/ate ,f>m at ,lanca/]1 ,ohio1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,boletus p>asiticus4 ,bull4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bih4--;,boletus p>asiticus4 ,p>asiticus means a p>asite2 s call$ because x gr[s on a ,scl]od]ma4 ,x is a small plant & q r>e4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 convex1 or ne>ly plane1 dry1 silky1 becom+ glabr\s1 soon tessellately crack$1 grayi% or d+y yell[4 ,tubes decurr5t1 m$ium size1 gold5 yell[4 ,! /em is equal1 rigid1 incurv$1 yell[ )9 & )\t4 ,! spores are oblong-fusi=m1 pale-br[n1 #ab4e-aed4 ,peck4 ,! tubes are r l>ge & unequal1 & incl9$ to run d[n ^u ! /em4 ,?is plant 0 f\nd ne> ,bo/on1 ,mass41 by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,black=d & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine says x is edible b n ( good flavor4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,boletus sep>ans4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,sep>at+ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bii4--;,boletus sep>ans4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,sep>ans1 sep>at+1 allud+ to ! tubes sometimes sep>at+ f ! /em by ! expansion ( ! pileus4 ,! pileus is convex1 ?ick1 smoo?1 sub%9+1 (t5 pitt$ or corrugat$2 br[ni%-r$ or dull-lilac1 sometimes fad+ to yell[i% on ! m>g92 fle% :ite & un*angeable4 ,tubes at fir/ are ne>ly plane1 adnate1 :ite & /uff$1 !n convex1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 o*race\s-yell[ or br[ni%-yell[ & sometimes sep>at+ f ! /em by ! expansion ( ! pileus4 ,! /em is equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d2 reticulat$1 ei!r :olly or 9 upp] "p only2 color$ l ! pileus or a little pal]1 sometimes slightly furfurace\s4 ,spores subfusi=m1 br[ni%-o*race\s4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ,u4 ,s4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #bii 7 f\nd at ,londond]ry1 ab\t fifte5 miles ea/ ( ,*illico!1 9 a grassy woods ne> a /ream4 ,! ta/e is agreeable :5 raw & q good :5 cook$4 ,?is might appropriately h be5 call$ ! lilac ,boletus1 = t %ade ( color is usually pres5t 9 x1 some:]e4 ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,boletus auripes4 ,pk4 ,,yell[-,,/emm$ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cjj4--;,boletus auripes4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,caps yell[i%-br[n4 ,tube surface & /em yell[4 ,auripes is f aureus1 yell[ or gold52 pes1 foot2 s call$ f its yell[ /em4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es broad1 convex1 ne>ly smoo?1 yell[i%-br[n1 ! fle% (t5 crack+ 9 areas 9 old plants2 fle% yell[ at fir/1 fad+ to a light] color1 9 age4 ,! tubes are ne>ly plane1 _! m\?s small1 ne>ly r\nd1 at fir/ /uff$1 yell[4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 ne>ly equal1 (t5 reticulat$1 solid1 a bright yell[ on ! surface & a light yell[ )94 ,! spores are o*race\s-br[n1 t+$ ) gre51 #abe4 ,! :ole plant1 except ! upp] surface ( ! cap1 is a gold5 yell[1 & ev5 ! surface ( ! cap is m or less yell[4 ,x favors "o =m ( ! ,b4 edulis4 ,x is sometimes f\nd 9 mix$ woods1 especially if !re are m\nta9 laurels 9 ! woods 7,kalmia latifolia74 ,x is f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,boletus retipes4 ,b4 & ,c4 ,,! ,,beautiful-,,/emm$ ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cja4--;,boletus retipes4 ,natural size4 ,retipes is f rete1 a net2 pes1 a foot2 s call$ f ! delicate net-"w se5 on ! /em4 ,! pileus is convex1 dry1 p[d]$ ) yell[1 sometimes rivulose or crack$ 9 areas4 ,! tubes are adnate1 yell[4 ,! /em is subequal1 cespitose1 reticulate to ! base1 pulv]ul5t bel[4 ,! spores are gre5i%-o*race\s1 #ab-aed-e4 ,peck1 ,boleti4 ,b4 retipes is v close to ,b4 ornatipes1 b its mann] ( gr[?1 its pulv]ul5t cap1 & its gre5i%-o*race\s spores w at once di/+ui% x4 ,i h f\nd !m on ,ral/on's ,run1 a numb] f ! same mycelial clu/]1 z 9 ,figure #cja4 ,! caps only are good4 ,! specim5s 9 ! figure 7 f\nd ne> ,a%ville1 ,n4 ,c41 & photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,c4 ,be>dslee4 ,boletus griseus4 ,fro/4 ,,! ,,gray ,,boletus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cjb4--;,boletus griseus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,griseus means gray4 ,! pileus is broadly convex1 firm1 dry1 almo/ smoo?1 gray or grayi% black4 ,! fle% is :iti% or gray4 ,! tubes are atta*$ to ! /em & slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 ne>ly plane1 _! m\?s be+ small1 ne>ly r\nd1 :ite or :iti%4 ,! /em is slightly unequal1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 di/9ctly reticulat$1 :iti% or yell[i%1 sometimes r$di% t[>d ! base4 ,! spores are o*race\s-br[n1 #aj-add-e4 ,peck4 ,?is plant1 ) u1 gr[s s+ly & x is infrequ5tly f\nd4 ,i h f\nd x always 9 bee* woods along ,ral/on's ,run4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,boletus nigrellus4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,blacki% ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cjc4--;,boletus nigrellus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,nigrellus is a dim9utive ( nig]1 black4 ,! entire plant is blacki% except ! pore surface4 ,! pileus is ?ree to six in*es broad1 r broadly convex or ne>ly plane1 dry1 blacki%4 ,! fle% is s(t & un*angeable4 ,! tube-surface is r plane1 adh]+ to ! /em1 sometimes slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 ! m\?s be+ small1 ne>ly r\nd2 :iti%1 becom+ fle%-color$1 *ang+ to black or br[n :5 w\nd$4 ,! /em is equal1 %ort1 ev51 black or blacki%4 ,! spores are dull fle%-color1 #aj-abe-f4 ,:5 ,i fir/ f\nd ?is specim5 ,i 0 incl9$ to call x ,b4 alboat]1 b its fle%-color$ tubes s]v$ to di/+ui% x4 ,i f\nd ! specim5s 9 ,figure #cjc on ,ed+]'s ,hill1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,! ta/e is mild & fairly good4 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,boletus ,am]icanus4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cjd4--;,boletus ,am]icanus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,?is species w attract ! att5tion ( ! collector because ( its v viscid cap4 ,i f\nd ! specim5s 9 ,figure #cjd gr[+ on ,cemet]y ,hill1 ne> ,*illico!1 9 company ) ,lact>ius deliciosus4 ,!y 7 gr[+ ne> & "u p9e trees1 bo? 9 d5se gr\ps & sep>ately4 ,! caps 7 v viscid1 yell[ ) a slight t+e ( r$4 ,! /em is cov]$ ) num]\s r$di%-br[n dots4 ,! pileus is "o to ?ree in*es broad1 ?92 at fir/ r globose1 convex1 !n exp&$1 sometimes broadly umbonate2 v viscid :5 moi/1 especially on ! m>g92 yell[ or becom+ d+y or /reak$ ) r$ 9 age4 ,! tube-surface is ne>ly plane & ! tubes jo9 squ>ely aga9/ ! /em2 q l>ge1 angul>1 pale yell[1 becom+ a dull o*race\s4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 firm1 ) no trace ( a r+2 yell[1 (t5 br[ni% t[>d ! base1 cov]$ ) num]\s br[n or r$di%-br[n q p]si/5t granul> dots2 yell[ )94 ,! spores are oblong1 o*race\s-f]rug9\s1 #i-aad-e4 ,! veil is only obs]v$ 9 ! v "y specim5s4 ,only caps are good to eat4 ,! specim5s 7 photograph$ = me by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,boletus ,morgani4 ,pk4 ,,morgan',s ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cje4--;,boletus ,morgani4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,morgani is nam$ 9 honor ( ,pr(4 ,morgan4 ,! pileus is "o & a half to two in*es broad1 convex1 s(t1 glabr\s1 viscid2 r$1 yell[1 or r$ fad+ to yell[ on ! m>g92 fle% :ite1 t+$ ) r$ & yell[1 un*angeable4 ,! tube-surface convex1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 tubes r long & l>ge1 bright yell[1 becom+ gre5i%-yell[4 ,! /em is elongat$1 tap]+ upw>d1 pitt$ ) long & n>r[ depressions1 yell[1 r$ 9 ! depressions1 color$ )9 l ! fle% ( ! pileus4 ,! spores are olive-br[n1 #ah-bb1 ab\t half z broad4 ,peck4 ,?is plant is f\nd 9 company ) ,b4 ,russelli1 :i* x resembles v closely4 ,its smoo?1 viscid cap & :ite fle% w di/+ui% x4 ,its /em is mu* m r\gh 9 wet wea!r ?an 9 dry4 ,! peculi> color ( ! /em w help to id5tify ! species4 ,i f\nd x frequ5tly on ,ral/on's ,run1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,x is f\nd 9 _m ( ! /ates ( ! ,union4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,boletus ,russelli4 ,fro/4 ,,russell',s ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cjf4--;,boletus ,russelli4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,! cap is ?ick1 hemisph]ical or convex1 dry1 cov]$ ) d[ny scales or bundles ( r$ hairs1 yell[i% b5ea? ! tom5tum1 (t5 crack$ 9 areas4 ,! fle% is yell[ & un*angeable4 ,! tubes are subadnate1 (t5 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 r l>ge1 d+y-yell[1 or yell[i%-gre54 ,! /em is v long1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 r\gh5$ by ! lac]at$ m>g9s ( ! reticul> depressions1 r$ or br[ni% r$4 ,! spores are olive-br[n1 #ah-bbh-aj4 ,! pileus is "o & a half to f\r in*es broad1 ! /em is ?ree to sev5 in*es long1 & ?ree to six l9es ?ick4 ,?is is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r species by ! dry squamulose pileus & ! color ( ! /em4 ,! latt] is sometimes curv$ at ! base4 ,peck4 ,i h f\nd ?is species frequ5tly 9 ! woods & op5 places ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is "o ( ! easie/ ( ! ,boleti to det]m9e4 ,! plants "h h a bright br[ni%-r$ pileus1 ) a %ade light] color on ! /em2 ! latt] q r\gh & tap]+ t[>d ! cap4 ,!y are usually solit>y4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #cjf 7 collect$ 9 ,mi*igan & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,fis*]4 ,boletus v]miculosus4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cjg4--;,boletus v]miculosus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,v]miculosus means full ( small worms4 ,! pileus is broadly convex1 ?ick1 firm1 dry2 smoo?1 or v m9utely tom5tose2 br[n1 yell[i%-br[n or grayi%-br[n1 sometimes t+$ ) r$4 ,! fle% is :ite or :iti%1 quickly *ang+ to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,! tubes are plane or slightly convex1 ne>ly free1 yell[2 _! m\?s small1 r\nd1 br[ni%-orange1 becom+ d>k] or blacki% ) age1 *ang+ promptly to blue :]e w\nd$4 ,! /em is ne>ly equal1 firm1 ev51 pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,! spores are o*race\s-br[n1 #aj-abd-e4 ,peck4 ,! plant repres5t$ 9 ,figure #cjg grew "u ! bee* trees on ,cemet]y ,hill4 ,i f\nd x frequ5tly 9 ! woods1 f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,boletus ,fro/ii4 ,russell4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cjh4--;,boletus ,fro/ii4 ,caps blood-r$ & %9+4 ,natural size4 ,fro/ii is nam$ 9 honor ( ,mr4 ,fro/1 a not$ mycologi/4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es broad2 convex1 poli%$1 %9+1 blood-r$2 ! m>g9 is ?91 ! fle% sc>cely *ang+ to blue4 ,! tubes are ne>ly free1 gre5i%-yell[1 becom+ yell[i%-br[n ) age1 _! m\?s blood-r$ or c9nab>-r$4 ,! /em is two to f\r in*es long1 ?ree to six l9es ?ick1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 di/9ctly reticulat$1 firm1 blood-r$4 ,! spores are #ab4e-aee4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ,u4 ,s4 ,?is is a beautiful plant4 ,x is n pl5tiful1 yet x is f\nd frequ5tly on "s ( our hillsides4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #cjh 7 f\nd 9 ,hayne's ,holl[ ne> ,*illico!1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,! plant is f\nd 9 ,new ,engl& & ?r\gh ! ,middle ,we/4 ,i h _h beautiful plants s5t me f ,v]mont4 ,x is n edible1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,boletus luridus4 ,s*aeff4 ,,! ,,lurid ,,boletus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cji4--;,boletus luridus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,luridus means pale-yell[1 sall[4 ,! pileus is convex1 tom5tose1 br[n-olivace\s1 !n some:at visc\s1 sooty4 ,! fle% is yell[1 *ang+ to blue :5 w\nd$4 ,tubes free1 yell[1 becom+ gre5i%1 _! m\?s r\nd1 v]milion1 becom+ orange4 ,! /em is /\t1 v]milion1 some:at orange at ! top1 reticulate or punctuate4 ,! spores are gre5i%-gray1 #aei4 ,! lurid ,boletus1 ?\gh pleasant to ! ta/e1 is reput$ v poison\s4 ,boletus rubeol>ius1 ,p]s41 hav+ a %ort1 bulb\s1 sc>cely reticulat$ /em1 is reg>d$ z a v>iety ( ?is species4 ,! r$-/emm$ ,boletus1 ,b4 ery?ropus1 ,p]s41 is also indicat$ by ,fries z a v>iety ( luridus4 ,x w be se5 on ! "r 9 ,figure #cji4 ,x is small] ?an ,b4 luridus1 has a br[n or r$di%-br[n pileus & a sl5d] cyl9drical /em1 n reticulat$ b dott$ ) squamules4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,! plant is q abundant 9 our woods4 ,f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,boletus ca/aneus4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,*e/nut ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #caj4--;,boletus ca/aneus4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #caa4--;,boletus ca/aneus4 ,ca/aneus1 p]ta9+ to a *e/nut4 ,! pileus is dry1 convex1 !n exp&$1 m9utely velvety2 c9namon or r$di%-br[n1 f "o to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]2 ! fle% :ite1 n *ang+ :5 bruis$1 cap frequ5tly turn$ upw>d4 ,! tube-surface is :ite1 becom+ yell[1 tubes small & %ort1 free f ! /em4 ,! /em is equal or tap]+ upw>d1 color$ & clo!d l ! cap1 %ort & n always /raight2 :5 "y x is spongy 9 ! c5t] b becomes holl[ ) age4 ,! spores are pale-yell[1 oval or broadly elliptical1 :i* is a feature to di/+ui% ! species4 ,i f\nd a numb] ( specim5s 9 ,james ,dunlap's woods1 ne> ,*illico!1 ,ohio4 ,a great majority seem$ to be attack$ by ! p>asitic fungi1 ,sep$onium *rysosp]mum4 ,! caps are v f9e eat+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to use only "y specim5s4 ,f\nd 9 op5 woods f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,boletus satanus4 ,l5z4 ,,satanic ,,boletus4 ,pileus convex1 smoo?1 some:at gluey1 br[ni%-yell[ or :iti%2 fle% :iti%1 becom+ r$di% or violace\s :]e w\nd$4 ,tubes free1 yell[1 _! m\?s bright r$1 becom+ orange-color$ ) age4 ,! /em ?ick1 ovate-v5tricose1 m>k$ above ) r$ reticulations4 ,peck1 ,boleti ( ,u4 ,s4 ,hamilton ,gibson & ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine seem to give 8 ,satanic maje/y a good reputation1 b ,i w\ld say ,be cauti\s4 ,8 looks always det]r$ me4 ,f\nd 9 woods f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,/robilomyces4 ,b]k4 ,/robilomyces is f two ,greek words mean+ a p9e-cone & a fungus4 ,! hym5ophore is ev51 tubes n easily sep>able f x1 l>ge & equal4 ,x is ( a br[ni%-gray color1 its %aggy surface m or less /udd$ ) deep-br[n or black woolly po9ts1 ea* at ! c5t] ( a scale-l segm5t4 ,! tubes b5ea? are cov]$ at fir/ ) a veil :i* breaks & is (t5 f\nd on ! rim ( ! cap4 ,x is a plant t w quickly attract att5tion4 ,/robilomyces /robilaceus4 ,b]k4 ,,! ,,cone-,,l ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cab4--,/robilomyces /robilaceus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,/robilaceus1 cone-l4 ,?is is especially emphasiz$ f ! fact t bo? ! g5us & ! species are nam$ f ! fanci$ resemblance ( ! cap to a p9e cone4 ,x is ev] readily recogniz$ because ( ?is "* ( ! cap4 ,! pileus is convex1 r\gh ) d>k umb] scales drawn into regul> cone-l po9ts tipp$ ) d>k-br[n2 m>g9 veil$1 fle% grayi%-:ite1 turn+ r$ :5 bruis$1 & f9ally black4 ,pore-surface grayi%-:ite 9 "y specim5s1 & usually cov]$ ) ! veil2 tubes atta*$ to ! /em1 angul>1 turn+ r$ :5 bruis$4 ,! /em is equal or tap]+ upw>d1 furr[$ at ! top1 cov]$ ) a woolly d[n4 ,spores d>k-br[n1 #ab-aci4 ,f\nd at ,londond]ry4 ,common 9 woods4 ,augu/ to ,septemb]4 ,bolet9us4 ,kal*b4 ,bolet9us is a dim9utive ( ,boletus4 ,hym5ium compos$ ( broad radiat+ lamell1 connect$ by v num]\s & n>r[ ana/omos+ bran*es or p>titions1 =m+ l>ge angul> pores4 ,tubes some:at t5aci\s1 n easily sep>able f ! hym5ophore & f ea* o!r1 adnate or subdecurr5t1 yell[i%4 ,peck4 ,bolet9us pictus4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,pa9t$ ,,bolet9us4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cac4--;,bolet9us pictus4 ,pictus1 pa9t$4 ,?is plant seems to delight 9 damp p9e woods1 b ,i h f\nd x only occasionally ab\t ,*illico!1 "u bee* trees4 ,x is readily recogniz$ by ! r$ fibrillose tom5tum :i* cov]s ! entire plant :5 "y4 ,z ! plant exp&s ! r$di% tom5tum is brok5 into scales ( ! same color1 reveal+ ! yell[i% color ( ! pileus b5ea?4 ,! fle% is compact1 yell[1 (t5 *ang+ to a dull p9ki% or r$di% t9t :]e w\nd$4 ,! tube-surface is at fir/ pale yell[1 b becomes d>k] ) age1 (t5 *ang+ to p9ki%1 ) a br[n t+e :]e bruis$4 ,! /em is solid1 equal1 & cov]$ ) a cottony lay] ( mycelium-?reads l ! pileus1 ?\gh (t5 pal]4 ,! spores are o*race\s1 #ae-ahf-h4 ,! plants are two to f\r in*es broad1 & "o & a half to ?ree in*es high4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,bolet9us cavipes4 ,kal*b4 ,,holl[-,,/emm$ ,,bolet9us4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cad4--;,bolet9us cavipes4 ,cavipes is f two ,lat9 words mean+ a holl[ /em4 ,! pileus is broadly convex1 r t\gh1 flexible1 s(t1 subumbonate1 fibrillose-scaly1 tawny-br[n1 sometimes t+$ ) r$di% or purpli%1 fle% yell[i%4 ,! tubes are slightly decurr5t1 at fir/ pale-yell[1 !n d>k] & t+$ ) gre51 becom+ d+y-o*race\s ) age4 ,! /em is equal or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 some:at fibrillose or floccose1 slightly r+$1 holl[1 tawny-br[n or yell[i%-br[n1 yell[i% at ! top & m>k$ by ! decurr5t dissepim5ts ( ! tubes1 :ite )94 ,veil :iti%1 p>tly adh]+ to ! m>g9 ( ! pileus1 soon disappe>+4 ,! spores are #h-ajd4 ,peck1 9 ,boleti ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,?is plant gr[s 9 ,new ,york & ! ,new ,engl& /ates1 "u p9e & tam>ack trees4 ,! caps are convex1 cov]$ ) a tawny-br[n fibrillose tom5tum4 ,! /ems ( ^? ,i h se5 are holl[ f ! fir/4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #cad 7 s5t me f ,massa*usetts by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,bolet9us porosus4 7,b]k47 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cae4--;,bolet9us porosus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,caps nut-br[n1 yell[i%-br[n or olivace\s4 ,^! =m a small b int]e/+ species1 n usually exce$+ ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet] nor m ?an two in*es 9 height4 ,! cap is some:at fle%y1 nut-br[n1 or yell[i%-br[n1 %ad+ to olivace\s 9 color 9 mo/ ( ! specim5s :i* ,i h f\nd2 :5 fre% & moi/1 some:at /icky & %9+4 ,! m>g9s are ?91 r ev51 & incl9$ to be involute2 ! %ape ( ! cap is m or less irregul>1 9 _m cases almo/ kidney-%ap$4 ,! /em is lat]ally atta*$1 t\gh1 & gradually exp&s into ! pileus :i* x resembles 9 color2 x is m>k$ly reticulat$ at ! top by ! decurr5t walls ( ! spore-tubes4 ,! spore-surface is yell[1 ! tubes arrang$ 9 radiat+ r[s1 "s be+ m prom95t ?an o!rs1 ! p>titions (t5 assum+ ! =m ( gills :i* bran* & are connect$ by cross p>titions ( less prom95ce4 ,! /ratum ( tubes1 :ile s(t1 is v t5aci\s1 n sep>at+ f ! fle% ( ! pileus4 ,! odor & ta/e ( all ! specim5s f\nd 7 pleasant4 ,f\nd 9 damp woods 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] c be f\nd !y make an excell5t di%4 ,x is f\nd 9 abundance ab\t ,*illico!4 ,fi/ul9a4 ,bull4 ,fi/ul9a means a small pipe2 s call$ because ! tubes /& close toge!r & sep>ate easily "o f ano!r4 ,! hym5ophore is fle%y & hym5ium inf]ior4 ,:5 fir/ se5 spr++ f a /ump or root x looks l a l>ge /rawb]ry4 ,x soon develops into ! appe>ance ( a big r$ tongue4 ,:5 "y ! upp] side is q velvety & pea*-color$1 lat] x becomes a livid r$ & loses its velvety appe>ance4 ,! "u surface is fle%-color$ & is r\gh l ! surface ( a tongue1 ow+ to ! fact t ! tubes are free f "o ano!r4 ,:5 x is moi/ x is v viscid1 mak+ y\r h&s q blood-/a9$ 9 appe>ance4 ,fi/ul9a hepatica4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,liv] ,,fungus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,figure #caf4--;,fi/ul9a hepatica4 ,beef/eak mu%room4 ,?is is a beautiful plant1 q common :]e !re are *e/nut /umps & trees4 ,i h f\nd x on *e/nut oak1 q l>ge specim5s1 too4 ,x is "o ( my favorite mu%rooms2 "o _c af=d to pass x by4 ,its beautiful color w attract att5tion at once1 & hav+ once eat5 x well prep>$1 "o w nev] pass a *e/nut /ump )\t exam9+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cag4--;,fi/ul9a hepatica4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,! pileus is fan-%ap$ or semicircul>1 r$-juicy1 fle% :5 cut some:at mottl$ l beet-root & giv+ =? a v appetiz+ odor2 ! cap is moi/ & some:at viscid1 ! color v>y+ f a r$ 7some:at beefy7 to a r$di%-br[n 9 old] plants2 :ile ! spore surface v>ies f /rawb]ry-p9k ?r\gh a light-& d>k-tan to an almo/ *e/nut-br[n4 ,9 "y plants ! color is mu* ri*] & m vivid ?an 9 ^? ( great] maturity4 ,! spore surface resembles no?+ s mu* z a v f9e sponge1 ! spore-tubes be+ %ort1 cr[d$1 yet di/9ct4 ,! m>k$ peculi>ity ( its mode ( gr[? is 9 ! atta*m5t ( ! /em2 some:at ?ick1 fle%y1 & juicy1 com+ f ! side ( ! pileus l ! h&le ( a fan1 x looks z if "s "o _h tak5 hold ( ! cap & giv5 x a p>tial twi/ to ! "r or to ! left1 z may be se5 9 ,figure #cag4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ,i h notic$ 9 ?is species consi/s ( ! n]ve-l l9es1 or ve9lets1 radiat+ f ! /em & /reak+ ! upp] surface ( ! cap4 ,! ta/e1 :5 raw1 is slightly b pleasantly acid4 ,its favorite habitat seems to be injur$ places on *e/nut trees1 & ab\t *e/nut /umps4 ,x is kn[n z ,liv] ,fungus1 ,beef/eak ,fungus1 ,oak-,tongue1 ,*e/nut-,tongue1 etc4 ,x is f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,i h f\nd x pl5tiful ab\t ,*illico! on *e/nut /umps1 & q g5]ally ov] ! /ate4 ,i f\nd "s v f9e specim5s on ! *e/nut oaks1 ab\t ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ohio4 ,:5 prop]ly prep>$ x is equal to any k9d ( meat4 ,x is "o ( our be/ mu%rooms4 ,fi/ul9a pallida4 ,b4 & ,rav4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cah4--;,fi/ul9a pallida4 ,natural size4 ,pallida means pale4 ,pileus kidney-%ap$1 pallid-r$1 fawn or clay-color1 ?ick at ! base & ?9n+ t[>d ! m>g91 :i* is (t5 cr5ate & inflex$2 pulv]ul5t1 firm1 flexible1 t\gh2 fle% :ite4 ,! tubes are long & sl5d]1 m\?s some:at enl>g$1 :iti%1 ! tube surface a pale cream-color & m9utely mealy1 pores n decurr5t b end+ ) ! beg9n+ ( ! /em4 ,! /em is uni=mly atta*$ to ! concave m>g9 ( ! cap2 att5uat$ d[nw>d2 :iti% bel[1 b ne> ! cap x *anges to ! same t9t4 ,! peculi> mann] ( atta*m5t ( ! /em w s]ve to id5tify ! species1 :i* ,i h f\nd sev]al times ne> ,*illico!4 ,! specim5 9 ! illu/ration 0 f\nd on ! ,/ate f>m1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,polyporus4 ,fr4 ,polyporus is f two ,greek words mean+ _m & pores4 ,9 ?is g5us ! /ratum ( ! pores is n easily sep>at$ f ! cap4 ,mo/ ( ! species "u ?is g5us are t\gh & corky4 ,_m gr[ on decay$ wood1 a few on ! gr\nd1 b ev5 ^! are incl9$ to be t\gh4 ,v few ( ^? gr[+ on wood h a c5tral /em & _m h app>5tly no /em at all4 ,polyporus picipes4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,black-,,foot$ ,,polyporus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cai4--,polyporus picipes4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,note ! black /em1 :i* gives "n to ! species4 ,picipes is f pix1 pit* or black1 & pes1 foot4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 rigid1 coriace\s1 t\gh1 ev51 smoo?1 depress$ ei!r beh9d or 9 ! c5t]2 livid ) a *e/nut-color$ disk4 ,! pores are decurr5t1 r\nd$1 small1 t5d]1 :ite1 f9ally r$di%-gray4 ,! /em is ecc5tric & lat]al1 equal1 firm2 at fir/ velvety1 !n nak$2 punctate ) black dots1 becom+ black4 ,! /em at ! base is pit*-black1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #cai4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap is v ?9 & ! caps are irregul>ly funnel-=m4 ,?is plant is widely di/ribut$ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates & is q common ab\t ,*illico!4 ,f\nd 9 damp woods on decay$ logs f ,july to ,novemb]4 ,:5 v "y & t5d] x c be eat54 ,polyporus umbellatus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,sun-,,%ade ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,figure #cbj4--,polyporus umbellatus4 ,umbellatus is f umbella1 a sun-%ade4 ,v mu* bran*$1 fibr\s-fle%y1 t\ghi%4 ,! pileoli are v num]\s1 "o-half to "o & a half in*es broad1 sooty1 dull-r$1 unit$ at ! base4 ,pores are m9ute & :ite4 ,:ite pileoli h sometimes occurr$4 ,fries4 ,! tufts1 z w be obs]v$ f ,figure #cbj1 are v d5se1 & !re seems to be no limit to _! bran*+4 ,notice t e cap is depress$ or umbilicate4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #cbj 0 collect$ ne> ,mammo? ,cave1 ,k5tucky1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd1 ,c9c9nati1 & ?r\gh 8 c\rtesy ,i h us$ 8 pr9t4 ,i h f\nd ! plant ab\t ,*illico! & ,sidney1 ,ohio4 ,x is f\nd on decay$ roots on ! gr\nd1 or on /umps4 ,:5 ! caps are fre% !y are q good4 ,may to ,novemb]4 ,polyporus frondosus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,bran*$ ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cba4--,polyporus frondosus4 ,"o-fif? natural size4 ,frondosus1 full ( leafy bran*es4 ,! tufts are f six in*es to ov] a foot broad1 v mu* bran*$1 fibr\s-fle%y1 t\ghi%4 ,! pileoli are v num]\s1 "o-half to two in*es broad1 sooty-gray1 dimidiate1 wr9kl$1 lob$1 intricately recurv$4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/ems1 gr[+ into ea* o!r1 :ite4 ,! pores are r t5d]1 v small1 acute1 :ite1 commonly r\nd1 b 9 oblique position1 gap+ op5 & torn4 ,fries4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #cba 0 f\nd ne> ,*illico!4 ,:5 t5d] x is v good4 ,f\nd on /umps & roots f ,septemb] till ! com+ ( fro/4 ,we are told t 9 ! ,roman m>kets ?is mu%room is frequ5tly sold z an article ( food4 ,polyporus leucomelas4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cbb4--,polyporus leucomelas4 ,leucomelas is f two ,greek words1 leucos1 :ite1 & melas1 black4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 fle%y1 some:at fragile1 irregul>ly %ap$1 silky1 sooty-black2 fle% s(t1 r$di% :5 brok54 ,! pores are r l>ge1 unequal1 a%y or :iti%1 becom+ black :5 dry+4 ,! /em is "o to ?ree in*es long1 /\t1 unequal1 some:at tom5tose1 sooty-black1 becom+ black int]nally4 ,! pileus & /em become black 9 places4 ,! spores are cyl9dric-fusoid1 pale-br[n1 #aj-abd-e4 ,!y are usually f\nd 9 p9e woods4 ,! caps are (t5 de=m$ & are easily brok54 ,! pores resemble ^? ( a ,boletus4 ,! plant is q widely di/ribut$4 ,! "o 9 ,figure #cbb 0 f\nd 9 ,massa*usetts by ,mrs4 ,black=d1 & ,i photograph$ x aft] x 0 p>tially dry4 ,x is probably ! same z ,p4 griseus1 ,p4 ,polyporus ,b]keleyi4 ,fr4 ,,b]keley',s ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,! pileoli are fle%y1 t\gh1 becom+ h>d & corky1 _m times imbricat$1 sometimes gr[+ v l>ge1 ) _m 9 a head2 subzonate1 f9ally tom5tose2 ! plant v mu* bran*$1 alutace\s4 ,! /em is %ort or entirely want+1 aris+ f a long & ?ick caudex4 ,! pore surface is v l>ge1 ! pores are l>ge & irregul>1 angul>1 pale-yell[i%4 ,i h se5 "s v l>ge specim5s ( ?is species4 ,! natural size ( ! specim5 9 ,figure #cbc is two & "o-f\r? feet across4 ,:5 "y x is edible1 b n equal to ,p4 sulphureus4 ,x is f\nd gr[+ on ! gr\nd ne> trees & /umps1 & is a widely di/ribut$ plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cbc4--,polyporus ,b]keleyi4 ,"o-fif? natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xlv4 ,figure #cbd4--,polyporus ,b]keleyi4 ,r$uc$4 ,natural size be+ #b feet across4 ,polyporus giganteus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,giant ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,giganteus is f gigas1 a giant4 ,! pileoli are v num]\s1 imbricat$1 fle%y1 t\gh1 some:at coriace\s1 flaccid1 some:at zon$2 color a grayi%-br[n 9 "y specim5s1 ! deep cream pore surfaces tipp+ ! pileoli1 r5d]+ x a v attractive plant2 ?is cream-color is quickly *ang$ to black or deep-br[n by t\*+ x4 ,! pores are m9ute1 %all[1 r\nd1 pallid1 at l5g? torn4 ,! /em is bran*$1 connate f a common tub]4 ,?is is a l>ge & c]ta9ly a v attractive plant1 be+ v (t5 two to ?ree feet across4 ,:5 "y & t5d] x is edible4 ,f\nd gr[+ on decay$ /umps & roots1 x is some:at common 9 our /ate4 ,i h f\nd "s q l>ge specim5s ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ by its pore surface turn+ black or d>k-br[n to ! t\*4 ,:5 "y & t5d] x makes a good /ew1 b x mu/ be well cook$4 ,polyporus squamosus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,scaly ,,polyporus4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #cbe4--,polyporus squamosus4 ,natural size4 ,squamosus means ab\nd+ 9 scales4 ,! pileus is f ?ree to eighte5 in*es broad1 fle%y1 fan-%ap$1 exp&$1 flatt5$1 some:at o*race\s1 v>iegat$1 ) scatt]$1 br[n1 adpress$ scales4 ,! /em is ecc5tric & lat]al1 blunt1 reticulat$ at apex1 blacki% at ! base4 ,! pores are ?91 v>iable2 at fir/ m9ute1 !n broad1 angul> & torn2 pallid4 ,spores are :ite & elliptical1 #adf4 ,x is f\nd f ,massa*usetts to ,i[a1 & gr[s v l>ge4 ,specim5s h be5 report$ sev5 feet 9 circumf]5ce & atta9+ a weight ( #dj p\nds4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #cbe 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd 9 ! woods at ,r$ ,bank1 ne> ,c9c9nati4 ,x is q a common plant 9 ,europe4 ,x is t\gh1 b x is prep>$ = eat+ by be+ cut f9e & /ew$ = a half h\r or m4 ,9 ,figure #cbe ! angul> & torn pores are obvi\s1 z well z ! scales :i* give rise to its "n4 ,f\nd on trunks & /umps f ,may to ,novemb]4 ,polyporus sulphureus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,sulphur-,,color$ ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,figure #cbf4--,polyporus sulphureus4 ,sulphureus1 p]ta9+ to sulphur1 s call$ f ! color ( ! tube-be>+ surface4 ,9 mature specim5s ! gr[? is horizontal1 spread+ fan-l f ! /em1 undulat+ ) radiat+ flut+s4 ,! upp] surface is salmon1 orange1 or orange-r$2 fle% *eesy1 light-yell[1 ! edge be+ smoo? & unev5ly ?ick5$ ) nodule-l prom95ces4 ,9 "y specim5s ! asc5d+1 "u yell[ surface outw>dly expos$4 ,! pore surface is a bright sulphur-yell[1 :i* is m p]si/5t ?an ! color ( ! cap2 pores v m9ute1 %ort1 (t5 =m$ ( inflex$ masses4 ,! /em is %ort1 a m]e close atta*m5t = ! spread+ gr[?4 ,! ta/e is slightly acid & mucilag9\s :5 raw4 ,! spores are elliptical & :ite1 #g-hd-e4 ,x gr[s on decay$ logs1 on /umps1 & on decay$ places 9 liv+ trees4 ,! mycelium ( ?is species w frequ5tly be f\nd 9 ! he>ts ( trees & rema9 !re = ye>s be=e ! tree is injur$ suffici5tly = ! mycelium to come to ! surface4 ,x may take mon?s1 or a c5tury1 to accompli% ?is4 ,:5 ?is plant is "y & t5d] x is a prime favorite ) all :o "k x4 ,x is f\nd f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,its favorite ho/ is an oak /ump or log4 ,polyporus flavovir5s4 ,b4 ,rav4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cbg4--,polyporus flavovir5s4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,flavovir5s means yell[i%-gre5 or olivace\s4 ,! pileus is q l>ge1 ?ree to six in*es broad1 convex1 exp&$ funnel-=m or rep&1 fle%y1 tom5tose1 yell[i%-gre5 or olivace\s2 frequ5tly ! pileus is crack$ :5 old2 fle% :ite4 ,! pores are n l>ge1 too!d1 :ite or :iti%1 decurr5t ^u ! /em :i* is tap]+4 ,?is plant is v common on ! oak hillsides ab\t ,*illico!4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #cbg 7 f\nd by ,miss ,m>g>et ,mace on ! ,gov]nor ,tiff9 f>m1 ab\t twelve miles nor? ( ,*illico!1 gr[+ 9 l>ge gr\ps "u oak trees4 ,x is edible ?\gh (t5 t\gh4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,x is v abundant 9 ?is region4 ,polyporus het]oclitus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,b\quet ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cbh4--,polyporus het]oclitus4 ,"o-f\r? natural size4 ,! ,pileoli bright orange4 ,het]oclitus is f two ,greek words2 "o ( two & to lean1 ref]r+ to its habit ( gr[?1 lean+ app>5tly ^u ! gr\nd or ! base ( a tree or /ump4 ,x is cspitose & coriace\s4 ,! pileoli are two & a half in*es broad1 orange & sessile1 exp&$ on all sides f ! radical tub]cle1 lob$1 vill\s1 zoneless4 ,! pores are irregul>ly %ap$ & elongat$1 gold5 yell[4 ,fries4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #cbh 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,bey]ly at ,ri*mond ,dale1 ,ohio4 ,x 0 ov] a foot 9 diamet] & eight in*es high1 gr[+ 9 _m cspitose lay]s1 on ! gr\nd "u an oak tree1 f a radical tub]cle4 ,! fle% 0 juicy & t5d]1 break+ easily4 ,! radical tub]cle f :i* x grew 0 fill$ ) a milky juice4 ,! fle% 0 some:at light] 9 color ?an ! outside pilei1 :i* ext5d$ horizontally f ! tub]cle4 ,x is a v %[y & attractive plant1 & z ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine rem>ks1 x looks l a mammo? dahlia 9 bloom4 ,:5 "y & t5d] x is good1 b 9 age x becomes rank4 ,?is plant 0 f\nd ,july #a/4 ,x gr[s 9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july4 ,polyporus radicatus4 ,s*w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cbi4--,polyporus radicatus4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,radicatus1 f ! long root ! plant has4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 q t\gh1 cu%ion-%ap$1 slightly depress$1 pale sooty1 some:at d[ny4 ,! pores are decurr5t1 q l>ge1 obtuse1 equal1 :ite4 ,! /em is v long1 (t5 ecc5tric1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 sometimes v5tricose z 9 ,figure #cbi1 root+ q deep1 black bel[4 ,x is f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 ! woods & 9 old cle>+s beside old trees & /umps4 ,! blacki% or br[n pileus1 :i* is m or less tom5tose1 ) a black /em m or less de=m$1 w s]ve to di/+ui% ! species4 ,f\nd f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,polyporus p]plexus4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ccj4--,polyporus p]plexus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,! pileus is spongy-fle%y1 fibr\s1 sessile1 commonly imbricat$1 & some:at conflu5t1 irregul>1 hairy-tom5tose to setose-hispid1 grayi%-tawny1 or f]rug9\s1 ! m>g9 subacute1 /]ile1 ! sub/ance )9 tawny-f]rug9\s1 some:at zonate4 ,! pores are two to ?ree l9es long1 unequal1 angul>1 ! dissepim5ts becom+ br[ni%-f]rug9\s ) age or :]e bruis$4 ,! spores are f]rug9\s1 broadly elliptical1 4#jjjbd to 4#jjjc in* long & ab\t 4#jjjb broad4 ,peck4 ,?is is v abundant on bee* logs1 gr[+ q l>ge1 massive1 imbricat$1 & conflu5t1 ! pileoli be+ (t5 two to f\r in*es broad4 ,x is v closely relat$ to ,p4 cuticul>is & ,p4 hispidus4 ,x c be easily di/+ui%$ f ,p4 cuticul>is by means ( its /raight m>g91 & f ,p4 hispidus by its small size & small] pores4 ,f\nd f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,polyporus hispidus4 ,fr4 ,pileus is v l>ge1 eight to t5 in*es broad & ?ree to f\r in*es ?ick1 compact1 spongy1 fle%y b fibr\s1 dimidiate1 ) occasionally a v %ort /em2 g5]ally v hairy1 b sometimes smoo?2 ! pileus is (t5 m>k$ ) conc5tric l9es :i* seem to indicate arre/$ vegetation2 br[n1 blacki%1 yell[i% or r$di% br[n1 bel[ pale-yell[ or ri* si5na-br[n1 m>g9 pal]4 ,! pores are m9ute1 r\nd1 incl9$ to sep>ate1 fr+$1 pal]4 ,! spores are yell[i%1 apiculate1 #ajg4 ,(t5 f\nd on liv+ trees1 ! plant ga9s entrance to ! liv+ /em ?r\gh ! b>k1 by means ( a w\nd made by "s ag5cy1 z a bird or a bor+ insect2 soon a mass ( mycelium is =m$1 & f ?is ! fruit+ body is produc$4 ,polyporus cuticul>is4 ,fr4 ,pileus is q ?91 spongy1 fle%y1 !n dry2 plane1 hairy-tom5tose1 f]rug9\s1 !n blacki%-br[n2 m>g9 fibr\s1 fimbriate1 int]nally loose & p>allel1 fibr\s4 ,! pores are long1 q small1 pale1 !n o*race\s2 pores long] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! fle%4 ,! spores are yell[ or o*race\s1 v abundant1 #gd-e4 ,! hairs on ! pileus are ?ree-cleft4 ,?is is v frequ5t 9 bee* woods ab\t ,*illico!4 ,f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,polyporus circ9atus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,r\nd ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,circ9atus is f circ9us1 a pair ( compasses1 h5ce means r\nd$ l a circle4 ,! pileus is ?ree to f\r in*es across1 ) a d\ble cap1 "o cap )9 ano!r1 bo? be+ compact1 ?ick1 r\nd1 plane1 zoneless1 velvety1 ru/y-yell[ to r$di%-br[n1 ! fle% be+ ( ! same color4 ,! upp] cap is pliable1 compact1 s(t1 & cov]$ ) a s(t tom5tum1 ! l[] cap1 contigu\s ) ! /em1 is woody & corky4 ,! pores are decurr5t1 ext5d+ d[n ! /em1 entire1 r small1 dusky-gray4 ,! /em is %ort & r ?ick1 (t5 swoll51 cov]$ ) a r$di%-br[n tom5tum4 ,?is is an odd b h&some species & easily det]m9$ because ( its d\ble cap4 ,x is said to pref] fir woods1 b ,i h frequ5tly f\nd x 9 oak woods4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd1 & :5 "y & fre% ! pilei are said to be good4 ,i h nev] f\nd m ?an "o specim5 at a "t & nev] 9 a condition to eat1 ?\gh good au?orities say x is edible :5 "y & t5d]4 ,f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,polyporus adu/us4 ,fr4 ,adu/us means scor*$1 s call$ f ! blacki% color ( m>g94 ,! pileus is (t5 imbricat$2 fle%y1 t\gh1 firm1 ?91 vill\s1 a%-color2 m>g9 /raight1 blacki%4 ,! pores are m9ute1 r\nd1 obtuse1 :iti%1 soon a%y-br[n4 ,x is abundant ev]y:]e on fall5 bee* or on bee* /umps4 ,x is v close to ,p4 fumosus if x is n id5tical ) x4 ,x is f\nd f ,augu/ to late fall4 ,polyporus res9osus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cca4--,polyporus res9osus4 ,"o-f\r? natural size4 ,pileus f ?ree to six1 & frequ5tly eight1 in*es long2 ri*-br[n1 v>y+ f bright c9namon to r$1 h&somely m>k$ ) delicate p5cil+s radiat+ f ! axis ( gr[?2 ! color ( ! pileus seems to =m a b9d+ ab\t ! edge ( ! light-gray pore surface1 :i* is closely punctur$ ) m9ute elliptical pores4 ,! color ( ! pore surface readily *anges to br[n ^u slight pressure4 ,! :ole plant is full ( a br[ni% juice :i* exudes freely ^u pressure4 ,! plant is %elv+ & imbricat$ ^u ! side ( a log1 )\t any app>5t /em4 ,tak5 altoge!r ! ,polyporus res9osus pres5ts "o ( ! h&some/ specim5s ( fungus gr[? t "o w be likely to f9d 9 a long day's tramp4 ,:5 fre% & gr[+ x has r a pleasant ta/e4 ,x is f\nd dur+ ,octob] & ,novemb]1 gr[+ on decay$ logs1 be+ p>tial to ! bee*4 ,its abundance is equal to its beauty4 ,polyporus lucidus4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ccb4--,polyporus lucidus4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree or m in*es broad1 usually v irregul>1 br[ni%-m>oon1 ) a di/9ct d\ble zone ( dull] d>k-br[n & tan4 ,cap glaz$ especially 9 ! c5t]1 wr9kl$4 ,! spore surface is a v light grayi%-br[n 9 ! "y plant1 *ang+ to almo/ a tan 9 old] ones1 pores labyr9?i=m4 ,! /em is irregul>1 knott$ & swoll5 ) protub]ances some:at resembl+ buds1 f :i* develop ! caps :i* 9 "s cases appe> z if /uck on ! /em l b>nacles on a /ick4 ,contr>y to mo/ mu%rooms ! upp] surface ( ! cap & ! /em are ( ne>ly ! same color1 ! /em be+ usually ( a m brilliant r$4 ,! /em has a di/9ct root ext5d+ into ! gr\nd sev]al in*es4 ,! :ole plant is almo/ indescribably irregul>4 ,x is q an attractive plant :5 se5 gr[+ among ! we$s & beside /umps4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #ccb ,i f\nd gr[+ among ,datura /ramonium beside old /umps 9 a pa/ure4 ,i h f\nd ! same species gr[+ on oak /umps4 ,x is kn[n z ,ganod]ma ,curtisii1 ,b]k41 ,g4 pseudo-boletus1 ,m]rill4 ,x is f\nd f ,augu/ till late fall4 ,polyporus obliquus4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ccc4--,polyporus obliquus4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,obliquus means slant+1 oblique4 ,?is species is widely circumfus$1 usually h>d1 q ?ick1 unev51 pallid1 elegant *ocolate-br[n1 !n blacki%2 conv]sely encircl$ cre/$ bord]4 ,! pores are long1 v m9ute1 obtuse1 slightly angul>4 ,x gr[s on dead bran*es ( iron-wood & wild *]ry4 ,! deep *ocolate-br[n & ! oblique =m ( its pores w s]ve to id5tify ! species4 ,x gr[s1 ) u1 9 ! spr+4 ,i ga!r$ ?is specim5 9 ,june4 ,9 ! fall ,i visit$ ! same trunk1 b f\nd !y _h begun to decay4 ,x is sometimes call$ ,poria obliqua4 ,polyporus graveol5s4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ccd4--,polyporus graveol5s4 ,graveol5s means /rong sc5t$4 ,corky or woody & extremely h>d1 v closely imbricat$ & connate1 =m+ a subglobose polycephal\s mass1 ,figure #ccd4 ,pileoli innum]able1 inflex$ & appress$1 plicate1 br[n4 ,pores conceal$1 v m9ute1 r\nd1 pale-br[n1 ! dissepim5ts ?ick & obtuse4 ,morgan4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ plant because ( its peculi> mode ( gr[?4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods or cle>+s on dead logs or on /&+ dead trees4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! /ate x is q common4 ,f ! illu/ration1 ,figure #ccd1 x w be se5 t ! plant consi/s ( an innum]able numb] ( pileoli =m+ a subglobose or elongat$ mass4 ,!y are frequ5tly ?ree to six in*es 9 diamet] & sev]al in*es long4 ,i h se5 !m v mu* elongat$ on /&+ trees4 ,:5 x is "y & gr[+ x is %9y 9 appe>ance & has a r$di% & sometimes a purpli% t9t4 ,! inn] sub/ance is f]rug9\s b cov]$ ) a h>d br[n cru/4 ,! pores are br[n1 & :5 exam9$ ) ! glass are se5 to be l9$ ) a v f9e pubesc5ce4 ,! imbricat$ =m ( ! pileoli %[ v pla9ly 9 ! illu/ration4 ,polyporus brumalis4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,w9t] ,,polyporus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cce4--,polyporus brumalis4 ,brumalis is f bruma1 :i* means w9t]2 s call$ because x appe>s late1 9 cold wea!r4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #cce 7 f\nd 9 ,decemb]4 ,! pileus is f "o to ?ree in*es broad1 ne>ly plane1 slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]2 some:at fle%y & t\gh2 d+y-br[n1 clo!d ) m9ute scales1 becom+ smoo?1 pallid4 ,! pores are oval1 slightly angul>1 sl5d]1 acute1 d5ticulate1 :ite1 #e-fb4 ,! /em is %ort1 ?91 slightly bulb\s at ! base1 hirsute or squamulose1 pale1 c5tral4 ,x usually occurs s+ly b frequ5tly y w f9d sev]al 9 a gr\p4 ,f\nd on /icks & logs1 !y are q h>d to deta* f _! ho/s4 ,too t\gh to eat4 ,x equals ,polyporus polyporus4 7,retz7 ,m]rill4 ,polyporus rufesc5s4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,rufesc5t ,,polyporus4 ,rufesc5s1 becom+ r$4 ,! pileus is fle%-color$1 spongy1 s(t1 unequal1 hairy or woolly4 ,! pores are l>ge1 s9uose & torn1 :ite or fle%-color$4 ,! /em is %ort1 irregul>1 tub]\s at ! base4 ,spores elliptical1 #fd-e4 ,r common ab\t ,*illico! on ! gr\nd ab\t old /umps4 ,polyporus arcul>ius4 ,bats*4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ccf4--,polyporus arcul>ius4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ d>k br[n & depress$ c5t]2 also d>k br[n /ems4 ,! pileus is d>k-br[n1 m9utely scaly1 depress$ 9 ! c5t]1 m>g9 cov]$ ) /iff hairs4 ,! tube surface is ( a d+y cream color1 op5+s oblong1 almo/ diamond-%ap$1 resembl+ ! me%es ( a net1 ! me%es be+ small] on ! m>g91 %all[1 simply m>k$ out at ! top ( ! /em4 ,! /em is d>k-br[n1 m9utely scaly1 mottl$1 ) a gr\nd "w ( cream-color2 holl[4 ,common 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> on /icks & decay$ wood 9 fields or 9 old cle>+s4 ,x is q g5]ally di/ribut$4 ,edible b t\gh4 ,polyporus elegans4 ,fr4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 soon becom+ woody2 exp&$1 ev51 smoo?1 pallid4 ,pores are plane1 m9ute1 ne>ly r\nd1 pallid1 yell[i%-:ite4 ,! /em is ecc5tric1 ev51 smoo?1 pallid2 base f ! fir/ abruptly black4 ,?is is q common on rott5 wood 9 ! =e/s4 ,x resembles ,p4 picipes bo? 9 appe>ance & habitat4 ,polyporus m$ulla-panis4 ,fr4 ,effus$1 det]m9ate1 subundulate1 firm1 smoo?1 :ite1 circumf]5ce nak$1 subm>g9ate1 :olly compos$ ( middle siz$1 r long1 entire pores1 ! :ole becom+ yell[i% 9 age4 ,i f\nd ?is species on an elm log along ,ral/on's ,run4 ,polyporus albellus4 ,pk4 ,! pileus is ?ick1 sessile1 convex or subungulate1 subsolit>y1 two to f\r in*es broad1 "o to "o & a half ?ick1 fle%y1 r s(t2 ! adnate cuticle r ?91 smoo? or sometimes slightly r\gh5$ by a slight /rigose tom5tum1 especially t[>d ! m>g92 :iti%1 t+$ m or less ) fuscus2 fle% pure :ite1 odor acidul\s4 ,! pores are ne>ly plane1 m9ute1 subrotund1 ab\t two l9es long2 :ite1 incl9+ to yell[i%1 ! dissepim5ts ?91 acute4 ,! spores are m9ute1 cyl9drical1 curv$1 :ite1 4#jjjaf to 4#jjjb in* long4 ,peck4 ,?is species is q common "h & is v widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,polyporus epileucus4 ,fr4 ,?is is q a l>ge & beautiful plant4 ,x app>5tly gr[s )\t a /em1 its color be+ an unequal gray4 ,! pileus is some:at coriace\s1 firm1 pulv9ate1 vill\s4 ,! pores are r\nd1 elongat$1 obtuse1 entire1 :ite4 ,?is is n common ) u1 b ,i h met x a few times & always on elm logs or /umps4 ,polyporus betul9us4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,bir* ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ccg4--,polyporus betul9us4 ,betul9us is f betul9a1 bir*4 ,! pileus is f f\r to t5 in*es across1 fle%y1 soon corky1 ungulate1 obtuse1 smoo?1 pale r$di%-br[n :5 mature1 (t5 mottl$1 r\ndi%1 or some:at r5i=m1 zoneless1 ! oblique v]tex 9 ! =m ( an umbo2 pellicle ?91 sep>at+2 fle% :ite1 v ?ick4 ,! pores are %ort1 r\nd1 m9ute1 unequal1 sep>able f ! pileus :5 fre%1 b really concrete ) x2 :ite or t+$ ) br[n1 develop+ sl[ly2 :5 mature !re are peculi> hair-l scales atta*$ to ! pore-surface1 mak+ ! plant look l a ,hydnum :5 view$ f ! side4 ,x is f\nd :]ev] ! bir* tree gr[s4 ,:5 "y & fre% x is edible1 b ) a /rong flavor unpleasant to _m4 ,9 ?is /ate ! de] eat x4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #ccg 0 f\nd 9 ,wiscons91 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,?is species is ! ,piptoporus sub]osus 7,l47 ( ,m]rill4 ,polyporus c9nab>9us4 ,s*w4 ,,c9nab> ,,polyporus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cch4--,polyporus c9nab>9us4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,c9nab>9us l c9nab> 7v]milion74 ,! pileus is dry1 m or less spongy1 pliant1 r ?ick1 fibr\s on top2 fle% light or yell[i%-r$1 %elv+4 ,! pores are c>m9e1 q small1 r\nd1 entire4 ,?is species is q common 9 ! woods ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is easily id5tifi$ by ! beautiful c>m9e color ( ! pileus & ! pore surface1 ! latt] be+ a %ade d>k] ?an ! =m]1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #cch4 ,! specim5s photograph$ 7 f\nd 9 ,decemb]4 ,!y gr[ on dead logs & bran*es1 commonly on ! oak & wild *]ry1 sometimes on maple4 ,x is call$ by "s au?ors ,trametes c9nab>9a4 ,polyporus vulg>is4 ,fr4 ,,common ,,effus$ ,,polyporus4 ,vulg>is1 common4 ,q broadly effus$1 v ?91 adh]es closely to its ho/2 ev51 :ite1 dry4 ,circumf]5ce soon smoo? & ! :ole surface compos$ ( firm1 cr[d$1 small1 r\nd1 ne>ly equal pores4 ,effus$ on dead wood1 fall5 bran*es1 & frequ5tly on moi/ bo>ds4 ,polyporus lacteus4 ,fr4 ,! pileus is :ite1 or :iti%1 fle%y1 some:at fibr\s1 fragile1 triangul> 9 =m1 pubesc5t1 azonate1 m>g9 some:at inflex$1 acute4 ,! pores are ?91 acute1 d5tate1 f9ally lac]ate & labyr9?i=m4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ! woods1 on bee* logs4 ,x is small & ?91 n mu* m ?an an in* 9 wid? b sometimes elongat$4 ,/eep & gibb\s beh9d1 becom+ at l5g? smoo? & equal4 ,x is n abundant 9 our woods1 b ,i h f\nd x (t54 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,polyporus csius4 ,s*rad4 ,! pileus is :ite1 ) a blui% t+e occasionally ^u its surface1 s(t1 t5aci\s1 unequal1 silky4 ,! pores are small1 unequal1 long1 flexu\s1 d5tate1 lac]ate4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods on p>tially decay$ /icks4 ,i h only occasionally f\nd a specim5 9 our woods4 ,polyporus pubesc5s4 ,s*w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cci4--,polyporus pubesc5s4 ,:ite )\t & )91 pubesc5t & %9y4 ,pubesc5s means d[ny2 s call$ f ! sat9y f9i% ( its pileus1 :i* is fle%y1 q t\gh & corky1 s(t1 convex1 subzonate1 pubesc5t & %9y2 :ite )\t & )92 ! m>g9 acute1 becom+ at l5g? yell[i% & h>d1 ) a %9y lu/re4 ,! pores are %ort1 m9ute1 ne>ly r\nd & plane4 ,! pileus is f "o to two in*es 9 wid?1 lat]ally conflu5t & usually v mu* imbricat$4 ,q pl5tiful 9 woods on bee* logs4 ,july to ,novemb]4 ,polyporus volvatus4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cdj4--,polyporus volvatus4 ,natural size4 ,volvatus1 be>+ a volva4 ,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ species4 ,! pileus seems to be prolong$1 mak+ a volva-l protection ( ! spore surface4 ,:5 ?is volva is ruptur$ small heaps ( spores w (t5 be se5 on ! volva1 hav+ be5 protect$ f ! w9d4 ,! plant is small1 some:at r\nd1 & be=e ! volva is ruptur$ x is v l a puffball2 fle%y1 smoo?1 atta*$ by a small po9t1 :iti%1 slightly t+$ ) yell[1 r$ or r$di%-br[n2 ! cuticle ( ! pileus envelop+ ! entire pore-surface1 ?ick & firm4 ,! pores are r long1 small1 ! m\?s yell[i%1 ) a t+e ( br[n4 ,! spores are elliptical & fle%-color$1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjce in* long & ab\t 4#jjjb broad4 ,?is plant has a wide di/ribution1 be+ f\nd 9 ! ,new ,engl& & ,ea/]n ,/ates1 & ! ,/ates ( ! ,pacific slope4 ,i presume x w be f\nd :]ev] ! spruce tree is a native4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #cdj 7 f\nd ne> ,bo/on & 7 s5t me ab\t ! fir/ ( ,may by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,! fir/ package ,i took1 be=e exam9+ !m1 to be a new puffball1 :i* !y seem$ to resemble 9 _! undevelop$ /ate4 ,poly/ictus bi=mis4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cda4--,poly/ictus bi=mis4 ,natural size4 ,frequ5tly cov]$ ) gre5 li*54 ,bi=mis means two %apes or appe>ances2 ref]r+ to ! condition ( ! pores 9 ! "y & ! old plant4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es wide1 project+ f "o to ?ree in*es1 (t5 imbricat$ s z to cov] a l>ge surface2 lat]ally conflu5t1 coriace\s1 flexible1 t\gh1 subzonate1 ) innate radiat+ fibres1 ! cortex fibrillose1 concolor\s4 ,! pores at fir/ v l>ge1 simple1 comp\nd1 or conflu5t1 r\nd1 elongat$1 flexu\s2 ! dissepim5ts d5tate1 !n lac]ate1 ! hym5ium f9ally resolv$ into tee?4 ,:5 ,i fir/ f\nd ?is plant ! hym5ium _h resolv$ into tee?1 & ,i suppos$ t ,i _h f\nd an ,irpex4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods on logs & /umps4 ,v common ) u4 ,frequ5tly cov]$ ) a gre5 li*54 ,july to ,novemb]4 ,poly/ictus hirsutus4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,bri/ly ,,poly/ictus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cdb4--,poly/ictus hirsutus4 ,natural size4 ,hirsutus means hairy or bri/ly4 ,! pileus is corky1 coriace\s1 convex1 !n plane1 hairy ) rigid bri/les1 zon$ ) conc5tric furr[s2 ( "o color1 :iti%1 sometimes ^! zones are q m>k$ z 9 ,figure #cdb4 ,! pore surface is at fir/ :ite1 or :iti%1 becom+ d>k or br[ni% 9 age4 ,! pores are r\nd1 ! walls r ?ick4 ,x is f\nd on logs & /umps 9 ! woods4 ,x is a v common plant & widely di/ribut$4 ,poly/ictus v]sicolor4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,common ,,zon$ ,,poly/ictus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cdc4--,poly/ictus v]sicolor4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,v]sicolor means v>y+ colors4 ,! pileus is coriace\s1 ?91 rigid1 plane1 depress$ beh9d2 q velvety1 ne>ly ev5 & %9+1 v>iegat$ ) color$ zones1 sometimes entirely :ite or grayi%-:ite1 n unfrequ5tly ! :ole surface is vill\s or woolly1 & ! zones m]e depressions4 ,! pores are m9ute1 r\nd1 acute1 lac]at$1 :ite or cream-color4 ,x is v common1 z well z v v>iable 9 =m & color4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd on logs & is !n d5sely imbricat$4 ,on our hillsides x frequ5tly gr[s on a small bu% z 9 ,figure #cdc4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful plants 9 ! woods4 ,polyporus gilvus4 ,s*w4 ,gilvus means pale-yell[ or deep-r$di% fle%-color4 ,! pileus is corky1 woody1 h>d1 effuso-reflex$1 imbricate1 concresc5t1 subtom5tose1 !n scabr\s1 unev51 r$di%-yell[1 !n subf]rug9\s1 ! m>g9 acute4 ,! pores are m9ute1 r\nd1 entire1 br[ni%-f]rug9\s4 ,morgan4 ,x is v abundant ?r\gh\t ! /ate1 be+ f\nd on all k9ds ( logs & /umps4 ,poly/ictus c9namoneus4 ,jacq4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cdd4--,poly/ictus c9namoneus4 ,! pileus is an in* & a half1 or less1 broad1 coriace\s1 slightly depress$ 9 ! c5t]2 r r\gh on ! surface1 b ) a beautiful sat9y lu/re1 & m or less zon$2 caps (t5 gr[+ toge!r1 b ) sep>ate /ems2 %9+1 a light c9namon-br[n4 ,! spores are r l>ge1 angul>1 torn ) age2 c9namon-br[n1 gr[+ d>k] 9 old] plants4 ,! /em is "o to two in*es long1 equal1 or slightly tap]+ upw>d1 c9namon-br[n1 holl[ or /uff$1 t\gh1 frequ5tly s5d+ =? bran*es f ! side & base ( ! /em4 ,?is is q a beautiful plant1 gr[+ usually 9 pat*es ( moss4 ,! caps h q a glossy c9namon-br[n surface1 :i* w attract ! att5tion ( any "o4 ,!y are v small & easily ov]look$4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,?is plant is call$ ,p4 subs]iceus by ,dr4 ,peck4 ,poly/ictus p]5nis4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,figure #cdf4--,poly/ictus p]5nis4 ,! pileus is ?91 pliant :5 fre% b some:at brittle :5 dry4 ,x is m9utely velvety on ! upp] surface1 r$di%-br[n or c9namon 9 color2 exp&$ or umbilicate to ne>ly funnel-%ap$4 ,! surface is beautifully m>k$ by radiations & f9e conc5tric zones4 ,! /em is also velvety4 ,! spore-tubes are m9ute1 ! walls ?9 & acute1 & ! m\?s angul>1 & at la/ m or less torn4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap is f9ely fimbriate1 b 9 old specim5s ^? hairs are apt to become rubb$ (f4 ,atk9son4 ,i f\nd specim5s by ! roadside ne> ,lone ,tree ,hill1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,x is ! only place 9 :i* ,i h f\nd ?is plant4 ,i h f\nd ,poly/ictus subs]iceus1 or1 z ,pr(4 ,atk9son calls x1 ,p4 c9namomeus1 9 a numb] ( localities4 ,poly/ictus p]gam5us4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cde4--,poly/ictus p]gam5us4 ,p]gam5us means p>*m5t4 ,! pileus is coriace\s1 ?91 effus$1 reflex$1 vill\s1 zon$1 c9]e\s-:ite1 ) color$ zone2 pliant :5 fre%4 ,! pores are unequal1 torn1 violace\s1 !n pallid4 ,x is v common "h on bee*1 maple1 & wild *]ry4 ,! pores become torn s t !y resemble ! tee? ( ! ,hydnum4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ common fungi 9 our woods4 ,! photograph is by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,d4 ,smi?1 ( ,akron1 ,o4 ,fomes leucophu4 ,mont4 ,?is has be5 call$ by _m au?ors 9 ,am]ica ,fomes applanatus or ,polyporus applanatus4 ,x is v common 9 ?is c\ntry b v r>e 9 ,europe1 :ile ,fomes applanatus1 :i* is common 9 ,europe1 is v sc>ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance !y are mu* alike1 ! applanatus hav+ a s(t] tissue & e*9ulate spores1 b our common species1 leucophu1 has smoo? spores4 ,! pileus is exp&$1 tub]culose1 obsoletely zon$1 pulv]ul5t1 or smoo?2 c9namon1 becom+ :iti%2 cuticle cru/ace\s1 rigid1 at l5g? fragile1 v s(t )92 loosely floccose1 m>g9 tumid2 :ite1 !n c9namon4 ,! pores are v small1 slightly f]rug9\s1 orifice :iti%1 br[ni% :5 bruis$4 ,! spore surface :5 fre% is s(t & :ite4 ,?is attractive plant is v common 9 our woods & furni%es an excell5t /5cil surface = draw+4 ,f\nd all ! ye> r\nd4 ,fomes fom5t>ius4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,bracket ,,fomes4 ,?is species is v common 9 our woods4 ,! brackets resemble a horse's ho( 9 %ape4 ,!y are smoky1 gray1 & ( v>i\s %ades ( br[n4 ,! upp] surface ( ! bracket is q /rongly zon$ & furr[$1 s z to %[ ea* ye>'s gr[?4 ,! m>g9 is ?ick & blunt1 & ! tube surface is concave2 ! op5+s ( ! tubes q l>ge1 s t !y c be readily se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,! tube surface is r$di%-br[n :5 mature4 ,! inside 0 =m]ly us$ 9 mak+ t9d]-/icks1 :i* 7 made by roll+ ! fungus wood until x 0 p]fectly flexible & !n dipp+ x into saltpetre4 ,fomes rimosus4 ,b]keley4 ,,crack$ ,,fomes4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cdg4--;,fomes rimosus4 ,rimosus means crack$4 ,! f9e *ecks 9 ! pileus are cle>ly se5 9 ! halftone4 ,! pileus is pulv9ate-ungulate1 mu* dilat$1 deeply sulcate2 c9namon1 !n br[n or blacki%2 v mu* crack$ or rimose4 ,x is v h>d1 fibr\s1 tawny-f]rug9\s2 ! m>g9 broad1 pru9ate-velvety1 r acute4 ,! pores are m9ute1 indi/9ctly /ratifi$1 tawny-f]rug9\s1 ! m\?s rhub>b-color4 ,morgan4 ,?is plant is v common on ! locu/ trees ab\t ,*illico!4 ,i h nev] f\nd x on o!r wood4 ,fomes p9icola4 7,sw>tz47 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cdh4--;,fomes p9icola4 ,p9icola means dwell+ on p9e4 ,x is f\nd on dead p9e1 spruce1 balsam1 & o!r conif]s4 ,x resembles ,fomes leucophu b is some:at /\t] & does n h z h>d & firm a cru/4 ,! "y gr[? is at ! m>g91 & is :iti% or t+$ ) yell[1 :ile ! old zones are r$di%4 ,! tube surface is :iti%-yell[ or yell[i%4 ,?is is frequ5tly call$ ,polyporus p9icolus4 7,sw>tz47 ,fr4 ,fomes igni>ius4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cdi4--;,fomes igni>ius4 ,?is is r a common species 9 our /ate2 black or br[ni%-black 9 color1 some:at triangul> 9 %ape1 & frequ5tly ho(-%ap$4 ,! zones indicat+ ! ye>ly gr[? are pla9ly m>k$1 & ! tubes are q long & ( a d>k br[n color4 ,_! gr[? is r sl[1 & x requires ye>s to produce "s ( ! mod]ate siz$ specim5s4 ,pr(4 ,atk9son ( ,cornell ,univ]sity f\nd a specim5 :i* he believ$ to be ov] #hj ye>s old4 ,?is is call$ by _m au?ors ,polyporus igni>ius 7,l471 ,fr4 ,murrill calls x ,pyropolyporus igni>ius4 ,?is plant is widely di/ribut$ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is met frequ5tly 9 e wood 9 ,ohio4 ,fomes frax9ophilus4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cej4--;,fomes frax9ophilus4 ,frax9ophilus means a%-lov+2 r common 9 ?is c\ntry1 b does n gr[ 9 ,europe4 ,! pileus is betwe5 corky & woody1 smoo?1 some:at flatt5$1 at fir/ zoneless2 :ite :5 "y1 !n r$di%-br[n1 :ite ar\nd ! m>g92 at fir/ ev51 !n conc5trically sulcate1 pale )94 ,! tubes are %ort1 pores m9ute1 ru/y-r$ b cov]$ f ! fir/ ) a :ite pubesc5ce & cont9u\s ) ! m>g92 ! spores ne>ly r\nd1 #f-g4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #cej 7 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[ on a liv+ a%1 gr[+ at int]vals ( five or six feet1 "o above ano!r1 to a height ( ?irty feet4 ,trametes4 ,fr4 ,9 case ( ! g5us ,trametes ! hym5ophorum desc5ds into ! trama ( ! pores )\t any *ange1 & is p]man5tly concrete ) ! pileus4 ,! pores are entire4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few ( ! ,polypori :i* are q ?9 t h ! trama ( ! same /ructure ) ! hym5ophorum4 ,^! h be5 sep>at$ by ,fries & h be5 call$ ,poly/ictus4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! pores develop f ! c5t] out & are p]p5dicul> to ! fibrillose /ratum above ! hym5ophorum :ile 9 ! g5us ,trametes ! hym5ophorum is n di/ant f ! re/ ( ! pileus4 ,trametes rubesc5s4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cea4--,trametes rubesc5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ceb4--,trametes rubesc5s4 ,?is is "o ( ! neate/ plants ( ?is /ructure 9 our woods4 ,x gr[s on ! small bran*es & _m times cov]s !m q well4 ,x is resup9ate1 ! cap be+ beautifully zon$ z y see 9 ,figure #cea4 ,frequ5tly !y gr[ f ! side ( a small tree t has fall5 to ! gr\nd & 9 ?is case !y are %elv+4 ,! pore surface is usually r$di% or fle%-color1 ! pores be+ long & irregul> & incl9$ to be labyr9?i=m 9 old] specim5s z w be se5 9 ,figure #ceb4 ,! :ole plant is r$di% or pale fle%-color4 ,no "o w fail to recognize x f ^! cuts4 ,trametes scutellata4 ,s*w4 ,scutellata means %ield-be>+4 ,x is frequ5tly q small1 an in* or less2 coriace\s1 dimidiate1 orbiculate or ungulate1 fix$ by ! apex2 ! pilei q h>d3 :ite1 !n br[ni% & blacki%1 becom+ rugg$ & unev51 ) :ite m>g92 hym5ium disk-%ap$1 concave1 :ite-pulv]ul5t becom+ d>k2 pores m9ute1 long1 ) ?ick obtuse dissepim5ts4 ,?is is f\nd on f5ce po/s4 ,trametes ,ohi5sis4 ,b]k4 ,! pilei are pulv9ate1 n>r[1 zon$1 (t5 lat]ally conflu5t2 o*race\s-:ite1 tom5tose1 !n smoo?1 laccate4 ,?is plant resembles ,t4 scutellata 9 _m po9ts1 bo? 9 habit & 9 =m4 ,trametes suaveol5s4 7,l47 ,fr4 ,s(t at fir/1 pulv9ate1 :ite1 vill\s1 zoneless2 pores rotund1 r l>ge1 obtuse1 :ite1 !n d>k]2 anise-sc5t$4 ,f\nd on will[s4 ,m]ulius4 ,fr4 ,m]ulius means a blackbird2 f ! color ( ! fungus4 ,hym5ophore cov]$ ) ! s(t waxy hym5ium1 :i* is incompletely porus1 or arrang$ 9 reticulate1 s9u\s1 d5tate folds4 ,?is g5us gr[s on wood1 at fir/ resup9ate1 exp&$2 ! hym5ophore spr++ f a muc\s mycelium4 ,m]ulius rubellus4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cec4--,m]ulius rubellus4 ,natural size4 ,rubellus is ! dim9utive ( rub]1 r$di%4 ,! pileus gr[s 9 tufts1 sessile1 conflu5t & imbricat$1 rep&1 ?91 convex1 s(t1 dimidiate1 q t5aci\s2 tom5tose1 ev5ly r$1 m>g9 mo/ly undulately inflex$1 gr[+ pale 9 age4 ,hym5ium :iti% or r$di%1 folds mu* bran*$1 =m+ ana/omos+ pores4 ,! spores are elliptical1 hyal9e1 m9ute1 #d-eb4e-c4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es long & an in* & a half broad4 ,x is f\nd v frequ5tly on decay$ bee* & sug> trees & ,i h f\nd x gr[+ on a live oak4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #cec 7 collect$ ne> ,columbus & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,x is probably ! same z ,m4 inc>nati1 ,s*w4 ,m]ulius tremellosus4 ,s*rad4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ced4--,m]ulius tremellosus ,tremellosus1 trembl+4 ,resup9ate2 m>g9 becom+ free & m or less reflex$1 usually radiately-too!d1 fle%y1 tremelloid1 tom5tose1 :ite2 hym5ium v>i\sly wr9kl$ & porus1 :iti% & subtransluc5t-look+1 becom+ t+$ ) br[n 9 ! c5t]4 ,! spores are cyl9drical1 curv$1 ab\t #da4 ,f "o to ?ree in*es across1 rema9+ pale :5 gr[+ 9 d>k places4 ,! m>g9 is sometimes t+$ ) a rose-color1 radiat+ :5 x is well develop$4 ,massee4 ,?is plant gr[s 9 woods on wood & is q common 9 our woods--bo? ! rose-color$ & ! transluc5t-br[n4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine calls ,m]ulius tremellosus & ,m4 rubellus em]g5cy species4 ,he says !y are r ta/eless1 t\gh1 slightly woody 9 flavor4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,m]ulius corium4 ,fr4 ,resup9ate1 effus$1 s(t1 pap]y1 circumf]5ce at l5g? free1 reflex$1 :ite1 vill\s bel[4 ,hym5ium nett$1 porus1 pallid1 tan-color4 ,f\nd on decay+-bran*es4 ,q common4 ,m]ulius lacrymans4 ,fr4 ,resup9ate1 fle%y1 spongy1 moi/1 t5d]1 at fir/ v light1 cottony & :ite2 :5 ! ve9s appe> !y are ( a f9e yell[1 orange or r$di%-br[n1 =m+ irregul> folds1 s arrang$ to h ! appe>ance ( pores 7b nev] any?+ l tubes71 di/ill+ :5 p]fect drops ( wat] :i* give rise to ! specific "n weep+4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,w4 ,hoyt ( ,*illico!1 br\ght to my (fice two or ?ree plants ( ?is species t _h gr[n on ! "u side ( ! floor 9 8 wa%-h\se4 ,:5 he took up ! floor ! workm5 discov]$ a numb] ( p5dant processes1 "s oval1 "s cone-%ap$4 ,"s 7 eight in*es long1 v :ite & beautiful b cle>ly illu/rat+ ! weep+ process4 ,! doctor call$ !m :ite rats susp5d$ by _! tails4 ,ddalea4 ,p]s4 ,ddalea is us$ ) ref]5ce to ! labyr9?i=m pores2 s nam$ aft] ,ddalos1 ! build] ( ! labyr9? ( ,crete4 ,! hym5ophore desc5ds into ! trama )\t any *ange1 pores firm1 :5 fully gr[n s9u\s & labyr9?i=m1 lac]at$1 & too!d4 ,! habits ( ,ddalea are v mu* ! same z ,trametes1 b !y are inodor\s4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to conf\nd !m ) ! species ( ,polyporus t h elongat$ curv$ pores4 ,ddalea ambigua4 ,b]k4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cee4--;,ddalea ambigua4 ,"o-?ird natural size1 %[+ upp] surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cef4--;,ddalea ambigua4 ,"o-?ird natural size1 %[+ ! pore surface4 ,! pileus is :ite1 corky1 horizontal1 explanate1 r5i=m1 subsessile1 azonate1 f9ely pubesc5t1 becom+ smoo?4 ,pores f r\nd to l9e> & labyr9?i=m1 ! dissepim5ts always obtuse & nev] lamellate4 ,x is a v common gr[? 9 ,ohio1 f\nd on old logs ( ! sug> maple4 ,y w see ! beg9n+ ( ! gr[? 9 ! spr+ z a r\nd :ite nodule :i* develops sl[ly4 ,if ! same plant is obs]v$ 9 ! summ] x w be f\nd to be gibb\s or convex 9 =m4 ,x f9i%es its gr[? 9 ! fall :5 x has become explanate & horizontal1 depress$ above & ) a ?9 m>g94 ,:5 fre% & gr[+ x is ( a ri* cream-color & has a s(t & velvety t\* & a pleasant fragrance4 ,9 ,figure #cee1 %[+ ! surface ( ! cap1 ! gr[? ( ! plant %[s 9 ! =m ( ! zones4 ,figure #cef %[s ! =m ( ! dissepim5ts4 ,9 y\ng] specim5s ^! are frequ5tly r\nd1 mu* l a ,polyporus4 ,!re is "o locality 9 ,poke ,holl[ :]e ! maple logs are :ite ) ?is species1 appe>+1 9 ! di/ance1 to be oy/] mu%rooms4 ,ddalea qu]c9a4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,oak ,d,,dalea4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ceg4--;,ddalea qu]c9a4 ,! pileus is a pallid wood color1 corky1 rugulose1 unev51 )\t zones1 becom+ smoo?2 ( ! same color )9 z )\t2 ! m>g9 9 full-gr[n specim5s ?91 b 9 imp]fectly develop$ specim5s swoll5 & blunt4 ,! pores are at fir/ r\nd1 !n brok5 into contort$ or gill-l labyr9?i=m s9uses1 ) obtuse edges ( ! same color z ! pileus1 sometimes ) a slight %ade ( p9k4 ,!y gr[ to be v l>ge1 f six to eight in*es broad1 be+ f\nd on oak /umps & logs1 ?\gh n z common 9 ,ohio z ,d4 ambigua4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #ceg 7 f\nd 9 ,massa*usetts by ,mrs4 ,black=d & photograph$ "h4 ,ddalea unicolor4 ,fr4 ,villose-/rigose1 c9]e\s ) concolor\s zones2 hym5ium ) flexu\s1 w9d+1 intricate1 acute dissepim5ts1 at l5g? torn & too!d4 ,! pores are :iti% c9]e\s1 sometimes fusc\s2 v>iable 9 ?ickness1 color1 & "* ( hym5ium2 sometimes ) :ite m>g92 (t5 imbricat$ & fulig9\s :5 moi/4 ,widely di/ribut$ ov] ! /ates & f\nd on ne>ly all decidu\s trees4 ,ddalea confragosa4 ,boton4 ,,! ,,will[ ,d,,dalea4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ceh4--;,ddalea confragosa4 ,confragosa means brok51 r\gh4 ,! pileus is r convex1 corky1 r\gh1 slightly zonate1 r$di%-br[n1 unicolor\s1 some:at ( a ru/-r$ )94 ,! pores are frequ5tly r\nd1 l ^? ( ! ,polyporus1 b sometimes !y are elongat$ into gills l ! ,l5zites2 r$di%-br[n4 ,i h se5 q old specim5s t 7 v difficult to di/+ui% f "s ( ! =ms ( ,l5zites4 ,! "y plants resemble v closely ,trametes rubesc5s4 ,x gr[s on ,cratgus1 will[ & sometimes on o!r trees1 & is widely di/ribut$4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #ceh 0 f\nd 9 ,massa*usetts by ,mrs4 ,black=d1 & photograph$ 9 my /udy4 ,favolus4 ,fr4 ,favolus is a dim9utive ( favus1 honey-comb4 ,! hym5ium is alveolate1 radiat+1 =m$ ( ! d5sely irregul>ly unit+ gills2 elongat$1 diamond-%ap$4 ,spores :ite4 ,semicircul> 9 outl9e1 some:at /ipitate4 ,favolus canad5sis4 ,klots*4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cei4--;,favolus ,canad5sis4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 t\gh1 ?91 kidney-=m1 fibrillose1 scaly1 tawny1 becom+ pale & smoo?4 ,! pores or alveoli are angul> elongat$1 :ite at fir/1 !n /raw-color4 ,! /em is ecc5tric1 lat]al1 v %ort or lack+ altoge!r4 ,?is plant is v common ar\nd ,*illico! on fall5 bran*es 9 ! woods1 especially on hickory4 ,f\nd f ,septemb] to fro/4 ,n poison\s b too t\gh to eat4 ,i d n believe !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 ,f4 canad5sis & ,favolus ,europeus4 ,i notice t our plant assumes diff]5t colors 9 diff]5t /ages ( its gr[?1 & ! =m ( ! pores also *anges4 ,cyclomyces4 ,kunz ,fr4 ,cyclomyces is f two ,greek words1 mean+ a circle & fungus4 ,?is g5us is v di/9ct f o!r tube-be>+ g5]a4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 lea!ry or membranace\s1 & usually cu%ion-=m$4 ,^u ! l[] surface are ! plate-l bodies resembl+ ! gills ( ,ag>ics b :i* are compos$ ( m9ute pores4 ,^! pore bodies are arrang$ 9 conc5tric circles ar\nd ! /em4 ,cyclomyces ,gre5ii4 ,b]k4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cfj4--;,cyclomyces ,gre5ii ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cfa4--;,cyclomyces ,gre5ii4 ,old specim5s4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 globose at fir/1 convex1 sometimes undulate1 some:at zon$1 tom5tose1 dry1 cu%ion-=m$1 c9namon-br[n1 r %[y4 ,! gills are 9 conc5tric circles ar\nd ! /em1 gr[+ l>g] & l>g] z !y rea* ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,9 ! "y plant ! gills are divid$ into long divisions b 9 ! old] plant ^! division l9es disappe> z w be se5 9 ,figure #cfa4 ,! edges ( ! gills are :ite at fir/1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #cfa1 b f9ally becom+ c9namon-br[n4 ,! /em is c5tral1 tap]+ upw>d1 q l>ge & swoll5 at times v mu* l ,hydnum spongiosipes2 ! color is ! same z ! pileus4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ plant & q r>e 9 ,ohio1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd sev]al plants 9 ! fall ( #aije1 on ,ral/on's ,run4 ,9 ! same locality ,i f\nd ,boletus badius1 & :5 ,i fir/ saw ,c4 ,gre5ii ,i came ne> mi/ak+ x = ! same plant & s neglect+ x1 ! caps be+ at fir/ glance s mu* alike4 ,gloeoporus4 ,mont4 ,gloeoporus is f two ,greek words1 mean+ glut5 & pore4 ,! plants ( ?is g5us resemble ! polyporus & are frequ5tly plac$ "u t g5us4 ,gloeoporus con*oides4 ,mont4 ,con*oides means l a %ell4 ,! pileus is lea!ry or woody1 at fir/ fle%y1 s(t1 effus$1 ) upp] m>g9 reflex$2 ?91 silky1 :iti%1 ) edge ( ! m>g9 (t5 r$di%4 ,x has a trembl+1 gelat9\s1 spore-be>+ surface1 (t5 some:at ela/ic4 ,! pores are %ort1 v small1 r\nd1 c9namon-br[n4 ,!re are sev]al synonyms4 ,polyporus di*r\s1 ,fr41 & ,p4 nigropurpurasc5s1 ,s*w4 ,montgom]y places x 9 ! above g5us because ( its gelat9\s hym5ium4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,hydnaceae--,,fungi ,,) ,,tee?4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no family 9 mycology t has a great] v>iety 9 =m1 size1 & consi/5cy ?an ?is4 ,"s species are v l>ge1 "s are small1 "s fle%y1 & "s are corky or woody4 ,! fruit+ surface is ! special *>act]i/ic m>k+ ! family4 ,?is surface is cov]$ ) sp9es or tee? :i* ne>ly always po9t to ! e>?4 ,_m ( ! ,hydnace are %elv+1 gr[+ on trees or logs2 "s gr[ on ! gr\nd on c5tral1 b usually ecc5tric1 /ems4 ,! g5]a ( ,hydnace are di/+ui%$ by ! size1 %ape1 & atta*m5t ( ! tee?4 ,! foll[+ g5]a are includ$3 ,hydnum--,sp9es discrete at ! base4 ,irpex--,resup9ate2 ) gill-l tee? concrete ) ! pileus4 ,mucronella--,plants ) tee? only & no basal membrane4 ,radulum--,hym5ium ) ?ick1 blunt1 irregul> sp9es4 ,si/otrema--,fle%y plants ) caps & flatt5$ tee?1 on gr\nd4 ,phlebia--,plants spread ov] ! ho/ ) cr[d$ folds or wr9kles4 ,gr&9ia--,cov]$ ) granules1 m or less smoo?1 & excavat$4 ,odontium--,cov]$ ) cre/$ granules4 ,hydnum4 ,l9n4 ,hydnum is f a ,greek ^w mean+ an eatable fungus4 ,! g5us is *>act]iz$ by awl-%ap$ sp9es :i* are di/ant at ! base4 ,^! sp9es are at fir/ papilli=m1 !n elongat$ & r\nd4 ,!y =m ! fruit+ surface & take ! place ( ! gills 9 ! family ,ag>icace & ( ! pores 9 ! family ( ,polyporace4 ,! sp9es are simple or 9 "s cases ! tips are m or less bran*$4 ,?is is ! greate/ g5us 9 ! family & x includes _m important edible species4 ,x may be divid$ into two gr\ps3 "o1 ^? species hav+ a cap & a c5tral or lat]al /em2 ! o!r1 ! species gr[+ ) or )\t a di/9ct cap1 9 l>ge imbricat$ masses4 ,"s imitate coral 9 /ructure & "s seem to be a mass ( sp9es4 ,_m ( ^! plants gr[ to be v l>ge & massive1 frequ5tly weigh+ ov] t5 p\nds4 ,hydnum rep&um4 ,l9n4 ,,! ,,spread+ ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cfb4--;,hydnum rep&um4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,rep&um1 b5t backw>d1 ref]r+ to ! position ( ! /em & ! cap4 ,! pileus is two to f\r in*es broad1 g5]ally irregul>1 ) ! /em ecc5tric2 fle%y1 brittle1 convex or ne>ly plane1 compact1 m or less rep&1 ne>ly smoo?2 color v>y+ f a pale buff--! typical hue--to a di/9ct brick-r$2 fle% creamy-:ite1 incl9+ to turn br[n :5 bruis$2 ta/e slightly aromatic1 m>g9 (t5 wavy4 ,! sp9es are b5ea? ! cap1 "o-qu>t] to "o-?ird ( an in* long1 irregul>1 entire1 po9t$1 r easily deta*$1 leav+ small cavities 9 ! fle%y cap1 s(t1 creamy1 becom+ d>k] 9 old] specim5s4 ,! /em is %ort1 ?ick1 solid 9 "y specim5s1 holl[ 9 old] specim5s2 pal] ?an ! pileus1 r r\gh1 (t5 set ecc5trically into ! cap2 "o to ?ree in*es long1 sometimes ?ick5$ at ! base1 sometimes at ! top4 ,! spores are globose or a broad oval1 ) a small papilla at "o end4 ,! usual color ( ! cap is buff1 sometimes v pale1 almo/ :ite4 ,! color & smoo?ness ( ! cap h giv5 rise to ! "n ( doe-sk9 mu%room4 ,i f\nd ?is plant occasionally 9 ! woods ab\t ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,x is v v>iable 9 size & color1 & is q fragile1 gr[+ alone or 9 clu/]s4 ,x is "o ( our be/ mu%rooms if prop]ly cook$1 & may be dri$ & kept = w9t] use4 ,f\nd 9 woods & op5 places f ,july to ,octob]1 sometimes e>li]4 ,specim5s 9 ,figure #cfb 7 f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[4 ,hydnum imbricatum4 ,l9n4 ,,! ,,imbricat$ ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,imbricatum is f imbrex1 a tile1 ref]r+ to ! surface ( ! cap be+ torn into triangul> scales1 seem+ to ov]lap "o ano!r l %+les on a ro(4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 plane1 slightly depress$1 tessellat$ scaly1 d[ny1 n zon$1 umb] 9 color or br[ni% z if scor*$1 fle% d+y-:ite1 ta/e slightly bitt] :5 raw1 m>g9 r\nd4 ,! sp9es are decurr5t1 entire1 num]\s1 %ort1 a%y-:ite1 g5]ally equal 9 l5g?4 ,! /em is firm1 %ort1 ?ick1 ev51 :iti%4 ,! spores are pale yell[-br[n1 r\gh4 ,! bitt] ta/e entirely leaves ! plant :5 well cook$4 ,x seems to delight 9 p9e or *e/nut woods4 ,i f\nd x 9 ,emmanuel ,?omas' woods1 ea/ ( ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,x is f\nd f ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,hydnum er9aceum4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,h$gehog ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,figure #cfc4--;,hydnum ,er9aceum4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,! plant is entirely :ite :5 fre%4 ,er9aceum1 a h$gehog4 ,two to eight in*es or m across4 ,tufts p5dul\s4 ,:ite & yell[i%-:ite becom+ yell[i%-br[n2 fle%y1 ela/ic1 t\gh1 sometimes em>g9ate 7broadly atta*$ z if tuft 7 cut 9 two or slic$ (f :]e atta*$71 a mass ( lattic$ bran*es & fibrils4 ,sp9es "o & a half in*es to f\r in*es long1 cr[d$1 /raight1 equal1 p5dul\s4 ,! /em is sometimes rudim5t>y4 ,! spores are subglobose1 :ite1 pla91 #e-f4 ,peck1 #bb ,n4 ,y4 ,report4 ,! sp9es :5 j />t+ are l small papill1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #cfd4 ,figure #cfc repres5ts a v f9e specim5 f\nd on ! end ( a bee* log1 on ! ,hunt+ton ,hills1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,x made a meal = ?ree families4 ,i h f\nd sev]al basketfuls ( ?is species on ?is same log1 )9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,i h also f\nd on ! same log l>ge specim5s ( ,hydnum corralloides4 ,! photograph at ! beg9n+ ( ! book repres5ts ! l>ge/ specim5 ,i ev] saw ( ?is species4 ,x measur$ eighte5 in*es "o way & ?irte5 ! o!r1 & 0 f\nd on a maple tree on top ( ,m\nt ,logan4 ,x grew f a c5tral /em1 :ile ! "o 9 ,figure #cfc grew f a crack 9 a log1 app>5tly )\t a /em4 ,plate ,i1 ,figure #a 0 photograph$ aft] x 0 dri$4 ,! specim5 c be se5 9 ! ,lloyd ,libr>y 9 ,c9c9nati4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cfd4--;,hydnum er9aceum4 ,"y /ate4 ,hydnum caput-ursi4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,be>',s ,,head ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cfe4--;,hydnum caput-ursi4 ,caput-ursi means ! head ( a be>4 ,?is is a v beautiful plant b n z common z "s o!r species ( ,hydnum4 ,x gr[s 9 v l>ge p5dul\s tufts1 z ,figure #cfe w indicate4 ,x is f\nd frequ5tly on /&+ oak & maple trees1 sometimes q high up 9 ! trees4 ,x is m frequ5tly f\nd on logs & /umps1 z are its k9dr$ species4 ,! plant arises out ( ! wood by a s+le /\t /em :i* bran*es into _m divisions1 all ( :i* are cov]$ by long p5dant sp9es4 ,:5 x gr[s on top ( a log or /ump ! sp9es are frequ5tly erect4 ,x is :ite1 becom+ 9 age yell[ & br[ni%4 ,x has a wide di/ribution ?r\gh ! /ates4 ,z an escul5t x is f9e4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #cfe 0 f\nd ne> ,akron1 ,ohio1 & 0 photograph$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smi?4 ,x is f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,hydnum caput-,m$us4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,m$usa',s ,,head ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cff4--;,hydnum caput-,m$us4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,caput-,m$us1 head ( ,m$usa4 ,?is is a v /rik+ plant :5 se5 9 ! woods4 ,! tufts are p5dul\s4 ,! long wavy sp9es resemble ! wavy locks ( ,m$usa1 h5ce ! "n4 ,! long s(t sp9es cov] ! entire surface ( ! fungus1 :i* is divid$ into fle%y bran*es or divisions1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a cr[n ( %ort] droop+ tee?4 ,! color at fir/ is :ite1 *ang+ 9 age to a buff or a d>k cream1 :i* di/+ui%es x f ,h4 caput-ursi4 ,! ta/e is sweet & aromatic1 sometimes slightly pung5t4 ,! /em is %ort & conceal$ b5ea? ! gr[?4 ,i f\nd ?is plant gr[+ on a hickory log1 on ,lee's hill1 ne> ,*illico!1 f :i* came ! specim5 9 ,figure #cff4 ,i h also f\nd x on elm & bee*4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,x is bo? attractive & palatable4 ,hydnum coralloides4 ,scop4 ,,! ,,coral-,,l ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cfg4--;,hydnum coralloides4 ,"o-f\r? natural size4 ,entire plant :ite4 ,?is species gr[s 9 l>ge1 beautiful tufts on decay+ logs1 9 damp woods4 ,x gr[s f a common /em1 divid+ into _m bran*es & !n sub-divid+ into _m long & coral-l %oots1 compos$ :olly ( att5uat$ int]lac+ bran*es tap]+ to a po9t4 ,! sp9es gr[ f "o side ( ! flatt5$ bran*es4 ,x only ne$s to be se5 once to be recogniz$ z a coral-l mu%room4 ,x is pure :ite at fir/1 becom+ creamy or d+y-:ite ) age4 ,x seems to delight 9 damp1 hilly places1 yet ,i f\nd x to be abundant at ,sidney1 & to "s ext5t ab\t ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,ohio1 :]e x 0 v level4 ,x is pl5tiful ar\nd ,*illico!4 ,"o hickory log1 f :i* ! specim5 9 ! figure 0 tak51 furni%$ me sev]al basketfuls ( ?is plant dur+ ?ree seasons1 b at ! end ( ! ?ird season ! log crumbl$ away1 mycelium hav+ lit]ally consum$ x4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful fungi t ,dame ,nature has be5 able to fa%ion4 ,x is said t ,elias ,fries1 :5 a m]e boy1 0 s impress$ ) ! sight ( ?is beautiful fungus1 :i* grew abundantly 9 8 native woods 9 ,sw$51 t he resolv$ :5 he grew up to pursue ! /udy ( ,mycology1 :i* he did2 & became "o ( ! greate/ au?orities ( ! _w 9 t "p ( ,botany4 ,9 fact1 he laid ! f\ndation = ! /udy ( ,basidiomycetes1 & ?is beautiful little coral-l fungus 0 8 inspiration4 ,x is f\nd pr9cipally on bee*1 maple & hickory 9 damp woods1 f ,july to fro/4 ,i h eat5 x = ye>s & e/eem x among ! be/4 ,hydnum sept5trionale4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,hydnum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlix4 ,figure #cfh4--;,hydnum sept5trionale4 ,grew f a small op5+ 9 a liv+ bee* tree4 ,sept5trionale1 nor!rn4 ,?is is a v l>ge1 fle%y1 fibr\s plant1 gr[+ usually ^u logs & /umps4 ,!re are _m pilei gr[+ "o above ! o!r1 plane1 m>g9 /raight1 :ole4 ,! sp9es are cr[d$1 sl5d] & equal4 ,i h f\nd a numb] ( specim5s ab\t ,*illico! t w\ld weigh f eight to t5 p\nds ea*4 ,! plant is too woody to eat4 ,besides1 x seems to h b little flavor4 ,i h always f\nd x on bee* logs1 f ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,a v l>ge plant gr[s e ye> on a liv+ bee* tree on ,cemet]y ,hill4 ,hydnum spongiosipes4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cfi4--;,hydnum spongiosipes4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,spongiosipes means a sponge-l foot4 ,pileus convex1 s(t1 spongy-tom5tose1 b t\gh 9 texture1 ru/y-br[n1 ! l[] /ratum firm] & m fibr\s1 b concolor\s4 ,! sp9es are sl5d]1 "o to two l9es long1 ru/y-br[n1 becom+ d>k] ) age4 ,! /em is h>d & corky )91 ext]nally spongy-tom5tose2 color$ l ! pileus1 ! c5tral sub/ance (t5 transv]sely zon$1 especially ne> ! top4 ,spores globose1 nodulose1 purpli%-br[n1 #d-f broad4 ,pileus "o & a half to f\r in*es broad4 ,/em "o & a half to ?ree in*es long1 & f\r to eight l9es ?ick4 ,peck1 #ej? ,rep4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! woods1 q pl5tifully1 ab\t ,*illico!4 ,i ref]r$ x to ,h4 f]rug9eum = a long "t1 b n be+ satisfi$1 s5t "s specim5s to ,dr4 ,peck1 :o classifi$ x z ,h4 spongiosipes4 ,x is edible b v t\gh4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,hydnum zonatum4 ,bats*4 ,,! ,,zon$ ,,hydnum4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cgj4--;,hydnum zonatum4 ,zonatum1 zon$4 ,f]rug9\s2 pileus equally coriace\s1 ?91 exp&$1 sub9fundibuli=m1 zon$1 becom+ smoo?2 t\gh1 almo/ lea!ry 9 texture1 hav+ a surface ( beautiful br[n1 silky lu/re1 & ) radiat+ /ri2 m>g9 pal]2 /]ile4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 ne>ly equal1 floccose1 bulb\s at ! base4 ,! sp9es are sl5d]1 pallid1 !n ( ! same color z ! pileus1 equal4 ,! spores are r\gh1 globose1 pale1 #d4 ,! spore-be>+ sp9es are %[n 9 ! upp] plants 9 ,figure #cgj4 ,two ( !m %[ coalesc$ caps1 ?\gh ! /ems are sep>ate4 ,?is is ! case ) ,h4 scrobiculatum & ,h4 spongiosipes4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #cgj 7 collect$ by ! roadside 9 woods on ! ,/ate ,f>m1 ne> ,lanca/]1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,hydnum scrobiculatum4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cga4--;,hydnum scrobiculatum4 ,two-?irds natural-size4 ,scrobiculatum means m>k$ ) a dit* or tr5*2 s call$ f ! r\gh condition ( ! cap4 ,! pileus is f "o to ?ree in*es broad1 corky1 convex1 !n plane1 sometimes slightly depress$2 t\gh 9 texture1 ru/y-br[n2 ! surface ( ! cap usually q r\gh1 m>k$ ) ridges or tr5*es1 fle% f]rug9\s4 ,! sp9es are %ort1 ru/y-br[n1 becom+ d>k ) age4 ,! /em is firm1 "o to two in*es long1 unequal1 ru/y-br[n1 (t5 cov]$ ) a d5se tom5tum4 ,?is species is v pl5tiful 9 our woods1 among ! leaves "u bee* trees4 ,!y gr[ 9 l9es = "s di/ance1 ! caps s close toge!r t !y are v frequ5tly conflu5t4 ,i f\nd ! plant at ,salem1 & 9 sev]al o!r localities 9 ! /ate1 al?\gh ,i h nev] se5 a description ( x4 ,any "o w be able to recognize x f ,figure #cga4 ,x gr[s 9 ! woods 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,hydnum ,black=d4 ,pk4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex1 glabr\s1 grayi% or gre5i%-gray1 fle% :iti% ) r$di% /a9s1 sl[ly becom+ d>k] on exposure2 aculei subulate1 #b-e mm4 long1 yell[i%-gray1 becom+ br[n ) age or dry+2 /em equal or /uff$1 becom+ holl[ 9 dry+2 glabr\s1 color$ l ! pileus2 spores br[n1 globose1 v]rucose1 #h-aj broad4 ,! pileus is #b4e-f cm4 broad2 /em #b4e-d cm4 long1 #c-d mm4 ?ick4 ,mossy gr\nd 9 l[ spr+y places 9 damp mix$ woods4 ,augu/4 ,peck4 ,?is species 0 f\nd at ,ellis1 ,mass41 & 0 s5t to me ?r\gh c\rtesy ( ! collector1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,black=d1 ,bo/on1 = :om x 0 nam$4 ,hydnum f5nicum4 ,k>/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cgb4--;,hydnum f5nicum4 ,natural size1 %[+ ! tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cgc4--;,hydnum f5nicum4 ,natural size1 %[+ ! scaly cap4 ,pileus fle%y1 fragile1 unequal2 at fir/ scaly1 at l5g? break+ up2 r$di%-brick color becom+ d>k]2 m>g9 undulately lob$1 two to f\r in*es broad4 ,fle% :ite4 ,! tee? decurr5t1 equal1 po9t$1 f :ite to dusky1 ab\t #d mm4 long4 ,! /em is suffici5tly /\t1 unequal bel[1 att5uat$1 flexu\s or curv$1 smoo?1 ( ! same color z ! cap1 base acute1 :ite tom5tum outside1 inside light pale-blue1 or d>k-gray4 ,! spores are ellipso-sph]oidical or subsph]oidical1 r\gh1 dusky1 #d-f long1 #c-e broad4 ,! plants 9 ,figures #cgb & #cgc 7 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[4 ,! plant is q bitt] & no am\nt ( cook+ w make x edible4 ,f\nd 9 woods f ,augu/ to ,septemb]4 ,hydnum adu/um4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cgd4--;,hydnum adu/um4 ,natural size4 ,adu/um means scor*$1 burn$4 ,! pileus is two to ?ree in*es broad1 yell[i%-:ite1 blacki% ar\nd ! m>g91 coriace\s1 slightly zon$2 plane at fir/1 !n slightly depress$2 tom5tose1 ?92 frequ5tly a plant w be f\nd gr[+ on ! top ( ano!r plant4 ,! sp9es are at fir/ :ite1 adnate1 %ort1 turn+ fle%-color & :5 dri$ almo/ black4 ,! /em is %ort1 solid1 tap]+ upw>d4 ,! plant is f\nd gr[+ 9 ! woods on trunks & /icks aft] a ra9 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]4 ,x is n z pl5tiful z ,hydnum spongiosipes & ,h4 scrobiculatum4 ,x is an attractive plant :5 se5 9 ! woods4 ,hydnum o*raceum4 ,p4 ,,o*rey ,,hydnum4 ,small1 at fir/ entirely resup9ate1 gradually reflex$1 & some:at rep&1 at fir/ sp>+ly clo!d ) dirty-:ite d[n1 at l5g? rugose2 "o to ?ree in*es broad4 ,! sp9es are %ort1 entire1 becom+ pale4 ,fries4 ,x is occasionally f\nd on decay$ /icks 9 ! woods4 ,hydnum pul*]rimum4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,mo/ ,,beautiful ,,hydnum4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cge4--;,hydnum pul*]rimum4 ,%[+ ! "u side ( "o ( ! pileoli4 ,pul*]rimum is ! sup]lative ( pul*]1 beautiful4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 some:at fibr\s1 alutaceus1 hirsute2 ! m>g9 ?91 entire1 incurv$4 ,! aculei %ort1 cr[d$1 equal4 ,x is f\nd on bee* wood1 frequ5tly imbricat$ & lat]ally conflu5t2 a s+le pileus two to five in*es 9 bread? & project+ two to f\r in*es4 ,! sp9es are r %ort1 n exce$+ a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,! entire plant is q fibr\s & has a hirsute surface4 ,! color v>ies f :iti% to alutace\s & yell[i%4 ,x is n common ) u4 ,figure #cge repres5ts "o ( ! pilei %[+ ! sp9es4 ,hydnum graveol5s4 ,del4 ,,fragrant ,,hydnum4 ,graveol5s means sweet-sc5t$4 ,! pileus is coriace\s1 ?91 s(t1 n zon$1 rugose1 d>k-br[n1 br[n )91 m>g9 becom+ :iti%4 ,! /em is sl5d] & ! sp9es are decurr5t4 ,! sp9es are %ort1 gray4 ,! :ole plant smells ( melilot2 ev5 aft] x has be5 dri$ & kept = ye>s x does n lose ?is sc5t4 ,i f\nd two specim5s 9 ,haynes's ,holl[4 ,irpex4 ,fr4 ,irpex1 a h>r[1 s call$ f a fanci$ resemblance ( its tee? to ! tee? ( a h>r[4 ,x gr[s on wood2 too!d f ! fir/1 ! tee? are connect$ at ! base1 firm1 some:at coriace\s1 concrete ) ! pileus1 arrang$ 9 r[s or l net-"w4 ,irpex diff]s f ,hydnum 9 hav+ ! sp9es connect$ at ! base & m blunt4 ,irpex c>neus4 ,fr4 ,?is plant1 z its specific "n indicates1 resembles ! color ( fle%4 ,r$di%1 effus$1 "o to ?ree in*es long1 c>tilag9\s-gelat9\s1 membranace\s1 adnate4 ,tee? obtuse & awl-%ap$1 entire1 unit$ at ! base4 ,fries4 ,f\nd on ! tulip-tree1 hickory1 & elm4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,irpex lacteus4 ,fr4 ,gr[+ on wood1 membranace\s1 clo!d ) /iff hair1 m or less furr[$1 milk-:ite1 z its specific "n indicates4 ,! sp9es are compress$1 radiate1 m>g9 porus4 ,f\nd on hickory & bee* logs & /umps4 ,irpex tulipif]a4 ,s*w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cgf4--;,irpex tulipif]a4 ,coriace\s-membranace\s1 effus$2 hym5ium inf]ior1 at fir/ too!d1 tee? spr++ f a porus base1 some:at coriace\s1 entirely concrete ) ! pileus1 nett$ & connect$ at ! base1 :ite or :iti%1 turn+ yell[i% ) age4 ,?is plant is v abundant "h on fall5 tulip trees4 ,i h se5 entire tree tops & trunks cov]$ ) ?is plant4 ,! bran*es aft] !y h be5 p5etrat$ ) ! mycelial ?reads become v light & brittle4 ,phlebia4 ,fr4 ,lignatile1 resup9ate1 hym5ium s(t & waxy1 cov]$ ) folds or wr9kles1 edges entire or corrugat$4 ,phlebia radiata4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cgg4--,phlebia radiata4 ,some:at r\nd1 !n dilat$1 conflu5t1 fle%y & membranace\s1 r$di% or fle%-r$1 ! circumf]5ce peculi>ly radiately m>k$4 ,! folds 9 r[s radiat+ f ! c5t]4 ,! spores are cyl9dric-oblong1 curv$1 #d-ea-a4e4 ,?is is q common on bee* b>k 9 ! woods4 ,its bright color & mode ( gr[? w attract att5tion4 ,gr&9ia4 ,fr4 ,lignatile1 effus$1 waxy1 granulat$1 granules globul>1 entire1 p]man5t4 ,gr&9ia granulosa4 ,fr4 ,effus$1 r ?91 waxy1 some:at o*race\s1 circumf]5ce det]m9ate1 granules globul>1 equal1 cr[d$4 ,f\nd on decay$ wood4 ,q common 9 our woods4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,!lephoraceae4 ,!lephorace is f two ,greek words1 a teat & to be>4 ,! hym5ium is ev51 coriace\s1 or waxy1 co/ate1 or papillose4 ,!re are a numb] ( g5]a "u ?is family b ,i am acqua9t$ ) only ! g5us ,crat]ellus4 ,crat]ellus4 ,fr4 ,crat]ellus means a small b[l4 ,hym5ium waxy-membranace\s1 di/9ct b adnate to ! hym5ophore1 inf]ior1 cont9u\s1 smoo?1 ev5 or wr9kl$4 ,spores :ite4 ,fries4 ,crat]ellus can?>ellus4 7,s*w47 ,fr4 ,,yell[ ,,crat]ellus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cgh4--;,crat]ellus can?>ellus4 ,caps & /ems yell[4 ,can?>ellus is a dim9utive f a ,greek ^w mean+ a sort ( dr9k+-cup4 ,! pileus is "o to ?ree in*es broad1 convex1 (t5 becom+ depress$ & funnel-%ap$1 glabr\s1 yell[i%1 or p9ki%4 ,fle% :ite1 t\gh1 ela/ic4 ,hym5ium slightly wr9kl$1 yell[ or fa9t salmon color4 ,! /em is "o to ?ree in*es high1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 smoo?1 solid1 yell[4 ,! spores are yell[i% or salmon color :5 caught on :ite pap]1 #g4e-aje-f4 ,peck4 ,?is plant resembles ,can?>ellus cib>ius v closely4 ,! color1 =m ( gr[?1 & ! odor are v simil> to ! latt]4 ,x may be readily di/+ui%$ f ,c4 cib>ius by ! abs5ce ( folds on ! "u or fruit+ surface4 ,! caps are (t5 l>ge & wavy1 resembl+ yell[ caulifl[]4 ,x is q abundant ab\t ,*illico! dur+ ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/4 ,i h frequ5tly ga!r$ bu%els ( x = my mu%room-fri5ds4 ,x w be easily recogniz$ f ,figure #cgh1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! caps & /ems are yell[4 ,crat]ellus cornucopioides ,fr4 ,,! ,,horn ,,( ,,pl5ty ,,crat]ellus4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cgi4--;,crat]ellus cornucopioides4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,cornucopioides is f cornu1 a horn1 & copia1 pl5ty4 ,! pileus is ?91 flexible1 tubi=m1 holl[ to ! base1 blacki%-br[n1 sometimes a little scaly1 ! hym5ium ev5 or some:at wr9kl$1 c9]e\s4 ,! /em is holl[1 smoo?1 black1 %ort1 almo/ want+4 ,! spores are elliptical1 :iti%1 #aa-abg-h4 ,no "o w h any tr\ble 9 recogniz+ ?is species1 hav+ once se5 its picture & read its description4 ,its elongat$ or trumpet-%ap$ cap1 & its d+y-gray or sooty-br[n hue1 w at once di/+ui% x4 ,! spore-be>+ surface is (t5 a little pal] ?an ! upp] surface4 ,! cup is (t5 ?ree to f\r in*es long4 ,i h f\nd x 9 q l>ge clu/]s 9 ! woods ne> ,b[l+ ,gre51 & ,londond]ry1 ?\gh x is f\nd r sp>+ly on ! hillsides ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x has a wide di/ribution 9 o!r /ates4 ,x does n look invit+1 on acc\nt ( its color1 b x proves a favorite :5ev] te/$1 & may be dri$ & kept = future use4 ,x is f\nd f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,crat]ellus dubius4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #chj4--;,crat]ellus dubius4 ,natural size4 ,dubius means unc]ta91 f its close resemblance to ,c4 cornucopoides4 ,! pileus is "o to two in*es broad1 infundibuli=m1 subfibrillose1 lurid-br[n1 p]vi\s to ! base1 ! m>g9 g5]ally wavy1 lob$4 ,hym5ium d>k c9]e\s1 rugose :5 moi/1 ! m9ute cr[d$ irregul> folds abundantly ana/omos+2 ne>ly ev5 :5 dry4 ,! /em is %ort4 ,! spores are broadly elliptical or subglobose1 #f-g4e long4 ,peck4 ,x diff]s f ,c4 cornucopioides 9 mann] ( gr[?1 pal] color1 & small] spores4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ,crat]ellus s9uosus by its p]vi\s /em1 :ile v simil> 9 color to ,can?>ellus c9]eus4 ,?is plant1 l ,c4 cornucopoides1 dries readily1 & :5 moi/5$ exp&s & becomes q z good z :5 fre%4 ,x ne$s to be /ew$ sl[ly till t5d]1 :5 x makes a delightful di%4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #chj 7 collect$ ne> ,columbus by ,r4 ,h4 ,"y & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,!y are f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,corticium4 ,fr4 ,entirely resup9ate1 hym5ium s(t & fle%y :5 moi/1 collaps+ :5 dry1 (t5 crack$4 ,corticium lacteum4 ,fr4 ,?is is a v small plant1 resup9ate1 membranace\s1 & x is s nam$ because ( ! milk-:ite color und]nea?4 ,! hym5ium is waxy :5 moi/1 crack$ :5 dry4 ,corticium oakesii4 ,b4 ,c4 ,! plant is small1 waxy-pliant1 some:at coriace\s1 cup-%ap$1 !n explanate1 conflu5t1 m>g9ate1 ext]nally :ite-tom5tose4 ,! hym5ium is ev51 contigu\s1 becom+ pallid4 ,spores elliptical1 app5diculate4 ,i f\nd v f9e specim5s ( ?is plant on ! ,iron-wood1 ,o/rya ,virg9ica1 :i* gr[s on ! high s*ool lawn 9 ,*illico!4 ,9 ra9y wea!r 9 ,octob] & ,novemb] ! b>k w\ld be :ite ) ! plant4 ,x resembles a small ,peziza at fir/4 ,corticium inc>natum4 ,fr4 ,waxy :5 moi/1 becom+ rigid :5 dry1 conflu5t1 agglut9ate1 radiat+4 ,hym5ium r$ or fle%-color1 cov]$ ) a delicate fle%-color$ bloom4 ,"s f9e specim5s 7 f\nd on dead *e/nut trees 9 ,poke ,holl[4 ,corticium sambucum4 ,pk4 ,effus$ on eld] b>k1 :ite1 cont9u\s :5 gr[+1 :5 dry crack$ or flocculose & collaps+4 ,x gr[s on ! b>k or ! wood ( ! eld]4 ,corticium c9]eum4 ,fr4 ,waxy :5 moi/1 rigid :5 dry1 agglut9ate1 lurid4 ,! hym5ium is c9]e\s1 ) a v delicate bloom4 ,common on /icks 9 ! woods4 ,!lephora4 ,fr4 ,! pileus is )\t a cuticle1 consi/+ ( int]wov5 fibres4 ,hym5ium ribb$1 ( a t\gh1 fle%y sub/ance1 r rigid1 !n collaps+ & floccul5t4 ,!lephora ,s*we9itzii4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cha4--,!lephora ,s*we9itzii4 ,s*we9itzii is nam$ 9 honor ( ! ,rev4 ,david ,lewis de ,s*we9itz4 ,cspitose1 :ite or pallid4 ,pilei s(t-cor9ace\s1 mu* bran*$2 ! bran*es flatt5$1 furr[$ & some:at dilat$ at ! apex4 ,! /ems are v>iable 9 l5g?1 (t5 connate or fus$ toge!r into a solid base4 ,! hym5ium is ev51 becom+ d>k] color$ :5 old]4 ,morgan4 ,?is plant is kn[n z ,t4 pallida4 ,x is v abundant on our hillsides 9 ,ross ,c\nty1 & 9 fact ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,!lephora lac9iata4 ,p4 ,! pileus is s(t1 some:at coriace\s1 incru/+1 f]rug9\s-br[n4 ,! pilei are imbricat$1 fibr\s1 scaly1 m>g9 fimbriat$1 at fir/ dirty :ite4 ,! hym5ium is inf]ior & papillose4 ,!lephora palmata4 ,fr4 ,! pileus is coriace\s1 s(t1 erect1 palmately bran*$ f a common /alk2 pubesc5t1 purpli%-br[n2 bran*es flat1 ev51 tips fimbriat$1 :iti%4 ,! sc5t is v noticeable soon aft] x is pick$4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,!lephora cri/ata4 ,fr4 ,! pileus is incru/+1 r t\gh1 pallid1 pass+ into bran*es1 ! apices compress$1 exp&$1 & beautifully fr+$4 ,! plant is :iti%1 grayi%1 or purpli%-br[n4 ,x is f\nd on moss or /ems ( we$s4 ,i f\nd beautiful specim5s at ,ba9bridge ,caves4 ,!lephora sebacea4 ,fr4 ,! pileus is effus$1 fle%y1 waxy1 becom+ h>d1 incru/+1 v>iable1 tub]culose or /alactitic1 :iti%1 circumf]5ce simil>2 hym5ium flocculose1 pru9ose1 or evanesc5t4 ,x is f\nd effus$ ov] grass4 ,"o meets ) x (t54 ,/]eum4 ,fr4 ,! hym5ium is coriace\s1 ev51 r ?ick1 concrete ) ! int]m$iate /ratum ( ! pileus1 :i* has a cuticle ev5 & ve9less1 rema9+ un*ang$ & smoo?4 ,/]eum v]sicolor4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #chb4--,/]eum v]sicolor4 ,v]sicolor means *ang+ color1 ref]r+ to ! diff]5t b&s ( color4 ,! pileus is effus$1 reflex$1 hav+ a numb] ( diff]5t zones2 9 "s plants ! zones are m m>k$ ?an 9 o!rs1 ! zones appe>+ v mu* l ^? 9 ,polyporus v]sicolor4 ,! hym5ium is ev51 smoo? & br[n4 ,?is is a v common plant1 f\nd ev]y:]e on old logs & /umps4 ,x is widely diffus$ & c be f\nd at any "t ( ! ye>4 ,/]eum spadiceum4 ,fr4 ,pilei coriace\s & spread+1 reflex$1 vill\s1 some:at f]rug9\s2 m>g9 r obtuse1 :iti%1 ev5 b5ea?2 smoo?1 br[ni%1 & ble$+ :5 scrat*$ or bruis$4 ,/]eum hirsutum4 ,fr4 ,hirsutum means %aggy1 hairy4 ,! pilei are coriace\s & spread+1 q hairy1 imbricat$1 m or less zon$1 q t\gh1 (t5 hav+ a gre5i% t+e f ! pres5ce ( a m9ute alg2 nak$1 juiceless1 yell[i%1 un*ang$ :5 bruis$ or scrat*$4 ,! hym5ium is pale-yell[1 smoo?1 m>g9 entire1 (t5 lob$4 ,i f9d x usually on hickory logs4 ,/]eum fasciatum4 ,s*w4 ,fasciatum means b&s or fillets4 ,pileus is coriace\s1 plane1 vill\s1 zonate1 grayi%2 hym5ium1 smoo?1 pale-r$4 ,gr[+ on decay$ trunks4 ,common 9 all ( our woods4 ,/]eum s]iceum4 ,s*w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #chc4--,/]eum s]iceum4 ,s]iceum means silky or sat9y2 s call$ f its sat9 lu/re4 ,! plant is v small & easily ov]look$1 usually gr[+ 9 a resup9ate =m2 sessile1 orbiculate1 free1 papyrace\s1 ) a bright sat9 lu/re1 %9+1 smoo?1 pale-grayi% color4 ,! plant gr[s on bo? sides ( small twigs z is %[n 9 ! photograph4 ,i d n f9d x on l>ge trunks b x is q common on bran*es4 ,no "o w fail to recognize x f its specific "n4 ,:5 ,i fir/ obs]v$ x ,i nam$ x ,s4 s]iceum1 n kn[+ t !re 0 a species by t "n4 ,i aft]w>ds s5t x to ,pr(4 ,atk9son & 0 surpris$ to f9d t ,i _h correctly nam$ x4 ,/]eum rugosum4 ,fr4 ,rugosum means full ( wr9kles4 ,broadly effus$1 sometimes %ortly reflex$2 coriace\s1 at l5g? ?ick & rigid2 pileus at l5g? smoo?1 br[ni%4 ,! hym5ium is a pale grayi%-yell[1 *ang+ slightly to a r$ :5 bruis$1 pru9ose4 ,! spores are cyl9drico-elliptical1 /raight1 #aa-abd-e4 ,massee4 ,?is is q v>iable 9 =m1 & agrees ) ,s4 sangu9ol5tum 9 becom+ r$ :5 bruis$2 b x is ?ick] & m rigid 9 sub/ance1 its pores are /raight] & l>g]4 ,/]eum purpureum4 ,p]s4 ,purpureum means purple1 f ! color ( ! plant4 ,coriace\s b pliant1 effuso-reflex$1 m or less imbricat$1 tom5tose1 zon$1 :iti% or pallid4 ,! hym5ium is nak$1 smoo?1 ev52 9 color a pale cle> purple1 becom+ d+y o*race\s1 ) only a t+e ( purple1 :5 dry4 ,! spores are elliptical1 #g-hd4 ,i f\nd ! plant to be v abundant 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 9 #aijf-g1 on s(t wood cord$ up at ! pap] mill 9 ,*illico!1 ! wea!r be+ mild & damp4 ,/]eum compactum4 ,broadly effus$1 coriace\s1 (t5 imbricat$ & (t5 lat]ally jo9$1 pileus ?91 zon$1 f9ely /rigose1 ! zones grayi%-:ite & c9namon-br[n4 ,! hym5ium is smoo?1 cream-:ite4 ,?is species is f\nd on decay$ limbs & trunks ( trees4 ,hym5o*te4 ,lev4 ,hym5o*te is f two ,greek words1 hym51 a membrane2 *te1 a bri/le4 ,9 ?is g5us ! cap or pileus may be atta*$ to ! ho/ by a c5tral /em1 or at "o side1 b mo/ frequ5tly ^u its back4 ,! g5us is kn[n by ! velvety or bri/ly appe>ance ( ! fruit+ surface1 due to smoo?1 project+1 ?ick-wall$ cells4 ,i h f\nd sev]al species b h only be5 sure ( ?ree4 ,hym5o*te rubig9osa4 7,s*r47 ,lev4 ,rubig9osa means full ( ru/1 s call$ f ! color ( ! plant4 ,! pileus is rigid1 coriace\s1 resup9ate1 effus$1 reflex$1 ! l[] m>g9 g5]ally adh]+ firmly1 some:at fasciat$2 velvety1 rubig9\s or ru/y 9 color1 !n becom+ smoo? & bright br[n1 ! int]m$iate /ratum tawny-f]rug9\s4 ,! hym5ium f]rug9\s & velvety4 ,x is f\nd "h ^u s(t woods su* z *e/nut /umps & will[4 ,hym5o*te ,curtisii4 ,b]k4 ,curtisii is nam$ 9 honor ( ,mr4 ,curtis4 ,! pileus is coriace\s1 firm1 resup9ate1 effus$1 reflex$1 br[n1 slightly sulcate2 ! hym5ium velvety ) br[n bri/les4 ,?is is common on p>tially decay$ oak bran*es 9 ! woods4 ,hym5o*te corrugata4 ,b]k4 ,corrugata means be>+ wr9kles or folds4 ,! pileus is coriace\s1 effus$1 closely adnate1 indet]m9ate1 c9namon color$1 crack$ & corrugat$ :5 dry1 :i* gives rise to its "n4 ,! bri/les are se51 "u ! microscope1 to be jo9$4 ,f\nd 9 ! woods on p>tially decay$ bran*es4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,clav>iaceae--,,coral ,,fungi4 ,hym5ium n di/9ct f ! hym5ophore1 cov]+ entire out] surface1 some:at fle%y1 n coriace\s2 v]tical1 simple or bran*$4 ,fries4 ,mo/ ( ! species gr[ on ! gr\nd or on well rott$ logs4 ,! foll[+ g5]a are includ$ "h3 ,sp>assis--,fle%y1 mu* bran*$1 bran*es compress$1 plate-l4 ,clav>ia--,fle%y1 simple or bran*$1 typically r\nd4 ,caloc]a--,gelat9\s1 !n horn-l4 ,typhula--,simple or club-%ap$1 rigid :5 dry1 usually small4 ,sp>assis4 ,fr4 ,sp>assis1 to te> 9 pieces4 ,! species are fle%y1 bran*$ ) plate-l bran*es1 compos$ ( two plates1 f]tile on bo? sides4 ,sp>assis ,h]b/ii4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #chd4--,sp>assis ,h]b/ii4 ,?is is a plant v mu* bran*$1 =m+ tufts f\r to five in*es high1 & five to six in*es broad2 :iti%1 incl9+ to creamy-yell[2 t\gh1 moi/2 ! bran*es num]\s1 ?91 flatt5$1 concresc5t1 dilat$ above1 spa?ulate or fan-%ap$1 (t5 some:at longitud9ally curv$ or wavy2 mo/ly uni=mly color$1 r>ely ) a few indi/9ct1 ne>ly concolor\s1 transv]se zones ne> ! broad1 entire apices4 ,! spores are globose1 or broadly elliptical1 4#jjjb to 4#jjjbe in* long1 4#jjjaf to 4#jjjb broad4 ,?is species 0 fir/ f\nd by ! late ,dr4 ,william ,h]b/ ( ,trexl]t[n1 ,pa41 & 0 nam$ by ,dr4 ,peck 9 8 honor4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #chd 0 f\nd at ,trexl]t[n1 ,pa41 & photograph$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,! plant delights 9 op5 oak woods1 & is f\nd ?r\gh ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,x is edible & q good4 ,sp>assis crispa4 ,fr4 ,crispus1 curly4 ,?is is a beautiful rosette-l plant1 gr[+ q l>ge at times1 v mu* bran*$1 :iti%1 oy/]-color$1 or pale yell[2 bran*es intricate1 flat & leaf-l1 hav+ a spore surface on bo? sides4 ,! entire plant =ms a l>ge r\nd mass ) its leaf-l surface v>i\sly curl$1 fold$1 & lob$1 ) a cre/-l m>g91 & spr++ f a well-m>k$ root1 mo/ ( :i* is buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,no "o w h any tr\ble to recognize x1 hav+ once se5 its photograph4 ,i f\nd ! plant q frequ5tly1 9 ! woods ab\t ,b[l+ ,gre54 ,x is n simply good1 b v good4 ,clav>ia4 ,l9n4 ,clav>ia is f clavus1 a club4 ,?is is by f> ! l>ge/ g5us 9 ?is family1 & conta9s v _m edible species1 "s ( :i* are excell5t4 ,! entire g5us is fle%y1 ei!r bran*$ or simple2 gradually ?ick5+ t[>d ! top1 resembl+ a club4 ,9 collect+ clav>ia special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! "* ( ! apices ( ! bran*es1 color ( ! bran*es1 color ( spores1 ! ta/e ( ! plant1 & ! "* ( ! place ( its gr[?4 ,?is g5us is readily recogniz$1 & no "o ne$ to hesitate to eat any ( ! bran*+ =ms4 ,clav>ia flava4 ,s*aeff4 ,,pale-,,yell[ ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #che4--;,clav>ia flava4 ,natural size4 ,flava is f flavus1 yell[4 ,! plant is r fragile1 :ite & yell[1 two to five in*es high1 ! mass ( bran*es f two to five in*es wide1 ! trunk ?ick1 mu* bran*$4 ,! bran*es are r\nd1 ev51 smoo?1 cr[d$1 ne>ly p>allel1 po9t+ upw>d1 :iti% or yell[i%1 ) pale yell[ tips ( too?-l po9ts4 ,:5 ! plant is old1 ! yell[ tips are likely to be fad$1 & ! :ole plant :iti% 9 color4 ,! fle% & ! spores are :ite1 & ! ta/e is agreeable4 ,i h eat5 ?is species s9ce #ahij1 & ,i reg>d x z v good4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods & grassy op5 places4 ,i h f\nd x z e>ly z ,june & z late z ,octob]4 ,clav>ia aurea4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,?is plant gr[s f ?ree to f\r in*es high4 ,its trunk is ?ick1 ela/ic1 & its bran*es are uni=mly a deep gold5 yell[1 (t5 longitud9ally wr9kl$4 ,! bran*es /raight1 regul>ly =k$ & r\nd4 ,! /em is /\t b ?9n] ?an 9 ,c4 flava4 ,! spores are yell[i% & elliptical4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,clav>ia botrytes4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,r$-,,tipp$ ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #chf4--;,clav>ia botrytes4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,botrytes is f a ,greek ^w mean+ a clu/] ( grapes4 ,?is plant diff]s little f ,c4 flava 9 size & /ructure1 b x is easily recogniz$ f ! r$ tips ( its bran*es4 ,x is :iti%1 or yell[i%1 or p9ki%1 ) its bran*es r$-tipp$4 ,! /em is %ort1 ?ick1 fle%y1 :iti%1 unequal4 ,! bran*es are (t5 some:at wr9kl$1 cr[d$1 repeat$ly bran*$4 ,9 old] specim5s ! r$ tips w be some:at fad$4 ,! spores are :ite & oblong-elliptical4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods & op5 places1 dur+ wet wea!r4 ,i f\nd ?is plant occasionally ne> ,salem1 f ,july to ,octob]1 b x is n a common plant 9 ,ohio4 ,clav>ia muscoides4 ,l9n4 ,,=k$ ,,yell[ ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,muscoides means moss-l4 ,?is plant is incl9$ to be t\gh1 ?\gh graceful 9 gr[?2 sl5d]-/emm$1 two or ?ree "t =k$2 smoo?2 base d[ny1 bright yell[4 ,! bran*lets are ?91 cresc5t-%ape1 acute4 ,! spores are :ite & ne>ly r\nd4 ,! plant is usually solit>y1 n bran*+ z mu* z "s o!r species2 q dry1 v smoo?1 except at ! base1 :i* is d[ny1 9 color resembl+ ! yolk ( an egg4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd 9 damp pa/ures1 especially ^? skirt+ a wood4 ,clav>ia ame?y/9a4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,ame?y/9e ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #chg4--;,clav>ia ame?y/9a4 ,ame?y/9a means ame?y/ 9 color4 ,?is is a rem>kably attractive plant & easily recogniz$ by its color4 ,x is sometimes q small yet (t5 gr[s f ?ree to five in*es high4 ,! color ( ! entire plant is violet2 x is v mu* bran*$ or almo/ simple2 bran*es r\nd1 ev51 fragile1 smoo?1 obtuse4 ,! spores are elliptical1 pale-o*race\s1 sub-transp>5t1 #aj-abf-g4 ,?is plant is q common ar\nd ,*illico!1 & x has a wide di/ribution ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #chg 7 f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[4 ,clav>ia /ricta4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,/raight ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #chh4--;,clav>ia /ricta4 ,/ricta is a p>ticiple f /r+o1 to draw toge!r4 ,! plant is v mu* bran*$1 pale1 dull-yell[1 becom+ br[ni% :5 bruis$2 ! /em some:at ?ick5$2 bran*es v num]\s & =k$1 /raight1 ev51 d5sely press$1 tips po9t$4 ,! spores are d>k c9namon4 ,x is f\nd on ! ,hunt+ton hills ne> ,*illico!4 ,look = x 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,clav>ia pyxidata4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,cup ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #chi4--;,clav>ia pyxidata4 ,natural size4 ,pyxidata is f pyxis1 a small box4 ,?is plant is q fragile1 waxy1 light-tan 9 color1 ) a ?9 ma9 /em1 :iti%1 smoo?1 v>iable 9 l5g?1 bran*+ & rebran*+1 ! bran*es end+ 9 a cup4 ,! spores are :ite4 ,x is f\nd on rott5 wood & is readily recogniz$ by ! cup-l tips4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #chi 0 f\nd ne> ,columbus & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,clav>ia abiet9a4 ,s*um4 ,,! ,,fir-,,wood ,,clav>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cij4--;,clav>ia abiet9a4 ,abiet9a means fir-wood4 ,?is plant gr[s 9 d5se tufts1 v mu* bran*$1 o*race\s1 trunk some:at ?ick5$1 %ort1 clo!d ) a :ite d[n2 bran*es /raight1 cr[d$1 longitud9ally wr9kl$ :5 dry1 bran*lets /raight4 ,! spores are oval & o*race\s4 ,x c be readily id5tifi$ by its *ang+ to gre5 :5 bruis$4 ,x is v common on our wood$ hillsides4 ,x is f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,clav>ia sp9ulosa4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cia4--;,clav>ia sp9ulosa4 ,sp9ulosa means sp9y or full ( sp9es4 ,! trunk ( ?is plant is r %ort & ?ick1 at lea/ "o-half to "o in* ?ick1 :iti%4 ,! bran*es are elongat$1 cr[d$1 t5se & /raight2 att5uat$1 tap]+ upw>d2 color some:at c9namon-br[n ?r\gh\t4 ,! spores are elliptical1 yell[i%-br[n1 #aa-ace4 ,x is usually giv5 z f\nd "u p9e trees1 b ,i f9d x ab\t ,*illico! 9 mix$ woods1 9 :i* !re are no p9e trees at all4 ,x is f\nd aft] frequ5t ra9s1 f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,z an edible1 x is fairly good4 ,clav>ia =mosa4 ,p]s4 ,,beautiful ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cib4--;,clav>ia =mosa4 ,?ree-f\r?s its natural size4 ,=mosa is f =mosus1 mean+ f9ely =m$4 ,?is plant is two to six in*es high1 trunk r ?ick1 (t5 ov] an in* 9 ?ickness2 :iti%1 or yell[i%1 ela/ic1 ! bran*es num]\s1 cr[d$1 elongat$1 divid$ at ! ends into yell[ bran*lets1 :i* are ?91 /raight1 obtuse or too!d4 ,! spores are elongat$-oval1 r\gh1 buff-color$1 #afh4 ,?is is an extremely beautiful plant1 v t5d] or brittle4 ,:5 ! plant is q "y1 j com+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 ! tips ( ! bran*es are (t5 ( a bright r$ or p9k4 ,?is bright color soon fades1 leav+ ! entire plant a light yell[ 9 color4 ,! plant has a wide di/ribution1 & is f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 ! woods1 frequ5tly gr[+ 9 r[s4 ,:ile ! h&some/ ( ! ,clav>ias1 x is n ! be/1 & only ! t5d] p>ts ( ! plant %\ld be us$4 ,x is f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #cib 0 f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[4 ,clav>ia cri/ata4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,cre/$ ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #cic4--;,clav>ia cri/ata4 ,cri/ata is f cri/atus1 cre/$4 ,?is is a small] plant ?an ! ,c4 flava or ,c4 botrytes4 ,x is usually two to ?ree in*es high1 :ite or :iti%1 ! tufts ( broad flatt5$ bran*es1 sometimes t+$ ) a dull p9k or creamy-yell[4 ,! bran*es are num]\s1 wid5$ & flatt5$ above1 deeply cut into sev]al f+]-l po9ts1 sometimes s num]\s z to give x a cre/$ appe>ance4 ,?is peculi> *>act]i/ic di/+ui%es x f ,c4 coralloides4 ,:5 ! plant is old ! tips usually turn br[n4 ,sometimes a =m w be f\nd 9 :i* ! cre/$ appe>ance is want+1 & 9 t case ! bran*es t]m9ate 9 blunt po9ts4 ,! /em is %ort & incl9$ to be spongy4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! woods1 9 cool1 moi/1 %ady places4 ,:ile x is t\gh] ?an "s ( ! o!r species1 if cut f9e & well cook$ x is v good4 ,i h eat5 x = ye>s4 ,x is f\nd f ,june to ,octob]4 ,clav>ia coronata4 ,s*w4 ,,! ,,cr[n$ ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #cid4--;,clav>ia coronata4 ,pale yell[1 !n fawn color2 divid$ imm$iately f ! base & v mu* bran*$2 ! bran*es div]g5t & compress$ or angulate1 ! f9al bran*lets truncate-obtuse at apex & !re encircl$ ) a cr[n ( m9ute processes4 ,morgan4 ,?is plant is f\nd on decay$ wood4 ,x is repeat$ly bran*$ 9 twos & =ms clu/]s sometimes sev]al in*es 9 height4 ,x resembles 9 =m ,c4 pyxidata1 b x is q a di/9ct species4 ,9 "s localities x is f\nd q frequ5tly4 ,x is pl5tiful ab\t ,*illico!4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,clav>ia v]micul>is4 ,scop4 ,,:ite-,,tuft$ ,,clav>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #cie4--;,clav>ia v]micul>is4 ,small1 two to ?ree in*es high2 cspitose1 fragile1 :ite1 club-%ap$2 clubs /uff$1 simple1 cyl9drical1 subulate4 ,f\nd on lawns1 %ort pa/ures or 9 pa?s 9 woods4 ,someone has said !y look l a little bundle ( c&les4 ,edible1 b too small to ga!r4 ,june & ,july4 ,clav>ia crispula4 ,fr4 ,,flexu\s ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,v mu* bran*$1 tan-color$1 !n o*race\s2 trunk sl5d]1 vill\s1 root+2 bran*es flexu\s1 hav+ _m divisions1 bran*es ( ! same color1 div>icat+1 fragile4 ,! spores are creamy-yell[1 slightly elliptical4 ,?is plant is slightly acrid to ! ta/e & reta9s a fa9t trace ( acridity ev5 aft] x is cook$4 ,x is v pl5tiful 9 our woods4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,clav>ia ,kunzei4 ,fr4 ,,kunze',s ,,clav>ia4 ,r fragile1 v mu* bran*$ f ! sl5d] cspitose base2 :ite2 bran*es elongat$1 cr[d$1 repeat$ly =k$1 subfa/igiate1 ev51 equal2 axils compress$4 ,specim5s 7 f\nd on ,cemet]y ,hill "u bee* trees1 & id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,h]b/4 ,! spores are yell[i%4 ,clav>ia c9]ea4 ,bull4 ,,a%-,,color$ ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,c9]ea1 p]ta9+ to a%es4 ,?is is a small plant1 gr[+ 9 gr\ps1 frequ5tly 9 r[s1 "u bee* trees4 ,! color is gray or a%y2 x is q fragile2 /em ?ick1 %ort1 v mu* bran*$1 ) ! bran*es ?ick5$1 some:at wr9kl$1 r obtuse4 ,its gray color w di/+ui% x f ! o!r ,clav>ia4 ,clav>ia pi/ill>is4 ,l4 ,,indian-,,club ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cif4--;,clav>ia pi/ill>is4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,pi/ill>is is f pi/illum1 a pe/le4 ,!y are simple1 l>ge1 /uff$1 fle%y1 ev]y:]e smoo?1 ?ree to t5 in*es high1 atta9+ to "o in* 9 ?ickness2 light yell[1 o*race\s1 br[ni%1 *ocolate1 club-%ap$1 ovate-r\nd$1 puck]$ at ! top2 fle% :ite1 spongy4 ,! spores are :ite1 #aje4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! leaf-mold ( mix$ woods1 & y w sometimes f9d sev]al gr[+ toge!r4 ,!y are f\nd f ,july to fro/4 ,! d>k v>iety1 :i* is frequ5tly v]tically wr9kl$1 is slightly acrid :5 raw1 b ?is disappe>s ^u cook+4 ,! plant is widely di/ribut$ b abundant n[h]e 9 our /ate4 ,i f\nd x occasionally 9 ! woods ne> ,*illico!4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #cif 7 f\nd ne> ,columbus1 & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man ( ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,clav>ia fusi=mis4 ,s[4 ,,sp9dle-,,%ap$ ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cig4--;,clav>ia fusi=mis4 ,natural size4 ,fusi=mis is f fusus1 a sp9dle1 & =ma1 a =m4 ,! plant is yell[1 smoo?1 r firm1 soon holl[1 cspitose2 ne>ly erect1 r brittle1 att5uat$ at ea* end2 clubs some:at sp9dle-%ap$1 simple1 too!d1 ! apex some:at d>k]2 ev51 slightly firm1 usually ) sev]al unit$ at ! base4 ,! spores are pale yell[1 globose1 #d-e4 ,!y are f\nd 9 woods & pa/ures4 ,! plants 9 ! figure 7 9 ! woods beside an untravel$ road1 on ,ral/on's ,run4 ,!y /rongly resemble ,c4 9qualis4 ,:5 f\nd 9 suffici5t quantities !y are v t5d] & h an excell5t flavor4 ,clav>ia 9qualis4 ,mull4 ,,! ,,unequal ,,clav>ia4 ,,edible4 ,9qualis means unequal4 ,some:at tuft$1 q fragile1 f "o to ?ree in*es high1 (t5 compress$1 angul>1 (t5 =k$1 v5tricose2 yell[1 occasionally :iti%1 sometimes v>i\sly cut at ! tip4 ,! spores are colorless1 elliptical1 #i-aje4 ,"o c readily di/+ui% x f ,c4 fusi=mis by ! tips1 ^! n be+ %>p po9t$4 ,x is f\nd 9 clu/]s 9 woods & pa/ures f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,z delici\s z ,c4 fusi=mis4 ,clav>ia mucida4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cih4--;,clav>ia mucida4 ,mucida means slimy1 s nam$ f ! s(t & wat]y condition ( ! plants4 ,! plants are q small1 usually simple yet sometimes bran*$1 club-%ap$1 "o-eigh? to an in* high1 :ite1 sometimes yell[i%1 frequ5tly p9ki% or rose-t9t$4 ,^! plants are v small & easily ov]look$4 ,x is f\nd on decay$ wood4 ,i h f\nd x late 9 ! fall & e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,y c look = x at any "t ( ! ye> aft] w>m ra9s or 9 damp places1 on well decay$ wood4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #cih 7 photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smi?1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,caloc]a4 ,fr4 ,?is plant is gelat9\s1 some:at c>tilag9\s :5 moi/1 horny :5 dry1 v]tical1 simple or bran*$1 cspitose or solit>y4 ,! hym5ium is univ]sal2 ! basidia r\nd & two-lob$1 ea* lobe be>+ a s+le "o-spor$ /]igma4 ,! spores are incl9$ to be oblong & curv$4 ,?is g5us resembles ,clav>ia1 b is id5tifi$ by be+ some:at gelat9\s & viscid :5 moi/ & r horn-l :5 dry1 b especially by its two-lob$ basidia4 ,caloc]a cornea4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #cii4--;,caloc]a cornea4 ,?is is unbran*$1 cspitose1 root+1 ev51 viscid1 orange-yell[ or pale yell[2 clubs %ort1 subulate1 connate at ! base4 ,! spores are r\nd & oblong1 #g-he4 ,f\nd ^u /umps & logs1 especially ^u oak :]e ! timb] is crack$1 ! plants spr++ f ! cracks4 ,:5 dry !y are q /iff & rigid4 ,caloc]a /ricta4 ,fr4 ,^! plants are unbran*$1 solit>y1 ab\t "o in* high1 elongat$1 base some:at blunt1 ev5 :5 dry1 yell[4 ,its habitat is v simil> to ,c4 cornea b m scatt]$4 ,c4 /riata1 ,fr41 is v simil> to ,c4 cornea1 b is di/+ui%$ by its be+ solit>y1 & /riate or rugose :5 dry4 ,typhula4 ,fr4 ,epiphytal4 ,/em fili=m1 flaccid2 clubs cyl9drical1 p]fectly di/9ct f hym5ium1 sometimes spr++ f a scl]otium2 hym5ium ?9 & waxy4 ,?is is di/+ui%$ f ,clav>ia & ,pi/ill>ia by hav+ its /em di/9ct f ! hym5ium4 ,x is a small plant resembl+1 9 m9iature1 ,typha1 h5ce its g5]ic "n4 ,typhula ery?ropus4 ,fr4 ,simple2 club cyl9drical1 sl5d]1 smoo?1 :ite2 /em ne>ly /raight1 d>k r$1 incl9+ to be black1 spr++ usually f a blacki% & some:at wr9kl$ scl]otium4 ,! spores are oblong1 #e-fb-b4e4 ,?is plant has a wide di/ribution1 & is f\nd 9 damp places ^u ! /ems ( h]bace\s plants4 ,typhula inc>nata4 ,fr4 ,simple2 club cyl9drical1 elongat$1 smoo?2 :iti%1 m or less t+$ ) p9k above2 "o to two-in*es high1 base m9utely /rigose1 spr++ f a compress$ br[ni% scl]otium4 ,! spores are ne>ly r\nd1 #ed4 ,?is is a common & beautiful little plant & easily di/+ui%$ bo? by its color & ! size & =m ( its spores4 ,if ! collector w wat* ! dead h]bace\s /ems 9 damp places1 he w n only f9d ! two j describ$1 b ano!r1 diff]+ 9 color1 size1 & =m ( spores1 call$ ,t4 phacorrhiza1 ,fr4 ,x has a br[ni% color & its spores are q oblong1 #h-id-e4 ,la*nocladium4 ,lev4 ,la*nocladium is f two ,greek words mean+ a fleece & a bran*4 ,pileus coriace\s1 t\gh1 repeat$ly bran*$2 ! bran*es sl5d] or fili=m1 tom5tose4 ,hym5ium amphig5\s4 ,fungi sl5d] & mu* bran*$1 t]re/rial1 b sometimes gr[+ on wood4 ,la*nocladium semive/itum4 ,b4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #djj4--,la*nocladium semive/itum4 ,pileus1 mu* bran*$ f a sl5d] /em ( v>iable l5g?1 exp&$ at ! angles2 ! bran*es fili=m1 /raight1 some:at fasciculate1 smoo? at ! tips & pal] 9 color4 ,?is is q a common specim5 on our nor? hillsides4 ,x is :ite & q fragile4 ,f\nd 9 damp places 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,la*nocladium ,mi*5]i4 ,b4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dja4--,la*nocladium ,mi*5]i4 ,coriace\s1 t\gh1 pale or :iti%2 /em well m>k$1 bran*+ f a po9t1 bran*es num]\s1 tips po9t$2 :ite tom5tum at ! base ( ! /em4 ,?is plant is v abundant "h & is f\nd v g5]ally ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x gr[s on fall5 leaves 9 woods1 aft] a ra91 be+ f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,tremell9i ,,fr4 ,tremell9i is f tremo1 to tremble4 ,! :ole plant is gelat9\s1 ) ! exception1 occasionally1 ( ! nucleus4 ,! sporophores are l>ge1 simple or divid$4 ,spicules elongat$ into ?reads4 ,b]k4 ,! foll[+ g5]a are includ$3 ,tremella--,imm>g9ate4 ,hym5ium univ]sal4 ,exidia--,m>g9$4 ,hym5ium sup]ior4 ,hirneola--,c>tilag9\s1 e>-%ap$1 atta*$ by a po9t4 ,tremella4 ,fr4 ,?is plant is s call$ because ! entire plant is gelat9\s1 tremul\s1 & )\t a def9ite m>g91 & also )\t nipple-l elevations4 ,tremella lutesc5s4 ,fr4 ,,yell[i% ,,tremella4 ,,edible4 ,?is is a small gelat9\s clu/]1 tremul\s1 convolut$1 9 wavy folds1 pallid1 !n yell[i%1 ) its lobes cr[d$ & entire4 ,q common ov] ! /ate4 ,x is f\nd on decay+ limbs & /umps f ,july to w9t]4 ,x dries dur+ abs5ce ( ra9 b revives & becomes tremul\s dur+ wet wea!r4 ,x is call$ lutesc5s because ( its yell[i% color4 ,tremella mes5t]ica4 ,retz4 ,mes5t]ica is f two ,greek words mean+ ! mes5t]y4 ,! plant v>ies 9 size & =m1 sometimes q flat & ?9 b g5]ally asc5d+ & /rongly lob$2 plicat$1 & convolut$2 gelat9\s b firm2 lobes %ort1 smoo?1 cov]$ ) a fro/-l bloom by ! :ite spores at maturity4 ,! spores are broadly elliptical4 ,common 9 ! woods on decay+ /icks & bran*es4 ,tremella albida4 ,hud4 ,,! ,,:iti% ,,tremella4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #djb4--,tremella albida4 ,natural size4 ,albida1 :iti%4 ,?is plant is v common 9 ! woods ab\t ,*illico!1 & ev]y:]e 9 ! /ate :]e bee*1 sug>-maple1 & hickory prevail4 ,x is :iti%1 becom+ d+y-br[n :5 dry2 exp&$1 t\gh1 undulat$1 ev51 m or less gyrose1 pru9ose4 ,x breaks ! b>k & spreads 9 irregul> & scallop$ masses2 :5 moi/ x has a gelat9\s consi/5cy1 a s(t & clammy t\*1 yield+ l a mass ( gelat9e4 ,its spores are oblong1 obtuse1 curv$1 m>k$ ) te>-l spots1 almo/ transp>5t1 #ab-add-e4 ,! specim5 repres5t$ 9 ,figure #djb 0 f\nd ne> ,s&usky & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,tremella mycetophila4 ,pk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #djc4--,tremella mycetophila4 ,mycetophila is f two ,greek words1 mycetes1 fungi2 phila1 fond (4 ,! plant is s call$ because x is f\nd gr[+ ^u o!r fungi4 ,(t5 ne>ly r\nd1 some:at depress$1 circl+ 9 folds1 sometimes 9 q l>ge masses ab\t ! /ems ( ! plant1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #djc1 tremelloid-fle%y1 slightly pru9ose1 a dirty :ite or yell[i%4 ,i h f\nd x frequ5tly gr[+ on ,collybia drophila1 z is ! case 9 ,figure #djc4 ,capta9 ,mc,ilvaine speaks 9 8 book ( f9d+ ?is plant p>asitic on ,m>asmius oreades 9 q a l>ge mass = ?is plant4 ,i c v]ify ! /atem5t = ,i h f\nd x on ,m4 oreades dur+ damp wea!r 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,x has a pleasant ta/e4 ,tremella fimbriata4 ,p]s4 ,fimbriata is f frimbri1 a fr+e4 ,x is v s(t & gelat9\s1 olivace\s incl9+ to black1 tuft$1 two to ?ree in*es high1 & q z broad1 erect1 lobes flaccid1 corrugat$1 cut at ! m>g91 :i* gives rise to ! "n ( species2 spores are ne>ly pe> %ap$4 ,f\nd on dead bran*es1 /umps1 & on f5ce-rails 9 damp wea!r4 ,easily kn[n by its d>k color4 ,tremellodon4 ,p]s4 ,tremellodon means trembl+ too?4 ,^! plants are gelat9\s1 ) a cap or pileus2 ! hym5ium cov]$ ) acute gelat9\s sp9es1 awl-%ap$ & equal4 ,! basidia are ne>ly r\nd ) f\r r /\t1 elongat$ /]igmata1 spores v ne>ly r\nd4 ,tremellodon gelat9osum4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dje4--,tremellodon gelat9osum4 ,gelat9osum means full ( jelly or jelly-l1 f gelat9a1 jelly4 ,! pileus is dimidiate1 gelat9\s1 tremelloid1 "o to ?ree in*es broad1 r ?ick1 ext5d$ beh9d into a lat]al ?ick1 /em-l base1 pileus cov]$ ) a gre5i%-br[n bloom1 v m9utely granul>4 ,! hym5ium is wat]y-gray1 cov]$ ) hydnum-l tee?1 /\t1 acute1 equal1 "o to two in*es long1 :iti%1 s(t1 incl9$ to be glauc\s4 ,! spores are ne>ly r\nd1 #g-h4 ,^! plants are f\nd on p9e & fir trunks & on sawdu/ heaps4 ,!y gr[ 9 gr\ps & are v v>iable 9 =m & size b easily det]m9$1 be+ ! only tremelloid fungus ) true sp9es4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #dje 7 photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smi? ( ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,!y are edible4 ,f\nd f ,septemb] to cold wea!r4 ,exidia4 ,fr4 ,gelat9\s1 m>g9al1 f]tile above1 b>r5 bel[4 ,exidia may be kn[n by its m9ute nipple-l elevations4 ,exidia gr&ulosa4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,l4 ,figure #djd4--;,excidia gl&ulosa4 ,?is plant is call$ ,wit*es' ,butt]4 ,x v>ies 9 color1 f :iti% to br[n & deep c9]e\s1 at l5g? blacki%2 flatt5$1 undulat$1 mu* wr9kl$ above1 slightly plicat$ bel[2 s(t at fir/ & :5 moi/1 becom+ film-l :5 dry4 ,f\nd on dead bran*es ( oak4 ,hirneola4 ,fr4 ,hirneola is ! dim9utive ( hirnea1 a jug4 ,gelat9\s1 cup-%ap$1 horny :5 dry4 ,hym5ium wr9kl$1 becom+ c>tilag9\s :5 moi/5$4 ,! hym5ium is 9 ! =m ( a h>d sk9 :i* cov]s ! cup-%ap$ cavities1 & :i* c be peel$ (f aft] soak+ 9 wat]1 ! int]/ices are )\t papill & ! out] surface is velvety4 ,hirneola auricula-,jud4 ,b]k4 ,,! ,,jew',s ,,e> ,,hirneola4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #djf4--;,hirneola auricula-,jud4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,li4 ,figure #djg4--;,hirneola auricula-judae4 ,auricula-,jud1 ! e> ( ! ,jew4 ,! plant is gelat9\s2 "o to f\r in*es across2 ?91 concave1 wavy1 flexible :5 moi/1 h>d :5 dry2 blacki%1 fuzzy1 hairy b5ea?2 :5 cov]$ ) :ite spores x is c9]e\s4 ,! hym5ium by its corrugations =ms depressions su* z are f\nd 9 ! human e>4 ,"o w n fail to recognize x aft] see+ x once4 ,x is n common 9 our woods1 yet ,i h f\nd x on sev]al occasions4 ,x is f\nd on almo/ any timb] b mo/ frequ5tly on ! elm & eld]4 ,! plant 9 ,figure #djf 0 f\nd ne> ,*illico!4 ,its di/ribution is g5]al4 ,guep9ia4 ,fr4 ,gelat9\s1 incl9+ to c>tilag9\s1 free1 diff]5t on ! two sides1 v>iable 9 =m1 sub/ipitate4 ,hym5ium conf9$ to "o side4 ,guep9ia spa?ul>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #djh4--;,guep9ia spa?ul>ia4 ,entire plant a light yell[4 ,yell[1 c>tilag9\s1 especially :5 dry1 spa?ulate1 exp&$ above1 hym5ium slightly ribb$1 contract$ :]e x issues f a log4 ,x is q common on bee* & maple logs4 ,i h se5 bee* logs1 some:at decay$1 q yell[ ) ?is int]e/+ plant4 ,hym5ula4 ,fr4 ,effus$1 v ?91 macul=m1 agglut9ate1 betwe5 wavy or gelat9\s4 ,b]k4 ,hym5ula puncti=mis4 ,b4 ,br4 ,,po9t-,,l ,,hym5ula4 ,dirty :ite1 q pallid1 gelat9\s1 puncti=m1 slightly undulat$2 consi/+ ( erect simple ?reads2 frequ5tly !re is a slight t+e ( yell[4 ,! spores are v m9ute4 ,x look$ v mu* l an undevelop$ ,peziza :5 ,i f\nd x1 9 fact ,i ?\ght x ,p4 vulg>is until ,i _h submitt$ a specim5 to ,pr(4 ,atk9son4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,ascomycetes--,,spore-,,sac ,,fungi4 ,ascomycetes is f two ,greek words3 ascos1 a sack2 mycetes1 a fungus or mu%room4 ,all ! fungi :i* belong to ?is class develop _! spores 9 small membran\s sacs4 ,^! asci are cr[d$ toge!r side by side1 & ) !m are sl5d] empty asci call$ p>aphyses4 ,! spores are inclos$ 9 ^! sacs1 usually eight 9 a sac4 ,!y are call$ sporidia to sep>ate !m f ! ,basidiomycetes4 ,^! sacs arise f a nak$ or inclos$ /ratum ( fructify+ cells1 =m+ a hym5ium or nucleus4 ,,family--,,helvellaceae4 ,hym5ium at l5g? m or less expos$1 ! sub/ance s(t4 ,! g5]a are di/+ui%$ f ! e>?-tongues by ! cup-l =ms ( ! spore body1 b especially by ! "* ( ! spore sacs :i* op5 by a small lid1 in/ead ( spores4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! g5]a3 ,mor*ella ,pileus deeply fold$ & pitt$4 ,gyromitra ,pileus cov]$ ) r\nd$ & v>i\sly contort$ folds4 ,helvella ,pileus droop+1 irregul>ly wav$ & lob$4 ,mor*ella4 ,dill4 ,mor*ella is f a ,greek ^w mean+ a mu%room4 ,?is g5us is easily recogniz$4 ,x may be kn[n by ! deeply pitt$1 & (t5 elongat$1 nak$ head1 ! depressions be+ usually regul> b sometimes resembl+ m]e furr[s ) wr9kl$ int]spaces4 ,! cap or head v>ies 9 =m f r\nd$ to ovate or cone %ape4 ,!y are all m>k$ by deep pits1 cov]+ ! entire surface1 sep>at$ by ridges =m+ a net-"w4 ,! spore-sacs are develop$ 9 bo? ridges & depressions4 ,all ! species :5 "y are ( a buff-yell[ t+$ ) br[n4 ,! /ems are /\t & holl[1 :ite1 or :iti% 9 color4 ,! common "n is ,morel1 & !y appe> dur+ wet wea!r e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,mor*ella escul5ta4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,common ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dji4--,mor*ella escul5ta4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,! ,common ,morel has a cap a little long] ?an broad1 s t x is almo/ oval 9 outl9e4 ,sometimes x is ne>ly r\nd b aga9 x is (t5 slightly n>r[$ 9 its upp] half1 ?\gh n po9t$ or cone-l4 ,! pits 9 its surface are m ne>ly r\nd ?an 9 ! o!r species4 ,9 ?is species ! pits are irregul>ly arrang$ s t !y d n =m r[s1 z w be obs]v$ 9 ,figure #dji4 ,x gr[s f two to f\r in*es high & is kn[n by mo/ p z ! ,sponge mu%room4 ,x gr[s 9 woods & wood bord]s1 especially beside wood /reams4 ,old apple & pea* or*>ds are favorite places = ,morels4 ,x makes no diff]5ce if ! beg9n] _c id5tify ! species1 z !y are all equally good4 ,i h se5 collectors h = sale a bu%el basketful1 9 :i* half a doz5 species 7 repres5t$4 ,!y dry v easily & c be kept = w9t] use4 ,x is said to gr[ 9 great pr(usion ov] burnt di/ricts4 ,! ,g]man peasants 7 reput$ to h burn$ =e/ tracts to insure an abundant crop4 ,i f9d t m p "k ! ,morels ?an any o!r mu%room4 ,!y are f\nd ?r\gh ,april & ,may1 aft] w>m ra9s4 ,mor*ella deliciosa4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,delici\s ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #daj4--,mor*ella deliciosa4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,?is & ! prec$+ species w\ld indicate by _! names t !y h be5 held 9 high e/eem = a long "t1 z ,pr(s4 ,p]soon & ,fries1 :o nam$ !m1 liv$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! ,delici\s ,morel is recogniz$ by ! %ape ( its cap1 :i* is g5]ally cyl9drical1 sometimes po9t$1 & slightly curv$4 ,! /em is r %ort &1 l ! /em ( all ,morels1 is holl[ f ! top to ! bottom4 ,x is f\nd associat$ ) o!r species ( ,morels1 9 woods & wood bord]s1 also 9 old apple & pea* or*>ds4 ,!y ne$ to be cook$ sl[ly & long4 ,com+ e>ly 9 ! spr+1 !y are n likely to be infe/$ ) worms4 ,! fle% is r fragile & n v wat]y4 ,!y are easily dri$4 ,f\nd ?r\gh ,april & ,may4 ,mor*ella escul5ta v>4 conica4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,conical ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lii4 ,figure #daa4--,mor*ella escul5ta v>4 conica4 ,! ,conical ,morel is v closely relat$ to ,m4 escul5ta & ,m4 deliciosa1 f :i* x diff]s 9 hav+ ! cap long] ?an x is wide1 & m po9t$1 s t x is conical or oblong-conical4 ,! plant1 z a g5]al ?+1 gr[s to be l>g] ?an ! o!r species4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 pretty h>d to di/+ui% ^! ?ree species4 ,! ,conical ,morel is q abundant ab\t ,*illico!4 ,i h f\nd ,morels especially pl5tiful ab\t ! res]voirs 9 ,m]c] ,c\nty1 & 9 ,auglaize1 ,all51 ,h>d51 ,hancock1 ,wood & ,h5ry ,c\nties4 ,i h kn[n lov]s ( ,morels to g on camp+ t\rs 9 ! woods ab\t ! res]voirs = ! purpose ( hunt+ !m1 & to br+ home l>ge quantities ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dab4--,mor*ella escul5ta v>4 conica4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,mor*ella angu/iceps4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,n>r[-,,cap ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dac4--,mor*ella angu/iceps4 ,angu/iceps is f two ,lat9 words3 angu/us1 n>r[2 caput1 head4 ,?is species & ,m4 conica are s ne>ly alike t x is v difficult to id5tify !m ) any degree ( satisfaction4 ,9 bo? species ! cap is consid]ably long] ?an broad1 b 9 angu/iceps ! cap is slimm] & m po9t$4 ,! pits1 z a g5]al ?+ are long] ?an 9 ! o!r species4 ,!y are (t5 f\nd 9 or*>ds b are also frequ5tly f\nd 9 l[ woods "u black a% trees4 ,i h f\nd "s typical specim5s ab\t ! res]voirs4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #dac 7 collect$ 9 ,mi*igan1 & photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,b4 ,o4 ,longye>4 ,!y appe> v e>ly 9 ! spr+1 ev5 :ile we are /ill hav+ fro/s4 ,mor*ella semilib]a4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,! ,,hybrid ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dad4--,mor*ella semilib]a4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,semilib]a means half free1 & x is s call$ because ! cap is bell-%ap$ & ! l[] half is free f ! /em4 ,! cap is r>ely m ?an "o in* long1 & is usually mu* %ort] ?an ! /em1 z is indicat$ 9 ,figure #dad4 ,! pits on ! cap are long] ?an broad4 ,! /em is :ite or :iti% & some:at mealy or scurvy1 holl[1 & (t5 swoll5 at ! base4 ,i f\nd ! specim5s 9 ,figure #dad ab\t ! la/ ( ,may "u elm trees1 9 ,james ,dunlap's woods4 ,!y are q pl5tiful !re4 ,i d n detect any diff]5ce 9 ! flavor ( ^! & o!r species4 ,mor*ella bispora4 ,sor4 ,,! ,,two-,,spor$ ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dae4--,mor*ella bispora4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,liii4 ,figure #daf4--,mor*ella bispora4 ,! two-spor$ ,morel4 ,edible4 ,%[+ ! cap free f ! /em q to ! top4 ,bispora1 two-spor$1 diff]s f ! o!r species 9 ! fact t ! cap is free f ! /em q to ! top4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 :i* gives "n to ! species1 c be se5 only by ! aid ( a /rong microscope4 ,9 ?is species !re are only two spores 9 ea* ascus or sac1 & ^! are mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! o!r species1 :i* h eight spores 9 a sac or ascus4 ,! ridges1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #dae1 run f ! top to ! bottom4 ,! /em is mu* long] ?an ! cap1 holl[1 & sometimes swoll5 at ! base4 ,! :ole plant is fragile & v t5d]4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #dae 7 collect$ 9 ,mi*igan by ,pr(4 ,longye>4 ,^? 9 ! full page display 7 f\nd ne> ,columbus & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,x seems to h a wide range1 b is n[h]e v pl5tiful4 ,! spores c be readily obta9$ f morels by tak+ a mature specim5 & plac+ x on :ite pap] "u a glass = a few h\rs4 ,! beg9n] w f9d mu* difficulty 9 id5tify+ ! species ( ,morels2 b if he is collect+ !m = food he ne$ n give ! matt] any ?\ght1 s9ce none ne$ be avoid$1 & !y are s *>act]i/ic t no "o ne$ be afraid to ga!r !m4 ,mor*ella crassipes4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,gigantic ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,crassipes is f crassus1 ?ick2 pes1 foot4 ,! cap resembles ! cap ( ,m4 escul5ta 9 its =m & irregul> pitt+1 b x is q a little l>g]4 ,! /em is v /\t1 mu* long] ?an ! pileus1 (t5 v mu* wr9kl$ & fold$4 ,i h f\nd only a few specim5s ( ?is species4 ,f\nd 9 ,april & ,may4 ,v]pa4 ,sw>tz4 ,v]pa means a rod4 ,ascospore smoo? or slightly wr9kl$1 free f ! sides ( ! /em1 atta*$ at ! tip ( ! /em1 bell-%ap$1 ?92 hym5ium cov]+ ! entire surface ( ! ascospore2 asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,! spores are elliptical1 hyal9e2 p>aphyses septate4 ,! /em is inflat$1 /uff$1 r long1 tap]+ d[nw>d4 ,v]pa digitali=mis4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dag4--,v]pa digitali=mis4 ,digitali=mis is f digitus1 a f+]1 & =ma1 a =m4 ,! pileus is bell-%ap$1 atta*$ to ! tip ( ! /em1 b o!rwise free f x2 olive-umb] 9 color2 smoo?1 ?91 closely press$ to ! /em1 b always free2 ! edge sometimes inflex$4 ,! /em is ?ree in*es high1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 furni%$ at ! base ) r$di% radicels2 :ite1 ) a r$di% t+e2 app>5tly smoo?1 b "u ! glass q scaly2 loosely /uff$4 ,! asci are l>ge1 #h-spor$1 ! spores be+ elliptical4 ,! p>aphyses are sl5d] & septate4 ,figure #dag repres5ts sev]al plants1 natural size4 ,! "o 9 ! righ?& corn] is old1 ) a ragg$ pileus2 ! v]tical section %[s ! pi?y cont5ts ( ! /em4 ,! plants are f\nd 9 cool1 moi/1 & %ady rav9es f ,may to ,augu/4 ,edible1 b n v good4 ,gyromitra4 ,fr4 ,gyromitra is f gyro1 to turn2 mitra1 a hat or bonnet4 ,?is g5us is s call$ because ! plants look l a hood t is mu* wr9kl$ or plait$4 ,ascophore /ipitate2 hym5ophore subglobose1 inflat$ & m or less holl[ or cav]n\s1 v>i\sly gyrose & convolute at ! surface1 :i* is ev]y:]e cov]$ ) ! hym5ium2 sub/ance fle%y2 asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$2 spores unis]iate1 elongat$1 hyal9e or ne>ly s1 cont9u\s2 p>aphyses pres5t4 ,massee4 ,gyromitra escul5ta4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,liv4 ,figure #dah4--;,gyromitra escul5ta4 ,escul5ta means edible4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ spore-sac fungus4 ,! orig9al "n 0 ,helvella escul5ta4 ,x is bay-r$1 r\nd1 wr9kl$ or convolut$1 atta*$ to ! /em1 irregul>1 ) bra9-l convolutions4 ,! /em is holl[ :5 mature1 (t5 v mu* de=m$1 :iti%1 scurvy1 frequ5tly enl>g$ or swoll5 at ! base1 sometimes lacunose1 frequ5tly att5uat$ upw>d1 at fir/ /uff$2 asci cyl9drical1 apex obtuse1 base att5uat$1 #h-spor$2 spores obliquely unis]iate1 hyal9e1 smoo?1 cont9u\s1 elliptical1 #ag-bei-aa2 p>aphases num]\s4 ,?is plant w be readily recogniz$ f ,figure #dah1 & its bay-r$ or *e/nut-r$ cap ) its bra9-l convolutions4 ,! books speak ( its be+ f\nd 9 p9e regions1 b ,i h f\nd x frequ5tly 9 ! woods ne> ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,sidney1 & ,*illico!4 ,_m au?ors give ?is plant a bad reputation1 yet ,i h eat5 x (t5 & :5 x is well prep>$ x is good4 ,i %\ld advise caution 9 its use4 ,x is f\nd 9 damp s&y woods dur+ ,may & ,june4 ,! plant 9 ,figure #dah 0 f\nd ne> ,*illico!4 ,gyromitra brunnea4 ,und]wood4 ,,! ,,br[n ,,gyromitra4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dai4--;,gyromitra brunnea4 ,brunnea is f brunneus1 br[n4 ,a /\t1 fle%y plant1 /ipitate1 ?ree to five in*es high1 be>+ a broad1 mu* contort$1 br[n ascoma4 ,/em is to #a4e in* ?ick1 m or less enl>g$ & spongy1 solid at ! base1 holl[ bel[1 r>ely slightly flut$1 cle> :ite2 receptacle two to f\r in*es across 9 ! wide/ direction1 ! two diamet]s usually m or less unequal1 irregul>ly lob$ & plicate2 9 places fa9tly m>k$ into areas by indi/9ct ana/omos+ ridges2 closely coh]+ ) ! /em 9 ! v>i\s p>ts2 color a ri* *ocolate-br[n or some:at light] if mu* cov]$ ) ! leaves among :i* x gr[s2 :iti% und]nea?2 asci #h-spor$4 ,spores oval4 ,?is plant is f\nd q frequ5tly ab\t ,b[l+ ,gre54 ,! l& is v ri* !re & produc$ bo? ,g4 escul5ta & ,g4 brunnea 9 great] abundance ?an ,i h f\nd else:]e 9 ! /ate4 ,x is q t5d] & fragile4 ,! specim5 9 ,figure #dai 0 f\nd ne> ,c9c9nati & photograph$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,helvella ela/ica4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,peziza-,,l ,,helvella4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dbj4--;,helvella ela/ica4 ,ela/ica means ela/ic1 ref]r+ to its /em4 ,! pileus is free f ! /em1 droop+1 two to ?ree lob$1 c5t] depress$1 ev51 :iti%1 br[ni%1 or sooty1 almo/ smoo? und]nea?1 ab\t #b cm4 broad4 ,! /em is two to ?ree & a half in*es high1 & ?ree to five l9es ?ick at ! inflat$ base2 tap]+ upw>d1 ela/ic1 smoo?1 or (t5 m or less pitt$2 color$ l ! pileus1 m9utely velvety or furfurace\s2 at fir/ solid1 !n holl[4 ,spores hyal9e1 cont9u\s1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 (t5 #a-;guttulate1 #ah-bjaj-aa2 #a-s]rate2 p>aphyses septate1 clavate4 ,massee4 ,! plants 9 ! figure 7 f\nd ne> ,columbus & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,i h n f\nd ! plant z f> s\? z ,*illico!1 ?\gh ,i f\nd x frequ5tly 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate4 ,x gr[s 9 ! woods on leaf-m\ld4 ,helvella lacunosa4 ,afz4 ,,! ,,c9]e\s ,,helvella4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dba4--;,helvella lacunosa4 ,lacunosa1 full ( pits or pitt$4 ,?is is a beautiful plant1 v closely relat$ to ! ,mor*ellas4 ,! pileus is inflat$1 lob$1 c9]e\s black1 lobes deflect$1 adnate4 ,! /em is holl[1 :ite or dusky1 ext]ior ribb$1 =m+ int]v5+ cavities4 ,! asci are cyl9drical1 & /emm$4 ,! sporidia are ovate & hyal9e4 ,! deep longitud9al grooves 9 ! /em are *>act]i/ic ( ?is species4 ,! plants f :i* ! halftone 0 made 7 collect$ ne> ,s&usky & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,!y gr[ 9 moi/ woods4 ,i f\nd ! plants frequ5tly 9 ! woods ne> ,b[l+ ,gre5 & occasionally ab\t ,*illico!1 gr[+ ab\t well-decay$ /umps4 ,hypomyces4 ,tul4 ,hypomyces means ^u a mu%room4 ,x is p>asitic on fungi4 ,mycelium byssoid2 p]i!cia small2 asci #h-spor$4 ,hypomyces lactifluorum4 ,s*w4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dbb4--;,hypomyces lactifluorum4 ,! entire plant is a bright yell[4 ,natural size4 ,lactifluorum means milk-fl[+4 ,x is p>asitic on ,lact>ius1 probably pip]atus1 z ?is species surr\nd$ x4 ,x seems to h ! p[] to *ange ! color into an orange-r$ mass1 9 _m cases entirely oblit]at+ ! gills ( ! ho/-species1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #dbb4 ,! asci are long & sl5d]4 ,! sporidia are 9 "o r[1 sp9dle-%ap$1 /raight or slightly curv$1 r\gh1 hyal9e1 uniseptic1 cuspidate1 po9t$ at ! ends1 #cj-chf-h4 ,?is v closely resembles ,hypomyces aurantius1 b ! sporidia are l>g]1 r\gh & w>t$ & ! felt-l mycelium at ! base is want+4 ,x occurs 9 v>i\s colors1 orange1 r$1 :ite1 & purple4 ,x is n pl5tiful1 occurr+ only occasionally4 ,capt4 ,mc,ilvaine says1 ,:5 x is well cook$ 9 small pieces x is among ! be/4 ,x is f\nd f ,july to ,octob]4 ,leptoglossum luteum4 7,pk47 ,sac4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dbc4--,leptoglossum luteum4 ,leptoglossum is f two ,greek words1 mean+ ?91 delicate1 & tongue2 luteum means yell[i%4 ,! club is di/9ct f ! /em1 smoo?1 compress$1 g5]ally ) a groove on "o side2 lute\s1 (t5 becom+ br[n at ! tip or apex4 ,! /em is equal or slightly enl>g$ above1 /uff$1 lute\s1 m9utely scaly4 ,! spores are oblong1 slightly curv$1 9 a d\ble r[1 #a-ajjj to #a-hjj in* long4 ,peck4 ,^! are f\nd q frequ5tly among moss1 or :]e an old log has rott$ d[n1 on ! nor? hillsides ab\t ,*illico!4 ,! plants 7 fir/ describ$ by ,dr4 ,peck z ,geoglossum luteum1 b aft]w>ds call$ by ,sacc>do ,leptoglossum luteum4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #dbc 7 f\nd 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 on ,ral/on's ,run1 ne> ,*illico!1 & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,spa?ul>ia4 ,p]s4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ g5us1 & "o t w attract ! att5tion ( any "o at fir/ sight4 ,x gr[s 9 ! =m ( a spa?ula1 f :i* x receives its g5]ic "n4 ,! spore-body is flatt5$ & gr[s d[n on bo? sides ( ! /em1 tap]+ d[nw>d4 ,spa?ul>ia flavida4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,yell[ ,,spa?ul>ia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dbd4--,spa?ul>ia flavida4 ,! spore body is a cle> yell[1 sometimes t+$ ) r$1 %ap$ l a spa?ula1 ! apex blunt1 sometimes slightly cleft1 ! surface wavy1 some:at crisp1 gr[+ d[n ! /em on opposite sides fur!r ?an ,v4 velutipes4 ,! /em is ?ick1 holl[1 :ite1 !n t+$ ) yell[1 slightly compress$2 asci clavate1 apex some:at po9t$1 #h-spor$2 spores arrang$ 9 p>allel fascicles1 hyal9e1 l9e>-clavate1 usually v slightly b5t1 #ej-fjc4e-d2 p>aphyses fili=m1 septate1 (t5 bran*$1 tips n ?ick5$1 wavy4 ,:ile ?is is a beautiful plant x is n common4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,spa?ul>ia velutipes4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,velvet-,,foot ,,spa?ul>ia4 ,,edible4 ,velutipes is f velutum1 velvet2 pes1 foot4 ,! spore body is flatt5$1 %ap$ l a spa?ula1 spore surface wavy1 gr[+ on ! opposite sides ( ! upp] "p ( ! /em1 tawny-yell[4 ,! /em is holl[1 m9utely d[ny or velvety1 d>k br[n t+$ ) yell[4 ,x w dry q z well z ,mor*ella4 ,x is f\nd 9 damp woods on mossy logs4 ,x is n a common plant4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,leotia4 ,hill4 ,receptacle pileate4 ,pileus orbicul>1 m>g9 involute1 free f ! /em1 smoo?1 hym5ium cov]+ upp] surface4 ,! /em is holl[1 c5tral1 r long1 cont9u\s ) pileus2 ! :ole plant gre5i%-yell[4 ,asci club-%ap$1 po9t$1 #h-spor$4 ,! spores are elliptical & hyal9e4 ,! p>aphyses are pres5t1 usually sl5d] & r\nd4 ,leotia lubrica4 ,p]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dbe4--,leotia lubrica4 ,lubrica means slipp]y2 s call$ because ! plants are usually slimy4 ,! pileus is irregul>ly hemisph]ical1 some:at wr9kl$1 inflat$1 wavy1 m>g9 obtuse1 free f ! /em1 yell[i% olive-gre51 tremelloid4 ,! /em is "o to ?ree in*es long1 ne>ly equal1 holl[1 & cont9u\s ) ! cap2 gre5i%-yell[1 cov]$ ) small :ite granules4 ,! asci are cyl9drical1 slightly po9t$ at ! apex1 #h-spor$4 ,! spores are oblong1 hyal9e1 smoo?1 sometimes slightly curv$1 #bb-bee4 ,! p>aphyses are sl5d]1 r\nd1 hyal9e4 ,! plants are greg>i\s & gr[ among moss or among leaves 9 ! woods4 ,?is species is q pl5tiful ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ,leotia *lorocephala by ! color ( its /em & cap4 ,! color ( ! latt] is gre5 or d>k gre54 ,!y are f\nd f ,july to fro/4 ,!y are edible b n *oice4 ,leotia *lorocephala4 ,s*w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dbf4--,leotia *lorocephala4 ,*lorocephala means gre5 head4 ,h[ev]1 ! entire plant is gre54 ,!y gr[ 9 clu/]s1 pileus r\nd1 depress$1 some:at transluc5t1 m or less waxy1 m>g9 incurv$1 d>k-v]digris-gre51 sometimes r d>k-gre54 ,! /em is r %ort1 almo/ equal2 gre51 b (t5 pal] ?an ! cap1 cov]$ ) f9e p[d]y du/1 (t5 twi/$4 ,asci cyl9dric-clavate1 apex r n>r[$1 #h-spor$1 spores smoo?1 hyal9e1 ends acute1 (t5 slightly curv$1 #ag-bje4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #dbf 7 f\nd 9 ,purgatory ,swamp1 ne> ,bo/on1 by ,mrs4 ,black=d4 ,bo? cap & /em 7 a deep v]digris-gre54 ,!y 7 s5t to me dur+ ! w>m wea!r ( ,augu/4 ,peziza4 ,l9n4 ,peziza means /alkless mu%room4 ,?is is a l>ge g5us ( discomycet\s fungi 9 :i* ! hym5ium l9es ! cavity ( a fle%y membran\s or waxy cup4 ,!y are atta*$ to ! gr\nd1 decay+ wood1 or o!r sub/ances1 by ! c5t]1 ?\gh sometimes !y are di/9ctly /alk$4 ,!y are (t5 beautifully color$ & are call$ fairy cups1 blood cups1 & cup fungi4 ,!y are all cup-or sauc]-%ap$2 ext]nally w>t$1 scurvy or smoo?2 asci cyl9drical1 #h-spor$4 ,! g5us is l>ge4 ,pr(4 ,peck reports #aej species4 ,f\nd e>ly 9 spr+ till e>ly w9t]4 ,peziza acetabulum4 ,l9n4 ,,reticulat$ ,,peziza4 ,,edible4 ,acetabulum1 a small cup or v9eg> cup4 ,! spore-be>+ body /ipitate1 cup-%ap$1 d+y1 ribb$ ext]nally ) bran*+ ve9s1 :i* run up f ! %ort1 pitt$ & holl[ /em2 m\? some:at contract$2 light umb] )\t & d>k] )94 ,f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 ! spr+4 ,peziza badia4 ,p]s4 ,,l>ge ,,br[n ,,peziza4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dbg4--,peziza badia4 ,greg>i\s 9 its habits2 sessile1 or n>r[$ into a v %ort /\t /em1 m or less pitt$2 ne>ly r\nd & clos$ at fir/1 !n exp&$ until cup-%ap$2 m>g9 at fir/ involute2 ext]nally cov]$ ) a fro/-l bloom2 disk d>k] ?an ! ext]nal surface1 v *angeable 9 color2 lobes m or less split & wavy1 some:at ?ick2 spore-sacs cyl9drical1 apex truncante1 sporidia oblong-ovate1 epispore r\gh1 #h-spor$4 ,f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 ! grass or by ! roadside 9 op5 woods4 ,i f\nd my fir/ specim5s 9 a cle>+ at ,salem1 b ,i h s9ce f\nd x at sev]al po9ts 9 ! /ate4 ,x %\ld be fre% :5 eat54 ,peziza cocc9ea4 ,jacq4 ,,! ,,c>m9e ,,peziza4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dbh4--,peziza cocc9ea4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,cocc9ea means sc>let or crimson4 ,usually gr[+ two or ?ree on ! same /ick1 ! color is a v pure & beautiful sc>let1 attractive to *ildr52 s*ool *ildr5 frequ5tly br+ me specim5s1 curi\s to "k :at !y are4 ,specim5s n l>ge1 disk cle> & pure c>m9e )91 ext]nally :ite1 z is ! /em2 tom5tose1 ) %ort1 adpress$ d[n2 sporidia oblong1 #h-spor$4 ,x is readily recogniz$ by ! pure c>m9e disk & :iti% tom5tose ext]ior4 ,x is f\nd 9 damp woods on decay$ /icks1 be+ v common all ov] ! /ate4 ,peziza odorata4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,odor\s ,,peziza4 ,,edible4 ,greg>i\s 9 its habits4 ,cup yell[i%1 sessile1 transluc5t1 becom+ dull br[n :5 old1 brittle :5 fre%1 fle% moi/ & wat]y2 ! frame ( ! cup is sep>able into two lay]s2 ! out] "o is r\gh1 :ile ! inn] "o is smoo?4 ,! disk is yell[i%-br[n4 ,! asci are cyl9drical1 op5+ by a lid4 ,on gr\nd 9 cell>s1 ab\t b>ns & outbuild+s4 ,a v beautiful clu/] grew ^u a wat]-bucket 9 my /able4 ,! cups 7 q l>ge1 two & a half to ?ree in*es across4 ,its odor is di/9ctive4 ,x is v simil> to ,peziza ,pet]sii f :i* x is di/+ui%$ by its l>g] spores & peculi> odor4 ,f\nd 9 ,may & ,june4 ,peziza ,/ev5soni4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dbi4--,peziza ,/ev5soni4 ,?is plant is sessile or ne>ly s1 gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 d5se clu/]s4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #dbi grew 9 ,dr4 ,*as4 ,miesse's cell>1 9 ,*illico!4 ,!y gr[ q l>ge at times2 are ovate1 ext]nally grayi%-:ite1 cov]$ ) a m9ute d[n or tom5tum1 int]nally r$di%-br[n1 ! rim ( ! cup f9ely s]rat$1 z w be se5 9 ! figure bel[4 ,!y are f\nd f ,may to ,july4 ,peziza semito/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dcj4--,peziza semito/a4 ,semito/a1 f its scor*$ appe>ance1 or umb]-l color4 ,! cup is "o to "o & a half in*es across1 hemisph]ical1 hirsute-velvety )\t1 date-br[n )92 m>g9 index$4 ,! /em is ribb$ or wr9kl$4 ,sporidia are subfusi=m1 4#jjaag in* long4 ,^! plants are f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 damp places4 ,x 0 =m]ly call$ ,peziza semito/a or ,s>coscypha semito/a4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #dcj 7 f\nd 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] on ! nor? side ( ! ,ed+] ,hill1 ne> ,*illico!1 & 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,no d\bt edible1 b ! writ] has n tri$ !m4 ,?is is call$ ,macropodia semito/a4 ,peziza aurantia4 ,fr4 ,,orange-,,gr\nd ,,peziza4 ,,edible4 ,aurantia means orange color4 ,subsessile1 irregul>1 oblique1 ext]nally some:at pru9ose1 :iti%4 ,! sporidia are elliptic1 r\gh4 ,f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 damp woods4 ,! cups are (t5 q l>ge & v irregul>4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,peziza rep&a4 ,wahl4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dca4--,peziza rep&a4 ,rep&a means b5t backw>d4 ,^! plants are f\nd 9 d>k moi/ woods1 gr[+ on old1 wet logs1 or 9 well wood$ e>?4 ,! cups are clu/]$ or scatt]$1 subsessile1 contract$ into a %ort1 /\t1 /em-l base4 ,:5 v small !y appe> l a t9y :ite knot on ! surface ( ! log4 ,?is gr[s1 s t soon a holl[ sph]e ) an op5+ at ! top is produc$4 ,! plant n[ beg9s to exp& & flatt51 produc+ an irregul>1 flatt5$ disk ) small upturn$ edges4 ,! m>g9 (t5 becomes split & wavy1 sometimes droop+ & revolute2 disk pale or d>k br[n1 m or less wr9kl$ t[>d ! c5t]2 ext]nally ! cup is a scurvy-:ite4 ,! asci are #h-spor$1 q l>ge4 ,! p>aphyses are few1 %ort1 sep>ate1 clavate1 & br[ni% at ! tips4 ,! spores are elliptical1 ?9-wall$1 hyal9e1 non-nucleate1 #adi4 ,f\nd f ,may to ,octob]4 ,edible4 ,peziza vesiculosa4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,bladd]y ,,peziza4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dcb4--,peziza vesiculosa4 ,(t5 9 ?ick clu/]s4 ,^? 9 ! c5t] are frequ5tly di/ort$ by mutual pressure2 l>ge1 entire1 sessile1 at fir/ globose2 clos$ at fir/1 !n exp&+2 ! m>g9 ( ! cup m or less incurv$1 sometimes slightly not*$2 disk pallid-br[n1 ext]nally2 surface is cov]$ ) a co>sely granul> or w>ty sub/ance :i* pla9ly %[s 9 ! photograph4 ,! hym5ium is g5]ally sep>able f ! sub/ance ( ! cap4 ,! spores are smoo?1 transp>5t1 cont9u\s1 elliptical1 ends obtuse4 ,!y are f\nd on dung-hills1 hot-b$s or :]ev] ! gr\nd has be5 /rongly f]tiliz$ & conta9s ! necess>y moi/ure4 ,?is is an int]e/+ plant & (t5 f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,vesicolosa means full ( bladd]s1 z ! picture w sugge/4 ,i f\nd a v nice clu/] on ! #be? ( ,april1 #aijd1 9 my /able4 ,peziza scutellata4 ,l9n4 ,,! ,,%ield-,,l ,,peziza4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dcc4--,peziza scutellata4 ,v small b w %[ =m "u ! glass4 ,becom+ plane1 v]million-r$1 ext]nally pal]1 hispid t[>ds ! m>g9 ) /raight black hairs4 ,spores ellipsoid4 ,f\nd on damp rott5 logs f ,july to ,octob]4 ,v pl5tiful & v pretty "u ! magnify+ glass4 ,peziza tub]osa4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,tub]\s ,,peziza4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dcd4--,peziza tub]osa4 ,natural size4 ,tub]osa1 furni%$ ) a tub] or scl]otium4 ,! cup is ?91 infundibuli=m1 bright br[n1 turn+ pale4 ,! /em is elongat$1 spr++ f an irregul> black tub]1 call$ scl]otium4 ,! /ems run deep into ! e>? & are atta*$ to a scl]otium1 :i* w be se5 9 ! halftone4 ,_m fungus plants h le>n$ to /ore up fungus />* = ! new plant4 ,! sporidia are oblong-ellipsoid1 simple4 ,x is call$ by "s au?ors ,scl]ot9ia tub]osa4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 ! spr+ & may be kn[n by its bright br[n color & its /em runn+ deep into ! e>? & atta*$ to a tub]4 ,peziza hemisph]ica4 ,wigg4 ,sessile1 hemisph]ical1 waxy1 ext]nally br[ni%1 clo!d ) d5se1 fasciculate hairs2 disk glauc\s-:ite4 ,?is is call$ by ,gillet ,la*nea hemisph]ica4 ,! cups are small1 v>y+ mu* 9 color & ! sporidia are ellipsoidal4 ,!y are f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[4 ,peziza lepor9a4 ,bats*4 ,sub/ipitate1 elongat$ on "o side1 e>-%ap$1 subf]rug9\s ext]nally1 f>9ose int]nally2 base ev54 ,x is sometimes c9]e\s or yell[i%4 ,sporidia ellipsoidal4 ,?is is call$ frequ5tly ,otidea lepor9a1 7,bats*47 ,fckl4 ,x is f\nd on ! gr\nd 9 ! woods dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[4 ,peziza v5osa4 ,p4 ,?is plant is sauc]-%ap$1 sometimes _m in*es broad2 sessile1 some:at twi/$1 d>k umb]1 :ite b5ea?1 wr9kl$ ) rib-l ve9s4 ,odor (t5 /rong4 ,f\nd gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 leaf mold4 ,f\nd 9 ! spr+1 ab\t ! la/ ( ,april1 9 ,james ,dunlap's woods1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,?is is also call$ ,disc9a v5osa1 ,suec4 ,peziza floccosa4 ,s*w4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dce4--,peziza floccosa4 ,natural size4 ,?is is a beautiful plant gr[+ ^u p>tially decay$ logs4 ,i h always f\nd x ^u hickory logs4 ,! cap is cup-%ap$1 v mu* l a beak]4 ,! /em is long & sl5d]1 r woolly2 ! rim ( ! cap is fr+$ ) long1 /rigose hairs4 ,! inn] surface ( ! cup repres5ts ! spore-be>+ portion4 ,! inside & ! rim ( ! cup are v beautiful1 be+ v>iegat$ ) deep sc>let & :ite4 ,also call$ ,s>coscypha floccosa4 ,! plant is f\nd f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,peziza occid5talis4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dcf4--,peziza occid5talis4 ,natural size4 ,?is is ano!r v %[y plant1 q equal 9 attractiv5ess to ,p4 floccosa & ,p4 cocc9ea4 ,! cup is infundibuli=m1 ! outside z well z ! /em :iti%1 & d[ny1 ! b[l or disk is r$di%-orange4 ,?is is kn[n by "s au?ors z ,s>coscypha occid5talis4 ,x gr[s on rott5 /icks ^u ! gr\nd4 ,may & ,june4 ,peziza nebulosa4 ,cooke4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dcg4--,peziza nebulosa4 ,nebulosa means cl\dy or d>k1 f nebula1 a cl\d2 f its color4 ,ascophore /ipitate1 r fle%y1 clos$ at fir/1 !n cup-%ap$1 becom+ some:at plane1 ! m>g9 slightly incurv$1 ext]nally pilose or d[ny1 pale gray or sometimes q d>k4 ,asci are cyl9drical2 spores sp9dle-%ap$1 /raight or b[-%ap$1 r\gh1 #ce-h2 p>aphyses ?read-%ap$4 ,^! plants are f\nd on decay$ /umps or logs 9 ! wood4 ,! woods :]e ,i h f\nd !m h be5 r d5se & damp4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #dcg 7 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[ & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,urnula crat]ium4 7,s*w47 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dch4--,urnula crat]ium4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,urnula means burn$2 crat]ium means a small crat]2 h5ce ! translation is a burn$-out crat]1 :i* w appe> to ! /ud5t z a v appropriate "n4 ,x is a v common & conspicu\s ,ascomycet\s1 or cup fungus1 gr[+ 9 clu/]s on rott5 /icks t lie 9 moi/ places4 ,:5 ! plants fir/ appe> !y are small1 black /ems ) sc>cely any evid5ce ( a cup4 ,9 a %ort "t ! end ( ! /em %[s evid5ce ( enl>gem5t1 %[+ l9es ( sep>ation on ! top4 ,x soon op5s & we h ! cup z y see x 9 ,figure #dch4 ,! hym5ium1 or spore be>+ surface1 is ! int]ior wall ( ! cup4 ,! cup is l9$ inside ) a palisade ( long cyl9drical sacs1 ea* conta9+ eight spores ) a small am\nt ( liquid4 ,^! sacs are at "r angles to ! inn] surface1 & are provid$ ) lids simil> to t ( a c(fee-pot2 at maturity ! lid is =c$ op5 & ! spores are %ot out ( ^! sacs1 &1 by j>r+ ! fungus :5 x is ready to make ! dis*>ge1 !y c be se5 z a little cl\d an in* or two above ! cup4 ,place a small slip ( glass ov] ! cup & y w see spores 9 gr\ps ( eight 9 v small drops ( liquid on ! glass4 ,?is species appe>s 9 ,april & ,may1 & is c]ta9ly a v int]e/+ plant4 ,x is call$ by "s ,peziza crat]ium1 ,s*w4 ,helotium4 ,fr4 ,disc always op51 at fir/ puncti=m1 !n dilat$1 convex or concave1 nak$4 ,excipulum waxy1 free1 m>g9ate1 ext]nally nak$4 ,helotium citr9um4 ,fr4 ,,lemon-,,color$ ,,helotium4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dci4--;,helotium citr9um4 ,disc-fungus1 yell[ gr[+ on rott5 logs4 ,slightly magnifi$4 ,?is is a beautiful little ,disc-fungus1 yell[1 gr[+ ^u rott5 logs 9 damp woods4 ,!y (t5 gr[ 9 d5se clu/]s2 a beautiful lemon-yell[1 ! head be+ plane or concave1 ) a %ort1 ?ick1 pal] /em1 =m+ an inv]t$ cone4 ,asci elongat$1 n>r[ly cyl9drical1 att5uat$ at ! base into a long1 sl5d]1 crook$ p$icel1 #h-spor$4 ,sporidia oblong1 elliptical1 ) two or ?ree m9ute nuclei4 ,?is is q a common plant 9 our woods dur+ wet wea!r or 9 damp places1 gr[+ ^u old logs & /umps1 9 woods1 9 ! fall4 ,figure #dci w give an idea ( _! appe>ance :5 9 d5se clu/]s4 ,! plants photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,helotium lutesc5s4 ,fr4 ,,yell[i% ,,helotium4 ,lutesc5s means yell[i%4 ,! plants are small1 sessile1 or atta*$ by a v %ort /em2 clos$ at fir/1 !n exp&+ until ne>ly plane2 disk yell[1 smoo?2 asci clavate1 #h spor$2 spores hyal9e1 smoo?4 ,greg>i\s or scatt]$4 ,f\nd on half-decay$ bran*es4 ,helotium rug9osum4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,helotium4 rug9osum means v]digris-gre54 ,greg>i\s or scatt]$1 /a9+ ! wood on :i* !y gr[ to a deep v]digris-gre52 ascophore at fir/ turb9ate & clos$1 !n exp&+1 ! m>g9 usually wavy & m or less irregul>2 flexible1 glabr\s1 ev51 some:at contract$1 & m9utely wr9kl$ :5 dry2 e "p a deep v]digris-gre51 ! disc (t5 becom+ pal] ) a t+e ( tan color2 #a-d mm4 across2 /em #a-c mm4 long1 exp&+ into ! ascophore2 hypo!cium & excipulum =m$ ( int]lac$1 hyal9e hyph1 #c-d4 ?ick1 ^! becom+ /\t] & color$ gre5 9 ! cortex2 asci n>r[ly cyl9dric-clavate1 apex slightly n>r[$1 #h-spor$2 spores irregul>ly #b-s]iate1 hyal9e or ) a slight t+e ( gre51 v n>r[ly cyl9dric-fusi=m1 /raight or curv$1 #aj-adb4e-c4e4 #b-;gutullate1 or ) sev]al m9ute gre5 oil globules2 p>aphyses sl5d]1 ) a t+e ( gre5 at ! tip4 ,massee4 ,massee calls ?is ,*lorospl5ium rug9osum1 ,de ,n4 ,x is q common on oak bran*es1 /a9+ to a deep gre5 ! wood ^u :i* x gr[s4 ,x is widely di/ribut$1 specim5s hav+ be5 s5t me f z f> ea/ z ,massa*usetts4 ,! mycelium-/a9s 9 ! wood are met m frequ5tly ?an ! fruit4 ,bulg>ia4 ,fr4 ,bulg>ia--probably fir/ f\nd 9 t pr9cipality4 ,receptacle orbicul>1 !n truncate1 glut9\s )91 at fir/ clos$2 hym5ium ev51 p]si/5t1 smoo?4 ,bulg>ia inqu9ans4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,blacki% ,,bulg>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ddj4--;,bulg>ia inqu9ans4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,inqu9ans means bef\l+ or pollut+2 s call$ because ( ! blacki%1 gelat9\s coat+ ( ! cap4 ,receptacle orbicul>1 clos$ at fir/1 !n op5+1 =m+ a cup1 z %[n on ! "r 9 ,figure #ddj2 disk or cup becom+ plane2 black1 sometimes becom+ lacunose2 t\gh1 ela/ic1 gelat9\s1 d>k-br[n1 or *ocolate1 almo/ black1 wr9kl$1 & r\gh ext]nally2 /em v %ort1 almo/ obsolete2 cup light umb]2 sporidia l>ge1 elliptical1 br[n4 ,?is plant is q pl5tiful 9 "s localities ne> ,*illico!4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods1 on oak trunks or limbs p>tially decay$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,nidul>iaceae--,,bird',s ,,ne/ ,,fungi4 ,spores produc$ on sporophores1 compact$ into "o or m globose or disci=m bodies1 conta9$ )9 a di/9ct p]idium4 ,b]keley4 ,!re are f\r g5]a includ$ 9 ?is ord]4 ,cya?us--,p]idium cup-%ap$1 compos$ ( ?ree diff]5t membranes4 ,crucibulum--,p]idium ( a uni=m spongy membrane4 ,nidul>ia--,p]idium globose1 sporangia envelop$ 9 mucus4 ,sphrobolus--,p]idium d\ble1 sporangia eject$ s+ly4 ,cya?us4 ,p]s4 ,cya?us is f a ,greek ^w mean+ a cup4 ,! p]idium is compos$ ( ?ree membranes v closely relat$1 clos$ at fir/ by a :ite membrane1 b f9ally bur/+ at ! top4 ,sporangia plane1 umbilicate1 atta*$ to ! wall by an ela/ic cord4 ,cya?us /riatus4 ,h(fm4 ,,/riate ,,cya?us4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dda4--;,cya?us /riatus4 ,! plants are small1 obconic1 truncate1 broadly op52 ext]nally f]rug9\s1 ) a hairy tom5tum1 int]nally lead-color1 smoo?1 /riat$4 ,! sporangia are some:at trigon\s1 :iti%1 broadly umbilicate2 cov]+ ( ! cup ?91 evanesc5t1 some:at ?ick] und]nea?1 & cottony1 (t5 cov]$ ) d[n-l meal4 ,! spores are ?ick & oblong4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ little plant4 ,x is q widely di/ribut$4 ,i h _h x f sev]al /ates1 includ+ ,new ,engl&4 ,x is easily id5tifi$ by ! /riations1 or l9es1 on ! inside ( ! cup1 be+ ! only species ?us m>k$ by int]nal /ri4 ,! p]idioles ( ! species fill only ! l[] "p ( ! cup1 bel[ ! /riations4 ,cya?us v]nicosus4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,v>ni%$ ,,cya?us4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ddb4--;,cya?us v]nicosus4 ,v]nicosus means v>ni%$4 ,x is bell-%ap$1 base n>r[ly subsessile1 broadly op5 above1 some:at wavy2 ext]nally ru/y-br[n1 silky tom5tose1 f9ally becom+ smoo?1 int]nally lead-color$4 ,! sporangia are blacki%1 frequ5tly some:at pale1 ev52 cov]+ r ?ick1 spr9kl$ ) a grayi% meal4 ,spores elliptical1 colorless1 #ab-adaj4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 ! gr\nd 9 g>d5s & /ubble-fields cov]$ ) ^! beautiful little plants4 ,! q firm1 ?ick1 & fl>+ cup w easily di/+ui% ! species4 ,! eggs or p]idioles are black & q l>ge1 appe>+ :ite because cov]$ ) a ?9 :ite membrane4 ,f\nd 9 late summ] & fall4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #ddb 7 photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smi?4 ,cya?us /]coreus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ddc4--;,cya?us /]coreus4 ,/]coreus is f /]cus1 dung4 ,?is species1 z ! "n sugge/s1 is f\nd on manure or manur$ gr\nds4 ,mr4 ,lloyd gives ! foll[+ description3 ,! cups are ev5 inside1 & ) %aggy hairs outside4 ,:5 old !y become smoo!r1 & are sometimes mi/ak5 = ,cya?us v]nicosus4 ,h[ev] :5 once le>n$1 ! plants c be readily di/+ui%$ by ! cups4 ,cya?us /]coreus v>ies consid]ably1 h[ev]1 z to %ape & size ( cups1 accord+ to habitat4 ,if gr[+ on a cake ( manure1 !y are %ort] & m cyl9drical2 if 9 loose manur$ gr\nd1 especially 9 grass1 !y are m sl5d] & incl9$ to a /alk at ! base4 ,! p]idioles or eggs are black] ?an o!r species4 ,!y are f\nd 9 late summ] & fall4 ,crucibulum4 ,tul4 ,! p]idium consi/s ( a uni=m1 spongy1 fibr\s felt1 clos$ by a flat scale-l cov]+ ( ! same color4 ,! sporangia are plane1 atta*$ by a cord1 spr++ f a small nipple-l tub]cle4 ,?is g5us is di/+ui%$ f ,cya?us1 its ne>e/ ally1 by ! p]idial wall1 consi/+ ( two lay]s only4 ,crucibulum vulg>e4 ,tul4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ddd4--;,crucibulum vulg>e4 ,! p]idium is tan-color$1 ?ick ext]nally ne>ly ev51 int]nally q ev51 smoo?1 %9+2 m\?s ( "y plants are cov]$ ) a ?9 yell[i% membrane call$ ! epiphragm4 ,:5 old ! cups blea* out & lose _! yell[ color4 ,! p]idioles or eggs are :ite1 t is !y are cov]$ ) a :ite membrane4 ,_! yell[i% color & :ite eggs w readily di/+ui% ?is species4 ,!y are f\nd on decay$ we$s1 /icks1 & pieces ( wood4 ,! specim5s 9 ! halftone grew on an old mat & 7 photograph$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,nidul>ia4 ,tul4 ,! p]idium is uni=m1 consi/+ ( a s+le membrane2 globose1 at fir/ clos$1 f9ally ruptur$ or op5+ ) a circul> m\?4 ,! sporangia are q small & num]\s1 n atta*$ by a funiculus to ! p]idium1 envelop$ 9 mucus4 ,nidul>ia pisi=mis4 ,tul4 ,,pea-,,%ap$ ,,nidul>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dde4--,nidul>ia pisi=mis4 ,pisi=mis is f two ,lat9 words mean+ pea & =m4 ,! plant is greg>i\s1 ne>ly r\nd1 sessile1 rootless1 hairy1 br[n or br[ni%1 splitt+ irregul>ly4 ,! sporangia are subrotund or discoidal 9 =m1 d>k br[n1 smoo?1 %9+4 ,! spores are colorless1 r\nd or elliptical or pe>-%ap$1 produc$ on /]igmata1 #g-hh-i4 ,sometimes f\nd on ! gr\nd & on leaves1 b _! favorite home is an old log4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,sub-,,class ,,basidiomycetes4 ,,gr\p ,,ga/romycetes4 ,ga/romycetes is f two ,greek words3 ga/]1 /oma*2 mycetes1 fungus4 ,we h already se5 t1 9 ! gr\p1 ,hym5omycetes1 ! spore-be>+ surface is expos$ z 9 ! common mu%room or 9 ! pore-be>+ v>ieties1 b 9 ! ,ga/romycetes ! hym5ium is inclos$ 9 ! r9d or p]idium4 ,! ^w p]idium comes f p]idio 7,i wrap ar\nd72 because ! p]idium entirely envelops ! spore-be>+ portion1 :i*1 9 due "t1 %$s ! inclos$ spores t h be5 =m$ inside ! basidia & spicules1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #b4 ,! cavity )9 ! p]idium consi/s ( two p>ts3 ! ?read$ "p1 call$ ! capillitium1 :i* c be se5 9 any dri$ puffball1 & a cellul> "p1 call$ ! gleba1 :i* is ! spore-be>+ tissue1 compos$ ( m9ute *amb]s l9$ ) ! hym5ium4 ,! p]idium breaks 9 v>i\s ways to p]mit ! spores to escape4 ,:5 *ildr5 p9* a puffball to see ! smoke1 z !y say1 issue f x1 little d !y "k t !y are do+ j :at ! puffball w\ld h !m d1 9 ord] t its se$s may be scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,9 case ( ! ,phalloides1 ! hym5ium deliquesces1 in/ead ( dry+ up4 ,b]keley1 9 8 ,outl9es1 gives ! foll[+ *>act]ization ( ?is family3 ,hym5ium m or less p]man5tly conceal$1 consi/+ 9 mo/ cases ( closely pack$ cells1 ( :i* ! f]tile ones be> nak$ spores 9 di/9ct spicules1 expos$ only by ! rupture or decay ( ! inve/+ coat or p]idium4 ,! foll[+ families w be treat$ "h3 ,i4 ,phalloide--,t]re/rial4 ,hym5ium deliquesc5t4 ,,ii4 ,lycop]dace--,cellul> at fir/4 ,hym5ium dry+ up 9 a mass ( ?reads & spores4 ,,iii4 ,scl]od]mace--,p]idium inclos+ sporangia4 ,phalloide4 ,fr4 ,volva univ]sal1 ! int]m$iate /ratum gelat9\s4 ,hym5ium deliquesc5t4 ,b]keley's ,outl9es4 ,! foll[+ g5]a w be repres5t$3 ,i4 ,phallus--,pileus free ar\nd ! /em4 ,,ii4 ,mut9us--,pileus atta*$ to ! /em4 ,phallus duplicatus4 ,bosc4 ,,lac$ ,,/9khorn4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lv4 ,figure #ddf4--,phallus duplicatus4 ,natural size1 %[+ veil4 ,volva egg-%ap$1 ?ick1 :iti%1 frequ5tly hav+ a p9ki% t+e4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 cellulose1 tap]+ upw>d4 ,! veil is reticulate1 frequ5tly surr\nd+ ! :ole ( ! /em f ! pileus to ! volva1 (t5 torn4 ,! pileus is pitt$1 deliquesc5t1 six to eight in*es high1 apex acute4 ,spores elliptic-oblong4 ,i am sure ,i nev] saw f9] lace-"w ?an ,i h se5 on ?is plant4 ,a few ye>s ago "o ( ^! plants insi/$ ^u gr[+ ne> my h\se1 :]e a f5ce po/ _h =m]ly be51 ) ! effect ( almo/ driv+ ! family f home4 ,"o c h>dly imag9e s beautiful a plant giv+ (f su* an odor4 ,x is n a common plant 9 our /ate4 ,phallus ,rav5elii4 ,b4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ddg4--,phallus ,rav5elii4 ,natural size1 %[+ volva at base1 receptacle & cap4 ,?is plant is extremely abundant ab\t ,*illico!4 ,i h se5 hundr$s ( fully develop$ plants on a few squ>e y>ds ( old sawdu/2 & "o might easily ?9k t all ! bad smells 9 ! _w _h be5 turn$ loose at t place4 ,! eggs 9 ! sawdu/ c be ga!r$ by ! bu%el4 ,9 ,figure #ddi is repres5t$ a clu/]1 ( ^! eggs4 ,! section ( an egg 9 ! c5t] ( ! clu/] %[s ! outl9e ( ! volva1 ! pileus1 & ! embryo /em4 ,inside ( ! volva1 9 ! middle1 is ! %ort undevelop$ /em2 cov]+ ! upp] "p & sides ( ! /em is ! pileus2 ! fruit-be>+ "p1 :i* is divid$ into small *amb]s1 lies on ! outside ( ! pileus4 ,! spores are borne on club-%ap$ basidia z %[n 9 ,figure #ddh1 )9 ! *amb] ( ! fruit-be>+ "p1 & :5 ! spores mature1 ! /em beg9s to elongate & =ce ! gleba & pileus ?r\gh ! volva1 leav+ x at ! base ( ! /em1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #ddh4 ,! l>ge egg on ! left 9 ! backgr\nd ( ,figure #ddi is ne>ly ready to break ! volva4 ,i br\ght 9 a l>ge egg "o ev5+ & plac$ x on ! mantle4 ,lat] 9 ! ev5+1 ! room be+ w>m1 :ile we 7 read+ my wife notic$ ?is egg beg9n+ to move & x develop$ 9 a few m9utes to ! %ape y see 9 ,figure #ddg4 ,! developm5t 0 s rapid t ! motion 0 v p]ceptible4 ,! pileus is conical 9 %ape1 & aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! gleba ! surface ( ! pileus is m]ely granul>4 ,! plants are f\r to six in*es high4 ,! /em is holl[ & tap]s f ! middle to ea* end4 ,?is plant is also kn[n z ,dictyophora ,rav5elii1 ,burt4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ddh4--,phallus ,rav5elii4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ddi4--,phallus ,rav5elii4 ,two-?irds natural size1 %[+ ! egg /age4 ,lysurus borealis4 ,burt4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dej4--,lysurus borealis4 ,! receptacle is borne on a /alk1 holl[1 att5uat$ t[>d ! base1 divid$ above into arms1 :i* d n jo9 at _! apices1 & :i* be> ! spore mass 9 _! inn] surfaces & sides1 inclos+ ! spore mass :5 "y1 b lat] div]g+4 ,! /em ( ! phalloid is :ite1 holl[1 att5uat$ d[nw>d2 ! arms are n>r[1 lance-%ap$1 ) pale fle%-color$ backs1 trav]s$ _! entire l5g? by a %all[ furr[4 ,! egg 9 ! c5t] is ab\t ready to break ! volva & develop to a full gr[n plant4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #dej 7 f\nd ne> ,akron1 ,ohio1 & photograph$ by ,g4 ,d4 ,smi?4 ,mut9us4 ,fr4 ,! gleba is borne directly on ! upp] portion ( ! /em1 :i* is holl[ & compos$ ( a s+le lay] ( tissue2 & ! plant has no sep>ate pileus1 by :i* *>act]i/ic ! g5us diff]s f ,phallus4 ,mut9us can9us4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dea4--,mut9us can9us4 ,! gleba-be>+ portion is %ort1 r$ or fle%-color$1 subacute1 wr9kl$1 ! cap or gleba =m+ ! spore-be>+ mass :i* is usually conical1 sometimes oblong or ovoid1 cov]+ "o-f\r? to "o-six? ! total l5g? ( ! /em4 ,! /em is elongat$1 sp9dle-%ap$1 holl[1 cyl9drical1 cellul>1 :ite1 sometimes rosy4 ,! spores are elliptical1 involv$ 9 a gre5 mucus1 #fd4 ,! plant comes f an egg1 :i* is ab\t ! size ( a quail's egg4 ,y c f9d !m 9 ! gr\nd if y w m>k ! place :]e y h se5 !m gr[+4 ,!y are f\nd 9 g>d5s & 9 old woods & ?ickets4 ,i h f\nd ?is species 9 sev]al localities ab\t ,*illico!1 b always 9 damp ?ickets4 ,mr4 ,lloyd ?\ght ?is m ne>ly resembl$ ! ,european species ?an any he _h se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,f\nd 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]4 ,mut9us elegans4 ,montagne4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lvi4 ,figure #deb4--,mut9us elegans4 ,natural size1 %[+ an egg & a section ( an egg4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dec4--,mut9us elegans4 ,"o-?ird natural size1 %[+ volva1 :ite receptacle & r$ cap4 ,! pileus is acum9ate1 p]=at$ at apex4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 tap]+ gradually to ! apex1 :iti% or p9ki% bel[1 pileus bright r$4 ,! volva is oblong-ovoid1 p9ki%1 segm5ts two or ?ree4 ,! spores are elliptical-oblong4 ,morgan4 ,! odor ( ?is plant is n z /rong z 9 "s ( ! ,phalloids4 ,! eggs ( ,phallus & ,mut9us are said to be v good :5 fri$ prop]ly1 b my recollection ( ! odor ( ! plant has be5 too vivid = me to try !m4 ,x is usually f\nd 9 mix$ woods1 b sometimes 9 ri*ly cultivat$ fields4 ,i h f\nd !m frequ5tly ab\t ,*illico! six to sev5 in*es high4 ,9 ,figure #deb on ! "r is %[n an egg & above x is a section ( an egg conta9+ ! embryonic plant4 ,?is plant is call$ by ,pr(4 ,morgan ,mut9us bov9us4 ,aft] see+ ?is picture ! collector w n fail to recognize x4 ,x is "o ( ! curi\s gr[?s 9 nature4 ,f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,lycop]daceae--,,puff-,,balls4 ,?is family includes all fungi :i* h _! spores 9 clos$ *amb]s until maturity4 ,! *amb]s are call$ ! gleba & ?is is surr\nd$ by ! p]idium or r9d1 :i* 9 diff]5t puffballs exhibits v>i\s *>act]i/ic ways ( op5+ to let ! spores escape4 ,! p]idium is compos$ ( two di/9ct lay]s1 "o call$ ! cortex1 ! o!r ! p]idium prop]4 ,! plant is g5]ally sessile1 sometimes m or less /emm$1 at maturity fill$ ) a du/y mass ( spores & ?read4 ,x af=ds _m ( our mo/ delici\s fungus food products4 ,! foll[+ g5]a are consid]$ "h3 ,i4 ,calvatia--,! l>ge puffball4 ,,ii4 ,lycop]don--,! small puffball4 ,,iii4 ,bovi/a--,! tumbl+ puffball4 ,,iv4 ,gea/]--,e>? ,/>4 ,v4 ,scl]od]ma--,! h>d puffball4 ,calvatia4 ,fr4 ,?is g5us repres5ts ! l>ge/ siz$ puffballs4 ,!y h a ?ick cord-l mycelium root+ f ! base4 ,! p]idium is v l>ge1 break+ away 9 fragm5ts :5 ripe & expos+ ! gleba4 ,! cortex is ?91 adh]5t1 (t5 s(t & smoo? l kid lea!r1 sometimes cov]$ ) m9ute squamules2 ! inn] p]idium is ?9 & fragile1 at maturity crack+ into areas4 ,! capillitium is a net-"w ( f9e ?reads ?r\gh ! tissues ( spore-be>+ portion2 tissue1 sn[ :ite at fir/1 turn+ gre5i%-yell[1 !n br[n2 ! mass ( spores & ! d5se net-"w ( ?reads 7capillitium7 atta*$ to ! p]idium & to ! subgleba or /]ile base :i* is cellulose2 limit$ & concave above4 ,spores small1 r\nd1 usually sessile4 ,calvatia gigantea4 ,bats*4 ,,! ,,giant ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lvii4 ,figure #ded4--;,calvatia gigantea4 ,?is species gr[s to an imm5se size 7(t5 tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]72 r\nd or obovoid1 ) a ?ick mycelial cord root+ x to ! gr\nd1 sessile1 cortex :ite & glossy1 sometimes slightly r\gh5$ by m9ute floccose w>ts1 becom+ yell[i% or br[n4 ,! inn] p]idium is ?9 & fragile1 aft] maturity break+ up into fragm5ts1 app>5tly )\t any subgleba2 capillitium & spores yell[i%-gre5 to d+y-olive4 ,! spores are r\nd1 sometimes m9utely w>t$4 ,n common ab\t ,*illico!1 b 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! /ate !y are v pl5tiful 9 _! season1 & v l>ge4 ,/&+ 9 ,mr4 ,joseph's wood-pa/ure1 ea/ ( ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,i h c\nt$ fifte5 giant puffballs ^: diamet]s w\ld av]age t5 in*es1 & ^: cortex 0 z :ite & glossy z a new kid glove4 ,a fri5d ( m9e1 liv+ 9 ,b[l+ ,gre51 & driv+ home f ,de%l]1 saw 9 a wood-pa/ure tw5ty-five ( ^! giant puffballs4 ,be+ impress$ ) ! sight & hav+ "s gra9 sacks 9 8 wagon he fill$ !m & br\ght !m home4 ,he at once telephon$ = me to come to 8 h\se1 z ! m\nta9 0 too big to take to ,mohamm$4 ,he 0 surpris$ to le>n t he _h f\nd t prov]bial calf :i* is all sweet-breads4 ,t ev5+ we suppli$ tw5ty-five families ) slices ( ^! puffballs4 ,!y c be kept = two or ?ree days on ice4 ,! photograph1 tak5 by ,pr(4 ,%affn] ( ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 w %[ h[ !y look gr[+ 9 ! grass4 ,!y seem to delight to ne/le 9 ! tall bluegrass4 ,?is species has be5 class$ h]et(ore z ,lycop]don giganteum4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dee4--;,calvatia gigantia4 ,"o-fif? natural size1 %[+ h[ !y gr[ 9 ! grass4 ,calvatia lilac9a4 ,b]k4 ,,lilac ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lviii4 ,figure #def4--;,calvatia lilac9a4 ,natural size 9 a gr[+ /ate4 ,! p]idium is ?ree to six in*es 9 diamet]2 globose or depress$ globose2 smoo? or m9utely floccose or scaly2 :iti%1 c9]e\s-br[n or p9ki%-br[n1 (t5 crack+ into areas 9 ! upp] "p2 commonly ) a %ort1 ?ick1 /emless base2 capillitium & spores purple-br[n1 ^! & ! upp] "p ( ! p]idium fall+ away & disappe>+ :5 old1 leav+ a cup-%ap$ base ) a ragg$ m>g94 ,spores globose1 r\gh1 purple-br[n1 #e-f4e broad4 ,peck1 #dh? ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,bot4 ,x is v common all ov] ! /ate4 ,i h se5 pa/ures 9 ,%elby & ,defiance c\nties dott$ all ov] ) ?is species4 ,:5 ! inside is :ite1 !y are v good & meaty4 ,no puffball is poison\s1 s f> z is kn[n1 b if ! inside has turn$ yell[i% at all x is apt to be q bitt]4 ,x w (t5 be se5 9 pa/ures & op5 woods 9 ! =m ( a cup1 ! upp] portion hav+ brok5 away & ! w9d hav+ scoop$ out ! purple spore-mass1 leav+ only ! cup-%ap$ base4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #deg are j beg9n+ to crack op5 & to %[ purpli% /a9s4 ,!y repres5t less ?an "o-f\r? ( ! natural size4 ,!y look v mu* l ! small] siz$ ,c4 gigantea1 b ! purple spores & ! subgleba at once di/+ui% ! species4 ,?is species1 f\nd f ,july to ,octob]1 is sometimes class$ z ,lycop]don cya?i=me4 ,! photograph 0 tak5 by ,pr(4 ,longye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #deg4--;,calvatia lilac9a4 ,calvatia clata4 ,bull4 ,,! ,,c>v$ ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lix4 ,figure #deh4--;,calvatia caelata4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dei4--;,calvatia clata4 ,clata1 c>v$4 ,p]idium l>ge1 obovoid or top-%ap$1 depress$ above1 ) a /\t ?ick base & a cord-l root4 ,cortex a ?icki% floccose lay]1 ) co>se w>ts or sp9es above1 :iti% !n o*race\s or f9ally br[n1 at l5g? break+ up into areola :i* are m or less p]si/5t2 inn] p]idium ?ick b fragile1 ?9n] ab\t ! apex1 :]e x f9ally ruptures1 =m+ a l>ge1 irregul>1 torn op5+4 ,subgleba occupy+ ne>ly half ! p]idium1 cup-%ap$ above & = a long "t p]si/5t2 ! mass ( spores & capillitium compact1 f>9ace\s gre5i%-yell[ or olivace\s1 becom+ pale to d>k-br[n2 ! ?reads are v mu* bran*$1 ! prim>y bran*es two or ?ree times z ?ick z ! spores1 v brittle1 soon break+ up into fragm5ts4 ,spores globose1 ev51 #d-d4e 9 diamet]1 sessile or sometimes ) a %ort or m9ute p$icel4 ,p]idium is ?ree to five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,morgan4 ,?is species is mu* l ! prec$+ b c be easily di/+ui%$ by ! l>g] size & ! yell[i%-olive color ( ! mature spore-mass4 ,! /]ile base is (t5 ! l>g] "p ( ! fungus &1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #dei1 x is an*or$ by a heavy root-l gr[?4 ,x is f\nd gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 fields & ?9 woods4 ,:5 :ite ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 slic$1 roll$ 9 egg & crack] crumbs1 & nicely fri$1 y are glad y "k a puffball4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,calvatia cranii=mis4 ,s*w4 ,,! ,,bra9-,,%ap$ ,,calvatia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lx4 ,figure #dfj4--;,calvatia cranii=mis4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dfa4--,! /]ile "p ( ,c4 cranii=mis4 ,cranii=mis is f ,cranion1 a skull2 =ma1 a =m4 ,! p]idium is v l>ge1 obovoid or top-%ap$1 depress$ above1 ! base ?ick & /\t1 ) a cord-l root4 ,! cortex is a smoo? cont9u\s lay]1 v ?9 & fragile1 easily peel+ (f1 pallid or grayi%1 sometimes ) a r$di% t+e1 (t5 becom+ fold$ 9 areas2 ! inn] p]idium is ?91 o*race\s to bright-br[n1 extremely fragile1 ! upp] "p1 aft] maturity1 break+ into fragm5ts & fall+ away4 ,! subgleba occupies ab\t "o-half ( ! p]idium1 is cup-%ap$ above & = a long "t p]si/5t2 ! mass ( spores & capillitium is gre5i%-yell[1 !n o*race\s or dirty olivace\s2 ! ?reads are v long1 ab\t z ?ick z ! spores1 bran*$4 ,! spores are globose1 ev51 #c-c4e 9 diamet]1 ) m9ute p$icels4 ,morgan4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% ?is f ,c4 lilac9a :5 fre%1 b :5 ripe ! color w tell ! species4 ,figure #dfj %[s ! plant z x appe>s on ! gr\nd1 & figure #dfa %[s ! subgleba or /]ile base1 :i* is frequ5tly f\nd on ! gr\nd aft] wea!r+ ! w9t]4 ,?is plant is v common on ! hillsides "u small oak %rubb]y4 ,i h ga!r$ a basketful )9 a few feet4 ,!y gr[ v l>ge1 (t5 five to six in*es 9 diamet]1 seem+ to delight 9 r poor soil4 ,:5 ! spore-mass is :ite ?is is an excell5t fungus1 b exce$+ly bitt] aft] x has turn$ yell[4 ,f\nd dur+ ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,calvatia elata4 ,massee4 ,,! ,,/emm$ ,,calvatia4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dfb4--;,calvatia elata4 ,elata means tall2 s call$ f its long /em4 ,! p]idium is r\nd1 (t5 slightly depress$ above1 plicate bel[1 :]e x is abruptly contract$ into a long /em-l base4 ,! base is sl5d]1 r\nd1 & frequ5tly pitt$2 mycelium r pl5tiful1 fibr\s & ?read-l4 ,:5 9 good condition x is a ri* cream color4 ,! cortex consi/s ( a coat ( m9ute p]si/5t granules or sp9ules4 ,! inn] p]idium is :ite or cream-color$1 becom+ br[n or olivace\s1 q ?9 & fragile1 ! upp] "p at maturity break+ up & fall+ away4 ,! subgleba occupies ! /em4 ,! mass ( spores & capillitium is usually br[n or gre5i%-br[n4 ,! ?reads are v long1 bran*$1 bran*es sl5d]4 ,spores r\nd1 ev51 sometimes slightly w>t$1 #d-e1 ) a slight p$icel4 ,! plant gr[s on l[ mossy gr\nds among bu%es1 especially :]e x is incl9$ to be swampy4 ,! plant 9 ,figure #dfb 0 f\nd 9 a sphagnum swamp ne> ,akron & 0 photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smi?4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k x ! same z ,calvatia saccata1 ,fr4 ,lycop]don4 ,t\rn4 ,mycelium fibr\s1 root+ f ! base4 ,p]idium small1 globose1 obovoid or turb9ate1 ) a m or less ?ick5$ base2 cortex a subp]si/5t coat ( s(t sp9es1 scales1 w>ts or granules2 inn] p]idium ?91 membranace\s1 becom+ papyrace\s1 dehisc5t by a regul> apical m\?4 ,morgan4 ,?is g5us includes puffballs ) apical op5+s & is divid$ into two s]ies1 a purple-spor$ & an olive-spor$ s]ies4 ,! microscope %[s t ! gleba is compos$ ( a great numb] ( spores mix$ ) simple or bran*$ ?reads4 ,!re are two sets ( ?reads2 "o set arises f ! p]idial wall & ! o!r f ! subgleba or columella4 ,,purple-,,spor$ ,,s]ies4 ,lycop]don pul*]rimum4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,beautiful ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,specim5 f ,a4 ,p4 ,morgan4 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd ,figure #dfc4--,lycop]don pul*]rimum4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dfd4--,lycop]don pul*]rimum4 ,pul*]rimum1 mo/ beautiful4 ,! p]idium is obovoid1 ) a %ort base1 ! mycelium =m+ a cord l a root4 ,! cortex is cov]$ ) long :ite sp9es1 conv]g+ at ! apex1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #dfc4 ,! sp9es soon fall f ! upp] "p ( ! p]idium1 leav+ ! inn] p]idium ) a smoo? purpli%-br[n surface1 (t5 slightly sc>r$ by ! base ( ! sp9e4 ,! subgleba occupies at lea/ a ?ird ( ! p]idium4 ,! spores & ! capillitium are at fir/ olivace\s1 !n br[ni%-purple1 ! spores r\gh & m9utely w>t$4 ,! plant is "o to two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is f\nd 9 l[1 ri* gr\nd1 9 fields & wood m>g9s4 ,only "y & fre% plants are good4 ,! l[] plant 9 ,figure #dfc %[s :]e ! sp9es h begun to fall1 also ! /rong mycelial cord ref]r$ to 9 ! description4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,lloyd = ! photograph4 ,f\nd 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,lycop]don umbr9um4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,smoo? ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,umbr9um1 d+y umb]4 ,p]idium obovate1 ne>ly sub-turb9ate1 ) a s(t1 delicate1 velvety b>k2 yell[i%2 inn] p]idium smoo? & glossy1 op5+ by a small ap]ture4 ,! spores & capillitium1 olivace\s1 !n purpli%-br[n4 ,! capillitium ) a c5tral columella4 ,a v attractive little plant1 n frequ5tly f\nd4 ,?is plant is also call$ ,l4 glabellum4 ,9 woods1 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,,olive-,,spor$ ,,s]ies4 ,lycop]don gemmatum4 ,bats*4 ,,! ,,gemm$ ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lxi4 ,figure #dfe4--,lycop]don gemmatum4 ,natural size4 ,entirely :ite :5 "y4 ,f ! "y to ! matur$ dehisc+ plant4 ,! p]idium is turb9ate1 depress$ above2 ! base %ort & obconic1 or m elongat$ & tap]+1 or subcyl9dric1 aris+ f a fibr\s mycelium4 ,! cortex consi/s ( long1 ?ick1 erect sp9es or w>ts ( irregul> %ape1 ) int]v5+ small] ones1 :iti% or gray 9 color1 sometimes ) a t+e ( r$ or br[n2 ! l>g] sp9es fir/ fall away1 leav+ pale spots on ! surface1 & giv+ x a reticulate appe>ance4 ,! subgleba is v>iable 9 am\nt1 usually m ?an half ! p]idium2 mass ( spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[1 !n pale-br[n2 ?reads simple or sc>cely bran*$1 ab\t z ?ick z ! spores4 ,spores globose1 ev51 or v m9utely w>t$4 ,morgan4 ,! species is readily recogniz$ by ! l>ge erect sp9es :i*1 because ( _! peculi> =m & color1 h giv5 ! notion ( gems1 :5ce ! "n ( ! species4 ,^! & ! reticulations c be se5 9 ,figure #dfe by ! aid ( a glass4 ,!y are frequ5tly f\nd ab\t ,*illico!4 ,lycop]don sub9c>natum4 ,pk4 ,,! ,,p9ki% ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dff4--,lycop]don sub9c>natum4 ,sub9c>natum means pale fle%-color4 ,! p]idium is globe-%ap$1 sessile1 )\t a /em-l base4 ,n l>ge1 r>ely ov] "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,! subgleba is pres5t b small4 ,! out] p]idium is p9ki%-br[n1 ) m9ute %ort1 /\t sp9ules1 :i* fall away at maturity1 leav+ ! inn] a%-color$ p]idium neatly pitt$ by ! fall+ (f ( ! sp9ules ( ! out] coat1 ! pits n be+ surr\nd$ by dott$ l9es4 ,! capillitium & spores are fir/ gre5i%-yell[1 !n br[ni%-olive4 ,! ?reads are long1 simple1 & transp>5t4 ,! columella is pres5t & ! spores are r\nd & m9utely w>t$4 ,!y are (t5 f\nd 9 abundance on decay$ logs1 old /umps1 & on ! gr\nd ab\t /umps :]e ! gr\nd is especially full ( decay$ wood4 ,!y are f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,lycop]don cruciatum4 ,ro?4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dfg4--,lycop]don cruciatum4 ,p]idium broadly ovate1 (t5 mu* depress$1 plicate und]nea?1 ) a cord-l root2 cortex a d5se :ite coat ( conv]g5t sp9es1 :i* at maturity peel (f 9 flakes1 z c be se5 9 ! photograph1 reveal+ a ?9 furfurace\s lay] ( m9ute yell[i% scales cov]+ ! inn] p]idium4 ,! subgleba broad1 occupy+ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! cavity4 ,! spores & capillitium are d>k-br[n4 ,?is species is v h>d to di/+ui% f ,wrightii4 ,x 0 once call$ sep>ans because ( ! fact t ! out] coat sep>ates1 or peels (f1 s readily f ! inn] p]idium4 ,f\nd 9 op5 woods1 or along pa?s 9 op5 woods or pa/ures4 ,f ,july to ,octob]4 ,lycop]don ,wrightii4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dfh4--,lycop]don ,wrightii4 ,natural size4 ,! specific "n is 9 honor ( ,*>les ,wright4 ,! p]idium is globe-l1 sessile1 :ite1 m9utely sp9ulose1 (t5 conv]g+ at ! apex2 :5 d5ud$1 smoo? or m9utely velvety4 ,! spores & capillitium gre5i%-yell[1 !n br[n-olive2 ! columella pres5t1 b v small4 ,spores small1 smoo?1 #c-d4 ,! plants are v small1 sc>cely m ?an two cm4 9 diamet]4 ,!y are g5]ally cspitose 9 %ort grass1 along pa?s1 & 9 s&y places4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 ! gr\nd :ite ) !m on ,cemet]y ,hill :]e ! specim5s 9 ,figure #dfh 7 f\nd4 ,!y 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,f\nd f ,july to ! la/ ( ,octob]4 ,lycop]don pyri=me4 ,s*aeff4 ,,! ,,pe>-,,%ap$ ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxii4 ,figure #dfi4--,lycop]don pyri=me4 ,natural size :5 "y z se5 gr[+ on decay$ wood4 ,! sections %[ !y are 9 ! edible /ate4 ,pyri=me means pe>-%ap$4 ,! p]idium is ovate or pe>-%ap$1 ) a pr(usion ( mycelial ?reads1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #dgj4 ,! cortex is cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( m9ute br[ni% scales or granules1 :i* are q p]si/5t4 ,^! c be se5 9 ! photograph by ! aid ( a glass4 ,!y are sessile or h a %ort /em-l base2 ! subgleba is small & compact2 ! capillitium & spores are fir/ :ite1 !n gre5i%-yell[1 !n d+y olivace\s2 ! inn] coat is smoo?1 pap]y1 :iti%-gray or br[ni%1 op5+ by an apical m\?2 ! spores are r\nd1 ev51 gre5i%-yell[ to br[ni%-olive4 ,!y gr[ 9 d5se clu/]s1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #dgj4 ,an entire log & /ump1 ab\t f\r feet high1 & ! roots ar\nd x1 7 cov]$1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,,lxii4 ,i ga!r$ ab\t ?ree pecks1 at ?is "o place1 to divide ) my fri5ds4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ common puffballs1 & y may usually be sure ( gett+ "s1 if y g into ! woods :]e !re are decay$ logs & /umps4 ,a fri5d ( m9e1 :o goes hunt+ ) me occasionally1 eats !m z "o w\ld eat *]ries4 ,f\nd f ,july to ,novemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dgj4--,lycop]don pyri=me4 ,natural size4 ,lycop]don pusillum4 ,pr4 ,,! ,,small ,,lycop]don4 ,,edible4 ,pusillum means small4 ,p]idium is "o-f\r? to "o in* broad1 globose1 scatt]$ or cespitose1 sessile1 radicat+1 ) b little cellul> tissue at ! base1 :ite1 or :iti%1 br[ni% :5 old1 rimose-squamulose or slightly r\gh5$ ) m9ute floccose or furfurace\s p]si/5t w>ts2 capillitium & spores gre5i%-yell[1 !n d+y olivace\s4 ,spores smoo? #d 9 diamet]4 ,peck4 ,^! are f\nd f ,june to cool wea!r 9 ! fall1 9 pa/ures :]e ! grass is eat5 %ort4 ,:5 mature !y dehisce by a small op5+1 & :5 brok5 op5 w disclose ! olive or gre5i%-yell[ capillitium4 ,! spores are ( ! same color1 smoo? & r\nd4 ,lycop]don acum9atum4 ,bosc4 ,,! ,,po9t$ ,,lycop]don4 ,,edible4 ,acum9atum means po9t$4 ,! p]idium is small1 r\nd1 !n egg-%ap$2 ) a pl5tiful mass ( mycelium 9 ! moss 9 :i* ! plants seem to delight4 ,! plant is :ite & ! out] r9d is s(t & delicate4 ,!re is no subgleba2 ! spores & capillitium are pale-gre5i%-yell[1 !n a dirty gray4 ,! ?reads are simple1 transp>5t1 mu* ?ick] ?an ! spores4 ,! spores are r\nd1 smoo?1 #c 9 diamet]4 ,i h f\nd ! plants frequ5tly ab\t ,*illico! on damp1 moss-cov]$ logs & sometimes at ! base ( bee* trees1 :5 cov]$ ) moss4 ,!y are v small1 n exce$+ "o-half in* 9 diamet]4 ,! small ovoid =m1 ) ! :ite1 s(t1 delicate cortex1 w s]ve to di/+ui% ! species4 ,f\nd f ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,bovi/a4 ,dill4 ,! g5us ,bovi/a diff]s f ,lycop]don 9 sev]al ways4 ,:5 ! ,bovi/a rip5s x breaks f its moor+s & is bl[n ab\t by ! w9d4 ,x op5s by an apical m\?1 z does ! g5us ,lycop]don1 b ! species ( ,bovi/a h no /]ile base4 ,!y are puffballs ( small size4 ,! out] coat is ?9 & fragile & at maturity peels (f1 leav+ an inn] coat firm1 pap]y1 & ela/ic1 j su* a coat z is suitable = ! disp]sion ( its spores4 ,leav+ its moor+s at maturity1 x is bl[n ab\t ! fields & woods1 & ) e tumble x makes x scatt]s "s ( its spores4 ,x may take ye>s to accompli% ?is p]fectly4 ,! species ( ! ,lycop]don d n leave _! moor+s naturally2 _! spores are disp]s$ ?r\gh an apical m\? by a collapse ( ! walls ( ! p]idium1 aft] ! fa%ion ( a bell[s1 by :i* spores are driv5 out to ! pleasure ( ! w9d4 ,9 ,bovi/a ! ?reads are free or sep>ate f ! p]idium1 b 9 ,lycop]don !y arise f ! p]idium & also f ! columella4 ,bovi/a pila4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,! ,,ball-,,l ,,bovi/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lxiii4 ,figure #dga4--;,bovi/a pila4 ,natural size ( matur$ specim5s4 ,pila means a r\nd ball4 ,! p]idium is globe-l1 sessile1 ) a /\t mycelium1 a cortex ?91 :ite at fir/1 !n br[n1 =m+ a smoo? cont9u\s coat1 break+ up at maturity & rapidly disappe>+4 ,! inn] p]idium is t\gh1 p>*m5t-l1 ela/ic1 smoo?1 p]si/5t1 purpli%-br[n1 fad+ to gray4 ,! disp]sion ( spores takes place ?r\gh an apical m\?4 ,! capillitium is firm1 compact1 p]si/5t1 at fir/ clay-color$1 !n purple-br[n2 ?reads small-bran*$1 ! ends be+ rigid1 /raight1 po9t$4 ,!re is some?+ s noticeable ab\t ?is little tumbl] t y w "k x :5 y see x1 & if y (t5 ramble ov] ! fields y w soon meet x4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h z yet se5 only ! matur$ specim5s4 ,bovi/a plumbea4 ,p]s4 ,,lead-,,color$ ,,bovi/a4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dgb4--;,bovi/a plumbea4 ,natural size4 ,:ite :5 "y4 ,! plant is small1 nev] gr[+ to m ?an an in* & a f\r? 9 diamet]4 ,! p]idium is depress$ globose1 ) a fibr\s mycelium4 ,! out] p]idium is r ?ick & :5 ! plant is ne>+ maturity x breaks up readily unless h&l$ v c>efully2 at maturity x scales (f1 except a small portion ab\t ! base4 ,! out] p]idium is :ite & comp>atively smoo?1 ! inn] is ?91 t\gh1 smoo?1 lead-color$1 dehisc5t at ! apex by a r\nd or oblong m\?4 ,mass ( spores & capillitium n solid or h>d2 yell[i%-br[n1 or olivace\s1 !n purpli%-br[n2 ! ?reads ?ree to five times bran*$1 ! ends ( ! bran*es sl5d] & tap]+ to a po9t4 ,! spores are oval & smoo?1 ) long transp>5t p$icels4 ,?is species gr[s on ! gr\nd 9 old pa/ures1 be+ q pl5tiful aft] w>m ra9s1 f ! fir/ ( ,may till fall4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ ( ! puffballs1 b %\ld be eat5 be=e ! inn] p]idium beg9s to assume ! t\gh =m4 ,bovi/ella4 ,morgan4 ,bovi/ella1 a dim9utive ( ,bovi/a1 ?\gh ! plants are usually l>g] ?an ! ,bovi/as4 ,! mycelium is cord-l2 p]idium ne>ly r\nd1 cortex a d5se floccose coat2 inn] p]idium ?91 /rong1 ela/ic1 op5+ by an apical m\?2 subgleba pres5t1 cup-%ap$2 ?reads free & sep>ate1 bran*$2 spores :ite4 ,! g5us ,bovi/ella has ! int]nal "* ( ,bovi/a1 & ! habits ( ,lycop]don4 ,bovi/ella ,ohi5sis4 ,morgan4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dgc4--;,bovi/ella ,ohi5sis4 ,natural size4 ,p]idium globe-l or broadly obovoid1 sometimes mu* depress$1 ) small plications or wr9kles und]nea?1 & a ?ick cord-l base or root1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #dgc4 ,! out] coat is d5se1 floccose1 or ) s(t w>ts or sp9es1 :ite or grayi%1 dry+ to a buff color1 & 9 "t fall+ away2 ! inn] coat is smoo?1 %9+1 ) a pale br[n or yell[i% surface4 ,! subgleba is l>ge1 occupy+ half ( ! p]idium1 ext5d+ up on ! walls ( ! p]idium1 mak+ x cup-%ap$1 & q p]si/5t4 ,! spores & capillitium are r loose1 friable1 clay-color to pale-br[n4 ,! ?reads1 orig9at+ )9 ! spore mass1 & hav+ no connection ) ! inn] coat1 are free1 %ort1 ?ree to five times bran*+2 bran*es tap]+ to ! end4 ,! spores are r\nd to oval1 ) long transluc5t p$icels4 ,?is c be readily di/+ui%$ f ! species ( ,bovi/a because x has a /]ile base2 & f ,lycop]don because its ?reads are sep>ate & free1 :ile ^? ( ! ,lycop]don are atta*$ bo? to ! tissues ( ! inn] p]idium & to ! columella or /]ile base4 ,!y are f\nd gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 old pa/ures1 or 9 op5 woods4 ,scl]od]ma4 ,p]s4 ,scl]od]ma is f two ,greek words3 scl]os1 h>d2 d]ma1 sk94 ,! p]idium is firm1 s+le1 g5]ally ?ick1 usually bur/+ irregul>ly1 & expos+ ! gleba1 :i* is ( uni=m texture & consi/5cy4 ,!re is no capillitium1 b yell[ flocci are f\nd int]sp]s$ ) ! spores4 ,! spores are globose1 r\gh1 usually mix$ ) ! hyph tissue4 ,scl]od]ma aurantium4 ,p]s4 ,,! ,,common ,,scl]od]ma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lxiv4 ,figure #dgd4--,scl]od]ma aurantium4 ,natural size1 %[+ a section ( a "y specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dge4--,scl]od]ma aurantium4 ,aurantium means color$ l an orange4 ,?is is usually call$ ,s4 vulg>e4 ,! p]idium is r\gh1 w>ty1 depress$1 globose1 corky & h>d1 yell[i%1 op5+ by irregul> fissures to scatt] ! spores2 inn] mass blui%-black1 spores d+y4 ,! plant rema9s solid until x is q old4 ,x is sessile1 ) a root+ base :i* is nev] /]ile4 ,i h foll[$ ,mr4 ,lloyd's classification 9 sep>at+ ! species1 call+ ! r\gh-surfac$ "o ,s4 aurantium1 & ! smoo?-surfac$ ,s4 cepa4 ,9 label+ x edible ,i wi% only to indicate t x is n poison\s1 z x is g5]ally ?\ght to be2 h[ev]1 x _c be claim$ z a v good article ( food4 ,x has a wide di/ribution ov] ! /ates4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #dge 7 f\nd on ,cemet]y ,hill1 ,*illico!1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,scl]od]ma t5]um4 ,b]k4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dgf4--,scl]od]ma t5]um4 ,?is species is (t5 reg>d$ z a small =m ( ,s4 v]rucosum1 b x always seem$ /range to me t ?is r smoo? plant %\ld be call$ v]rucosum :5 its frequ5tly ne> neighbor1 ,s4 aurantium1 is v v]rucose4 ,s4 t5]um is a v widely di/ribut$ species 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 some:at con/ant z to =m & q frequ5t 9 occurr5ce4 ,mr4 ,lloyd1 9 8 ,mycological ,notes1 gives a v cle> photograph ( a plant t is q local 9 ?is c\ntry & :i* he ?9ks %\ld be call$ ,s4 v]rucosum ( ,europe4 ,! plant diff]s v widely f ! "o we f9d s commonly :i* by _m au?ors has be5 call$ ,s4 v]rucosum4 ,"s h ev5 call$ x ,scl]od]ma bovi/a4 ,! plant is ne>ly sessile1 some:at irregul>1 p]idium ?91 s(t1 yell[i%1 d5sely m>k$ ) small scales1 dehisc5ce irregul>1 flocci yell[ & spores d+y olive4 ,! species may be kn[n by ! ?9 & comp>atively smoo? p]idium & yell[ flocci4 ,x is q common 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile ! typical plant1 ,s4 v]rucosum1 is conf9$ to a few localities along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,scl]od]ma ,cepa4 ,p]s4 ,cepa mean+ an onion2 hav+ v mu* ! appe>ance ( an onion4 ,! p]idium is ?ick1 smoo?1 r$di%-yell[ to r$di%-br[n1 op5+ by an irregul> m\?4 ,! plant is sessile & q /rongly root$ ) f9e rootlets4 ,its habitat1 ) u1 is along ! banks ( small brooks 9 ! woods4 ,x has be5 class$ h]et(ore z ,s4 vulg>e1 smoo? v>iety4 ,i s5t "s to ,pr(4 ,peck1 :o q agrees t !y %\ld be sep>at$ f ,s4 vulg>e4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,scl]od]ma gea/]4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lxv4 ,figure #dgg4--,scl]od]ma gea/]4 ,gea/]1 s call$ because x has a />-l op5+ some:at simil> to ! g5us ,gea/]4 ,p]idium subglobose1 ?ick1 ) a v %ort /em1 or almo/--sometimes entirely--sessile2 h>d1 r\gh1 splitt+ into irregul> /ellate limbs2 frequ5tly well buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,inn] mass d>k-br[n or blacki%1 sometimes ) r a purpli% t+e4 ,"s gr[ q l>ge ) ! p]idium v ?ick4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ attract$ by "s ( ! p]idium %ells ^u ! gr\nd on ,cemet]y ,hill4 ,! plant is q abundant !re f ,septemb] to ,decemb]4 ,cata/oma4 ,morgan4 ,?is is a small puffball-l plant1 gr[+ j b5ea? ! gr\nd & atta*$ to its b$ by v small ?reads :i* issue f e "p ( ! cortex1 :i* is q ?ick4 ,break+ away at maturity 9 a circumscissile mann]1 ! l[] "p is held fa/ to ! gr\nd1 :ile ! upp] "p rema9s atta*$ to ! inn] p]idium z a k9d ( cup4 ,! inn] p]idium1 ) ! top "p ( ! out] p]idium atta*$1 becomes loose & tumbles ov] ! gr\nd1 ! m\? be+ 9 ! base ( ! plant z x grew4 ,cata/oma circumscissum4 ,b4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dgh4--;,cata/oma circumscissum4 ,circumscissum means divid$ into halves4 ,! p]idium is usually r\nd1 m or less depress$1 commonly r\gh because ( ! soil atta*$2 ! l>g] "p ( ! plant rema9+ 9 ! soil z a cup2 ! upp] "p ) ! inn] p]idium1 depress$-globose1 ?91 pallid1 becom+ gray1 ) branny scales1 ) a small basal m\?4 ,a ?9 spongy lay] w frequ5tly be se5 betwe5 ! out] & inn] p]idium4 ,! mass ( ! spores is olivace\s1 *ang+ to pale-br[n4 ,! spores are r\nd1 m9utely w>t$1 #d-e4 9 diamet]1 (t5 ) v %ort p$icels4 ,! plants are usually f\nd 9 pa/ures along pa?s4 ,i h se5 !m 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,ohio4 ,!y are f\nd f ,ma9e to ! we/]n m\nta9s4 ,?is is call$ ,bovi/a circumscissa by ,b]keley4 ,!re is a species ( a we/]n range call$ ,c4 subt]raneum4 ,?is diff]s ma9ly 9 hav+ l>g] spores4 ,x seems to be conf9$ to ! middle we/4 ,h[ev]1 x does n gr[ "u ! gr\nd1 z its "n w\ld sugge/4 ,!re is also ano!r species call$ ,c4 p$icellatum4 ,?is species seems to be conf9$ to ! s\!rn /ates & diff]s ma9ly 9 ! spores hav+ m>k$ p$icels & closely w>t$4 ,podax9e4 ,?is tribe is *>act]iz$ by hav+ a /alk cont9u\s ) ! apex ( ! p]idium1 =m+ an axis4 ,"s ( ! plants are %ort /alk$1 "s long /alk$4 ,! tribe =ms a natural connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,ga/romycetes & ! ,ag>ics4 ,?us3 ,podaxon is a true ,ga/romycetes1 ) capillitia mix$ ) spores2 ,caulogossum1 ) its p]man5t gleba *amb]s1 is close to ! ,hym5oga/]s2 ,secotium is only a /ep f ,caulogossum1 ! tramal plates be+ m s9uate-lamellate2 & ,montagnites1 :i* is usually plac$ ) ! ,ag>ics1 is only a ,gyrophragmium ) ! plates truly lamellate4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,g5]a4 ,gleba ) irregul>1 p]si/5t *amb]s-- ,p]idium1 elongat$ club-%ap$ ,cauloglossum4 ,p]idium1 r\nd or conical1 & dehisc+ by break+ away at ! base ,secotium4 ,gleba ) s9uate-lamellate plates ,gyrophragmium4 ,walls ( gleba *amb]s n p]si/5t ,podaxon4 --,lloyd4 ,secotium4 ,kunz4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ g5us4 ,:5 ,i f\nd my fir/ specim5 ,i 0 mu* 9 d\bt :e!r x 0 an ,ag>ic or a puffball1 z x seem$ to be a sort ( connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two classes4 ,! g5us is divid$ into smoo?-spor$ & r\gh-spor$ species1 bo? hav+ a /alk cont9u+1 z an axis1 to ! apex ( ! plant4 ,! p]idium is r\nd or conical & x dehisces by break+ away at ! base4 ,secotium is f a ,greek ^w mean+ *amb]4 ,secotium acum9atum4 ,montagne4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dgi4--,secotium acum9atum4 ,life size ( small specim5s4 ,?is is an exce$+ly v>iable species1 z f\nd ab\t ,*illico!1 yet ! v>iability ext5ds only to ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! plant2 "s are almo/ r\nd1 slightly depress$1 "s 7& a l>ge majority7 are incl9$ to be irregul>ly cone-%ap$4 ,! p]idium is light-color$1 ( a s(t texture1 n brittle2 x sl[ly expels its spores by break+ away at ! base2 ! /alk is usually %ort1 b di/9ct & prolong$ to ! apex ( ! p]idium1 =m+ an axis = ! gleba4 ,! surface ( ! p]idium is smoo?1 d+y-:ite or a%-color$1 ) m9ute :ite spots1 due to scales4 ,x is ( v>i\s %apes2 acute-ovate1 sometimes obtuse1 ne>ly sph]ical1 sometimes slightly depress$ & irregul> cone-%ap$4 ,! gleba is compos$ ( semi-p]si/5t cells1 pla9ly se5 ) a glass or ev5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,x has no capillitium4 ,! spores are globose & smoo?1 (t5 apiculate4 ,?is plant is q abundant ab\t ,*illico!1 & ,i h f\nd x f ! fir/ ( ,may to ! la/ ( ,octob]4 ,?is species is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,am]ica1 & occurs 9 ,nor!rn ,africa & ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,polysaccum4 ,de,c4 ,polysaccum is f polus1 _m1 & saccus1 a sack4 ,p]idium irregul>ly globose1 ?ick1 att5uat$ d[nw>d into a /em-l base1 op5+ by dis9tegration ( its upp] portion2 int]nal mass or gleba divid$ into di/9ct sac-l cells4 ,alli$ to ,scl]od]ma & di/+ui%$ by ! cavities ( ! gleba conta9+ di/9ct p]idioles4 ,massee4 ,polysaccum pisoc>pium4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dhj4--,polysaccum pisoc>pium4 ,pisoc>pium is f two ,greek words mean+ pea & fruit$4 ,p]idium irregul>ly globose1 indi/9ctly nodulose1 pass+ d[nw>d into a /\t /em-l base1 p]idioles irregul>ly angul>1 #d-ec1 yell[4 ,spores globose1 w>t$1 c(fee-color1 #i-ac4 ,massee4 ,i h f\nd ?is plant only a few times ab\t ,*illico!4 ,mr4 ,lloyd id5tifi$ x = me4 ,x has v mu* ! %ape ( a pe>4 ,! sk9 is q h>d1 smoo?1 olivace\s-black ) yell[ mottl+ pat*es n unlike ! sk9 ( a rattlesnake4 ,! p]idioles1 :i* are small ovate sacs be>+ ! spores )91 are v di/9ct4 ,! int]ior ( ! plant :5 mature is d>k1 & x breaks & dis9tegrates f ! upp] "p v l ,c4 cya?i=mis4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ plant ^: ovate sac-l cells w easily di/+ui% x4 ,f\nd f ,augu/ to ,octob]1 x delights 9 s&y soil1 9 p9e or mix$ woods4 ,mitremyces4 ,nees4 ,mitremyces is made up ( two words3 mitre1 a cap2 myces1 a mu%room4 ,x is a small g5us1 !re be+ b ?ree species f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! spore-mass or gleba1 9 its "y /ate1 is surr\nd$ by f\r lay]s4 ,! out] lay] is gelat9\s & behaves itself some:at diff]5tly 9 ea* species4 ,?is out] lay] is kn[n z ! volva or volva-l p]idium1 :i* soon disappe>s4 ,! next lay] is call$ ! exop]idium & is compos$ ( two lay]s1 ! inn] "o q ?9 & c>tilag9\s--9 ,m4 c9nab>9us x is a bright r$2 ?is is atta*$ to a r ?ick1 gelat9\s1 out] lay] :i* soon falls away1 expos+ ! endop]idium1 :i* is ! lay] se5 9 old] specim5s4 ,)9 ! endop]idium are ! spores1 :i* are pale o*race\s or sulphur color1 globose or elliptical 9 %ape4 ,!y are conta9$ 9 a sep>ate membrane or sac2 :5 !y mature ! sac contracts & =ces ! spores out into ! air4 ,! mycelium ( ?is plant is especially peculi>1 be+ compos$ ( a bundle ( root-l /r&s1 transluc5t & jelly-l :5 "y & fre%1 b becom+ t\gh & h>d4 ,?is g5us is call$ by "s au?ors ,calo/oma1 mean+ a beautiful m\?1 a v appropriate "n1 z ! m\?s ( all ,am]ican species are r$ & q beautiful4 ,mitremyces c9nab>9us4 ,desv4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dha4--,mitremyces c9nab>9us4 ,natural size4 ,! root+ /r&s are long1 compact1 d>k :5 dry4 ,exporidium bright r$1 smoo? int]nally2 ! out] lay] ?ick1 gelat9\s :5 fre%1 f9ally break+ into areas & curl+ inw>d4 ,! sep>ation is caus$ by ! fact t ! cells ( ! ?ick gelat9\s portion exp& by ! absorption ( wat]1 :ile ^? ( ! inn] lay] d n1 h5ce ! rupture occurs4 ,! endop]idium & ray$ m\? are bright r$ :5 fre%1 p>tially fad+ 9 old specim5s4 ,! spores are elliptical-oblong1 punctate-sculptur$1 v>y+ mu* z to size 9 specim5s f diff]5t localities2 #f-haj-ad 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia specim5s4 ,massa*usetts specim5s1 #f-hab-bj4 ,lloyd4 ,i h se5 ^! specim5s gr[+ 9 ! m\nta9s 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,!y quickly arre/ ! att5tion because ( _! bright r$ caps4 ,!y seem n1 z yet1 to h cross$ ! ,allegh5ies--at lea/ ,i h n f\nd x 9 ,ohio4 ,x has a numb] ( synonyms3 ,scl]od]ma calo/oma1 ,calo/oma c9nab>9um1 ,lycop]don het]og5eum1 ,l4 calo/oma4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #dha 7 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,mr4 ,geo4 ,e4 ,morris ( ,wal?am1 ,mass41 s5t me "s specim5s e>ly 9 ,augu/1 #aijg4 ,gea/]4 ,mi*4 ,gea/]1 an e>?-/>2 s call$ because at maturity ! out] coat breaks its connection ) ! mycelium 9 ! gr\nd & bur/s op5 l ! petals ( a fl[]2 !n1 becom+ reflex$1 ^? petals lift ! inn] ball f ! gr\nd & x rema9s 9 ! c5t] ( ! exp&$1 />-l coat4 ,! coat ( ! inn] ball is ?9 & pap]y1 & op5s by an apical m\?4 ,! ?reads1 or capillitium1 :i* be> ! spores proce$ f ! walls ( ! p]idium & =m ! c5tral columella4 ,! ?reads are simple1 long1 sl5d]1 ?icke/ 9 ! middle & tap]+ t[>ds ! ends1 fix$ at "o end & free at ! o!r4 ,! ,gea/] is a picturesque little plant :i* w arre/ ! att5tion ( ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]4 ,x is abundant & is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! late summ] & fall 9 woods & pa/ures4 ,gea/] m9imus4 ,s*w4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhb4--;,gea/] m9imus4 ,natural size4 ,! out] coat or exop]idium recurv$1 segm5ts acute at ! apex1 eight to twelve segm5ts divid$ to ab\t ! middle4 ,mycelial lay] usually atta*$1 g5]ally %aggy ) fragm5ts ( leaves or grass1 sometimes p>tly or entirely sep>at+4 ,fle%y lay] closely atta*$1 v light 9 color1 usually smoo? on ! limb ( ! exop]idium b crack$ on ! segm5ts4 ,p$icel %ort b di/9ct4 ,! inn] p]idium ovoid1 "o-f\r? to "o-half in* 9 diamet]2 :ite to pale-br[n1 sometimes almo/ black4 ,m\? lift$ on a slight cone1 lip bord]$ ) a hair-l fr+e2 columella sl5d]1 z are also ! ?reads4 ,spores br[n1 globe-%ap$1 & m9utely w>t$4 ,f\nd 9 ! summ] & e>ly fall4 ,nature seems to give x ! p[] to lift up ! spore-be>+ body1 ! bett] to eject its spores to ! w9d4 ,x is v frequ5tly f\nd 9 pa/ures all ov] ! /ate4 ,i h f\nd x 9 _m localities ab\t ,*illico!4 ,x is call$ m9imus because x is ! smalle/ ,e>?-/>4 ,gea/] hygrometricus4 ,p]s4 ,,wat]-,,measur+ ,,e>?-,,/>4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhc4--;,gea/] hygrometricus4 ,natural size4 ,! unexp&$ plant is ne>ly sph]ical4 ,! mycelial lay] is ?91 te>+ away z ! plant exp&s1 ! b>k or sk9 fall+ ) ! mycelium4 ,! out] coat is deeply p>t$1 ! segm5ts1 acute at ! apex1 f\r to tw5ty2 /rongly hygrometric1 becom+ reflex$ :5 ! plant is moi/1 /rongly incurv$ :5 ! plant is dry4 ,! inn] coat+ is ne>ly sph]ical1 ?91 sessile1 op5+ by simply a torn ap]ture4 ,!re is no columella4 ,! ?reads are transp>5t1 mu* bran*$1 & int]wov54 ,! spores are l>ge1 globose1 & r\gh4 ,! plant rip5s 9 ! fall & ! ?ick out] p]idium divides into segm5ts1 ! numb] v>y+ f f\r to tw5ty4 ,:5 ! wea!r is wet ! l9+ ( ! po9ts ( ! segm5ts become gelat9\s & recurve1 & ! po9ts re/ ^u ! gr\nd1 hold+ ! inn] ball f ! gr\nd4 ,9 dry wea!r ! s(t gelat9\s l9+ becomes h>d & ! segm5ts curve 9 & clasp ! inn] ball4 ,h5ce its "n1 hygrometricus1 a measur] ( moi/ure4 ,! plant is q g5]al4 ,gea/] ,ar*]i4 ,b]k4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dhd4--;,gea/] ,ar*]i4 ,"y plant acute4 ,exop]idium cut beyond ! middle into sev5 to n9e acute segm5ts4 ,9 h]b>ium specim5s usually saccate b sometimes revolute4 ,mycelial lay] closely adh]5t1 comp>$ to previ\s species relatively smoo?4 ,z 9 ! previ\s species ! mycelium cov]s ! "y plant b is n s /rongly develop$1 s t ! adh]+ dirt is n s evid5t on ! mature plant4 ,fle%y lay] :5 dry1 ?9 & closely adh]5t4 ,endop]idium globose1 sessile4 ,m\? sulcate1 indef9ite4 ,columella globose-clavate4 ,capillitium ?ick] ?an ! spores4 ,spores small1 #d mc4 almo/ smoo?4 ,lloyd4 ,i fir/ f\nd ! plant 9 ! "y /ate4 ,! acute po9t1 :i* w be se5 9 ! photograph1 puzzl$ me4 ,i m>k$ ! place :]e x grew & 9 a few days f\nd ! develop$ ,gea/]4 ,! plant is r$di%-br[n & x diff]s f o!r species ) sulcate m\?s1 9 its closely sessile endop]idium4 ,i h f\nd ! plant sev]al times 9 ,hayne's ,holl[1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,i f\nd x 9 ! tracks ( decay$ logs4 ,! plant has be5 call$ ,gea/] ,morganii 9 ?is c\ntry b _h previ\sly be5 nam$ f ,au/ralia4 ,gea/] asp]4 ,mi*elius4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhe4--;,gea/] asp]4 ,natural size4 ,exop]idium revolute1 cut to ab\t ! middle 9 eight to t5 segm5ts4 ,bo? mycelial & fle%y lay]s are m closely adh]5t ?an 9 mo/ species4 ,p$icel %ort & ?ick4 ,inn] p]idium subglobose1 v]rucose4 ,m\? conical1 beak$1 /rongly sulcate1 seat$ on a depress$ zone4 ,columella prom95t1 p]si/5t4 ,capillitium ?reads simple1 long tap]+4 ,spores globose1 r\gh4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ?is plant is ! v]rucose inn] p]idium4 ,"u a glass ( l[ p[] x appe>s z ?\gh ! p]idium 7 d5sely cov]$ ) gra9s ( %>p s&4 ,?is plant alone has ?is *>act]i/ic1 to our k2 & al?\gh x is indicat$ 9 ! figures ( ,g4 cornatus ( bo? ,s*aeff] & ,s*midel1 we ?9k t !re x is only an exagg]ation ( ! v m9ute granul> appe>ance cornatus has4 ,! ^w asp] is ! fir/ descriptive adjective appli$ by ,mi*elius4 ,fries includ$ x 9 8 complex /riatus4 ,lloyd4 ,i h f\nd ! plant frequ5tly ab\t ,*illico!4 ,! plants repres5t$ 7 photograph$ by ,mr4 ,lloyd4 ,gea/] triplex4 ,jung4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lxvi4 ,figure #dhf4--;,gea/] triplex4 ,! unexp&$ plant acute4 ,exop]idium recurv$ 7or1 :5 n fully exp&$1 some:at saccate at base71 cut to ! middle 7or usually two-?irds7 9 five to eight segm5ts4 ,mycelial lay] adnate4 ,fle%y lay] g5]ally peel+ (f f ! segm5ts ( ! fibrillose lay] b usually rema9+ p>tially free1 z a cup at base ( inn] p]idium4 ,inn] p]idium subglobose1 closely sessile4 ,m\? def9ite1 fibrillose1 broadly conical4 ,columella prom95t1 elongat$4 ,?reads ?ick] ?an spores4 ,spores globose1 r\gh5$1 #c-f mc4 ,lloyd1 9 ,mycological ,notes4 ,! color ( ,gea/] triplex is r$di%-br[n4 ,notice ! rema9s ( a fle%y lay] =m+ a cup at base ( inn] p]idium1 a po9t :i* di/+ui%es ?is species & :i* gives "n to ! species--triplex1 ?ree folds or app>5tly ?ree lay]s4 ,! photograph 0 made by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,gea/] saccatus4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhg4--;,gea/] saccatus4 ,natural size4 ,! unexp&$ plant is globose4 ,mycelium is univ]sal4 ,exop]idium cut 9 six to t5 segm5ts ab\t half way1 ! limb deeply saccate4 ,mycelial lay] adnate to fibrillose4 ,fle%y lay]1 :5 dry1 ?91 adnate4 ,inn] p]idium sessile1 globose1 ) a det]m9ate fibrillose m\?4 ,! spores are globose1 almo/ smoo?4 ,lloyd4 ,mr4 ,lloyd ?9ks ?is plant is practically ! same z ! ,g4 fimbriatus ( ,europe1 diff]+ f x 9 be+ m deeply saccate & hav+ a det]m9ate m\?4 ,?is plant is v common on all ! wood$ hillsides ab\t ,*illico!4 ,i h se5 ! gr\nd on ! top ( ,mt4 ,logan almo/ completely cov]$ ) !m4 ,!y are id5tifi$ by ,mr4 ,lloyd1 ,pr(4 ,atk9son1 & ,dr4 ,peck4 ,! plants 9 ,figure #dhg 7 photograph$ by ,mr4 ,lloyd f typical specim5s4 ,gea/] mammosus4 ,*ev4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhh4--;,gea/] mammosus4 ,exporidium ?91 rigid1 hygroscopic1 smoo?1 divid$ almo/ to ! base into ab\t t5 l9e> segm5ts1 (t5 umbilicate at ! base2 inn] p]idium globose1 smoo?1 sessile1 furni%$ ) a conical1 ev51 protrud+ m\?1 seat$ on a def9ite area4 ,columella %ort1 globose1 evid5t 7?\gh di/9ct 9 mature plants74 ,capillitium simple1 tap]+1 hyal9e1 (t5 flatt5$1 slightly ?9n] ?an ! spores4 ,spores globose1 r\gh5$1 #c-g mc4 ,lloyd4 ,?is plant is f\nd 9 ! woods f ,july till late 9 ! fall4 ,x diff]s f ,g4 hygrometricus by its ev51 conical m\?4 ,i f\nd specim5s sev]al times 9 ,haynes's ,holl[4 ,gea/] velut9us4 ,morg4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhi4--;,gea/] velut9us4 ,unexp&$ plants globose1 sometimes slightly po9t$ at apex4 ,mycelium basal4 ,out] lay] rigid1 membranace\s1 firm1 light color$ 9 ! ,am]ican plant4 ,! surface is cov]$ ) %ort1 d5se1 appress$ velum51 s t to ! eye ! surface appe>s simply dull & r\gh1 b its true nature is readily se5 "u a glass ( l[ p[]4 ,! out] surface sep>ates f ! inn] z ! plant exp&s1 & 9 mature specim5s is usually p>tly free4 ,! ?ickness & texture ( ! two lay]s are ab\t ! same4 ,! fle%y lay] is d>k r$di%-br[n :5 dry1 a ?9 adnate lay]4 ,inn] p]idium sessile1 d>k color$1 globose1 ) a broad base & po9t$ m\?4 ,m\? ev51 m>k$ ) a def9ite circul> light-color$ basal zone4 ,columella elongat$1 clavate4 ,spores globose1 almo/ smoo?1 small1 #b-c mc4 ,lloyd4 ,myrio/oma coli=mis4 ,dick4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dij4--,myrio/oma coli=mis4 ,natural size4 ,exporidium usually recurv$1 cut to ab\t ! middle into six to t5 lobes2 if collect$ & dri$ :5 fir/ op51 r firm & rigid2 :5 expos$ to wea!r becom+ l p>*m5t pap] by ! peel+ (f ( ! inn] & out] lay]s4 ,inn] p]idium1 subglobose1 support$ on sev]al m or less conflu5t p$icels4 ,surface m9utely r\gh5$2 m\?s sev]al1 appress$ fibrillose1 r\nd1 pla9 or slightly elevat$2 columell sev]al1 fili=m1 probably ! same 9 numb] z ! p$icels2 spores globose1 r\gh5$1 #c-f mc42 capillitium simple1 unbran*$1 long1 tap]+1 ab\t half diamet] ( spores4 ,! inn] p]idium ) its sev]al m\?s c be1 n inaptly1 comp>$ to a pepp]-box4 ,! specific "n is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 colum1 a /ra9]1 & ! old ,engli% "n we f9d 9 ,b]keley ,cull5d] puffball ref]s to a cull5d] 7or col&] m mod]n =m7 n[ almo/ obsolete 9 ,engli%1 b mean+ a k9d ( /ra9]4 ,lloyd4 ,f\nd 9 s&y soil4 ,x is q r>e4 ,bo? ! g5]ic & specific names ref] to its _m m\?s4 ,! specim5s 9 ,figure #dij 7 f\nd on ,gre5 ,isl&1 ,lake ,erie1 "o ( ! po9ts :]e ?is r>e species is f\nd4 ,x is f\nd at ,c$> ,po9t1 ,ohio1 also4 ,! plant 0 photograph$ by ,pr(4 ,s*affn] ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,family--,,spha]iaceae4 ,p]i!cia c>bonace\s or membranace\s1 sometimes conflu5t ) ! /roma1 pi]c$ at ! apex1 & mo/ly papillate2 hym5ium difflu5t4--,b]keley ,outl9es4 ,!re are f\r tribes 9 ?is family1 viz3 ,nectrii4 ,xyl>ii4 ,valsei4 ,sphriei4 ,"u ,nectrii we h ! foll[+ g5]a3 ,/ipitate-- ,clavate or capitate ,cordyceps4 ,head globose1 base scl]otioid ,claviceps4 ,p>asitic on grass-- ,/roma myceloid ,epi*loe4 ,v>iable-- ,sporidia d\ble1 f9ally sep>at+ ,hypocrea4 ,sporidia d\ble1 eject$ 9 t5drils1 p>asitic on fungi ,hypomyces4 ,/roma def9ite1 p]i!cia free1 clu/]$ or scatt]$ ,nectria4 ,p]i!cia erect1 9 a poli%$ & color$ sac ,oomyces4 ,"u ,xyl>ii we h3 ,/ipitate-- ,/roma corky1 subelavate ,xyl>ia4 ,/roma some:at corky1 discoid ,poronia4 ,cordyceps4 ,fr4 ,cordyceps is f a ,greek ^w mean+ a club & a ,lat9 ^w mean+ a head4 ,x is a g5us ( ,pyr5omycet\s fungi ( :i* a few gr[ ^u o!r fungi1 b by f> ! great] numb] are p>asitic ^u insects or _! l>va1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #dia4 ,! spores ent] ! brea?+ op5+s along ! sides ( ! l>va & ! mycelium gr[s until x fills ! int]ior ( ! l>va & kills x4 ,9 fructification a /alk rises f ! body ( ! insect or l>va & 9 ! enl>g$ extremity ( ?is ! p]i!cia are gr\p$4 ,! /roma is v]tical & fle%y1 head di/9ct1 hyal9e or color$2 sporidia repeat$ly divid$ & sub-monili=m4 ,cordyceps ,h]culea4 7,s*w47 ,sacc4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dia4--;,cordyceps h]culea4 ,%[+ ! grub ^u :i* ?is species gr[s4 ,h]culea is s call$ f its l>ge size4 ,! halftone w readily id5tify ?is species4 ,! plant is q l>ge1 clavate 9 =m1 ! head oblong1 r\nd1 slightly tap]+ upw>d ) a decid$ protub]ance at ! apex1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #dia4 ,! head is a light yell[ 9 all specim5s ,i f\nd1 n alutace\s z ,s*w4 /ates1 nor is ! head obtuse4 ,i f\nd sev]al specim5s on a sidehill 9 ,haynes's ,holl[ 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 all gr[+ f bodies ( ! l>ge :ite grubs :i* are f\nd ab\t rott5 wood4 ,!y 7 f\nd dur+ wet wea!r4 ,!y 7 id5tifi$ by bo? ,dr4 ,peck & ,dr4 ,h]b/4 ,cordyceps milit>is4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dib4--;,cordyceps milit>is4 ,?is is mu* small] & m common ?an ,c4 ,h]culea4 ,conidia--,subcspitose1 :ite2 /em di/9ct1 simple1 becom+ smoo?2 clubs incrassat$1 mealy2 ,conidia globose4 ,ascophore--,fle%y1 orange-r$2 head clavate1 tub]culose2 /em equal2 sporidia long1 break+ up into jo9ts4 ,?is is frequ5tly call$ ,torrubia milit>is4 ,x is kn[n z ! cat]pill> fungus4 ,its spores are cyl9drical & are produc$ ^u orange-r$ fruit+ bodies 9 ! fall4 ,z soon z ! spore falls on ! cat]pill> x s5ds out g]m-?reads :i* p5etrate ! cat]pill>4 ,"h ! ?reads =m long n>r[ spores :i* break (f & =m o!r spores until ! body-cavity is entirely fill$4 ,! cat]pill> soon becomes sluggi% & dies4 ,! fungus cont9ues to gr[ until x has completely appropriat$ all ( ! insect's s(t p>ts1 ext]nally a p]fect cat]pill> b int]nally completely fill$ ) mycelial ?reads4 ,"u favorable conditions ?is mycelial cat]pill>1 :i* has become a /orage organ1 w s5d up an orange-r$ club-%ap$ body1 z w be se5 9 ,figure #dib1 & w produce ! k9d ( spores describ$ above4 ,"u "s conditions ?is mycelial cat]pill> may be made to produce a d5se gr[? ( ?reads f its entire surface1 look+ l a small :ite ball1 & f ^! ?reads ano!r k9d ( spore is =m$4 ,^! spores are p9*$ (f 9 great numb]s & w g]m9ate 9 ! l>va ! same z ! sac spore4 ,! specim5s 7 f\nd by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,black=d ne> ,bo/on1 & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,cordyceps capitata4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dic4--;,cordyceps capitata4 ,natural size4 ,?is plant is fle%y1 capitate1 head ovate1 bay-br[n1 /em yell[1 !n blacki%4 ,?is plant is p>asitic on ,elaphomyces granulatus4 ,x is %[n at ! base ( ! /em ( ! plant4 ,x gr[s two or ?ree in*es "u ! surface & some:at resembles a truffle 9 appe>ance4 ,bo? are v int]e/+ plants4 ,! plant 9 ,figure #dic 0 f\nd ne> ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,!y are usually f\nd 9 p9e woods1 (t5 9 tufts4 ,! /ems are f "o to f\r in*es long1 ne>ly equal1 smoo?1 lemon-color$1 at l5g? fibroso-/rigose & blacki%4 ,x is sometimes call$ ,torrubia capitata4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,myxomycetes4 ,! plants "u ?is head belong to ! slime-m\lds & at fir/ are :olly gelat9\s4 ,all ! species & g5]a are small & easily ov]look$1 yet !y are int5sely int]e/+ :5 c>efully obs]v$4 ,9 ! morn+ y may see a mass ( gelat9\s matt] & 9 ! ev5+ a beautiful net "w ( ?reads & spores1 ! trans=mation be+ s rapid4 ,?is gelat9\s mass is kn[n z protoplasm or plasmodium1 & ! motive p[] ( ! plasmodium has sugge/$ to _m t !y %\ld be plac$ 9 ! animal k+dom1 or call$ fungus animals4 ,! same is true ( ,s*izomycetes1 to :i* all ! bact]ia1 bacillus1 spirillum1 & vibrio1 & a numb] ( o!r gr\ps belong4 ,i h only a few ,myxomycetes to pres5t4 ,i h wat*$ ! developm5t ( a numb] ( plants ( ?is gr\p1 b because ( ! sc>city ( lit]ature ^u ! subject ,i h be5 unable to id5tify !m satisfactorily4 ,lycogala epid5drum4 ,fr4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #did4--,lycogala epid5drum4 ,?is is call$ ! ,/ump ,lycogala4 ,x is q common1 seem+ 9 a c]ta9 /age to be a small puffball4 ,! p]idium has a d\ble membrane1 pap]y1 p]si/5t1 bur/+ irregul>ly at ! apex2 ext]nally m9utely w>ty1 ne>ly r\nd1 blood-r$ or p9ki%1 !n br[ni%2 m\? irregul>2 spores becom+ pale1 or violet4 ,reticul>ia maxima4 ,fr4 ,?is is q common on p>tially decay$ logs4 ,! p]idium is v ?91 tub]culose1 effus$1 delicate1 olivace\s-br[n2 spores olive1 e*9ulate or sp9y4 ,didymius xan?opus4 ,fr4 ,^! are v small yell[-/emm$ plants1 f\nd on oak leaves 9 wet wea!r4 ,! sporangium has an inn] membranace\s p]idium2 ! :ole is r\nd1 br[n1 :iti%4 ,! /em is elongat$1 ev51 yell[4 ,! columella is /ipitate into ! sporangia4 ,d4 c9]eum4 ,fr4 ,sporangia sessile1 r\nd1 :iti%1 cov]$ ) an a%y-gray scurf4 ,spores black4 ,v small4 ,on fall5 oak leaves4 ,easily ov]look$4 ,xyl>ia4 ,s*rank4 ,xyl>ia means p]ta9+ to wood4 ,x is usually v]tical1 m or less /ipitate4 ,! /roma is betwe5 fle%y & corky1 cov]$ ) a black or ruf\s b>k4 ,xyl>ia polymorpha4 ,grev4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #die4--,xyl>ia polymorpha4 ,natural size4 ,polymorpha means _m =ms4 ,x is ne>ly fle%y1 a numb] usually gr[+ toge!r1 or greg>i\s2 ?ick5$ z if swoll51 irregul>2 dirty-:ite1 !n black2 ! receptacle be>+ p]i!cia 9 e "p4 ,?is plant is q common 9 our woods1 gr[+ ab\t old /umps or on decay$ /icks or pieces ( wood4 ,! spore-op5+s c be se5 ) an ord9>y h&-glass4 ,xyl>ia polymorpha1 v>4 spa?ul>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dif4--,xyl>ia polymorpha v>4 spa?ul>ia4 ,natural size4 ,spa?ul>ia means 9 ! =m ( a spa?ula or spatula4 ,x is v]tical & /ipitate1 ! /em be+ m def9ite ?an 9 ! ,x4 polymorpha1 ! /roma be+ betwe5 fle%y & corky1 frequ5tly gr[+ 9 numb]s or greg>i\s1 turgid1 fairly regul>1 dirty-:ite1 !n br[ni%-r$1 f9ally black4 ,an ord9>y h& glass w %[ h[ x be>s p]i!cia 9 all its p>ts4 ,?is w be cle>ly se5 9 ! section on ! "r4 ,^! plants are n z common z ! ,x4 polymorpha1 b are f\nd 9 habitats simil> to ^? ( ! o!r plant1 p>ticul>ly ar\nd maple /umps or ^u decay$ maple bran*es4 ,/emonitis4 ,gl$4 ,/emonitis is f a ,greek ^w :i* means /am51 "o ( ! ess5tial organs ( a fl[]4 ,?is is a g5us ( myxomycet\s fungi1 giv+ "n to ! family ,/emonitace1 :i* has a s+le sporangium or ?alium2 )\t ! peculi> deposits ( lime c>bonate :i* *>act]ize ! fructification ( o!r ord]s1 & ! spores1 capillitium1 & columella are usually uni=mly black1 or br[ni%4 ,/emonitis fusca4 ,ro?4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dig4--,/emonitis fusca4 ,natural size4 ,fusca means d>k-br[n1 smoky4 ,! sporangia are cyl9drical & po9t$ at ! apex1 p]idia fugaci\s1 expos+ ! beautiful net-"w ( ! capillitium4 ,! reticulate capillitium spr+s f ! d>k1 p5etrat+ /em4 ,?is is a v beautiful plant :5 /udi$ ) an ord9>y h&-glass4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 an entire log cov]$ ) ?is plant4 ,/emonitis f]rug9ea4 ,ehrb4 ,f]rug9ea means ru/ color4 ,! sporangia is v simil> to t ( ,s4 fusca1 cyl9drical1 p]idium fugaci\s1 expos+ ! reticulate capillitium1 b in/ead ( be+ d>k-br[n x is a yell[i% or ru/y-br[n color4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,recipes ,,= ,,cook+ ,,mu%rooms4 ,,/ew$ ,,mu%rooms4 ,,no4 #a4 ,*oose !m z ne>ly z possible ( uni=m size & free f insects4 ,drop !m 9 salt wat] = five m9utes to free !m f any insects t may be hidd5 9 ! gills2 dra9 !m & wipe dry & clean ) a r r\gh clo?2 cut (f ! /ems close to ! cap4 ,put !m into a granite or porcela9 saucepan1 cov] closely & /ew g5tly fifte5 m9utes4 ,salt to ta/e4 ,rub a tablespoonful ( butt] into ab\t a tablespoonful ( fl\r1 & /ir ?is into ! mu%rooms1 lett+ boil ?ree or f\r m9utes2 /ir 9 ?ree tablespoonfuls ( cream1 mix$ ) a well-beat5 egg1 & /ir ! :ole = two m9utes )\t lett+ x boil1 & s]ve ei!r on toa/ or z a vegetable4 ,,/ew$ ,,mu%rooms4 ,,no4 #b4 ,clean mu%rooms z direct$ above & /ew 9 wat] t5 m9utes2 !n dra9 (f "p ( ! wat] & put 9 z mu* w>m milk z y h p\r$ (f wat]2 let ?is /ew = five to t5 m9utes2 !n add "s drawn butt]1 or veal or *ick5 gravy1 & salt & pepp] to ta/e4 ,?ick5 ) a little corn />* wet 9 cold milk4 ,s]ve hot4 ,9 cook+ mu%rooms !y %\ld always be kept z closely cov]$ z possible 9 ord] ! bett] to reta9 ! flavor1 & !y %\ld nev] be subject$ to too great heat4 ,,bak$ ,,mu%rooms4 ,be sure y\r mu%rooms are fre% & free f insects2 cut (f ! /ems close to ! caps & wipe ! tops ) a wet clo?4 ,arrange !m 9 a pie di% ) ! gills upp]mo/1 lay+ a little bit ( butt] on ea*2 spr9kle pepp]1 salt1 & a v little mace ^u !m4 ,put !m into a hot ov5 & bake f fifte5 m9utes to half an h\r1 accord+ to ! t5d]ness ( ! mu%rooms2 if !y are 9 dang] ( gett+ too dry ba/e !m occasionally ) butt] & wat]4 ,p\r ov] !m "s maitre d'hotel sauce & s5d to ! table 9 ! di% 9 :i* !y 7 bak$4 ,,broil$ ,,mu%rooms4 ,select ! f9e/ & fre%e/ y c get & prep>e z = bak+2 put into a deep di% & p\r ov] !m "s melt$ butt]1 turn+ !m ov] & ov] 9 x4 ,salt & pepp] & let !m lie = an h\r & a half 9 ! butt]4 ,put !m1 gills upp]mo/1 on an oy/] gridiron ov] a cle> hot fire1 turn+ !m ov] z "o side br[ns4 ,put !m on a hot di%1 hav+ !m well season$ ) butt]1 pepp]1 & salt & ) a few drops ( lemon juice squeez$ ^u ea*1 if lik$4 ,,mu%room ,,& ,,veal ,,rag\t4 ,take equal quantities ( cold veal /eak or roa/ veal & small puffballs or o!r mu%rooms1 & m9ce all f9e2 m9ce a small onion & put ) ! mu%rooms & meat into a pan ) "s cold veal gravy1 if y h x1 & wat] en\gh to cov] ! mixture4 ,add a tablespoonful ( butt]1 pepp] & salt well1 & let ! mixture cook until x is almo/ dry1 /irr+ x frequ5tly to keep x f scor*+2 x %\ld cook fully half an h\r4 ,:5 almo/ done1 add a l>ge tablespoonful ( good catsup1 or ,worce/]%ire sauce if pref]r$4 ,s]ve hot4 ,,mu%room ,,pat,s4 ,wa% mu%rooms well1 cut !m into small pieces & drop !m 9 salt wat] = five m9utes4 ,h ready 9 a pan ^u ! /ove ab\t two ounces ( butt] to ea* p9t ( mu%rooms1 hav+ pan & butt] v hot b n scor*+2 dip ! mu%rooms f ! salt wat] ) a skimm] & drop !m into ! hot butt]2 cov] !m closely to reta9 ! flavor1 %ak+ ! pan or /irr+ !m ov] to keep !m f scor*+ or /ick+4 ,let !m cook ) mod]ate heat f fifte5 to ?irty m9utes1 accord+ to ! t5d]ness ( ! mu%rooms4 ,remove ! cov] f ! pan1 draw ! mu%rooms to "o side & lift ! pan on "o side s t ! gravy w run d[n to ! opposite side2 /ir into ! gravy a level tablespoonful ( sift$ fl\r1 & rub ?is smoo? ) ! gravy2 !n add a half a p9t ( ri* milk or cream2 /ir ! mu%rooms into ?is & all[ x to boil = a m9ute4 ,h ready 9 ! ov5 "s pat %ells1 fill !m ) ! mu%rooms1 season$ to ta/e ) salt & pepp]1 & set back 9 ! ov5 = a few m9utes to heat be=e s]v+4 ,^! are especially f9e :5 made ( ,tri*oloma p]sonatum or ,pleurotus o/reatus1 b _m o!r v>ieties w answ] well4 ,,bak$ ,,beef/eak ,,) ,,mu%room ,,sauce4 ,h y\r sirlo9 /eak cut an in* or m ?ick1 put into an exce$+ly hot bak+ pan on top ( ! /ove1 9 "o m9ute turn /eak ov] s t bo? sides w be se>$4 ,put ! pan into an exce$+ly hot ov5 & all[ x to rema9 = tw5ty m9utes4 ,h ready 9 a saucepan two tablespoonfuls ( melt$ butt]1 heat well & add two cupfuls ( fre%1 clean mu%rooms :i* h be5 all[$ to /& 9 salt wat] = a p]iod ( five m9utes2 cov] closely & cook briskly )\t burn+ = t5 m9utes2 set on ! back ( ! /ove 7aft] hav+ season$ !m prop]ly ) salt & pepp]7 to keep hot until ready to use4 ,place ! /eak ^u a hot di%1 p\r ! mu%rooms ov] x & s5d to ! table at once4 ,x is a di% fit = a k+4 ,,/uff$ ,,morels4 ,*oose ! fre%e/ & be/ morels2 cleanse !m ?or\ghly by all[+ ! wat] f ! faucet to run on !m2 op5 ! /alk at ! bottom2 fill ) veal /uff+1 an*ovy or any ri* =cemeat y *oose1 secur+ ! ends & dress+ betwe5 slices ( bacon2 bake = a half an h\r1 ba/+ ) butt] & wat]1 & s]ve ) ! gravy :i* comes f !m4 ,,fri$ ,,morels4 ,wa% a doz5 morels c>efully & cut (f ! ends ( ! /ems4 ,split ! mu%rooms & put !m into a pan 9 :i* two tablespoonfuls ( butt] h be5 melt$4 ,cov] closely & cook ) a mod]ate heat = fifte5 m9utes4 ,mix two teaspoonfuls ( corn />* 9 a half a p9t ( fre% milk & p\r into ! pan ) ! mu%rooms1 all[+ x to boil = a m9ute or two2 salt & pepp] to ta/e & s]ve hot1 ^u toa/ if lik$4 ,,to ,,cook ,,boleti4 ,cut (f ! /ems1 & remove ! spore-tubes1 aft] hav+ wip$ ! caps clean ) a damp clo?4 ,!y may be broil$ 9 a hot butt]$ pan1 turn+ !m frequ5tly until done1 :i* w be ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,du/ ) salt & pepp] & put bits ( butt] ov] !m z y w\ld on broil$ beef/eak4 ,!y may be /ew$ 9 a little wat] 9 a cov]$ saucepan1 aft] be+ cut into pieces ( equal size4 ,/ew = tw5ty m9utes & :5 done add pepp]1 salt1 butt] or cream4 ,or !y may be fri$1 aft] be+ slic$ z y w\ld egg plant1 & dipp$ 9 batt] or roll$ 9 egg & crack] crumbs4 ,9 prep>+ ,boleti ! spore tube %\ld be remov$ unless v "y1 z !y w make ! di% slimy4 ,,mu%room ,,catsup4 ,to two qu>ts ( mu%rooms all[ a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( salt4 ,! full gr[n mu%rooms are bett] 9 mak+ ?is z !y af=d m juice4 ,put a lay] ( mu%rooms 9 ! bottom ( a /one j>1 spr9kle ) salt2 !n ano!r lay] ( mu%rooms till y h us$ all2 let !m lie ?us = six h\rs1 !n break !m into bits4 ,set 9 a cool place = ?ree days1 /irr+ ?or\ghly e morn+4 ,/ra9 ! juice f !m1 & to e qu>t all[ half an ounce ( allspice1 ! same quantity ( g+]1 half a teaspoonful ( p[d]$ mace & half a teaspoonful ( cay5ne4 ,put x into a /one j>1 cov] x closely1 set x 9 a saucepan ( wat] ov] ! fire1 & boil h>d = five h\rs4 ,take x (f1 empty x into a porcela9 kettle & let x boil sl[ly = half an h\r long]4 ,set x 9 a cool place & let x /& all night until settl$ & cle>1 !n p\r (f c>efully f ! s$im5t1 into small bottles1 fill+ !m to ! m\?4 ,cork tightly & seal c>efully4 ,keep 9 a dry1 cool1 d>k closet4 ,,mu%rooms ,,) ,,bacon4 ,take "s full-gr[n mu%rooms1 &1 hav+ clean$ !m1 procure a few ra%]s ( nice /reaky bacon & fry x 9 ! usual mann]4 ,:5 ne>ly done add a doz5 or s ( mu%rooms & fry !m sl[ly until !y are cook$4 ,9 ! cook+ !y w absorb all ! fat ( ! bacon1 & ) ! addition ( a little salt & pepp] w =m a mo/ appetiz+ breakfa/ reli%4 ,,hydnum4 ,! ,hydnums are sometimes slightly bitt] & x is well to boil !m = a few m9utes & !n ?r[ away ! wat]4 ,dra9 ! mu%rooms c>efully2 add pepp] & salt1 butt]1 & milk2 cook 9 a cov]$ saucepan sl[ly = tw5ty or tw5ty-five m9utes2 h ready "s slices ( toa/1 p\r ! mu%rooms ov] ^! & s]ve at once4 ,,oy/] ,,mu%rooms4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways to cook an ,oy/] mu%room is to fry x z y fry an oy/]4 ,use ! t5d] "p ( ! ,oy/] mu%room2 clean ?or\ghly2 add pepp] & salt2 dip 9 beat5 egg & !n bread crumbs & fry 9 fat or butt]4 ,or p>boil !m = =ty-five m9utes1 dra91 roll 9 fl\r & fry4 ,! ,oy/] mu%room is also excell5t :5 /ew$4 ,,lepiota ,,proc]a4 ,clean ! caps ) a damp clo? & cut (f ! /em close to ! caps2 broil lightly on bo? sides ov] a cle> fire or 9 a v hot pan1 turn+ ! mu%rooms c>efully ?ree or f\r times2 h ready "s fre%ly-made1 well-butt]$ toa/2 arrange ! mu%rooms on ! toa/ & put a small piece ( butt] on ea* & spr9kle ) pepp] & salt2 set 9 ! ov5 or be=e a brisk fire to melt ! butt]1 !n s]ve quickly4 ,"s p]sons ?9k t slices ( bacon toa/$ ov] ! mu%rooms improve ! flavor4 ,,beef/eak ,,smo!r$ ,,9 ,,mu%rooms4 ,h ready a suffici5t quantity ( full-gr[n mu%rooms1 c>efully clean$2 cut !m 9 pieces & put into a bak+ pan ) a tablespoonful ( butt] to two cupfuls ( mu%rooms1 spr9kle ) pepp] & salt1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 =ty-five m9utes4 ,broil y\r /eak until x is almo/ done2 !n put x into ! pan ) a "p ( ! mu%rooms "u & ! rema9d] ov] ! /eak2 put x into ! ov5 aga9 & all[ x to rema9 = t5 m9utes2 turn out ^u a hot di% & s]ve quickly4 ,ag>icus1 ,lepiota1 ,copr9us1 ,lact>ius1 ,tri*oloma1 & ,russula are especially f9e = ?is me?od ( prep>ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,mu%room4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,lamb]t1 ,! ,am]ican ,spawn ,co41 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations4--,comm]cially1 & 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 ! t]m mu%room is g5]ally us$ indiscrim9ately to designate ! species ( fungi :i* are edible & susceptible ( cultivation4 ,! v>ieties :i* h be5 successfully cultivat$ = ! m>ket are ne>ly all d]iv$ f ,ag>icus campe/ris1 ,ag>icus villaticus1 & ,ag>icus ,arv5sis4 ,!y may be :ite1 cream or creamy-:ite1 or br[n2 b ! color is n always a p]man5t *>act]i/ic1 x is (t5 influ5c$ by surr\nd+ conditions4 ,mu%rooms are gr[n = ! m>ket on a l>ge scale 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&4 ,x is e/imat$ t ne>ly twelve million p\nds ( fre% mu%rooms are sold e ye> at ! ,c5tral ,m>ket ( ,p>is4 ,a l>ge quantity ( mu%rooms are cann$ & export$ f ,france to e civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,?is indu/ry has rec5tly made rem>kable progress 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & fre% mu%rooms are n[ regul>ly quot$ on ! m>kets ( our l>ge cities4 ,!y are sold at prices rang+ f tw5ty-five c5ts to "o doll> & fifty c5ts p] p\nd1 accord+ to season1 dem& & supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dih4--,mu%room ,b$s 9 a ,cell>4 ,,ess5tial ,,conditions4--,mu%rooms c be gr[n 9 any climate & 9 any season :]e ! ess5tial conditions may be f\nd1 obta9$ or controll$4 ,^! conditions are1 fir/1 a temp]ature rang+ f #ec to #fj ,f41 ) extremes ( #ej to #fc2 second1 an atmosph]e saturat$ 7b n dripp+7 ) moi/ure2 ?ird1 prop] v5tilation2 f\r?1 a suitable m$ium or b$2 fif?1 good spawn4 ,x may be se5 t 9 ! op5 air1 ^! conditions are r>ely f\nd toge!r = any l5g? ( "t4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 9 ord] to gr[ mu%rooms on a comm]cial basis1 t "o or m ( ^! elem5ts be artificially suppli$ or controll$4 ,?is is usually done 9 cell>s1 caves1 m9es1 gre5h\ses1 or specially con/ruct$ mu%room h\ses4 ,a conv5i5t disposition ( ! %elves 9 a cell> is %[n 9 ,figure #dih4 ,a l>ge in/allation = comm]cial purposes is %[n 9 ,figure #ejj1 & a specially con/ruct$ cell> is %[n 9 ,figure #dii4 ,:]e ab&on$ m9es1 natural or artificial caves are available1 ! requir$ atmosph]ic conditions are (t5 f\nd comb9$ & may be uni=mly ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dii4--,specially ,con/ruct$ ,mu%room ,h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ejj4--,mu%room ,h\ses1 ,flat ,b$s4 ,,temp]ature4--,)9 ! limits prescrib$1 ! temp]ature %\ld be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! gr[? ( ! crop4 ,:5 too cold1 ! developm5t ( ! spawn w be ret>d$ or arre/$4 ,a high temp]ature w favor ! developm5t ( molds & bact]ia :i* w soon de/roy ! spawn or ! gr[+ crop4 ,! cultivation ( ! mu%room1 z a summ] crop1 is !re=e greatly re/rict$4 ,z a fall1 w9t] or spr+ crop x may be gr[n :]ev] means are at h& to raise ! temp]ature to ab\t #eh ,f4 ,_m flori/s are utiliz+ ! wa/e space "u ! b5*es = t purpose2 !y h ! advantage ( be+ able to use ! exp5d$ mat]ial ( mu%room b$s 9 gr[+ fl[]s4 ,,moi/ure4--,moi/ure is an important factor 9 ! cultivation ( ! mu%room1 & dem&s intellig5t application4 ,! mu%room requires an atmosph]e ne>ly saturat$ ) moi/ure1 & yet ! direct application ( wat] on ! b$s is m or less injuri\s to ! gr[+ crop4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial t ! b$s1 :5 made1 conta9 ! requisite am\nt ( moi/ure1 & t ?is moi/ure be n lo/ by excessive evaporation4 ,!y %\ld be protect$ f a dry atmosph]e or /rong draughts4 ,:]e wat]+ becomes necess>y1 x %\ld be appli$ 9 a f9e spray ar\nd ! b$s ) a view ( re/or+ ! moi/ure to ! atmosph]e1 & on ! b$s aft] ! mu%rooms h be5 ga!r$4 ,,v5tilation4--,pure air is ess5tial to a heal?y crop4 ,provision %\ld !re=e be made = a gradual r5ewal ( ! air 9 ! mu%room h\se4 ,h[ev]1 draughts mu/ be avoid$ z t5d+ to a too rapid evaporation & cool+ ( ! b$s1 an un=tunate condition :i* _c !reaft] be entirely rem$i$4 ,,! ,,b$s4--,! mo/ common type ( b$s is kn[n z ! flat b$4 ,x is made on ! floor or on %elves z %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,x is usually ab\t #aj in*es deep4 ,ano!r type1 pr9cipally us$ 9 ,france1 is kn[n z ! ridge b$1 & requires m labor ?an ! flat b$4 ,! mu%room h\se & %elves1 if us$1 %\ld be frequ5tly dis9fect$ & :itewa%$ 9 ord] to avoid dang] f insects & bact]ia4 ,! prep>ation ( ! b$s & subsequ5t op]ations w be %[n 9 connection ) ! o!r subjects4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,manure4--,! be/ manure is obta9$ f horses f$ ) an abundance ( dry & nitrog5\s food4 ,! manure ( animals f$ on gre5s is undesirable4 ,gr[]s d n all foll[ ! same me?od ( f]m5t+ or compo/+ ! manure4 ,:5 fir/ unload$1 ! manure is left 9 its orig9al /ate = a few days4 ,x is !n pil$ 9 heaps ab\t ?ree feet deep & well press$ d[n4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! mat]ial %\ld be c>efully =k$ & well mix$1 & :]ev] f\nd too dry1 x %\ld be lightly spr9kl$4 ,x is all[$ to rema9 9 t condition = ab\t six days :5 x is aga9 well =k$ & turn$4 ,9 ! latt] op]ation x receives an additional light spr9kl+2 ! dry portions are turn$ inside 9 ord] t ! :ole mass may be homog5\s & uni=mly moi/1 & ! heap is aga9 rais$ to ab\t ?ree feet4 ,ab\t six days lat] ! op]ation is repeat$1 & 9 ab\t ?ree days ! manure %\ld be ready = ! b$s4 ,x is !n ( a d>k br[n color mix$ ) :ite1 free f objectionable odor4 ,x is unctu\s1 ela/ic & moi/1 ?\gh n wet1 & %\ld n leave any moi/ure 9 ! h&4 ,( c\rse1 ! above rules are subject to modification accord+ to ! condition ( ! manure1 its age & previ\s h&l+4 ,,spawn+4--,! manure1 hav+ be5 prop]ly compo/$1 is spread ev5ly on ! floor or %elves & firmly compress$ 9 b$s ab\t t5 in*es 9 dep?4 ,! temp]ature ( ! b$ is !n too high = spawn+ & w usually rise /ill high]4 ,x %\ld be c>efully wat*$ ) ! aid ( a special or mu%room !rmomet]4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! b$s has fall5 to ab\t #ge or #hj1 !y may be spawn$4 ,! b$s mu/ be spawn$ :5 ! temp]ature falls1 nev] :5 x rises4 ,! bricks ( spawn are brok5 into eight or t5 pieces1 & ^! pieces are ins]t$ f "o to two in*es bel[ ! surface1 ab\t n9e to twelve in*es ap>t4 ,! b$ is !n firmly compress$4 ,an advantage is f\nd 9 break+ & di/ribut+ ! spawn ov] ! surface ( ! b$ a few days be=e spawn+2 ?is all[s ! mycelium to absorb "s moi/ure & swell to "s ext5t4 ,if ! b$ is 9 prop] condition x %\ld n require wat]+ = sev]al weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eja4--;,brick ,spawn1 ,pure ,culture4 ,,cas+ ,,! ,,b$s4--,z soon z ! spawn is obs]v$ to run1 or f eight days to two weeks1 ! b$s are cas$ or cov]$ ) a lay] ( ab\t "o in* ( light g>d5 loam1 well scre5$4 ,! loam %\ld be slightly moi/1 & free f organic matt]4 ,! b$s %\ld n[ be wat*$ & %\ld n be all[$ to evaporate or dry out4 ,,pick+4--,mu%rooms %\ld appe> 9 f five to t5 weeks aft] spawn+1 & ! p]iod ( production ( a good b$ ranges f two to f\r mon?s4 ,9 pick+ ! mu%rooms an intellig5t h& w c>efully twi/ x f ! soil & fill ! hole left 9 ! b$ ) fre% soil4 ,pieces ( roots or /ems %\ld nev] be all[$ to rema9 9 ! b$s1 o!rwise decay might set 9 & infect ! surr\nd+ plants4 ,a good mu%room b$ w yield a crop ( f "o-half to two p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,mu%rooms %\ld be pick$ e day or e o!r day2 !y %\ld n be left aft] ! veils beg9 to break4 ,= ! m>ket ! mu%rooms are sort$ z to size & color1 & pack$ 9 "o1 two or five-p\nd boxes or baskets4 ,s9ce !y are v p]i%able1 !y mu/ rea* ! m>ket 9 ! %orte/ "t4 ,,old ,,b$s4--,x is n practicable to raise ano!r crop ( mu%rooms 9 ! mat]ial ( an old b$1 al?\gh ?is mat]ial is /ill valuable = g>d5 purposes4 ,! old mat]ial %\ld be entirely remov$1 & ! mu%room h\se ?or\ghly clean$ be=e ! new b$s are made4 ,if ?is precaution be omitt$ ! next crop may suff] f ! diseases or enemies ( ! mu%rooms4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ejb4--;,a ,clu/] ( #ej ,mu%rooms on ,"o ,root1 ,gr[n f ,lamb]t's ,pure ,culture ,spawn ( ! ,am]ican ,spawn ,co41 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,,spawn4--,! cultivat$ mu%room is propagat$ f spawn1 ! comm]cial "n appli$ to ! mycelium2 ! t]m spawn includes bo? ! mycelium & ! m$ium 9 :i* x is c>ri$ & pres]v$4 ,spawn may be procur$ 9 ! m>ket 9 two =ms1 flake spawn & brick spawn4 ,9 bo? =ms ! mycelium gr[? is />t$ on a prep>$ m$ium ma9ly consi/+ ( manure & !n arre/$ & dri$4 ,! flake spawn is %ort-liv$ by reason ( its loose =m1 9 :i* ! mycelium is easily accessible to ! air & de/ructive bact]ia4 ,x det]iorates rapidly 9 transportation & /orage & c only be us$ to advantage :5 fre%4 ,gr[]s1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h !re=e disc>d$ x 9 favor ( brick spawn1 :i* af=ds m protection to ! mycelium & c be safely transport$ & /or$ = a reasonable p]iod4 ,until rec5tly ! manufactur] ( spawn 0 compell$ to rely entirely ^u ! caprice ( nature = 8 supply4 ,! only me?od kn[n consi/$ 9 ga!r+ ! wild spawn :]ev] nature _h deposit$ x & runn+ ! same into bricks or 9 loose mat]ial1 )\t ref]5ce to v>iety4 ,nei!r ! manufactur] nor ! gr[] _h any means ( asc]ta9+ ! probable nature ( ! crop until ! mu%rooms appe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ejc4--;,ag>icus villaticus4 ,,pure ,,culture ,,spawn4--,! rec5t discov]y ( pure culture spawn 9 ?is c\ntry has made possible ! selection & improvem5t ( v>ieties ( cultivat$ mu%rooms ) special ref]5ce to _! h>d9ess1 color1 size1 flavor & prolificness1 & ! elim9ation ( inf]ior or undesirable fungi 9 ! crop4 ,! scope ( ?is article precludes a description ( ! pure culture me?od ( mak+ spawn4 ,x is n[ us$ by ! l>ge comm]cial gr[]s & has 9 _m sections entirely sup]s$$ ! old ,engli% spawn & o!r =ms ( wild spawn4 ,z n[ manufactur$ x resembles mu* 9 appe>ance ! old ,engli% spawn 7see ,figure #eja74 ,"s rem>kable results h be5 obta9$ by ! use ( pure culture spawn4 ,we illu/rate a clu/] ( fifty mu%rooms on "o root gr[n by ,messrs4 ,mill] ,rog]s1 ( ,mortonville1 ,pa41 f ,lamb]t's ,pure ,culture ,spawn produc$ by ! ,am]ican ,spawn ,company1 ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 7,figure #ejb74 ,sev]al promis+ v>ieties h already be5 develop$ by ! new me?od1 & c n[ be reproduc$ at w4 ,figure #ejc is a good illu/ration ( ,ag>icus villaticus1 a fle%y species 9 good dem&4 ,figure #ejd %[s a b$ ( mu%rooms gr[n f pure culture spawn 9 a s& rock cave1 us+ ! flat b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ejd4--;,a ,mu%room ,cave1 ,%[+ ,"o ( ! ,te/ ,b$s ( ! ,am]ican ,spawn ,co41 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,cook ,,mu%rooms4--,to ! true epicure !re are b f\r ways ( cook+ mu%rooms--broil+1 roa/+1 fry+ !m 9 sweet butt] & /ew+ !m 9 cream4 ,9 prep>+ fre% mu%rooms = cook+1 wa% !m z little z possible1 z wa%+ robs !m ( _! delicate flavor4 ,always be> 9 m9d t ! m simply mu%rooms are cook$ ! bett] !y are4 ,l all delicately flavor$ foods1 !y are spoil$ by ! addition ( /rongly flavor$ condim5ts4 ,broil$ ,mu%rooms4--,select f9e1 l>ge flat mu%rooms1 & be sure t !y are fre%4 ,if !y are du/y j dip !m 9 cold salt wat]4 ,!n lay on *eese clo? & let !m dra9 ?or\ghly4 ,:5 !y are dry cut (f ! /em q close to ! comb4 ,or1 :at is bett]1 c>efully break (f ! /em4 ,d n ?r[ away ! /ems4 ,save !m = /ew+1 = s\p or = mu%room sauce4 ,hav+ cut or brok5 (f ! /ems1 take a %>p silv] knife & sk9 ! mu%rooms1 comm5c+ at ! edge & f9i%+ at ! top4 ,put !m on a gridiron t has be5 well rubb$ ) sweet butt]4 ,lay ! mu%rooms on ! broil+ iron ) ! combs upw>d4 ,put a small quantity ( butt]1 a little salt & pepp] 9 ! c5t] ( ea* comb f :]e ! /em has be5 remov$ & let ! mu%rooms rema9 ov] ! fire until ! butt] melts4 ,!n s]ve !m on ?9 slices ( butt]$ & well br[n$ toa/1 :i* %\ld be cut r\nd or diamond %ape4 ,s]ve ! mu%rooms j z quickly z possible aft] !y are broil$1 z !y mu/ be eat5 :5 hot4 ,s n\ri%+ are broil$ mu%rooms t ) a light salad !y =m a suffici5t lun*eon = anyone4 ,fri$ ,mu%rooms4--,clean & prep>e ! mu%rooms z = broil+4 ,put "s sweet1 unsalt$ butt] 9 a fry+ pan--en\gh to swim ! mu%rooms 94 ,/& ! fry+ pan on a quick fire1 & :5 ! butt] is at boil+ heat c>efully drop ! mu%rooms 9 & let !m fry ?ree m9utes1 & s]ve !m on ?9 slices ( butt]$ toa/4 ,s]ve a sauce ( lemon juice1 a little melt$ butt]1 salt & r$ pepp] ) fri$ mu%rooms4 ,/ew$ ,mu%rooms4--,/ew$ mu%rooms aft] ! foll[+ recipe make "o ( ! mo/ delici\s ( breakfa/ di%es3 ,x is n necess>y to use l>ge mu%rooms = /ew+--small button ones w d4 ,take ! mu%rooms left 9 ! basket aft] hav+ select$ ^? = broil+1 & also use ! /ems cut f ! mu%rooms prep>$ = boil+4 ,aft] clean+ & sk9n+ !m put !m 9 cold wat] ) a little v9eg>1 & let !m /& half an h\r4 ,if y h a qu>t ( mu%rooms1 put a tablespoonful ( nice fre% butt] 9 a /ewpan & /& x on ! /ove4 ,:5 ! butt] beg9s to bubble drop ! mu%rooms 9 ! pan1 & aft] !y h cook$ a m9ute season !m well ) salt & black pepp]4 ,n[ take hold ( ! h&le ( ! /ewpan &1 :ile ! mu%rooms are g5tly & sl[ly cook+1 %ake ! pan almo/ con/antly to keep ! butt] f gett+ br[n & ! mu%rooms f /ick+4 ,aft] !y h cook$ eight m9utes p\r 9 en\gh ri*1 sweet cream to cov] ! mu%rooms to ! dep? ( half an in*1 & let !m cook ab\t eight or t5 m9utes long]4 ,s]ve !m 9 a v hot vegetable di%4 ,d n ?ick5 ! cream ) fl\r or ) any?+4 ,j cook !m 9 ?is simple way4 ,y w f9d !m p]fect4 ,,gloss>y4 ,abortive1 imp]fectly develop$4 ,ab]rant1 deviat+ f a type4 ,acicul>1 ne$le-%ap$4 ,aculeate1 sl5d] po9t$4 ,acum9ate1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t4 ,acute1 %>p po9t$4 ,adnate1 gills squ>ely & firmly atta*$ to ! /em4 ,adnex$1 gills j rea*+ ! /em4 ,adhesion1 union ( diff]5t organs or tissues4 ,adpress$1 press$ into close contact1 z appli$ to ! gills4 ,agglut9at$1 glu$ to ! surface4 ,alveolate1 honey-comb$4 ,alutace\s1 hav+ ! color ( tann$ lea!r4 ,ana/omos+1 bran*+1 jo9+ ( "o ve9 ) ano!r4 ,annual1 complet+ gr[? 9 "o ye>4 ,annul>1 r+-%ap$4 ,annulate1 hav+ a r+4 ,annulus1 ! r+ ar\nd ! /em ( a mu%room4 ,apex1 9 mu%rooms ! extremity ( ! /em next to ! gills4 ,apical1 close to ! apex4 ,apiculate1 t]m9at+ 9 a small po9t4 ,app5diculate1 hang+ 9 small fragm5ts4 ,applanate1 flatt5$ out or horizontally exp&$4 ,ara*noid1 cobweb-l4 ,arculate1 b[-%ap$4 ,areolate1 pitt$1 net-l4 ,ascus1 spore case ( c]ta9 mu%rooms4 ,ascomycetes1 a gr\p ( fungi 9 :i* ! spores are produc$ 9 sacs4 ,ascospore1 hym5ium or sporophore be>+ an ascus or asci4 ,atomate1 spr9kl$ ) atoms or m9ute p>ticles4 ,atro 7at]1 black71 9 composition black or d>k4 ,atropurpure\s1 d>k purple 7purpura1 purple74 ,aurantiace\s1 orange-color$ 7aurantium1 an orange74 ,aure\s1 gold5-yell[4 ,auriculate1 e>-%ap$4 ,azonate1 )\t zones or circul> b&s4 ,badi\s1 bay1 *e/nut-color1 or r$di%-br[n4 ,basidium 7pl4 basidia71 an enl>g$ cell on :i* spores are borne4 ,basidiomycetes1 ! gr\p ( fungi t h spores borne on a basidium4 ,bifid1 cleft or divid$ into two p>ts4 ,boot$1 appli$ to ! /em ( mu%rooms :5 inclos$ 9 a volva4 ,boss1 a knob or %ort r\nd$ protub]ance4 ,boss$1 furni%$ ) a boss or knob1 bulbate4 ,byssus1 a f9e filam5t\s mass4 ,cspitose1 gr[+ 9 tufts4 ,calyptra1 appli$ to ! portion ( volva cov]+ ! pileus4 ,campanulate1 bell-%ap$4 ,cap1 ! exp&$1 umbrella-l receptacle ( a common mu%room4 ,capillitium1 spore-be>+ ?reads1 (t5 mu* bran*$1 f\nd 9 puffballs4 ,c>nose1 fle%-color4 ,c>tilag9\s1 h>d & t\gh4 ,ca/ane\s1 *e/nut-color4 ,c]ace\s1 wax-l4 ,c]ebri=m1 bra9-%ap$4 ,cespitose1 gr[+ 9 tufts4 ,cilia1 m>g9al hair-l processes4 ,ciliate1 fr+$ ) hair-l processes4 ,c9]e\s1 light blui% gray or a% gray4 ,circumscissile1 break+ at or ne> ! middle on equatorial l9e4 ,circ9ate1 r\nd$4 ,clavate1 club-%ap$1 gradually ?ick5$ upw>d4 ,columella1 a /]ile tissue ris+ column-l 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,capillitium4 ,concrete1 gr[n toge!r4 ,cont9u\s1 )\t a break1 "o "p runn+ into ano!r4 ,cordate1 he>t-%ap$4 ,coriace\s1 ( a lea!ry or a cork-l texture4 ,cortex1 out] or r9d-l lay]4 ,cort9a1 ! web-l veil ( ! g5us ,cort9>ius4 ,cort9ate1 ) a cort9a4 ,co/ate1 ) a ridge or ridges4 ,cr5ate1 not*$1 ind5t$ or escallop$ at ! edge4 ,cryptogamia1 appli$ to ! division ( non-fl[]+ plants4 ,cya?i=m1 cup-%ap$4 ,cy/1 a bladd]-l cell or cavity4 ,cy/idium 7pl4 cy/idia71 /]ile cells ( ! hym5ium1 bladd]-l4 ,decidu\s1 ( leaves fall+ (f4 ,decurr5t1 z :5 ! gills ( a mu%room are prolong$ d[n ! /em4 ,dehisc5t1 a clos$ organ op5+ ( itself at maturity4 ,deliquesc5t1 melt+ d[n1 becom+ liquid4 ,d5droid1 %ap$ l a tree4 ,d5tate1 too!d4 ,d5ticulate1 ) small tee?4 ,di*otom\s1 pair$1 regul>ly =k$4 ,dimidiate1 halv$1 appli$ to gills n entire4 ,disc 7disk71 ! hym5ial surface1 usually cup-%ap$4 ,discomycetes1 ,ascomycetes ) ! hym5ium expos$4 ,dissepim5ts1 divid+ walls4 ,di/ant1 appli$ to gills :i* are n close4 ,discrete1 di/9ct1 n divid$4 ,e*9ate1 furni%$ ) /iff bri/les4 ,effus$1 spread ov] )\t regul> =m4 ,em>g9ate1 :5 ! gills are not*$ or scoop$ out at junction ) /em4 ,ephem]al1 la/+ b a %ort "t4 ,epid]mis1 ! ext]nal or out] lay] ( ! plant4 ,epiphytal1 gr[+ ^u ano!r plant4 ,ecc5tric1 out ( ! c5t]2 /em n atta*$ to c5t] ( pileus4 ,exop]idium1 out] lay] ( ! p]idium4 ,exotic1 =eign4 ,explanate1 flatt5$ or exp&$4 ,f>9ace\s1 mealy4 ,f>9ose1 cov]$ ) a mealy p[d]4 ,falcate1 hook$ or curv$ l a scy!4 ,fasciculate1 gr[+ 9 bundles4 ,fa/igiate1 bundl$ toge!r ) a %ea?4 ,f]rug9\s1 ru/-color$4 ,fibrillose1 clo!d ) small fib]s4 ,fibr\s1 compos$ ( fib]s4 ,fili=m1 ?read-l4 ,fimbriat$1 fr+$4 ,fissile1 capable ( be+ split4 ,fi/ul>1 fi/ulose1 ) ! /em holl[ or becom+ holl[4 ,flabelli=m1 fan-%ap$4 ,flaccid1 s(t & flabby4 ,flavesc5t1 turn+ yell[4 ,flexuose1 wavy4 ,flocci1 ?reads z ( mold4 ,floccose1 d[ny4 ,flocculose1 cov]$ ) flocci4 ,free1 said ( gills n atta*$ to ! /em4 ,friable1 easily crumbl+4 ,fugaci\s1 disappe>+ quickly4 ,fulig9\s1 sooty-br[n or d>k smoke-color4 ,furcate1 =k$4 ,furfurace\s1 ) bran-l scales or scurf4 ,fusc\s1 d+y1 br[ni% or br[n t+$ ) gray4 ,fusi=m1 sp9dle-%ap$4 ,ga/]omyces1 ,basidiomycetes1 9 :i* ! hym5ium is inclos$4 ,gelat9\s1 jelly-l4 ,g5us1 a gr\p ( closely relat$ species4 ,gibb\s1 swoll5 at "o po9t4 ,gills1 plates radiat+ f ! /em on :i* ! basidia are borne4 ,glabr\s1 smoo?4 ,glauc\s1 ) a :ite bloom4 ,gleba1 ! spore-be>+ tissue1 z 9 puffballs & phalloids4 ,globose1 ne>ly r\nd4 ,granul>1 ) a r\gh5$ surface4 ,greg>i\s1 gr[+ 9 numb]s 9 ! same vic9ity4 ,habitat1 ! natural place ( gr[? ( a plant4 ,hirsute1 hairy4 ,ho/1 ! plant or animal on :i* a p>asitic fungus gr[s4 ,hyal9e1 transp>5t1 cle> l glass4 ,hygrophan\s1 look+ wat]y :5 moi/ & opaque :5 dry4 ,hygrometric1 readily absorb+ wat]4 ,hym5ium1 ! fruit-be>+ surface4 ,hym5ophore1 ! portion :i* be>s ! hym5ium4 ,hypha1 "o ( ! elongat$ cells or ?reads ( ! fungus4 ,imbricate1 ov]lapp+ l %+les4 ,imm>g9ate1 )\t a di/9ct bord]4 ,inc>nate1 fle%-color4 ,indehisc5t1 n op5+4 ,indig5\s1 native ( a c\ntry or a place4 ,indurat$1 h>d5$4 ,indusium1 a veil b5ea? ! pileus4 ,inf]ior1 ! r+ l[ d[n on ! /em ( ,ag>ics4 ,infundibuli=m1 funnel-%ap$4 ,innate1 adh]+ by gr[?4 ,involute1 edges roll$ inw>d4 ,isabell9e1 color ( sole lea!r1 br[ni%-yell[4 ,laccate1 v>ni%$ or coat$ ) wax4 ,lac]ate1 irregul>ly torn4 ,lac9iate1 divid$ into lobes4 ,lacunose1 pitt$ or hav+ cavities4 ,lamella 7lamell71 gills ( a mu%room4 ,lanate1 wooly4 ,leucospore1 :ite spore4 ,livid1 blui%-black4 ,lute\s1 yell[i%4 ,maculate1 spott$4 ,m>g9ate1 hav+ a di/9ct bord]4 ,micace\s1 cov]$ ) gli/5+ scales1 mica-l4 ,micron1 "o-?\s&? ( a millimet]1 ne>ly 4#jjjjd ( an in*4 ,mycelium1 ! delicate ?reads f g]m9at+ spores1 call$ spawn4 ,nigresc5t1 becom+ black4 ,obconic1 inv]sely conical4 ,obovate1 inv]sely egg-%ap$4 ,obese1 /\t1 plump4 ,o*race\s1 o*re-yell[1 br[ni%-yell[4 ,pallid1 pale1 undecid$ 9 color4 ,papillate1 cov]$ ) s(t tub]cles4 ,p>aphyses1 /]ile cells f\nd among ! reproductive cells ( "s plants4 ,p>asitic1 gr[+ on & d]iv+ support f ano!r plant4 ,pect9ate1 too!d l a comb4 ,p]idium1 ! out] cov]+ ( a puffball1 simple or d\ble4 ,p]i!cia1 bottle-l receptacles conta9+ asci4 ,p]onate1 us$ :5 ! /em has a di/9ct /ock+-l coat4 ,p]si/5t1 incl9$ to adh]e firmly4 ,pileate1 hav+ a cap or pileus4 ,pileolus 7pl4 pileoli71 a second>y pileus1 aris+ f ! prim>y "o4 ,pileus 7pileus1 a hat71 ! cap-l head ( a fungus4 ,pilose1 cov]$ ) hairs1 furry4 ,pore1 ! op5+ ( ! tubes ( a polyporus4 ,pru9ose1 cov]$ ) a fro/-l bloom4 ,pubesc5t1 d[ny4 ,pulv]ul5t1 cov]$ ) du/4 ,pulv9ate1 cu%ion-%ap$4 ,putresc5t1 soon decay+4 ,punctate1 dott$ ) po9ts4 ,reflex$1 b5t backw>ds4 ,r5i=m1 kidney-%ap$4 ,rep&1 b5t or turn$ up or back4 ,resup9ate1 atta*$ to ! matrix by ! back4 ,reticulate1 m>k$ ) cross-l9es1 l ! me%es ( a net4 ,revolute1 roll$ backw>d or upw>d4 ,rimose1 crack$ or full ( clefts4 ,rimulose1 cov]$ ) small cracks4 ,r+1 a "p ( ! veil adh]+ to ! /em ( ,ag>ics4 ,rubesc5t1 t5d+ to a r$-color4 ,rubig9\s1 ru/-color4 ,rufesc5t1 r$di% 9 color4 ,rugose1 wr9kl$4 ,ruf\s1 br[ni%-r$4 ,sapid1 agreeable to ! ta/e4 ,saprophyte1 a plant t lives on decay+ animal or vegetable matt]4 ,scrobiculate1 m>k$ ) little pits or depressions4 ,s]rate1 saw-too!d4 ,s9uate1 wavy m>g9 ( gills or s9us :]e !y rea* ! /em4 ,spa?ulate1 9 ! =m ( a spa?ula4 ,spawn1 ! popul> "n = mycelium1 us$ 9 gr[+ mu%rooms4 ,spores1 ! reproductive bodies ( mu%rooms4 ,sporophore1 "n giv5 to ! basidia4 ,squamose1 hav+ scales4 ,squamulose1 cov]$ ) small scales4 ,squ>rose1 r\gh ) scales4 ,/igmata1 ! sl5d] supports ( ! spores4 ,/ipitate1 hav+ a /em4 ,/riate1 /reak$ ) l9es4 ,/rigose1 cov]$ ) l9es %>p & rigid4 ,/robili=m1 p9eapple-%ap$4 ,/uff$1 /em fill$ ) diff]5t mat]ial f ! walls4 ,sulcate1 furr[$4 ,tawny1 ne>ly ! color ( tann$ lea!r4 ,t]ete1 top-%ap$4 ,tesselat$1 arrang$ 9 small squ>es4 ,tom5tose1 d[ny1 ) %ort hairs4 ,trama1 ! sub/ance betwe5 ! plates ( gills4 ,truncate1 cut squ>ely (f4 ,tub]cle1 a small w>t-l excresc5ce4 ,turb9ate1 top-%ap$4 ,umbillicate1 hav+ a c5tral depression4 ,umbo1 ! boss ( a %ield1 appli$ to ! c5tral elevation ( cap4 ,umbonate1 hav+ a c5tral boss-l elevation4 ,unc9ate1 hook$4 ,undulate1 wavy4 ,vag9ate1 %ea!d4 ,veil1 a p>tial cov]+ ( /em or m>g9 ( pileus4 ,veli=m1 a ?9 veil-l cov]+4 ,v5ate or ve9$1 int]sect$ by swoll5 wr9kles bel[ & on ! sides4 ,v5tricose1 swoll5 9 ! middle4 ,v]nicose1 %9+ z if v>ni%$4 ,v]rucose1 cov]$ ) w>ts4 ,villose1 vill\s1 cov]$ ) long1 weak hairs4 ,viscid1 cov]$ ) a %9y liquid :i* adh]es to ! f+]s2 /icky4 ,visc\s1 gluey4 ,volute1 roll$ up 9 any direction4 ,volva1 a univ]sal veil4 ,zon$1 zonate1 m>k$ ) conc5tric b&s ( color4 ,,au?orities4 ,x is cu/om>y to write1 aft] ! "n ( ! plant1 ! "n1 or an abbreviation ( x1 ( ! p]son :o gave ! "n4 ,bel[ w be f\nd a brief hi/ory & ! "n 9 full ( ea* abbreviation4 ,atk4 ,pr(4 ,geo4 ,f4 ,atk9son1 at ! head ( ! ,botanical ,dep>tm5t ( ,cornell ,univ]sity & an au?ority on ,mycology4 ,afz4 ,adam ,afzelius1 a ,sw$i% ,botani/1 #agej-ahcf2 a pupil ( ,l9naeus4 ,ban4 ,miss ,bann+ ( ,m>yl&1 a /ud5t ( ,mycology4 ,bats* ,augu/us ,bats*1 a ,g]man ,botani/ & ,mycologi/1 #agfa-ahjb4 ,b]k4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,b]keley1 a lead+ ,mycologi/ ( ,engl&4 ,bolt4 ,james ,bolton1 a prom95t ,botani/ ( ,halifax4 ,bosc4 ,l\is ,bosc1 an e>ly ,am]ican ,botani/1 #agei-ahbh4 ,b>l4 ,j4 ,b4 ,b>la1 a ,fr5* ,mycologi/4 ,bull4 ,pi]re ,bulli>d1 "o ( ! fir/ ,fr5* ,mycologi/s1 #agdb-agij4 ,curt4 ,rev4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtise1 ,/ate ,botani/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,d4 ,c4 ,augu/9 ,p4 de ,c&olle1 a ,swiss ,botani/1 #aggh-ahda4 ,dill4 ,johann ,jakob ,dill5ius1 an em95t ,g]man ,botani/4 ,ellis ,j4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,newfield1 ,new ,j]sey1 an em95t ,mycologi/4 ,fr4 ,elias ,magnus ,fries 7pron4 ,freece71 a ,sw$i% ,botani/ & ,mycologi/1 #agid-ahgh4 ,gill4 ,c4 ,c4 ,gillet1 a ,fr5* ,botani/4 ,h]b/ ,! late ,dr4 ,william ,h]b/1 ,trexl]t[n1 ,pa41 an au?ority on ,mycology4 ,h(fn4 ,h(fman1 a ,g]man ,mycologi/4 ,holmsk4 ,!odor ,holmskiold1 a ,dani% ,mycologi/1 #agcb-agid4 ,huds4 ,william ,hudson1 an em95t ,engli% ,botani/1 #agcj-agie4 ,jung4 ,franz ,w4 ,junghuhn1 a prom95t ,g]man ,botani/1 #ahab-ahfd4 ,kauff4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,kauffman1 ,botanical ,dep>tm5t ,mi*igan ,univ]sity4 ,las* ,william ,las*1 a ,g]man ,mycologi/4 ,l5z ,h>ald ,o?m> ,l5z1 a ,g]man ,botani/4 ,lk4 ,he9ri* ,fri$ri* ,l9k1 a prom95t ,g]man ,mycologi/4 ,lloyd ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 "o ( ! f9e/ mycologi/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,lev4 ,joseph ,h5ri ,leveille1 a ,fr5* ,mycologi/4 ,let4 ,jean ,bapti/e ,l\is ,letelli]1 a ,fr5* ,mycologi/4 ,l4 or ,l9n4 ,c>l von ,l9nu1 a ,sw$i% ,botani/ :o is ! au?or ( ! ,l9nan classification & :o adopt$ ! b9omial nom5clature1 viz43 ! g5]ic "n :i* is ! sub/antive1 or a ^w us$ z su*1 & ! specific "n1 an adjective1 #agjg-aggh4 ,mass4 ,george ,massee1 an ,engli% ,botani/1 ,pr9cipal ,assi/ant1 ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew2 au?or ( sev]al works on ,mycology4 ,morg4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,pre/on1 ,ohio1 a well-kn[n ,botani/ & an au?ority on ,mycology4 ,mont4 ,montagne1 a ,fr5* ,botani/ & ,mycologi/4 ,pk4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,horton ,peck1 ! ,/ate ,botani/ ( ,new ,york2 an em95t au?ority on ,mycology & ,botany g5]ally4 ,p]s4 ,*ri/ian ,h5drik ,p]soon1 a ,g]man ,botani/1 #agee-ahcg4 ,rav4 ,w4 ,h4 ,rav5el1 lead+ ,mycologi/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,roze ,erne/ ,roze1 a ,fr5* ,mycologi/4 ,s*w4 ,rev4 ,l\is ,david de ,s*we9itz1 ,be?lehem1 ,pa41 a pione] ,am]ican ,mycologi/4 ,s*roet4 ,s*roet]1 a ,g]man ,botani/ & ,mycologi/4 ,s*aeff4 ,jacobi ,c4 ,s*aeff]1 a ,g]man ,botani/1 #agah-agij4 ,scop4 ,giovanni ,antonio ,scopoli1 an ,italian ,botani/1 #agbe-aghh4 ,s*um4 ,s*uma*]1 a ,g]man ,botani/ & ,mycologi/4 ,sacc4 ,p4 ,a4 ,sacc>do1 an ,italian ,botani/1 ! au?or ( ,sylloge ,fungorum1 a "w ( sev]al volumes writt5 9 ,lat91 describ+ ov] =ty ?\s& species4 ,s[4 ,james ,s[]by1 an ,engli% ,botani/4 ,vahl4 ,m>t9 ,vahl1 a ,norwegian ,botani/1 #agdi-ahjd4 ,vitt4 ,c>lo ,vittad9i1 an ,italian ,mycologi/4 ,wulf4 ,wulf51 a ,g]man ,botani/4 ,,ref]5ces ,,consult$4 ,atk9son's ,/udies ( ,am]ican ,fungi4 ,cooke's ,h&-book ( ,briti% ,fungi4 ,massee's ,european ,fungus ,flora4 ,mc,ilvaine's ,"o ,?\s& ,am]ican ,fungi4 ,our ,edible ,toad/ools & ,mu%rooms--,w4 ,h4 ,gibson4 ,h]b/'s ,fungal ,flora ( ! ,lehigh ,valley4 ,b]keley's ,outl9es ( ,briti% ,fungology4 ,! ,mu%room ,book--,n9a ,l4 ,m>%all4 ,morgan's ,nor? ,am]ican ,fungi4 ,lloyd's ,mycological ,notes4 ,peck's ,reports ( ,new ,york4 ,kell]man's ,mycological ,bullet9s4 ,kauffman's ,g5us ,cort9>ius4 ,longye>'s ,mi*igan ,mu%rooms4 ,cooke's ,briti% ,fungi4 ,m9nesota ,plant ,diseases--,freeman4 ,,corrections4 ,clitocybe meta*roa1 page #ie4 ,boletus p>vus1 page #cfa4 ,polyporus ,b]keleyi1 page #cib4 ,tri*oloma respl5d5s1 page #fjj4 ,?is page ( ! manuscript 0 us$ 9 mak+ ! sample pages & = "s reason 0 n replac$1 :i* w acc\nt = its com+ out ( ord]4 ,tri*oloma respl5d5s4 ,fr4 ,,! ,,%9+ ,,tri*oloma4 ,,edible4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ejd4--,tri*oloma respl5d5s4 ,entire plant :ite4 ,respl5d5s means %9+ brightly4 ,! pileus is fle%y1 convex1 !n ne>ly plane1 ev51 b>e1 viscid1 :ite1 sometimes hyal9e-spott$ or yell[i% on ! disk1 %9+ :5 dry1 m>g9 /raight4 ,fle% :ite1 ta/e mild1 odor pleasant4 ,! gills are ne>ly free :5 "y1 !n em>g9ate1 some:at cr[d$1 r ?ick1 entire1 :ite4 ,! /em is solid1 b>e1 subbulbose1 ev51 :ite1 dry4 ,! spores are #hd4 ,! caps are two to f\r in*es broad2 ! /em is two to f\r in*es long4--,peck4 ,?is is a beautiful plant1 entirely :ite1 smell & ta/e pleasant1 & f\nd 9 ,poke ,holl[ & 9 ! woods along ,ral/on's ,run1 ne> ,*illico!4 ,?is plant is f\nd v g5]ally ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,index ,,to ,,g5]a4 ,ag>icus1 #cjg ,amanita1 #bj ,amanitopsis1 #dc ,anell>ia1 #cde ,armill>ia1 #ef ,bolbitius1 #cdf ,bolet9us1 #cha ,boletus1 #cej ,bovi/a1 #eej ,bovi/ella1 #eeb ,bulg>ia1 #eaf ,calvatia1 #eca ,calo/oma1 #efb ,caloc]a1 #dgd ,cata/oma1 #eeh ,can?>ellus1 #aih ,*lorospl5ium1 #eae ,claudopus1 #bef ,clav>ia1 #dfa ,claviceps1 #egc ,clitocybe1 #hh ,clitopilus1 #bdg ,collybia1 #ajg ,copr9us1 #cca ,corticium1 #deb ,cort9>ius1 #bij ,crat]ellus1 #dej ,crepidotus1 #bgi ,crucibulum1 #ebj ,cyclomyces1 #dcj ,cya?us1 #eag ,ddalea1 #dbf ,didymius1 #egh ,disc9a1 #eaa ,dictyophora1 #ebf ,eccilia1 #beb ,entoloma1 #bdc ,epi*loe1 #egc ,exidia1 #dha ,favolus1 #dbi ,fi/ul9a1 #chd ,flammula1 #bhd ,fomes1 #dag ,gal]a1 #bge ,ganod]ma1 #djd ,gea/]1 #efc ,gloeoporus1 #dca ,gomphidius1 #cdi ,gr&9ia1 #ddi ,guep9ia1 #dhd ,gyromitra1 #did ,hebeloma1 #bgb ,heliomyces1 #aeb ,helotium1 #ead ,helvella1 #dig ,hirneola1 #dhb ,hydnum1 #dcb ,hygrophorus1 #bjd ,hym5o*te1 #deg ,hym5ula1 #dhd ,hypholoma1 #cbc ,hypoc]ea1 #egc ,hypomyces1 #dih ,inocybe1 #bfh ,irpex1 #ddg ,la*nocladium1 #dge ,lacc>ia1 #ajf ,la*nea1 #eaj ,lact>ius1 #afd ,l5t9us1 #bbf ,l5zites1 #bca ,leotia1 #eja ,lepiota1 #df ,leptoglossum1 #dii ,leptonia1 #bed ,lycogala1 #egg ,lycop]don1 #eda ,macropodia1 #ejg ,m>asmius1 #acf ,m]ulius1 #dbc ,mitremyces1 #efa ,mor*ella1 #dhe ,mucronella1 #dcb ,mut9us1 #ebf ,myc5a1 #aah ,myrio/omav1 #ega ,naucoria1 #bha ,nidul>ia1 #eba ,nolanea1 #bee ,nectrea1 #egc ,nyctalis1 #bjd ,oomyces1 #egc ,omphalia1 #acj ,otidea1 #eaa ,panolus1 #cci ,panus1 #bbb ,p>onia1 #egc ,paxillus1 #bhg ,peziza1 #ejc ,phallus1 #ebb ,phlebia1 #ddh ,pholiota1 #beg ,pilosace1 #cai ,piptoporus1 #dji ,pleurotus1 #aec ,pluteolus1 #bgd ,pluteus1 #bce ,podaxon1 #efj ,polyporus1 #chh ,polysaccum1 #efa ,poly/ictus1 #dad ,psa?yrella1 #cdf ,psilocybe1 #cbh ,radulum1 #dcb ,reticul>ia1 #egh ,russula1 #ahb ,s>coscypha1 #eab ,secotium1 #efj ,s*izophyllum1 #bcb ,scl]od]ma1 #eee ,scl]ot9a1 #eaj ,sp>assis1 #dei ,spa?ul>ia1 #ejj ,sphrobolus1 #eag ,/emonitis1 #ehj ,/]eum1 #dee ,/robilomyces1 #chj ,/roph>ia1 #cbb ,!lephora1 #dec ,torrubia1 #egf ,trametes1 #dbb ,tremella1 #dgg ,tremellodon1 #dgi ,tri*oloma1 #fj ,trogia1 #bce ,typhula1 #dgd ,urnula1 #ead ,v]pa1 #dib ,volv>ia1 #bch ,xyl>ia1 #egi ,,index ,,to ,,species4 abiet9a 7,clav>ia71 #dfe abortivus 7,clitopilus71 #bdi abruptus 7,ag>icus71 #caa abscond5s 7,pleurotus71 #afb ac]bum 7,tri*oloma71 #gj ac]vata 7,collybia71 #aag acetabulum 7,peziza71 #ejc acum9atum 7,secotium71 #efj acum9atum 7,lycop]don71 #edi acutesquamosa 7,lepiota71 #ee adiposa 7,pholiota71 #bei ,adirondack5sis 7,clitocybe71 #ie adu/a 7,russula71 #ahc adu/us 7,polyporus71 #djb adu/um 7,hydnum71 #ddd g]ita 7,pholiota71 #bff rug9osa 7,/roph>ia71 #cbb rug9osum 7,heliotium71 #eae rug9osum 7,*lorospl5ium71 #eae tites 7,myc5a71 #abe alba 7,amanitopsis71 #dd albellum 7,tri*oloma71 #hc albellus 7,polyporus71 #djg albipes 7,russula71 #ahg albida 7,tremella71 #dgh alb(lava 7,omphalia71 #ace alboat] 7,boletus71 #cgc alboviolaceus 7,cort9>ius71 #bie album 7,tri*oloma71 #gb alkal9a 7,myc5a71 #abc alutacea 7,russula71 #ahf alveolatus 7,boletus71 #cfc ambigua 7,ddalea71 #dbf ambu/a 7,collybia71 #aad ,am]icana 7,lepiota71 #ej ,am]icanus 7,boletus71 #cgc ame?y/9a 7,clitocybe71 #ajf ame?y/9a 7,clav>ia71 #dfd amian?9us 7,lepiota71 #ed ammophila 7,psilocybe71 #ccj &rosaceus 7,m>asmius71 #ach angu/iceps 7,mor*ella71 #dhi anomalus 7,m>asmius71 #ade app5diculata 7,armill>ia71 #fj app5diculatum 7,hypholoma71 #cbe applicatus 7,pleurotus71 #afa ,ar*]i 7,gea/]71 #efe argyraceum 7,tri*oloma71 #gg arcul>ius 7,polyporus71 #djf armillatus 7,cort9>ius71 #cja a/]ophora 7,nyctalis71 #bjd arv5sis 7,ag>icus71 #caj asp] 7,gea/]71 #eff asp]a 7,amanita71 #ci ,atk9sonianus 7,cort9>ius71 #cjb atram5t>ius 7,copr9us71 #ccc atrata 7,collybia71 #aac atratoides 7,collybia71 #aaf atroviridus 7,lact>ius71 #age atrotom5tosus 7,paxillus71 #bhh atrosquamosum 7,tri*oloma71 #gg aurantia 7,peziza71 #ejg aurantius 7,hypomyces71 #dii aurantium 7,scl]od]ma71 #eee aurantiacus 7,can?>ellus71 #bjj aurea 7,clav>ia71 #dfb aurevella 7,pholiota71 #bfd auricula-,jud 7,hirneola71 #dhb auripes 7,boletus71 #cgj autumnalis 7,cort9>ius71 #bid ,badhami 7,lepiota71 #ej badia 7,peziza71 #ejc ,b]keleyi 7,poylporus71 #cib betul9a 7,l5zites71 #bca betul9us 7,polyporus71 #djh bicolor 7,boletus71 #ceb bi=mis 7,poly/ictus71 #daa bispora 7,mor*ella71 #dij ,black=d 7,hydnum71 #ddc bol>is 7,cort9>ius71 #bif ,boltoni 7,bolbitius71 #cdf bombyc9a 7,volv>ia71 #bch borealis 7,lysurus71 #ebf botrytes 7,clav>ia71 #dfb bov9us 7,mut9us71 #ebh bovi/a 7,plumbea71 #eeb brevis 7,clitopilus71 #bec brevipes 7,can?>ellus71 #bjb brumalis 7,polyporus71 #dje brunnea 7,gyromitra71 #dig bulbig]a 7,armill>ia71 #ei clata 7,calvata71 #ecg crulesc5s 7,cort9>ius71 #bib ,cs>ea 7,amanita71 #dj csius 7,polvporus71 #daj cspitosa 7,omphalia71 #acb calceolum 7,tri*oloma71 #fh calopus 7,m>asmius71 #ade calo/oma 7,lycop]don71 #efc campanella 7,omphalia71 #acj campanulatus 7,panolus71 #cdb campe/ris 7,ag>icus71 #cjg ,canad5sis 7,favolus71 #dcj c&icans 7,clitocybe71 #ajj c&idus 7,m>asmius71 #adb can9us 7,mut9us71 #ebg can?>ellus 7,crat]ellus71 #dea can?>ellus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjh capitata 7,torrubia71 #egf cap]ata 7,pholiota71 #bfj capitata 7,cordyceps71 #ege capill>is 7,myc5a71 #abb capr9us 7,hygrophorus71 #bac caput-,m$us 7,hydnum71 #dcg caput-ursi 7,hydnum71 #dcg c>bon>ia 7,flammula71 #bhe c>neo-gris 7,eccilia71 #beb c>neus 7,irpex71 #ddg c>tilag9ea 7,tri*oloma71 #gh ca/aneus 7,boletus71 #cgi ca/aneus 7,cort9>ius71 #cje cavipes 7,bolet9us71 #chb ,cecilia 7,ag>icus71 #df cepa 7,scl]od]ma71 #eeh cep/ipes 7,lepiota71 #ed c]aceus 7,hygrophorus71 #bah c]v9us 7,pluteus71 #bcg *lorocephala 7,leotia71 #ejb *lorophanus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjh *rys5t]on 7,boletus71 #ced *rysites 7,tri*oloma71 #gg *rysorrheus 7,lact>ius71 #aha cib>ius 7,can?>ellus71 #aih c9]eus 7,lact>ius71 #agc c9]ea 7,clav>ia71 #dgj c9]eum 7,didymius71 #egi c9]eum 7,corticium71 #dec c9]eus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjf c9]eus 7,can?>ellus71 #deb c9]eus 7,lact>ius71 #agc c9]asc5s 7,tri*oloma71 #ga c9c9nata 7,inocybe71 #bga c9nab>9um 7,calo/oma71 #efc c9nab>9us 7,cort9>ius71 #bjc c9nab>9us 7,can?>ellus71 #bjc c9nab>9us 7,polyporus71 #dji c9nab>9us 7,metremyces71 #efb c9namoneus 7,cort9>ius71 #big c9namoneus 7,poly/ictus71 #dad circ9atus 7,polyporus71 #djb circ9atus 7,pleurotus71 #afc circumscissum 7,cata/oma71 #eei circumscissa 7,bovi/a71 #eei cirrhata 7,collybia71 #cda citr9um 7,heliotium71 #ead clavata 7,spa?ul>ia71 #ejj clavipes 7,clitocybe71 #id clypeatum 7,entoloma71 #bdg cocc9ea 7,peziza71 #ejd cocc9eus 7,hygrophorus71 #bji coha]5s 7,m>asmius71 #adj coha]5s 7,myc5a71 #ada co*leatus 7,l5t9us71 #bbi coli=mis 7,myrio/oma71 #ega coll9itus 7,cort9>ius71 #bic colorea 7,collybia71 #aae columbetta 7,tri*oloma71 #fh comatus 7,copr9us71 #ccb commune 7,s*izophyllum71 #bcc compactum 7,/]eum71 #deg comtulus 7,ag>icus71 #cac con*atus 7,panus71 #bbc con*oides 7,gloeoporus71 #dca ,condolleanum 7,hypholoma71 #cbe conflu5s 7,collybia71 #aad confragosa 7,ddalea71 #dbh conica 7,nolanea71 #bee conicus 7,hygrophorus71 #bji conica 7,mor*ella71 #dhg corraloides 7,hydnum71 #dch corium 7,m]ulius71 #dbf cornea 7,caloc]a71 #dgd coronata 7,clav>ia71 #dfi cornucopoides 7,crat]ellus71 #dea corrugata 7,hym5o*te71 #deh corrugis 7,lact>ius71 #agh corticola 7,myc5a71 #abe cossus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjg co?urnata 7,amanita71 #cg cranii=mis 7,calvatia71 #ecg crassipes 7,mor*ella71 #dia crat]ium 7,urnula71 #ead cr5ulata 7,amanita71 #cf cretaceus 7,ag>icus71 #caf crispa 7,trogia71 #bcd crispa 7,gal]a71 #bgh crispa 7,sp>assis71 #dfj crispula 7,clav>ia71 #dgj cri/atella 7,lepiota71 #eb cri/ata 7,helephora71 #ded cri/ata 7,clav>ia71 #dfh croceocolor 7,cort9>ius71 #cjd cru/ul9i=me 7,hebeloma71 #bgc cruciatum 7,lycop]don71 #ede ,curtisii 7,polyporus71 #djc ,curtisii 7,hym5o*te71 #deh ,curtisii 7,ganod]ma71 #djd curvipes 7,pholiota71 #bfd cuticul>is 7,polyporus71 #djb cyanesc5s 7,boletus71 #ceg cyanoxan?a 7,russula71 #ahh cya?i=mis 7,calvatia71 #ece cya?i=mis 7,clitocybe71 #aje cyphell=mis 7,pleurotus71 #afb dealbata 7,clitocybe71 #ajd deceptivus 7,lact>ius71 #aff delica 7,russula71 #ahb delectans 7,m>asmius71 #aea deliciosa 7,mor*ella71 #dhg deliciosus 7,lact>ius71 #agi d5sifolia 7,russula71 #aig di*r\s 7,polyporus71 #dca digitali=mis 7,v]pa71 #dib dissem9ata 7,psa?yrella71 #cdg di/ans 7,lact>ius71 #agd ditopoda 7,clitocybe71 #ii dryophila 7,collybia71 #aaj dubius 7,crat]ellus71 #deb dulcam>a 7,inocybe71 #bga duplicatus 7,phallus71 #dbd dura 7,pholiota71 #beh ebulbosus 7,copr9us71 #ccf eburneus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjf edulis 7,boletus71 #cef edulis v>4 clavipes 7,boletus71 #cei elata 7,calvatia71 #edj ela/ica 7,helvella71 #dig elegans 7,mut9us71 #ebi elegans 7,polyporus71 #djg emetica 7,russula71 #aic epi*ysia 7,omphalia71 #acj ephem]us 7,copr9us71 #cci epid5drum 7,lycogala71 #egg epileucus 7,polyporus71 #djh epiphyllus 7,m>asmius71 #aea epipt]ygia 7,myc5a71 #abi epimyces 7,panolus71 #cda eque/re 7,tri*oloma71 #fa er9aceum 7,hydnum71 #dce ery?ropus 7,typhula71 #dge ery?ropus 7,boletus71 #cgh escul5ta 7,gyromitra71 #did escul5ta 7,helvella71 #did escul5ta 7,mor*ella71 #dhf ,europeus 7,favolus71 #dcj eu!les 7,inocybe71 #bgb ev]nius 7,cort9>ius71 #cjd eximia 7,pilosace71 #cai eximius 7,pluteus71 #bch eximius 7,boletus71 #cfb fag9eus 7,m>asmius71 #adh fasciatum 7,/]eum71 #def fascicul>is 7,hypholoma71 #cbg fa/ibile 7,hebeloma71 #bgc felleus 7,boletus71 #cfd f5nicum 7,hydnum71 #ddd f]rug9eum 7,hydnum71 #dda f]rug9ea 7,/emonites71 #eha fibula 7,omphalia71 #acd fillius 7,flammula71 #bhf filopes 7,myc5a71 #abd fimbriata 7,tremella71 #dgi fimbriatus 7,gea/]71 #efi fimet>ius 7,copr9us71 #cci fimicolus 7,panolus71 #cdb fi/ul9a 7,hepatica71 #chf flaccida 7,clitocybe71 #aja flaccida 7,l5zites71 #bcb flava 7,clav>ia71 #dfa flavida 7,flammula71 #bhd flavida 7,spa?ul>ia71 #ejj flaviceps 7,hygrophorus71 #bji flavipes 7,hygrophorus71 #bji flavus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjh flavobrunneum 7,tri*oloma71 #ha flavodiscus 7,hygrophorus71 #baj flavovireus 7,polyporus71 #cii floccosus 7,can?>ellus71 #bjj floccosa 7,peziza71 #eaa floccosa 7,s>coscypha71 #eab fo5isecii 7,psilocybe71 #cbh foet5s 7,russula71 #ahf foetidus 7,m>asmius71 #aci foet5s 7,heliomyces71 #acd fom5t>ius 7,fomes71 #dag =mosa 7,clav>ia71 #dfg fragilis 7,bolbitius71 #cdf fragilis 7,russula71 #aib frax9eus 7,fomes71 #dba frondosus 7,polyporus71 #cij ,fro/iana 7,amanita71 #bg ,fro/ii 7,boletus71 #cgf fulig9eus 7,hygrophorus71 #bab fulva 7,amanitopsis71 #dd fumesc5s 7,tri*oloma71 #ge fumidellum 7,tri*oloma71 #gd furcata 7,russula71 #aid fusca 7,/emonites71 #ehj fusus 7,flammula71 #bhf fusi=mis 7,clav>ia71 #dgb gal]iculata 7,myc5a71 #abj gambosum 7,tri*oloma71 #hf gea/] 7,scl]od]ma71 #eeh gelat9osum 7,tremellodon71 #dha gemmatum 7,lycop]don71 #edc geophylla1 v>4 violacea 7,inocybe71 #bgj gigantea 7,calvatia71 #eca giganteum 7,lycop]don71 #ecc giganteus 7,polyporus71 #cie gilva 7,clitocybe71 #aja gilvus 7,polyporus71 #dad glabellum 7,lycop]don71 #edb glut9osum 7,hebeloma71 #bgc gracilis 7,boletus71 #cff gram9um 7,m>asmius71 #adf gr&e 7,tri*oloma71 #ha g>nosa 7,lepiota71 #eb granul>is 7,pluteus71 #bch granulatus 7,boletus71 #ceb granulosa 7,lepiota71 #eb granulosa 7,gr&9ia71 #ddi granulosa 7,exidia71 #dha grammopodium 7,tri*oloma71 #fc graveol5s 7,polyporus71 #dje graveol5s 7,tri*oloma71 #hj graveol5s 7,hydnum71 #ddg grayanum 7,entoloma71 #bdd ,gre5ii 7,cyclomyces71 #dcj grisea 7,entoloma71 #bde griseus 7,boletus71 #cgb griseus 7,lact>ius71 #agd griseus 7,polyporus71 #cia griseo pallida 7,cyphella71 #afb hmatosp]ma 7,lepiota71 #ej hmatopa 7,myc5a71 #abb halophilus 7,ag>icus71 #cag hamadryas 7,naucoria71 #bha ,h>dii 7,/roph>ia71 #cba h>iol>um 7,collybia71 #ajh hemisph]ica 7,peziza71 #eaj hemisph]ica 7,la*nea71 #eaj ,h]b/ii 7,sp>assis71 #dei h]peticus 7,cort9>ius71 #bib het]oclitus 7,polyporus71 #djj het]oclita 7,pholiota71 #bfc het]og5eum 7,lycop]don71 #efc hepatica 7,fi/ul9a71 #chf ,h]culea 7,cordyceps71 #egd hiemalis 7,myc5a71 #abf hirta 7,psa?yrella71 #cdh hirsutus 7,poly/ictus71 #dac hirsutum 7,/]eum71 #def hispidus 7,polyporus71 #dja hygrometricus 7,gea/]71 #efd hypnorum 7,gal]a71 #bge ian?9a 7,myc5a71 #abi ign>ius 7,fomes71 #dbj illud5s 7,clitocybe71 #ia imbricatum 7,hydnum71 #dce imbricatum 7,tri*oloma71 #gc immaculata 7,collybia71 #aac 9qualis 7,clav>ia71 #dgb incana 7,leptonia71 #bed inc>natum 7,corticium71 #dec inc>nata 7,typhula71 #dge inc]tum 7,hypholoma71 #cbc indecisus 7,boletus71 #ceh indigo 7,lact>ius71 #afg +rata 7,collybia71 #ajh infundibuli=mis 7,can?>ellus71 #bjc infundibuli=mis 7,clitocybe71 #ij inqu9ans 7,bulg>ia71 #eaf insulsus 7,lact>ius71 #aga integra 7,russula71 #aia involutus 7,paxillus71 #bhg ,iris 7,myc5a71 #abh ,kunzei 7,clav>ia71 #dgj ,kell]mani 7,gal]a71 #bgg laccata 7,clitocybe71 #aje laccata 7,lacc>ia71 #ajf lac]a 7,inocybe71 #bfi lac9iata 7,!lephora71 #ded la*nophylla 7,collybia71 #ada la*rymabundum 7,hypholoma71 #cbe lacrymans 7,m]ulius71 #dbf lacteum 7,corticium71 #deb lacteus 7,irpex71 #ddg lacteus 7,polyporus71 #daj lactifluorum 7,hypomyces71 #dii lacunosa 7,helvella71 #dih lascivum 7,tri*oloma71 #gj lvis 7,panus71 #bbf lat]>ium 7,tri*oloma71 #fg lat]itia 7,gal]a71 #bgf ,laur 7,hygrophorus71 #bac ,leaiana 7,myc5a71 #abg ,lecomtei 7,l5t9us71 #bbd lepida 7,russula71 #ahg lepideus 7,l5t9us71 #bbh lepor9a 7,peziza71 #eaa lepor9a 7,otidea71 #eaa lepor9us 7,hygrophorus71 #bjf leucophu 7,fomes71 #dag leucocephalum 7,tri*oloma71 #gd leucomelas 7,polyporus71 #cia levis 7,panus71 #bbf lilac9a 7,calvatia71 #ece lignyotus 7,lact>ius71 #agc livida 7,amanitopsis71 #dd lignatilis 7,pleurotus71 #afd lilac9us 7,cort9>ius71 #bif lixivium 7,tri*oloma71 #fe longipes 7,m>asmius71 #adf ,loveiana 7,volv>ia71 #cda lubrica 7,leotia71 #eja lucidus 7,polyporus71 #djc luridus 7,boletus71 #cgh lutesc5s 7,tremella71 #dgg lutesc5s 7,helotium71 #eae luteum 7,leptoglossum71 #dii maculata 7,collybia71 #aab maculatesc5s 7,tri*oloma71 #gi magnivel>is 7,amanita71 #bh mammosus 7,gea/]71 #efi mappa 7,amanita71 #ce m>g9atus 7,hygrophorus71 #bah m>g9ata 7,pholiota71 #bfe maxima 7,reticul>ia71 #egh m$ia 7,clitocybe71 #hh m$ulla-panis 7,polyporus71 #djg mellea 7,armill>ia71 #eg v>4 flava1 #eh v>4 obscura1 #eh v>4 exanulata1 #eh v>4 radicata1 #eh v>4 glabra1 #eh v>4 bulbosa1 #eh melaleucum 7,tri*oloma71 #fi mes5t]ica 7,tremella71 #dgg meta*roa 7,clitocybe71 #ie micaceus 7,copr9us71 #cce micropus 7,hygrophorus71 #bac ,mi*5]i 7,la*nocladium71 #dgf milit>is 7,cordyceps71 #egd milit>is 7,torrubia71 #egd m9iatus 7,hygrophorus71 #bae m9iatus sphagnophilus 7,hygrophorus71 #bag m9imus 7,gea/]71 #efe mollis 7,crepidotus71 #bhj monadelpha 7,clitocybe71 #ajb ,morgani 7,lepiota71 #ej ,morgani 7,gea/]71 #efe ,morgani 7,boletus71 #cgd ,morrisii 7,cort9>ius71 #cjj mucida 7,clav>ia71 #dgc multiceps 7,clitocybe71 #ic musc>ia 7,amanita71 #bc muscoides 7,clav>ia71 #dfc mutabilis 7,pholiota71 #bfc mycetophila 7,tremella71 #dgh myriadophylla 7,collybia71 #aae n>dosmia 7,armill>ia71 #ei nauc9a 7,lepiota71 #dh nauc9oides 7,lepiota71 #dh nebul>is 7,clitocybe71 #hh nebulosa 7,peziza71 #eab nidulans 7,claudopus71 #bef nigrellus 7,boletus71 #cgb nigripes 7,m>asmius71 #aeb nigripes 7,heliomyces71 #aeb nigricans 7,russula71 #ahd niveus 7,hygrophorus71 #bbj ,noveborac5sis 7,clitopilus71 #beb v>4 brevis 7,clitopilus71 #beb nudum 7,tri*oloma71 #hf oakesii 7,corticium71 #dec obbata 7,clitocybe71 #aja obliquus 7,polyporus71 #djd ,ohi5sis 7,trametes71 #dbc ,ohi5sis 7,bovi/ella71 #eec occid5talis 7,peziza71 #eab o*roleucus 7,cort9>ius71 #bii o*ropurpurea 7,clitocybe71 #ig o*rophylla 7,russula71 #ahg o*raceum 7,hydnum71 #dde odorata 7,peziza71 #eje odora 7,clitocybe71 #ij olivaceo-/ram9eus 7,cort9>ius71 #bia oniscus 7,omphalia71 #acb orcellus 7,clitopilus71 #bdi oreades 7,m>asmius71 #acf orirub5s 7,tri*oloma71 #gg ornatipes 7,boletus71 #cga o/reatus 7,pleurotus71 #aec ovalis 7,gal]a71 #bgi ovatus 7,copr9us71 #ccg pdidum 7,tri*oloma71 #fd pallida 7,fi/ul9a71 #chg pallida 7,!lephora71 #ded pallidus 7,boletus71 #cfb pallidus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjf pallidifolia 7,clitocybe71 #ajf palmata 7,!lephora71 #ded paludosella 7,naucoria71 #bhb papilionaceus 7,panolus71 #cde panolum 7,tri*oloma71 #fg p>asiticus 7,boletus71 #cfh p>vus 7,boletus71 #cfa p>vula 7,volv>ia71 #bdb pascua 7,nolanea71 #bee pascu5se 7,hebeloma71 #bgd p$iades 7,naucoria71 #bha pelian?9a 7,myc5a71 #abh p$icellatum 7,cata/oma71 #eei pellucidula 7,amanita71 #bh pelliculosa 7,myc5a71 #abi p5>ius 7,hygrophorus71 #bba p]5nius 7,poly/ictus71 #dae p]gam5us 7,poly/ictus71 #dag p]gam5us 7,lact>ius71 #aff p]onatus 7,m>asmius71 #adh p]plexum 7,hypholoma71 #cbg p]plexus 7,polyporus71 #djj p]sonatum 7,tri*oloma71 #hd petaloides 7,pleurotus71 #aeg ,pet]sii 7,peziza71 #eje phalloides 7,amanita71 #bj phyllophila 7,clitocybe71 #ajd picipes 7,polyporus71 #chh pictus 7,bolet9us71 #cha pila 7,bovi/a71 #eej p9icola 7,fomes71 #dai pip]atus 7,lact>ius71 #afe pisi=mis 7,nidul>ia71 #dba pisoc>pium 7,polysaccum71 #efa pi/ill>is 7,clav>ia71 #dga pi?yophila 7,clitocybe71 #ii placomyces 7,ag>icus71 #cae placorrhiza 7,typhula71 #dge platyphylla 7,collybia71 #aji plumbea 7,bovi/a71 #eeb polita 7,eccelia71 #bec polymorpha 7,xil>ia71 #egi pop9alis 7,clitopilus71 #beb porosus 7,bolet9us71 #chc porphria 7,amanita71 #bc porreus 7,m>asmius71 #ade port5tosum 7,tri*oloma71 #hf prcox 7,pholiota71 #beg prat5sis 7,hygrophorus71 #bjf prasiosmus 7,m>asmius71 #ade proc]a 7,lepiota71 #df prolif]a 7,myc5a71 #abj prunulus 7,clitopilus71 #bdh prunuloides 7,entoloma71 #bde pseudo-pura 7,myc5a71 #abi pseudo-boletus 7,ganod]ma71 #djd pubesc5s 7,polyporus71 #daj pul*]rimum 7,lycop]don71 #eda pul*]rimum 7,hydnum71 #ddf puncti=mis 7,hym5ula71 #dhd puniceus 7,hygrophorus71 #bae pura 7,myc5a71 #abh purpurasc5s 7,cort9>ius71 #bia purpurium 7,/]eum71 #deg purpur9a 7,russula71 #aif pusilla 7,volv>ia71 #bdb pusillum 7,lycop]don71 #edi pyri=me 7,lycop]don71 #edg pyriodora 7,inocybe71 #bgb pyxidata 7,omphalia71 #acc pyxidata 7,clav>ia71 #dfd quletii 7,hygrophorus71 #bbb qu9quep>titum 7,tri*oloma71 #fg qu]c9a 7,ddalea71 #dbg racemosa 7,collybia71 #cda radiata 7,phlebia71 #ddh radicans 7,boletus71 #cfg radicata 7,amanita71 #cc radicata 7,collybia71 #ajh radicatus 7,polyporus71 #djj ramealis 7,m>asmius71 #adi ,rav5elii 7,dictyophora71 #ebf ,rav5elii 7,phallus71 #ebd regalis 7,lact>ius71 #afi res9osus 7,polyporus71 #djc recutita 7,amanita71 #bc rep&a 7,peziza71 #ejh rep&um 7,hydnum71 #dcc respl5d5s 7,tri*oloma71 #fjj reticulatus 7,pluteolus71 #bge retipes 7,boletus71 #cga retirugis 7,panolus71 #cci rhodopolium 7,entoloma71 #bdd rhodoxan?us 7,paxillus71 #bhi rimosa 7,inocybe71 #bgb rimosus 7,fomes71 #dah ,rodmani 7,ag>icus71 #cjh rosea 7,hygrophorus71 #bji roseipes 7,russula71 #aia rotula 7,m>asmius71 #adc rubeol>ius 7,boletus71 #cgh rubellus 7,m]ulius71 #dbd rubesc5s 7,amanita71 #ch rubesc5s 7,trametes71 #dbb rubig9osa 7,hym5o*te71 #deh rubra 7,russula71 #aie rudis 7,panus71 #bbd rufesc5s 7,polyporus71 #djf rugosa 7,myc5a71 #abj rugosum 7,/]eum71 #deg ,russelli 7,boletus71 #cge ,russula 7,tri*oloma71 #gj saccata 7,calvatia71 #eda saccatus 7,gea/]71 #efi sac*>9us 7,m>asmius71 #aej spi>ia 7,l5zites71 #bcb salignus 7,pleurotus71 #aef salmonea 7,entoloma71 #bde sambucum 7,corticium71 #dec sangu9ol5tum 7,/]eum71 #deg sapidus 7,pleurotus71 #aei saponaceum 7,tri*oloma71 #gg ,satanus1 7,boletus71 #chj scab] 7,boletus71 #cea scab] 7,inocybe71 #bfi ,s*uma*]i 7,tri*oloma71 #ha ,s*we9tzii 7,!lephora71 #ded scorodonius 7,m>asmius71 #add scrobiculatus 7,lact>ius71 #agj scrobiculatum 7,hydnum71 #ddc scutellata 7,peziza71 #eji scutellata 7,trametes71 #dbc sebacea 7,!lephora71 #dee sejunctum 7,tri*oloma71 #hb semilib]a 7,mor*ella71 #dij semiglobata 7,/roph>ia71 #cbj semihirtipes 7,m>asmius71 #ade semi-sangu9eus 7,cort9>ius71 #bih semive/itum 7,la*nocladium71 #dgf semiorbicul>is 7,naucoria71 #bha semito/a 7,peziza71 #ejg semito/a 7,macropodia71 #ejg sep>ans 7,boletus71 #cfi sep>ans 7,lycop]don71 #edf sep>ata 7,anell>ia71 #cde sept5trionale 7,hydnum71 #ddj s]ot9oides 7,pleurotus71 #afa s]ot9us 7,pleurotus71 #afa s]ot9us 7,hygrophorus71 #bba s]ifluus 7,lact>ius71 #agh s]rulata 7,leptonia71 #bee s]iceum 7,/]eum71 #def setosa 7,myc5a71 #abb siccus 7,m>asmius71 #adf silvaticus 7,ag>icus71 #cac silvicola 7,ag>icus71 #cji s9uosus 7,crat]ellus71 #deb solidipes 7,panolus71 #cdd solit>ia 7,amanita71 #bi sordidum 7,tri*oloma71 #fb sordidus 7,hygrophorus71 #bbj spadicea 7,psilocybe71 #cbi spadiceum 7,/]eum71 #dee spa?ul>ia 7,guep9ia71 #dhd spa?ul>ia 7,xyl>ia71 #egi speciosus 7,boletus71 #cef speciosus 7,hygrophorus71 #baa spectabilis 7,pholiota71 #bfe sphagnophilus 7,hygrophorus71 #bag sp9ulosa 7,clav>ia71 #dff sp9ulif]a 7,collybia71 #ada spongiosipes 7,hydnum71 #ddj spreta 7,amanita71 #dc spumosa 7,flammula71 #bhf squalida 7,flammula71 #bhf squamosus 7,polyporus71 #cie squ>rosa 7,pholiota71 #bfh squ>rosoides 7,pholiota71 #bff squ>rulosum 7,tri*oloma71 #gh /annea 7,myc5a71 #abd /]cor>ia 7,/roph>ia71 #cbb /]coreus 7,cya?us71 #eai ,/ev5soni 7,peziza71 #eje /ipit>ia 7,collybia71 #aab /riata 7,caloc]a71 #dgd /riatus 7,cya?us71 #eag /riatula 7,clitocybe71 #ajf /rangulata 7,amanitopsis71 #df /ripes 7,boletus71 #cff /ricta 7,clav>ia71 #dfd /ricta 7,caloc]a71 #dgd /rigosus 7,panus71 #bbc /robillaceus 7,/robilomyces71 #chj /yptus 7,panus71 #bbc /ypticus 7,panus71 #bbc /robili=mis 7,amanita71 #cc suaveol5s 7,trametes71 #dbc subdulcis 7,lact>ius71 #agf subco/atum 7,entoloma71 #bde subditopoda 7,clitocybe71 #ii sub]osus 7,piptoporus71 #dji subo*racea-,burtii 7,inocybe71 #bgj subo*racea 7,inocybe71 #bgj subs]iceus 7,poly/ictus71 #dae sub9c>natum 7,lycop]don71 #ede sublat]itium 7,hypholoma71 #cbf subluteus 7,boletus71 #cfh subt]raneum 7,cata/oma71 #eei subrufesc5s 7,ag>icus71 #caf subrufesc5s 7,hygrophorus71 #bbb subtom5tosus 7,boletus71 #cec subvilis 7,clitopilus71 #bea ,sullivantii 7,boletus71 #cfj sulphurus 7,polyporus71 #cih sulphureum 7,tri*oloma71 #fe tabesc5s 7,clitocybe71 #ajd t]g9us 7,m>asmius71 #ade temp]ata 7,volv>ia71 #bdb t5]a 7,gal]a71 #bgf v>4 pilosella 7,gal]a71 #bgf t5]um 7,scl]od]ma71 #eef t]reum 7,tri*oloma71 #gf t]rif]um 7,tri*oloma71 #gd torm9osus 7,lact>ius71 #afd torulosus 7,panus71 #bbe tornata 7,clitocybe71 #ie transmutans 7,tri*oloma71 #fa tremellosus 7,m]ulius71 #dbe trivialis 7,lact>ius71 #agj turmalis 7,cort9>ius71 #bia triplex 7,gea/]71 #efg tub]osa 7,collybia71 #cda tub]osa 7,peziza71 #eaj tub]osa 7,scl]ot9ia71 #eaj tulipif]a 7,irpex71 #ddh ulm>ius 7,pleurotus71 #aeg umbellatus 7,polyporus71 #cij umbellif]a 7,omphalia71 #acb umbonata 7,volv>ia71 #bda umbr9um 7,lycop]don71 #edb umidicola 7,cort9>ius71 #cjc unicolor 7,pholiota71 #bfb unicolor 7,ddalea71 #dbh unifactum 7,tri*oloma71 #hc ur5s 7,m>asmius71 #ach uvidus 7,lact>ius71 #ahj vag9ata 7,amanitopsis71 #dc v>iabilis 7,claudopus71 #bef v>iata 7,russula71 #aij v>ius 7,cort9>ius71 #bib vell]eus 7,lact>ius71 #aha velutipes 7,collybia71 #aah velutipes 7,spa?ul>ia71 #eja velutipes 7,m>asmius71 #adj velut9us 7,gea/]71 #egj v5osa 7,peziza71 #eaa v5osa 7,disc9a71 #eaa v]sutus 7,crepidotus71 #bgi v]sicolor 7,poly/ictus71 #dac v]sicolor 7,/]eum71 #dee v]rucosus 7,cya?us71 #eah v]micul>is 7,clav>ia71 #dfi v]miculosus 7,boletus71 #cgf v]na 7,amanita71 #bg v]rucosum 7,scl]od]ma71 #eef v]sipeles 7,boletus71 #cfe vesca 7,russula71 #ahi vesiculosa 7,peziza71 #ejh vialis 7,l5zites71 #bcb villaticus 7,ag>icus71 #eib violaceus 7,cort9>ius71 #bif viresc5s 7,russula71 #aij virg9eus 7,hygrophorus71 #bai virosa 7,amanita71 #bc viscidus 7,gomphidius71 #cdi vitrea 7,myc5a71 #abe volemus 7,lact>ius71 #agh volvacea 7,volv>ia71 #bdb volvatus 7,polyporus71 #daa vulg>is 7,myc5a71 #abi vulg>is 7,polyporus71 #dji vulg>e 7,crucibulum71 #ebj vulg>e 7,scl]od]ma71 #eee vulp9us 7,l5t9us71 #bbf ,wrightii 7,lycop]don71 #edf zan?opus 7,didymius71 #egh zephira 7,myc5a71 #abi zonata 7,collybia71 #aab zonatum 7,hydnum71 #dda ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,images h be5 mov$ f orig9al locations to correspond ) _! respective descriptions4 ,acc5ts are n always consi/5tly us$1 especially 9 head+s1 illu/rations & indexes4 ,^! 7 left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,page #c myselium ,*ang$ to3 mycelium ,page #ah ,v]il ara*noid ,*ang$ to3 ,veil ara*noid ,page #bc ,lotos-eat]s ,un*ang$3 ,acceptable old spell+4 ,page #ej ,l4 hoematosp]ma ,*ang$ to3 ,l4 hmatosp]ma ,page #gh ,tri*oloma c>tilag9ea ,*ang$ to3 ,tri*oloma c>tilag9eum ,page #ie ,clitocybe meta*ora4 ,fr4 ,*ang$ to ,clitocybe meta*roa4 ,fr4 ,pages #ii1 #adj1 #aec1 #afa1 #cci1 #cde1 #dec & #eaa4 c9]\s ,*ang$ to3 c9]e\s ,pages #abj1 #bde1 #bfb1 #bgh & #cbe4 companulate ,*ang$ to3 campanulate ,pages #abd & #daj4 t5ace\s ,*ang$ to3 t5aci\s ,page #abh ,pileus is small1 convex1 exp&$1 obtuse1 slightly viscid1 /riate1 q blue8 :5 "y1 gr[+ br[ni% ) blue fibrils4 ,miss+ ^w aft] q may be 'blue'4 ,add$4 ,page #acj ,^! plants h a wide di/ribution & are8 f\nd on bran*es1 among moss & dead leaves4 ,miss+ ^w 'are' add$4 ,page #adh ,fag9eus means belong+ to bea*4 ,*ang$ to3 ,fag9eus means belong+ to bee*4 ,page #adh ,! /em is %ort1 holl[1 pub sc5t1 ,*ang$ to3 ,! /em is %ort1 holl[1 pubesc5t1 ,page #ahb ,! /em is solid1 blunt1 pub sc5t1 ,*ang$ to3 ,! /em is solid1 blunt1 pubesc5t1 ,page #aib m9utely e*mulate1 ,*ang$ to3 m9utely e*9ulate1 ,page #bha myselium ,*ang$ to3 mycelium ,page #bhf ,its d+y appe>ance1 sl5d] habit1 m uni=m & d>k] color ( ! pileus1 & d>k] color ( ! lamell4 ,s5t5ce has no v]b4 ,x appe>s to be a comp>ison to ! be=e m5tion$ ,f4 spumosa4 ,no *ange4 ,page #bif :iti%1 t+$ ) lilacs4 ,*ang$ to3 :iti%1 t+$ ) lilac4 ,page #cai ,! plants 9 figure #bei8 7 f\nd 9 ,haynes' ,holl[ & photograph$ by ,dr4 ,kell]man4 ,add$ figure numb]1 assum+ x to be ! figure p]ta9+ to ?is article4 ,page #cdi long to #a #a-e l9es ,mean+ unkn[n3 ,may be #a #a_/e or #a #a_/b l9es8 ,un*ang$4 ,page #cib ,polyporus ,b]kelyi ,*ang$ to ,polyporus ,b]keleyi ,page #dag obsoletely zon$1 purv]ul5t ,*ang$ to3 obsoletely zon$1 pulv]ul5t ,page #dge ,x is a small plant resembl+1 9 m9ature1 ,*ang$ to3 ,x is a small plant resembl+1 9 m9iature1 ,page #ejh sessible1 at fir/ ,*ang$ to3 sessile1 at fir/ ,page #eac ,asci are cyl9drical2 spores sp9dle-%ap$1 /raight or b[-%ap$1 r\gh1 #ce-h2 ,dim5sions don't make s5se4 ,x may be #cex#h1 z ?is is sp9dle-%ap$4 ,un*ang$4 ,page #eei ,caulogossum_/,cauloglossum ,bo? spell+s us$2 un*ang$4 ,page #fjd clavata 7,spa?ul>ia71 ,*ang$ to3 clavata 7,spa?ul>ia71 #ejj ,page ref]r+ to ,spa?ul>ia4 ,sev]al in/ances ( porus1 :i* ,i ?9k mean por\s1 are un*ang$ z ! use is consi/5t ?r\gh\t4 ,! suffixes 'ceus' & 'ce\s' are us$ int]*angably1 sometimes )9 ! same p>agraph4 ,sometimes numb]s l #a-ajjj & #a-hjj may mean #aajjj & #ahjj respectively4 ,measurem5ts are app>5tly tak5 f v>i\s s\rces & use sev]al /&>ds1 l mm41 mc41 ,,mm41 cm41 l9es1 in*es & 4 ,sometimes ! units ( measurem5t are lack+ & ,i assume !y are = spore sizes4 ,none are *ang$4