,illustration3 ,plate ,i4 ,figure #a4--;,hydnum ,erinaceum4 ,original ,specimen #bj #af4 ,found on ,mt4 ,logan near ,chillicothe1 ,ohio4 ,,the ,,mushroom ,,edible ,,and ,,otherwise ,,its ,,habitat ,,and ,,its ,,time ,,of ,,growth ,,with ,,photographic ,,illustrations ,,of ,,nearly ,,all ,,the ,,common ,,species ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,mushrooms1 ,,with ,,special ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,edible ,,and ,,poisonous ,,varieties1 ,,with ,a ,,view ,,of ,,opening ,,up ,,to ,,the ,,student ,,of ,,nature ,a ,,wide ,,field ,,of ,,useful ,,and ,,interesting ,,knowledge ,,by ,m4 ,e4 ,,hard1 ,m4 ,a4 ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction ,kirkwood1 ,mo4 ,,the ,,ohio ,,library ,,co4 ,,distributors ,,columbus1 ,,ohio ,press of ,,the ,,new ,,franklin ,,printing ,,co4 ,,columbus1 ,,ohio4 ,halftones by ,,bucher ,,engraving ,,co4 ,copyright #aijh by the ,,mushroom ,,publishing ,,company ,columbus1 ,ohio 7,all rights reserved7 ,,author',s ,,edition ,no4 ,illustration3 ,author4 ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,whose thorough knowledge of plant life1 and whose patience in preserving fungal specimens--sometimes beautiful but often odorous--scattered from the back porch to the author's library1 whose eyes1 quick to detect structural differences1 and whose kindly and patient help have been a constant benediction1 this work's inscribed4 ,,introduction ,i would agree with those who might maintain that no ,introduction is needed for this book on mushrooms4 ,nevertheless a word may not be out of place for the inception of the work is out of the ordinary4 ,mr4 ,hard did not decide that a book on this subject was needed and then set about studying these interesting plants4 ,he has observed them1 collected them1 induced many friends to join in eating those which proved to be palatable and delicious--really meddled for years with the various kinds which are edible and otherwise1 and then recently he has decided to publish a book on his favorite subject4 ,the interesting occupation of photographing the mushrooms and the toadstools doubtless has contributed largely to the determination culminating in the materialization of the treatise4 ,if ,i have correctly apprehended the origin and the contributing causes1 we would expect this book to be different from the other books on mushrooms--not of course in scope and purpose2 but the instruction and suggestions given1 the descriptions and general remarks offered1 the wide range of forms depicted in word and picture1 the whole make up of the book in fact1 will appeal to the people at large rather than the college student in particular4 ,the author does not write for the specially educated few1 but for the mass of intelligent people--those who read and study1 but who observe more2 those who are inclined to commune with nature as she displays herself in the glens and glades1 in the fields and forests1 and who spend little1 if any1 time chasing the forms or sketching the tissues that may be seen on the narrow stage of a compound microscope4 ,the book then is for the beginner1 and for all beginners2 the college student will find that this is the guide to use when he is ready to begin studying the mushrooms2 the teachers in the schools should all begin to study mushrooms now1 and for the purpose they will find this book advantageous2 the people who see mushrooms often but do not know them may find here a book that really is a help4 ,we might wish for color photography when the subject is a delicately tinted mushroom2 but if with it we should lose detail in structure then the wish would be renounced4 ,the colors can be1 approximately1 described1 often not so the characteristic markings1 shapes and forms4 ,the halftones from the photographs will1 we anticipate1 prove a valuable feature of the book1 especially if the plants be most carefully examined before turning to the pictures4 ,for half an hour the pages may be turned and the illustrations enjoyed4 ,that1 however1 would give one no real knowledge of mushrooms4 ,if such use only is made of the pictures1 better had they never been prepared by ,mr4 ,hard and his friends4 ,but if a charming little toadstool1 a delicately colored mushroom1 a stately agaric1 be carefully removed from the bed of loam1 the decaying stump1 or the old tree-trunk1 then turned over and over again1 and upside down1 every part scrutinized1 the structure in every detail attentively regarded--not with repugnant feeling1 rather with a sympathetic interest that should naturally find all organisms inhabiting our globe--then in due time coming to the picture1 a real picture1 in the book1 it must surely bring both pleasure and profit4 ,ponder the suggestion4 ,then1 to conclude in a word1 if ,mr4 ,hard's book will induce people to learn and enjoy the mushrooms that we have1 it will be a success1 and great will be his reward4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kellerman1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,botanical ,department1 ,ohio ,state ,university1 ,columbus1 ,o4 ,,author',s ,,note ,,in ,,memoriam ,it is with feelings of profound sadness that ,i am impelled to supplement the above ,introduction by a brief tribute to the memory of that genial gentleman and lovable companion1 as well as enthusiastic scientist1 the late ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kellerman4 ,spending his life in the pursuit of science1 the ,angel of ,death overtook him while still in search for wider knowledge of ,nature and her works1 and with icy fingers sealed the lids over eyes ever on the alert for the discovery of hidden truths4 ,quiet1 reticent1 and unassuming1 it was given to but few to know the great-hearted1 unselfish sweetness of nature underlying his whole life4 ,yet the scientific world in general and ,nature students especially1 recognize in ,dr4 ,kellerman's death a loss long to be regretted and not soon to be repaired4 ,the foregoing ,introduction from his pen was one of the latest1 if not the last of his public writings1 done but a few weeks before being stricken with the fatal fever which fell upon him in the forests of ,guatemala1 and so quickly ended his earthly hopes and aspirations4 ,it seems doubly sad that one so well and widely known in his life should be called upon to lay its burdens and its pleasures down while so far away from all who knew and loved him well2 and to rest at last among strangers in a strange land4 ,to this beloved friend and companion of so many pleasant days in woods and fields the author of this book desires to pay the tribute of a loving remembrance and heartfelt appreciation4 ,the ,author4 ,,preface ,various as beauteous1 ,nature1 is thy face2 99 99 99 all that grows1 has grace4 ,all are appropriate4 ,bog and moss and fen ,are only poor to undiscerning men4 ,here may the nice and curious eye explore ,how ,nature's hand adorns the ruby moor2 ,beauties are these that from the view retire1 ,but will repay th' attention they require4 ,botany and geology have been favorite studies of the author since leaving college1 thanks to ,dr4 ,nelson1 who lives in the hearts of all his students4 ,he1 by his teachings1 made these subjects so attractive and interesting that by one1 at least1 every spare moment has been given to following up the studies of botany and paleontology4 ,but the mycological part of botany was brought practically to the author's attention by the ,bohemian children at ,salem1 ,ohio1 at the same time arousing a desire to know the scientific side of the subject and thus to be able to help the many who were seeking a personal knowledge of these interesting plants4 ,every teacher should be able to open the doors of ,nature to his pupils that they may see her varied handiwork1 and1 as far as possible1 assist in removing the mist from their eyes that they may see clearly the beauties of meadow1 wood or hillside4 ,in beginning the fuller study of the subject the writer labored at great disadvantage because1 for a number of years1 there was but little available literature4 ,every book written upon this subject1 in this country1 was purchased as soon as it came out and all have been very helpful4 ,the study has been a very great pleasure1 and some very delightful friendships have been made while in search for as great a variety of species as possible4 ,for a number of years the object was simply to become familiar with the different genera and species1 and no photographs of specimens were made4 ,this was a great mistake2 for1 after it was determined to bring out this work1 it seemed impossible to find many of the plants which the author had previously found in other parts of the state4 ,however1 this failure has been very largely overcome through the generous courtesy of his esteemed friends1--,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd1 of ,cincinnati2 ,dr4 ,fisher1 of ,detroit2 ,prof4 ,beardslee1 of ,ashville1 ,n4 ,c42 ,prof4 ,b4 ,o4 ,longyear1 of ,ft4 ,collins1 ,col41 and ,dr4 ,kellerman1 of ,ohio ,state ,university1--who have most kindly furnished photographs representing those species found earlier in other parts of the state4 ,the species represented here have all been found in this state within the past few years4 ,the writer is under great obligation to ,prof4 ,atkinson1 of ,cornell ,university1 for his very great assistance and encouragement in the study of mycology4 ,his patience in examining and determining plants sent him is more fully appreciated than can be expressed here4 ,dr4 ,william ,herbst1 ,trexlertown1 ,pa41 has helped to solve many difficult problems2 so also have ,mr4 ,lloyd1 ,prof4 ,morgan1 ,capt4 ,mc,ilvaine and ,dr4 ,charles ,h4 ,peck1 ,state ,botanist of ,new ,york4 ,the aim of the book has been to describe the species1 as far as possible1 in terms that will be readily understood by the general reader2 and it is hoped that the larger number of illustrations will make the book helpful to those who are anxious to become acquainted with a part of botany so little studied in our schools and colleges4 ,no pains have been spared to get as representative specimens as it was possible to find4 ,a careful study of the illustrations of the plants will1 in most cases1 very greatly assist the student in determining the classification of the plant when found2 but the illustration should not be wholly relied upon1 especially in the study of ,boleti4 ,the description should be carefully studied to see if it tallies with the characteristics of the plant in hand4 ,in many plants where notes had not been taken or had been lost1 the descriptions given by the parties naming the plants were used4 ,this is notably so of many of the ,boleti4 ,the author felt that ,dr4 ,peck's descriptions would be more accurate and complete1 hence they were used1 giving him credit4 ,care has been taken to give the translation of names and to show why the plant was so called4 ,it is always a wonder to the uninitiated how the ,latin name is remembered1 but when students see that the name includes some prominent characteristic of the plant and thus discover its applicability1 its recollection becomes comparatively easy4 ,the habitat and time of growth of each plant is given1 also its edibility4 ,the author was urged by his many friends throughout the state1 while in institute work and frequently talking upon this subject1 to give them a book that would assist them in becoming familiar with the common mushrooms of their vicinity4 ,the request has been complied with4 ,it is hoped that the work will be as helpful as it has been pleasant to perform4 ,m4 ,e4 ,h4 ,chillicothe1 ,ohio1 ,january #aa1 #aijh4 ,,contents ,introduction by ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kellerman vii ,preface ix ,chapter ,i4 ,why ,study ,mushrooms8 #a ,mushrooms and ,toadstools #c ,what ,any ,one ,may ,eat #d ,how to ,preserve ,mushrooms #e ,terms ,used #e ,what ,is a ,fungus or a ,mushroom8 #aj ,six ,groups of ,mushrooms #ab ,group ,i--,hymenomycetes #ac ,family ,i--,agaricace #ac ,spore ,prints #ad ,analytical ,key #af ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,white-,spored ,agarics #bj ,chapter ,,iii4 ,the ,rosy-,spored ,agarics #bcf ,chapter ,,iv4 ,the ,rusty-,spored ,agarics #beg ,chapter ,v4 ,the ,purple-,brown-,spored ,agarics #cjg ,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,black-,spored ,agarics #cca ,chapter ,,vii4 ,polyporace4 ,tube-,bearing ,fungi #cej ,chapter ,,viii4 ,fungi ,with ,teeth #dcb ,chapter ,,ix4 ,thelephorace #dej ,chapter ,x4 ,clavariace--,coral ,fungi #dei ,chapter ,,xi4 ,tremellini #dgg ,chapter ,,xii4 ,ascomycetes--,spore-,sac ,fungi #dhe ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,nidulariace--,bird's ,nest ,fungi #eag ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,group ,gastromycetes #ebb ,chapter ,,xv4 ,lycoperdace--,puff-,balls #eca ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,sphriace #egc ,chapter ,,xvii4 ,myxomycetes #egg ,chapter ,,xviii4 ,recipes for ,cooking ,mushrooms #ehb ,chapter ,,xix4 ,how to ,grow ,mushrooms #ehf ,glossary #eie ,a ,brief ,history of ,mycologists #eih ,,chapter ,i4 ,,why ,,study ,,mushrooms4 ,some years ago1 while in charge of the schools of ,salem1 ,ohio1 we had worked up quite a general interest in the study of botany4 ,it was my practice to go out every day after flowers1 especially the rarer ones1 of which there were many in this county1 and bring in specimens for the classes4 ,there was in the city a wire nail mill1 running day and night1 whose proprietors brought over1 from time to time1 large numbers of ,bohemians as workers in the mill4 ,very frequently1 when driving to the country early in the morning1 ,i found the boys and girls of these ,bohemian families searching the woods1 fields and pastures at some distance from town1 although they had not been in this country more than a week or two and could not speak a word of ,english4 ,i soon found that they were gathering mushrooms of various kinds and taking them home for food material4 ,they could not tell me how they knew them1 but ,i quickly learned that they knew them from their general characteristics1--in fact1 they knew them as we know people and flowers4 ,i resolved to know something of the subject myself4 ,i had no literature on mycology1 and1 at that time1 there seemed to be little obtainable4 ,about that time there appeared in ,harper's ,monthly an article by ,w4 ,hamilton ,gibson upon ,edible ,toadstools and ,mushrooms--an article which ,i thoroughly devoured1 soon after purchasing his book upon the subject4 ,salem1 ,ohio1 was a very fertile locality for mushrooms and it was not long till ,i was surprised at the number that ,i really knew4 ,i remembered that where there is a will there is a way4 ,in #ahig ,i moved to ,bowling ,green1 ,ohio2 there ,i found many species which ,i had found about ,salem1 ,ohio1 but the extremely rich soil1 heavy timber and numerous old lake beaches seemed to furnish a larger variety1 so that ,i added many more to my list4 ,after remaining three years in ,bowling ,green1 making delightful acquaintance with the good people of that city as well as with the flowers and mushrooms of ,wood county1 ,providence placed me in ,sidney1 ,ohio1 where ,i found many new species of fungi and renewed my acquaintance with many of those formerly met4 ,since coming to ,chillicothe ,i have tried to have the plants photographed as ,i have found them1 but having to depend upon a photographer ,i could not always do this4 ,i have not found in this vicinity many that ,i have found elsewhere in the state1 although ,i have found many new things here1 a fact which ,i attribute to the hilly nature of the county4 ,for prints of many varieties of fungi obtained before coming here1 ,i am indebted to my friends4 ,i should advise any one intending to make a study of this subject to have all specimens photographed as soon as they are identified1 thus fixing the species for future reference4 ,it seems to me that every school teacher should know something of mycology4 ,some of my teachers have during the past year made quite a study of this interesting subject1 and ,i have found that their pupils kept them busy in identifying their finds4 ,their lists of genera and species1 as exhibited on the blackboards at the close of the season were quite long4 ,i found from my ,bohemian boys and girls that their teachers in their native country had opened for them the door to this very useful knowledge4 ,observation has proven to me conclusively that there is a large and increasing interest in this subject throughout the greater part of ,ohio4 ,every professional man needs a hobby which he may mount in his hours of relaxation1 and ,i am quite sure there is no field that offers better inducement for a canter than the subject of botany1 and especially this particular department of botanical work4 ,i have a friend1 a professional man who has an eye and a heart for all the beauties of nature4 ,after hours of confinement in his office at close and critical work he is always anxious for a ramble over the hillsides and through the woods1 and when we find anything new he seems to enjoy it beyond measure4 ,many ministers of the gospel have become famous in the mycological world4 ,the names of ,rev4 ,lewis ,schweiwitz1 of ,bethlehem1 ,pa42 ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,berkeley and ,rev4 ,john ,stevenson1 of ,england1 will live as long as botany is known to mankind4 ,their influence for good and helpfulness to their fellowmen will be everlasting4 ,with such an inspiration1 how quickly one is lost to all business cares1 and how free and life-giving are the fields1 the meadows and the woods1 so that one must exclaim with ,prof4 ,henry ,willey in his ,introduction to the ,study of the ,lichen3 ,if ,i could put my woods in song1 ,and tell what's there enjoyed1 ,all men would to my garden throng1 ,and leave the cities void4 ,in my lot no tulips blow2 ,snow-loving pines and oaks instead2 ,and rank the savage maples grow1 ,from ,spring's first flush to ,autumn red2 ,my garden is a forest ledge1 ,which older forests bound4 ,,mushrooms ,,and ,,toadstools ,,how ,,to ,,tell ,,mushrooms ,,from ,,toadstools4 ,in all probability no student of mycology has any one query more frequently or persistently pressed upon his attention than the question1 ,how do you tell a toadstool from a mushroom8--or if in the woods or fields1 in search for new species1 with an uninitiated comrade1 he has frequently to decide whether a certain specimen is a mushroom or a toadstool1 so firmly fixed is the idea that one class of fungi--the toadstools--are poisonous1 and the other--the mushrooms--are edible and altogether desirable2 and these inquiring minds frequently seem really disappointed at being told that they are one and the same thing2 that there are edible toadstools and mushrooms1 and poisonous mushrooms and toadstools2 that in short a toadstool is really a mushroom and a mushroom is only a toadstool after all4 ,hence the questions with the beginner is1 how he may tell a poisonous fungus from an edible one4 ,there is but one answer to this question1 and that is that he must thoroughly learn both genera and species1 studying each till he knows its special features as he does those of his most familiar friends4 ,certain species have been tested by a number of people and found to be perfectly safe and savory2 on the other hand1 there are species under various genera which1 if not actually poisonous1 are at least deleterious4 ,it is the province of all books on fungi to assist the student in separating the plants into genera and species2 in this work special attention has been given to distinguishing between the edible and the poisonous species4 ,there are a few species such as ,gyromitra esculenta1 ,lepiota ,morgani1 ,clitocybe illudens1 etc41 which when eaten by certain persons will cause sickness soon after eating1 while others will escape any disagreeable effects4 ,chemically speaking1 they are not poisonous1 but simply refuse to be assimilated in some stomachs4 ,it is best to avoid all such4 ,,how ,,mushrooms ,,grow4 ,there is a strong notion that mushrooms grow very quickly1 springing up in a single night4 ,this is erroneous4 ,it is true that after they have reached the button stage they develop very quickly2 or in the case of those that spring from a mature egg1 develop so rapidly that you can plainly see the motion of the upward growth1 but the development of the button from the mycelium or spawn takes time--weeks1 months1 and even years4 ,it would be very difficult to tell the age of many of our tree fungi4 ,,how ,,to ,,learn ,,mushrooms4 ,if the beginner will avoid all ,amanitas and perhaps some of the ,boleti he need not be much worried in regard to the safety of other species4 ,there are three ways by which he can become familiar with the edible kinds4 ,the first is the physiological test suggested by ,mr4 ,gibson in his book4 ,it consists in chewing a small morsel and then spitting it out without swallowing the juice2 if no important symptoms arise within twenty-four hours1 another bit may be chewed1 this time swallowing a small portion of the juice4 ,should no irritation be experienced after another period of waiting1 a still larger piece may be tried4 ,i always sample a new plant carefully1 and thus am often able to establish the fact of its edibility before being able to locate it in its proper species4 ,this fall ,i found for the first time ,tricholoma columbetta2 it was some time after ,i had proven it an edible mushroom before ,i had settled upon its name4 ,a better way1 perhaps1 is to cook them and feed them to your cat and watch the result4 ,another way is to have a friend who knows the plants go with you1 and thus you learn under a teacher as a pupil learns in school4 ,this is the quickest way to gain a knowledge of plants of any kind1 but it is difficult to find a competent teacher4 ,still another way1 and one that is open to all1 is to gain a knowledge of a few species and through their description become familiar with the terms used in describing a mushroom2 this done1 the way is open1 if you have a book containing illustrations and descriptions of the most common plants4 ,do not be in a hurry to get the names of all the plants1 and do not make use of any about which you are not absolutely sure4 ,in gathering mushrooms to eat1 do not put into your basket with those you intend to eat a single mushroom of whose edible qualities you have any doubt4 ,if you have the least doubt about it1 discard it1 or put it in another basket4 ,there are no fixed rules by which you can tell a poisonous from an edible mushroom4 ,i found a friend of mine eating ,lepiota naucina1 not even knowing to what genus it belonged1 simply because she could peel it4 ,i told her that the most deadly mushroom can be peeled just as readily4 ,nor is there anything more valuable in the silver spoon test in which ,mr4 ,gibson's old lady put so much confidence4 ,some say1 do not eat any that have an acrid taste2 many are edible whose taste is quite acrid4 ,others say1 do not eat any whose juice or milk is white1 but this would discard a number of ,lactarii that are quite good4 ,there is nothing in the white gills and hollow stem theory4 ,it is true that the ,amanita has both1 but it must be known by other characteristics4 ,again we are told to avoid such as have a viscid cap1 or those that change color quickly2 this is too sweeping a condemnation for it would cut out several very good species4 ,i think ,i may safely say there is no known rule by which the good can be distinguished from the bad4 ,the only safe way is to know each species by its own individual peculiarities--to know them as we know our friends4 ,the student of mycology has before him a description of each species1 which must tally with the plant in hand and which will soon render him familiar with the different features of the various genera and species1 so he can recognize them as readily as the features of his best friends4 ,,what ,,anyone ,,may ,,eat4 ,in the spring of the year there comes with the earliest flowers a mushroom so strongly characteristic in all its forms that no one will fail to recognize it4 ,it is the common morel or sponge mushroom4 ,none of them are known to be harmful1 hence here the beginner can safely trust his judgment4 ,while he is gathering morels to eat he will soon begin to distinguish the different species of the genera4 ,from ,may till frost the different kinds of puff-balls will appear4 ,all puff-balls are good while their interior remains white4 ,they are never poisonous1 but when the flesh has begun to turn yellow it is very bitter4 ,the oyster mushroom is found from ,march to ,december and is always a very acceptable mushroom4 ,the ,fairy ,rings are easily recognized and can be found in any old pasture during wet weather from ,june to ,october4 ,in seasonable weather they are usually very plentiful4 ,the common meadow mushroom is found from ,september to frost4 ,it is known by its pink gills and meaty cap4 ,there is a mushroom with pink gills found in streets1 along the pavements and among the cobble stones4 ,the stems are short and the caps are very meaty4 ,it is ,a4 rodmani4 ,these are found in ,may and ,june4 ,the horse mushroom has pink gills and may be found from ,june to ,september4 ,the ,russulas1 found from ,july to ,october1 are generally good4 ,a few should be avoided because of their acrid taste or their strong odor4 ,there is no time from early spring till freezing weather when you can not find mushrooms1 if the weather is at all favorable4 ,i have given the habitat and the time when each species can be found4 ,i should recommend a careful study of these two points4 ,read the descriptions of plants which grow in certain places and at certain times1 and you will generally be rewarded1 if you follow out the description and the season is favorable4 ,,how ,,to ,,preserve ,,mushrooms4 ,many can be dried for winter use1 such as the ,morels1 ,marasmius oreades1 ,boletus edulis1 ,boletus edulis1 va4 clavipes1 and a number of others4 ,my wife has very successfully canned a number of species1 notably ,lycoperdon pyriforme1 ,pleurotus ostreatus and ,tricholoma personatum4 ,the mushrooms were carefully picked over and washed1 let stand in salt water for about five minutes1 in order to free them of any insect-life which may be in the gills1 then drained1 cut into pieces small enough to go into the jars easily4 ,each jar was packed as full as possible with mushrooms and filled up with water salt enough to flavor the mushroom properly4 ,then put into a kettle of cold water on the stove1 the lids being loosely placed on the top1 and allowed to cook for an hour or more after the water in the kettle begins to boil4 ,the tops were then fastened on securely and after trying the jars to see if there was any leak1 they were set away in a cool1 dark place4 ,in canning puff-balls they should be carefully washed and sliced1 being sure that they are perfectly white all through4 ,they do not need to stand in salt water before packing in the jar as do those mushrooms which have gills4 ,otherwise they were canned as the ,tricholoma and oyster mushroom4 ,any edible mushroom can easily be kept for winter use by canning4 ,use glass jars with glass tops4 ,,terms ,,used ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,common ,,terms ,,used4 ,in describing mushrooms it is necessary to use certain terms1 and it will be incumbent upon anyone who wishes to become familiar with this part of botanical work to understand thoroughly the terms used in describing the plants4 ,the substance of all mushrooms is either fleshy1 membranaceous1 or corky4 ,the pileus or cap is the expanded part1 which may be either sessile or supported by a stem4 ,the pileus is not made up of cellular tissue as in flowering plants1 but of myriads of interwoven threads or hyphae4 ,this structure of the pileus will become evident at once if a thin portion of the cap is placed under the microscope4 ,the gills or lamell are thin plates or membranes radiating from the stem to the margin of the cap4 ,when they are attached squarely and firmly to the stem they are said to be adnate4 ,if they are attached only by a part of the width of the gills1 they are adnexed4 ,should they extend down on the stem1 they are decurrent4 ,they are free when they are not attached to the stem4 ,frequently the lower edge is notched at1 or near1 the stem and in this case they are said to be emarginate or sinuate4 ,illustration3 ,figure #b4--,small portion of a section through the spore-bearing layer of a mushroom which produces its spores on the ends of cells called basidium4 7a7 ,spores1 7b7 basidium1 7c7 sterile cells4 ,in some genera the lower surface of the cap is full of pores instead of gills2 in other genera the lower surface is crowded with teeth2 in still others the surface is smooth1 as in the ,stereums4 ,the gills1 pores and teeth afford a foundation for the hymenium or fruit-bearing surface4 ,it will be readily seen that the gills1 pores and teeth simply expose in a very economical way the greatest possible spore-bearing surface4 ,if a section of the gills be examined by a microscope1 it will be observed that upon both sides of the surface are extended hymenial layers4 ,the hymenium consists of elongated cells or basidia 7singular1 basidium7 more or less club-shaped4 ,figure #b will show how these basidia appear on the hymenial layer when strongly magnified4 ,it will be seen that they are placed side by side and are perpendicular to the surface of the gills4 ,upon each of these basidia are in some species two1 usually four1 slender projections upon which the spores are produced4 ,in ,figure #b a number of sterile cells will be seen which resemble the basidia except that the latter bear four sterigmata upon which the spores rest4 ,among these basidia and sterile cells will frequently be seen an overgrown bladder-like sterile basidium which projects beyond the rest of the hymenium1 and whose use is not as yet fully known4 ,they are called cystidia 7singular1 cystidium74 ,they are never numerous1 but they are scattered over the entire surface1 becoming more numerous along the edge of the gills4 ,when they are colored1 they change the appearance of the gills4 ,illustration3 ,figure #c4--,rootlike strands of mycelium of the pear-shaped puff-ball growing in rotten wood4 ,young puff-balls in the form of small white knots are forming on the strands4 ,natural size4--,longyear4 ,the spores are the seeds of the mushroom4 ,they are of various sizes and shapes1 with a variety of surface markings4 ,they are very small1 as fine as dust1 and invisible to the naked eye1 except as they are seen in masses on the grass1 on the ground1 or on logs1 or in a spore print4 ,it is the object of every fungus to produce spores4 ,some fall on the parent host or upon the ground4 ,others are wafted away by every rise of the wind and carried for days and finally settle down1 it may be1 in other states and continents from those in which they started4 ,millions perish because of not finding a suitable resting place4 ,those spores that do find a favorable resting-place1 under right conditions1 will begin to germinate by sending out a slender thread-like filament1 or hyph1 which at once branches out in search of food material1 and which always forms a more or less felted mass1 called mycelium4 ,when first formed the hyph are continuous and ramify through the nourishing substratum from which there arises afterward a spore-bearing growth known as the sporocarp or young mushroom4 ,this vegetative part of the fungus is usually hidden in the soil1 or in decayed wood1 or vegetable matter4 ,in ,figure #c is a representation of the mycelium of the small pear-shaped puff-ball with a number of small white knobs marking the beginning of the puff-ball4 ,the mycelium exposed here is very similar to the mycelium of all mushrooms4 ,in the pore-bearing genera the hymenium lines the vertical pores2 in teeth-bearing fungi it lines the surface of each tooth1 or is spread out over the smooth surface of the ,stereum4 ,the development of the spores is quite interesting4 ,the young basidia as seen in ,figure #b are filled with a granular protoplasm4 ,soon small projections1 called sterigma 7plural1 sterigmata71 make their appearance on the ends of the basidia and the protoplasm passes into them4 ,each projection or sterigma soon swells at its extremity into a bladder-like body1 the young spore1 and1 as they enlarge1 the protoplasm of the basidium is passed into them4 ,when the four spores are full grown they have consumed all the protoplasm in the basidium4 ,the spores soon separate by a transverse partition and fall off4 ,all spores of the ,hymenomycetous fungi are arranged and produced in a similar manner1 with their spore-bearing surface exposed early in life by the rupture of the universal veil4 ,in the puff-balls the spores are arranged in the same way1 but the hymenium is inclosed within an outer sack4 ,when the spores are ripe the case is ruptured and the spores escape into the air as a dusty powder4 ,the puff-balls1 therefore1 belong to the ,gastromycetous fungi because its spores are inclosed in a pouch until they are matured4 ,another very large group of fungi is the ,ascomycetes1 or sac fungi4 ,it is very easily determined because all of its members develop their spores inside of small membranous sacs or asci4 ,these asci are generally intermixed with slender1 empty asci1 or sterile cells1 called paraphyses4 ,these asci are variously shaped bodies and are known in different orders by different names1 such as ascoma1 apothecium1 perithecium1 and receptacle4 ,the ,ascomycetes often include among their numbers fungi ranging in size from microscopic one-celled plants to quite large and very beautiful specimens4 ,to this group belong the great number of small fungi producing the various plant diseases4 ,in a work of this kind especial attention is naturally given to the order of ,discomycetes or cup fungi4 ,this order is very large and is so called because so many of the plants are cup shaped4 ,these cups vary greatly in size and form2 some are so small that it requires a lens to examine them2 some are saucer-shaped2 some are like goblets1 and some resemble beakers of various shapes4 ,the saddle fungi and morels belong to this order4 ,here the sac surface is often convoluted1 lobed1 and ridged1 in order to afford a greater sac-bearing surface4 ,illustration3 ,figure #d4--,small portion of a section through the spore-bearing part of a morel in which the spores are produced in little sacs or asci4 7a7 ,an ascus1 7b7 an ascus discharging its spores1 7c7 the spores1 7d7 sterile cells4 ,highly magnified4--,longyear4 ,in the mushrooms1 puff-balls1 etc41 we find the spores were borne on the ends of basidia1 usually four spores on each4 ,in this group the spores are formed in minute club-shaped sacs1 known as asci 7singular1 ascus74 ,these asci are long1 cylindrical sacs1 standing side by side1 perpendicular to the fruiting surface4 ,figure #d will illustrate their position together with the sterile cells on the fruiting surface of one of the morels4 ,they usually have eight spores in each sac or ascus4 ,the stem of the mushroom is usually in the center of the cap1 yet it may be eccentric or lateral2 when it is wanting1 the pileus is said to be sessile4 ,the stem is solid when it is fleshy throughout1 or hollow when it has a central cavity1 or stuffed when the interior is filled with pithy substance4 ,the stems are either fleshy or cartilaginous4 ,when the former1 it is of the same consistency as the pileus4 ,if the latter1 its consistency is always different from the pileus1 resembling cartilage4 ,the stem of the ,tricholoma affords a good example of the fleshy stemmed mushroom1 and that of the ,marasmius illustrates the cartilaginous4 ,illustration3 ,figure #e4--,small portion of a stem of a morel showing cell filaments4 ,highly magnified4--,longyear4 ,if the cap or stem of a mushroom is examined with a microscope of high magnifying power it will be found to be made up of a continuation of the mycelial filaments1 interlaced and interwoven1 branching1 and the tubular filaments often delicately divided1 giving the appearance of cells4 ,figure #e represents a small portion of a ,morel stem highly magnified showing the cell filaments4 ,in soft fungi the mycelial threads are more loosely woven and have thin walls with fewer partitions4 ,the veil is a thin sheet of mycelial threads covering the gills1 sometimes remaining on the stem1 forming a ring or annulus4 ,this sometimes remains for a time on the margin of the cap when it is said to be appendiculate4 ,sometimes it resembles a spider's web when it is called arachnoid4 ,the volva is a universal wrapper1 surrounding the entire plant when young1 but which is soon ruptured1 leaving a trace in the form of scales on the cap and a sheath around the base of the stem1 or breaking up into scales or a scaly ring at the base of the stem4 ,all plants having this universal volva should be avoided1 further than for the purpose of study4 ,care should be taken that1 in their young state1 they are not mistaken for puff-balls4 ,frequently when found in the egg state they resemble a small puff-ball4 ,figure #f represents a section of an ,amanita in the egg-state and also the ,gemmed puff-ball4 ,as soon as a section is made and carefully examined the structure of the inside will reveal the plant at once4 ,there is but little danger of confusing the egg stage of an ,amanita with the puff-ball1 for they resemble each other only in their oval shape1 and not in the least in their marking on the surface4 ,illustration3 ,figure #f4--,the lefthand figure represents a vertical section through a young plant of the gemmed puff-ball showing the cellular structure of the stem-like lower half1 called the subgleba4 ,the righthand figure shows a vertical section of the egg stage of an ,amanita1 a very poisonous fungus which grows in woods and which might be mistaken for a young puff-ball if not cut open4 ,the fungus forms just below the surface of the soil1 finally bursting the volva1 sending up a parasol mushroom4 ,natural size4--,longyear4 ,,what ,,is ,a ,,fungus ,,or ,a ,,mushroom8 ,it is a cellular1 flowerless plant1 nourished by the mycelium which permeates the soil or other substances on which the fungus or mushroom grows4 ,all fungi are either parasites or saprophytes which have lost their chlorophyll1 and are incapable of supporting an independent existence4 ,there is a vast number of genera and species1 and many have the parasitic habit which causes them to enter the bodies of other plants and of animals4 ,for this reason all fungi are of economic importance1 especially the microscopic forms classed under the head of ,bacteria4 ,some recent writers are inclined to separate the ,bacteria and slime-molds from the fungus group1 and call them fungus animals4 ,however this may be1 they are true plants and have many of the characteristics of the fungi4 ,they may differ from the fungi in their vegetative functions1 yet they have so many things in common that ,i am inclined to place them under this group4 ,many1 such as the yeast fungus1 the various fermentative fungi1 and the ,bacteria concerned in the process of decomposition1 are indeed very useful4 ,the enrichment and preparation of soils for the uses of higher plants1 effected by ,bacteria1 are very important services4 ,parasites derive their nourishment from living plants and animals4 ,they are so constituted that when their nourishing threads come within range of the living plant they answer a certain impulse by sending out special threads1 enveloping the host and absorbing nutrition4 ,saprophitic plants do not experience this reaction from the living plants4 ,they are compelled to get their nourishment from decaying products of plants or animals1 consequently they live in rich ground or leaf mold1 on decayed wood1 or on dung4 ,parasites are usually small1 being limited by their host4 ,saprophytes are not thus limited for food supply and it is possible to build up large plants such as the common mushroom group1 puff-balls1 etc4 ,the spores are the seeds or reproductive bodies of the mushroom4 ,they are very fine1 and invisible to the naked eye except when collected together in great masses4 ,underneath mushrooms1 frequently1 the grass or wood will be white or plainly discolored from the spores4 ,the hymenium is the surface or part of the plant which bears the spores4 ,the hymenophore is the part which supports the hymenium4 ,in the common mushroom1 and in fact many others1 the spores develop on a certain club-like cell1 called basidium 7plural1 basidia71 on each of which four spores usually develop4 ,in morels these cells are elongated into cylindrical membranous sacs called asci1 in each of which eight spores are usually developed4 ,the spores will be found of various colors1 shapes1 and sizes1 a fact which will be of great assistance to the student in locating strange species and genera4 ,in germination the spores send out slender threads which ,botanists call mycelium1 but which common readers know as spawn4 ,the method and place of spore development furnish a basis for the classification of fungi4 ,the best way to acquire a thorough knowledge of both our edible and poisonous mushrooms is to study them in the light of the primary characters employed in their classification and their natural relation to each other4 ,there is a wide difference of opinion as to the classification of mushrooms4 ,perhaps the most simple and satisfactory is that of ,underwood and ,cook4 ,they arrange them under six groups3 #a4 ,basidiomycetes--those in which the spores or reproductive bodies are naked or external as shown in illustration #b on page #ae4 #b4 ,ascomycetes--those in which the spores are inclosed in sacs or asci4 ,these sacs are very clearly represented in illustration ,figure #d on page #ah4 ,this will include the ,morels1 ,peziz1 ,pyrenomycetes1 ,tuberace1 ,sphairiacei1 etc4 #c4 ,physcomycetes--including the ,mucorini1 ,saprolegniace1 and ,peronospore4 ,potato rot and downy mildew on grape vines belong to this family4 #d4 ,myxomycetes--,slime moulds4 #e4 ,saccharomycetes--,yeast fungi4 #f4 ,schizomycetes--are minute1 unicellular ,protophytes which reproduce mainly by transverse fission4 ,,class1 ,,fungi--,,sub-,,class1 ,,basidiomycetes4 ,this class will include all gill-bearing fungi1 ,polyporus1 ,boletus1 ,hydnum1 etc4 ,fungi of this class are divided into four natural groups3 #a4 ,hymenomycetes4 #b4 ,gasteromycetes4 #c4 ,uredin4 #d4 ,ustilagine4 ,,group #a--;,,hymenomycetes4 ,under this group will be placed all fungi composed of membranes1 fleshy1 woody1 or gelatinous1 whether growing on the ground or on wood4 ,the hymenium1 or spore-bearing surface1 is external at an early stage in the life of the plant4 ,the spores are borne on basidia as explained in ,figure #b1 page #f4 ,when the spores ripen they fall to the ground or are carried by the wind to a host that presents all the conditions necessary for germination2 there they produce the mycelia or white thread-like vines that one may have noticed in plowing sod1 in old chip piles1 or decayed wood4 ,if one will examine these threads there will be found small knots which will in time develop into the full grown mushroom4 ,hymenomycetes are divided into six families3 #a4 ,agaricace4 ,hymenium with gills4 #b4 ,polyporace4 ,hymenium with pores4 #c4 ,hydnace4 ,hymenium with spines4 #d4 ,thelephorace4 ,hymenium horizontal and mostly on the under surface4 #e4 ,clavariace4 ,hymenium on a smooth club-shaped surface4 #f4 ,tremellace4 ,hymenium even and superior4 ,gelatinous fungi4 ,,family #a--;,,agaricaceae4 ,illustration3 ,figure #g4--,spore-print of ,agaricus arvensis4 ,in the ,agaricace or common mushrooms1 and in all other of similar structure1 the spore-producing membranes are found on the under surface of the cap4 ,they consist of thin lamell1 or gills1 attached by the upper edge to the cap and extending from the stem to the margin of the cap4 ,very frequently that space may be entirely utilized by shorter lamell1 or gills1 intervening between the longer1 especially toward the margin of the cap4 ,in a few species where the stem seems to be wanting1 or where it is attached to the side of the cap1 the lamell1 or gills1 radiate from the point of attachment or from the lateral stem to other parts of the circumference of the cap4 ,berkeley gives the following characteristics3 ,hymenium1 inferior1 spread over easily divisible gills or plates1 radiating from a center or stem1 which may be either simple or branched4 ,this family includes the following genera3 #a4 ,agaricus--,gills1 not melting1 edge acute2 including all the sub-genera which have been elevated to the rank of genera4 #b4 ,coprinus--,gills deliquescent1 spores black4 #c4 ,cortinarius--,gills persistent1 veil spider-web-like1 terrestrial4 #d4 ,paxillus--,gills separating from the hymenophorum and decurrent4 #e4 ,gomphidius--,gills branched and decurrent1 pileus top-shaped4 #f4 ,bolbitius--,gills becoming moist1 spores colored4 #g4 ,lactarius--,gills milky1 terrestrial4 #h4 ,russula--,gills equal1 rigid1 and brittle1 terrestrial4 #i4 ,marasmius--,gills thick1 tough1 hymenium dry4 #aj4 ,hygrophorus--,stem confluent with the hymenophorum2 gills sharp edged4 #aa4 ,cantharellus--,gills thick1 branched1 rounded edge4 #ab4 ,lentinus--,pileus hairy1 hard1 tough2 gills1 tough1 unequal1 toothed2 on logs and stumps4 #ac4 ,lenzites--,whole plant corky2 gills simple or branched4 #ad4 ,trogia--,gills venose1 fold-like1 channelled4 #ae4 ,panus--,gills corky1 with acute edge4 #af4 ,nyctalis--,veil universal2 gills broad1 often parasitic4 #ag4 ,schizophyllum--,gills corky1 split longitudinally4 #ah4 ,xerotus--,gills tough1 fold-like4 ,therefore the gill-bearing fungi are known under the family name1 ,agaricace1 or more generally known as ,agarics4 ,illustration3 ,figure #h4--,spore-print of ,hypholoma sublatertium4 ,this family is divided into five series1 according to the color of their spores4 ,the spores when seen in masses possess certain colors1 white1 rosy1 rusty1 purple-brown and black4 ,therefore the first and most important part to be determined in locating a mushroom is to ascertain the color of the spores4 ,to do this1 take a fresh1 perfect1 and fully developed specimen1 remove the stem from the cap4 ,place the cap with the gills downward on the surface of dark velvety paper1 if you suspect the spores to be white4 ,invert a finger bowl or a bell glass over the cap to keep the air from blowing the spores away4 ,if the spores should be colored1 white paper should be used4 ,if the specimen is left too long the spore deposit will continue upward between the gills and it may reach an eighth of an inch in height1 in which case if great care is taken in removing the cap there will be a perfect likeness of the gills and also the color of the spores4 ,illustration3 ,figure #i4--,spore-print of a ,flammula4 ,there are two ways of making these spore prints quite permanent4 ,first take a piece of thin rice paper1 muscilage it and allow it to dry1 then proceed as above4 ,in this way the print will stand handling quite a little4 ,another way1 and that used to prepare the spore-prints in these photographs1 is to obtain the spore-print upon ,japanese paper as in the preceding method1 then by an atomizer spray the print gently and carefully with a fixative such as is used in fixing charcoal drawings4 ,success in making spore-prints requires both time and care1 but the satisfaction they give is ample recompense for the trouble4 ,it is more difficult to obtain good prints from the white-spored mushrooms than from those bearing colored spores1 because it is hard to obtain a black paper having a dull velvety surface1 and the spores will not adhere well to a smooth-finished1 glossy paper4 ,for the prints illustrated ,i am indebted to ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aj4--,spore-print of a ,boletus4 ,if the plant is dry it is well to moisten the fingerbowl or bell-glass on the inside before placing it over the mushroom4 ,the spores of ,boleti1 and1 indeed1 all fungi can be caught and fixed in the same way4 ,from the study of these spore-prints we shall find five different colors of spores4 ,this family is1 therefore1 divided into five series1 determined by the color of the spores1 which are always constant in color1 size and shape4 ,the five series will be treated in the following order3 #a4 ,the white-spored ,agarics4 #b4 ,the rosy-spored ,agarics4 #c4 ,the rusty-spored ,agarics4 #d4 ,the purple-brown-spored ,agarics4 #e4 ,the black-spored ,agarics4 ,,analytical ,,key4 ,this key is largely based upon ,cooke's analytical key4 ,its use will help to locate the plant in hand in the genus to which it belongs4 ,the first thing the student should do is to determine the color of the spore if it is not evident4 ,this is best done according to the plan described on page #ae4 ,the plant should be fresh and mature4 ,careful attention should be given to different stages of development4 ,the habit of the plant should be considered2 then1 as soon as the color of the spores is determined1 it will be an easy matter to locate the genus by means of the key4 ,,group ,i--,,hymenomycetes4 ,mycelium floccose1 giving rise to a distinct hymenium1 fungus fleshy1 membranaceous1 woody or gelatinous4 ,spores naked4 ,hymenium1 normally inferior-- ,hymenium with gills ,agaricace4 ,hymenium with pores ,polyporace4 ,hymenium with teeth ,hydnace4 ,hymenium even ,thelophorace4 ,hymenium1 superior-- ,hymenium on smooth surface1 club-shaped1 ,clavariace4 ,hymenium lobed1 convolute1 gelatinous1 ,tremellace4 ,,family #a--;,,agaricaceae4 ,hymenium inferior1 pileus more or less expanded1 convex1 bell-shaped4 ,gills radiating from the point of attachment of the pileus with the stem1 or from a lateral stem to other parts of the cap1 simple or branched4 ,i4 ,spores white or slightly tinted4 ,a4 ,plants fleshy1 more or less firm1 decaying soon4 a4 ,stem fleshy1 pileus easily separating from the stem4 ,volva present and ring on the stem4 ,pileus bearing warts or patches free from the cuticle ,amanita4 ,volva present1 ring wanting ,amanitopsis4 ,pileus scaly1 scales concrete with cuticle1 ,volva wanting1 ring present ,lepiota4 ,hymenophore confluent1 ,without cartilaginous bark1 b4 ,stem central1 ring present 7sometimes vague71 ,volva wanting1 gills attached ,armillaria4 ,without a ring1 ,gills sinuate ,tricholoma4 ,gills decurrent1 ,edges acute ,clitocybe4 ,edges swollen ,cantharellus4 ,gills adnate1 ,parasitic on other mushrooms ,nyctalis4 ,not parasitic1 ,milky ,lactarius4 ,not exuding juice when bruised1 ,rigid and brittle ,russula4 ,quite viscid1 waxy consistency ,hygrophorus4 c4 ,stem lateral or none1 rarely central ,pleurotus4 d4 ,stem with cartilaginous bark1 ,gills adnate ,collybia4 ,gills sinuate ,mycena4 ,gills decurrent ,omphalia4 ,plants tough1 fleshy1 membranaceous1 leathery1 ,stem central1 ,gills simple ,marasmius4 ,gills branched ,xerotus4 ,b4 ,plants gelatinous and leathery ,heliomyces4 ,stem lateral or wanting1 ,edge of gills serrate ,lentinus4 ,edge of gills entire ,panus4 ,gills fold-like1 irregular ,trogia4 ,edge of gills split longitudinally ,schizophyllum4 ,c4 ,plants corky or woody1 ,gills anastomosing4 ,lenzites4 ,,ii4 ,spores rosy or salmon color4 ,a4 ,stem central4 ,gills free1 stem easily separating from pileus4 ,without cartilaginous stem1 ,volva present and distinct1 no ring ,volvaria4 ,without a volva1 with a ring ,annularia4 ,without a volva and without a ring ,pluteus4 ,b4 ,stem fleshy to fibrous1 margin of pileus at first incurved1 ,gills sinuate or adnate ,entoloma4 ,gills decurrent ,clitopilus4 ,c4 ,stem eccentric or none1 pileus lateral ,claudopus4 ,gills decurrent1 pileus umbilicate ,eccilia4 ,gills not decurrent1 pileus torn into scales1 and slightly convex1 margin at first involute ,leptonia4 ,pileus bell-shaped1 margin at first straight ,nolanea4 ,,iii4 ,spores rusty-brown or yellow-brown4 ,a4 ,stem not cartilaginous1 a4 ,stem central1 ,with a ring1 ,ring continuous ,pholiota4 ,veil arachnoid1 ,gills adnate1 powdery from spores ,cortinarius4 ,gills decurrent or adnate1 mostly epiphytal ,flammula4 ,gills somewhat sinuate1 cuticle of the pileus silky1 or bearing fibrils ,inocybe4 ,cuticle smooth1 viscid ,hebeloma4 ,gills separating from the hymenophore and decurrent ,paxillus4 b4 ,stem lateral or absent ,crepidotus4 ,b4 ,stem cartilaginous1 ,gills decurrent ,tubaria4 ,gills not decurrent1 ,margin of the pileus at first incurved ,naucoria4 ,margin of pileus always straight1 ,hymenophore free ,pluteolus4 ,hymenophore confluent ,galera4 ,gills dissolving into a gelatinous condition ,bolbitius4 ,,iv4 ,spores purple-brown4 ,a4 ,stem not cartilaginous1 ,pileus easily separating from the stem1 ,volva present1 ring wanting ,chitonia4 ,volva and ring wanting ,pilosace4 ,volva wanting1 ring present ,agaricus4 ,gills confluent1 ring present on stem ,stropharia4 ,ring wanting1 veil remaining attached to margin of pileus ,hypholoma4 ,b4 ,stem cartilaginous1 ,gills decurrent ,deconia4 ,gills not decurrent1 margin of pileus at first incurved ,psilocybe4 ,margin of pileus at first straight ,psathyra4 ,v4 ,black spored mushrooms4 ,gills deliquescent ,coprinus4 ,gills not deliquescent1 ,gills decurrent ,gomphidius4 ,gills not decurrent1 pileus striate ,psathyrella4 ,pileus not striate1 ring wanting1 veil often present on margin ,panolus4 ,ring wanting1 veil appendiculate ,chalymotta4 ,ring present ,anellaria4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,white-,,spored ,,agarics4 ,the species bearing the white spores seem to be higher in type than those producing colored spores4 ,most of the former are firmer1 while the black spored specimens soon deliquesce4 ,the white spores are usually oval1 sometimes round1 and in many cases quite spiny4 ,all white-spored specimens will be found in clean places4 ,amanita4 ,pers4 ,amanita is supposed to be derived from ,mount ,amanus1 an ancient name of a range separating ,cilicia from ,syria4 ,it is supposed that ,galen first brought specimens of this fungus from that region4 ,the genus ,amanita has both a volva and veil4 ,the spores are white and the stem is readily separable from the cap4 ,the volva is universal at first1 enveloping the young plant1 yet distinct and free from the cuticle of the pileus4 ,this genus contains some of the most deadly poisonous mushrooms1 although a few are known to be very good4 ,there is a large number of species--about #ge being known1 #db of which have been found in this country--a few being quite common in this state4 ,all the ,amanita are terrestrial plants1 mostly solitary in their habits1 and chiefly found in the woods1 or in well wooded grounds4 ,in the button stage it resembles a small egg or puff-ball1 as will be seen in ,figure #f1 page #aa1 and great care should be taken to distinguish it from the latter1 if one is hunting puff-balls to eat2 yet the danger is not great1 since the volva usually breaks before the plant comes through the ground4 ,amanita phalloides4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,deadly ,,amanita4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aa4--;,amanita phalloides4 ,fr4 ,showing volva at the base1 cap dark4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ab4--;,amanita phalloides4 ,fr4 ,white form showing volva1 scaly stem1 ring4 ,phalloides means phallus-like4 ,this plant and its related species are deadly poisonous4 ,for this reason the plant should be carefully studied and thoroughly known by every mushroom hunter4 ,in different localities1 and sometimes in the same locality1 the plant will appear in very different shades of color4 ,there are also variations in the way in which the volva is ruptured1 as well as in the character of the stem4 ,the beginner will imagine he has a new species often1 till he becomes thoroughly acquainted with all the idiosyncrasies of this plant4 ,the pileus is smooth1 even1 viscid when young and moist1 frequently adorned with a few fragments of the volva1 white1 grayish white1 sometimes smoky-brown2 whether the pileus be white1 oyster-color or smoky-brown1 the center of the cap will be several shades darker than the margin4 ,the plant changes from a knob or egg-shape when young1 to almost flat when fully expanded4 ,many plants have a marked umbo on the top of the cap and the rim of the cap may be slightly turned up4 ,the gills are always white1 wide1 ventricose1 rounded next to the stem1 and free from it4 ,the stem is smooth1 white unless in cases where the cap is dark1 then the stem of those plants are apt to be of the same color1 tapering upward as in the specimen 7,fig4 #aa72 stuffed1 then hollow1 inclined to discolor when handled4 ,the volva of this species is quite variable and more or less buried in the ground1 where careful observation will reveal it4 ,one need never confound this species with the meadow mushroom1 for the spores of that are always purple-brown1 while a spore-print of this will always reveal white spores4 ,i have seen a slight tint of pink in the gills of the ,a4 phalloides but the spores were always white4 ,until one knows thoroughly both ,lepiota naucina and ,a4 phalloides before eating the former he should always hunt carefully for the remains of a volva and a bulbous base in the soil4 ,this plant is quite conspicuous and inviting in all of its various shades of color4 ,it is found in woods1 and along the margin of woods1 and sometimes on lawns4 ,it is from four to eight inches high and the pileus from three to five inches broad4 ,there is a personality about the plant that renders it readily recognizable after it has once been learned4 ,found from ,august to ,october4 ,amanita recutita4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,fresh-,,skinned ,,amanita4 ,,poisonous4 ,recutita1 having a fresh or new skin4 ,pileus convex1 then expanded1 dry1 smooth1 often covered with small scales1 fragments of the volva2 margin almost even1 gray or brownish4 ,the gills forming lines down the stem4 ,the stem stuffed1 then hollow1 attenuated upward1 silky1 white1 ring distant1 edge of volva not free1 frequently obliterated4 ,rather common where there is much pine woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,this species differs from ,a4 porphyria in ring not being brown or brownish4 ,amanita virosa4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,poisonous ,,amanita4 ,virosa1 full of poison4 ,the pileus is from four to five inches broad2 the entire plant white1 conical1 then expanded2 viscid when moist2 margin often somewhat lobed1 even4 ,the gills are free1 crowded4 ,the stem is frequently six inches long1 stuffed1 round1 with a bulbous base1 attenuated upward1 squamulose1 ring near apex1 volva large1 lax4 ,the spores are subglobose1 #h-aj4 ,this is probably simply a form of ,a4 phalloides4 ,it is found in damp woods4 ,august to ,october4 ,amanita muscaria4 ,linn4 ,,the ,,fly ,,amanita4 ,,poisonous4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ac4--;,amanita muscaria4--,linn4 ,cap reddish or orange1 showing scales on the cap and at base of stem4 ,muscaria1 from musca1 a fly4 ,the fly ,amanita is a very conspicuous and handsome plant4 ,it is so called because infusions of it are used to kill flies4 ,i have frequently seen dead flies on the fully developed caps1 where they had sipped of the dew upon the cap1 and1 like the ,lotos-eaters of old1 had forgotten to move away4 ,it is a very abundant plant in the woods of ,columbiana county1 this state4 ,it is also found frequently in many localities about ,chillicothe4 ,it is often a very handsome and attractive plant1 because of the bright colors of the cap in contrast with the white stem and gills1 as well as the white scales on the surface of the cap4 ,these scales seem to behave somewhat differently from those of other species of ,amanita4 ,instead of shrivelling1 curling1 and falling off they are inclined to adhere firmly to the smooth skin of the pileus1 turning brownish1 and in the maturely expanded plant appear like scattered drops of mud which have dried upon the pileus1 as you will observe in ,figure #ac4 ,the pileus is three to five inches broad1 globose at first1 then dumb-bell in shape1 convex1 then expanded1 nearly flat in age2 margin in matured plants slightly striate2 the surface of the cap is covered with white floccose scales1 fragments of the volva1 these scales being easily removed so that old plants are frequently comparatively smooth4 ,the color of the young plant is normally red1 then orange to pale yellow2 late in the season1 or in old plants1 it fades to almost white4 ,the flesh is white1 sometimes stained yellow close to the cuticle4 ,the gills are pure white1 very symmetrical1 various in length1 the shorter ones terminating under the cap very abruptly1 crowded1 free1 but reaching the stem1 decurrent in the form of lines somewhat broader in front1 sometimes a slight tinge of yellow will be observed in the gills4 ,the stem is white1 often yellowish with age1 pithy and often hollow1 becoming rough and shaggy1 finally scaly1 the scales below appearing to merge into the form of an obscure cup1 the stem four to six inches long4 ,the veil covers the gills of the young plant and later is seen as a collar-like ring on the stem1 soft1 lax1 deflexed1 in old specimens it is often destroyed4 ,the spores are white and broadly elliptical4 ,the history of this plant is as interesting as a novel4 ,its deadly properties were known to the ,greeks and ,romans4 ,the pages of history record its undoing and its accessory to crime4 ,pliny says1 alluding to this species1 very conveniently adapted for poisoning4 ,this was undoubtedly the species that ,agrippina1 the mother of ,nero1 used to poison her husband1 the ,emperor ,claudius2 and the same that ,nero used in that famous banquet when all his guests1 his tribunes and centurions1 and ,agrippina herself1 fell victims to its poisonous properties4 ,however1 it is said this mushroom is habitually eaten by certain people as an intoxicant2 indeed1 it is used in ,kamchatka and ,asiatic ,russia1 generally1 where the ,amanita drunkard takes the place of the opium fiend and the alcohol bibber in other countries4 ,by reading ,colonel ,george ,kennan in his ,tent-life in ,siberia1 and ,cooke's ,seven ,sisters of ,sleep1 you will find a full description of the toxic employment of this fungus which will far surpass any possible imagination4 ,it caused the death of the ,czar ,alexis of ,russia2 also ,count de ,vecchi1 with a number of his friends1 in ,washington in #ahif4 ,he was in search of the ,orange ,amanita and found this1 and the consequences were serious4 ,in size1 shape1 and color of the cap there is similarity1 but in other respects the two are very different4 ,they may be contrasted as follows3 ,orange ,amanita1 edible4--,cap smooth1 gills yellow1 stem yellow1 wrapper persistent1 membranaceous1 white4 ,fly ,amanita1 poisonous4--,cap warty1 gills white1 stem white1 or slightly yellowish1 wrapper soon breaking into fragments or scales1 white or sometimes yellowish brown4 ,found along roadsides1 wood margins1 and in thin woods4 ,it prefers poor soil1 and is more abundant where poplar and hemlock grow4 ,from ,june to frost4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ad4--;,amanita muscaria4--,linn4 ,one-half natural size1 showing development of the plant4 ,amanita ,frostiana4 ,pk4 ,,frost',s ,,amanita4 ,,poisonous4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ae4--;,amanita ,frostiana4 ,frostiana1 named in honor of ,charles ,c4 ,frost4 ,the pileus is convex1 expanded1 bright orange or yellow1 warty1 sometimes smooth1 striate on the margin1 pileus one to three inches broad4 ,the gills are free1 white1 or slightly tinged with yellow4 ,the stem is white or yellow1 stuffed1 bearing a slight1 sometimes evanescent1 ring1 bulbous1 at the base1 the bulb slightly margined by the volva4 ,the spores globose1 #h-aj in diameter4 ,peck4 ,great care should be taken to distinguish this species from ,a4 csarea because of its often yellow stem and gills4 ,i found some beautiful specimens on ,cemetery ,hill and on ,ralston's ,run4 ,it is very poisonous and should be carefully avoided1 or rather1 it should be thoroughly known that it may be avoided4 ,the striations on the margin of its yellow tinge might lead one to mistake it for the ,orange ,amanita4 ,it is found in shady woods and sometimes in open places where there is underbrush4 ,june to ,october4 ,amanita verna4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,spring ,,amanita4 ,,poisonous4 ,illustration3 ,figure #af4--;,amanita verna4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing the volva cup and the ring4 ,verna1 pertaining to spring4 ,this species is considered by some only a white variety of ,amanita phalloides4 ,the plant is always a pure white4 ,it can only be distinguished from the white form of the ,a4 phalloides by its closer sheathing volva and perhaps a more ovate pileus when young4 ,the pileus is at first ovate1 then expanded1 somewhat depressed1 viscid when moist1 even1 margin naked1 smooth4 ,the gills are free4 ,the stem is stuffed1 with advancing age hollow1 equal1 floccose1 white1 ringed1 base bulbous1 volva closely embracing the stem with its free margin1 ring forming a broad collar1 reflexed4 ,the spores are globose1 #h broad4 ,this species is very abundant on the wooded hills in this section of the state4 ,its pure white color makes it an attractive plant1 and it should be carefully learned4 ,i have found it before the middle of ,june4 ,amanita magnivelaris4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,large ,,veiled ,,amanita4 ,,poisonous4 ,magnivelaris is from magnus1 large2 velum1 a veil4 ,the pileus is convex1 often nearly plane1 with even margin1 smooth1 slightly viscid when moist1 white or yellowish-white4 ,the gills are free1 close1 white4 ,the stem is long1 nearly equal1 white1 smooth1 furnished with a large mebranaceous volva1 the bulbous base tapering downward and rooting4 ,the spores are broadly elliptical4 ,this species very closely resembles ,amanita verna1 from which it can be distinguished by its large1 persistent annulus1 the elongated downward-tapering bulb of its stem1 and1 especially1 by its elliptical spores4 ,it is found solitary and in the woods4 ,i found several on ,ralston's ,run under beech trees4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,amanita pellucidula4 ,ban4 ,pileus at first campanulate1 then expanded1 slightly viscid1 fleshy in center1 attenuated at the margin2 color a smooth bright red1 deeper at the top1 shaded into clear transparent yellow at the margin2 glossy1 flesh white1 unchanging4 ,the gills are ventricose1 free1 numerous1 yellow4 ,the stem is stuffed1 ring descending1 fugacious4 ,peck's #ddth ,report4 ,this species differs from ,amanita csarea in having an even margin and a white stem4 ,it is only a form of the csarea4 ,the white stem will attract the attention of the collector4 ,amanita solitaria4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,solitary ,,amanita4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ag4--;,amanita solitaria4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing the peculiar veil4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ah4--;,amanita solitaria4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing scaly cap and stem4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,figure #ai4--;,amanita solitaria4 ,natural size1 showing scaly cap and stem1 plant white4 ,solitary1 growing alone4 ,i have found this plant in various parts of the state and have always found them growing alone4 ,in ,poke ,hollow1 where ,i found the specimens in the illustrations1 ,i found several on the hillside on different occasions1 but ,i have never found them growing in groups4 ,it is quite large in size1 white or whitish1 very woolly or floccose4 ,usually the cap1 stem1 and the gills are covered with a floccose substance which will serve to identify the species4 ,this fluffy exterior adheres readily to your hands or clothing4 ,the cap is sometimes tinged with brown1 but the flesh is white and smells quite strong1 not unlike chloride of lime4 ,the annulus is frequently torn from the stem and is found adhering to the margin of the cap4 ,the pileus is from three to five inches broad1 or more1 when fully expanded1 at first globose to hemispherical1 as will be seen in ,figures #ag and #ah1 convex1 or plane1 warty1 white or whitish1 the pointed scales being easily rubbed off1 or washed off by heavy rains1 these scales varying in size from small granules to quite large conical flakes1 and differing in condition and color in different plants4 ,the gills are free1 or are not attached by the upper part1 the edges are frequently floccose where they are torn from the slight connection with the upper surface of the veil2 white1 or slightly tinged with cream-color1 broad4 ,the stem is four to eight inches high1 solid1 becoming stuffed when old1 bulbous1 rooting deep in the soil1 very scaly1 ventricose sometimes in young plants1 white1 very mealy4 ,volva friable4 ,ring1 large1 lacerated1 usually hanging to the margin of the cap1 but in ,figure #ai it adheres to the stem4 ,this is a large and beautiful plant in the woods1 and easily identified because of its floccose nature and the large bulb at the base of the stem4 ,it is not so warty and the odor is not nearly so strong as the ,amanita strobiliformis4 ,it is edible but very great caution should be used to be sure of your species4 ,found from ,july to ,october in woods and roadsides4 ,amanita radicata4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bj4--;,amanita radicata4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing scaly cap1 bulbous stem and root broken off and peculiar veil4 ,radicata means furnished with a root4 ,the root of the specimen in ,figure #bj was broken off in getting it out of the ground4 ,the pileus is subglobose1 becoming convex1 dry1 verrucose1 white1 margin even1 flesh firm1 white1 odor resembling that of chloride of lime4 ,the gills are close1 free1 white4 ,the stem is solid1 deeply radicating1 swollen at the base or bulbous1 floccose or mealy at the top1 white2 veil thin1 floccose1 or mealy1 white1 soon lacerated and attached in fragments to the margin of the pileus or evanescent4 ,the spores are broadly elliptic1 #g4e-aj long1 #f-g broad4 ,peck4 ,this is quite a large and beautiful plant1 very closely related to ,amanita strobiliformis1 but readily distinguished from it because of its white color1 its clearly radiating stem1 and small spores4 ,the stem shows to be bulbous and the cap covered with warts4 ,i found the plant frequently in ,poke ,hollow and on ,ralston's ,run4 ,july and ,august4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ba4--;,amanita radicata4 ,amanita strobiliformis4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,fir-,,cone ,,amanita4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,figure #bb4--;,amanita strobiliformis4 ,young plant showing veil covering the entire gill-surface of the plant4 ,cap covered with persistent warts1 stem rough and rooting1 odor strong of chloride of lime4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,figure #bc4--;,amanita strobiliformis4 ,showing long root4 ,strobiliformis means fir-cone form2 so called from the similarity of its undeveloped form to that of the strobile of the pine4 ,the pileus is six to eight inches broad1 when young1 subglobose1 then convex1 expanded1 nearly plane1 with persistent warts1 white1 ash-color1 sometimes yellow on the cap1 the margin even and extending beyond the gills2 warts hard1 angular1 pointed1 white2 flesh white1 compact4 ,the gills are free1 crowded1 rounded1 white1 becoming yellow4 ,the stem is five to eight inches long1 frequently longer1 tapering upward1 floccosely scaly1 bulbous1 rooting beyond the bulb2 ring large1 torn2 volva forming concentric rings4 ,the spores are #ac-adh-i4 ,this is one of the most stately plants in the woods4 ,it is said to be edible1 but the strong pungent odor1 like chloride of lime1 has deterred me from eating it4 ,this1 however1 is said to disappear in cooking4 ,it grows to be very large4 ,dr4 ,kellerman and ,i found a specimen in ,haynes's ,hollow whose stem measured over eleven inches1 and cap nine inches4 ,it is found in open woods and wood margins4 ,great caution should be used before the plant is eaten to know it beyond doubt4 ,found ,july to ,october4 ,amanita mappa4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,delicate ,,amanita4 ,,poisonous4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bd4--;,amanita mappa4 ,natural size1 showing long smooth stem1 cap yellowish-white and ring4 ,mappa means a napkin1 so called from the volva4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 convex1 then expanded1 plane1 obtuse or depressed1 without separable cuticle2 margin nearly even2 white or yellowish1 usually with patches of the volva dry4 ,the gills are adnexed1 close1 narrow1 shining1 white4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 stuffed1 then hollow1 cylindrical1 nearly smooth1 bulbous1 nearly globose at the base1 white1 almost equal above the bulb4 ,the volva with its free margin is acute and narrow4 ,the ring is membranaceous1 superior1 soft1 lax1 ragged4 ,its color is quite as variable and its habits are much like ,a4 phalloides1 from which it can only be distinguished by its less developed volva1 which1 instead of being cup-shaped1 is little more than a mere rim fringing the bulb4 ,the odor at times is very strong4 ,it is found in open woods and under brush4 ,label it poisonous4 ,amanita crenulata4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #be4--;,amanita crenulata4 ,crenulata means bearing notches1 referring to the crenulate form of the gills1 which are very distinct4 ,the pileus is thin1 two to two and a half inches broad1 broadly ovate1 becoming convex1 or nearly plane1 somewhat striate on the margin1 adorned with a few thin whitish floccose warts or with whitish flocculent patches1 whitish or grayish1 sometimes tinged with yellow4 ,the gills are close1 reaching the stem1 and sometimes forming decurrent lines upon it1 floccose crenulate on the edge1 the short ones truncate at the inner extremity1 white4 ,the stem is equal1 bulbous1 floccose mealy above1 stuffed or hollow1 white1 the annulus slight1 evanescent4 ,spores broadly elliptic or subglobose1 #g4e-aj long1 nearly as broad1 usually containing a single large nucleus4 ,peck1 ,bull4 ,tor4 ,bot4 ,club4 ,the stem is bulbous at the base but the volva is rarely seen upon it although slight patches are frequently seen on the pileus4 ,the ring is very evanescent and soon disappears4 ,the specimens ,i have received from ,mrs4 ,blackford look good enough to eat and she speaks highly of the edible qualities of this species4 ,so far as ,i know this plant is confined to the ,new ,england states4 ,found from ,september to ,november4 ,it grows in low damp ground under trees4 ,amanita cothurnata4 ,atkinson4 ,,the ,,booted ,,amanita4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bf4--;,amanita cothurnata4 ,slightly reduced from natural size1 showing different stages of development4 ,cothurnata means buskined2 from corthunus1 a high shoe or buskin worn by actors4 ,this species is easily separated from the other ,amanitas4 ,i shall give ,prof4 ,atkinson's description of it in full3 ,the pileus is fleshy and passes from nearly globose to hemispherical1 convex1 expanded1 and when specimens are very old sometimes the margin is elevated4 ,it is usually white1 though specimens are found with a tinge of citron yellow in the center or of tawny yellow in the center of other specimens4 ,the pileus is viscid1 strongly so when moist4 ,it is finely striate on the margin1 and covered with numerous1 white1 floccose scales from the upper half of the volva1 forming more or less dense patches1 which may wash off in heavy rains4 ,the gills are rounded next the stem1 and quite remote from it4 ,the edge of the gills is often eroded or frazzly from the torn-out threads with which they were loosely connected to the upper side of the veil in the young or button stage4 ,the spores are globose or nearly so1 with a large nucleus nearly filling the spore4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 even1 and expanded below into quite a large oval bulb1 the stem just above the bulb being margined by a close-fitting roll of the volva1 and the upper edge of this presenting the appearance of having been sewed at the top like the rolled edge of a garment or buskin4 ,the surface of the stem is minutely floccose1 scaly or strongly so1 and decidedly hollow even from a very young stage or sometimes when young with loose threads in the cavity4 ,a4 cothurnata resembles in many points ,a4 frostiana and it will afford the collector a very interesting study to note the points of difference4 ,i found the two species growing on ,cemetery ,hill4 ,figure #bf is from plants collected in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fisher4 ,found in ,september and ,october4 ,amanita rubescens4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,reddish ,,amanita4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bg4--;,amanita rubescens4 ,one-third natural size1 caps a dingy reddish-brown1 stains reddish when bruised4 ,rubescens is from rubesco1 to become red4 ,it is so called because of the dingy reddish color of the entire plant1 and also because when the plant is handled or bruised it quickly changes to a reddish color4 ,it is often a large bulky plant and rather uninviting4 ,the pileus is four to six inches broad1 dingy reddish1 often becoming pale flesh color1 fleshy1 oval to convex1 then expanded2 sprinkled with small pale warts1 unequal1 mealy1 scattered1 white1 easily separating2 margin even1 faintly striate1 especially in wet weather2 flesh soft1 white1 becoming red when broken4 ,the gills are white or whitish1 free from the stem but reaching it and forming at times decurrent lines upon it1 thin1 crowded4 ,the stem is four or five inches long1 nearly cylindrical1 solid1 though inclined to be soft within1 tapering from the base up1 with a bulbous base which often tapers abruptly below1 containing reddish scales1 color dull red4 ,it has seldom any distinct evidence of a volva at the base but abundant evidence on the cap4 ,ring large1 superior1 white1 and fragile4 ,the plant is quite variable in color1 sometimes becoming almost white with a slight reddish or brownish tint4 ,the strong distinguishing character of the species is the almost entire absence of any remains of the volva at the base of the stem4 ,by this1 and by the dull red hues and the bruised portions quickly changing to a reddish color1 it is easily distinguished from any of the poisonous ,amanitas4 ,according to ,cordier it is largely used as an article of food in ,france4 ,stevenson and ,cooke speak well of it4 ,i noticed the small ,bohemian boys gathered it about ,salem1 ,ohio1 not having been in this country more than a week and not being able to speak a word of ,english4 ,it convinced me that it was an article of diet in ,bohemia and that our species is similar to theirs4 ,i have found the plants in woods about ,bowling ,green and ,sidney1 ,ohio4 ,the plants in ,figure #bg were collected on ,johnson's ,island1 ,sandusky1 ,ohio1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,it is found from ,june to ,september4 ,amanita aspera4 ,fr4 ,,rough ,,amanita4 ,aspera means rough4 ,the pileus is convex1 then plane2 warts minute1 somewhat crowded1 nearly persistent2 margin even1 rather thin1 increasing in thickness toward the stem2 scarcely umbonate1 reddish with various tints of livid and gray2 flesh rather solid1 white1 with tints of reddish-brown immediately next to the epidermis4 ,the gills are free1 with sometimes a little tooth behind1 running down the stem1 white1 broad in front4 ,the stem is white1 squamulose1 bulb rugulose1 ring superior and entire4 ,the spores are #hf4 ,when the flesh is bruised or eaten by insects it assumes a reddish-brown color1 and in this respect it resembles ,a4 rubescens4 ,the odor is strong but the taste is not unpleasant4 ,in woods from ,june till ,october4 ,the collector should be sure he knows the plant before he eats it4 ,amanita csarea4 ,scop4 ,,the ,,orange ,,amanita4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bh4--;,amanita csarea4 ,from a drawing showing the different stages of the plant4 ,caps1 gills1 stem and collar yellow1 volva white4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,h4 ,c4 ,beardslee4 ,figure #bi4--;,amanita csarea4 ,the ,orange ,amanita is a large1 attractive1 and beautiful plant4 ,i have marked it edible1 but no one should eat it unless he is thoroughly acquainted with all the species of the genus ,amanita1 and then with great caution4 ,it is said to have been ,csar's favorite mushroom4 ,the pileus is smooth1 hemispherical1 bell-shaped1 convex1 and when fully expanded nearly flat1 the center somewhat elevated and the margin slightly curved downward2 red or orange1 fading to yellow on the margin2 usually the larger and well-developed specimens have the deeper and richer color1 the color being always more marked in the center of the pileus2 margin distinctly striate2 gills rounded at the stem end and not attached to the stem1 yellow1 free and straight4 ,the color of the gills of matured plants usually is an index to the color of the spores but it is an exception in this case as the spores are white4 ,the stem and the flabby membranaceous collar that surrounds it toward the top are yellow like the gills1 the depth of the color varying more with the size of the plant than is the case with color of the cap4 ,sometimes in small and inferior plants the color of both stem and gills is nearly white1 and if the volva is not distinct it is difficult to distinguish it from the fly mushroom1 which is very poisonous4 ,the stem is hollow1 with a soft cottony pith in the young plants4 ,in very young plants the edge of the collar is attached to the margin of the cap and conceals the gills1 but with the upward growth of the stem and the expansion of the cap the collar separates from the margin and remains attached to the stem1 where it hangs down upon it like a ruffle4 ,the expanded cap is usually from three to six inches broad1 the stem from four to six inches long and tapering upward4 ,when in the button stage1 the plant is ovate2 and the white color of the volva1 which now entirely surrounds the plant1 presents an appearance much like a hen's egg in size1 color1 and shape4 ,as the parts within develop1 the volva ruptures in its upper part1 the stem elongates and carries upward the cap1 while the remains of the volva surrounds the base of the stem in the form of a cup4 ,when the volva first breaks at the apex1 it reveals the point of the cap with its beautiful red color and in contrast with the white volva makes quite a pretty plant1 but with advancing age the red or orange red fades to a yellow4 ,in drying the specimens the red often entirely disappears4 ,in young1 as well as in old plants1 the margin is often prominently marked with striations1 as will be seen in ,figures #bh and #bi4 ,the flesh of the plant is white but more or less stained with yellow next to the epidermis and the gills1 which are of that color4 ,the plant grows in wet weather from ,july to ,october4 ,it grows in thin woods and seems to prefer pine woods and sandy soil4 ,i have found it from the south tier of counties to the north of our state4 ,it is not1 however1 a common plant in ,ohio4 ,from its several names--,csar's ,agaric1 ,imperial ,mushroom1 ,cibus ,deorum1 ,kaiserling--one would infer that for ages it had been held in high esteem as an esculent4 ,too great caution cannot be used in distinguishing it from the very poisonous fly mushroom4 ,amanita spreta4 ,pk4 ,,hated ,,amanita4 ,,poisonous4 ,spreta1 hated4 ,the pileus at first is nearly ovate1 slightly umbonate1 then convex1 smooth1 sometimes fragments of the volva adhering1 the margin striate1 whitish or pale-brown toward and on the umbo1 soft1 dry1 more or less furrowed on the margin4 ,the flesh is white1 thin on the edges1 and increasing in thickness toward the center4 ,gills close1 white1 reaching the stem4 ,the stem is equal1 smooth1 annulate1 stuffed or hollow1 whitish1 finely striate at the top from the decurrent lines of the gills1 not bulbous at the base1 the volva rather large and inclined to yellowish color4 ,the spores are elliptical4 ,the plant resembles the dark forms of the ,amanitopsis in having the marked striations and the entire and closely fitting volva at the base1 but can be easily distinguished by its ring4 ,i found it on ,cemetery ,hill in company with the ,amanitopsis4 ,it does not seem to root as deep in the ground as the ,amanitopsis4 ,it is very poisonous and should be carefully studied so that it may be readily recognized and avoided4 ,it is found in open woods from ,july to ,september4 ,amanitopsis4 ,roze4 ,amanitopsis is from ,aminita and opsis1 resembling2 so called because it resembles the ,amanita4 ,the principal feature wherein the genus differs from the ,amanita is the absence of a collar on the stem4 ,its species are included among the ,amanita by many authors4 ,the spores are white4 ,the gills are free from the stem1 and it has a universal veil at first completely enveloping the young plant1 which soon breaks it1 carrying remnants of it on the pileus1 where they appear as scattered warts4 ,it differs from the ,lepiota in having a volva4 ,amanitopsis vaginata4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,sheathed ,,amanitopsis4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cj4--;,amanita vaginata4 ,one-third natural size4 ,notice a portion of the volva adhering to the cap4 ,vaginata--from vagina1 a sheath4 ,the plant is edible but should be used with very great caution4 ,it is quite variable in color1 ranging from white to mouse color1 brownish or yellowish4 ,the pileus is ovate at first1 bell-shaped1 then convex and expanded1 thin1 quite fragile1 smooth1 when young with a few fragments of the volva adhering to its surface1 deeply and distinctly striate4 ,the gills are free1 white1 then pallid1 ventricose1 broadest in front1 irregular4 ,the flesh is white1 but in the darker forms stained under the easily separating skin4 ,the spores are white and nearly round1 #g-aj4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 even or slightly tapering upward1 hollow or stuffed1 smooth or sprinkled with downy scales1 not bulbous at the base4 ,the volva is long1 thin1 fragile1 forming a permanent sheath which is quite soft and readily adheres to the base of the stem4 ,the striations on the margin are deep and distinct1 as in the ,orange ,amanita4 ,the cup is quite regular but it is fragile1 easily broken and usually deep in the ground4 ,in some plants a slight umbo is developed at the center4 ,the mushroom-eater wants to distinguish very carefully between this species and ,amanita spreta1 which is very poisonous4 ,it is found in woods1 in open places where there is much vegetable mould1 sometimes found in stubble and pastures1 especially in meadows under trees4 ,found from ,june to ,november4 ,the plant varies considerably in color1 and there are several varieties1 separable by means of their color3 ,a4 vaginata1 var4 alba4 ,the whole plant is white4 ,a4 vaginata var4 fulva4 ,the cap tawny yellow or pale ochraceous4 ,a4 vaginata var4 livida4 ,the cap leaden brown2 gills and stem tinged with smoky brown4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,v4 ,figure #ca4--;,amanita vaginata ,amanitopsis strangulata4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,gray ,,amanitopsis4 ,,edible4 ,strangulata means choked1 from the stuffed stem4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 soon plane1 livid-bay or gray1 with patches of the volva1 margin striate or grooved4 ,the gills are free1 white1 close4 ,the stem is stuffed1 silky above1 scaly below1 slightly tapering upwards4 ,the volva soon breaking up1 forming several ring-like ridges on the stem4 ,the spores are globose1 #aj-ac4 ,this is a synonym for ,a4 ceciliae4 ,b4 and ,br4 and perhaps nothing more than a vigorous growth of ,amanitopsis vaginata4 ,it has almost no odor and a sweet taste and cooks deliciously4 ,found in the woods and in open places from ,august to ,october4 ,lepiota4 ,fr4 ,lepiota means a scale4 ,in the ,lepiota the gills are typically free from the stem1 as in ,amanita and ,amanitopsis1 but they differ in having no superficial or removable warts on the cap1 and no sheathing or scaly remains of a volva at the base of the stem4 ,in some species the epidermis of the cap breaks into scales which persistently adhere to the cap1 and this feature1 indeed1 suggests the name of the genus1 which is derived from the ,latin word lepis1 a scale4 ,the stem is hollow or stuffed1 its flesh being distinct from the pileus and easily separable from it4 ,there are a number of edible species4 ,lepiota procera4 ,scop4 ,,the ,,parasol ,,mushroom4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,figure #cb4--,lepiota procera4 ,procera means tall4 ,the pileus is thin1 strongly umbonate1 adorned with brown spot-like scales4 ,the gills are white1 sometimes yellowish-white1 free1 remote from the stem1 broad and crowded1 ventricose1 edge sometimes brownish4 ,the stem is very long1 cylindrical1 hollow or stuffed1 even1 very long in proportion to its thickness and is1 therefore1 suggestive of the specific name1 procera4 ,the ring is rather thick and firm1 though in mature plants it becomes loosened and movable on the stem4 ,this and the form of the plant suggest the name1 parasol4 ,the cap is from three to five inches broad and the stem from five to nine inches high4 ,i found one specimen among fallen timber that was eleven inches tall and whose cap was six inches broad4 ,it has a wide distribution4 ,it is found in all parts of ,ohio but is not abundant anywhere4 ,it is a favorite with those who have eaten it1 and1 indeed1 it is a delicious morsel when quickly broiled over coals1 seasoned to taste with salt and pepper1 butter melted in the gills and served on toast4 ,this mushroom is especially free from grubs and it can be dried for winter use4 ,there is no poisonous species with which one is likely to confound it4 ,the very tall1 slender stem with a bulbous base1 the very peculiar spotted cap with the prominent dark colored umbo and the movable ring on the stem1 are ear-marks sufficient to identify this species4 ,spores white and elliptical1 #adaj4 ,lloyd4 ,it is found in pastures1 stubble1 and among fallen timber4 ,july to ,october4 ,i am indebted to ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd for the photograph given here4 ,lepiota naucina4 ,fr4 ,,smooth ,,lepiota4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cc4--,lepiota naucina4 ,the entire plant white4 ,pileus soft1 smooth1 white or smoky-white2 gills free1 white1 slowly changing with age to a dirty pinkish-brown color2 stem annulate1 slightly thickened at the base1 attenuated upward1 clothed with fibres pure white4 ,the ,smooth ,lepiota is generally very regular in shape and of a pure white color4 ,the central part of the cap is sometimes tinged with yellow or a smoky white hue4 ,its surface is nearly always very smooth and even4 ,the gills are somewhat narrower toward the stem than they are in the middle4 ,they are rounded and not attached to the stem4 ,cap two to four inches broad2 stem two to three inches long4 ,it grows in clean grassy places in lawn1 pastures1 and along roadsides4 ,i have seen the roadside white with this species around ,sidney1 ,ohio4 ,the specimens represented in figure were found in ,chillicothe1 ,august to ,november4 ,this is one of the best mushrooms1 not inferior to the meadow mushroom4 ,it has this advantage over the former that the gills retain their white color and do not pass from a pink to a repulsive black4 ,the halftone and the description ought to make the plant known to the most casual reader4 ,lepiota americana4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,american ,,lepiota4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cd4--,lepiota americana4 ,center of disk red or reddish-brown1 stem frequently swollen4 ,plant turning red when drying4 ,this plant is quite common about ,chillicothe1 especially upon sawdust piles4 ,it grows both singly and in clusters4 ,the umbonate cap is adorned with reddish or reddish-brown scales except on the center where the color is uniformly reddish or reddish-brown because the surface is not broken up into scales2 gills close1 free1 white1 ventricose2 stem smooth1 enlarged at the base4 ,in some plants the base of the stem is abnormally large2 ring white1 inclined to be delicate4 ,wounds and bruises are apt to assume brownish-red hues4 ,dr4 ,herbst says3 ,this is truly an ,american plant1 not being found in any other country4 ,this is the pride of the family4 ,there is nothing more beautiful than a cluster of this fungi4 ,to look over the beautiful scaly pileus is a sight equally as fascinating as a covey of quail4 ,found in grassy lawns and on old sawdust piles1 in common with ,pluteus cervinus4 ,it is found almost all over the state4 ,it is quite equal to the ,parasol mushroom in flavor4 ,it has a tendency to turn the milk or cream in which it is cooked to a reddish color4 ,it is found from ,june to ,october4 ,mr4 ,lloyd suggests the name ,lepiota ,bodhami4 ,it is the same as the ,european plant ,l4 hmatosperma4 ,bull4 ,lepiota ,morgani4 ,pk4 ,,in ,,honor ,,of ,,prof4 ,,morgan4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,figure #ce4--,lepiota morgani4 ,entire plant white or brownish-white4 ,gills white at first then greenish4 ,pileus fleshy1 soft1 at first subglobose1 then expanded or even depressed1 white1 the brownish or yellowish cuticule breaking up into scales on the disk2 gills close1 lanceolate1 remote1 white1 then green2 stem firm1 equal or tapering upward1 subbulbous1 smooth1 webby-stuffed1 whitish tinged with brown2 ring rather large1 movable as you will observe in ,figure #ce4 ,flesh of both pileus and stem white1 changing to a reddish1 then to yellowish hue when cut or bruised4 ,spores ovate or subelliptical1 mostly uninucleate1 sordid green4 #aj-acg-h4 ,peck4 ,this plant is very abundant about ,chillicothe and ,i found it equally so at ,sidney4 ,i have known several families to eat of it1 making about half of the children in each family sick4 ,i regard it as a dangerous plant to eat4 ,it grows very large and ,i have seen it growing in well marked rings a rod in diameter4 ,if you are in doubt whether the plant you have is ,morgani or not1 let it remain in the basket over night and you will plainly see that the gills are turning green4 ,the gills are white until the spores begin to fall4 ,the plant is found in pastures and sometimes in pasture woods4 ,june to ,october4 ,lepiota granulosa4 ,batsch4 ,,grainy ,,lepiota4 ,,edible4 ,granulosa--from granosus1 full of grains4 ,pileus thin1 convex or nearly plain1 sometimes almost umbonate1 rough1 with numerous granular scales1 often radiately wrinkled1 rusty-yellow or reddish-yellow1 often growing paler with age4 ,flesh white or reddish tinged4 ,gills close1 rounded behind and usually slightly adnexed1 white4 ,stem equal or slightly thickened at the base1 stuffed or hollow1 white above the ring1 colored and adorned like the pileus below it4 ,ring slight and evanescent4 ,spores elliptical1 4#jjjaf to 4#jjjb inch long1 4#jjjab to 4#jjjad inch broad4 ,plant one to two and one-fifth inches high2 pileus one to two and one-fifth inches broad2 stem one to three lines thick4 ,common in woods1 copses1 and waste places4 ,august to ,october4 ,this is a small species with a short stem and granular reddish-yellow pileus1 and gills slightly attached to the stem4 ,the annulus is very small and fugacious1 being little more than the abrupt termination to the coating of the stem4 ,the species was formerly made to include several varieties which are now regarded as distinct4--,peck's ,report4 ,found in the open woods about ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,the plant is small but quite meaty and of a pleasing quality4 ,lepiota cristatella4 ,pk4 ,pileus thin1 convex1 subumbonate1 minutely mealy1 especially on the margin1 white disk slightly tinged with pink4 ,gills close1 rounded behind1 free1 white2 stem slender1 whitish1 hollow2 spores subelliptical1 4#jjjb inch long4 ,mossy places in woods4 ,october4--,peck's ,report4 ,no one will fail to recognize the crested ,lepiota the moment he sees it4 ,it has many of the ear marks of the ,lepiota family4 ,lepiota granosa4 ,morg4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,figure #cf4--,lepiota granosa4 ,granosa means covered with granules4 ,the pileus is convex1 obtuse or umbonate1 even1 radiately rugose-wrinkled1 generally even and regular on the margin1 reddish-yellow or light bay4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 slightly decurrent1 somewhat crowded1 whitish1 then reddish-yellow4 ,the stem is thickened at the base1 tapering toward the cap1 flesh of the stem is yellow4 ,the veil is membranous and forms a persistent ring on the stem4 ,it grows on decayed wood4 ,i found it in large quantities1 and tried to make it ,l4 granulosa1 but ,i found it fit better ,l4 amianthinus1 which it resembles very closely1 but it is much larger and its habit is not the same4 ,i was not satisfied with this description and sent the specimens to ,prof4 ,atkinson1 who set me right4 ,it is a beautiful plant found on decayed wood in ,september and ,october4 ,lepiota cepstipes4 ,sow4 ,,the ,,onion ,,stemmed ,,lepiota4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cg4--,lepiota cepstipes4 ,pileus thin1 white or yellowish4 ,cepstipes is from cepa1 an onion and stipes1 a stem1 ,pileus is thin at first ovate1 then bell-shaped or expanded1 umbonate1 soon adorned with numerous minute brownish scales1 which are often granular or mealy1 folded into lines on the margin1 white or yellow1 the umbo darker4 ,the gills are thin1 close1 free1 white1 becoming dingy with age or drying4 ,the stem is rather long1 tapering toward the apex1 generally enlarged in the middle or near the base1 hollow4 ,the ring is thin and subpersistent4 ,the spores are subelliptical1 with a single nucleus1 #h-aje-h4 ,the plants often cespitose1 two to four inches high4 ,pileus is one to two inches broad4 ,it is found in rich ground and decomposing vegetable matter4 ,it is also found in graperies and conservatories4 ,peck4 ,this plant derives its specific name from the resemblance of its stem to that of the seed-stalk of an onion4 ,one form has a yellow or yellowish cap1 while the other has a white or fair cap4 ,it seems to delight to grow in well rotted sawdust piles and hot houses4 ,the specimens represented in ,figure #cg were collected in ,cleveland and photographed by ,prof4 ,h4 ,c4 ,beardslee4 ,lepiota acutesquamosa4 ,wein4 ,,the ,,squarrose ,,lepiota4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ch4--,lepiota acutesquamosa4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing small pointed scales4 ,acutesquamosa is from acutus1 sharp1 and squama1 a scale2 so called from the many bristling1 erect scales on the pileus4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 fleshy1 convex1 obtuse1 or broadly umbonate2 pale rusty with numerous small pointed scales1 which are usually larger and more numerous at the disk4 ,the gills are free1 crowded1 simple1 white or yellowish4 ,the stem is two to three inches or more long2 stuffed or hollow1 tapering upward slightly from a swollen base2 below the ring rough or silky1 pruinose above1 ring large4 ,the spores are #g-hd4 ,they are found in the woods1 in gardens1 and frequently in greenhouses4 ,there is a slight difference between the specimens growing in the woods and those in the greenhouse4 ,in the latter the pubescent covering is less dense and the erect scales are more numerous than in the former4 ,in older specimens these scales fall off and leave small scars on the cap where they were attached4 ,the specimens in ,figure #ch were gathered in ,michigan and were photographed by ,dr4 ,fisher of ,detroit4 ,armillaria4 ,fr4 ,armillaria1 from armilla1 a bracelet--referring to the ring upon the stem4 ,this genus differs from all the foregoing white-spored species in having the gills attached to the stem by their inner extremity4 ,the spores are white and the stem has a collar1 though a somewhat evanescent one1 but no wrapper at the base of the stem as in the ,amanita and ,amanitopsis4 ,by the collar the genus differs from the other genera which are to follow4 ,the ,amanita and ,lepiota have the flesh of the stem and the pileus not continuous1 and their stems are1 therefore1 easily separated from the cap1 but in the ,armillaria the gills and the pileus are attached to the stem4 ,armillaria mellea4 ,vahl4 ,,the ,,honey-,,colored ,,armillaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ci4--;,armillaria mellea4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,honey colored4 ,tufted with dark-brown fugitive hairs4 ,flesh white4 ,mellea1 from melleus1 of the color of honey4 ,cap fleshy1 honey colored1 or ochraceous1 striate on the margin1 shaded with darker brown toward the center1 having a central boss-like elevation and sometimes a central depression in full grown specimens1 tufted with dark-brown fugitive hairs4 ,color of the cap varies1 depending upon climatic conditions and the character of the habitat4 ,gills distant1 ending in a decurrent tooth1 pallid or dirty white1 very often showing brown or rust colored spots when old4 ,spores white and abundant4 ,frequently the ground under a clump of this species will be white from the fallen spores4 ,stem elastic and scaly1 four inches or more in length4 ,ring downy4 ,diameter of cap from two to five inches4 ,manner of growth is frequently in tufts1 and1 as with most of the ,armillarias1 generally parasitic on old stumps4 ,the veil varies greatly4 ,it may be membranaceous and thin1 or quite thick1 or may be wanting entirely1 as will be seen in ,figure #ci2 in ,figure #dj only a slight trace of the ring can be seen4 ,the two plants grew under very different environment2 the last grew in the woods and ,figure #ci on a lawn in the city4 ,the species is very common and grows either in thin woods or in cleared lands1 on the ground or on decaying wood4 ,its favorite habit is about stumps4 ,it is either solitary1 gregarious1 or in dense clusters4 ,it is very abundant about ,chillicothe1 where ,i have seen stumps literally surrounded with it4 ,it has a slight acridity while raw1 which it seems to lose in cooking4 ,those who like it may eat it without fear1 all varieties being edible4 ,prof4 ,peck gives the following varieties3 ,a4 mellea var4 obscura--has the cap covered with numerous small black scales4 ,a4 mellea var4 flava--has a cap yellow or reddish-yellow1 otherwise normal4 ,a4 mellea var4 glabra--has a smooth cap1 otherwise normal4 ,a4 mellea var4 radicata--has a tapering root penetrating the soil4 ,a4 mellea var4 bulbosa--has a bulbous base4 ,a4 mellea var4 exannulata--has the cap smooth and even on the margin1 and the stem tapering at the base4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dj4--;,armillaria mellea4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing double ring present4 ,armillaria bulbigera4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,marginate-,,bulbed ,,armillaria4 ,illustration3 ,figure #da4--;,armillaria bulbigera4 ,reddish-gray caps and short bulbous stems4 ,bulbigera is from bulbus1 a bulb1 and gero1 to bear4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 three to four inches across1 convex1 then expanded1 obtuse1 even1 brownish1 gray1 sometimes reddish1 dry1 fibrillose near the margin4 ,the gills are notched at the stem1 pallid1 crowded at first1 at length rather distant1 becoming slightly colored4 ,the stem is distinctly bulbous1 two to three inches long1 stuffed1 pallid1 fibrillose1 ring oblique1 fugacious4 ,the spores are #g-aje4 ,i have found some very fine specimens in ,poke ,hollow1 near ,chillicothe4 ,the stems were short and very bulbous1 having hardly any trace of the ring on the older specimens4 ,the caps were obtusely convex and of a grayish rufescent color4 ,this species can readily be distinguished by the distinctly marginate bulb at the base of the stem4 ,the specimens in ,figure #da were found in ,poke ,hollow1 near ,chillicothe1 ,october #b;d4 ,i have no doubt of their edibility but ,i have not eaten them4 ,armillaria nardosmia4 ,ellis4 ,,spikenard-,,smelling ,,armillaria4 ,,ellis4 ,illustration3 ,figure #db4--;,armillaria nardosmia4 ,one-half natural size1 showing the veil and incurved margin4 ,nardosmia is from nardosmius1 the odor of nardus or spikenard4 ,the pileus is quite thick1 firm and compact1 thinner toward the margin1 strongly involute when young1 grayish white and beautifully variegated with brown spots1 like the breast of a pheasant1 rather tough1 with a separable epidermis1 flesh white4 ,the gills are crowded1 slightly notched or emarginate1 somewhat ventricose1 white4 ,the stem is solid1 short1 fibrous1 sheathed by a veil forming a ring more or less evanescent4 ,the spores are nearly round1 #f in diameter4 ,this is the most beautiful species of the genus1 and from its pheasant-like spotted cap1 as well as its strong odor and taste of spikenard or almonds1 it is easily determined4 ,the almond taste and odor disappears in cooking4 ,i found some very fine specimens around a pond in ,mr4 ,shriver's woods1 east of ,chillicothe4 ,in older specimens the cuticule of the caps frequently breaks into scales4 ,found in woods in ,september and ,october4 ,armillaria appendiculata4 ,pk4 ,appendiculata1 bearing small appendages4 ,pileus is broadly convex1 glabrous1 whitish1 often tinged with rust-color or brownish rust-color on the disk4 ,flesh white or whitish4 ,gills close1 rounded behind1 whitish4 ,stem equal or slightly tapering upward1 solid1 bulbous1 whitish1 the veil either membraneous or webby1 white1 commonly adhering in fragments to the margin of the pileus4 ,spores subelliptical1 #he4 ,pileus two to four inches broad4 ,stem #a4e-c4e inches long2 #e-aj lines thick4 ,the general appearance of this species is suggestive of ,tricholoma album1 but the appearance of a veil separates it from that fungus and places it in the genus ,armillaria4 ,the veil1 however1 is often slightly lacerated1 or webby1 and adherent to the margin of the pileus4 ,peck's ,report4 ,i have found this at ,salem and ,chillicothe4 ,tricholoma4 ,fr4 ,tricholoma is from two ,greek words meaning hair and fringe4 ,this genus is known by its stout1 fleshy stem1 without any evidence of a ring1 and by the gills being attached to the stem and having a notch in their edges near or at the extremity4 ,the veil is absent1 or1 if present1 it is downy and adherent to the margin of the cap4 ,the cap is generally quite fleshy2 the stem is homogeneous and confluent with the pileus1 central and nearly fleshy1 without either ring or volva1 and with no distinct bark-like coat4 ,the spores are white or grayish-white4 ,the distinguishing features are the fleshy stem1 continuous with the flesh of the pileus1 and the sinuate or notched gills4 ,this is quite a universal genus4 ,all the species grow on the ground1 so far as ,i know them4 ,there are many edible species under this genus1 there being only two1 so far as ,i know1 not edible2 and no one is likely to touch those on account of their strong odor4 ,they are ,t4 sulphureum and ,t4 saponaceum4 ,tricholoma transmutans4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,changing ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,transmutans means changing1 from changes of color in both stem and gills in different stages of the plant4 ,this species has a cap two to four inches broad1 viscid or sticky when moist4 ,it is at first tawny-brown1 especially with advancing age4 ,the flesh is white and has a decided farinaceous odor and taste4 ,the gills are crowded1 rather narrow1 sometimes branched1 becoming reddish-spotted with age4 ,the stem is equal or slightly tapering upward2 bare1 or slightly silky-fibrillose2 stuffed or hollow2 whitish1 often marked with reddish stains or becoming reddish-brown toward the base1 white within4 ,spores subglobose1 #e4 ,the species grows in woods and open places1 also in clover pastures1 either singly or in tufts4 ,i have seen large tufts of them1 and in that case the caps are more or less irregular on account of their crowded condition4 ,i found it frequently about ,salem1 and this fall1 #aije1 ,i found it quite plentiful in a clover pasture near ,chillicothe4 ,found in wet weather from ,august to ,september4 ,tricholoma equestre4 ,linn4 ,,the ,,knightly ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dc4--,tricholoma equestre4 ,equestre means belonging to a horseman2 so called from its distinguished appearance in the woods4 ,the pileus is three to five inches broad1 fleshy1 compact1 convex1 expanded1 obtuse1 viscid1 scaly1 margin incurved at first1 pale yellowish1 with sometimes a slight tinge of green in both cap and gills4 ,flesh white or tinged with yellow4 ,the gills are free1 crowded1 rounded behind1 yellow4 ,the stem is stout1 solid1 pale yellow or white1 white within4 ,the spores are #g-he4 ,it differs from ,t4 coryphum in having gills entirely yellow1 while the edges only of the latter are yellow4 ,it differs from ,t4 sejunctum in the latter having pure white gills and a more slender stem4 ,it is found but occasionally here1 and then only a specimen or two4 ,it is an attractive plant and no one would pass it in the woods without admiring it4 ,found from ,august to ,october4 ,tricholoma sordidum4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dd4--,tricholoma sordidum4 ,sordidum means dingy1 dirty4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 rather tough1 fleshy1 convex1 bell-shaped1 then depressed1 subumbonate1 smooth1 hygrophanous1 margin slightly striate1 brownish lilac1 then dusky4 ,the gills are rounded1 rather crowded1 dingy violet then dusky1 notched with a decurrent tooth4 ,the stem is colored like the pileus1 fibrillose striate1 usually slightly curved1 stuffed1 short1 often thickened at the base4 ,the spores are #g-hc-d1 minutely rugulose4 ,this species differs from ,t4 nudum in being smaller1 tougher1 and often hygrophanous4 ,it is found in richly manured gardens1 about manure piles1 and in hot-houses4 ,the specimens in ,figure #dd were found in a hot-house near ,boston1 ,mass41 and sent to me by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,blackford4 ,they are found in ,september and ,october4 ,tricholoma grammopodium4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,grooved ,,stem ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #de4--,tricholoma grammopodium4 ,natural size4 ,grammopodium is from two ,greek words meaning line and foot4 ,the pileus is three to six inches broad1 flesh thick at the center1 thin at the margin1 solid yet tender2 brownish1 blackish-umber1 almost a dingy-lavender when moist1 whitish when dry2 at first bell-shaped1 then convex1 sometimes slightly wavy1 obtusely umbonate2 margin at first inclined to be involute1 and extending beyond the gills4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 broadly notched as will be seen in the specimen1 closely crowded1 quite entire1 shorter ones numerous1 a few branched1 white or whitish4 ,the stem is three to four inches long1 thickened at the base1 smooth1 firm1 longitudinally grooved from which it gets its specific name1 whitish4 ,the spores are nearly round1 #e-f4 ,it closely resembles ,t4 fuligineum but can be distinguished by the grooved stem and crowded gills4 ,the specimens in ,figure #de were found near ,boston1 and were sent to me by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,the plants keep well and are easily dried4 ,they were found the first of ,june4 ,they have an excellent flavor4 ,tricholoma pdidum4 ,fr4 ,paedidum means nasty1 stinking4 ,the pileus is small1 about one and a half inches broad1 rather fleshy1 tough2 convex1 then flattened1 soon depressed around the conical umbo2 fibrillose1 becoming smooth2 smoky gray1 somewhat streaked2 moist2 margin involute1 naked4 ,the gills are adnexed1 crowded1 narrow1 white1 then grayish1 somewhat sinuate with a slight decurrent tooth4 ,the stem is short1 slightly striate1 dingy gray1 thickened at the base4 ,the spores are elliptical or fusiform1 #aj-aae-f4 ,the specific name1 nasty or stinking1 has really no application to the plant4 ,it is said to be very good when cooked4 ,it is found in well manured gardens and fields1 or about manure piles4 ,it differs from ,t4 sordidum in having no trace of violet color4 ,t4 lixivium differs in the free truncate gills4 ,tricholoma lixivium4 ,fr4 ,lixivium means made into lye2 hence1 of the color of ashes and water4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad2 flesh thin2 convex then plane2 umbonate1 never depressed2 even2 smooth2 grayish-brown when moist1 then umber2 margin membranaceous1 at length slightly striate1 sometimes wavy4 ,the gills are rounded behind and adnexed1 free1 soft1 distant1 often crisped1 gray4 ,the stem is about two inches long1 fibrous1 hollow1 or stuffed1 equal1 at first covered with a white down1 fragile1 gray4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #gd-e4 ,the umbonate pileus and the nearly free1 broad1 gray gills will distinguish it4 ,they are a late grower and are found under pine trees in ,november4 ,tricholoma sulphureum4 ,bull4 ,,sulphury ,,tricholoma4 ,,poisonous4 ,illustration3 ,figure #df4--,tricholoma sulphureum4 ,sulphureum1 sulphur2 so called from the general color of the plant4 ,the pileus is one to three inches broad1 fleshy1 convex1 then expanded1 plane1 slightly umbonate1 sometimes depressed1 or flexuous and irregular1 margin at first involute1 dingy or reddish-yellow1 at first silky1 becoming smooth and even4 ,the gills are rather thick1 narrowed behind1 emarginate or acutely adnate1 sulphur-colored4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 somewhat bulbous1 sometimes curved1 frequently slightly striate2 stuffed1 often hollow2 sulphur-yellow1 yellow within2 furnished at the base occasionally with many rather strong1 yellow1 fibrous roots4 ,odor strong and disagreeable4 ,flesh thick and yellow4 ,spores are #i-aje4 ,it grows in mixed woods4 ,i find it frequently where logs have decayed4 ,the specimen in ,figure #df was found in ,haynes' ,hollow and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,found in ,october and ,november4 ,tricholoma quinquepartitum4 ,fr4 ,quinquepartitum means divided into five parts4 ,there is no apparent reason for the name4 ,fries could not identify ,linnus' ,agaricus quinquepartitus and he attached the name of this species4 ,the pileus is three or four inches broad1 slightly fleshy2 convex1 rather involute1 then flattened1 somewhat repand2 viscid1 smooth1 even1 pale yellowish4 ,the gills are notched at the point of attachment to the stem1 broad1 white4 ,the stem is three to four inches long1 solid1 striate or grooved1 smooth4 ,the spores are #e-fc-d4 ,this species differs from ,t4 portentosum in the pileus not being virgate1 and from ,t4 fucatum in the smooth1 striate or grooved stem4 ,this plant is found in thin woods where logs have decayed4 ,i have not eaten this species but ,i have no doubt of its edibility4 ,the taste is pleasant4 ,found in ,october and ,november4 ,tricholoma laterarium4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dg4--,tricholoma laterarium4 ,laterarium is from later1 a brick2 so called because there is nearly always a slight tinge of brick red on the disk4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 convex1 then expanded1 sometimes slightly depressed in the center2 pruinose1 whitish1 the disk often tinged with red or brown1 the thin margin marked with slight subdistant1 short1 radiating ridges4 ,the gills are narrow1 crowded1 white1 prolonged in little decurrent lines on the stem4 ,the stem is nearly equal1 solid1 white4 ,the spores are globose1 4#jjjah inch in diameter4 ,peck's #bfth ,rep4 ,this plant is quite widely distributed in the ,united ,states4 ,it is found quite frequently in ,ohio and is rather abundant on the hillsides about ,chillicothe1 where it is frequently somewhat bulbous4 ,the tinge of brownish-red on the disk1 and the short radiating ridges on the margin of the pileus will serve to identify the plant4 ,it is edible and fairly good4 ,found on leaf-mold in rather damp woods from ,july to ,november4 ,tricholoma panolum4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dh4--,tricholoma panolum4 ,panolum1 all variegated4 ,the pileus is from three to four inches broad1 deeply depressed1 dusky with a gray bloom1 hygrophanous2 margin at first inrolled1 sometimes wavy or irregular when fully expanded4 ,the gills are quite crowded1 adnate1 arcuate1 white at first1 turning to a light gray tinged with an intimation of red1 notched with a decurrent tooth4 ,the stem is short1 slightly bulbous1 tapering upward1 solid1 smooth1 about the same color as the cap4 ,the spores are subglobose1 #e-f4 ,i found the specimens in ,figure #dh under pine trees1 growing on a bed of pine needles1 on ,cemetery ,hill4 ,they were found on the #ith of ,november4 ,var4 calceolum1 ,sterb41 has the pileus spongy1 deformed1 thin1 soft1 expanded1 edge incurved1 sooty-gray2 gills smoky2 stem excentric1 fusiform1 very short4 ,tricholoma columbetta4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,dove-,,colored ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #di4--,tricholoma columbetta4 ,one-third natural size4 ,caps white4 ,stems bulbous4 ,columbetta is the diminutive of columba1 a dove2 so called from the color of the plant4 ,the pileus is from one to four inches broad1 fleshy1 convex1 then expanded2 at first smooth1 then silky2 white1 center sometimes a dilute mouse color shading to a white1 frequently a tinge of pink will be seen on the margin1 which is at first inrolled1 tomentose in young plants1 sometimes cracked4 ,the gills are notched at the junction of the stem1 crowded1 thin1 white1 brittle4 ,the stem is two inches or more long1 solid1 white1 cylindrical1 unequal1 often compressed1 smooth1 crooked1 silky especially in young plants1 bulbous4 ,spores 4#jjjbc by 4#jjjah inch4 ,flesh white1 taste mild4 ,this is a beautiful plant1 seeming to be quite free from insects1 and will remain sound for several days on your study table4 ,i had no end of trouble with it till ,dr4 ,herbst suggested the species4 ,it is quite plentiful here4 ,dr4 ,peck gives quite a number of varieties4 ,curtis1 ,mc,ilvaine1 ,stevenson1 and ,cooke all speak of its esculent qualities4 ,found in the woods in ,september and ,october4 ,tricholoma melaleucum4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,changeable ,,tricholoma4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ej4--,tricholoma melaleucum4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,melaleucum1 black and white2 from contrasted colors of the cap and gills4 ,this ,tricholoma grows in abundance in northern ,ohio4 ,i have found it in the woods near ,bowling ,green1 ,ohio4 ,the specimens in the halftone were found near ,sandusky1 ,ohio1 and were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,it is usually found in sandy soil1 growing singly in shady woods4 ,the pileus fleshy1 thin1 from one to three inches broad1 convex1 rather broadly umbonate1 smooth1 moist1 with variable color1 usually pale1 nearly white at first1 later much darker1 sometimes slightly wavy4 ,the gills are notched1 adnexed1 ventricose1 crowded1 white4 ,the stem is stuffed1 then hollow1 elastic1 from two to four inches long1 somewhat smooth1 whitish1 sprinkled with a few fibrils1 usually thickened at the base4 ,the flesh is soft and white4 ,there is no report1 so far as ,i know1 regarding its edibility1 and ,i have no doubt as to this1 but would advise caution4 ,tricholoma lascivum4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,tarry ,,tricholoma4 ,lascivum1 playful1 wanton2 so called because of its many affinities1 none of which are very close4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex1 then expanded1 slightly obtuse1 somewhat depressed1 silky at first1 then smooth1 even4 ,the gills are notched1 adnexed1 crowded1 white2 the stem is solid1 equal1 rigid1 rooting1 white1 tomentose at the base4 ,found in the woods1 ,haynes' ,hollow near ,chillicothe4 ,september and ,october4 ,tricholoma ,russula4 ,schff4 ,,the ,,reddish ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ea4--,tricholoma ,russula4 ,natural size4 ,caps reddish or flesh color4 ,russula is so named because of its likeness in color to some species of the genus ,russula4 ,the pileus is three to four inches broad1 fleshy1 convex1 then depressed1 viscid1 even or dotted with granular scales1 red or flesh color1 the margin somewhat paler1 involute and minutely downy in the young plant4 ,the gills are rounded or slightly decurrent1 rather distant1 white1 often becoming red-spotted with age4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 solid1 firm1 whitish rosy-red1 nearly equal1 scaly at the apex4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #aje4 ,this plant is quite variable in many of its peculiar characteristics1 yet it usually has enough to readily distinguish it4 ,the cap may be flesh-color and the stem rosy-red1 the cap may be red and the stem white or whitish with stains of red4 ,during wet weather the caps of all are viscid2 when dry1 all may be cracked more or less4 ,the stems may not be scaly at the apex1 often rosy when young4 ,they are found in the woods solitary1 in groups1 or frequently in dense clusters4 ,the specimens in ,figure #ea were found in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fischer4 ,i found this plant in ,poke ,hollow4 ,the gills were quite decurrent4 ,tricholoma acerbum4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,bitter ,,tricholoma4 ,acerbum means bitter to the taste4 ,the pileus is three to four inches broad1 convex to expanded1 obtuse1 smooth1 more or less spotted1 margin thin1 at first involute1 rugose1 sulcate1 viscid1 whitish1 often tinged rufous1 or yellow1 quite bitter to the taste4 ,the gills are notched1 crowded1 pallid or rufescent1 narrow4 ,the stem is solid1 rather short1 blunt1 yellowish1 squamulose above or about the apex4 ,the spores are subglobose1 #e-f4 ,these plants were found growing in a thick bed of moss along with ,armillaria nardosmia4 ,they were not perfect plants but ,i judged them to be ,t4 acerbum from their taste and involute margin4 ,i sent some to ,prof4 ,atkinson1 who confirmed my classification4 ,they grow in open woods in ,october and ,november4 ,tricholoma cinerascens4 ,bull4 ,cinerascens means becoming the color of ashes4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 fleshy1 convex to expanded1 even1 obtuse1 smooth1 white1 then grayish1 margin thin4 ,the gills are emarginate1 crowded1 rather undulate1 dingy1 reddish often yellowish1 easily separating from the pileus4 ,the stem is stuffed1 equal1 smooth1 elastic4 ,they grow in clusters in mixed wood4 ,they are mild to the taste4 ,tricholoma album4 ,schff4 ,,the ,,white ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eb4--,tricholoma album4 ,entirely white4 ,album means white4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 fleshy1 entirely white1 convex1 then depressed1 obtuse1 smooth1 dry1 disc frequently tinged with yellow1 margin at first involute1 at length repand4 ,the gills are rounded behind1 rather crowded1 thin1 white1 broad4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 solid1 firm1 narrowed upwards1 smooth4 ,this plant is quite plentiful in our woods1 growing usually in groups4 ,it grows upon the leaf mould and is frequently quite large4 ,it is quite acrid to the taste when raw1 but this is overcome in cooking4 ,it is found from ,august to ,october4 ,these plants are quite plentiful on the wooded hillsides about ,chillicothe4 ,those in ,figure #eb were found on ,ralston's ,run and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,tricholoma imbricatum4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,imbricated ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd ,figure #ec4--,tricholoma imbricatum4 ,imbricatum means covered with tiles1 imbreces1 referring to the lacerated condition of the cap4 ,this species is very closely related to ,t4 transmutans in size1 color and taste4 ,it is1 however1 easily separated by its dry cap and solid stem4 ,its cap is reddish-brown or cinnamon-brown1 and its surface often presents a somewhat scaly appearance because the epidermis becomes lacerated or torn into small irregular fragments which adhere and seem to overlap like shingles on a roof4 ,the flesh is firm1 white1 and has a farinaceous taste as well as odor4 ,the gills are white1 becoming red or rusty spotted1 rather close1 and notched4 ,the stem is solid1 firm1 nearly equal1 except slightly swollen at the base1 colored much like the cap but usually paler4 ,when old it is sometimes hollow on account of the insects mining it4 ,the spores are white and elliptical1 4#jjjbe inch long4 ,i found this mushroom near ,salem1 ,ohio1 ,bowling ,green1 ,ohio1 and on ,ralston's ,run near ,chillicothe4 ,found in mixed woods from ,september to ,november4 ,tricholoma terriferum4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,earth-,,bearing ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,terriferum1 earth-bearing1 alluding to the viscid cap's holding particles of loam and pine needles to it as it breaks through the soil4 ,this is a meaty mushroom1 and when properly cleaned makes an appetizing dish4 ,the pileus is convex1 irregular1 wavy on the margin and rolled inward1 smooth1 viscid1 pale yellow1 sometimes whitish1 generally covered with loam on account of the sticky surface of the cap1 flesh white4 ,the gills are white1 thin1 close1 slightly adnexed4 ,the stem is short1 fleshy1 solid1 equal1 mealy1 very slightly bulbous at the base4 ,found near ,salem1 ,ohio1 on ,hon4 ,j4 ,thwing ,brooks' farm ,september to ,october4 ,tricholoma fumidellum4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,smoky ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,fumidellum--smoky1 because of the clay-colored caps clouded with brown4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 convex1 then expanded1 subumbonate1 bare1 moist1 dingy-white or clay-color clouded with brown1 the disk or umbo generally smoky brown4 ,the gills are crowded1 subventricose1 whitish4 ,the stem is one and a half to two and a half inches long1 equal1 bare1 solid whitish4 ,the spores minute1 subglobose1 #d-ed4 ,peck1 #dd ,rep4 ,the specimens ,i found grew in a mixed woods in the leaf-mold4 ,they are found only occasionally in our woods in ,september and ,october4 ,tricholoma leucocephalum4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,white-,,capped ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,leucocephalum is from two ,greek words meaning white and head1 referring to the white caps4 ,the pileus is one and a half to two inches across1 convex1 then plane2 even1 moist1 smooth when the silky veil is gone1 water-soaked after a rain2 flesh thin1 tough1 smell mealy1 taste mild and pleasant4 ,the gills are rounded behind and almost free1 crowded1 white4 ,the stem is about two inches long1 hollow1 solid at the base1 smooth1 cartilaginous1 tough1 rooting4 ,the spores are #i-ajg-h4 ,it differs from ,t4 album in having the odor of new meal strongly marked4 ,it is found in open woods during ,september and ,october4 ,tricholoma fumescens4 ,pk4 ,,smoky ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ed4--,tricholoma fumescens4 ,fumescens means growing smoky4 ,pileus convex or expanded1 dry1 clothed with a very minute appressed tomentum1 whitish4 ,the gills are narrow1 crowded1 rounded behind1 whitish or pale cream color1 changing to smoky blue or blackish where bruised4 ,the stem is short1 cylindrical1 whitish4 ,spores are oblong-elliptical1 #e-fe4 ,pileus is one inch broad4 ,stem one to one and a half inches high4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,the caps are quite a bit larger in the specimens found in ,ohio than those described by ,dr4 ,peck4 ,so much so that ,i was in doubt as to the correct identification4 ,i sent some specimens to ,dr4 ,peck for his determination4 ,the species will be readily identified by the fine crowded gills and the smoky blue or blackish hue they assume when bruised4 ,the caps are frequently wavy1 as will be seen in ,figure #ed4 ,i found the plants in ,poke ,hollow near ,chillicothe1 ,september to ,november4 ,tricholoma terreum4 ,schaeff4 ,,the ,,gray ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ee4--,tricholoma terreum4 ,cap grayish-brown or mouse color4 ,terreum is from terra1 the earth2 so called from the color4 ,this is quite a variable species in color and size1 as well as manner of growth4 ,the pileus is one to three inches broad1 dry1 fleshy1 thin1 convex1 expanded1 nearly plane1 often having a central umbo2 floccose-scaly1 ashy-brown1 grayish-brown or mouse-color4 ,the gills are adnexed1 subdistant1 white1 becoming grayish1 edges more or less eroded4 ,spores1 #e-f4 ,the stem is whitish1 fibrillose1 equal1 paler than the cap1 varying from solid to stuffed or hollow1 one to three inches high4 ,i find this plant on north hillsides1 in beech woods4 ,it is not plentiful4 ,there are several varieties3 ,var4 orirubens4 ,q4 ,edge of gills reddish4 ,var4 atrosquamosum4 ,chev4 ,pileus gray with small black scales2 g4 whitish4 ,var4 argyraceum4 ,bull4 ,entirely pure white1 or pileus grayish4 ,var4 chrysites4 ,jungh4 ,pileus tinged yellowish or greenish4 ,the plants in ,figure #ee were found in ,poke ,hollow near ,chillicothe4 ,their time is ,september to ,november4 ,tricholoma saponaceum4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ef4--,tricholoma saponaceum4 ,saponaceum is from sapo1 soap1 so called from its peculiar odor4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 convex1 then plane1 involute at first as will be seen in ,figure #ef1 smooth1 moist in wet weather but not viscid1 often cracked into scales or punctate1 grayish or livid-brown1 often with a tinge of olive1 flesh firm1 becoming more or less red when cut or wounded4 ,the gills are uncinately emarginate1 thin1 quite entire1 not crowded1 white1 sometimes tinged with green4 ,spores subglobose1 #ed4 ,the stem is solid1 unequal1 rooting1 smooth1 sometimes reticulated with black fibrils or scaly4 ,this species is found quite frequently about ,chillicothe4 ,it is quite variable in size and color1 but can be readily recognized from its peculiar odor and the flesh's becoming reddish when wounded4 ,it is not poisonous but its odor will prevent any one from eating it4 ,found in mixed woods from ,august to ,november4 ,tricholoma cartilagineum4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,cartilaginous ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eg4--,tricholoma cartilagineum4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,cartilagineum means gristly or cartilaginous4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 cartilaginous1 elastic1 fleshy1 convex1 soon expanded1 wavy1 as seen in ,figure #eg1 margin incurved1 smooth1 inclined to be blackish at first1 then broken up into small black spots4 ,the gills are slightly notched1 adnexed1 somewhat crowded1 grayish4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 rather firm1 stuffed1 equal1 smooth1 white1 often striate and mealy4 ,taste and odor pleasant4 ,a number of my friends ate it because of its inviting taste and odor4 ,it grew in quantities among the clover in our city park during the wet weather of the last of ,may and the first of ,june4 ,tricholoma squarrulosum4 ,bres4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eh4--,tricholoma squarrulosum4 ,caps showing black squamules4 ,squarrulosum means full of scales4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 convex1 then expanded1 umbonate1 dry2 fuscous then lurid tan1 center black1 with black squamules2 edge fibrillose1 exceeding gills4 ,the gills are broad1 crowded1 whitish-gray1 reddish when bruised4 ,the stem is of the same color as the pileus1 punctato-squamulose4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #g-id-e4 ,this is a beautiful plant1 growing in mixed woods among the leaves4 ,the stem is short and apparently the same color as the pileus4 ,the latter is covered with black squamules which give rise to the name of the species4 ,i have succeeded in finding the plants only in ,october4 ,the specimens in ,figure #eh were found in ,poke ,hollow1 near ,chillicothe4 ,tricholoma maculatescens4 ,pk4 ,,spotted ,,tricholoma4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ei4--,tricholoma maculatescens4 ,one-third natural size4 ,maculatescens means growing spotted2 so called because when the specimen is dried the cap becomes more or less spotted4 ,the pileus is one and a half to three inches broad1 compact1 spongy1 reddish-brown1 convex1 then expanded1 obtuse1 even1 slightly viscid when wet1 becoming rivulose and brown spotted in drying1 flesh whitish1 margin inflexed1 exceeding the gills4 ,the gills are slightly emarginate1 rather narrow1 cinereous4 ,the stem is spongy-fleshy1 equal1 sometimes abruptly narrowed at the base1 solid1 stout1 fibrillose1 pallid or whitish4 ,the spores are oblong or subfusiform1 pointed at the ends1 uninucleate1 4#jjjc inch long1 4#jjjaf broad4 ,peck4 ,i found the plant on several occasions in the month of ,november1 but was unable to fix it satisfactorily until ,prof4 ,morgan helped me out4 ,the specimens in ,figure #ei were found on ,thanksgiving day in the ,morton woods1 in ,gallia ,county1 ,ohio4 ,i had found several specimens about ,chillicothe1 previous to this4 ,this species seems to be very near ,t4 flavobrunneum1 ,t4 graveolens1 and ,t4 ,schumacheri1 but may be distinguished from them by the spotting of the pileus when drying and the peculiar shape of the spores4 ,it is found among the leaves in mixed woods even during freezing weather4 ,it is no doubt edible1 but ,i should try it cautiously for the first time4 ,tricholoma flavobrunneum4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,yellow-,,brown ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,flavobrunneum is from flavus1 yellow2 brunneus1 brown2 so called from the brown caps and yellow flesh4 ,the pileus is three to four or more inches broad1 fleshy1 conical1 then convex1 expanded1 subumbonate1 viscid1 brownish-bay1 scaly-streaked1 flesh yellow1 then tinged with red4 ,the gills are pale yellow1 emarginate1 slightly decurrent1 somewhat crowded1 and often tinged with red4 ,the stem is three to four inches long1 hollow1 slightly ventricose1 brownish1 flesh yellow1 at first viscid1 sometimes reddish-brown4 ,the spores are #f-gd-e4 ,found in mixed woods among leaves4 ,tricholoma ,schumacheri4 ,fr4 ,schumacheri in honor of ,c4 ,f4 ,schumacher1 author of ,plantarum ,sllandi4 ,the pileus is from two to three inches broad1 spongy1 convex1 then plane1 obtuse1 even1 livid gray1 moist1 edge beyond gills incurved4 ,the gills are narrow1 close1 pure white1 slightly emarginate4 ,the stem is three to four inches long1 solid1 fibrillosely-striate1 white and fleshy4 ,this seems to be a domestic plant1 found in greenhouses4 ,tricholoma grande4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,large ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,grande1 large1 showy4 ,this was quite abundant in ,haines' ,hollow and on ,ralston's ,run during the wet weather of the fall of #aije4 ,it seems to be very like ,t4 columbetta and is found in the same localities4 ,the pileus is thick1 firm1 hemispherical1 becoming convex1 often irregular1 dry1 scaly1 somewhat silky-fibrillose toward the margin1 white1 the margin at first involute4 ,flesh grayish-white1 taste farinaceous4 ,the gills are close1 rounded behind1 adnexed1 white4 ,the stem is stout1 solid1 fibrillose1 at first tapering upward1 then equal or but slightly thickened at the base1 pure white4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #i-aaf4 ,the pileus is four to five inches broad1 the stem two to four inches long1 and an inch to an inch and a half thick4 ,peck1 #ddth ,rep4 ,this is a very large and showy plant1 growing among leaves after heavy rains4 ,both this and ,t4 columbetta1 as well as a white variety of ,t4 personatum1 were very plentiful in the same woods4 ,they grow in groups so closely crowded that the caps are often quite irregular4 ,the darker and scaly disk and larger sized spore will help you to distinguish it from ,t4 columbetta4 ,the very large specimens are too coarse to be good4 ,found in damp woods1 among leaves1 from ,august to ,november4 ,tricholoma sejunctum4 ,sow4 ,,the ,,separating ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fj4--,tricholoma sejunctum4 ,one-half natural size4 ,sejunctum means having separated4 ,it refers to the separation of the gills from the stem4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 then expanded1 umbonate1 slightly viscid1 streaked with innate brown or blackish fibrils1 whitish or yellow1 sometimes greenish-yellow1 flesh white and fragile4 ,the gills are broad1 subdistant1 rounded behind or notched1 white4 ,the stem is solid1 stout1 often irregular1 white4 ,the spores are subglobose1 4#jjjbe inch broad4 ,the pileus is one to three inches broad2 stem one to four inches long and from four to eight lines thick4 ,peck's ,report4 ,this is quite common about ,salem1 ,ohio2 on the old ,lake ,shore line in ,wood ,county near ,bowling ,green1 ,ohio2 and ,i have found it frequently near ,chillicothe4 ,when cooked it has a pleasant flavor4 ,it is always an attractive specimen4 ,i find it under beech trees in the woods1 ,september to ,november4 ,tricholoma unifactum4 ,pk4 ,,united ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,unifactum means united or made into one1 referring to the stems united in one base root or stem4 ,the pileus is fleshy but thin1 convex2 often irregular1 sometimes eccentric from its mode of growth2 whitish1 flesh whitish1 taste mild4 ,the gills are thin1 narrow1 close1 rounded behind1 slightly adnexed1 sometimes forked near the base1 white4 ,the stems are equal or thicker at the base1 solid1 fibrous1 white1 united at the base in a large fleshy mass4 ,spores are white1 subglobose1 4#jjjaf to 4#jjjb of an inch broad4 ,peck4 ,i found a beautiful specimen in ,poke ,hollow1 in a beech woods with some oak and chestnut4 ,there was but one cluster growing from a large whitish fleshy mass4 ,there were fifteen caps growing from this fleshy mass4 ,i could not identify species until too late to photograph4 ,tricholoma albellum4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,whitish ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 becoming pale-white1 passing into gray when dry1 fleshy1 thick at the disk1 thinner at the sides1 conical then convex1 gibbous when expanded1 when in vigor moist on the surface1 spotted as with scales1 the thin margin naked1 flesh soft1 floccose1 white1 unchangeable4 ,the gills are very much attenuated behind1 not emarginate1 becoming broad in front2 very crowded1 quite entire1 white4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 solid1 fleshy-compact1 ovate-bulbous 7conical to the middle1 cylindrical above71 fibrillose-striate1 white4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-gd4 ,tricholoma personatum4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,masked ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fa4--,tricholoma personatum4 ,one-third natural size4 ,caps usually tinged with lilac or violet4 ,stems bulbous4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fb4--,tricholoma personatum4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,the entire plant white4 ,personatum means wearing a mask2 so called because of the variety of colors it undergoes4 ,this is a beautiful mushroom1 and is excellently flavored2 it has a wide range and is frequently found1 in great abundance4 ,i have often seen it growing in almost a straight line for over twenty feet1 the caps so thoroughly crowded that they had lost their form4 ,when young the cap is convex and quite firm1 with the margin minutely downy or adorned with mealy particles1 and incurved4 ,in the mature plant it is softer1 broadly convex1 or nearly plane1 with the thin margin spreading and more or less turned upward and wavy4 ,when young it is pale lilac in color1 but with advancing age it changes to a tawny or rusty hue1 especially in the center4 ,sometimes the cap is white1 whitish or gray1 or of a pale violaceous color4 ,the gills are crowded1 rounded next to the stem1 and nearly free but approaching close to the stem1 more narrow toward the margin1 with a faint tinge of lilac or violet tint when young1 but often white4 ,the stem is short1 solid1 adorned with very minute fibers1 downy or mealy particles when young and fresh1 but becoming smooth with advancing age4 ,the color of the stem is much like the cap but perhaps a shade lighter4 ,the cap is from one to five inches broad1 and the stem from one to three inches high4 ,it grows singly or in groups4 ,it is found in thin woods and thickets4 ,it delights to grow where an old saw mill has stood4 ,the finest specimens of this species that ,i ever saw grew on a pile of compost of what had been green cobs from the canning factory4 ,they had lain in the pile for about three years and late in ,november the compost was literally covered with this species1 many of whose caps exceeded five inches while the color and figuration of the plants were quite typical4 ,in ,english books this plant is spoken of as ,blewits and in ,france as ,blue-stems1 but the stems in this country are inclined to be lilac or violet1 and then only in the younger plants4 ,the spores are nearly elliptical and dingy white1 but in masses on white paper they have a salmon tint4 ,its smooth1 almost shining1 unbroken epidermis and its peculiar peach-blossom tint distinguish it from all other species of the ,tricholoma4 ,there is a white variety1 very plentiful in our woods1 which is illustrated in ,figure #fb4 ,they are found only in leaf-mould in the woods4 ,september to freezing weather4 ,tricholoma nudum4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,naked ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,nudum1 naked1 bare2 from the character of the margin4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 fleshy1 rather thin1 convex1 then expanded1 slightly depressed2 smooth1 moist1 the whole plant violet at first1 changing color1 margin involute1 thin1 naked1 often wavy4 ,the gills are narrow1 rounded behind1 slightly decurrent when the plant becomes depressed1 crowded1 violet at first1 changing to a reddish-brown without any tinge of violet4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 stuffed1 elastic1 equal1 at first violaceous1 then becoming pale1 more or less mealy4 ,spores #gc4e ,i found some very fine specimens among the leaves in the woods in ,haynes' ,hollow1 near ,chillicothe4 ,october and ,november4 ,tricholoma gambosum4 ,fr4 ,,st4 ,,george',s ,,mushroom4 ,,edible4 ,gambosum1 with a swelling of the hoof1 gamba4 ,the pileus is three to six inches broad1 sometimes even larger2 very thick1 convex1 expanded1 depressed1 commonly cracked here and there2 smooth1 suggesting soft kid leather2 margin involute at first1 pale ochre or yellowish white4 ,the gills are notched1 with an adnexed tooth1 densely crowded1 ventricose1 moist1 various lengths1 yellowish white4 ,the stem is short1 solid1 flocculose at apex1 substance creamy white2 swollen slightly at the base4 ,the spores are white4 ,it is called ,st4 ,george's mushroom in ,england because it appears about the time of ,st4 ,george's day1 ,april #bc;d4 ,it frequently grows in rings or crescents4 ,it has a very strong odor4 ,its season is ,may and ,june4 ,tricholoma portentosum4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,strange ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fc4--,tricholoma portentosum4 ,portentosum means strange or monstrous4 ,the pileus is three to five inches broad1 fleshy1 convex1 then expanded1 subumbonate1 viscid1 sooty1 often with purple tinge1 frequently unequal and turned up1 streaked with dark lines1 the thin margin naked1 flesh not compact1 white1 fragile1 and mild4 ,the gills are white1 very broad1 rounded1 almost free1 distant1 often becoming pale-gray or yellowish4 ,the stem is three to six inches long1 solid1 quite fibrous1 sometimes equal1 often tapering toward the base1 white1 stout1 striate1 villous at base4 ,the spores are subglobose1 #d-ed4 ,the plants grow in pine woods and along the margins of mixed woods1 frequently by roadsides4 ,it is usually found in ,october and ,november4 ,the plants in ,figure #fc were found near ,waltham1 ,mass41 and were sent to me by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,blackford4 ,this is said to even excel ,t4 personatum in edible qualities4 ,clitocybe4 ,fr4 ,clitocybe is from two ,greek words1 a hillside1 or declivity1 and a head2 so called from the central depression of the pileus4 ,the genus ,clitocybe differs from ,tricholoma in the character of the gills4 ,they are attached to the stem by the whole width and usually are prolonged down the stem or decurrent4 ,this is the first genus with decurrent gills4 ,the genus has neither a volva nor a ring and the spores are white4 ,the stem is elastic1 spongy within1 frequently hollow and extremely fibrous1 continuous with the pileus4 ,the pileus is generally fleshy1 growing thin toward the margin1 plane or depressed or funnel-shaped1 and with margin incurved4 ,the universal veil1 if present at all1 is seen only on the margin of the pileus like frost or silky dew4 ,these plants usually grow on the ground and frequently in groups1 though a few may be found on decayed wood4 ,the ,collybia1 ,mycena1 and ,omphalia have cartilaginous stems1 while the stem of the ,clitocybe is extremely fibrous1 and the ,tricholoma is distinguished by its notched gills4 ,this genus1 because of the variations in its species1 will always be puzzling to the beginner1 as it is to experts4 ,we may easily decide it is a ,clitocybe because of the gills squarely meeting the stem1 or decurrent upon it1 and its external fibrous stem1 but to locate the species is quite a different matter4 ,clitocybe media4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,intermediate ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fd4--;,clitocybe media4 ,one-half natural size4 ,media is from medius1 middle2 it is so called because it is intermediate between ,c4 nebularis and ,c4 clavipes4 ,it is not as plentiful as either of the others in our woods4 ,the pileus is grayish-brown or blackish-brown1 always darker than ,c4 nebularis4 ,the flesh is white and farinaceous in taste4 ,the gills are rather broad1 not crowded1 adnate and decurrent1 white1 with few transverse ridges or veins in the spaces between the gills4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 usually tapering upward1 paler than the pileus1 rather elastic1 smooth4 ,the spores are plainly elliptical1 #he4 ,this resembles very closely the two species mentioned above and is hard to separate4 ,i found the specimens in ,figure #fd along ,ralston's ,run where the ground is mossy and damp4 ,found in ,september and ,october4 ,clitocybe infundibuliformis4 ,schaeff4 ,,the ,,funnel-,,formed ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,ix4 ,figure #fe4--;,clitocybe infundibuliformis4 ,infundibuliformis means funnel-shaped4 ,this is a beautiful plant and very abundant in woods after a heavy rain4 ,it grows upon the leaves and especially among pine needles4 ,the pileus is at first convex and umbonate and as the plant advances in age the margin becomes elevated until the plant becomes funnel-shaped4 ,the margin is frequently incurved and finally wavy4 ,the flesh is soft and white4 ,the color of the cap is a pale tan4 ,if the cap is examined carefully it will be seen to be covered with a slight down or silky substance1 especially on the margin4 ,the color of the cap is apt to fade so that specimens will be found almost white4 ,the gills are thin1 close1 white or whitish1 and very decurrent4 ,the stem is quite smooth1 and generally tapers upward from the base4 ,it is sometimes white or whitish1 but more frequently like the cap4 ,mycelium will usually be found at the base on the leaves1 forming a soft white down4 ,i have found this species in several parts of the state4 ,it is frequently found in clusters1 when the caps will be irregular on account of the crowded condition4 ,they are very tender and of excellent flavor4 ,found from ,august to ,october4 ,clitocybe odora4 ,bull4 ,,sweet-,,smelling ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ff4--;,clitocybe odora4 ,one-third natural size4 ,cap pale green4 ,odora means fragrant4 ,this is one of the easiest of the ,clitocybes to identify4 ,the collector will very readily recognize it by its olive-green color and its odor4 ,the color in the old plant is quite variable but in young plants is well marked4 ,the pileus is one to two and a half inches broad1 flesh quite thick2 at first convex1 then expanded1 plane1 often depressed1 sometimes inclined to be wavy2 even1 smooth1 olive-green4 ,the gills are adnate1 rather close1 sometimes slightly decurrent1 broad1 pallid4 ,the stem is one to one and a half inches long1 often slightly bulbous at the base4 ,these plants are found from ,august to ,october1 in the woods1 on leaves4 ,they are quite common about ,chillicothe after a rain4 ,when cooked by themselves the flavor is a bit strong1 but when mixed with other plants not so strong in flavor1 they are fine4 ,clitocybe illudens4 ,schw4 ,,the ,,deceiving ,,clitocybe4 ,,not ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,x4 ,figure #fg4--;,clitocybe illudens4 ,caps reddish-yellow to deep yellow4 ,gills yellow and decurrent4 ,illudens means deceiving4 ,pileus of a beautiful yellow1 very showy and inviting4 ,many a basketful has been brought to me to be identified with the hope of their edibility4 ,the cap is convex1 umbonate1 spreading1 depressed1 smooth1 often irregular from its crowded condition of growth2 in older and larger plants the margin of the pileus is wavy4 ,the flesh is thick at the center but thinner toward the margin4 ,in old plants the color is brownish4 ,the gills are decurrent1 some much further than others2 yellow2 not crowded2 broad4 ,the stem is solid1 long1 firm1 smooth tapering towards the base1 as will be seen by ,figure #fg1 sometimes the stems are very large4 ,the pileus is from four to six inches broad4 ,the stem is six to eight inches high4 ,it occurs in large clusters and the rich saffron color of the entire plant compels our admiration and we are reminded that not all is gold that glitters4 ,it will be interesting to gather a large cluster to show its phosphorescence and the heat which the plant will generate4 ,you can show the phosphorescence by putting it in a dark room and by placing a thermometer in the cluster you can show the heat4 ,it is frequently called ,jack-o'-lantern4 ,i have known people to eat it without harm1 but the chances are that it will make most persons sick4 ,it ought to be good1 since it is so abundant and looks so rich4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,clitocybe multiceps4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,many-,,headed ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #fh4--;,clitocybe multiceps4 ,one-half natural size4 ,caps grayish-white4 ,multiceps means many heads2 so called because many caps are found in one cluster4 ,it is a very common plant around ,chillicothe4 ,it has been found within the city limits4 ,it is quite a typical species1 too1 having all the characteristics of the genus4 ,i have often seen over fifty caps in one cluster4 ,the pileus is white or gray1 brownish-gray or buff2 smooth1 thin at the margin1 convex1 slightly moist in rainy weather4 ,the gills are white1 crowded1 narrow at each end1 decurrent4 ,the stem is tough1 elastic1 fleshy1 solid1 tinged with the same color as the cap4 ,the pileus is one to three inches broad2 grows in dense tufts4 ,spores are white1 smooth and globose4 ,when found in ,june the plants are a shade whiter than in the fall4 ,the fall plants are very much the oyster color4 ,the early plant is a more tender one and better for table use1 however1 ,i do not regard it as excellent4 ,they are found in woods1 in old pastures by logs and stumps1 and in lawns4 ,june to ,october4 ,clitocybe clavipes4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #fi4--;,clitocybe clavipes4 ,clavipes is from clava1 a club1 and pes1 a foot4 ,the pileus is one to two and a half inches broad1 fleshy1 rather spongy1 convex to expanded1 obtuse1 even1 smooth1 gray or brownish1 sometimes whitish toward the margin4 ,the gills are decurrent1 descending1 rather distant1 nearly entire1 rather broad1 white4 ,the stem is two inches long1 swollen at the base1 attenuated upward1 stuffed1 spongy1 fibrillose1 livid sooty4 ,spores are elliptical1 #f-gd4 ,i found specimens on ,cemetery ,hill underneath pine trees4 ,i sent some to ,dr4 ,herbst and ,prof4 ,atkinson2 both pronounced them ,c4 clavipes4 ,they resemble quite closely ,c4 nebularis4 ,i have also found this plant in mixed woods4 ,edible and fairly good4 ,clitocybe tornata4 ,fr4 ,tornata means turned in a lathe2 so called because of its neat and regular form4 ,the pileus is orbicular1 plane1 somewhat depressed1 thin1 smooth1 shining1 white1 darker on the disk1 very regular4 ,the gills are decurrent adnate1 rather crowded1 white4 ,the stem is stuffed1 firm1 slender1 smooth1 pubescent at the base4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #d-fc-d4 ,these are small1 very regular1 and inodorous plants4 ,they are found in open fields in the grass about elm stumps4 ,july to ,september4 ,they are edible and cook readily4 ,clitocybe metachroa4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,obconic ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gj4--;,clitocybe metachroa4 ,caps dark gray4 ,gills pale gray4 ,metachroa means changing color4 ,the pileus is one to two and a half inches broad1 somewhat fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 depressed1 smooth1 hygrophanous1 brownish-gray1 then livid1 growing pale4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 crowded1 pale gray1 slightly decurrent4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 stuffed1 then hollow1 apex mealy1 equal1 gray4 ,it differs from ,c4 ditopa in being inodorous and having a thicker and depressed pileus4 ,the caps are quite smooth and are frequently concentrically cracked or wrinkled1 much as in ,clitopilus noveboracensis4 ,it is found growing on leaves in mixed woods1 after a rain1 in ,august and ,september4 ,when young the margin is incurved but wavy in age4 ,it is quite a hardy plant4 ,clitocybe adirondackensis4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ga4--;,clitocybe adirondackensis4 ,three-fourths natural size4 ,caps white4 ,adirondackensis1 so called because the plant was first found in the ,adirondack ,mountains of ,new ,york4 ,the pileus is thin1 submembranaceous1 funnel-form1 with the margin decurved1 nearly smooth1 hygrophanous1 white1 the disk often darker4 ,the gills are white1 very narrow1 scarcely broader than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus1 crowded1 long1 decurrent1 subarcuate1 some of them forked4 ,the stem is slender1 subequal1 not hollow1 whitish1 mycelio-thickened at the base4 ,peck4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad and the stem is one to two and a half long4 ,this is quite a pretty mushroom and has the ,clitocybe appearance in a marked degree4 ,the long1 narrow1 decurrent gills1 sometimes tinged with yellow1 some of them forked1 margin of the pileus sometimes wavy1 will assist in distinguishing it4 ,i have no doubt of its edibility4 ,found among leaves in woods after heavy rains4 ,with us it is confined to the wooded hillsides4 ,the specimens in ,figure #ga were found in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fischer4 ,found in ,july and ,august4 ,clitocybe ochropurpurea4 ,berk4 ,,the ,,clay-,,purple ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xi4 ,figure #gb4--;,clitocybe ochropurpurea4 ,ochropurpurea is from ochra1 ocher or clay color2 purpureus1 purple2 it is so called because the caps are clay-color and the gills are purple4 ,the caps are convex1 fleshy1 quite compact1 clay-colored1 sometimes tinged with purple around the margin1 cuticle easily separating1 margin involute1 often at first tomentose1 old forms often repand or wavy4 ,the gills are purple1 sometimes whitish in old specimens from the white spores1 broad behind1 decurrent1 distant4 ,the stem is paler than the cap1 often tinted with purple1 solid1 frequently long and swollen in the middle1 fibrous4 ,the spores white or pale yellow4 ,the first time ,i found this species ,i never dreamed that it was a ,clitocybe4 ,it was especially abundant on our wooded clay banks or hillsides1 near ,chillicothe1 during the wet weather in ,july and ,august of #aije4 ,it is a hardy plant and will keep for days4 ,insects do not seem to work in it readily4 ,when cooked carefully it is rather tender and fairly good4 ,clitocybe subditopoda4 ,pk4 ,subditopoda is so called because it is nearly 7sub7 like ,fries' ,c4 ditopus1 which means living in two places1 perhaps referring to the stem being sometimes central and sometimes eccentric4 ,the pileus is thin1 convex or nearly plane1 umbilicate1 hygrophanous1 grayish-brown1 striate on the margin when moist1 paler when dry1 flesh concolorous1 odor and taste farinaceous4 ,the gills are broad1 close1 adnate1 whitish or pale cinereous4 ,the stem is equal1 smooth1 hollow1 colored like the pileus4 ,the spores are elliptical1 4#jjjb to 4#jjjbe inch long1 4#jjjab to 4#jjjaf broad4 ,peck4 ,it is found on mossy ground in woods4 ,i have found them under pine trees on ,cemetery ,hill4 ,dr4 ,peck says he separated this species from ,c4 ditopoda because of the striate margin of the pileus1 paler gills1 longer stem1 and elliptical spores4 ,the plant is edible4 ,september and ,october4 ,clitocybe ditopoda4 ,fr4 ,ditopoda is from two ,greek words1 di-totos1 living in two places1 and pus or poda1 foot1 having reference to the stem being central at times and again eccentric4 ,the pileus is rather fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 depressed1 even1 smooth1 hygrophanous4 ,the gills are adnate1 crowded1 thin1 dark1 cinereous4 ,the stem is hollow1 equal1 almost naked4 ,this species resembles in appearance ,c4 metachroa but can be separated by the mild taste and farinaceous odor4 ,its favorite habit is on pine needles4 ,august and ,september4 ,i found this species in various places about ,chillicothe and on ,thanksgiving day ,i found it in a mixed wood in ,gallia ,county1 ,ohio1 along with ,hygrophorus laur and ,tricholoma maculatescens4 ,i sent some specimens to ,dr4 ,herbst1 who pronounced it ,c4 ditopoda4 ,clitocybe pithyophila4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,pine-,,loving ,,clitocybe4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gc4--;,clitocybe pithyophila4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,cap white and showing the pine needles upon which they grow4 ,pithyophila means pine-loving4 ,this plant is very abundant under pine trees on ,cemetery ,hill4 ,they grow on the bed of pine needles4 ,the pileus is very variable in size1 white1 one to two inches broad2 fleshy1 thin1 becoming plane1 umbonate1 smooth1 growing pale1 at length irregularly shaped1 repand1 wavy1 sometimes slightly striate4 ,the stem is hollow1 terete1 then compressed1 smooth1 equal1 even1 downy at the base4 ,the gills are adnate1 somewhat decurrent1 crowded1 plane1 always white4 ,the spores are #f-gd4 ,the plants in ,figure #gc are small1 having been found during the cold weather in ,november4 ,they are said to be good1 but ,i have not eaten them4 ,clitocybe candicans4 ,fr4 ,candicans1 whitish or shining white4 ,pileus is one inch broad1 entirely white1 somewhat fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 or depressed1 even1 shining1 with regularly deflexed margin4 ,the gills are adnate1 crowded1 thin1 at length decurrent1 narrow4 ,the stem is nearly hollow1 even1 waxy1 shining1 nearly equal1 cartilaginous1 smooth1 incurved at the base4 ,the spores are broadly elliptical1 or subglobose1 #e-fd4 ,found in damp woods on leaves4 ,clitocybe obbata4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,beaker-,,shaped ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,obbata means shaped like an obba or beaker4 ,the pileus is somewhat membranaceous1 umbilicate1 then rather deeply depressed1 smooth1 inclined to be hygrophanous1 sooty-brown1 margin at length striate4 ,the gills are decurrent1 distant1 grayish-white1 pruinose4 ,the stem is hollow1 grayish-brown1 smooth1 equal1 rather tough4 ,i found plants growing on ,cemetery ,hill under pine trees4 ,i had some trouble to identify the species until ,prof4 ,atkinson helped me out4 ,august to ,september4 ,clitocybe gilva4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,yellow ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,gilva means pale yellow or reddish yellow4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 fleshy1 compact1 soon depressed and wavy1 smooth1 moist1 dingy ocher1 flesh same color1 sometimes spotted1 margin involute4 ,the gills are decurrent1 closely crowded1 thin1 sometimes branched1 narrow but broader in the middle1 ochraceous yellow4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 solid1 smooth1 nearly equal1 somewhat paler than the cap1 and inclined to be villous at the base4 ,the spores are nearly globose1 #d-e4 ,this plant is sometimes found in mixed woods1 but it seems to prefer pine trees4 ,it has a wide distribution1 found in the east and south as well as the west4 ,i have found it in several localities in ,ohio4 ,found from ,july to ,september4 ,clitocybe flaccida4 ,sow4 ,,the ,,limp ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gd4--;,clitocybe flaccida4 ,one-half natural size4 ,flaccida means flabby1 limp4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 rather fleshy1 thin1 limp1 umbilicate1 then funnel-shaped1 even1 smooth1 sometimes cracking into minute scales1 tawny or rust-colored1 margin broadly reflexed4 ,the gills are strongly decurrent1 yellowish1 to whitish1 close1 arcuate4 ,the stem is tufted1 unequal1 rusty1 somewhat wavy1 tough1 naked1 villous at the base4 ,the spores are globose or nearly so1 #d-ec-d4 ,this resembles the ,c4 infundibuliformis very closely1 both in its appearance and its habit4 ,it grows among leaves in mixed woods during wet weather4 ,it is gregarious1 often many stems growing from one mass of mycelium4 ,the plants in ,figure #gd were collected in ,ackerman's woods near ,columbus1 ,ohio1 and were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,they are found on all the hillsides about ,chillicothe4 ,found from ,july to late in ,october4 ,clitocybe monadelpha4 ,morg4 ,,the ,,one-,,brotherhood ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xii4 ,figure #ge4--;,clitocybe monadelpha4 ,monadelpha is from monos1 one and adelphos1 brother4 ,prof4 ,morgan of ,preston1 ,ohio1 gives the following description of the ,one-,brotherhood ,clitocybe in the ,mycological ,flora of the ,miama ,valley3 ,densely cespitose4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 then depressed1 at first glabrous1 then scaly1 honey-colored1 varying to pallid-brown or reddish4 ,the stem elongated1 solid1 crooked1 twisted1 fibrous1 tapering at the base1 pallid-brownish or flesh color4 ,spores white1 a little irregular1 4#jjee,,mm4 ,it might be easily taken for the ringless ,armillaria mellea1 but the decidedly decurrent gills and the solid stem ought to set any one right4 ,in very wet weather it soon becomes water-soaked1 and is then not good4 ,it is found in woods about stumps1 and in newly cleared fields about roots or stumps4 ,from spring to ,october4 ,see ,plate ,,xii1 ,figure #ge1 for an illustration4 ,bresadola of ,europe has determined this to be the same as that described by ,scoparius in #aggb as ,agaricus 7,clitocybe7 tabescens4 ,i have preferred to retain the name given by ,prof4 ,morgan4 ,clitocybe dealbata4 ,sow4 ,,the ,,white ,,clytocybe4 ,,edible4 ,dealbata means whitewashed2 so called from its white color4 ,the pileus is about one inch broad1 rather fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 upturned and wavy1 smooth1 shining1 even4 ,the gills are crowded1 white1 attached to the stem4 ,the stem is fibrous1 thin1 equal1 stuffed4 ,spores are #d-eb4e4 ,this is a beautiful plant and widely distributed4 ,found among leaves and sometimes in the grass4 ,it makes a delicious dish4 ,clitocybe phyllophila4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,leaf-,,loving ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,phyllophila means leaf and fond of4 ,it is so called because it is found on leaves in the woods during wet weather4 ,the pileus is one and a half to three inches in diameter1 whitish-tan1 rather fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 at length depressed1 even1 dry1 noticeably white around the margin4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 decurrent especially after the cap is depressed1 somewhat distant1 rather broad1 white1 becoming yellowish or ocher tinged1 thin4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 stuffed1 becoming hollow1 silky1 rather tough1 whitish4 ,the spores are elliptical41 #fd4 ,the whitish-tan cap with its white1 silvery zone near the margin will serve to identify the species4 ,august to ,october4 ,clitocybe cyathiformis4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,cup-,,shaped ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,cyathiformis is from cyathus1 a drinking cup2 formis1 form or shape4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 fleshy1 rather thin2 at first depressed1 then funnel-shaped2 even1 smooth1 moist1 hygrophanous2 the margin involute1 sooty or dark brown when moist1 becoming pale when dry1 often dingy ochraceous or tan-color1 inclined to be wavy4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 decurrent from the depressed form of the pileus1 united behind1 somewhat dingy1 sparingly branched4 ,the stem is stuffed1 elastic1 tapering upward1 fibrillose1 base villous4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #if4 ,this plant has a wide distribution and is found in woods or wood margins4 ,i found some very fine specimens on ,ralston's ,run1 near ,chillicothe4 ,september to ,october4 ,clitocybe laccata4 ,scop4 ,,waxy ,,clitocybe4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gf4--;,clitocybe laccata4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps violet or reddish-brown4 ,gills broad and distant4 ,laccata means made of shellac or sealing-wax4 ,this is a very common1 variable plant4 ,sometimes of a bright amethyst but usually of a reddish brown4 ,the pileus is from one to two inches broad1 almost membranaceous1 convex1 then plane1 depressed in the center1 downy with short hairs1 violet or reddish-brown4 ,the gills are broad1 distant1 attached to the stem by the entire width2 pale fleshy-red in hue which is more constant than the color of the cap and which forms an ear-mark to tell the species2 adnate with a decurrent tooth1 plane1 the white spores being very abundant4 ,the stem is tough1 fibrous1 stuffed1 crooked1 white-villous at the base1 rather long and slender1 dull reddish yellow or reddish-flesh-colored1 sometimes pallid or dull ochraceous1 slightly striate2 when the season is wet it is often watery4 ,this waxy ,clitocybe has a wide range and is frequently very abundant4 ,it is found through almost the entire season4 ,it will grow almost anywhere1 in woods1 pastures1 and lawns1 and sometimes on naked ground4 ,the plants in ,figure #gf were found in tall grass in a grove in ,august4 ,those in ,figure #gg were found the last of ,november on ,cemetery ,hill1 under pine trees4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gg4--;,clitocybe laccata4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,specimens growing late in the fall4 ,prof4 ,peck gives the following varieties3 ,var4 amethystina--in which the cap is much darker in color4 ,var4 pallidifolia--gills much paler than usual4 ,var4 striatula--cap smooth1 thin1 so that shadowy lines are seen on cap1 radiating from near the center to the margin4 ,this grows in damp places4 ,some authors make ,clitocybe laccata a type for a new genus and call it ,lacaria laccata4 ,collybia4 ,fr4 ,collybia is from a ,greek word meaning a small coin or a small round cake4 ,the ring and volva are both wanting in this genus4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 generally thin1 and when the plant is young the margin of the pileus is incurved4 ,the gills are adnate or nearly free1 soft1 membranaceous4 ,many species of ,collybia will revive to some extent when moistened1 but they are not coriaceous4 ,the stem differs in substance from the pileus1 cartilaginous or has a cartilaginous cuticle1 while the inside is stuffed or hollow4 ,this is quite a large genus1 containing fifty-four ,american species4 ,collybia radicata4 ,rehl4 ,,the ,,rooting ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,figure #gh4--;,collybia radicata4 ,this1 in its season1 is one of the most common mushrooms in the woods4 ,it grows in the ground1 frequently around old stumps1 sometimes on lawns4 ,those in ,figure #gh were found in the woods on the ground4 ,one plant1 as will be seen by the square1 is a foot high4 ,it is easily recognized by its long root and flat cap4 ,the root extends into the ground and will frequently break before pulling up4 ,this root gives name to the species4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 rather thin1 convex1 then plane1 often with margin upturned in old plants as in ,figure #gh1 and frequently wrinkled at and toward the umbo1 smooth1 viscid when moist4 ,the color is quite variable1 from almost white to gray1 grayish-brown2 flesh thin1 very white1 elastic4 ,the gills are usually snow white1 broad1 rather distant1 broad in the middle1 joined to the stem by the upper angle1 unequal4 ,the stem is frequently long1 of the same color as the cap1 yet sometimes paler2 smooth1 firm1 sometimes grooved1 often twisted1 tapering upward1 ending in a long tapering root1 deeply planted in the soil4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #aeaj4 ,they grow singly1 but generally have many neighbors4 ,they are found in open woods and around old stumps4 ,i seldom have any trouble in getting enough for a large family and some for my neighbor1 who may not know what to get but does know how to appreciate them4 ,found from ,june to ,october and from the ,new ,england states through the middle west4 ,they differ from ,c4 hariolarum in the densely tufted habit of the latter4 ,colybia ingrata4 ,schum4 ,ingrata means unpleasant2 from its somewhat unpleasant odor4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 globose1 bell-shaped1 then convex1 umbonate1 even1 brownish-tan4 ,the gills are free1 narrow1 crowded1 pallid4 ,the stem is twisted1 subcompressed1 sprinkled with a mealy tomentum above1 umber below1 hollow1 rather long1 unequal4 ,i found this plant quite abundant on ,cemetery ,hill1 growing under pine trees1 from the mass of pine needles4 ,found in ,july and ,august4 ,collybia platyphylla4 ,fr4 ,,broad-,,gilled ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #gi4--;,collybia platyphylla4 ,one-third natural size4 ,platyphylla is from two ,greek words meaning broad and leaf1 referring to the broad gills4 ,it is a much larger and stouter plant than ,collybia radicata4 ,it is found in new ground on open pastures about stumps1 also in woods1 on rotten logs and about stumps4 ,the pileus is three to four inches broad1 at first convex1 then expanded1 plane1 margin often upturned1 smoky brown to grayish1 streaked with dark fibrils1 watery when moist1 flesh white4 ,the gills are adnexed1 very broad1 obliquely notched behind1 distant1 soft1 white1 in age more or less broken or cracked4 ,the stem is short1 thick1 often striated1 whitish1 soft1 stuffed1 sometimes slightly powdered at the apex1 root blunt4 ,the spores are white and elliptical4 ,it is easily distinguished from ,c4 radicata by the blunt base of the root and the very broad gills4 ,like ,c4 radicata they need to be cooked well or there is a slightly bitter taste to them4 ,they are found from ,june to ,october4 ,collybia dryophila4 ,bull4 ,,oak-,,loving ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #hj4--;,collybia dryophila4 ,natural size4 ,caps bay-brown4 ,dryophila is from two ,greek words1 oak and fond of4 ,the pileus is bay-brown1 bay red1 or tan color1 one or two inches broad1 convex1 plane1 sometimes depressed and the margin elevated1 flesh thin and white4 ,the gills are free with a decurrent tooth1 crowded1 narrow1 white1 or whitish1 rarely yellow4 ,the stem is cartilaginous1 smooth1 hollow1 yellow1 or yellowish1 equal1 sometimes thickened at the base as will be seen in ,figure #hj4 ,the color of the stem is usually the same as the cap4 ,this is a very common plant about ,chillicothe4 ,they are found in woods1 especially under oak trees1 but are also found in open places4 ,i found them on the ,high ,school lawn in ,chillicothe4 ,some very fine specimens that were found growing in a well marked ring1 in an old orchard1 were brought to me about the first of ,may4 ,their season is from the first of ,may to ,october4 ,collybia zonata4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,zoned ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,figure #ha4--;,collybia ,zonata4 ,zonata1 zoned2 referring to the concentric zones on the cap which show faintly in ,figure #ha4 ,the pileus is about one inch broad1 sometimes more1 sometimes less2 rather fleshy1 thin1 convex1 when expanded nearly plane1 slightly umbilicate1 covered with fibrous down2 tawny or ochraceous tawny1 sometimes marked with faintly darker zones2 even in the very young specimens the umbilicate condition is usually present4 ,the gills are narrow1 close1 free1 white or nearly white1 usually with a pulverulent edge4 ,the stem is one to three inches long1 rather firm1 equal1 hollow1 covered like the cap with a fibrous down1 tawny1 or brownish tawny4 ,the spores are broadly elliptical1 4#jjjb inch long1 4#jjjaf broad4 ,this species closely resembles ,c4 stipitaria1 but is easily distinguished from it because of its habits of growth1 different gills1 and shorter spores4 ,it is found on or near decaying wood in mixed woods4 ,i have found it frequently on ,ralston's ,run but always only a few specimens in one place4 ,it does not grow in a cespitose manner with us4 ,found in ,august4 ,collybia maculata4 ,alb4 ,schw4 ,,the ,,spotted ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hb4--;,collybia maculata4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,reddish-brown spots on caps and stems4 ,maculata1 spotted2 referring to the reddish spots or stains both on the cap and on the stem4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 at first white1 then spotted 7as well as the stem7 with reddish brown spots or stains1 fleshy1 very firm1 convex1 sometimes nearly plane1 even1 smooth1 truly carnose1 compact1 at first hemispherical and with an involute margin1 often repand4 ,the gills are somewhat crowded1 narrow1 adnexed1 often free1 linear1 white or whitish1 often brownish cream1 gills not reaching to the margin of the cap4 ,the stem is three to four inches long1 nearly solid1 more or less grooved1 stout1 unequal1 sometimes ventricose1 frequently partially bulbous1 lighter than the gills1 usually spotted in age1 white at first4 ,the spores are subglobose1 #d-f4 ,the plant is a hardy one4 ,it will keep for several days4 ,the plants in ,figure #hb grew in the woods where a log had rotted down4 ,var4 immaculata1 ,cooke1 differs from the typical form in not changing color or being spotted1 and in the broader and serrated gills4 ,this variety delights in fir woods4 ,september to ,november4 ,collybia atrata4 ,fr4 ,,charcoal ,,collybia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hc4--;,collybia atrata4 ,one-half natural size4 ,caps dull blackish-brown4 ,gills grayish-white4 ,atrata1 clothed in black2 from the pileus being very black when young4 ,the pileus is from one to two inches broad1 at first regular and convex1 when expanded becoming1 as a rule1 irregular in shape1 sometimes partially lobed or wavy2 in young plants the cap is a dull blackish brown1 faded in older specimens to a lighter brown1 umbilicate1 smooth1 shining4 ,the gills are adnate1 slightly crowded1 with many short ones1 rather broad1 grayish-white4 ,the stem is smooth1 equal1 even1 hollow1 or stuffed1 tough1 short1 brown within and without1 but lighter than the cap4 ,the plant grows in pastures where stumps have been burned out1 always1 so far as ,i have noticed1 on burned ground4 ,spores 4#jjjbc4jjjaf4 ,collybia ambusta4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,scorched ,,collybia4 ,ambusta1 burned or scorched1 from its being found on burned soil4 ,the pileus is nearly membranaceous1 convex1 then expanded1 nearly plane1 papillate1 striatulate1 smooth1 livid brown1 hygrophanous1 umbonate4 ,the gills are adnate1 crowded1 lanceolate1 white1 then of a smoky tinge4 ,the stem is somewhat stuffed1 tough1 short1 livid4 ,spores #e-fc-d4 ,this species differs from ,c4 atrata in having an umbonate pileus4 ,collybia confluens4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,tufted ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hd4--;,collybia confluens4 ,natural size1 showing reddish stems4 ,confluens means growing together2 so called from the stems often being confluent or adhering to each other4 ,the pileus is from an inch to an inch and a quarter broad1 reddish-brown1 often densely cespitose1 somewhat fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 flaccid1 smooth1 often watery1 margin thin1 in old specimens slightly depressed and wavy4 ,the gills are free and in old plants remote from the stem1 rather crowded1 narrow1 flesh colored1 then whitish4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 hollow1 pale red1 sprinkled with a mealy pubescence4 ,the spores are slightly ovate1 inclined to be pointed at one end1 #e-fc-d4 ,these plants grow among leaves in the woods after warm rains1 growing in tufts1 sometimes in rows or lines4 ,they are not as large as ,c4 dryophylla1 the stem is quite different and the plants seem to have the ability to revive like a ,marasmius4 ,they can be dried for winter use4 ,collybia myriadophylla4 ,pk4 ,,many-,,leaved ,,collybia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #he4--;,collybia myriadophylla4 ,myriadophylla is from two ,greek words1 meaning many leaves4 ,it has reference to its numerous gills4 ,the pileus is very thin1 broadly convex1 then plane or centrally depressed1 sometimes umbillicate1 hygrophanous1 brown when moist1 ochraceous or tan-color when dry4 ,the gills are very numerous1 narrow1 linear1 crowded1 rounded behind or slightly adnexed1 brownish-lilac4 ,the stem is slender1 but commonly short1 equal1 glabrous1 stuffed or hollow1 reddish-brown4 ,the spores are minute1 broadly elliptical1 4#jjjab to 4#jjjaf-;inch long1 4#jjjh-;inch broad4 ,peck1 #dith ,rep4 ,i found only a few specimens in ,haynes's ,hollow4 ,the caps were about an inch broad and the stems were an inch and a half long4 ,it will be easily identified if one has the description of it1 because of its peculiarly colored gills4 ,i found my plants on a decayed stump in ,august4 ,in the dried specimens the gills assume a more brownish-red hue1 as in the next following species4 ,collybia colorea4 ,pk4 ,they sometimes appear to have a glaucous reflection1 probably from the abundance of the spores4 ,the stem is more or less radicated and often slightly floccose-pruinose toward the base4 ,the basidia are very short1 being only 4#jjjf to 4#jjjh-;inch long4 ,collybia atratoides4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,blackish ,,collybia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hf4--;,collybia atratoides4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps blackish to grayish-brown4 ,atratoides means like the species atrata1 which means black2 so called because the caps when fresh are quite black4 ,atratoides has a different habitat and is not so dark4 ,the pileus is thin1 convex1 subumbilicate1 glabrous1 hygrophanous1 blackish-brown when moist1 grayish-brown and shining when dry4 ,the gills are rather broad1 subdistant1 adnate1 grayish-white1 often transversely veiny above and venosely connected4 ,the stem is equal1 hollow1 smooth1 grayish-brown with a whitish mycelioid tomentum at the base4 ,the spores are nearly globose1 about 4#jjjb-;inch broad4 ,the pileus is six to ten lines broad and the stem is about one inch long4 ,peck4 ,the plant is gregarious1 growing on decayed wood and on mossy sticks in mixed woods4 ,the margin of the cap is often serrated1 as you will see in ,figure #hf1 yet this does not seem to be a constant characteristic of the species4 ,it is closely related to ,c4 atrata1 but its habitat and the color of its pileus and gills differ very greatly4 ,i have not eaten it1 but have no doubt of its good qualities4 ,found in ,august and ,september4 ,quite common in all our woods4 ,collybia acervata4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,tufted ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #hg4--;,collybia acervata4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps pale1 tan or dingy pink4 ,acervata1 from acervus1 a mass1 a heap4 ,pileus fleshy but thin1 convex1 or nearly plane1 obtuse1 glabrous1 hygrophanous1 pale1 tan-color or dingy pinkish-red1 and commonly striate on the margin when moist1 paler or whitish when dry4 ,gills narrow1 close1 adnexed or free1 whitish or tinged with flesh-color4 ,the stem slender1 rigid1 hollow1 glabrous1 reddish1 reddish-brown or brown1 often whitish at the top1 especially when young1 commonly with a matted down at the base4 ,spores elliptical1 #fc-d4 ,the plant is cespitose4 ,pileus one-half inch broad4 ,stem two to three inches long4 ,peck's #dith ,report4 ,this is a beautiful plant when growing in large tufts4 ,the entire plant is tender and has a delicate flavor4 ,i found the plant figured here on the ,frankfort pike where an old saw mill had formerly stood4 ,it grew abundantly there1 along with ,lepiota ,americana and ,pluteus cervinus4 ,found from ,august to ,october4 ,collybia velutipes4 ,curtis4 ,,the ,,velvet-,,foot ,,collybia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xv4 ,figure #hh4--;,collybia velutipes4 ,natural size1 showing the velvet stems1 which give name to the species4 ,velutipes1 from vellum1 velvet and pes1 foot4 ,pileus from one to four inches broad1 tawny yellow1 fleshy at the center1 thick on the margin1 quite sticky or viscid when moist1 margin slightly striate1 sometimes inclined to be excentric4 ,gills rounded behind1 broad1 slightly adnexed1 tan or pale-yellow1 somewhat distant4 ,the stem is cartilaginous1 tough1 hollow1 umber1 then becoming blackish1 with a velvety coat4 ,spores are elliptical1 #gc-c4e4 ,it grows on stumps1 logs and roots1 in the ground4 ,it grows almost the year round4 ,i have gathered it to eat in ,february4 ,plate ,,xv gives a very correct notion of the plant4 ,it is most plentiful in ,september1 ,october and ,november1 yet found throughout the winter months4 ,mycena4 ,fr4 ,mycena is from a ,greek word1 meaning a fungus4 ,the plants of this genus are small and rather fragile4 ,pileus more or less membranaceous1 generally striate1 with the margin almost straight1 and at first pressed to the stem1 never involute1 expanded1 campanulate1 and generally umbonate4 ,the stem is externally cartilaginous1 hollow1 not stuffed when young1 confluent with the cap4 ,gills never decurrent1 though some species have a broad sinus near the stem4 ,most species are small and inodorous1 but some which have a strong alkaline odor are probably not good4 ,some are known to be edible4 ,a few species exude a colored or watery juice when bruised4 ,the ,mycena resembles the ,collybia1 but never has the incurved margin of the latter4 ,the plants are usually smaller1 and the caps are more or less conical4 ,this genus might be mistaken for ,omphalia1 in which the gills are but slightly decurrent1 but in ,omphalia the cap is umbilicate while in ,mycena it is umbonate4 ,their being so small makes the determination of species somewhat difficult4 ,some have characteristic odors which greatly assist in establishing their identity4 ,mycena galericulata4 ,scop4 ,,the ,,small ,,peaked-,,cap ,,mycena4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,figure #hi4--,mycena galericulata4 ,natural size4 ,galericulata1 a small peaked-cap4 ,the pileus is campanulate1 whitish or grayish1 center of the disk darker and lighter toward the margin1 smooth1 dry1 margin striated nearly to the peak of the umbo1 sometimes slightly depressed4 ,the gills are adnate with a tooth1 connected by veins1 whitish1 then gray1 often flesh color1 rather distant1 ventricose1 edge sometimes entire1 sometimes serrate4 ,the stem is rigid1 cartilaginous1 hollow1 tough1 straight1 polished1 smooth1 hairy at the base4 ,it grows on logs and stumps in the woods4 ,it is very common and sometimes found in abundance4 ,the plants are frequently densely clustered1 the numerous stems matted together by a soft hairy down at the base4 ,there are many forms of this plant4 ,found from ,september to frost4 ,the plants in ,figure #hi were photographed by ,prof4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smith1 ,akron1 ,o4 ,mycena rugosa4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,wrinkled ,,mycena4 ,,edible4 ,rugosa means wrinkled4 ,the pileus is somewhat fleshy1 darker and smaller than the galericulata1 quite tough1 bell-shaped1 then expanded1 with unequal elevated wrinkles1 always dry1 striate on the margin4 ,the gills are adnate1 with a tooth1 united behind1 connected by veins1 somewhat distant1 whitish1 then gray1 edge sometimes entire1 sometimes serrate4 ,the stem is short1 tough1 rooted with a hairy base1 strongly cartilaginous1 hollow1 rigid1 smooth4 ,it is found on stumps or decayed logs during ,september and ,october4 ,mycena prolifera4 ,sow4 ,,the ,,proliferous ,,mycena4 ,,edible4 ,prolifera is from proles1 offspring1 and fero1 to bear4 ,the pileus is somewhat fleshy1 campanulate1 then expanded1 dry1 with a broad1 dark umbo2 margin at length sulcate or furrowed and sometimes split1 pale-yellowish or becoming brownish-tan4 ,the gills are adnexed1 subdistant1 white1 then pallid4 ,the stem is firm1 rigid1 smooth1 shining1 minutely striate1 rooting4 ,fries4 ,this species1 as well as ,m4 galericulata1 is closely related to ,m4 cohrens4 ,i have found it in dense tufts or clusters1 sometimes on lawns1 on the bare ground1 and in the woods4 ,it is one of the plants in which the stems may be cooked with the caps4 ,mycena capillaris4 ,schum4 ,capillaris means hair-like4 ,this is a very small but beautiful white plant4 ,the pileus is bell-shaped1 at length umbilicate1 smooth4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 ascending1 rather distant4 ,the stem is thread-like1 smooth1 short4 ,the spores are #g-hd4 ,fries4 ,these plants are very small and easily overlooked4 ,they grow on leaves in the woods after a rain4 ,july and ,august4 ,quite common4 ,mycena setosa4 ,sow4 ,setosa means full of set or hairs4 ,the pileus is very delicate1 hemispherical1 obtuse1 smooth4 ,the gills are distant1 white1 almost free4 ,the stem is short1 slender1 and covered with spreading hairs which gives rise to its specific name4 ,commonly found on dead leaves in the woods after a rain4 ,found in ,july and ,august4 ,mycena hmatopa4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,blood-,,foot ,,mycena4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ij4--,mycena hmatopa4 ,brownish-red or flesh-color4 ,a dull red juice exudes from the stem4 ,margin dentate by sterile flap4 ,hmatopa is from two ,greek words1 meaning blood and foot4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 one inch broad1 conic1 or bell-shaped1 somewhat umbonate1 obtuse1 whitish to flesh-color1 with more or less dull red1 even1 or slightly striate at the margin1 the margin extending beyond the gills and is toothed4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 often with a decurrent tooth1 whitish4 ,spores1 #ajf-g4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 firm1 hollow1 sometimes smooth1 sometimes powdered with whitish1 soft hairy down1 in color the same as the pileus1 yielding a dark red juice which gives name to the species4 ,the color varies quite a little in these plants1 owing to some having more of the red juice than others4 ,the genus is readily identified by the dull blood-red juice1 hollow stem1 the crenate margin of the cap1 and its dense cespitose habits4 ,it is found on decayed logs in damp places from ,august to ,october4 ,the plants in ,figure #ij were found in ,haynes' ,hollow1 ,september #h4 ,the plant is widely distributed over the ,united ,states4 ,no one will have the slightest difficulty in recognizing this species after seeing the plants in the figure above4 ,mycena alkalina4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,stump ,,mycena4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ia4--,mycena alkalina4 ,two-thirds natural size1 often larger4 ,young specimens4 ,solitary or cespitose2 pileus one-half to two inches broad1 rather membranaceous1 campanulate1 obtuse1 naked1 deeply striate1 moist1 shining when dry1 when old expanded or depressed1 but little changed in color1 though occasionally with a pink or yellow hue1 whitish or grayish1 the center of the disk darker4 ,the gills are adnate1 rather distant1 slightly ventricose1 at first pale1 then glaucous1 pinkish1 or yellow1 more or less connected by veins4 ,the stem is smooth1 slightly sticky1 shining1 villous at the base with a sometimes tawny-down1 sometimes firm and tenacious1 hollow1 attenuated upward4 ,the plant is rigid1 but brittle1 and strong-scented4 ,found on decayed stumps and logs1 you will meet it frequently4 ,august to ,november4 ,mycena filopes4 ,bull4 ,,thready-,,stemmed ,,mycena4 ,pileus membranaceous1 obtuse1 campanulate1 then expanded1 striate1 brown or umber1 tinged with pink4 ,the gills are free or minutely adnexed1 slightly ventricose1 white or paler than the pileus1 crowded4 ,the stem is hollow1 juicy1 smooth1 filiform1 rather brittle1 whitish or brownish4 ,found in woods on leaves1 after a rain1 from ,july to ,october4 ,mycena stannea4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,tin-,,colored ,,mycena4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ib4--,mycena stannea4 ,natural size4 ,caps white1 sometimes smoky4 ,stannea pertaining to the color of tin4 ,this is a delicate species that grows in the woods in tufts on rotten wood in damp places4 ,the general character is shown in the illustration1 being nearly white but many of the pilei are somewhat smoky4 ,the pileus is firm1 membranaceous1 bell-shaped1 then expanded1 smooth1 very slightly striate1 hygrophanous1 quite silky1 tin-color4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 with a decurrent tooth1 connected by veins1 grayish-white4 ,the stem is smooth1 even1 shining1 becoming pale1 at length compressed4 ,this species differs from ,mycena vitrea in having a tooth to the gills4 ,may1 ,june1 and ,july4 ,mycena vitrea4 ,fr4 ,vitrea1 glassy4 ,this plant is quite fragile4 ,the pileus is membranaceous1 bell-shaped1 livid-brown1 finely striate1 no trace of umbo4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 not connected by veins1 distinct1 linear1 whitish4 ,the stem is slender1 slightly striate1 polished1 pale1 base fibrillose4 ,this species differs from ,m4 tites and ,m4 stannea in gills not having a decurrent tooth and not being connected by veins4 ,mycena corticola4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ic4--,mycena corticola4 ,corticola means dwelling on bark4 ,it is one of the smallest of the ,mycenas1 the pileus being about two to four lines across1 thin1 hemispherical1 obtuse1 becoming slightly umbilicate1 deeply striate1 glabrous or flocculosely pruinose1 gray1 tan1 or brownish4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 with slight decurrent tooth1 broad1 rather ovate1 pallid4 ,the stem1 is short1 slender1 incurved1 glabrous or minutely scurfy1 somewhat paler than the pileus4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #e-fc2 cystidia obtusely fusiform1 #ej-fjh-aj4 ,these plants are found on the bark of living trees4 ,after rains ,i have seen the bark on the shade trees along the walks in ,chillicothe1 literally covered with these beautiful little plants4 ,the plants in ,figure #ic were taken from a maple tree the #dth of ,december4 ,they are very close allied to ,m4 hiemalis but can be distinguished by the broad1 ovate gills bearing cystidia1 and smaller spores4 ,mycena hiemalis4 ,osbeck4 ,,the ,,winter ,,mycena4 ,hiemalis1 of1 or belonging to1 winter4 ,the pileus quite thin1 bell-shaped1 very slightly umbonate1 margin striate2 pinkish1 rufescent1 white1 sometimes pruinose4 ,the gills are adnate1 linear1 white or whitish4 ,the stem is slender1 curved1 base downy1 whitish1 pinkish-red4 ,the spores are #g-hc4 ,this is a more delicate species than ,m4 corticola and differs from it in its narrow gills1 and striate1 not sulcate1 pileus1 also in the color of the stem4 ,found on stumps and logs4 ,october and ,november4 ,mycena ,leaiana4 ,berk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #id4--,mycena leaiana4 ,natural size4 ,caps bright orange and very viscid4 ,leaiana named in honor of ,mr4 ,thomas ,g4 ,lea1 who was the first man to study mycology in the ,miami ,valley4 ,this is a very beautiful plant growing on decayed beech logs in rainy weather4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 very viscid1 bright orange1 the margin slightly striate as will be seen in the one whose cap shows4 ,the gills are distant1 not entire1 broad1 notched at the stem1 attached1 the edge a dusky orange1 or vermilion1 the short gills beginning at the margin4 ,the stem is in most cases curved1 attenuated toward the cap1 smooth1 hollow1 rather firm1 quite hirsute or strigose at the base4 ,the spores are elliptical1 apiculate1 4#jjij4jjef mm4 ,they are cspitose1 growing in dense tufts on logs somewhat decayed4 ,it is extremely viscid1 so much so that your hands will be stained yellow if you handle it much4 ,it grows from spring to fall but is usually more abundant in ,august and ,september4 ,very common4 ,mycena iris4 ,b4 ,pileus is small1 convex1 expanded1 obtuse1 slightly viscid1 striate1 quite blue8 when young1 growing brownish with blue fibrils4 ,the gills are free1 tinged with gray4 ,the stem is short1 bluish below1 tinged with brown above1 somewhat pruinose4 ,found in damp woods after a rain1 in ,august4 ,mycena pura4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,prof4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smith4 ,figure #ie4--,mycena pura4 ,pura means unstained1 pure4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 thin1 bell-shaped1 expanded1 obtusely umbonate1 finely striate on the margin1 sometimes having margin upturned1 violet to rose4 ,the gills are broad1 adnate to sinuate1 in older plants sometimes free by breaking away from the stem1 connected by veins1 sometimes wavy and crenate on the edge1 the edge of the gills sometimes almost or quite white1 violet1 rose4 ,the stem is even1 nearly naked1 somewhat villous at the base1 sometimes almost white when young1 later assuming the color of the cap1 hollow1 smooth4 ,the spores are white and oblong1 #f-hc-c4e4 ,m4 ,pelianthina differs from this in having dark-edged gills4 ,it differs from ,m4 pseudopura and ,m4 zephira in having a strong smell4 ,m4 ianthina differs in having a conical cap4 ,this plant is quite widely distributed4 ,our plants are light-violet in color1 and the color seems constant4 ,i have found it in mixed woods4 ,it is found in ,september and ,october4 ,mycena vulgaris4 ,pers4 ,vulgaris means common4 ,the pileus is small1 convex1 then depressed1 papillate1 viscid1 brownish-gray1 finely striate on the margin4 ,the gills are subdecurrent1 thin1 white2 the depressed cap and decurrent gills make the plant resemble an ,omphalia4 ,spores1 #eb4e4 ,the stem is viscid1 pale1 tough1 fibrillose at the base1 rooting1 becoming hollow4 ,it differs from ,m4 pelliculosa in not having a separable cuticule and the fold-like gills4 ,this plant will be recognized by its smoky or grayish color1 umbilicate pileus1 and viscid stem4 ,it is found in woods on leaves and decayed sticks4 ,august and ,september4 ,mycena epipterygia4 ,scop4 ,illustration3 ,figure #if4--,mycena epipterygia4 ,epipterygia is ,epi1 upon1 and ,pterygion1 a small wing4 ,these are small1 the pileus being one-half to one inch broad1 membranaceous1 bell-shaped1 then expanded1 rather obtuse1 not depressed1 striate1 the cuticule separable in every condition and viscid in damp weather1 gray1 often pale yellowish-green near the margin often minutely notched when young4 ,the gills are attached to the stem with a decurrent tooth1 thin1 whitish or tinged with gray4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 hollow1 tough1 rooting1 viscid1 yellowish1 sometimes gray or even whitish4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #h-ajd-e4 ,these plants have a wide distribution and are8 found on branches1 among moss and dead leaves4 ,they are found in clusters and solitary4 ,they resemble in many ways ,m4 alcalina but do not have the peculiar smell4 ,the plants in ,figure #if were photographed by ,prof4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smith of ,akron4 ,omphalia4 ,fr4 ,omphalia is from a ,greek word meaning the navel2 referring here to the central depression in the cap4 ,the pileus from the first is centrally depressed1 then funnel-shaped1 almost membranaceous1 and watery when moist2 margin incurved or straight4 ,stem cartilaginous and hollow1 often stuffed when young1 continuous with the cap but different in character4 ,gills decurrent and sometimes branched4 ,they are generally found on wood1 preferring a damp woody situation and a wet season4 ,it is easily distinguished from ,collybia and ,mycena by its decurrent gills4 ,in some of the species of the ,mycena where the gills are slightly decurrent1 the pileus is not centrally depressed as it is in corresponding species of ,omphalia4 ,there are a few species of ,omphalia whose pileus is not centrally depressed but whose gills are plainly decurrent4 ,omphalia campanella4 ,batsch4 ,,the ,,bell ,,omphalia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,figure #ig4--,omphalia campanella4 ,campanella means a little bell4 ,the pileus is membranaceous1 convex to extended1 centrally depressed1 striate1 watery1 rusty-yellow in color4 ,the gills are moderately close1 decurrent1 bow-shaped1 connected by veins1 rigid1 firm1 yellowish4 ,the spores elliptical1 #f-gc-d4 ,the stem is hollow1 clothed with down1 and paler above4 ,this plant is very common and plentiful in our woods and is widely distributed in the states4 ,it grows on wood or on ground very heavily charged with decaying wood4 ,it is found through the summer and fall4 ,it is delicious if you have the patience to gather them4 ,omphalia epichysia4 ,pers4 ,the pileus is thin1 convex to expanded1 depressed in the center1 sooty-gray with a watery appearance1 pallid to nearly white when dry4 ,the gills are slightly decurrent1 whitish then gray1 somewhat crowded4 ,the stem is slender1 hollow1 gray4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #h-ajd-e4 ,it grows in decayed wood4 ,its smoky color1 funnel-shaped pileus1 and gray short stem will distinguish it4 ,i have some plants sent me from ,massachusetts which seem to be much smaller than our plants4 ,omphalia umbellifera4 ,linn4 ,,the ,,umbel ,,omphalia4 ,,edible4 ,umbellifera--umbella1 a small shade2 ferro1 to bear4 ,pileus one-half inch broad1 membranaceous1 whitish1 convex1 then plane1 broadly obconic1 slightly umbilicate even in the smallest plants1 hygrophanous in wet weather1 rayed with darker stri4 ,the gills are decurrent1 very distant1 quite broad behind1 triangular1 with straight edges4 ,the stem is short1 not more than one inch long1 dilated at the apex1 of same color as the pileus1 at first stuffed1 then hollow1 firm1 white1 villous at the base4 ,it is a common plant in our woods1 growing on decayed wood or ground largely made up of rotten wood4 ,decayed beech bark is a favorite habitat4 ,found from ,july till ,october4 ,omphalia cspitosa4 ,bol4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ih4--,omphalia cspitosa4 ,natural size4 ,cspitosa means growing in tufts2 cspes1 turf4 ,the pileus is submembranaceous1 very small1 convex1 nearly hemispherical1 umbilicate1 thin1 sulcate1 light-ochre1 margin crenate1 smooth4 ,the gills are distant1 rather broad1 shortly decurrent1 whitish4 ,the stem is curved1 hollow1 colored like the pileus1 slightly bulbous at the base4 ,the spores are #fe4 ,this species is very much like ,omphalia oniscus and they can only be distinguished by their habitats and color4 ,it is found in ,august and ,september4 ,it delights in well rotted wood4 ,i have seen millions in one place4 ,omphalia oniscus4 ,fr4 ,,bolton',s ,,omphalia4 ,,edible4 ,oniscus1 a name given to a species of codfish by the ,greeks1 so named because of their gray color4 ,the pileus is flaccid1 irregular1 about one inch broad1 convex1 plane1 or depressed1 slightly fleshy1 wavy1 sometimes lobed1 margin striate1 dark cinereous1 paler when dry4 ,the gills are adnate1 decurrent1 livid or whitish1 arranged in groups of four1 somewhat distant4 ,the stem is about one inch long1 rather firm1 straight or curved1 sometimes unequal1 nearly hollow4 ,the spores are #abg-h4 ,this is found in damp places from ,august to ,november4 ,omphalia pyxidata4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,box ,,omphalia4 ,pyxidata means made like a box1 from pyxis1 a box4 ,the pileus is somewhat membranaceous1 clearly umbilicate1 then funnel-shaped1 smooth when moist1 margin often striate1 brick-red4 ,the gills are decurrent1 rather distant1 triangular1 narrow1 reddish gray1 often yellowish4 ,the stem is stuffed1 then hollow1 even1 tough1 pale-tawny4 ,the spores are #g-he-f4 ,the plants are usually hygrophanous1 but when dry1 floccose or slightly silky4 ,this is a small plant growing usually on lawns1 nearly hidden in the grass4 ,i found some very fine specimens on ,dr4 ,sulzbacher's lawn on ,second ,street1 ,chillicothe4 ,the plant is1 however1 widely distributed4 ,i found many specimens on the #c;d of ,november4 ,omphalia fibula4 ,bull4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ii4--,omphalia fibula4 ,fibula means a buckle or pin1 from the pin-like stem4 ,the pileus is membranaceous1 at first top-shaped1 expanded1 slightly umbilicate1 striate1 margin inclined to be inflexed1 yellow or tawny1 with a dusky center1 minutely pilose4 ,the gills are deeply decurrent1 paler1 distinct4 ,the stem is slender1 nearly orange color with a violet-brown apex1 the whole minutely pilose4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #d-eb4 ,they are found on mossy banks where it is more or less damp4 ,i have only found it in ,october4 ,omphalia alboflava4 ,moy4 ,,the ,,golden-,,gilled ,,omphalia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ajj4--,omphalia alboflava4 ,cap yellowish-brown1 sometimes a greenish tinge4 ,gills golden yellow4 ,alboflava is from two ,greek words meaning whitish-yellow1 from the yellow gills4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 thin1 somewhat membranaceous1 umbilicate1 flaccid1 covered with fine woolly material1 yellow-brown1 lighter when dry1 margin reflexed4 ,the gills are distant1 deep golden-yellow1 occasionally forked4 ,the stem is hollow1 equal1 smooth1 shining1 egg-yellow4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #hd4 ,this plant1 is found quite frequently on decayed branches and logs about ,chillicothe4 ,i have never had the opportunity to test its edibility but ,i have no doubt of its being good4 ,the plants in ,figure #ajj were found in ,haynes' ,hollow and were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,marasmius4 ,fr4 ,marasmius is a ,greek participle meaning withered or shriveled2 it is so called because the plant will wither and dry up1 but revive with the coming of rain4 ,the spores are white and subelliptical4 ,the pileus is tough and fleshy or membranaceous4 ,the stem is cartilaginous and continuous with the pileus1 but of a different texture4 ,the gills are thick1 rather tough and distant1 sometimes unequal1 variously attached or free1 rarely decurrent1 with a sharp entire edge4 ,it is quite a large genus and many of its species will be of great interest to the student4 ,marasmius oreades4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,fairy-,,ring ,,mushroom4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aja4--,marasmius oreades4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,oreades1 mountain nymphs4 ,pileus is fleshy1 tough and pliable when moist1 brittle when dry1 convex1 becoming flat1 somewhat umbonate1 brownish-buff at first1 becoming cream-color2 when old it is usually quite wrinkled4 ,the gills are broad and wide apart1 creamy or yellowish1 rounded at the stem end1 unequal in length4 ,the stem is solid1 equal1 tough1 fibrous1 naked and smooth at base1 everywhere with a downy surface4 ,the spores are white1 #he4 ,to my mind there is no more appetizing mushroom than the ,fairy ,ring mushroom4 ,figure #aja will give an accurate notion of the plant and ,figure #ajb will show how they grow in the grass4 ,it is found in all parts of ,ohio4 ,every old pasture field or lawn will be full of these rings4 ,the plant is small but its plentifulness will make up for its size4 ,there are many conjectures why this and many other mushrooms grow in a circle4 ,the explanation is quite obvious4 ,the ring is started by a clump or an individual mushroom4 ,the ground where the mushroom grew is rendered unfit for mushrooms again1 the spores fall upon the ground and the mycelium spreads out from this point1 consequently each year the ring is growing larger4 ,sometimes they appear only in a crescent form4 ,one can tell1 by looking over a lawn or pasture1 where the rings are1 because1 from the decay of the mushroom1 the grass is greener and more vigorous there4 ,long ago1 in ,england and ,ireland1 before the peasantry had begun to question the reality of the existence of the fairy folk and their beneficent interference in the affairs of life1 these emerald-hued rings were firmly believed to be due to the fairy footsteps which nightly pressed their chosen haunts1 and to mark the little people's favorite dancing ground4 ,they had always fine music among themselves1 and danced in a moonshiny night around or in a ring1 as one may see to this day upon every common in ,england where mushrooms grow1 quaintly says one old writer4 ,and the ,rev4 ,gerard ,smith still further voices the belief of the people as to the nature of these grassy rings3 ,the nimble elves ,that do by moonshine green sour ringlets make1 ,whereof the ewe bites not2 whose pastime 'tis ,to make these midnight mushrooms4 ,it is a very common plant1 and it will pay any one to know it1 as we cannot find anything in the markets that will equal it as a table delicacy4 ,found in pastures and lawns during rainy weather from ,may till frost4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ajb4--,marasmius oreades4 ,showing a fairy ring4 ,marasmius urens4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,stinging ,,marasmius4 ,urens means burning2 so called from its acrid taste4 ,the pileus is pale-buff1 tough1 fleshy1 convex or flat1 becoming depressed and finally wrinkled1 smooth1 even1 one to two inches broad4 ,the gills are unequal1 cream-colored1 becoming brownish1 much closer than in the ,fairy ,ring1 hardly reaching the stem proper1 joined behind4 ,the stem is solid above and hollow below1 fibrous1 pale1 its surface more or less covered with flocculent down1 and densely covered with white down at the base4 ,it will be well for collectors to pass by this and ,m4 peronatus1 or to exercise the greatest caution in their use4 ,they have been eaten without harm1 but they also have so long been branded as poisonous that too great care cannot be taken4 ,its taste is acrid1 and it grows in lawns and pastures from ,june to ,september4 ,marasmius androsaceus4 ,linn4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ajc4--,marasmius androsaceus4 ,natural size4 ,androsaceus is from a ,greek word which means an unidentified sea plant or zoophyte4 ,the pileus is three to six lines broad1 membranaceous1 convex1 with a slight depression1 pale-reddish1 darker in the center1 striate1 smooth4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 frequently quite simple and few in number1 about fifteen1 with shorter ones between1 sometimes forked1 whitish4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 horny1 filiform1 hollow1 quite smooth1 black1 often twisted when dry4 ,the spores are #gc-d4 ,this is a very attractive little plant found on the leaves in the woods after a rain4 ,they are quite abundant4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,marasmius foetidus4 ,sow4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ajd4--,marasmius foetidus4 ,foetidus means stinking or foetid4 ,the pileus is submembranaceous1 tough1 convex1 then expanded1 umbilicate striato-plicate1 turning pale when dry1 subpruinose4 ,the gills are annulato-adnexed1 distant1 rufescent with a yellow tinge4 ,the stem is hollow1 minutely velvety1 bay1 base flocculose4 ,the caps are light brownish-red in color1 fading when dry4 ,when fresh it has a foetid odor quite perceptible for such small plants4 ,it is found on decayed sticks and leaves in woods4 ,during wet weather or after heavy rains it is quite common in the woods about ,chillicothe4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,this is also called ,heliomyces foetens 7,pat47 and is so classified by ,prof4 ,morgan in his very excellent ,monogram on ,north ,american ,species of ,marasmius4 ,marasmius velutipes4 ,b4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aje4--,marasmius velutipes4 ,velutipes means velvet-footed1 from the velvety stem4 ,the pileus is thin1 submembranaceous1 smooth1 convex1 or expanded1 grayish-rufous when moist1 cinereous when dry1 a half to one and a half inches broad4 ,the gills are very narrow1 crowded1 whitish or grayish4 ,the stem is slender1 three to five inches long1 equal1 hollow1 clothed with a dense grayish velvety tomentum4 ,peck4 ,they usually grow in a very crowded condition1 many plants growing from one mat of mycelium4 ,it is quite a common plant with us1 found in damp woods or around a swampy place4 ,the pileus with us is convex4 ,some authorities speak of an umbilicate cap4 ,the plant is quite hardy and easily identified because of its long and slender stem1 with the grayish tomentum at the base4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,the specimens in ,figure #aje were found at ,ashville1 ,ohio4 ,marasmius cohrens4 7,fr47 ,bres4 ,,the ,,stemmed-,,massed ,,marasmius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ajf4--,marasmius cohrens4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing how the stems are massed together4 ,cohrens means holding together1 referring to the stems being massed together4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 thin1 convex1 campanulate1 then expanded1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 in old specimens the margin upturned or wavy1 velvety1 reddish tan-color1 darker in the center1 indistinctly striate4 ,the gills are rather crowded1 narrow1 adnate1 sometimes becoming free from the stem1 connected by slight veins1 pale cinnamon-color1 becoming somewhat darker with age1 the variation of color due to the number of cystidia scattered over the surface of the gills and on their edge4 ,spores1 oval1 white1 small1 #fc4 ,the stem is hollow1 long1 rigid1 even1 smooth1 shining1 reddish-brown1 growing paler or whitish toward the cap1 a number of the stems growing together at the base with a whitish myceloid tomentum present4 ,the plant grows in dense clusters among leaves and in well rotted wood4 ,i have found it quite often about ,chillicothe4 ,it is called ,mycena cohrens1 ,fr41 ,collybia lachnophylla1 ,berk41 ,collybia spinulifera1 ,pk4 ,the plants in ,figure #ajf were found near ,ashville1 ,ohio4 ,september to frost4 ,marasmius candidus4 ,bolt4 ,,the ,,white ,,marasmius4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ajg4--,marasmius candidus4 ,natural size4 ,candidus means shining white4 ,this delicate species grows in moist and shady places in the woods4 ,it grows on twigs1 its habitat and structure are fully illustrated in the ,figure #ajg4 ,the pileus is rather membranaceous1 hemispherical1 then plane or depressed1 pellucid1 wrinkled1 naked1 entirely white4 ,the gills are adnexed1 ventricose1 distant1 not entire4 ,the stem is thin1 stuffed1 whitish1 slightly pruinose1 base tinged with brown4 ,spores are elliptical1 #db4 ,this plant has a wide distribution in this country4 ,the specimens figured were collected by ,h4 ,h4 ,york near ,sandusky1 ,ohio1 and were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,i have found them at various points in ,ohio4 ,marasmius rotula4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,collared ,,marasmius4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ajh4--,marasmius rotula4 ,natural size4 ,caps white or pale-buff4 ,rotula means a little wheel4 ,the pileus is one to three lines broad1 hemispherical1 umbilicate1 and minutely umbonate1 plaited1 smooth1 membranaceous1 margin crenate1 white1 or pale buff1 with a dark umbilicus4 ,the gills are broad1 distant1 few1 equal1 or occasionally with a few short ones1 of the color of the pileus1 attached to a free collar behind4 ,the stem is setiform1 slightly flexuous1 white above1 then tawny1 deep shining brown at the base1 striate1 hollow1 frequently branched and sarmentose1 with or without abortive pilei4--,m4 ,j4 ,b4 ,this plant is very common in woods on fallen twigs4 ,the plants in ,figure #ajh were collected near ,cincinnati4 ,this plant has a wide distribution4 ,it is in all our ,ohio woods4 ,marasmius scorodonius4 ,fr4 ,,strong-,,scented ,,marasmius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aji4--,marasmius scorodonius4 ,scorodonius is from a ,greek word meaning like garlic4 ,the pileus is one-half inch or more broad1 reddish when young1 but becoming pale1 whitish2 somewhat fleshy1 tough2 even1 soon plane1 rugulose even when young1 at length rugulose and crisped4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 often separating1 connected by veins1 crisped in drying1 whitish4 ,the stem is at least one inch long1 hollow1 equal1 quite smooth1 shining1 reddish4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #fd4 ,it is found in woods growing on sticks and decayed wood4 ,it is strong-smelling4 ,it is frequently put with other plants to give a flavor of garlic to the dish4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,marasmius calopus4 ,fr4 ,calopus is from two ,greek words meaning beautiful and foot1 so called because of its beautiful stem4 ,the pileus is rather fleshy1 tough1 convex1 plane then depressed1 even1 at length rugose1 whitish4 ,the gills are emarginate1 adnexed1 thin1 white1 in groups of #b-d4 ,the stem is hollow1 equal1 smooth1 not rooting1 shining1 reddish-bay4 ,it is found growing on twigs and fallen leaves1 in the woods4 ,smaller than ,m4 ,scorodonius but with longer stem4 ,marasmius prasiosmus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,leek-,,scented ,,marasmius4 ,prasiosmus means smelling like a leek2 from1 prason1 a leek4 ,the pileus is one-half to one inch broad1 somewhat membranaceous1 tough1 bell-shaped1 pale yellow or whitish1 disk often darker1 wrinkled4 ,the gills are adnexed1 somewhat close1 white4 ,the stem is tough1 hollow1 pallid and smooth above1 dilated at the base1 tomentose and brown4 ,it is found in woods adhering to oak leaves after heavy rains4 ,it is very near ,m4 porreus but differs from it in its gills being white and caps not being striated4 ,it differs from ,m4 terginus mainly in its habitat and leek-like scent4 ,marasmius anomalus4 ,pk4 ,anomalus1 not conforming to rule1 irregular4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 somewhat fleshy1 tough1 convex1 even1 reddish-gray4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 hollow1 equal1 smooth1 pallid above1 reddish-brown below4 ,the gills are rotundate-free1 close1 narrow1 whitish or pallid4 ,morgan4 ,this is quite a pretty plant1 growing on sticks among leaves in the woods4 ,it is larger than most of the small ,marasmii found in similar habitats4 ,marasmius semihirtipes4 ,pk4 ,semihirtipes means a slightly hairy foot or stem4 ,the pileus is thin1 tough1 nearly plane or depressed1 smooth1 sometimes striate on the margin1 hygrophanous1 reddish-brown when moist1 alutaceous when dry1 the disk sometimes darker4 ,the gills are subdistant1 reaching the stem1 slightly venose-connected1 sub-crenulate on the edge1 white4 ,the stem is equal1 even or finely striate1 hollow1 smooth above1 velvety-tomentose toward the base1 reddish-brown4 ,peck4 ,these plants are very small1 often no doubt overlooked by the collector4 ,they are gregarious in their mode of growth4 ,marasmius longipes4 ,pk4 ,longipes means long stem or foot4 ,the pileus is thin1 convex1 smooth1 finely striate on the margin1 tawny-red4 ,the gills are not crowded1 attached1 white4 ,the stem is tall1 straight1 hollow1 equal1 covered with a downy meal1 rooting1 brown or fawn-color1 white at the top4 ,these plants are quite small and slender1 sometimes four to five inches high4 ,they are rather common in our woods after a rain4 ,marasmius graminum4 ,berk4 ,graminum is the gen4 pl4 of gramen1 which means grass4 ,the pileus small1 membranaceous1 convex1 then nearly plane1 umbonate1 deeply and distinctly striate or sulcate1 tinged with rufous1 the furrows paler1 disc brown4 ,the gills are attached to a collar that is free around the stem1 few in number1 slightly ventricose1 cream-color4 ,the stem is short1 slender1 equal1 smooth1 shining1 black1 whitish above4 ,the spores are globose1 #c-d4 ,this species is very near ,m4 rotula but it can be easily distinguished by the pale rufescent1 distinctly sulcate pileus1 and its growing on grass4 ,i have frequently found it on the ,chillicothe high school lawn4 ,marasmius siccus4 ,schw4 ,,the ,,bell-,,shaped ,,marasmius4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,figure #aaj4--,marasmius siccus4 ,natural size4 ,the cap ochraceous red1 the disks somewhat darker1 the stems shining and blackish-brown4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aaa4--,marasmius siccus4 ,natural size4 ,caps deeply furrowed and pinkish4 ,this is a very beautiful plant found in the woods after a rain1 growing from the leaves4 ,they are found singly1 but usually in groups4 ,the pileus is at first nearly conical1 then campanulate1 membranaceous1 dry1 smooth1 furrows radiating from almost the center1 growing larger as they approach the margin1 ochraceous-red1 the disk a little darker4 ,the gills are free or slightly attached1 few1 distant1 broad1 narrowed toward the stem1 whitish4 ,the stem is hollow1 tough1 smooth1 shining1 blackish-brown1 two to three inches long4 ,the pileus is about a half inch broad4 ,the plant is quite common in our woods4 ,i have not found it elsewhere4 ,the plants in the photograph represent the pink form1 which is not so common as the ochraceous-red4 ,in the pink form the center of the cap and the apex of the stem is a delicate pink1 which gives the plant a beautiful appearance4 ,found from ,june to ,october4 ,i have not tested it but have no doubt of its esculent qualities4 ,marasmius fagineus4 ,morgan4 ,fagineus means belonging to beech4 ,pileus a little fleshy1 convex then plane or depressed1 at length somewhat repand1 rugose-striate1 reddish-pallid or alutaceous4 ,the gills are short-adnate1 somewhat crisped1 close1 pale reddish4 ,the stem is short1 hollow1 pubescent1 thickened upward1 concolorous2 the base somewhat tuberculose4 ,morgan1 ,myc4 ,flora ,m4 ,v4 ,this plant is quite frequently found in our woods growing on the bark at the base of living beech trees4 ,its habitat1 its reddish or alutaceous cap1 and its paler gills will clearly identify the species4 ,marasmius peronatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,masked ,,marasmius4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aab4--,marasmius peronatus4 ,natural size4 ,cap reddish-buff4 ,gills creamy or light reddish-brown4 ,peronatus is from pero1 a boot4 ,the pileus is reddish-buff1 convex1 slightly flattened at the top1 quite wrinkled when old2 diameter1 at full expansion1 between one and two inches1 margin striate4 ,the gills are thin and crowded1 creamy1 becoming light reddish-brown1 continuing down the stem by a short curve4 ,the stem is fibrous-stuffed1 pale1 densely clothed at the base with stiff yellowish hairs4 ,it grows in the woods1 among dead leaves1 from ,may till frost4 ,it is usually solitary yet is sometimes found in clusters4 ,it has been eaten frequently without injury1 but by most writers is branded poisonous4 ,it is quite acrid1 but that disappears in cooking4 ,the dense yellow hairs at the base of the stem appear to constitute the distinguishing characteristic4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,marasmius ramealis4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aac4--,marasmius ramealis4 ,natural size4 ,ramealis means a branch or stick2 so called because the plant is found growing on sticks1 in open woods4 ,the pileus is very small1 somewhat fleshy1 plane or a trifle depressed1 obtuse1 not striate1 slightly rugulose1 opaque4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 somewhat distant1 narrow1 white4 ,the stem is about one inch long1 stuffed1 mealy1 white1 inclined to be rufescent at the base4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #db4 ,this is a very pretty plant1 but easily overlooked4 ,it is found on oak and beech branches1 frequently in large groups4 ,figure #aac illustrates their mode of growth and will assist the collector in identifying the species4 ,not poisonous1 but too small to gather4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,the specimens in ,figure #aac were found in ,haynes' ,hollow near ,chillicothe and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,marasmius saccharinus4 ,batsch4 ,,granular ,,marasmius4 ,,edible4 ,saccharinus is from saccharum1 sugar2 it is so called because the white pileus looks very much like loaf sugar4 ,the pileus is entirely white1 membranaceous1 convex1 somewhat papillate1 smooth1 sulcate and plicate4 ,the gills are broadly and firmly attached to the stem1 narrow1 thick1 very distant1 united by veins1 whitish4 ,the stem is quite thin1 thread-form1 attenuated upward1 at first flocculose1 at length becoming smooth1 inserted obliquely1 reddish1 pale at the apex4 ,spores1 #ec4 ,quite common in wet weather on dead oak limbs in woods4 ,this plant differs from ,m4 epiphyllus in its habitat1 in the papillate form of its pileus and the stem's being flocculose1 then smooth2 also in that the gills are united in a reticulated manner4 ,common4 ,july to ,october4 ,marasmius epiphyllus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,leaf ,,marasmius4 ,,edible4 ,epiphyllus means growing on leaves4 ,the pileus is white1 membranaceous1 nearly plane1 at length umbilicate1 smooth1 wrinkled1 plicate4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 white1 connected by veins1 entire1 distant1 few4 ,the stem is rather horny1 bay1 minutely velvety1 apex pale1 inserted4 ,the spores are #cb4 ,this plant is abundant everywhere1 on fallen leaves in woods during rainy weather4 ,july to ,october4 ,marasmius delectans4 ,morgan4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aad4--,marasmius delectans4 ,natural size4 ,caps white4 ,gills broad and distant4 ,delectans means pleasing or delightful4 ,the pileus is subcoriaceous1 convex1 then expanded and depressed1 glabrous1 rugulose1 white1 changing in drying to pale alutaceous4 ,the gills are moderately broad1 unequal1 rather distant1 trabeculate between1 white1 emarginate1 adnexed2 the spores are lance-oblong1 hyaline1 #g-id4 ,the stem1 arising from an abundant white-floccose mycelium1 is long1 slender1 tapering slightly upward1 smooth1 brown and shining1 white at the apex4 ,it is found growing on old leaves in woods4 ,the plants in the figure were collected in the woods at ,sugar ,grove1 ,ohio1 by ,r4 ,a4 ,young1 ,july #bh1 #aijf1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,marasmius nigripes4 ,schw4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aae4--,marasmius nigripes4 ,natural size4 ,caps and gills white1 stems black4 ,nigripes means black foot1 so called because the stems are black4 ,tremmelloid4 ,pileus very thin1 pure white1 pruinose1 rugulose-sulcate1 convex then expanded4 ,the gills are pure white1 unequal1 some of them forked1 adnate1 the interstices venulose4 ,the stem is thickest at the apex1 tapering downward1 black1 white-pruinose1 the base insititious4 ,morgan4 ,it is found on old leaves1 sticks1 and old acorns and hickory-nuts4 ,when dry1 the stem loses its black color and the gills become flesh-color4 ,it is quite common in thin and open woods4 ,the spores are hyaline and stellate1 #c-e-rayed4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,this is called ,heliomyces nigripes by some authors4 ,pleurotus4 ,fr4 ,pleurotus is from two ,greek words meaning side and ear1 alluding to its manner of growth on a log4 ,this genus is very common everywhere in ,ohio1 and is easily determined by its eccentric1 lateral1 or even absent stem1 but it must have white spores1 and the characteristics of the ,agaricini4 ,pileus fleshy in the larger species and membranaceous in the smaller forms1 but never becoming woody4 ,stem mostly lateral or wanting2 when present1 continuous with cap4 ,gills with sinus or broadly decurrent1 toothed4 ,grows in woods4 ,pleurotus ostreatus4 ,jacq4 ,,the ,,oyster ,,mushroom4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aaf4--,pleurotus ostreatus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,often growing very large4 ,pileus two to six inches broad1 soft1 fleshy1 convex1 or slightly depressed behind1 subordinate1 often cespitosely imbricated1 moist1 smooth1 margin involute2 whitish1 cinereous or brownish2 flesh white1 the whole surface shining and satiny when dry4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,figure #aag4--,pleurotus ostreatus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,gills broad1 decurrent1 subdistant1 branching at the base1 white or whitish4 ,the stem when present is very short1 firm1 lateral1 sometimes rough with stiff hair1 hairy at the base4 ,spores oblong1 white1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjd inch long1 4#jjjaf inch broad4 ,this is one of our most abundant mushrooms1 and the easiest for the beginner to identify4 ,in ,figures #aaf and #aag1 you will see the plant growing in imbricated form apparently without any stem4 ,in ,figure #aah is a variety that has a pronounced stem1 showing how the stems grow together at the base1 the slight grooving on the stems1 also the decurrent gills4 ,in most of these plants the stems are plainly lateral1 but a few will appear to be central4 ,it will be difficult to distinguish it from the ,sapid mushroom and for table purposes there is little need to separate them4 ,in ,ohio the ,oyster mushroom is very common everywhere4 ,i have seen trees sixty to seventy feet high simply loaded with this mushroom4 ,if one will locate a few logs or stumps upon which the ,oyster mushroom grows1 he can find there an abundant supply 7when conditions are right for fungus growth7 during the entire season4 ,it is almost universally a favorite among mushroom eaters1 but it must be carefully and thoroughly cooked4 ,it grows very large and frequently in great masses4 ,i have often found specimens whose caps were eight to ten inches broad4 ,it is found from ,may to ,december4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aah4--,pleurotus ostreatus4 ,one-half natural size1 showing gills and stems4 ,pleurotus salignus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,willow ,,pleurotus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aai4--,pleurotus ulmarius4 ,one-third natural size4 ,salignus1 from salix1 a willow4 ,pileus is compact1 nearly halved1 horizontal1 at first cushion-shaped1 even1 then with the disk depressed1 substrigose1 white or fuliginous4 ,the stem1 eccentric or lateral1 sometimes obsolete1 short1 white-tomentose4 ,the gills are decurrent1 somewhat branched1 eroded1 distinct at the base1 nearly of the same color4 ,spores 4#jjjcf by 4#jjjae inch4 ,fries4 ,i found this species near ,bowling ,green on willow stumps4 ,about every ten days the stumps offered me a very excellent dish1 better than any meat market could afford4 ,september to ,november4 ,pleurotus ulmarius4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,elm ,,pleurotus4 ,,edible4 ,ulmarius1 from ulmus1 an elm4 ,it takes its name from its habit of growing on elm trees and logs4 ,it appears in the fall and may be found in company with the ,oyster mushroom1 late in ,december1 frozen solid4 ,this species is frequently seen on elm trees1 both dead and alive1 on live trees where they have been trimmed or injured in some way4 ,it is often seen on elms in the cities1 where the elm is a common shade tree4 ,its cap is large1 thick and firm1 smooth and broadly convex1 sometimes pale yellow or buff4 ,frequently the epidermis in the center of the cap cracks1 giving the surface a tessellated appearance as in ,figure #aai4 ,the flesh is very white and quite compact4 ,the gills are white or often becoming tawny at maturity1 broad1 rounded or notched1 not closely placed1 sometimes nearly decurrent4 ,the stem is firm and solid1 various in length1 occasionally very short1 inclined to be thick at the base and curved so that the plant will be upright1 as will be seen in ,figure #aai4 ,the cap is from three to six inches broad4 ,a specimen that measured over ten inches across the cap1 was found some thirty feet high in a tree4 ,while it was very large1 it was quite tender and made several meals for two families4 ,but this species is not limited entirely to the elm4 ,i found it on hickory1 about ,chillicothe4 ,there are a few elm logs along my rambles that afford me fine specimens with great regularity4 ,insects do not seem to infest it as they do the ostreatus and the sapidus4 ,sometimes1 when the plant grows from the top of a log or the cut surface of a stump1 the stem will be longer1 straight1 and in the center of the cap4 ,this form is called by some authors var4 verticalis4 ,for my own use ,i think the ,elm mushroom1 when properly prepared1 very delicious4 ,like all tree mushrooms it should be eaten when young4 ,it is easily dried and kept for winter use4 ,found from ,september to ,november4 ,pleurotus petaloides4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,petaloid ,,pleurotus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #abj4--,pleurotus petaloides4 ,this species is so called from its likeness to the petals of a flower4 ,pileus fleshy1 spathulate1 entire2 margin at first involute1 finally fully expanded2 villous1 depressed4 ,the stem is compressed and villous1 often channelled1 nearly erect4 ,the gills are strongly decurrent1 crowded1 narrow1 and white or whitish4 ,spores minutely globose1 4#jjjc by 4#jjjae4 ,the plant varies very greatly in form and size4 ,its chief characteristic is the presence of numerous short white cystidia in the hymenium1 which dot the surface of the hymenium1 and under an ordinary pocket lens give to the gills a sort of fuzzy appearance4 ,frequently it will have the appearance of growing from the ground1 but a careful examination will reveal a piece of wood of some kind1 which serves as a host for the mycelium4 ,i have found this plant but a few times1 ,it seems to be quite rare in our state1 especially in the southern part of the state4 ,the plants in ,figure #abj were photographed by ,prof4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smith of ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,pleurotus sapidus4 ,kalchb4 ,,the ,,sapid ,,pleurotus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aba4--,pleurotus sapidus4 ,one-third natural size1 showing imbricated growth4 ,spores lilac4 ,illustration3 ,figure #abb4--,pleurotus sapidus4 ,sapidus1 savory4 ,this plant grows in clusters whose stems are more or less united at the base as in ,figure #aba4 ,the caps when densely crowded are often irregular4 ,they are smooth and vary much in color1 being whitish1 ash-gray1 brownish1 yellowish-gray4 ,the flesh is thick and white4 ,the gills are white or whitish1 rather broad1 running down on the stem1 and slightly connected1 at times1 by oblique or transverse branches4 ,the stem is generally short1 solid1 several usually springing from a thickened base1 white or whitish and either laterally or eccentrically connected with the cap4 ,this plant is classed with the white-spored species1 yet its spores1 after a short exposure to the air1 really exhibit a pale lilac tint4 ,this can only be seen when the spores are in sufficient quantity and resting on a suitable surface4 ,the size of the plant varies1 the cap being commonly from two to five inches long4 ,it grows in woods and open places1 on stumps and logs of various kinds4 ,its edible quality is quite as good as the ,oyster mushroom4 ,the only way by which it can be distinguished from the ,p4 ostreatus is by its lilac-tinted spores4 ,it is found from ,june to ,november4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xx4 ,figure #abc4--pleurotus ,sapidus4 ,pleurotus serotinoides4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,yellowish ,,pleurotus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #abd4--,pleurotus serotinoides4 ,one-third natural size4 ,serotinoides1 like serotinus1 which means late-coming2 from its appearing in the winter4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 one to three inches broad1 compact1 convex or nearly plane1 viscid when young and moist1 half-kidney-shaped1 roundish1 solitary or crowded and imbricated1 variously colored1 dingy-yellow1 reddish-brown1 greenish-brown or olivaceous1 the margin at first involute4 ,the gills are close1 determinate1 whitish or yellowish4 ,the stem is very short1 lateral1 thick1 yellowish beneath1 and minutely downy or scaly with blackish points4 ,the spores are minute1 elliptical1 4#jjjb inch long1 4#jjja inch broad4 ,there is probably no difference between this and ,p4 serotinus1 the ,european species4 ,it is a beautiful plant4 ,the color and size are quite variable4 ,i found it on ,ralston's ,run and in ,baird's woods on ,frankfort ,pike4 ,it is found from ,september to ,january4 ,pleurotus applicatus4 ,batsch4 ,,little ,,gray ,,pleurotus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #abe4--,pleurotus applicatus4 ,natural size4 ,applicatus means lying upon or close to2 so named from the sessile pileus4 ,the pileus is one-third of an inch across1 when young cup-shaped1 dark cinereous1 somewhat membranaceous1 quite firm1 resupinate1 then reflexed1 somewhat striate1 slightly pruinose1 villous at the base4 ,the gills are thick1 broad in proportion to the size of the cap1 distant1 radiating1 gray1 the margin lighter1 sometimes the gills are as dark as the pileus4 ,sometimes it is attached only by the center of the pileus2 sometimes1 growing on the side of a shelving log1 it is attached laterally4 ,it is not as abundant as some other forms of ,pleurotus4 ,it differs from ,p4 tremulus in absence of a distinct stem4 ,pleurotus cyphellformis4 ,berk4 ,cyphellformis means shaped like the hollows of the ears4 ,the pileus is cup-shaped1 pendulous1 downy or mealy1 upper layer gelatinous1 gray1 very minutely hairy1 especially at the base1 margin paler4 ,the gills are narrow1 rather distant1 pure white1 alternate ones being shorter4 ,these are very small plants1 found only in damp places on dead herbaceous plants4 ,they resemble a ,cyphella griseo-pallida in habit4 ,pleurotus abscondens4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #abf4--,pleurotus abscondens4 ,entire plant white4 ,abscondens means keeping out of view4 ,it is so called because it persists in growing in places where it is hidden from sight4 ,the pileus is often two and a half inches broad1 delicate-white1 strong stringent odor1 usually pruinose1 margin slightly incurved4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 rather crowded1 very white1 somewhat narrow4 ,the stem is short1 solid1 pruinose1 usually lateral1 and curved4 ,the plant usually grows in hollow stumps or logs1 and in this case the stem is always lateral and the plant grows very much as does the ,p4 ostreatus1 except that they are not imbricated4 ,occasionally the plant is found on the bottom of a hollow log and in that case the cap is central and considerably depressed in the center4 ,i have never seen it growing except in a hollow stump or log4 ,its manner of growth and its delicate shape of white will serve to identify it4 ,it is found from ,august to ,november4 ,pleurotus circinatus4 ,fr4 ,circinatus means to make round1 referring to the shape of the pileus4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 white1 plane1 orbicular1 convex at first1 even1 covered over with silky-pruinose lustre4 ,the gills are adnate-decurrent1 rather crowded1 quite broad1 white4 ,the stem is equal1 smooth1 one to two inches long1 stuffed1 central or slightly eccentric1 rooted at the base4 ,the form of these plants is quite constant and the round white caps will at first suggest a ,collybia4 ,the white gills and its decurrent form will distinguish it from ,p4 lignatilis4 ,it makes quite a delicious dish when well cooked4 ,i found some beautiful specimens on a decayed beech log in ,poke ,hollow4 ,found in ,september and ,october4 ,lactarius4 ,fr4 ,lactarius means pertaining to milk4 ,there is one feature of this genus that should easily mark it1 the presence of milky or colored juice which exudes from a wound or a broken place on a fresh plant4 ,this feature alone is sufficient to distinguish the genus but there are other points that serve to make the determination more certain4 ,the flesh1 although it seems quite solid and firm1 is very brittle4 ,the fracture is always even1 clean cut1 and not ragged as in more fibrous substances4 ,the plants are fleshy and stout1 and in this particular resemble the ,clitocybes1 but the brittleness of the flesh1 milky juice1 and the marking of the cap1 will easily distinguish them4 ,many species have a very acrid or peppery flavor4 ,if a person tastes one when raw1 he will not soon forget it4 ,this acridity is usually lost in cooking4 ,the pileus in all species is fleshy1 becoming more or less depressed1 margin at first involute1 often marked with concentric zones4 ,the stem is stout1 often hollow when old1 confluent with the cap4 ,the gills are usually unequal1 edge acute1 decurrent or adnate1 milky2 in nearly all the species the milk is white1 changing to a sulphur yellow1 red1 or violet1 on exposure to the air4 ,lactarius torminosus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,woolly ,,lactarius4 ,,poisonous4 ,illustration3 ,figure #abg4--,lactarius torminosus4 ,three-fourths natural size4 ,caps yellowish-red or ochraceous tinged with red1 margin incurved4 ,torminosus1 full of grips1 causing colic4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 convex1 then depressed1 smooth1 or nearly so1 except the involute margin which is more or less shaggy1 somewhat zoned1 viscid when young and moist1 yellowish-red or pale ochraceous1 tinged with red4 ,the gills are thin1 close1 rather narrow1 nearly of the same color as the pileus1 but yellower and paler1 slightly forked1 subdecurrent4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 paler than the cap1 equal or slightly tapering downward1 stuffed or hollow1 sometimes spotted1 clothed with a very minute adpressed down4 ,the milk is white and very acrid4 ,the spores are echinulate1 subglobose1 #i-ajg-h4 ,this differs from ,l4 cilicioides in its zoned pileus and white milk4 ,most authorities speak of it as dangerous4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine speaks of the ,russians as preserving it in salt and eating it seasoned with oil and vinegar4 ,they grow in the woods1 open places1 and in fields4 ,the specimens in ,figure #abg were found in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fischer4 ,lactarius piperatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,peppery ,,lactarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #abh4--,lactarius piperatus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,piperatus--having a peppery taste4 ,the pileus is creamy-white1 fleshy1 firm1 convex1 then expanded1 depressed in the center1 dry1 never viscid1 and quite broad4 ,the gills are creamy-white1 narrow1 close1 unequal1 forked1 decurrent1 adnate1 exuding a milky juice when bruised1 milky-white1 very acrid4 ,the stem is creamy white1 short1 thick1 solid1 smooth1 rounded at the end1 slightly tapering at the base4 ,spores generally with an apiculus1 4#jjjb by 4#jjjbd inch4 ,the plant is found in all parts of ,ohio1 but most people are afraid of it on account of its very peppery taste4 ,although it can be eaten without harm1 it will never prove a favorite4 ,it is found in open woods from ,july to ,october4 ,in its season is one of the very common plants in all of our woods4 ,lactarius pergamenus4 ,fr4 ,pergamenus is from pergamena1 parchment4 ,the pileus is convex1 then expanded1 plane1 depressed1 wavy1 wrinkled1 without zones1 often repand1 smooth1 white4 ,the gills are adnate1 very narrow1 tinged with straw-color1 often white1 branched1 much crowded1 horizontal4 ,the stem is smooth1 stuffed1 discolored1 not long4 ,the milk is white and acrid4 ,spores1 #hf4 ,it differs from ,l4 piperatus in its crowded1 narrow gills and longer stem4 ,found in woods from ,august to ,october4 ,lactarius deceptivus4 ,pk4 ,,deceiving ,,lactarius4 ,,edible ,illustration3 ,figure #abi4--,lactarius deceptivus4 ,deceptivus means deceiving4 ,the pileus is three to five inches broad1 compact1 at first convex1 and umbilicate1 then expanded and centrally depressed or subinfundibuliform1 obsoletely tomentose or glabrous except on the margin1 white or whitish1 often varied with yellowish or sordid strains1 the margin at first involute and clothed with a dense1 soft cottony tomentum1 then spreading or elevated and more or less fibrillose4 ,the gills are rather broad1 distant or subdistant1 adnate or decurrent1 some of them1 forked1 whitish1 becoming cream-colored4 ,the stem is one to three inches long1 equal or narrowed downward1 solid1 pruinose-pubescent1 white4 ,spores are white1 #i-ab4g4 ,milk white1 taste acrid4 ,this plant delights in woods and open groves1 especially under coniferous trees4 ,it is a large1 meaty1 acrid white species1 with a thick1 soft1 cottony tomentum on the margin of the pileus of the young plant4 ,the specimen photographed was sent me from ,massachusetts by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,it grows in ,july1 ,august and ,september4 ,its sharp acridity is lost in cooking1 but like all acrid ,lactarius it is coarse and not very good4 ,lactarius indigo4 7,schw47 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #acj4--,lactarius indigo4 ,one-third natural size4 ,entire plant indigo blue4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aca4--,lactarius indigo4 ,one-third natural size1 showing gills4 ,this is one of our most striking plants4 ,no one can fail to recognize it1 because of the deep indigo blue that pervades the whole plant4 ,i have found it in only one place1 near what is known as the ,lone-,tree ,hill near ,chillicothe4 ,i have found it there on several different occasions4 ,the pileus is from three to five inches broad1 the very young plants seem to be umbilicate with the margin strongly incurved1 then depressed or funnel-shaped2 as the plant ages the margin is elevated and sometimes waved4 ,the entire plant is indigo blue1 and the surface of the cap has a silvery-gray appearance through which the indigo color is seen4 ,the surface of the cap is marked with a series of concentric zones of darker shade1 as will be seen in ,figure #acj especially on the margin2 sometimes spotted1 becoming paler and less distinctly zonate with age or in drying4 ,the gills are crowded1 indigo blue1 becoming yellowish and sometimes greenish1 with age4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 short1 nearly equal1 hollow1 often spotted with blue1 colored like the pileus4 ,it is edible but rather coarse4 ,found in open woods ,july and ,august4 ,lactarius regalis4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #acb4--,lactarius regalis4 ,natural size4 ,caps white1 tinged with yellow4 ,regalis means regal2 so named from its large size4 ,the pileus is four to six inches broad1 convex1 deeply depressed in the center2 viscid when moist2 often corrugated on the margin2 white1 tinged with yellow4 ,the gills are close1 decurrent1 whitish1 some of them forked at the base4 ,the stem is two to three inches long and one inch thick1 short1 equal1 hollow4 ,the taste is acrid and the milk sparse1 white1 quickly changing to sulphur-yellow4 ,the spores are 4#jjjc of an inch in diameter4 ,peck4 ,this is frequently a very large plant1 resembling in appearance ,l4 piperatus but easily recognized because of its viscid cap and its spare milk changing to yellow1 as in ,l4 chrysorrhus4 ,it grows on the ground in the woods1 in ,august and ,september4 ,i find it here chiefly on the hillsides4 ,the specimens in ,figure #acb were found in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fischer4 ,lactarius scrobiculatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,spotted-,,stemmed ,,lactarius4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #acc4--,lactarius scrobiculatus4 ,natural size4 ,caps reddish-yellow1 zoned4 ,margin very much incurved1 stem pitted4 ,scrobiculatus is from scrobis1 a trench1 and ferro1 to bear1 referring to the pitted condition of the stem4 ,the pileus is convex1 centrally depressed1 more or less zoned1 reddish-yellow1 viscid1 the margin very much incurved1 downy4 ,the gills are adnate1 or slightly decurrent1 whitish1 and often very much curled1 because of the incurved condition of the cap at first4 ,the stem is equal1 stuffed1 adorned often with pits of a darker color4 ,the spores are white1 juice white1 then yellowish4 ,the plant is very acrid to the taste1 and solid4 ,too hot to be eaten4 ,i have found it only a few times on the hills of ,huntington township1 near ,chillicothe4 ,the yellowish hue and markedly incurved margin will identify the plant4 ,found in ,august and ,september4 ,lactarius trivialis4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #acd4--,lactarius trivialis4 ,one-half natural size4 ,caps light tan with a pinkish hue4 ,very acrid4 ,trivialis means common4 ,the pileus is three to four inches broad1 usually damp or watery1 sometimes quite viscid1 shining when dry1 convex1 then expanded1 depressed in the center1 margin at first incurved1 even1 smooth2 warm1 soft tan1 rather light1 and sometimes a very slight pinkish hue prevails4 ,the flesh is solid and persistent4 ,the gills are rather crowded1 slightly decurrent1 at first whitish1 then a light yellow1 many not reaching to the stem1 none forked4 ,the stem is from three to four inches long1 of same color as the pileus1 often a much lighter shade2 tapering from the cap to the base1 smooth1 stuffed1 and finally hollow4 ,the plant is quite full of milk1 white at first1 then turning yellowish4 ,the plant is very acrid and peppery4 ,it is quite plentiful along the streams of ,ross county1 ,ohio4 ,it is not poisonous1 but it seems too hot to eat4 ,it is found after rains from ,july to ,october1 in mixed woods where it is damp4 ,lactarius insulsus4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ace4--,lactarius insulsus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,caps yellowish or straw color4 ,very acrid4 ,insulsus1 insipid or tasteless4 ,this is a very attractive plant4 ,quite solid and maintains its form for several days2 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 convex1 depressed in the center1 then funnel-shaped1 smooth1 viscid when moist1 more or less zoned1 the zones much narrower than ,l4 scrobiculatus1 yellowish or straw-color1 margin slightly incurved and naked4 ,the gills are thin1 rather crowded1 adnate and sometimes decurrent1 some of them forked at the base1 whitish or pallid4 ,spores subglobose1 rough1 #ajh4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 equal or slightly tapering downward1 stuffed1 whitish1 generally spotted4 ,milk1 white4 ,most authorities class this as an edible plant1 but it is so hot and the flesh so solid that ,i have never tried it4 ,i found two plants which fully answered the description of the ,european plants4 ,the zones were orange-yellow and brick-red4 ,i have visited the place many times since1 but have never been able to find another4 ,it is not an abundant plant with us4 ,found from ,july to ,october1 in open woods4 ,lactarius lignyotus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,sooty ,,lactarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,figure1 #acf4--,lactarius lignyotus4 ,natural size4 ,caps a sooty umber4 ,flesh mild to the taste4 ,lignyotus is from lignum1 wood4 ,the pileus is one to four inches in diameter1 fleshy1 convex1 then expanded1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 often in age slightly depressed1 smooth or often wrinkled1 pruinosely velvety1 sooty umber1 the margin in the old plants wavy and distinctly plaited2 the flesh white and mild to the taste4 ,the gills are attached to the stem2 unequal2 snow-white or yellowish-white1 slowly changing to a pinkish-red or salmon color when bruised2 distant in old plants4 ,the stem is one to three inches long1 equal1 abruptly constricted at the apex1 smooth1 stuffed1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,milk white1 taste mild or tardily acrid4 ,the spores are globose1 yellowish1 #i-aa4c4 ,this is called the ,sooty ,lactarius and is very easily identified4 ,it will be frequently found associated with the ,smoky ,lactarius which it greatly resembles4 ,it seems to delight in wet swampy woods4 ,it is said to be one of the best of the ,lactarii4 ,the specimens in ,figure #acf were collected at ,sandusky1 ,ohio1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,lactarius cinereus4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #acg4--,lactarius cinereus4 ,cinereus is from cineres1 ashes2 so called from the color of the plant4 ,the pileus is one to two and a half inches broad1 zoneless1 somewhat viscid1 floccose-scaly1 depressed in the center1 margin thin1 even1 flesh thin and white1 mild to the taste1 ashy-gray4 ,the gills are adnate1 rather close1 sometimes forked 7usually near the stem71 uneven1 white or creamy-white1 milk white1 not plentiful4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 tapering upward1 loosely stuffed1 finally hollow1 often floccose at the base4 ,this plant is quite common from ,september to ,november1 growing in damp weather on leaves in mixed woods4 ,it has a mild taste4 ,while ,i have not eaten it ,i have no doubt of its edibility4 ,the color of the pileus is sometimes quite dark4 ,lactarius griseus4 ,pk4 ,,gray ,,lactarius4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ach4--,lactarius griseus4 ,griseus means gray4 ,the pileus is thin1 nearly plane1 broadly umbilicate or centrally depressed1 sometimes infundibuliform1 generally with a small umbo or papilla1 minutely squamulose tomentose1 gray or brownish-gray1 becoming paler with age4 ,the gills are thin1 close1 adnate1 or slightly decurrent1 whitish or yellowish4 ,the stem is slender1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 rather fragile2 stuffed or hollow2 generally villose or tomentose at the base2 paler than1 or colored like1 the pileus4 ,the spores are 4#jjjc to 4#jjjce inch2 milk white1 taste subacrid4 ,pileus is #f to #ah lines broad1 stem #a to #b inches long1 #a to #c lines thick4 ,peck4 ,it resembles ,l4 mammosus and ,l4 cinereus4 ,it differs from the former in not having ferruginous gills and pubescent stems1 and from the latter by its smaller size1 its densely pubescent pileus1 and its habitat4 ,it grows on mossy logs or in mossy swamps4 ,the base of one of the plants in ,figure #ach is covered with the moss in which they grew4 ,these plants were found in ,purgatory ,swamp1 near ,boston1 by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,they grow from ,july to ,september4 ,lactarius distans4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,distant-,,gilled ,,lactarius4 ,,edible4 ,distans means distant1 so called because the gills are very wide apart4 ,the pileus is firm1 broadly convex or nearly plane1 umbilicate or slightly depressed in the center2 with a minute1 velvety pruinosity2 yellowish-tawny or brownish-orange4 ,the gills are rather broad1 distant1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 white or creamy yellow1 interspaces veined2 milk white1 mild4 ,the stem is short1 equal or tapering downward1 solid1 pruinose1 colored like the pileus4 ,the spores are subglobose1 #i-aa broad4 ,peck1 ,n4 ,y4 ,report1 #eb4 ,i frequently mistake this plant for ,l4 volemus when seen growing in the ground1 but the widely separated gills distinguish the plant as soon as it is gathered4 ,the stem is short and round1 tapering downward1 solid1 colored like the pileus4 ,the milk is both white and mild4 ,i find it on nearly every wooded hillside about ,chillicothe4 ,it is found from ,july to ,september4 ,lactarius atroviridus4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,dark-,,green ,,lactarius4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aci4--,lactarius atroviridus4 ,cap and stem dark green4 ,cap depressed in center4 ,gills white4 ,atroviridus is from ater1 black2 viridus1 green2 so called from the color of the cap and the stem of the plant4 ,the pileus is convex1 plane1 then depressed in the center1 with an adherent pellicle1 greenish with darker scales1 margin involute4 ,the gills are slightly decurrent1 whitish1 broad1 distant2 milk white but not copious as in many of the ,lactarii4 ,the stem is quite short1 tapering downward1 dark green1 scaly4 ,the stem is so short that the cap seems to be right on the ground1 hence it is very easily overlooked4 ,it is found only occasionally on mossy hillsides1 where there are not too many leaves4 ,the plant in ,figure #aci was found in ,haynes' ,hollow1 near ,chillicothe4 ,i have found the plant on top of ,mt4 ,logan4 ,it is found from ,july to ,october4 ,i do not know of its edibility4 ,all specimens that ,i have found ,i have sent to my ,mycological friends4 ,it should be tasted with caution4 ,lactarius subdulcis4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,sweet ,,lactarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #adj4--,lactarius subdulcis4 ,subdulcis means almost sweet1 or sweetish4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 rather thin1 papillate1 convex1 then depressed1 smooth1 even1 zoneless1 cinnamon-red or tawny-red1 margin sometimes wavy4 ,the gills are rather narrow1 thin1 close1 whitish1 often reddish or tinged with red4 ,spores1 #i-aj4 ,the stem is stuffed1 then hollow1 equal1 slightly tapering upward1 slender1 smooth1 sometimes villous at the base4 ,the milk is white1 sometimes rather acrid and unpleasant to the taste when raw4 ,it needs to be cooked a long time to make it good4 ,it is likely to be found anywhere1 but it does best in damp places4 ,the plants found with us all seem to have red or cinnamon-red gills1 especially before the spores begin to fall4 ,they are found growing on the ground1 among leaves1 or on well-rotted wood and sometimes on the bare ground4 ,found from ,july to ,november4 ,lactarius serifluus4 ,fr4 ,serifluus means flowing with serum1 the watery part of milk4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 depressed in the center1 dry1 smooth1 not zoned1 tawny-brown1 margin thin1 incurved4 ,the gills are crowded1 light-brown1 or yellowish1 milk scanty and watery4 ,the stem is solid1 equal1 paler than the pileus4 ,spores1 #g-h4 ,it differs from ,l4 subdulcis in having a solid stem and perhaps a shade darker color4 ,found in woods1 ,july to ,november4 ,lactarius corrugis4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,wrinkled ,,lactarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ada4--,lactarius corrugis4 ,caps wrinkled1 tawny-brown4 ,gills orange-brown4 ,corrugis means wrinkled4 ,the pileus is convex1 plane1 expanded1 slightly depressed in the center2 surface of the cap wrinkled1 dry1 bay-brown2 margin at first involute4 ,the gills are adnexed1 broad1 yellowish or brownish-yellow1 growing paler with age4 ,the stem is rather short1 equal1 solid1 pruinose1 of the same color as the pileus4 ,the spores are subglobose1 #aj-ac4 ,this species looks very much like ,l4 volemus1 and its only essential difference is in the wrinkled form1 and color of the pileus4 ,the milk when dry is very sticky and becomes rather black4 ,it has just a touch of acridity4 ,any one determining this species will not fail to note the number of brown cystidia or set1 in the hymenium1 which project above the surface of the gills4 ,they are so numerous and so near the edge of the gills that they give these a downy appearance4 ,the quality of this species is even better than ,l4 volemus1 though it is not as abundant here as the latter4 ,found in thin woods from ,august to ,september4 ,the photograph1 ,figure #ada1 was made by ,prof4 ,h4 ,c4 ,beardslee4 ,lactarius volemus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,orange-,,brown ,,lactarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,prof4 ,atkinson4 ,figure #adb4--,lactarius volemus4 ,natural size4 ,caps golden-tawny4 ,milk copious1 as will be seen where the plant has been pricked4 ,volemus from volema pira1 a kind of a pear1 so called from the shape of the stem4 ,the pileus is broad1 flesh thick1 compact1 rigid1 plane1 then expanded1 obtuse1 dry1 golden-tawny1 at length somewhat wrinkly4 ,the gills are crowded1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 white1 then yellowish2 milk copious1 sweet4 ,the stem is solid1 hard1 blunt1 generally curved like a pear-stem2 its color is that of the pileus but a shade lighter4 ,spores globose1 white4 ,the milk in this species is very abundant and rather pleasant to the taste4 ,it becomes quite sticky as it dries on your hands4 ,this plant has a good record among mushroom eaters1 both in this country and ,europe4 ,there is no danger of mistaking it4 ,the plants grow in damp woods from ,july to ,september4 ,they are found singly or in patches4 ,they were found quite plentifully about ,salem1 ,ohio1 and also about ,chillicothe4 ,lactarius deliciosus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,delicious ,,lactarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #adc4--,lactarius deliciosus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,caps light reddish-yellow4 ,milk orange color4 ,deliciosus1 delicious4 ,the pileus is three to five inches broad2 color varying from yellow to dull orange or even brownish-yellow with mottled concentric zones of deeper color1 especially in younger plants1 sometimes a light reddish-yellow1 without apparent zones 7as is the case of those in ,figure #adc72 convex1 when expanded becoming very much depressed2 funnel-shaped2 smooth1 moist1 sometimes irregular1 wavy2 flesh brittle1 creamy1 more or less stained with orange4 ,the gills are slightly decurrent in the depressed specimens1 somewhat crowded1 forked at the stem1 short ones beginning at the margin2 when bruised exuding a copious supply of milky juice of an orange color2 a pale tan-color1 turning green in age or in drying4 ,spores are echinulate1 #i-ajg-h4 ,the stem is two to three inches or more1 equal1 smooth1 hollow1 slightly pruinose1 paler than the cap1 occasionally spotted with orange1 tinged with green in old plants4 ,the taste of the raw plant is slightly peppery4 ,it grows in damp woods and is sometimes quite common4 ,its name suggests the estimation in which it is held by all who have eaten it4 ,like all ,lactarii it must be well cooked4 ,the specimens in ,figure #adc were gathered on ,cemetery ,hill close to the pine trees and in company with ,boletus ,americanus4 ,found from ,july to ,november4 ,i found the plant in a more typical form about ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,lactarius uvidus4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #add4--,lactarius uvidus4 ,uvidus is from uva1 grape1 so called because when exposed to the air changes to the color of a grape4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 flesh rather thin1 convex1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 then depressed in the center1 not zoned1 viscid1 dingy pale ochraceous-tan1 margin at first involute1 naked1 milk mild at first then becoming acrid1 white changing to lilac4 ,the gills are thin1 slightly decurrent1 crowded1 shorter ones very obtuse and truncate behind1 connected by veins1 white1 when wounded becoming lilac4 ,the stem is soon hollow1 two to three inches long1 viscid1 pallid4 ,the spores are round1 #aj4 ,not only the milk changes to a lilac when cut1 but the flesh itself4 ,they are found in damp woods during ,august and ,september4 ,the plants in ,figure #add were found near ,boston1 by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,these plants grew in ,purgatory ,swamp4 ,the ,sphagnum moss will be seen at the base of the upright plant4 ,lactarius chrysorrheus4 ,fr4 ,,yellow-,,juiced ,,lactarius4 ,chrysorrheus from two ,greek words2 chrysos1 yellow or golden2 reo1 ,i flow1 because the juice soon turns to a golden yellow4 ,the pileus is rather fleshy1 depressed1 then funnel-shaped1 yellowish-flesh colored1 marked with dark zones or spots4 ,the stem is stuffed1 then hollow1 equal1 or tapering below1 paler than the pileus1 sometimes pitted4 ,the gills are decurrent1 thin1 crowded1 yellowish1 milk white1 then golden-yellow1 very acrid4 ,the milk is white1 quite acrid1 has a peculiar taste1 and changes at once on exposure to a beautiful yellow4 ,this is a common species about ,salem1 ,ohio1 and is quite variable in size4 ,found in woods and groves from ,july to ,october4 ,i do not know whether its edible quality has ever been tested4 ,when ,i found it some years ago ,i had less faith in mushrooms than ,i have now4 ,lactarius vellereus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,wooly-,,white ,,lactarius4 ,,edible4 ,vellereus from vellus1 a fleece4 ,the pileus is white1 compact1 fleshy1 depressed or convex1 tomentose1 zoneless1 margin at first involute1 milk white and acrid4 ,the gills are white or whitish1 distant1 forked1 adnate or decurrent1 connected by veins1 bow-shaped1 milk scanty4 ,the stem is solid1 blunt1 pubescent1 white1 tapering downward4 ,spores white and nearly smooth1 4#jjjai by 4#jjjcd inch4 ,this species is quite common2 and though very acrid to the taste1 this acridity is entirely lost in cooking4 ,it will be readily known by the downy covering of the cap4 ,found in thin woods and wood margins4 ,july to ,october4 ,russula4 ,pers4 ,russula1 red or reddish4 ,the beginner will have little difficulty in determining this genus4 ,there is such a strong family likeness that1 finding one1 he will say at once it is a ,russula4 ,the contour of the cap1 the brittleness of its flesh and of its stem1 the fragile gills1 and the failure of any part of the plant to exude a milky or colored juice1 the many gay colors--will all help in determining the genus4 ,many species of ,russula strongly resemble those of the genus ,lactarius1 in size1 shape1 and texture4 ,the spores1 too1 are quite similar1 but the absence of the milky juice will mark the difference at once4 ,the cap may be red1 purple1 violet1 pink1 blue1 yellow1 or green4 ,the colored zones often seen in the ,lactarii do not appear here4 ,the beginner will possibly find trouble in identifying species1 because of variation of size and color4 ,the spores are white to very pale yellow1 generally spiny4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex1 then expanded1 and at length depressed4 ,the stem is brittle1 stout1 and smooth1 generally spongy within1 and confluent with the cap4 ,the gills are milkless1 with acute edge1 and very tender4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine1 in his very valuable book1 ,one ,thousand ,american ,fungi1 says3 ,to this genus authors have done special injustice2 there is not a single species among them known to be poisonous1 and where they are not too strong of cherry bark and other highly flavored substances1 they are all edible2 most of them favorites4 ,i can testify to the fact that many of them are favorites1 though a few are very peppery and it requires some courage to attack them4 ,they are all found on the ground in open woods1 from early summer to late fall4 ,russula delica4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,weaned ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,delica means weaned1 so called because1 though it resembles ,lactarius vellereus in appearance1 it is void of milk4 ,the pileus is quite large1 fleshy1 firm1 depressed1 even1 shining1 margin involute1 smooth1 not striated4 ,the gills are decurrent1 thin1 distant1 unequal1 white4 ,the stem is solid1 compact1 white1 short4 ,specimens will be found that resemble ,lactarius piperatus and ,l4 vellereus1 but they may be easily distinguished because they have no milk in their gills and the taste is mild4 ,they are not equal to most of the ,russulas4 ,found in woods from ,august to ,october4 ,russula adusta4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,smoky ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ade4--,russula adusta4 ,adusta means burned4 ,the pileus is fuliginous1 cinereous1 flesh compact1 margin even and inflexed1 depressed in the center4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 decurrent1 thin1 crowded1 unequal1 white1 not reddening when bruised4 ,the stem is obese1 solid1 of the same color as the pileus1 not turning red when bruised4 ,the plant resembles ,r4 nigricans1 but can readily be distinguished from it because of the thin1 crowded gills and failure to turn red when cut or bruised4 ,the spores are subglobose1 almost smooth1 #h-i2 no cystidia4 ,it is found in the woods during ,august and ,september4 ,edible but not first class4 ,it is a plant very widely distributed4 ,russula nigricans4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #adf4--,russula nigricans4 ,nigricans means blackish4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 dark grayish-brown1 black with advancing age1 fleshy1 compact1 flesh turning red when bruised or convex1 flattened1 then depressed1 at length funnel-shaped1 margin entire1 without striate1 margin at first incurved1 young specimens are slightly viscid when moist1 even1 without a separable pellicle2 whitish at first1 soon sooty olive1 at length becoming broken up into scales and black2 flesh firm and white1 becoming reddish when broken4 ,the gills are rounded behind1 slightly adnexed1 thick1 distant1 broad1 unequal1 the shorter ones sometimes very scanty1 forked1 reddening when touched4 ,the stem is rather short1 thick1 solid1 equal1 pallid when young1 then black4 ,the spores are subglobose1 rough1 #h-i4 ,the plant is quite compact1 inodorous1 becoming entirely black with age4 ,it is easily distinguished from ,r4 adusta by the flesh becoming reddish when bruised1 and by the much thicker1 and more distant gills4 ,it is very close to ,r4 densifolia but differs from it in that its gills are more distant and because of its mild taste4 ,i am pleased to present to my readers1 in ,figure #adf1 a photograph of a plant which grew in ,sweden in the locality where ,prof4 ,fries did his great work in fungal study and research4 ,it is a typical specimen of this species4 ,it was gathered and photographed by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,it is found from ,june to ,october4 ,not poisonous1 but not good4 ,russula foetens4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,fetid ,,russula4 ,,not ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #adg4--,russula foetens4 ,foetens means stinking4 ,the pileus is four to six inches broad1 dirty white or yellowish2 flesh thin2 at first hemispherical1 then expanded1 almost plane1 often depressed in the center2 covered with a pellicle which is adnate2 viscid in wet weather2 widely striate-tuberculate on the margin1 which is at first incurved4 ,the gills are adnexed1 connected by veins1 crowded1 irregular1 many forked1 rather broad1 whitish1 becoming dingy when bruised1 exuding watery drops at first4 ,the stem is stout1 stuffed1 then hollow1 concolor1 two to four inches long4 ,the spores are small1 echinulate1 almost round4 ,i have found the plants very generally diffused over the state4 ,it is very coarse and uninviting4 ,its smell and taste are bad4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,these plants are widely distributed and usually rather abundant4 ,russula alutacea4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,tan-,,colored ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #adh4--,russula alutacea4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps flesh color4 ,gills broad and yellowish4 ,alutacea1 tanned leather4 ,the pileus is flesh-color1 sometimes red2 flesh white2 bell-shaped1 then convex2 expanded1 with a viscid covering1 growing pale2 slightly depressed2 even2 margin inclined to be thin1 striate4 ,the gills are broad1 ventricose1 free1 thick1 somewhat distant1 equal1 yellow1 then ochraceous4 ,the stem is stout1 solid1 even2 white1 though parts of the stem are red1 sometimes purple2 wrinkled lengthwise2 spongy4 ,the spores are yellow4 ,the taste is mild and pleasant when young1 but quite acrid when old4 ,alutacea will be known mostly by its mild taste1 broad1 and yellow gills4 ,it is quite common1 but does not grow in groups4 ,it is sweet and nutty4 ,from ,july to ,october4 ,russula ochrophylla4 ,pk4 ,,ochrey ,,gilled ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,ochrophylla is from two ,greek words meaning ochre and leaf1 because of its ochre-colored gills4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 firm1 convex1 becoming nearly plane or slightly depressed in the center2 even1 or rarely very slightly striate on the margin when old2 purple or dark purplish-red2 flesh white1 purplish under the adnate cuticle2 taste mild4 ,the gills are entire1 a few of them forked at the base1 subdistant1 adnate at first yellowish1 becoming bright1 ochraceous-buff when mature and dusted by the spores1 the interspaces somewhat venose4 ,the stem is equal or nearly so1 solid or spongy within1 reddish or rosy tinted1 paler than the pileus4 ,the spores are bright1 ochraceous-buff1 globose1 verruculose1 4#jjjd of an inch broad4 ,peck4 ,this is one of the easiest ,russulas to determine because of its purple or purplish-red cap1 entire gills1 at first yellowish1 then a bright1 ochraceous-buff when mature4 ,the taste is mild and the flavor fairly good4 ,there is also a plant which has a purplish cap and a white stem1 called ,russula ochrophylla albipes4 ,pk4 ,it quite agrees in its edible qualities with the former4 ,r4 ochrophylla is found in the woods1 especially under oak trees1 in ,july and ,august4 ,russula lepida4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,neat ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #adi4--,russula lepida4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps1 purplish-red1 with more or less brown4 ,lepida1 from lepidus1 neat4 ,the pileus firm1 solid2 varying in color from bright red to dull1 subdued purplish with a distinct brown2 compact2 convex1 then depressed1 dry unpolished2 margin even1 sometimes cracked and scaly1 not striated4 ,the gills are white1 broad1 principally even1 occasionally forked1 very brittle1 rounded1 somewhat crowded1 connected by veins1 sometimes red on the edge1 especially near the margin4 ,the stem is solid1 white1 usually stained and streaked with pink1 compact1 even4 ,the surface is dull1 as with a fine dust or plum-like bloom1 and thus without polish4 ,often times the surface will appear almost velvety4 ,the tints of the flesh and the gills will be found uniform4 ,the plant when raw is sweet and nut-like to the taste4 ,this is a beautiful species1 the color being averaged under the general hue of dark1 subdued red1 inclining to maroon4 ,it is simply delicious when properly cooked4 ,found in woods from ,july to ,september4 ,russula cyanoxantha4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,blue ,,and ,,yellow ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,cyanoxantha1 from two ,greek words1 blue and yellow1 referring to color of the plant4 ,the pileus is quite variable as to color1 ranging from lilac or purplish to greenish2 disk yellowish1 margin bluish or livid-purple2 convex1 then plane1 depressed in center2 margin faintly striate1 sometimes wrinkled4 ,the gills are rounded behind1 connected by veins1 forked1 white1 slightly crowded4 ,the stem is solid1 spongy1 stuffed1 hollow when old1 equal1 smooth and white4 ,the color of the cap is quite variable but the peculiar combination of color will assist the student in distinguishing it4 ,it is a beautiful plant and one of the best of the ,russulas to eat4 ,the mushroom-eater counts himself lucky indeed when he can find a basketful of this species after the joiner squirrel has satisfied his love of this special good thing4 ,it is quite common in woods from ,august to ,october4 ,russula vesca4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,edible ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,vesca from vesco1 to feed4 ,the pileus is from two to three inches broad2 red-flesh-color1 disk darker2 fleshy2 firm2 convex1 with a slight depression in the center1 then funnel-shaped2 slightly wrinkled2 margin even1 or remotely striate4 ,gills adnate1 rather crowded1 unequal1 forked1 and white4 ,the stem is firm1 solid1 sometimes peculiarly reticulated1 tapering at the base4 ,the spores are globose1 spiny1 and white4 ,i frequently found it near ,salem1 ,o41 in thin chestnut woods and in pastures under such trees4 ,a mushroom lover will be amply paid for the long tramps if he finds a basket full of these dainties4 ,it is mild and sweet when raw4 ,it is found in thin woods and in wood margins1 sometimes under trees in pastures1 from ,august to ,october4 ,russula virescens4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,green ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aej4--,russula virescens4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps pale-green4 ,gills white4 ,virescens1 being green4 ,the ,pileus is grayish-green2 at first globose1 then expanded1 convex1 at last depressed at the center2 firm1 adorned with flaky greenish or yellow patches1 produced by the cracking of the skin2 two to four inches broad1 margin striate1 often white4 ,the gills are white1 moderately close1 free or nearly so1 narrow as they approach the stem1 some being forked1 others not2 very brittle1 breaking to pieces at the slightest touch4 ,the stem is shorter than the diameter of the cap1 smooth1 white1 and solid or spongy4 ,the spores are white1 rough1 and nearly globose4 ,this plant is especially sweet and nutty to the taste when young and unwilted4 ,all ,russulas should be eaten when fresh4 ,i have found the plant over the state quite generally4 ,it is a prime favorite with the squirrels4 ,you will often find them half eaten by these little nibblers4 ,found in open woods from ,july to ,september4 ,it is one of the best mushrooms to eat and one that is very easily identified4 ,it is quite common about ,chillicothe1 ,ohio4 ,its mouldy color is not as prepossessing as the brighter hues of many far less delicious fungi1 but it stands the test of use4 ,russula variata4 ,ban4 ,,variable ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,pileus is firm1 convex becoming centrally depressed or somewhat funnel-form1 viscid1 even on the thin margin1 reddish-purple1 often variegated with green1 pea-green sometimes varied with purple1 flesh white1 taste acrid or tardily acrid4 ,the gills are thin1 narrow1 close1 often forked1 tapering toward each end1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 white4 ,the stem is equal or nearly so1 solid1 sometimes cavernous1 white4 ,the spores are white1 subglobose1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjd of an inch long1 4#jjjc broad4 ,peck1 ,rep4 ,state ,bot41 #aije4 ,this plant grows in open beech woods1 rather damp1 and appears in ,july and ,august4 ,the caps are often dark purple1 often tinged with red1 and sometimes the caps contains shades of green4 ,i found the plants plentifully in ,woodland ,park1 near ,newtonville1 ,ohio1 in ,july1 #aijg4 ,we ate them on several occasions and found them very good4 ,the greenish margin and purplish center will mark the plant4 ,russula integra4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,entire ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,integra1 whole or entire4 ,the pileus is three or four inches in diameter1 fleshy2 typically red1 but changing color2 expanded1 depressed1 with a viscid cuticle1 growing pale4 ,margin thin1 furrowed and tuberculate4 ,flesh white1 sometimes yellowish above4 ,the stem is at first short and conical1 then club-shaped or ventricose1 sometimes three inches long and up to one inch thick2 spongy1 stuffed1 commonly striate2 even1 and shining white4 ,the gills are somewhat free1 very broad1 sometimes three-fourths of an inch2 equal or bifid at the stem1 rather distant and connected by veins2 pallid or white1 at length light yellow1 being powdered yellow with the spores4 ,although the taste is mild it is often astringent4 ,one of the most changeable of all species1 especially in the color of the pileus1 which1 though typically red1 is often found inclining to azure-blue1 bay-brown1 olivaceous1 etc4 ,it occasionally happens that the gills are sterile and remain white4 ,fries4 ,the spores are spheroid1 spiny1 pale ochraceous4 ,r4 integra so closely resembles ,r4 alutacea that to distinguish them requires a knowledge of both plants1 and even then one may not feel quite sure2 however1 it matters little as they are equally good4 ,its powdery gills will help to distinguish ,r4 integra from ,r4 alutacea4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,russula roseipes4 7secr7 ,bres4 ,,the ,,rosy-,,stemmed ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aea4--,russula roseipes4 ,natural size4 ,roseipes is from rosa1 a rose2 pes1 a foot2 so called because of its rose-colored or pinkish stem4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 convex1 becoming nearly plane1 or slightly depressed2 at first viscid1 soon dry1 becoming slightly striate on the margin2 rosy-red variously modified by pink1 orange or ochraceous hues1 sometimes becoming paler with age2 taste mild4 ,the gills are moderately close1 nearly entire1 rounded behind and slightly adnexed1 ventricose1 whitish becoming yellow4 ,the stem is one to three inches long1 slightly tapering upward1 stuffed or somewhat cavernous1 white tinged with red4 ,the spores are yellow1 round4 ,peck1 #ea ,r4 ,this plant is widely distributed from ,maine to the ,west4 ,it grows best in pine and hemlock woods1 but sometimes found in mixed woods4 ,it is found in ,july and ,august4 ,russula fragilis4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,tender ,,russula4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aeb4--,russula fragilis4 ,fragilis means fragile4 ,the pileus is rather small1 flesh-color or red1 or reddish2 thin1 fleshy only at the disk2 at first convex and often umbonate1 then plane1 depressed2 cuticle thin1 becoming pale1 viscid in wet weather1 margin tuberculate-striate4 ,the gills are thin1 ventricose1 white1 slightly adnexed1 equal1 crowded1 sometimes slightly eroded at the edge4 ,the spores are minutely echinulate1 #h-ajh4 ,the stem is stuffed1 hollow1 shining white4 ,quite as acrid as ,r4 emetica1 which it resembles in many ways1 especially the smaller plants4 ,it can be distinguished by its thinner caps1 thinner and crowded gills1 more ventricose and often slightly eroded at the edge4 ,it is generally classed among poisonous mushrooms2 but ,captain ,charles ,mc,ilvaine in his book says3 ,though one of the peppery kind1 ,i have not1 after fifteen years of eating it1 had reason to question its edibility4 ,i should advise caution4 ,eat of it sparingly till sure of its effects4 ,found in woods from ,july to ,october4 ,russula emetica4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,emetic ,,russula4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aec4--,russula emetica4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps rose-red to yellow-red4 ,gills white4 ,emetica means making sick1 inciting to vomit4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 quite viscid1 expanded1 polished1 shining1 oval1 or bell-shaped when young2 its color is very variable from rose-red to a yellow-red or even purple2 margin furrowed1 flesh white4 ,the gills are free1 equal1 broad1 distant1 white4 ,the spores are round1 #h4 ,the stem is stout1 solid1 though sometimes spongy stuffed1 even1 white or reddish4 ,the spores are white1 round1 and spiny4 ,this species is recognized by its very acrid taste and free gills4 ,a distinct channel will be seen between the gills and the stem4 ,this very pretty mushroom is quite common in most parts of ,ohio4 ,i found it in abundance about ,salem1 ,bowling ,green1 ,sidney1 and ,chillicothe--all in this state4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine states that he has repeatedly eaten it and cites a number of others who ate it without bad results1 although weight of authority would band it a reprobate4 ,i am glad to report something in its favor1 for it is a beautiful plant1 yet ,i should advise caution in its use4 ,it is found in open woods or in pastures under trees1 from ,july to ,october4 ,its viscid cap will distinguish it4 ,russula furcata4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,forked ,,gilled ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aed4--,russula furcata4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps greenish-umber to reddish4 ,furca1 a fork1 so called from the forking of the gills4 ,this is not peculiar1 however1 to this species4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad2 greenish1 usually greenish-umber1 sometimes reddish2 fleshy2 compact2 nearly round1 then expanded1 depressed in the center2 even2 smooth2 often sprinkled with a silky luster1 pellicle separable1 margin at first inflexed1 then expanded1 always even1 sometimes turned upward4 ,the flesh is firm1 white1 dry1 somewhat cheesy4 ,the gills are adnate or slightly decurrent1 somewhat crowded1 broad1 narrowed at both ends1 many forked1 shining white4 ,the spores1 #g-hi4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 solid1 white1 rather firm1 even1 equal or tapering downward4 ,the spores are round and spiny4 ,i have found it frequently on the wooded hillsides of the state4 ,the taste when raw is mild at first1 but soon develops a slight bitterness which1 however1 is lost in cooking4 ,fried in butter they are excellent4 ,july to ,october4 ,russula rubra1 ,fr4 ,,the ,,red ,,russula4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aee4--,russula rubra4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps bright-vermilion4 ,gills forked and tinged with red4 ,rubra means red1 so called from the cap being concolorous1 bright vermillion2 showy1 becoming pale with age1 center of the cap usually darker2 compact1 hard1 fragile1 convex1 expanded1 somewhat depressed1 dry1 no pellicle1 often cracked when old4 ,the flesh is white1 often reddish under the cuticle4 ,the gills are adnate1 rather crowded1 white at first1 then yellowish1 many forked and with some short ones intermixed1 frequently tinged with red at the edge4 ,spores #h-aj1 cystidia pointed4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 solid1 even1 white1 often with a faint reddish hue4 ,the spores are nearly round and white4 ,it is very acrid to the taste1 and because of this acridity it is usually thought to be poisonous1 but ,captain ,mc,ilvaine says he does not hesitate to cook it either by itself or with other ,russul4 ,it is found very generally in the state and is quite plentiful in the woods about ,chillicothe1 from ,july to ,october4 ,russula purpurina4 ,quel ,schulz4 ,,the ,,purple ,,russula4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aef4--,russula purpurina4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps rosy-pink to light-yellow4 ,gills yellowish in age4 ,purpurina means purple4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 margin acute1 subglobose1 then plane1 at length depressed in the center1 slightly viscid in wet weather1 not striate1 often split1 pellicle separable1 rosy-pink1 paling to light-yellow4 ,gills are crowded in youth1 afterward subdistant1 white1 in age yellowish1 reaching the stem1 not greatly narrowed behind1 almost equal1 not forked4 ,the stem is stuffed1 spongy1 very variable1 cylindrical1 attenuated above1 rosy-pink1 becoming paler toward the base1 color obscure in age4 ,the flesh is fragile1 white1 reddish under the skin2 odor slight and taste mild4 ,the spores white1 globose1 sometimes subelliptical1 #d-h long1 minutely warted4 ,peck1 #db ,rept41 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,this is not a large plant1 but it can be readily determined by its red or reddish stem1 mild taste and white spores4 ,found in open woods in ,july and ,august4 ,russula densifolia4 ,gillet4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aeg4--,russula densifolia4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps whitish1 becoming fuliginous gray4 ,flesh turning red when exposed to the air4 ,densifolia has reference to the crowded condition of the gills4 ,the pileus is from three to four inches broad1 fleshy1 quite compact1 convex1 expanded1 then depressed1 margin inflexed1 smooth1 not striate1 white or whitish1 becoming fuliginous1 gray1 or brownish1 quite black in center1 flesh red when broken4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 somewhat decurrent1 unequal1 thin1 crowded1 white or whitish1 with a rosy tint4 ,spores1 #g-h4 ,the stem is short1 slightly mealy1 white1 then gray1 at length blackish1 smooth1 round1 turning red or brown on being handled4 ,it differs from ,r4 nigricans in being much smaller1 and in its crowded gills4 ,it differs from ,r4 adusta in flesh turning red when broken4 ,the flesh or substance is white at first1 turning red when exposed to the air1 then blackish4 ,this plant is not abundant in this state4 ,i found a number of plants on ,cemetery ,hill1 where some shale had been dumped under a large beech tree4 ,found in ,july and ,august4 ,cantharellus4 ,adanson4 ,cantharellus means a diminutive drinking-cup or vase4 ,this genus can be distinguished from all other genera by the character of its gills which are quite blunt on the edge1 like folds1 polished1 and are mostly forked or branched4 ,in some species the gills vary in thickness and number4 ,they are decurrent1 folded1 more or less thick and swollen4 ,the spores are white4 ,they grow on the ground1 on rotten wood1 and among moss4 ,they seem to delight in damp shady places4 ,cantharellus cibarius4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,edible ,,cantharellus4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,figure #aeh4--;,cantharellus cibarius4 ,natural size4 ,entire plant egg-yellow4 ,cibarius means pertaining to food4 ,this plant is frequently spoken of as the ,chanterelle4 ,the entire plant is a rich egg-yellow4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 at first convex1 later flat1 three to five inches broad1 depressed in the center1 finally funnel-shaped2 bright to deep yellow2 firm1 smooth1 but often irregular1 its margin often wavy2 flesh white1 the cap has the appearance of an inverted cone4 ,the gills are decurrent1 shallow and fluted1 resembling swollen veins1 branched1 more or less interconnected and tapering downward on the stem1 color the same as the pileus4 ,the stem is solid1 variable in length1 often curved1 tapering towards the base1 paler than the pileus and gills4 ,it grows in woods and rather open places4 ,i found it in great abundance in ,stanley's woods1 near ,damascus1 ,ohio4 ,i have found it very often about ,chillicothe4 ,the plant has a strong prune-like odor2 when tasted raw they are peppery and pungent but sweet and quite delicious when cooked4 ,my friends and myself have eaten it and pronounced very good4 ,the plants in ,figure #aeh were gathered near ,columbus1 ,ohio1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,the species is quite common in the state1 and is found from ,june to ,september4 ,cantharellus aurantiacus4 ,fr4 ,,false ,,chantarelle4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #aei4--;,cantharellus aurantiacus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,caps orange-yellow4 ,gills yellow and forked4 ,aurantiacus means orange-yellow4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 soft1 depressed1 downy1 the margin strongly incurved when young1 in mature plants it is wavy or lobed2 color dull yellowish1 usually brownish4 ,the gills are crowded1 straight1 dark-orange1 branched1 with a regular bifurcation4 ,the stem is lighter in color than the pileus1 solid at first1 spongy1 stuffed1 hollow1 unequal1 tapering upward1 and somewhat curved4 ,it is generally labeled poisonous1 but some good authorities say it is wholesome4 ,i have never eaten it further than in its raw state4 ,it is easily distinguished from the edible species by its dull orange cap and its orange gills1 which are thinner and closer and more regularly forked than those of the ,edible ,chantarelle4 ,it grows in woods and open places4 ,found from ,july to ,september4 ,cantharellus floccosus4 ,schw4 ,,the ,,woolly ,,cantharellus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,figure #afj4--;,cantharellus floccosus4 ,floccosus means floccose or woolly4 ,the pileus at the top is from one to two inches broad1 fleshy1 elongated funnel-form or trumpet-shape1 floccose-squamose1 ochraceous-yellow4 ,the gills are vein-like1 close1 much anastomosing above1 long decurrent and subparallel below1 concolorous4 ,the stem is very short1 thick1 rather deeply rooted4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #ab4e-aeg4f4 ,peck1 #bc ,rep41 ,n4 ,y4 ,this plant is funnel-shaped nearly to the base of the stem4 ,it is a small plant1 never more than four inches high4 ,i found it in ,haynes's ,hollow1 in rather open woods1 on mossy hillsides4 ,july and ,august4 ,cantharellus brevipes4 ,pk4 ,the ,short-,stemmed ,cantharellus4 ,edible4 ,brevipes is from brevis1 short2 pes1 foot2 so called because of its short stem4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 obconic1 glabrous1 alutaceous1 or dingy cream-color1 the thin margin erect1 often irregular and lobed1 tinged with lilac in the young plant2 folds numerous1 nearly straight in the margin1 abundantly anastomosing below2 pale umber1 tinged with lilac4 ,the stem is short1 tomentose-pubescent1 ash-colored1 solid1 often tapering downward4 ,spores yellowish1 oblong-elliptical1 uninucleate1 #aj-abe4 ,peck1 #cc;d ,rep41 ,n4 ,y4 ,the plant is small2 with us1 not more than three inches high and the pileus not more than two inches broad at the top4 ,it differs somewhat in color1 in the character of the folds1 and materially in the shape of the margin of the pileus4 ,found occasionally on the hillsides of ,huntington ,township1 near ,chillicothe1 ,july to ,august4 ,cantharellus cinnabarinus4 ,schw4 ,,the ,,cinnabar ,,cantharellus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #afa4--;,cantharellus cinnabarinus4 ,cap and stem cinnibar-red1 flesh white4 ,natural size4 ,cinnabarinus means cinnabar-red1 from the color of the plant4 ,the pileus is firm1 convex1 or slightly depressed in the center1 often irregular with wavy or lobed margin2 glabrous1 cinnabar-red1 flesh white4 ,the gills are narrow1 distant1 branched1 decurrent1 of the same color as the cap1 dull on the edge4 ,the stem is equal or tapering downward1 glabrous1 solid1 sometimes stuffed1 cinnabar-red4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #h-aj long1 #d-e broad4 ,no one will have any difficulty in identifying this plant1 since its color suggests the name at once4 ,it is quite common about ,chillicothe and throughout the state4 ,it is found frequently with ,craterellus cantharellus4 ,it is a very pretty plant1 growing in open woods or along the roadside in woods4 ,it will keep for some time after it is gathered4 ,it is found from ,july to ,october4 ,cantharellus infundibuliformis4 ,fr4 ,,funnel-,,shaped ,,cantharellus4 ,infundibuliformis means shaped like a funnel4 ,the pileus is one to two and a half inches broad1 somewhat membranaceous1 umbilicate1 then infundibuliform1 usually perforated at the base1 and opening into the cavity of the stem1 floccosely rugose on the surface1 yellowish-gray or smoky when moist1 pale when dry1 becoming wavy4 ,the gills are decurrent1 thick1 distant1 regularly forked1 straight1 yellow or cenereous1 at length pruinose4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 hollow1 even1 smooth1 always yellow1 slightly thickened at the base4 ,the spores are elliptical1 smooth1 #i-ajf4 ,they grow on the ground1 especially where wood has decayed and become a part of the ground4 ,they also grow on decayed wood4 ,they are found from ,july to ,october4 ,nyctalis4 ,fr4 ,nyctalis is from a ,greek word meaning night4 ,pileus symmetrical1 in some species bearing large conidia upon its surface4 ,the gills are adnate or decurrent1 thick1 soft1 margin obtuse4 ,the stem is central1 its substance continuous with the flesh of the pileus4 ,the spores are colorless1 smooth1 elliptical or globose4 ,fries4 ,nyctalis asterophora4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #afb4--,nyctalis asterophora4 ,asterophora means star-bearing4 ,the pileus is about one-half inch broad1 fleshy2 conical1 then hemispherical2 flocculose and rather mealy1 owing to the large1 stellate conidia2 whitish1 then tinged with fawn-color4 ,the gills are adnate1 distant1 narrow1 somewhat forked1 straight1 dingy4 ,the stem is about one-half inch long1 slender1 twisted1 stuffed1 white then brownish1 rather mealy4 ,the spores are elliptical1 smooth1 #cb4 ,fries1 ,hym4 ,i found1 about the last of ,august1 these plants growing on decaying specimens of ,russula nigricans1 along ,ralston's ,run1 near ,chillicothe4 ,hygrophorus4 ,fr4 ,hygrophorus is from two ,greek words meaning bearing moisture4 ,so called because the members of this genus may be known from their moist caps and the waxy nature of the gills1 which distinguish them from all others4 ,as in the ,pleurotus1 the gills of some of the species are rounded or notched at the end next to the stem1 but of others they are decurrent on it2 hence1 in some species they are like the gills of ,tricholoma in their attachment1 in others they run down on the stem as in the ,clitocybe4 ,in many of them both cap and stem are very viscid1 a characteristic not found in the ,clitocybes2 and the gills are generally thicker and much farther apart than in that genus4 ,a number of the species are beautifully colored4 ,hygrophorus pratensis4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,pasture ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,figure #afc4--;,hygrophorus pratensis4 ,pratensis1 from pratum1 a meadow4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad2 when young almost hemispherical1 then convex1 turbinate or nearly flat1 the center more or less convex1 as if umbonate2 margin often cracked1 frequently contracted or lobed2 white or various shades of yellow1 buffish-reddish1 or brownish4 ,flesh white1 thick in the center1 thin at the margin4 ,the stem is stuffed1 attenuated downwards4 ,the gills are thick1 distant1 white or yellowish1 bow-shaped1 decurrent1 and connected by vein-like folds4 ,spores are white1 broadly elliptical1 4#jjjbd to 4#jjjbh inch long4 ,the pasture hygrophorus is a small but rather stout-appearing mushroom4 ,it grows on the ground in pastures1 waste places1 clearings1 and thin woods1 from ,july to ,september4 ,sometimes all white or gray4 ,var4 cinereus1 ,fr4 ,pileus and gills gray4 ,the stem whitish and slender4 ,var4 pallidus1 ,b4 ,br4 ,pileus depressed1 edge wavy1 entirely pale ochre4 ,this species differs mainly from ,h4 leporinus in that the latter is quite floccose on the pileus4 ,hygrophorus eburneus4 ,bull4 ,,shining ,,white ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #afd4--;,hygrophorus eburneus4 ,eburneus is from ebur1 ivory4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 sometimes thin1 sometimes somewhat compact1 white2 very viscid or glutinous in wet weather1 and slippery to the touch2 margin uneven1 sometimes wavy2 smooth1 and shining4 ,when young1 the margin is incurved4 ,the gills are firm1 distant1 straight1 strongly decurrent1 with vein-like elevations near the stem4 ,the spores are white1 rather long4 ,the stem is unequal1 sometimes long and sometimes short2 stuffed1 then hollow1 tapering downward1 punctate above with granular scales4 ,odor and taste are rather pleasant4 ,it is found in woods and pastures in all parts of ,ohio1 but it is not plentiful anywhere4 ,i have found it only in damp woods about ,chillicothe4 ,august to ,october4 ,hygrophorus cossus4 ,sow4 ,cossus1 because it smells like the caterpillar1 ,cossus ligniperda4 ,the pileus is small1 quite viscid1 shining when dry1 white with a yellow tinge1 edge naked1 very strong-scented4 ,the gills are somewhat decurrent1 thin1 distant1 straight1 firm4 ,the stem is stuffed1 nearly equal1 scurvy-punctate upwards4 ,spores #hd4 ,found in the woods4 ,the strong smell will serve to identify the species4 ,hygrophorus chlorophanus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,greenish-,,yellow ,,hygrophorus4 ,chlorophanus is from two ,greek words1 meaning appearing greenish-yellow4 ,the pileus is one inch broad1 commonly bright sulphur-yellow1 sometimes scarlet-tinted1 not changing color2 slightly membranaceous1 very fragile1 often irregular1 with the margin split or lobed1 at first convex1 then expanded2 smooth1 viscid1 margin striate4 ,the gills are emarginate1 adnexed1 quite ventricose1 with a thin decurrent tooth1 thin1 subdistant1 distinct1 pale-yellow4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 hollow1 equal1 round1 viscid when moist1 shining when dry1 wholly unicolorous1 rich light-yellow4 ,the spores are slightly elliptical1 #he4 ,this species resembles in appearance ,h4 ceraceus1 but it can be identified by its emarginate gills and somewhat larger form4 ,the plant has a wide distribution1 having been found from the ,new ,england ,states through the ,middle ,west4 ,it is found in damp1 mossy places from ,august to ,october4 ,i have no doubt of its edibility4 ,it has a mild and agreeable taste when eaten in the raw state4 ,hygrophorus cantharellus4 ,schw4 ,illustration3 ,figure #afe4--;,hygrophorus cantharellus4 ,natural size4 ,caps bright red4 ,cantharellus means a small vase4 ,the pileus is thin1 convex1 at length umbilicate1 or centrally depressed1 minutely squamulose1 moist1 bright red1 becoming orange or yellow4 ,the gills are distant1 subarcuate1 decurrent1 yellow1 sometimes tinged with vermilion4 ,the stem is one to three inches long1 smooth1 equal1 sub-solid1 sometimes becoming hollow1 concolorous1 whitish within4 ,peck4 ,i have found about ,chillicothe a number of the varieties given by ,dr4 ,peck4 ,var4 flava4 ,pileus and stem pale yellow4 ,gills arcuate1 strongly decurrent4 ,var4 flavipes4 ,pileus red or reddish4 ,stem yellow4 ,var4 flaviceps4 ,pileus yellow4 ,stem reddish or red4 ,var4 rosea4 ,has the pileus expanded and margin wavy scalloped4 ,found from ,july to ,september4 ,hygrophorus coccineus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,scarlet ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,coccineus1 pertaining to scarlet4 ,the pileus is thin1 convex1 obtuse1 viscid1 scarlet1 growing pale1 smooth1 fragile4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 with a decurrent tooth1 connected by veins1 variously shaded4 ,the stem is hollow and compressed1 rather even1 not slippery1 scarlet near the cap1 yellow at the base4 ,this plant when young is of a bright scarlet1 but it soon shades into a light-yellow with advancing age4 ,it is quite fragile and varies very greatly in size in different localities4 ,found in woods and pastures from ,july to ,october4 ,hygrophorus conicus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,conical ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aff4--;,hygrophorus conicus4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 acutely conical1 submembranaceous1 smooth1 somewhat lobed1 at length expanded1 and rimose2 turning black1 as does the whole plant when broken or bruised2 orange1 yellow1 scarlet1 brown1 dusky4 ,the gills are free or adnexed1 thick1 attenuated1 ventricose1 yellowish with frequently a cinereous tinge1 wavy1 rather crowded4 ,the stem is three to four inches long1 hollow1 cylindrical1 fibrillose1 striated1 colored like the pileus1 turning black when handled4 ,this plant is quite fragile4 ,it can be identified by its turning black when bruised4 ,it sometimes appears early in the spring and continues till late in the fall4 ,it is not abundant but is only occasionally found on the ground in woods and open places4 ,hygrophorus flavodiscus4 ,frost4 ,,yellow-,,disked ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #afg4--;,hygrophorus flavodiscus4 ,natural size4 ,the gluten is shown connecting the margin of the cap to their stem4 ,flavodiscus means yellow-disked4 ,the pileus is one-half to three inches broad1 fleshy1 convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 very viscid or glutinous1 white1 pale-yellow or reddish-yellow in the center1 flesh white4 ,the gills are adnate or decurrent1 subdistant1 white1 sometimes with a slight flesh-colored tint1 the interspaces sometimes venose4 ,the stem is one to three inches long1 solid1 subequal1 very viscid1 or glutinous1 white at the top1 white or yellowish elsewhere4 ,the spores are elliptical1 white1 4#jjjbe to 4#jjjc of an inch long1 4#jjjaf to 4#jjjb broad4 ,these mushrooms make a delicious dish4 ,the specimens in the photograph were gathered at ,west ,gloucester1 ,mass41 by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,blackford1 of ,boston4 ,i have found them about ,chillicothe4 ,they are very viscid1 as the plants in ,figure #afg will show4 ,the caps are thick and the margin inrolled4 ,they are found in ,october and ,november4 ,hygrophorus speciosus4 ,pk4 ,,showy ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #afh4--;,hygrophorus speciosus4 ,speciosus means beautiful1 showy2 so called from the scarlet color of the umbo4 ,the pileus is one to two inches in diameter1 broadly convex1 often with small central umbo2 glabrous1 very viscid or glutinous when moist2 yellow1 usually bright red or scarlet in the center2 flesh white1 yellow under the thin1 separable pellicle4 ,the gills are distant1 decurrent1 white1 or slightly tinged with yellow4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 nearly equal1 solid1 viscid1 slightly fibrillose1 whitish or yellowish4 ,the spores are elliptic1 4#jjjc of an inch long1 4#jjjb broad4 ,peck4 ,this is a very beautiful and showy plant4 ,it grows in swampy places and under tamarack trees4 ,the specimens in ,figure #afh were found in ,massachusetts by ,mrs4 ,blackford1 and were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,it is found in ,september and ,august4 ,hygrophorus fuligineus4 ,frost4 ,,sooty ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #afi4--;,hygrophorus fuligineus4 ,natural size4 ,specimen on the right is ,h4 caprinus4 ,fuligineus means sooty or smoky4 ,the pileus is one to four inches broad1 convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 very viscid or glutinous1 grayish-brown or fuliginous1 the disk often darker or almost black4 ,the gills are subdistant1 adnate or decurrent1 white4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 solid1 viscid or glutinous1 white or whitish4 ,the spores are elliptic1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjce of an inch long1 4#jjjb broad4 ,peck1 ,no4 #d1 ,vol4 #c4 ,this species is found frequently associated with ,h4 flavodiscus1 which it resembles very closely1 save in color4 ,when moist1 the cap and stems are covered with a thick coating of gluten1 and when the caps are dry this gives them a varnished appearance4 ,i do not find them abundant here4 ,the plants in ,figure #afi were found by ,mrs4 ,blackford near ,west ,gloucester1 ,mass4 ,they are found ,october and ,november4 ,hygrophorus caprinus4 ,scop4 ,,the ,,goat ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,caprinus means belonging to a goat2 it is so called from the fibrils resembling goat's hair4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 fleshy1 fragile1 conical1 then flattened and umbonate1 rather wavy1 sooty1 fibrillose4 ,the gills are very broad1 quite distant1 deeply decurrent1 white1 then glaucous4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 solid1 fibrillose1 sooty1 often streaked or striate1 as will be seen in ,figure #afi1 page #bab4 ,the spores are #ajg-h4 ,these plants grow in pine woods in company with ,h4 fuligineus and ,h4 flavodiscus4 ,the specimen on the right in ,figure #afi was found near ,west ,gloucester1 ,mass41 by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,it is found from ,september till hard frost4 ,hygrophorus ,laur4 ,morg4 ,illustration3 ,figure #agj4--;,hygrophorus ,laur4 ,this is a beautiful plant1 found among leaves1 and so completely covered with particles of leaves and soil that it is hard to clean them off4 ,they are very viscid1 both stem and cap4 ,they are only occasionally found in our state4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad2 reddish-brown in the center1 shading to a very light tan on the edges2 very viscid2 convex2 margin at first slightly incurved1 then expanded4 ,the gills are adnate1 slightly decurrent1 not crowded1 unequal1 yellowish4 ,the stem is stuffed1 tapering downward1 whitish1 furfuraceous near the cap4 ,i have found this plant in ,poke ,hollow1 near ,chillicothe1 on several occasions1 also in ,gallia county1 ,ohio4 ,i have not found it elsewhere in this vicinity4 ,while ,i have not found it in sufficient quantity to try it ,i have no doubt of its edible qualities4 ,i have found it only about the last of ,september and the first of ,october4 ,it grows in rather dense woods on the north sides of the hills1 where it is constantly shaded and damp4 ,named in honor of ,prof4 ,morgan's wife4 ,hygrophorus micropus4 ,pk4 ,,short-,,stemmed ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,micropus means short-stemmed4 ,the pileus is thin1 fragile1 convex or centrally depressed1 umbilicate2 silky1 gray1 often with one or two narrow zones on the margin2 taste and odor farinaceous4 ,the gills are narrow1 close1 adnate or slightly decurrent1 gray1 becoming salmon color with age4 ,the stem is short1 solid or with a slight cavity1 often slightly thickened at the top1 pruinose1 gray1 with a white1 mycelioid tomentum at the base4 ,the spores are angular1 uninucleate1 salmon color1 4#jjjc--4jjjd of an inch long1 4#jjjbe--4jjjc broad4 ,peck4 ,this is a very small plant and not frequently found1 but widely distributed4 ,i have always found it in open grassy places during damp weather4 ,the caps are thin1 often markedly depressed4 ,its silky appearance and narrow zones on the margin of the cap1 together with its rather close gills1 broadly attached to the stem1 gray at first1 then salmon color1 will identify the species4 ,july to ,september4 ,hygrophorus miniatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,vermilion ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aga4--;,hygrophorus miniatus4 ,cap and stems vermilion-red4 ,gills yellowish and tinged with bright-red4 ,miniatus is from minium1 red lead4 ,this is a small but a very common species1 highly colored and very attractive4 ,the pileus and the stem are bright red and often vermilion4 ,the pileus is at first convex1 but1 when fully expanded1 it is nearly or quite flat1 and in wet weather it is even concave by the elevation of the margin1 smooth or minutely scaly1 often umbilicate4 ,its color varies from a bright red or vermilion or blood-red to pale orange hues4 ,the gills are yellow and frequently strongly tinged with red1 distant1 attached to the stem1 and sometimes notched4 ,the stem is usually short and slender1 colored like1 or a little paler1 than the cap2 solid1 when young1 but becoming stuffed or hollow with age4 ,the spores are elliptical1 white1 #h long4 ,the ,vermilion mushroom grows in woods and in open fields4 ,it is more plentiful in wet weather4 ,it seems to grow best where chestnut logs have decayed4 ,it can be found in such places in sufficient quantities to eat4 ,few mushrooms are more tender or have a more delicate flavor4 ,there are two other species having red caps1 ,hygrophorus coccineus and ,h4 puniceus1 but both are edible and no harm could come from any mistake4 ,they are found from ,june to ,october4 ,those in ,figure #aga were found in ,poke ,hollow ,september #bi4 ,hygrophorus miniatus sphagnophilus4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,figure #agb4--;,hygrophorus miniatus sphagnophilus4 ,natural size4 ,sphagnophilus means sphagnum-loving1 so called because it is found growing on sphagnum4 ,the pileus is broadly convex1 subumbilicate1 red4 ,the gills are adnate1 whitish1 becoming yellowish or sometimes tinged with red1 occasionally red on the edge4 ,the stem is colored like the pileus1 whitish at the base1 both it and the pileus are very fragile4 ,this is more fragile than the typical form and retains its color better in drying4 ,peck1 #dc;d ,rep4 ,this is a beautiful plant growing1 as ,figure #agb shows1 on the lower dead portion of the stems of bog moss or sphagnum4 ,it grows very abundantly in ,buckeye ,lake4 ,the photograph was made by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,it is found from ,july to ,october4 ,these plants cook readily1 have an excellent flavor and because of their color make an inviting dish4 ,i have eaten heartily of them several times4 ,hygrophorus marginatus4 ,pk4 ,,margined ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #agc4--;,hygrophorus marginatus4 ,marginatus1 so called from the frequent vermilion edged gills4 ,the pileus is thin1 fragile1 convex1 subcampanulate or nearly plane1 often irregular1 sometimes broadly umbonate1 glabrous1 shining1 striatulate on the margin1 bright golden-yellow4 ,the gills are rather broad1 subdistant1 ventricose1 emarginate1 adnexed1 yellow1 sometimes becoming orange or vermilion on the edge1 interspaces venose4 ,the stem is fragile1 glabrous1 often flexous1 compressed or irregular1 hollow1 pale-yellow2 spores broadly elliptic1 4#jjjbd--4jjjc of an inch long1 4#jjjbd--4jjjb broad4 ,peck1 ,n4 ,y41 #aijf4 ,this plant has the most beautiful yellow ,i have ever seen in a mushroom4 ,this bright golden yellow and the orange or vermilion color on the margin or edge of the gills will always characterize the plant4 ,the specimen in ,figure #agc were sent to me by ,mrs4 ,blackford1 of ,boston1 ,mass41 the last of ,august4 ,they were not in the best condition when photographed4 ,hygrophorus ceraceus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,wax-,,like ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #agd4--;,hygrophorus ceraceus4 ,caps waxy yellow4 ,ceraceus is from cera1 wax4 ,the pileus is one inch and less broad1 waxy-yellow1 shining1 fragile1 thin1 occasionally subumbonate1 slightly fleshy1 slightly striate4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 subdecurrent1 distant1 broad1 ventricose often connected with veins1 almost triangular1 yellow4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 hollow1 often unequal1 flexuous1 sometimes compressed1 yellow1 occasionally orange at the base1 waxy4 ,the spores #hf4 ,this is a very beautiful1 fragile plant1 usually found growing in the grass4 ,it is easily distinguished by its waxy yellow color4 ,the plants photographed were found on the ,cemetery ,hill4 ,they are found from ,august to ,october4 ,hygrophorus virgineus4 ,wulf4 ,,the ,,ivory-,,capped ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #age4--;,hygrophorus virgineus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,entire plant white4 ,virgineus1 virgin2 so called from its whiteness4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 obtuse1 at length depressed2 moist1 sometimes cracked into patches1 floccose when dry4 ,the gills are decurrent1 distant1 rather thick1 often forked4 ,the stem is curt1 stuffed1 firm1 attenuated at the base1 externally becoming even and naked4 ,spores #abe-f4 ,fries4 ,the plant is wholly white and never large4 ,it is easily confounded with ,h4 niveus and sometimes difficult to distinguish from the white forms of ,h4 pratensis4 ,this plant is quite common in pastures1 both in the spring and in the fall4 ,i found the specimens in ,figure #age on ,cemetery ,hill under the pine trees on ,november #aa4 ,they were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,hygrophorus niveus4 ,,the ,,snow-,,white ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,niveus1 snow-white4 ,the plant is wholly white4 ,the pileus is scarcely one inch broad1 somewhat membranaceous1 bell-shaped1 convex1 then umbilicate1 smooth1 striate1 viscid when moist1 not cracked when dry1 flesh thin1 everywhere equal4 ,the gills are decurrent1 thin1 distant1 acute1 quite entire4 ,the stem is hollow1 thin1 equal1 smooth4 ,spores #gd4 ,found in pastures4 ,hygrophorus sordidus4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,dingy ,,hygrophorus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #agf4--;,hygrophorus sordidus4 ,sordidus means a dirty white1 or dingy1 referring to the color of the caps1 so made by adhering earth4 ,the pileus is broadly convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 slightly viscid1 white1 but usually defiled by adhering dirt2 the margin at first strongly involute1 then spreading or reflexed2 flesh firm when young1 tough when old4 ,the gills are subdistant1 adnate1 or decurrent1 white or creamy-white4 ,the stem is five to ten ,cm4 long1 firm1 solid1 white4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #f4e-g4ed-e4 ,peck4 ,the specimens ,i found were clear white1 growing among leaves and were especially free from soil4 ,the stems were short and were inclined to be slightly ventricose4 ,dr4 ,peck says that this species is distinguished from ,h4 penarius by its clear white color1 though this is commonly obscured by the adhering dirt that is carried up in the growth of the fungus4 ,the young1 growing plants were strongly involute but the older plants were reflexed1 giving the plants a funnel-shaped appearance and giving the gills a much stronger decurrent appearance4 ,found ,october #bfth4 ,hygrophorus serotinus4 ,pk4 ,,late ,,hygrophorus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #agg4--;,hygrophorus serotinus4 ,serotinus means late4 ,so called because it is late in the season4 ,pileus is fleshy but thin1 convex or nearly plane1 often with the thin margin curved upward1 glabrous or with a few obscure innate fibrils1 reddish in the center1 whitish on the margin1 flesh white1 taste mild4 ,the gills are thin1 subdistant1 adnate or decurrent1 white1 the interspaces slightly venose4 ,the stem is equal1 stuffed or hollow1 glabrous1 whitish4 ,the spores are white1 elliptic1 4#jjjc of an inch long1 4#jjjb broad4 ,pileus is #h-ae lines broad2 stem about #a inch long1 #a4e-b4e lines thick4 ,peck4 ,some specimens of this species were sent to me from ,boston by ,mrs4 ,blackford1 but after a careful study of them ,i was unable to place them4 ,she then sent them to ,dr4 ,peck1 who gave them their very appropriate name4 ,those in ,figure #agg were sent me in ,december1 #aijg4 ,they grow a number in the same locality and frequently in close groups or tufts4 ,they seem to delight in oak and pine woods4 ,dr4 ,peck observes that this species is similar to ,hygrophorus queletii1 ,bres41 both in size and color1 but the general characteristics of the plants do not agree4 ,he also says it is similar in size and color to ,h4 subrufescens1 ,pk41 but differs materially in the specific description4 ,panus4 ,fr4 ,panus means swelling4 ,the species under this genus are leathery plants1 having the stems lateral and sometimes wanting4 ,they dry up but revive with moisture4 ,the gills are simple and thinner than the ,lentinus1 but with an entire1 acute edge4 ,there are a few species which give a phosphorescent light when growing on decayed logs4 ,the genus closely resembles ,lentinus but can be readily recognized on account of the smooth edged gills4 ,a number of good authorities do not separate them but give both under the name ,lentinus4 ,this genus abounds wherever there are stumps and fallen timber4 ,panus stypticus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,styptic ,,panus4 ,,poisonous4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #agh4--,panus stypticus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,cinnamon color4 ,stypticus means astringent1 styptic4 ,the pileus is coriaceous1 kidney-shaped1 cinnamon-color1 growing pale1 cuticle breaking up into scales1 margin entire or lobed1 surface nearly even1 sometimes zoned4 ,the gills are thin1 crowded1 connected by veins1 of same color as cap1 determinate1 quite narrow4 ,the stem is lateral1 quite short1 swollen above1 solid1 compressed1 pruinose1 paler than the gills4 ,it is found very plentifully on decayed logs and stumps1 and at times it is quite phosphorescent in its manifestations4 ,it has an extremely unpleasant astringent taste4 ,one might as well eat an ,indian turnip as this species4 ,just a taste will betray it4 ,found from fall to winter4 ,panus strigosus4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,the ,,hairy ,,panus4 ,,edible4 ,strigosus1 covered with stiff hairs4 ,the pileus is sometimes quite large1 eccentric1 covered with stiff hairs1 margin thin1 white4 ,the gills are broad1 distant1 decurrent1 straw-color4 ,the stem is stout1 two to four inches long1 hairy like the pileus4 ,the favorite host of this species is an apple tree4 ,i found a beautiful cluster on an apple tree in ,chillicothe4 ,its creamy whiteness and hairy cap and short hairy stem will distinguish it from all other tree fungi4 ,it is edible when young1 but soon becomes woody4 ,panus conchatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,shell ,,panus4 ,conchatus means shell-shaped4 ,the pileus is thin1 unequal1 tough1 fleshy1 eccentric1 dimidiate2 cinnamon1 then pale2 becoming scaly2 flaccid2 margin often lobed4 ,the gills are narrow1 forming decurrent lines on the stem1 often branched1 pinkish1 then ochre4 ,the stem is short1 unequal1 solid1 rather pale1 base downy4 ,this species will frequently be found imbricated and very generally confluent4 ,its shell-like form1 its tough substance1 and its thin pileus are its distinguishing marks4 ,the taste is pleasant but its substance very tough4 ,found from ,september to frost4 ,panus rudis4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #agi4--,panus rudis4 ,this is a very plentiful plant about ,chillicothe and is found throughout the ,united ,states1 although it is a rare plant in ,europe4 ,it is generally given in ,american ,mycology under the name ,lentinus ,lecomtei4 ,it grows on logs and stumps4 ,the form of the plant is quite different when growing on the top of a log or a stump1 from those springing from the side4 ,those in the extreme left of ,figure #agi grew on the side of the log1 while those in the center grew on the top1 in which case the plant has usually a funnel-shaped appearance4 ,the pileus is tough1 reddish or reddish-brown1 depressed1 sinuate1 bristling with tufts of hair1 the margin quite strongly incurved1 cspitose4 ,the gills are narrow and crowded1 decurrent1 considerably paler than the cap4 ,the stem is short1 hairy1 tawny2 sometimes the stem is almost obsolete4 ,there is a slight tinge of bitterness in the plant when raw1 but in cooking this disappears4 ,when prepared for food it should be chopped fine and well cooked4 ,it can be dried for winter use4 ,it is found from spring to late fall4 ,panus torulosus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,twisted ,,panus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ahj4--,panus torulosus4 ,torulosus means a tuft of hair4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 fleshy1 then tough1 coriaceous2 plane1 then funnel-shaped1 or dimidiate2 even2 smooth2 almost flesh color1 varying to reddish-livid1 sometimes violet tinted4 ,the gills are decurrent1 rather distant1 distinct behind1 separate1 simple1 ruddy1 then tan-colored4 ,the stem is short1 stout1 oblique1 gray1 covered with a violaceous down4 ,the spores are #fc4 ,the plant is variable both in form and color4 ,sometimes shaded very slightly with pink4 ,it is not very common here4 ,i found some very fine specimens growing on a log near ,spider ,bridge1 ,chillicothe4 ,it is edible but quite tough4 ,panus levis4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,the ,,light ,,panus4 ,,edible4 ,levis1 light4 ,pileus two to three inches broad1 orbicular1 somewhat depressed1 white1 covered with a dense mat of hair2 margin inflexed and marked by triangular ridges4 ,the gills are broad1 entire1 decurrent4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 attenuated upward1 eccentric1 lateral1 solid1 hairy below like the pileus4 ,the spores are white4 ,this certainly is a very beautiful plant and will hold the attention of the collector4 ,it is not common with us4 ,i have found it only on hickory logs4 ,it is said to be of good flavor and to cook readily4 ,lentinus4 ,fr4 ,lentinus means tough4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 corky1 tough1 hard and dry1 reviving when moist4 ,the stem is central or lateral and often wanting1 but when present is continuous with the cap4 ,the gills are tough1 unequal1 thin1 normally toothed1 decurrent more or less1 margin acute4 ,the spores are smooth1 white1 orbicular4 ,all the species1 so far as ,i know1 grow on wood4 ,they assume a great variety of forms4 ,this genus is very closely related to ,panus in the dry1 coriaceous nature of the pileus and the gills1 but it can be readily recognized by the toothed margin of the gills4 ,lentinus vulpinus4 ,fr4 ,,strong-,,scented ,,vulpinus4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,figure #aha4--,lentinus vulpinus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,vulpinus is from vulpes1 a fox4 ,this is quite a large1 massive plant1 growing in a sessile and imbricated manner4 ,it has appeared in large quantities for the past four years on an elm1 very slightly decayed1 but in quite a damp and dark place4 ,the reader will get some idea of the size of the whole plant in ,figure #aha if he will consider each pileus to be five to six inches broad4 ,they are built up one on top of another1 overlapping each other like shingles on a roof4 ,the pileus is fleshy but tough1 shell-shaped1 connate behind1 longitudinally rough1 costate1 corrugate1 tan-colored1 and the margin is strongly incurved4 ,the gills are broad1 nearly white1 flesh-colored near the base1 coarsely toothed4 ,the stem is usually obsolete1 yet in some cases it is apparent4 ,the spores are almost round and very small1 4#jjjjf inch in diameter4 ,in all plants which ,i have found the odor is somewhat strong and the taste is pungent4 ,it grows in the woods in ,september and ,october4 ,lentinus lepideus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,scaly ,,lentinus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ahb4--,lentinus lepideus4 ,lepideus is from lepis1 a scale4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 compact1 convex1 then depressed1 unequal1 broken up in dark scales1 flesh white1 tough4 ,the gills are sinuate1 decurrent1 broad1 torn1 transversely striate1 whitish1 or with white edges1 irregularly toothed4 ,the stem is stout1 central or lateral1 tomentose or scaly1 often crooked1 rooting1 whitish1 solid1 equal or tapering at the base4 ,this is a peculiar plant1 growing sometimes to immense forms4 ,it grows on wood1 seemingly to be partial to railroad ties to which its mycelium is very injurious4 ,i found the plant frequently about ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,the specimens in the halftone were found near ,akron1 ,ohio1 and photographed by ,prof4 ,smith4 ,as an esculent it almost rivals the ,pleuroti4 ,it is found from spring to autumn4 ,i found a beautiful cluster on an oak stump near ,chillicothe1 while looking for ,morels1 about the last of ,april4 ,lentinus cochleatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,spiral-,,formed ,,lentinus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ahc4--,lentinus cochleatus4 ,cochleatus is from cochlea1 a snail1 from resembling its shell4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 tough1 flaccid1 irregular1 depressed1 sometimes funnel-shaped1 sometimes lobed or contorted1 flesh-color1 becoming pale4 ,the gills are crowded1 beautifully serrated1 pinkish-white4 ,the stem is solid1 length variable1 sometimes central1 frequently eccentric1 often lateral1 smooth4 ,the spores are nearly round1 #d4 ,this is a beautiful plant but sparingly found with us4 ,i found a pretty cluster at the foot of a maple stump in ,poke ,hollow4 ,the serrated form of the gills will attract attention at once4 ,it is found in ,august and ,september4 ,lenzites4 ,fr4 ,lenzites1 named after ,lenz1 a ,german botanist4 ,the pileus is corky1 dimidiate1 sessile4 ,the gills are corky1 firm1 unequal1 branched1 edge obtuse4 ,it is very common in the woods1 sometimes almost covering stumps and logs4 ,lenzites betulina4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,figure #ahd4--,lenzites betulina4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ahe4--,lenzites betulina4 ,betulina1 from betula1 a birch4 ,this has a somewhat corky1 leathery cap1 firm and without zones1 woolly1 sessile1 deeply grooved concentrically1 margin of the same color4 ,the gills are radial1 somewhat branching1 and coming together again1 sordid white or tan-color4 ,this species is wide-spread and is quite variable4 ,it grows in the form of brackets4 ,figure #ahe was photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,lenzites separia4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,chocolate ,,lenzites4 ,the pileus is corky1 leathery shells1 with the upper surface marked with rough zones of various shades of brown2 margin yellowish4 ,the gills are rather thick1 branched1 one running into another2 yellowish4 ,stem obsolete4 ,growing on limbs and branches1 especially of the fir tree4 ,lenzites flaccida4 ,fr4 ,,flaccid ,,lenzites4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ahf4--,lenzites flaccida4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,flaccida means limp1 flaccid4 ,pileus is coriaceous1 thin1 flaccid1 unequal1 hairy1 zoned1 pallid1 more or less flabelliform1 imbricated4 ,the gills are broad1 crowded1 straight1 unequal1 branched1 white1 becoming pallid4 ,spores are #eg4 ,this is a very attractive plant and quite common4 ,it runs almost imperceptibly into ,lenzites betulina4 ,it is found on stumps and trunks4 ,lenzites vialis4 ,pk4 ,pileus is corky1 almost woody1 firm1 zoned4 ,gills are thick1 firm1 serpentine4 ,stem1 none4 ,schizophyllum4 ,fr4 ,schizophyllum is from two ,greek words1 meaning to split1 and a leaf4 ,the pileus is fleshy and arid4 ,the gills are corky1 fan-like1 branched1 united above by the tomentose pellicle1 bifid1 split longitudinally at the edge4 ,the spores somewhat round and white4 ,the two lips of the split edge of the gills are commonly revolute4 ,this genus is far removed from the type of ,agaricini4 ,it grows on wood and is very common4 ,stevenson4 ,schizophyllum commune4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ahg4--,schizophyllum commune4 ,this is a very common plant1 growing in the woods on branches and decayed wood1 where it can be found in both winter and summer4 ,the pileus is thin1 adnate behind1 somewhat extended1 more or less fan-shaped or kidney-shaped1 simple1 often much lobed1 narrowed behind to the point of attachment2 whitish1 downy1 then strigose4 ,the gills are radiating1 gray1 then brownish-purple1 and sometimes white1 branched1 split along the edges and rather deeply rolled backwards4 ,the spores are nearly round1 #e-f4 ,this is a very common species all over the world4 ,i found it in the winter of #aijg on decayed shade-trees along the streets of ,chillicothe4 ,it seems to be partial to maple timber4 ,some call this ,s4 alneum4 ,it is very easily identified from its purple gills being split4 ,trogia4 ,fr4 ,trogia is so called in honor of the ,swiss botanist1 ,trog4 ,the pileus is nearly membranaceous1 soft1 quite tough1 flaccid1 dry1 flexible1 fibrillose1 reviving when moist4 ,the gills are fold-like1 venose1 narrow1 irregular1 crisped4 ,trogia crispa4 ,fr4 ,crispa means crisp or curled4 ,the pileus tough1 cup-shaped1 reflexed1 lobed1 villous1 whitish or reddish toward the attachment1 often tan-colored4 ,the gills are quite narrow1 vein-like1 irregular1 more or less branched1 blunt on the edge1 white or bluish-gray1 quite crisped1 edge not channeled4 ,the caps are usually very much crowded and imbricated4 ,it revives during wet weather and is found throughout the year1 generally on beech limbs in our woods4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,rosy-,,spored ,,agarics4 ,the spores of this series are of great variety of color1 including rosy1 pink1 salmon-color1 flesh-color1 or reddish4 ,in ,pluteus1 ,volvaria1 and most of ,clitopilus1 the spores are regular in shape1 as in the white-spored series2 in the other genera they are generally irregular and angular4 ,there are not so many genera as in the other series and fewer edible species4 ,pluteus4 ,fr4 ,pluteus means a shed1 referring to the sheds used to make a cover for besiegers at their work1 that they might be screened from the missiles of the enemy4 ,they have no volva1 no ring on the stem4 ,gills are free from the stem1 white at first then flesh-color4 ,pluteus cervinus4 ,schff4 ,,fawn-,,colored ,,pluteus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,figure #ahh4--,pluteus cervinus4 ,natural size4 ,cervinus is from cervus1 a deer4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 bell-shaped1 expanded1 viscid in wet weather1 smooth1 except a few radiating fibrils when young1 margin entire1 flesh soft and white2 color of the cap light-brown or fawn-color1 sometimes sooty1 often more than three inches across the cap4 ,the gills are free from the stem1 broad1 ventricose1 unequal in length1 almost white when young1 flesh-colored when mature from the falling of the spores4 ,the stem is solid1 slightly tapering upward1 firm1 brittle1 white1 spread over with a few dark fibrils1 generally crooked4 ,the spores are broadly elliptical4 ,the cystidia in the hymenium on the gills will be of interest to those who have a microscope4 ,this is a very common mushroom about ,chillicothe4 ,it is found on logs1 stumps1 and especially on old sawdust piles4 ,note how easily the stem is removed from the cap4 ,this will distinguish it from the genus ,entoloma4 ,you cannot get anything in the market that will make a better fry than ,pluteus cervinus2 fried in butter1 it is simply delicious4 ,found from ,may to ,october4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ahi4--,pluteus cervinus4 ,pluteus granularis4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #aij4--,pluteus granularis4 ,pileus is convex1 then expanded1 slightly umbonate1 wrinkled1 sprinkled with minute blackish granules1 varying in color from yellow to brown4 ,the gills are rather broad1 close1 ventricose1 free1 whitish1 then flesh-colored4 ,the stem is equal1 solid1 pallid1 or brown1 usually paler at the top1 velvety with a short1 close pile4 ,the spores are subglobose1 about 4#jjjb inch in diameter4 ,the plant is two to three inches high1 pileus one to two inches broad1 stem one to two lines thick4 ,peck1 #chth ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,this is a much smaller species than ,p4 cervinus1 but its esculent qualities are quite as good4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,pluteus eximius4 ,smith4 ,eximius1 choice1 distinguished4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 bell-shaped when young1 expanded1 beautifully fringed on the margin1 larger than the cervinus4 ,the gills are free1 broad1 ventricose1 white at first1 then rose-colored1 flesh white1 and firm4 ,the stem is thick1 solid1 and clothed with fibers4 ,dr4 ,herbst1 ,fungal ,flora of the ,lehigh ,valley4 ,i found some beautiful specimens in ,george ,mosher's icehouse4 ,i am very sorry ,i did not photograph them4 ,volvaria4 ,fr4 ,the spores of this genus are regular1 oval1 rosy-spored4 ,the veil is universal1 forming a perfect volva1 distinct from the cuticle of the pileus4 ,the stem is easily separable from the pileus4 ,the gills are free1 rounded behind1 at first white1 then pink1 soft4 ,most of the species grow on wood4 ,some on damp ground1 rich mold1 in gardens1 and in hot-houses4 ,one is a parasite on ,clitocybe nebularis and monadelphus4 ,volvaria bombycina4 7,pers47 ,fr4 ,,the ,,silky ,,volvaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,figure #aia4--,volvaria bombycina4 ,the egg form of the ,v4 bombycina showing the universal veil or volva bursting at the apex4 ,these are unusually large specimens4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aib4--,volvaria bombycina4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,entire plant white and silky4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aic4--,volvaria bombycina4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing the gills1 which are pink1 then dark-brown4 ,bombycina is from bombyx1 silk4 ,this plant is so called because of the beautiful silky lustre of the entire plant4 ,the pileus is three to eight inches broad1 globose1 then bell-shaped1 finally convex and somewhat umbonate1 white1 the entire surface silky1 in older specimens more or less scaly1 sometimes smooth at the apex4 ,the flesh is white and not thick4 ,the gills are free1 very crowded1 broad1 ventricose1 flesh-colored1 not reaching the margin1 toothed4 ,the stem is three to six inches long1 tapering upward1 solid1 smooth1 the tough volva remaining like a cup at the base4 ,the spores are rosy in mass1 smooth1 and elliptical4 ,the volva is large1 membranaceous1 somewhat viscid4 ,the plant in ,figure #aib was found ,august #afth1 on a maple tree where a limb had been broken1 on ,north ,high ,street1 ,chillicothe4 ,many people had passed along and enjoyed the shade of the trees but its discovery remained for ,miss ,marian ,franklin1 whose eyes are trained to see birds1 flowers1 and everything beautiful in nature4 ,i have found the plant frequently about ,chillicothe1 usually solitary2 but on one occasion ,i found three specimens upon one trunk1 apparently growing from the same mycelial mass4 ,the caps of two of them were each five inches across4 ,it usually grows on maple and beech4 ,if you will observe a hollow beech1 or sugar snag of which one side is broken away1 leaving the sheltered yet open nestling place1 you are very likely to find snugly enscounced in its decaying heart one or more specimens of these beautiful silky plants4 ,the volva is quite thick and frequently the plant1 when in the egg state1 has the appearance of a phalloid4 ,found from ,june to ,october4 ,volvaria umbonata4 ,peck4 ,,the ,,umbonate ,,volvaria4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aid4--,volvaria umbonata4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,entire plant white and silky4 ,umbonata1 having an umbo or conical projection like the boss of a shield4 ,this plant is quite common on the richly manured lawns of ,chillicothe4 ,i have found it from ,june to ,october4 ,the pileus is white or whitish1 sometimes grayish1 often smoky on the umbo2 globose when young1 bell-shaped1 plane when fully expanded1 umbonate1 smooth2 slightly viscid when moist1 shining when dry1 inch to an inch and a half broad4 ,the flesh is white and very soft4 ,the gills are free1 white at first1 then from flesh-color to a reddish hue from the rosy-colored spores2 some of the gills are dimidiate1 somewhat crowded1 broader in the middle4 ,the stem is two inches to two and a half long1 tapering from the base up1 smooth1 cylindrical1 hollow and firm4 ,the volva is always present1 free1 variously torn1 white and sometimes grayish4 ,the entire plant is silky when dry4 ,i have found it growing in my buggy shed4 ,it is not abundant1 though quite common4 ,i have never eaten it1 but ,i do not doubt its edibility4 ,volvaria pusilla4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aie4--,volvaria pusilla4 ,the pileus is explanate1 white1 fibrillose1 dry1 striate1 center slightly depressed when mature4 ,the gills are white1 becoming flesh-color1 from the color of the spores1 free1 distant4 ,the stem is white1 smooth1 volva split to the base into four nearly equal segments4 ,the spores are broadly elliptical1 #e-f mc4 ,this is the smallest species of the ,volvaria4 ,it grows on the ground among the weeds and is apt to escape the attention of the collector unless he knows its habitat4 ,it is quite likely that ,v4 parvula is the same plant as this4 ,also ,v4 temperata1 although it has a different habitat1 seems to be very near this species4 ,the plants in ,figure #aie were collected in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fischer4 ,the volva is brown-tipped as shown in the figure given4 ,volvaria volvacea4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,stove ,,volvaria4 ,it is called ,the ,stove ,volvaria because it has been found in old unused stoves4 ,pileus fleshy1 soft1 bell-shaped1 then expanded1 obtuse1 virgate1 with adpressed black fibrils4 ,the gills are free1 flesh-colored1 and inclined to deliquesce4 ,the stem is solid1 subequal1 white4 ,the volva loose1 whitish4 ,the spores are smooth1 elliptical4 ,this is a much smaller plant than the ,v4 bombycina and grows in the ground4 ,it is often found in hot-houses and cellars4 ,entoloma4 ,fr4 ,entoloma is from two ,greek words2 entos1 within2 loma1 a fringe1 referring to the inner character of the veil1 which is seldom even apparent4 ,the members of this genus have rosy spores which are prominently angular4 ,there is neither volva1 nor annulus4 ,the gills are attached to the stem or notched near the junction of the gills and the stem4 ,the pileus is fleshy and the margin incurved1 especially when young4 ,the stem is fleshy1 fibrous1 sometimes waxy1 continuous with the pileus4 ,it corresponds with ,hypholoma1 ,tricholoma1 and ,hebeloma4 ,it can always be separated from the rosy-spored genera by the notched gills4 ,the flesh-colored spores and gills distinguish the ,entoloma from the ,hebeloma1 which has ochre-spored ones1 and ,tricholoma1 which has white ones4 ,all the species1 so far as ,i know1 have rather a pleasant odor1 and for that reason it is highly necessary that the genus and species should be thoroughly known1 as they are all dangerous4 ,entoloma rhodopolium4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,rose-,,gray ,,entoloma4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aif4--;,entoloma rhodopolium4 ,three-fourths natural size4 ,rhodopolium is composed of two ,greek words1 rose and gray4 ,the pileus is two to five inches broad1 hygrophanous2 when moist dingy-brown or livid1 becoming pale when dry1 isabelline-livid1 silky-shining2 slightly fleshy1 bell-shaped when young1 then expanded and somewhat umbonate1 or gibbous1 at length rather plane and sometimes depressed2 fibrillose when young1 smooth when full grown2 margin at first bent inwards and when large1 undulated4 ,flesh white4 ,the gills adnate1 then separating1 somewhat sinuate1 slightly distant1 broad1 white1 then rose color4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 hollow2 equal when smaller1 when larger1 attenuated upward2 white pruinate at the apex1 otherwise smooth2 slightly striate1 white1 often reddish from spores4 ,spores #h-ajf-h4 ,fries4 ,the plant is found in mixed woods and is rather common4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine reports it edible1 but ,i have never eaten any of the ,entolomas4 ,some of them have a bad reputation4 ,found in ,september and ,october4 ,entoloma grayanum4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aig4--;,entoloma grayanum4 ,one-half natural size4 ,the pileus is convex to expanded1 sometimes broadly umbonate1 drab in color1 the surface wrinkled or rugose1 and watery in appearance4 ,the flesh is thin and the margin incurved4 ,the gills are at first drab in color1 but lighter than the pileus1 becoming pinkish in age4 ,the spores on paper are very light salmon-color4 ,they are globose or rounded in outline1 #e-g angled1 with an oil globule1 #h-aj1 in diameter4 ,the stem is of the same color as the pileus1 but lighter1 striate1 hollow1 somewhat twisted1 and enlarged below4 ,the above accurate description was taken from ,atkinson's ,studies of ,american ,fungi4 ,the plants were found near a slate cut on the ,b4 ,o4 railroad near ,chillicothe4 ,not edible4 ,this species and ,e4 grisea are very closely related4 ,the latter is darker in color1 with narrower gills1 and has a different habitat4 ,entoloma subcostatum4 ,atkinson n4 sp4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,figure #aih4--;,entoloma subcostatum4 ,mature plants showing broad gills and very thin flesh1 also fibrous striate stems4 ,subcostatum means somewhat ribbed1 referring to the gills4 ,plants gregarious or in troups or clusters1 #f-h cm4 high2 pileus #d-h cm4 broad2 stems #a-a4e cm4 thick4 ,the pileus is dark-gray to hair-brown or olive-brown1 often subvirgate with darker lines2 gills light salmon-color1 becoming dull2 stem colored as the pileus1 but paler2 in drying the stems usually become as dark as the pileus4 ,pileus subviscid when moist1 convex to expanded1 plane or subgibbous1 not umbonate1 irregular1 repand1 margin incurved2 flesh white1 rather thin1 very thin toward the margin4 ,gills are broad1 #a-a4e cm4 broad1 narrowed toward the margin of the pileus1 deeply sinuate1 the angles usually rounded1 adnexed1 easily becoming free1 edge usually pale1 sometimes connected by veins1 sometimes costate1 especially toward the margin of the pileus4 ,basidia four-spored4 ,spores subglobose1 about six angles1 #h-aj in diameter1 some slightly longer in the direction of the apiculus1 pale-rose under the microscope4 ,stem even1 fibrous striate1 outer bark subcartilaginous1 flesh white1 stuffed1 becoming fistulose4 ,odor somewhat of old meal and nutty1 not pleasant2 taste similar4 ,related to ,e4 prunuloides1 ,fr41 and ,e4 clypeatum1 ,linn4 ,differs from the former in dark stem and uneven pileus1 differs from the latter in being subviscid1 with even stem1 and pileus not umbonate and much more irregular1 and differs from both in subcostate gills4 ,atkinson4 ,the specimens in ,plate ,,xxx grew in grassy ground on the campus of the ,ohio ,state ,university1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,they were collected by ,r4 ,a4 ,young and photographed by ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kellerman1 and through his courtesy ,i publish it4 ,the plants were found the last of ,october1 #aijf4 ,entoloma salmonea4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aii4--;,entoloma salmonea4 ,pileus thin1 conical or campanulate1 subacute1 rarely with a minute papilla at the apex1 smooth1 of a peculiar soft1 ochraceous color1 slightly tinged with salmon or flesh color4 ,the gills and stem are colored like the pileus4 ,peck4 ,dr4 ,peck says1 ,it is with some hesitation that this is proposed as a species1 its resemblance to another species is so close4 ,the only difference is found in its color and in the absence of the prominent cusp of that plant4 ,in both species the pileus is so thin that in well dried specimens1 slender1 dark1 radiating lines on it1 mark the position of the lamell beneath1 although in the living plant these are not visible4 ,the plant in ,figure #aii was found in ,purgatory ,swamp near ,boston1 by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,they are found in ,august and ,september4 ,entoloma clypeatum4 ,linn4 ,,the ,,buckler ,,entoloma4 ,clypeatum1 a shield or buckler4 ,the pileus is slightly fleshy1 lurid when moist1 when dry gray and rather shining1 streaked1 spotted1 campanulate1 then expanded1 umbonate1 smooth1 watery4 ,gills just reaching the stem1 rounded1 ventricose1 somewhat distant1 minutely toothed1 dirty flesh-color4 ,the stem is stuffed1 then hollow1 equal1 round1 clothed with small fibers1 becoming pale1 covered with a minute powdery substance4 ,the flesh is white when dry4 ,this plant will be distinguished usually by the amount of white mycelium at the base of the stem4 ,dr4 ,herbst remarks that it is a genuine ,entoloma4 ,it is certainly a beautiful plant when fully developed4 ,it is found in woods and in rich grounds from ,may till ,september4 ,label it poisonous until its reputation is established4 ,clitopilus4 ,fr4 ,clitopilus is from clitos1 a declivity2 pilos1 a cap4 ,this genus has neither volva nor ring4 ,it is often more or less eccentric1 margin at first involute2 stem fleshy1 diffused upward into the pileus2 the gills are white at first1 then pink or salmon-color as the plant matures and the spores begin to fall2 decurrent1 never notched4 ,the pileus is more or less depressed1 darker in the center4 ,the spores are salmon-color1 in some cases rather pale1 smooth or warted4 ,clitopilus is closely related to ,clitocybe1 the latter having white gills1 the former pink4 ,it differs from ,entoloma just as ,clitocybe differs from ,tricholoma4 ,it can always be distinguished from ,eccilia because the stem is never cartilaginous at the surface4 ,it differs from the genus1 ,flammula1 mainly in the color of the spores4 ,clitopilus prunulus4 ,scop4 ,,the ,,plum ,,clitopilus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bjj4--;,clitopilus prunulus4 ,prunulus means a small plum2 so called from the white bloom covering the plant4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 fleshy1 firm2 at first convex1 then expanded1 at length becoming slightly depressed1 often eccentric1 as will be seen in ,figure #bjj2 whitish1 often covered with a frost-like bloom1 margin often wavy1 bending backward4 ,the gills are strongly decurrent1 comparatively few of full length1 white1 then flesh-color4 ,the stem is solid1 white1 naked1 striate1 short4 ,spores1 #g-he4 ,this is one of the most interesting plants because of the various forms it presents4 ,i have found it in various parts of the state and frequently about ,chillicothe4 ,it has a pleasant taste1 and an odor reminding you of new meal4 ,it is tender and its flavor is excellent4 ,found in woods or open woods1 especially where it is damp1 and under beech trees1 as well as oak4 ,found from ,june to ,october4 ,the plants in ,figure #bjj were collected near ,ashville1 ,n4 ,c41 and photographed by ,prof4 ,h4 ,c4 ,beardslee4 ,clitopilus orcellus4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,sweet-,,bread ,,clitopilus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bja4--;,clitopilus orcellus4 ,orcellus is a diminutive meaning a small cask2 from orca1 a cask4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 soft1 plane1 or slightly depressed1 often irregular1 even when young2 slightly silky1 somewhat viscid when moist2 white or yellowish-white1 flesh white1 taste and odor farinaceous4 ,the gills are deeply decurrent1 close1 whitish1 then flesh-color4 ,the stem is short1 solid1 flocculose1 often eccentric1 thickened above4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #i-aje4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,this plant resembles the ,plum mushroom1 ,c4 prunulus1 very closely in appearance1 taste and odor1 but it is considerably smaller4 ,it grows in wet weather1 in open fields and lawns4 ,it is quite widely distributed in our state1 having found it in ,salem1 ,bowling ,green1 ,sidney1 and ,chillicothe4 ,i frequently find it associated with ,marasmius oreades4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bja were found near ,ashville1 ,n4 ,c41 and were photographed by ,prof4 ,h4 ,c4 ,beardslee4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,clitopilus abortivus4 ,b4 and ,c4 ,,the ,,abortive ,,clitopilus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bjb4--;,clitopilus abortivus4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing the grayish-brown cap and solid stem4 ,abortivus means abortive or imperfectly developed2 so called from its many irregular and undeveloped forms4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 firm1 convex1 or nearly plane1 regular or irregular1 dry1 clothed with a minute silky tomentum1 becoming smoother with age1 gray or grayish-brown1 flesh white1 taste and odor subfarinaceous4 ,the gills are slightly or deeply decurrent1 at first whitish or pale gray1 then flesh-colored4 ,spores irregular1 #g4e-ajf4e4 ,the stem is nearly equal1 solid1 minutely flocculose1 sometimes fibrous1 striate1 paler than the pileus4 ,peck1 #db;d ,report ,n4 ,y4 ,there are often three forms of this plant2 a perfect form1 an imperfect form1 and an abortive form as will be seen in ,figure #bjc4 ,the abortive forms seem to be more common1 especially in this locality4 ,they will be taken at first to be some form of puff-ball4 ,they are found in open woods and in ravines4 ,i found some very fine specimens under beech trees on ,cemetery ,hill4 ,they are1 however1 widely distributed over the state and the ,united ,states4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bjc were collected near ,ashville and photographed by ,prof4 ,beardslee4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bjc4--;,clitopilus abortivus4 ,abortive forms4 ,edible4 ,clitopilus subvilis4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,silky-,,capped ,,clitopilus4 ,,edible4 ,subvilis means very cheap1 insignificant4 ,the pileus is thin1 centrally depressed or umbilicate1 with the margin decurved1 hygrophanus1 dark-brown1 striate on the margin when moist1 taste farinaceous4 ,the gills are subdistant1 adnate1 or slightly decurrent1 whitish when young1 then flesh-colored4 ,the stem is slender1 brittle1 rather long1 stuffed or hollow1 glabrous1 colored like the pileus or a little paler4 ,the spores are angular1 #g4e-aj4 ,peck1 #db;d ,rept4 ,this plant is distinguished from ,clitopilus villis by its shining pileus1 widely separated gills1 and farinaceous taste4 ,found on ,ralston's ,run and in ,haynes' ,hollow1 near ,chillicothe1 from ,july to ,october4 ,clitopilus ,noveboracensis4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bjd4--;,clitopilus ,noveboracensis4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,noveboracensis1 the ,new ,york ,clitopilus4 ,pileus thin1 convex1 then expanded or slightly depressed2 dingy-white1 cracked in areas or concentrically rivulose1 sometimes obscurely zonate2 odor farinaceous1 taste bitter4 ,gills narrow1 close1 deeply decurrent1 some of them forked1 white1 becoming dingy1 tinged with yellow or flesh-color4 ,stem equal1 solid1 colored like the pileus1 the mycelium white1 often forming white1 branching1 root-like fibers4 ,spores globose4 ,prof4 ,beardslee thinks that this species is doubtless identical with ,c4 popinalis of ,europe4 ,he has submitted specimens and photographs to ,european mycologists1 who hold to this view4 ,i found this plant quite abundant on the ,huntington ,hills after heavy rains in ,august4 ,their season is from ,august to ,october4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bjd were found growing among leaves after a heavy rain ,october #ajth4 ,the plants have a tendency to turn blackish if they are bruised in handling them4 ,var4 brevis4 ,this is so called from its short stem4 ,the margin of the pileus is pure white when moist4 ,gills attached to the stem or slightly decurrent4 ,eccilia4 ,fr4 ,eccilia is from a ,greek verb which means ,i hollow out2 so called because the hollow cartilaginous stem expands upward into a membranaceous pileus1 whose margin at first is incurved4 ,gills decurrent1 attenuated behind4 ,this genus corresponds with ,omphalia and is separated from ,clitopilus by the cartilaginous1 smooth stem4 ,eccilia carneo-grisea4 ,b4 ,br4 ,,the ,,flesh-,,gray ,,eccilia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bje4--;,eccilia carneo-grisea4 ,caps dark-gray or slate color4 ,gills rosy4 ,carneo-grisea means fleshy-gray4 ,the pileus is one inch or more broad1 umbilicate1 dark-gray or grayish flesh color1 finely striate1 margin darkened with micaceous particles4 ,the gills are distant1 adnate1 decurrent1 rosy1 slightly undulate1 margin irregularly darkened4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 slender1 smooth1 hollow1 wavy1 same color as the pileus1 white tomentose at the base4 ,spores irregularly oblong1 rough1 #ge4 ,it is found from ,nova ,scotia through the ,middle ,west4 ,it is commonly reported in fir and pine woods but ,i find it on the hillsides about ,chillicothe in mixed woods4 ,it is frequently found here associated with ,boletinus porosus4 ,found in ,july1 ,august1 and ,september4 ,eccilia polita4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bjf4--;,eccilia polita4 ,natural size4 ,caps hair-brown to olive1 umbilicate4 ,polita means having been furbished4 ,the pileus is one inch or more broad1 convex1 umbilicate1 somewhat membranaceous1 watery1 livid or hair-brown to olive1 smooth1 shining when dry1 finely striate on the margin4 ,the gills are slightly decurrent1 crowded1 irregular or uneven1 flesh color4 ,the stem is cartilaginous1 stuffed or hollow1 lighter in color than the pileus1 equal or sometimes slightly enlarged at the base1 polished from which the specific name is derived4 ,this is a larger plant than ,e4 carneo-grisea2 and it differs materially in the character of its spores1 which are strongly angled and some of them square1 #aj-ab in diameter1 with a prominent mucro at one angle4 ,it is found in the woods from ,september to frost4 ,leptonia4 ,fr4 ,leptonia means slender1 thin4 ,the spores are salmon-color and irregular4 ,the pileus is never truly fleshy1 cuticle always torn into scales1 disk umbilicate1 and often darker than the margin which is at first incurved4 ,the gills are attached to the stem and easily separated in old plants4 ,the stem is rigid1 with cartilaginous bark1 hollow or stuffed1 smooth1 shining1 often dark-blue1 confluent with the cap4 ,leptonia incana4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,hoary ,,leptonia4 ,incana means hoary or grayish-white4 ,the pileus is about one inch broad1 somewhat membranaceous1 convex1 then plane1 depressed in the center1 smooth1 with a silky lustre1 margin striate4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 broad1 somewhat distant1 white1 then greenish4 ,the stem is hollow1 shining1 smooth1 brownish-green4 ,the spores are very irregular1 dull-yellowish1 pink1 rough1 #h-i4 ,it is frequently found in pastures after warm rains4 ,they grow in clusters1 and have the odor of mice to a marked degree4 ,leptonia serrulata4 ,pers4 ,,saw ,,leptonia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bjg4--,leptonia serrulata4 ,serrulata means saw-bearing1 so named from the serrulate character of the gills4 ,the pileus is dark-blue1 flesh thin1 umbilicate1 depressed1 without striate1 squamulose4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 with a dark serrulate edge4 ,the stem is thin1 cartilaginous1 paler than the pileus4 ,nolanea4 ,fr4 ,nolanea means a little bell1 so called from the shape of the pileus4 ,it is rosy-spored4 ,the stem is cartilaginous and hollow4 ,the pileus is submembranaceous1 thin1 bell-shaped1 papillate1 margin straight1 pressed close to the stem4 ,the gills are free and not decurrent4 ,they are found growing on the ground in the woods and pastures4 ,nolanea pascua4 ,p4 ,,the ,,pasture ,,nolanea4 ,pascua means pasture4 ,the pileus is membranaceous1 conical1 then expanded1 slightly umbonate1 smooth1 striate1 watery2 when dry1 shining like silk4 ,the gills are nearly free1 ventricose1 crowded1 dirty-grayish4 ,the stem is hollow1 fragile1 silky-fibrous1 striate4 ,the spores are irregular1 #i-aj4 ,they are found in pastures in summer and fall1 after a rain4 ,nolanea conica4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,cone ,,nolanea4 ,the pileus is thin1 membranaceous1 conical1 with a minute umbo or papilla1 cinnamon-color1 striatulate when moist4 ,the gills are light flesh-color1 nearly free4 ,the stem is slender1 straight1 hollow4 ,found in moist woods4 ,claudopus4 ,smith4 ,claudopus is from two ,greek words3 claudos1 lame2 pus1 foot4 ,the pileus is eccentric or lateral like the ,pleuroti4 ,the species were formerly placed in the ,pleuroti and ,crepidoti1 which they very closely resemble1 save in the color of the spores4 ,this genus formerly included those plants which have lilac spores1 but ,prof4 ,fries limited it to those which have pink spores4 ,the spores in some species are even and in others1 rough and angular4 ,the stem is either wanting or very short1 hence its name4 ,all are found on decayed wood4 ,claudopus nidulans4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bjh4--;,claudopus nidulans4 ,one-half natural size4 ,cap yellow or buff4 ,gills orange-yellow4 ,nidulans is from nidus1 a nest4 ,the pileus is sessile1 sometimes narrowed behind into a short stem-like base1 caps often overlapping one another1 kidney-shaped1 quite downy1 the margin involute1 hairy toward the margin1 a rich yellow or buff color4 ,the gills are broad1 moderately close1 orange-yellow4 ,the spores are even1 #c-ea1 elongated1 somewhat curved1 delicate pink in mass4 ,it is quite common in the woods about ,chillicothe4 ,a maple log from which ,i secured the specimen photographed in ,figure #bjh was completely covered and presented a beautiful sight4 ,it has a rather strong and disagreeable odor4 ,it is edible1 but generally tough1 and must be chopped very fine and cooked well4 ,it is found in woods1 on logs and stumps1 from ,august to ,november4 ,claudopus variabilis4 ,pers4 ,variabilis1 variable or changeable4 ,the pileus is white1 thin1 resupinate--that is the plant seems to be on its back1 the gills being turned upward toward the light1 quite downy1 even1 being fastened in the center to a short downy stem4 ,the gills are at first white1 then of the color of the spores4 ,it is found on decaying limbs and branches in the woods4 ,it is quite common everywhere4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,rusty-,,spored ,,agarics4 ,the spores are of various shades of ochre yellow1 rusty1 rusty-brown1 brown1 yellowish-brown4 ,the hymenophore is never free from the stem in the rusty-spored series1 nor is there a volva4 ,pholiota4 ,fr4 ,pholiota1 a scale4 ,the members of this genus have rusty spores4 ,these may be sepia-brown1 bright yellowish-brown or light red4 ,there is no volva1 but there is a ring which is sometimes persistent1 friable1 and fugacious4 ,in this respect it corresponds with the ,armillaria among the white spored agarics4 ,the pileus is fleshy4 ,the gills are attached to the stem and sometimes notched with a decurrent tooth1 tawny or rusty in color on account of the falling of the spores4 ,many species grow on wood1 logs1 stumps1 and branches of trees1 although others grow on the ground4 ,pholiota precox4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,early ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bji4--,pholiota precox4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps whitish1 often tinged with yellow4 ,precox1 early4 ,pileus is fleshy1 soft1 convex1 then expanded1 at length smooth1 even1 margin at first incurved2 moist but not sticky1 whitish1 often with slight tinge of yellow or tan-color2 when the plant is fully matured it is often upturned and fluted4 ,the gills are attached to the stem and slightly decurrent by a tooth1 moderately broad1 crowded1 unequal1 creamy white1 then rusty-brown4 ,spores brownish1 #h-acf-g4 ,the stem is stuffed1 then hollow1 often striate above the ring1 rather slender1 sometimes mealy1 skin peeling readily1 whitish4 ,the spores are rusty-brown and elliptical4 ,the caps are from one to two inches broad1 and the stem is from two to three inches long4 ,the veil is stretched like a drumhead from the stem to the margin of the cap4 ,it varies in manner of breaking2 sometimes it separates from the margin of the cap and forms a ring around the stem2 again1 but little remains on the stem and much on the rim of the cap4 ,it appears every year on the ,chillicothe high school lawn4 ,the gills are creamy-white when the cap first opens1 but they soon turn to a rusty-brown4 ,it comes in ,may4 ,i have never found it after ,june4 ,i am always delighted to find it for it is always appetizing at that season4 ,look for them on lawns and pastures and in grain fields4 ,pholiota dura4 ,bolt4 ,,the ,,hard ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #baj4--,pholiota dura4 ,one-half natural size4 ,caps tawny tan-color4 ,dura1 hard2 so called because the surface of the cap becomes quite hard and cracked4 ,the pileus is from three to four inches or more broad1 very compact1 convex1 then plane1 cuticle often very much cracked1 margin even1 tawny1 tan-color1 sometimes quite brown4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 somewhat decurrent with a tooth1 ventricose1 livid1 then a brown rusty color4 ,spores elliptical1 #h-ie-f4 ,the stem is stuffed1 hard1 externally fibrous1 thickened toward the apex1 sometimes ventricose1 often irregularly shaped4 ,on ,june #fth1 #aijd1 ,i found ,mr4 ,dillman's garden on ,hickory street1 ,chillicothe1 white with this plant4 ,some were very large and beautiful and ,i had an excellent opportunity to observe the irregularity in the form of the stem4 ,some years previous ,i found a garden in ,sidney1 ,ohio1 equally filled4 ,in the fall of #aije ,i was asked to drive out about seven miles from ,chillicothe to see a wheat-field1 the last of ,october1 that was white with mushrooms4 ,i found them to be of this species4 ,only the young plants should be used1 as the older ones are a bit tough4 ,pholiota adiposa4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,fat ,,or ,,pineapple ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #baa4--,pholiota adiposa4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps saffron-yellow4 ,adiposa is from adeps1 fat4 ,the pileus is showy1 deep-yellow1 compact1 convex1 obtuse1 slightly umbonate1 quite viscid when moist1 shining when dry2 cuticle plain or broken into scales which are dark-brown1 the margin incurved2 the flesh is saffron-yellow1 thick at the center and thinning out toward the margin4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 sometimes slightly notched1 close1 yellow1 then rust-color with age4 ,spores elliptical1 #gc4 ,the stem is equal1 stuffed1 tough1 thickening at the base1 brown below and yellow above1 quite scaly4 ,the beautiful appearance of the tufts or clusters in which the ,pineapple ,pholiotas grow will attract the attention of an ordinarily unobservant beholder4 ,the scales on the cap seem to contract and rise from the surface and sometimes disappear with age4 ,the caps of mushrooms should not ordinarily be peeled before cooking1 but it is better to peel this one4 ,the ring is slight and the specimens represented here were found on a stump in ,miss ,effie ,mace's yard1 on ,paint ,street1 ,chillicothe4 ,pholiota ,caperata4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,wrinkled ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,caperata means wrinkled4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,figure #bab4--,pholiota caperata4 ,the pileus is three to four inches broad1 fleshy1 varying from a clay to a yellowish color1 at first somewhat egg-shaped1 then expanded1 obtuse1 wrinkled at the sides1 the entire cap and especially at the center is covered with a white superficial flocci4 ,the gills are adnate or attached to the stem1 rather crowded1 this1 somewhat toothed on their edges1 clay-cinnamon color4 ,spores elliptical1 #abd4e4 ,the stem is four to five inches long1 solid1 stout1 round1 somewhat bulbous at the base1 white1 scaly above the ring1 which is often very slight1 often only a trace1 as will be seen on the left hand plant in ,figure #bab4 ,the spores are dark ferruginous when caught on white paper1 but paler on dark paper4 ,the white superficial flocci will mark the plant4 ,it has a wide distribution throughout the states4 ,i found it in a number of places in ,ohio and it is quite plentiful about ,chillicothe4 ,it is a favorite in ,germany and it is called by the common people ,zigeuner1 a ,gypsy4 ,it is found in ,september and ,october4 ,pholiota unicolor4 ,fl4 ,dan4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bac4--,pholiota unicolor4 ,natural size4 ,unicolor means of one color4 ,the pileus is campanulate to convex1 subumbonate1 hygrophanous1 bay1 then ochre1 nearly even1 never fully expanded4 ,the gills are subtriangular1 adnate1 seceding1 broad1 ochraceous-cinnamon4 ,spores #i-aje4 ,the stem is stuffed1 then hollow1 colored as the pileus1 nearly smooth1 ring thin but entire4 ,they are a late grower and found on well-decayed logs4 ,they are quite common in our woods4 ,found in ,november4 ,the plants in ,figure #bac were found on the #bdth of ,november1 in ,haynes' ,hollow4 ,pholiota mutablis4 ,schaff4 ,,the ,,changeable ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,mutablis means changeable1 variable4 ,the pileus two to three inches broad1 fleshy2 deep cinnamon when moist1 paler when dry2 margin rather thin1 transparent2 convex1 then expanded1 sometimes obtusely umbonate1 and sometimes slightly depressed2 even1 quite smooth1 flesh whitish and taste mild4 ,the gills are broad1 adnate1 slightly decurrent1 close1 pale umber1 then cinnamon-color4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 slender1 stuffed1 becoming hollow1 smooth above or minutely pulverulent1 and pale1 below slightly scaly up to the ring1 and darker at the base1 ring membranaceous1 externally scaly4 ,the spores are ellipsoid1 #i-aae-f4 ,i find this specimen growing in a cspitose manner on decayed wood4 ,it is quite common here late in the season4 ,i found some very large specimens on ,thanksgiving day1 #aije1 in ,gallia ,county1 ,ohio4 ,it is one of the latest edible plants4 ,pholiota heteroclita4 ,fr4 ,,bulbous-,,stemmed ,,pholiota4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bad4--,pholiota heteroclita4 ,natural size4 ,caps whitish or yellowish4 ,heteroclitus means leaning to one side1 out of the center4 ,the pileus is three to six inches broad1 compact1 convex1 expanded1 very obtuse1 rather eccentric1 marked with scattered1 innate1 adpressed scales1 whitish or yellowish1 sometimes smooth when dry1 viscid if moist4 ,the gills are very broad1 at first pallid1 then ferruginous1 rounded1 adnexed4 ,the stem is three to four inches long1 solid1 hard1 bulbous at the base1 fibrillose1 white or whitish2 veil apical1 ring fugacious1 appendiculate4 ,the spores are subelliptical1 #h-aje-f4 ,this species has a strong and pungent odor very much like horse-radish4 ,it grows on wood and its favorite hosts are the poplar and the birch4 ,it is found at almost any time in the fall4 ,the specimens in the ,figure #bad were found in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fischer1 of ,detroit4 ,pholiota aurevella4 ,batsch4 ,,golden ,,pholiota4 ,aurevella is from auri-vellus1 a golden fleece4 ,the pileus is two to three inches in diameter1 bell-shaped1 convex1 gibbous1 tawny-yellow1 with darker scales1 rather viscid4 ,the gills are crowded1 notched behind1 fixed1 very broad1 plane1 pallid olive1 at length ferruginous4 ,the stem is stuffed1 nearly equal1 hard1 various in length1 curved1 with rusty adpressed squamules1 ring rather distant4 ,on trunks of trees in the fall1 generally solitary4 ,not very common4 ,pholiota curvipes4 ,fr4 ,curvipes1 with a curved foot or stem4 ,pileus is rather fleshy1 convex1 then expanded1 torn into adpressed floccose scales4 ,the gills are adnate1 broad1 white1 then yellowish1 at length tawny4 ,the stem is somewhat hollow1 thin1 incurved 7from which it derives its name71 fibrillose1 yellow1 as well as is the floccose ring4 ,spores #f-gc-d4 ,cooke4 ,i found several specimens of this species at different times on one well rotted beech log on ,ralston's ,run1 but was unable to find it on any other log in any woods near ,chillicothe4 ,i had trouble to place it till ,prof4 ,atkinson helped me out4 ,i found it from ,august to ,november4 ,pholiota spectabilis4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,showy ,,pholiota4 ,spectabilis1 of notable appearance1 worth seeing4 ,the pileus is compact1 convex1 then plane1 dry1 torn into silky scales disappearing toward the margin1 golden orange color1 flesh yellow4 ,the gills are adnexed1 rounded near the stem1 slightly decurrent1 crowded1 narrow1 yellow1 then ferruginous4 ,the stem is solid1 three to four inches high1 quite thick1 tough1 spongy1 thickened toward the base1 even1 bulbous1 somewhat rooting4 ,ring inferior4 ,i found the specimens in ,october and ,november4 ,it may grow earlier4 ,found on decayed oak stumps4 ,pholiota marginata4 ,batsch4 ,,the ,,marginate ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bae4--,pholiota marginata4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps honey-colored and tan-colored4 ,marginata means edged1 margined2 so called from the peripheral stri of the pileus4 ,the pileus is rather fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 smooth1 moist1 watery1 striate on the margin1 honey-colored when moist1 tan-colored when dry4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 crowded1 unequal2 when mature1 of a dark reddish-brown from the shedding of the spores4 ,spores #g-hd4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 smooth1 hollow1 of the same color as the pileus1 covered with a frost-like bloom above the ring1 which is distant from the apex of the stem and frequently disappears entirely4 ,it is quite common1 being found on nearly every rotten log in our woods4 ,it comes early and lasts till late in the fall4 ,the caps are excellent when well prepared4 ,pholiota gerita4 ,fr4 gerita is the ,greek name for the black poplar2 so called because it grows on decayed poplar logs4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 more or less checked or rivulose1 wrinkled1 tawny1 edge of the cap rather pale4 ,the gills are adnate1 with a decurrent tooth1 rather close1 pallid1 then growing darker4 ,the stem is stuffed1 equal1 silky-white1 ring superior1 fibrillose1 tumid4 ,spores #aje4 ,found in ,october and ,november1 in the woods wherever there are decayed poplar logs4 ,pholiota squarrosoides4 ,pk4 ,,like ,,the ,,scaly ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #baf4--,pholiota squarrosoides4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps yellow or yellowish4 ,squarrosoides means like ,squarrosa4 ,the pileus is quite firm1 convex1 viscid1 especially when moist2 at first densely covered with erect papillose or subspinose tawny scales1 which soon separate from each other1 revealing the whitish or yellowish color of the cap and its viscid character4 ,the gills are close1 emarginate1 at first whitish1 then pallid or dull cinnamon color4 ,the stem is equal1 firm1 stuffed1 rough1 with thick squarrose scales1 white above the thick floccose annulus1 pallid or tawny below4 ,the spores are minute1 elliptical1 4#jjjb inch long1 4#jjjae inch broad4 ,they grow in tufts on dead trunks and old stumps1 especially of the sugar maple4 ,they closely resemble ,p4 squarrosa4 ,found late in the fall4 ,its favorite haunt is the inside of a stump or within the protection of a log4 ,pholiota squarrosa4 ,mull4 ,,the ,,scaly ,,pholiota4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,figure #bag4--,pholiota squarrosa4 ,squarrosa means scaly4 ,the pileus is three to four inches broad1 fleshy1 bell-shaped1 convex1 then expanded2 obtusely umbonate1 tawny-yellow1 clothed with rich brown scales2 flesh yellow near the surface4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 with a decurrent tooth1 at first yellowish1 then of a pale olive1 changing to rusty-brown in color1 crowded1 and narrow4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #hd4 ,the stem is three to six inches high1 saffron yellow1 stuffed1 clothed with small fibers1 scaly like the pileus1 attenuated at the base from the manner of its growth4 ,the ring is close to the apex1 downy1 rich brown1 inclining to orange in color4 ,this is quite a common and showy mushroom4 ,it is found on rotten wood1 on or near stumps1 growing out from a root underground1 and is often found at the foot of trees4 ,only the caps of the young specimens should be eaten4 ,it is found from ,august to late frost4 ,inocybe4 ,fr4 ,inocybe is from two ,greek words meaning fiber and head2 so called from the fibrillose veil1 concrete with the cuticle of the pileus1 often free at the margin1 in the form of a cortina4 ,the gills are somewhat sinuate1 though they are sometimes adnate1 and in two species are decurrent2 changing color but not powdered with cinnamon4 ,spores are often rough but in other specimens are even1 more or less brownish rust-color4 ,stevenson4 ,inocybe scaber4 ,mull4 ,,rough ,,inocybe4 ,,not ,,edible4 ,scaber means rough4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 conical1 convex1 obtusely gibbous1 sprinkled with fibrous adpressed scales2 margin entire1 grayish-brown4 ,the gills are rounded near the stem1 quite crowded1 pale dingy-brown4 ,the stem is solid1 whitish or paler than the pileus1 clothed with small fibers1 equal1 veiled4 ,the spores are elliptical1 smooth1 #aae4 ,it is found on the ground in damp woods4 ,not good4 ,inocybe lacera4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,torn ,,inocybe4 ,lacera means torn4 ,the pileus is somewhat fleshy1 convex1 then expanded1 obtuse1 umbonate1 clothed with fibrous scales4 ,the gills are free1 broad1 ventricose1 white1 tinged with red1 light-gray4 ,spores are obliquely elliptical1 smooth1 #abf4 ,the stem is slender1 short1 stuffed1 clothed with small fibers1 naked above1 reddish within4 ,found on the ground where the soil is clayish or poor4 ,not good4 ,inocybe subochracea ,burtii4 ,peck4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bah4--;,inocybe subochracea ,burtii4 ,natural size4 ,this is a very interesting species4 ,it is thus described by ,dr4 ,peck3 ,veil conspicuous1 webby fibrillose1 margin of the pileus more fibrillose2 stem longer and more conspicuously fibrillose4 ,the well developed veil1 and the longer stem1 are the distinguishing characters of this variety4 ,the plants are found in mossy patches on the north hillsides about ,chillicothe4 ,the pale ochraceous yellow and the very fibrillose caps and stem will attract the attention of the collector at once4 ,the caps are one to two and a half inches broad and the stem is two to three inches long4 ,inocybe subochracea4 ,peck4 ,pileus thin1 conical or convex1 sometimes expanded1 generally umbonate1 fibrillose squamulose1 pale ochraceous-yellow4 ,the gills are rather broad1 attached1 emarginate1 whitish1 becoming brownish-yellow4 ,the stem is equal1 whitish1 slightly fibrillose1 solid4 ,peck4 ,this is a small plant from one to two inches high whose cap is scarcely over an inch broad4 ,it grows in open groves where the soil is sandy4 ,it is found on ,cemetery ,hill from ,june to ,october4 ,inocybe geophylla1 var4 violacea4 ,pat4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bai4--;,inocybe geophylla1 var4 violacea4 ,this is a small plant and has all the characteristics of ,inocybe geophylla excepting color of cap and gills4 ,the pileus is an inch to an inch and a half broad1 hemispherical at first1 then expanded1 umbonate1 even1 silky-fibrillose1 lilac1 growing paler in age4 ,the gills are adnexed1 lilac at first1 then colored by the spores4 ,spores #aje4 ,the stem equal1 firm1 hollow1 slightly violaceous4 ,this plant grows in ,september in mixed woods among the dead leaves4 ,its bright violet color will arrest the attention at once4 ,inocybe dulcamara4 ,a4 ,s4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bbj4--;,inocybe dulcamara4 ,dulcamara means bitter-sweet4 ,the pileus is an inch to an inch and a half in diameter1 rather fleshy1 convex1 umbonate1 pilosely-scaly4 ,the gills are arcuate1 ventricose1 pallid olivaceous4 ,the stem is somewhat hollow1 fibrillose and squamulose from the veil1 farinaceous at the apex4 ,spores #h-aje4 ,found from ,july to ,september1 in grassy places4 ,inocybe cincinnata4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bba4--;,inocybe cincinnata4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps scaly1 dark or grayish-brown4 ,cincinnata means with curled hair4 ,this is quite an interesting little plant4 ,it is found on ,cemetery ,hill1 in ,chillicothe1 under the pine trees and along the walks where there is but little grass4 ,it is gregarious and quite a hardy plant4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 quite squarrosely scaly1 somewhat dark or grayish-brown4 ,the gills are grayish-brown with a tinge of violet at times2 adnexed1 rather close1 ventricose4 ,the stem is solid1 slender1 scaly1 somewhat lighter than the pileus4 ,the spores are #h-aje4 ,this plant seems to be a late grower4 ,i did not find it till about the #aeth of ,october and it continued till the last of ,november4 ,i had found two other species on the same hill earlier in the season4 ,no ,inocybes are good to eat4 ,inocybe pyriodora4 ,pers4 ,pyriodora1 smelling like a pear4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 quite strongly umbonate1 at first conical1 expanded1 covered with fibrous adpressed scales1 in old plants the margin turned up1 smoky or brown-ochre becoming pale4 ,the gills are notched at the stem1 not crowded1 dingy-white1 becoming nearly cinnamon-brown1 somewhat ventricose4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 stuffed1 firm1 equal1 pale1 apex pruinose1 veil very fugacious4 ,flesh tinged with red4 ,common in the woods in ,september and ,october4 ,the plant is not edible4 ,inocybe rimosa4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,cracked ,,inocybe4 ,rimosa1 cracked4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 shining1 satiny1 adpressed fibrillose1 brown-yellow1 campanulate1 then expanded1 longitudinally cracked4 ,the gills are free1 somewhat ventricose1 at first white1 brownish-clay color4 ,the stem is one to two inches high1 distant from the pileus1 solid1 firm1 nearly smooth1 bulbous1 mealy white above4 ,spores smooth1 #aj-aaf4 ,i4 eutheles differs from this species in being umbonate2 ,i4 pyriodora in its strong smell4 ,many plants will often be found in one place in open woods or in cleared places4 ,their radiately cracked pilei1 with the inner substance showing yellow through the cracks1 will help to distinguish the species4 ,found from ,june to ,september4 ,hebeloma4 ,fr4 ,hebeloma is from two ,greek words meaning youth and fringed4 ,partial veil fibrillose or absent4 ,pileus is smooth1 continuous1 somewhat viscid1 margin incurved4 ,the gills are notched adnate1 edge of different color1 whitish4 ,the spores clay-color4 ,all found on the ground4 ,hebeloma glutinosum4 ,linn4 ,glutinosum1 abounding in glue4 ,the pileus is one to three inches broad1 light-yellow1 the disk darker1 fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 covered with a viscid gluten in wet weather2 flesh is white1 becoming yellow4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 notched1 slightly decurrent1 crowded1 pallid1 light yellow1 then clay-color4 ,spores elliptical1 #aj-abe4 ,the stem is stuffed1 firm1 somewhat bulbous1 covered with white scales1 and mealy at the top4 ,there is a partial veil in the form of a cortina4 ,found among leaves in the woods4 ,in wet weather the gluten is abundant4 ,while it is not poisonous it is not good4 ,hebeloma fastibile4 ,fr4 ,,ochrey ,,hebeloma4 ,,poisonous4 ,fastibilis means nauseous1 disagreeable2 so called from its pungent taste and smell4 ,the pileus is one to three inches across1 convex1 plane1 wavy1 viscid1 smooth1 pale yellowish-tan1 margin involute and downy4 ,the gills are notched1 rather distant1 pallid1 then cinnamon2 lachrymose4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 solid1 subbulbous1 white1 fibrous scaly1 sometimes twisted1 often becoming hollow1 veil evident4 ,the spores are pip-shaped1 #ajf4 ,the odor is much the same as in ,h4 crustuliniforme but it differs in having a manifest veil and more distant gills4 ,found in woods from ,july to ,october4 ,hebeloma crustuliniforme4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,ring ,,hebeloma4 ,,not ,,edible4 ,crustuliniforme means the form of a cake or bun4 ,the pileus is convex1 then expanded1 smooth1 somewhat viscid1 often wavy1 yellowish-red1 quite variable in size4 ,the gills are notched1 thin1 narrow1 whitish then brown1 crowded1 edge crenulate1 and with beads of moisture4 ,the stem is solid1 or stuffed1 firm1 subbulbous1 whitish1 with minute white recurved flecks4 ,it is found in woods or about old sawdust piles4 ,the plants sometimes grow in rings4 ,september to ,november4 ,hebeloma pascuense4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bbb4--;,hebeloma pascuense4 ,natural size4 ,caps chestnut-color4 ,pascuense1 pertaining to pastures2 referring to its habitat4 ,the pileus is convex1 becoming nearly plane1 viscid when moist1 obscurely innately fibrillose2 brownish-clay1 often darker or rufescent in the center1 the margin in the young plant slightly whitened by the thin webby veil2 the margin of the cap more or less irregular1 flesh white1 the taste mild1 odor weak4 ,the gills are close1 rounded behind1 adnexed1 whitish1 becoming pale ochraceous4 ,the stem is short1 firm1 equal1 solid1 fibrillose1 slightly mealy at the top1 whitish or pallid4 ,the spores are pale ochraceous1 subelliptical4 ,i found the plants in ,figure #bbb on ,cemetery ,hill late in ,november4 ,it is a very low plant1 growing under the pine trees and keeping close to the walks4 ,the whitened margin of the young plant is a very good ear-mark by which to know this species4 ,pluteolus4 ,fr4 ,pluteolus means a small shed4 ,it is the diminutive of pluteus1 a shed or penthouse1 from its conical cap4 ,the pileus is rather fleshy1 viscid1 conical or campanulate1 then expanded2 margin at first straight1 adpressed to the stem4 ,stem somewhat cartilaginous1 distinct from the hymenophore4 ,gills free1 rounded behind4 ,pluteolus reticulatus4 ,pers4 ,reticulatus means made like a net2 from rete1 a net1 so called from the net-like appearance of veins on the cap4 ,the pileus is slightly fleshy1 campanulate1 then expanded1 rugoso-reticulate1 viscid1 margin striate1 pale violaceous4 ,the gills are free1 ventricose1 crowded1 saffron-yellow1 to ferruginous4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 hollow1 fragile1 fibrillose1 inclined to be mealy at the top1 white4 ,i have found only a few plants of this species in our state4 ,it seems to be rare4 ,the anastomosing veins on the cap and its pale violaceous color will mark the species4 ,i have always found it on decayed wood4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine speaks of finding it in quantities on the stems of fallen weeds and says it was tender and of fine flavor4 ,september4 ,galera4 ,fr4 ,galera means a small cap4 ,the pileus is more or less bell-shaped1 margin straight1 at first depressed to the stem1 hygrophanous1 almost even1 atomate when dry1 more or less membranaceous4 ,the gills are attached to the stem or with a decurrent tooth1 as in ,mycena4 ,the stem is cartilaginous1 hollow1 confluent with1 but different in texture from the cap4 ,the veil is often wanting1 but when present is fibrous and fugacious4 ,the spores are ochraceous ferruginous4 ,galera hypnorum4 ,batsch4 ,,the ,,moss-,,loving ,,galera4 ,hypnorum means of mosses2 from hypna1 moss4 ,the pileus is membranaceous1 conic1 campanulate1 smooth1 striate1 watery when moist1 pale when dry1 cinnamon4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 broad1 rather distant1 cinnamon-colored1 whitish on the edge4 ,the stem is slender1 wavy1 same color as the pileus1 pruinose at the apex4 ,this plant is very like ,g4 tenera1 only much smaller1 and of a very different habitat4 ,found in mosses from ,june to ,october4 ,galera tenera4 ,schaeff4 ,,the ,,slender ,,galera4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bbc4--;,galera tenera4 ,tenera is the feminine form of tener1 slender1 delicate4 ,the pileus is somewhat membranaceous1 at first cone-shaped1 partially expanded1 bell-shaped1 hygrophanous1 ochraceous when dry4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 crowded1 rather broad1 ascending1 cinnamon-brown1 the edges whitish1 sometimes slightly serrate4 ,the stem is straight1 hollow1 fragile1 rather shining2 three to four inches long1 equal or sometimes inclined to thicken downward1 of nearly the same color as the pileus4 ,the spores are elliptical and a dark rust-color1 #ab-acg4 ,you will frequently meet a variety whose cap and stem are quite pubescent but whose other characteristics agree with ,g4 tenera4 ,prof4 ,peck calls it ,g4 tenera var4 pilosella4 ,found in richly manured lawns and pastures4 ,it is quite common4 ,the caps1 only1 are good4 ,galera lateritia4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,brick-,,red ,,galera4 ,,edible4 ,lateritia means made of brick1 from later1 a brick2 so called because the caps are brick-colored4 ,the pileus is somewhat membranaceous1 cone-shaped1 then bell-shaped1 obtuse1 even1 hygrophanous1 rather pale yellow when wet1 ochraceous when dry4 ,the gills are almost free1 adnexed to the top of the cone1 linear1 very narrow1 tawny or ferruginous4 ,the stem is three to four inches long1 hollow1 slightly tapering upward1 straight1 fragile1 white pruinose1 whitish4 ,spores are elliptical1 #aa-abe-f4 ,this plant resembles ,g4 ovalis1 from which it can be distinguished by its linear ascending gills and the absence of a veil4 ,found on dung and in richly manured pastures1 from ,july to frost4 ,galera ,kellermani4 ,pk4 sp4 nov4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bbd4--;,galera ,kellermani4 ,showing young plants4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bbe4--;,galera ,kellermani4 ,showing older plants4 ,kellermani is named in honor of ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kellerman1 ,ohio ,state ,university4 ,the pileus is very thin1 subovate or subconic1 soon becoming plane or nearly so2 striatulate nearly to the center when moist1 more or less wavy and persistently striate on the margin when dry1 minutely granulose or mealy when young1 unpolished when mature1 often with a few scattered floccose squamules when young1 and sometimes with a few slight fragments of a veil adhering to the margin which appears as if finely notched by the projecting ends of the gills2 watery-brown when moist1 grayish-brown when dry1 a little darker in the center2 taste slight1 odor faint1 like that of decaying wood4 ,the gills are thin1 close1 adnate1 a delicate cinnamon-brown becoming darker with age4 ,the stem is two and a half to four cm4 long1 slender1 equal1 or slightly tapering upward2 finely striate1 minutely scurvy or mealy1 at least when young2 hollow1 white4 ,the spores are brownish ferruginous with a faint pinkish tint in mass1 elliptic1 #h-abf-g4 ,peck4 ,dr4 ,peck says the distinguishing features of this species are its broadly expanded or plane grayish-brown pileus1 with its granulose or mealy surface1 its persistently striate margin1 and its very narrow gills becoming brownish with age4 ,i have seen the plant growing in the culture beds in the greenhouse of the ,ohio ,state ,university4 ,it is a beautiful plant4 ,plants of all ages are shown in ,figures #bbd and #bbe4 ,galera crispa4 ,longyear4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bbf4--;,galera crispa4 ,natural size4 ,cap ochraceous-brown4 ,crispa means crisped2 the specific name is based on the peculiar character of the gills which are always crisped as soon as the pileus is expanded4 ,the pileus is #a4e to #c4e cm4 broad1 membranaceous1 persistently conico-campanulate1 subacute1 uneven and somewhat rivulose1 ochraceous-brown on disk1 lighter toward the margin which becomes crenulate and upturned in older specimens2 slightly pruinose at first1 rugulose and a little paler when dry4 ,the gills are adnexed1 not crowded1 rather narrow1 interspersed with anastomosing veins2 much crisped2 at first nearly white1 then becoming ferruginous from the spores4 ,the stem is #g to #aj cm4 long1 tapering from a somewhat bulbous base1 yellowish-white1 pruinose at base1 hollow1 fragile4 ,the spores are #h-aj broad1 #ab-af long4 ,longyear4 ,they are found in grass on lawns and in pastures1 ,june and ,july4 ,dr4 ,peck1 to whom specimens were referred1 suggested that they may be a variety of ,g4 lateritia1 unless the peculiar character of the gills proved to be constant4 ,prof4 ,longyear has found the plant frequently in ,michigan and it was found by him in the ,city ,park1 ,denver1 ,col41 in ,july1 #aije4 ,its distinguishing characteristic is sufficiently constant to make the recognition of the species a matter of ease4 ,the plants in ,figure #bbf were photographed by ,prof4 ,b4 ,o4 ,longyear4 ,galera ovalis4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,oval ,,galera4 ,the pileus is somewhat membranaceous1 oval or bell-shaped1 even1 watery1 dusky-rust color1 somewhat larger than ,g4 tenera4 ,the gills are almost free1 ventricose1 very broad1 rust-colored4 ,the stem is straight1 equal1 slightly striate1 nearly of the same color as the cap1 about three inches long4 ,found in pastures where stock has been4 ,i have found it in the ,dunn pasture1 on the ,columbus pike1 ,ross ,county1 ,o4 ,crepidotus4 ,fr4 ,crepidotus is from a ,greek word meaning a slipper4 ,the spores are dark or yellowish-brown4 ,there is no veil4 ,the pileus is excentric1 dimidiate or resupinate4 ,the flesh is soft4 ,the stem is lateral or wanting1 when present it is continuous with the cap4 ,they generally grow on wood4 ,crepidotus versutus4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bbg4--;,crepidotus versutus4 ,natural size4 ,caps pure white4 ,this is a very modest little plant growing on the underside of rotten logs or bark1 thus1 no doubt1 escaping the attention of many4 ,sometimes it may be found growing from the side of a log1 in which case it grows in a shelving form4 ,when growing under the log the upper side of the cap is against the wood and it is said to be resupinate4 ,the pileus is kidney-form1 quite small1 thin1 pure white1 covered with a soft whitish down4 ,the gills are radiate from the point of attachment of the cap1 not crowded1 whitish1 then ferruginous from the spores4 ,crepidotus mollis4 ,schaeff4 ,,soft ,,crepidotus4 ,the pileus is between subgelatinous and fleshy2 one to two inches broad2 sometimes solitary1 sometimes imbricated2 flaccid1 even1 smooth1 reniform1 subsessile1 pallid1 then grayish4 ,the gills are decurrent from base1 crowded1 linear1 whitish then watery cinnamon4 ,the spores are elliptical1 ferruginous1 #h-ie-f4 ,this species is widely distributed and quite common on decayed logs and stumps1 from ,july to ,october4 ,naucoria4 ,fr4 ,naucoria1 a nut shell4 ,the pileus is some shade of yellow1 convex1 inflexed1 smooth1 flocculent or scaly4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 sometimes nearly free1 never decurrent4 ,the stem is cartilaginous1 confluent with the cap but of a different texture1 hollow or stuffed4 ,the veil is absent or sometimes small traces may be seen attached to the rim of the pileus1 in young plants in the form of flakes4 ,the spores are of various shades of brown1 dull or bright4 ,they grow on the ground on lawns and rich pastures4 ,some on wood4 ,naucoria hamadryas4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,nymph ,,naucoria4 ,,edible4 ,hamadryas1 one of the nymphs whose life depended upon the tree to which she was attached4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 rather fleshy1 convex1 expanded1 gibbous1 even1 bay-ferruginous when young and moist1 pale yellowish when old4 ,the gills are attenuated1 adnexed1 almost free1 rusty1 slightly ventricose1 somewhat crowded4 ,the stem is hollow1 equal1 fragile1 smooth1 pallid1 two to three inches long4 ,the spores are elliptical1 rust-color1 #ac-adg4 ,this is quite a common species1 often growing alone along pavements1 under shade trees1 and in the woods4 ,the caps only are good4 ,found from ,june to ,november4 ,naucoria pediades4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,tan-,,colored ,,naucoria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bbh4--,naucoria pediades4 ,natural size4 ,pediades is from a ,greek word meaning a plain or a field1 referring to its being found on lawns and pastures4 ,the pileus is somewhat fleshy1 convex1 then plane1 obtuse or depressed1 dry1 finally opaque1 frequently inclined to be minutely rivulose4 ,the gills are attached to the stem but not adnate to it1 broad1 subdistant1 only a few entire brownish1 then a dingy cinnamon4 ,the stem is pithy or stuffed1 rather wavy and silky1 yellowish1 base slightly bulbous4 ,the spores are of a brownish-rust color1 #aj-abd-e4 ,if the small bulb at the base of the stem is examined1 it will be found to be formed chiefly of mycelium rolled together around the base4 ,it is found on lawns and richly manured pastures from ,may to ,november4 ,use only the caps4 ,this plant is usually known as semiorbicularis4 ,naucoria paludosella4 ,atkinson n4 sp4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,figure #bbi4--,naucoria paludosella4 ,showing mode of growth1 clay-brown scales on the caps4 ,paludosella is a diminutive of palus1 gen4 paludis1 a swamp or marsh4 ,plants six to eight cm4 high2 pileus two and a half to three cm4 broad2 stem three to four mm4 thick4 ,pileus viscid when moist1 convex to expanded1 in age somewhat depressed2 clay color1 darker over center1 often with appressed clay brown scales with a darker color4 ,gills raw umber to ,mars brown 7,r71 emarginate1 adnate sometimes with a decurrent tooth1 easily becoming free4 ,cystidia on sides of gills none1 edge of gills with large1 hyaline1 thin-walled cells1 subventricose1 sometimes nearly cylindrical1 abruptly narrowed at each end with a slight sinus around the middle4 ,spores subovate to subelliptical1 subinequilateral1 smooth1 #g-id-e1 fuscous ferruginous1 dull ochraceous under microscope4 ,stem same color as pileus but paler1 cartilaginous2 floccose from loose threads or1 in some cases1 abundant threads over the surface2 becoming hollow1 base bulbous1 the extreme base covered with whitish mycelium4 ,veil rather thick1 floccose1 disappearing1 leaving remnant on stem and margin of pileus when fresh4 ,atkinson4 ,dr4 ,kellerman and ,i found this plant growing on living sphagnum1 other mosses and on rotten wood on ,cranberry ,island1 in ,buckeye ,lake1 ,ohio4 ,figure #bbi will illustrate its mode of growth1 and the older plant with upturned cap will show the conspicuous clay-brown scales of the pileus4 ,the plants are found in ,september and ,october4 ,flammula4 ,fr4 ,flammula means a small flame2 so called because many of the species have bright colors4 ,the spores are ferruginous1 sometimes light yellow4 ,the cap is fleshy and at first usually inrolled1 bright colored2 veil filamentous1 often wanting4 ,the gills are decurrent or attached with a tooth4 ,the stem is fleshy1 fibrous1 and of the same character as the cap4 ,the species of the ,flammula are mostly found on wood4 ,a few are found on the ground4 ,flammula flavida4 ,schaeff4 ,,the ,,yellow ,,flammula4 ,flavida means yellow4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex1 expanded1 plane1 equal smooth1 moist1 margin at first inrolled4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 yellow1 turning slightly ferruginous4 ,the stem is stuffed1 somewhat hollow1 fibrillose1 yellow1 ferruginous at the base4 ,these plants are of a showy yellow1 and are frequently found in our woods on decayed logs4 ,they are found in ,july and ,august4 ,flammula carbonaria4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,viscid ,,flammula4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bcj4--;,flammula carbonaria4 ,carbonaria is so called because it is found on charcoal or burned earth4 ,the pileus is quite fleshy1 tawny-yellow1 at first convex1 then becoming plane1 even1 thin1 viscid1 margin of the cap at first inrolled1 flesh yellow4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 clay-colored or brown1 moderately close4 ,the stem is stuffed or nearly hollow1 slender1 rigid1 squamulose1 pallid1 quite short4 ,the spores are ferruginous-brown1 elliptical1 #gc4e4 ,i have found this species quite frequently where an old stump had been burned out4 ,it is gregarious4 ,i have only found it from ,september to ,november but the specimens in ,figure #bcj were sent to me in ,may1 from ,boston4 ,they were found in great abundance in ,purgatory ,swamp1 where the grass and vegetation had been burned away4 ,flammula fusus4 ,batsch4 ,fusus means a spindle2 so called from the spindle-shaped stem4 ,the pileus is compact1 convex1 then expanded1 even1 rather viscid1 reddish-tan1 flesh yellowish4 ,the gills are somewhat decurrent1 pallid yellow1 becoming ferruginous4 ,the stem is stuffed1 firm1 colored like the pileus1 fibrillose1 striate1 attenuated and somewhat fusiform1 rooting4 ,the spores are broadly elliptical1 #ajd4 ,found on well-decayed logs or on ground made up largely of decayed wood4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,flammula fillius4 ,fr4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 even1 smooth1 with rather viscid cuticle1 pale orange-red with the disc reddish4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 arcuate1 rather crowded1 white1 then pallid or tawny-yellow4 ,the stem is three to five inches long1 hollow1 smooth1 pallid1 reddish within4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #aje4 ,found on the ground in the woods from ,july to ,october4 ,flammula squalida4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bca4--;,flammula squalida4 ,the pileus is one to one and a half inches broad1 fleshy1 convex1 or plane1 firm1 viscose1 glabrous1 dingy-yellowish or rufescent1 flesh whitish but in color similar to the pileus under the separate cuticle4 ,the gills are rather broad1 adnate1 pallid1 becoming dark ferruginous4 ,the stem is one and a half to three inches long1 one to two lines thick1 slender1 generally flexuose1 hollow fibrillose1 pallid or brownish1 pale-yellow at the top when young2 spores are brownish-ferruginous1 4#jjjc inch long1 4#jjjaf broad4 ,peck4 ,it is found in bushy and swampy places4 ,dr4 ,peck says it is closely related to ,f4 spumosa4 ,its dingy appearance1 slender habit1 more uniform and darker color of the pileus1 and darker color of the lamell4 ,it grows in groups4 ,the plant in ,figure #bca was found in ,purgatory ,swamp1 by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,found in ,august and ,september4 ,paxillus4 ,fr4 ,paxillus means a small stake or peg4 ,the spores as well as the entire plant are ferruginous4 ,the pileus1 with an involute margin1 gradually unfolds4 ,it may be symmetrical or eccentric4 ,the stem is continuous with the hymenophore4 ,the gills are tough1 soft1 persistent1 decurrent1 branching1 membranaceous1 usually easily separating from the hymenophore4 ,the distinctive features of this genus are the involute margin and the soft1 tough1 and decurrent gills which are easily separable from the hymenophore4 ,some grow on the ground1 others grow on stumps and sawdust4 ,paxillus involutus4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bcb4--,paxillus involutus4 ,involutus means rolled inward4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 fleshy1 compact1 convex1 plane1 then depressed2 viscid when moist1 the cap being covered with a fine downy substance1 so that when the margin of the cap unrolls the marks of the gills are quite prominent2 yellowish or tawny-ochraceous1 spotting when bruised4 ,the gills are decurrent1 branched2 anastomosing behind1 near the stem2 easily separating from the hymenophore4 ,the stem is paler than the pileus1 fleshy1 solid1 firm1 thickened upward1 brown spotted4 ,the flesh is yellowish1 changing to reddish or brownish when bruised4 ,the spores are rust-colored and elliptical1 #h-aj4 ,it is found on the ground and decayed stumps4 ,when found on the side of a decayed stump or a moss-covered log the stem is usually eccentric1 but in other cases it is generally central4 ,it will be found around swampy places in an open woods4 ,i found quite large specimens around a swamp in ,mr4 ,shriver's woods near ,chillicothe1 but they were too far gone to photograph4 ,it is edible but coarse4 ,it appears from ,august to ,november4 ,some authors call it the ,brown ,chantarelle4 ,paxillus atrotomentosus4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bcc4--,paxillus atrotomentosus4 ,atrotomentosus is from ater1 black1 and tomentum1 woolly or downy4 ,the pileus is three to six inches broad1 rust-color or reddish-brown1 compactly fleshy1 eccentric1 convex then plane or depressed1 margin thin1 frequently minutely rivulose1 sometimes tomentose in the center1 flesh white1 tinged with brown under the cuticle4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 slightly decurrent1 crowded1 branched at the base1 yellowish-tawny1 interspaces venose4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 stout1 solid1 elastic1 eccentric or lateral1 rooting1 covered except at the apex with a dark-brown velvety down4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #e-fc-d4 ,i found the specimen in ,figure #bcc at the foot of an old pine tree on hillside at ,sugar ,grove1 ,ohio4 ,i found the plant frequently at ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,it grows where the pine tree is a native4 ,it is not poisonous4 ,i do not regard it as very good4 ,found during ,august and ,september4 ,paxillus rhodoxanthus4 ,schw4 ,,the ,,yellow ,,paxillus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bcd4--,paxillus rhodoxanthus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,cap reddish-yellow or chestnut-brown4 ,gills yellow4 ,rhodoxanthus means a yellow rose4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 convex1 then expanded1 cushion-shaped1 the epidermis of the cap often cracked showing the yellow flesh1 resembling very much ,boletus subtomentosus2 reddish-yellow or chestnut-brown4 ,the flesh is yellow and the cap dry4 ,the gills are decurrent1 somewhat distant1 stout1 chrome yellow1 occasionally forked at the base2 anastomosing veins quite prominent1 the cystidia being very noticeable4 ,the stem is firm1 stout1 of the same color as the cap1 perhaps paler and more yellow at the base4 ,the spores are oblong1 yellow1 #h-abc-e4 ,this is one of the most troublesome plants whose genus we have to settle4 ,one of my mycological friends advised me to omit it from the genus altogether4 ,it has been placed in various genera1 but ,i have followed ,prof4 ,atkinson and classed it under ,paxillus4 ,the plant is widely distributed4 ,i find it frequently about ,chillicothe4 ,it is edible4 ,found in ,august1 ,september and ,october4 ,a full discussion of the plant will be found in ,prof4 ,atkinson's book4 ,cortinarius4 ,fr4 ,cortinarius is from cortina1 a curtain1 alluding to a cobwebby veil seen only in the comparatively young plants4 ,sometimes1 parts of it will seem more substantial1 remaining for a time on the margin of the cap or on the stem4 ,the color of the pileus varies and its flesh and that of the stem are continuous4 ,the hymenophore and the gills are continuous4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 frequently notched1 membranaceous1 persistent1 changing color1 dry1 powdery1 with rusty-yellow spores which drop slowly4 ,the veil and gills are the chief marks of distinction4 ,the former is gossamer-like and separate from the cuticle1 and the latter are always powdered4 ,it is always essential to note the color of the gills in the young plant1 since color is variable and sometimes shows only the slightest trace on the stem1 colored from the falling spores4 ,most authorities divide the genus into six tribes1 from the appearance of the pileus4 ,they are as follows3 ,i4 ,phlegmacium1 meaning a shiny or clammy moisture4 ,the pileus has a continuous pellicle1 viscid when moist1 stem dry1 veil spider-webby4 ,,ii4 ,myxacium1 meaning mucus1 slime2 so called from the glutinous veil4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 glutinous1 rather thin2 the gills are attached to the stem1 slightly decurrent2 the stem is viscid1 polished when dry1 slightly bulbous4 ,,iii4 ,inoloma1 meaning a fibrous fringe2 from is1 genitive inos1 a fibre2 and loma1 a fringe4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 dry1 not hygrophanous or viscid1 silky with innate scales2 the gills may be violaceous1 pinkish-brown1 yellow at first1 then in all cases cinnamon-color from the spores2 the stem is fleshy and somewhat bulbous2 veil simple4 ,,iv4 ,dermocybe1 meaning a skinhead2 from derma1 skin1 and cybe1 a head4 ,the pileus thin and fleshy1 entirely dry1 at first clothed with silky down1 becoming smooth in mature plants4 ,the gills are changeable in color4 ,the stem is equal or tapering downward1 stuffed1 sometimes hollow1 smooth4 ,v4 ,telamonia1 meaning a bandage or lint4 ,the pileus is moist1 watery1 smooth or sprinkled with whitish superficial fibres1 the remnants of the web-like veil4 ,the flesh is thin1 somewhat thicker at the center4 ,the stem is ringed and frequently scaly from the universal veil1 slightly veiled at the apex1 hence almost with a double veil4 ,the plants are usually quite large4 ,,vi4 ,hydrocybe1 meaning water-head or moist head4 ,the pileus is moist1 not viscid1 smooth or sprinkled with a whitish superficial fibril1 flesh changing color when dry1 and rather thin4 ,the stem is somewhat rigid and bare4 ,veil thin1 fibrillose1 rarely forming a ring4 ,gills also thin4 ,,tribe ,i4 ,,phlegmacium4 ,cortinarius purpurascens4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,purplish ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,purpurascens means becoming purple or purplish2 so named because the blue gills become purple when bruised4 ,the pileus is four to five inches broad1 bay-brown1 viscid1 compact1 wavy1 spotted when old2 often depressed at the margin1 sometimes bending back2 the flesh blue4 ,the gills are broadly notched1 crowded1 bluish-tan1 then cinnamon-color1 becoming purplish when bruised4 ,the stem is solid1 bulbous1 clothed with small fibres1 blue1 very compact1 juicy2 becoming purplish when rubbed4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #aj-abe-f4 ,this is one of the delicious mushrooms to eat1 the stem cooking tender as readily as the caps4 ,i found it in ,tolerton's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio1 and in ,poke ,hollow near ,chillicothe4 ,september to ,november4 ,cortinarius turmalis4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,yellow-,,tan ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,turmalis means of or belonging to a troop or a squadron1 turma2 so called because occurring in groups1 and not solitary4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 viscid when wet1 ochraceous-yellow1 smooth1 discoid1 flesh soft2 veil extending from the margin of the cap to the stem in delicate arachnoid threads1 best seen in young plants4 ,the gills are emarginate1 decurrent1 depending upon the age of the plant2 crowded1 somewhat serrated1 whitish at first1 then brownish-ochraceous-yellow4 ,the remnants of the veil will usually show above the middle of the stem as a zone of minute stri1 darker than the stem4 ,i found specimens on ,cemetery ,hill under pine trees4 ,september to ,november4 ,cortinarius olivaceo-stramineus4 ,kauff4 n4 ,sp4 ,olivaceo-stramineus means an olive straw-color4 ,pileus #d-g cm4 broad1 viscid from a glutinous cuticle1 broadly convex1 slightly depressed in the center when expanded2 margin incurved for some time2 pale-yellow with an olivaceous tinge1 slightly rufous-tinged when old2 smooth or silky-fibrillose1 disk sometimes covered with minute squamules1 shreds of the partial veil attached to the margin when expanded4 ,flesh very thick1 becoming abruptly thin toward the margin1 white1 dingy-yellowish in age1 soon soft and spongy4 ,gills rather narrow1 #g mm4 broad1 sinuate-adnexed1 whitish at first1 then pale cinnamon1 crowded1 edge serratulate and paler4 ,stem #f-h cm4 long1 with a slight bulb when young1 from whose margin arises the dense partial veil2 white and very pruinate above the veil1 which remains as dingy fibrils stained by the spores2 spongy and soft within1 becoming somewhat hollow4 ,veil white with an olive tinge4 ,spores1 #aj-abe4e-f4e1 granular within1 almost smooth4 ,odor agreeable4 ,kauffman says this resembles ,c4 herpeticus1 except that the gills when young are never violet-tinged4 ,i found this plant in ,poke ,hollow1 near ,chillicothe4 ,it was unknown to me and ,i sent it to ,dr4 ,kauffman of ,michigan ,university to determine4 ,i found it under beech trees1 during ,october and ,november4 ,cortinarius varius4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,variable ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,varius--,variable1 so called because it varies in stature1 its color and habit are unchangeable4 ,the pileus is about two inches broad2 compact1 hemispherical1 then expanded2 regular1 slightly viscid1 thin margin at first incurved1 sometimes with fragments of the web-like veil adhering4 ,the gills are notched1 thin1 crowded1 quite entire1 purplish1 at length clay-colored or cinnamon4 ,the stem is solid1 short1 covered with threads1 whitish1 bulbous1 from one and a half to two and a half inches long4 ,the plant is quite variable in size but constant in color4 ,it is found in woods4 ,i found specimens at ,salem1 ,ohio1 and at ,bowling ,green1 ,ohio4 ,september to ,november4 ,cortinarius crulescens4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,azure-,,blue ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,crulescens1 azure-blue4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 expanded1 even1 viscid1 azure-blue1 flesh soft1 not changing color when bruised4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 slightly rounded behind1 crowded1 quite entire1 at first of a pure dark blue1 then rusty from the spores4 ,the stem is solid1 attenuated upward1 firm1 bright violet1 becoming pale1 whitish1 bulb growing less with age1 fibrillose from vein4 ,spores elliptical4 ,neither the flesh nor the gills change color when bruised4 ,this fact distinguishes it from ,c4 purpurascens4 ,when young the entire plant is more or less blue1 or bluish-purple1 and the color never entirely leaves the plant4 ,in age it becomes somewhat spotted with yellow4 ,the flesh is a little tough and needs to be stewed for some time4 ,found in ,whinnery's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,september to ,october4 ,,tribe ,,ii4 ,,myxacium4 ,cortinarius collinitus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,smeared ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bce4--;,cortinarius collinitus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,caps purplish-brown1 also showing veil4 ,collinitus means smeared4 ,the pileus is at first hemispherical1 convex1 then expanded1 obtuse2 smooth1 even1 glutinous1 shining when dry2 purplish when young1 later brownish2 at first incurved4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 rather broad1 dingy-white or grayish-tan when young1 then cinnamon4 ,the stem is solid1 cylindrical1 viscid or glutinous when moist1 transversely cracking when dry1 whitish or paler than the cap4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #abf4 ,i found this species in ,tolerton's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio1 ,st4 ,john's woods1 ,bowling ,green1 ,ohio1 also on ,ralston's ,run near ,chillicothe1 where the specimens in ,figure #bce were found4 ,both cap and stem are covered with a thick gluten4 ,they grow1 with us1 in woods among leaves4 ,the young plant has a development peculiar to itself4 ,the cap varies greatly in color4 ,the flesh is white or whitish4 ,the peculiar bluish-white gills of the young plant will attract attention at once4 ,it is found from ,september to ,november4 ,,tribe ,,iii4 ,,inoloma4 ,cortinarius autumnalis4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,fall ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bcf4--;,cortinarius autumnalis4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,cap a dull rusty-yellow1 also showing bulbous stem4 ,autumnalis pertaining to fall4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex or expanded1 dull rusty-yellow1 variegated1 or streaked with innate rust-colored fibrils4 ,the gills are rather broad1 with a wide1 shallow emargination4 ,the stem is equal1 solid1 firm1 bulbous1 a little paler than the pileus4 ,the height is three to four inches1 breadth of pileus two to four inches4 ,peck4 ,the plant was named by ,dr4 ,peck because it was found late in the fall4 ,i found the plant on several occasions in ,september1 #aije4 ,it grew very sparingly in a mixed woods on a north hillside4 ,cortinarius alboviolaceus4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,light ,,violet ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bcg4--;,cortinarius alboviolaceus4 ,the caps are violet4 ,alboviolaceus means whitish-violet4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 fleshy1 rather thin1 convex1 then expanded1 sometimes broadly subumbonate2 smooth1 silky1 whitish1 tinged with lilac or pale violet4 ,the gills are generally serrulate1 whitish-violet1 then cinnamon-color4 ,the stem is three to four inches long1 equal or tapering upward1 solid1 silky1 white1 stained with violet1 especially at the top1 slightly bulbous1 the bulb gradually tapering into the stem4 ,spores1 #abe-f4 ,peck's ,report4 ,sometimes the stem has a median ring-like zone1 being violet above the zone and white below4 ,the spider-like veil shows very plainly in the specimen on the left in ,figure #bcg4 ,in the plant on the right is shown the tapering stem from the base to the apex4 ,these plants were found in ,poke ,hollow1 ,september #bast4 ,they are quite abundant there and elsewhere about ,chillicothe4 ,they are very good but not equal in flavor to ,c4 violaceus4 ,they are found in mixed woods4 ,september to frost4 ,cortinarius lilacinus4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,lilac-,,colored ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 firm1 hemispherical1 then convex1 minutely silky1 lilac-color4 ,the gills are close1 lilac1 then cinnamon4 ,the stem is four to five inches long1 stout1 bulbous1 silky-fibrillose1 solid1 whitish1 tinged with lilac4 ,spores nucleate1 #ajf4 ,peck4 ,i have found this plant in but one place near ,chillicothe4 ,in ,poke ,hollow on a north hillside ,i have found a number of rare specimens4 ,all were identified by ,dr4 ,kauffman of ,michigan ,university4 ,all were found under beech trees within a very small radius4 ,september and ,october4 ,cortinarius bolaris4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,collared ,,cortinarius4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 obsoletely umbonate1 growing pale1 variegated with saffron-red1 adpressed1 innate1 pilose scales4 ,the gills are subdecurrent1 crowded1 watery cinnamon4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 at first stuffed1 then hollow1 nearly equal1 squamose4 ,found under beech trees4 ,only occasionally found here4 ,cortinarius violaceus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,violet ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bch4--;,cortinarius violaceus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps dark violet4 ,stems bulbous4 ,gills violet4 ,violaceus1 violet color4 ,the pileus is convex1 becoming nearly plane1 dry1 adorned with numerous persistent hairy tufts or scales2 dark violet4 ,the gills are rather thick1 distant1 rounded1 or deeply notched at the inner extremity2 colored like the pileus in the young plant1 brownish-cinnamon in the mature plant4 ,the stem is solid1 clothed with small fibres2 bulbous1 colored like the pileus4 ,the spores are slightly elliptical4 ,the ,violet ,cortinarius is a very beautiful mushroom and one easy of recognition4 ,at first the whole plant is uniformly colored1 but with age the gills assume a dingy ochraceous or brownish-cinnamon hue4 ,the cap is generally well formed and regular1 and is beautifully adorned with little hairy scales or tufts4 ,these are rarely shown in figures of the ,european plant1 but they are quite noticeable in the ,american plant1 and should not be overlooked4 ,the flesh is more or less tinged with violet4 ,peck4 #ejth ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,no one can fail to recognize this plant4 ,the web-like veil in the young plant1 the bulbous stem1 and the violet tinge throughout will readily distinguish it4 ,it grows in rich hilly country4 ,it grows solitary1 and in open woods4 ,,tribe ,,iv4 ,,dermocybe4 ,cortinarius cinnamoneus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,cinnamon ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bci4--;,cortinarius cinnamoneus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps cinnamon-brown4 ,stems yellow4 ,the pileus is thin1 convex1 nearly expanded1 sometimes nearly plane1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 sometimes the pileus is abruptly bent downward2 dry1 fibrillose at least when young1 often with concentric rows of scales on the margin1 cinnamon-brown1 flesh yellowish4 ,the gills are thin1 close1 firmly attached to the stem1 slightly notched1 decurrent with a tooth1 becoming easily separated from the stem1 shining1 yellowish1 then tawny-yellow4 ,the stem is slender1 equal1 stuffed or hollow1 thin1 clothed with small fibres1 yellow1 as is also the flesh4 ,the spores are elliptical4 ,this plant is so called because of its color1 the entire plant being of a cinnamon-color4 ,sometimes there are cinnabar stains on the pileus4 ,it seems to grow best under pine trees1 but ,i have found it in mixed woods4 ,my attention was called to it by the little ,bohemian boys picking it when they had been in this country but a few days and could not speak a word of ,english4 ,it is evidently like the ,european species4 ,there is also a ,cortinarius that has blood-red gills4 ,it is var4 semi-sanguineus1 ,fr4 ,july to ,october4 ,the plants in ,figure #bci were found on ,cemetery ,hill1 ,chillicothe1 ,o4 ,cortinarius ochroleucus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,pallid ,,cortinaria4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bdj4--;,cortinarius ochroleucus4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing veil and bulbous form of stem4 ,ochroleucus1 meaning yellowish and white1 because of the color of the cap4 ,the pileus is an inch to two and a half inches broad1 fleshy2 convex1 sometimes somewhat depressed in the center1 often remaining convex2 dry2 on the center finely tomentose to minutely scaly1 sometimes the scales are arranged in concentric rows around the cap2 quite fleshy at the center1 thinning out toward the margin2 the color is a creamy to a deep-buff1 considerably darker at the center4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 clearly notched1 somewhat ventricose2 in mature plants1 somewhat crowded1 not entire1 many short ones1 pale first1 then clay-colored ochre4 ,the stem is three inches long1 solid1 firm1 often bulbous1 tapering upward1 often becoming hollow1 a creamy-buff4 ,the veil1 quite beautiful and strongly persistent1 forms a cortina of the same color as the cap but becoming discolored by the falling of the spores4 ,in ,figure #bdj the cortina and the bulbous form of the stem will be seen4 ,found along ,ralston's ,run4 ,in beech woods from ,september to ,november4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bda4--;,cortinarius ochroleucus4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing the developed plant4 ,,tribe ,v4 ,,telamonia4 ,cortinarius ,morrisii4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bdb4--;,cortinarius ,morrisii4 ,morrisii is named in honor of ,george ,e4 ,morris1 ,ellis1 ,mass4 ,pileus fleshy1 except the thin and at length reflexed margin2 convex1 irregular1 hygrophanous1 ochraceous or tawny-ochraceous2 flesh thin1 colored like the pileus2 odor weak1 like that of radishes4 ,the gills are broad1 subdistant1 eroded or uneven on the edge2 rounded behind1 adnexed1 pale-yellow when young1 becoming darker with age4 ,the stem is nearly equal1 fibrillose1 solid1 whitish or pale-yellow and silky at the top1 colored like the pileus below and fibrillose2 irregularly striate and subreticulate1 the double veil whitish or yellowish-white and sometimes forming an imperfect annulus4 ,the spores are tawny-ochraceous1 subglobose or broadly elliptic1 nucleate1 #h-aj long1 #f-g broad4 ,peck4 ,pileus #c-aj cm4 broad2 stem #g-aj cm4 long1 #a-b cm4 thick4 ,they require moist and shady places and the presence of hemlock trees4 ,they are found from ,august to ,october4 ,the plants in ,figure #bdb were found near ,boston by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,blackford4 ,cortinarius armillatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,red-,,zoned ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bdc4--;,cortinarius armillatus4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing the rings on the stem4 ,armillatus means ringed2 so called because the stem is banded with one or more rings1 or red bands4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 fleshy1 not compact1 bell-shaped1 then expanded1 soon innately fibrillose and torn into scales1 smooth when young1 reddish-brick-color1 margin thin1 flesh dingy-pallid4 ,the gills are very broad1 distant1 adnate1 slightly rounded1 pallid1 then dark-cinnamon4 ,the stem is fairly long1 solid1 bulbous1 whitish1 with two or three red zones1 somewhat fibrillose4 ,the spores #ajf4 ,this is a very large and beautiful ,cortinarius and it has such a number of striking ear marks that it can be easily recognized4 ,the thin and generally uneven margin of the pileus and the one to four red bands around the stem1 the upper one being the brightest1 will distinguish this species from all others4 ,it is found in the woods in ,september and ,october4 ,in quite young specimens the collector will notice two well defined arachnoid veils1 the lower one being much more dense4 ,prof4 ,fries speaks of them as follows3 ,exterior veil woven1 red1 arranged in #b-d distant cinnabar zones encircling the stem2 partial veil continuous with the upper zone1 arachnoid1 reddish-white4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bdc were collected in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fischer of ,detroit4 ,a number of this species form a prize for the table4 ,cortinarius ,atkinsonianus4 ,kauff4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bdd4--;,cortinarius ,atkinsonianus4 ,caps waxy-yellow1 bulbous stem1 spider-like veil4 ,atkinsonianus is named in honor of ,prof4 ,geo4 ,f4 ,atkinson4 ,the pileus is #h cm4 broad1 expanded1 wax-yellow or gallstone-yellow to clay-colored and tawny 7,ridg471 colors very striking and sometimes several present at once2 viscid1 smooth1 even1 somewhat shining when dry4 ,flesh thick1 except at margin1 bluish-white like the stem1 or paler1 scarcely or not at all changing when bruised4 ,the gills are comparatively narrow1 #f-h mm41 width uniform except near outer end1 adnate1 becoming slightly sinuate1 purplish to yellow1 then cinnamon4 ,the stem is violaceus-blue1 #h cm4 long1 #ab-ae mm4 thick1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 bulbous by a rather thick1 marginate bulb #c cm4 thick1 hung with fibrillose threads of the universal veil1 which is a beautiful pale-yellow and clothes the bulb even at maturity2 violaceous-blue within1 solid4 ,spores #ac-aeg-h4e1 very tubercular4 ,kauff4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bdd were found in ,poke ,hollow near ,chillicothe4 ,i have found them on several occasions4 ,they are edible and of very good flavor4 ,found from ,september to frost4 ,the specimens illustrate the spider-like veil that gives rise to the genus4 ,cortinarius umidicola4 ,kauff4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bde4--;,cortinarius umidicola4 ,one-half natural size4 ,caps pinkish-buff4 ,umidicola means dwelling in moist places4 ,pileus as much as #af cm4 broad 7generally #f-g cm4 when expanded71 hemispherical1 then convex and expanded1 with the margin for a long time markedly incurved2 young cap heliotrope-purplish with umber on disk1 or somewhat fawn-colored1 fading very quickly to pinkish-buff1 in which condition it is usually found2 margin when young with narrow strips of silky fibrils from the universal veil2 pileus when old covered with innate1 whitish1 silky fibrils1 hygrophanous2 surface punctuate1 even when young4 ,flesh of stem and pileus lavender when young but soon fading to a sordid white1 thick on disk1 abruptly thin towards margin1 soon cavernous from grubs4 ,the gills are very broad1 as much as #b cm42 at first lavender1 soon very pale-tan to cinnamon2 rather distant1 thick1 emarginate with a tooth2 at first plane1 then ventricose2 edge slightly serratulate1 concolorous4 ,stem as much as #ac cm4 long 7usually #h to #aj cm471 #a-b cm4 thick1 usually thickened below and tapering slightly upwards1 mostly thicker also at apex1 rarely attenuate at the base1 sometimes curved1 always stout1 solid1 lavender above the woven1 sordid white1 universal veil1 which at first covers the lower part as a sheath1 but soon breaks up so as to leave a band-like annulus half way or lower down on the stem4 ,the annulus is soon rubbed off1 leaving a bare stem4 ,cortina violaceous-white4 ,spores #g-ie-f1 almost smooth4 ,kauffman4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bde were gathered at ,detroit1 ,michigan1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,fischer4 ,they grow in groups in damp places1 preferring hemlock trees4 ,cortinarius croceocolor4 ,kauff4 sp4 nov4 ,,saffron-,,colored ,,cortinarius4 7,,telamonia47 ,croceocolor means saffron-colored4 ,pileus #c-g cm4 broad1 convex then expanded1 saffron-yellow1 with dense1 dark-brown1 erect squamules on disk2 whole surface has a velvety appearance and feel1 scarcely hygrophanous1 even2 flesh of pileus yellowish-white1 rather thin except on disk1 slightly hygrophanous1 scissile4 ,gills cadmium-yellow 7,ridg471 moderately distant1 rather thick1 emarginate1 rather broad1 #h-i mm41 width uniform except in front where they taper quickly to a point4 ,stem #d-h cm4 long1 tapering upwards from a thickened base1 i4e41 clavate-bulbous1 #i-ae mm4 thick below1 peronate three-fourths of its length by the crome-yellow to saffron veil1 paler above the veil1 solid1 saffron-colored within1 hygrophanous1 soon dingy2 attached to strands of yellowish mycelium4 ,spores subspheroid to short elliptical1 #f4e-he4e-f4e1 echinulate when mature4 ,found under beech trees in ,poke ,hollow near ,chillicothe4 ,found in ,october4 ,cortinarius evernius4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bdf4--;,cortinarius evernius4 ,evernius comes from a ,greek word meaning sprouting well1 flourishing4 ,the pileus is one to three inches broad1 rather thin1 between membranaceous and fleshy1 at first conical1 becoming bell-shaped1 and finally expanded1 very slightly umbonate1 everywhere covered with silky1 adpressed veil1 usually purplish-bay when smooth1 brick-red when dry1 then pale ochraceous when old1 at length cracked and torn into fibrils1 very fragile1 flesh thin and colored like the pileus4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 quite broad1 ventricose1 somewhat distant1 purplish-violet1 becoming pale1 finally cinnamon4 ,the stem is three to five inches long1 equal or attenuated downwards1 often slightly striate1 soft1 violaceous1 scaly from the remains of the white veil4 ,the spores are elliptical1 granular1 #ajg4 ,they grow in damp pine woods4 ,the specimens in the photograph were gathered in ,purgatory ,swamp near ,boston1 and sent to me by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,they are found in ,august and ,september4 ,,tribe ,,vi4 ,,hydrocybe4 ,cortinarius castaneus4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,chestnut-,,colored ,,cortinarius4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bdg4--;,cortinarius castaneus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,castaneus1 a chestnut4 ,the pileus one inch or more broad1 at first quite small and globose1 with a delicate fibrillose veil1 which makes the margin appear silvery2 dark-bay or dirty-violet1 often with a tawny tint2 soon expanded1 broadly umbonate1 pileus often cracked on the margin and slightly upturned4 ,the gills are fixed1 rather broad1 somewhat crowded1 violet-tinged1 then cinnamon-brown1 ventricose4 ,spores1 #he4 ,the stem is one to three inches high1 inclined to be cartilaginous1 stuffed1 then hollow1 even1 lilac-tinged at the top1 white or whitish below the veil1 the whole stem beautifully fibrillose1 veil white4 ,this plant is very abundant on ,cemetery ,hill1 growing under pine trees4 ,the caps are small1 but they grow in such profusion that it would not be difficult to secure enough for a meal4 ,they compare very favorably with the ,fairy ,ring mushroom in flavor4 ,they have little or no odor4 ,found in ,october and ,november4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,purple-,,brown ,,spored ,,agarics4 ,agaricus4 ,linn4 7,psalliota4 ,fr47 ,the pileus is fleshy1 but the flesh of the stem is of different texture from that of the pileus1 veil universal1 concrete with the cuticle of the pileus1 and fixed to the stem1 forming a ring which soon disappears in some species2 the stem is readily separated from the cap and the gills are free from the stem or slightly adnexed1 white at first1 then pink1 afterwards purple-brown4 ,all the species grow in rich ground1 and it includes many of our valuable food mushrooms4 ,agaricus campestris4 ,linn4 ,,the ,,meadow ,,mushroom4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bdh4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,campestris1 from campus1 a field4 ,this is perhaps the widest known of all mushrooms1 familiarly known as the ,pink-gilled mushroom4 ,it is the species found in the markets4 ,it is the only species which is sure to respond to the methods of cultivation4 ,it is the same species which is bought in cans at the store4 ,in very young plants the pileus is somewhat globular1 as will be seen in the small plants in the front row in ,figure #bdh4 ,the edge is connected with the stem by the veil2 then round convex1 then expanding1 becoming almost flat2 surface dry1 downy1 even1 quite scaly1 varying in color from creamy-white to a light-brown2 margin extending beyond the gills1 as will be seen in ,figure #bdi in the one on the extreme right4 ,the gills1 when first revealed by the separation of the veil1 are of a delicate pink hue1 but with advancing age this generally deepens to a dark-brown or blackish-brown color4 ,the stem is rather short1 nearly equal1 white or whitish2 the substance in the center is more spongy than the exterior1 hence it is said to be stuffed4 ,sometimes the collar shrivels so much that it is scarcely perceptible1 and may disappear altogether in old plants4 ,the spores are brown in mass4 ,the cap of this mushroom is from three to four inches in diameter and the stem from one to three inches long4 ,this is the first mushroom that yielded to cultivation4 ,it is raised in large quantities1 not only in this country1 but especially in ,france1 ,japan1 and ,china4 ,no doubt other species and genera will be produced in time4 ,this species grows in grassy places1 in pastures1 and richly manured grounds1 never in the woods4 ,i found it in great abundance in ,wood ,county1 in fields which had never been plowed and where the ground was unusually rich4 ,there it seemed to grow in groups or large clusters4 ,usually it is found singly4 ,found from ,august to ,october4 ,the plants figured here were found near ,chillicothe4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bdi4--;,agaricus campestris4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,agaricus ,rodmani4 ,pk4 ,,rodman',s ,,mushroom4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bej4--;,agaricus rodmani4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,the pileus is creamy1 with brownish spots1 firm1 surface dry4 ,the mature specimens frequently have the surface of the cap broken into large1 brownish scales4 ,the gills are whitish1 then pink1 becoming dark-brown2 narrow1 close and unequal4 ,the stem is fleshy1 solid1 short1 thick1 about two inches long4 ,the collar when well developed exhibits a striking characteristic4 ,it appears as if there were two collars with a space between them4 ,its spores are broadly elliptical1 4#jjjb to 4#jjjbe inch long4 ,it may be easily distinguished from the common ,agaric by the time when found1 its thick firm flesh1 its narrow gills1 which are almost white at first1 and its double collar4 ,i have found people eating it1 supposing they were eating the common mushroom4 ,it is found in grassy places and especially between the cobble stones along the gutters in the cities4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bej were found in ,chillicothe in the gutters4 ,it is a meaty plant and one can soon tell it from its weight alone4 ,it is found through ,may and ,june4 ,it is fully as good to eat as the common mushroom4 ,macadam speaks of finding it in the fall1 but ,i have never succeeded in finding it later than ,june4 ,agaricus silvicola4 ,vitt4 ,,the ,,silvan ,,agaric4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bea4--;,agaricus silvicola4 ,one-half natural size4 ,silvicola1 from silva1 woods and colo1 to inhabit4 ,the pileus is convex1 sometimes expanded or nearly plane1 smooth1 shining1 white or yellowish4 ,the gills are crowded1 thin1 free1 rounded behind1 generally narrowed toward each end1 at first white1 then pinkish1 finally blackish-brown4 ,the stem is long1 cylindrical1 stuffed or hollow1 white1 bulbous2 ring either thick or thin1 entire or lacerated4 ,spores elliptical1 #f-hd-e4 ,the plant is four to six inches high4 ,pileus three to six inches broad4 ,peck4 #cfth ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,a4 silvicola is very closely related to the common mushroom4 ,its chief differences are in its place of growth1 its being slender1 and its hollow stem somewhat bulbous at the base4 ,i have found it many times in the woods about ,chillicothe1 although ,i have never succeeded in finding more than one or two at a time4 ,i have always put them with edible species and have eaten them when thus cooked with others4 ,because of the resemblance which it bears1 in its earlier stages1 to the deadly ,amanita1 one can not exercise too great care in identifying it4 ,it grows in the woods and is found from ,july to ,october4 ,agaricus arvensis4 ,schaeff4 ,,the ,,field ,,or ,,horse ,,mushroom4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #beb4--;,agaricus arvensis4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing veil4 ,arvensis1 pertaining to a field4 ,pileus is smooth1 white or yellowish1 convex or conical1 bell-shaped1 then expanded1 more or less mealy4 ,the gills are crowded1 free1 generally broader toward the stem2 at first whitish1 then pinkish1 finally black-brown4 ,the stem is stout1 equal1 slightly thickened at the base1 smooth1 hollow or stuffed1 ring rather large and thick1 the upper part membranaceous and white1 while the lower or exterior surface is thicker1 downy1 radically split and yellowish4 ,the spores are elliptical1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjd inch long4 ,this plant grows much larger than the common mushroom1 and may be distinguished by the collar being composed of two parts closely allied to each other making a double membrane1 the lower part being much thicker1 softer in texture and split in a stellate manner into broad and yellow rays1 as will be seen in ,figure #beb4 ,i found it very plentiful in ,wood ,county1 ,ohio1 and in quantities in ,dr4 ,manville's yard in ,bowling ,green1 ,ohio4 ,i ate them frequently and gave them to my friends1 who all voted them delicious4 ,when the stem is first cut there exudes from the wound a yellowish liquid which is quite a sure ear mark of this species4 ,there is a tradition that the spores will not germinate unless they pass through the alimentary canal of the horse or some animal4 ,however this may be1 it is found frequently where no trace of the horse can be found4 ,it appears from ,july to ,september4 ,i have found it in ,fayette ,county1 ,ohio1 in large rings1 resembling the ,fairy-,ring ,mushroom1 only the ring is very large1 as well as the mushrooms4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,figure #bec4--;,agaricus arvensis4 ,agaricus abruptus4 ,pk4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bed4--;,agaricus abruptus4 ,abruptus means to break away1 referring to the breaking of the veil from the margin of the cap4 ,the pileus is creamy-white1 dry and silky1 quite irregular in shape when young1 turning yellow when bruised or when the stem is cut4 ,the gills are slightly pinkish when the veil first breaks1 gradually growing a deeper pink1 in mature specimens becoming brownish1 soft1 free from the stem1 quite close1 unequal4 ,the stem is creamy-white1 much darker toward the base1 hollow1 rather stiff1 quite brittle1 frequently found to be split lengthwise1 ventricose1 tapering toward the cap4 ,the veil is rather frail1 one portion of it often adhering to the cap and another portion forming a ring on the stem4 ,through the courtesy of ,captain ,mc,ilvaine ,i am able to present an excellent picture of this species4 ,the beginner will have some trouble to distinguish it from ,a4 silvicola4 ,this species1 like the ,a4 silvicola1 is closely related to the meadow mushroom1 but can be readily separated from it4 ,this1 too1 like the ,a4 silvicola1 when seen in the woods at a distance1 resembles the ,amanita1 but a careful glance at the gills will detect the difference4 ,the gills of the very young plant may appear white1 but they will soon develop a pinkish tinge which will distinguish it from the ,amanita4 ,it is found in thin woods from ,july to ,october4 ,agaricus comptulus4 ,fr4 ,comptulus means beautified or luxuriously decked2 so called from the silky lustre of its cap4 ,the pileus is at first convex1 then expanded1 rather fleshy1 thinner at the margin and incurved1 usually with an adpressed silky finish to the surface of the cap which gives rise to its specific name4 ,the gills are free1 much rounded toward the margin and the stem1 white at first1 then grayish1 pinkish1 purple-brown in old plants4 ,the stem is hollow1 tapering from the base to the cap1 slight bulbous1 white1 then yellowish1 fleshy1 fibrous4 ,the veil is more delicate than in ,a4 silvaticus1 parts of it often found in young plants on the margin of the cap1 forming a ring on the stem which soon almost disappears4 ,spores small1 #d-eb-c4 ,the surface of the cap1 the rounding of the gills both in front and behind1 also the tendency to turn white paper blue or bluish when the flesh of the cap comes in contact with it1 will assist in determining this species4 ,it is found in grassy places in open woods1 especially in the vicinity of pine trees1 ,october and ,november4 ,agaricus placomyces4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,flat-,,cap ,,mushroom4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,figure #bee4--;,agaricus placomyces4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bef4--;,agaricus placomyces4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,illustration3 ,figure #beg4--;,agaricus placomyces4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,placomyces means a flat mushroom4 ,this is one of our prettiest plants4 ,the pileus is broadly ovate1 rather thin1 at first convex1 but when it is fully expanded it is quite flat1 whitish1 brown in the center1 as will be seen in ,figure #bef1 but it is covered with a persistent brown scale4 ,the gills are white at first1 then pink1 turning blackish brown1 quite crowded4 ,the stem is rather long1 and slender1 cylindrical stuffed1 somewhat bulbous at the base1 commonly whitish but at times bears yellow stains toward the base1 tapering toward the cap4 ,the veil is quite interesting4 ,it is broad and double1 loosely joined together by threads1 the lower or outer veil breaking first into regular radiating portions4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #e-f4e long4 ,the caps are two to four inches broad and the stem is three to five inches long4 ,they are found in lawns or in thin woods4 ,they are much more abundant in hemlock woods though they are frequently found in mixed woods in which there are hemlock trees4 ,the behavior of the veil is very similar to ,a4 arvensis and ,a4 silvicola and indeed this plant seems to be very closely related to these species4 ,it is found from ,july to ,september4 ,agaricus cretaceus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,chalk ,,agaric4 ,,edible4 ,cretaceus1 relating to chalk4 ,the pileus is entirely white1 fleshy1 obtuse1 dry2 sometimes even1 sometimes marked with fine lines around the margin4 ,the gills are free1 remote1 quite ventricose1 narrowed toward the stem1 crowded1 white1 and only in mature plants do they become brownish4 ,spores1 #e-fc4e4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 even1 smooth1 firm1 tapering toward the cap1 hollow1 or stuffed with a fine pith1 white4 ,it is found on lawns and in rich places4 ,i find it more frequently in rich stubble fields4 ,it makes a rare dish4 ,found in ,august and ,september4 ,agaricus subrufescens4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,slightly ,,red ,,mushroom4 ,,edible4 ,subrufescens1 sub1 under2 rufescens1 becoming red4 ,the pileus is at first inclined to be hemispherical1 becoming convex or broadly expanded2 silky fibrillose and minutely or obscurely scaly1 whitish1 grayish1 or dull reddish-brown1 usually smooth and darker on the disk4 ,flesh white and unchangeable4 ,the gills are at first white or whitish1 then pink1 finally blackish-brown4 ,the stem is rather long1 often somewhat thickened or bulbous at the base1 at first stuffed1 then hollow1 white1 the ring is scaly on the under side1 mycelium whitish1 forming slender branching root-like strings4 ,the spores are elliptical4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,the reddish-brown color is due to the coating of fibrils that covers the cap4 ,in the center it does not separate into scales1 hence it is smoother and more distinctly reddish-brown than the rest4 ,its veil resembles that of the ,a4 placomyces1 but instead of the lower surface breaking into radial portions it breaks into small floccose flakes or scales4 ,this species is found about greenhouses1 and is frequently found in large clusters4 ,dr4 ,mc,ilvaine says3 ,this species is now cultivated and has manifest advantages over the market species--it is easier to cultivate1 very productive1 produces in less time after planting the spawn1 is free from attacks of insects1 carries better and keeps longer4 ,mushroom beds in cellars are becoming quite popular and many are having very good results4 ,agaricus halophilus4 ,pk4 ,,sea-,,loving ,,agaricus ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,figure #beh4--;,agaricus halophilus4 ,showing the globose caps1 narrow gills1 solid stem1 and the peculiar incurved margin4 ,natural size4 ,halophilus is from two ,greek words meaning sea and loving1 or fond of4 ,this is a large fleshy plant and does not readily decay4 ,at first it is quite round1 then becomes broadly convex4 ,all specimens that ,i have examined were covered with adpressed scales of a reddish-brown color1 becoming grayish-brown when old4 ,the flesh is white1 becoming pink or reddish when cut4 ,the margin has a peculiar angular turn1 often retaining portions of the rather fragile veil4 ,the taste is pleasant1 and the odor is distinctly that of the seashore4 ,the gills are quite narrow1 as will be seen in ,figure #beh1 much crowded1 free1 pinkish at first1 becoming purplish-brown as the plant matures4 ,the edge of the gills is whitish4 ,the stem is short1 stout1 solid1 firm1 equal1 or occasionally slightly bulbous4 ,the ring is rather delicate and in older specimens it is frequently wanting4 ,the spores are broadly elliptical and purplish-brown1 #g-he-f4 ,the specimens in figure #beh were sent to me from ,boston1 ,mass41 by ,mrs4 ,blackford1 and on opening the box the odor of the seashore was plainly noticed4 ,the flesh when cut quickly turned to a pinkish or reddish hue and the water in which the plants were prepared for cooking was changed to a faintly pink tinge4 ,these plants were sent me the first of ,june1 but the stems were free from worms and were as easily cooked as the caps4 ,i regard it as one of the very best mushrooms for table use1 while also easy to distinguish4 ,it seems to delight in sandy soil near salt water4 ,this was formerly called ,agaricus maritimus4 ,pilosace4 ,fr4 ,pilosace is from two ,greek words1 pilos1 felt2 sakos1 garment4 ,hymenophore is distinct from the stem4 ,gills are free1 and at first remote1 from the stem4 ,the general and partial veil are both absent1 hence it is without ring or volva4 ,this genus seems to have the habit of ,agaricus but no ring4 ,pilosace eximia4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bei4--,pilosace eximia4 ,eximia means choice1 distinguished4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 thin1 convex or broadly campanulate1 at length expanded and subumbonate1 smooth1 dark sooty-brown4 ,the gills are close1 broad1 ventricose1 rounded behind1 free1 dull-red1 or brownish-pink1 then brown4 ,the stem is slender1 hollow1 a little thicker at the base1 dull-red4 ,the spores are elliptical1 4#jjd inch long4 ,these plants are small and quite rare1 yet ,i have found the plants in ,haynes' ,hollow on three different occasions4 ,dr4 ,peck writes that it is a very rare plant4 ,it grows on old stumps and decayed logs4 ,the plants in figure #bei8 were found in ,haynes' ,hollow and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,stropharia4 ,fr4 ,stropharia is from the ,greek1 strophos1 a sword belt4 ,the spores are bright purple-brown1 brown or slate color4 ,the flesh of the stem and the pileus is continuous4 ,the veil1 when ruptured1 forms a ring on the stem4 ,the gills are rounded and are not free4 ,the genus can be distinguished from all the genera of the purple-spored plants except the ,agarics by the presence of a ring and by the united flesh of the stem and the cap and by the attachment of the gills4 ,they grow on the ground or are elliptical4 ,stropharia semiglobata4 ,batsch4 ,,the ,,semiglobose ,,stropharia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bfj4--,stropharia semiglobata4 ,semiglobata--semi1 half2 globus1 a ball4 ,the pileus is somewhat fleshy at the center1 thin at the margin1 hemispherical1 not expanded1 even1 viscid when moist4 ,the stem is hollow1 slender1 straight1 smooth1 glutinous1 yellowish1 veil abrupt4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 broad1 plane1 sometimes inclined to be ventricose1 clouded with black4 ,this plant is very common on the ,dunn farm on the ,columbus ,pike1 north of ,chillicothe1 but is found everywhere in grassy places recently manured1 or on dung4 ,this plant has been under the ban for a number of years1 but like many others its bad reputation has been outlived4 ,found from ,may to ,november4 ,stropharia ,hardii4 ,atkinson n4 sp4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bfa4--,stropharia ,hardii4 ,hardii is named for the collector and author of this book4 ,plant #aj cm4 high2 pileus #i cm4 broad2 stem #a cm4 thick4 ,pileus pale bright ochraceous2 gills brownish1 near ,prout's brown 7,r72 stem pale-yellow tinge4 ,pileus convex to expanded1 thick at the center1 thin toward the margin1 smooth2 flesh tinged yellow4 ,gills subelliptical to subventricose behind1 broadly emarginate1 adnexed4 ,basidia #d-spored4 ,spores suboblong1 smooth1 #e-ic-e1 purple-brown under the microscope4 ,cystidia not very numerous on side of gills1 varying from clavate to subventricose and sublanceolate1 the free end more or less irregular when narrow1 rarely branching below the apex1 and usually with a prominent broad apiculus or with two or several short processes4 ,similar cells on edge of gills1 but somewhat smaller and more regular4 ,stem even at the base1 tapering to a short root1 transversely floccose1 scaly both above and below the ring4 ,the ring membranaceous1 not prominent but still evident1 about #b cm4 from the apex4 ,atkinson4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bfa are very old plants4 ,while the plant was in season ,i did not photograph it1 but when ,prof4 ,atkinson named it ,i hastened to find some good specimens but only two had survived sufficiently to photograph4 ,they were found ,october #ae1 #aijf1 on ,mr4 ,miller's farm in ,poke ,hollow near ,chillicothe4 ,stropharia stercoraria4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,dung ,,stropharia4 ,,edible4 ,stercoraria is from stercus1 dung4 ,the pileus is slightly fleshy at the center but thin at the margin2 hemispherical1 then expanded1 even1 smooth1 discoid1 slightly striate on the margin4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 slightly crowded1 broad1 white1 umber1 then olive-black4 ,the stem is three inches or more long1 stuffed with a fibrous pith1 equal1 ring close to cap1 flocculose below the ring1 viscid when moist1 yellowish4 ,this species is distinguished from the ,s4 semiglobata by the distinct pithy substance with which the stem is stuffed1 also by the fact that the cap is never fully expanded4 ,it is found on dung and manure piles1 in richly manured fields1 and sometimes in woods4 ,stropharia ruginosa4 ,curt4 ,,the ,,green ,,stropharia4 ruginosa is from rugo1 verdigris4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 plano-convex1 subumbonate1 clothed with a green evanescent slime1 becoming paler as the slime disappears4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 soft1 brown1 tinged with purple1 slightly ventricose1 not crowded4 ,the stem is hollow1 equal1 fibrillose or squamose below the ring1 tinged with blue4 ,this species is quite variable in form and color4 ,the most typical forms are found in the fall1 in very wet weather and in shady woods4 ,this is one of the species from which the ban has not been removed but its appearance will lead no one to care to cultivate its acquaintance further than name it4 ,it is claimed by most writers that it is poisonous4 ,found in meadows and woods1 from ,july to ,november4 ,hypholoma4 ,fr4 ,hypholoma is from two ,greek words1 meaning a web and a fringe1 referring to the web-like veil which frequently adheres to the margin of the cap1 not forming a ring on the stem and not always apparent on old specimens4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 margin at first incurved4 ,the gills are attached to the stem1 sometimes notched at the stem4 ,the stem is fleshy1 similar in substance to the cap4 ,they grow mostly in thick clusters on wood either above or under the ground4 ,the spores are brown-purple1 almost black4 ,this genus differs from the genus ,agaricus from the fact that its gills are attached to the stem and its stem is destitute of a ring4 ,hypholoma incertum4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,uncertain ,,hypholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,by the courtesy of ,captain ,mc,ilvaine4 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,figure #bfb4--;,hypholoma incertum4 ,incertum1 uncertain4 ,prof4 ,peck1 who named this species1 was uncertain whether it was not a form of ,h4 candolleanum1 to which it seemed to be very closely related2 but as the gills of that plant are at first violaceous and of this one white at first1 he concluded to risk the uncertainty on a new species4 ,the pileus is thin1 ovate1 broadly spreading1 fragile1 whitish1 margin often wavy and often adorned with fragments of the woolly white veil1 opaque when dry1 transparent when moist4 ,the gills are thin1 narrow1 close1 fastened to the stem at their inner extremity1 white at first1 then purplish-brown1 edges often uneven4 ,the stem is equal1 straight1 hollow1 white1 slender1 at least one to three inches long4 ,the spores are purplish-brown and elliptical4 ,it is found in lawns1 gardens1 pastures1 and thin woods4 ,it is small but grows in such profusion that one can obtain quantities of it4 ,the caps are very tender and delicious4 ,it appears as early as ,may4 ,hypholoma appendiculatum4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,appendiculate ,,hypholoma4 ,,edible4 ,appendiculatum1 a small appendage4 ,this is so called from the fragments of the veil adhering to the margin of the cap4 ,the pileus is thin1 ovate1 expanded1 watery1 when dry1 covered with dry atoms2 margin thin and often split1 with a white veil2 the color when moist dark-brown1 when dry nearly white1 often with floccose scales on the cap4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 crowded1 white1 then rosy-brown1 and at length dingy-brown4 ,the stem is hollow1 smooth1 equal1 white1 fibrous1 mealy at the apex4 ,the veil is very delicate and only seen in quite young plants4 ,the plant grows in the spring and the summer and is found on stumps and sometimes on lawns4 ,it is a favorite mushroom with those who know it4 ,the plant can be dried for winter use and retains its flavor to a remarkable degree4 ,hypholoma candolleanum1 ,fr41 resembles the ,h4 appendiculatum in many features1 but the gills are violaceous1 becoming cinnamon-brown and in old plants nearly free from the stem4 ,it has more substance4 ,the caps1 however1 are very tender and delicious4 ,found in clusters4 ,hypholoma lachrymabundum4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,weeping ,,hypholoma4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bfc4--;,hypholoma lachrymabundum4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bfd4--;,hypholoma lachrymabundum4 ,lachrymabundum--full of tears4 ,this plant is so called because in the morning or in damp weather the edge of the gills retain very minute drops of water4 ,the plant in ,figure #bfc was photographed in the afternoon yet there can be seen a number of these minute drops4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 campanulate1 then convex1 sometimes broadly umbonate1 spotted with hairy scales2 flesh white4 ,the gills are closely attached to the stem1 notched1 crowded1 somewhat ventricose1 unequal1 whitish1 then brown-purple1 distilling minute drops of dew in wet weather or in the morning4 ,the stem is hollow1 somewhat thickened at the base1 quite scaly with fibrils1 often becoming brownish-red1 two to three inches long4 ,the spores are brownish-purple4 ,i have never found the plant elsewhere than on the ,chillicothe high school lawn1 and then not in sufficient numbers to test its edible qualities4 ,when ,i do1 ,i shall try it cautiously1 but with full faith that ,i shall be permitted to try others4 ,found on the ground and on decayed wood4 ,it often grows in clusters4 ,september to ,october4 ,hypholoma sublateritium4 ,schaeff4 ,,the ,,brick-,,red ,,hypholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bfe4--;,hypholoma sublateritium4 ,natural size4 ,sublateritium is from sub1 under1 and later1 a brick4 ,the pileus is brick-red1 with pale yellowish border2 the surface is covered with fine silky fibres2 fleshy1 moist1 and firm2 the cap is from two to four inches broad2 remnants of the veil are often seen on the margin2 flesh creamy1 firm1 and bitter4 ,the gills are creamy when young1 olive when old2 attached to the stem at inner extremity1 rather narrow1 crowded1 and unequal4 ,the stem is creamy when young1 lower part slightly tinged with red1 hollow or stuffed1 having silky fibres on the surface1 two to four inches long1 often incurved because of position4 ,the spores are sooty-brown and elliptical4 ,it grows in large clusters around old stumps4 ,it is especially plentiful about ,chillicothe4 ,it is not equal to many others of the ,hypholomas as an esculent4 ,sometimes it is bitter even after it is cooked4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine gives a plausible reason when he says it may be due to the passage of larv through the flesh of the plant4 ,it is found from ,september to early winter4 ,hypholoma perplexum4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,perplexing ,,hypholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bff4--;,hypholoma perplexum4 ,one-half natural size4 ,caps brown1 with a pale yellow margin4 ,perplexum means perplexing2 so called because it is quite difficult to distinguish it from ,h4 sublateritium1 also from ,h4 fascicularis4 ,from the latter it may be known by its redder cap1 its whitish flesh1 purple-brown tint of the mature gills and mild flavor4 ,its smaller size1 the greenish and purplish tint of the gills1 and the slender hollow stem will aid in distinguishing it from ,h4 perplexum4 ,the pileus is complex1 fleshy1 expanded1 smooth1 sometimes broadly and slightly umbonate1 brown with a pale-yellow margin1 disk sometimes reddish4 ,the gills are rounded1 notched1 easily separating from the stem1 pale-yellow1 greenish ash-color1 finally purplish-brown1 thin1 quite close4 ,the stem is nearly equal1 firm1 hollow1 slightly fibrillose1 yellowish or whitish above and reddish-brown below4 ,the spores are elliptical and purplish brown4 ,this plant is very abundant in ,ohio4 ,it grows about old stumps1 but a favorite habitat seems to be upon old sawdust piles4 ,i have found it after we have had considerable freezing weather4 ,the plants in the figure were frozen when ,i found them1 the #bgth of ,november4 ,dr4 ,mc,ilvaine says in his book1 ,if the collector gets puzzled1 as he will1 over one or all of these species1 because no description fits1 he can whet his patience and his appetite by calling it ,h4 perplexum and graciously eating it4 ,psilocybe4 ,pers4 ,psilocybe is from two ,greek words1 naked and head4 ,the spores are purple-brown or slate color4 ,the pileus is smooth1 at first incurved1 brownish or purple4 ,the stem is cartilaginous1 ringless1 tough1 hollow1 or stuffed1 often rooting4 ,generally growing on the ground4 ,psilocybe foenisecii4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,brown ,,psilocybe4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bfg4--,psilocybe foenisecii4 ,one-half natural size4 ,foenisecii means mown hay4 ,the pileus is somewhat fleshy1 smoky-brown or brownish1 convex1 campanulate at first1 then expanded2 obtuse1 dry1 smooth4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 ventricose1 not crowded1 brownish-umber4 ,the stem is hollow1 straight1 even1 smooth1 not rooting1 white1 covered with dust1 then brownish4 ,quite common in grassy lawns and fields after summer rains4 ,i have never eaten it1 but ,i have no doubt of its esculent qualities4 ,psilocybe spadicea4 ,schaeff4 ,,the ,,bay ,,psilocybe4 ,,edible4 ,spadicea means bay or date-brown4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex-plane1 obtuse1 even1 moist1 hygrophanous1 bright bay-brown1 paler when dry4 ,the gills are rounded behind1 attached to stem1 easily separating from it1 narrow1 dry1 crowded1 white1 then rosy-brown or flesh-color4 ,the stem is hollow1 tough1 pallid1 equal1 smooth1 one to two inches long4 ,they grow in dense clusters where old stumps have been or where wood has decayed4 ,the caps are small but very good4 ,they are found from ,september to frost or freezing weather4 ,psilocybe ammophila4 ,mont4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bfh4--,psilocybe ammophila4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing the sand on the base4 ,ammophila is from two ,greek words2 ammos1 sand1 and philos1 loving2 so called because the plants seem to delight to grow in sandy soil4 ,the pileus is small1 convex1 expanded1 umbilicate1 at first hemispherical1 rather fleshy1 yellow1 tinged with red1 fibrillose4 ,the gills are smoky in color1 with a decurrent tooth1 powdered with the blackish spores4 ,the stem is soft1 rather short1 hollow1 lower half clavate and sunk into the sand1 striate4 ,the spores are #abh4 ,they are found in ,august and ,september4 ,they delight in sandy soil1 as the specific name indicates4 ,the plants in the photograph were found near ,columbus and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,it is quite common in sandy soil4 ,i do not think it is edible4 ,i should advise great caution in its use4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,black-,,spored ,,agarics4 ,the genera belonging to this series have black spores4 ,there is an entire absence of purple or brown shades4 ,the genus ,gomphidius1 placed in this series for other reasons1 has dingy-olivaceous spores4 ,coprinus4 ,pers4 ,coprinus is from a ,greek word meaning dung4 ,this genus can be readily recognized from the black spores and from the deliquescence of the gills and cap into an inky substance4 ,many of the species grow in dung1 as the name implies1 or on recently manured ground4 ,some grow in flat rich ground1 or where there has been a fill1 or on dumping grounds2 some grow on wood and around old stumps4 ,the pileus separates easily from the stem4 ,the gills are membranaceous1 closely pressed together4 ,the spores1 with few exceptions1 are black4 ,most of the species are edible1 but many are of such small size that they are easily overlooked4 ,coprinus comatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,shaggy ,,mane ,,coprinus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,prof ,shaftner4 ,figure #bfi4--;,coprinus comatus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bgj4--;,coprinus comatus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,comatus is from coma1 having long hair1 shaggy4 ,it is so called from a fancied resemblance to a wig on a barber's block4 ,a description is hardly necessary with a photograph before us4 ,they always remind us of a congregation of goose eggs standing on end4 ,this plant cannot be confounded with any other1 and the finder is the happy possessor of a rich1 savory morsel that cannot be duplicated in any market4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 moist1 at first egg-shaped1 cylindrical1 becoming bell-shaped1 seldom expanded1 splitting at the margin along the line of the gills1 adorned with scattered yellowish scales1 tinged with purplish-black1 yet sometimes entirely white2 surface shaggy4 ,the gills are free1 crowded1 equal1 creamy white1 becoming pink1 brown1 then black1 and dripping an inky fluid4 ,the stem is three to eight inches long1 hollow1 smooth1 or slightly fibrillose1 tapering upward1 creamy-white1 brittle1 easily separating from the cap1 slightly bulbous at the base4 ,the ring is rarely adherent or movable in young plants1 later lying on the ground at the base of the stem or disappearing altogether4 ,the spores are black and elliptical1 and are shed in liquid drops4 ,found in damp rich ground1 gardens1 rich lawns1 barnyards1 and dumping grounds4 ,they often grow in large clusters4 ,they are found everywhere in great abundance1 from ,may till late frost4 ,a weak stomach can digest any of the ,coprini when almost any other food will give it trouble4 ,i am always pleased to give a dish of any ,coprini to an invalid4 ,coprinus atramentarius4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,inky ,,coprinus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bga4--;,coprinus atramentarius4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,atramentarius means black ink4 ,the pileus is at first egg-shaped1 gray or grayish-brown1 smooth1 except that there is a slight scaly appearance2 often covered with a marked bloom1 margin ribbed1 often notched1 soft1 tender1 becoming expanded1 when it melts away in inky fluid4 ,the gills are broad1 close1 ventricose1 creamy-white in young specimens1 becoming pinkish-gray1 then black1 moist1 melting away in inky drops4 ,the stem is slender1 two to four inches in length1 hollow1 smooth1 tapering upward1 easily separating from the cap1 with slight vestige of a collar near the base when young but soon disappearing4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #abf41 and black1 falling away in drops4 ,i have found it abundantly all over the state1 from ,may till late frost4 ,in ,figure #bga the one in the center will show the spot-like scales2 on the others the bloom referred to is quite apparent2 the section to the right shows the broad1 ventricose gills--cream-white though slightly tinged with pink--also the shape of the stem4 ,the plant at the extreme right has expanded and begun to deliquesce4 ,c4 atramentarius is very abundant1 growing in rich soil1 lawns1 filled places1 and gardens4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,figure #bgb4--;,coprinus atramentarius4 ,coprinus micaceus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,glistening ,,coprinus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bgc4--;,coprinus micaceus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,micaceus is from micare1 to glisten1 and refers to the small scales on the pileus which resemble mica scales4 ,the pileus is tawny-yellow1 tan or light buff1 ovate1 bell-shaped2 having striations radiating from near the center of the disk to the margin2 glistening mica-like scales covering undisturbed young specimens2 the margin somewhat revolute or wavy4 ,the gills are crowded1 rather narrow1 whitish1 then tinged with pinkish or purplish-brown then black4 ,the stem is slender1 fragile1 hollow1 silky1 even1 whitish1 often twisted1 one to three inches long4 ,the spores are blackish1 sometimes brown1 elliptical1 #aje4 ,the ,glistening ,coprinus is a small but common and beautiful species4 ,one cannot fail to recognize a ,coprinus from a photograph4 ,it is somewhat bell-shaped and marked with impressed lines or striations from the margin to or beyond the center of the disk and sprinkled with fugacious micaceous granules all of which show in ,figure #bgc4 ,for eating1 this is without doubt the best mushroom that grows4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bgc grew around an old peach stump in ,dr4 ,miesse's yard1 in ,chillicothe4 ,you will find them around any stump1 especially just before a rain4 ,if you secure a good supply and wish to keep them1 partially cook them and warm them for use4 ,coprinus ebulbosus4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bgd4--;,coprinus ebulbosus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,ebulbosus1 without being bulbous4 ,this seems to be the difference between the ,american and the ,european plants1 the latter being bulbous4 ,the pileus is membranaceous1 at first ovate1 bell-shaped1 striate1 variegated with broad white scales1 or white patches2 one to two inches broad4 ,the gills are free1 broad1 ventricose1 grayish-black1 soon deliquescing4 ,the stem is hollow1 equal1 fragile1 smooth1 four to five inches long4 ,usually found where old stumps have been cut off under the ground1 leaving the roots in the ground4 ,it is very abundant4 ,the collector will have no trouble to recognize it from ,figure #bgd4 ,they are found from ,june to ,october4 ,edible1 but not as good as ,c4 atramentarius4 ,coprinus ephemerus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,ephemeral ,,coprinus4 ,,edible4 ,ephemerus1 lasting for a day4 ,this plant lasts only for a short time4 ,it comes up in the early morning or at night and as soon as the sun's rays touch it it deliquesces into an inky fluid4 ,the pileus is membranaceous1 very thin1 oval1 slightly covered with bran-like scales1 disk elevated1 even4 ,gills are adnexed1 distant1 whitish1 brown1 then black4 ,the stem is slender1 equal1 pellucid1 smooth1 from one to two inches high4 ,when this plant is fully developed it is quite a beautiful specimen1 striated from margin to center4 ,found on dung and dung heaps and in well manured grass plots from ,may to ,october4 ,it must be cooked at once4 ,its chief value is its excellent mushroom flavor4 ,coprinus ovatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,ovate ,,coprinus4 ,,edible4 ,ovatus is from ovum1 an egg4 ,it is so called from the shape of the pileus1 which is somewhat membranaceous1 ovate1 then expanded1 striate2 at first woven into densely imbricated1 thick1 concentric scales2 is bulbous1 rooting1 flocculose1 hollow above1 the ring deciduous2 gills free1 remote1 slightly ventricose1 for sometime white1 then umber-blackish4 ,this plant is much smaller and less striking than the ,c4 comatus1 yet its edible qualities are the same4 ,i have eaten it and found it delicious4 ,it is found in about the same locality in which you would expect to find the ,c4 comatus4 ,coprinus fimetarius4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,shaggy ,,dung ,,coprinus4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,figure #bge4--;,coprinus fimetarius4 ,fimetarius is from fimetum1 a dunghill4 ,the pileus is somewhat membranaceous1 clavate1 then conical1 at length torn and revolute2 at first rough with floccose scales1 then naked2 longitudinally cracked and furrowed1 even at the apex4 ,the stem is inclined to be scaly1 thickened at the base1 solid4 ,the gills are free1 reaching the stem1 at first ventricose1 then linear1 brownish-black4 ,fries4 ,this is quite a variable plant4 ,there are a number of varieties classed under this species4 ,it is said to be of excellent flavor4 ,i have never eaten it4 ,panolus4 ,fr4 ,panolus is from two ,greek words1 all2 variegated4 ,this genus is so called from the mottled appearance of the gills4 ,the pileus is somewhat fleshy1 margin even1 but never striate4 ,the margin always extends beyond the gills and the gills are not uniform in color4 ,the mottled appearance of the gills is due to the falling of the black spores4 ,the gills do not deliquesce4 ,the stem is smooth1 sometimes scaly1 at times quite long1 hollow4 ,the veil1 when present1 is interwoven4 ,this plant is found on rich lawns recently manured1 but principally on dung4 ,there are only two edible species1 ,p4 retirugis and ,p4 solidipes4 ,the other species would not be likely to attract the attention of the ordinary collector4 ,panolus retirugis4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,ribbed ,,panaeolus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xl4 ,figure #bgf4--,panaeolus retirugis4 ,natural size1 showing portions of the veil on the margin4 ,retirugis is from rete1 a net2 ruga1 a wrinkle4 ,the pileus is about one inch in diameter1 inclined to be globose1 then hemispherical1 slightly umbonate1 center darker1 with united raised ribs1 sometimes sprinkled with opaque atoms2 veil torn1 appendiculate4 ,the gills are fixed1 ascending1 broad in middle2 and in the expanded forms the gills are separated more and more from the stem and finally appear more or less triangular2 cinereous-black1 frequently somewhat clouded4 ,the stem is equal1 covered with a frost-like bloom1 cylindrical1 sometimes tortuous1 cartilaginous1 becoming hollow1 pinkish-purple1 always darker below and paler above1 bulbous4 ,the veil in young and unexpanded plants is quite strong and prominent2 as the stem elongates it loosens from the stem1 and as the cap expands it breaks into segments1 frequently hanging to the margin of the cap4 ,by close observation one will sometimes detect a black band on the stem1 caused by the falling of the black spores1 when the plant is damp1 before the pileus has separated from the stem4 ,the spores are black and elliptical4 ,i have found it a number of times on the ,chillicothe high school lawn1 especially after it was fertilized in the winter4 ,it is found mostly on dung from ,june to ,october4 ,i do not recommend it as a delicacy4 ,panolus epimyces4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bgg4--,panolus epimyces4 ,note black spores in central foreground4 ,note also huge masses of abortive stuff upon which it grows4 ,epimyces is from epi1 upon2 myces1 a mushroom2 so called because it is parasitic on fungi4 ,there are a number of species of mushrooms whose habitat is on other mushrooms or fungus growths2 such as ,collybia cirrhata1 ,c4 racemosa1 ,c4 tuberosa1 ,volvaria loveiana and the species of ,nyctalis4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 at first subglobose1 then convex1 white1 silky1 fibrillose1 flesh white or whitish1 soft4 ,the gills are rather broad1 somewhat close1 rounded behind1 adnexed1 dingy-white1 becoming brown or blackish1 with a white edge4 ,the stem is short1 stout1 tapering upwards1 strongly striate and minutely mealy or pruinose2 solid in the young plant1 hollow in the mature1 but with the cavity small2 hairy1 or substrigose at the base4 ,the spores elliptical and black1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjce of an inch long1 4#jjjb to 4#jjjbe broad4 ,peck4 ,the plants are small1 about two thirds to an inch broad and from an inch to an inch and a half high4 ,it is referred to this genus because of its black spores4 ,it has other characteristics which would seem to place it better among ,hypholomas4 ,it is not common4 ,found in ,october and ,november4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bgg were found in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fisher4 ,panolus campanulatus4 ,linn4 ,,bell-,,shaped ,,panaeolus4 ,campanulatus is from campanula1 a little bell4 ,the pileus is an inch to an inch and a quarter broad1 oval or bell-shaped1 sometimes slightly umbonate1 smooth1 somewhat shining1 grayish-brown1 sometimes becoming reddish-tinted1 the margin often fringed with fragments of the veil4 ,the gills are attached1 not broad1 ascending1 variegated with gray and black4 ,the stem is three to five inches long1 hollow1 slender1 firm1 straight1 often covered with frost-like bloom and often striate at the top1 the veil remaining only a short time4 ,the spores are subellipsoid1 #h-if4 ,the gills do not deliquesce4 ,it is widely distributed and is found in almost any horse pasture4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine says in his book that he has eaten it in small quantities1 because larger could not be obtained1 and with no other than pleasant effect4 ,i have found it about ,chillicothe quite frequently but have never eaten it4 ,it is found from ,june to ,august4 ,panolus fimicolus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,dung ,,panaeolus4 ,fimicolus is from fimus1 dung2 colo1 to inhabit4 ,the pileus somewhat fleshy1 convex-bell-shaped1 obtuse1 smooth1 opaque2 marked near the margin with a narrow brown zone2 the stem is fragile1 elongated1 equal1 pallid1 covered with frost-like bloom above2 the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 broad1 variegated with gray and brown4 ,fries4 ,the plant is very small and unimportant4 ,it is found on dung1 as its name indicates1 from ,june to ,september4 ,the caps appear lighter in color when dry than when wet4 ,panolus solidipes4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,solid ,,foot ,,panaeolus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xli4 ,figure #bgh4--,panaeolus solidipes4 ,solidipes is from solidus1 solid2 pes1 foot2 and is so called because the stem of the plant is solid4 ,the pileus is two to three inches across2 firm2 at first hemispherical1 then subcampanulate or convex2 smooth2 white2 the cuticle at length breaking up into dingy-yellowish1 rather large1 angular scales4 ,the gills are broad1 slightly attached1 whitish1 becoming black4 ,the stem is five to eight inches long and two to four lines thick1 firm1 smooth1 white1 solid1 slightly striate at the top4 ,the spores are very black with a bluish tint4 ,peck4 #bc;d ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,this is a large and beautiful plant and easily distinguished because of its solid stem1 growing on dung4 ,sometimes minute drops of moisture will be seen on the upper part of the stem4 ,the plant is said to be one of the best of mushrooms to eat4 ,panolus papilionaceus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,butterfly ,,panaeolus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bgi4--,panolus papilionaceus4 ,natural size4 ,papilionaceus is from papilio1 a butterfly4 ,the pileus is about an inch broad1 somewhat fleshy1 at first hemispherical1 sometimes subumbonate1 the cuticle breaking up into scales when dry1 as will be seen in the photograph1 pale-gray with a tinge of reddish-yellow especially on the disk1 sometimes smooth4 ,the gills are broadly attached to the stem1 quite wide1 at length plane1 blackish or with varying tints of black4 ,the stem is three to four inches long1 slender1 firm1 equal1 hollow1 powdered above1 whitish1 sometimes tinged with red or yellow1 slightly striate at the top1 as will be seen in the photograph with a glass1 generally stained with the spores4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bgi were found in a garden that had been strongly manured4 ,it is usually found on dung and on grassy lawns during ,may and ,june4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine in his book speaks of this mushroom producing hilarity or a mild form of intoxication4 ,i should advise against its use4 ,anellaria4 ,karst4 ,anellaria is from anellus1 a little ring4 ,this genus is so called because of the presence of a ring on the stem4 ,the pileus is somewhat fleshy1 smooth1 and even4 ,the gills are adnexed1 dark slate-colored1 variegated with black spores4 ,the stem is central1 smooth1 firm1 shining1 ring persistent or forming a zone around the stem4 ,anellaria separata4 ,karst4 ,separata means separate or distinct4 ,the pileus is somewhat fleshy1 bell-shaped1 obtuse1 even1 viscid1 at first ochraceous1 then dingy-white1 shining1 smooth1 wrinkled when old4 ,the gills are firmly attached to the stem1 broad1 ventricose1 thin1 crowded1 clouded1 cinereous1 margin nearly white1 slightly deliquescent4 ,the stem is long1 straight1 shining1 white1 thickened downward1 ring distant1 top somewhat striate1 bulbous at the base4 ,the spores are broadly elliptic-fusiform1 black1 opaque1 #ajg4 ,it is found on dung from ,may to ,october4 ,it is not poisonous4 ,bolbitius4 ,fr4 ,bolbitius is from a ,greek word meaning cow-dung1 referring to its place of growth4 ,the pileus is membranaceous1 yellow1 becoming moist2 gills moist but not deliquescing1 finally losing their color and becoming powdery2 stem hollow and confluent with the hymenophore4 ,as the generic name implies the plant usually grows on dung1 but sometimes it is found growing on leaves and where the ground had been manured the year before4 ,the spores are of a rusty-red color4 ,bolbitius fragilis4 7,l47 ,fr4 ,fragilis means fragile4 ,the pileus is membranaceous1 yellow1 then whitish1 viscid1 margin striate1 disk somewhat umbonate4 ,the gills are attenuated1 adnexed1 nearly free1 ventricose1 yellowish1 then pale cinnamon4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 naked1 smooth1 yellow4 ,the spores are rust-colored1 #gc4e1 ,massee4 #ad-aeh-i4 ,saccardo4 ,this species is much more delicate and fragile than ,b4 ,boltoni4 ,i find it often in dairy pastures4 ,it is well flavored and cooks readily4 ,found from ,june to ,october4 ,bolbitius ,boltoni4 ,fr4 ,,bolton',s ,,bolbitius4 ,,edible4 ,the pileus is somewhat fleshy1 viscid1 at first smooth1 then the margin sulcate1 disk darker and slightly depressed4 ,the gills are nearly adnate1 yellowish1 then livid-brown4 ,the stem is attenuated1 yellowish1 ring fugacious4 ,this is rather common in dairy pastures and is found from ,may to ,september4 ,psathyrella4 ,fr4 ,psathyrella is from a ,greek word meaning fragile4 ,the members of this genus are mebranaceous1 striated1 margin straight1 at first pressed to the stem1 not extending beyond the gills4 ,gills adnate or free1 sooty-black1 not variegated4 ,the stem is confluent with1 but different in character from1 the spore-bearing surface4 ,veil inconspicuous and generally absent4 ,psathyrella disseminata4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,clustered ,,psathyrella4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #bhj4--,psathyrella disseminata4 ,natural size4 ,disseminata is from dissemino1 to scatter4 ,pileus is about a half inch across1 membranaceous1 ovate1 bell-shaped1 at first scurvy1 then naked2 coarsely striated1 margin entire2 yellowish then gray4 ,gills adnate1 narrow1 whitish1 then gray1 finally blackish4 ,stem one to one and a half inches long1 rather curved1 mealy then smooth1 fragile1 hollow4 ,massee4 ,this is a very small plant1 growing on grassy lawns1 and very common on old trunks1 and about decaying stumps4 ,a cluster about two yards square shows itself at intervals all summer on the ,chillicothe ,high ,school lawn4 ,the grass shows itself to be greener and thriftier there on account of fertilization by the mushroom4 ,the entire plant is very fragile and soon melts away4 ,i have eaten the caps raw many times and they have a rich flavor4 ,they are found from ,may till frost4 ,psathyrella hirta4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bha4--,psathyrella hirta4 ,hirta means hairy1 rough or shaggy4 ,pileus thin1 hemispherical or convex1 adorned when young with erect or spreading tufts of white1 easily determined and quickly evanescent hairs2 hygrophanous1 brown or reddish-brown and slightly striatulate when moist1 pale grayish-brown or dingy-whitish when dry1 flesh subconcolorous2 lamell broad1 moderately close1 adnate and often furnished with a decurrent tooth1 at first pallid1 becoming blackish-brown or black2 stem flexuose1 squamose1 hollow1 shining1 white2 spores elliptical1 black1 4#jjje to 4#jjjee inch long1 4#jjjbe to 4#jjjc broad4 ,subcspitose2 pileus #d to #f lines broad2 stem #a to #b inches long to #a #a-e lines thick4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bha were found in the greenhouse at the ,state ,university4 ,when quite young tufts of white hair were very conspicuous4 ,they are scarcely observed in mature specimens4 ,the plants were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,gomphidius4 ,fr4 ,gomphidius is from a ,greek word meaning a wooden bolt or peg4 ,the hymenophore is decurrent on the stem4 ,the gills are decurrent1 distant1 soft1 somewhat mucilaginous2 edge acute1 pruinate with the blackish fusiform spores2 veil viscoso-floccose1 forming an imperfect ring around the stem4 ,a small1 but distinct1 genus1 with great difference among species2 intermediate by its habits between ,cortinarius and ,hygrophorus4 ,gomphidius viscidus4 ,fr4 ,,viscid ,,gomphidius4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 viscid1 convex1 then depressed round the disk1 obtusely umbonate1 margin acute1 reddish-brown to yellowish-brown in the center1 the margin liver-color1 flesh yellowish-brown4 ,the gills are decurrent1 distant1 somewhat branched1 firm1 elastic1 rather thick1 purple-brown with an olive tinge4 ,the stem is two to three inches high1 subequal or slightly ventricose2 pale yellowish-brown1 fibrillose1 firm1 solid1 slimy from the remains of the veil1 which form an obsolete filamentose ring4 ,the spores are elongato-fusiform1 #ah-bjf4 ,its favorite habitat is under pine and fir trees4 ,its taste is sweet and it has the mushroom smell4 ,it is edible1 but not first-class4 ,found in ,september and ,october4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,polyporaceae4 ,,tube-,,bearing ,,fungi4 ,in this family the cap has no gills on the upper surface1 but1 instead1 there are small tubes or pores4 ,this class of plants may be naturally divided into two groups3 ,the perishable fungi with the pores easily separating from the cap and from each other1 which may be called ,boletace2 and the leathery1 corky1 and woody fungi1 with pores permanently united to the cap and with each other1 making the family ,polyporace4 ,in each group the spores are borne on the lining of the pore4 ,a spore print may be made in the same manner as from mushrooms having gills4 ,the color of the spores does not enter into the classification as in the case of the ,agaricini4 ,the distinctive characteristics of these genera may be stated as follows3 ,pores compacted together and forming a continuous stratum #a ,pores each a distinct tube1 standing closely side by side ,fistulina #a4 ,stem central1 and stratum of spores easily separable from the cap ,boletus #a4 ,stratum of tubes not separating easily1 cap covered with coarse scales ,strobilomyces ,stratum of tubes separating1 but not easily2 tubes arranged in distinct1 radiating lines4 ,in ,boletinus porosus the tubes do not separate from the cap ,boletinus ,stratum of pores not separable from cap2 plant soft when young1 but becoming hard1 corky1 stipitate1 shelving ,polyporus ,boletus4 ,dill4 ,boletus1 a clod4 ,there are very many species under this genus and the beginner will experience much trouble in separating the species with any degree of assurance4 ,the ,boletus is distinguished from the other pore-bearing fungi by the fact that the stratum of tubes is easily separable from the cap4 ,in the ,polyporus the stratum of tubes cannot be separated4 ,nearly all ,boleti are terrestrial and have central stems4 ,they grow in warm and rainy weather4 ,many are very large and ponderous2 fleshy and putrescent1 decaying soon after maturity4 ,it is important to note whether the flesh changes color when bruised and whether the taste is pleasant or otherwise4 ,when ,i first began to study the ,boleti there were but few species that were thought to be edible1 but the ban has been removed from very many1 even from the most wicked1 ,boletus ,satanus4 ,boletus scaber4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,rough-,,stemmed ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bhb4--;,boletus scaber4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,the pileus is from two to five inches in diameter1 rounded convex1 smooth1 viscid when moist1 minutely woolly1 velvety or scaly1 color from nearly white to almost black1 the flesh white4 ,the tubes are free from the stem1 white1 long1 mouths minute and round4 ,the stem is solid1 tapering slightly upward1 long1 dingy-white2 roughened with blackish-brown or reddish dots or scales1 this being the most pronounced characteristic by which to distinguish the species2 three to five inches long4 ,the spores are oblong fusiform and brown4 ,prof4 ,peck has described a number of varieties under this species1 most of which depend on the color of the cap4 ,all are edible and good4 ,this is a common plant1 usually found in woods and shady waste places1 from ,june to ,october4 ,photographed by ,prof4 ,h4 ,c4 ,beardslee4 ,boletus granulatus4 ,l4 ,,the ,,granulated ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bhc4--;,boletus granulatus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 hemispherical1 then convex2 at first covered with a brownish gluten1 then turning yellowish2 flesh thick1 yellowish1 does not turn blue2 margin involute at first4 ,the tubes are adnate2 at first white1 then light yellow2 the margin distilling a pale watery fluid which when dry gives the granulated appearance4 ,the stem is short1 one to two inches high1 thick1 solid1 pale yellow above1 white below1 granulated4 ,the spores are spindle-shaped1 rusty-yellow4 ,this plant grows abundantly in pine regions1 but ,i have found it where only a part of the trees were pine4 ,the brownish gluten1 always constant on the pileus1 and the gummy juice drying upon the stem1 like granules of sugar1 will be strong features by which to identify the species4 ,they are found from ,july to ,october4 ,boletus bicolor4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,two-,,colored ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,the pileus is convex1 smooth or merely downy1 dark red1 fading when old1 often marked with yellow2 flesh yellow1 slowly changing to blue when bruised4 ,the tubes are bright yellow1 attached to the stem1 the color changing to blue when bruised4 ,the stem is solid1 red1 generally red at the top1 one to three inches long4 ,the spores are pale1 rusty-brown color4 ,found in woods and open places1 from ,july to ,october4 ,boletus subtomentosus4 ,l4 ,,the ,,yellow-,,cracked ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bhd4--;,boletus subtomentosus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,subtomentosus1 slightly downy4 ,the pileus is from three to six inches broad1 convex1 plane2 yellowish-brown1 olive or subdued tan color2 cuticle soft and dry1 with a fine pubescence2 the cracks in the surface become yellow4 ,the flesh is creamy white in mature specimens1 changing to blue1 and at length leaden1 on being bruised4 ,the tube surface is yellow or yellowish green1 becoming bluish when bruised2 opening of tubes large and angular4 ,the stem is stout1 yellowish1 minutely roughened with scurvy dots or faintly striped with brown4 ,the spores are a rusty-brown4 ,the cracks in the cap become yellow1 on which account this species is called the ,yellow-cracked ,boletus4 ,the taste of the flesh is sweet and agreeable4 ,palmer compares it with the taste of a walnut4 ,the plant should not be feared because the flesh turns blue when bruised4 ,i first found this species in ,whinnery's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bhd grew near ,chillicothe and was photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,july to ,august4 ,boletus chrysenteron4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,red-,,cracked ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bhe4--;,boletus chrysenteron4 ,one-half natural size4 ,caps yellowish to red4 ,flesh yellow4 ,chrysenteron means gold or golden within4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 convex1 becoming more flattened1 soft to the touch1 varying from light to yellowish-brown or bright brick-red1 more or less fissured with red cracks2 the flesh yellow1 changing to blue when bruised or cut1 red immediately beneath the cuticle4 ,the tube surface is olive-yellow1 becoming bluish when bruised1 tube-openings rather large1 angled and unequal in size4 ,the stem is generally stout1 straight1 yellowish1 and more or less streaked or spotted with the color of the cap4 ,the spores are light brown and spindle-shaped4 ,this species will be easily distinguished from ,b4 subtomentosus because of its bright color and the cracks in the cap turning red1 whence the name of the ,red-cracked ,boletus4 ,the cap of this species strongly resembles ,boletus alveolatus1 but the latter has rose-colored spores and a red pore surface1 while the former has light brown spores and an olive-yellow pore surface4 ,tolerton's and ,bower's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio1 ,july to ,october4 ,boletus edulis4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,edible ,,boletus4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xlii4 ,figure #bhf4--;,boletus edulis4 ,pileus light brown1 tubes yellowish or greenish-yellow4 ,stem bulbous and faintly reticulate4 ,natural size4 ,this is quite a large and handsome plant and one rather easily recognized4 ,the firm caps of the young plant and the white tubes with their very indistinct mouths1 and the mature plants with the tubes changing to a greenish yellow with their mouths quite distinct1 are enough to identify the plant at once4 ,the pileus is convex or nearly plane2 variable in color1 light brown to dark brownish-red1 surface smooth but dull1 cap from three to eight inches broad4 ,the flesh is white or yellowish1 not changing color on being bruised or broken4 ,the tube-surface is whitish in very young plants1 at length becoming yellow and yellowish-green4 ,pore openings angled4 ,the tubes depressed around the stem1 which is stout1 bulbous1 often disproportionately elongated2 pale-brown2 straight or flexuous1 generally with a fine raised net-work of pink lines near junction of cap1 sometimes extending to the base4 ,the taste is agreeable and nutty1 especially when young4 ,woods and open places4 ,july and ,august4 ,common about ,salem and ,chillicothe1 ,ohio4 ,it is one of our best mushrooms4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine says3 ,carefully sliced1 dried1 and kept where safe from mold1 it may be prepared for the table at any season4 ,boletus speciosus4 ,frost4 ,,the ,,handsome ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bhg4--;,boletus speciosus4 ,natural size4 ,cap red or deep scarlet4 ,tubes bright lemon-yellow4 ,speciosus means handsome4 ,the pileus is three to six inches broad1 at first very thick1 subglobose1 compact1 then softer1 convex1 glabrous or nearly so1 red or deep scarlet4 ,the flesh is pale yellow or bright lemon-yellow1 changing to blue where wounded4 ,the tubes are adnate1 small1 subrotund1 plane1 or slightly depressed around the stem2 bright lemon-yellow1 becoming dingy-yellow with age1 changing to blue where bruised4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 stout1 subequal or bulbous1 reticulated1 bright lemon-yellow without and within1 sometimes reddish at the base4 ,the spores are oblong-fusiform1 pale1 ochraceous-brown1 #aj-ab4ed-e4 ,the young specimen can be recognized by the whole plant's being of a vivid lemon-yellow except the surface of the cap4 ,the plant quickly turns to green1 then blue1 wherever touched4 ,it has a wide distribution in the ,eastern and ,middle states4 ,the plant in ,figure #bhg was found in ,haynes' ,hollow by ,dr4 ,chas4 ,miesse and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,as an edible it is among the best4 ,found from ,august to ,october4 ,boletus cyanescens4 ,bull4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bhh4--;,boletus cyanescens4 ,cyanescens is from cyaneus1 deep blue1 so called the moment you touch it1 it turns a deep blue4 ,pileus is two to four inches across1 convex1 then expanded1 sometimes nearly plane1 frequently wavy1 covered with an appressed tomentum2 opaque1 pale-buff1 grayish-yellow1 or yellowish1 flesh thick1 white1 quickly changing to a beautiful azure-blue where cut or wounded4 ,the tubes are quite free1 openings small1 white1 then pale-yellow1 round1 changing color the same as the flesh4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 ventricose1 hoary with fine hair1 stuffed at first1 then becoming hollow1 colored like the pileus4 ,the spores are subelliptical1 #aj-ab4ef-g4e4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bhh were found on rather steep wooded hillsides1 ,sugar ,grove1 ,ohio4 ,they were all solitary4 ,i have found a few specimens about ,chillicothe4 ,they are widely distributed in the ,eastern states4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine says in his book the caps make an excellent dish cooked in any way4 ,i have never tried them4 ,found on hilly ground in ,august and ,september4 ,boletus indecisus4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,undecided ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bhi4--;,boletus indecisus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,indecisus means undecided2 so called because it favors very closely ,boletus felleus4 ,there is a difference in the style of the two plants by which1 after continued tasting1 the student can readily separate them4 ,the pileus is three to four inches broad1 dry1 slightly downy1 convex1 ochraceous-brown1 plane1 often irregular on the margin1 sometimes wavy1 flesh white1 and unchangeable1 taste mild or sweet4 ,the tube surface is nearly plane and firmly set against the stem1 grayish1 becoming tinged with flesh color in age1 changing to a brown when bruised2 the mouths small and nearly round4 ,the stem is covered with a fine mealy substance1 straight or flexuous1 sometimes reticulated above4 ,the spores are oblong1 brownish flesh color1 #ab4e-aed4 ,the ,b4 indecisus can be readily told from ,b4 felleus by its sweet taste and brownish spores4 ,it is my favorite of all the ,boleti1 indeed ,i think it equals the best of mushrooms4 ,its favorite habitat is under beech trees in the open4 ,it is widely distributed from ,massachusetts to the west4 ,found in ,july and ,august4 ,boletus edulis4 ,bull4--,var4 clavipes4 ,pk4 ,,club-,,footed ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bij4--;,boletus edulis1 var4 clavipes4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,note confluent caps on right4 ,clavipes means club-footed4 ,pileus fleshy1 convex1 glabrous1 grayish-red or chestnut-color4 ,flesh white1 unchangeable4 ,the tubes at first concave or nearly plane1 white and stuffed1 then convex1 slightly depressed around the stem1 ochraceous-yellow4 ,stem mostly obclavate1 inversely club-shaped1 and reticulate to the base4 ,the spores oblong-fusiform1 #ab-aed-e4 ,peck4 #east ,rep4 ,the club-footed ,boletus is very closely related to ,b4 edulis4 ,it differs1 perhaps1 in a more uniform color of the cap1 and in having tubes less depressed around the stem1 and less tinted with green when mature4 ,the stem is more club-shaped and more completely reticulated4 ,the pileus in the young plant is much more highly colored and fades out in age1 but the margin does not become paler than the disk as is often the case with ,b4 edulis4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bij were found in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fischer4 ,they are quite as good as ,b4 edulis4 ,boletus ,sullivantii4 ,b4 ,m4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bia4--;,boletus sullivantii4 ,sullivantii is named in honor of ,professor ,sullivant1 an early ,ohio botanist4 ,the pileus is three to four inches broad1 hemispherical at first1 glabrous1 reddish-tawny or brown1 brownish when dry1 cracked in squares4 ,the tubes are free1 convex1 medium size1 angular1 longer toward the margin1 their mouths reddish4 ,the stem is solid1 violaceous at the thickened base1 red-reticulated at the apex1 expanded into the pileus4 ,the spores are pallid to ochraceous1 oblong-fusiform1 #aj-bj long4 ,peck's ,boleti in ,u4 ,s4 ,this species is very close to ,boletus scaber and ,boletus edulis4 ,it differs from ,b4 scaber in its reticulated stem and from ,b4 edulis in its larger tubes4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bia were found by ,hambleton ,young near ,columbus1 and were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,boletus parvus4 ,pk4 ,parvus means small2 so named from the smallness of the plant4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 convex1 becoming plane1 often slightly umbonate1 subtomentose1 reddish4 ,flesh yellowish-white1 slowly changing to pinkish when bruised4 ,the tubes are nearly plane1 adnate1 their mouths rather large1 angular1 at first bright-red1 becoming reddish-brown4 ,the stem is equal or slightly thickened below1 red1 from one to two inches long4 ,the spores are oblong1 #ab4ed4 ,they are found in thin woods1 ,july and ,august4 ,boletus eximius4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,select ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bib4--;,boletus eximius4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,eximius means select4 ,the pileus at first is very compact1 nearly round1 somewhat covered with a mealy substance1 purplish-brown1 or chocolate color1 sometimes with a faint tinge of lilac1 becoming convex1 soft1 smoky red1 or pale-chestnut1 flesh grayish or reddish-white4 ,the tube surface is at first concave or nearly plane1 stuffed1 colored nearly like the pileus1 becoming paler with age and depressed around the stem1 the mouths minute1 round4 ,the stem is stout1 generally short1 equal or tapering upward1 abruptly narrowed at the base1 minutely branny1 colored like or a little paler than the cap1 purplish-gray within4 ,the spores are subferruginous1 #ab4e-aee-f4 ,this plant is found in open woods where there are beech trees4 ,i found it frequently on ,cemetery ,hill1 ,chillicothe4 ,it is widely distributed1 being found from the east to the west4 ,july and ,august4 ,boletus pallidus4 ,frost4 ,,the ,,pallid ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,pallidus1 pale4 ,the pileus is convex1 becoming plane or centrally depressed1 soft1 smooth1 pallid or brownish-white1 sometimes tinged with red4 ,flesh is white4 ,tubes plane or slightly depressed around the stem1 nearly adnate1 very pale or whitish-yellow1 becoming darker with age1 changing to blue where wounded1 the mouths small4 ,the stem is equal or slightly thickened toward the base1 rather long1 smooth1 often flexuous2 whitish1 sometimes streaked with brown1 often tinged with red within4 ,spores pale ochraceous-brown4 ,pileus two to four inches broad4 ,stem three to five inches long4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4 ,s4 ,this species is very good1 tender1 and appetizing4 ,i found it quite abundant in the woods of ,gallia ,county and near ,chillicothe1 ,ohio4 ,boletus alveolatus4 ,b4 and ,c4 ,,the ,,alveolate ,,boletus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bic4--;,boletus alveolatus4 ,alveolatus is from alveolus1 a small hollow1 referring to the pitted form of the pore-surface1 which is one of the characters of this species4 ,the pileus is convex1 smooth1 polished1 usually rich crimson or maroon1 sometimes varied with paler yellowish tints2 substance solid1 changing to blue on being fractured or bruised1 three to six inches broad4 ,the tube-surface reaches the stem proper1 undulate with uneven hollows1 maroon1 the tubes in section being yellow beyond their dark red mouths4 ,the stem is usually quite long1 covered with depressions or pitted dentations1 with intermediate coarse net-work of raised ridges1 red and yellow4 ,the spores are yellowish-brown4 ,i found this species in the woods near ,gallipolis1 ,ohio1 also near ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,the bright color of its cap will command the attention of any one passing near it4 ,it has been branded as a reprobate1 but ,captain ,mc,ilvaine gives it a good reputation4 ,found in the woods1 especially along streams1 ,august and ,september4 ,photographed by ,prof4 ,h4 ,c4 ,beardslee4 ,boletus felleus4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,bitter ,,boletus4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,prof4 ,atkinson4 ,figure #bid4--;,boletus felleus4 ,natural size4 ,felleus is from fel1 gall1 bitter4 ,the pileus is convex1 nearly plane1 at first rather firm in substance1 then becoming soft and cushion-like1 smooth1 without polish1 varying in color from pale ochre to yellowish or reddish-brown or chestnut1 flesh white1 changing to flesh-color when bruised1 taste exceedingly bitter1 cap three to eight inches in diameter4 ,the tube-surface is white at first1 becoming dull pinkish with age or upon being cut or broken2 rounded upward as it reaches the stem1 attached to the stem1 mouths angular4 ,the stem is variable1 tapering upward1 rather stout1 quite as smooth as the cap and a shade paler in color1 toward the apex covered with a net-work which extends to the base1 often bulbous4 ,the flesh is not poisonous but intensely bitter4 ,no amount of cooking will destroy its bitterness4 ,i gave it a thorough trial1 but it was as bitter after cooking as before4 ,it is a common ,boletus about ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,i have seen plants there eight to ten inches in diameter and very heavy4 ,they grow in woods and wood margins1 usually about decaying stumps and logs1 sometimes in the open fields4 ,july to ,september4 ,boletus versipellis4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,orange-,,cap ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bie4--;,boletus versipellis4 ,natural size4 ,versipellis is from verto1 to change1 and pellis1 a skin4 ,the pileus is two to six inches in diameter1 convex1 orange-red1 dry1 minutely woolly or downy1 then scaly or smooth1 margin containing fragments of the veil1 flesh white or grayish4 ,the tube-surface is grayish-white1 tubes long1 free1 mouths minute and gray4 ,the stem is equal or tapering upward2 solid1 white with scaly wrinkles2 three to five inches long2 and is frequently covered with small reddish or blackish dots or scales4 ,the spores are oblong spindle-shaped4 ,this plant can be easily distinguished by the remnant of the veil which adheres to the margin of the cap and is of the same color4 ,it is frequently turned under the margin adhering to the tubes4 ,it is a large and imposing plant found in sandy soil and especially among the pines4 ,i found it in ,j4 ,thwing ,brooke's woods1 ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,august to ,october4 ,boletus gracilis4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,slender-,,stemmed ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bif4--;,boletus gracilis4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,gracilis means slender1 referring to the stem4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 convex1 smooth or minutely tomentose1 the epidermis frequently cracked as in the illustration2 ochraceous-brown1 tawny1 or reddish brown2 flesh white4 ,the tube surface is convex to plane1 depressed around the stem1 nearly free1 whitish1 becoming flesh-colored4 ,the stem is long and slender1 equal or slightly tapering upward1 usually curved2 pruinose or mealy4 ,the spores are subferruginous1 4#jjje to 4#jjjg inch long1 4#jjjb to 4#jjjbe inch broad4 ,this is quite a pretty plant1 but at first sight it will not be taken for a ,boletus4 ,they are not plentiful in our woods4 ,i find them only occasionally and then sparsely4 ,they are found in ,july and ,august1 the months for the ,boleti4 ,they grow in leaf mold in mixed woods1 especially among beech timber4 ,boletus stripes4 ,secr4 ,stripes means striate stem4 ,the pileus is convex or plane1 soft1 silky1 olivaceous1 the cuticle rust-color within1 flesh white1 yellow next the tubes1 sparingly changing to blue4 ,the tubes are adnate1 greenish1 their mouths minute1 angular1 yellow4 ,the stem is firm1 curved1 marked with brownish-black striations1 yellow1 and brownish-rufescent at the base4 ,the spores are #aj-acd4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4 ,s4 ,i found some beautiful specimens in a mixed woods on the ,edinger hillside1 near ,chillicothe4 ,i located them here1 but observing that this species was not common ,i sent some to ,prof4 ,atkinson1 who placed them under this species4 ,august4 ,boletus radicans4 ,pers4 ,the pileus is convex1 dry1 subtomentose1 olivaceous-cinereus1 becoming pale-yellowish1 the margin thin1 involute4 ,flesh pale-yellow1 taste bitterish4 ,the tubes are adnate1 their mouths large1 unequal2 lemon-yellow4 ,the stem is two to three inches long1 even1 tapering downward and radiating1 flocculose with a reddish bloom1 pale-yellow1 becoming naked and dark with a touch4 ,the spores are fusiform1 olive1 #aj-ab4ee4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4 ,s4 ,i found these specimens in the same locality with the ,b4 stripes4 ,the olivaceous cap with its peculiar involute margin and its radiating stem will greatly assist in its determination4 ,august4 ,boletus subluteus4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,yellow ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #big4--;,boletus subluteus4 ,natural size4 ,subluteus is from sub1 under1 nearly2 luteus1 yellow4 ,pileus is two to three inches broad1 convex1 becoming plane1 quite viscid when moist1 dull yellowish to reddish brown1 frequently more or less streaked4 ,the flesh is whitish or dull yellow4 ,the tube surface is plane or convex1 the tubes set squarely against the stem1 being small1 nearly round1 yellowish or ochraceous1 becoming darker in age4 ,the stem is rather long1 nearly equal1 about the color of the cap1 dotted both above the ring and below it2 the ring is membranaceous1 quite variable and persistent1 usually collapsing as a narrow ring on the stem4 ,the spores are ochraceous-brown1 oblong or elliptical1 #h-ajd-e4 ,prof4 ,atkinson has made a careful study of both the ,american and the ,european plants called in this country ,b4 luteus and ,b4 subluteus1 and has come to the conclusion that they should all be called ,b4 luteus4 ,in distinguishing the two we usually say those having much gluten and dotted above the ring are ,b4 luteus1 and those dotted both above and below the ring are ,b4 subluteus4 ,the specimens in ,figure #big were collected at the ,state ,farm at ,lancaster1 ,ohio1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,they are found in ,july and ,august4 ,boletus parasiticus4 ,bull4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bih4--;,boletus parasiticus4 ,parasiticus means a parasite2 so called because it grows on a ,scleroderma4 ,it is a small plant and quite rare4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 convex1 or nearly plane1 dry1 silky1 becoming glabrous1 soon tessellately cracked1 grayish or dingy yellow4 ,tubes decurrent1 medium size1 golden yellow4 ,the stem is equal1 rigid1 incurved1 yellow within and without4 ,the spores are oblong-fusiform1 pale-brown1 #ab4e-aed4 ,peck4 ,the tubes are rather large and unequal1 and inclined to run down upon the stem4 ,this plant was found near ,boston1 ,mass41 by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,blackford and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine says it is edible but not of good flavor4 ,it is found in ,july and ,august4 ,boletus separans4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,separating ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bii4--;,boletus separans4 ,one-half natural size4 ,separans1 separating1 alluding to the tubes sometimes separating from the stem by the expansion of the pileus4 ,the pileus is convex1 thick1 smooth1 subshining1 often pitted or corrugated2 brownish-red or dull-lilac1 sometimes fading to yellowish on the margin2 flesh white and unchangeable4 ,tubes at first are nearly plane1 adnate1 white and stuffed1 then convex1 depressed around the stem1 ochraceous-yellow or brownish-yellow and sometimes separating from the stem by the expansion of the pileus4 ,the stem is equal or slightly tapering upward2 reticulated1 either wholly or in upper part only2 colored like the pileus or a little paler1 sometimes slightly furfuraceous4 ,spores subfusiform1 brownish-ochraceous4 ,peck1 ,boleti of ,u4 ,s4 ,the specimens in ,figure #bii were found at ,londonderry1 about fifteen miles east of ,chillicothe1 in a grassy woods near a stream4 ,the taste is agreeable when raw and quite good when cooked4 ,this might appropriately have been called the lilac ,boletus1 for that shade of color is usually present in it1 somewhere4 ,august to ,october4 ,boletus auripes4 ,pk4 ,,yellow-,,stemmed ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cjj4--;,boletus auripes4 ,one-half natural size4 ,caps yellowish-brown4 ,tube surface and stem yellow4 ,auripes is from aureus1 yellow or golden2 pes1 foot2 so called from its yellow stem4 ,the pileus is three to four inches broad1 convex1 nearly smooth1 yellowish-brown1 the flesh often cracking in areas in old plants2 flesh yellow at first1 fading to a lighter color1 in age4 ,the tubes are nearly plane1 their mouths small1 nearly round1 at first stuffed1 yellow4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 nearly equal1 often reticulated1 solid1 a bright yellow on the surface and a light yellow within4 ,the spores are ochraceous-brown1 tinged with green1 #abe4 ,the whole plant1 except the upper surface of the cap1 is a golden yellow1 and even the surface of the cap is more or less yellow4 ,it favors one form of the ,b4 edulis4 ,it is sometimes found in mixed woods1 especially if there are mountain laurels in the woods 7,kalmia latifolia74 ,it is found in ,july and ,august4 ,boletus retipes4 ,b4 and ,c4 ,,the ,,beautiful-,,stemmed ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cja4--;,boletus retipes4 ,natural size4 ,retipes is from rete1 a net2 pes1 a foot2 so called from the delicate net-work seen on the stem4 ,the pileus is convex1 dry1 powdered with yellow1 sometimes rivulose or cracked in areas4 ,the tubes are adnate1 yellow4 ,the stem is subequal1 cespitose1 reticulate to the base1 pulverulent below4 ,the spores are greenish-ochraceous1 #ab-aed-e4 ,peck1 ,boleti4 ,b4 retipes is very close to ,b4 ornatipes1 but its manner of growth1 its pulverulent cap1 and its greenish-ochraceous spores will at once distinguish it4 ,i have found them on ,ralston's ,run1 a number from the same mycelial cluster1 as in ,figure #cja4 ,the caps only are good4 ,the specimens in the figure were found near ,ashville1 ,n4 ,c41 and photographed by ,prof4 ,h4 ,c4 ,beardslee4 ,boletus griseus4 ,frost4 ,,the ,,gray ,,boletus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cjb4--;,boletus griseus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,griseus means gray4 ,the pileus is broadly convex1 firm1 dry1 almost smooth1 gray or grayish black4 ,the flesh is whitish or gray4 ,the tubes are attached to the stem and slightly depressed around the stem1 nearly plane1 their mouths being small1 nearly round1 white or whitish4 ,the stem is slightly unequal1 tapering downward1 distinctly reticulated1 whitish or yellowish1 sometimes reddish toward the base4 ,the spores are ochraceous-brown1 #aj-add-e4 ,peck4 ,this plant1 with us1 grows singly and it is infrequently found4 ,i have found it always in beech woods along ,ralston's ,run4 ,it is found in ,august and ,september4 ,boletus nigrellus4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,blackish ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cjc4--;,boletus nigrellus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,nigrellus is a diminutive of niger1 black4 ,the entire plant is blackish except the pore surface4 ,the pileus is three to six inches broad1 rather broadly convex or nearly plane1 dry1 blackish4 ,the flesh is soft and unchangeable4 ,the tube-surface is rather plane1 adhering to the stem1 sometimes slightly depressed around the stem1 the mouths being small1 nearly round2 whitish1 becoming flesh-colored1 changing to black or brown when wounded4 ,the stem is equal1 short1 even1 black or blackish4 ,the spores are dull flesh-color1 #aj-abe-f4 ,when ,i first found this specimen ,i was inclined to call it ,b4 alboater1 but its flesh-colored tubes served to distinguish it4 ,i found the specimens in ,figure #cjc on ,edinger's ,hill1 near ,chillicothe4 ,the taste is mild and fairly good4 ,august and ,september4 ,boletus ,americanus4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cjd4--;,boletus ,americanus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,this species will attract the attention of the collector because of its very viscid cap4 ,i found the specimens in ,figure #cjd growing on ,cemetery ,hill1 near ,chillicothe1 in company with ,lactarius deliciosus4 ,they were growing near and under pine trees1 both in dense groups and separately4 ,the caps were very viscid1 yellow with a slight tinge of red4 ,the stem is covered with numerous reddish-brown dots4 ,the pileus is one to three inches broad1 thin2 at first rather globose1 convex1 then expanded1 sometimes broadly umbonate2 very viscid when moist1 especially on the margin2 yellow or becoming dingy or streaked with red in age4 ,the tube-surface is nearly plane and the tubes join squarely against the stem2 quite large1 angular1 pale yellow1 becoming a dull ochraceous4 ,the stem is slender1 equal or tapering upward1 firm1 with no trace of a ring2 yellow1 often brownish toward the base1 covered with numerous brown or reddish-brown quite persistent granular dots2 yellow within4 ,the spores are oblong1 ochraceous-ferruginous1 #i-aad-e4 ,the veil is only observed in the very young specimens4 ,only caps are good to eat4 ,the specimens were photographed for me by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,boletus ,morgani4 ,pk4 ,,morgan',s ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cje4--;,boletus ,morgani4 ,one-half natural size4 ,morgani is named in honor of ,prof4 ,morgan4 ,the pileus is one and a half to two inches broad1 convex1 soft1 glabrous1 viscid2 red1 yellow1 or red fading to yellow on the margin2 flesh white1 tinged with red and yellow1 unchangeable4 ,the tube-surface convex1 depressed around the stem1 tubes rather long and large1 bright yellow1 becoming greenish-yellow4 ,the stem is elongated1 tapering upward1 pitted with long and narrow depressions1 yellow1 red in the depressions1 colored within like the flesh of the pileus4 ,the spores are olive-brown1 #ah-bb1 about half as broad4 ,peck4 ,this plant is found in company with ,b4 ,russelli1 which it resembles very closely4 ,its smooth1 viscid cap and white flesh will distinguish it4 ,its stem is much more rough in wet weather than in dry4 ,the peculiar color of the stem will help to identify the species4 ,i found it frequently on ,ralston's ,run1 near ,chillicothe4 ,it is found in many of the states of the ,union4 ,july and ,august4 ,boletus ,russelli4 ,frost4 ,,russell',s ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cjf4--;,boletus ,russelli4 ,one-half natural size4 ,the cap is thick1 hemispherical or convex1 dry1 covered with downy scales or bundles of red hairs1 yellowish beneath the tomentum1 often cracked in areas4 ,the flesh is yellow and unchangeable4 ,the tubes are subadnate1 often depressed around the stem1 rather large1 dingy-yellow1 or yellowish-green4 ,the stem is very long1 equal or tapering upward1 roughened by the lacerated margins of the reticular depressions1 red or brownish red4 ,the spores are olive-brown1 #ah-bbh-aj4 ,the pileus is one and a half to four inches broad1 the stem is three to seven inches long1 and three to six lines thick4 ,this is distinguished from the other species by the dry squamulose pileus and the color of the stem4 ,the latter is sometimes curved at the base4 ,peck4 ,i have found this species frequently in the woods and open places about ,chillicothe4 ,it is one of the easiest of the ,boleti to determine4 ,the plants here have a bright brownish-red pileus1 with a shade lighter color on the stem2 the latter quite rough and tapering toward the cap4 ,they are usually solitary4 ,the plants in ,figure #cjf were collected in ,michigan and photographed by ,dr4 ,fischer4 ,boletus vermiculosus4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cjg4--;,boletus vermiculosus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,vermiculosus means full of small worms4 ,the pileus is broadly convex1 thick1 firm1 dry2 smooth1 or very minutely tomentose2 brown1 yellowish-brown or grayish-brown1 sometimes tinged with red4 ,the flesh is white or whitish1 quickly changing to blue where wounded4 ,the tubes are plane or slightly convex1 nearly free1 yellow2 their mouths small1 round1 brownish-orange1 becoming darker or blackish with age1 changing promptly to blue where wounded4 ,the stem is nearly equal1 firm1 even1 paler than the pileus4 ,the spores are ochraceous-brown1 #aj-abd-e4 ,peck4 ,the plant represented in ,figure #cjg grew under the beech trees on ,cemetery ,hill4 ,i found it frequently in the woods1 from ,july to ,september4 ,boletus ,frostii4 ,russell4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cjh4--;,boletus ,frostii4 ,caps blood-red and shining4 ,natural size4 ,frostii is named in honor of ,mr4 ,frost1 a noted mycologist4 ,the pileus is three to four inches broad2 convex1 polished1 shining1 blood-red2 the margin is thin1 the flesh scarcely changing to blue4 ,the tubes are nearly free1 greenish-yellow1 becoming yellowish-brown with age1 their mouths blood-red or cinnabar-red4 ,the stem is two to four inches long1 three to six lines thick1 equal or tapering upward1 distinctly reticulated1 firm1 blood-red4 ,the spores are #ab4e-aee4 ,peck1 ,boleti of ,u4 ,s4 ,this is a beautiful plant4 ,it is not plentiful1 yet it is found frequently on some of our hillsides4 ,the plants in ,figure #cjh were found in ,hayne's ,hollow near ,chillicothe1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,the plant is found in ,new ,england and through the ,middle ,west4 ,i have had beautiful plants sent me from ,vermont4 ,it is not edible1 so far as ,i know4 ,found in ,august and ,september4 ,boletus luridus4 ,schaeff4 ,,the ,,lurid ,,boletus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cji4--;,boletus luridus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,luridus means pale-yellow1 sallow4 ,the pileus is convex1 tomentose1 brown-olivaceous1 then somewhat viscous1 sooty4 ,the flesh is yellow1 changing to blue when wounded4 ,tubes free1 yellow1 becoming greenish1 their mouths round1 vermilion1 becoming orange4 ,the stem is stout1 vermilion1 somewhat orange at the top1 reticulate or punctuate4 ,the spores are greenish-gray1 #aei4 ,the lurid ,boletus1 though pleasant to the taste1 is reputed very poisonous4 ,boletus rubeolarius1 ,pers41 having a short1 bulbous1 scarcely reticulated stem1 is regarded as a variety of this species4 ,the red-stemmed ,boletus1 ,b4 erythropus1 ,pers41 is also indicated by ,fries as a variety of luridus4 ,it will be seen on the right in ,figure #cji4 ,it is smaller than ,b4 luridus1 has a brown or reddish-brown pileus and a slender cylindrical stem1 not reticulated but dotted with squamules4 ,peck1 ,boleti of the ,u4 ,s4 ,the plant is quite abundant in our woods4 ,found in ,july and ,august4 ,boletus castaneus4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,chestnut ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #caj4--;,boletus castaneus4 ,one-half natural size4 ,illustration3 ,figure #caa4--;,boletus castaneus4 ,castaneus1 pertaining to a chestnut4 ,the pileus is dry1 convex1 then expanded1 minutely velvety2 cinnamon or reddish-brown1 from one to three inches in diameter2 the flesh white1 not changing when bruised1 cap frequently turned upward4 ,the tube-surface is white1 becoming yellow1 tubes small and short1 free from the stem4 ,the stem is equal or tapering upward1 colored and clothed like the cap1 short and not always straight2 when young it is spongy in the center but becomes hollow with age4 ,the spores are pale-yellow1 oval or broadly elliptical1 which is a feature to distinguish the species4 ,i found a number of specimens in ,james ,dunlap's woods1 near ,chillicothe1 ,ohio4 ,a great majority seemed to be attacked by the parasitic fungi1 ,sepedonium chrysospermum4 ,the caps are very fine eating4 ,care should be taken to use only young specimens4 ,found in open woods from ,june to ,september4 ,boletus satanus4 ,lenz4 ,,satanic ,,boletus4 ,pileus convex1 smooth1 somewhat gluey1 brownish-yellow or whitish2 flesh whitish1 becoming reddish or violaceous where wounded4 ,tubes free1 yellow1 their mouths bright red1 becoming orange-colored with age4 ,the stem thick1 ovate-ventricose1 marked above with red reticulations4 ,peck1 ,boleti of ,u4 ,s4 ,hamilton ,gibson and ,captain ,mc,ilvaine seem to give his ,satanic majesty a good reputation1 but ,i would say ,be cautious4 ,his looks always deterred me4 ,found in woods from ,june to ,september4 ,strobilomyces4 ,berk4 ,strobilomyces is from two ,greek words meaning a pine-cone and a fungus4 ,the hymenophore is even1 tubes not easily separable from it1 large and equal4 ,it is of a brownish-gray color1 its shaggy surface more or less studded with deep-brown or black woolly points1 each at the center of a scale-like segment4 ,the tubes beneath are covered at first with a veil which breaks and is often found on the rim of the cap4 ,it is a plant that will quickly attract attention4 ,strobilomyces strobilaceus4 ,berk4 ,,the ,,cone-,,like ,,boletus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cab4--,strobilomyces strobilaceus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,strobilaceus1 cone-like4 ,this is especially emphasized from the fact that both the genus and the species are named from the fancied resemblance of the cap to a pine cone4 ,it is ever readily recognized because of this character of the cap4 ,the pileus is convex1 rough with dark umber scales drawn into regular cone-like points tipped with dark-brown2 margin veiled1 flesh grayish-white1 turning red when bruised1 and finally black4 ,pore-surface grayish-white in young specimens1 and usually covered with the veil2 tubes attached to the stem1 angular1 turning red when bruised4 ,the stem is equal or tapering upward1 furrowed at the top1 covered with a woolly down4 ,spores dark-brown1 #ab-aci4 ,found at ,londonderry4 ,common in woods4 ,august to ,september4 ,boletinus4 ,kalchb4 ,boletinus is a diminutive of ,boletus4 ,hymenium composed of broad radiating lamell1 connected by very numerous and narrow anastomosing branches or partitions1 forming large angular pores4 ,tubes somewhat tenacious1 not easily separable from the hymenophore and from each other1 adnate or subdecurrent1 yellowish4 ,peck4 ,boletinus pictus4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,painted ,,boletinus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cac4--;,boletinus pictus4 ,pictus1 painted4 ,this plant seems to delight in damp pine woods1 but ,i have found it only occasionally about ,chillicothe1 under beech trees4 ,it is readily recognized by the red fibrillose tomentum which covers the entire plant when young4 ,as the plant expands the reddish tomentum is broken into scales of the same color1 revealing the yellowish color of the pileus beneath4 ,the flesh is compact1 yellow1 often changing to a dull pinkish or reddish tint where wounded4 ,the tube-surface is at first pale yellow1 but becomes darker with age1 often changing to pinkish1 with a brown tinge where bruised4 ,the stem is solid1 equal1 and covered with a cottony layer of mycelium-threads like the pileus1 though often paler4 ,the spores are ochraceous1 #ae-ahf-h4 ,the plants are two to four inches broad1 and one and a half to three inches high4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,boletinus cavipes4 ,kalchb4 ,,hollow-,,stemmed ,,boletinus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cad4--;,boletinus cavipes4 ,cavipes is from two ,latin words meaning a hollow stem4 ,the pileus is broadly convex1 rather tough1 flexible1 soft1 subumbonate1 fibrillose-scaly1 tawny-brown1 sometimes tinged with reddish or purplish1 flesh yellowish4 ,the tubes are slightly decurrent1 at first pale-yellow1 then darker and tinged with green1 becoming dingy-ochraceous with age4 ,the stem is equal or slightly tapering upward1 somewhat fibrillose or floccose1 slightly ringed1 hollow1 tawny-brown or yellowish-brown1 yellowish at the top and marked by the decurrent dissepiments of the tubes1 white within4 ,veil whitish1 partly adhering to the margin of the pileus1 soon disappearing4 ,the spores are #h-ajd4 ,peck1 in ,boleti of the ,u4 ,s4 ,this plant grows in ,new ,york and the ,new ,england states1 under pine and tamarack trees4 ,the caps are convex1 covered with a tawny-brown fibrillose tomentum4 ,the stems of those ,i have seen are hollow from the first4 ,the plants in ,figure #cad were sent me from ,massachusetts by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,boletinus porosus4 7,berk47 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cae4--;,boletinus porosus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,caps nut-brown1 yellowish-brown or olivaceous4 ,these form a small but interesting species1 not usually exceeding three and a half inches in diameter nor more than two inches in height4 ,the cap is somewhat fleshy1 nut-brown1 or yellowish-brown1 shading to olivaceous in color in most of the specimens which ,i have found2 when fresh and moist1 somewhat sticky and shining4 ,the margins are thin1 rather even1 and inclined to be involute2 the shape of the cap is more or less irregular1 in many cases almost kidney-shaped4 ,the stem is laterally attached1 tough1 and gradually expands into the pileus which it resembles in color2 it is markedly reticulated at the top by the decurrent walls of the spore-tubes4 ,the spore-surface is yellow1 the tubes arranged in radiating rows1 some being more prominent than others1 the partitions often assuming the form of gills which branch and are connected by cross partitions of less prominence4 ,the stratum of tubes1 while soft1 is very tenacious1 not separating from the flesh of the pileus4 ,the odor and taste of all the specimens found were pleasant4 ,found in damp woods in ,july and ,august4 ,when a sufficient number can be found they make an excellent dish4 ,it is found in abundance about ,chillicothe4 ,fistulina4 ,bull4 ,fistulina means a small pipe2 so called because the tubes stand close together and separate easily one from another4 ,the hymenophore is fleshy and hymenium inferior4 ,when first seen springing from a stump or root it looks like a large strawberry4 ,it soon develops into the appearance of a big red tongue4 ,when young the upper side is quite velvety and peach-colored1 later it becomes a livid red and loses its velvety appearance4 ,the under surface is flesh-colored and is rough like the surface of a tongue1 owing to the fact that the tubes are free from one another4 ,when it is moist it is very viscid1 making your hands quite blood-stained in appearance4 ,fistulina hepatica4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,liver ,,fungus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,figure #caf4--;,fistulina hepatica4 ,beefsteak mushroom4 ,this is a beautiful plant1 quite common where there are chestnut stumps and trees4 ,i have found it on chestnut oak1 quite large specimens1 too4 ,it is one of my favorite mushrooms2 one cannot afford to pass it by4 ,its beautiful color will attract attention at once1 and having once eaten it well prepared1 one will never pass a chestnut stump without examining it4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cag4--;,fistulina hepatica4 ,one-half natural size4 ,the pileus is fan-shaped or semicircular1 red-juicy1 flesh when cut somewhat mottled like beet-root and giving forth a very appetizing odor2 the cap is moist and somewhat viscid1 the color varying from a red 7somewhat beefy7 to a reddish-brown in older plants2 while the spore surface varies from strawberry-pink through a light-and dark-tan to an almost chestnut-brown4 ,in young plants the color is much richer and more vivid than in those of greater maturity4 ,the spore surface resembles nothing so much as a very fine sponge1 the spore-tubes being short1 crowded1 yet distinct4 ,the marked peculiarity of its mode of growth is in the attachment of the stem2 somewhat thick1 fleshy1 and juicy1 coming from the side of the pileus like the handle of a fan1 it looks as if some one had taken hold of the cap and given it a partial twist to the right or to the left1 as may be seen in ,figure #cag4 ,another peculiarity ,i have noticed in this species consists of the nerve-like lines1 or veinlets1 radiating from the stem and streaking the upper surface of the cap4 ,the taste1 when raw1 is slightly but pleasantly acid4 ,its favorite habitat seems to be injured places on chestnut trees1 and about chestnut stumps4 ,it is known as ,liver ,fungus1 ,beefsteak ,fungus1 ,oak-,tongue1 ,chestnut-,tongue1 etc4 ,it is found from ,july to ,october4 ,i have found it plentiful about ,chillicothe on chestnut stumps1 and quite generally over the state4 ,i found some very fine specimens on the chestnut oaks1 about ,bowling ,green1 ,ohio4 ,when properly prepared it is equal to any kind of meat4 ,it is one of our best mushrooms4 ,fistulina pallida4 ,b4 and ,rav4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cah4--;,fistulina pallida4 ,natural size4 ,pallida means pale4 ,pileus kidney-shaped1 pallid-red1 fawn or clay-color1 thick at the base and thinning toward the margin1 which is often crenate and inflexed2 pulverulent1 firm1 flexible1 tough2 flesh white4 ,the tubes are long and slender1 mouths somewhat enlarged1 whitish1 the tube surface a pale cream-color and minutely mealy1 pores not decurrent but ending with the beginning of the stem4 ,the stem is uniformly attached to the concave margin of the cap2 attenuated downward2 whitish below1 but near the cap it changes to the same tint4 ,the peculiar manner of attachment of the stem will serve to identify the species1 which ,i have found several times near ,chillicothe4 ,the specimen in the illustration was found on the ,state farm1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,polyporus4 ,fr4 ,polyporus is from two ,greek words meaning many and pores4 ,in this genus the stratum of the pores is not easily separated from the cap4 ,most of the species under this genus are tough and corky4 ,many grow on decayed wood1 a few on the ground1 but even these are inclined to be tough4 ,very few of those growing on wood have a central stem and many have apparently no stem at all4 ,polyporus picipes4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,black-,,footed ,,polyporus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cai4--,polyporus picipes4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,note the black stem1 which gives name to the species4 ,picipes is from pix1 pitch or black1 and pes1 foot4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 rigid1 coriaceous1 tough1 even1 smooth1 depressed either behind or in the center2 livid with a chestnut-colored disk4 ,the pores are decurrent1 rounded1 small1 tender1 white1 finally reddish-gray4 ,the stem is eccentric and lateral1 equal1 firm2 at first velvety1 then naked2 punctate with black dots1 becoming black4 ,the stem at the base is pitch-black1 as will be seen in ,figure #cai4 ,the margin of the cap is very thin and the caps are irregularly funnel-form4 ,this plant is widely distributed over the ,united ,states and is quite common about ,chillicothe4 ,found in damp woods on decayed logs from ,july to ,november4 ,when very young and tender it can be eaten4 ,polyporus umbellatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,sun-,,shade ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,figure #cbj4--,polyporus umbellatus4 ,umbellatus is from umbella1 a sun-shade4 ,very much branched1 fibrous-fleshy1 toughish4 ,the pileoli are very numerous1 one-half to one and a half inches broad1 sooty1 dull-red1 united at the base4 ,pores are minute and white4 ,white pileoli have sometimes occurred4 ,fries4 ,the tufts1 as will be observed from ,figure #cbj1 are very dense1 and there seems to be no limit to their branching4 ,notice that every cap is depressed or umbilicate4 ,the specimen in ,figure #cbj was collected near ,mammoth ,cave1 ,kentucky1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd1 ,cincinnati1 and through his courtesy ,i have used his print4 ,i have found the plant about ,chillicothe and ,sidney1 ,ohio4 ,it is found on decayed roots on the ground1 or on stumps4 ,when the caps are fresh they are quite good4 ,may to ,november4 ,polyporus frondosus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,branched ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cba4--,polyporus frondosus4 ,one-fifth natural size4 ,frondosus1 full of leafy branches4 ,the tufts are from six inches to over a foot broad1 very much branched1 fibrous-fleshy1 toughish4 ,the pileoli are very numerous1 one-half to two inches broad1 sooty-gray1 dimidiate1 wrinkled1 lobed1 intricately recurved4 ,flesh white4 ,stems1 growing into each other1 white4 ,the pores are rather tender1 very small1 acute1 white1 commonly round1 but in oblique position1 gaping open and torn4 ,fries4 ,the specimen in ,figure #cba was found near ,chillicothe4 ,when tender it is very good4 ,found on stumps and roots from ,september till the coming of frost4 ,we are told that in the ,roman markets this mushroom is frequently sold as an article of food4 ,polyporus leucomelas4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cbb4--,polyporus leucomelas4 ,leucomelas is from two ,greek words1 leucos1 white1 and melas1 black4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 fleshy1 somewhat fragile1 irregularly shaped1 silky1 sooty-black2 flesh soft1 reddish when broken4 ,the pores are rather large1 unequal1 ashy or whitish1 becoming black when drying4 ,the stem is one to three inches long1 stout1 unequal1 somewhat tomentose1 sooty-black1 becoming black internally4 ,the pileus and stem become black in places4 ,the spores are cylindric-fusoid1 pale-brown1 #aj-abd-e4 ,they are usually found in pine woods4 ,the caps are often deformed and are easily broken4 ,the pores resemble those of a ,boletus4 ,the plant is quite widely distributed4 ,the one in ,figure #cbb was found in ,massachusetts by ,mrs4 ,blackford1 and ,i photographed it after it was partially dry4 ,it is probably the same as ,p4 griseus1 ,p4 ,polyporus ,berkeleyi4 ,fr4 ,,berkeley',s ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,the pileoli are fleshy1 tough1 becoming hard and corky1 many times imbricated1 sometimes growing very large1 with many in a head2 subzonate1 finally tomentose2 the plant very much branched1 alutaceous4 ,the stem is short or entirely wanting1 arising from a long and thick caudex4 ,the pore surface is very large1 the pores are large and irregular1 angular1 pale-yellowish4 ,i have seen some very large specimens of this species4 ,the natural size of the specimen in ,figure #cbc is two and one-fourth feet across4 ,when young it is edible1 but not equal to ,p4 sulphureus4 ,it is found growing on the ground near trees and stumps1 and is a widely distributed plant4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cbc4--,polyporus ,berkeleyi4 ,one-fifth natural size4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xlv4 ,figure #cbd4--,polyporus ,berkeleyi4 ,reduced4 ,natural size being #b feet across4 ,polyporus giganteus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,giant ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,giganteus is from gigas1 a giant4 ,the pileoli are very numerous1 imbricated1 fleshy1 tough1 somewhat coriaceous1 flaccid1 somewhat zoned2 color a grayish-brown in young specimens1 the deep cream pore surfaces tipping the pileoli1 rendering it a very attractive plant2 this cream-color is quickly changed to black or deep-brown by touching it4 ,the pores are minute1 shallow1 round1 pallid1 at length torn4 ,the stem is branched1 connate from a common tuber4 ,this is a large and certainly a very attractive plant1 being very often two to three feet across4 ,when young and tender it is edible4 ,found growing on decayed stumps and roots1 it is somewhat common in our state4 ,i have found some quite large specimens about ,chillicothe4 ,it is easily distinguished by its pore surface turning black or dark-brown to the touch4 ,when young and tender it makes a good stew1 but it must be well cooked4 ,polyporus squamosus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,scaly ,,polyporus4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #cbe4--,polyporus squamosus4 ,natural size4 ,squamosus means abounding in scales4 ,the pileus is from three to eighteen inches broad1 fleshy1 fan-shaped1 expanded1 flattened1 somewhat ochraceous1 variegated1 with scattered1 brown1 adpressed scales4 ,the stem is eccentric and lateral1 blunt1 reticulated at apex1 blackish at the base4 ,the pores are thin1 variable2 at first minute1 then broad1 angular and torn2 pallid4 ,spores are white and elliptical1 #adf4 ,it is found from ,massachusetts to ,iowa1 and grows very large4 ,specimens have been reported seven feet in circumference and attaining a weight of #dj pounds4 ,the specimen in ,figure #cbe was found by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd in the woods at ,red ,bank1 near ,cincinnati4 ,it is quite a common plant in ,europe4 ,it is tough1 but it is prepared for eating by being cut fine and stewed for a half hour or more4 ,in ,figure #cbe the angular and torn pores are obvious1 as well as the scales which give rise to its name4 ,found on trunks and stumps from ,may to ,november4 ,polyporus sulphureus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,sulphur-,,colored ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,figure #cbf4--,polyporus sulphureus4 ,sulphureus1 pertaining to sulphur1 so called from the color of the tube-bearing surface4 ,in mature specimens the growth is horizontal1 spreading fan-like from the stem1 undulating with radiating flutings4 ,the upper surface is salmon1 orange1 or orange-red2 flesh cheesy1 light-yellow1 the edge being smooth and unevenly thickened with nodule-like prominences4 ,in young specimens the ascending1 under yellow surface outwardly exposed4 ,the pore surface is a bright sulphur-yellow1 which is more persistent than the color of the cap2 pores very minute1 short1 often formed of inflexed masses4 ,the stem is short1 a mere close attachment for the spreading growth4 ,the taste is slightly acid and mucilaginous when raw4 ,the spores are elliptical and white1 #g-hd-e4 ,it grows on decayed logs1 on stumps1 and on decayed places in living trees4 ,the mycelium of this species will frequently be found in the hearts of trees and remain there for years before the tree is injured sufficiently for the mycelium to come to the surface4 ,it may take months1 or a century1 to accomplish this4 ,when this plant is young and tender it is a prime favorite with all who know it4 ,it is found from ,august to ,november4 ,its favorite host is an oak stump or log4 ,polyporus flavovirens4 ,b4 ,rav4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cbg4--,polyporus flavovirens4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,flavovirens means yellowish-green or olivaceous4 ,the pileus is quite large1 three to six inches broad1 convex1 expanded funnel-form or repand1 fleshy1 tomentose1 yellowish-green or olivaceous2 frequently the pileus is cracked when old2 flesh white4 ,the pores are not large1 toothed1 white or whitish1 decurrent upon the stem which is tapering4 ,this plant is very common on the oak hillsides about ,chillicothe4 ,the plants in ,figure #cbg were found by ,miss ,margaret ,mace on the ,governor ,tiffin farm1 about twelve miles north of ,chillicothe1 growing in large groups under oak trees4 ,it is edible though often tough4 ,it is found in ,august and ,september4 ,it is very abundant in this region4 ,polyporus heteroclitus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,bouquet ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cbh4--,polyporus heteroclitus4 ,one-fourth natural size4 ,the ,pileoli bright orange4 ,heteroclitus is from two ,greek words2 one of two and to lean1 referring to its habit of growth1 leaning apparently upon the ground or the base of a tree or stump4 ,it is cspitose and coriaceous4 ,the pileoli are two and a half inches broad1 orange and sessile1 expanded on all sides from the radical tubercle1 lobed1 villous1 zoneless4 ,the pores are irregularly shaped and elongated1 golden yellow4 ,fries4 ,the specimen in ,figure #cbh was found by ,mr4 ,beyerly at ,richmond ,dale1 ,ohio4 ,it was over a foot in diameter and eight inches high1 growing in many cspitose layers1 on the ground under an oak tree1 from a radical tubercle4 ,the flesh was juicy and tender1 breaking easily4 ,the radical tubercle from which it grew was filled with a milky juice4 ,the flesh was somewhat lighter in color than the outside pilei1 which extended horizontally from the tubercle4 ,it is a very showy and attractive plant1 and as ,captain ,mc,ilvaine remarks1 it looks like a mammoth dahlia in bloom4 ,when young and tender it is good1 but in age it becomes rank4 ,this plant was found ,july #ast4 ,it grows in the months of ,june and ,july4 ,polyporus radicatus4 ,schw4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cbi4--,polyporus radicatus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,radicatus1 from the long root the plant has4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 quite tough1 cushion-shaped1 slightly depressed1 pale sooty1 somewhat downy4 ,the pores are decurrent1 quite large1 obtuse1 equal1 white4 ,the stem is very long1 often eccentric1 tapering downward1 sometimes ventricose as in ,figure #cbi1 rooting quite deep1 black below4 ,it is found on the ground in the woods and in old clearings beside old trees and stumps4 ,the blackish or brown pileus1 which is more or less tomentose1 with a black stem more or less deformed1 will serve to distinguish the species4 ,found from ,september to ,november4 ,polyporus perplexus4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ccj4--,polyporus perplexus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,the pileus is spongy-fleshy1 fibrous1 sessile1 commonly imbricated1 and somewhat confluent1 irregular1 hairy-tomentose to setose-hispid1 grayish-tawny1 or ferruginous1 the margin subacute1 sterile1 the substance within tawny-ferruginous1 somewhat zonate4 ,the pores are two to three lines long1 unequal1 angular1 the dissepiments becoming brownish-ferruginous with age or where bruised4 ,the spores are ferruginous1 broadly elliptical1 4#jjjbd to 4#jjjc inch long and about 4#jjjb broad4 ,peck4 ,this is very abundant on beech logs1 growing quite large1 massive1 imbricated1 and confluent1 the pileoli being often two to four inches broad4 ,it is very closely related to ,p4 cuticularis and ,p4 hispidus4 ,it can be easily distinguished from ,p4 cuticularis by means of its straight margin1 and from ,p4 hispidus by its small size and smaller pores4 ,found from ,september to ,november4 ,polyporus hispidus4 ,fr4 ,pileus is very large1 eight to ten inches broad and three to four inches thick1 compact1 spongy1 fleshy but fibrous1 dimidiate1 with occasionally a very short stem2 generally very hairy1 but sometimes smooth2 the pileus is often marked with concentric lines which seem to indicate arrested vegetation2 brown1 blackish1 yellowish or reddish brown1 below pale-yellow or rich sienna-brown1 margin paler4 ,the pores are minute1 round1 inclined to separate1 fringed1 paler4 ,the spores are yellowish1 apiculate1 #ajg4 ,often found on living trees1 the plant gains entrance to the living stem through the bark1 by means of a wound made by some agency1 as a bird or a boring insect2 soon a mass of mycelium is formed1 and from this the fruiting body is produced4 ,polyporus cuticularis4 ,fr4 ,pileus is quite thin1 spongy1 fleshy1 then dry2 plane1 hairy-tomentose1 ferruginous1 then blackish-brown2 margin fibrous1 fimbriate1 internally loose and parallel1 fibrous4 ,the pores are long1 quite small1 pale1 then ochraceous2 pores longer than the thickness of the flesh4 ,the spores are yellow or ochraceous1 very abundant1 #gd-e4 ,the hairs on the pileus are three-cleft4 ,this is very frequent in beech woods about ,chillicothe4 ,found in ,september and ,october4 ,polyporus circinatus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,round ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,circinatus is from circinus1 a pair of compasses1 hence means rounded like a circle4 ,the pileus is three to four inches across1 with a double cap1 one cap within another1 both being compact1 thick1 round1 plane1 zoneless1 velvety1 rusty-yellow to reddish-brown1 the flesh being of the same color4 ,the upper cap is pliable1 compact1 soft1 and covered with a soft tomentum1 the lower cap1 contiguous with the stem1 is woody and corky4 ,the pores are decurrent1 extending down the stem1 entire1 rather small1 dusky-gray4 ,the stem is short and rather thick1 often swollen1 covered with a reddish-brown tomentum4 ,this is an odd but handsome species and easily determined because of its double cap4 ,it is said to prefer fir woods1 but ,i have frequently found it in oak woods4 ,it grows on the ground1 and when young and fresh the pilei are said to be good4 ,i have never found more than one specimen at a time and never in a condition to eat1 though good authorities say it is edible when young and tender4 ,found in ,september and ,october4 ,polyporus adustus4 ,fr4 ,adustus means scorched1 so called from the blackish color of margin4 ,the pileus is often imbricated2 fleshy1 tough1 firm1 thin1 villous1 ash-color2 margin straight1 blackish4 ,the pores are minute1 round1 obtuse1 whitish1 soon ashy-brown4 ,it is abundant everywhere on fallen beech or on beech stumps4 ,it is very close to ,p4 fumosus if it is not identical with it4 ,it is found from ,august to late fall4 ,polyporus resinosus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cca4--,polyporus resinosus4 ,one-fourth natural size4 ,pileus from three to six1 and frequently eight1 inches long2 rich-brown1 varying from bright cinnamon to red1 handsomely marked with delicate pencilings radiating from the axis of growth2 the color of the pileus seems to form a binding about the edge of the light-gray pore surface1 which is closely punctured with minute elliptical pores4 ,the color of the pore surface readily changes to brown upon slight pressure4 ,the whole plant is full of a brownish juice which exudes freely upon pressure4 ,the plant is shelving and imbricated upon the side of a log1 without any apparent stem4 ,taken altogether the ,polyporus resinosus presents one of the handsomest specimens of fungus growth that one will be likely to find in a long day's tramp4 ,when fresh and growing it has rather a pleasant taste4 ,it is found during ,october and ,november1 growing on decayed logs1 being partial to the beech4 ,its abundance is equal to its beauty4 ,polyporus lucidus4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ccb4--,polyporus lucidus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,the pileus is two to three or more inches broad1 usually very irregular1 brownish-maroon1 with a distinct double zone of duller dark-brown and tan4 ,cap glazed especially in the center1 wrinkled4 ,the spore surface is a very light grayish-brown in the young plant1 changing to almost a tan in older ones1 pores labyrinthiform4 ,the stem is irregular1 knotted and swollen with protuberances somewhat resembling buds1 from which develop the caps which in some cases appear as if stuck on the stem like barnacles on a stick4 ,contrary to most mushrooms the upper surface of the cap and the stem are of nearly the same color1 the stem being usually of a more brilliant red4 ,the stem has a distinct root extending into the ground several inches4 ,the whole plant is almost indescribably irregular4 ,it is quite an attractive plant when seen growing among the weeds and beside stumps4 ,the plants in ,figure #ccb ,i found growing among ,datura stramonium beside old stumps in a pasture4 ,i have found the same species growing on oak stumps4 ,it is known as ,ganoderma ,curtisii1 ,berk41 ,g4 pseudo-boletus1 ,merrill4 ,it is found from ,august till late fall4 ,polyporus obliquus4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ccc4--,polyporus obliquus4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,obliquus means slanting1 oblique4 ,this species is widely circumfused1 usually hard1 quite thick1 uneven1 pallid1 elegant chocolate-brown1 then blackish2 conversely encircled crested border4 ,the pores are long1 very minute1 obtuse1 slightly angular4 ,it grows on dead branches of iron-wood and wild cherry4 ,the deep chocolate-brown and the oblique form of its pores will serve to identify the species4 ,it grows1 with us1 in the spring4 ,i gathered this specimen in ,june4 ,in the fall ,i visited the same trunk1 but found they had begun to decay4 ,it is sometimes called ,poria obliqua4 ,polyporus graveolens4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ccd4--,polyporus graveolens4 ,graveolens means strong scented4 ,corky or woody and extremely hard1 very closely imbricated and connate1 forming a subglobose polycephalous mass1 ,figure #ccd4 ,pileoli innumerable1 inflexed and appressed1 plicate1 brown4 ,pores concealed1 very minute1 round1 pale-brown1 the dissepiments thick and obtuse4 ,morgan4 ,this is a very interesting plant because of its peculiar mode of growth4 ,it is found in woods or clearings on dead logs or on standing dead trees4 ,in some parts of the state it is quite common4 ,from the illustration1 ,figure #ccd1 it will be seen that the plant consists of an innumerable number of pileoli forming a subglobose or elongated mass4 ,they are frequently three to six inches in diameter and several inches long4 ,i have seen them very much elongated on standing trees4 ,when it is young and growing it is shiny in appearance and has a reddish and sometimes a purplish tint4 ,the inner substance is ferruginous but covered with a hard brown crust4 ,the pores are brown1 and when examined with the glass are seen to be lined with a very fine pubescence4 ,the imbricated form of the pileoli show very plainly in the illustration4 ,polyporus brumalis4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,winter ,,polyporus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cce4--,polyporus brumalis4 ,brumalis is from bruma1 which means winter2 so called because it appears late1 in cold weather4 ,the specimens in ,figure #cce were found in ,december4 ,the pileus is from one to three inches broad1 nearly plane1 slightly depressed in the center2 somewhat fleshy and tough2 dingy-brown1 clothed with minute scales1 becoming smooth1 pallid4 ,the pores are oval1 slightly angular1 slender1 acute1 denticulate1 white1 #e-fb4 ,the stem is short1 thin1 slightly bulbous at the base1 hirsute or squamulose1 pale1 central4 ,it usually occurs singly but frequently you will find several in a group4 ,found on sticks and logs1 they are quite hard to detach from their hosts4 ,too tough to eat4 ,it equals ,polyporus polyporus4 7,retz7 ,merrill4 ,polyporus rufescens4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,rufescent ,,polyporus4 ,rufescens1 becoming red4 ,the pileus is flesh-colored1 spongy1 soft1 unequal1 hairy or woolly4 ,the pores are large1 sinuose and torn1 white or flesh-colored4 ,the stem is short1 irregular1 tuberous at the base4 ,spores elliptical1 #fd-e4 ,rather common about ,chillicothe on the ground about old stumps4 ,polyporus arcularius4 ,batsch4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ccf4--,polyporus arcularius4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing dark brown and depressed center2 also dark brown stems4 ,the pileus is dark-brown1 minutely scaly1 depressed in the center1 margin covered with stiff hairs4 ,the tube surface is of a dingy cream color1 openings oblong1 almost diamond-shaped1 resembling the meshes of a net1 the meshes being smaller on the margin1 shallow1 simply marked out at the top of the stem4 ,the stem is dark-brown1 minutely scaly1 mottled1 with a ground work of cream-color2 hollow4 ,common in the spring of the year on sticks and decayed wood in fields or in old clearings4 ,it is quite generally distributed4 ,edible but tough4 ,polyporus elegans4 ,fr4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 soon becoming woody2 expanded1 even1 smooth1 pallid4 ,pores are plane1 minute1 nearly round1 pallid1 yellowish-white4 ,the stem is eccentric1 even1 smooth1 pallid2 base from the first abruptly black4 ,this is quite common on rotten wood in the forests4 ,it resembles ,p4 picipes both in appearance and habitat4 ,polyporus medulla-panis4 ,fr4 ,effused1 determinate1 subundulate1 firm1 smooth1 white1 circumference naked1 submarginate1 wholly composed of middle sized1 rather long1 entire pores1 the whole becoming yellowish in age4 ,i found this species on an elm log along ,ralston's ,run4 ,polyporus albellus4 ,pk4 ,the pileus is thick1 sessile1 convex or subungulate1 subsolitary1 two to four inches broad1 one to one and a half thick1 fleshy1 rather soft2 the adnate cuticle rather thin1 smooth or sometimes slightly roughened by a slight strigose tomentum1 especially toward the margin2 whitish1 tinged more or less with fuscus2 flesh pure white1 odor acidulous4 ,the pores are nearly plane1 minute1 subrotund1 about two lines long2 white1 inclining to yellowish1 the dissepiments thin1 acute4 ,the spores are minute1 cylindrical1 curved1 white1 4#jjjaf to 4#jjjb inch long4 ,peck4 ,this species is quite common here and is very widely distributed in the ,united ,states4 ,polyporus epileucus4 ,fr4 ,this is quite a large and beautiful plant4 ,it apparently grows without a stem1 its color being an unequal gray4 ,the pileus is somewhat coriaceous1 firm1 pulvinate1 villous4 ,the pores are round1 elongated1 obtuse1 entire1 white4 ,this is not common with us1 but ,i have met it a few times and always on elm logs or stumps4 ,polyporus betulinus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,birch ,,polyporus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ccg4--,polyporus betulinus4 ,betulinus is from betulina1 birch4 ,the pileus is from four to ten inches across1 fleshy1 soon corky1 ungulate1 obtuse1 smooth1 pale reddish-brown when mature1 often mottled1 roundish1 or somewhat reniform1 zoneless1 the oblique vertex in the form of an umbo2 pellicle thin1 separating2 flesh white1 very thick4 ,the pores are short1 round1 minute1 unequal1 separable from the pileus when fresh1 but really concrete with it2 white or tinged with brown1 developing slowly2 when mature there are peculiar hair-like scales attached to the pore-surface1 making the plant look like a ,hydnum when viewed from the side4 ,it is found wherever the birch tree grows4 ,when young and fresh it is edible1 but with a strong flavor unpleasant to many4 ,in this state the deer eat it4 ,the specimen in ,figure #ccg was found in ,wisconsin1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,this species is the ,piptoporus suberosus 7,l47 of ,merrill4 ,polyporus cinnabarinus4 ,schw4 ,,cinnabar ,,polyporus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cch4--,polyporus cinnabarinus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,cinnabarinus like cinnabar 7vermilion74 ,the pileus is dry1 more or less spongy1 pliant1 rather thick1 fibrous on top2 flesh light or yellowish-red1 shelving4 ,the pores are carmine1 quite small1 round1 entire4 ,this species is quite common in the woods about ,chillicothe4 ,it is easily identified by the beautiful carmine color of the pileus and the pore surface1 the latter being a shade darker than the former1 as will be seen in ,figure #cch4 ,the specimens photographed were found in ,december4 ,they grow on dead logs and branches1 commonly on the oak and wild cherry1 sometimes on maple4 ,it is called by some authors ,trametes cinnabarina4 ,polyporus vulgaris4 ,fr4 ,,common ,,effused ,,polyporus4 ,vulgaris1 common4 ,quite broadly effused1 very thin1 adheres closely to its host2 even1 white1 dry4 ,circumference soon smooth and the whole surface composed of firm1 crowded1 small1 round1 nearly equal pores4 ,effused on dead wood1 fallen branches1 and frequently on moist boards4 ,polyporus lacteus4 ,fr4 ,the pileus is white1 or whitish1 fleshy1 somewhat fibrous1 fragile1 triangular in form1 pubescent1 azonate1 margin somewhat inflexed1 acute4 ,the pores are thin1 acute1 dentate1 finally lacerate and labyrinthiform4 ,this species is found in the woods1 on beech logs4 ,it is small and thin1 not much more than an inch in width but sometimes elongated4 ,steep and gibbous behind1 becoming at length smooth and equal4 ,it is not abundant in our woods1 but ,i have found it often4 ,august and ,september4 ,polyporus csius4 ,schrad4 ,the pileus is white1 with a bluish tinge occasionally upon its surface1 soft1 tenacious1 unequal1 silky4 ,the pores are small1 unequal1 long1 flexuous1 dentate1 lacerate4 ,it is found in woods on partially decayed sticks4 ,i have only occasionally found a specimen in our woods4 ,polyporus pubescens4 ,schw4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cci4--,polyporus pubescens4 ,white without and within1 pubescent and shiny4 ,pubescens means downy2 so called from the satiny finish of its pileus1 which is fleshy1 quite tough and corky1 soft1 convex1 subzonate1 pubescent and shiny2 white without and within2 the margin acute1 becoming at length yellowish and hard1 with a shiny lustre4 ,the pores are short1 minute1 nearly round and plane4 ,the pileus is from one to two inches in width1 laterally confluent and usually very much imbricated4 ,quite plentiful in woods on beech logs4 ,july to ,november4 ,polyporus volvatus4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cdj4--,polyporus volvatus4 ,natural size4 ,volvatus1 bearing a volva4 ,this is a most interesting species4 ,the pileus seems to be prolonged1 making a volva-like protection of the spore surface4 ,when this volva is ruptured small heaps of spores will often be seen on the volva1 having been protected from the wind4 ,the plant is small1 somewhat round1 and before the volva is ruptured it is very like a puffball2 fleshy1 smooth1 attached by a small point1 whitish1 slightly tinged with yellow1 red or reddish-brown2 the cuticle of the pileus enveloping the entire pore-surface1 thick and firm4 ,the pores are rather long1 small1 the mouths yellowish1 with a tinge of brown4 ,the spores are elliptical and flesh-colored1 4#jjjc to 4#jjjce inch long and about 4#jjjb broad4 ,this plant has a wide distribution1 being found in the ,new ,england and ,eastern ,states1 and the ,states of the ,pacific slope4 ,i presume it will be found wherever the spruce tree is a native4 ,the specimens in ,figure #cdj were found near ,boston and were sent me about the first of ,may by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,the first package ,i took1 before examining them1 to be a new puffball1 which they seemed to resemble in their undeveloped state4 ,polystictus biformis4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cda4--,polystictus biformis4 ,natural size4 ,frequently covered with green lichen4 ,biformis means two shapes or appearances2 referring to the condition of the pores in the young and the old plant4 ,the pileus is two to three inches wide1 projecting from one to three inches1 often imbricated so as to cover a large surface2 laterally confluent1 coriaceous1 flexible1 tough1 subzonate1 with innate radiating fibres1 the cortex fibrillose1 concolorous4 ,the pores at first very large1 simple1 compound1 or confluent1 round1 elongated1 flexuous2 the dissepiments dentate1 then lacerate1 the hymenium finally resolved into teeth4 ,when ,i first found this plant the hymenium had resolved into teeth1 and ,i supposed that ,i had found an ,irpex4 ,it is found in woods on logs and stumps4 ,very common with us4 ,frequently covered with a green lichen4 ,july to ,november4 ,polystictus hirsutus4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,bristly ,,polystictus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cdb4--,polystictus hirsutus4 ,natural size4 ,hirsutus means hairy or bristly4 ,the pileus is corky1 coriaceous1 convex1 then plane1 hairy with rigid bristles1 zoned with concentric furrows2 of one color1 whitish1 sometimes these zones are quite marked as in ,figure #cdb4 ,the pore surface is at first white1 or whitish1 becoming dark or brownish in age4 ,the pores are round1 the walls rather thick4 ,it is found on logs and stumps in the woods4 ,it is a very common plant and widely distributed4 ,polystictus versicolor4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,common ,,zoned ,,polystictus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cdc4--,polystictus versicolor4 ,one-half natural size4 ,versicolor means varying colors4 ,the pileus is coriaceous1 thin1 rigid1 plane1 depressed behind2 quite velvety1 nearly even and shining1 variegated with colored zones1 sometimes entirely white or grayish-white1 not unfrequently the whole surface is villous or woolly1 and the zones mere depressions4 ,the pores are minute1 round1 acute1 lacerated1 white or cream-color4 ,it is very common1 as well as very variable in form and color4 ,it is frequently found on logs and is then densely imbricated4 ,on our hillsides it frequently grows on a small bush as in ,figure #cdc4 ,it is one of the most beautiful plants in the woods4 ,polyporus gilvus4 ,schw4 ,gilvus means pale-yellow or deep-reddish flesh-color4 ,the pileus is corky1 woody1 hard1 effuso-reflexed1 imbricate1 concrescent1 subtomentose1 then scabrous1 uneven1 reddish-yellow1 then subferruginous1 the margin acute4 ,the pores are minute1 round1 entire1 brownish-ferruginous4 ,morgan4 ,it is very abundant throughout the state1 being found on all kinds of logs and stumps4 ,polystictus cinnamoneus4 ,jacq4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cdd4--,polystictus cinnamoneus4 ,the pileus is an inch and a half1 or less1 broad1 coriaceous1 slightly depressed in the center2 rather rough on the surface1 but with a beautiful satiny lustre1 and more or less zoned2 caps often growing together1 but with separate stems2 shining1 a light cinnamon-brown4 ,the spores are rather large1 angular1 torn with age2 cinnamon-brown1 growing darker in older plants4 ,the stem is one to two inches long1 equal1 or slightly tapering upward1 cinnamon-brown1 hollow or stuffed1 tough1 frequently sending forth branches from the side and base of the stem4 ,this is quite a beautiful plant1 growing usually in patches of moss4 ,the caps have quite a glossy cinnamon-brown surface1 which will attract the attention of any one4 ,they are very small and easily overlooked4 ,found in ,august and ,september4 ,this plant is called ,p4 subsericeus by ,dr4 ,peck4 ,polystictus perennis4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,figure #cdf4--,polystictus perennis4 ,the pileus is thin1 pliant when fresh but somewhat brittle when dry4 ,it is minutely velvety on the upper surface1 reddish-brown or cinnamon in color2 expanded or umbilicate to nearly funnel-shaped4 ,the surface is beautifully marked by radiations and fine concentric zones4 ,the stem is also velvety4 ,the spore-tubes are minute1 the walls thin and acute1 and the mouths angular1 and at last more or less torn4 ,the margin of the cap is finely fimbriate1 but in old specimens those hairs are apt to become rubbed off4 ,atkinson4 ,i found specimens by the roadside near ,lone ,tree ,hill1 near ,chillicothe4 ,it is the only place in which ,i have found this plant4 ,i have found ,polystictus subsericeus1 or1 as ,prof4 ,atkinson calls it1 ,p4 cinnamomeus1 in a number of localities4 ,polystictus pergamenus4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cde4--,polystictus pergamenus4 ,pergamenus means parchment4 ,the pileus is coriaceous1 thin1 effused1 reflexed1 villous1 zoned1 cinereous-white1 with colored zone2 pliant when fresh4 ,the pores are unequal1 torn1 violaceous1 then pallid4 ,it is very common here on beech1 maple1 and wild cherry4 ,the pores become torn so that they resemble the teeth of the ,hydnum4 ,this is one of the most common fungi in our woods4 ,the photograph is by ,prof4 ,j4 ,d4 ,smith1 of ,akron1 ,o4 ,fomes leucophus4 ,mont4 ,this has been called by many authors in ,america ,fomes applanatus or ,polyporus applanatus4 ,it is very common in this country but very rare in ,europe1 while ,fomes applanatus1 which is common in ,europe1 is very scarce in the ,united ,states4 ,in general appearance they are much alike1 the applanatus having a softer tissue and echinulate spores1 but our common species1 leucophus1 has smooth spores4 ,the pileus is expanded1 tuberculose1 obsoletely zoned1 pulverulent1 or smooth2 cinnamon1 becoming whitish2 cuticle crustaceous1 rigid1 at length fragile1 very soft within2 loosely floccose1 margin tumid2 white1 then cinnamon4 ,the pores are very small1 slightly ferruginous1 orifice whitish1 brownish when bruised4 ,the spore surface when fresh is soft and white4 ,this attractive plant is very common in our woods and furnishes an excellent stencil surface for drawing4 ,found all the year round4 ,fomes fomentarius4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,bracket ,,fomes4 ,this species is very common in our woods4 ,the brackets resemble a horse's hoof in shape4 ,they are smoky1 gray1 and of various shades of brown4 ,the upper surface of the bracket is quite strongly zoned and furrowed1 so as to show each year's growth4 ,the margin is thick and blunt1 and the tube surface is concave2 the openings of the tubes quite large1 so that they can be readily seen by the naked eye4 ,the tube surface is reddish-brown when mature4 ,the inside was formerly used in making tinder-sticks1 which were made by rolling the fungus wood until it was perfectly flexible and then dipping it into saltpetre4 ,fomes rimosus4 ,berkeley4 ,,cracked ,,fomes4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cdg4--;,fomes rimosus4 ,rimosus means cracked4 ,the fine checks in the pileus are clearly seen in the halftone4 ,the pileus is pulvinate-ungulate1 much dilated1 deeply sulcate2 cinnamon1 then brown or blackish2 very much cracked or rimose4 ,it is very hard1 fibrous1 tawny-ferruginous2 the margin broad1 pruinate-velvety1 rather acute4 ,the pores are minute1 indistinctly stratified1 tawny-ferruginous1 the mouths rhubarb-color4 ,morgan4 ,this plant is very common on the locust trees about ,chillicothe4 ,i have never found it on other wood4 ,fomes pinicola4 7,swartz47 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cdh4--;,fomes pinicola4 ,pinicola means dwelling on pine4 ,it is found on dead pine1 spruce1 balsam1 and other conifers4 ,it resembles ,fomes leucophus but is somewhat stouter and does not have as hard and firm a crust4 ,the young growth is at the margin1 and is whitish or tinged with yellow1 while the old zones are reddish4 ,the tube surface is whitish-yellow or yellowish4 ,this is frequently called ,polyporus pinicolus4 7,swartz47 ,fr4 ,fomes igniarius4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cdi4--;,fomes igniarius4 ,this is rather a common species in our state2 black or brownish-black in color1 somewhat triangular in shape1 and frequently hoof-shaped4 ,the zones indicating the yearly growth are plainly marked1 and the tubes are quite long and of a dark brown color4 ,their growth is rather slow1 and it requires years to produce some of the moderate sized specimens4 ,prof4 ,atkinson of ,cornell ,university found a specimen which he believed to be over #hj years old4 ,this is called by many authors ,polyporus igniarius 7,l471 ,fr4 ,murrill calls it ,pyropolyporus igniarius4 ,this plant is widely distributed over the ,united ,states1 and is met frequently in every wood in ,ohio4 ,fomes fraxinophilus4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cej4--;,fomes fraxinophilus4 ,fraxinophilus means ash-loving2 rather common in this country1 but does not grow in ,europe4 ,the pileus is between corky and woody1 smooth1 somewhat flattened1 at first zoneless2 white when young1 then reddish-brown1 white around the margin2 at first even1 then concentrically sulcate1 pale within4 ,the tubes are short1 pores minute1 rusty-red but covered from the first with a white pubescence and continuous with the margin2 the spores nearly round1 #f-g4 ,the specimens in ,figure #cej were found in ,haynes' ,hollow on a living ash1 growing at intervals of five or six feet1 one above another1 to a height of thirty feet4 ,trametes4 ,fr4 ,in case of the genus ,trametes the hymenophorum descends into the trama of the pores without any change1 and is permanently concrete with the pileus4 ,the pores are entire4 ,there are1 however1 a few of the ,polypori which are quite thin that have the trama of the same structure with the hymenophorum4 ,these have been separated by ,fries and have been called ,polystictus4 ,they are distinguished by the fact that the pores develop from the center out and are perpendicular to the fibrillose stratum above the hymenophorum while in the genus ,trametes the hymenophorum is not distant from the rest of the pileus4 ,trametes rubescens4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cea4--,trametes rubescens4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ceb4--,trametes rubescens4 ,this is one of the neatest plants of this structure in our woods4 ,it grows on the small branches and many times covers them quite well4 ,it is resupinate1 the cap being beautifully zoned as you see in ,figure #cea4 ,frequently they grow from the side of a small tree that has fallen to the ground and in this case they are shelving4 ,the pore surface is usually reddish or flesh-color1 the pores being long and irregular and inclined to be labyrinthiform in older specimens as will be seen in ,figure #ceb4 ,the whole plant is reddish or pale flesh-color4 ,no one will fail to recognize it from these cuts4 ,trametes scutellata4 ,schw4 ,scutellata means shield-bearing4 ,it is frequently quite small1 an inch or less2 coriaceous1 dimidiate1 orbiculate or ungulate1 fixed by the apex2 the pilei quite hard3 white1 then brownish and blackish1 becoming rugged and uneven1 with white margin2 hymenium disk-shaped1 concave1 white-pulverulent becoming dark2 pores minute1 long1 with thick obtuse dissepiments4 ,this is found on fence posts4 ,trametes ,ohiensis4 ,berk4 ,the pilei are pulvinate1 narrow1 zoned1 often laterally confluent2 ochraceous-white1 tomentose1 then smooth1 laccate4 ,this plant resembles ,t4 scutellata in many points1 both in habit and in form4 ,trametes suaveolens4 7,l47 ,fr4 ,soft at first1 pulvinate1 white1 villous1 zoneless2 pores rotund1 rather large1 obtuse1 white1 then darker2 anise-scented4 ,found on willows4 ,merulius4 ,fr4 ,merulius means a blackbird2 from the color of the fungus4 ,hymenophore covered with the soft waxy hymenium1 which is incompletely porus1 or arranged in reticulate1 sinuous1 dentate folds4 ,this genus grows on wood1 at first resupinate1 expanded2 the hymenophore springing from a mucous mycelium4 ,merulius rubellus4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cec4--,merulius rubellus4 ,natural size4 ,rubellus is the diminutive of ruber1 reddish4 ,the pileus grows in tufts1 sessile1 confluent and imbricated1 repand1 thin1 convex1 soft1 dimidiate1 quite tenacious2 tomentose1 evenly red1 margin mostly undulately inflexed1 growing pale in age4 ,hymenium whitish or reddish1 folds much branched1 forming anastomosing pores4 ,the spores are elliptical1 hyaline1 minute1 #d-eb4e-c4 ,the pileus is two to three inches long and an inch and a half broad4 ,it is found very frequently on decayed beech and sugar trees and ,i have found it growing on a live oak4 ,the specimens in ,figure #cec were collected near ,columbus and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,it is probably the same as ,m4 incarnati1 ,schw4 ,merulius tremellosus4 ,schrad4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ced4--,merulius tremellosus ,tremellosus1 trembling4 ,resupinate2 margin becoming free and more or less reflexed1 usually radiately-toothed1 fleshy1 tremelloid1 tomentose1 white2 hymenium variously wrinkled and porus1 whitish and subtranslucent-looking1 becoming tinged with brown in the center4 ,the spores are cylindrical1 curved1 about #da4 ,from one to three inches across1 remaining pale when growing in dark places4 ,the margin is sometimes tinged with a rose-color1 radiating when it is well developed4 ,massee4 ,this plant grows in woods on wood and is quite common in our woods--both the rose-colored and the translucent-brown4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine calls ,merulius tremellosus and ,m4 rubellus emergency species4 ,he says they are rather tasteless1 tough1 slightly woody in flavor4 ,they are found in ,october and ,november4 ,merulius corium4 ,fr4 ,resupinate1 effused1 soft1 papery1 circumference at length free1 reflexed1 white1 villous below4 ,hymenium netted1 porus1 pallid1 tan-color4 ,found on decaying-branches4 ,quite common4 ,merulius lacrymans4 ,fr4 ,resupinate1 fleshy1 spongy1 moist1 tender1 at first very light1 cottony and white2 when the veins appear they are of a fine yellow1 orange or reddish-brown1 forming irregular folds1 so arranged to have the appearance of pores 7but never anything like tubes71 distilling when perfect drops of water which give rise to the specific name weeping4 ,dr4 ,charles ,w4 ,hoyt of ,chillicothe1 brought to my office two or three plants of this species that had grown on the under side of the floor in his wash-house4 ,when he took up the floor the workmen discovered a number of pendant processes1 some oval1 some cone-shaped4 ,some were eight inches long1 very white and beautiful but clearly illustrating the weeping process4 ,the doctor called them white rats suspended by their tails4 ,ddalea4 ,pers4 ,ddalea is used with reference to the labyrinthiform pores2 so named after ,ddalos1 the builder of the labyrinth of ,crete4 ,the hymenophore descends into the trama without any change1 pores firm1 when fully grown sinuous and labyrinthiform1 lacerated1 and toothed4 ,the habits of ,ddalea are very much the same as ,trametes1 but they are inodorous4 ,care should be taken not to confound them with the species of ,polyporus that have elongated curved pores4 ,ddalea ambigua4 ,berk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cee4--;,ddalea ambigua4 ,one-third natural size1 showing upper surface4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cef4--;,ddalea ambigua4 ,one-third natural size1 showing the pore surface4 ,the pileus is white1 corky1 horizontal1 explanate1 reniform1 subsessile1 azonate1 finely pubescent1 becoming smooth4 ,pores from round to linear and labyrinthiform1 the dissepiments always obtuse and never lamellate4 ,it is a very common growth in ,ohio1 found on old logs of the sugar maple4 ,you will see the beginning of the growth in the spring as a round white nodule which develops slowly4 ,if the same plant is observed in the summer it will be found to be gibbous or convex in form4 ,it finishes its growth in the fall when it has become explanate and horizontal1 depressed above and with a thin margin4 ,when fresh and growing it is of a rich cream-color and has a soft and velvety touch and a pleasant fragrance4 ,in ,figure #cee1 showing the surface of the cap1 the growth of the plant shows in the form of the zones4 ,figure #cef shows the form of the dissepiments4 ,in younger specimens these are frequently round1 much like a ,polyporus4 ,there is one locality in ,poke ,hollow where the maple logs are white with this species1 appearing1 in the distance1 to be oyster mushrooms4 ,ddalea quercina4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,oak ,d,,dalea4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ceg4--;,ddalea quercina4 ,the pileus is a pallid wood color1 corky1 rugulose1 uneven1 without zones1 becoming smooth2 of the same color within as without2 the margin in full-grown specimens thin1 but in imperfectly developed specimens swollen and blunt4 ,the pores are at first round1 then broken into contorted or gill-like labyrinthiform sinuses1 with obtuse edges of the same color as the pileus1 sometimes with a slight shade of pink4 ,they grow to be very large1 from six to eight inches broad1 being found on oak stumps and logs1 though not as common in ,ohio as ,d4 ambigua4 ,the specimen in ,figure #ceg were found in ,massachusetts by ,mrs4 ,blackford and photographed here4 ,ddalea unicolor4 ,fr4 ,villose-strigose1 cinereous with concolorous zones2 hymenium with flexuous1 winding1 intricate1 acute dissepiments1 at length torn and toothed4 ,the pores are whitish cinereous1 sometimes fuscous2 variable in thickness1 color1 and character of hymenium2 sometimes with white margin2 often imbricated and fuliginous when moist4 ,widely distributed over the states and found on nearly all deciduous trees4 ,ddalea confragosa4 ,boton4 ,,the ,,willow ,d,,dalea4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ceh4--;,ddalea confragosa4 ,confragosa means broken1 rough4 ,the pileus is rather convex1 corky1 rough1 slightly zonate1 reddish-brown1 unicolorous1 somewhat of a rust-red within4 ,the pores are frequently round1 like those of the ,polyporus1 but sometimes they are elongated into gills like the ,lenzites2 reddish-brown4 ,i have seen quite old specimens that were very difficult to distinguish from some of the forms of ,lenzites4 ,the young plants resemble very closely ,trametes rubescens4 ,it grows on ,cratgus1 willow and sometimes on other trees1 and is widely distributed4 ,the specimen in ,figure #ceh was found in ,massachusetts by ,mrs4 ,blackford1 and photographed in my study4 ,favolus4 ,fr4 ,favolus is a diminutive of favus1 honey-comb4 ,the hymenium is alveolate1 radiating1 formed of the densely irregularly uniting gills2 elongated1 diamond-shaped4 ,spores white4 ,semicircular in outline1 somewhat stipitate4 ,favolus canadensis4 ,klotsch4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cei4--;,favolus ,canadensis4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 tough1 thin1 kidney-form1 fibrillose1 scaly1 tawny1 becoming pale and smooth4 ,the pores or alveoli are angular elongated1 white at first1 then straw-color4 ,the stem is eccentric1 lateral1 very short or lacking altogether4 ,this plant is very common around ,chillicothe on fallen branches in the woods1 especially on hickory4 ,found from ,september to frost4 ,not poisonous but too tough to eat4 ,i do not believe there is any difference between ,f4 canadensis and ,favolus ,europeus4 ,i notice that our plant assumes different colors in different stages of its growth1 and the form of the pores also changes4 ,cyclomyces4 ,kunz ,fr4 ,cyclomyces is from two ,greek words1 meaning a circle and fungus4 ,this genus is very distinct from other tube-bearing genera4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 leathery or membranaceous1 and usually cushion-formed4 ,upon the lower surface are the plate-like bodies resembling the gills of ,agarics but which are composed of minute pores4 ,these pore bodies are arranged in concentric circles around the stem4 ,cyclomyces ,greenii4 ,berk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cfj4--;,cyclomyces ,greenii ,illustration3 ,figure #cfa4--;,cyclomyces ,greenii4 ,old specimens4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 globose at first1 convex1 sometimes undulate1 somewhat zoned1 tomentose1 dry1 cushion-formed1 cinnamon-brown1 rather showy4 ,the gills are in concentric circles around the stem1 growing larger and larger as they reach the margin of the cap4 ,in the young plant the gills are divided into long divisions but in the older plant these division lines disappear as will be seen in ,figure #cfa4 ,the edges of the gills are white at first1 as will be seen in ,figure #cfa1 but finally becoming cinnamon-brown4 ,the stem is central1 tapering upward1 quite large and swollen at times very much like ,hydnum spongiosipes2 the color is the same as the pileus4 ,this is a very interesting plant and quite rare in ,ohio1 however1 ,i found several plants in the fall of #aije1 on ,ralston's ,run4 ,in the same locality ,i found ,boletus badius1 and when ,i first saw ,c4 ,greenii ,i came near mistaking it for the same plant and so neglecting it1 the caps being at first glance so much alike4 ,gloeoporus4 ,mont4 ,gloeoporus is from two ,greek words1 meaning gluten and pore4 ,the plants of this genus resemble the polyporus and are frequently placed under that genus4 ,gloeoporus conchoides4 ,mont4 ,conchoides means like a shell4 ,the pileus is leathery or woody1 at first fleshy1 soft1 effused1 with upper margin reflexed2 thin1 silky1 whitish1 with edge of the margin often reddish4 ,it has a trembling1 gelatinous1 spore-bearing surface1 often somewhat elastic4 ,the pores are short1 very small1 round1 cinnamon-brown4 ,there are several synonyms4 ,polyporus dichrous1 ,fr41 and ,p4 nigropurpurascens1 ,schw4 ,montgomery places it in the above genus because of its gelatinous hymenium4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,hydnaceae--,,fungi ,,with ,,teeth4 ,there is1 perhaps1 no family in mycology that has a greater variety in form1 size1 and consistency than this4 ,some species are very large1 some are small1 some fleshy1 and some are corky or woody4 ,the fruiting surface is the special characteristic marking the family4 ,this surface is covered with spines or teeth which nearly always point to the earth4 ,many of the ,hydnace are shelving1 growing on trees or logs2 some grow on the ground on central1 but usually eccentric1 stems4 ,the genera of ,hydnace are distinguished by the size1 shape1 and attachment of the teeth4 ,the following genera are included3 ,hydnum--,spines discrete at the base4 ,irpex--,resupinate2 with gill-like teeth concrete with the pileus4 ,mucronella--,plants with teeth only and no basal membrane4 ,radulum--,hymenium with thick1 blunt1 irregular spines4 ,sistotrema--,fleshy plants with caps and flattened teeth1 on ground4 ,phlebia--,plants spread over the host with crowded folds or wrinkles4 ,grandinia--,covered with granules1 more or less smooth1 and excavated4 ,odontium--,covered with crested granules4 ,hydnum4 ,linn4 ,hydnum is from a ,greek word meaning an eatable fungus4 ,the genus is characterized by awl-shaped spines which are distant at the base4 ,these spines are at first papilliform1 then elongated and round4 ,they form the fruiting surface and take the place of the gills in the family ,agaricace and of the pores in the family of ,polyporace4 ,the spines are simple or in some cases the tips are more or less branched4 ,this is the greatest genus in the family and it includes many important edible species4 ,it may be divided into two groups3 one1 those species having a cap and a central or lateral stem2 the other1 the species growing with or without a distinct cap1 in large imbricated masses4 ,some imitate coral in structure and some seem to be a mass of spines4 ,many of these plants grow to be very large and massive1 frequently weighing over ten pounds4 ,hydnum repandum4 ,linn4 ,,the ,,spreading ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cfb4--;,hydnum repandum4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,repandum1 bent backward1 referring to the position of the stem and the cap4 ,the pileus is two to four inches broad1 generally irregular1 with the stem eccentric2 fleshy1 brittle1 convex or nearly plane1 compact1 more or less repand1 nearly smooth2 color varying from a pale buff--the typical hue--to a distinct brick-red2 flesh creamy-white1 inclining to turn brown when bruised2 taste slightly aromatic1 margin often wavy4 ,the spines are beneath the cap1 one-quarter to one-third of an inch long1 irregular1 entire1 pointed1 rather easily detached1 leaving small cavities in the fleshy cap1 soft1 creamy1 becoming darker in older specimens4 ,the stem is short1 thick1 solid in young specimens1 hollow in older specimens2 paler than the pileus1 rather rough1 often set eccentrically into the cap2 one to three inches long1 sometimes thickened at the base1 sometimes at the top4 ,the spores are globose or a broad oval1 with a small papilla at one end4 ,the usual color of the cap is buff1 sometimes very pale1 almost white4 ,the color and smoothness of the cap have given rise to the name of doe-skin mushroom4 ,i found this plant occasionally in the woods about ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,it is very variable in size and color1 and is quite fragile1 growing alone or in clusters4 ,it is one of our best mushrooms if properly cooked1 and may be dried and kept for winter use4 ,found in woods and open places from ,july to ,october1 sometimes earlier4 ,specimens in ,figure #cfb were found in ,poke ,hollow4 ,hydnum imbricatum4 ,linn4 ,,the ,,imbricated ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,imbricatum is from imbrex1 a tile1 referring to the surface of the cap being torn into triangular scales1 seeming to overlap one another like shingles on a roof4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 plane1 slightly depressed1 tessellated scaly1 downy1 not zoned1 umber in color or brownish as if scorched1 flesh dingy-white1 taste slightly bitter when raw1 margin round4 ,the spines are decurrent1 entire1 numerous1 short1 ashy-white1 generally equal in length4 ,the stem is firm1 short1 thick1 even1 whitish4 ,the spores are pale yellow-brown1 rough4 ,the bitter taste entirely leaves the plant when well cooked4 ,it seems to delight in pine or chestnut woods4 ,i found it in ,emmanuel ,thomas' woods1 east of ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,it is found from ,september to ,november4 ,hydnum erinaceum4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,hedgehog ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,figure #cfc4--;,hydnum ,erinaceum4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,the plant is entirely white when fresh4 ,erinaceum1 a hedgehog4 ,two to eight inches or more across4 ,tufts pendulous4 ,white and yellowish-white becoming yellowish-brown2 fleshy1 elastic1 tough1 sometimes emarginate 7broadly attached as if tuft were cut in two or sliced off where attached71 a mass of latticed branches and fibrils4 ,spines one and a half inches to four inches long1 crowded1 straight1 equal1 pendulous4 ,the stem is sometimes rudimentary4 ,the spores are subglobose1 white1 plain1 #e-f4 ,peck1 #bb ,n4 ,y4 ,report4 ,the spines when just starting are like small papill1 as will be seen in ,figure #cfd4 ,figure #cfc represents a very fine specimen found on the end of a beech log1 on the ,huntington ,hills1 near ,chillicothe4 ,it made a meal for three families4 ,i have found several basketfuls of this species on this same log1 within the past few years4 ,i have also found on the same log large specimens of ,hydnum corralloides4 ,the photograph at the beginning of the book represents the largest specimen ,i ever saw of this species4 ,it measured eighteen inches one way and thirteen the other1 and was found on a maple tree on top of ,mount ,logan4 ,it grew from a central stem1 while the one in ,figure #cfc grew from a crack in a log1 apparently without a stem4 ,plate ,i1 ,figure #a was photographed after it was dried4 ,the specimen can be seen in the ,lloyd ,library in ,cincinnati4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cfd4--;,hydnum erinaceum4 ,young state4 ,hydnum caput-ursi4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,bear',s ,,head ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cfe4--;,hydnum caput-ursi4 ,caput-ursi means the head of a bear4 ,this is a very beautiful plant but not as common as some other species of ,hydnum4 ,it grows in very large pendulous tufts1 as ,figure #cfe will indicate4 ,it is found frequently on standing oak and maple trees1 sometimes quite high up in the trees4 ,it is more frequently found on logs and stumps1 as are its kindred species4 ,the plant arises out of the wood by a single stout stem which branches into many divisions1 all of which are covered by long pendant spines4 ,when it grows on top of a log or stump the spines are frequently erect4 ,it is white1 becoming in age yellow and brownish4 ,it has a wide distribution through the states4 ,as an esculent it is fine4 ,the specimen in ,figure #cfe was found near ,akron1 ,ohio1 and was photographed by ,mr4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smith4 ,it is found from ,july to ,october4 ,hydnum caput-,medus4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,medusa',s ,,head ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cff4--;,hydnum caput-,medus4 ,one-third natural size4 ,caput-,medus1 head of ,medusa4 ,this is a very striking plant when seen in the woods4 ,the tufts are pendulous4 ,the long wavy spines resemble the wavy locks of ,medusa1 hence the name4 ,the long soft spines cover the entire surface of the fungus1 which is divided into fleshy branches or divisions1 each terminating in a crown of shorter drooping teeth4 ,the color at first is white1 changing in age to a buff or a dark cream1 which distinguishes it from ,h4 caput-ursi4 ,the taste is sweet and aromatic1 sometimes slightly pungent4 ,the stem is short and concealed beneath the growth4 ,i found this plant growing on a hickory log1 on ,lee's hill1 near ,chillicothe1 from which came the specimen in ,figure #cff4 ,i have also found it on elm and beech4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,it is both attractive and palatable4 ,hydnum coralloides4 ,scop4 ,,the ,,coral-,,like ,,hydnum4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cfg4--;,hydnum coralloides4 ,one-fourth natural size4 ,entire plant white4 ,this species grows in large1 beautiful tufts on decaying logs1 in damp woods4 ,it grows from a common stem1 dividing into many branches and then sub-dividing into many long and coral-like shoots1 composed wholly of attenuated interlacing branches tapering to a point4 ,the spines grow from one side of the flattened branches4 ,it only needs to be seen once to be recognized as a coral-like mushroom4 ,it is pure white at first1 becoming creamy or dingy-white with age4 ,it seems to delight in damp1 hilly places1 yet ,i found it to be abundant at ,sidney1 and to some extent about ,bowling ,green1 ,ohio1 where it was very level4 ,it is plentiful around ,chillicothe4 ,one hickory log1 from which the specimen in the figure was taken1 furnished me several basketfuls of this plant during three seasons1 but at the end of the third season the log crumbled away1 mycelium having literally consumed it4 ,it is one of the most beautiful fungi that ,dame ,nature has been able to fashion4 ,it is said that ,elias ,fries1 when a mere boy1 was so impressed with the sight of this beautiful fungus1 which grew abundantly in his native woods in ,sweden1 that he resolved when he grew up to pursue the study of ,mycology1 which he did2 and became one of the greatest authorities of the world in that part of ,botany4 ,in fact1 he laid the foundation for the study of ,basidiomycetes1 and this beautiful little coral-like fungus was his inspiration4 ,it is found principally on beech1 maple and hickory in damp woods1 from ,july to frost4 ,i have eaten it for years and esteem it among the best4 ,hydnum septentrionale4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,northern ,,hydnum4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xlix4 ,figure #cfh4--;,hydnum septentrionale4 ,grew from a small opening in a living beech tree4 ,septentrionale1 northern4 ,this is a very large1 fleshy1 fibrous plant1 growing usually upon logs and stumps4 ,there are many pilei growing one above the other1 plane1 margin straight1 whole4 ,the spines are crowded1 slender and equal4 ,i have found a number of specimens about ,chillicothe that would weigh from eight to ten pounds each4 ,the plant is too woody to eat4 ,besides1 it seems to have but little flavor4 ,i have always found it on beech logs1 from ,september to ,october4 ,a very large plant grows every year on a living beech tree on ,cemetery ,hill4 ,hydnum spongiosipes4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cfi4--;,hydnum spongiosipes4 ,one-third natural size4 ,spongiosipes means a sponge-like foot4 ,pileus convex1 soft1 spongy-tomentose1 but tough in texture1 rusty-brown1 the lower stratum firmer and more fibrous1 but concolorous4 ,the spines are slender1 one to two lines long1 rusty-brown1 becoming darker with age4 ,the stem is hard and corky within1 externally spongy-tomentose2 colored like the pileus1 the central substance often transversely zoned1 especially near the top4 ,spores globose1 nodulose1 purplish-brown1 #d-f broad4 ,pileus one and a half to four inches broad4 ,stem one and a half to three inches long1 and four to eight lines thick4 ,peck1 #ejth ,rep4 ,it is found in the woods1 quite plentifully1 about ,chillicothe4 ,i referred it to ,h4 ferrugineum for a long time1 but not being satisfied1 sent some specimens to ,dr4 ,peck1 who classified it as ,h4 spongiosipes4 ,it is edible but very tough4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,hydnum zonatum4 ,batsch4 ,,the ,,zoned ,,hydnum4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cgj4--;,hydnum zonatum4 ,zonatum1 zoned4 ,ferruginous2 pileus equally coriaceous1 thin1 expanded1 subinfundibuliform1 zoned1 becoming smooth2 tough1 almost leathery in texture1 having a surface of beautiful brown1 silky lustre1 and with radiating stri2 margin paler2 sterile4 ,the stem is slender1 nearly equal1 floccose1 bulbous at the base4 ,the spines are slender1 pallid1 then of the same color as the pileus1 equal4 ,the spores are rough1 globose1 pale1 #d4 ,the spore-bearing spines are shown in the upper plants in ,figure #cgj4 ,two of them show coalesced caps1 though the stems are separate4 ,this is the case with ,h4 scrobiculatum and ,h4 spongiosipes4 ,the plants in ,figure #cgj were collected by the roadside in woods on the ,state ,farm1 near ,lancaster1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,hydnum scrobiculatum4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cga4--;,hydnum scrobiculatum4 ,two-thirds natural-size4 ,scrobiculatum means marked with a ditch or trench2 so called from the rough condition of the cap4 ,the pileus is from one to three inches broad1 corky1 convex1 then plane1 sometimes slightly depressed2 tough in texture1 rusty-brown2 the surface of the cap usually quite rough1 marked with ridges or trenches1 flesh ferruginous4 ,the spines are short1 rusty-brown1 becoming dark with age4 ,the stem is firm1 one to two inches long1 unequal1 rusty-brown1 often covered with a dense tomentum4 ,this species is very plentiful in our woods1 among the leaves under beech trees4 ,they grow in lines for some distance1 the caps so close together that they are very frequently confluent4 ,i found the plant at ,salem1 and in several other localities in the state1 although ,i have never seen a description of it4 ,any one will be able to recognize it from ,figure #cga4 ,it grows in the woods in ,august and ,september4 ,hydnum ,blackford4 ,pk4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex1 glabrous1 grayish or greenish-gray1 flesh whitish with reddish stains1 slowly becoming darker on exposure2 aculei subulate1 #b-e mm4 long1 yellowish-gray1 becoming brown with age or drying2 stem equal or stuffed1 becoming hollow in drying2 glabrous1 colored like the pileus2 spores brown1 globose1 verrucose1 #h-aj broad4 ,the pileus is #b4e-f cm4 broad2 stem #b4e-d cm4 long1 #c-d mm4 thick4 ,mossy ground in low springy places in damp mixed woods4 ,august4 ,peck4 ,this species was found at ,ellis1 ,mass41 and was sent to me through courtesy of the collector1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,blackford1 ,boston1 for whom it was named4 ,hydnum fennicum4 ,karst4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cgb4--;,hydnum fennicum4 ,natural size1 showing the teeth4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cgc4--;,hydnum fennicum4 ,natural size1 showing the scaly cap4 ,pileus fleshy1 fragile1 unequal2 at first scaly1 at length breaking up2 reddish-brick color becoming darker2 margin undulately lobed1 two to four inches broad4 ,flesh white4 ,the teeth decurrent1 equal1 pointed1 from white to dusky1 about #d mm4 long4 ,the stem is sufficiently stout1 unequal below1 attenuated1 flexuous or curved1 smooth1 of the same color as the cap1 base acute1 white tomentum outside1 inside light pale-blue1 or dark-gray4 ,the spores are ellipso-spheroidical or subspheroidical1 rough1 dusky1 #d-f long1 #c-e broad4 ,the plants in ,figures #cgb and #cgc were found in ,haynes' ,hollow4 ,the plant is quite bitter and no amount of cooking will make it edible4 ,found in woods from ,august to ,september4 ,hydnum adustum4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cgd4--;,hydnum adustum4 ,natural size4 ,adustum means scorched1 burned4 ,the pileus is two to three inches broad1 yellowish-white1 blackish around the margin1 coriaceous1 slightly zoned2 plane at first1 then slightly depressed2 tomentose1 thin2 frequently a plant will be found growing on the top of another plant4 ,the spines are at first white1 adnate1 short1 turning flesh-color and when dried almost black4 ,the stem is short1 solid1 tapering upward4 ,the plant is found growing in the woods on trunks and sticks after a rain in ,july1 ,august1 and ,september4 ,it is not as plentiful as ,hydnum spongiosipes and ,h4 scrobiculatum4 ,it is an attractive plant when seen in the woods4 ,hydnum ochraceum4 ,p4 ,,ochrey ,,hydnum4 ,small1 at first entirely resupinate1 gradually reflexed1 and somewhat repand1 at first sparingly clothed with dirty-white down1 at length rugose2 one to three inches broad4 ,the spines are short1 entire1 becoming pale4 ,fries4 ,it is occasionally found on decayed sticks in the woods4 ,hydnum pulcherrimum4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,most ,,beautiful ,,hydnum4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cge4--;,hydnum pulcherrimum4 ,showing the under side of one of the pileoli4 ,pulcherrimum is the superlative of pulcher1 beautiful4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 somewhat fibrous1 alutaceus1 hirsute2 the margin thin1 entire1 incurved4 ,the aculei short1 crowded1 equal4 ,it is found on beech wood1 frequently imbricated and laterally confluent2 a single pileus two to five inches in breadth and projecting two to four inches4 ,the spines are rather short1 not exceeding a quarter of an inch4 ,the entire plant is quite fibrous and has a hirsute surface4 ,the color varies from whitish to alutaceous and yellowish4 ,it is not common with us4 ,figure #cge represents one of the pilei showing the spines4 ,hydnum graveolens4 ,del4 ,,fragrant ,,hydnum4 ,graveolens means sweet-scented4 ,the pileus is coriaceous1 thin1 soft1 not zoned1 rugose1 dark-brown1 brown within1 margin becoming whitish4 ,the stem is slender and the spines are decurrent4 ,the spines are short1 gray4 ,the whole plant smells of melilot2 even after it has been dried and kept for years it does not lose this scent4 ,i found two specimens in ,haynes's ,hollow4 ,irpex4 ,fr4 ,irpex1 a harrow1 so called from a fancied resemblance of its teeth to the teeth of a harrow4 ,it grows on wood2 toothed from the first1 the teeth are connected at the base1 firm1 somewhat coriaceous1 concrete with the pileus1 arranged in rows or like net-work4 ,irpex differs from ,hydnum in having the spines connected at the base and more blunt4 ,irpex carneus4 ,fr4 ,this plant1 as its specific name indicates1 resembles the color of flesh4 ,reddish1 effused1 one to three inches long1 cartilaginous-gelatinous1 membranaceous1 adnate4 ,teeth obtuse and awl-shaped1 entire1 united at the base4 ,fries4 ,found on the tulip-tree1 hickory1 and elm4 ,september and ,october4 ,irpex lacteus4 ,fr4 ,growing on wood1 membranaceous1 clothed with stiff hair1 more or less furrowed1 milk-white1 as its specific name indicates4 ,the spines are compressed1 radiate1 margin porus4 ,found on hickory and beech logs and stumps4 ,irpex tulipifera4 ,schw4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cgf4--;,irpex tulipifera4 ,coriaceous-membranaceous1 effused2 hymenium inferior1 at first toothed1 teeth springing from a porus base1 somewhat coriaceous1 entirely concrete with the pileus1 netted and connected at the base1 white or whitish1 turning yellowish with age4 ,this plant is very abundant here on fallen tulip trees4 ,i have seen entire tree tops and trunks covered with this plant4 ,the branches after they have been penetrated with the mycelial threads become very light and brittle4 ,phlebia4 ,fr4 ,lignatile1 resupinate1 hymenium soft and waxy1 covered with folds or wrinkles1 edges entire or corrugated4 ,phlebia radiata4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cgg4--,phlebia radiata4 ,somewhat round1 then dilated1 confluent1 fleshy and membranaceous1 reddish or flesh-red1 the circumference peculiarly radiately marked4 ,the folds in rows radiating from the center4 ,the spores are cylindric-oblong1 curved1 #d-ea-a4e4 ,this is quite common on beech bark in the woods4 ,its bright color and mode of growth will attract attention4 ,grandinia4 ,fr4 ,lignatile1 effused1 waxy1 granulated1 granules globular1 entire1 permanent4 ,grandinia granulosa4 ,fr4 ,effused1 rather thin1 waxy1 somewhat ochraceous1 circumference determinate1 granules globular1 equal1 crowded4 ,found on decayed wood4 ,quite common in our woods4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,thelephoraceae4 ,thelephorace is from two ,greek words1 a teat and to bear4 ,the hymenium is even1 coriaceous1 or waxy1 costate1 or papillose4 ,there are a number of genera under this family but ,i am acquainted with only the genus ,craterellus4 ,craterellus4 ,fr4 ,craterellus means a small bowl4 ,hymenium waxy-membranaceous1 distinct but adnate to the hymenophore1 inferior1 continuous1 smooth1 even or wrinkled4 ,spores white4 ,fries4 ,craterellus cantharellus4 7,schw47 ,fr4 ,,yellow ,,craterellus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cgh4--;,craterellus cantharellus4 ,caps and stems yellow4 ,cantharellus is a diminutive from a ,greek word meaning a sort of drinking-cup4 ,the pileus is one to three inches broad1 convex1 often becoming depressed and funnel-shaped1 glabrous1 yellowish1 or pinkish4 ,flesh white1 tough1 elastic4 ,hymenium slightly wrinkled1 yellow or faint salmon color4 ,the stem is one to three inches high1 tapering downward1 smooth1 solid1 yellow4 ,the spores are yellowish or salmon color when caught on white paper1 #g4e-aje-f4 ,peck4 ,this plant resembles ,cantharellus cibarius very closely4 ,the color1 form of growth1 and the odor are very similar to the latter4 ,it may be readily distinguished from ,c4 cibarius by the absence of folds on the under or fruiting surface4 ,the caps are often large and wavy1 resembling yellow cauliflower4 ,it is quite abundant about ,chillicothe during the months of ,july and ,august4 ,i have frequently gathered bushels of it for my mushroom-friends4 ,it will be easily recognized from ,figure #cgh1 bearing in mind that the caps and stems are yellow4 ,craterellus cornucopioides ,fr4 ,,the ,,horn ,,of ,,plenty ,,craterellus4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cgi4--;,craterellus cornucopioides4 ,one-third natural size4 ,cornucopioides is from cornu1 a horn1 and copia1 plenty4 ,the pileus is thin1 flexible1 tubiform1 hollow to the base1 blackish-brown1 sometimes a little scaly1 the hymenium even or somewhat wrinkled1 cinereous4 ,the stem is hollow1 smooth1 black1 short1 almost wanting4 ,the spores are elliptical1 whitish1 #aa-abg-h4 ,no one will have any trouble in recognizing this species1 having once seen its picture and read its description4 ,its elongated or trumpet-shaped cap1 and its dingy-gray or sooty-brown hue1 will at once distinguish it4 ,the spore-bearing surface is often a little paler than the upper surface4 ,the cup is often three to four inches long4 ,i have found it in quite large clusters in the woods near ,bowling ,green1 and ,londonderry1 though it is found rather sparingly on the hillsides about ,chillicothe4 ,it has a wide distribution in other states4 ,it does not look inviting1 on account of its color1 but it proves a favorite whenever tested1 and may be dried and kept for future use4 ,it is found from ,july to ,september4 ,craterellus dubius4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #chj4--;,craterellus dubius4 ,natural size4 ,dubius means uncertain1 from its close resemblance to ,c4 cornucopoides4 ,the pileus is one to two inches broad1 infundibuliform1 subfibrillose1 lurid-brown1 pervious to the base1 the margin generally wavy1 lobed4 ,hymenium dark cinereous1 rugose when moist1 the minute crowded irregular folds abundantly anastomosing2 nearly even when dry4 ,the stem is short4 ,the spores are broadly elliptical or subglobose1 #f-g4e long4 ,peck4 ,it differs from ,c4 cornucopioides in manner of growth1 paler color1 and smaller spores4 ,it is distinguished from ,craterellus sinuosus by its pervious stem1 while very similar in color to ,cantharellus cinereus4 ,this plant1 like ,c4 cornucopoides1 dries readily1 and when moistened expands and becomes quite as good as when fresh4 ,it needs to be stewed slowly till tender1 when it makes a delightful dish4 ,the plants in ,figure #chj were collected near ,columbus by ,r4 ,h4 ,young and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,they are found from ,july to ,october4 ,corticium4 ,fr4 ,entirely resupinate1 hymenium soft and fleshy when moist1 collapsing when dry1 often cracked4 ,corticium lacteum4 ,fr4 ,this is a very small plant1 resupinate1 membranaceous1 and it is so named because of the milk-white color underneath4 ,the hymenium is waxy when moist1 cracked when dry4 ,corticium oakesii4 ,b4 ,c4 ,the plant is small1 waxy-pliant1 somewhat coriaceous1 cup-shaped1 then explanate1 confluent1 marginate1 externally white-tomentose4 ,the hymenium is even1 contiguous1 becoming pallid4 ,spores elliptical1 appendiculate4 ,i found very fine specimens of this plant on the ,iron-wood1 ,ostrya ,virginica1 which grows on the high school lawn in ,chillicothe4 ,in rainy weather in ,october and ,november the bark would be white with the plant4 ,it resembles a small ,peziza at first4 ,corticium incarnatum4 ,fr4 ,waxy when moist1 becoming rigid when dry1 confluent1 agglutinate1 radiating4 ,hymenium red or flesh-color1 covered with a delicate flesh-colored bloom4 ,some fine specimens were found on dead chestnut trees in ,poke ,hollow4 ,corticium sambucum4 ,pk4 ,effused on elder bark1 white1 continuous when growing1 when dry cracked or flocculose and collapsing4 ,it grows on the bark or the wood of the elder4 ,corticium cinereum4 ,fr4 ,waxy when moist1 rigid when dry1 agglutinate1 lurid4 ,the hymenium is cinereous1 with a very delicate bloom4 ,common on sticks in the woods4 ,thelephora4 ,fr4 ,the pileus is without a cuticle1 consisting of interwoven fibres4 ,hymenium ribbed1 of a tough1 fleshy substance1 rather rigid1 then collapsing and flocculent4 ,thelephora ,schweinitzii4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cha4--,thelephora ,schweinitzii4 ,schweinitzii is named in honor of the ,rev4 ,david ,lewis de ,schweinitz4 ,cspitose1 white or pallid4 ,pilei soft-corinaceous1 much branched2 the branches flattened1 furrowed and somewhat dilated at the apex4 ,the stems are variable in length1 often connate or fused together into a solid base4 ,the hymenium is even1 becoming darker colored when older4 ,morgan4 ,this plant is known as ,t4 pallida4 ,it is very abundant on our hillsides in ,ross ,county1 and in fact throughout the state4 ,thelephora laciniata4 ,p4 ,the pileus is soft1 somewhat coriaceous1 incrusting1 ferruginous-brown4 ,the pilei are imbricated1 fibrous1 scaly1 margin fimbriated1 at first dirty white4 ,the hymenium is inferior and papillose4 ,thelephora palmata4 ,fr4 ,the pileus is coriaceous1 soft1 erect1 palmately branched from a common stalk2 pubescent1 purplish-brown2 branches flat1 even1 tips fimbriated1 whitish4 ,the scent is very noticeable soon after it is picked4 ,they grow on the ground in ,july and ,august4 ,thelephora cristata4 ,fr4 ,the pileus is incrusting1 rather tough1 pallid1 passing into branches1 the apices compressed1 expanded1 and beautifully fringed4 ,the plant is whitish1 grayish1 or purplish-brown4 ,it is found on moss or stems of weeds4 ,i found beautiful specimens at ,bainbridge ,caves4 ,thelephora sebacea4 ,fr4 ,the pileus is effused1 fleshy1 waxy1 becoming hard1 incrusting1 variable1 tuberculose or stalactitic1 whitish1 circumference similar2 hymenium flocculose1 pruinose1 or evanescent4 ,it is found effused over grass4 ,one meets with it often4 ,stereum4 ,fr4 ,the hymenium is coriaceous1 even1 rather thick1 concrete with the intermediate stratum of the pileus1 which has a cuticle even and veinless1 remaining unchanged and smooth4 ,stereum versicolor4 ,illustration3 ,figure #chb4--,stereum versicolor4 ,versicolor means changing color1 referring to the different bands of color4 ,the pileus is effused1 reflexed1 having a number of different zones2 in some plants the zones are more marked than in others1 the zones appearing very much like those in ,polyporus versicolor4 ,the hymenium is even1 smooth and brown4 ,this is a very common plant1 found everywhere on old logs and stumps4 ,it is widely diffused and can be found at any time of the year4 ,stereum spadiceum4 ,fr4 ,pilei coriaceous and spreading1 reflexed1 villous1 somewhat ferruginous2 margin rather obtuse1 whitish1 even beneath2 smooth1 brownish1 and bleeding when scratched or bruised4 ,stereum hirsutum4 ,fr4 ,hirsutum means shaggy1 hairy4 ,the pilei are coriaceous and spreading1 quite hairy1 imbricated1 more or less zoned1 quite tough1 often having a greenish tinge from the presence of a minute alg2 naked1 juiceless1 yellowish1 unchanged when bruised or scratched4 ,the hymenium is pale-yellow1 smooth1 margin entire1 often lobed4 ,i find it usually on hickory logs4 ,stereum fasciatum4 ,schw4 ,fasciatum means bands or fillets4 ,pileus is coriaceous1 plane1 villous1 zonate1 grayish2 hymenium1 smooth1 pale-red4 ,growing on decayed trunks4 ,common in all of our woods4 ,stereum sericeum4 ,schw4 ,illustration3 ,figure #chc4--,stereum sericeum4 ,sericeum means silky or satiny2 so called from its satin lustre4 ,the plant is very small and easily overlooked1 usually growing in a resupinate form2 sessile1 orbiculate1 free1 papyraceous1 with a bright satin lustre1 shining1 smooth1 pale-grayish color4 ,the plant grows on both sides of small twigs as is shown in the photograph4 ,i do not find it on large trunks but it is quite common on branches4 ,no one will fail to recognize it from its specific name4 ,when ,i first observed it ,i named it ,s4 sericeum1 not knowing that there was a species by that name4 ,i afterwards sent it to ,prof4 ,atkinson and was surprised to find that ,i had correctly named it4 ,stereum rugosum4 ,fr4 ,rugosum means full of wrinkles4 ,broadly effused1 sometimes shortly reflexed2 coriaceous1 at length thick and rigid2 pileus at length smooth1 brownish4 ,the hymenium is a pale grayish-yellow1 changing slightly to a red when bruised1 pruinose4 ,the spores are cylindrico-elliptical1 straight1 #aa-abd-e4 ,massee4 ,this is quite variable in form1 and agrees with ,s4 sanguinolentum in becoming red when bruised2 but it is thicker and more rigid in substance1 its pores are straighter and larger4 ,stereum purpureum4 ,pers4 ,purpureum means purple1 from the color of the plant4 ,coriaceous but pliant1 effuso-reflexed1 more or less imbricated1 tomentose1 zoned1 whitish or pallid4 ,the hymenium is naked1 smooth1 even2 in color a pale clear purple1 becoming dingy ochraceous1 with only a tinge of purple1 when dry4 ,the spores are elliptical1 #g-hd4 ,i found the plant to be very abundant in ,december and ,january1 in #aijf-g1 on soft wood corded up at the paper mill in ,chillicothe1 the weather being mild and damp4 ,stereum compactum4 ,broadly effused1 coriaceous1 often imbricated and often laterally joined1 pileus thin1 zoned1 finely strigose1 the zones grayish-white and cinnamon-brown4 ,the hymenium is smooth1 cream-white4 ,this species is found on decayed limbs and trunks of trees4 ,hymenochte4 ,lev4 ,hymenochte is from two ,greek words1 hymen1 a membrane2 chte1 a bristle4 ,in this genus the cap or pileus may be attached to the host by a central stem1 or at one side1 but most frequently upon its back4 ,the genus is known by the velvety or bristly appearance of the fruiting surface1 due to smooth1 projecting1 thick-walled cells4 ,i have found several species but have only been sure of three4 ,hymenochte rubiginosa4 7,schr47 ,lev4 ,rubiginosa means full of rust1 so called from the color of the plant4 ,the pileus is rigid1 coriaceous1 resupinate1 effused1 reflexed1 the lower margin generally adhering firmly1 somewhat fasciated2 velvety1 rubiginous or rusty in color1 then becoming smooth and bright brown1 the intermediate stratum tawny-ferruginous4 ,the hymenium ferruginous and velvety4 ,it is found here upon soft woods such as chestnut stumps and willow4 ,hymenochte ,curtisii4 ,berk4 ,curtisii is named in honor of ,mr4 ,curtis4 ,the pileus is coriaceous1 firm1 resupinate1 effused1 reflexed1 brown1 slightly sulcate2 the hymenium velvety with brown bristles4 ,this is common on partially decayed oak branches in the woods4 ,hymenochte corrugata4 ,berk4 ,corrugata means bearing wrinkles or folds4 ,the pileus is coriaceous1 effused1 closely adnate1 indeterminate1 cinnamon colored1 cracked and corrugated when dry1 which gives rise to its name4 ,the bristles are seen1 under the microscope1 to be joined4 ,found in the woods on partially decayed branches4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,clavariaceae--,,coral ,,fungi4 ,hymenium not distinct from the hymenophore1 covering entire outer surface1 somewhat fleshy1 not coriaceous2 vertical1 simple or branched4 ,fries4 ,most of the species grow on the ground or on well rotted logs4 ,the following genera are included here3 ,sparassis--,fleshy1 much branched1 branches compressed1 plate-like4 ,clavaria--,fleshy1 simple or branched1 typically round4 ,calocera--,gelatinous1 then horn-like4 ,typhula--,simple or club-shaped1 rigid when dry1 usually small4 ,sparassis4 ,fr4 ,sparassis1 to tear in pieces4 ,the species are fleshy1 branched with plate-like branches1 composed of two plates1 fertile on both sides4 ,sparassis ,herbstii4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #chd4--,sparassis ,herbstii4 ,this is a plant very much branched1 forming tufts four to five inches high1 and five to six inches broad2 whitish1 inclining to creamy-yellow2 tough1 moist2 the branches numerous1 thin1 flattened1 concrescent1 dilated above1 spathulate or fan-shaped1 often somewhat longitudinally curved or wavy2 mostly uniformly colored1 rarely with a few indistinct1 nearly concolorous1 transverse zones near the broad1 entire apices4 ,the spores are globose1 or broadly elliptical1 4#jjjb to 4#jjjbe inch long1 4#jjjaf to 4#jjjb broad4 ,this species was first found by the late ,dr4 ,william ,herbst of ,trexlertown1 ,pa41 and was named by ,dr4 ,peck in his honor4 ,the specimen in ,figure #chd was found at ,trexlertown1 ,pa41 and photographed by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,the plant delights in open oak woods1 and is found through ,august and ,september4 ,it is edible and quite good4 ,sparassis crispa4 ,fr4 ,crispus1 curly4 ,this is a beautiful rosette-like plant1 growing quite large at times1 very much branched1 whitish1 oyster-colored1 or pale yellow2 branches intricate1 flat and leaf-like1 having a spore surface on both sides4 ,the entire plant forms a large round mass with its leaf-like surface variously curled1 folded1 and lobed1 with a crest-like margin1 and springing from a well-marked root1 most of which is buried in the ground4 ,no one will have any trouble to recognize it1 having once seen its photograph4 ,i found the plant quite frequently1 in the woods about ,bowling ,green4 ,it is not simply good1 but very good4 ,clavaria4 ,linn4 ,clavaria is from clavus1 a club4 ,this is by far the largest genus in this family1 and contains very many edible species1 some of which are excellent4 ,the entire genus is fleshy1 either branched or simple2 gradually thickening toward the top1 resembling a club4 ,in collecting clavaria special attention should be given to the character of the apices of the branches1 color of the branches1 color of spores1 the taste of the plant1 and the character of the place of its growth4 ,this genus is readily recognized1 and no one need to hesitate to eat any of the branching forms4 ,clavaria flava4 ,schaeff4 ,,pale-,,yellow ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #che4--;,clavaria flava4 ,natural size4 ,flava is from flavus1 yellow4 ,the plant is rather fragile1 white and yellow1 two to five inches high1 the mass of branches from two to five inches wide1 the trunk thick1 much branched4 ,the branches are round1 even1 smooth1 crowded1 nearly parallel1 pointing upward1 whitish or yellowish1 with pale yellow tips of tooth-like points4 ,when the plant is old1 the yellow tips are likely to be faded1 and the whole plant whitish in color4 ,the flesh and the spores are white1 and the taste is agreeable4 ,i have eaten this species since #ahij1 and ,i regard it as very good4 ,it is found in woods and grassy open places4 ,i have found it as early as ,june and as late as ,october4 ,clavaria aurea4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,golden ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,this plant grows from three to four inches high4 ,its trunk is thick1 elastic1 and its branches are uniformly a deep golden yellow1 often longitudinally wrinkled4 ,the branches straight1 regularly forked and round4 ,the stem is stout but thinner than in ,c4 flava4 ,the spores are yellowish and elliptical4 ,it is found in woods during ,august and ,september4 ,clavaria botrytes4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,red-,,tipped ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #chf4--;,clavaria botrytes4 ,one-half natural size4 ,botrytes is from a ,greek word meaning a cluster of grapes4 ,this plant differs little from ,c4 flava in size and structure1 but it is easily recognized from the red tips of its branches4 ,it is whitish1 or yellowish1 or pinkish1 with its branches red-tipped4 ,the stem is short1 thick1 fleshy1 whitish1 unequal4 ,the branches are often somewhat wrinkled1 crowded1 repeatedly branched4 ,in older specimens the red tips will be somewhat faded4 ,the spores are white and oblong-elliptical4 ,it is found in woods and open places1 during wet weather4 ,i found this plant occasionally near ,salem1 from ,july to ,october1 but it is not a common plant in ,ohio4 ,clavaria muscoides4 ,linn4 ,,forked ,,yellow ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,muscoides means moss-like4 ,this plant is inclined to be tough1 though graceful in growth2 slender-stemmed1 two or three time forked2 smooth2 base downy1 bright yellow4 ,the branchlets are thin1 crescent-shape1 acute4 ,the spores are white and nearly round4 ,the plant is usually solitary1 not branching as much as some other species2 quite dry1 very smooth1 except at the base1 which is downy1 in color resembling the yolk of an egg4 ,it is frequently found in damp pastures1 especially those skirting a wood4 ,clavaria amethystina4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,amethystine ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #chg4--;,clavaria amethystina4 ,amethystina means amethyst in color4 ,this is a remarkably attractive plant and easily recognized by its color4 ,it is sometimes quite small yet often grows from three to five inches high4 ,the color of the entire plant is violet2 it is very much branched or almost simple2 branches round1 even1 fragile1 smooth1 obtuse4 ,the spores are elliptical1 pale-ochraceous1 sub-transparent1 #aj-abf-g4 ,this plant is quite common around ,chillicothe1 and it has a wide distribution over the ,united ,states4 ,the specimens in ,figure #chg were found in ,poke ,hollow4 ,clavaria stricta4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,straight ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #chh4--;,clavaria stricta4 ,stricta is a participle from stringo1 to draw together4 ,the plant is very much branched1 pale1 dull-yellow1 becoming brownish when bruised2 the stem somewhat thickened2 branches very numerous and forked1 straight1 even1 densely pressed1 tips pointed4 ,the spores are dark cinnamon4 ,it is found on the ,huntington hills near ,chillicothe4 ,look for it in ,august and ,september4 ,clavaria pyxidata4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,cup ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #chi4--;,clavaria pyxidata4 ,natural size4 ,pyxidata is from pyxis1 a small box4 ,this plant is quite fragile1 waxy1 light-tan in color1 with a thin main stem1 whitish1 smooth1 variable in length1 branching and rebranching1 the branches ending in a cup4 ,the spores are white4 ,it is found on rotten wood and is readily recognized by the cup-like tips4 ,the specimen in ,figure #chi was found near ,columbus and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,found from ,june to ,october4 ,clavaria abietina4 ,schum4 ,,the ,,fir-,,wood ,,clavaria4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cij4--;,clavaria abietina4 ,abietina means fir-wood4 ,this plant grows in dense tufts1 very much branched1 ochraceous1 trunk somewhat thickened1 short1 clothed with a white down2 branches straight1 crowded1 longitudinally wrinkled when dry1 branchlets straight4 ,the spores are oval and ochraceous4 ,it can be readily identified by its changing to green when bruised4 ,it is very common on our wooded hillsides4 ,it is found from ,august to ,october4 ,clavaria spinulosa4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cia4--;,clavaria spinulosa4 ,spinulosa means spiny or full of spines4 ,the trunk of this plant is rather short and thick1 at least one-half to one inch thick1 whitish4 ,the branches are elongated1 crowded1 tense and straight2 attenuated1 tapering upward2 color somewhat cinnamon-brown throughout4 ,the spores are elliptical1 yellowish-brown1 #aa-ace4 ,it is usually given as found under pine trees1 but ,i find it about ,chillicothe in mixed woods1 in which there are no pine trees at all4 ,it is found after frequent rains1 from ,august to ,october4 ,as an edible1 it is fairly good4 ,clavaria formosa4 ,pers4 ,,beautiful ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cib4--;,clavaria formosa4 ,three-fourths its natural size4 ,formosa is from formosus1 meaning finely formed4 ,this plant is two to six inches high1 trunk rather thick1 often over an inch in thickness2 whitish1 or yellowish1 elastic1 the branches numerous1 crowded1 elongated1 divided at the ends into yellow branchlets1 which are thin1 straight1 obtuse or toothed4 ,the spores are elongated-oval1 rough1 buff-colored1 #afh4 ,this is an extremely beautiful plant1 very tender or brittle4 ,when the plant is quite young1 just coming through the ground1 the tips of the branches are often of a bright red or pink4 ,this bright color soon fades1 leaving the entire plant a light yellow in color4 ,the plant has a wide distribution1 and is found on the ground in the woods1 frequently growing in rows4 ,while the handsomest of the ,clavarias1 it is not the best1 and only the tender parts of the plant should be used4 ,it is found from ,july to ,october4 ,the specimen in ,figure #cib was found in ,poke ,hollow4 ,clavaria cristata4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,crested ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #cic4--;,clavaria cristata4 ,cristata is from cristatus1 crested4 ,this is a smaller plant than the ,c4 flava or ,c4 botrytes4 ,it is usually two to three inches high1 white or whitish1 the tufts of broad flattened branches1 sometimes tinged with a dull pink or creamy-yellow4 ,the branches are numerous1 widened and flattened above1 deeply cut into several finger-like points1 sometimes so numerous as to give it a crested appearance4 ,this peculiar characteristic distinguishes it from ,c4 coralloides4 ,when the plant is old the tips usually turn brown4 ,sometimes a form will be found in which the crested appearance is wanting1 and in that case the branches terminate in blunt points4 ,the stem is short and inclined to be spongy4 ,it is found in the woods1 in cool1 moist1 shady places4 ,while it is tougher than some of the other species1 if cut fine and well cooked it is very good4 ,i have eaten it for years4 ,it is found from ,june to ,october4 ,clavaria coronata4 ,schw4 ,,the ,,crowned ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #cid4--;,clavaria coronata4 ,pale yellow1 then fawn color2 divided immediately from the base and very much branched2 the branches divergent and compressed or angulate1 the final branchlets truncate-obtuse at apex and there encircled with a crown of minute processes4 ,morgan4 ,this plant is found on decayed wood4 ,it is repeatedly branched in twos and forms clusters sometimes several inches in height4 ,it resembles in form ,c4 pyxidata1 but it is quite a distinct species4 ,in some localities it is found quite frequently4 ,it is plentiful about ,chillicothe4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,clavaria vermicularis4 ,scop4 ,,white-,,tufted ,,clavaria4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #cie4--;,clavaria vermicularis4 ,small1 two to three inches high2 cspitose1 fragile1 white1 club-shaped2 clubs stuffed1 simple1 cylindrical1 subulate4 ,found on lawns1 short pastures or in paths in woods4 ,someone has said they look like a little bundle of candles4 ,edible1 but too small to gather4 ,june and ,july4 ,clavaria crispula4 ,fr4 ,,flexuous ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,very much branched1 tan-colored1 then ochraceous2 trunk slender1 villous1 rooting2 branches flexuous1 having many divisions1 branches of the same color1 divaricating1 fragile4 ,the spores are creamy-yellow1 slightly elliptical4 ,this plant is slightly acrid to the taste and retains a faint trace of acridity even after it is cooked4 ,it is very plentiful in our woods4 ,found from ,july to ,october4 ,clavaria ,kunzei4 ,fr4 ,,kunze',s ,,clavaria4 ,rather fragile1 very much branched from the slender cspitose base2 white2 branches elongated1 crowded1 repeatedly forked1 subfastigiate1 even1 equal2 axils compressed4 ,specimens were found on ,cemetery ,hill under beech trees1 and identified by ,dr4 ,herbst4 ,the spores are yellowish4 ,clavaria cinerea4 ,bull4 ,,ash-,,colored ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,cinerea1 pertaining to ashes4 ,this is a small plant1 growing in groups1 frequently in rows1 under beech trees4 ,the color is gray or ashy2 it is quite fragile2 stem thick1 short1 very much branched1 with the branches thickened1 somewhat wrinkled1 rather obtuse4 ,its gray color will distinguish it from the other ,clavaria4 ,clavaria pistillaris4 ,l4 ,,indian-,,club ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cif4--;,clavaria pistillaris4 ,one-half natural size4 ,pistillaris is from pistillum1 a pestle4 ,they are simple1 large1 stuffed1 fleshy1 everywhere smooth1 three to ten inches high1 attaining to one inch in thickness2 light yellow1 ochraceous1 brownish1 chocolate1 club-shaped1 ovate-rounded1 puckered at the top2 flesh white1 spongy4 ,the spores are white1 #aje4 ,they are found in the leaf-mold of mixed woods1 and you will sometimes find several growing together4 ,they are found from ,july to frost4 ,the dark variety1 which is frequently vertically wrinkled1 is slightly acrid when raw1 but this disappears upon cooking4 ,the plant is widely distributed but abundant nowhere in our state4 ,i found it occasionally in the woods near ,chillicothe4 ,the plants in ,figure #cif were found near ,columbus1 and were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman of ,ohio ,state ,university4 ,clavaria fusiformis4 ,sow4 ,,spindle-,,shaped ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cig4--;,clavaria fusiformis4 ,natural size4 ,fusiformis is from fusus1 a spindle1 and forma1 a form4 ,the plant is yellow1 smooth1 rather firm1 soon hollow1 cspitose2 nearly erect1 rather brittle1 attenuated at each end2 clubs somewhat spindle-shaped1 simple1 toothed1 the apex somewhat darker2 even1 slightly firm1 usually with several united at the base4 ,the spores are pale yellow1 globose1 #d-e4 ,they are found in woods and pastures4 ,the plants in the figure were in the woods beside an untraveled road1 on ,ralston's ,run4 ,they strongly resemble ,c4 inqualis4 ,when found in sufficient quantities they are very tender and have an excellent flavor4 ,clavaria inqualis4 ,mull4 ,,the ,,unequal ,,clavaria4 ,,edible4 ,inqualis means unequal4 ,somewhat tufted1 quite fragile1 from one to three inches high1 often compressed1 angular1 often forked1 ventricose2 yellow1 occasionally whitish1 sometimes variously cut at the tip4 ,the spores are colorless1 elliptical1 #i-aje4 ,one can readily distinguish it from ,c4 fusiformis by the tips1 these not being sharp pointed4 ,it is found in clusters in woods and pastures from ,august to ,october4 ,as delicious as ,c4 fusiformis4 ,clavaria mucida4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cih4--;,clavaria mucida4 ,mucida means slimy1 so named from the soft and watery condition of the plants4 ,the plants are quite small1 usually simple yet sometimes branched1 club-shaped1 one-eighth to an inch high1 white1 sometimes yellowish1 frequently pinkish or rose-tinted4 ,these plants are very small and easily overlooked4 ,it is found on decayed wood4 ,i have found it late in the fall and early in the spring4 ,you can look for it at any time of the year after warm rains or in damp places1 on well decayed wood4 ,the specimens in ,figure #cih were photographed by ,prof4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smith1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,calocera4 ,fr4 ,this plant is gelatinous1 somewhat cartilaginous when moist1 horny when dry1 vertical1 simple or branched1 cspitose or solitary4 ,the hymenium is universal2 the basidia round and two-lobed1 each lobe bearing a single one-spored sterigma4 ,the spores are inclined to be oblong and curved4 ,this genus resembles ,clavaria1 but is identified by being somewhat gelatinous and viscid when moist and rather horn-like when dry1 but especially by its two-lobed basidia4 ,calocera cornea4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #cii4--;,calocera cornea4 ,this is unbranched1 cspitose1 rooting1 even1 viscid1 orange-yellow or pale yellow2 clubs short1 subulate1 connate at the base4 ,the spores are round and oblong1 #g-he4 ,found upon stumps and logs1 especially upon oak where the timber is cracked1 the plants springing from the cracks4 ,when dry they are quite stiff and rigid4 ,calocera stricta4 ,fr4 ,these plants are unbranched1 solitary1 about one inch high1 elongated1 base somewhat blunt1 even when dry1 yellow4 ,its habitat is very similar to ,c4 cornea but more scattered4 ,c4 striata1 ,fr41 is very similar to ,c4 cornea1 but is distinguished by its being solitary1 and striate or rugose when dry4 ,typhula4 ,fr4 ,epiphytal4 ,stem filiform1 flaccid2 clubs cylindrical1 perfectly distinct from hymenium1 sometimes springing from a sclerotium2 hymenium thin and waxy4 ,this is distinguished from ,clavaria and ,pistillaria by having its stem distinct from the hymenium4 ,it is a small plant resembling1 in miniature1 ,typha1 hence its generic name4 ,typhula erythropus4 ,fr4 ,simple2 club cylindrical1 slender1 smooth1 white2 stem nearly straight1 dark red1 inclining to be black1 springing usually from a blackish and somewhat wrinkled sclerotium4 ,the spores are oblong1 #e-fb-b4e4 ,this plant has a wide distribution1 and is found in damp places upon the stems of herbaceous plants4 ,typhula incarnata4 ,fr4 ,simple2 club cylindrical1 elongated1 smooth2 whitish1 more or less tinged with pink above2 one to two-inches high1 base minutely strigose1 springing from a compressed brownish sclerotium4 ,the spores are nearly round1 #ed4 ,this is a common and beautiful little plant and easily distinguished both by its color and the size and form of its spores4 ,if the collector will watch the dead herbaceous stems in damp places1 he will not only find the two just described1 but another1 differing in color1 size1 and form of spores1 called ,t4 phacorrhiza1 ,fr4 ,it has a brownish color and its spores are quite oblong1 #h-id-e4 ,lachnocladium4 ,lev4 ,lachnocladium is from two ,greek words meaning a fleece and a branch4 ,pileus coriaceous1 tough1 repeatedly branched2 the branches slender or filiform1 tomentose4 ,hymenium amphigenous4 ,fungi slender and much branched1 terrestrial1 but sometimes growing on wood4 ,lachnocladium semivestitum4 ,b4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,figure #djj4--,lachnocladium semivestitum4 ,pileus1 much branched from a slender stem of variable length1 expanded at the angles2 the branches filiform1 straight1 somewhat fasciculate1 smooth at the tips and paler in color4 ,this is quite a common specimen on our north hillsides4 ,it is white and quite fragile4 ,found in damp places in ,august and ,september4 ,lachnocladium ,micheneri4 ,b4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dja4--,lachnocladium ,micheneri4 ,coriaceous1 tough1 pale or whitish2 stem well marked1 branching from a point1 branches numerous1 tips pointed2 white tomentum at the base of the stem4 ,this plant is very abundant here and is found very generally over the ,united ,states4 ,it grows on fallen leaves in woods1 after a rain1 being found from ,july to ,october4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,tremellini ,,fr4 ,tremellini is from tremo1 to tremble4 ,the whole plant is gelatinous1 with the exception1 occasionally1 of the nucleus4 ,the sporophores are large1 simple or divided4 ,spicules elongated into threads4 ,berk4 ,the following genera are included3 ,tremella--,immarginate4 ,hymenium universal4 ,exidia--,margined4 ,hymenium superior4 ,hirneola--,cartilaginous1 ear-shaped1 attached by a point4 ,tremella4 ,fr4 ,this plant is so called because the entire plant is gelatinous1 tremulous1 and without a definite margin1 and also without nipple-like elevations4 ,tremella lutescens4 ,fr4 ,,yellowish ,,tremella4 ,,edible4 ,this is a small gelatinous cluster1 tremulous1 convoluted1 in wavy folds1 pallid1 then yellowish1 with its lobes crowded and entire4 ,quite common over the state4 ,it is found on decaying limbs and stumps from ,july to winter4 ,it dries during absence of rain but revives and becomes tremulous during wet weather4 ,it is called lutescens because of its yellowish color4 ,tremella mesenterica4 ,retz4 ,mesenterica is from two ,greek words meaning the mesentery4 ,the plant varies in size and form1 sometimes quite flat and thin but generally ascending and strongly lobed2 plicated1 and convoluted2 gelatinous but firm2 lobes short1 smooth1 covered with a frost-like bloom by the white spores at maturity4 ,the spores are broadly elliptical4 ,common in the woods on decaying sticks and branches4 ,tremella albida4 ,hud4 ,,the ,,whitish ,,tremella4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #djb4--,tremella albida4 ,natural size4 ,albida1 whitish4 ,this plant is very common in the woods about ,chillicothe1 and everywhere in the state where beech1 sugar-maple1 and hickory prevail4 ,it is whitish1 becoming dingy-brown when dry2 expanded1 tough1 undulated1 even1 more or less gyrose1 pruinose4 ,it breaks the bark and spreads in irregular and scalloped masses2 when moist it has a gelatinous consistency1 a soft and clammy touch1 yielding like a mass of gelatine4 ,its spores are oblong1 obtuse1 curved1 marked with tear-like spots1 almost transparent1 #ab-add-e4 ,the specimen represented in ,figure #djb was found near ,sandusky and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,tremella mycetophila4 ,pk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #djc4--,tremella mycetophila4 ,mycetophila is from two ,greek words1 mycetes1 fungi2 phila1 fond of4 ,the plant is so called because it is found growing upon other fungi4 ,often nearly round1 somewhat depressed1 circling in folds1 sometimes in quite large masses about the stems of the plant1 as will be seen in ,figure #djc1 tremelloid-fleshy1 slightly pruinose1 a dirty white or yellowish4 ,i have found it frequently growing on ,collybia drophila1 as is the case in ,figure #djc4 ,captain ,mc,ilvaine speaks in his book of finding this plant parasitic on ,marasmius oreades in quite a large mass for this plant4 ,i can verify the statement for ,i have found it on ,m4 oreades during damp weather in ,august and ,september4 ,it has a pleasant taste4 ,tremella fimbriata4 ,pers4 ,fimbriata is from frimbri1 a fringe4 ,it is very soft and gelatinous1 olivaceous inclining to black1 tufted1 two to three inches high1 and quite as broad1 erect1 lobes flaccid1 corrugated1 cut at the margin1 which gives rise to the name of species2 spores are nearly pear shaped4 ,found on dead branches1 stumps1 and on fence-rails in damp weather4 ,easily known by its dark color4 ,tremellodon4 ,pers4 ,tremellodon means trembling tooth4 ,these plants are gelatinous1 with a cap or pileus2 the hymenium covered with acute gelatinous spines1 awl-shaped and equal4 ,the basidia are nearly round with four rather stout1 elongated sterigmata1 spores very nearly round4 ,tremellodon gelatinosum4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dje4--,tremellodon gelatinosum4 ,gelatinosum means full of jelly or jelly-like1 from gelatina1 jelly4 ,the pileus is dimidiate1 gelatinous1 tremelloid1 one to three inches broad1 rather thick1 extended behind into a lateral thick1 stem-like base1 pileus covered with a greenish-brown bloom1 very minutely granular4 ,the hymenium is watery-gray1 covered with hydnum-like teeth1 stout1 acute1 equal1 one to two inches long1 whitish1 soft1 inclined to be glaucous4 ,the spores are nearly round1 #g-h4 ,these plants are found on pine and fir trunks and on sawdust heaps4 ,they grow in groups and are very variable in form and size but easily determined1 being the only tremelloid fungus with true spines4 ,the plants in ,figure #dje were photographed by ,prof4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smith of ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,they are edible4 ,found from ,september to cold weather4 ,exidia4 ,fr4 ,gelatinous1 marginal1 fertile above1 barren below4 ,exidia may be known by its minute nipple-like elevations4 ,exidia grandulosa4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,l4 ,figure #djd4--;,excidia glandulosa4 ,this plant is called ,witches' ,butter4 ,it varies in color1 from whitish to brown and deep cinereous1 at length blackish2 flattened1 undulated1 much wrinkled above1 slightly plicated below2 soft at first and when moist1 becoming film-like when dry4 ,found on dead branches of oak4 ,hirneola4 ,fr4 ,hirneola is the diminutive of hirnea1 a jug4 ,gelatinous1 cup-shaped1 horny when dry4 ,hymenium wrinkled1 becoming cartilaginous when moistened4 ,the hymenium is in the form of a hard skin which covers the cup-shaped cavities1 and which can be peeled off after soaking in water1 the interstices are without papill and the outer surface is velvety4 ,hirneola auricula-,jud4 ,berk4 ,,the ,,jew',s ,,ear ,,hirneola4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #djf4--;,hirneola auricula-,jud4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,li4 ,figure #djg4--;,hirneola auricula-judae4 ,auricula-,jud1 the ear of the ,jew4 ,the plant is gelatinous2 one to four inches across2 thin1 concave1 wavy1 flexible when moist1 hard when dry2 blackish1 fuzzy1 hairy beneath2 when covered with white spores it is cinereous4 ,the hymenium by its corrugations forms depressions such as are found in the human ear4 ,one will not fail to recognize it after seeing it once4 ,it is not common in our woods1 yet ,i have found it on several occasions4 ,it is found on almost any timber but most frequently on the elm and elder4 ,the plant in ,figure #djf was found near ,chillicothe4 ,its distribution is general4 ,guepinia4 ,fr4 ,gelatinous1 inclining to cartilaginous1 free1 different on the two sides1 variable in form1 substipitate4 ,hymenium confined to one side4 ,guepinia spathularia4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #djh4--;,guepinia spathularia4 ,entire plant a light yellow4 ,yellow1 cartilaginous1 especially when dry1 spathulate1 expanded above1 hymenium slightly ribbed1 contracted where it issues from a log4 ,it is quite common on beech and maple logs4 ,i have seen beech logs1 somewhat decayed1 quite yellow with this interesting plant4 ,hymenula4 ,fr4 ,effused1 very thin1 maculform1 agglutinate1 between wavy or gelatinous4 ,berk4 ,hymenula punctiformis4 ,b4 ,br4 ,,point-,,like ,,hymenula4 ,dirty white1 quite pallid1 gelatinous1 punctiform1 slightly undulated2 consisting of erect simple threads2 frequently there is a slight tinge of yellow4 ,the spores are very minute4 ,it looked very much like an undeveloped ,peziza when ,i found it1 in fact ,i thought it ,p4 vulgaris until ,i had submitted a specimen to ,prof4 ,atkinson4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,ascomycetes--,,spore-,,sac ,,fungi4 ,ascomycetes is from two ,greek words3 ascos1 a sack2 mycetes1 a fungus or mushroom4 ,all the fungi which belong to this class develop their spores in small membranous sacs4 ,these asci are crowded together side by side1 and with them are slender empty asci called paraphyses4 ,the spores are inclosed in these sacs1 usually eight in a sac4 ,they are called sporidia to separate them from the ,basidiomycetes4 ,these sacs arise from a naked or inclosed stratum of fructifying cells1 forming a hymenium or nucleus4 ,,family--,,helvellaceae4 ,hymenium at length more or less exposed1 the substance soft4 ,the genera are distinguished from the earth-tongues by the cup-like forms of the spore body1 but especially by the character of the spore sacs which open by a small lid1 instead of spores4 ,the following are some of the genera3 ,morchella ,pileus deeply folded and pitted4 ,gyromitra ,pileus covered with rounded and variously contorted folds4 ,helvella ,pileus drooping1 irregularly waved and lobed4 ,morchella4 ,dill4 ,morchella is from a ,greek word meaning a mushroom4 ,this genus is easily recognized4 ,it may be known by the deeply pitted1 and often elongated1 naked head1 the depressions being usually regular but sometimes resembling mere furrows with wrinkled interspaces4 ,the cap or head varies in form from rounded to ovate or cone shape4 ,they are all marked by deep pits1 covering the entire surface1 separated by ridges forming a net-work4 ,the spore-sacs are developed in both ridges and depressions4 ,all the species when young are of a buff-yellow tinged with brown4 ,the stems are stout and hollow1 white1 or whitish in color4 ,the common name is ,morel1 and they appear during wet weather early in the spring4 ,morchella esculenta4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,common ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dji4--,morchella esculenta4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,the ,common ,morel has a cap a little longer than broad1 so that it is almost oval in outline4 ,sometimes it is nearly round but again it is often slightly narrowed in its upper half1 though not pointed or cone-like4 ,the pits in its surface are more nearly round than in the other species4 ,in this species the pits are irregularly arranged so that they do not form rows1 as will be observed in ,figure #dji4 ,it grows from two to four inches high and is known by most people as the ,sponge mushroom4 ,it grows in woods and wood borders1 especially beside wood streams4 ,old apple and peach orchards are favorite places for ,morels4 ,it makes no difference if the beginner cannot identify the species1 as they are all equally good4 ,i have seen collectors have for sale a bushel basketful1 in which half a dozen species were represented4 ,they dry very easily and can be kept for winter use4 ,it is said to grow in great profusion over burnt districts4 ,the ,german peasants were reputed to have burned forest tracts to insure an abundant crop4 ,i find that more people know the ,morels than any other mushroom4 ,they are found through ,april and ,may1 after warm rains4 ,morchella deliciosa4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,delicious ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #daj4--,morchella deliciosa4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,this and the preceding species would indicate by their names that they have been held in high esteem for a long time1 as ,profs4 ,persoon and ,fries1 who named them1 lived more than a hundred years ago4 ,the ,delicious ,morel is recognized by the shape of its cap1 which is generally cylindrical1 sometimes pointed1 and slightly curved4 ,the stem is rather short and1 like the stem of all ,morels1 is hollow from the top to the bottom4 ,it is found associated with other species of ,morels1 in woods and wood borders1 also in old apple and peach orchards4 ,they need to be cooked slowly and long4 ,coming early in the spring1 they are not likely to be infested with worms4 ,the flesh is rather fragile and not very watery4 ,they are easily dried4 ,found through ,april and ,may4 ,morchella esculenta var4 conica4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,conical ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lii4 ,figure #daa4--,morchella esculenta var4 conica4 ,the ,conical ,morel is very closely related to ,m4 esculenta and ,m4 deliciosa1 from which it differs in having the cap longer than it is wide1 and more pointed1 so that it is conical or oblong-conical4 ,the plant1 as a general thing1 grows to be larger than the other species4 ,it is1 however1 pretty hard to distinguish these three species4 ,the ,conical ,morel is quite abundant about ,chillicothe4 ,i have found ,morels especially plentiful about the reservoirs in ,mercer ,county1 and in ,auglaize1 ,allen1 ,harden1 ,hancock1 ,wood and ,henry ,counties4 ,i have known lovers of ,morels to go on camping tours in the woods about the reservoirs for the purpose of hunting them1 and to bring home large quantities of them4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dab4--,morchella esculenta var4 conica4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,morchella angusticeps4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,narrow-,,cap ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dac4--,morchella angusticeps4 ,angusticeps is from two ,latin words3 angustus1 narrow2 caput1 head4 ,this species and ,m4 conica are so nearly alike that it is very difficult to identify them with any degree of satisfaction4 ,in both species the cap is considerably longer than broad1 but in angusticeps the cap is slimmer and more pointed4 ,the pits1 as a general thing are longer than in the other species4 ,they are often found in orchards but are also frequently found in low woods under black ash trees4 ,i have found some typical specimens about the reservoirs4 ,the specimens in ,figure #dac were collected in ,michigan1 and photographed by ,prof4 ,b4 ,o4 ,longyear4 ,they appear very early in the spring1 even while we are still having frosts4 ,morchella semilibera4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,hybrid ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dad4--,morchella semilibera4 ,one-half natural size4 ,semilibera means half free1 and it is so called because the cap is bell-shaped and the lower half is free from the stem4 ,the cap is rarely more than one inch long1 and is usually much shorter than the stem1 as is indicated in ,figure #dad4 ,the pits on the cap are longer than broad4 ,the stem is white or whitish and somewhat mealy or scurvy1 hollow1 and often swollen at the base4 ,i found the specimens in ,figure #dad about the last of ,may under elm trees1 in ,james ,dunlap's woods4 ,they are quite plentiful there4 ,i do not detect any difference in the flavor of these and other species4 ,morchella bispora4 ,sor4 ,,the ,,two-,,spored ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dae4--,morchella bispora4 ,one-half natural size4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,liii4 ,figure #daf4--,morchella bispora4 ,the two-spored ,morel4 ,edible4 ,showing the cap free from the stem quite to the top4 ,bispora1 two-spored1 differs from the other species in the fact that the cap is free from the stem quite to the top4 ,the distinguishing characteristic1 which gives name to the species1 can be seen only by the aid of a strong microscope4 ,in this species there are only two spores in each ascus or sac1 and these are much larger than in the other species1 which have eight spores in a sac or ascus4 ,the ridges1 as will be seen in ,figure #dae1 run from the top to the bottom4 ,the stem is much longer than the cap1 hollow1 and sometimes swollen at the base4 ,the whole plant is fragile and very tender4 ,the plants in ,figure #dae were collected in ,michigan by ,prof4 ,longyear4 ,those in the full page display were found near ,columbus and were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,it seems to have a wide range1 but is nowhere very plentiful4 ,the spores can be readily obtained from morels by taking a mature specimen and placing it on white paper under a glass for a few hours4 ,the beginner will find much difficulty in identifying the species of ,morels2 but if he is collecting them for food he need not give the matter any thought1 since none need be avoided1 and they are so characteristic that no one need be afraid to gather them4 ,morchella crassipes4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,gigantic ,,morel4 ,,edible4 ,crassipes is from crassus1 thick2 pes1 foot4 ,the cap resembles the cap of ,m4 esculenta in its form and irregular pitting1 but it is quite a little larger4 ,the stem is very stout1 much longer than the pileus1 often very much wrinkled and folded4 ,i have found only a few specimens of this species4 ,found in ,april and ,may4 ,verpa4 ,swartz4 ,verpa means a rod4 ,ascospore smooth or slightly wrinkled1 free from the sides of the stem1 attached at the tip of the stem1 bell-shaped1 thin2 hymenium covering the entire surface of the ascospore2 asci cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,the spores are elliptical1 hyaline2 paraphyses septate4 ,the stem is inflated1 stuffed1 rather long1 tapering downward4 ,verpa digitaliformis4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dag4--,verpa digitaliformis4 ,digitaliformis is from digitus1 a finger1 and forma1 a form4 ,the pileus is bell-shaped1 attached to the tip of the stem1 but otherwise free from it2 olive-umber in color2 smooth1 thin1 closely pressed to the stem1 but always free2 the edge sometimes inflexed4 ,the stem is three inches high1 tapering downward1 furnished at the base with reddish radicels2 white1 with a reddish tinge2 apparently smooth1 but under the glass quite scaly2 loosely stuffed4 ,the asci are large1 #h-spored1 the spores being elliptical4 ,the paraphyses are slender and septate4 ,figure #dag represents several plants1 natural size4 ,the one in the righthand corner is old1 with a ragged pileus2 the vertical section shows the pithy contents of the stem4 ,the plants are found in cool1 moist1 and shady ravines from ,may to ,august4 ,edible1 but not very good4 ,gyromitra4 ,fr4 ,gyromitra is from gyro1 to turn2 mitra1 a hat or bonnet4 ,this genus is so called because the plants look like a hood that is much wrinkled or plaited4 ,ascophore stipitate2 hymenophore subglobose1 inflated and more or less hollow or cavernous1 variously gyrose and convolute at the surface1 which is everywhere covered with the hymenium2 substance fleshy2 asci cylindrical1 #h-spored2 spores uniseriate1 elongated1 hyaline or nearly so1 continuous2 paraphyses present4 ,massee4 ,gyromitra esculenta4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,liv4 ,figure #dah4--;,gyromitra esculenta4 ,esculenta means edible4 ,this is the largest spore-sac fungus4 ,the original name was ,helvella esculenta4 ,it is bay-red1 round1 wrinkled or convoluted1 attached to the stem1 irregular1 with brain-like convolutions4 ,the stem is hollow when mature1 often very much deformed1 whitish1 scurvy1 frequently enlarged or swollen at the base1 sometimes lacunose1 frequently attenuated upward1 at first stuffed2 asci cylindrical1 apex obtuse1 base attenuated1 #h-spored2 spores obliquely uniseriate1 hyaline1 smooth1 continuous1 elliptical1 #ag-bei-aa2 paraphases numerous4 ,this plant will be readily recognized from ,figure #dah1 and its bay-red or chestnut-red cap with its brain-like convolutions4 ,the books speak of its being found in pine regions1 but ,i have found it frequently in the woods near ,bowling ,green1 ,sidney1 and ,chillicothe4 ,many authors give this plant a bad reputation1 yet ,i have eaten it often and when it is well prepared it is good4 ,i should advise caution in its use4 ,it is found in damp sandy woods during ,may and ,june4 ,the plant in ,figure #dah was found near ,chillicothe4 ,gyromitra brunnea4 ,underwood4 ,,the ,,brown ,,gyromitra4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dai4--;,gyromitra brunnea4 ,brunnea is from brunneus1 brown4 ,a stout1 fleshy plant1 stipitate1 three to five inches high1 bearing a broad1 much contorted1 brown ascoma4 ,stem is to #a4e inch thick1 more or less enlarged and spongy1 solid at the base1 hollow below1 rarely slightly fluted1 clear white2 receptacle two to four inches across in the widest direction1 the two diameters usually more or less unequal1 irregularly lobed and plicate2 in places faintly marked into areas by indistinct anastomosing ridges2 closely cohering with the stem in the various parts2 color a rich chocolate-brown or somewhat lighter if much covered with the leaves among which it grows2 whitish underneath2 asci #h-spored4 ,spores oval4 ,this plant is found quite frequently about ,bowling ,green4 ,the land is very rich there and produced both ,g4 esculenta and ,g4 brunnea in greater abundance than ,i have found elsewhere in the state4 ,it is quite tender and fragile4 ,the specimen in ,figure #dai was found near ,cincinnati and photographed by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,helvella elastica4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,peziza-,,like ,,helvella4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dbj4--;,helvella elastica4 ,elastica means elastic1 referring to its stem4 ,the pileus is free from the stem1 drooping1 two to three lobed1 center depressed1 even1 whitish1 brownish1 or sooty1 almost smooth underneath1 about #b cm4 broad4 ,the stem is two to three and a half inches high1 and three to five lines thick at the inflated base2 tapering upward1 elastic1 smooth1 or often more or less pitted2 colored like the pileus1 minutely velvety or furfuraceous2 at first solid1 then hollow4 ,spores hyaline1 continuous1 elliptical1 ends obtuse1 often #a-;guttulate1 #ah-bjaj-aa2 #a-serrate2 paraphyses septate1 clavate4 ,massee4 ,the plants in the figure were found near ,columbus and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,i have not found the plant as far south as ,chillicothe1 though ,i found it frequently in the northern part of the state4 ,it grows in the woods on leaf-mould4 ,helvella lacunosa4 ,afz4 ,,the ,,cinereous ,,helvella4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dba4--;,helvella lacunosa4 ,lacunosa1 full of pits or pitted4 ,this is a beautiful plant1 very closely related to the ,morchellas4 ,the pileus is inflated1 lobed1 cinereous black1 lobes deflected1 adnate4 ,the stem is hollow1 white or dusky1 exterior ribbed1 forming intervening cavities4 ,the asci are cylindrical1 and stemmed4 ,the sporidia are ovate and hyaline4 ,the deep longitudinal grooves in the stem are characteristic of this species4 ,the plants from which the halftone was made were collected near ,sandusky and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,they grow in moist woods4 ,i found the plants frequently in the woods near ,bowling ,green and occasionally about ,chillicothe1 growing about well-decayed stumps4 ,hypomyces4 ,tul4 ,hypomyces means upon a mushroom4 ,it is parasitic on fungi4 ,mycelium byssoid2 perithecia small2 asci #h-spored4 ,hypomyces lactifluorum4 ,schw4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dbb4--;,hypomyces lactifluorum4 ,the entire plant is a bright yellow4 ,natural size4 ,lactifluorum means milk-flowing4 ,it is parasitic on ,lactarius1 probably piperatus1 as this species surrounded it4 ,it seems to have the power to change the color into an orange-red mass1 in many cases entirely obliterating the gills of the host-species1 as will be seen in ,figure #dbb4 ,the asci are long and slender4 ,the sporidia are in one row1 spindle-shaped1 straight or slightly curved1 rough1 hyaline1 uniseptic1 cuspidate1 pointed at the ends1 #cj-chf-h4 ,this very closely resembles ,hypomyces aurantius1 but the sporidia are larger1 rough and warted and the felt-like mycelium at the base is wanting4 ,it occurs in various colors1 orange1 red1 white1 and purple4 ,it is not plentiful1 occurring only occasionally4 ,capt4 ,mc,ilvaine says1 ,when it is well cooked in small pieces it is among the best4 ,it is found from ,july to ,october4 ,leptoglossum luteum4 7,pk47 ,sac4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dbc4--,leptoglossum luteum4 ,leptoglossum is from two ,greek words1 meaning thin1 delicate1 and tongue2 luteum means yellowish4 ,the club is distinct from the stem1 smooth1 compressed1 generally with a groove on one side2 luteous1 often becoming brown at the tip or apex4 ,the stem is equal or slightly enlarged above1 stuffed1 luteous1 minutely scaly4 ,the spores are oblong1 slightly curved1 in a double row1 #a-ajjj to #a-hjj inch long4 ,peck4 ,these are found quite frequently among moss1 or where an old log has rotted down1 on the north hillsides about ,chillicothe4 ,the plants were first described by ,dr4 ,peck as ,geoglossum luteum1 but afterwards called by ,saccardo ,leptoglossum luteum4 ,the plants in ,figure #dbc were found in ,august or ,september1 on ,ralston's ,run1 near ,chillicothe1 and were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,spathularia4 ,pers4 ,this is a very interesting genus1 and one that will attract the attention of any one at first sight4 ,it grows in the form of a spathula1 from which it receives its generic name4 ,the spore-body is flattened and grows down on both sides of the stem1 tapering downward4 ,spathularia flavida4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,yellow ,,spathularia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dbd4--,spathularia flavida4 ,the spore body is a clear yellow1 sometimes tinged with red1 shaped like a spathula1 the apex blunt1 sometimes slightly cleft1 the surface wavy1 somewhat crisp1 growing down the stem on opposite sides further than ,v4 velutipes4 ,the stem is thick1 hollow1 white1 then tinged with yellow1 slightly compressed2 asci clavate1 apex somewhat pointed1 #h-spored2 spores arranged in parallel fascicles1 hyaline1 linear-clavate1 usually very slightly bent1 #ej-fjc4e-d2 paraphyses filiform1 septate1 often branched1 tips not thickened1 wavy4 ,while this is a beautiful plant it is not common4 ,found in ,august and ,september4 ,spathularia velutipes4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,velvet-,,foot ,,spathularia4 ,,edible4 ,velutipes is from velutum1 velvet2 pes1 foot4 ,the spore body is flattened1 shaped like a spathula1 spore surface wavy1 growing on the opposite sides of the upper part of the stem1 tawny-yellow4 ,the stem is hollow1 minutely downy or velvety1 dark brown tinged with yellow4 ,it will dry quite as well as ,morchella4 ,it is found in damp woods on mossy logs4 ,it is not a common plant4 ,found in ,august and ,september4 ,leotia4 ,hill4 ,receptacle pileate4 ,pileus orbicular1 margin involute1 free from the stem1 smooth1 hymenium covering upper surface4 ,the stem is hollow1 central1 rather long1 continuous with pileus2 the whole plant greenish-yellow4 ,asci club-shaped1 pointed1 #h-spored4 ,the spores are elliptical and hyaline4 ,the paraphyses are present1 usually slender and round4 ,leotia lubrica4 ,pers4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dbe4--,leotia lubrica4 ,lubrica means slippery2 so called because the plants are usually slimy4 ,the pileus is irregularly hemispherical1 somewhat wrinkled1 inflated1 wavy1 margin obtuse1 free from the stem1 yellowish olive-green1 tremelloid4 ,the stem is one to three inches long1 nearly equal1 hollow1 and continuous with the cap2 greenish-yellow1 covered with small white granules4 ,the asci are cylindrical1 slightly pointed at the apex1 #h-spored4 ,the spores are oblong1 hyaline1 smooth1 sometimes slightly curved1 #bb-bee4 ,the paraphyses are slender1 round1 hyaline4 ,the plants are gregarious and grow among moss or among leaves in the woods4 ,this species is quite plentiful about ,chillicothe4 ,it is distinguished from ,leotia chlorocephala by the color of its stem and cap4 ,the color of the latter is green or dark green4 ,they are found from ,july to frost4 ,they are edible but not choice4 ,leotia chlorocephala4 ,schw4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dbf4--,leotia chlorocephala4 ,chlorocephala means green head4 ,however1 the entire plant is green4 ,they grow in clusters1 pileus round1 depressed1 somewhat translucent1 more or less waxy1 margin incurved1 dark-verdigris-green1 sometimes rather dark-green4 ,the stem is rather short1 almost equal2 green1 but often paler than the cap1 covered with fine powdery dust1 often twisted4 ,asci cylindric-clavate1 apex rather narrowed1 #h-spored1 spores smooth1 hyaline1 ends acute1 often slightly curved1 #ag-bje4 ,the specimens in ,figure #dbf were found in ,purgatory ,swamp1 near ,boston1 by ,mrs4 ,blackford4 ,both cap and stem were a deep verdigris-green4 ,they were sent to me during the warm weather of ,august4 ,peziza4 ,linn4 ,peziza means stalkless mushroom4 ,this is a large genus of discomycetous fungi in which the hymenium lines the cavity of a fleshy membranous or waxy cup4 ,they are attached to the ground1 decaying wood1 or other substances1 by the center1 though sometimes they are distinctly stalked4 ,they are often beautifully colored and are called fairy cups1 blood cups1 and cup fungi4 ,they are all cup-or saucer-shaped2 externally warted1 scurvy or smooth2 asci cylindrical1 #h-spored4 ,the genus is large4 ,prof4 ,peck reports #aej species4 ,found early in spring till early winter4 ,peziza acetabulum4 ,linn4 ,,reticulated ,,peziza4 ,,edible4 ,acetabulum1 a small cup or vinegar cup4 ,the spore-bearing body stipitate1 cup-shaped1 dingy1 ribbed externally with branching veins1 which run up from the short1 pitted and hollow stem2 mouth somewhat contracted2 light umber without and darker within4 ,found on the ground in the spring4 ,peziza badia4 ,pers4 ,,large ,,brown ,,peziza4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dbg4--,peziza badia4 ,gregarious in its habits2 sessile1 or narrowed into a very short stout stem1 more or less pitted2 nearly round and closed at first1 then expanded until cup-shaped2 margin at first involute2 externally covered with a frost-like bloom2 disk darker than the external surface1 very changeable in color2 lobes more or less split and wavy1 somewhat thick2 spore-sacs cylindrical1 apex truncante1 sporidia oblong-ovate1 epispore rough1 #h-spored4 ,found on the ground in the grass or by the roadside in open woods4 ,i found my first specimens in a clearing at ,salem1 but ,i have since found it at several points in the state4 ,it should be fresh when eaten4 ,peziza coccinea4 ,jacq4 ,,the ,,carmine ,,peziza4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dbh4--,peziza coccinea4 ,one-third natural size4 ,coccinea means scarlet or crimson4 ,usually growing two or three on the same stick1 the color is a very pure and beautiful scarlet1 attractive to children2 school children frequently bring me specimens1 curious to know what they are4 ,specimens not large1 disk clear and pure carmine within1 externally white1 as is the stem2 tomentose1 with short1 adpressed down2 sporidia oblong1 #h-spored4 ,it is readily recognized by the pure carmine disk and whitish tomentose exterior4 ,it is found in damp woods on decayed sticks1 being very common all over the state4 ,peziza odorata4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,odorous ,,peziza4 ,,edible4 ,gregarious in its habits4 ,cup yellowish1 sessile1 translucent1 becoming dull brown when old1 brittle when fresh1 flesh moist and watery2 the frame of the cup is separable into two layers2 the outer one is rough1 while the inner one is smooth4 ,the disk is yellowish-brown4 ,the asci are cylindrical1 opening by a lid4 ,on ground in cellars1 about barns and outbuildings4 ,a very beautiful cluster grew upon a water-bucket in my stable4 ,the cups were quite large1 two and a half to three inches across4 ,its odor is distinctive4 ,it is very similar to ,peziza ,petersii from which it is distinguished by its larger spores and peculiar odor4 ,found in ,may and ,june4 ,peziza ,stevensoni4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dbi4--,peziza ,stevensoni4 ,this plant is sessile or nearly so1 growing on the ground in dense clusters4 ,the specimens in ,figure #dbi grew in ,dr4 ,chas4 ,miesse's cellar1 in ,chillicothe4 ,they grow quite large at times2 are ovate1 externally grayish-white1 covered with a minute down or tomentum1 internally reddish-brown1 the rim of the cup finely serrated1 as will be seen in the figure below4 ,they are found from ,may to ,july4 ,peziza semitosta4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dcj4--,peziza semitosta4 ,semitosta1 from its scorched appearance1 or umber-like color4 ,the cup is one to one and a half inches across1 hemispherical1 hirsute-velvety without1 date-brown within2 margin indexed4 ,the stem is ribbed or wrinkled4 ,sporidia are subfusiform1 4#jjaag inch long4 ,these plants are found on the ground in damp places4 ,it was formerly called ,peziza semitosta or ,sarcoscypha semitosta4 ,the plants in ,figure #dcj were found in ,august or ,september on the north side of the ,edinger ,hill1 near ,chillicothe1 and were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,no doubt edible1 but the writer has not tried them4 ,this is called ,macropodia semitosta4 ,peziza aurantia4 ,fr4 ,,orange-,,ground ,,peziza4 ,,edible4 ,aurantia means orange color4 ,subsessile1 irregular1 oblique1 externally somewhat pruinose1 whitish4 ,the sporidia are elliptic1 rough4 ,found on the ground in damp woods4 ,the cups are often quite large and very irregular4 ,found in ,august and ,september4 ,peziza repanda4 ,wahl4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dca4--,peziza repanda4 ,repanda means bent backward4 ,these plants are found in dark moist woods1 growing on old1 wet logs1 or in well wooded earth4 ,the cups are clustered or scattered1 subsessile1 contracted into a short1 stout1 stem-like base4 ,when very small they appear like a tiny white knot on the surface of the log4 ,this grows1 so that soon a hollow sphere with an opening at the top is produced4 ,the plant now begins to expand and flatten1 producing an irregular1 flattened disk with small upturned edges4 ,the margin often becomes split and wavy1 sometimes drooping and revolute2 disk pale or dark brown1 more or less wrinkled toward the center2 externally the cup is a scurvy-white4 ,the asci are #h-spored1 quite large4 ,the paraphyses are few1 short1 separate1 clavate1 and brownish at the tips4 ,the spores are elliptical1 thin-walled1 hyaline1 non-nucleate1 #adi4 ,found from ,may to ,october4 ,edible4 ,peziza vesiculosa4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,bladdery ,,peziza4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dcb4--,peziza vesiculosa4 ,often in thick clusters4 ,those in the center are frequently distorted by mutual pressure2 large1 entire1 sessile1 at first globose2 closed at first1 then expanding2 the margin of the cup more or less incurved1 sometimes slightly notched2 disk pallid-brown1 externally2 surface is covered with a coarsely granular or warty substance which plainly shows in the photograph4 ,the hymenium is generally separable from the substance of the cap4 ,the spores are smooth1 transparent1 continuous1 elliptical1 ends obtuse4 ,they are found on dung-hills1 hot-beds or wherever the ground has been strongly fertilized and contains the necessary moisture4 ,this is an interesting plant and often found in large numbers4 ,vesicolosa means full of bladders1 as the picture will suggest4 ,i found a very nice cluster on the #beth of ,april1 #aijd1 in my stable4 ,peziza scutellata4 ,linn4 ,,the ,,shield-,,like ,,peziza4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dcc4--,peziza scutellata4 ,very small but will show form under the glass4 ,becoming plane1 vermillion-red1 externally paler1 hispid towards the margin with straight black hairs4 ,spores ellipsoid4 ,found on damp rotten logs from ,july to ,october4 ,very plentiful and very pretty under the magnifying glass4 ,peziza tuberosa4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,tuberous ,,peziza4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dcd4--,peziza tuberosa4 ,natural size4 ,tuberosa1 furnished with a tuber or sclerotium4 ,the cup is thin1 infundibuliform1 bright brown1 turning pale4 ,the stem is elongated1 springing from an irregular black tuber1 called sclerotium4 ,the stems run deep into the earth and are attached to a sclerotium1 which will be seen in the halftone4 ,many fungus plants have learned to store up fungus starch for the new plant4 ,the sporidia are oblong-ellipsoid1 simple4 ,it is called by some authors ,sclerotinia tuberosa4 ,it grows on the ground in the spring and may be known by its bright brown color and its stem running deep into the earth and attached to a tuber4 ,peziza hemispherica4 ,wigg4 ,sessile1 hemispherical1 waxy1 externally brownish1 clothed with dense1 fasciculate hairs2 disk glaucous-white4 ,this is called by ,gillet ,lachnea hemispherica4 ,the cups are small1 varying much in color and the sporidia are ellipsoidal4 ,they are found on the ground in ,september and ,october4 ,found in ,poke ,hollow4 ,peziza leporina4 ,batsch4 ,substipitate1 elongated on one side1 ear-shaped1 subferruginous externally1 farinose internally2 base even4 ,it is sometimes cinereous or yellowish4 ,sporidia ellipsoidal4 ,this is called frequently ,otidea leporina1 7,batsch47 ,fckl4 ,it is found on the ground in the woods during ,september and ,october4 ,found in ,poke ,hollow4 ,peziza venosa4 ,p4 ,this plant is saucer-shaped1 sometimes many inches broad2 sessile1 somewhat twisted1 dark umber1 white beneath1 wrinkled with rib-like veins4 ,odor often strong4 ,found growing on the ground in leaf mold4 ,found in the spring1 about the last of ,april1 in ,james ,dunlap's woods1 near ,chillicothe4 ,this is also called ,discina venosa1 ,suec4 ,peziza floccosa4 ,schw4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dce4--,peziza floccosa4 ,natural size4 ,this is a beautiful plant growing upon partially decayed logs4 ,i have always found it upon hickory logs4 ,the cap is cup-shaped1 very much like a beaker4 ,the stem is long and slender1 rather woolly2 the rim of the cap is fringed with long1 strigose hairs4 ,the inner surface of the cup represents the spore-bearing portion4 ,the inside and the rim of the cup are very beautiful1 being variegated with deep scarlet and white4 ,also called ,sarcoscypha floccosa4 ,the plant is found from ,june to ,september4 ,peziza occidentalis4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dcf4--,peziza occidentalis4 ,natural size4 ,this is another very showy plant1 quite equal in attractiveness to ,p4 floccosa and ,p4 coccinea4 ,the cup is infundibuliform1 the outside as well as the stem whitish1 and downy1 the bowl or disk is reddish-orange4 ,this is known by some authors as ,sarcoscypha occidentalis4 ,it grows on rotten sticks upon the ground4 ,may and ,june4 ,peziza nebulosa4 ,cooke4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dcg4--,peziza nebulosa4 ,nebulosa means cloudy or dark1 from nebula1 a cloud2 from its color4 ,ascophore stipitate1 rather fleshy1 closed at first1 then cup-shaped1 becoming somewhat plane1 the margin slightly incurved1 externally pilose or downy1 pale gray or sometimes quite dark4 ,asci are cylindrical2 spores spindle-shaped1 straight or bow-shaped1 rough1 #ce-h2 paraphyses thread-shaped4 ,these plants are found on decayed stumps or logs in the wood4 ,the woods where ,i have found them have been rather dense and damp4 ,the plants in ,figure #dcg were found in ,haynes' ,hollow and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,urnula craterium4 7,schw47 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dch4--,urnula craterium4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,urnula means burned2 craterium means a small crater2 hence the translation is a burned-out crater1 which will appear to the student as a very appropriate name4 ,it is a very common and conspicuous ,ascomycetous1 or cup fungus1 growing in clusters on rotten sticks that lie in moist places4 ,when the plants first appear they are small1 black stems with scarcely any evidence of a cup4 ,in a short time the end of the stem shows evidence of enlargement1 showing lines of separation on the top4 ,it soon opens and we have the cup as you see it in ,figure #dch4 ,the hymenium1 or spore bearing surface1 is the interior wall of the cup4 ,the cup is lined inside with a palisade of long cylindrical sacs1 each containing eight spores with a small amount of liquid4 ,these sacs are at right angles to the inner surface1 and are provided with lids similar to that of a coffee-pot2 at maturity the lid is forced open and the spores are shot out of these sacs1 and1 by jarring the fungus when it is ready to make the discharge1 they can be seen as a little cloud an inch or two above the cup4 ,place a small slip of glass over the cup and you will see spores in groups of eight in very small drops of liquid on the glass4 ,this species appears in ,april and ,may1 and is certainly a very interesting plant4 ,it is called by some ,peziza craterium1 ,schw4 ,helotium4 ,fr4 ,disc always open1 at first punctiform1 then dilated1 convex or concave1 naked4 ,excipulum waxy1 free1 marginate1 externally naked4 ,helotium citrinum4 ,fr4 ,,lemon-,,colored ,,helotium4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dci4--;,helotium citrinum4 ,disc-fungus1 yellow growing on rotten logs4 ,slightly magnified4 ,this is a beautiful little ,disc-fungus1 yellow1 growing upon rotten logs in damp woods4 ,they often grow in dense clusters2 a beautiful lemon-yellow1 the head being plane or concave1 with a short1 thick1 paler stem1 forming an inverted cone4 ,asci elongated1 narrowly cylindrical1 attenuated at the base into a long1 slender1 crooked pedicel1 #h-spored4 ,sporidia oblong1 elliptical1 with two or three minute nuclei4 ,this is quite a common plant in our woods during wet weather or in damp places1 growing upon old logs and stumps1 in woods1 in the fall4 ,figure #dci will give an idea of their appearance when in dense clusters4 ,the plants photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,helotium lutescens4 ,fr4 ,,yellowish ,,helotium4 ,lutescens means yellowish4 ,the plants are small1 sessile1 or attached by a very short stem2 closed at first1 then expanding until nearly plane2 disk yellow1 smooth2 asci clavate1 #h spored2 spores hyaline1 smooth4 ,gregarious or scattered4 ,found on half-decayed branches4 ,helotium ruginosum4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,green ,,helotium4 ruginosum means verdigris-green4 ,gregarious or scattered1 staining the wood on which they grow to a deep verdigris-green2 ascophore at first turbinate and closed1 then expanding1 the margin usually wavy and more or less irregular2 flexible1 glabrous1 even1 somewhat contracted1 and minutely wrinkled when dry2 every part a deep verdigris-green1 the disc often becoming paler with a tinge of tan color2 #a-d mm4 across2 stem #a-c mm4 long1 expanding into the ascophore2 hypothecium and excipulum formed of interlaced1 hyaline hyph1 #c-d4 thick1 these becoming stouter and colored green in the cortex2 asci narrowly cylindric-clavate1 apex slightly narrowed1 #h-spored2 spores irregularly #b-seriate1 hyaline or with a slight tinge of green1 very narrowly cylindric-fusiform1 straight or curved1 #aj-adb4e-c4e4 #b-;gutullate1 or with several minute green oil globules2 paraphyses slender1 with a tinge of green at the tip4 ,massee4 ,massee calls this ,chlorosplenium ruginosum1 ,de ,not4 ,it is quite common on oak branches1 staining to a deep green the wood upon which it grows4 ,it is widely distributed1 specimens having been sent me from as far east as ,massachusetts4 ,the mycelium-stains in the wood are met more frequently than the fruit4 ,bulgaria4 ,fr4 ,bulgaria--probably first found in that principality4 ,receptacle orbicular1 then truncate1 glutinous within1 at first closed2 hymenium even1 persistent1 smooth4 ,bulgaria inquinans4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,blackish ,,bulgaria4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ddj4--;,bulgaria inquinans4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,inquinans means befouling or polluting2 so called because of the blackish1 gelatinous coating of the cap4 ,receptacle orbicular1 closed at first1 then opening1 forming a cup1 as shown on the right in ,figure #ddj2 disk or cup becoming plane2 black1 sometimes becoming lacunose2 tough1 elastic1 gelatinous1 dark-brown1 or chocolate1 almost black1 wrinkled1 and rough externally2 stem very short1 almost obsolete2 cup light umber2 sporidia large1 elliptical1 brown4 ,this plant is quite plentiful in some localities near ,chillicothe4 ,it is found in woods1 on oak trunks or limbs partially decayed4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,nidulariaceae--,,bird',s ,,nest ,,fungi4 ,spores produced on sporophores1 compacted into one or more globose or disciform bodies1 contained within a distinct peridium4 ,berkeley4 ,there are four genera included in this order4 ,cyathus--,peridium cup-shaped1 composed of three different membranes4 ,crucibulum--,peridium of a uniform spongy membrane4 ,nidularia--,peridium globose1 sporangia enveloped in mucus4 ,sphrobolus--,peridium double1 sporangia ejected singly4 ,cyathus4 ,pers4 ,cyathus is from a ,greek word meaning a cup4 ,the peridium is composed of three membranes very closely related1 closed at first by a white membrane1 but finally bursting at the top4 ,sporangia plane1 umbilicate1 attached to the wall by an elastic cord4 ,cyathus striatus4 ,hoffm4 ,,striate ,,cyathus4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dda4--;,cyathus striatus4 ,the plants are small1 obconic1 truncate1 broadly open2 externally ferruginous1 with a hairy tomentum1 internally lead-color1 smooth1 striated4 ,the sporangia are somewhat trigonous1 whitish1 broadly umbilicate2 covering of the cup thin1 evanescent1 somewhat thicker underneath1 and cottony1 often covered with down-like meal4 ,the spores are thick and oblong4 ,this is a very interesting little plant4 ,it is quite widely distributed4 ,i have had it from several states1 including ,new ,england4 ,it is easily identified by the striations1 or lines1 on the inside of the cup1 being the only species thus marked by internal stri4 ,the peridioles of the species fill only the lower part of the cup1 below the striations4 ,cyathus vernicosus4 ,d4 ,c4 ,,varnished ,,cyathus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ddb4--;,cyathus vernicosus4 ,vernicosus means varnished4 ,it is bell-shaped1 base narrowly subsessile1 broadly open above1 somewhat wavy2 externally rusty-brown1 silky tomentose1 finally becoming smooth1 internally lead-colored4 ,the sporangia are blackish1 frequently somewhat pale1 even2 covering rather thick1 sprinkled with a grayish meal4 ,spores elliptical1 colorless1 #ab-adaj4 ,i have frequently seen the ground in gardens and stubble-fields covered with these beautiful little plants4 ,the quite firm1 thick1 and flaring cup will easily distinguish the species4 ,the eggs or peridioles are black and quite large1 appearing white because covered with a thin white membrane4 ,found in late summer and fall4 ,the plants in ,figure #ddb were photographed by ,prof4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smith4 ,cyathus stercoreus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ddc4--;,cyathus stercoreus4 ,stercoreus is from stercus1 dung4 ,this species1 as the name suggests1 is found on manure or manured grounds4 ,mr4 ,lloyd gives the following description3 ,the cups are even inside1 and with shaggy hairs outside4 ,when old they become smoother1 and are sometimes mistaken for ,cyathus vernicosus4 ,however when once learned1 the plants can be readily distinguished by the cups4 ,cyathus stercoreus varies considerably1 however1 as to shape and size of cups1 according to habitat4 ,if growing on a cake of manure1 they are shorter and more cylindrical2 if in loose manured ground1 especially in grass1 they are more slender and inclined to a stalk at the base4 ,the peridioles or eggs are blacker than other species4 ,they are found in late summer and fall4 ,crucibulum4 ,tul4 ,the peridium consists of a uniform1 spongy1 fibrous felt1 closed by a flat scale-like covering of the same color4 ,the sporangia are plane1 attached by a cord1 springing from a small nipple-like tubercle4 ,this genus is distinguished from ,cyathus1 its nearest ally1 by the peridial wall1 consisting of two layers only4 ,crucibulum vulgare4 ,tul4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #ddd4--;,crucibulum vulgare4 ,the peridium is tan-colored1 thick externally nearly even1 internally quite even1 smooth1 shining2 mouths of young plants are covered with a thin yellowish membrane called the epiphragm4 ,when old the cups bleach out and lose their yellow color4 ,the peridioles or eggs are white1 that is they are covered with a white membrane4 ,their yellowish color and white eggs will readily distinguish this species4 ,they are found on decayed weeds1 sticks1 and pieces of wood4 ,the specimens in the halftone grew on an old mat and were photographed by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,nidularia4 ,tul4 ,the peridium is uniform1 consisting of a single membrane2 globose1 at first closed1 finally ruptured or opening with a circular mouth4 ,the sporangia are quite small and numerous1 not attached by a funiculus to the peridium1 enveloped in mucus4 ,nidularia pisiformis4 ,tul4 ,,pea-,,shaped ,,nidularia4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dde4--,nidularia pisiformis4 ,pisiformis is from two ,latin words meaning pea and form4 ,the plant is gregarious1 nearly round1 sessile1 rootless1 hairy1 brown or brownish1 splitting irregularly4 ,the sporangia are subrotund or discoidal in form1 dark brown1 smooth1 shining4 ,the spores are colorless1 round or elliptical or pear-shaped1 produced on sterigmata1 #g-hh-i4 ,sometimes found on the ground and on leaves1 but their favorite home is an old log4 ,found from ,july to ,september4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,sub-,,class ,,basidiomycetes4 ,,group ,,gastromycetes4 ,gastromycetes is from two ,greek words3 gaster1 stomach2 mycetes1 fungus4 ,we have already seen that1 in the group1 ,hymenomycetes1 the spore-bearing surface is exposed as in the common mushroom or in the pore-bearing varieties1 but in the ,gastromycetes the hymenium is inclosed in the rind or peridium4 ,the word peridium comes from peridio 7,i wrap around72 because the peridium entirely envelops the spore-bearing portion1 which1 in due time1 sheds the inclosed spores that have been formed inside the basidia and spicules1 as will be seen in ,figure #b4 ,the cavity within the peridium consists of two parts3 the threaded part1 called the capillitium1 which can be seen in any dried puffball1 and a cellular part1 called the gleba1 which is the spore-bearing tissue1 composed of minute chambers lined with the hymenium4 ,the peridium breaks in various ways to permit the spores to escape4 ,when children pinch a puffball to see the smoke1 as they say1 issue from it1 little do they know that they are doing just what the puffball would have them do1 in order that its seeds may be scattered to the winds4 ,in case of the ,phalloides1 the hymenium deliquesces1 instead of drying up4 ,berkeley1 in his ,outlines1 gives the following characterization of this family3 ,hymenium more or less permanently concealed1 consisting in most cases of closely packed cells1 of which the fertile ones bear naked spores in distinct spicules1 exposed only by the rupture or decay of the investing coat or peridium4 ,the following families will be treated here3 ,i4 ,phalloide--,terrestrial4 ,hymenium deliquescent4 ,,ii4 ,lycoperdace--,cellular at first4 ,hymenium drying up in a mass of threads and spores4 ,,iii4 ,sclerodermace--,peridium inclosing sporangia4 ,phalloide4 ,fr4 ,volva universal1 the intermediate stratum gelatinous4 ,hymenium deliquescent4 ,berkeley's ,outlines4 ,the following genera will be represented3 ,i4 ,phallus--,pileus free around the stem4 ,,ii4 ,mutinus--,pileus attached to the stem4 ,phallus duplicatus4 ,bosc4 ,,laced ,,stinkhorn4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lv4 ,figure #ddf4--,phallus duplicatus4 ,natural size1 showing veil4 ,volva egg-shaped1 thick1 whitish1 frequently having a pinkish tinge4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 cellulose1 tapering upward4 ,the veil is reticulate1 frequently surrounding the whole of the stem from the pileus to the volva1 often torn4 ,the pileus is pitted1 deliquescent1 six to eight inches high1 apex acute4 ,spores elliptic-oblong4 ,i am sure ,i never saw finer lace-work than ,i have seen on this plant4 ,a few years ago one of these plants insisted upon growing near my house1 where a fence post had formerly been1 with the effect of almost driving the family from home4 ,one can hardly imagine so beautiful a plant giving off such an odor4 ,it is not a common plant in our state4 ,phallus ,ravenelii4 ,b4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ddg4--,phallus ,ravenelii4 ,natural size1 showing volva at base1 receptacle and cap4 ,this plant is extremely abundant about ,chillicothe4 ,i have seen hundreds of fully developed plants on a few square yards of old sawdust2 and one might easily think that all the bad smells in the world had been turned loose at that place4 ,the eggs in the sawdust can be gathered by the bushel4 ,in ,figure #ddi is represented a cluster1 of these eggs4 ,the section of an egg in the center of the cluster shows the outline of the volva1 the pileus1 and the embryo stem4 ,inside of the volva1 in the middle1 is the short undeveloped stem2 covering the upper part and sides of the stem is the pileus2 the fruit-bearing part1 which is divided into small chambers1 lies on the outside of the pileus4 ,the spores are borne on club-shaped basidia as shown in ,figure #ddh1 within the chamber of the fruit-bearing part1 and when the spores mature1 the stem begins to elongate and force the gleba and pileus through the volva1 leaving it at the base of the stem1 as will be seen in ,figure #ddh4 ,the large egg on the left in the background of ,figure #ddi is nearly ready to break the volva4 ,i brought in a large egg one evening and placed it on the mantle4 ,later in the evening1 the room being warm1 while we were reading my wife noticed this egg beginning to move and it developed in a few minutes to the shape you see in ,figure #ddg4 ,the development was so rapid that the motion was very perceptible4 ,the pileus is conical in shape1 and after the disappearance of the gleba the surface of the pileus is merely granular4 ,the plants are four to six inches high4 ,the stem is hollow and tapers from the middle to each end4 ,this plant is also known as ,dictyophora ,ravenelii1 ,burt4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ddh4--,phallus ,ravenelii4 ,two-thirds natural size4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ddi4--,phallus ,ravenelii4 ,two-thirds natural size1 showing the egg stage4 ,lysurus borealis4 ,burt4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dej4--,lysurus borealis4 ,the receptacle is borne on a stalk1 hollow1 attenuated toward the base1 divided above into arms1 which do not join at their apices1 and which bear the spore mass in their inner surfaces and sides1 inclosing the spore mass when young1 but later diverging4 ,the stem of the phalloid is white1 hollow1 attenuated downward2 the arms are narrow1 lance-shaped1 with pale flesh-colored backs1 traversed their entire length by a shallow furrow4 ,the egg in the center is about ready to break the volva and develop to a full grown plant4 ,the plants in ,figure #dej were found near ,akron1 ,ohio1 and photographed by ,g4 ,d4 ,smith4 ,mutinus4 ,fr4 ,the gleba is borne directly on the upper portion of the stem1 which is hollow and composed of a single layer of tissue2 and the plant has no separate pileus1 by which characteristic the genus differs from ,phallus4 ,mutinus caninus4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dea4--,mutinus caninus4 ,the gleba-bearing portion is short1 red or flesh-colored1 subacute1 wrinkled1 the cap or gleba forming the spore-bearing mass which is usually conical1 sometimes oblong or ovoid1 covering one-fourth to one-sixth the total length of the stem4 ,the stem is elongated1 spindle-shaped1 hollow1 cylindrical1 cellular1 white1 sometimes rosy4 ,the spores are elliptical1 involved in a green mucus1 #fd4 ,the plant comes from an egg1 which is about the size of a quail's egg4 ,you can find them in the ground if you will mark the place where you have seen them growing4 ,they are found in gardens and in old woods and thickets4 ,i have found this species in several localities about ,chillicothe1 but always in damp thickets4 ,mr4 ,lloyd thought this more nearly resembled the ,european species than any he had seen in this country4 ,found in ,july1 ,august1 and ,september4 ,mutinus elegans4 ,montagne4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lvi4 ,figure #deb4--,mutinus elegans4 ,natural size1 showing an egg and a section of an egg4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dec4--,mutinus elegans4 ,one-third natural size1 showing volva1 white receptacle and red cap4 ,the pileus is acuminate1 perforated at apex4 ,the stem is cylindrical1 tapering gradually to the apex1 whitish or pinkish below1 pileus bright red4 ,the volva is oblong-ovoid1 pinkish1 segments two or three4 ,the spores are elliptical-oblong4 ,morgan4 ,the odor of this plant is not as strong as in some of the ,phalloids4 ,the eggs of ,phallus and ,mutinus are said to be very good when fried properly1 but my recollection of the odor of the plant has been too vivid for me to try them4 ,it is usually found in mixed woods1 but sometimes in richly cultivated fields4 ,i have found them frequently about ,chillicothe six to seven inches high4 ,in ,figure #deb on the right is shown an egg and above it is a section of an egg containing the embryonic plant4 ,this plant is called by ,prof4 ,morgan ,mutinus bovinus4 ,after seeing this picture the collector will not fail to recognize it4 ,it is one of the curious growths in nature4 ,found in ,july and ,august4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,lycoperdaceae--,,puff-,,balls4 ,this family includes all fungi which have their spores in closed chambers until maturity4 ,the chambers are called the gleba and this is surrounded by the peridium or rind1 which in different puffballs exhibits various characteristic ways of opening to let the spores escape4 ,the peridium is composed of two distinct layers1 one called the cortex1 the other the peridium proper4 ,the plant is generally sessile1 sometimes more or less stemmed1 at maturity filled with a dusty mass of spores and thread4 ,it affords many of our most delicious fungus food products4 ,the following genera are considered here3 ,i4 ,calvatia--,the large puffball4 ,,ii4 ,lycoperdon--,the small puffball4 ,,iii4 ,bovista--,the tumbling puffball4 ,,iv4 ,geaster--,earth ,star4 ,v4 ,scleroderma--,the hard puffball4 ,calvatia4 ,fr4 ,this genus represents the largest sized puffballs4 ,they have a thick cord-like mycelium rooting from the base4 ,the peridium is very large1 breaking away in fragments when ripe and exposing the gleba4 ,the cortex is thin1 adherent1 often soft and smooth like kid leather1 sometimes covered with minute squamules2 the inner peridium is thin and fragile1 at maturity cracking into areas4 ,the capillitium is a net-work of fine threads through the tissues of spore-bearing portion2 tissue1 snow white at first1 turning greenish-yellow1 then brown2 the mass of spores and the dense net-work of threads 7capillitium7 attached to the peridium and to the subgleba or sterile base which is cellulose2 limited and concave above4 ,spores small1 round1 usually sessile4 ,calvatia gigantea4 ,batsch4 ,,the ,,giant ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lvii4 ,figure #ded4--;,calvatia gigantea4 ,this species grows to an immense size 7often twenty inches in diameter72 round or obovoid1 with a thick mycelial cord rooting it to the ground1 sessile1 cortex white and glossy1 sometimes slightly roughened by minute floccose warts1 becoming yellowish or brown4 ,the inner peridium is thin and fragile1 after maturity breaking up into fragments1 apparently without any subgleba2 capillitium and spores yellowish-green to dingy-olive4 ,the spores are round1 sometimes minutely warted4 ,not common about ,chillicothe1 but in the northwestern part of the state they are very plentiful in their season1 and very large4 ,standing in ,mr4 ,joseph's wood-pasture1 east of ,bowling ,green1 ,i have counted fifteen giant puffballs whose diameters would average ten inches1 and whose cortex was as white and glossy as a new kid glove4 ,a friend of mine1 living in ,bowling ,green1 and driving home from ,deshler1 saw in a wood-pasture twenty-five of these giant puffballs4 ,being impressed with the sight and having some grain sacks in his wagon he filled them and brought them home4 ,he at once telephoned for me to come to his house1 as the mountain was too big to take to ,mohammed4 ,he was surprised to learn that he had found that proverbial calf which is all sweet-breads4 ,that evening we supplied twenty-five families with slices of these puffballs4 ,they can be kept for two or three days on ice4 ,the photograph1 taken by ,prof4 ,shaffner of ,ohio ,state ,university1 will show how they look growing in the grass4 ,they seem to delight to nestle in the tall bluegrass4 ,this species has been classed heretofore as ,lycoperdon giganteum4 ,found from ,august to ,october4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dee4--;,calvatia gigantia4 ,one-fifth natural size1 showing how they grow in the grass4 ,calvatia lilacina4 ,berk4 ,,lilac ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lviii4 ,figure #def4--;,calvatia lilacina4 ,natural size in a growing state4 ,the peridium is three to six inches in diameter2 globose or depressed globose2 smooth or minutely floccose or scaly2 whitish1 cinereous-brown or pinkish-brown1 often cracking into areas in the upper part2 commonly with a short1 thick1 stemless base2 capillitium and spores purple-brown1 these and the upper part of the peridium falling away and disappearing when old1 leaving a cup-shaped base with a ragged margin4 ,spores globose1 rough1 purple-brown1 #e-f4e broad4 ,peck1 #dhth ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,bot4 ,it is very common all over the state4 ,i have seen pastures in ,shelby and ,defiance counties dotted all over with this species4 ,when the inside is white1 they are very good and meaty4 ,no puffball is poisonous1 so far as is known1 but if the inside has turned yellowish at all it is apt to be quite bitter4 ,it will often be seen in pastures and open woods in the form of a cup1 the upper portion having broken away and the wind having scooped out the purple spore-mass1 leaving only the cup-shaped base4 ,the specimens in ,figure #deg are just beginning to crack open and to show purplish stains4 ,they represent less than one-fourth of the natural size4 ,they look very much like the smaller sized ,c4 gigantea1 but the purple spores and the subgleba at once distinguish the species4 ,this species1 found from ,july to ,october1 is sometimes classed as ,lycoperdon cyathiforme4 ,the photograph was taken by ,prof4 ,longyear4 ,illustration3 ,figure #deg4--;,calvatia lilacina4 ,calvatia clata4 ,bull4 ,,the ,,carved ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lix4 ,figure #deh4--;,calvatia caelata4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dei4--;,calvatia clata4 ,clata1 carved4 ,peridium large1 obovoid or top-shaped1 depressed above1 with a stout thick base and a cord-like root4 ,cortex a thickish floccose layer1 with coarse warts or spines above1 whitish then ochraceous or finally brown1 at length breaking up into areola which are more or less persistent2 inner peridium thick but fragile1 thinner about the apex1 where it finally ruptures1 forming a large1 irregular1 torn opening4 ,subgleba occupying nearly half the peridium1 cup-shaped above and for a long time persistent2 the mass of spores and capillitium compact1 farinaceous greenish-yellow or olivaceous1 becoming pale to dark-brown2 the threads are very much branched1 the primary branches two or three times as thick as the spores1 very brittle1 soon breaking up into fragments4 ,spores globose1 even1 #d-d4e in diameter1 sessile or sometimes with a short or minute pedicel4 ,peridium is three to five inches in diameter4 ,morgan4 ,this species is much like the preceding but can be easily distinguished by the larger size and the yellowish-olive color of the mature spore-mass4 ,the sterile base is often the larger part of the fungus and1 as will be seen in ,figure #dei1 it is anchored by a heavy root-like growth4 ,it is found growing on the ground in fields and thin woods4 ,when white through and through1 sliced1 rolled in egg and cracker crumbs1 and nicely fried1 you are glad you know a puffball4 ,found from ,august to ,october4 ,calvatia craniiformis4 ,schw4 ,,the ,,brain-,,shaped ,,calvatia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lx4 ,figure #dfj4--;,calvatia craniiformis4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dfa4--,the sterile part of ,c4 craniiformis4 ,craniiformis is from ,cranion1 a skull2 forma1 a form4 ,the peridium is very large1 obovoid or top-shaped1 depressed above1 the base thick and stout1 with a cord-like root4 ,the cortex is a smooth continuous layer1 very thin and fragile1 easily peeling off1 pallid or grayish1 sometimes with a reddish tinge1 often becoming folded in areas2 the inner peridium is thin1 ochraceous to bright-brown1 extremely fragile1 the upper part1 after maturity1 breaking into fragments and falling away4 ,the subgleba occupies about one-half of the peridium1 is cup-shaped above and for a long time persistent2 the mass of spores and capillitium is greenish-yellow1 then ochraceous or dirty olivaceous2 the threads are very long1 about as thick as the spores1 branched4 ,the spores are globose1 even1 #c-c4e in diameter1 with minute pedicels4 ,morgan4 ,it is difficult to distinguish this from ,c4 lilacina when fresh1 but when ripe the color will tell the species4 ,figure #dfj shows the plant as it appears on the ground1 and figure #dfa shows the subgleba or sterile base1 which is frequently found on the ground after weathering the winter4 ,this plant is very common on the hillsides under small oak shrubbery4 ,i have gathered a basketful within a few feet4 ,they grow very large1 often five to six inches in diameter1 seeming to delight in rather poor soil4 ,when the spore-mass is white this is an excellent fungus1 but exceedingly bitter after it has turned yellow4 ,found during ,october and ,november4 ,calvatia elata4 ,massee4 ,,the ,,stemmed ,,calvatia4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dfb4--;,calvatia elata4 ,elata means tall2 so called from its long stem4 ,the peridium is round1 often slightly depressed above1 plicate below1 where it is abruptly contracted into a long stem-like base4 ,the base is slender1 round1 and frequently pitted2 mycelium rather plentiful1 fibrous and thread-like4 ,when in good condition it is a rich cream color4 ,the cortex consists of a coat of minute persistent granules or spinules4 ,the inner peridium is white or cream-colored1 becoming brown or olivaceous1 quite thin and fragile1 the upper part at maturity breaking up and falling away4 ,the subgleba occupies the stem4 ,the mass of spores and capillitium is usually brown or greenish-brown4 ,the threads are very long1 branched1 branches slender4 ,spores round1 even1 sometimes slightly warted1 #d-e1 with a slight pedicel4 ,the plant grows on low mossy grounds among bushes1 especially where it is inclined to be swampy4 ,the plant in ,figure #dfb was found in a sphagnum swamp near ,akron and was photographed by ,prof4 ,g4 ,d4 ,smith4 ,i am inclined to think it the same as ,calvatia saccata1 ,fr4 ,lycoperdon4 ,tourn4 ,mycelium fibrous1 rooting from the base4 ,peridium small1 globose1 obovoid or turbinate1 with a more or less thickened base2 cortex a subpersistent coat of soft spines1 scales1 warts or granules2 inner peridium thin1 membranaceous1 becoming papyraceous1 dehiscent by a regular apical mouth4 ,morgan4 ,this genus includes puffballs with apical openings and is divided into two series1 a purple-spored and an olive-spored series4 ,the microscope shows that the gleba is composed of a great number of spores mixed with simple or branched threads4 ,there are two sets of threads2 one set arises from the peridial wall and the other from the subgleba or columella4 ,,purple-,,spored ,,series4 ,lycoperdon pulcherrimum4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,the ,,most ,,beautiful ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,specimen from ,a4 ,p4 ,morgan4 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd ,figure #dfc4--,lycoperdon pulcherrimum4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dfd4--,lycoperdon pulcherrimum4 ,pulcherrimum1 most beautiful4 ,the peridium is obovoid1 with a short base1 the mycelium forming a cord like a root4 ,the cortex is covered with long white spines1 converging at the apex1 as will be seen in ,figure #dfc4 ,the spines soon fall from the upper part of the peridium1 leaving the inner peridium with a smooth purplish-brown surface1 often slightly scarred by the base of the spine4 ,the subgleba occupies at least a third of the peridium4 ,the spores and the capillitium are at first olivaceous1 then brownish-purple1 the spores rough and minutely warted4 ,the plant is one to two inches in diameter4 ,it is found in low1 rich ground1 in fields and wood margins4 ,only young and fresh plants are good4 ,the lower plant in ,figure #dfc shows where the spines have begun to fall1 also the strong mycelial cord referred to in the description4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,lloyd for the photograph4 ,found in ,september and ,october4 ,lycoperdon umbrinum4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,smooth ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,umbrinum1 dingy umber4 ,peridium obovate1 nearly sub-turbinate1 with a soft1 delicate1 velvety bark2 yellowish2 inner peridium smooth and glossy1 opening by a small aperture4 ,the spores and capillitium1 olivaceous1 then purplish-brown4 ,the capillitium with a central columella4 ,a very attractive little plant1 not frequently found4 ,this plant is also called ,l4 glabellum4 ,in woods1 ,september and ,october4 ,,olive-,,spored ,,series4 ,lycoperdon gemmatum4 ,batsch4 ,,the ,,gemmed ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lxi4 ,figure #dfe4--,lycoperdon gemmatum4 ,natural size4 ,entirely white when young4 ,from the young to the matured dehiscing plant4 ,the peridium is turbinate1 depressed above2 the base short and obconic1 or more elongated and tapering1 or subcylindric1 arising from a fibrous mycelium4 ,the cortex consists of long1 thick1 erect spines or warts of irregular shape1 with intervening smaller ones1 whitish or gray in color1 sometimes with a tinge of red or brown2 the larger spines first fall away1 leaving pale spots on the surface1 and giving it a reticulate appearance4 ,the subgleba is variable in amount1 usually more than half the peridium2 mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow1 then pale-brown2 threads simple or scarcely branched1 about as thick as the spores4 ,spores globose1 even1 or very minutely warted4 ,morgan4 ,the species is readily recognized by the large erect spines which1 because of their peculiar form and color1 have given the notion of gems1 whence the name of the species4 ,these and the reticulations can be seen in ,figure #dfe by the aid of a glass4 ,they are frequently found about ,chillicothe4 ,lycoperdon subincarnatum4 ,pk4 ,,the ,,pinkish ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dff4--,lycoperdon subincarnatum4 ,subincarnatum means pale flesh-color4 ,the peridium is globe-shaped1 sessile1 without a stem-like base4 ,not large1 rarely over one inch in diameter4 ,the subgleba is present but small4 ,the outer peridium is pinkish-brown1 with minute short1 stout spinules1 which fall away at maturity1 leaving the inner ash-colored peridium neatly pitted by the falling off of the spinules of the outer coat1 the pits not being surrounded by dotted lines4 ,the capillitium and spores are first greenish-yellow1 then brownish-olive4 ,the threads are long1 simple1 and transparent4 ,the columella is present and the spores are round and minutely warted4 ,they are often found in abundance on decayed logs1 old stumps1 and on the ground about stumps where the ground is especially full of decayed wood4 ,they are found from ,august to ,october4 ,lycoperdon cruciatum4 ,roth4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dfg4--,lycoperdon cruciatum4 ,peridium broadly ovate1 often much depressed1 plicate underneath1 with a cord-like root2 cortex a dense white coat of convergent spines1 which at maturity peel off in flakes1 as can be seen in the photograph1 revealing a thin furfuraceous layer of minute yellowish scales covering the inner peridium4 ,the subgleba broad1 occupying about one-third of the cavity4 ,the spores and capillitium are dark-brown4 ,this species is very hard to distinguish from ,wrightii4 ,it was once called separans because of the fact that the outer coat separates1 or peels off1 so readily from the inner peridium4 ,found in open woods1 or along paths in open woods or pastures4 ,from ,july to ,october4 ,lycoperdon ,wrightii4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dfh4--,lycoperdon ,wrightii4 ,natural size4 ,the specific name is in honor of ,charles ,wright4 ,the peridium is globe-like1 sessile1 white1 minutely spinulose1 often converging at the apex2 when denuded1 smooth or minutely velvety4 ,the spores and capillitium greenish-yellow1 then brown-olive2 the columella present1 but very small4 ,spores small1 smooth1 #c-d4 ,the plants are very small1 scarcely more than two cm4 in diameter4 ,they are generally cspitose in short grass1 along paths1 and in sandy places4 ,i have frequently seen the ground white with them on ,cemetery ,hill where the specimens in ,figure #dfh were found4 ,they were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,found from ,july to the last of ,october4 ,lycoperdon pyriforme4 ,schaeff4 ,,the ,,pear-,,shaped ,,puffball4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lxii4 ,figure #dfi4--,lycoperdon pyriforme4 ,natural size when young as seen growing on decayed wood4 ,the sections show they are in the edible state4 ,pyriforme means pear-shaped4 ,the peridium is ovate or pear-shaped1 with a profusion of mycelial threads1 as will be seen in ,figure #dgj4 ,the cortex is covered with a thin coat of minute brownish scales or granules1 which are quite persistent4 ,these can be seen in the photograph by the aid of a glass4 ,they are sessile or have a short stem-like base2 the subgleba is small and compact2 the capillitium and spores are first white1 then greenish-yellow1 then dingy olivaceous2 the inner coat is smooth1 papery1 whitish-gray or brownish1 opening by an apical mouth2 the spores are round1 even1 greenish-yellow to brownish-olive4 ,they grow in dense clusters1 as will be seen in ,figure #dgj4 ,an entire log and stump1 about four feet high1 and the roots around it1 were covered1 as shown in ,plate ,,lxii4 ,i gathered about three pecks1 at this one place1 to divide with my friends4 ,it is one of the most common puffballs1 and you may usually be sure of getting some1 if you go into the woods where there are decayed logs and stumps4 ,a friend of mine1 who goes hunting with me occasionally1 eats them as one would eat cherries4 ,found from ,july to ,november4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dgj4--,lycoperdon pyriforme4 ,natural size4 ,lycoperdon pusillum4 ,pr4 ,,the ,,small ,,lycoperdon4 ,,edible4 ,pusillum means small4 ,peridium is one-fourth to one inch broad1 globose1 scattered or cespitose1 sessile1 radicating1 with but little cellular tissue at the base1 white1 or whitish1 brownish when old1 rimose-squamulose or slightly roughened with minute floccose or furfuraceous persistent warts2 capillitium and spores greenish-yellow1 then dingy olivaceous4 ,spores smooth #d in diameter4 ,peck4 ,these are found from ,june to cool weather in the fall1 in pastures where the grass is eaten short4 ,when mature they dehisce by a small opening1 and when broken open will disclose the olive or greenish-yellow capillitium4 ,the spores are of the same color1 smooth and round4 ,lycoperdon acuminatum4 ,bosc4 ,,the ,,pointed ,,lycoperdon4 ,,edible4 ,acuminatum means pointed4 ,the peridium is small1 round1 then egg-shaped2 with a plentiful mass of mycelium in the moss in which the plants seem to delight4 ,the plant is white and the outer rind is soft and delicate4 ,there is no subgleba2 the spores and capillitium are pale-greenish-yellow1 then a dirty gray4 ,the threads are simple1 transparent1 much thicker than the spores4 ,the spores are round1 smooth1 #c in diameter4 ,i have found the plants frequently about ,chillicothe on damp1 moss-covered logs and sometimes at the base of beech trees1 when covered with moss4 ,they are very small1 not exceeding one-half inch in diameter4 ,the small ovoid form1 with the white1 soft1 delicate cortex1 will serve to distinguish the species4 ,found from ,september to ,october4 ,bovista4 ,dill4 ,the genus ,bovista differs from ,lycoperdon in several ways4 ,when the ,bovista ripens it breaks from its moorings and is blown about by the wind4 ,it opens by an apical mouth1 as does the genus ,lycoperdon1 but the species of ,bovista have no sterile base4 ,they are puffballs of small size4 ,the outer coat is thin and fragile and at maturity peels off1 leaving an inner coat firm1 papery1 and elastic1 just such a coat as is suitable for the dispersion of its spores4 ,leaving its moorings at maturity1 it is blown about the fields and woods1 and with every tumble it makes it scatters some of its spores4 ,it may take years to accomplish this perfectly4 ,the species of the ,lycoperdon do not leave their moorings naturally2 their spores are dispersed through an apical mouth by a collapse of the walls of the peridium1 after the fashion of a bellows1 by which spores are driven out to the pleasure of the wind4 ,in ,bovista the threads are free or separate from the peridium1 but in ,lycoperdon they arise from the peridium and also from the columella4 ,bovista pila4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,the ,,ball-,,like ,,bovista4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lxiii4 ,figure #dga4--;,bovista pila4 ,natural size of matured specimens4 ,pila means a round ball4 ,the peridium is globe-like1 sessile1 with a stout mycelium1 a cortex thin1 white at first1 then brown1 forming a smooth continuous coat1 breaking up at maturity and rapidly disappearing4 ,the inner peridium is tough1 parchment-like1 elastic1 smooth1 persistent1 purplish-brown1 fading to gray4 ,the dispersion of spores takes place through an apical mouth4 ,the capillitium is firm1 compact1 persistent1 at first clay-colored1 then purple-brown2 threads small-branched1 the ends being rigid1 straight1 pointed4 ,there is something so noticeable about this little tumbler that you will know it when you see it1 and if you often ramble over the fields you will soon meet it4 ,however1 ,i have as yet seen only the matured specimens4 ,bovista plumbea4 ,pers4 ,,lead-,,colored ,,bovista4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dgb4--;,bovista plumbea4 ,natural size4 ,white when young4 ,the plant is small1 never growing to more than an inch and a fourth in diameter4 ,the peridium is depressed globose1 with a fibrous mycelium4 ,the outer peridium is rather thick and when the plant is nearing maturity it breaks up readily unless handled very carefully2 at maturity it scales off1 except a small portion about the base4 ,the outer peridium is white and comparatively smooth1 the inner is thin1 tough1 smooth1 lead-colored1 dehiscent at the apex by a round or oblong mouth4 ,mass of spores and capillitium not solid or hard2 yellowish-brown1 or olivaceous1 then purplish-brown2 the threads three to five times branched1 the ends of the branches slender and tapering to a point4 ,the spores are oval and smooth1 with long transparent pedicels4 ,this species grows on the ground in old pastures1 being quite plentiful after warm rains1 from the first of ,may till fall4 ,it is one of the best of the puffballs1 but should be eaten before the inner peridium begins to assume the tough form4 ,bovistella4 ,morgan4 ,bovistella1 a diminutive of ,bovista1 though the plants are usually larger than the ,bovistas4 ,the mycelium is cord-like2 peridium nearly round1 cortex a dense floccose coat2 inner peridium thin1 strong1 elastic1 opening by an apical mouth2 subgleba present1 cup-shaped2 threads free and separate1 branched2 spores white4 ,the genus ,bovistella has the internal character of ,bovista1 and the habits of ,lycoperdon4 ,bovistella ,ohiensis4 ,morgan4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dgc4--;,bovistella ,ohiensis4 ,natural size4 ,peridium globe-like or broadly obovoid1 sometimes much depressed1 with small plications or wrinkles underneath1 and a thick cord-like base or root1 as will be seen in ,figure #dgc4 ,the outer coat is dense1 floccose1 or with soft warts or spines1 white or grayish1 drying to a buff color1 and in time falling away2 the inner coat is smooth1 shining1 with a pale brown or yellowish surface4 ,the subgleba is large1 occupying half of the peridium1 extending up on the walls of the peridium1 making it cup-shaped1 and quite persistent4 ,the spores and capillitium are rather loose1 friable1 clay-color to pale-brown4 ,the threads1 originating within the spore mass1 and having no connection with the inner coat1 are free1 short1 three to five times branching2 branches tapering to the end4 ,the spores are round to oval1 with long translucent pedicels4 ,this can be readily distinguished from the species of ,bovista because it has a sterile base2 and from ,lycoperdon because its threads are separate and free1 while those of the ,lycoperdon are attached both to the tissues of the inner peridium and to the columella or sterile base4 ,they are found growing on the ground in old pastures1 or in open woods4 ,scleroderma4 ,pers4 ,scleroderma is from two ,greek words3 scleros1 hard2 derma1 skin4 ,the peridium is firm1 single1 generally thick1 usually bursting irregularly1 and exposing the gleba1 which is of uniform texture and consistency4 ,there is no capillitium1 but yellow flocci are found interspersed with the spores4 ,the spores are globose1 rough1 usually mixed with the hyph tissue4 ,scleroderma aurantium4 ,pers4 ,,the ,,common ,,scleroderma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lxiv4 ,figure #dgd4--,scleroderma aurantium4 ,natural size1 showing a section of a young specimen4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dge4--,scleroderma aurantium4 ,aurantium means colored like an orange4 ,this is usually called ,s4 vulgare4 ,the peridium is rough1 warty1 depressed1 globose1 corky and hard1 yellowish1 opening by irregular fissures to scatter the spores2 inner mass bluish-black1 spores dingy4 ,the plant remains solid until it is quite old4 ,it is sessile1 with a rooting base which is never sterile4 ,i have followed ,mr4 ,lloyd's classification in separating the species1 calling the rough-surfaced one ,s4 aurantium1 and the smooth-surfaced ,s4 cepa4 ,in labeling it edible ,i wish only to indicate that it is not poisonous1 as it is generally thought to be2 however1 it cannot be claimed as a very good article of food4 ,it has a wide distribution over the states4 ,the plants in ,figure #dge were found on ,cemetery ,hill1 ,chillicothe1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,found from ,august to ,november4 ,scleroderma tenerum4 ,berk4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dgf4--,scleroderma tenerum4 ,this species is often regarded as a small form of ,s4 verrucosum1 but it always seemed strange to me that this rather smooth plant should be called verrucosum when its frequently near neighbor1 ,s4 aurantium1 is very verrucose4 ,s4 tenerum is a very widely distributed species in the ,united ,states1 somewhat constant as to form and quite frequent in occurrence4 ,mr4 ,lloyd1 in his ,mycological ,notes1 gives a very clear photograph of a plant that is quite local in this country and which he thinks should be called ,s4 verrucosum of ,europe4 ,the plant differs very widely from the one we find so commonly which by many authors has been called ,s4 verrucosum4 ,some have even called it ,scleroderma bovista4 ,the plant is nearly sessile1 somewhat irregular1 peridium thin1 soft1 yellowish1 densely marked with small scales1 dehiscence irregular1 flocci yellow and spores dingy olive4 ,the species may be known by the thin and comparatively smooth peridium and yellow flocci4 ,it is quite common in the ,united ,states1 while the typical plant1 ,s4 verrucosum1 is confined to a few localities along the ,atlantic coast4 ,scleroderma ,cepa4 ,pers4 ,cepa meaning an onion2 having very much the appearance of an onion4 ,the peridium is thick1 smooth1 reddish-yellow to reddish-brown1 opening by an irregular mouth4 ,the plant is sessile and quite strongly rooted with fine rootlets4 ,its habitat1 with us1 is along the banks of small brooks in the woods4 ,it has been classed heretofore as ,s4 vulgare1 smooth variety4 ,i sent some to ,prof4 ,peck1 who quite agrees that they should be separated from ,s4 vulgare4 ,found from ,august to ,november4 ,scleroderma geaster4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,plate ,,lxv4 ,figure #dgg4--,scleroderma geaster4 ,geaster1 so called because it has a star-like opening somewhat similar to the genus ,geaster4 ,peridium subglobose1 thick1 with a very short stem1 or almost--sometimes entirely--sessile2 hard1 rough1 splitting into irregular stellate limbs2 frequently well buried in the ground4 ,inner mass dark-brown or blackish1 sometimes with rather a purplish tinge4 ,some grow quite large with the peridium very thick4 ,my attention was first attracted by some of the peridium shells upon the ground on ,cemetery ,hill4 ,the plant is quite abundant there from ,september to ,december4 ,catastoma4 ,morgan4 ,this is a small puffball-like plant1 growing just beneath the ground and attached to its bed by very small threads which issue from every part of the cortex1 which is quite thick4 ,breaking away at maturity in a circumscissile manner1 the lower part is held fast to the ground1 while the upper part remains attached to the inner peridium as a kind of cup4 ,the inner peridium1 with the top part of the outer peridium attached1 becomes loose and tumbles over the ground1 the mouth being in the base of the plant as it grew4 ,catastoma circumscissum4 ,b4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dgh4--;,catastoma circumscissum4 ,circumscissum means divided into halves4 ,the peridium is usually round1 more or less depressed1 commonly rough because of the soil attached2 the larger part of the plant remaining in the soil as a cup2 the upper part with the inner peridium1 depressed-globose1 thin1 pallid1 becoming gray1 with branny scales1 with a small basal mouth4 ,a thin spongy layer will frequently be seen between the outer and inner peridium4 ,the mass of the spores is olivaceous1 changing to pale-brown4 ,the spores are round1 minutely warted1 #d-e4 in diameter1 often with very short pedicels4 ,the plants are usually found in pastures along paths4 ,i have seen them in several parts of ,ohio4 ,they are found from ,maine to the western mountains4 ,this is called ,bovista circumscissa by ,berkeley4 ,there is a species of a western range called ,c4 subterraneum4 ,this differs mainly in having larger spores4 ,it seems to be confined to the middle west4 ,however1 it does not grow under the ground1 as its name would suggest4 ,there is also another species called ,c4 pedicellatum4 ,this species seems to be confined to the southern states and differs mainly in the spores having marked pedicels and closely warted4 ,podaxine4 ,this tribe is characterized by having a stalk continuous with the apex of the peridium1 forming an axis4 ,some of the plants are short stalked1 some long stalked4 ,the tribe forms a natural connecting link between the ,gastromycetes and the ,agarics4 ,thus3 ,podaxon is a true ,gastromycetes1 with capillitia mixed with spores2 ,caulogossum1 with its permanent gleba chambers1 is close to the ,hymenogasters2 ,secotium is only a step from ,caulogossum1 the tramal plates being more sinuate-lamellate2 and ,montagnites1 which is usually placed with the ,agarics1 is only a ,gyrophragmium with the plates truly lamellate4 ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,genera4 ,gleba with irregular1 persistent chambers-- ,peridium1 elongated club-shaped ,cauloglossum4 ,peridium1 round or conical1 and dehiscing by breaking away at the base ,secotium4 ,gleba with sinuate-lamellate plates ,gyrophragmium4 ,walls of gleba chambers not persistent ,podaxon4 --,lloyd4 ,secotium4 ,kunz4 ,this is a very interesting genus4 ,when ,i found my first specimen ,i was much in doubt whether it was an ,agaric or a puffball1 as it seemed to be a sort of connecting link between the two classes4 ,the genus is divided into smooth-spored and rough-spored species1 both having a stalk continuing1 as an axis1 to the apex of the plant4 ,the peridium is round or conical and it dehisces by breaking away at the base4 ,secotium is from a ,greek word meaning chamber4 ,secotium acuminatum4 ,montagne4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dgi4--,secotium acuminatum4 ,life size of small specimens4 ,this is an exceedingly variable species1 as found about ,chillicothe1 yet the variability extends only to the outward appearance of the plant2 some are almost round1 slightly depressed1 some 7and a large majority7 are inclined to be irregularly cone-shaped4 ,the peridium is light-colored1 of a soft texture1 not brittle2 it slowly expels its spores by breaking away at the base2 the stalk is usually short1 but distinct and prolonged to the apex of the peridium1 forming an axis for the gleba4 ,the surface of the peridium is smooth1 dingy-white or ash-colored1 with minute white spots1 due to scales4 ,it is of various shapes2 acute-ovate1 sometimes obtuse1 nearly spherical1 sometimes slightly depressed and irregular cone-shaped4 ,the gleba is composed of semi-persistent cells1 plainly seen with a glass or even with the naked eye4 ,it has no capillitium4 ,the spores are globose and smooth1 often apiculate4 ,this plant is quite abundant about ,chillicothe1 and ,i have found it from the first of ,may to the last of ,october4 ,this species is widely distributed in ,america1 and occurs in ,northern ,africa and ,eastern ,europe4 ,polysaccum4 ,de,c4 ,polysaccum is from polus1 many1 and saccus1 a sack4 ,peridium irregularly globose1 thick1 attenuated downward into a stem-like base1 opening by disintegration of its upper portion2 internal mass or gleba divided into distinct sac-like cells4 ,allied to ,scleroderma and distinguished by the cavities of the gleba containing distinct peridioles4 ,massee4 ,polysaccum pisocarpium4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dhj4--,polysaccum pisocarpium4 ,pisocarpium is from two ,greek words meaning pea and fruited4 ,peridium irregularly globose1 indistinctly nodulose1 passing downward into a stout stem-like base1 peridioles irregularly angular1 #d-ec1 yellow4 ,spores globose1 warted1 coffee-color1 #i-ac4 ,massee4 ,i have found this plant only a few times about ,chillicothe4 ,mr4 ,lloyd identified it for me4 ,it has very much the shape of a pear4 ,the skin is quite hard1 smooth1 olivaceous-black with yellow mottling patches not unlike the skin of a rattlesnake4 ,the peridioles1 which are small ovate sacs bearing the spores within1 are very distinct4 ,the interior of the plant when mature is dark1 and it breaks and disintegrates from the upper part very like ,c4 cyathiformis4 ,this is a very interesting plant whose ovate sac-like cells will easily distinguish it4 ,found from ,august to ,october1 it delights in sandy soil1 in pine or mixed woods4 ,mitremyces4 ,nees4 ,mitremyces is made up of two words3 mitre1 a cap2 myces1 a mushroom4 ,it is a small genus1 there being but three species found in this country4 ,the spore-mass or gleba1 in its young state1 is surrounded by four layers4 ,the outer layer is gelatinous and behaves itself somewhat differently in each species4 ,this outer layer is known as the volva or volva-like peridium1 which soon disappears4 ,the next layer is called the exoperidium and is composed of two layers1 the inner one quite thin and cartilaginous--in ,m4 cinnabarinus it is a bright red2 this is attached to a rather thick1 gelatinous1 outer layer which soon falls away1 exposing the endoperidium1 which is the layer seen in older specimens4 ,within the endoperidium are the spores1 which are pale ochraceous or sulphur color1 globose or elliptical in shape4 ,they are contained in a separate membrane or sac2 when they mature the sac contracts and forces the spores out into the air4 ,the mycelium of this plant is especially peculiar1 being composed of a bundle of root-like strands1 translucent and jelly-like when young and fresh1 but becoming tough and hard4 ,this genus is called by some authors ,calostoma1 meaning a beautiful mouth1 a very appropriate name1 as the mouths of all ,american species are red and quite beautiful4 ,mitremyces cinnabarinus4 ,desv4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dha4--,mitremyces cinnabarinus4 ,natural size4 ,the rooting strands are long1 compact1 dark when dry4 ,exporidium bright red1 smooth internally2 the outer layer thick1 gelatinous when fresh1 finally breaking into areas and curling inward4 ,the separation is caused by the fact that the cells of the thick gelatinous portion expand by the absorption of water1 while those of the inner layer do not1 hence the rupture occurs4 ,the endoperidium and rayed mouth are bright red when fresh1 partially fading in old specimens4 ,the spores are elliptical-oblong1 punctate-sculptured1 varying much as to size in specimens from different localities2 #f-haj-ad in ,west ,virginia specimens4 ,massachusetts specimens1 #f-hab-bj4 ,lloyd4 ,i have seen these specimens growing in the mountains in ,west ,virginia4 ,they quickly arrest the attention because of their bright red caps4 ,they seem not1 as yet1 to have crossed the ,alleghenies--at least ,i have not found it in ,ohio4 ,it has a number of synonyms3 ,scleroderma calostoma1 ,calostoma cinnabarinum1 ,lycoperdon heterogeneum1 ,l4 calostoma4 ,the plants in ,figure #dha were photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,mr4 ,geo4 ,e4 ,morris of ,waltham1 ,mass41 sent me some specimens early in ,august1 #aijg4 ,geaster4 ,mich4 ,geaster1 an earth-star2 so called because at maturity the outer coat breaks its connection with the mycelium in the ground and bursts open like the petals of a flower2 then1 becoming reflexed1 those petals lift the inner ball from the ground and it remains in the center of the expanded1 star-like coat4 ,the coat of the inner ball is thin and papery1 and opens by an apical mouth4 ,the threads1 or capillitium1 which bear the spores proceed from the walls of the peridium and form the central columella4 ,the threads are simple1 long1 slender1 thickest in the middle and tapering towards the ends1 fixed at one end and free at the other4 ,the ,geaster is a picturesque little plant which will arrest the attention of the most careless observer4 ,it is abundant and is frequently found in the late summer and fall in woods and pastures4 ,geaster minimus4 ,schw4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhb4--;,geaster minimus4 ,natural size4 ,the outer coat or exoperidium recurved1 segments acute at the apex1 eight to twelve segments divided to about the middle4 ,mycelial layer usually attached1 generally shaggy with fragments of leaves or grass1 sometimes partly or entirely separating4 ,fleshy layer closely attached1 very light in color1 usually smooth on the limb of the exoperidium but cracked on the segments4 ,pedicel short but distinct4 ,the inner peridium ovoid1 one-fourth to one-half inch in diameter2 white to pale-brown1 sometimes almost black4 ,mouth lifted on a slight cone1 lip bordered with a hair-like fringe2 columella slender1 as are also the threads4 ,spores brown1 globe-shaped1 and minutely warted4 ,found in the summer and early fall4 ,nature seems to give it the power to lift up the spore-bearing body1 the better to eject its spores to the wind4 ,it is very frequently found in pastures all over the state4 ,i have found it in many localities about ,chillicothe4 ,it is called minimus because it is the smallest ,earth-star4 ,geaster hygrometricus4 ,pers4 ,,water-,,measuring ,,earth-,,star4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhc4--;,geaster hygrometricus4 ,natural size4 ,the unexpanded plant is nearly spherical4 ,the mycelial layer is thin1 tearing away as the plant expands1 the bark or skin falling with the mycelium4 ,the outer coat is deeply parted1 the segments1 acute at the apex1 four to twenty2 strongly hygrometric1 becoming reflexed when the plant is moist1 strongly incurved when the plant is dry4 ,the inner coating is nearly spherical1 thin1 sessile1 opening by simply a torn aperture4 ,there is no columella4 ,the threads are transparent1 much branched1 and interwoven4 ,the spores are large1 globose1 and rough4 ,the plant ripens in the fall and the thick outer peridium divides into segments1 the number varying from four to twenty4 ,when the weather is wet the lining of the points of the segments become gelatinous and recurve1 and the points rest upon the ground1 holding the inner ball from the ground4 ,in dry weather the soft gelatinous lining becomes hard and the segments curve in and clasp the inner ball4 ,hence its name1 hygrometricus1 a measurer of moisture4 ,the plant is quite general4 ,geaster ,archeri4 ,berk4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dhd4--;,geaster ,archeri4 ,young plant acute4 ,exoperidium cut beyond the middle into seven to nine acute segments4 ,in herbarium specimens usually saccate but sometimes revolute4 ,mycelial layer closely adherent1 compared to previous species relatively smooth4 ,as in the previous species the mycelium covers the young plant but is not so strongly developed1 so that the adhering dirt is not so evident on the mature plant4 ,fleshy layer when dry1 thin and closely adherent4 ,endoperidium globose1 sessile4 ,mouth sulcate1 indefinite4 ,columella globose-clavate4 ,capillitium thicker than the spores4 ,spores small1 #d mc4 almost smooth4 ,lloyd4 ,i first found the plant in the young state4 ,the acute point1 which will be seen in the photograph1 puzzled me4 ,i marked the place where it grew and in a few days found the developed ,geaster4 ,the plant is reddish-brown and it differs from other species with sulcate mouths1 in its closely sessile endoperidium4 ,i have found the plant several times in ,hayne's ,hollow1 near ,chillicothe4 ,i found it in the tracks of decayed logs4 ,the plant has been called ,geaster ,morganii in this country but had previously been named from ,australia4 ,geaster asper4 ,michelius4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhe4--;,geaster asper4 ,natural size4 ,exoperidium revolute1 cut to about the middle in eight to ten segments4 ,both mycelial and fleshy layers are more closely adherent than in most species4 ,pedicel short and thick4 ,inner peridium subglobose1 verrucose4 ,mouth conical1 beaked1 strongly sulcate1 seated on a depressed zone4 ,columella prominent1 persistent4 ,capillitium threads simple1 long tapering4 ,spores globose1 rough4 ,the characteristic of this plant is the verrucose inner peridium4 ,under a glass of low power it appears as though the peridium were densely covered with grains of sharp sand4 ,this plant alone has this characteristic1 to our knowledge2 and although it is indicated in the figures of ,g4 cornatus of both ,schaeffer and ,schmidel1 we think that there it is only an exaggeration of the very minute granular appearance cornatus has4 ,the word asper is the first descriptive adjective applied by ,michelius4 ,fries included it in his complex striatus4 ,lloyd4 ,i have found the plant frequently about ,chillicothe4 ,the plants represented were photographed by ,mr4 ,lloyd4 ,geaster triplex4 ,jung4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,lxvi4 ,figure #dhf4--;,geaster triplex4 ,the unexpanded plant acute4 ,exoperidium recurved 7or1 when not fully expanded1 somewhat saccate at base71 cut to the middle 7or usually two-thirds7 in five to eight segments4 ,mycelial layer adnate4 ,fleshy layer generally peeling off from the segments of the fibrillose layer but usually remaining partially free1 as a cup at base of inner peridium4 ,inner peridium subglobose1 closely sessile4 ,mouth definite1 fibrillose1 broadly conical4 ,columella prominent1 elongated4 ,threads thicker than spores4 ,spores globose1 roughened1 #c-f mc4 ,lloyd1 in ,mycological ,notes4 ,the color of ,geaster triplex is reddish-brown4 ,notice the remains of a fleshy layer forming a cup at base of inner peridium1 a point which distinguishes this species and which gives name to the species--triplex1 three folds or apparently three layers4 ,the photograph was made by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,geaster saccatus4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhg4--;,geaster saccatus4 ,natural size4 ,the unexpanded plant is globose4 ,mycelium is universal4 ,exoperidium cut in six to ten segments about half way1 the limb deeply saccate4 ,mycelial layer adnate to fibrillose4 ,fleshy layer1 when dry1 thin1 adnate4 ,inner peridium sessile1 globose1 with a determinate fibrillose mouth4 ,the spores are globose1 almost smooth4 ,lloyd4 ,mr4 ,lloyd thinks this plant is practically the same as the ,g4 fimbriatus of ,europe1 differing from it in being more deeply saccate and having a determinate mouth4 ,this plant is very common on all the wooded hillsides about ,chillicothe4 ,i have seen the ground on the top of ,mt4 ,logan almost completely covered with them4 ,they are identified by ,mr4 ,lloyd1 ,prof4 ,atkinson1 and ,dr4 ,peck4 ,the plants in ,figure #dhg were photographed by ,mr4 ,lloyd from typical specimens4 ,geaster mammosus4 ,chev4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhh4--;,geaster mammosus4 ,exporidium thin1 rigid1 hygroscopic1 smooth1 divided almost to the base into about ten linear segments1 often umbilicate at the base2 inner peridium globose1 smooth1 sessile1 furnished with a conical1 even1 protruding mouth1 seated on a definite area4 ,columella short1 globose1 evident 7though distinct in mature plants74 ,capillitium simple1 tapering1 hyaline1 often flattened1 slightly thinner than the spores4 ,spores globose1 roughened1 #c-g mc4 ,lloyd4 ,this plant is found in the woods from ,july till late in the fall4 ,it differs from ,g4 hygrometricus by its even1 conical mouth4 ,i found specimens several times in ,haynes's ,hollow4 ,geaster velutinus4 ,morg4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dhi4--;,geaster velutinus4 ,unexpanded plants globose1 sometimes slightly pointed at apex4 ,mycelium basal4 ,outer layer rigid1 membranaceous1 firm1 light colored in the ,american plant4 ,the surface is covered with short1 dense1 appressed velumen1 so that to the eye the surface appears simply dull and rough1 but its true nature is readily seen under a glass of low power4 ,the outer surface separates from the inner as the plant expands1 and in mature specimens is usually partly free4 ,the thickness and texture of the two layers are about the same4 ,the fleshy layer is dark reddish-brown when dry1 a thin adnate layer4 ,inner peridium sessile1 dark colored1 globose1 with a broad base and pointed mouth4 ,mouth even1 marked with a definite circular light-colored basal zone4 ,columella elongated1 clavate4 ,spores globose1 almost smooth1 small1 #b-c mc4 ,lloyd4 ,myriostoma coliformis4 ,dick4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dij4--,myriostoma coliformis4 ,natural size4 ,exporidium usually recurved1 cut to about the middle into six to ten lobes2 if collected and dried when first open1 rather firm and rigid2 when exposed to weather becoming like parchment paper by the peeling off of the inner and outer layers4 ,inner peridium1 subglobose1 supported on several more or less confluent pedicels4 ,surface minutely roughened2 mouths several1 appressed fibrillose1 round1 plain or slightly elevated2 columell several1 filiform1 probably the same in number as the pedicels2 spores globose1 roughened1 #c-f mc42 capillitium simple1 unbranched1 long1 tapering1 about half diameter of spores4 ,the inner peridium with its several mouths can be1 not inaptly1 compared to a pepper-box4 ,the specific name is derived from the ,latin colum1 a strainer1 and the old ,english name we find in ,berkeley ,cullender puffball refers to a cullender 7or colander more modern form7 now almost obsolete in ,english1 but meaning a kind of strainer4 ,lloyd4 ,found in sandy soil4 ,it is quite rare4 ,both the generic and specific names refer to its many mouths4 ,the specimens in ,figure #dij were found on ,green ,island1 ,lake ,erie1 one of the points where this rare species is found4 ,it is found at ,cedar ,point1 ,ohio1 also4 ,the plant was photographed by ,prof4 ,schaffner of the ,ohio ,state ,university4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,family--,,sphaeriaceae4 ,perithecia carbonaceous or membranaceous1 sometimes confluent with the stroma1 pierced at the apex1 and mostly papillate2 hymenium diffluent4--,berkeley ,outlines4 ,there are four tribes in this family1 viz3 ,nectrii4 ,xylarii4 ,valsei4 ,sphriei4 ,under ,nectrii we have the following genera3 ,stipitate-- ,clavate or capitate ,cordyceps4 ,head globose1 base sclerotioid ,claviceps4 ,parasitic on grass-- ,stroma myceloid ,epichloe4 ,variable-- ,sporidia double1 finally separating ,hypocrea4 ,sporidia double1 ejected in tendrils1 parasitic on fungi ,hypomyces4 ,stroma definite1 perithecia free1 clustered or scattered ,nectria4 ,perithecia erect1 in a polished and colored sac ,oomyces4 ,under ,xylarii we have3 ,stipitate-- ,stroma corky1 subelavate ,xylaria4 ,stroma somewhat corky1 discoid ,poronia4 ,cordyceps4 ,fr4 ,cordyceps is from a ,greek word meaning a club and a ,latin word meaning a head4 ,it is a genus of ,pyrenomycetous fungi of which a few grow upon other fungi1 but by far the greater number are parasitic upon insects or their larva1 as will be seen in ,figure #dia4 ,the spores enter the breathing openings along the sides of the larva and the mycelium grows until it fills the interior of the larva and kills it4 ,in fructification a stalk rises from the body of the insect or larva and in the enlarged extremity of this the perithecia are grouped4 ,the stroma is vertical and fleshy1 head distinct1 hyaline or colored2 sporidia repeatedly divided and sub-moniliform4 ,cordyceps ,herculea4 7,schw47 ,sacc4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dia4--;,cordyceps herculea4 ,showing the grub upon which this species grows4 ,herculea is so called from its large size4 ,the halftone will readily identify this species4 ,the plant is quite large1 clavate in form1 the head oblong1 round1 slightly tapering upward with a decided protuberance at the apex1 as will be seen in ,figure #dia4 ,the head is a light yellow in all specimens ,i found1 not alutaceous as ,schw4 states1 nor is the head obtuse4 ,i found several specimens on a sidehill in ,haynes's ,hollow in ,august and ,september1 all growing from bodies of the large white grubs which are found about rotten wood4 ,they were found during wet weather4 ,they were identified by both ,dr4 ,peck and ,dr4 ,herbst4 ,cordyceps militaris4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dib4--;,cordyceps militaris4 ,this is much smaller and more common than ,c4 ,herculea4 ,conidia--,subcspitose1 white2 stem distinct1 simple1 becoming smooth2 clubs incrassated1 mealy2 ,conidia globose4 ,ascophore--,fleshy1 orange-red2 head clavate1 tuberculose2 stem equal2 sporidia long1 breaking up into joints4 ,this is frequently called ,torrubia militaris4 ,it is known as the caterpillar fungus4 ,its spores are cylindrical and are produced upon orange-red fruiting bodies in the fall4 ,as soon as the spore falls on the caterpillar it sends out germ-threads which penetrate the caterpillar4 ,here the threads form long narrow spores which break off and form other spores until the body-cavity is entirely filled4 ,the caterpillar soon becomes sluggish and dies4 ,the fungus continues to grow until it has completely appropriated all of the insect's soft parts1 externally a perfect caterpillar but internally completely filled with mycelial threads4 ,under favorable conditions this mycelial caterpillar1 which has become a storage organ1 will send up an orange-red club-shaped body1 as will be seen in ,figure #dib1 and will produce the kind of spores described above4 ,under some conditions this mycelial caterpillar may be made to produce a dense growth of threads from its entire surface1 looking like a small white ball1 and from these threads another kind of spore is formed4 ,these spores are pinched off in great numbers and will germinate in the larva the same as the sac spore4 ,the specimens were found by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,blackford near ,boston1 and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,cordyceps capitata4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,figure #dic4--;,cordyceps capitata4 ,natural size4 ,this plant is fleshy1 capitate1 head ovate1 bay-brown1 stem yellow1 then blackish4 ,this plant is parasitic on ,elaphomyces granulatus4 ,it is shown at the base of the stem of the plant4 ,it grows two or three inches under the surface and somewhat resembles a truffle in appearance4 ,both are very interesting plants4 ,the plant in ,figure #dic was found near ,boston1 ,mass4 ,they are usually found in pine woods1 often in tufts4 ,the stems are from one to four inches long1 nearly equal1 smooth1 lemon-colored1 at length fibroso-strigose and blackish4 ,it is sometimes called ,torrubia capitata4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,myxomycetes4 ,the plants under this head belong to the slime-moulds and at first are wholly gelatinous4 ,all the species and genera are small and easily overlooked1 yet they are intensely interesting when carefully observed4 ,in the morning you may see a mass of gelatinous matter and in the evening a beautiful net work of threads and spores1 the transformation being so rapid4 ,this gelatinous mass is known as protoplasm or plasmodium1 and the motive power of the plasmodium has suggested to many that they should be placed in the animal kingdom1 or called fungus animals4 ,the same is true of ,schizomycetes1 to which all the bacteria1 bacillus1 spirillum1 and vibrio1 and a number of other groups belong4 ,i have only a few ,myxomycetes to present4 ,i have watched the development of a number of plants of this group1 but because of the scarcity of literature upon the subject ,i have been unable to identify them satisfactorily4 ,lycogala epidendrum4 ,fr4 ,illustration3 ,figure #did4--,lycogala epidendrum4 ,this is called the ,stump ,lycogala4 ,it is quite common1 seeming in a certain stage to be a small puffball4 ,the peridium has a double membrane1 papery1 persistent1 bursting irregularly at the apex2 externally minutely warty1 nearly round1 blood-red or pinkish1 then brownish2 mouth irregular2 spores becoming pale1 or violet4 ,reticularia maxima4 ,fr4 ,this is quite common on partially decayed logs4 ,the peridium is very thin1 tuberculose1 effused1 delicate1 olivaceous-brown2 spores olive1 echinulate or spiny4 ,didymius xanthopus4 ,fr4 ,these are very small yellow-stemmed plants1 found on oak leaves in wet weather4 ,the sporangium has an inner membranaceous peridium2 the whole is round1 brown1 whitish4 ,the stem is elongated1 even1 yellow4 ,the columella is stipitate into the sporangia4 ,d4 cinereum4 ,fr4 ,sporangia sessile1 round1 whitish1 covered with an ashy-gray scurf4 ,spores black4 ,very small4 ,on fallen oak leaves4 ,easily overlooked4 ,xylaria4 ,schrank4 ,xylaria means pertaining to wood4 ,it is usually vertical1 more or less stipitate4 ,the stroma is between fleshy and corky1 covered with a black or rufous bark4 ,xylaria polymorpha4 ,grev4 ,illustration3 ,figure #die4--,xylaria polymorpha4 ,natural size4 ,polymorpha means many forms4 ,it is nearly fleshy1 a number usually growing together1 or gregarious2 thickened as if swollen1 irregular2 dirty-white1 then black2 the receptacle bearing perithecia in every part4 ,this plant is quite common in our woods1 growing about old stumps or on decayed sticks or pieces of wood4 ,the spore-openings can be seen with an ordinary hand-glass4 ,xylaria polymorpha1 var4 spathularia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dif4--,xylaria polymorpha var4 spathularia4 ,natural size4 ,spathularia means in the form of a spathula or spatula4 ,it is vertical and stipitate1 the stem being more definite than in the ,x4 polymorpha1 the stroma being between fleshy and corky1 frequently growing in numbers or gregarious1 turgid1 fairly regular1 dirty-white1 then brownish-red1 finally black4 ,an ordinary hand glass will show how it bears perithecia in all its parts4 ,this will be clearly seen in the section on the right4 ,these plants are not as common as the ,x4 polymorpha1 but are found in habitats similar to those of the other plant1 particularly around maple stumps or upon decayed maple branches4 ,stemonitis4 ,gled4 ,stemonitis is from a ,greek word which means stamen1 one of the essential organs of a flower4 ,this is a genus of myxomycetous fungi1 giving name to the family ,stemonitace1 which has a single sporangium or thalium2 without the peculiar deposits of lime carbonate which characterize the fructification of other orders1 and the spores1 capillitium1 and columella are usually uniformly black1 or brownish4 ,stemonitis fusca4 ,roth4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dig4--,stemonitis fusca4 ,natural size4 ,fusca means dark-brown1 smoky4 ,the sporangia are cylindrical and pointed at the apex1 peridia fugacious1 exposing the beautiful net-work of the capillitium4 ,the reticulate capillitium springs from the dark1 penetrating stem4 ,this is a very beautiful plant when studied with an ordinary hand-glass4 ,i have frequently seen an entire log covered with this plant4 ,stemonitis ferruginea4 ,ehrb4 ,ferruginea means rust color4 ,the sporangia is very similar to that of ,s4 fusca1 cylindrical1 peridium fugacious1 exposing the reticulate capillitium1 but instead of being dark-brown it is a yellowish or rusty-brown color4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,recipes ,,for ,,cooking ,,mushrooms4 ,,stewed ,,mushrooms4 ,,no4 #a4 ,choose them as nearly as possible of uniform size and free from insects4 ,drop them in salt water for five minutes to free them from any insects that may be hidden in the gills2 drain them and wipe dry and clean with a rather rough cloth2 cut off the stems close to the cap4 ,put them into a granite or porcelain saucepan1 cover closely and stew gently fifteen minutes4 ,salt to taste4 ,rub a tablespoonful of butter into about a tablespoonful of flour1 and stir this into the mushrooms1 letting boil three or four minutes2 stir in three tablespoonfuls of cream1 mixed with a well-beaten egg1 and stir the whole for two minutes without letting it boil1 and serve either on toast or as a vegetable4 ,,stewed ,,mushrooms4 ,,no4 #b4 ,clean mushrooms as directed above and stew in water ten minutes2 then drain off part of the water and put in as much warm milk as you have poured off water2 let this stew for five to ten minutes2 then add some drawn butter1 or veal or chicken gravy1 and salt and pepper to taste4 ,thicken with a little corn starch wet in cold milk4 ,serve hot4 ,in cooking mushrooms they should always be kept as closely covered as possible in order the better to retain the flavor1 and they should never be subjected to too great heat4 ,,baked ,,mushrooms4 ,be sure your mushrooms are fresh and free from insects2 cut off the stems close to the caps and wipe the tops with a wet cloth4 ,arrange them in a pie dish with the gills uppermost1 laying a little bit of butter on each2 sprinkle pepper1 salt1 and a very little mace upon them4 ,put them into a hot oven and bake from fifteen minutes to half an hour1 according to the tenderness of the mushrooms2 if they are in danger of getting too dry baste them occasionally with butter and water4 ,pour over them some maitre d'hotel sauce and send to the table in the dish in which they were baked4 ,,broiled ,,mushrooms4 ,select the finest and freshest you can get and prepare as for baking2 put into a deep dish and pour over them some melted butter1 turning them over and over in it4 ,salt and pepper and let them lie for an hour and a half in the butter4 ,put them1 gills uppermost1 on an oyster gridiron over a clear hot fire1 turning them over as one side browns4 ,put them on a hot dish1 having them well seasoned with butter1 pepper1 and salt and with a few drops of lemon juice squeezed upon each1 if liked4 ,,mushroom ,,and ,,veal ,,ragout4 ,take equal quantities of cold veal steak or roast veal and small puffballs or other mushrooms1 and mince all fine2 mince a small onion and put with the mushrooms and meat into a pan with some cold veal gravy1 if you have it1 and water enough to cover the mixture4 ,add a tablespoonful of butter1 pepper and salt well1 and let the mixture cook until it is almost dry1 stirring it frequently to keep it from scorching2 it should cook fully half an hour4 ,when almost done1 add a large tablespoonful of good catsup1 or ,worcestershire sauce if preferred4 ,serve hot4 ,,mushroom ,,pat,s4 ,wash mushrooms well1 cut them into small pieces and drop them in salt water for five minutes4 ,have ready in a pan upon the stove about two ounces of butter to each pint of mushrooms1 having pan and butter very hot but not scorching2 dip the mushrooms from the salt water with a skimmer and drop them into the hot butter2 cover them closely to retain the flavor1 shaking the pan or stirring them over to keep them from scorching or sticking4 ,let them cook with moderate heat from fifteen to thirty minutes1 according to the tenderness of the mushrooms4 ,remove the cover from the pan1 draw the mushrooms to one side and lift the pan on one side so that the gravy will run down to the opposite side2 stir into the gravy a level tablespoonful of sifted flour1 and rub this smooth with the gravy2 then add a half a pint of rich milk or cream2 stir the mushrooms into this and allow it to boil for a minute4 ,have ready in the oven some pat shells1 fill them with the mushrooms1 seasoned to taste with salt and pepper1 and set back in the oven for a few minutes to heat before serving4 ,these are especially fine when made of ,tricholoma personatum or ,pleurotus ostreatus1 but many other varieties will answer well4 ,,baked ,,beefsteak ,,with ,,mushroom ,,sauce4 ,have your sirloin steak cut an inch or more thick1 put into an exceedingly hot baking pan on top of the stove1 in one minute turn steak over so that both sides will be seared4 ,put the pan into an exceedingly hot oven and allow it to remain for twenty minutes4 ,have ready in a saucepan two tablespoonfuls of melted butter1 heat well and add two cupfuls of fresh1 clean mushrooms which have been allowed to stand in salt water for a period of five minutes2 cover closely and cook briskly without burning for ten minutes2 set on the back of the stove 7after having seasoned them properly with salt and pepper7 to keep hot until ready to use4 ,place the steak upon a hot dish1 pour the mushrooms over it and send to the table at once4 ,it is a dish fit for a king4 ,,stuffed ,,morels4 ,choose the freshest and best morels2 cleanse them thoroughly by allowing the water from the faucet to run on them2 open the stalk at the bottom2 fill with veal stuffing1 anchovy or any rich forcemeat you choose1 securing the ends and dressing between slices of bacon2 bake for a half an hour1 basting with butter and water1 and serve with the gravy which comes from them4 ,,fried ,,morels4 ,wash a dozen morels carefully and cut off the ends of the stems4 ,split the mushrooms and put them into a pan in which two tablespoonfuls of butter have been melted4 ,cover closely and cook with a moderate heat for fifteen minutes4 ,mix two teaspoonfuls of corn starch in a half a pint of fresh milk and pour into the pan with the mushrooms1 allowing it to boil for a minute or two2 salt and pepper to taste and serve hot1 upon toast if liked4 ,,to ,,cook ,,boleti4 ,cut off the stems1 and remove the spore-tubes1 after having wiped the caps clean with a damp cloth4 ,they may be broiled in a hot buttered pan1 turning them frequently until done1 which will be about fifteen minutes4 ,dust with salt and pepper and put bits of butter over them as you would on broiled beefsteak4 ,they may be stewed in a little water in a covered saucepan1 after being cut into pieces of equal size4 ,stew for twenty minutes and when done add pepper1 salt1 butter or cream4 ,or they may be fried1 after being sliced as you would egg plant1 and dipped in batter or rolled in egg and cracker crumbs4 ,in preparing ,boleti the spore tube should be removed unless very young1 as they will make the dish slimy4 ,,mushroom ,,catsup4 ,to two quarts of mushrooms allow a quarter of a pound of salt4 ,the full grown mushrooms are better in making this as they afford more juice4 ,put a layer of mushrooms in the bottom of a stone jar1 sprinkle with salt2 then another layer of mushrooms till you have used all2 let them lie thus for six hours1 then break them into bits4 ,set in a cool place for three days1 stirring thoroughly every morning4 ,strain the juice from them1 and to every quart allow half an ounce of allspice1 the same quantity of ginger1 half a teaspoonful of powdered mace and half a teaspoonful of cayenne4 ,put it into a stone jar1 cover it closely1 set it in a saucepan of water over the fire1 and boil hard for five hours4 ,take it off1 empty it into a porcelain kettle and let it boil slowly for half an hour longer4 ,set it in a cool place and let it stand all night until settled and clear1 then pour off carefully from the sediment1 into small bottles1 filling them to the mouth4 ,cork tightly and seal carefully4 ,keep in a dry1 cool1 dark closet4 ,,mushrooms ,,with ,,bacon4 ,take some full-grown mushrooms1 and1 having cleaned them1 procure a few rashers of nice streaky bacon and fry it in the usual manner4 ,when nearly done add a dozen or so of mushrooms and fry them slowly until they are cooked4 ,in the cooking they will absorb all the fat of the bacon1 and with the addition of a little salt and pepper will form a most appetizing breakfast relish4 ,,hydnum4 ,the ,hydnums are sometimes slightly bitter and it is well to boil them for a few minutes and then throw away the water4 ,drain the mushrooms carefully2 add pepper and salt1 butter1 and milk2 cook in a covered saucepan slowly for twenty or twenty-five minutes2 have ready some slices of toast1 pour the mushrooms over these and serve at once4 ,,oyster ,,mushrooms4 ,one of the best ways to cook an ,oyster mushroom is to fry it as you fry an oyster4 ,use the tender part of the ,oyster mushroom2 clean thoroughly2 add pepper and salt2 dip in beaten egg and then bread crumbs and fry in fat or butter4 ,or parboil them for forty-five minutes1 drain1 roll in flour and fry4 ,the ,oyster mushroom is also excellent when stewed4 ,,lepiota ,,procera4 ,clean the caps with a damp cloth and cut off the stem close to the caps2 broil lightly on both sides over a clear fire or in a very hot pan1 turning the mushrooms carefully three or four times2 have ready some freshly-made1 well-buttered toast2 arrange the mushrooms on the toast and put a small piece of butter on each and sprinkle with pepper and salt2 set in the oven or before a brisk fire to melt the butter1 then serve quickly4 ,some persons think that slices of bacon toasted over the mushrooms improve the flavor4 ,,beefsteak ,,smothered ,,in ,,mushrooms4 ,have ready a sufficient quantity of full-grown mushrooms1 carefully cleaned2 cut them in pieces and put into a baking pan with a tablespoonful of butter to two cupfuls of mushrooms1 sprinkle with pepper and salt1 and bake in a moderate oven forty-five minutes4 ,broil your steak until it is almost done2 then put it into the pan with a part of the mushrooms under and the remainder over the steak2 put it into the oven again and allow it to remain for ten minutes2 turn out upon a hot dish and serve quickly4 ,agaricus1 ,lepiota1 ,coprinus1 ,lactarius1 ,tricholoma1 and ,russula are especially fine for this method of preparation4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,cultivation ,,of ,,the ,,mushroom4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,lambert1 ,the ,american ,spawn ,co41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,,general ,,considerations4--,commercially1 and in a restricted sense1 the term mushroom is generally used indiscriminately to designate the species of fungi which are edible and susceptible of cultivation4 ,the varieties which have been successfully cultivated for the market are nearly all derived from ,agaricus campestris1 ,agaricus villaticus1 and ,agaricus ,arvensis4 ,they may be white1 cream or creamy-white1 or brown2 but the color is not always a permanent characteristic1 it is often influenced by surrounding conditions4 ,mushrooms are grown for the market on a large scale in ,france and in ,england4 ,it is estimated that nearly twelve million pounds of fresh mushrooms are sold every year at the ,central ,market of ,paris4 ,a large quantity of mushrooms are canned and exported from ,france to every civilized country4 ,this industry has recently made remarkable progress in the ,united ,states1 and fresh mushrooms are now regularly quoted on the markets of our large cities4 ,they are sold at prices ranging from twenty-five cents to one dollar and fifty cents per pound1 according to season1 demand and supply4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dih4--,mushroom ,beds in a ,cellar4 ,,essential ,,conditions4--,mushrooms can be grown in any climate and in any season where the essential conditions may be found1 obtained or controlled4 ,these conditions are1 first1 a temperature ranging from #ec to #fj ,f41 with extremes of #ej to #fc2 second1 an atmosphere saturated 7but not dripping7 with moisture2 third1 proper ventilation2 fourth1 a suitable medium or bed2 fifth1 good spawn4 ,it may be seen that in the open air1 these conditions are rarely found together for any length of time4 ,it is therefore necessary1 in order to grow mushrooms on a commercial basis1 that one or more of these elements be artificially supplied or controlled4 ,this is usually done in cellars1 caves1 mines1 greenhouses1 or specially constructed mushroom houses4 ,a convenient disposition of the shelves in a cellar is shown in ,figure #dih4 ,a large installation for commercial purposes is shown in ,figure #ejj1 and a specially constructed cellar is shown in ,figure #dii4 ,where abandoned mines1 natural or artificial caves are available1 the required atmospheric conditions are often found combined and may be uniformly maintained throughout the year4 ,illustration3 ,figure #dii4--,specially ,constructed ,mushroom ,houses4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ejj4--,mushroom ,houses1 ,flat ,beds4 ,,temperature4--,within the limits prescribed1 the temperature should be uniform throughout the growth of the crop4 ,when too cold1 the development of the spawn will be retarded or arrested4 ,a high temperature will favor the development of molds and bacteria which will soon destroy the spawn or the growing crop4 ,the cultivation of the mushroom1 as a summer crop1 is therefore greatly restricted4 ,as a fall1 winter or spring crop it may be grown wherever means are at hand to raise the temperature to about #eh ,f4 ,many florists are utilizing the waste space under the benches for that purpose2 they have the advantage of being able to use the expended material of mushroom beds in growing flowers4 ,,moisture4--,moisture is an important factor in the cultivation of the mushroom1 and demands intelligent application4 ,the mushroom requires an atmosphere nearly saturated with moisture1 and yet the direct application of water on the beds is more or less injurious to the growing crop4 ,it is therefore essential that the beds1 when made1 contain the requisite amount of moisture1 and that this moisture be not lost by excessive evaporation4 ,they should be protected from a dry atmosphere or strong draughts4 ,where watering becomes necessary1 it should be applied in a fine spray around the beds with a view of restoring the moisture to the atmosphere1 and on the beds after the mushrooms have been gathered4 ,,ventilation4--,pure air is essential to a healthy crop4 ,provision should therefore be made for a gradual renewal of the air in the mushroom house4 ,however1 draughts must be avoided as tending to a too rapid evaporation and cooling of the beds1 an unfortunate condition which cannot thereafter be entirely remedied4 ,,the ,,beds4--,the most common type of beds is known as the flat bed4 ,it is made on the floor or on shelves as shown in the illustrations4 ,it is usually about #aj inches deep4 ,another type1 principally used in ,france1 is known as the ridge bed1 and requires more labor than the flat bed4 ,the mushroom house and shelves1 if used1 should be frequently disinfected and whitewashed in order to avoid danger from insects and bacteria4 ,the preparation of the beds and subsequent operations will be shown in connection with the other subjects4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,manure4--,the best manure is obtained from horses fed with an abundance of dry and nitrogenous food4 ,the manure of animals fed on greens is undesirable4 ,growers do not all follow the same method of fermenting or composting the manure4 ,when first unloaded1 the manure is left in its original state for a few days4 ,it is then piled in heaps about three feet deep and well pressed down4 ,in this operation the material should be carefully forked and well mixed1 and wherever found too dry1 it should be lightly sprinkled4 ,it is allowed to remain in that condition for about six days when it is again well forked and turned4 ,in the latter operation it receives an additional light sprinkling2 the dry portions are turned inside in order that the whole mass may be homogenous and uniformly moist1 and the heap is again raised to about three feet4 ,about six days later the operation is repeated1 and in about three days the manure should be ready for the beds4 ,it is then of a dark brown color mixed with white1 free from objectionable odor4 ,it is unctuous1 elastic and moist1 though not wet1 and should not leave any moisture in the hand4 ,of course1 the above rules are subject to modification according to the condition of the manure1 its age and previous handling4 ,,spawning4--,the manure1 having been properly composted1 is spread evenly on the floor or shelves and firmly compressed in beds about ten inches in depth4 ,the temperature of the bed is then too high for spawning and will usually rise still higher4 ,it should be carefully watched with the aid of a special or mushroom thermometer4 ,when the temperature of the beds has fallen to about #ge or #hj1 they may be spawned4 ,the beds must be spawned when the temperature falls1 never when it rises4 ,the bricks of spawn are broken into eight or ten pieces1 and these pieces are inserted from one to two inches below the surface1 about nine to twelve inches apart4 ,the bed is then firmly compressed4 ,an advantage is found in breaking and distributing the spawn over the surface of the bed a few days before spawning2 this allows the mycelium to absorb some moisture and swell to some extent4 ,if the bed is in proper condition it should not require watering for several weeks4 ,illustration3 ,figure #eja4--;,brick ,spawn1 ,pure ,culture4 ,,casing ,,the ,,beds4--,as soon as the spawn is observed to run1 or from eight days to two weeks1 the beds are cased or covered with a layer of about one inch of light garden loam1 well screened4 ,the loam should be slightly moist1 and free from organic matter4 ,the beds should now be watched and should not be allowed to evaporate or dry out4 ,,picking4--,mushrooms should appear in from five to ten weeks after spawning1 and the period of production of a good bed ranges from two to four months4 ,in picking the mushrooms an intelligent hand will carefully twist it from the soil and fill the hole left in the bed with fresh soil4 ,pieces of roots or stems should never be allowed to remain in the beds1 otherwise decay might set in and infect the surrounding plants4 ,a good mushroom bed will yield a crop of from one-half to two pounds per square foot4 ,mushrooms should be picked every day or every other day2 they should not be left after the veils begin to break4 ,for the market the mushrooms are sorted as to size and color1 and packed in one1 two or five-pound boxes or baskets4 ,since they are very perishable1 they must reach the market in the shortest time4 ,,old ,,beds4--,it is not practicable to raise another crop of mushrooms in the material of an old bed1 although this material is still valuable for garden purposes4 ,the old material should be entirely removed1 and the mushroom house thoroughly cleaned before the new beds are made4 ,if this precaution be omitted the next crop may suffer from the diseases or enemies of the mushrooms4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ejb4--;,a ,cluster of #ej ,mushrooms on ,one ,root1 ,grown from ,lambert's ,pure ,culture ,spawn of the ,american ,spawn ,co41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,,spawn4--,the cultivated mushroom is propagated from spawn1 the commercial name applied to the mycelium2 the term spawn includes both the mycelium and the medium in which it is carried and preserved4 ,spawn may be procured in the market in two forms1 flake spawn and brick spawn4 ,in both forms the mycelium growth is started on a prepared medium mainly consisting of manure and then arrested and dried4 ,the flake spawn is short-lived by reason of its loose form1 in which the mycelium is easily accessible to the air and destructive bacteria4 ,it deteriorates rapidly in transportation and storage and can only be used to advantage when fresh4 ,growers1 especially in the ,united ,states1 have therefore discarded it in favor of brick spawn1 which affords more protection to the mycelium and can be safely transported and stored for a reasonable period4 ,until recently the manufacturer of spawn was compelled to rely entirely upon the caprice of nature for his supply4 ,the only method known consisted in gathering the wild spawn wherever nature had deposited it and running the same into bricks or in loose material1 without reference to variety4 ,neither the manufacturer nor the grower had any means of ascertaining the probable nature of the crop until the mushrooms appeared4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ejc4--;,agaricus villaticus4 ,,pure ,,culture ,,spawn4--,the recent discovery of pure culture spawn in this country has made possible the selection and improvement of varieties of cultivated mushrooms with special reference to their hardiness1 color1 size1 flavor and prolificness1 and the elimination of inferior or undesirable fungi in the crop4 ,the scope of this article precludes a description of the pure culture method of making spawn4 ,it is now used by the large commercial growers and has in many sections entirely superseded the old ,english spawn and other forms of wild spawn4 ,as now manufactured it resembles much in appearance the old ,english spawn 7see ,figure #eja74 ,some remarkable results have been obtained by the use of pure culture spawn4 ,we illustrate a cluster of fifty mushrooms on one root grown by ,messrs4 ,miller ,rogers1 of ,mortonville1 ,pa41 from ,lambert's ,pure ,culture ,spawn produced by the ,american ,spawn ,company1 of ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 7,figure #ejb74 ,several promising varieties have already been developed by the new method1 and can now be reproduced at will4 ,figure #ejc is a good illustration of ,agaricus villaticus1 a fleshy species in good demand4 ,figure #ejd shows a bed of mushrooms grown from pure culture spawn in a sand rock cave1 using the flat bed4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ejd4--;,a ,mushroom ,cave1 ,showing ,one of the ,test ,beds of the ,american ,spawn ,co41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,,how ,,to ,,cook ,,mushrooms4--,to the true epicure there are but four ways of cooking mushrooms--broiling1 roasting1 frying them in sweet butter and stewing them in cream4 ,in preparing fresh mushrooms for cooking1 wash them as little as possible1 as washing robs them of their delicate flavor4 ,always bear in mind that the more simply mushrooms are cooked the better they are4 ,like all delicately flavored foods1 they are spoiled by the addition of strongly flavored condiments4 ,broiled ,mushrooms4--,select fine1 large flat mushrooms1 and be sure that they are fresh4 ,if they are dusty just dip them in cold salt water4 ,then lay on cheese cloth and let them drain thoroughly4 ,when they are dry cut off the stem quite close to the comb4 ,or1 what is better1 carefully break off the stem4 ,do not throw away the stems4 ,save them for stewing1 for soup or for mushroom sauce4 ,having cut or broken off the stems1 take a sharp silver knife and skin the mushrooms1 commencing at the edge and finishing at the top4 ,put them on a gridiron that has been well rubbed with sweet butter4 ,lay the mushrooms on the broiling iron with the combs upward4 ,put a small quantity of butter1 a little salt and pepper in the center of each comb from where the stem has been removed and let the mushrooms remain over the fire until the butter melts4 ,then serve them on thin slices of buttered and well browned toast1 which should be cut round or diamond shape4 ,serve the mushrooms just as quickly as possible after they are broiled1 as they must be eaten when hot4 ,so nourishing are broiled mushrooms that with a light salad they form a sufficient luncheon for anyone4 ,fried ,mushrooms4--,clean and prepare the mushrooms as for broiling4 ,put some sweet1 unsalted butter in a frying pan--enough to swim the mushrooms in4 ,stand the frying pan on a quick fire1 and when the butter is at boiling heat carefully drop the mushrooms in and let them fry three minutes1 and serve them on thin slices of buttered toast4 ,serve a sauce of lemon juice1 a little melted butter1 salt and red pepper with fried mushrooms4 ,stewed ,mushrooms4--,stewed mushrooms after the following recipe make one of the most delicious of breakfast dishes3 ,it is not necessary to use large mushrooms for stewing--small button ones will do4 ,take the mushrooms left in the basket after having selected those for broiling1 and also use the stems cut from the mushrooms prepared for boiling4 ,after cleaning and skinning them put them in cold water with a little vinegar1 and let them stand half an hour4 ,if you have a quart of mushrooms1 put a tablespoonful of nice fresh butter in a stewpan and stand it on the stove4 ,when the butter begins to bubble drop the mushrooms in the pan1 and after they have cooked a minute season them well with salt and black pepper4 ,now take hold of the handle of the stewpan and1 while the mushrooms are gently and slowly cooking1 shake the pan almost constantly to keep the butter from getting brown and the mushrooms from sticking4 ,after they have cooked eight minutes pour in enough rich1 sweet cream to cover the mushrooms to the depth of half an inch1 and let them cook about eight or ten minutes longer4 ,serve them in a very hot vegetable dish4 ,do not thicken the cream with flour or with anything4 ,just cook them in this simple way4 ,you will find them perfect4 ,,glossary4 ,abortive1 imperfectly developed4 ,aberrant1 deviating from a type4 ,acicular1 needle-shaped4 ,aculeate1 slender pointed4 ,acuminate1 terminating in a point4 ,acute1 sharp pointed4 ,adnate1 gills squarely and firmly attached to the stem4 ,adnexed1 gills just reaching the stem4 ,adhesion1 union of different organs or tissues4 ,adpressed1 pressed into close contact1 as applied to the gills4 ,agglutinated1 glued to the surface4 ,alveolate1 honey-combed4 ,alutaceous1 having the color of tanned leather4 ,anastomosing1 branching1 joining of one vein with another4 ,annual1 completing growth in one year4 ,annular1 ring-shaped4 ,annulate1 having a ring4 ,annulus1 the ring around the stem of a mushroom4 ,apex1 in mushrooms the extremity of the stem next to the gills4 ,apical1 close to the apex4 ,apiculate1 terminating in a small point4 ,appendiculate1 hanging in small fragments4 ,applanate1 flattened out or horizontally expanded4 ,arachnoid1 cobweb-like4 ,arculate1 bow-shaped4 ,areolate1 pitted1 net-like4 ,ascus1 spore case of certain mushrooms4 ,ascomycetes1 a group of fungi in which the spores are produced in sacs4 ,ascospore1 hymenium or sporophore bearing an ascus or asci4 ,atomate1 sprinkled with atoms or minute particles4 ,atro 7ater1 black71 in composition black or dark4 ,atropurpureous1 dark purple 7purpura1 purple74 ,aurantiaceous1 orange-colored 7aurantium1 an orange74 ,aureous1 golden-yellow4 ,auriculate1 ear-shaped4 ,azonate1 without zones or circular bands4 ,badious1 bay1 chestnut-color1 or reddish-brown4 ,basidium 7pl4 basidia71 an enlarged cell on which spores are borne4 ,basidiomycetes1 the group of fungi that have spores borne on a basidium4 ,bifid1 cleft or divided into two parts4 ,booted1 applied to the stem of mushrooms when inclosed in a volva4 ,boss1 a knob or short rounded protuberance4 ,bossed1 furnished with a boss or knob1 bulbate4 ,byssus1 a fine filamentous mass4 ,cspitose1 growing in tufts4 ,calyptra1 applied to the portion of volva covering the pileus4 ,campanulate1 bell-shaped4 ,cap1 the expanded1 umbrella-like receptacle of a common mushroom4 ,capillitium1 spore-bearing threads1 often much branched1 found in puffballs4 ,carnose1 flesh-color4 ,cartilaginous1 hard and tough4 ,castaneous1 chestnut-color4 ,ceraceous1 wax-like4 ,cerebriform1 brain-shaped4 ,cespitose1 growing in tufts4 ,cilia1 marginal hair-like processes4 ,ciliate1 fringed with hair-like processes4 ,cinereous1 light bluish gray or ash gray4 ,circumscissile1 breaking at or near the middle on equatorial line4 ,circinate1 rounded4 ,clavate1 club-shaped1 gradually thickened upward4 ,columella1 a sterile tissue rising column-like in the midst of the ,capillitium4 ,concrete1 grown together4 ,continuous1 without a break1 one part running into another4 ,cordate1 heart-shaped4 ,coriaceous1 of a leathery or a cork-like texture4 ,cortex1 outer or rind-like layer4 ,cortina1 the web-like veil of the genus ,cortinarius4 ,cortinate1 with a cortina4 ,costate1 with a ridge or ridges4 ,crenate1 notched1 indented or escalloped at the edge4 ,cryptogamia1 applied to the division of non-flowering plants4 ,cyathiform1 cup-shaped4 ,cyst1 a bladder-like cell or cavity4 ,cystidium 7pl4 cystidia71 sterile cells of the hymenium1 bladder-like4 ,deciduous1 of leaves falling off4 ,decurrent1 as when the gills of a mushroom are prolonged down the stem4 ,dehiscent1 a closed organ opening of itself at maturity4 ,deliquescent1 melting down1 becoming liquid4 ,dendroid1 shaped like a tree4 ,dentate1 toothed4 ,denticulate1 with small teeth4 ,dichotomous1 paired1 regularly forked4 ,dimidiate1 halved1 applied to gills not entire4 ,disc 7disk71 the hymenial surface1 usually cup-shaped4 ,discomycetes1 ,ascomycetes with the hymenium exposed4 ,dissepiments1 dividing walls4 ,distant1 applied to gills which are not close4 ,discrete1 distinct1 not divided4 ,echinate1 furnished with stiff bristles4 ,effused1 spread over without regular form4 ,emarginate1 when the gills are notched or scooped out at junction with stem4 ,ephemeral1 lasting but a short time4 ,epidermis1 the external or outer layer of the plant4 ,epiphytal1 growing upon another plant4 ,eccentric1 out of the center2 stem not attached to center of pileus4 ,exoperidium1 outer layer of the peridium4 ,exotic1 foreign4 ,explanate1 flattened or expanded4 ,farinaceous1 mealy4 ,farinose1 covered with a mealy powder4 ,falcate1 hooked or curved like a scythe4 ,fasciculate1 growing in bundles4 ,fastigiate1 bundled together with a sheath4 ,ferruginous1 rust-colored4 ,fibrillose1 clothed with small fibers4 ,fibrous1 composed of fibers4 ,filiform1 thread-like4 ,fimbriated1 fringed4 ,fissile1 capable of being split4 ,fistular1 fistulose1 with the stem hollow or becoming hollow4 ,flabelliform1 fan-shaped4 ,flaccid1 soft and flabby4 ,flavescent1 turning yellow4 ,flexuose1 wavy4 ,flocci1 threads as of mold4 ,floccose1 downy4 ,flocculose1 covered with flocci4 ,free1 said of gills not attached to the stem4 ,friable1 easily crumbling4 ,fugacious1 disappearing quickly4 ,fuliginous1 sooty-brown or dark smoke-color4 ,furcate1 forked4 ,furfuraceous1 with bran-like scales or scurf4 ,fuscous1 dingy1 brownish or brown tinged with gray4 ,fusiform1 spindle-shaped4 ,gasteromyces1 ,basidiomycetes1 in which the hymenium is inclosed4 ,gelatinous1 jelly-like4 ,genus1 a group of closely related species4 ,gibbous1 swollen at one point4 ,gills1 plates radiating from the stem on which the basidia are borne4 ,glabrous1 smooth4 ,glaucous1 with a white bloom4 ,gleba1 the spore-bearing tissue1 as in puffballs and phalloids4 ,globose1 nearly round4 ,granular1 with a roughened surface4 ,gregarious1 growing in numbers in the same vicinity4 ,habitat1 the natural place of growth of a plant4 ,hirsute1 hairy4 ,host1 the plant or animal on which a parasitic fungus grows4 ,hyaline1 transparent1 clear like glass4 ,hygrophanous1 looking watery when moist and opaque when dry4 ,hygrometric1 readily absorbing water4 ,hymenium1 the fruit-bearing surface4 ,hymenophore1 the portion which bears the hymenium4 ,hypha1 one of the elongated cells or threads of the fungus4 ,imbricate1 overlapping like shingles4 ,immarginate1 without a distinct border4 ,incarnate1 flesh-color4 ,indehiscent1 not opening4 ,indigenous1 native of a country or a place4 ,indurated1 hardened4 ,indusium1 a veil beneath the pileus4 ,inferior1 the ring low down on the stem of ,agarics4 ,infundibuliform1 funnel-shaped4 ,innate1 adhering by growth4 ,involute1 edges rolled inward4 ,isabelline1 color of sole leather1 brownish-yellow4 ,laccate1 varnished or coated with wax4 ,lacerate1 irregularly torn4 ,laciniate1 divided into lobes4 ,lacunose1 pitted or having cavities4 ,lamella 7lamell71 gills of a mushroom4 ,lanate1 wooly4 ,leucospore1 white spore4 ,livid1 bluish-black4 ,luteous1 yellowish4 ,maculate1 spotted4 ,marginate1 having a distinct border4 ,micaceous1 covered with glistening scales1 mica-like4 ,micron1 one-thousandth of a millimeter1 nearly 4#jjjjd of an inch4 ,mycelium1 the delicate threads from germinating spores1 called spawn4 ,nigrescent1 becoming black4 ,obconic1 inversely conical4 ,obovate1 inversely egg-shaped4 ,obese1 stout1 plump4 ,ochraceous1 ochre-yellow1 brownish-yellow4 ,pallid1 pale1 undecided in color4 ,papillate1 covered with soft tubercles4 ,paraphyses1 sterile cells found among the reproductive cells of some plants4 ,parasitic1 growing on and deriving support from another plant4 ,pectinate1 toothed like a comb4 ,peridium1 the outer covering of a puffball1 simple or double4 ,perithecia1 bottle-like receptacles containing asci4 ,peronate1 used when the stem has a distinct stocking-like coat4 ,persistent1 inclined to adhere firmly4 ,pileate1 having a cap or pileus4 ,pileolus 7pl4 pileoli71 a secondary pileus1 arising from the primary one4 ,pileus 7pileus1 a hat71 the cap-like head of a fungus4 ,pilose1 covered with hairs1 furry4 ,pore1 the opening of the tubes of a polyporus4 ,pruinose1 covered with a frost-like bloom4 ,pubescent1 downy4 ,pulverulent1 covered with dust4 ,pulvinate1 cushion-shaped4 ,putrescent1 soon decaying4 ,punctate1 dotted with points4 ,reflexed1 bent backwards4 ,reniform1 kidney-shaped4 ,repand1 bent or turned up or back4 ,resupinate1 attached to the matrix by the back4 ,reticulate1 marked with cross-lines1 like the meshes of a net4 ,revolute1 rolled backward or upward4 ,rimose1 cracked or full of clefts4 ,rimulose1 covered with small cracks4 ,ring1 a part of the veil adhering to the stem of ,agarics4 ,rubescent1 tending to a red-color4 ,rubiginous1 rust-color4 ,rufescent1 reddish in color4 ,rugose1 wrinkled4 ,rufous1 brownish-red4 ,sapid1 agreeable to the taste4 ,saprophyte1 a plant that lives on decaying animal or vegetable matter4 ,scrobiculate1 marked with little pits or depressions4 ,serrate1 saw-toothed4 ,sinuate1 wavy margin of gills or sinus where they reach the stem4 ,spathulate1 in the form of a spathula4 ,spawn1 the popular name for mycelium1 used in growing mushrooms4 ,spores1 the reproductive bodies of mushrooms4 ,sporophore1 name given to the basidia4 ,squamose1 having scales4 ,squamulose1 covered with small scales4 ,squarrose1 rough with scales4 ,stigmata1 the slender supports of the spores4 ,stipitate1 having a stem4 ,striate1 streaked with lines4 ,strigose1 covered with lines sharp and rigid4 ,strobiliform1 pineapple-shaped4 ,stuffed1 stem filled with different material from the walls4 ,sulcate1 furrowed4 ,tawny1 nearly the color of tanned leather4 ,terete1 top-shaped4 ,tesselated1 arranged in small squares4 ,tomentose1 downy1 with short hairs4 ,trama1 the substance between the plates of gills4 ,truncate1 cut squarely off4 ,tubercle1 a small wart-like excrescence4 ,turbinate1 top-shaped4 ,umbillicate1 having a central depression4 ,umbo1 the boss of a shield1 applied to the central elevation of cap4 ,umbonate1 having a central boss-like elevation4 ,uncinate1 hooked4 ,undulate1 wavy4 ,vaginate1 sheathed4 ,veil1 a partial covering of stem or margin of pileus4 ,veliform1 a thin veil-like covering4 ,venate or veined1 intersected by swollen wrinkles below and on the sides4 ,ventricose1 swollen in the middle4 ,vernicose1 shining as if varnished4 ,verrucose1 covered with warts4 ,villose1 villous1 covered with long1 weak hairs4 ,viscid1 covered with a shiny liquid which adheres to the fingers2 sticky4 ,viscous1 gluey4 ,volute1 rolled up in any direction4 ,volva1 a universal veil4 ,zoned1 zonate1 marked with concentric bands of color4 ,,authorities4 ,it is customary to write1 after the name of the plant1 the name1 or an abbreviation of it1 of the person who gave the name4 ,below will be found a brief history and the name in full of each abbreviation4 ,atk4 ,prof4 ,geo4 ,f4 ,atkinson1 at the head of the ,botanical ,department of ,cornell ,university and an authority on ,mycology4 ,afz4 ,adam ,afzelius1 a ,swedish ,botanist1 #agej-ahcf2 a pupil of ,linnaeus4 ,ban4 ,miss ,banning of ,maryland1 a student of ,mycology4 ,batsch ,augustus ,batsch1 a ,german ,botanist and ,mycologist1 #agfa-ahjb4 ,berk4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,berkeley1 a leading ,mycologist of ,england4 ,bolt4 ,james ,bolton1 a prominent ,botanist of ,halifax4 ,bosc4 ,louis ,bosc1 an early ,american ,botanist1 #agei-ahbh4 ,barl4 ,j4 ,b4 ,barla1 a ,french ,mycologist4 ,bull4 ,pierre ,bulliard1 one of the first ,french ,mycologists1 #agdb-agij4 ,curt4 ,rev4 ,m4 ,a4 ,curtise1 ,state ,botanist of ,north ,carolina4 ,d4 ,c4 ,augustin ,p4 de ,candolle1 a ,swiss ,botanist1 #aggh-ahda4 ,dill4 ,johann ,jakob ,dillenius1 an eminent ,german ,botanist4 ,ellis ,j4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,newfield1 ,new ,jersey1 an eminent ,mycologist4 ,fr4 ,elias ,magnus ,fries 7pron4 ,freece71 a ,swedish ,botanist and ,mycologist1 #agid-ahgh4 ,gill4 ,c4 ,c4 ,gillet1 a ,french ,botanist4 ,herbst ,the late ,dr4 ,william ,herbst1 ,trexlertown1 ,pa41 an authority on ,mycology4 ,hoffn4 ,hoffman1 a ,german ,mycologist4 ,holmsk4 ,theodor ,holmskiold1 a ,danish ,mycologist1 #agcb-agid4 ,huds4 ,william ,hudson1 an eminent ,english ,botanist1 #agcj-agie4 ,jung4 ,franz ,w4 ,junghuhn1 a prominent ,german ,botanist1 #ahab-ahfd4 ,kauff4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,kauffman1 ,botanical ,department ,michigan ,university4 ,lasch ,william ,lasch1 a ,german ,mycologist4 ,lenz ,harald ,othmar ,lenz1 a ,german ,botanist4 ,lk4 ,heinrich ,friedrich ,link1 a prominent ,german ,mycologist4 ,lloyd ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 one of the finest mycologists of the present day4 ,lev4 ,joseph ,henri ,leveille1 a ,french ,mycologist4 ,let4 ,jean ,baptiste ,louis ,letellier1 a ,french ,mycologist4 ,l4 or ,linn4 ,carl von ,linnus1 a ,swedish ,botanist who is the author of the ,linnan classification and who adopted the binomial nomenclature1 viz43 the generic name which is the substantive1 or a word used as such1 and the specific name1 an adjective1 #agjg-aggh4 ,mass4 ,george ,massee1 an ,english ,botanist1 ,principal ,assistant1 ,royal ,gardens1 ,kew2 author of several works on ,mycology4 ,morg4 ,prof4 ,a4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,preston1 ,ohio1 a well-known ,botanist and an authority on ,mycology4 ,mont4 ,montagne1 a ,french ,botanist and ,mycologist4 ,pk4 ,dr4 ,charles ,horton ,peck1 the ,state ,botanist of ,new ,york2 an eminent authority on ,mycology and ,botany generally4 ,pers4 ,christian ,hendrik ,persoon1 a ,german ,botanist1 #agee-ahcg4 ,rav4 ,w4 ,h4 ,ravenel1 leading ,mycologist of ,south ,carolina4 ,roze ,ernest ,roze1 a ,french ,mycologist4 ,schw4 ,rev4 ,louis ,david de ,schweinitz1 ,bethlehem1 ,pa41 a pioneer ,american ,mycologist4 ,schroet4 ,schroeter1 a ,german ,botanist and ,mycologist4 ,schaeff4 ,jacobi ,c4 ,schaeffer1 a ,german ,botanist1 #agah-agij4 ,scop4 ,giovanni ,antonio ,scopoli1 an ,italian ,botanist1 #agbe-aghh4 ,schum4 ,schumacher1 a ,german ,botanist and ,mycologist4 ,sacc4 ,p4 ,a4 ,saccardo1 an ,italian ,botanist1 the author of ,sylloge ,fungorum1 a work of several volumes written in ,latin1 describing over forty thousand species4 ,sow4 ,james ,sowerby1 an ,english ,botanist4 ,vahl4 ,martin ,vahl1 a ,norwegian ,botanist1 #agdi-ahjd4 ,vitt4 ,carlo ,vittadini1 an ,italian ,mycologist4 ,wulf4 ,wulfen1 a ,german ,botanist4 ,,references ,,consulted4 ,atkinson's ,studies of ,american ,fungi4 ,cooke's ,hand-book of ,british ,fungi4 ,massee's ,european ,fungus ,flora4 ,mc,ilvaine's ,one ,thousand ,american ,fungi4 ,our ,edible ,toadstools and ,mushrooms--,w4 ,h4 ,gibson4 ,herbst's ,fungal ,flora of the ,lehigh ,valley4 ,berkeley's ,outlines of ,british ,fungology4 ,the ,mushroom ,book--,nina ,l4 ,marshall4 ,morgan's ,north ,american ,fungi4 ,lloyd's ,mycological ,notes4 ,peck's ,reports of ,new ,york4 ,kellerman's ,mycological ,bulletins4 ,kauffman's ,genus ,cortinarius4 ,longyear's ,michigan ,mushrooms4 ,cooke's ,british ,fungi4 ,minnesota ,plant ,diseases--,freeman4 ,,corrections4 ,clitocybe metachroa1 page #ie4 ,boletus parvus1 page #cfa4 ,polyporus ,berkeleyi1 page #cib4 ,tricholoma resplendens1 page #fjj4 ,this page of the manuscript was used in making the sample pages and for some reason was not replaced1 which will account for its coming out of order4 ,tricholoma resplendens4 ,fr4 ,,the ,,shining ,,tricholoma4 ,,edible4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ejd4--,tricholoma resplendens4 ,entire plant white4 ,resplendens means shining brightly4 ,the pileus is fleshy1 convex1 then nearly plane1 even1 bare1 viscid1 white1 sometimes hyaline-spotted or yellowish on the disk1 shining when dry1 margin straight4 ,flesh white1 taste mild1 odor pleasant4 ,the gills are nearly free when young1 then emarginate1 somewhat crowded1 rather thick1 entire1 white4 ,the stem is solid1 bare1 subbulbose1 even1 white1 dry4 ,the spores are #hd4 ,the caps are two to four inches broad2 the stem is two to four inches long4--,peck4 ,this is a beautiful plant1 entirely white1 smell and taste pleasant1 and found in ,poke ,hollow and in the woods along ,ralston's ,run1 near ,chillicothe4 ,this plant is found very generally over the ,united ,states4 ,,index ,,to ,,genera4 ,agaricus1 #cjg ,amanita1 #bj ,amanitopsis1 #dc ,anellaria1 #cde ,armillaria1 #ef ,bolbitius1 #cdf ,boletinus1 #cha ,boletus1 #cej ,bovista1 #eej ,bovistella1 #eeb ,bulgaria1 #eaf ,calvatia1 #eca ,calostoma1 #efb ,calocera1 #dgd ,catastoma1 #eeh ,cantharellus1 #aih ,chlorosplenium1 #eae ,claudopus1 #bef ,clavaria1 #dfa ,claviceps1 #egc ,clitocybe1 #hh ,clitopilus1 #bdg ,collybia1 #ajg ,coprinus1 #cca ,corticium1 #deb ,cortinarius1 #bij ,craterellus1 #dej ,crepidotus1 #bgi ,crucibulum1 #ebj ,cyclomyces1 #dcj ,cyathus1 #eag ,ddalea1 #dbf ,didymius1 #egh ,discina1 #eaa ,dictyophora1 #ebf ,eccilia1 #beb ,entoloma1 #bdc ,epichloe1 #egc ,exidia1 #dha ,favolus1 #dbi ,fistulina1 #chd ,flammula1 #bhd ,fomes1 #dag ,galera1 #bge ,ganoderma1 #djd ,geaster1 #efc ,gloeoporus1 #dca ,gomphidius1 #cdi ,grandinia1 #ddi ,guepinia1 #dhd ,gyromitra1 #did ,hebeloma1 #bgb ,heliomyces1 #aeb ,helotium1 #ead ,helvella1 #dig ,hirneola1 #dhb ,hydnum1 #dcb ,hygrophorus1 #bjd ,hymenochte1 #deg ,hymenula1 #dhd ,hypholoma1 #cbc ,hypocerea1 #egc ,hypomyces1 #dih ,inocybe1 #bfh ,irpex1 #ddg ,lachnocladium1 #dge ,laccaria1 #ajf ,lachnea1 #eaj ,lactarius1 #afd ,lentinus1 #bbf ,lenzites1 #bca ,leotia1 #eja ,lepiota1 #df ,leptoglossum1 #dii ,leptonia1 #bed ,lycogala1 #egg ,lycoperdon1 #eda ,macropodia1 #ejg ,marasmius1 #acf ,merulius1 #dbc ,mitremyces1 #efa ,morchella1 #dhe ,mucronella1 #dcb ,mutinus1 #ebf ,mycena1 #aah ,myriostomav1 #ega ,naucoria1 #bha ,nidularia1 #eba ,nolanea1 #bee ,nectrea1 #egc ,nyctalis1 #bjd ,oomyces1 #egc ,omphalia1 #acj ,otidea1 #eaa ,panolus1 #cci ,panus1 #bbb ,paronia1 #egc ,paxillus1 #bhg ,peziza1 #ejc ,phallus1 #ebb ,phlebia1 #ddh ,pholiota1 #beg ,pilosace1 #cai ,piptoporus1 #dji ,pleurotus1 #aec ,pluteolus1 #bgd ,pluteus1 #bce ,podaxon1 #efj ,polyporus1 #chh ,polysaccum1 #efa ,polystictus1 #dad ,psathyrella1 #cdf ,psilocybe1 #cbh ,radulum1 #dcb ,reticularia1 #egh ,russula1 #ahb ,sarcoscypha1 #eab ,secotium1 #efj ,schizophyllum1 #bcb ,scleroderma1 #eee ,sclerotina1 #eaj ,sparassis1 #dei ,spathularia1 #ejj ,sphrobolus1 #eag ,stemonitis1 #ehj ,stereum1 #dee ,strobilomyces1 #chj ,stropharia1 #cbb ,thelephora1 #dec ,torrubia1 #egf ,trametes1 #dbb ,tremella1 #dgg ,tremellodon1 #dgi ,tricholoma1 #fj ,trogia1 #bce ,typhula1 #dgd ,urnula1 #ead ,verpa1 #dib ,volvaria1 #bch ,xylaria1 #egi ,,index ,,to ,,species4 abietina 7,clavaria71 #dfe abortivus 7,clitopilus71 #bdi abruptus 7,agaricus71 #caa abscondens 7,pleurotus71 #afb acerbum 7,tricholoma71 #gj acervata 7,collybia71 #aag acetabulum 7,peziza71 #ejc acuminatum 7,secotium71 #efj acuminatum 7,lycoperdon71 #edi acutesquamosa 7,lepiota71 #ee adiposa 7,pholiota71 #bei ,adirondackensis 7,clitocybe71 #ie adusta 7,russula71 #ahc adustus 7,polyporus71 #djb adustum 7,hydnum71 #ddd gerita 7,pholiota71 #bff ruginosa 7,stropharia71 #cbb ruginosum 7,heliotium71 #eae ruginosum 7,chlorosplenium71 #eae tites 7,mycena71 #abe alba 7,amanitopsis71 #dd albellum 7,tricholoma71 #hc albellus 7,polyporus71 #djg albipes 7,russula71 #ahg albida 7,tremella71 #dgh alboflava 7,omphalia71 #ace alboater 7,boletus71 #cgc alboviolaceus 7,cortinarius71 #bie album 7,tricholoma71 #gb alkalina 7,mycena71 #abc alutacea 7,russula71 #ahf alveolatus 7,boletus71 #cfc ambigua 7,ddalea71 #dbf ambusta 7,collybia71 #aad ,americana 7,lepiota71 #ej ,americanus 7,boletus71 #cgc amethystina 7,clitocybe71 #ajf amethystina 7,clavaria71 #dfd amianthinus 7,lepiota71 #ed ammophila 7,psilocybe71 #ccj androsaceus 7,marasmius71 #ach angusticeps 7,morchella71 #dhi anomalus 7,marasmius71 #ade appendiculata 7,armillaria71 #fj appendiculatum 7,hypholoma71 #cbe applicatus 7,pleurotus71 #afa ,archeri 7,geaster71 #efe argyraceum 7,tricholoma71 #gg arcularius 7,polyporus71 #djf armillatus 7,cortinarius71 #cja asterophora 7,nyctalis71 #bjd arvensis 7,agaricus71 #caj asper 7,geaster71 #eff aspera 7,amanita71 #ci ,atkinsonianus 7,cortinarius71 #cjb atramentarius 7,coprinus71 #ccc atrata 7,collybia71 #aac atratoides 7,collybia71 #aaf atroviridus 7,lactarius71 #age atrotomentosus 7,paxillus71 #bhh atrosquamosum 7,tricholoma71 #gg aurantia 7,peziza71 #ejg aurantius 7,hypomyces71 #dii aurantium 7,scleroderma71 #eee aurantiacus 7,cantharellus71 #bjj aurea 7,clavaria71 #dfb aurevella 7,pholiota71 #bfd auricula-,jud 7,hirneola71 #dhb auripes 7,boletus71 #cgj autumnalis 7,cortinarius71 #bid ,badhami 7,lepiota71 #ej badia 7,peziza71 #ejc ,berkeleyi 7,poylporus71 #cib betulina 7,lenzites71 #bca betulinus 7,polyporus71 #djh bicolor 7,boletus71 #ceb biformis 7,polystictus71 #daa bispora 7,morchella71 #dij ,blackford 7,hydnum71 #ddc bolaris 7,cortinarius71 #bif ,boltoni 7,bolbitius71 #cdf bombycina 7,volvaria71 #bch borealis 7,lysurus71 #ebf botrytes 7,clavaria71 #dfb bovinus 7,mutinus71 #ebh bovista 7,plumbea71 #eeb brevis 7,clitopilus71 #bec brevipes 7,cantharellus71 #bjb brumalis 7,polyporus71 #dje brunnea 7,gyromitra71 #dig bulbigera 7,armillaria71 #ei clata 7,calvata71 #ecg crulescens 7,cortinarius71 #bib ,csarea 7,amanita71 #dj csius 7,polvporus71 #daj cspitosa 7,omphalia71 #acb calceolum 7,tricholoma71 #fh calopus 7,marasmius71 #ade calostoma 7,lycoperdon71 #efc campanella 7,omphalia71 #acj campanulatus 7,panolus71 #cdb campestris 7,agaricus71 #cjg ,canadensis 7,favolus71 #dcj candicans 7,clitocybe71 #ajj candidus 7,marasmius71 #adb caninus 7,mutinus71 #ebg cantharellus 7,craterellus71 #dea cantharellus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjh capitata 7,torrubia71 #egf caperata 7,pholiota71 #bfj capitata 7,cordyceps71 #ege capillaris 7,mycena71 #abb caprinus 7,hygrophorus71 #bac caput-,medus 7,hydnum71 #dcg caput-ursi 7,hydnum71 #dcg carbonaria 7,flammula71 #bhe carneo-gris 7,eccilia71 #beb carneus 7,irpex71 #ddg cartilaginea 7,tricholoma71 #gh castaneus 7,boletus71 #cgi castaneus 7,cortinarius71 #cje cavipes 7,boletinus71 #chb ,cecilia 7,agaricus71 #df cepa 7,scleroderma71 #eeh cepstipes 7,lepiota71 #ed ceraceus 7,hygrophorus71 #bah cervinus 7,pluteus71 #bcg chlorocephala 7,leotia71 #ejb chlorophanus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjh chrysenteron 7,boletus71 #ced chrysites 7,tricholoma71 #gg chrysorrheus 7,lactarius71 #aha cibarius 7,cantharellus71 #aih cinereus 7,lactarius71 #agc cinerea 7,clavaria71 #dgj cinereum 7,didymius71 #egi cinereum 7,corticium71 #dec cinereus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjf cinereus 7,cantharellus71 #deb cinereus 7,lactarius71 #agc cinerascens 7,tricholoma71 #ga cincinnata 7,inocybe71 #bga cinnabarinum 7,calostoma71 #efc cinnabarinus 7,cortinarius71 #bjc cinnabarinus 7,cantharellus71 #bjc cinnabarinus 7,polyporus71 #dji cinnabarinus 7,metremyces71 #efb cinnamoneus 7,cortinarius71 #big cinnamoneus 7,polystictus71 #dad circinatus 7,polyporus71 #djb circinatus 7,pleurotus71 #afc circumscissum 7,catastoma71 #eei circumscissa 7,bovista71 #eei cirrhata 7,collybia71 #cda citrinum 7,heliotium71 #ead clavata 7,spathularia71 #ejj clavipes 7,clitocybe71 #id clypeatum 7,entoloma71 #bdg coccinea 7,peziza71 #ejd coccineus 7,hygrophorus71 #bji cohaerens 7,marasmius71 #adj cohaerens 7,mycena71 #ada cochleatus 7,lentinus71 #bbi coliformis 7,myriostoma71 #ega collinitus 7,cortinarius71 #bic colorea 7,collybia71 #aae columbetta 7,tricholoma71 #fh comatus 7,coprinus71 #ccb commune 7,schizophyllum71 #bcc compactum 7,stereum71 #deg comtulus 7,agaricus71 #cac conchatus 7,panus71 #bbc conchoides 7,gloeoporus71 #dca ,condolleanum 7,hypholoma71 #cbe confluens 7,collybia71 #aad confragosa 7,ddalea71 #dbh conica 7,nolanea71 #bee conicus 7,hygrophorus71 #bji conica 7,morchella71 #dhg corraloides 7,hydnum71 #dch corium 7,merulius71 #dbf cornea 7,calocera71 #dgd coronata 7,clavaria71 #dfi cornucopoides 7,craterellus71 #dea corrugata 7,hymenochte71 #deh corrugis 7,lactarius71 #agh corticola 7,mycena71 #abe cossus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjg cothurnata 7,amanita71 #cg craniiformis 7,calvatia71 #ecg crassipes 7,morchella71 #dia craterium 7,urnula71 #ead crenulata 7,amanita71 #cf cretaceus 7,agaricus71 #caf crispa 7,trogia71 #bcd crispa 7,galera71 #bgh crispa 7,sparassis71 #dfj crispula 7,clavaria71 #dgj cristatella 7,lepiota71 #eb cristata 7,helephora71 #ded cristata 7,clavaria71 #dfh croceocolor 7,cortinarius71 #cjd crustuliniforme 7,hebeloma71 #bgc cruciatum 7,lycoperdon71 #ede ,curtisii 7,polyporus71 #djc ,curtisii 7,hymenochte71 #deh ,curtisii 7,ganoderma71 #djd curvipes 7,pholiota71 #bfd cuticularis 7,polyporus71 #djb cyanescens 7,boletus71 #ceg cyanoxantha 7,russula71 #ahh cyathiformis 7,calvatia71 #ece cyathiformis 7,clitocybe71 #aje cyphellformis 7,pleurotus71 #afb dealbata 7,clitocybe71 #ajd deceptivus 7,lactarius71 #aff delica 7,russula71 #ahb delectans 7,marasmius71 #aea deliciosa 7,morchella71 #dhg deliciosus 7,lactarius71 #agi densifolia 7,russula71 #aig dichrous 7,polyporus71 #dca digitaliformis 7,verpa71 #dib disseminata 7,psathyrella71 #cdg distans 7,lactarius71 #agd ditopoda 7,clitocybe71 #ii dryophila 7,collybia71 #aaj dubius 7,craterellus71 #deb dulcamara 7,inocybe71 #bga duplicatus 7,phallus71 #dbd dura 7,pholiota71 #beh ebulbosus 7,coprinus71 #ccf eburneus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjf edulis 7,boletus71 #cef edulis var4 clavipes 7,boletus71 #cei elata 7,calvatia71 #edj elastica 7,helvella71 #dig elegans 7,mutinus71 #ebi elegans 7,polyporus71 #djg emetica 7,russula71 #aic epichysia 7,omphalia71 #acj ephemerus 7,coprinus71 #cci epidendrum 7,lycogala71 #egg epileucus 7,polyporus71 #djh epiphyllus 7,marasmius71 #aea epipterygia 7,mycena71 #abi epimyces 7,panolus71 #cda equestre 7,tricholoma71 #fa erinaceum 7,hydnum71 #dce erythropus 7,typhula71 #dge erythropus 7,boletus71 #cgh esculenta 7,gyromitra71 #did esculenta 7,helvella71 #did esculenta 7,morchella71 #dhf ,europeus 7,favolus71 #dcj eutheles 7,inocybe71 #bgb evernius 7,cortinarius71 #cjd eximia 7,pilosace71 #cai eximius 7,pluteus71 #bch eximius 7,boletus71 #cfb fagineus 7,marasmius71 #adh fasciatum 7,stereum71 #def fascicularis 7,hypholoma71 #cbg fastibile 7,hebeloma71 #bgc felleus 7,boletus71 #cfd fennicum 7,hydnum71 #ddd ferrugineum 7,hydnum71 #dda ferruginea 7,stemonites71 #eha fibula 7,omphalia71 #acd fillius 7,flammula71 #bhf filopes 7,mycena71 #abd fimbriata 7,tremella71 #dgi fimbriatus 7,geaster71 #efi fimetarius 7,coprinus71 #cci fimicolus 7,panolus71 #cdb fistulina 7,hepatica71 #chf flaccida 7,clitocybe71 #aja flaccida 7,lenzites71 #bcb flava 7,clavaria71 #dfa flavida 7,flammula71 #bhd flavida 7,spathularia71 #ejj flaviceps 7,hygrophorus71 #bji flavipes 7,hygrophorus71 #bji flavus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjh flavobrunneum 7,tricholoma71 #ha flavodiscus 7,hygrophorus71 #baj flavovireus 7,polyporus71 #cii floccosus 7,cantharellus71 #bjj floccosa 7,peziza71 #eaa floccosa 7,sarcoscypha71 #eab foenisecii 7,psilocybe71 #cbh foetens 7,russula71 #ahf foetidus 7,marasmius71 #aci foetens 7,heliomyces71 #acd fomentarius 7,fomes71 #dag formosa 7,clavaria71 #dfg fragilis 7,bolbitius71 #cdf fragilis 7,russula71 #aib fraxineus 7,fomes71 #dba frondosus 7,polyporus71 #cij ,frostiana 7,amanita71 #bg ,frostii 7,boletus71 #cgf fuligineus 7,hygrophorus71 #bab fulva 7,amanitopsis71 #dd fumescens 7,tricholoma71 #ge fumidellum 7,tricholoma71 #gd furcata 7,russula71 #aid fusca 7,stemonites71 #ehj fusus 7,flammula71 #bhf fusiformis 7,clavaria71 #dgb galericulata 7,mycena71 #abj gambosum 7,tricholoma71 #hf geaster 7,scleroderma71 #eeh gelatinosum 7,tremellodon71 #dha gemmatum 7,lycoperdon71 #edc geophylla1 var4 violacea 7,inocybe71 #bgj gigantea 7,calvatia71 #eca giganteum 7,lycoperdon71 #ecc giganteus 7,polyporus71 #cie gilva 7,clitocybe71 #aja gilvus 7,polyporus71 #dad glabellum 7,lycoperdon71 #edb glutinosum 7,hebeloma71 #bgc gracilis 7,boletus71 #cff graminum 7,marasmius71 #adf grande 7,tricholoma71 #ha garnosa 7,lepiota71 #eb granularis 7,pluteus71 #bch granulatus 7,boletus71 #ceb granulosa 7,lepiota71 #eb granulosa 7,grandinia71 #ddi granulosa 7,exidia71 #dha grammopodium 7,tricholoma71 #fc graveolens 7,polyporus71 #dje graveolens 7,tricholoma71 #hj graveolens 7,hydnum71 #ddg grayanum 7,entoloma71 #bdd ,greenii 7,cyclomyces71 #dcj grisea 7,entoloma71 #bde griseus 7,boletus71 #cgb griseus 7,lactarius71 #agd griseus 7,polyporus71 #cia griseo pallida 7,cyphella71 #afb hmatosperma 7,lepiota71 #ej hmatopa 7,mycena71 #abb halophilus 7,agaricus71 #cag hamadryas 7,naucoria71 #bha ,hardii 7,stropharia71 #cba hariolarum 7,collybia71 #ajh hemispherica 7,peziza71 #eaj hemispherica 7,lachnea71 #eaj ,herbstii 7,sparassis71 #dei herpeticus 7,cortinarius71 #bib heteroclitus 7,polyporus71 #djj heteroclita 7,pholiota71 #bfc heterogeneum 7,lycoperdon71 #efc hepatica 7,fistulina71 #chf ,herculea 7,cordyceps71 #egd hiemalis 7,mycena71 #abf hirta 7,psathyrella71 #cdh hirsutus 7,polystictus71 #dac hirsutum 7,stereum71 #def hispidus 7,polyporus71 #dja hygrometricus 7,geaster71 #efd hypnorum 7,galera71 #bge ianthina 7,mycena71 #abi ignarius 7,fomes71 #dbj illudens 7,clitocybe71 #ia imbricatum 7,hydnum71 #dce imbricatum 7,tricholoma71 #gc immaculata 7,collybia71 #aac inqualis 7,clavaria71 #dgb incana 7,leptonia71 #bed incarnatum 7,corticium71 #dec incarnata 7,typhula71 #dge incertum 7,hypholoma71 #cbc indecisus 7,boletus71 #ceh indigo 7,lactarius71 #afg ingrata 7,collybia71 #ajh infundibuliformis 7,cantharellus71 #bjc infundibuliformis 7,clitocybe71 #ij inquinans 7,bulgaria71 #eaf insulsus 7,lactarius71 #aga integra 7,russula71 #aia involutus 7,paxillus71 #bhg ,iris 7,mycena71 #abh ,kunzei 7,clavaria71 #dgj ,kellermani 7,galera71 #bgg laccata 7,clitocybe71 #aje laccata 7,laccaria71 #ajf lacera 7,inocybe71 #bfi laciniata 7,thelephora71 #ded lachnophylla 7,collybia71 #ada lachrymabundum 7,hypholoma71 #cbe lacrymans 7,merulius71 #dbf lacteum 7,corticium71 #deb lacteus 7,irpex71 #ddg lacteus 7,polyporus71 #daj lactifluorum 7,hypomyces71 #dii lacunosa 7,helvella71 #dih lascivum 7,tricholoma71 #gj lvis 7,panus71 #bbf laterarium 7,tricholoma71 #fg lateritia 7,galera71 #bgf ,laur 7,hygrophorus71 #bac ,leaiana 7,mycena71 #abg ,lecomtei 7,lentinus71 #bbd lepida 7,russula71 #ahg lepideus 7,lentinus71 #bbh leporina 7,peziza71 #eaa leporina 7,otidea71 #eaa leporinus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjf leucophus 7,fomes71 #dag leucocephalum 7,tricholoma71 #gd leucomelas 7,polyporus71 #cia levis 7,panus71 #bbf lilacina 7,calvatia71 #ece lignyotus 7,lactarius71 #agc livida 7,amanitopsis71 #dd lignatilis 7,pleurotus71 #afd lilacinus 7,cortinarius71 #bif lixivium 7,tricholoma71 #fe longipes 7,marasmius71 #adf ,loveiana 7,volvaria71 #cda lubrica 7,leotia71 #eja lucidus 7,polyporus71 #djc luridus 7,boletus71 #cgh lutescens 7,tremella71 #dgg lutescens 7,helotium71 #eae luteum 7,leptoglossum71 #dii maculata 7,collybia71 #aab maculatescens 7,tricholoma71 #gi magnivelaris 7,amanita71 #bh mammosus 7,geaster71 #efi mappa 7,amanita71 #ce marginatus 7,hygrophorus71 #bah marginata 7,pholiota71 #bfe maxima 7,reticularia71 #egh media 7,clitocybe71 #hh medulla-panis 7,polyporus71 #djg mellea 7,armillaria71 #eg var4 flava1 #eh var4 obscura1 #eh var4 exanulata1 #eh var4 radicata1 #eh var4 glabra1 #eh var4 bulbosa1 #eh melaleucum 7,tricholoma71 #fi mesenterica 7,tremella71 #dgg metachroa 7,clitocybe71 #ie micaceus 7,coprinus71 #cce micropus 7,hygrophorus71 #bac ,micheneri 7,lachnocladium71 #dgf militaris 7,cordyceps71 #egd militaris 7,torrubia71 #egd miniatus 7,hygrophorus71 #bae miniatus sphagnophilus 7,hygrophorus71 #bag minimus 7,geaster71 #efe mollis 7,crepidotus71 #bhj monadelpha 7,clitocybe71 #ajb ,morgani 7,lepiota71 #ej ,morgani 7,geaster71 #efe ,morgani 7,boletus71 #cgd ,morrisii 7,cortinarius71 #cjj mucida 7,clavaria71 #dgc multiceps 7,clitocybe71 #ic muscaria 7,amanita71 #bc muscoides 7,clavaria71 #dfc mutabilis 7,pholiota71 #bfc mycetophila 7,tremella71 #dgh myriadophylla 7,collybia71 #aae nardosmia 7,armillaria71 #ei naucina 7,lepiota71 #dh naucinoides 7,lepiota71 #dh nebularis 7,clitocybe71 #hh nebulosa 7,peziza71 #eab nidulans 7,claudopus71 #bef nigrellus 7,boletus71 #cgb nigripes 7,marasmius71 #aeb nigripes 7,heliomyces71 #aeb nigricans 7,russula71 #ahd niveus 7,hygrophorus71 #bbj ,noveboracensis 7,clitopilus71 #beb var4 brevis 7,clitopilus71 #beb nudum 7,tricholoma71 #hf oakesii 7,corticium71 #dec obbata 7,clitocybe71 #aja obliquus 7,polyporus71 #djd ,ohiensis 7,trametes71 #dbc ,ohiensis 7,bovistella71 #eec occidentalis 7,peziza71 #eab ochroleucus 7,cortinarius71 #bii ochropurpurea 7,clitocybe71 #ig ochrophylla 7,russula71 #ahg ochraceum 7,hydnum71 #dde odorata 7,peziza71 #eje odora 7,clitocybe71 #ij olivaceo-stramineus 7,cortinarius71 #bia oniscus 7,omphalia71 #acb orcellus 7,clitopilus71 #bdi oreades 7,marasmius71 #acf orirubens 7,tricholoma71 #gg ornatipes 7,boletus71 #cga ostreatus 7,pleurotus71 #aec ovalis 7,galera71 #bgi ovatus 7,coprinus71 #ccg pdidum 7,tricholoma71 #fd pallida 7,fistulina71 #chg pallida 7,thelephora71 #ded pallidus 7,boletus71 #cfb pallidus 7,hygrophorus71 #bjf pallidifolia 7,clitocybe71 #ajf palmata 7,thelephora71 #ded paludosella 7,naucoria71 #bhb papilionaceus 7,panolus71 #cde panolum 7,tricholoma71 #fg parasiticus 7,boletus71 #cfh parvus 7,boletus71 #cfa parvula 7,volvaria71 #bdb pascua 7,nolanea71 #bee pascuense 7,hebeloma71 #bgd pediades 7,naucoria71 #bha pelianthina 7,mycena71 #abh pedicellatum 7,catastoma71 #eei pellucidula 7,amanita71 #bh pelliculosa 7,mycena71 #abi penarius 7,hygrophorus71 #bba perennius 7,polystictus71 #dae pergamenus 7,polystictus71 #dag pergamenus 7,lactarius71 #aff peronatus 7,marasmius71 #adh perplexum 7,hypholoma71 #cbg perplexus 7,polyporus71 #djj personatum 7,tricholoma71 #hd petaloides 7,pleurotus71 #aeg ,petersii 7,peziza71 #eje phalloides 7,amanita71 #bj phyllophila 7,clitocybe71 #ajd picipes 7,polyporus71 #chh pictus 7,boletinus71 #cha pila 7,bovista71 #eej pinicola 7,fomes71 #dai piperatus 7,lactarius71 #afe pisiformis 7,nidularia71 #dba pisocarpium 7,polysaccum71 #efa pistillaris 7,clavaria71 #dga pithyophila 7,clitocybe71 #ii placomyces 7,agaricus71 #cae placorrhiza 7,typhula71 #dge platyphylla 7,collybia71 #aji plumbea 7,bovista71 #eeb polita 7,eccelia71 #bec polymorpha 7,xilaria71 #egi popinalis 7,clitopilus71 #beb porosus 7,boletinus71 #chc porphria 7,amanita71 #bc porreus 7,marasmius71 #ade portentosum 7,tricholoma71 #hf prcox 7,pholiota71 #beg pratensis 7,hygrophorus71 #bjf prasiosmus 7,marasmius71 #ade procera 7,lepiota71 #df prolifera 7,mycena71 #abj prunulus 7,clitopilus71 #bdh prunuloides 7,entoloma71 #bde pseudo-pura 7,mycena71 #abi pseudo-boletus 7,ganoderma71 #djd pubescens 7,polyporus71 #daj pulcherrimum 7,lycoperdon71 #eda pulcherrimum 7,hydnum71 #ddf punctiformis 7,hymenula71 #dhd puniceus 7,hygrophorus71 #bae pura 7,mycena71 #abh purpurascens 7,cortinarius71 #bia purpurium 7,stereum71 #deg purpurina 7,russula71 #aif pusilla 7,volvaria71 #bdb pusillum 7,lycoperdon71 #edi pyriforme 7,lycoperdon71 #edg pyriodora 7,inocybe71 #bgb pyxidata 7,omphalia71 #acc pyxidata 7,clavaria71 #dfd quletii 7,hygrophorus71 #bbb quinquepartitum 7,tricholoma71 #fg quercina 7,ddalea71 #dbg racemosa 7,collybia71 #cda radiata 7,phlebia71 #ddh radicans 7,boletus71 #cfg radicata 7,amanita71 #cc radicata 7,collybia71 #ajh radicatus 7,polyporus71 #djj ramealis 7,marasmius71 #adi ,ravenelii 7,dictyophora71 #ebf ,ravenelii 7,phallus71 #ebd regalis 7,lactarius71 #afi resinosus 7,polyporus71 #djc recutita 7,amanita71 #bc repanda 7,peziza71 #ejh repandum 7,hydnum71 #dcc resplendens 7,tricholoma71 #fjj reticulatus 7,pluteolus71 #bge retipes 7,boletus71 #cga retirugis 7,panolus71 #cci rhodopolium 7,entoloma71 #bdd rhodoxanthus 7,paxillus71 #bhi rimosa 7,inocybe71 #bgb rimosus 7,fomes71 #dah ,rodmani 7,agaricus71 #cjh rosea 7,hygrophorus71 #bji roseipes 7,russula71 #aia rotula 7,marasmius71 #adc rubeolarius 7,boletus71 #cgh rubellus 7,merulius71 #dbd rubescens 7,amanita71 #ch rubescens 7,trametes71 #dbb rubiginosa 7,hymenochte71 #deh rubra 7,russula71 #aie rudis 7,panus71 #bbd rufescens 7,polyporus71 #djf rugosa 7,mycena71 #abj rugosum 7,stereum71 #deg ,russelli 7,boletus71 #cge ,russula 7,tricholoma71 #gj saccata 7,calvatia71 #eda saccatus 7,geaster71 #efi saccharinus 7,marasmius71 #aej spiaria 7,lenzites71 #bcb salignus 7,pleurotus71 #aef salmonea 7,entoloma71 #bde sambucum 7,corticium71 #dec sanguinolentum 7,stereum71 #deg sapidus 7,pleurotus71 #aei saponaceum 7,tricholoma71 #gg ,satanus1 7,boletus71 #chj scaber 7,boletus71 #cea scaber 7,inocybe71 #bfi ,schumacheri 7,tricholoma71 #ha ,schweintzii 7,thelephora71 #ded scorodonius 7,marasmius71 #add scrobiculatus 7,lactarius71 #agj scrobiculatum 7,hydnum71 #ddc scutellata 7,peziza71 #eji scutellata 7,trametes71 #dbc sebacea 7,thelephora71 #dee sejunctum 7,tricholoma71 #hb semilibera 7,morchella71 #dij semiglobata 7,stropharia71 #cbj semihirtipes 7,marasmius71 #ade semi-sanguineus 7,cortinarius71 #bih semivestitum 7,lachnocladium71 #dgf semiorbicularis 7,naucoria71 #bha semitosta 7,peziza71 #ejg semitosta 7,macropodia71 #ejg separans 7,boletus71 #cfi separans 7,lycoperdon71 #edf separata 7,anellaria71 #cde septentrionale 7,hydnum71 #ddj serotinoides 7,pleurotus71 #afa serotinus 7,pleurotus71 #afa serotinus 7,hygrophorus71 #bba serifluus 7,lactarius71 #agh serrulata 7,leptonia71 #bee sericeum 7,stereum71 #def setosa 7,mycena71 #abb siccus 7,marasmius71 #adf silvaticus 7,agaricus71 #cac silvicola 7,agaricus71 #cji sinuosus 7,craterellus71 #deb solidipes 7,panolus71 #cdd solitaria 7,amanita71 #bi sordidum 7,tricholoma71 #fb sordidus 7,hygrophorus71 #bbj spadicea 7,psilocybe71 #cbi spadiceum 7,stereum71 #dee spathularia 7,guepinia71 #dhd spathularia 7,xylaria71 #egi speciosus 7,boletus71 #cef speciosus 7,hygrophorus71 #baa spectabilis 7,pholiota71 #bfe sphagnophilus 7,hygrophorus71 #bag spinulosa 7,clavaria71 #dff spinulifera 7,collybia71 #ada spongiosipes 7,hydnum71 #ddj spreta 7,amanita71 #dc spumosa 7,flammula71 #bhf squalida 7,flammula71 #bhf squamosus 7,polyporus71 #cie squarrosa 7,pholiota71 #bfh squarrosoides 7,pholiota71 #bff squarrulosum 7,tricholoma71 #gh stannea 7,mycena71 #abd stercoraria 7,stropharia71 #cbb stercoreus 7,cyathus71 #eai ,stevensoni 7,peziza71 #eje stipitaria 7,collybia71 #aab striata 7,calocera71 #dgd striatus 7,cyathus71 #eag striatula 7,clitocybe71 #ajf strangulata 7,amanitopsis71 #df stripes 7,boletus71 #cff stricta 7,clavaria71 #dfd stricta 7,calocera71 #dgd strigosus 7,panus71 #bbc strobillaceus 7,strobilomyces71 #chj styptus 7,panus71 #bbc stypticus 7,panus71 #bbc strobiliformis 7,amanita71 #cc suaveolens 7,trametes71 #dbc subdulcis 7,lactarius71 #agf subcostatum 7,entoloma71 #bde subditopoda 7,clitocybe71 #ii suberosus 7,piptoporus71 #dji subochracea-,burtii 7,inocybe71 #bgj subochracea 7,inocybe71 #bgj subsericeus 7,polystictus71 #dae subincarnatum 7,lycoperdon71 #ede sublateritium 7,hypholoma71 #cbf subluteus 7,boletus71 #cfh subterraneum 7,catastoma71 #eei subrufescens 7,agaricus71 #caf subrufescens 7,hygrophorus71 #bbb subtomentosus 7,boletus71 #cec subvilis 7,clitopilus71 #bea ,sullivantii 7,boletus71 #cfj sulphurus 7,polyporus71 #cih sulphureum 7,tricholoma71 #fe tabescens 7,clitocybe71 #ajd terginus 7,marasmius71 #ade temperata 7,volvaria71 #bdb tenera 7,galera71 #bgf var4 pilosella 7,galera71 #bgf tenerum 7,scleroderma71 #eef terreum 7,tricholoma71 #gf terriferum 7,tricholoma71 #gd torminosus 7,lactarius71 #afd torulosus 7,panus71 #bbe tornata 7,clitocybe71 #ie transmutans 7,tricholoma71 #fa tremellosus 7,merulius71 #dbe trivialis 7,lactarius71 #agj turmalis 7,cortinarius71 #bia triplex 7,geaster71 #efg tuberosa 7,collybia71 #cda tuberosa 7,peziza71 #eaj tuberosa 7,sclerotinia71 #eaj tulipifera 7,irpex71 #ddh ulmarius 7,pleurotus71 #aeg umbellatus 7,polyporus71 #cij umbellifera 7,omphalia71 #acb umbonata 7,volvaria71 #bda umbrinum 7,lycoperdon71 #edb umidicola 7,cortinarius71 #cjc unicolor 7,pholiota71 #bfb unicolor 7,ddalea71 #dbh unifactum 7,tricholoma71 #hc urens 7,marasmius71 #ach uvidus 7,lactarius71 #ahj vaginata 7,amanitopsis71 #dc variabilis 7,claudopus71 #bef variata 7,russula71 #aij varius 7,cortinarius71 #bib vellereus 7,lactarius71 #aha velutipes 7,collybia71 #aah velutipes 7,spathularia71 #eja velutipes 7,marasmius71 #adj velutinus 7,geaster71 #egj venosa 7,peziza71 #eaa venosa 7,discina71 #eaa versutus 7,crepidotus71 #bgi versicolor 7,polystictus71 #dac versicolor 7,stereum71 #dee verrucosus 7,cyathus71 #eah vermicularis 7,clavaria71 #dfi vermiculosus 7,boletus71 #cgf verna 7,amanita71 #bg verrucosum 7,scleroderma71 #eef versipeles 7,boletus71 #cfe vesca 7,russula71 #ahi vesiculosa 7,peziza71 #ejh vialis 7,lenzites71 #bcb villaticus 7,agaricus71 #eib violaceus 7,cortinarius71 #bif virescens 7,russula71 #aij virgineus 7,hygrophorus71 #bai virosa 7,amanita71 #bc viscidus 7,gomphidius71 #cdi vitrea 7,mycena71 #abe volemus 7,lactarius71 #agh volvacea 7,volvaria71 #bdb volvatus 7,polyporus71 #daa vulgaris 7,mycena71 #abi vulgaris 7,polyporus71 #dji vulgare 7,crucibulum71 #ebj vulgare 7,scleroderma71 #eee vulpinus 7,lentinus71 #bbf ,wrightii 7,lycoperdon71 #edf zanthopus 7,didymius71 #egh zephira 7,mycena71 #abi zonata 7,collybia71 #aab zonatum 7,hydnum71 #dda ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,images have been moved from original locations to correspond with their respective descriptions4 ,accents are not always consistently used1 especially in headings1 illustrations and indexes4 ,these were left as in the original4 ,page #c myselium ,changed to3 mycelium ,page #ah ,veril arachnoid ,changed to3 ,veil arachnoid ,page #bc ,lotos-eaters ,unchanged3 ,acceptable old spelling4 ,page #ej ,l4 hoematosperma ,changed to3 ,l4 hmatosperma ,page #gh ,tricholoma cartilaginea ,changed to3 ,tricholoma cartilagineum ,page #ie ,clitocybe metachora4 ,fr4 ,changed to ,clitocybe metachroa4 ,fr4 ,pages #ii1 #adj1 #aec1 #afa1 #cci1 #cde1 #dec and #eaa4 cinerous ,changed to3 cinereous ,pages #abj1 #bde1 #bfb1 #bgh and #cbe4 companulate ,changed to3 campanulate ,pages #abd and #daj4 tenaceous ,changed to3 tenacious ,page #abh ,pileus is small1 convex1 expanded1 obtuse1 slightly viscid1 striate1 quite blue8 when young1 growing brownish with blue fibrils4 ,missing word after quite may be 'blue'4 ,added4 ,page #acj ,these plants have a wide distribution and are8 found on branches1 among moss and dead leaves4 ,missing word 'are' added4 ,page #adh ,fagineus means belonging to beach4 ,changed to3 ,fagineus means belonging to beech4 ,page #adh ,the stem is short1 hollow1 pub scent1 ,changed to3 ,the stem is short1 hollow1 pubescent1 ,page #ahb ,the stem is solid1 blunt1 pub scent1 ,changed to3 ,the stem is solid1 blunt1 pubescent1 ,page #aib minutely echmulate1 ,changed to3 minutely echinulate1 ,page #bha myselium ,changed to3 mycelium ,page #bhf ,its dingy appearance1 slender habit1 more uniform and darker color of the pileus1 and darker color of the lamell4 ,sentence has no verb4 ,it appears to be a comparison to the before mentioned ,f4 spumosa4 ,no change4 ,page #bif whitish1 tinged with lilacs4 ,changed to3 whitish1 tinged with lilac4 ,page #cai ,the plants in figure #bei8 were found in ,haynes' ,hollow and photographed by ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,added figure number1 assuming it to be the figure pertaining to this article4 ,page #cdi long to #a #a-e lines ,meaning unknown3 ,may be #a #a_/e or #a #a_/b lines8 ,unchanged4 ,page #cib ,polyporus ,berkelyi ,changed to ,polyporus ,berkeleyi ,page #dag obsoletely zoned1 purverulent ,changed to3 obsoletely zoned1 pulverulent ,page #dge ,it is a small plant resembling1 in minature1 ,changed to3 ,it is a small plant resembling1 in miniature1 ,page #ejh sessible1 at first ,changed to3 sessile1 at first ,page #eac ,asci are cylindrical2 spores spindle-shaped1 straight or bow-shaped1 rough1 #ce-h2 ,dimensions don't make sense4 ,it may be #cex#h1 as this is spindle-shaped4 ,unchanged4 ,page #eei ,caulogossum_/,cauloglossum ,both spellings used2 unchanged4 ,page #fjd clavata 7,spathularia71 ,changed to3 clavata 7,spathularia71 #ejj ,page referring to ,spathularia4 ,several instances of porus1 which ,i think mean porous1 are unchanged as the use is consistent throughout4 ,the suffixes 'ceus' and 'ceous' are used interchangably1 sometimes within the same paragraph4 ,sometimes numbers like #a-ajjj and #a-hjj may mean #aajjj and #ahjj respectively4 ,measurements are apparently taken from various sources and use several standards1 like mm41 mc41 ,,mm41 cm41 lines1 inches and 4 ,sometimes the units of measurement are lacking and ,i assume they are for spore sizes4 ,none are changed4