,,critical ,,miscellanies    ,,by       
,,john ,,morley     ,,vol4 ,,iii4       
,essay #a3 ,on ,popul> ,culture         
,london   ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,limit$
   ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan        
,,company   #aijd       ,,on ,,popul>   
,,culture                               
,,page    ,introduction                 
#a    ,importance ( prov9cial c5tres    
#b    ,report ( ! ,midl& ,in/itute      
#d    ,success ( ! ,fr5* classes        
#e    ,less success ( ,engli% hi/ory    
#f    ,value ( a %ort compreh5sive c\rse
                                 #h     
,dr4 ,arnold's say+ ab\t hi/ory 'trac$  
backw>ds'                  #i    ,value 
( a %ort c\rse ( g5]al hi/ory           
#aj    ,value ( a s\nd notion ( ,evid5ce
                                  #af   
,text-books ( sci5tific logic n adequate
 = popul> objects      #ba    ,a new    
in/rum5t sugge/$                        
#ba    ,an incid5tal advantage ( x      
#bc    ,g5]al k n necess>ily sup]ficial 
#be    ,popul> culture & academic       

organisation                            
#be    ,"s ( ! great commonplaces ( /udy
                              #bi       
,conclusion                             
#cd       ,,on ,,popul> ,,culture       
,,an ,,address ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,! ,,t[n 
,,hall1 ,,birm+ham 7,,octob] #e1        
#ahgf71 ,,by ,,! ,,writ]1 ,,z ,,presid5t
 ,,( ,,! ,,midl& ,,in/itute4   ,!       
proce$+s :i* h n[ be5 br\ght            
satisfactorily to an end are ( a k9d :i*
 nobody :o has s5sibility z well z s5se 
c take a "p 9 )\t "s emotion4 ,an       
illu/ri\s ,fr5* philosoph] :o happ5$ to 
be an exam9] ( c&idates = admission to !
 ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 once confess$ t1 :5
 a y\? came be=e him eag] to d 8 be/1   
compet5tly taught1 & ( an apt           
intellig5ce1 he ne$$ all 8 self-control 
to press back ! te>s f 8 eyes4 ,well1 :5
 we ?9k h[ mu* indu/ry1 pati5ce1 &      
intellig5t discipl9e2 h[ _m h>d h\rs (  
self-d5y+ toil2 h[ _m temptations to    
wor?less pleasures resi/$2 h[ mu*       
/eadfa/ feel+ = ?+s t are hone/ & true &

 ( good report--are all repres5t$ by !  
"y m5 & "y wom5 to :om ,i h _h ! hon\r (
 giv+ y\r prizes to-night1 we mu/ all   
feel our he>ts w>m$ & gladd5$ 9 g5]\s   
sympa?y ) s mu* excell5ce1 s _m good    
hopes1 & s hon\rable a display ( ^?     
qualities :i* make life bett] wor? hav+ 
= ourselves1 & are s likely to make ! _w
 bett] wor? liv+ 9 = ^? :o are to come  
aft] u4  ,if a prize-giv+ is always an  
occasion ( lively satisfaction1 my own  
satisfaction is all ! great] at ?is     
mom5t1 because y\r ,in/itute1 :i* is do+
 su* good "w 9 ! _w1 & is 9 e respect s 
prosp]\s & s fl\ri%+1 is ! creation ( ! 
p ( y\r own di/rict1 )\t subsidy & )\t  
direction ei!r f ,london1 or f ,ox=d1 or
 f ,cambridge1 or f any o!r c5tre       
:atev]4 ,nobody 9 ?is t[n at any rate   
ne$s any argum5t ( m9e to p]suade him t 
we c only be sure ( advanc+ all k9ds (  
k1 & develop+ our national life 9 all   
its pl5itude & v>iety1 on condition (   
multiply+ ^! local c5tres bo? ( second>y
 & high] education1 & enc\rag+ ea* ( !m 

to fight its own battle1 & d its "w 9   
its own way4 ,= my own "p ,i look ) !   
utmo/ dismay at ! conc5tration1 n only (
 population1 b ( ! treasures (          
in/ruction1 9 our va/ city on ! banks ( 
! ,?ames4 ,at ,birm+ham1 z ,i am in=m$1 
"o has n f> to look = an example ( ?is4 
,"o ( ! bran*es ( y\r multif>i\s trades 
9 ?is t[n is ! manufacture ( jewell]y4  
,"s ( x is said commonly to be want+ 9  
ta/e1 elegance1 skill2 ?\gh "s ( x      
also--if ,i am n mis9=m$--is good en\gh 
to be pass$ (f at ,rome & at ,p>is1 ev5 
to connoisseurs1 z ( ,roman or ,fr5*    
production4 ,n[ ! nation possesses a mo/
 sup]b collection ( all t is excell5t & 
beautiful 9 jewell]s' "w4 ,:5 ,i say t !
 nation possesses x1 ,i mean t ,london  
possesses x4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 by !
 way1 has also pur*as$ a portion1 b t is
 n at pres5t accessible4 ,if "o ( y\r   
craftsm5 9 t k9d wants to pr(it by ^!   
admirable models1 he mu/ g to ,london4  
,:at happ5s is t he goes to ! capital & 
/ays !re4 ,its sup]ficial attractions   

are too /rong = him4 ,y lose a clev]    
workman & a citiz51 & he adds "o m atom 
to t huge1 ov]gr[n1 & unwieldy          
community4 ,n[1 :y1 9 ! "n ( common     
s5se1 %\ld n a portion ( ! ,ca/ellani   
collection pass six mon?s ( ! ye> 9     
,birm+ham1 ! v place ( all o!rs :]e x is
 mo/ likely to be ( real s]vice1 & to   
make an effective m>k on ! national     
ta/e8#a  ,to pass on to ! m g5]al rem>ks
 :i* y are accu/om$ to expect f !       
,presid5t ( ! ,in/itute on ?is occasion4
 ,:5 ,i consult$ "o ( y\r t[nsm5 z to ! 
subject :i* he ?\ght w\ld be mo/ useful 
& mo/ int]e/+ to y1 he said3 ',pray talk
 ab\t any?+ y please1 if x is only n    
,education4' ,!re is a say+ t !re are   
two k9ds ( fooli% p 9 ! _w1 ^? :o give  
advice1 & ^? :o d n take x4 ,my fri5d & 
,i 9 ?is matt] repres5t ^! two int]e/+  
divisions ( ! race1 = 9 spite ( :at he  
said1 x is ^u ,education aft] all t ,i  
propose to (f] y "s %ort obs]vations4 ,y
 w believe x no affectation on my "p1 :5
 ,i say t ,i %all d s ) ! s9c]e/        

will+ness to be correct$ by ^? ( wid]   
practical exp]i5ce 9 tea*+4 ,i am well  
aw>e1 too1 t ,i h v little t is new to  
say1 b education is "o ( ^? matt]s on   
:i* mu* t has already be5 said w long   
be> say+ ov] & ov] aga94  ,i h be5 look+
 ?r\gh ! ,report ( y\r classes1 & two   
?+s h r /ruck me1 :i* ,i w m5tion4 ,"o (
 !m is ! v l>ge att5dance 9 ! ,fr5*     
classes4 ,?is appe>s a s+ul>ly          
satisfactory ?+1 because y c\ld sc>cely 
d a h>d-work+ man ( :atev] class a      
great] s]vice ?an to give him easy      
access to ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,montesquieu 
us$ to say t he _h nev] kn[n a pa9 or a 
di/ress :i* he c\ld n soo! by half an   
h\r ( a good book2 & p]haps x is no m ( 
an exagg]ation to say t a man :o c read 
,fr5* ) com=t ne$ nev] h a dull h\r4    
,our own lit]ature has assur$ly _m a    
k+ly "n4 ,9 b\ndless ri*es & inf9ite    
imag9ative v>iety1 !re is no rival to   
,%akespe>e 9 ! _w2 9 en]gy & height &   
maje/y ,milton & ,burke h no ma/]s4 ,b  
besides its great m5 ( ?is l(ti] sort1  

,france has a long li/ ( au?ors :o h    
produc$ a lit]ature ^: *ief m>k is its  
agreeabl5ess4 ,z has be5 s (t5 said1 !  
g5ius ( ! ,fr5* language is its         
cle>ness1 firmness1 & ord]2 to ?is      
cle>ness c]ta9 circum/ances 9 ! hi/ory (
 ,fr5* society h add$ ! delightful      
qualities ( livel9ess 9 union )         
urbanity4 ,n[ z "o ( ! mo/ important    
p>ts ( popul> education is to put p 9 ! 
way ( amus+ & refre%+ !mselves 9 a      
rational r ?an an irrational mann]1 x is
 a great ga9 to h giv5 !m ! key to ! mo/
 amus+ & refre%+ set ( books 9 ! _w4  ,&
 "h1 p]haps1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to rem>k 
t x seems a pity t ,rac9e is s con/antly
 us$ z a s*ool-book1 in/ead ( "s ( !    
mod]ns :o are ne>] to ourselves 9 ideas 
& mann]s4 ,rac9e is a great & admirable 
writ]2 b :at y want = ord9>y read]s :o h
 n mu* "t1 & ^: faculties ( att5tion are
 already l>gely exhau/$ by ! m important
 indu/ry ( ! day1 is a book :i* br+s    
lit]ature m close to actual life ?an su*
 a poet z ,rac9e does4 ,?is is exactly  

"o ( ! gifts & *>ms ( mod]n ,fr5*4 ,to  
put :at ,i mean v %ortly1 ,i w\ld say1  
by way ( illu/ration1 t a man :o c\ld   
read ! essays ( ,/e4 ,beuve ) mod]ate   
com=t w\ld h 9 8 h&s--( c\rse ,i am n[  
speak+ ( ! active & busy "p ( ! _w1 n ( 
bookm5 & /ud5ts--w\ld1 ,i say1 h 9 8 h&s
 "o ( ! v be/ in/rum5ts t ,i c ?9k (2   
su* "w is exquisite & in/ructive 9      
itself1 x is a model ( graci\s writ+1 x 
is full ( ideas1 x brea!s ! happie/     
moods ov] u1 & x is ! mo/ sugge/ive (   
guides1 = ^? :o h ! capacity ( ext5sive 
int]e/s1 to all ! great] sph]es ( ?\ght 
& hi/ory4  ,?is ^w br+s me back to !    
second fact t has /ruck me 9 y\r        
,report1 & x is ?is4 ,! subject (       
,engli% hi/ory has app>5tly s little    
popul>ity1 t ! class is z ne> be+ a     
failure z any?+ connect$ ) ! ,midl&     
,in/itute c be4 ,on ! :ole1 :atev] may  
be ! ability & ! zeal ( ! tea*]1 ?is is 
9 my humble judgm5t nei!r v surpris+ nor
 p>ticul>ly mortify+1 if we ?9k :at     
hi/ory 9 ! e/abli%$ conception ( x      

means4 ,h[ are we to expect workm5 to   
make _! way ?r\gh con/itutional         
antiquities1 ?r\gh ! labyr9?9e %ifts (  
p>ty intrigue at home1 & ?r\gh !        
entanglem5ts ( intricate diplomacy      
abroad--'%all[ village tales1' z ,em]son
 calls !m8 ,^! /udies are fit en\gh =   
pr(ess$ /ud5ts ( ! special subject1 b   
su* exploration is = ! ord9>y run ( m5 &
 wom5 impossible1 & ,i d n "k t x w\ld  
lead !m into v fruitful l&s ev5 if x 7  
easy4 ,y "k :at ! great ,duke (         
,m>lbor\gh said3 t he _h le>nt all !    
hi/ory he ev] knew out ( ,%akespe>e's   
hi/orical plays4 ,i h long ?\ght t if we
 p]suad$ ^? classes :o h to fight _! own
 little ,battles ( ,bl5heim = bread e   
day1 to make su* a beg9n+ ( hi/ory z is 
furni%$ by ,%akespe>e's plays & ,scott's
 novels1 we %\ld h done m to imbue !m ) 
a real int]e/ 9 ! pa/ ( mank9d1 ?an if  
we _h tak5 !m ?r\gh a c\rse ( ,hume &   
,smollett1 or ,hallam on ! ,engli%      
,con/itution1 or ev5 ! dazzl+ ,macaulay4
 ,:at ,i = "o %\ld l to see 9 su* an    

in/itution z ?is1 w\ld be an attempt to 
compress ! :ole hi/ory ( ,engl& into a  
doz5 or fifte5 lectures--lectures (     
c\rse accompani$ by cate*etical         
in/ruction4 ,i am n s extravagant z to  
dream t a %ort g5]al c\rse ( ?is k9d    
w\ld be en\gh to g ov] s _m ( ! details 
z x is desirable = m5 to "k1 b details 9
 popul> in/ruction1 ?\gh n 9 /udy ( !   
writ] or ! univ]sity pr(essor1 are only 
important aft] y h imp>t$ ! l>ge/ g5]al 
tru?s4 ,x is ! g5]al tru?s t /ir a      
life-l curiosity z to ! p>ticul>s :i* !y
 are ! means ( light+ up4 ,n[ ?is %ort  
c\rse w\ld be q en\gh to pres5t 9 a bold
 outl9e--& x ne$ n be a :it ! less true 
& real = be+ bo? bold & rapid--! great  
*a9s ( ev5ts & ! decisive movem5ts t h  
made ( ourselves & our in/itutions :at  
we & :at !y are--! ,teutonic beg9n+s1 ! 
,conque/1 ! ,great ,*>t]1 ! ,hundr$     
,ye>s' ,w>1 ! ,re=mation1 ! ,civil ,w>s 
& ! ,revolution1 ! ,emancipation ( !    
,am]ican ,colonies f ! ,mon>*y4 ,if ?is 
c\rse 7 fram$ & fill$ 9 ) a true social 

intellig5ce--m5 w\ld f9d t !y _h at !   
end ( x a fair idea--an idea t might be 
( great value1 & at any rate an idea mu*
 to be pref]r$ to t blank ignorance :i* 
is 9 s _m cases practically ! only      
alt]native--( ! l>ge issues ( our pa/1 (
 ! antagoni/ic pr9ciples t /rove ) "o   
ano!r = ma/]y1 ( ! *ief mat]ial =ces &  
moral curr5ts ( successive ages1 & above
 all ( ^? great m5 & our fa!rs t begat  
u--! ,pyms1 ! ,hampd5s1 ! ,cromwells1 ! 
,*a?ams--yes1 & %all we n say !         
,wa%+tons--to ^: sagacity1 brav]y1 &    
unqu5*able ard\r = ju/ice & ord] & equal
 laws all our ,engli%-speak+ peoples owe
 a debt t c nev] be paid4  ,ano!r po9t  
is wor? ?9k+ (1 besides ! r$uction (    
hi/ory = y\r purposes to a compreh5sive 
body ( rightly gr\p$ g5]alities4 ,dr4   
,arnold says some:]e t he wi%es ! public
 might h a hi/ory ( our pres5t /ate (   
society trac$ backw>ds4 ,x is ! pres5t t
 really int]e/s u2 x is ! pres5t t we   
seek to und]/& & to expla94 ,i d n 9 !  
lea/ want to "k :at happ5$ 9 ! pa/1     

except z x enables me to see my way m   
cle>ly ?r\gh :at is happ5+ to-day4 ,i   
want to "k :at m5 ?\ght & did 9 !       
?irte5? c5tury1 n out ( any dilettante  
or idle antiqu>ian's curiosity1 b       
because ! ?irte5? c5tury is at ! root ( 
:at m5 ?9k & d 9 ! n9ete5?4 ,well !n1 x 
_c be a bad educational rule to />t f   
:at is mo/ int]e/+1 & to "w f t outw>ds 
& backw>ds4 ,by beg9n+ ) ! pres5t we see
 m cle>ly :at are ! two ?+s be/ wor?    
att5d+ to 9 hi/ory--n p>ty intrigues nor
 battles nor dyna/ic affairs1 nor ev5 _m
 acts ( p>liam5t1 b ! great movem5ts ( !
 economic =ces ( a society on ! "o h&1 &
 on ! o!r ! =ms ( religi\s op9ion &     
ecclesia/ical organisation4 ,all ! re/  
are important1 b _! importance is       
subsidi>y4  ,all[ me to make "o m rem>k 
on ?is subject4 ,if a doz5 or a score ( 
wise lectures w\ld suffice = a g5]al    
picture ( ! v>i\s phases ?r\gh :i* our  
own society has pass$1 !re ought to be  
add$ to ! c\rse ( popul> in/ruction z _m
 lectures m1 :i* %\ld trace ! hi/ory1 n 

( ,engl&1 b ( ! _w4 ,& ! hi/ory ( ! _w  
ought to g be=e ! hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,?is 
is no p>adox1 b ! delib]ate op9ion ( _m 
( ^? :o h ?\ght mo/ deeply ab\t !       
f>-rea*+ *a9 ( human progress4 ,:5 ,i 0 
on a visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates "s ye>s   
ago--?+s may h improv$ s9ce !n--,i c\ld 
n help notic+ t ! hi/ory classes 9 _!   
common s*ools all began _! "w ) ! ye>   
#aggf1 :5 ! ,am]ican colonies =m$       
!mselves into an indep5d5t conf$]acy4 ,!
 tea*+ assum$ t ! creation ( ! univ]se  
occurr$ ab\t t date4 ,:at c\ld be m     
absurd1 m n>r[ & n>r[+1 m mis*iev\sly   
mislead+ z to ! :ole purport &          
significance ( hi/ory8 ,z if ! laws1 !  
repres5tative in/itutions1 ! religi\s   
uses1 ! sci5tific me?ods1 ! moral ideas1
 :i* give to an ,am]ican citiz5 8 "* &  
m5tal habits & social surr\nd+s1 _h n   
all _! roots 9 ! de$s & ?\ghts ( wise & 
brave m51 :o liv$ 9 c5turies :i* are (  
c\rse j z mu* ! inh]itance ( ! va/      
cont95t ( ! ,we/ z !y are ( ! little    
isl& f :5ce its fir/ colonis]s sail$ =?4

  ,well1 !re is some?+ ne>ly z absurd1  
if n q1 9 our common plan ( tak+ =      
grant$ t p %\ld beg9 _! read+ ( hi/ory1 
n 9 #aggf1 b 9 #ajff4 ,z if ?is c\ld br+
 into our m9ds :at is aft] all ! greate/
 lesson ( hi/ory1 namely1 ! fact ( its  
on5ess2 ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( all ! elem5ts
 t h 9 ! c\rse ( long ages made !       
,european ( to-day :at we see him to be4
 ,x is no d\bt necess>y = cle> & def9ite
 compreh5sion to isolate y\r ph5om5on1 &
 to foll[ ! /ream ( our own hi/ory      
sep>ately4 ,b t _c be en\gh4 ,we mu/    
also see t ?is /ream is ! efflu5t ( a f>
 broad] & mighti] flood--^: spr+s &     
s\rces & great tribut>ies lay high] up 9
 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4  ',we are le>n+1'   
says ,mr4 ,freeman1 ^: little book on ! 
,unity ( ,hi/ory ,i _c be wrong 9 w>mly 
recomm5d+ ev5 to ! busie/ among y1 't   
,european hi/ory1 f its fir/ glimm]+s to
 our own day1 is "o unbrok5 drama1 no "p
 ( :i* c be rightly und]/ood )\t ref]5ce
 to ! o!r p>ts :i* come be=e & aft] x4  
,we are le>n+ t ( ?is great drama ,rome 

is ! c5tre1 ! po9t to :i* all roads lead
 & f :i* all roads lead no less4 ,! _w (
 indep5d5t ,greece /&s on "o side ( x2 !
 _w ( mod]n ,europe /&s on ano!r4 ,b !  
hi/ory alike ( ! great c5tre itself1 & (
 its satellites on ei!r side1 c nev] be 
fully grasp$ except f a po9t ( view wide
 en\gh to take 9 ! :ole gr\p1 & to m>k !
 relations ( ea* ( its memb]s to ! c5tre
 & to "o ano!r4'  ,n[ ! c\nsel :i* our  
le>n$ hi/orian ?us urges ^u ! s*ol> & ! 
leisur$ /ud5t equally repres5ts ! po9t (
 view :i* is prop] = ! m num]\s classes 
( :om we are ?9k+ to-night4 ,! scale w h
 to be r$uc$2 all save ! v broade/      
aspects ( ?+s w h to be left out2 none  
save ! highe/ ranges & ! /reams ( mo/   
copi\s volume w f9d a place 9 t map4    
,small z is ! scale & _m z are its      
omissions1 yet if a man has intellig5tly
 foll[$ ! v %orte/ c\rse ( univ]sal     
hi/ory1 x w be ! fault ( 8 tea*] if he  
has n acquir$ an impressive conception1 
:i* w nev] be effac$1 ( ! de/9ies ( man 
^u ! e>?2 ( ! mighty conflu5ce ( =ces   

work+ on f age to age1 :i* h _! meet+ 9 
e "o ( u "h to-night2 ( ! ord] 9 :i* ea*
 /ate ( society has foll[$ its =ego]1   
accord+ to great & *angeless laws       
'embrac+ all ?+s & all times2' ( ! ?\s& 
fai?ful h&s t h "o aft] ano!r1 ea* 9 _! 
sev]al degrees1 ord]s1 & capacities1    
trimm$ ! silv] lamp ( k & kept its sacr$
 flame bright f g5]ation to g5]ation &  
age to age1 n[ 9 "o l& & n[ 9 ano!r1 f  
its e>ly sp>k among f>-(f dim ,*aldeans 
d[n to ,goe! & ,f>aday & ,d>w9 & all !  
o!r good work]s ( our own day4  ,!      
%orte/ c\rse ( univ]sal hi/ory w let him
 see h[ he owes to ! ,greek             
civilisation1 on ! %ores ( !            
,m$it]ranean two ?\s& ye>s back1 a debt 
ext5d+ f ! ar*itectural =ms1 ( ?is v    
,t[n ,hall to "s ( ! mo/ sy/ematic      
op]ations ( 8 own m9d2 w let him see !  
=um ( ,rome1 its roads & its gates--    
,:at conflux issu+ =? or ent]+ 91       
,prtors1 ,proconsuls to _! prov9ces     
,ha/+ or on return1 9 robes ( /ate--    
all busily weld+ an empire toge!r 9 a   

m>vell\s framework ( citiz5%ip1 mann]s1 
& laws1 t laid assur$ f\ndations = a    
/ill high] civilisation t 0 to come     
aft]4 ,he w le>n h[ :5 ! ,roman ,empire 
decl9$1 !n at ,damascus & ,bagdad &     
,seville ! ,mahometan conqu]ors took up 
! tor* ( sci5ce & le>n+1 & h&$ x on to  
we/]n ,europe :5 ! new g5]ations 7      
ready4 ,he w le>n h[ 9 ! meantime1 dur+ 
ages :i* we bo? wrongly & ungratefully  
call d>k1 f ,rome aga91 t o!r great     
organisation1 ! m$ival ,*ur*1 _h aris51 
:i* amid _m imp]fections & "s crimes did
 a "w t no glory ( physical sci5ce c    
equal1 & no in/rum5t ( physical sci5ce c
 compass1 9 purify+ m5's appetites1 9   
sett+ discipl9e & direction on _! lives1
 & 9 (f]+ to humanity new types ( moral 
obligation & fair] ideals ( sa9tly      
p]fection1 ^: light /ill %9es l a /> to 
guide our own poor voyages4 ,x is only  
by ?is contemplation ( ! life ( our race
 z a :ole t m5 see ! beg9n+s & ! ends ( 
?+s2 le>n n to be ne>-sight$ 9 hi/ory1 b
 to look be=e & aft]2 see _! own "p &   

lot 9 ! ris+ up & go+ d[n ( empires &   
fai?s s9ce fir/ record$ "t began2 & :at 
,i am cont5d+ = is t ev5 if y c take y\r
 "y m5 & wom5 no f>!r ?an ! m]e ve/ibule
 ( ?is anci5t & ev] v5]able ,temple ( _m
 m>vels1 y w h op5$ to !m ! way to a k9d
 ( k t n only enlight5s ! und]/&+1 b    
enri*es ! "*--:i* is a high] ?+ ?an m]e 
intellect--& makes x con/antly alive ) !
 _s ( b5efic5ce4  ,i "k x is said t su* 
a view ( collective hi/ory is true1 b t 
y w nev] get pla9 p to respond to x2 x  
is a ?+ = intellectual dilettanti &     
moralis+ virtuosi4 ,well1 we d n "k1    
because we h nev] yet hone/ly tri$1 :at 
! commone/ p w or w n respond to4 ,:5   
,sir ,ri*>d ,wallace's pictures 7 be+   
exhibit$ at ,be?nal ,gre51 aft] p _h    
said t ! work]s _h no s\ls = art & w\ld 
n appreciate its treasures1 a /ory is   
told ( a female 9 v poor clo!s gaz+     
int5tly at a picture ( ! ,infant ,jesus 
9 ! arms ( 8 ,"m1 & !n exclaim+1 ',:o   
w\ld n try to be a good woman1 :o _h su*
 a *ild z t8' ,we h nev] yet1 ,i say1   

tri$ ! height & pit* to :i* our p are   
capable ( ris+4  ,i h ?\ght x well to   
take ?is opportunity ( say+ a ^w =      
hi/ory1 because ,i _c help ?9k+ t "o ( !
 mo/ n>r[1 & :at w ev5tually be "o ( !  
mo/ impov]i%+1 *>act]i/ics ( our day is 
! excessive supremacy claim$ = physical 
sci5ce4 ,?is is p>tly due1 no d\bt1 to a
 mo/ :olesome reaction aga9/ ! excessive
 supremacy t has hi!rto be5 claim$ =    
lit]ature1 & held by lit]ature1 9 our   
s*ools & univ]sities4 ,at ! same "t1 x  
is well to rememb] t ! hi/oric sci5ces  
are mak+ /rides n unwor?y ( be+ comp>$ )
 ^? ( ! physical sci5ces1 & n only is   
!re room = bo?1 b any sy/em is radically
 wrong :i* excludes or depresses ei!r to
 ! advantage ( ! o!r4#b  ,& n[ !re is   
ano!r idea :i* ,i %\ld l to ?r[ out1 if 
y w n ?9k x too t$i\s & too special4 ,x 
is an old say+ t1 aft] all1 ! great end 
& aim ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution is to get
 twelve hone/ m5 into a box4 ,t is      
really a v s5sible way ( putt+ ! !ory1 t
 ! fir/ end ( gov]nm5t is to give       

security to life & prop]ty1 & to make p 
keep _! contracts4 ,b ) ?is view x is n 
only important t y %\ld get twelve hone/
 m5 into a box3 ! twelve hone/ m5 mu/ h 
9 _! heads "s notions z to :at          
con/itutes ,evid5ce4 ,n[ x is surely a  
/rik+ ?+ t :ile we are s c>eful to tea* 
physical sci5ce & lit]ature2 :ile m5    
want to be end[$ 9 ord] to h leisure to 
explore our sp9al cords1 & to obs]ve !  
locomotor sy/em ( ,m$us--& ,i h no      
objection aga9/ ^? :o urge on all ^!    
/udies--yet !re is no sy/ematic tea*+1 v
 (t5 no tea*+ at all1 9 ! pr9ciples (   
,evid5ce & ,reason+1 ev5 = ! bulk ( ^?  
:o w\ld be v mu* (f5d$ if we 7 to say t 
!y are n educat$4 ,( c\rse ,i use ! t]m 
evid5ce 9 a wid] s5se ?an ! te/imony 9  
crimes & contracts1 & ! o!r bus9ess (   
c\rts ( law4 ,que/ions ( evid5ce are    
ris+ at e h\r ( ! day4 ,z ,b5?am says1 x
 is a "q ( evid5ce ) ! cook :e!r ! jo9t 
( meat is roa/$ en\gh4 ,x has be5       
excell5tly said t ! pr9cipal & mo/      
*>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 "o human     

intellect & ano!r consi/s 9 _! ability  
to judge correctly ( evid5ce4 ,mo/ ( u1 
,mr4 ,mill says1 are v unsafe h&s at    
e/imat+ evid5ce1 if appeal _c be made to
 actual eyesight4 ,inde$1 if we ?9k ( "s
 ( ! tales t h be5 lately div]t+ !      
,briti% ,association1 we might p]haps g 
f>!r1 & describe _m ( u z v bad h&s at  
e/imat+ evid5ce1 ev5 :]e appeal c be    
made to actual eyesight4 ,eyesight1 9   
fact1 is ! lea/ "p ( ! matt]4 ,! s5ses  
are z (t5 ! tools z ! guides ( reason4  
,"o ( ! longe/ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( vulg>
 error w\ld conta9 ! cases 9 :i* ! eyes 
h only se5 :at old prepossessions       
inspir$ !m to see1 & 7 bl9d to all t    
w\ld h be5 fatal to ! prepossessions4   
',x is beyond all "q or dispute1' says  
,voltaire1 't magic words & c]emonies   
are q capable ( mo/ effectually de/roy+ 
a :ole flock ( %eep1 if ! words be      
accompani$ by a suffici5t quantity (    
ars5ic4' ,sorc]y has no d\bt be5        
explod$--at lea/ we assume t x has--b ! 
temp] t made m5 attribute all ! efficacy

 to ! magic words1 & entirely ov]look ! 
ars5ic1 /ill prevails 9 a great ho/ (   
moral & political affairs1 into :i* x is
 n conv5i5t to ent] "h4 ,! /ability ( a 
gov]nm5t1 = in/ance1 is con/antly set   
d[n to "s ornam5tal "p ( x1 :5 9 fact ! 
ornam5tal "p has no m to d ) /ability   
?an ! incantations ( ! soo?say]4  ,y h  
he>d1 aga91 t = _m g5]ations ! p ( !    
,isle ( ,/4 ,kilda believ$ t ! arrival (
 a %ip 9 ! h>b\r inflict$ on ! isl&]s   
epidemic colds 9 ! head1 & _m +5i\s     
reasons 7 f "t to "t devis$ by clev] m5 
:y ! %ip %\ld cause colds among !       
population4 ,at la/ x occurr$ to        
somebody t ! %ip might n be ! cause ( ! 
colds1 b t bo? might be ! common effects
 ( "s o!r cause1 & x 0 !n rememb]$ t a  
%ip c\ld only ent] ! h>b\r :5 !re 0 a   
/rong nor?-ea/ w9d bl[+4  ,h[ev] fai?ful
 ! obs]vation1 z soon z ev] a man uses  
words he may beg9 at t mom5t to g wrong4
 ',a village apo!c>y1' x has be5 said1  
'& if possible 9 a /ill great] degree1  
an exp]i5c$ nurse1 is seldom able to    

describe ! pla9e/ case )\t employ+ a    
phraseology ( :i* e ^w is a !ory2 !     
simple/ n>rative ( ! mo/ illit]ate      
obs]v] involves m or less (             
hypo!sis2'--yet bo? by ! obs]v] himself 
& by mo/ ( ^? :o li/5 to him1 ea* ( ^!  
conjectural assumptions is treat$ z     
respectfully z if x 7 an e/abli%$ axiom4
 ,we are suppos$ to d5y ! possibility ( 
a circum/ance1 :5 9 tru? we only d5y !  
evid5ce alleg$ = x4 ,we all[ ! excell5ce
 ( reason+ f c]ta9 data to captivate our
 belief 9 ! tru? ( ! data !mselves1 ev5 
:5 !y are unprov$ & unprovable4 ,!re is 
no end1 9 %ort1 ( ! ways 9 :i* m5       
habitually g wrong 9 _! reason+1 tacit  
or express$4 ,! greate/ boon t any      
b5efactor c\ld conf] on ! human race    
w\ld be to tea* m5--& especially        
wom5--to quantify _! propositions4 ,x   
sometimes seems z if ,swift 7 "r :5 he  
said t ,mank9d 7 j z fit = fly+ z =     
?9k+4  ,n[ x is q true t "m-wit & !     
common exp]i5ces ( life d (t5 furni% p )
 a sort ( %rewd & s\nd judgm5t t c>ries 

!m v cr$itably ?r\gh ! _w4 ,!y come to  
good conclusions1 ?\gh p]haps !y w\ld   
give bad reasons = !m1 if !y 7 =c$ to   
f9d _! reasons4 ,b y _c c\nt ^u "m-wit 9
 ev]ybody2 p]haps n ev5 9 a majority4 ,&
 !n z = ! exp]i5ce ( life1--!re are a   
great _m que/ions1 & ^? ( ! deepe/      
ultimate importance to mank9d1 9 :i* !  
ord9>y exp]i5ce ( life %$s no light1    
until x has be5 int]rogat$ & int]pret$  
by m5 ) tra9$ m9ds4 ',x is f> easi]1' z 
has be5 said1 'to acquire facts ?an to  
judge :at !y prove4' ,:at is done 9 our 
sy/ems ( tra9+ to tea* p h[ to judge :at
 facts prove8 ,!re is ,ma!matics1 no    
d\bt2 anybody :o has done ev5 no m ?an !
 fir/ book ( ,euclid's geometry1 ought  
to h got into 8 head ! notion ( a       
demon/ration1 ( ! rigor\sly close       
connection betwe5 a conclusion & its    
premisses1 ( ! necessity ( be+ able to  
%[ h[ ea* l9k 9 ! *a9 comes to be :]e x 
is1 & t x has a "r to be !re4 ,?is1     
h[ev]1 is a long way f ! facts ( real   
life1 & a man might well be a great     

geomet]1 & /ill be a ?or\ghly bad       
reason] 9 practical que/ions4  ,aga91 9 
o!r ( y\r classes1 9 ,*emi/ry1 9        
,a/ronomy1 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 besides  
acquir+ gr\ps ( facts1 ! /ud5t has a    
glimpse ( ! me?od by :i* !y 7 discov]$1 
( ! type ( inf]5ce to :i* ! discov]y    
con=ms1 s t ! discov]y ( a new comet1 ! 
detection ( a new species1 ! inv5tion ( 
a new *emical comp\nd1 ea* becomes a    
lesson ( ! mo/ beautiful & impressive   
k9d 9 ! art ( reason+4 ,& x w\ld be     
sup]flu\s & imp]t95t = me "h to po9t out
 h[ valuable su* lessons are 9 ! way (  
m5tal discipl9e1 ap>t f ! fruit !y be> 9
 o!r ways4 ,b "h aga9 ! relation to !   
judgm5ts we h to =m 9 ! moral1          
political1 practical sph]e1 is too      
remote & too indirect4 ,! judgm5ts1 9   
?is region1 ( ! mo/ brilliant &         
successful explor]s 9 physical sci5ce1  
seem to be exactly z liable to e k9d (  
fallacy z ^? ( o!r p4 ,! application (  
sci5tific me?od & conception to society 
is yet 9 its infancy1 & ! ,novum        

,organum or ! ,pr9cipia ( moral & social
 ph5om5a w p]haps n be :olly disclos$ to
 any ( u n[ alive4 ,9 any case x is cle>
 t = ! purposes ( su* an in/itution z   
?is1 if ! rules ( evid5ce & pro( & all !
 o!r safegu>ds = mak+ y\r propositions  
true & relevant1 are to be taught at    
all1 !y mu/ be taught n only 9 an       
elem5t>y =m1 b ) illu/rations t %all    
convey _! own direct ref]5ce &          
application to practical life4 ,if      
ev]ybody c\ld f9d "t to ma/] ,mill's    
,logic or s in/ructive & int]e/+ a book 
z ,pr(essor ,jevons's ,pr9ciples (      
,sci5ce1 a c]ta9 numb] at any rate ( !  
bad m5tal habits ( p w\ld be cur$2 & =  
^? ( y "h :o h leisure en\gh1 & want to 
f9d a wor?y key/one ( y\r culture1 x    
w\ld be h>d to f9d a bett] ?+ to d = !  
next six mon?s ?an to "w ?r\gh "o or bo?
 ( ! books ,i h j nam$--p5 9 h&4 ,!     
ord9>y text-books ( =mal logic d n seem 
to meet ! special aim :i* ,i am n[ try+ 
to impress z desirable--namely1 ! habit 
( valu+1 n m]ely speculative nor        

sci5tific tru?1 b ! tru? ( practical    
life2 a practis+ ( ! intellect 9 =m+ &  
express+ ! op9ions & judgm5ts t =m !    
/aple ( our daily disc\rse4  ,x is n[   
accept$ t ! mo/ effective way ( le>n+ a 
=eign language is to beg9 by read+ books
 writt5 9 x1 or by conv]s+ 9 x--& !n    
aft] a c]ta9 empirical famili>ity )     
vocabul>y & con/ruction has be5 acquir$1
 "o may proce$ to ma/] ! gramm>4 ,j 9 ! 
same way x w\ld seem to be ! be/ plan to
 approa* ! art ( practical reason+ 9    
concrete examples1 9 cases ( actual     
occurr5ce & liv+ int]e/2 & !n aft] !    
processes ( dis5tangl+ a complex gr\p ( 
propositions1 ( divid+ & %ift+1 ( sc5t+ 
a fallacy1 h all become famili>1 x may  
be wor? :ile to f9d names = !m all1 & to
 set out rules = reason+ rightly1 j z 9 
! =m] illu/ration ! rules ( writ+       
correctly foll[ a c]ta9 practice r ?an  
prec$e x4  ,n[ x has long seem$ to me t 
! be/ way ( tea*+ c>efulness & precision
 9 deal+ ) propositions might be f\nd   
?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! argum5tation 9 ! c\rts

 ( ju/ice4 ,?is is reason+ 9 real matt]4
 ,!re is a fam\s book well kn[n to legal
 /ud5ts--,smi?'s ,lead+ ,cases--:i*     
conta9s a selection ( important         
decisions1 & sets =? ! gr\nds on :i* !  
c\rts arriv$ at !m4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t a  
doz5 or a score ( cases might be        
collect$ f ?is book into a small volume1
 t w\ld make su* a manual z no o!r matt]
 c\ld1 = op5+ pla9 m5's eyes to !       
logical pitfalls among :i* !y g /umbl+ &
 cra%+1 :5 !y ?9k !y are disput+ l      
,socrates or reason+ l ,newton4 ,!y w\ld
 see h[ a proposition or an expression t
 looks /raight=w>d & unmi/akable1 is yet
 on exam9ation f\nd to be capable ( be>+
 sev]al di/9ct int]pretations & mean+   
sev]al di/9ct ?+s2 h[ ! same evid5ce may
 w>rant diff]5t conclusions1 & :at k9ds 
( evid5ce c>ry ) !m :at degrees (       
validity3 h[ c]ta9 sorts ( facts c only 
be prov$ 9 "o way1 & c]ta9 o!r sorts (  
facts 9 "s o!r way3 h[ necess>y x is1   
be=e y set out1 to "k exactly :at x is y
 int5d to %[1 or :at x is y int5d to    

dispute2 h[ !re may be _m argum5tative  
objections to a proposition1 yet !      
balance be 9 fav\r ( its adoption4 ,x is
 f ! g5]ality ( p hav+ neglect$ to      
practise ! att5tion on ^! & ! l matt]s1 
t int]e/ & prejudice f9d s ready an     
in/rum5t ( sophi/ry 9 t v art ( spee*   
:i* ought to be ! organ ( reason & tru?4
 ,to br+ ! matt] to a po9t1 !n1 ,i      
submit t x might be wor? :ile 9 ?is &   
all su* in/itutions to h a class = !    
/udy ( ,logic1 ,reason+1 ,evid5ce1 & t  
su* a class might well f9d its be/      
mat]ial 9 selections f ,lead+ ,cases1 & 
f ,b5?am's ,rationale ( ,judicial       
,evid5ce1 elucidat$ by ^? special       
sections 9 ,mill's ,logic1 or small]    
manuals su* z ^? ( ,mr4 ,f[l]1 ! ,ox=d  
,pr(essor ( ,logic1 :i* treat ( !       
dep>tm5t ( ,fallacies4 ,p]haps ,b5?am's 
,book ( ,fallacies is too political = me
 to comm5d x to y "h4 ,b if !re happ5s  
to be any "o 9 ,birm+ham :o is fond (   
meet+ propos$ *anges by say+ t !y are   
,utopian2 t !y are good 9 !ory1 b bad 9 

practice2 t !y are too good to be       
realis$1 & s =?1 !n ,i c promise him t  
he w 9 t book he> ( some?+ v mu* to 8   
advantage4#c  ,an incid5tal             
advantage--:i* is wor? m5tion+--( mak+  
legal in/ances ! m$ium ( in/ruction 9   
practical logic1 w\ld be t p w\ld--n    
le>n law1 ( c\rse1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our
 sy/em1 b !y w\ld h _! att5tion call$ 9 
a direct & bus9ess-l way to ! lawy]'s   
po9t ( view1 & ^? features ( proc$ure 9 
:i* e man & woman 9 ! l& has s imm$iate 
an int]e/4 ,p]haps if p int]e/$ !mselves
 m s]i\sly ?an is impli$ by read+ fam\s 
cases 9 ! newspap]s1 we %\ld get rid1 = 
"o ?+1 ( ! rule :i* makes ! accus$ p]son
 9 a crim9al case incompet5t to te/ify2 
&1 = ano!r1 ( t infam\s lic5se (        
cross-exam9ation to cr$it1 :i* is n only
 b>b>\s to ^? :o h to submit to x1 b    
leads to con/ant misc>riage ( ju/ice 9 !
 case ( ^? :o1 r ?an submit to x1 w     
suff] wrong4  ,x w be said1 ,i d>esay1 t
 ov]mu* scruple ab\t our propositions & 
! evid5ce = !m w r$uce m51 especially ! 

"y1 to ! intellectual condition ( !     
great philosoph]1 ,m>phurius1 9         
,molire's com$y4 ,m>phurius rebukes     
,sgan>elle = say+ he _h come into !     
room2--',:at y %\ld say is1 t x seems ,i
 am come into ! room4' ,in/ead ( !      
d[nright affirmations & burly negations 
s becom+ to ,britons1 he w\ld br+ d[n   
all our propositions to ! att5uation ( a
 possibility or a p]haps4 ,we ne$ n fe> 
su* an end4 ,! exig5cies ( practical    
affairs w n all[ ?is endless balanc+4   
,!y are always driv+ m5 to ! o!r        
extreme1 mak+ u l ! new judge1 :o fir/  
he>d ! c\nsel on "o side & made up 8 m9d
 on ! m]its ( ! case1 until ! turn ( !  
oppos+ c\nsel came1 & !n ! new c\nsel   
fill$ ! judge ) s _m d\bts &            
p]plexities1 t he sudd5ly v[$ t no?+    
w\ld induce him to pay any he$ to       
evid5ce aga9 z long z he liv$4  ,i d n  
d\bt t ,i %all be blam$ 9 :at ,i h said 
ab\t ,fr5*1 & ab\t hi/ory1 = enc\rag+ a 
_s ( sup]ficiality1 & ( cont5tm5t )     
wor?less smatt]+s ( ?+s4 ,to ?is ,i %\ld

 answ] t1 z ,ar*bi%op ,:ately po9t$ out 
long ago1 x is a fallacy to mi/ake g5]al
 tru?s = sup]ficial tru?s1 or a k ( !   
lead+ propositions ( a subject = a      
sup]ficial k4 ',to h a g5]al k ( a      
subject is to "k only its lead+ tru?s1 b
 to "k ^! ?or\ghly1 s z to h a true     
conception ( ! subject 9 its great      
features' 7,mill74 ,& ,i ne$ n po9t out 
t in/ruction may be ( ! mo/ g5]al k9d1 &
 /ill possess t mo/ important quality ( 
all in/ruction--namely1 be+ me?odical4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,i ?9k popul> in/ruction has be5 made   
mu* m repulsive ?an x ne$ h be51 & m    
repulsive ?an x ought to h be51 because 
^? :o h _h ! control ( ! movem5t = ! la/
 fifty ye>s1 h be5 too anxi\s to make ! 
type ( popul> in/ruction con=m to ! type
 ( academic in/ruction prop] to le>n$   
m54 ,! pr9ciples ( in/ruction h be5 too 
rigor\sly ascetic & puritanical1 &      
in/ead ( mak+ ! access to k z easy z    
possible1 we h delight$ 9 =c+ e pilgrim 
to make 8 j\rney to ! %r9e ( ! ,muses ) 

a hair-%irt on 8 back & peas 9 8 %oes4  
,nobody w\ld say t ,macaulay _h a       
sup]ficial k ( ! ?+s be/ wor? kn[+ 9    
anci5t lit]ature1 yet we h 8 own        
confession t :5 he became a busy man--z 
y are all busy--!n he read 8 classics1 n
 l a collegian1 b l a man ( ! _w2 if he 
did n "k a ^w1 he pass$ x ov]1 & if a   
passage refus$ to give up its mean+ at !
 second read+1 !n he let x alone4 ,n[ ! 
aims ( academic education & ^? ( popul> 
education are--x is obvi\s if y come to 
?9k ( x--q diff]5t4 ,! end ( ! "o is r  
to increase k3 ( ! o!r to diffuse x1 &  
to increase m5's int]e/ 9 :at is already
 kn[n4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i am = mak+ c]ta9   
k9ds ( in/ruction z g5]al z !y c        
possibly be made 9 ^! local c5tres1 ,i  
%\ld give to ! old seats ( le>n+ a v    
special function inde$4  ,x w\ld be     
absurd to attempt to discuss academic   
organisation "h1 at ?is h\r4 ,i only    
want to ask y z politicians ^:          
repres5tatives 9 p>liam5t w ultimately  
settle ! matt]--to reflect :e!r ! money 

n[ consum$ 9 idle fell[%ips might n be m
 pr(itably employ$ 9 end[+ inquir]s4 ,! 
fav\rite argum5t ( ^? :o support prize  
fell[%ips is t !y are ! only means by   
:i* a *ild ( ! work+-class c raise      
himself to ! highe/ positions 9 ! l&4   
,my answ] to ?is w\ld be t1 9 ! fir/    
place1 x is ( que/ionable exp$i5cy to   
invite ! clev]e/ memb]s ( any class to  
leave x--in/ead ( mak+ _! abilities     
available 9 x1 & s rais+ ! :ole class   
along )1 & by means (1 _! own rise4     
,second1 ^! prize fell[%ips w cont9ue1 &
 mu/ cont9ue1 to be c>ri$ (f by ^? :o c 
af=d "t & money to educate _! sons = !  
competition4 ,?ird1 ,i d\bt !           
exp$i5cy--& ! hi/ory ( ,ox=d )9 ! la/   
tw5ty-five ye>s /rik+ly confirms ?is    
d\bt--( giv+ to a "y man ( any class :at
 is practically a premium on indol5ce1 &
 ! removal ( a motive to self-reliant & 
en]getic _s ( ent]prise4 ,! be/ ?+ t ,i 
c ?9k ( z happ5+ to a "y man is ?is3 t  
he %\ld h be5 educat$ at a day-s*ool 9 8
 own t[n2 t he %\ld h opportunities (   

foll[+ also ! high] education 9 8 own   
t[n2 & t at ! e>lie/ conv5i5t "t he %\ld
 be taught to e>n 8 own liv+4  ,!       
,univ]sities might !n be left to _!     
prop] bus9ess ( /udy4 ,k = its own sake 
is cle>ly an object :i* only a v small  
portion ( society c be sp>$ to pursue2  
only a v few m5 9 a g5]ation h t dev\r+ 
passion = kn[+1 :i* is ! true inspir] ( 
fruitful /udy & exploration4 ,ev5 if !  
passion 7 m common ?an x is1 ! _w c\ld n
 af=d on any v l>ge scale t m5 %\ld     
indulge 9 x3 ! great bus9ess ( ! _w has 
to be c>ri$ on4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( all   
h9drances to mak+ ?+s bett] is ! habit (
 tak+ = grant$ t plans or ideas1 simply 
because !y are diff]5t & approa* ! matt]
 f diff]5t sides1 are !re=e ! rivals &  
enemies1 in/ead ( be+ ! fri5ds &        
complem5ts ( "o ano!r4 ,b a great &     
weal?y society l ours ought v well to be
 able to n\ri% "o or two great seats = !
 augm5tation ( true le>n+1 & at ! same  
"t make sure t "y m5--& aga9 ,i say1    
especially "y wom5--%\ld h good         

education ( ! high] k9d )9 rea* ( _! own
 he>?s4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,x is n necess>y = me "h1  
,i believe1 to dwell ^u any ( ! great   
commonplaces :i* ! foll[] ( k does well 
to keep always be=e 8 eyes1 & :i*       
repres5t ! wisdom ( _m g5]ations (      
/udi\s exp]i5ce4 ,y may h (t5 he>d f    
o!rs1 or may h f\nd out1 h[ good x is to
 h on y\r %elves1 h[ev] scantily furni%$
 !y may be1 ?ree or f\r ( ^? books to   
:i* x is well to give t5 m9utes e morn+1
 be=e go+ d[n into ! battle & *ok+ du/ (
 ! day4 ,m5 w "n ^! books = !mselves4   
,"o w *oose ! ,bible1 ano!r ,goe!1 "o ! 
,imitation ( ,*ri/1 ano!r ,wordswor?4   
,p]haps x matt]s little :at x be1 s long
 z y\r writ] has *e]ful s]i\sness1      
elevation1 calm1 &1 above all1 a s5se ( 
size & /r5g?1 :i* %all op5 out ! day    
be=e y & be/[ gifts ( =titude & ma/]y4  
,!n1 to turn to ! intellectual side4 ,y 
"k z well z ,i or any "o c tell y1 t k  
is wor? little until y h made x s       
p]fectly y\r own1 z to be capable (     

reproduc+ x 9 precise & def9ite =m4     
,goe! said t 9 ! end we only reta9 ( our
 /udies1 aft] all1 :at we practically   
employ ( !m4 ,& x is at lea/ well t 9   
our s]i\s /udies we %\ld h ! possibility
 ( practically turn+ !m to a def9ite    
de/9ation cle>ly be=e our eyes4 ,nobody 
c be sure t he has got cle> ideas on a  
subject1 unless he has tri$ to put !m   
d[n on a piece ( pap] 9 indep5d5t words 
( 8 own4 ,x is an excell5t plan1 too1 :5
 y h read a good book1 to sit d[n &     
write a %ort ab/ract ( :at y c rememb] (
 x4 ,x is a /ill bett] plan1 if y c make
 up y\r m9ds to a slight extra lab\r1 to
 d :at ,"l ,/raf=d1 & ,gibbon1 & ,daniel
 ,web/] did4 ,aft] glanc+ ov] ! title1  
subject1 or design ( a book1 ^! em95t m5
 w\ld take a p5 & write r\ghly :at      
que/ions !y expect$ to f9d answ]$ 9 x1  
:at difficulties solv$1 :at k9d (       
in=mation imp>t$4 ,su* practices keep u 
f read+ ) ! eye only1 glid+ vaguely ov] 
! page2 & !y help u to place our new    
acquisitions 9 relation ) :at we knew   

be=e4 ,x is almo/ always wor? :ile to   
read a ?+ twice ov]1 to make sure t no?+
 has be5 miss$ or dropp$ on ! way1 or   
wrongly conceiv$ or int]pret$4 ,& if !  
subject be s]i\s1 x is (t5 well to let  
an int]val elapse4 ,ideas1 relations1   
/atem5ts ( fact1 are n to be tak5 by    
/orm4 ,we h to /eep !m 9 ! m9d1 9 ! hope
 ( ?us extract+ _! inmo/ ess5ce &       
significance4 ,if "o lets an int]val    
pass1 & !n returns1 x is surpris+ h[    
cle> & ripe t has become1 :i*1 :5 we    
left x1 seem$ crude1 obscure1 full (    
p]plexity4  ,all ?is takes tr\ble1 no   
d\bt1 b !n x w n d to deal ) ideas t we 
f9d 9 books or else:]e z a c]ta9 bird   
does ) its eggs--leave !m 9 ! s& = ! sun
 to hat* & *ance to re>4 ,p :o foll[ ?is
 plan possess no?+ bett] ?an ideas      
half-hat*$1 & convictions re>$ by       
accid5t4 ,!y are l a man :o %\ld pace up
 & d[n ! _w 9 ! delusion t he is clad 9 
sumptu\s robes ( purple & velvet1 :5 9  
tru? he is only half-cov]$ by ! rags &  
tatt]s ( o!r p's ca/-(f clo!s4  ,ap>t f 

su* me*anical devices z ^! ,i h m5tion$1
 !re are habits & cu/om>y attitudes (   
m9d :i* a consci5ti\s read] w practise1 
if he desires to get out ( a book /ill  
great] b5efits ?an ! writ] ( x may h    
design$ or ?\ght (4 ,= example1 he %\ld 
nev] be cont5t ) m]e aggressive &       
negatory criticism ( ! page be=e him4 ,!
 page may be op5 to su* criticism1 & 9 t
 case x is natural to indulge 9 x2 b !  
read] w (t5 f9d an unexpect$ pr(it by   
ask+ himself--,:at does ?is error tea*  
me8 ,h[ comes t fallacy to be "h8 ,h[   
came ! writ] to fall into ?is defect (  
ta/e8 ,to ask su* que/ions gives a read]
 a f> heal?i] tone ( m9d 9 ! long run1 m
 s]i\sness1 m dep?1 m mod]ation (       
judgm5t1 m insight into o!r m5's ways ( 
?9k+ z well z into 8 own1 ?an any am\nt 
( impati5t condemnation & ha/y d5ial1   
ev5 :5 bo? condemnation & d5ial may be 9
 _! place4  ,aga91 let u n be too ready 
to detect an inconsi/5cy 9 our au?or1 b 
r let u tea* ourselves to di/+ui% betwe5
 inconsi/5cy & hav+ two sides to an     

op9ion4 ',be=e ,i admit t two & two are 
f\r1' "s "o said1 ',i mu/ fir/ "k to :at
 use y are go+ to put ! proposition4' ,t
 is to say1 ev5 ! pla9e/ proposition    
ne$s to be /at$ ) a view to ! drift ( ! 
discussion 9 h&1 or ) a view to "s      
special "p ( ! discussion4 ,:5 ! turn ( 
"s o!r "p ( ! matt] comes1 x w be       
conv5i5t & (t5 necess>y to br+ out into 
full light ano!r side ( y\r op9ion1 n   
contradictory1 b complem5t>y1 & ! great 
di/9ction ( a c&id disputant or ( a     
read] ( good fai?1 is 8 will+ness to    
take pa9s to see ! po9ts (              
reconciliation among diff]5t aspects &  
diff]5t expressions ( :at is            
sub/antially ! same judgm5t4  ,!n1 aga91
 nobody "h ne$s to be rem9d$ t ! great  
successes ( ! _w h be5 affairs ( a      
second1 a ?ird1 nay1 a fiftie? trial4 ,!
 hi/ory ( lit]ature1 ( sci5ce1 ( art1 ( 
indu/rial a*ievem5ts1 all te/ify to !   
tru? t success is only ! la/ t]m ( :at  
look$ l a s]ies ( failures4 ,:at is true
 ( ! great a*ievem5ts ( hi/ory1 is true 

also ( ! little a*ievem5ts ( ! obs]vant 
cultivator ( 8 own und]/&+4 ,if a man is
 despond5t ab\t 8 "w1 ! be/ rem$y t ,i c
 prescribe to him is to turn to a good  
biography2 !re he w f9d t o!r m5 be=e   
him h kn[n ! dre>y reaction t foll[s    
long-su/a9$ ef=t1 & he w f9d t "o ( !   
diff]5ces betwe5 ! fir/-rate man & !    
fif?-rate lies 9 ! rig\r ) :i* !        
fir/-rate man recov]s f ?is reaction1 & 
cru%es x d[n1 & aga9 fl+s himself once m
 ^u ! brea*4 ,i rememb] ! wise/ & mo/   
virtu\s man ,i h ev] kn[n1 or am ev]    
likely to "k--,mr4 ,mill--once say+ to  
me t :5ev] he _h writt5 any?+1 he always
 felt pr(\ndly dissatisfi$ ) x1 & x 0   
only by reflect+ t he _h felt ! same    
ab\t o!r pieces ( :i* ! _w _h ?\ght     
well1 t he c\ld br+ himself to s5d ! new
 production to ! pr9t]4 ,! h]oism ( !   
s*ol> & ! tru?-seek] is n less admirable
 ?an ! h]oism ( ! man-at-arms4  ,f9ally1
 y none ( y ne$ to be rem9d$ ( ! mo/    
c5tral & important ( all ! commonplaces 
( ! /ud5t--t ! /uff ( :i* life is made  

is ,"t2 t x is bett]1 z ,goe! said1 to d
 ! mo/ trifl+ ?+ 9 ! _w ?an to ?9k half 
an h\r a trifl+ ?+4 ,nobody means by ?is
 t we are to h no pleasures4 ,:]e "t is 
lo/ & wa/$ is :]e _m p lose & wa/e _!   
money--9 ?+s t are nei!r pleasure nor   
bus9ess--9 ^? r&om & (fici\s            
sociabilities1 :i* nei!r refre% nor     
in/ruct nor invigorate1 b only fret &   
b5umb & we> all edge (f ! m9d4 ,all ^!  
?+s1 h[ev]1 y h all ( y (t5 ?\ght ab\t2 
yet1 alas1 we are s ready to =get1 bo? 9
 ^! matt]s & 9 o!r & weighti]1 h[       
irrevocable are our mi/akes4    ,! mov+ 
,f+] writes1 & hav+ writ1   ,moves on2  
nor all y\r piety nor wit   ,c lure x   
back to cancel half a l9e1   ,nor all   
y\r te>s wipe out a ^w ( x4   ,& n[ ,i  
?9k ,i _c ask y to li/5 any long]4 ,i w 
only add t ^! c]emonial anniv]s>ies1 :5 
!y are ov]1 sometimes slightly t5d to   
depress u1 unless we are on our gu>d4   
,:5 ! prizes ( ! ye> are all di/ribut$1 
& ! address is at an end1 we p]haps ask 
ourselves1 ,well1 & :at !n8 ,x is n to  

be d5i$ t ! expectations ( ! fir/ f]v5t 
promot]s ( popul> in/ruction by su*     
,in/itutes z ?is--( m5 l ,"l ,br\gham & 
o!rs1 a g5]ation ago--7 n fulfill$4 ,!  
pr9cipal reason 0 t ! elem5t>y          
in/ruction ( ! c\ntry 0 n !n suffici5tly
 advanc$ to supply a population ready to
 take advantage ( education 9 ! high]   
subjects4 ,well1 we are 9 a fair way =  
remov+ t ob/acle4 ,x is true t ! old _w 
moves t>dily on its ardu\s way1 b ev5 if
 ! results ( all our ef=ts 9 ! cause (  
education 7 small] ?an !y are1 !re are  
/ill two consid]ations t ought to weigh 
) u & enc\rage u4  ,= "o ?+1 y nev] "k  
:at *ild 9 rags & pitiful squalor t     
meets y 9 ! /reet1 may h 9 him ! g]m (  
gifts t might add new treasures to !    
/oreh\se ( beautiful ?+s or noble acts4 
,9 t great /orm ( t]ror :i* swept ov]   
,france 9 #agic1 a c]ta9 man :o 0 e h\r 
expect+ to be l$ (f to ! guillot9e1     
utt]$ ?is memorable s5tim5t4 ',ev5 at   
?is incompreh5sible mom5t'--he said--':5
 morality1 enlight5m5t1 love ( c\ntry1  

all ( !m only make dea? at ! prison-door
 or on ! scaffold m c]ta9--yes1 on !    
fatal tumbril itself1 ) no?+ free b my  
voice1 ,i c\ld /ill cry ,take c>e1 to a 
*ild t %\ld come too ne> ! :eel2 p]haps 
,i may save 8 life1 p]haps he may "o day
 save 8 c\ntry4' ,?is is a g5]\s &      
inspir+ ?\ght--"o to :i* ! r\ghe/-h&$   
man or woman 9 ,birm+ham may respond z  
hone/ly & he>tily z ! philosoph] :o     
wrote x4 ,x ought to %ame ! li/lessness 
) :i* s _m ( u see ! great              
phantasmagoria ( life pass be=e u4  ,!re
 is ano!r ?\ght to enc\rage u1 /ill m   
direct1 & /ill m positive4 ,! boi/]\s   
old notion ( h]o-wor%ip1 :i* has be5    
prea*$ by s eloqu5t a voice 9 our age1  
is aft] all n[ se5 to be a half-tru?1 & 
to conta9 ! less edify+ & ! less        
pr(itable half ( ! tru?4 ,! _w w nev] be
 able to sp>e its h]o1 & ! man ) ! r>e &
 inexplicable gift ( g5ius w always be z
 comm&+ a figure z he has ev] be54 ,:at 
we see e day ) increas+ cle>ness is t n 
only ! wellbe+ ( ! _m1 b ! *ances (     

exceptional g5ius1 moral or             
intellectual1 9 ! gift$ few1 are highe/ 
9 a society :]e ! av]age int]e/1        
curiosity1 capacity1 are all highe/4 ,! 
moral ( ?is = y & = me is pla94 ,we _c1 
l ,bee?ov5 or ,h&el1 lift ! s\l by !    
magic ( div9e melody into ! sev5? heav5 
( ineffable vision & hope               
incomm5surable2 we _c1 l ,newton1 weigh 
! f>-(f />s 9 a balance1 & measure !    
heav+s ( ! et]nal flood2 we _c1 l       
,voltaire1 scor* up :at is cruel & false
 by a ^w z a flame1 nor1 l ,milton or   
,burke1 awak5 m5's he>ts ) ! note ( an  
organ-trumpet2 we _c1 l ! great sa9ts ( 
! *ur*es & ! great sages ( ! s*ools1 add
 to ^? acquisitions ( spiritual beauty &
 intellectual ma/]y :i* h1 "o by "o1 &  
little by little1 rais$ man f be+ no    
high] ?an ! brute to be only a little   
l[] ?an ! angels4 ,b :at we c d--!      
humble/ ( u 9 ?is great hall--is by     
dilig5tly us+ our own m9ds & dilig5tly  
seek+ to ext5d our own opportunities to 
o!rs1 to help to swell t common tide1 on

 ! =ce & ! set ( ^: curr5ts dep5ds !    
prosp]\s voyag+ ( humanity4 ,:5 our     
names are blott$ out1 & our place kn[s u
 no m1 ! en]gy ( ea* social s]vice w    
rema91 & s too1 let u n =get1 w ea*     
social diss]vice rema91 l ! un5d+ /ream 
( "o ( nature's =ces4 ,! ?\ght t ?is is 
s may well light5 ! poor p]plexities (  
our daily life1 & ev5 soo! ! pang ( its 
calamities2 x lifts u f our feet z on   
w+s1 op5+ a l>g] mean+ to our private   
toil & a high] purpose to our public    
endeav\r2 x makes ! morn+ z we awake to 
x welcome1 & ! ev5+ l a s(t g>m5t z x   
wraps u ab\t2 x n]ves our arm ) boldness
 aga9/ oppression & inju/ice1 & /r5g!ns 
our voice ) deep] acc5ts aga9/          
falsehood1 :ile we are yet 9 ! full noon
 ( our days--yes1 & p]haps x w %$ "s ray
 ( consolation1 :5 our eyes are gr[+ dim
 to x all1 & we g d[n into ! ,valley ( !
 ,d>k ,%ad[4   ,footnotes3  #a ,sir     
,h5ry ,cole1 ,c4,b41 writes to ! ,times 
7,oct4 #ac7 on ?is sugge/ion z          
foll[s3--',9 ju/ice to ! ,lords         

,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil on ,education1 ,i 
hope y w all[ me ! opportunity ( /at+ t 
f #ahee ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t has  
done its v utmo/ to induce s*ools ( art 
to receive deposits ( works ( art = /udy
 & popul> exam9ation1 & to circulate its
 *oice/ objects useful to manufactur+   
indu/ry4 ,9 corroboration ( ?is         
ass]tion1 please to turn to p4 #dce ( ! 
tw5ty-second ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 j   
issu$4 ,y w !re f9d t upw>ds ( #bf1ijg  
objects ( art1 besides #bc1iaa pa9t+s & 
draw+s1 h be5 circulat$ s9ce #ahee1 & 9 
"s cases h be5 left = sev]al mon?s =    
exhibition 9 ! localities4 ,!y h be5 se5
 by m ?an #f1jjj1jjj ( visitors1 besides
 hav+ be5 copi$ by /ud5ts1 etc41 & !    
localities h tak5 ! great sum ( #aaf1ahb
 = %[+ !m4  ',! ,dep>tm5t besides has   
tri$ e effici5t means to induce o!r     
public in/itutions1 :i* are absolutely  
*ok$ ) sup]flu\s specim5s1 to concur 9 a
 g5]al pr9ciple ( circulat+ ! nation's  
works ( art1 b )\t success4  ',! *ief ( 
our national /oreh\ses ( works ( art    

actually repudiates ! idea t its objects
 are collect$ = purposes ( education1 & 
decl>es t !y are only '?+s r>e &        
curi\s1' ! v rev]se ( :at common s5se   
says !y are4  ',fur!r1 ! ,dep>tm5t1 to  
tempt ,s*ools ( ,art to acquire objects 
p]man5tly = art museums atta*$ to !m1   
(f]$ a grant 9 aid ( #ej p] c5t ( ! co/ 
price ( ! objects4'   #b ,a v em95t     
physici/ writes to me on ?is passage3   
',i _c help smil+ :5 ,i ?9k ( ! place ( 
physical sci5ce 9 ! end[$ s*ools1' etc4 
,my ref]5ce 0 to ! great preval5ce ( su*
 ass]tions z t human progress dep5ds ^u 
increase ( our k ( ! conditions (       
mat]ial ph5om5a 7,dr4 ,drap]1 = in/ance1
 lays ?is d[n z a fundam5tal axiom (    
hi/ory73 z if moral advance1 !          
progressive elevation ( types ( "* &    
e?ical ideals 7 n at lea/ an equally    
important cause ( improvem5t 9          
civilisation4 ,! type ( ,sa9t ,v9c5t de 
,paul is pla9ly z indisp5sable to       
progress z ! type ( ,newton4   #c ,?is  
sugge/ion has =tunately f\nd fav\r 9 a  

qu>t] :]e %rewd & critical common s5se  
is nev] want+4 ,! ,economi/ 7,oct4 #ad7 
writes3--',su* a text-book comm5t$ on to
 a class by a man tra9$ to e/imate !    
value ( evid5ce1 w\ld =m a mo/ valuable 
/udy1 & n1 we %\ld imag9e1 at all less  
fasc9at+ ?an valuable4 ,( c\rse ! class 
sugge/$ w\ld n be a class 9 ,engli% law1
 b 9 ! pr9ciples on :i* evid5ce %\ld be 
e/imat$1 & ! special errors to :i*1 9   
common life1 av]age m9ds are mo/ liable4
 ,we reg>d ?is sugge/ion z a mo/ useful 
"o1 & z "o :i* w\ld n only greatly      
contribute to ! educational wor? ( an   
in/itute = adults1 b also to its        
popul>ity4'      ,transcrib]'s ,notes3  
,passages 9 italics indicat$ by         
und]score italics4    ,additional spac+ 
aft] poetic quote on page #cc is        
int5tional to   indicate bo? ! end ( !  
quote & ! beg9n+ ( a new   p>agraph z is
 9 ! orig9al text4