,transcriber's note3 ,this etext contains #a4 ,a ,new ,orchard and ,garden1 by ,william ,lawson #b4 ,the ,country ,housewifes ,garden1 by ,william ,lawson #c4 ,a ,most ,profitable new treatise1 from approved experience of the ,art of ,propagating ,plants1 by ,simon ,harwood #d4 ,the ,husband ,mans ,fruitful ,orchard ,the first edition of ,a ,new ,orchard and ,garden1 which included ,the ,country ,housewifes ,garden appeared in #afah2 many further editions appeared over the period to #afie4 ,the ,art of ,propagating ,plants and ,the ,husband ,mans ,fruitful ,orchard appeared in all editions from #afbc4 ,this transcript is taken from the #afca edition4 ,the transcriber used a modern facsimile of the #afeg edition to clarify some doubtful readings4 ,the spelling and hyphenation in the original are erratic4 ,no corrections have been made other than those listed at the end of the etext4 ,the formatting of the original tables of contents has been normalised4 ,sidenotes are enclosed in braces1 prefixed with ,,sn and placed before the paragraph in which they appear4 ,transcriber's notes in the text are enclosed in braces and prefixed with ,,tn4 ,a ,,nevv ,,orchard ,,and ,,garden ,,or ,the best way for planting1 grafting1 and to make any ground good1 for a rich ,orchard3 ,particularly in the ,north1 and generally for the whole kingdome of ,england1 as in nature1 reason1 situation1 and all probabilitie1 may and doth appeare4 ,with the ,country ,housewifes ,garden for hearbes of common vse3 their vertues1 seasons1 profits1 ornaments1 varietie of knots1 models for trees1 and plots for the best ordering of ,grounds and ,walkes4 ,,as ,,also1 ,the ,husbandry of ,bees1 with their seuerall vses and annoyances being the experience of #dh yeares labour1 and now the second time corrected and much enlarged1 by ,william ,lawson4 ,whereunto is newly added the ,art of propagating ,plants1 with the true ordering of all manner of ,fruits1 in their gathering1 carrying home1 preseruation4 ,illustration3 ,skill and paines bring fruitfull gaines4 ,nemo sibi natus4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,nicholas ,okes for ,,iohn ,,harison1 at the golden ,vnicorne in ,pater-noster-row4 #afca4 ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,worshipfvll ,,sir ,,henry ,,belosses1 ,knight and ,baronet1 ,worthy ,sir1 ,when in many yeeres by long experience ,i had furnished this my ,northerne ,orchard and ,countrey ,garden with needfull plants and vsefull hearbes1 ,i did impart the view thereof to my friends1 who resorted to me to conferre in matters of that nature1 they did see it1 and seeing it desired1 and ,i must not denie now the publishing of it 7which then ,i allotted to my priuate delight7 for the publike profit of others4 ,wherefore1 though ,i could pleade custome the ordinarie excuse of all ,writers1 to chuse a ,patron and ,protector of their ,workes1 and so shroud my selfe from scandall vnder your honourable fauour1 yet haue ,i certaine reasons to excuse this my presumption3 ,first1 the many courtesies you haue vouchsafed me4 ,secondly1 your delightfull skill in matters of this nature4 ,thirdly1 the profit which ,i receiued from your learned discourse of ,fruit-trees4 ,fourthly1 your animating and assisting of others to such endeuours4 ,last of all1 the rare worke of your owne in this kind3 all which to publish vnder your protection1 ,i haue aduentured 7as you see74 ,vouchsafe it therefore entertainement1 ,i pray you1 and ,i hope you shall finde it not the vnprofitablest seruant of your retinue3 for when your serious employments are ouerpassed1 it may interpose some commoditie1 and raise your contentment out of varietie4 ,your ,worships most bounden1 ,,william ,,lavvson4 ,,the ,,preface to all well minded4 ,art hath her first originall out of experience1 which therefore is called the ,schoole-mistresse of fooles1 because she teacheth infallibly1 and plainely1 as drawing her knowledge out of the course of ,nature1 7which neuer failes in the generall7 by the senses1 feelingly apprehending1 and comparing 7with the helpe of the minde7 the workes of nature2 and as in all other things naturall1 so especially in ,trees2 for what is ,art more then a prouident and skilfull ,collectrix of the faults of ,nature in particular workes1 apprehended by the senses8 ,as when good ground naturally brings forth thistles1 trees stand too thicke1 or too thin1 or disorderly1 or 7without dressing7 put forth vnprofitable suckers1 and suchlike4 ,all which and a thousand more1 ,art reformeth1 being taught by experience3 and therefore must we count that ,art the surest1 that stands vpon experimentall rules1 gathered by the rule of reason 7not conceit7 of all other rules the surest4 ,whereupon haue ,i of my meere and sole experience1 without respect to any former written ,treatise1 gathered these rules1 and set them downe in writing1 not daring to hide the least talent giuen me of my ,lord and ,master in ,heauen3 neither is this iniurious to any1 though it differ from the common opinion in diuers points1 to make it knowne to others1 what good ,i haue found out in this facultie by long triall and experience4 ,i confesse freely my want of curious skill in the ,art of planting4 ,and ,i admire and praise ,plinie1 ,aristotle1 ,virgil1 ,cicero1 and many others for wit and iudgement in this kind1 and leaue them to their times1 manner1 and seuerall ,countries4 ,i am not determined 7neither can ,i worthily7 to set forth the praises of this ,art3 how some1 and not a few1 euen of the best1 haue accounted it a chiefe part of earthly happinesse1 to haue faire and pleasant ,orchards1 as in ,hesperia and ,thessaly1 how all with one consent agree1 that it is a chiefe part of ,husbandry 7as ,tully de senectute7 and ,husbandry maintaines the world2 how ancient1 how profitable1 how pleasant it is1 how many secrets of nature it doth containe1 how loued1 how much practised in the best places1 and of the best3 ,this hath already beene done by many4 ,i only aime at the common good4 ,i delight not in curious conceits1 as planting and graffing with the root vpwards1 inoculating ,roses on ,thornes1 and such like1 although ,i haue heard of diuers prooued some1 and read of moe4 ,the ,stationer hath 7as being most desirous with me1 to further the common good7 bestowed much cost and care in hauing the ,knots and ,models by the best ,artizan cut in great varietie1 that nothing might be any way wanting to satisfie the curious desire of those that would make vse of this ,booke4 ,and ,i shew a plaine and sure way of planting1 which ,i haue found good by #dh4 yeeres 7and moe7 experience in the ,north part of ,england3 ,i preiudicate and enuie none1 wishing yet all to abstaine from maligning that good 7to them vnknowne7 which is well intended4 ,farewell4 ,thine1 for thy good1 ,w4 ,l4 ,a ,table of the things ,contayned in this ,booke ,,chap4 #a4 ,of the ,gardner his labour and wadges4 pag4 #a ,,chap4 #b4 ,of the ,soyle4 p4 #c ,the kinds of trees4 p4 #c ,of barren earth4 p4 #d ,of ,grasse4 p4 #e ,of the ,crust of the earth4 p4 #f ,,chap4 #c4 ,lowe neere the ,riuer4 p4 #f ,of ,windes4 p4 #h ,of the ,sunne4 p4 #h ,trees against a wall4 p4 #h ,,chap4 #d4 ,of the quantity4 p4 #aj ,orchards as good as a ,corne-field4 p4 #aj ,good as the ,vineyard4 p4 #aa ,what quantity of ground4 p4 #aa ,want no hinderance4 p4 #ab ,how ,land-lords by their ,tenants may make flourishing ,orchards4 p4 #ab ,,chap4 #e4 ,the forme of the ,orchard4 p4 #ab ,,chap4 #f4 ,of ,fences4 p4 #ad ,effects of euill ,fencing4 p4 #ad ,the kinds of ,fencinge4 p4 #ae ,of ,pales and ,rayles4 p4 #ae ,of ,stone-walles4 p4 #ae ,of ,quicksets and ,moates4 p4 #af ,,chap4 #g4 ,of ,setts4 p4 #ag ,of ,slipps4 p4 #ag ,of ,burknots4 p4 #ag ,of ,small ,setts4 p4 #ah ,tying of ,trees4 p4 #ai ,signes of diseases4 p4 #ai ,of ,suckers4 p4 #bj ,a ,running plant4 p4 #bj ,of bought ,setts4 p4 #ba ,the best ,sett4 p4 #bb ,times of remouing4 p4 #bc ,the manner of setting4 p4 #bf ,,chap4 #h4 ,of the distance of trees4 p4 #bh ,the hurts of too neere planting4 p4 #bh ,all touches hurtfull4 p4 #bi ,the best distance4 p4 #bi ,of wast ground in an ,orchard4 p4 #cj ,,chap4 #i4 ,of the placing of trees4 p4 #ca ,,chap4 #aj4 ,of ,grafting4 p4 #cc ,the kinds of ,grafting4 p4 #cd ,how to ,graft4 p4 #cd ,what a ,graft is4 p4 #cd ,the eies of a ,graft4 p4 #cd ,time of ,grafting4 p4 #ce ,gathering of ,grafts4 p4 #cf ,of ,incising4 p4 #cg ,of ,packing4 p4 #ch ,of ,inoculating4 p4 #ci ,grafting in the ,scutcheon4 p4 #ci ,,chap4 #aa4 ,the right dressing of trees4 p4 #dj ,timber-wood euill drest4 p4 #da ,the cause of hurts in wood4 p4 #db ,how to dresse ,timber4 p4 #dc ,the profit of dressing4 p4 #dc-de ,trees will take any forme4 p4 #dd ,how to dresse all ,fruit-trees4 p4 #dd ,the best times for proyning4 p4 #dg ,faults of euill dressing and the remedies4 p4 #dh ,of water-boughes4 p4 #di ,barke-pyld4 p4 #di-ef ,instruments for dressing4 p4 #ej ,,chap4 #ab ,of ,foyling4 p4 #ea ,time fit for ,foyling4 p4 #ec ,,chap4 #ac ,of ,annoyances4 p4 #ed ,two euills in an ,orchard4 p4 #ed ,of galls cankers1 mosse c4 p4 #ee ,of wilfull annoyances4 p4 #fj ,,chap4 #ad4 ,of the age of trees4 p4 #fj ,the parts of a trees age4 p4 #fa ,of ,mans age4 p4 #fb ,the age of timber-trees4 p4 #fd ,to discerne the age of trees4 p4 #fe ,,chap4 #ae4 ,of gathering and keeping ,fruit4 p4 #fe ,,chap4 #af4 ,the profit of ,orchards4 p4 #fg ,of ,cydar and ,perry4 p4 #fg ,of ,fruit1 ,waters and ,conserue4 p4 #fh ,,chap4 #ag4 ,of ,ornaments4 p4 #fh ,of the delights4 p4 #fi ,the causes of delights4 p4 #gj ,of ,flowers1 ,borders1 ,mounts c4 p4 #gj ,of ,bees4 p4 #gb ,,the ,,best1 ,,svre ,,and ,,readiest ,,vvay to make a good ,orchard and ,garden4 ,,chapter4 #a4 ,of the ,gardner1 and his ,wages4 ,,sn3 ,religious4 ,whosoeuer desireth endeauoureth to haue a pleasant1 and profitable ,orchard1 must 7if he be able7 prouide himselfe of a ,fruicterer1 religious1 honest1 skilful in that faculty1 therwithall painfull3 ,by religious1 ,i meane 7because many think religion but a fashion or custome to go to ,church7 maintaining1 cherishing things religious3 as ,schooles of learning1 ,churches1 ,tythes1 ,church-goods1 rights2 and aboue all things1 ,gods word1 the ,preachers thereof1 so much as he is able1 practising prayers1 comfortable conference1 mutuall instruction to edifie1 almes1 and other works of ,charity1 and all out of a good conscience4 ,,sn3 ,honest4 ,honesty in a ,gardner1 will grace your ,garden1 and all your house1 and helpe to stay vnbridled ,seruingmen1 giuing offence to none1 not calling your name into question by dishonest acts1 nor infecting your family by euill counsell or example4 ,for there is no plague so infectious as ,popery and knauery1 he will not purloine your profit1 nor hinder your pleasures4 ,,sn3 ,skilfull4 ,concerning his skill1 he must not be a ,scolist1 to make shew or take in hand that1 which he cannot performe1 especially in so weighty a thing as an ,orchard3 than the which1 there can be no humane thing more excellent1 either for pleasure or profit1 as shall 7,god willing7 be proued in the treatise following4 ,and what an hinderance shall it be1 not onely to the owner1 but to the common good1 that the vnspeakeble benefit of many hundred yeeres shall be lost1 by the audacious attempt of an vnskilfull ,arborist4 ,,sn3 ,painfull4 ,the ,gardner had not need be an idle1 or lazie ,lubber1 for to your ,orchard being a matter of such moment1 will not prosper4 ,there will euer be some thing to doe4 ,weedes are alwaies growing4 ,the great mother of all liuing ,creatures1 the ,earth1 is full of seed in her bowels1 and any stirring giues them heat of ,sunne1 and being laid neere day1 they grow3 ,mowles worke daily1 though not alwaies alike4 ,winter herbes at all times will grow 7except in extreame frost47 ,in ,winter your young trees and herbes would be lightned of snow1 and your ,allyes cleansed3 drifts of snow will set ,deere1 ,hares1 and ,conyes1 and other noysome beasts ouer your walles hedges1 into your ,orchard4 ,when ,summer cloathes your borders with greene and peckled colours1 your ,gardner must dresse his hedges1 and antike workes3 watch his ,bees1 and hiue them3 distill his ,roses and other herbes4 ,now begins ,summer ,fruit to ripe1 and craue your hand to pull them4 ,if he haue a ,garden 7as he must need7 to keepe1 you must needs allow him good helpe1 to end his labours which are endlesse1 for no one man is sufficient for these things4 ,,sn3 ,wages4 ,such a ,gardner as will conscionably1 quietly and patiently1 trauell in your ,orchard1 ,god shall crowne the labours of his hands with ioyfulnesse1 and make the clouds drop fatnesse vpon your trees1 he will prouoke your loue1 and earne his wages1 and fees belonging to his place3 ,the house being serued1 fallen fruite1 superfluity of herbes1 and flowers1 seedes1 grasses1 sets1 and besides all other of that fruit which your bountifull hand shall reward him withall1 will much augment his wages1 and the profit of your bees will pay you backe againe4 ,if you be not able1 nor willing to hire a gardner1 keepe your profits to your selfe1 but then you must take all the pains3 ,and for that purpose 7if you want this faculty7 to instruct you1 haue ,i vndertaken these labours1 and gathered these rules1 but chiefly respecting my ,countries good4 ,,chap4 #b4 ,of the soyle4 ,,sn3 ,kinds of trees4 ,,sn3 ,soyle4 ,fruit-trees most common1 and meetest for our ,northerne ,countries3 7as ,apples1 ,peares1 ,cheries1 ,filberds1 red and white ,plummes1 ,damsons1 and ,bulles17 for we meddle not with ,apricockes nor ,peaches1 nor scarcely with ,quinces1 which will not like in our cold parts1 vnlesse they be helped with some reflex of ,sunne1 or other like meanes1 nor with bushes1 bearing berries1 as ,barberies1 ,goose-berries1 or ,grosers1 ,raspe-berries1 and such like1 though the ,barbery be wholesome1 and the tree may be made great3 doe require 7as all other trees doe7 a blacke1 fat1 mellow1 cleane and well tempered soyle1 wherein they may gather plenty of good sap4 ,some thinke the ,hasell would haue a chanily rocke1 and the sallow1 and eller a waterish marish4 ,the soile is made better by deluing1 and other meanes1 being well melted1 and the wildnesse of the earth and weedes 7for euery thing subiect to man1 and seruing his vse 7not well ordered7 is by nature subiect to the curse17 is killed by frosts and drought1 by fallowing and laying on heapes1 and if it be wild earth1 with burning4 ,,sn3 ,barren earth4 ,if your ground be barren 7for some are forced to make an ,orchard of barren ground7 make a pit three quarters deepe1 and two yards wide1 and round in such places1 where you would set your trees1 and fill the same with fat1 pure1 and mellow earth1 one whole foot higher then your ,soile1 and therein set your ,plant4 ,for who is able to manure an whole ,orchard plot1 if it be barren8 ,but if you determine to manure the whole site1 this is your way3 digge a trench halfe a yard deepe1 all along the lower 7if there be a lower7 side of your ,orchard plot1 casting vp all the earth on the inner side1 and fill the same with good short1 hot1 tender muck1 and make such another ,trench1 and fill the same as the first1 and so the third1 and so through out your ground4 ,and by this meanes your plot shall be fertile for your life4 ,but be sure you set your trees1 neither in dung nor barren earth4 ,,sn3 ,plaine4 ,,sn3 ,moyst4 ,your ground must be plaine1 that it may receiue1 and keepe moysture1 not onely the raine falling thereon1 but also water cast vpon it1 or descending from higher ground by sluices1 ,conduits1 c4 ,for ,i account moisture in ,summer very needfull in the soile of trees1 drought in ,winter4 ,prouided1 that the ground neither be boggy1 nor the inundation be past #bd4 houres at any time1 and but twice in the whole ,summer1 and so oft in the ,winter4 ,therefore if your plot be in a ,banke1 or haue a descent1 make ,trenches by degrees1 ,allyes1 ,walkes1 and such like1 so as the ,water may be stayed from passage4 ,and if too much water be any hinderance to your walks 7for dry walkes doe well become an ,orchard1 and an ,orchard them37 raise your walkes with earth first1 and then with stones1 as bigge as ,walnuts3 and lastly1 with grauell4 ,in ,summer you need not doubt too much water from heauen1 either to hurt the health of your body1 or of your trees4 ,and if ouerflowing molest you after one day1 auoid it then by deepe trenching4 ,some for this purpose dig the soile of their ,orchard to receiue moisture1 which ,i cannot approue3 for the roots with digging are oftentimes hurt1 and especially being digged by some vnskilfull seruant3 ,for the ,gardiner cannot doe all himselfe4 ,and moreouer1 the roots of ,apples ,peares being laid neere day1 with the heate of the ,sun1 will put forth suckers1 which are a great hinderance1 and sometimes with euill guiding1 the destruction of trees1 vnlesse the deluing be very shallow1 and the ground laid very leuell againe4 ,cherries and ,plummes without deluing1 will hardly or neuer 7after twenty yeares7 be kept from such suckers1 nor aspes4 ,,sn3 ,grasse4 ,grasse also is thought needfull for moisture1 so you let it not touch the roots of your trees3 for it will breed mosse1 and the boall of your tree neere the earth would haue the comfort of the ,sunne and ,ayre4 ,some take their ground to be too moist when it is not so1 by reason of waters standing thereon1 for except in soure marshes1 springs1 and continuall ouerflowings1 no earth can be too moyst4 ,sandy fat earth will auoid all water falling by receit4 ,indeed a stiffe clay will not receiue the water1 and therefore if it be grassie or plaine1 especially hollow1 the water will abide1 and it wil seeme waterish1 when the fault is in the want of manuring1 and other good dressing4 ,,sn3 ,naturally plaine4 ,,sn3 ,crust of the earth4 ,this plainnesse which we require1 had need be naturall1 because to force an vneuen ground will destroy the fatnesse4 ,for euery soile hath his crust next day wherein trees and herbes put their roots1 and whence they draw their sap1 which is the best of the soile1 and made fertile with heat and cold1 moisture and drought1 and vnder which by reason of the want of the said temperature1 by the said foure qualities1 no tree nor herbe 7in a manner7 will or can put root4 ,as may be seene if in digging your ground1 you take the weeds of most growth3 as grasse or docks1 7which will grow though they lie vpon the earth bare7 yet bury them vnder the crust1 and they will surely dye and perish1 become manure to your ground4 ,this crust is not past #ae4 or #ah4 inches deepe in good ground1 in other grounds lesse4 ,hereby appeares the fault of forced plaines1 viz4 your crust in the lower parts1 is couered with the crust of the higher parts1 and both with worse earth3 your heights hauing the crust taken away1 are become meerely barren3 so that either you must force a new crust1 or haue an euill soile4 ,and be sure you leuell1 before you plant1 lest you be forced to remoue1 or hurt your plants by digging1 and casting amongst their roots4 ,your ground must be cleered as much as you may of stones1 and grauell1 walls1 hedges1 bushes1 other weeds4 ,,chap4 #c4 ,of the ,site4 ,,sn3 ,low and neere a ,riuer4 ,there is no difference1 that ,i find betwixt the necessity of a good soile1 and a good site of an ,orchard4 ,for a good soile 7as is before described7 cannot want a good site1 and if it do1 the fruit cannot be good1 and a good site will much mend an euill soile4 ,the best site is in low grounds1 7and if you can7 neere vnto a ,riuer4 ,high grounds are not naturally fat4 ,and if they haue any fatnesse by mans hand1 the very descent in time doth wash it away4 ,it is with grounds in this case as it is with men in a common wealth4 ,much will haue more3 and once poore1 seldome or neuer rich4 ,the raine will scind1 and wash1 and the wind will blow fatnesse from the heights to the hollowes1 where it will abide1 and fatten the earth though it were barren before4 ,,sn3 ,psal4 #a4 #c4 ,,sn3 ,ezek4 #ag4 #h4 ,,sn3 ,eccl4 #ci4 #ag4 ,,sn3 ,mr4 ,markham4 ,hence it is1 that we haue seldome any plaine grounds1 and low1 barren3 and as seldome any heights naturally fertill4 ,it is vnspeakeable1 what fatnesse is brought to low grounds by inundations of waters4 ,neither did ,i euer know any barren ground in a low plaine by a ,riuer side4 ,the goodnesse of the soile in ,howle or ,hollowdernes1 in ,york-shire1 is well knowne to all that know the ,riuer ,humber1 and the huge bulkes of their ,cattell there4 ,by estimation of them that haue seene the low grounds in ,holland and ,zealand they farre surpasse the most ,countries in ,europe for fruitfulnesse1 and only because they lie so low4 ,the world cannot compare with gypt1 for fertility1 so farre as ,nilus doth ouer flow his bankes4 ,so that a fitter place cannot be chosen for an ,orchard1 then a low plaine by a riuer side4 ,for besides the fatnesse which the water brings1 if any cloudy mist or raine be stirring1 it commonly falls downe to1 and followes the course of the ,riuer4 ,and where see we greater trees of bulke and bough1 then standing on or neere the waters side8 ,if you aske why the plaines in ,holderns1 and such countries are destitute of woods8 ,i answer that men and cattell 7that haue put trees thence1 from out of ,plaines to void corners7 are better then trees4 ,neither are those places without trees4 ,our old fathers can tel vs1 how woods are decaied1 people in the roomth of trees multiplied4 ,i haue stood somwhat long in this poynt1 because some do condemne a moist soile for fruit-trees4 ,,sn3 ,winds4 ,chap4 #ac4 ,a low ground is good to auoide the danger of winds1 both for shaking downe your vnripe fruite4 ,trees the most 7that ,i know7 being loaden with wood1 for want of proyning1 and growing high1 by the vnskilfulnesse of the ,arborist1 must needes be in continuall danger of the ,south-west1 ,west1 and ,north west winds1 especially in ,september and ,march1 when the aire is most temperate from extreme heat1 and cold1 which are deadly enemies to great winds4 ,wherefore chuse your ground low3 ,or if you be forced to plant in a higher ground1 let high and strong wals1 houses1 and trees1 as wall-nuts1 plane trees1 ,okes1 and ,ashes1 placed in good order1 be your fence for winds4 ,the sucken of your dwelling house1 descending into your orchard1 if it be cleanly conueyed1 is good4 ,,sn3 ,sunne4 ,the ,sunne1 in some sort1 is the life of the world4 ,it maketh proud growth1 and ripens kindly1 and speedily1 according to the golden tearme3 ,annus fructificat1 non tellus4 ,therefore in the countries1 neerer approching the ,zodiake1 the ,sunnes habitation1 they haue better1 and sooner ripe fruite1 then we that dwell in these frozen parts4 ,,sn3 ,trees against a wall4 ,this prouoketh most of our great ,arborists1 to plant ,apricockes1 ,cherries and ,peaches1 by a wall1 and with tackes1 and other meanes to spread them vpon1 and fasten them to a wall1 to haue the benefit of the immoderate reflexe of the ,sunne1 which is commendable1 for the hauing of faire1 good soone ripe fruit4 ,but let them know it is more hurtfull to their trees then the benefit they reape therby3 as not suffering a tree to liue the tenth part of his age4 ,it helpes ,gardners to worke1 for first the wall hinders the roots1 because into a dry and hard wall of earth or stone a tree will not1 nor cannot put any root to profit1 but especially it stops the passage of sap1 whereby the barke is wounded1 the wood1 diseases grow1 so that the tree becomes short of life4 ,for as in the body of a man1 the leaning or lying on some member1 wherby the course of bloud is stopt1 makes that member as it were dead for the time1 till the bloud returne to his course1 and ,i thinke1 if that stopping should continue any time1 the member would perish for want of bloud 7for the life is in the bloud7 and so endanger the body3 so the sap is the life of the tree1 as the bloud is to mans body3 neither doth the tree in winter 7as is supposed7 want his sap1 no more then mans body his bloud1 which in winter1 and time of sleep draws inward4 ,so that the dead time of winter1 to a tree1 is but a night of rest3 for the tree at all times1 euen in winter is nourished with sap1 groweth as well as mans body4 ,the chilling cold may well some little time stay1 or hinder the proud course of the sap1 but so little so short a time1 that in calme mild season1 euen in the depth of winter1 if you marke it1 you may easily perceiue1 the sap to put out1 and your trees to increase their buds1 which were formed in the summer before1 may easily be discerned3 for leaues fall not off1 til they be thrust off1 with the knots or buds1 wherupon it comes to passe that trees cannot beare fruit plentifully two yeares together1 and make themselues ready to blossome against the seasonablenesse of the next ,spring4 ,and if any frost be so extreme1 that it stay the sap too much1 or too long1 then it kils the forward fruit in the bud1 and sometimes the tender leaues and twigs1 but not the tree4 ,wherefore1 to returne1 it is perillous to stop the sap4 ,and where1 or when1 did you euer see a great tree packt on a wall8 ,nay1 who did euer know a tree so vnkindly splat1 come to age8 ,i haue heard of some1 that out of their imaginary cunning1 haue planted such trees1 on the ,north side of the wall1 to auoide drought1 but the heate of the ,sunne is as comfortable 7which they should haue regarded7 as the drought is hurtfull4 ,and although water is a soueraigne remedy against drought1 ye want of ,sun is no way to be helped4 ,wherefore to conclude this ,chapter1 let your ground lie so1 that it may haue the benefit of the ,south1 and ,west ,sun1 and so low and close1 that it may haue moysture1 and increase his fatnesse 7for trees are the greatest suckers pillers of earth7 and 7as much as may be7 free from great winds4 ,,chap4 #d4 ,of the quantity4 ,,sn3 ,orchard as good as a corn-field4 ,,sn3 ,compared with a vinyard4 ,,sn3 ,compared with a garden4 ,it would be remembred what a benefit riseth1 not onely to euery particular owner of an ,orchard1 but also to the common wealth1 by fruit1 as shall be shewed in the #af4 ,chapter 7,god willing7 whereupon must needes follow3 the greater the ,orchard is 7being good and well kept7 the better it is1 for of good things1 being equally good1 the biggest is the best4 ,and if it shall appeare1 that no ground a man occupieth 7no1 not the corne field7 yeeldeth more gaine to the purse1 and house keeping 7not to speake of the vnspeakeable pleasure7 quantity for quantity1 than a good ,orchard 7besides the cost in planting1 and dressing an orchard1 is not so much by farre1 as the labour and feeding of your corne fields1 nor for durance of time1 comparable1 besides the certainty of the on before the other7 ,i see not how any labour1 or cost in this kind1 can be idly or wastfully bestowed1 or thought too much4 ,and what other things is a vineyard1 in those countries where vines doe thriue1 than a large ,orchard of trees bearing fruit8 ,or what difference is there in the iuice of the ,grape1 and our ,cyder ,perry1 but the goodnes of the soile clime where they grow8 which maketh the one more ripe1 so more pleasant then the other4 ,what soeuer can be said for the benefit rising from an orchard1 that makes for the largenesse of the ,orchards bounds4 ,and 7me thinkes7 they do preposterously1 that bestow more cost and labours1 and more ground in and vpon a garden than vpon an orchard1 whence they reape and may reape both more pleasure and more profit1 by infinite degrees4 ,and further1 that a ,garden neuer so fresh1 and faire1 and well kept1 cannot continue without both renewing of the earth and the hearbs often1 in the short and ordinary age of a man3 whereas your ,orchard well kept shall dure diuers hundred yeares1 as shall be shewed chap4 #ad4 ,in a large orchard there is much labour saued1 in fencing1 and otherwise3 for three little orchards1 or few trees1 being1 in a manner1 all out-sides1 are so blasted and dangered1 and commonly in keeping neglected1 and require a great fence2 whereas in a great ,orchard1 trees are a mutuall fence one to another1 and the keeping is regarded1 and lesse fencing serues sixe acres together1 than three in seuerall inclosures4 ,,sn3 ,what quantity of ground4 ,now what quantity of ground is meetest for an ,orchard can no man prescribe1 but that must be left to euery mans seuerall iudgement1 to be measured according to his ability and will1 for other necessaries besides fruite must be had1 and some are more delighted with orchard then others4 ,,sn3 ,want is no hinderance4 ,,sn3 ,how ,land-lords by their ,tenants may make flourishing ,orchards in ,england4 ,let no man hauing a fit plot plead pouerty in this case1 for an orchard once planted will maintaine it selfe1 and yeeld infinite profit besides4 ,and ,i am perswaded1 that if men did know the right and best way of planting1 dressing1 and keeping trees1 and felt the profit and pleasure thereof1 both they that haue no orchards would haue them1 they that haue orchards1 would haue them larger1 yea fruit-trees in their hedges1 as in ,worcester-shire1 c4 ,and ,i think1 that the want of planting1 is a great losse to our common-wealth1 in particular1 to the owners of ,lord-ships1 which ,land lords themselues might easily amend1 by granting longer terme1 and better assurance to their tenants1 who haue taken vp this ,prouerbe ,botch and sit1 ,build and flit3 for who will build or plant for an other mans profit8 ,or the ,parliament mighte ioyne euery occupier of grounds to plant and mainetaine for so many acres of fruitfull ground1 so many seuerall trees or kinds of trees for fruit4 ,thus much for quantity4 ,,chap4 #e4 ,of the forme4 ,,sn3 ,the vsuall forme is a square4 ,the goodnesse of the soile1 and site1 are necessary to the wel being of an orchard simply1 but the forme is so farre necessary1 as the owner shall thinke meete1 for that kind of forme wherewith euery particular man is delighted1 we leaue it to himselfe1 ,suum cuique pulchrum4 ,the forme that men like in generall is a square1 for although roundnesse be forma perfectissima1 yet that principle is good where necessity by art doth not force some other forme4 ,if within one large square the ,gardner shall make one round ,labyrinth or ,maze with some kind of ,berries1 it will grace your forme1 so there be sufficient roomth left for walkes1 so will foure or more round knots do4 ,for it is to be noted1 that the eye must be pleased with the forme4 ,i haue seene squares rising by degrees with stayes from your house-ward1 according to this forme which ,i haue1 ,crassa quod aiunt ,minerua1 with an vnsteady hand1 rough hewen1 for in forming the country gardens1 the better sort may vse better formes1 and more costly worke4 ,what is needefull more to be sayd1 ,i referre that all 7concerning the ,forme17 to the ,chapter #ag of the ornaments of an ,orchard4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,al these squares must bee set with trees1 the ,gardens and other ornaments must stand in spaces betwixt the trees1 in the borders fences4 ,b4 ,trees #bj4 yards asunder4 ,c4 ,garden ,knots4 ,d4 ,kitchen garden4 ,e4 ,bridge4 ,f4 ,conduit4 ,g4 ,staires4 ,h4 ,walkes set with great wood thicke4 ,i4 ,walkes set with great wood round about your ,orchard4 ,k4 ,the out fence4 ,l4 ,the out fence set with stone-fruite4 ,m4 ,mount4 ,to force earth for a mount1 or such like set it round with quicke1 and lay boughes of trees strangely intermingled tops inward1 with the earth in the midle4 ,n4 ,still-house4 ,o4 ,good standing for ,bees1 if you haue an house4 ,p4 ,if the riuer run by your doore1 vnder your mount1 it will be pleasant4 ,,chap4 #f4 ,of ,fences4 ,,sn3 ,effects of euill fencing4 ,,sn3 ,let the fence be your owne4 ,all your labour past and to come about an ,orchard is lost vnlesse you fence well4 ,it shall grieue you much to see your young sets rubd loose at the rootes1 the barke pild1 the boughes and twigs cropt1 your fruite stolne1 your trees broken1 and your many yeares labours and hopes destroyed1 for want of fences4 ,a chiefe care must be had in this point4 ,you must therefore plant in such a soile1 where you may prouide a conuenient1 strong and seemely fence4 ,for you can possesse no goods1 that haue so many enemies as an orchard1 looke ,chapter #ac4 ,fruits are so delightsome1 and desired of so many 7nay1 in a manner of all7 and yet few will be at cost and take paines to prouide them4 ,fence well therefore1 let your plot be wholly in your owne power1 that you make all your fence your selfe3 for neighbours fencing is none at all1 or very carelesse4 ,take heed of a doore or window1 7yea of a wall7 of any other mans into your orchard3 yea1 though it be nayld vp1 or the wall be high1 for perhaps they will proue theeues4 ,,sn3 ,kinds of fences1 earthen walles4 ,all ,fences commonly are made of ,earth1 ,stone1 ,bricke1 ,wood1 or both earth and wood4 ,dry wall of earth1 and dry ,ditches1 are the worst fences saue pales or railes1 and doe waste the soonest1 vnlesse they be well copt with glooe and morter1 whereon at ,mighill-tide it will be good to sow ,wall-flowers1 commonly called ,bee-flowers1 or winter ,gilly-flowers1 because they will grow 7though amongst stones7 and abide the strongest frost and drought1 continually greene and flowring euen in ,winter1 and haue a pleasant smell1 and are timely1 7that is1 they will floure the first and last of flowers7 and are good for ,bees4 ,and your earthen wall is good for ,bees dry and warme4 ,but these fences are both vnseemly1 euill to repaire1 and onely for need1 where stone or wood cannot be had4 ,whosoeuer makes such ,walles1 must not pill the ground in the ,orchard1 for getting earth1 nor make any pits or hallowes1 which are both vnseemly and vnprofitable4 ,old dry earth mixt with sand is best for these4 ,this kind of wall will soone decay1 by reason of the trees which grow neere it1 for the roots and boales of great trees1 will increase1 vndermine1 and ouerturne such walles1 though they were of stone1 as is apparant by ,ashes1 ,rountrees1 ,burt-trees1 and such like1 carried in the chat1 or berry1 by birds into stone-walles4 ,,sn3 ,pale and ,raile4 ,fences of dead wood1 as pales1 will not last1 neither will railes either last or make good fence4 ,,sn3 ,stone walls4 ,stone walles 7where stone may be had7 are the best of this sort1 both for fencing1 lasting1 and shrouding of your young trees4 ,but about this must you bestow much paines and more cost1 to haue them handsome1 high and durable4 ,,sn3 ,quicke wood and ,moates4 ,but of all other 7in mine owne opinion7 ,quickwood1 and ,moats or ,ditches of water1 where the ground is leuell1 is the best fence4 ,in vnequall grounds1 which will not keepe water1 there a double ditch may be cast1 made streight and leuel on the top1 two yards broad for a faire walke1 fiue or sixe foot higher then the soyle1 with a gutter on either side1 two yards wide1 and foure foot deepe set with out1 with three or foure chesse of ,thorns1 and within with ,cherry1 ,plumme1 ,damson1 ,bullys1 ,filbirds1 7for ,i loue these trees better for their fruit1 and as well for their forme1 as priuit7 for you may make them take any forme4 ,and in euery corner 7and middle if you will7 a mount would be raised1 whereabout the wood may claspe1 powdered with wood-binde3 which wil make with dressing a faire1 plesant1 profitable1 sure fence4 ,but you must be sure that your quicke thornes either grow wholly1 or that there be a supply betime1 either with planting new1 or plashing the old where need is4 ,and assure your selfe1 that neither wood1 stone1 earth1 nor water1 can make so strong a fence1 as this after seuen yeares growth4 ,,sn3 ,moates4 ,moates1 ,fish-ponds1 and 7especially at one side a ,riuer7 within and without your fence1 will afford you fish1 fence1 and moysture to your trees1 and pleasure also1 if they be so great and deepe that you may haue ,swans1 other water birds1 good for deuouring of vermine1 and boat for many good vses4 ,it shall hardly auaile you to make any fence for your ,orchard1 if you be a niggard of your fruit4 ,for as liberality will saue it best from noysome neighbours1 liberality ,i say is the best fence1 so ,iustice must restraine rioters4 ,thus when your ground is tempered1 squared1 and fenced1 it is time to prouide for planting4 ,,chap4 #g4 ,of ,sets4 ,there is not one point 7in my opinion7 about an ,orchard more to be regarded1 than the choyce getting and setting of good plants1 either for readinesse or hauing good fruite1 or for continuall lasting4 ,for whosoeuer shall faile in the choyce of good ,sets1 or in getting1 or gathering1 or setting his plants1 shall neuer haue a good or lasting ,orchard4 ,and ,i take want of skill in this faculty to be a chiefe hinderance to the most ,orchards1 and to many for hauing of ,orchards at all4 ,,sn3 ,slips4 ,some for readinesse vse slips1 which seldome take roote3 and if they doe take1 they cannot last1 both because their roote hauing a maine wound will in short time decay the body of the tree3 and besides that rootes being so weakely put1 are soone nipt with drought or frost4 ,i could neuer see 7lightly7 any slip but of apples onely set for trees4 ,,sn3 ,bur-knot4 ,a ,bur-knot kindly taken from an ,apple tree1 is much better and surer4 ,you must cut him close at the roote ende1 an handfull vnder the knot4 7,some vse in ,summer about ,lammas to circumcise him1 and put earth to the knots with hay roaps1 and in winter cut him off and set him1 but this is curiosity1 needlesse1 and danger with remouing1 and drought17 and cut away all his twigs saue one1 the most principall1 which in setting you must leaue aboue the earth1 burying his trunk in the crust of the earth for his root4 ,it matters not much what part of the bough the twig growes out of4 ,if it grow out of or neere the roote end1 some say such an ,apple will haue no coare nor kirnell4 ,or if it please the ,plantor1 he may let his bough be crooked1 and leaue out his top end1 one foote or somewhat more1 wherein will be good grafting1 if either you like not1 or doubt the fruite of the bough 7for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit7 or if you thinke he will not couer his wound safely4 ,,sn3 ,vsuall ,sets4 ,,sn3 ,maine rootes cut4 ,,sn3 ,stow sets remoued4 ,,sn3 ,generall rule4 ,,sn3 ,tying of trees4 ,,sn3 ,generall rule4 ,,sn3 ,signes of diseases1 ,chap #ac4 ,the most vsuall kind of sets1 is plants with rootes growing of kirnels of ,apples1 ,peares1 and ,crabbes1 or stones of ,cherries1 ,plummes1 c4 ,remoued out of a ,nursery1 ,wood or other ,orchard1 into1 and set in your ,orchard in their due places ,i grant this kind to be better than either of the former1 by much1 as more sure and more durable4 ,herein you must note that in sets so remoued1 you get all the roots you can2 and without brusing of any2 ,i vtterly dislike the opinion of those great ,gardners1 that following their ,bookes would haue the maine rootes cut away1 for tops cannot growe without rootes4 ,and because none can get all the rootes1 and remouall is an hinderance1 you may not leaue on all tops1 when you set them3 ,for there is a proportion betwixt the top and root of a tree1 euen in the number 7at least7 in the growth4 ,if the roots be many1 they will bring you many tops1 if they be not hindred4 ,and if you vse to stow or top your tree too much or too low1 and leaue no issue1 or little for sap1 7as is to be seene in your hedges7 it will hinder the growth of rootes and boale1 because such a kind of stowing is a kind of smothering1 or choaking the sap4 ,great wood1 as ,oke1 ,elme1 ,ash1 c4 being continually kept downe with sheeres1 knife1 axe1 c4 neither boale nor roote will thriue1 but as an hedge or bush4 ,if you intend to graff in your ,set1 you may cut him closer with a greater wound1 and nearer the earth1 within a foote or two1 because the graft or grafts will couer his wound4 ,if you like his fruite1 and would haue him to be a tree of himselfe1 be not so bold3 this ,i can tell you1 that though you do cut his top close1 and leaue nothing but his bulke1 because his rootes are few1 if he be 7but little7 bigger than your thumbe 7as ,i with all plants remoued to be7 he will safely recouer wound within seuen yeares2 by good guidance that is4 ,in the next time of dressing immediatly aboue his vppermost sprig1 you cut him off aslope cleanely1 to that the sprigge stand on the backe side1 7and if you can ,northward1 that the wound may haue the benefit of ,sunne7 at the vpper ende of the wound3 and let that sprigge onely be the boale4 ,and take this for a generall rule2 ,euery young plant1 if he thriue1 will recouer any wound aboue the earth1 by good dressing1 although it be to the one halfe1 and to his very heart4 ,this short cutting at the remoue1 saues your plants from ,wind1 and neede the lesse or no staking4 ,i commend not ,lying or ,leaning of trees against holds or stayres2 for it breedes obstruction of sap and wounds incureable4 ,all remouing of trees as great as your arme1 or aboue1 is dangerous3 though sometime some such will grow but not continue long3 ,because they be tainted with deadly wounds1 either in the roote or top4 7,and a tree once throughly tainted is neuer good7 ,and though they get some hold in the earth with some lesser taw1 or tawes1 which giue some nourishment to the body of the tree3 yet the heart being tainted1 he will hardly euer thriue2 which you may easily discerne by the blackenesse of the boughes at the heart1 when you dresse your trees4 ,also1 when he is set with moe tops than the rootes can nourish1 the tops decaying1 blacken the boughes1 and the boughs the armes1 and so they boile at the very heart4 ,or this taint in the remouall1 if it kill not presently1 but after some short time1 it may be discerned by blacknesse or yellownesse in the barke1 and a small hungred leafe4 ,or if your remoued plant put forth leaues the next and second summer1 and little or few spraies1 it is a great signe of a taint1 and next yeares death4 ,i haue knowne a tree tainted in setting1 yet grow1 beare blossomes for diuers yeares3 and yet for want of strength could neuer shape his fruit4 ,,sn3 ,suckers good sets4 ,next vnto this or rather equall with these plants1 are suckers growing out of the roots of great trees1 which cherries and plums do seldome or neuer want3 and being taken kindly with their roots1 will make very good sets4 ,and you may helpe them much by enlarging their rootes with the taws of the tree1 whence you take them4 ,they are of two sorts3 ,either growing from the very root of the tree3 and here you must be carefull1 not to hurt your tree when you gather them1 by ripping amongst the rootes2 and that you take them cleane away3 for these are a great and continuall annoyance to the growth of your tree3 and they will hardly be cleansed4 ,secondly1 or they do arise from some taw3 and these may be taken without danger1 with long and good rootes1 and will soone become trees of strength4 ,,sn3 ,a running ,plant4 ,there is another way1 which ,i haue not throughly proued1 to get not onely plants for graffing1 but sets to remaine for trees1 which ,i call a ,running ,plant3 the manner of it is this3 ,take a roote or kirnell1 and put it into the middle of your plot1 and the second yeare in the spring1 geld his top1 if he haue one principall 7as commonly by nature they haue7 and let him put forth onely foure ,cyons toward the foure corners of the orchard1 as neere the earth as you can4 ,if he put not foure1 7which is rare7 stay his top till he haue put so many4 ,when you haue such foure1 cut the stocke aslope1 as is aforesayd in this chapter1 hard aboue the vttermost sprig1 keepe those foure without ,cyons cleane and straight1 till you haue them a yard and a halfe1 at least1 or two yards long4 ,then the next spring in grassing time1 lay downe those foure sprayes1 towards the foure corners of your ,orchard1 with their tops in an heape of pure and good earth1 and railed as high as the roote of your ,cyon 7for sap will not descend7 and a sod to keepe them downe1 leauing nine or twelue inches of the top to looke vpward4 ,in that hill he will put rootes1 and his top new ,cyons1 which you must spread as before1 and so from hill to hill till he spread the compasse of your ground1 or as farre as you list4 ,if in bending1 the ,cyons cracke1 the matter is small1 cleanse the ground and he will recouer4 ,euery bended bough will put forth branches1 and become trees4 ,if this plant be of a burre knot1 there is no doubt4 ,i haue proued it in one branch my selfe3 and ,i know at ,wilton in ,cleeue-land a ,peare-tree of a great bulke and age1 blowne close to the earth1 hath put at euery knot rootes into the earth1 and from roote to top1 a great number of mighty armes or trees1 filling a great roomth1 like many trees1 or a little ,orchard4 ,much better may it be done by ,art in a lesse tree4 ,and ,i could not mislike this kind1 saue that the time will be long before it come to perfection4 ,,sn3 ,sets bought4 ,many vse to buy sets already grafted1 which is not the best way3 for first1 ,all remoues are dangerous3 ,againe1 there is danger in the carriage3 ,thirdly1 it is a costly course of planting3 ,fourthly1 euery ,gardner is not trusty to sell you good fruite3 ,fifthly1 you know not which is best1 which is worst1 and so may take most care about your worst trees4 ,lastly1 this way keepes you from practise1 and so from experience in so good1 ,gentlemanly1 ,scholerlike1 and profitable a faculty4 ,,sn3 ,the best sets4 ,,sn3 ,vnremoued how4 ,the onely best way 7in my opinion7 to haue sure and lasting sets1 is neuer to remoue3 for euery remoue is an hinderance1 if not a dangerous hurt or deadly taint4 ,this is the way4 ,the plot forme being layd1 and the plot appointed where you will plant euery set in your orchard1 digge the roomth1 where your sets shall stand1 a yard compasse1 and make the earth mellow and cleane1 and mingle it with a few coale-ashes1 to auoide wormes3 and immediately after the first change of the ,moone1 in the latter end of ,february1 the earth being a fresh turn'd ouer1 put in euery such roomth three or foure kirnels of ,apples or ,peares1 of the best3 euery kirnell in an hole made with your finger1 finger deepe1 a foote distant one from another3 and that day moneth following1 as many moe1 7lest some of the former misse7 in the same compasse2 but not in the same holes4 ,hence 7,god willing7 shall you haue rootes enough4 ,if they all1 or diuers of them come vp1 you may draw 7but not digge7 vp 7nor put downe7 at your pleasure1 the next ,nouember4 ,how many soeuer you take away1 to giue or bestow elsewhere1 be sure to leaue two of the proudest4 ,and when in your #b4 and #c4 yeare you ,graffe1 if you graffe then at all1 leaue the one of those two vngraffed1 lest in graffing the other you faile3 ,for ,i find by tryall1 that after first or second graffing in the same stocke1 being mist 7for who hits all7 the third misse puts your stocke in deadly danger1 for want of issue of sap4 ,yea1 though you hit in graffing1 yet may your graffes with winde or otherwise be broken downe4 ,if your graffes or graffe prosper1 you haue your desire1 in a plant vnremoued1 without taint1 and the fruite at your owne choyce1 and so you may 7some little earth being remooued7 pull1 but not digge vp the other ,plant or ,plants in that roomth4 ,if your graffe or stocke1 or both perish1 you haue another in the same place1 of better strength to worke vpon4 ,for thriuing without snub he will ouer-lay your grafted stocke much4 ,and it is hardly possible to misse in graffing so often1 if your ,gardiner be worth his name4 ,,sn3 ,sets vngrafted best of all4 ,it shall not be amisse 7as ,i iudge it7 if your ,kirnels be of choyce fruite1 and that you see them come forward proudly in their body1 and beare a faire and broad leafe in colour1 tending to a greenish yellow 7which argues pleasant and great fruit7 to try some of them vngraffed3 for although it be a long time ere this come to beare fruit1 ten or twelue yeares1 or moe2 and at their first bearing1 the fruit will not seeme to be like his owne kind3 yet am ,i assured1 vpon tryall1 before twenty yeares growth1 such trees will increase the bignesse and goodnesse of their fruite1 and come perfectly to their owne kind4 ,trees 7like other breeding creatures7 as they grow in yeares1 bignes and strength1 so they mend their fruit4 ,husbands and ,houswiues find this true by experience1 in the rearing of their yong store4 ,more then this1 there is no tree like this for soundnes and dureable last1 if his keeping and dressing be answerable4 ,i grant1 the readiest way to come soone to fruit is graffing3 because in a manner1 all your graffes are taken of fruit bearing trees4 ,,sn3 ,time of remouing4 ,,sn3 ,generall rule4 ,now when you haue made choise of your sets to remoue1 the ground being ready1 the best time is1 immediatly after the fall of the leafe1 in1 or about the change of the ,moone1 when the sap is most quiet3 for then the sap is in turning3 for it makes no stay1 but in the extremity of drought or cold4 ,at any time in winter1 may you transplant trees so you put no ice nor snow to the root of your plant in the setting3 and therefore open1 calme and moist weather is best4 ,to remoue1 the leafe being ready to fall and not fallen1 or buds apparantly put forth in a moist warme season1 for need1 sometime may do well3 but the safest is to walke in the plaine trodden path4 ,some hold opinion that it is best remouing before the fall of the leafe1 and ,i heare it commonly practised in the ,south by our best arborists1 the leafe not fallen3 and they giue the reason to be1 that the descending of the sap will make speedy rootes4 ,but marke the reasons following and ,i thinke you shall find no soundnesse1 either in that position or practise1 at least in the reason4 #a4 ,i say1 it is dangerous to remoue when the sap is not quiet1 for euery remoue giues a maine checke to the stirring sap1 by staying the course therof in the body of your plant1 as may appeare in trees remoued any time in summer1 they commonly dye1 nay hardly shall you saue the life of the most young and tender plant of any kinde of wood 7scarcely herbes7 if you remoue them in the pride of sap4 ,for proud sap vniuersally staied by remoual1 euer hinders2 often taints and so presently1 or in very short time kills4 ,sap is like bloud in mans body1 in which is the life1 ,cap4 #c4 p4 #i4 ,if the blood vniuersally be cold1 life is excluded2 so is sap tainted by vntimely remouall4 ,a stay by drought1 or cold1 is not so dangerous 7though dangerous if it be extreme7 because more naturall4 #b4 ,the sap neuer descends1 as men suppose1 but is consollidated transubstantiated into the substance of the tree1 and passeth 7alwayes aboue the earth7 vpward1 not onely betwixt the barke and the wood1 but also into and in both body barke1 though not so plentifully1 as may appeare by a tree budding1 nay fructifying two or three yeres1 after he be circumcised at the very root1 like a riuer that inlargeth his channel by a continual descent4 #c4 ,i cannot perceiue what time they would haue the sap to descend4 ,at ,midsommer in a biting drought it staies1 but descends not1 for immediatly vpon moisture it makes second shoots1 at 7or before rather7 ,michaeltide1 when it shapens his buds for next yeares fruit4 ,if at the fal of leafe1 ,i grant1 about that time is the greatest stand1 but no descent1 of sap1 which begins somwhat before the leafe fall1 but not long1 therfore at that time must be the best remouing1 not by reason of descent1 but stay of sap4 #d4 ,the sap in this course hath his profitable and apparant effects1 as the growth of the tree1 couering of wounds1 putting of buds1 c4 ,wherupon it follows1 if the sap descend1 it must needs haue some effect to shew it4 #e4 ,lastly1 boughs plasht and laid lower then the root1 dye for want of sap descending1 except where it is forced by the maine streame of the sap1 as in top boughs hanging like water in pipes1 or except the plasht bough lying on the ground put rootes of his owne1 yea vnder boughs which we commonly call water boughs1 can scarcely get sap to liue1 yea in time dye1 because the sap doth presse so violently vpward1 and therefore the fairest shootes and fruits are alwayes in the top4 ,,sn3 ,remooue soone4 ,obiect4 ,if you say that many so remoued thriue1 ,i say that somewhat before the fall of the leafe 7but not much7 is the stand1 for the fall the stand are not at one instant1 before the stand is dangerous4 ,but to returne4 ,the sooner in winter you remoue your sets1 the better2 the latter the worse3 ,for it is very perillous if a strong drought take your ,sets before they haue made good their rooting4 ,a ,plant set at the fall1 shall gaine 7in a a manner7 a whole yeeres growth of that which is set in the ,spring after4 ,,sn3 ,the manner of setting4 ,i vse in the setting to be sure1 that the earth be mouldy1 7and somewhat moist7 that it may runne among the small tangles without straining or bruising3 and as ,i fill in earth to his root1 ,i shake the ,set easily to and fro1 to make the earth settle the better to his roots3 and withall easily with my foot ,i put in the earth close2 for ayre is noysome1 and will follow concauities4 ,some prescribe ,oates to be put in with the earth4 ,i could like it1 if ,i could know any reason thereof3 and they vse to set their ,plant with the same side toward the ,sunne3 but this conceit is like the other4 ,for first ,i would haue euery tree to stand so free from shade1 that not onely the root 7which therefore you must keepe bare from graffe7 but body1 boughes1 and branches1 and euery spray1 may haue the benefit of ,sunne4 ,and what hurt1 if that part of the tree1 that before was shadowed1 be now made partaker of the heat of the ,sunne8 ,in turning of ,bees1 ,i know it is hurtfull1 because it changeth their entrance1 passage1 and whole worke3 ,but not so in ,trees4 ,,sn3 ,set in the crust4 ,set as deepe as you can1 so that in any wise you goe not beneath the crust4 ,looke ,chap4 #b4 ,,sn3 ,moysture good4 ,we speake in the second ,chapter of moysture in generall3 but now especially hauing put your remoued plant into the earth1 powre on water 7of a puddle were good7 by distilling presently1 and so euery weeke twice in strong drought1 so long as the earth will drinke1 and refuse by ouerflowing4 ,for moisture mollifies1 and both giues leaue to the roots to spread1 and makes the earth yeeld sap and nourishment with plenty facility4 ,nurses 7they say7 giue most best milke after warme drinks4 ,if your ground be such that it will keepe no moisture at the root of your plant1 such plant shall neuer like1 or but for a time4 ,there is nothing more hurtfull for young trees then piercing drought4 ,i haue known trees of good stature after they haue beene of diuers yeeres growth1 thriue well for a good time1 perish for want of water1 and very many by reason of taints in setting4 ,,sn3 ,grafts must be fenced4 ,it is meet your sets and grafts be fenced1 till they be as big as your arme1 for feare of annoyances4 ,many waies may sets receiue dammages1 after they be set1 whether grafted or vngrafted4 ,for although we suppose1 that no noysome beast1 or other thing must haue accesse among your trees3 yet by casualty1 a ,dog1 ,cat1 or such like1 or your selfe1 or negligent friend bearing you company1 or a shrewd boy1 may tread or fall vpon a young and tender plant or graft4 ,to auoid these and many such chances1 you must stake them round a pretty distance from the set1 neither so neere1 nor so thicke1 but that it may haue the benefit of ,sun1 raine1 and ayre4 ,your stakes 7small or great7 would be so surely put1 or driuen into the earth1 that they breake not1 if any thing happen to leane vpon them1 else may the fall be more hurtfull1 then the want of the fence4 ,let not your stakes shelter any weeds about your sets1 for want of ,sunne is a great hinderance4 ,let them stand so farre off1 that your grafts spreading receiue no hurt1 either by rubbing on them1 or of any other thing passing by4 ,if your stocke be long1 and high grafted 7which ,i must discommend 7except in need7 because there the sap is weake1 and they are subiect to strong wind1 and the lighting of birds7 tie easily with a soft list three or foure prickes vnder the clay1 and let their tops stand aboue the grafts1 to auoid the lighting of ,crowes1 ,pyes1 c4 vpon your grafts4 ,if you sticke some sharpe thornes at the roots of your stakes1 they will make hurtfull things keepe off the better4 ,other better fences for your grafts ,i know none4 ,and thus much for sets and setting4 ,,chap4 #h4 ,of the distance of ,trees4 ,,sn3 ,hurts of too neere planting4 ,i ,know not to what end you should prouide good ground1 well fenced1 plant good sets2 and when your trees should come to profit1 haue all your labours lost1 for want of due regard to the distance of placing your trees4 ,i haue seene many trees stand so thicke1 that one could not thriue for the throng of his neighbours4 ,if you doe marke it1 you shall see the tops of trees rubd off1 their sides galled like a galled horses backe1 and many trees haue more stumps then boughes1 and most trees no well thriuing1 but short1 stumpish1 and euill thriuing boughes3 like a ,corne field ouer seeded1 or a towne ouer peopled1 or a pasture ouer-laid1 which the ,gardiner must either let grow1 or leaue the tree very few boughes to beare fruit4 ,hence small thrift1 galls1 wounds1 diseases1 and short life to the trees3 and while they liue greene1 little1 hard1 worme-eaten1 and euill thriuing fruit arise1 to the discomfort of the owners4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,,sn3 ,generall rule4 ,,sn3 ,all touches hurtfull4 ,to preuent which discommodity1 one of the best remedies is the sufficient and fit distance of trees4 ,therefore at the setting of your plants you must haue such respect1 that the distance of them be such1 that euery tree be not annoyance1 but an helpe to his fellowes3 for trees 7as all other things of the same kind7 should shroud1 and not hurt one another4 ,and assure your selfe that euery touch of trees 7as well vnder as aboue the earth7 is hurtfull4 ,therefore this must be a generall rule in this ,art3 ,that no tree in an ,orchard well ordered1 nor bough1 nor ,cyon1 drop vpon1 or touch his fellowes4 ,let no man thinke this vnpossible1 but looke in the eleuenth ,chapter of dressing of trees4 ,if they touch1 the winde will cause a forcible rub4 ,young twigs are tender1 if boughes or armes touch or rub1 if they are strong1 they make great galls4 ,no kind of touch therefore in trees can be good4 ,,sn3 ,the best distance of trees4 ,,sn3 ,the parts of a tree4 ,now it is to be considered what distance amongst sets is requisite1 and that must be gathered from the compasse and roomth1 that each tree by probability will take and fill4 ,and herein ,i am of a contrary opinion to all them1 which practise or teach the planting of trees1 that euer yet ,i knew1 read1 or heard of4 ,for the common space betweene tree and tree is ten foot3 if twenty foot1 it is thought very much4 ,but ,i suppose twenty yards distance is small enough betwixt tree and tree1 or rather too too little4 ,for the distance must needs be as far as two trees are well able to ouer spread1 and fill1 so they touch not by one yard at least4 ,now ,i am assured1 and ,i know one ,apple-tree1 set of a slip finger-great1 in the space of #bj yeares1 7which ,i account a very small part of a trees age1 as is shewed ,chapter #ad47 hath spred his boughes eleuen or twelue yards compasse1 that is1 fiue or sixe yards on euery side4 ,here ,i gather1 that in forty or fifty yeares 7which yet is but a small time of his age7 a tree in good soile1 well liking1 by good dressing 7for that is much auaileable to this purpose7 will spread double at the least1 viz4 twelue yards on a side1 which being added to twelue alotted to his fellow1 make twenty and foure yards1 and so farre distant must euery tree stand from another4 ,and looke how farre a tree spreads his boughes aboue1 so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth1 or rather further1 if there be no stop1 nor let by walls1 trees1 rocks1 barren earth and such like3 for an huge bulk1 and strong armes1 massie boughes1 many branches1 and infinite twigs1 require wide spreading roots4 ,the top hath the vast aire to spread his boughs in1 high and low1 this way and that way3 but the roots are kept in the crust of the earth1 they may not goe downward1 nor vpward out of the earth1 which is their element1 no more then the fish out of the water1 ,camelion out of the ,aire1 nor ,salamander out of the fire4 ,therefore they must needs spread farre vnder the earth4 ,and ,i dare well say1 if nature would giue leaue to man by ,art1 to dresse the roots of trees1 to take away the tawes and tangles1 that lap and fret and grow superfluously and disorderly1 7for euery thing sublunary is cursed for mans sake7 the tops aboue being answerably dressed1 we should haue trees of wonderfull greatnes1 and infinite durance4 ,and ,i perswade myselfe that this might be done sometimes in ,winter1 to trees standing in faire plaines and kindly earth1 with small or no danger at all4 ,so that ,i conclude1 that twenty foure yards are the least space that ,art can allot for trees to stand distant one from another4 ,,sn3 ,waste ground in an ,orchard4 ,if you aske me what vse shall be made of that waste ground betwixt tree and tree8 ,i answer3 ,if you please to plant some tree or trees in that middle space1 you may1 and as your trees grow contigious1 great and thick1 you may at your pleasure take vp those last trees4 ,and this ,i take to be the chiefe cause1 why the most trees stand so thicke4 ,for men not knowing 7or not regarding7 this secret of needfull distance1 and louing fruit of trees planted to their handes1 thinke much to pull vpp any1 though they pine one another4 ,if you or your heires or successors would take vp some great trees 7past setting7 where they stand too thicke1 be sure you doe it about ,midsummer1 and leaue no maine root4 ,i destinate this space of foure and twenty yards1 for trees of age stature4 ,more then this1 you haue borders to be made for walkes with ,roses1 ,berries1 c4 ,and chiefly consider3 that your ,orchard1 for the first twenty or thirty yeeres1 will serue you for many ,gardens1 for ,safron1 ,licoras1 roots1 and other herbs for profit1 and flowers for pleasure3 so that no ground need be wasted if the ,gardiner be skillfull and diligent4 ,but be sure you come not neere with such deepe deluing the roots of your trees1 whose compasse you may partly discerne1 by the compasse of the tops1 if your top be well spread4 ,and vnder the droppings and shadow of your trees1 be sure no herbes will like4 ,let this be said for the distance of ,trees4 ,,chap4 #i4 ,of the placing of ,trees4 ,the placing of trees in an ,orchard is well worth the regard3 ,for although it must be granted1 that any of our foresaid trees 7,chap4 #b47 will like well in any part of your ,orchard1 being good and well drest earth3 yet are not all ,trees alike worthy of a good place4 ,and therefore ,i wish that your ,filbird1 ,plummes1 ,damsons1 ,bulesse1 and such like1 be vtterly remoued from the plaine soile of your ,orchard into your fence3 for there is not such fertility and easefull growth1 as within3 and there also they are more subiect to1 and can abide the blasts of olus4 ,the cherries and plummes being ripe in the hot time of ,summer1 and the rest standing longer1 are not so soone shaken as your better fruit3 neither if they suffer losse1 is your losse so great4 ,besides that1 your fences and ditches will deuoure some of your fruit growing in or neere your hedges4 ,and seeing the continuance of all these 7except ,nuts7 is small1 the care of them ought to be the lesse4 ,and make no doubt but the fences of a large ,orchard will containe a sufficient number of such kind of ,fruit trees in the whole compasse4 ,it is not material1 but at your pleasure1 in the said fences1 you may either intermingle your seueral kinds of fruit-trees1 or set euery kind by himselfe1 which order doth very well become your better and greater fruit4 ,let therefore your ,apples1 ,peares1 and ,quinches1 possesse all the soile of your ,orchard1 vnlesse you be especially affected to some of your other kinds3 and of them let your greatest trees of growth stand furthest from ,sunne1 and your ,quinches at the ,south side or end1 and your ,apples in the middle1 so shall none be any hinderance to his fellowes4 ,the ,warden-tree1 and ,winter-,peare will challenge the preheminence for stature4 ,of your ,apple-trees you shall finde difference in growth4 ,a good ,pippin will grow large1 and a ,costard-tree3 stead them on the ,north side of your other ,apples1 thus being placed1 the least will giue ,sun to the rest1 and the greatest will shroud their fellowes4 ,the fences and out-trees will guard all4 ,,chap4 #aj4 ,of ,grafting4 ,,sn3 ,of ,grauing or ,caruing4 ,,sn3 ,grafting ,what4 ,,sn3 ,a ,graffe4 ,now are we come to the most curious point of our faculty3 curious in conceit1 but indeede as plaine and easie as the rest1 when it is plainely shewne1 which we commonly call ,graffing1 or 7after some7 ,grafting4 ,i cannot ,etymologize1 nor shew the originall of the ,word1 except it come of ,grauing and ,caruing4 ,but the thing or matter is3 ,the reforming of the fruite of one tree with the fruit of another1 by an artificiall transplacing1 or transposing of a twigge1 bud or leafe1 7commonly called a ,graft7 taken from one tree of the same1 or some other kind1 and placed or put to1 or into another tree in one time and manner4 ,illustration ,,sn3 ,kinds of grafting4 ,of this there be diuers kinds1 but three or foure now especially in vse3 to wit1 ,grafting1 incising1 packing on1 grafting in the scutchion1 or inoculating3 whereof the chiefe and most vsuall1 is called grafting 7by the generall name1 ,catahexocen37 for it is the most knowne1 surest1 readiest1 and plainest way to haue store of good fruit4 ,,sn3 ,graft how4 ,it is thus wrought3 ,you must with a fine1 thin1 strong and sharpe ,saw1 made and armed for that purpose1 cut off a foot aboue the ground1 or thereabouts1 in a plaine without a knot1 or as neere as you can without a knot 7for some ,stocks will be knotty7 your ,stocke1 set1 or plant1 being surely stayed with your foot and legge1 or otherwise straight ouerthwart 7for the ,stocke may be crooked7 and then plaine his wound smoothly with a sharpe knife3 that done1 cleaue him cleanly in the middle with a cleauer1 and a knocke or mall1 and with a wedge of wood1 ,iron or ,bone1 two handfull long at least1 put into the middle of that clift1 with the same knocke1 make the wound gape a straw bredth wide1 into which you must put your ,graffes4 ,,sn3 ,a ,graft what4 ,the graft is a top twig taken from some other ,tree 7for it is folly to put a graffe into his owne ,stocke7 beneath the vppermost 7and sometime in need the second7 knot1 and with a sharpe knife fitted in the knot 7and some time out of the knot when need is7 with shoulders an ynch downeward1 and so put into the stocke with some thrusting 7but not straining7 barke to barke inward4 ,,sn3 ,eyes4 ,,sn3 ,generall rule4 ,let your graffe haue three or foure eyes1 for readinesse to put forth1 and giue issue to the sap4 ,it is not amisse to cut off the top of your graffe1 and leaue it but fiue or sixe inches long1 because commonly you shall see the tops of long graffes die4 ,the reason is this4 ,the sap in graffing receiues a rebuke1 and cannot worke so strongly presently1 and your graffes receiue not sap so readily1 as the naturall branches4 ,when your graffes are cleanely and closely put in1 and your wedge puld out nimbly1 for feare of putting your graffes out of frame1 take well tempered morter1 soundly wrought with chaffe or horse dung 7for the dung of cattell will grow hard1 and straine your graffes7 the quantity of a ,gooses egge1 and diuide it iust1 and therewithall1 couer your stocke1 laying the one halfe on the one side and the other halfe on the other side of your graffes 7for thrusting against your graffes7 you moue them1 and let both your hands thrust at once1 and alike1 and let your clay be tender1 to yeeld easily2 and all1 lest you moue your graffes4 ,some vse to couer the clift of the ,stocke1 vnder the clay with a piece of barke or leafe1 some with a sear-cloth of waxe and butter1 which as they be not much needfull1 so they hurt not1 vnlesse that by being busie about them1 you moue your graffes from their places4 ,they vse also mosse tyed on aboue the clay with some bryer1 wicker1 or other bands4 ,these profit nothing4 ,they all put the graffes in danger1 with pulling and thrusting3 for ,i hold this generall rule in graffing and planting3 if your stocke and graffes take1 and thriue 7for some will take and not thriue1 being tainted by some meanes in the planting or graffing7 they will 7without doubt7 recouer their wounds safely and shortly4 ,,sn3 ,time of graffing4 ,the best time of graffing from the time of remouing your stocke is the next ,spring1 for that saues a second wound1 and a second repulse of sap1 if your stocke be of sufficient bignesse to take a graffe from as big as your thumbe1 to as big as an arme of a man4 ,you may graffe lesse 7which ,i like7 and bigger1 which ,i like not so well4 ,the best time of the yeere is in the last part of ,february1 or in ,march1 or beginning of ,aprill1 when the ,sunne with his heat begins to make the sap stirre more rankely1 about the change of ,moone before you see any great apparancy of leafe or flowers but onely knots and buds1 and before they be proud1 though it be sooner4 ,cheries1 ,peares1 ,apricocks1 ,quinces1 and ,plummes would be gathered and grafted sooner4 ,,sn3 ,gathering graffes4 ,,sn3 ,graffes of old trees4 ,the graffes may be gathered sooner in ,february1 or any time within a moneth1 or two before you graffe or vpon the same day 7which ,i commend7 ,if you get them any time before1 for ,i haue knowne graffes gathered in ,december1 and doe well1 take heed of drought4 ,i haue my selfe taken a burknot of a tree1 the same day when he was laid in the earth about mid ,february1 gathered grafts and put in him1 and one of those graffes bore the third yeere after1 and the fourth plentifully4 ,graffes of old trees would be gathered sooner then of young trees1 for they sooner breake and bud4 ,if you keepe graffes in the earth1 moisture with the heat of the ,sun will make them sprout as fast1 as if they were growing on the tree4 ,and therefore seeing keeping is dangerous1 the surest way 7as ,i iudge7 is to take them within a weeke of the time of your grafting4 ,,sn3 ,where taken4 ,the grafts would be taken not of the proudest twigs1 for it may be your stocke is not answerable in strength4 ,and therefore say ,i1 the grafts brought from ,south to vs in the ,north although they take and thriue 7which is somewhat doubtfull1 by reason of the difference of the ,clime and carriage7 yet shall they in time fashion themselues to our cold ,northerne soile1 in growth1 taste c4 ,,sn3 ,emmits4 ,nor of the poorest1 for want of strength may make them vnready to receiue sap 7and who can tell but a poore graft is tainted7 nor on the outside of your tree1 for there should your tree spread but in the middest2 for there you may be sure your ,tree is no whit hindered in his growth or forme4 ,he will stil recouer inward1 more then you would wish4 ,if your clay clift in ,summer with drought1 looke well in the ,chinkes for ,emmits and ,earewigs1 for they are cunning and close theeues about grafts you shall finde them stirring in the morning and euening1 and the rather in the moist weather4 ,i haue had many young buds of ,graffes1 euen in the flourishing1 eaten with ,ants4 ,let this suffice for graffing1 which is in the faculty counted the chiefe secret1 and because it is most vsuall it is best knowne4 ,graffes are not to be disliked for growth1 till they wither1 pine1 and die4 ,vsually before ,midsummer they breake1 if they liue4 ,some 7but few7 keeping proud and greene1 will not put till the second yeere1 so is it to be thought of sets4 ,the first shew of putting is no sure signe of growth1 it is but the sap the graffe brought with him from his tree4 ,so soone as you see the graft put for growth1 take away the clay1 for then doth neither the stocke nor the graffe need it 7put a little fresh well tempered clay in the hole of the stocke7 for the clay is now tender1 and rather keepes moistture then drought4 ,the other waies of changing the naturall fruit of ,trees1 are more curious then profitable1 and therefore ,i mind not to bestow much labour or time about them1 onely ,i shall make knowne what ,i haue proued1 and what ,i doe thinke4 ,,sn3 ,incising4 ,,sn3 ,a great stocke4 ,and first of incising1 which is the cutting of the backe of the boale1 a rine or branch of a tree at some bending or knee1 shoulderwise with two gashes1 onely with a sharpe knife to the wood3 then take a wedge1 the bignes of your graffe sharpe ended1 flat on the one side1 agreeing with the tree1 and round on the other side1 and with that being thrust in1 raise your barke1 then put in your graffe1 fashioned like your wedge iust3 and lastly couer your wound1 and fast it vp1 and take heed of straining4 ,this will grow but to small purpose1 for it is weake hold1 and lightly it will be vnder growth4 ,thus may you graft betwixt the barke and the tree of a great stocke that will not easily be clifted3 ,but ,i haue tryed a better way for great trees1 viz ,first1 cut him off straight1 and cleanse him with your knife1 then cleaue him into foure quarters1 equally with a strong cleauer3 then take for euery ,clift two or three small 7but hard7 wedges iust of the bignesse of your grafts1 and with those ,wedges driuen in with an hammer open the foure clifts so wide 7but no wider7 that they may take your foure graffes1 with thrusting not with straining3 and lastly couer and clay it closely1 and this is a sure and good way of grafting3 or thus1 clift your stocke by his edges twice or thrice with your cleauer1 and open him with your wedge in euery clift one by one1 and put in your grafts1 and then couer them4 ,this may doe well4 ,,sn3 ,packing thus4 ,packing on is1 when you cut aslope a twig of the same bignesse with your graft1 either in or besides the knot1 two inches long1 and make your graft agree iumpe with the ,cyon1 and gash your graft and your ,cyon in the middest of the wound1 length-way1 a straw breadth deepe1 and thrust the one into the other1 wound to wound1 sap to sap1 barke to barke1 then tie them close and clay them4 ,this may doe well4 ,the fairest graft ,i haue in my little ,orchard1 which ,i haue planted1 is thus packt on1 and the branch whereon ,i put him1 is in his plentifull roote4 ,to be short in this point1 cut your graft in any sort or fashion1 two inches long1 and ioyne him cleanly and close to any other sprig of any tree in the latter end of the time of grafting1 when sap is somewhat rife1 and in all probability they will close and thriue3 thus ,illustration3 ,the ,sprig4 ,the graft4 ,the twig4 ,the graft4 ,or any other fashion you thinke good4 ,,sn3 ,inoculating4 ,inoculating is an eye or bud1 taken barke and all from one tree1 and placed in the roome of another eie or bud of another1 cut both of one compasse1 and there bound4 ,this must be done in ,summer1 when the sap is proud4 ,,sn3 ,graffing in the ,scutchion4 ,much like vnto this is that1 they call grafting in the scutchion1 they differ thus3 ,that here you must take an eie with his leafe1 or 7in mine opinion7 a bud with his leaues4 7,note that an eie is for a ,cyon1 a bud is for flowers and fruit17 and place them on another tree1 in a plaine 7for so they teach7 the place or barke where you must set it1 must be thus cut with a sharpe knife1 and the barke raised with a wedge1 and then the eie or budde put in and so bound vp4 ,,tn3 a diagram of an ,h ,i cannot denie but such may grow4 ,and your bud if he take will flowre and beare fruit that yeere3 as some grafts sets also1 being set for bloomes4 ,if these two kinds thriue1 they reforme but a spray1 and an vndergrowth4 ,thus you may place ,roses on ,thornes1 and ,cherries on ,apples1 and such like4 ,many write much more of grafting1 but to small purpose4 ,whom we leaue to themselues1 their followers2 ending this secret we come in the next ,chapter to a point of knowledge most requisite in an ,arborist1 as well for all other woods as for an ,orchard4 ,,chap4 #aa4 ,of the right dressing of ,trees4 ,,sn3 ,necessity of dressing trees4 ,,sn3 ,generall rule4 ,if all these things aforesaid were indeed performed1 as we haue shewed them in words1 you should haue a perfect ,orchard in nature and substance1 begunne to your hand2 ,and yet are all these things nothing1 if you want that skill to keepe and dresse your trees4 ,such is the condition of all earthly things1 whereby a man receiueth profit or pleasure1 that they degenerate presently without good ordering4 ,man himselfe left to himselfe1 growes from his heauenly and spirituall generation1 and becommeth beastly1 yea deuillish to his owne kind1 vnlesse he be regenerate ,no maruell then1 if ,trees make their shootes1 and put their spraies disorderly4 ,and truly 7if ,i were worthy to iudge7 there is not a mischiefe that breedeth greater and more generall harme to all the ,orchard 7especially if they be of any continuance7 that euer ,i saw1 7,i will not except three7 then the want of the skilfull dressing of trees4 ,it is a common and vnskilfull opinion1 and saying4 ,let all grow1 and they will beare more fruit3 and if you lop away superfluous boughes1 they say1 what a pitty is this8 ,how many apples would these haue borne8 not considering there may arise hurt to your ,orchard1 as well 7nay rather7 by abundance1 as by want of wood4 ,sound and thriuing plants in a good soile1 will euer yeeld too much wood1 and disorderly1 but neuer too little4 ,so that a skilfull and painfull ,arborist1 need neuer want matter to effect a plentifull and well drest ,orchard3 for it is an easie matter to take away superfluous boughes 7if your ,gardner haue skill to know them7 whereof your plants will yeeld abundance1 and skill will leaue sufficient well ordered4 ,all ages both by rule and experience doe consent to a pruining and lopping of trees3 yet haue not any that ,i know described vnto vs 7except in darke and generall words7 what or which are those superfluous boughes1 which we must take away1 and that is the chiefe and most needfull point to be knowne in lopping4 ,and we may well assure our selues1 7as in all other ,arts1 so in this7 there is a vantage and dexterity1 by skill1 and an habite by practise out of experience1 in the performance hereof for the profit of mankind2 yet doe ,i not know 7let me speake it with the patience of our cunning ,arborists7 any thing within the compasse of humane affaires so necessary1 and so little regarded1 not onely in ,orchards1 but also in all other timber trees1 where or whatsoeuer4 ,,sn3 ,timber wood euill drest4 ,,sn3 ,the cause of hurts in woods4 ,,sn3 ,dresse timber trees how4 ,how many forrests and woods8 wherein you shall haue for one liuely thriuing tree1 foure 7nay sometimes #bd47 euill thriuing1 rotten and dying trees1 euen while they liue4 ,and instead of trees thousands of bushes and shrubs4 ,what rottennesse8 what hollownesse8 what dead armes8 withered tops8 curtailed trunkes8 what loads of mosses8 drouping boughes8 and dying branches shall you see euery where8 ,and those that like in this sort are in a manner all vnprofitable boughes1 canked armes1 crooked1 little and short boales3 what an infinite number of bushes1 shrubs1 and skrogs of hazels1 thornes1 and other profitable wood1 which might be brought by dressing to become great and goodly trees4 ,consider now the cause3 ,the lesser wood hath beene spoiled with carelesse1 vnskilfull1 and vntimely stowing1 and much also of the great wood4 ,the greater trees at the first rising haue filled and ouer-loaden themselues with a number of wastfull boughes and suckers1 which haue not onely drawne the sap from the boale1 but also haue made it knotty1 and themselues and the boale mossie for want of dressing1 whereas if in the prime of growth they had bene taken away close1 all but one top 7according to this patterne7 and cleane by the bulke1 the strength of all the sap should haue gone to the bulke1 and so he would haue recouered and couered his knots1 and haue put forth a faire1 long and streight body 7as you see7 for timber profitable1 huge great of bulke1 and of infinite last4 ,illustration3 ,imagine the roote to be spread farre wider4 ,if all timber trees were such 7will some say7 how should we haue crooked wood for wheeles1 courbs1 c4 ,answ4 ,dresse all you can1 and there will be enough crooked for those vses4 ,more than this1 in most places1 they grow so thicke1 that neither themselues1 nor earth1 nor any thing vnder or neere them can thriue1 nor ,sunne1 nor raine1 nor aire can doe them1 nor any thing neere or vnder them any profit or comfort4 ,i see a number of ,hags1 where out of one roote you shall see three or foure 7nay more1 such as mens vnskilfull greedinesse1 who desiring many haue none good7 pretty ,okes or ,ashes straight and tall1 because the root at the first shoote giues sap amaine3 but if one onely of them might bee suffered to grow1 and that well and cleanely pruned1 all to his very top1 what a tree should we haue in time8 ,and we see by those rootes continually and plentifully springing1 notwithstanding so deadly wounded4 ,what a commodity should arise to the owner1 and the ,common-wealth1 if wood were cherished1 and orderly dressed4 ,,sn3 ,profit of trees dressed4 ,,sn3 ,the end of ,trees4 ,the wast boughes closely and skilfully taken away1 would giue vs store of fences and fewell1 and the bulke of the tree in time would grow of huge length and bignes4 ,but here 7me thinkes7 ,i heare an vnskilfull ,arborist say1 that trees haue their seuerall formes1 euen by nature1 the ,peare1 the ,holly1 the ,aspe1 c4 grow long in bulke with few and little armes1 the ,oke by nature broad1 and such like4 ,all this ,i graunt3 but grant me also1 that there is a profitable end1 and vse of euery tree1 from which if it decline 7though by nature7 yet man by art may 7nay must7 correct it4 ,now other end of trees ,i neuer could learne1 than good timber1 fruit much and good1 and pleasure4 ,vses physicall hinder nothing a good forme4 ,,sn3 ,trees will take any forme4 ,neither let any man euer so much as thinke1 that it vnprobable1 much lesse vnpossible1 to reforme any tree of what kind soeuer4 ,for 7beleeue me7 ,i haue tried it1 ,i can bring any tree 7beginning by time7 to any forme4 ,the peare and holly may be made to spread1 and the ,oke to close4 ,,sn3 ,the end of ,trees4 ,but why do ,i wander out of the compasse of mine ,orchard1 into the ,forrests and ,woods8 ,neither yet am ,i from my purpose1 if boales of timber trees stand in need of all the sap1 to make them great and straight 7for strong growth and dressing makes strong trees7 then it must needes be profitable for fruit 7a thing more immediately seruing a mans need7 to haue all the sap his roote can yeeld3 for as timber sound1 great and long1 is the good of timber trees1 and therefore they beare no fruite of worth3 so fruit1 good1 sound1 pleasant1 great and much1 is the end of fruit-trees4 ,that gardner therefore shall performe his duty skilfully and faithfully1 which shall so dresse his trees1 that they may beare such and such store of fruit1 which he shall neuer do 7dare vndertake7 vnlesse he keepe this order in dressing his trees4 ,,sn3 ,how to dresse a fruit-tree4 ,a fruit tree so standing1 that there need none other end of dressing but fruit 7not ornaments for walkes1 nor delight to such as would please their eye onely1 and yet the best forme can not but both adorne and delight7 must be parted from within two foote1 or thereabouts1 of the earth1 so high to giue liberty to dresse his roote1 and no higher1 for drinking vp the sap that should feede his fruit1 for the boale will be first1 and best serued and fed1 because he is next the roote1 and of grenest waxe and substance1 and that makes him longest of life1 into two1 three1 or foure armes1 as your stocke or graffes yeelde twigs1 and euery arme into two or more branches1 and euery branch into his seuerall ,cyons1 still spreading by equall degrees1 so that his lowest spray be hardly without the reach of a mans hand1 and his highest be not past two yards higher1 rarely 7especially in the middest7 that no one twig touch his fellow4 ,let him spread as farre as he list without his maister-bough or lop equally4 ,and when any bough doth grow sadder and fall lower1 than his fellowes 7as they will with weight of fruite7 ease him the next spring of his superfluous twigs1 and he will rise3 when any bough or spray shall amount aboue the rest2 either snub his top with a nip betwixt your finger and your thumbe1 or with a sharpe knife1 and take him cleane away1 and so you may vse any ,cyon you would reforme1 and as your tree shall grow in stature and strength1 so let him rise with his tops1 but slowly1 and earely1 especially in the middest1 and equally1 and in bredth also1 and follow him vpward with lopping his vndergrowth and water boughes1 keeping the same distance of two yards1 but not aboue three in any wise1 betwixt the lowest and the highest twigs4 ,,sn3 ,benefits of good dressing4 #a4 ,thus you shall haue well liking1 cleane skind1 healthfull great1 and long-lasting trees4 #b4 ,thus shall your tree grow low1 and safe from winds1 for his top will be great1 broad and weighty4 #c4 ,thus growing broad1 shall your trees beare much fruit 7,i dare say7 one as much as sixe of your common trees1 and good without shadowing1 dropping and fretting3 for his boughes1 branches1 and twigs shalbe many1 and those are they 7not the boale7 which beare the fruit4 #d4 ,thus shall your boale being little 7not small but low7 by reason of his shortnesse1 take little1 and yeeld much sap to the fruit4 #e4 ,thus your trees by reason of strength in time of setting shall put forth more blossomes1 and more fruite1 being free from taints2 for strength is a great helpe to bring forth much and safely1 whereas weakenesse failes in setting though the season be calme4 ,some vse to bare trees rootes in ,winter1 to stay the setting til hotter seasons1 which ,i discommend1 because1 #a4 ,they hurt the rootes4 #b4 ,it stayes it nothing at all4 #c4 ,though it did1 being small1 with vs in the ,north1 they haue their part of our ,aprill and ,mayes frosts4 #d4 ,hinderance cannot profit weake trees in setting4 #e4 ,they wast much labour4 #f4 ,thus shall your tree be easie to dresse1 and without danger1 either to the tree or the dresser4 #g4 ,thus may you safely and easily gather your fruite without falling1 bruising or breaking of ,cyons4 ,this is the best forme of a fruit tree1 which ,i haue here onely shadowed out for the better capacity of them that are led more with the eye1 than the mind1 crauing pardon for the deformity1 because ,i am nothing skilfull either in painting or caruing4 ,imagine that the paper makes but one side of the tree to appeare1 the whole round compasse will giue leaue for many more armes1 boughes1 branches1 and ,cyons4 ,illustration3 ,the perfect forme of a ,fruit-tree4 ,if any thinke a tree cannot well be brought to this forme3 ,experto crede ,roberto1 ,i can shew diuers of them vnder twenty yeeres of age4 ,,sn3 ,time best for proining4 ,the fittest time of the ,moone for proyning is as of grafting1 when the sap is ready to stirre 7not proudly stirring7 and so to couer the wound1 and of the yeere1 a moneth before 7or at least when7 you graffe4 ,dresse ,peares1 ,apricocks1 ,peaches1 ,cherries1 and ,bullys sooner4 ,and old trees before young plants1 you may dresse at any time betwixt ,leafe and ,leafe4 ,and note1 where you take any thing away1 the sap the next ,summer will be putting3 be sure therefore when he puts a bud in any place where you would not haue him1 rub it off with your finger4 ,,sn3 ,dressing betime4 ,and here you must remember the common homely ,prouerbe3 ,soone crookes the ,tree1 ,that good ,camrell must be4 ,,sn3 ,faults of euill drest trees1 and the remedy4 ,beginne betime with trees1 and do what you list3 but if you let them grow great and stubborne1 you must do as the trees list4 ,they will not bend but breake1 nor bee wound without danger4 ,a small branch will become a bough1 and a bough an arme in bignesse4 ,then if you cut him1 his wound will fester1 and hardly1 without good skill1 recouer3 therefore1 ,obsta principys4 ,of such wounds1 and lesser1 of any bough cut off a handfull or more from the body1 comes hollownesse1 and vntimely death4 ,and therefore when you cut1 strik close1 and cleane1 and vpward1 and leaue no bunch4 ,,sn3 ,the forme altered4 ,this forme in some cases sometimes may be altered3 ,if your tree1 or trees1 stand neere your ,walkes1 if it please your fancy more1 let him not breake1 till his boale be aboue you head3 so may you walke vnder your trees at your pleasure4 ,or if you set your fruit-trees for your shades in your ,groues1 then ,i expect not the forme of the tree1 but the comelinesse of the walke4 ,,sn3 ,dressing of old trees4 ,all this hitherto spoken of dressing1 must be vnderstood of young plants1 to be formed3 it is meete somewhat be sayd for the instruction of them that haue olde trees already formed1 or rather deformed3 for1 ,malum non vitatur nisi cognitum4 ,the faults therefore of the disordered tree1 ,i find to be fiue3 ,,sn3 ,faults are fiue1 and their remedies4 #a4 ,an vnprofitable boale4 #b4 ,water-boughes4 #c4 ,fretters4 #d4 ,suckers3 ,and1 #e4 ,one principall top4 ,,sn3 #a4 ,long boale4 ,,sn3 ,no remedy4 ,a long boale asketh much feeding1 and the more he hath the more he desires1 and gets 7as a drunken man drinke1 or a couetuous man wealth7 and the lesse remaines for the fruit1 he puts his boughes into the aire1 and makes them1 the fruit1 and it selfe more dangered with windes3 for this ,i know no remedy1 after that the tree is come to growth1 once euill1 neuer good4 ,,sn3 #b4 ,water boughs4 ,water boughes1 or vndergrowth1 are such boughes as grow low vnder others and are by them ouergrowne1 ouershadowed1 dropped on1 and pinde for want of plenty of sap1 and by that meanes in time die3 ,for the sap presseth vpward2 and it is like water in her course1 where it findeth most issue1 thither it floweth1 leauing the other lesser floes dry3 euen as wealth to wealth1 and much to more4 ,these so long as they beare1 they beare lesse1 worse1 and fewer fruit1 and waterish4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,,sn3 ,barke-pild1 and the remedy4 ,the remedy is easie if they be not growne greater then your arme4 ,lop them close and cleane1 and couer the midel of the wound1 the next ,summer when he is dry1 with a salue made of tallow1 tarre1 and a very little pitch1 good for the couering of any such wound of a great tree3 vnlesse it be barke-pild1 and then sear-cloath of fresh ,butter1 ,hony1 and ,waxe1 presently 7while the wound is greene7 applyed1 is a soueraigne remedy in ,summer especially4 ,some bind such wounds with a thumbe rope of ,hay1 moist1 and rub it with dung4 ,,sn3 ,fretters4 ,,sn3 ,touching4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,fretters are1 when as by the negligence of the ,gardner1 two or moe parts of the tree1 or of diuers trees1 as armes1 boughes1 branches1 or twigs1 grow to neere and close together1 that one of them by rubbing1 doth wound another4 ,this fault of all other shewes the want of skill or care 7at least7 in the ,arborist3 for here the hurt is apparant1 and the remedy easie1 seene to betime3 galls and wounds incurable1 but by taking away those members3 for let them grow1 and they will be worse and worse1 so kill themselues with ciuill strife for roomth1 and danger the whole tree4 ,auoide them betime therefore1 as a common wealth doth bosome enemies4 ,,sn3 ,suckers4 ,a ,sucker is a long1 proud1 and disorderly ,cyon1 growing straight vp 7for pride of sap makes proud1 long1 and straight growth7 cut of any lower parts of the tree1 receiuing a great part of the sap1 and bearing no fruit1 till it haue tyrannized ouer the whole tree4 ,these are like idle and great ,drones amongst ,bees2 and proud and idle members in a common wealth4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,the remedy of this is1 as of water-boughes1 vnlesse he be growne greater then all the rest of the boughs1 and then your ,gardner 7at your discretion7 may leaue him for his boale1 and take away all1 or the most of the rest4 ,if he be little1 slip him1 and set him1 perhaps he will take3 my fairest ,apple-tree was such a ,slip4 ,,sn3 ,one principall top or bough1 and remedy4 ,one or two principall top boughes are as euill1 in a manner1 as ,suckers1 they rise of the same cause1 and receiue the same remedy2 yet these are more tolerable1 because these beare fruit1 yea the best3 but ,suckers of long doe not beare4 ,,sn3 ,instruments for dressing4 ,i know not how your tree should be faulty1 if you reforme all your vices timely1 and orderly4 ,as these rules serue for dressing young trees and sets in the first planting3 so may they well serue to helpe old trees1 though not exactly to recouer them4 ,the ,instruments fittest for all these purposes1 are most commonly3 ,for the great trees an handsome long1 light ,ladder of ,firpoles1 a little1 nimble1 and strong armed ,saw1 and sharpe4 ,for lesse ,trees1 a little and sharpe ,hatchet1 a broad mouthed ,chesell1 strong and sharpe1 with an hand-beetle1 your strong and sharpe ,cleeuer1 with a knock1 7which is a most necessary ,instrument amongst little trees7 a great hafted and sharpe ,knife or ,whittle4 ,and as needfull is a ,stoole on the top of a ,ladder of eight or moe rungs1 with two backe-feet1 whereon you may safely and easefully stand to graffe1 to dresse1 and to gather fruit thus formed3 ,the feet may be fast wedged in3 but the ,ladder must hang loose with two bands of iron4 ,and thus much of dressing trees for fruit1 formerly to profit4 ,illustration ,,chap4 #ab4 ,of ,foyling4 ,,sn3 ,necessity of foiling4 ,there is one thing yet very necessary for make your ,orchard both better1 and more lasting3 ,yea1 so necessary1 that without it your ,orchard cannot last1 nor prosper long1 which is neglected generally both in precepts and in practice1 viz4 manuring with ,foile3 whereby it hapneth that when trees 7amongst other euils7 through want of fatnesse to feed them1 become mossie1 and in their growth are euill 7or not7 thriuing1 it is either attributed to some wrong cause1 as age 7when indeed they are but young7 or euill standing 7stand they neuer so well7 or such like1 or else the cause is altogether vnknowne1 and so not amended4 ,,sn3 ,trees great suckers4 ,,sn3 ,great bodies4 ,can there be deuised any way by nature1 or art1 sooner or soundlier to seeke out1 and take away the heart and strength of earth1 then by great trees8 ,such great bodies cannot be sustained without great store of sap4 ,what liuing body haue you greater then of trees8 ,the great ,sea monsters 7whereof one came a land at ,teesmouth in ,yorkeshire1 hard by vs1 #ah4 yards in length1 and neere as much in compasse7 seeme hideous1 huge1 strange and monstrous1 because they be indeed great3 but especially because they are seldome seene3 ,but a tree liuing1 come to his growth and age1 twice that length1 and of a bulke neuer so great1 besides his other parts1 is not admired1 because he is so commonly seene4 ,and ,i doubt not1 but if he were well regarded from his kirnell1 by succeeding ages1 to his full strength1 the most of them would double their measure4 ,about fifty yeeres agoe ,i heard by credible and constant report1 ,that in ,brooham ,parke in ,west more-land1 neere vnto ,penrith1 there lay a blowne ,oake1 whose trunke was so bigge1 that two ,horse men being the one on the one side1 and the other on the other side1 they could not one see another3 to which if you adde his armes1 boughs1 and roots1 and consider of his bignesse1 what would he haue been1 if preserued to the vantage4 ,also ,i read in the ,history of the ,west-,indians1 out of ,peter ,martyr1 that sixteene men taking hands one with another1 were not able to fathome one of those trees about4 ,now ,nature hauing giuen to such a faculty by large and infinite roots1 taws and tangles1 to draw immediately his sustenance from our common mother the ,earth 7which is like in this point to all other mothers that beare7 hath also ordained that the tree ouer loden with fruit1 and wanting sap to feed all she hath brought forth1 will waine all she cannot feed1 like a woman bringing forth moe children at once then she hath teats4 ,see you not how trees especially1 by kind being great1 standing so thicke and close1 that they cannot get plenty of sap1 pine away all the grasse1 weeds1 lesser shrubs1 and trees1 yea and themselues also for want of vigor of sap8 ,so that trees growing large1 sucking the soile whereon they stand1 continually1 and amaine1 and the foyzon of the earth that feeds them decaying 7for what is there that wastes continually1 that shall not haue end87 must either haue supply of sucker1 or else leaue thriuing and growing4 ,some grounds will beare ,corne while they be new1 and no longer1 because their crust is shallow1 and not very good1 and lying they scind and wash1 and become barren4 ,the ordinary ,corne soiles continue not fertile1 with fallowing and foyling1 and the best requires supply1 euen for the little body of ,corne4 ,how then can we thinke that any ground 7how good soeuer7 can containe bodies of such greatnesse1 and such great feeding1 without great plenty of ,sap arising from good earth8 ,this is one of the chiefe causes1 why so many of our ,orchards in ,england are so euill thriuing when they come to growth1 and our fruit so bad4 ,men are loth to bestow much ground1 and desire much fruit1 and will neither set their trees in sufficient compasse1 nor yet feed them with manure4 ,therefore of necessity ,orchards must be foiled4 ,,sn3 ,time fit for foyling4 ,,sn3 ,kind of foyle4 ,the fittest time is1 when your trees are growne great1 and haue neere hand spread your earth1 wanting new earth to sustaine them1 which if they doe1 they will seeke abroad for better earth1 and shun that1 which is barren 7if they find better7 as cattell euill pasturing4 ,for nature hath taught euery creature to desire and seeke his owne good1 and to auoid hurt4 ,the best time of the yeere is at the ,fall1 that the ,frost may bite and make it tender1 and the ,raine wash it to the roots4 ,the ,summer time is perillous if ye digge1 because the sap fills amaine4 ,the best kind of ,foile is such as is fat1 hot1 and tender4 ,your earth must be but lightly opened1 that the dung may goe in1 and wash away2 and but shallow1 lest you hurt the roots3 and the spring closely and equally made plaine againe for feare of ,suckers4 ,i could wish1 that after my trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine ,orchard1 that euery seuen yeeres at least1 the soile were bespread with dung halfe a foot thicke at least4 ,puddle water out of the dunghill powred on plentifully1 will not onely moisten but fatten especially in ,iune and ,iuly4 ,if it be thicke and fat1 and applied euery yeere1 your ,orchard shall need none other foiling4 ,your ground may lye so low at the ,riuer side1 that the floud standing some daies and nights thereon1 shall saue you all this labour of foiling4 ,,chap4 #ac4 ,of ,annoyances4 ,a ,chiefe helpe to make euery thing good1 is to auoid the euils thereof3 you shall neuer attaine to that good of your ,orchard you looke for1 vnlesse you haue a ,gardner1 that can discerne the diseases of your trees1 and other annoyances of your ,orchard1 and find out the causes thereof1 and know apply fit remedies for the same4 ,for be your ground1 site1 plants1 and trees as you would wish1 if they be wasted with hurtfull things1 what haue you gained but your labour for your trauell8 ,it is with an ,orchard and euery tree1 as with mans body1 ,the best part of physicke for preseruation of health1 is to foresee and cure diseases4 ,,sn3 ,two kinds of euils in an ,orchard4 ,all the diseases of an ,orchard are of two sorts1 either internall or externall4 ,i call those inward hurts which breed on and in particular trees4 #a ,galles4 #b ,canker4 #c ,mosse4 #d ,weaknes in setting4 #e ,barke bound4 #f ,barke pild4 #g ,worme4 #h ,deadly wounds4 ,,sn3 ,galls4 ,galles1 ,canker1 ,mosse1 weaknes1 though they be diuers diseases3 yet 7howsoeuer ,authors thinke otherwise7 they rise all out of the same cause4 ,galles we haue described with their cause and remedy1 in the #aa4 ,chapter vnder the name of fretters4 ,,sn3 ,canker4 ,canker is the consumption of any part of the tree1 barke and wood1 which also in the same place is deceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes4 ,,sn3 ,mosse4 ,mosse is sensibly seene and knowne of all1 the cause is pointed out in the same ,chapter1 in the discourse of timber-wood1 and partly also the remedy3 but for ,mosse adde this1 that at any time in summer 7the ,spring is best7 ,when the cause is remoued1 with an ,harecloth1 immediatly after a showre of raine1 rub off your ,mosse1 or with a peece of weed 7if the ,mosse abound7 formed like a great knife4 ,,sn3 ,weaknesse in setting4 ,weaknesse in the setting of your fruit shall you finde there also in the same ,chapter1 and his remedy4 ,all these flow from the want of roomth in good soile1 wrong planting1 ,chap4 #g4 and euill or no dressing4 ,,sn3 ,barke-bound4 ,bark-bound 7as ,i thinke7 riseth of the same cause1 and the best1 present remedy 7the causes being taken away7 is with your sharpe knife in the ,spring1 length-way to launch his bark throughout1 on #c4 or #d4 sides of his boale4 ,,sn3 ,worme4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,the disease called the ,worme is thus discernd3 ,the barke will be hoald in diuers places like gall1 the wood will die dry1 and you shall see easily the barke swell4 ,it is verily to be thought1 that therin is bred some worm ,i haue not yet thorowly sought it out1 because ,i was neuer troubled therewithall3 but onely haue seene such trees in diuers places4 ,i thinke it a worme rather1 because ,i see this disease in trees1 bringing fruit of sweet taste1 and the swelling shewes as much4 ,the remedy 7as ,i coniecture7 is so soone as you perceiue the wound1 the next ,spring cut it out barke and all1 and apply ,cowes pisse and vineger presently1 and so twice or thrice a weeke for a moneths space3 ,for ,i well perceiue1 if you suffer it any time1 it eates the tree or bough round1 and so kils4 ,since ,i first wrote this ,treatise1 ,i haue changed my mind concerning the disease called the worme1 because ,i read in the ,history of the ,west-,indians1 that their trees are not troubled with the disease called the worme or canker1 which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted humor or sap1 ,witnesse ,pliny1 by reason their ,country is more hot then ours1 whereof ,i thinke the best remedy is 7not disallowing the former1 considering that the worme may breed by such an humor7 warme standing1 sound lopping and good dressing4 ,,sn3 ,barke pild4 ,bark-pild you shall find with his remedy in the #aa4 ,chapter4 ,,sn3 ,wounds4 ,deadly wounds are when a mans ,arborist wanting skill1 cut off armes1 boughes or branches an inch1 or 7as ,i see sometimes7 an handfull1 or halfe a foot or more from the body3 ,these so cut cannot couer in any time with sap1 and therefore they die1 and dying they perish the heart1 and so the tree becomes hollow1 and with such a deadly wound cannot liue long4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,the remedy is1 if you find him before he be perished1 cut him close1 as in the #aa4 ,chapter3 if he be hoald1 cut him close1 fill his wound1 tho neuer so deepe1 with morter well tempered so close at the top his wound with a ,seare-cloth doubled and nailed on1 that no aire nor raine approach his wound4 ,if he be not very old1 and detaining1 he will recouer1 and the hole being closed1 his wound within shall not hurt him for many yeeres4 ,,sn3 ,hurts on trees4 ,,sn3 ,ants1 ,earewigs1 ,caterpillars1 and such like wormes4 ,hurts on your trees are chiefly ,ants1 ,earewigs1 and ,caterpillars4 ,of ,ants and ,earewigs is said ,chap4 #aj4 ,let there be no swarme of ,pismires neere your tree-root1 no not in your ,orchard1 turne them ouer in a frost1 and powre in water1 and you kill them4 ,for ,caterpillars1 the vigilant ,fruterer shall soone espy their lodging by their web1 or the decay of leaues eaten around about them4 ,and being seene1 they are easily destroyed with your hand1 or rather 7if your tree may spare it7 take sprig and all3 for the red peckled butterfly doth euer put them1 being her sparm1 among the tender spraies for better feeding1 especially in drought1 and tread them vnder your feet4 ,i like nothing of smoke among my trees4 ,vnnaturall heates are nothing good for naturall trees4 ,this for diseases of particular trees4 ,,sn3 ,externall euils4 ,externall hurts are either things naturall or artificiall4 ,naturall things1 externally hurting ,orchards4 #a ,beasts4 #a ,deere4 #b ,birds4 #a ,bulfinch4 #b ,goates4 #b ,thrush4 #c ,sheepe4 #c ,blackbird4 #d ,hare4 #d ,crow4 #e ,cony4 #e ,pye4 #f ,cattell4 #g ,horse4 c4 ,the other things are1 #a ,winds4 #b ,cold4 #c ,trees4 #d ,weeds4 #e ,wormes4 #f ,mowles4 #g ,filth4 #h ,poysonfull smoke4 ,externall wilfull euils are these4 #a ,walls4 #b ,trenches4 #c ,other works noisome done in or neere your ,orchard4 #d ,euill ,neighbours4 #e ,a carelesse ,master4 #f ,an vndiscreet1 negligent or no keeper4 ,see you here an whole ,army of mischeifes banded in troupes against the most fruitfull trees the earth beares8 assailing your good labours4 ,good things haue most enemies4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,a skilfull ,fructerer must put so his helping hand1 and disband and put them to flight4 ,,sn3 ,deere1 c4 ,for the first ranke of beasts1 besides your out strong fence1 you must haue a faire and swift ,greyhound1 a stone-bow1 gun1 and if need require1 an ,apple with an hooke for a ,deere1 and an ,hare-pipe for an ,hare4 ,,sn3 ,birds4 ,your ,cherries and other ,berris when they be ripe1 will draw all the ,black-birds1 ,thrushes1 and ,maw ,pies to your ,orchard4 ,the ,bul-finch is a deuourer of your ,fruit in the bud1 ,i haue had whole trees shald out with them in ,winter-time4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,the best remedy here is a ,stone bow1 a ,piece1 especially if you haue a ,musket or ,spar-hawke in ,winter to make the ,black bird stoope into a bush or hedge4 ,,sn3 ,other trees4 ,the ,gardner must cleanse his soile of all other trees3 but fruit-trees aforesaid ,chapter #b for which it is ordained1 and ,i would especially name ,oakes1 ,elmes1 ,ashes1 and such other great wood1 but that ,i doubt it should be taken as an admission of lesser trees3 for ,i admit of nothing to grow in mine ,orchard but fruit and flowers4 ,if sap can hardly be good to feed our fruit-trees1 why should we allow of any other1 especially those1 that will becom their ,masters1 wrong them in their liuelyhood4 ,,sn3 ,winds4 ,,sn3 ,frosts4 ,and although we admit without the fence of ,wall-nuts in most plaine places1 ,trees middle-most1 and ashes or ,okes1 or ,elmes vtmost1 set in comely rowes equally distant with faire ,allies twixt row and row to auoide the boisterous blasts of winds1 and within them also others for ,bees2 yet wee admit none of these into your ,orchard-plat3 other remedy then this haue wee none against the nipping frosts4 ,,sn3 ,weeds4 ,weeds in a fertile soile 7because the generall curse is so7 till your ,trees grow great1 will be noysome1 and deforme your allies1 walkes1 beds1 and squares1 your vnder ,gardners must labour to keepe all cleanly handsome from them and all other filth with a ,spade1 weeding kniues1 rake with iron teeth3 a skrapple of ,iron thus formed4 ,,ic ,for ,nettles and ground-,iuy after a showre4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,when weeds1 straw1 stickes and all other scrapings are gathered together1 burne them not1 but bury them vnder your crust in any place of your ,orchard1 and they will dye and fatten your ground4 ,,sn3 ,wormes4 ,moales4 ,wormes and ,moales open the earth1 and let in aire to the roots of your trees1 and deforme your squares and walkes1 and feeding in the earth1 being in number infinite1 draw on barrennesse4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,worms may be easily destroyed4 ,any ,summer euening when it is darke1 after a showre with a candle1 you may fill bushels1 but you must tred nimbly where you cannot come to catch them so2 sift the earth with coale ashes an inch or two thicknes1 and that is a plague to them1 so is sharpe grauell4 ,moales will anger you1 if your ,gardner or some skilful ,moale-catcher ease you not1 especially hauing made their fortresses among the roots of your trees3 you must watch her wel with a ,moal spare1 at morne1 noon1 and night1 when you see her vtmost hill1 cast a ,trench betwixt her and her home 7for she hath a principall mansion to dwell and breed in about ,aprill1 which you may discerne by a principall hill1 wherein you may catch her1 if you trench it round and sure1 and watch well7 or wheresoeuer you can discerne a single passage 7for such she hath7 there trench1 and watch1 and haue her4 ,,sn3 ,wilfull annoyances4 ,wilfull annoyances must be preuented and auoided by the loue of the ,master and ,fruterer1 which they beare to their ,orchard4 ,,sn3 ,remedy4 ,iustice and liberality will put away euill neighbours or euill neighbour-hood4 ,and then if 7,god blesse and giue successe to your labours7 ,i see not what hurt your ,orchard can sustaine4 ,,chap4 #ad4 ,of the age of ,trees4 ,,sn3 ,the age of trees4 ,it is to be considered3 ,all this ,treatise of trees tends to this end1 that men may loue and plant ,orchards1 whereunto there cannot be a better inducement then that they know 7or at least be perswaded7 that all that benefit they shall reape thereby1 whether of pleasure or profit1 shall not be for a day or a moneth1 or one1 or many 7but many hundreth7 yeeres4 ,of good things the greatest1 and most durable is alwaies the best4 ,if therefore out of reason grounded vpon experience1 it be made 7,i thinke7 manifest1 but ,i am sure probable1 that a fruit tree in such a soile and site1 as is described so planted and trimmed and kept1 as is afore appointed and duely foiled1 shall dure #ajjj yeeres1 why should we not take paines1 and be at two or three yeeres charges 7for vnder seuen yeeres will an ,orchard be perfected for the first planting1 and in that time be brought to fruit7 to reape such a commodity and so long lasting4 ,,sn3 ,gathered by reason out of experience4 ,let no man thinke this to be strange1 but peruse and consider the reason4 ,i haue ,apple trees standing in my little ,orchard1 which ,i haue knowne these forty yeeres1 whose age before my time ,i cannot learne1 it is beyond memory1 tho ,i haue enquired of diuers aged men of #hj4 yeeres and vpwards3 these trees although come into my possession very euill ordered1 mishapen1 and one of them wounded to his heart1 and that deadly 7for ,i know it will be his death7 with a wound1 wherein ,i might haue put my foot in the heart of his bulke 7now it is lesse7 notwithstanding1 with that small regard they haue had since1 they so like1 that ,i assure my selfe they are not come to their growth by more then #b4 parts of #c4 which ,i discerne not onely by their owne growth1 but also by comparing them with the bulke of other trees4 ,and ,i find them short 7at least7 by so many parts in bignesse1 although ,i know those other fruit-trees to haue beene much hindred in their stature by euill guiding4 ,herehence ,i gather thus4 ,,sn3 ,parts of a trees age4 ,if my trees be a hundred yeeres old1 and yet want two hundred of their growth before they leaue encreasing1 which make three hundred1 then we must needs resolue1 that this three hundred yeere are but the third part of a ,trees life1 because 7as all things liuing besides7 so trees must haue allowed them for their increase one third1 another third for their stand1 and a third part of time also for their decay4 ,all which time of a ,tree amounts to nine hundred yeeres1 three hundred for increase1 three hundred for his stand1 whereof we haue the terme stature1 and three hundred for his decay1 and yet ,i thinke 7for we must coniecture by comparing1 because no one man liueth to see the full age of trees7 ,i am within the compasse of his age1 supposing alwaies the foresaid meanes of preseruing his life4 ,consider the age of other liuing creatures4 ,the ,horse and moiled ,oxe wrought to an vntimely death1 yet double the time of their increase4 ,a ,dog likewise increaseth three1 stanns three at least1 end in as many 7or rather moe7 decayes4 ,,sn3 ,mans age4 ,euery liuing thing bestowes the least part of his age in his growth1 and so must it needs be with trees4 ,a man comes not to his full growth and strength 7by common estimation7 before thirty yeeres1 and some slender and cleane bodies1 not till forty1 so long also stands his strength1 so long also must he haue allowed by course of nature to decay4 ,euer supposing that he be well kept with necessaries1 and from and without straines1 bruises1 and all other dominyring diseases4 ,i will not say vpon true report1 that ,physicke holds it possible1 that a cleane body kept by these #c4 ,doctors1 ,doctor ,dyet1 ,doctor ,quiet1 and ,doctor ,merriman1 may liue neere a hundred yeeres4 ,neither will ,i here vrge the long yeeres of ,methushalah1 and those men of that time1 because you will say1 ,mans dayes are shortned since the floud4 ,but what hath shortned them8 ,god for mans sinnes3 but by meanes1 as want of knowledge1 euill gouernment1 ryot1 gluttony1 drunkenesse1 and 7to be short7 the encrease of the curse1 our sinnes increasing in an iron and wicked age4 ,now if a man1 whose body is nothing 7in a manner7 but tender rottennesse1 whose course of life cannot by any meanes1 by counsell1 restraint of ,lawes1 or punishment1 nor hope of praise1 profet1 or eturnall glory1 be kept within any bounds1 who is degenerate cleane from his naturall feeding1 to effeminate nicenesse1 and cloying his body with excesse of meate1 drinke1 sleepe c4 and to whom nothing is so pleasant and so much desired as the causes of his owne death1 as idlenesse1 lust1 c4 may liue to that age3 ,i see not but a tree of a solide substance1 not damnified by heate or cold1 capable of1 and subiect to any kinde of ordering or dressing that a man shall apply vnto him1 feeding naturally1 as from the beginning disburdened of all superfluities1 eased of1 and of his owne accord auoiding the causes that may annoy him1 should double the life of a man1 more then twice told2 and yet naturall phylosophy1 and the vniuersall consent of all ,histories tell vs1 that many other liuing creatures farre exceed man in the length of yeeres3 ,as the ,hart and the ,rauen4 ,thus reporteth that famous ,roterodam out of ,hesiodus1 and many other ,historiographers4 ,the testimony of ,cicero in his booke ,de ,senectute1 is weighty to this purpose3 that we must in posteras tates ferere arbores1 which can haue none other fence3 but that our fruit-trees whereof he speakes1 can endure for many ages4 ,what else are trees in comparison with the earth3 but as haires to the body of a man8 ,and it is certaine1 without poisoning1 euill and distemperate dyet1 and vsage1 or other such forcible cause1 the haires dure with the body4 ,that they be called excrements1 it is by reason of their superfluous growth3 7for cut them as often as you list1 and they will still come to their naturall length7 ,not in respect of their substance1 and nature4 ,haires endure long1 and are an ornament and vse also to the body1 as trees to the earth4 ,so that ,i resolue vpon good reason1 that fruit-trees well ordered1 may liue and like a thousand yeeres1 and beare fruit1 and the longer1 the more1 the greater1 and the better1 because his vigour is proud and stronger1 when his yeeres are many3 ,you shall see old trees put their buds and blossomes both sooner and more plentifully then young trees by much4 ,and ,i sensibly perceiue my young trees to inlarge their fruit1 as they grow greater1 both for number and greatnesse4 ,young ,heifers bring not forth the ,calues so faire1 neither are they so plentifull to milke1 as when they become to be old ,kine4 ,no good ,houswife will breed of a young but of an old bird-mother3 ,it is so in all things naturally1 therefore in trees4 ,,sn3 ,the age of timber trees4 ,and if fruit-trees last to this age1 how many ages is it to be supposed1 strong and huge timber-trees will last8 whose huge bodies require the yeeres of diuers ,methushalaes1 before they end their dayes1 whose sap is strong and bitter1 whose barke is hard and thicke1 and their substance solid and stiffe3 all which are defences of health and long life4 ,their strength withstands all forcible winds1 their sap of that quality is not subiect to wormes and tainting4 ,their barke receiues seldome or neuer by casualty any wound4 ,and not onely so1 but he is free from remoualls1 which are the death of millions of trees1 where as the fruit-tree in comparison is little1 and often blowne downe1 his sap sweet1 easily and soone tainted1 his barke tender1 and soone wounded1 and himselfe vsed by man1 as man vseth himselfe1 that is either vnskilfully or carelessely4 ,,sn3 ,age of trees discerned4 ,it is good for some purposes to regard the age of your fruit trees1 which you may easily know1 till they come to accomplish twenty yeeres1 by his knots3 ,reckon from his root vp an arme and so to hys top-twig1 and euery yeeres growth is distinguished from other by a knot1 except lopping or remouing doe hinder4 ,,chap4 #ae4 ,of gathering and keeping ,fruit4 ,,sn3 ,generall ,rule4 ,,sn3 ,cherries1 c4 ,although it be an easie matter1 when ,god shall send it1 to gather and keepe fruit1 yet are they certaine things worthy your regard4 ,you must gather your fruit when it is ripe1 and not before1 else will it wither and be tough and sowre4 ,all fruit generally are ripe1 when they beginne to fall4 ,for ,trees doe as all other bearers doe1 when their yong ones are ripe1 they will waine them4 ,the ,doue her ,pigeons1 the ,cony her ,rabbets1 and women their children4 ,some fruit tree sometimes getting a taint in the setting with a frost or euill wind1 will cast his fruit vntimely1 but not before he leaue giuing them sap1 or they leaue growing4 ,except from this foresaid rule1 ,cherries1 ,damsons and ,bullies4 ,the ,cherry is ripe when he is sweld wholy red1 and sweet3 ,damsons and ,bulies not before the first frost4 ,,sn3 ,apples4 ,apples are knowne to be ripe1 partly by their colour1 growing towards a yellow1 except the ,leather-coat and some ,peares and ,greening4 ,,sn3 ,when4 ,timely ,summer fruit will be ready1 some at ,midsummer1 most at ,lammus for present vse2 but generally noe keeping fruit before ,michal-tide4 ,hard ,winter fruit and ,wardens longer4 ,,sn3 ,dry stalkes4 ,gather at the full of the ,moone for keeping1 gather dry for feare of rotting4 ,gather the stalkes with all3 for a little wound in fruit1 is deadly3 but not the stumpe1 that must beare the next fruit1 nor leaues1 for moisture putrifies4 ,,sn3 ,seuerally4 ,gather euery kind seuerally by it selfe1 for all will not keepe alike1 and it is hard to discerne them1 when they are mingled4 ,,sn3 ,ouerladen trees4 ,if your trees be ouer-laden 7as they will be1 being ordered1 as is before taught you7 ,i like better of pulling some off 7tho they be not ripe7 neere the top end of the bough1 then of propping by much1 the rest shall be better fed4 ,propping puts the bough in danger1 and frets it at least4 ,,sn3 ,instruments4 ,,sn3 ,bruises4 ,instruments3 ,a long ladder of light ,firre3 ,a stoole-ladder as in the #aa4 ,chapter4 ,a gathering apron like a poake before you1 made of purpose1 or a ,wallet hung on a bough1 or a basket with a siue bottome1 or skinne bottome1 with ,lathes or splinters vnder1 hung in a rope to pull vp and downe3 bruise none1 euery bruise is to fruit death3 if you doe1 vse them presently4 ,an hooke to pull boughs to you is necessary1 breake no boughes4 ,,sn3 ,keeping4 ,for keeping1 lay them in a dry ,loft1 the longest keeping ,apples first and furthest on dry straw1 on heapes ten or fourteene dayes1 thicke1 that they may sweat4 ,then dry them with a soft and cleane cloth1 and lay them thinne abroad4 ,long keeping fruit would be turned once in a moneth softly3 but not in nor immediately after frost4 ,in a loft couer well with straw1 but rather with chaffe or branne3 ,for frost doth cause tender rottennesse4 ,,chap4 #af4 ,of ,profits4 ,now pause with your selfe1 and view the end of all your labours in an ,orchard3 vnspeakable pleasure1 and infinite commodity4 ,the pleasure of an ,orchard ,i referre to the last ,chapter for the conclusion3 and in this ,chapter1 a word or two of the profit1 which thorowly to declare is past my skill3 and ,i count it as if a man should attempt to adde light to the ,sunne with a ,candle1 or number the ,starres4 ,no man that hath but a meane ,orchard or iudgement but knowes1 that the commodity of an ,orchard is great3 ,neither would ,i speake of this1 being a thing so manifest to all2 but that ,i see1 that through the carelesse lazinesse of men1 it is a thing generally neglected4 ,but let them know1 that they lose hereby the chiefest good which belongs to house-keeping4 ,compare the commodity that commeth of halfe an acre of ground1 set with fruit-trees and hearbs1 so as is prescribed1 and an whole acre 7say it be two7 with ,corne1 or the best commodity you can wish1 and the ,orchard shall exceed by diuers degrees4 ,,sn3 ,cydar and ,perry4 ,in ,france and some other ,countries1 and in ,england1 they make great vse of ,cydar and ,perry1 thus made3 ,dresse euery ,apple1 the stalke1 vpper end1 and all galles away1 stampe them1 and straine them1 and within #bd4 houres tun them vp into cleane1 sweet1 and sound vessels1 for feare of euill ayre1 which they will readily take3 and if you hang a poakefull of ,cloues1 ,mace1 ,nutmegs1 ,cinamon1 ,ginger1 and pils of ,lemmons in the midst of the vessell1 it will make it as wholesome and pleasant as wine4 ,the like vsage doth ,perry require4 ,these drinks are very wholesome1 they coole1 purge1 and preuent hot ,agues4 ,but ,i leaue this skill to ,physicians4 ,,sn3 ,fruit4 ,the benefit of your ,fruit1 ,roots and ,hearbs1 though it were but to eate and sell1 is much4 ,,sn3 ,waters4 ,waters distilled of ,roses1 ,woodbind1 ,angelica1 are both profitable and wondrous pleasant1 and comfortable4 ,,sn3 ,conserue4 ,saffron and ,licoras will yeeld you much ,conserues and ,preserues1 are ornaments to your ,feasts1 health in your sicknesse1 and a good helpe to your friend1 and to your purse4 ,he that will not be moued with such vnspeakable profits1 is well worthy to want1 when others abound in plenty of good things4 ,,chap4 #ag4 ,ornaments4 ,me thinks hitherto we haue but a bare ,orchard for fruit1 and but halfe good1 so long as it wants those comely ,ornaments1 that should giue beauty to all our labours1 and make much for the honest delight of the owner and his friends4 ,,sn3 ,delight the chiefe end of ,orchards4 ,,sn3 ,an ,orchard delightsome4 ,,sn3 ,an ,orchard is ,paradise4 ,,sn3 ,causes of wearisomnesse4 ,,sn3 ,orchard is the remedy4 ,for it is not to be doubted3 but as ,god hath giuen man things profitable1 so hath he allowed him honest comfort1 delight1 and recreation in all the workes of his hands4 ,nay1 all his labours vnder the ,sunne without this are troubles1 and vexation of mind3 ,for what is greedy gaine1 without delight1 but moyling1 and turmoyling in slauery8 ,but comfortable delight1 with content1 is the good of euery thing1 and the patterne of heauen4 ,a morsell of bread with comfort1 is better by much then a fat ,oxe with vnquietnesse4 ,and who can deny1 but the principall end of an ,orchard1 is the honest delight of one wearied with the works of his lawfull calling8 ,the very workes of1 and in an ,orchard and ,garden1 are better then the ease and rest of and from other labours4 ,when ,god had made man after his owne ,image1 in a perfect state1 and would haue him to represent himselfe in authority1 tranquillity1 and pleasure vpon the earth1 he placed him in ,paradise4 ,what was ,paradise8 but a ,garden and ,orchard of trees and hearbs1 full of pleasure8 and nothing there but delights4 ,the gods of the earth1 resembling the great ,god of heauen in authority1 ,maiestie1 and abundance of all things1 wherein is their most delight8 and whither doe they withdraw themselues from the troublesome affaires of their estate1 being tyred with the hearing and iudging of litigious ,controuersies8 choked 7as it were7 with the close ayres of their sumptuous buildings1 their stomacks cloyed with variety of ,banquets1 their eares filled and ouerburthened with tedious discoursings8 whither8 but into their ,orchards8 made and prepared1 dressed and destinated for that purpose1 to renue and refresh their sences1 and to call home their ouer-wearied spirits4 ,nay1 it is 7no doubt7 a comfort to them1 to set open their ,cazements into a most delicate ,garden and ,orchard1 whereby they may not onely see that1 wherein they are so much delighted1 but also to giue fresh1 sweet1 and pleasant ayre to their ,galleries and ,chambers4 ,,sn3 ,all delight in ,orchards4 ,and looke1 what these men do by reason of their greatnes and ability1 prouoked with delight1 the same doubtlesse would euery of vs doe1 if power were answerable to our desires1 whereby we shew manifestly1 that of all other delights on earth1 they that are taken by ,orchards1 are most excellent1 and most agreeing with nature4 ,,sn3 ,this delights all the senses4 ,for whereas euery other pleasure commonly filles some one of our senses1 and that onely1 with delight1 this makes all our sences swimme in pleasure1 and that with infinite variety1 ioyned with no lesse commodity4 ,,sn3 ,delighteth old age4 ,that famous ,philosopher1 and matchlesse ,orator1 ,m4,t4,c4 prescribeth nothing more fit1 to take away the tediousnesse and heauy load of three or foure score yeeres1 then the pleasure of an ,orchard4 ,,sn3 ,causes of delight in an ,orchard4 ,what can your eye desire to see1 your eares to hear1 your mouth to tast1 or your nose to smell1 that is not to be had in an ,orchard1 with abundance and variety8 ,what more delightsome then an infinite variety of sweet smelling flowers8 decking with sundry colours1 the greene mantle of the ,earth1 the vniuersall ,mother of vs all1 so by them bespotted1 so dyed1 that all the world cannot sample them1 and wherein it is more fit to admire the ,dyer1 then imitate his workemanship4 ,colouring not onely the earth1 but decking the ayre1 and sweetning euery breath and spirit4 ,,sn3 ,flowers4 ,the ,rose red1 damaske1 veluet1 and double double prouince ,rose1 the sweet muske ,rose double and single1 the double and single white ,rose4 ,the faire and sweet senting ,woodbinde1 double and single1 and double double4 ,purple ,cowslips1 and double ,cowslips1 and double double ,cowslips4 ,primerose double and single4 ,the ,violet nothing behinde the best1 for smelling sweetly4 ,a thousand more will prouoke your content4 ,,sn3 ,borders and squares4 ,and all these1 by the skill of your ,gardner1 so comely1 and orderly placed in your ,borders and ,squares1 and so intermingled1 that none looking thereon1 cannot but wonder1 to see1 what ,nature corrected by ,art can doe4 ,,sn3 ,mounts4 ,,sn3 ,whence you may shoote a ,bucke4 ,,sn3 ,dyall4 ,,sn3 ,musique4 ,when you behold in diuers corners of your ,orchard ,mounts of stone1 or wood curiously wrought within and without1 or of earth couered with fruit-trees3 ,kentish ,cherry1 ,damsons1 ,plummes1 c4 with staires of precious workmanship4 ,and in some corner 7or moe7 a true ,dyall or ,clocke and some ,anticke-workes and especially siluer-sounding ,musique1 mixt ,instruments and voices1 gracing all the rest3 ,how will you be rapt with delight8 ,,sn3 ,walkes4 ,,sn3 ,seates4 ,large ,walkes1 broad and long1 close and open1 like the ,tempe groues in ,thessalie1 raised with grauell and sand1 hauing seats and bankes of ,cammomile1 all this delights the minde1 and brings health to the body4 ,,sn3 ,order of trees4 ,view now with delight the workes of your owne hands1 your fruit-trees of all sorts1 loaden with sweet blossomes1 and fruit of all tasts1 operations1 and colours3 your trees standing in comely order which way soeuer you looke4 ,,sn3 ,shape of men and beasts4 ,your borders on euery side hanging and drooping with ,feberries1 ,raspberries1 ,barberries1 ,currens1 and the rootes of your trees powdred with ,strawberries1 red1 white1 and greene1 what a pleasure is this8 ,your ,gardner can frame your lesser wood to the shape of men armed in the field1 ready to giue battell3 or swift running ,greyhounds3 or of well sented and true running ,hounds1 to chase the ,deere1 or hunt the ,hare4 ,this kind of hunting shall not waste your corne1 nor much your coyne4 ,,sn3 ,mazes4 ,mazes well framed a mans height1 may perhaps make your friend wander in gathering of berries1 till he cannot recouer himselfe without your helpe4 ,,sn3 ,bowle-,alley4 ,,sn3 ,buts4 ,to haue occasion to exercise within your ,orchard3 it shall be a pleasure to haue a ,bowling ,alley1 or rather 7which is more manly1 and more healthfull7 a paire of ,buts1 to stretch your armes4 ,,sn3 ,hearbes4 ,rosemary and sweete ,eglantine are seemely ornaments about a ,doore or ,window1 and so is ,woodbinde4 ,,sn3 ,conduit4 ,looke ,chapter #e1 and you shall see the forme of a ,conduite4 ,if there were two or more1 it were not amisse4 ,,sn3 ,riuer4 ,,sn3 ,moats4 ,and in mine opinion1 ,i could highly commend your ,orchard1 if either through it1 or hard by it there should runne a pleasant ,riuer with siluer streames2 you might sit in your ,mount1 and angle a peckled ,trout1 or fleightie ,eele1 or some other dainty ,fish4 ,or moats1 whereon you might row with a ,boate1 and fish with ,nettes4 ,,sn3 ,bees4 ,store of ,bees in a dry and warme ,bee-house1 comely made of ,fir-boords1 to sing1 and sit1 and feede vpon your flowers and sprouts1 make a pleasant noyse and sight4 ,for cleanely and innocent ,bees1 of all other things1 loue and become1 and thriue in an ,orchard4 ,if they thriue 7as they must needes1 if your ,gardiner bee skilfull1 and loue them3 for they loue their friends1 and hate none but their enemies7 they will1 besides the pleasure1 yeeld great profit1 to pay him his wages ,yea1 the increase of twenty ,stockes or ,stooles1 with other fees will keepe your ,orchard4 ,you need not doubt their stings1 for they hurt not whom they know1 and they know their keeper and acquaintance4 ,if you like not to come amongst them1 you need not doubt them3 for but neere their store1 and in their owne defence1 they will not fight1 and in that case onely 7and who can blame them87 they are manly1 and fight desperately4 ,some 7as that ,honorable ,lady at ,hacknes1 whose name doth much grace mine ,orchard7 vse to make seates for them in the stone wall of their ,orchard1 or ,garden1 which is good1 but wood is better4 ,,sn3 ,vine4 ,a ,vine ouer-shadowing a seate1 is very comely1 though her ,grapes with vs ripe slowly4 ,,sn3 ,birds4 ,,sn3 ,nightingale4 ,,sn3 ,robin-red-brest4 ,,sn3 ,wren4 ,one chiefe grace that adornes an ,orchard1 ,i cannot let slip3 ,a brood of ,nightingales1 who with their seuerall notes and tunes1 with a strong delightsome voyce1 out of a weake body1 will beare you company night and day4 ,she loues 7and liues in7 hots of woods in her hart4 ,she will helpe you to cleanse your trees of ,caterpillers1 and all noysome wormes and flyes4 ,the gentle ,robin-red-brest will helpe her1 and in winter in the coldest stormes will keepe a part4 ,neither will the silly ,wren be behind in ,summer1 with her distinct whistle 7like a sweete ,recorder7 to cheere your spirits4 ,,sn3 ,black-bird4 ,,sn3 ,thrush4 ,the ,black-bird and ,threstle 7for ,i take it the ,thrush sings not1 but deuoures7 sing loudly in a ,may morning and delights the eare much 7and you neede not want their company1 if you haue ripe ,cherries or ,berries1 and would as gladly as the rest do you pleasure37 ,but ,i had rather want their company than my fruit4 ,what shall ,i say8 ,a thousand of pleasant delightes are attendant in an ,orchard3 and sooner shall ,i be weary1 then ,i can recken the least part of that pleasure1 which one that hath and loues an ,orchard1 may find therein4 ,what is there of all these few that ,i haue reckoned1 which doth not please the eye1 the eare1 the smell1 and taste8 ,and by these sences as ,organes1 ,pipes1 and windowes1 these delights are carried to refresh the gentle1 generous1 and noble mind4 ,,sn3 ,your owne labour4 ,to conclude1 what ioy may you haue1 that you liuing to such an age1 shall see the blessings of ,god on your labours while you liue1 and leaue behind you to heires or successors 7for ,god will make heires7 such a worke1 that many ages after your death1 shall record your loue to their ,countrey8 ,and the rather1 when you consider 7,chap4 #ad47 to what length of time your worke is like to last4 ,,finis4 ,,the ,,covntry ,,hovse-,,vvifes ,,garden4 ,containing ,rules for ,hearbs and ,seedes of common vse1 with their times and seasons1 when to set and sow them4 ,,together1 ,with the ,husbandry of ,bees1 published with secrets very necessary for euery ,house-wife4 ,as also diuerse new ,knots for ,gardens4 ,the ,contents see at large in the last ,page4 ,genes4 #b4 #bi4 ,i haue giuen vnto you euery ,herbe1 and euery tree1 that shall be to you for meate4 ,,ic ,,london1 ,printed by ,nicholas ,okes for ,,iohn ,,harison1 at the golden ,vnicorne in ,pater-noster-row4 #afca4 ,,the ,,covntry ,,hovsvvifes ,,garden4 ,,chap4 #a4 ,the ,soyle4 ,,sn3 ,dry4 ,,sn3 ,hops4 ,the soyle of an ,orchard and ,garden1 differ onely in these three points3 ,first1 the ,gardens soyle would be somewhat dryer1 because hearbes being more tender then trees1 can neither abide moisture nor drought1 in such excessiue measure1 as trees2 and therefore hauing a dryer soyle1 the remedy is easie against drought1 if need be3 water soundly1 which may be done with small labour1 the compasse of a ,garden being nothing so great1 as of an ,orchard1 and this is the cause 7if they know it7 that ,gardners raise their squares3 but if moysture trouble you1 ,i see no remedy without a generall danger1 except in ,hops1 which delight much in a low and sappy earth4 ,,sn3 ,plaine4 ,secondly1 the soyle of a ,garden would be plaine and leuell1 at least euery square 7for we purpose the square to be the fittest forme7 the reason3 the earth of a garden wanting such helpes1 as should stay the water1 which an orchard hath1 and the rootes of hearbes being short1 and not able to fetch their liquor from the bottome1 are more annoyed by drought1 and the soyle being mellow and loose1 is soone either washt away1 or sends out his heart by too much drenching and washing4 ,thirdly1 if a garden soyle be not cleere of weedes1 and namely1 of grasse1 the hearbes shall neuer thriue3 for how should good hearbes prosper1 when euill weeds waxe so fast3 considering good hearbes are tender in respect of euill weedes3 these being strengthened by nature1 and the other by art8 ,gardens haue small place in comparison1 and therefore may be more easily be fallowed1 at the least one halfe yeare before1 and the better dressed after it is framed4 ,and you shall finde that cleane keeping doth not onely auoide danger of gathering weedes1 but also is a speciall ornament1 and leaues more plentifull sap for your tender hearbes4 ,,chap4 #b4 ,of the ,sites4 ,i cannot see in any sort1 how the site of the one should not be good1 and fit for the other3 ,the ends of both being one1 good1 wholesome1 and much fruit ioyned with delight1 vnlesse trees be more able to abide the nipping frostes than tender hearbes3 but ,i am sure1 the flowers of trees are as soone perished with cold1 as any hearbe except ,pumpions1 and ,melons4 ,,chap4 #c4 ,of the ,forme4 ,let that which is sayd in the ,orchards forme1 suffice for a garden in generall3 but for speciall formes in squares1 they are as many1 as there are diuices in ,gardners braines4 ,neither is the wit and art of a skilfull ,gardner in this poynt not to be commended1 that can worke more variety for breeding of more delightsome choyce1 and of all those things1 where the owner is able and desirous to be satisfied4 ,the number of formes1 ,mazes and ,knots is so great1 and men are so diuersly delighted1 that ,i leaue euery ,house-wife to her selfe1 especially seeing to set downe many1 had bene but to fill much paper2 yet lest ,i depriue her of all delight and direction1 let her view these few1 choyse1 new formes1 and note this generally1 that all plots are square1 and all are bordered about with ,priuit1 ,raisins1 ,fea-berries1 ,roses1 ,thorne1 ,rosemary1 ,bee-flowers1 ,isop1 ,sage1 or such like4 ,illustration3 ,the ground plot for ,knots4 ,illustration3 ,cinkfoyle4 ,illustration3 ,flower-deluce4 ,illustration3 ,the ,trefoyle4 ,illustration3 ,the ,fret4 ,illustration3 ,lozenges4 ,illustration3 ,crosse-bow4 ,illustration3 ,diamond4 ,illustration3 ,ouall4 ,illustration3 ,maze4 ,,chap4 #d4 ,of the ,quantity4 ,a ,garden requireth not so large a scope of ground as an ,orchard1 both in regard of the much weeding1 dressing and remouing1 and also the paines in a ,garden is not so well repaied home1 as in an ,orchard4 ,it is to be graunted1 that the ,kitchin garden doth yeeld rich gaines by berries1 roots1 cabbages1 c4 yet these are no way comparable to the fruits of a rich ,orchard3 but notwithstanding ,i am of opinion1 that it were better for ,england1 that we had more ,orchards and ,gardens1 and more large4 ,and therefore we leaue the quantity to euery mans ability and will4 ,,chap4 #e4 ,of ,fence4 ,seeing we allow ,gardens in ,orchard plots1 and the benefit of a ,garden is much1 they both require a strong and shrowding fence4 ,therefore leauing this1 let vs come to the hearbes themselues1 which must be the fruit of all these labours4 ,,chap4 #f4 ,of two ,gardens4 ,hearbes are of two sorts1 and therefore it is meete 7they requiring diuers manners of ,husbandry7 that we haue two ,gardens3 ,a garden for flowers1 and a ,kitchen garden3 or a ,summer garden3 not that we meane so perfect a distinction1 that the ,garden for flowers should or can be without hearbes good for the ,kitchen1 or the ,kitchen garden should want flowers1 nor on the contrary3 but for the most part they would be seuered3 first1 because your ,garden flowers shall suffer some disgrace1 if among them you intermingle ,onions1 ,parsnips1 c4 ,secondly1 your ,garden that is durable1 must be of one forme3 but that1 which is for your ,kitchens vse1 must yeeld daily rootes1 or other hearbes1 and suffer deformity4 ,thirdly1 the hearbs of both will not be both alike ready1 at one time1 either for gathering1 or remouing4 ,first therefore ,of the ,summer ,garden4 ,these hearbs and flowers are comely and durable for squares and knots and all to set at ,michael-tide1 or somewhat before1 that they may be setled in1 and taken with the ground before winter1 though they may be set1 especially sowne in the spring4 ,roses of all sorts 7spoken of in the ,orchard7 must be set4 ,some vie to set slips and twine them1 which sometimes1 but seldome thriue all4 ,rosemary1 ,lauender1 ,bee-flowers1 ,isop1 ,sage1 ,time1 ,cowslips1 ,pyony1 ,dasies1 ,cloue ,gilliflowers1 ,pinkes1 ,sothernwood1 ,lillies1 of all which hereafter4 ,of the ,kitchen ,garden4 ,though your ,garden for flowers doth in a sort peculiarly challenge to it seise a profit1 and exquisite forme to the eyes1 yet you may not altogether neglect this1 where your hearbes for the pot do growe4 ,and therefore1 some here make comely borders with the hearbes aforesayd4 ,the rather because aboundance of ,roses and ,lauender yeeld much profit1 and comfort to the sences3 ,rose-water and ,lauender1 the one cordial 7as also the ,violets1 ,burrage1 and ,buglas7 the other reuiuing the spirits by the sence of smelling3 both most durable for smell1 both in flowers and water3 you need not here raise your beds1 as in the other garden1 because ,summer towards1 will not let too much wet annoy you4 ,and these hearbes require more moysture3 yet must you haue your beds diuided1 that you may goe betwixt to weede1 and somewhat forme would be expected3 ,to which it auaileth1 that you place your herbes of biggest growth1 by walles1 or in borders1 as ,fenell1 c4 and the lowest in the middest1 as ,saffron1 ,strawberries1 ,onions1 c4 ,,chap4 #g4 ,diuision of hearbs4 ,garden hearbs are innumerable1 yet these are common and sufficient for our country ,house-wifes4 ,hearbs of greatest growth4 ,fenell1 ,anglica1 ,tansie1 ,hollihock1 ,louage1 ,elly ,campane1 ,french mallows1 ,lillies1 ,french poppy1 ,endiue1 ,succory and ,clary4 ,herbes of middle growth4 ,burrage1 ,buglas1 ,parsley1 sweet ,sicilly1 ,floure-de-luce1 ,stocke ,gilliflowers1 ,wall-flowers1 ,anniseedes1 ,coriander1 ,feather fewell1 ,marigolds1 ,oculus ,christi1 ,langdibeefe1 ,alexanders1 ,carduus ,benedictus4 ,hearbes of smallest growth4 ,pansy1 or ,harts-ease1 ,coast ,margeram1 ,sauery1 ,strawberries1 ,saffron1 ,lycoras1 ,daffadowndillies1 ,leekes1 ,chiues1 ,chibals1 ,skerots1 ,onions1 ,batchellors buttons1 ,dasies1 ,peniroyall4 ,hitherto ,i haue onely reckoned vp1 and put in this ranke1 some hearbs4 ,their ,husbandry follow each in an ,alphabeticall order1 the better to be found4 ,,chap4 #h4 ,husbandry of ,herbes4 ,alexanders are to be renewed as ,angelica4 ,it is a timely ,pot-hearbe4 ,anglica is renued with his seede1 whereof he beareth plenty the second yeare1 and so dieth4 ,you may remoue the rootes the first yeare4 ,the leaues distilled1 yeeld water soueraigne to expell paine from the stomacke4 ,the roote dried taken in the fall1 stoppeth the poares against infections4 ,annyseedes make their growth1 and beareth seeds the first yeere1 and dieth as ,coriander3 it is good for opening the pipes1 and it is vsed in ,comfits4 ,artichoakes are renewed by diuiding the rootes into sets1 in ,march1 euery third or fourth yeare4 ,they require a seuerall vsage1 and therefore a seuerall whole plot by themselues1 especially considering they are plentifull of fruite much desired4 ,burrage and ,buglas1 two ,cordials1 renue themselues by seed yearely1 which is hard to be gathered3 they are exceeding good ,pot-hearbes1 good for ,bees1 and most comfortable for the heart and stomacke1 as ,quinces and ,wardens4 ,camomile1 set rootes in bankes and walkes4 ,it is sweete smelling1 qualifying head-ach4 ,cabbages require great roome1 they seed the second yeare3 sow them in ,february1 remoue them when the plants are an handfull long1 set deepe and wet4 ,looke well in drought for the white ,caterpillers worme1 the spaunes vnder the leafe closely2 for euery liuing ,creature doth seeke foode and quiet shelter1 and growing quicke1 they draw to1 and eate the heart3 you may finde them in a rainy deawy morning4 ,it is a good ,pothearbe1 and of this hearbe called ,cole our ,countrie ,house-wiues giue their pottage their name1 and call them ,caell4 ,carduus ,benedictus1 or blessed thistle1 seeds and dyes the first yeere1 the excellent vertue thereof ,i referre to ,herbals1 for we are ,gardiners1 not ,physitians4 ,carrets are sowne late in ,aprill or ,may1 as ,turneps1 else they seede the first yeere1 and then their roots are naught3 the second yeere they dye1 their roots grow great1 and require large roome4 ,chibals or ,chiues haue their roots parted1 as ,garlick1 ,lillies1 c4 and so are they set euery third or fourth yeere3 a good pot-hearb opening1 but euill for the eies4 ,clarie is sowne1 it seeds the second yeere1 and dyes4 ,it is somewhat harsh in taste1 a little in pottage is good1 it strengtheneth the reines4 ,coast1 ,roote parted make sets in ,march3 it beares the second yeere3 it is vsed in ,ale in ,may4 ,coriander is for vsage and vses1 much like ,anniseeds4 ,daffadowndillies haue their roots parted1 and set once in three or foure yeere1 or longer time4 ,they flower timely1 and after ,midsummer1 are scarcely seene4 ,they are more for ornament1 then for vse1 so are ,daisies4 ,daisie-rootes parted and set1 as ,flowre-deluce and ,camomile1 when you see them grow too thicke or decay4 ,they be good to keepe vp1 and strengthen the edges of your borders1 as ,pinkes1 they be red1 white1 mixt4 ,ellycampane root is long lasting1 as is the ,louage1 it seeds yeerely1 you may diuide the root1 and set the roote1 taken in ,v,vinter it is good 7being dryed1 powdered and drunke7 to kill itches4 ,endiue and ,succory are much like in nature1 shape1 and vse1 they renue themselues by seed1 as ,fennell1 and other hearbs4 ,you may remoue them before they put forth shankes1 a good ,pot-hearbe4 ,fennell is renued1 either by the seeds 7which it beareth the second yeere1 and so yeerely in great abundance7 sowne in the fall or ,spring1 or by diuiding one root into many ,sets1 as ,artichoke1 it is long of growth and life4 ,you may remoue the roote vnshankt4 ,it is exceeding good for the eyes1 distilled1 or any otherwise taken3 it is vsed in dressing ,hiues for swarmes1 a very good ,pot-hearbe1 or for ,sallets4 ,fetherfewle shakes seed4 ,good against a shaking ,feuer1 taken in a posset drinke fasting4 ,flower-deluce1 long lasting4 ,diuide his roots1 and set3 the roots dryed haue a sweet smell4 ,garlicke may be set an handfull distance1 two inches deepe1 in the edge of your beds4 ,part the heads into seuerall cloues1 and euery cloue set in the latter end of ,february1 will increase to a great head before ,september3 good for opening1 euill for eyes3 when the blade is long1 fast two two together1 the heads will be bigger4 ,hollyhocke riseth high1 seedeth and dyeth3 the chiefe vse ,i know is ornament4 ,isop is reasonable long lasting3 young roots are good set1 slips better4 ,a good pot-hearbe4 ,iuly-flowers1 commonly called ,gilly-flowers1 or ,cloue-,iuly-flowers 7,i call them so1 because they flowre in ,iuly7 they haue the name of ,cloues1 of their sent4 ,i may well call them the ,king of flowers 7except the ,rose7 and the best sort of them are called ,queene-,iuly flowers4 ,i haue of them nine or ten seuerall colours1 and diuers of them as big as ,roses2 of all flowers 7saue the ,damaske ,rose7 they are the most pleasant to sight and smell3 they last not past three or foure yeeres vnremoued4 ,take the slips 7without shanks7 and set any time1 saue in extreme frost1 but especially at ,michael tide4 ,their vse is much in ornament1 and comforting the spirits1 by the sence of smelling4 ,iuly flowers of the wall1 or wall-,iuly-flowers1 wall-flowers1 or ,bee-flowers1 or ,winter-,iuly-flowers1 because growing in the walles1 euen in ,winter1 and good for ,bees1 will grow euen in stone walls1 they will seeme dead in ,summer1 and yet reuiue in ,winter4 ,they yeeld seed plentifully1 which you may sow at any time1 or in any broken earth1 especially on the top of a mud-wall1 but moist1 you may set the root before it be brancht1 euery slip that is not flowr'd will take root1 or crop him in ,summer1 and he will flower in ,winter3 but his ,winter-seed is vntimely4 ,this and ,palmes are exceeding good1 and timely for ,bees4 ,leekes yeeld seed the second yeere1 vnremoued and die1 vnlesse you remoue them1 vsuall to eate with salt and bread1 as ,onyons alwaies greene1 good pot-hearb1 euill for the eyes4 ,lauendar spike would be remoued within #g yeeres1 or eight at the most4 ,slips twined as ,isop and ,sage1 would take best at ,michael-tide4 ,this flower is good for ,bees1 most comfortable for smelling1 except ,roses2 and kept dry1 is as strong after a yeere1 and when it is gathered4 ,the water of this is comfortable4 ,white ,lauendar would be remoued sooner4 ,lettice yeelds seed the first yeere1 and dyes3 sow betime1 and if you would haue them ,cabbage for ,sallets1 remoue them as you doe ,cabbage4 ,they are vsuall in ,sallets1 and the pot4 ,lillies white and red1 remoued once in three or foure yeeres their roots yeeld many ,sets1 like the ,garlicke1 ,michael-tide is the best3 they grow high1 after they get roote3 these roots are good to breake a ,byle1 as are ,mallowes and ,sorrell4 ,mallowes1 ,french or gagged1 the first or second yeere1 seed plentifully3 sow in ,march1 or before1 they are good for the house-wifes pot1 or to breake a bunch4 ,marigolds most commonly come of seed1 you may remoue the ,plants1 when they be two inches long4 ,the double ,marigold1 being as bigge as a little ,rose1 is good for shew4 ,they are a good ,pot-hearbe4 ,oculus ,christi1 or ,christs eye1 seeds and dyes the first or second yeere3 you may remoue the yong ,plants1 but seed is better3 one of these seeds put into the eye1 within three or foure houres will gather a thicke skinne1 cleere the eye1 and bolt it selfe forth without hurt to the eye4 ,a good ,pot-hearbe4 ,onyons are sowne in ,february1 they are gathered at ,michael-tide1 and all the ,summer long1 for ,sallets2 as also young ,parsly1 ,sage1 ,chibals1 ,lettice1 sweet ,sicily1 ,fennell1 c4 good alone1 or with meate as ,mutton1 c4 for sauce1 especially for the pot4 ,parsly sow the first yeere1 and vse the next yeere3 it seedes plentifully1 an hearbe of much vse1 as sweet ,sicily is4 ,the seed and roots are good against the ,stone4 ,parsneps require and whole plot1 they be plentifull and common3 sow them in ,february1 the ,kings 7that is in the middle7 seed broadest and reddest4 ,parsneps are sustenance for a strong stomacke1 not good for euill eies3 ,when they couer the earth in a drought1 to tread the tops1 make the rootes bigger4 ,peny-royall1 or ,pudding ,grasse1 creepes along the ground like ground ,iuie4 ,it lasts long1 like ,daisies1 because it puts and spreads dayly new roots4 ,diuide1 and remoue the roots1 it hath a pleasant taste and smell1 good for the pot1 or hackt meate1 or ,haggas ,pudding4 ,pumpions3 ,set seedes with your finger1 a finger deepe1 late in ,march1 and so soone as they appeare1 euery night if you doubt frost1 couer them1 and water them continually out of a water-pot3 they be very tender1 their fruit is great and waterish4 ,french poppy beareth a faire flower1 and the ,seed will make you sleepe4 ,raddish is sauce for cloyed stomacks1 as ,capers1 ,oliues1 and ,cucumbers1 cast the seeds all ,summer long here and there1 and you shall haue them alwaies young and fresh4 ,rosemary1 the grace of hearbs here in ,england1 in other ,countries common4 ,to set slips immediately after ,lammas1 is the surest way4 ,seede sowne may proue well1 so they be sowne in hot weather1 somewhat moist1 and good earth3 for the hearbe1 though great1 is nesh and tender 7as ,i take it7 brought from hot ,countries to vs in the cold ,north3 set thinne4 ,it becomes a ,window well4 ,the vse is much in meates1 more in ,physicke1 most for ,bees4 ,rue1 or ,hearbe of ,grace1 continually greene1 the slips are set4 ,it lasts long as ,rosemary1 ,sothernwood1 c4 too strong for mine ,housewifes pot1 vnlesse she will brue ,ale therewith1 against the ,plague3 let him not seede1 if you will haue him last4 ,saffron euery third yeere his roots would be remoued at ,midsummer3 for when all other hearbs grow most1 it dyeth4 ,it flowreth at ,michael-tide1 and groweth all ,winter3 keepe his flowers from birds in the morning1 gather the yellow 7or they shape much like ,lillies7 dry1 and after dry them3 they be precious1 expelling diseases from the heart and stomacke4 ,sauery seeds and dyes the first yeere1 good for my ,housewifes pot and pye4 ,sage3 set slips in ,may1 and they grow aye3 ,let it not seed it will last the longer4 ,the vse is much and common4 ,the ,monkish ,prouerbe is tritum3 ,cur moritur homo1 cum saluia crescit in horto8 ,skerots1 roots are set when they be parted1 as ,pyonie1 and ,flower-deluce at ,michael-tide3 the roote is but small and very sweet4 ,i know none other speciall vse but the ,table4 ,sweet ,sicily1 long lasting1 pleasantly tasting1 either the seed sowne1 or the root parted1 and remoued1 makes increase1 it is of like vse with ,parsly4 ,strawberries long lasting1 set roots at ,michael-tide or the ,spring1 they be red1 white and greene1 and ripe1 when they be great and soft1 some by ,midsummer with vs4 ,the vse is3 they will coole my ,housewife well1 if they be put in ,wine or ,creame with ,sugar4 ,time1 both seeds1 slips and rootes are good4 ,if it seed not1 it will last three or foure yeeres or more1 it smelleth comfortably4 ,it hath much vse3 namely1 in all cold meats1 it is good for ,bees4 ,turnep is sowne4 ,in the second yeere they beare plenty of seed3 they require the same time of sowing that ,carrets doe3 they are sicke of the same disease that ,cabbages be4 ,the roots increaseth much1 it is most wholesome1 if it be sowne in a good and well tempered earth3 ,soueraigne for eyes and ,bees4 ,i reckon these hearbs onely1 because ,i teach my ,countrey ,housewife1 not skilfull ,artists1 and it should be an endlesse labour1 and would make the matter tedious to reckon vp ,landtheefe1 ,stocke-,iuly-flowers1 ,charuall1 ,valerian1 ,go-to bed at noone1 ,piony1 ,licoras1 ,tansie1 ,garden mints1 ,germander1 ,centaurie1 and a thousand such physicke ,hearbs4 ,let her first grow cunning in this1 and then she may enlarge her ,garden as her skill and ability increaseth4 ,and to helpe her the more1 ,i haue set her downe these obseruations4 ,,chap4 #i4 ,generall ,rules in ,gardening4 ,in the ,south parts ,gardening may be more timely1 and more safely done1 then with vs in ,yorkeshire1 because our ayre is not so fauourable1 nor our ground so good4 #b ,secondly most seeds shakt1 by turning the good earth1 are renued1 their mother the earth keeping them in her bowels1 till the ,sunne their ,father can reach them with his heat4 #c ,in setting hearbs1 leaue no top more then an handfull aboue the ground1 nor more then a foot vnder the earth4 #d ,twine the roots of those slips you set1 if they will abide it4 ,gilly-flowers are too tender4 #e ,set moist1 and sowe dry4 #f ,set slips without shankes any time1 except at ,midsummer1 and in frosts4 #g ,seeding spoiles the most roots1 as drawing the heart and sap from the root4 #h ,gather for the pot and medicines1 hearbs tender and greene1 the sap being in the top1 but in ,winter the root is best4 #i ,all the hearbs in the ,garden for flowers1 would once in seuen yeeres be renued1 or soundly watered with puddle water1 except ,rosemary4 #aj ,in all your ,gardens and ,orchards1 bankes and seates of ,camomile1 ,peny-royall1 ,daisies and ,violets1 are seemely and comfortable4 #aa ,these require whole plots3 ,artichokes1 ,cabbages1 ,turneps1 ,parsneps1 ,onyons1 ,carrets1 and 7if you will7 ,saffron and ,scerrits4 #ab ,gather all your seeds1 dead1 ripe1 and dry4 #ac ,lay no dung to the roots of your hearbs1 as vsually they doe3 for dung not melted is too hot1 euen for trees4 #ad ,thin setting and sewing 7so the rootes stand not past a foot distance7 is profitable1 for the hearbs will like the better4 ,greater hearbs would haue more distance4 #ae ,set and sow hearbs in their time of growth 7except at ,midsummer1 for then they are too too tender7 but trees in their time of rest4 #af ,a good ,housewife may1 and will gather store of hearbs for the pot1 about ,lammas1 and dry them1 and pownd them1 and in ,winter they will make good seruice4 ,thus haue ,i lined out a ,garden to our ,countrey ,housewiues1 and giuen them rules for common hearbs4 ,if any of them 7as sometimes they are7 be knotty1 ,i referre them to ,chap4 #c4 ,the skill and paines of weeding the ,garden with weeding kniues or fingers1 ,i refer to themselues1 and their maides1 willing them to take the opportunitie after a showre of raine3 withall ,i aduise the ,mistresse1 either be present her selfe1 or to teach her maides to know hearbs from weeds4 ,,chap4 #aj4 ,the ,husbandry of ,bees4 ,there remaineth one necessary thing to be prescribed1 which in mine opinion makes as much for ornament as either ,flowers1 or forme1 or cleanlinesse1 and ,i am sure as commodious as any of1 or all the rest3 which is ,bees1 well ordered4 ,and ,i will not account her any of my good ,house-wiues1 that wanteth either ,bees or skilfulnesse about them4 ,and though ,i knowe some haue written well and truely1 and others more plentifully vpon this theame3 yet somewhat haue ,i learned by experience 7being a ,bee-maister my selfe7 which hitherto ,i cannot finde put into writing1 for which ,i thinke our ,house-wiues will count themselues beholding vnto me4 ,,sn3 ,bee-house4 ,the first thing that a ,gardiner about ,bees must be carefull for1 is an house not stakes and stones abroad1 ,sub dio3 for stakes rot and reele1 raine and weather eate your hiues1 and couers1 and cold most of all is hurtfull for your ,bees4 ,therefore you must haue an house made along1 a sure dry wall in your ,garden1 neere1 or in your ,orchard3 for ,bees loue flowers and wood with their hearts4 ,this is the forme1 a ,frame standing on posts with a ,floore 7if you would haue it hold more ,hiues1 two ,floores boorded7 layd on bearers1 and backe posts1 couered ouer with boords1 slate-wise4 ,,ic ,let the floores be without holes or clifts1 least in casting time1 the ,bees lye out1 and loyter4 ,and though your ,hiues stand within an hand breadth the one of another3 yet will ,bees know their home4 ,in this ,frame may your ,bees stand drye and warme1 especially if you make doores like doores of windows to shroud them in winter1 as in an house3 prouided you leaue the hiues mouths open4 ,i my self haue deuised such an house1 and ,i find that it keeps and strengthens my ,bees much1 and my hiues will last sixe to one4 ,,sn3 ,hiues4 ,m4 ,markham commends ,hiues of wood4 ,i discommend them not3 but straw ,hiues are in vse with vs1 and ,i thinke with all the world1 which ,i commend for nimblenesse1 closenesse1 warmnesse and drinesse4 ,bees loue no externall motions of dawbing or such like4 ,sometimes occasion shall be offered to lift and turne ,hiues1 as shall appeare hereafter4 ,one light entire hiue of straw in that case is better1 then one that is dawbed1 weighty and cumbersome4 ,i wish euery hiue1 for a keeping swarme1 to hold three pecks at least in measure4 ,for too little ,hiues procure ,bees1 in casting time1 either to lye out1 and loyter1 or else to cast before they be ripe and strong1 and so make weake swarmes and vntimely3 ,whereas if they haue roome sufficient1 they ripen timely1 and casting seasonably1 are strong1 and fit for labour presently4 ,neither would the hiue be too too great1 for then they loyter1 and waste meate and time4 ,,sn3 ,hiuing of ,bees4 ,your ,bees delight in wood1 for feeding1 especially for casting3 therefore want not an ,orchard4 ,a ,mayes swarme is worth a ,mares ,foale3 if they want wood1 they be in danger of flying away4 ,any time before ,midsummer is good1 for casting and timely before ,iuly is not euill4 ,i much like ,m ,markhams opinion for hiuing a swarme in combes of a dead or forsaken hiue1 so they be fresh cleanly4 ,to thinke that a swarme of your owne1 or others1 will of it selfe come into such an hiue1 is a meere conceit4 ,experto crede ,roberto4 ,his smearing with honey1 is to no purpose1 for the other ,bees will eate it vp4 ,if your swarme knit in the top of a tree1 as they will1 if the winde beate them not to fall downe3 let the stoole or ladder described in the ,orchard1 doe you seruice4 ,,sn3 ,spelkes4 ,the lesse your ,spelkes are1 the lesse is the waste of your honey1 and the more easily will they draw1 when you take your ,bees4 ,foure ,spelkes athwart1 and one top ,spelke are sufficient4 ,the ,bees will fasten their combes to the ,hiue4 ,a little honey is good3 but if you want1 ,fennell will serue to rub your ,hiue withall4 ,the ,hiue being drest and ready spelkt1 rubd and the hole made for their passage 7,i vse no hole in the ,hiue1 but a piece of wood hoal'd to saue the hiue keep out ,mice7 shake in your ,bees1 or the most of them 7for all commonly you cannot get7 the remainder will follow4 ,many vse smoke1 ,nettles1 c4 which ,i vtterly dislike3 for ,bees loue not to be molested4 ,ringing in the time of casting is a meere fancie1 violent handling of them is simply euill1 because ,bees of all other creatures1 loue cleanlinesse and peace4 ,therefore handle them leasurely quietly1 and their ,keeper whom they know1 may do with them1 what he will1 without hurt3 ,being hiued at night1 bring them to their seat4 ,set your hiues all of one yeere together4 ,signes of breeding1 if they be strong3 #a ,they will auoid dead young ,bees and ,droanes4 #b ,they will sweat in the morning1 till it runne from them2 alwaies when they be strong4 ,signes of casting4 #a ,they will fly ,droanes1 by reason of heat4 #b ,the young swarme will once or twice in some faire season1 come forth mustering1 as though they would cast1 to proue themselues1 and goe in againe4 #c ,the night before they cast1 if you lay your eare to the ,hiues mouth1 yo shall heare two or three1 but especially one aboue the rest1 cry1 ,vp1 vp1 vp2 or1 ,tout1 tout1 tout1 like a trumpet1 sounding the alarum to the battell4 ,,sn3 ,catching4 ,,sn3 ,clustering4 ,much descanting there is1 of1 and about the ,master-,bee1 and their degrees1 order and gouernment3 but the truth in this point is rather imagined1 then demonstrated4 ,there are some coniectures of it1 viz4 we see in the combs diuers greater houses then the rest1 we heare commonly the night before they cast1 sometimes one ,bee1 sometimes two1 or more ,bees1 giue a lowd and seueral sound from the rest1 and sometimes ,bees of greater bodies then the common sort3 but what of all this8 ,i leane not on coniectures1 but loue to set downe that ,i know to be true1 and leaue these things to them that loue to diuine4 ,keepe none weake1 for it is hazard1 oftentimes with losse3 ,feeding will not helpe them3 for being weake1 they cannot come downe to meate1 or if they come downe1 they dye1 because ,bees weake cannot abide cold4 ,if none of these1 yet will the other ,bees being strong1 smell the honey1 and come and spoile1 and kill them4 ,some helpe is in casting time1 to put two weake swarmes together1 or as ,m4 ,markham well saith3 ,let not them cast late1 by raising them with wood or stone3 but with impes 7say ,i47 ,an impe is three or foure wreathes1 wrought as the hiue1 the same compasse1 to rase the hiue withall3 but by experience in tryall1 ,i haue found out a better way by ,clustering1 for late or weake swarmes hitherto not found out of any that ,i know4 ,that is this3 ,after casting time1 if ,i haue any stocke proud1 and hindered from timely casting1 with former ,winters pouerty1 or euill weather in casting time1 with two handles and crookes1 fitted for the purpose1 ,i turne vp that stocke so pestred with ,bees1 and set it on the crowne1 vpon which so turned with the mouth vpward1 ,i place another empty hiue well drest1 and spelkt1 into which without any labour1 the ,swarme that would not depart1 and cast1 will presently ascend1 because the old ,bees haue this qualitie 7as all other breeding creatures haue7 to expell the young1 when they haue brought them vp4 ,,ic ,there will the swarme build as kindely1 as if they had of themselues beene cast4 ,but bee sure you lay betwixt the ,hiues some straight and cleanly sticke or stickes1 or rather a boord with holes1 to keepe them asunder3 otherwise they will ioyne their workes together so fast1 that they cannot be parted4 ,if you so keepe them asunder at ,michael-tide1 if you like the weight of your swarme 7for the goodnesse of swarmes is tryed by weight7 so catched1 you may set it by for a stocke to keepe4 ,take heed in any case the combes be not broken1 for then the other ,bees will smell the honey1 and spoyle them4 ,this haue ,i tryed to be very profitable for the sauing of ,bees4 ,the ,instrument hath this forme4 ,the great straight piece is wood1 the rest are iron claspes and nailes1 the claspes are loose in the ,stapes3 ,two men with two of these fastened to the ,hiue1 will easily turne it vp4 ,they gather not till ,iuly2 for then they be discharged of their young1 or else they are become now strong to labour1 and now sap in flowers is strong and proud3 by reason of time1 and force of ,sunne4 ,and now also in the ,north 7and not before7 the hearbs of greatest vigour put their ,flowers2 ,as ,beanes1 ,fennell1 ,burrage1 ,rape1 c4 ,the most sensible weather for them1 is heat and drought1 because the nesh ,bee can neither abide cold or wet3 and showres 7which they well fore-see7 doe interrupt their labours1 vnlesse they fall on the night1 and so they further them4 ,,sn3 ,droanes4 ,after casting time1 you shall benefit your stockes much1 if you helpe them to kill their ,droanes1 which by all probability and iudgement1 are an idle kind of ,bees1 and wastefull4 ,some say they breed and haue seene young ,droanes in taking their honey1 which ,i know is true4 ,but ,i am of opinion1 that there are also ,bees which haue lost their stings1 and so being1 as it were gelded1 become idle and great4 ,there is great vse of them3 ,deus1 et natura nihil fecit frustra4 ,they hate the ,bees1 and cause them cast the sooner4 ,they neuer come foorth but when they be ouer heated4 ,they neuer come home loaden4 ,after casting time1 and when the ,bees want meate1 you shall see the labouring ,bees fasten on them1 two1 three1 or foure at once1 as if they were theeues to be led to the gallowes1 and killing them1 they cast out1 and draw them farre from home1 as hatefull enemies4 ,our ,housewife1 if she be the ,keeper of her owne ,bees 7as she had need to be7 may with her bare hand in the heate of the day1 safely destroy them in the hiues mouth4 ,some vse towards night1 in a hot day1 to set before the mouth of the hiue a thin board1 with little holes1 in at which the lesser ,bees may enter1 but not the ,droanes1 so that you may kill them at your pleasure4 ,,sn3 ,annoyances4 ,snayles spoile them by night like theeues3 they come so quietly1 and are so fast1 that the ,bees feare them not4 ,looke earely and late1 especially in a rainie or dewey euening or morning4 ,mice are no lesse hurtfull1 and the rather to hiues of straw3 and therefore couerings of straw draw them4 ,they will in either at the mouth1 or sheere themselues an hole4 ,the remedy is good ,cats1 ,rats-bane and watching4 ,the cleanly ,bee hateth the smoake as poison1 therefore let your ,bees stand neerer your garden then your ,brew-house or ,kitchen4 ,they say ,sparrowes and ,swallowes are enemies to ,bees1 but ,i see it not4 ,more hiues perish by ,winters cold1 then by all other hurts3 for the ,bee is tender and nice1 and onely liues in warme weather1 and dyes in cold3 ,and therefore let my ,housewife be perswaded1 that a warme dry house before described1 is the chiefest helpe she can make her ,bees against this1 and many more mischiefes4 ,many vse against cold in ,winter1 to stop vp their hiue close1 and some set them in houses1 perswading themselues1 that thereby they relieue their ,bees4 ,first1 tossing and mouing is hurtfull4 ,secondly1 in houses1 going1 knocking1 and shaking is noysome4 ,thirdly1 too much heate in an house is vnnaturall for them3 but lastly1 and especially1 ,bees cannot abide to be stopt close vp4 ,for at euery warme season of the ,sunne they reuiue1 and liuing eate1 and eating must needs purge abroad1 7in her house7 the cleanly ,bee will not purge her selfe4 ,iudge you what it is for any liuing creature1 not to disburden nature4 ,being shut vp in calme seasons1 lay your care to the ,hiue1 and you shall heare them yarme and yell1 as so many hungred prisoners4 ,therefore impound not your ,bees1 so profitable and free a creature4 ,,sn3 ,taking of ,bees4 ,let none stand aboue three yeares1 else the combes will be blacke and knotty1 your honey will be thinne and vncleanly3 and if any cast after three yeares1 it is such as haue swarmes1 and old ,bees kept all together1 which is great losse4 ,smoaking with ragges1 rozen1 or brimstone1 many vse3 some vse drowning in a tub of cleane water1 and the water well brewde1 will be good botchet4 ,drawe out your spelkes immediatly with a paire of pinchars1 lest the wood grow soft and swell1 and so will not be drawne1 then must you cut your ,hiue4 ,,sn3 ,straining ,honey4 ,let no fire come neere your hony1 for fire softeneth the waxe and drosse1 and makes them runne with the hony4 ,fire softneth1 weakeneth1 and hindereth hony for purging4 ,breake your combes small 7when the dead empty combes are parted from the loaden combes7 into a siue1 borne ouer a great bowle1 or vessell1 with two staues1 and so let it runne two or three dayes4 ,the sooner you tunne it vp1 the better will it purge4 ,runne your swarme honey by it selfe1 and that shall be your best4 ,the elder your hiues are1 the worse is your honey4 ,,sn3 ,vessels4 ,vsuall vessels are of clay1 but after wood be satiated with honey 7for it will leake at first3 for honey is maruellously searching1 the thicke1 and therefore vertuous47 ,i vse it rather because it will not breake so soone1 with fals1 frosts1 or otherwise1 and greater vessels of clay will hardly last4 ,when you vse your honey1 with a spoone take off the skin which it hath put vp4 ,and it is worth the regard1 that bees thus vsed1 if you haue but forty stockes1 shall yeeld you more commodity cleerely than forty acres of ground4 ,and thus much may suffice1 to make good ,housewiues loue and haue good ,gardens and ,bees4 ,deo ,laus4 ,,finis4 ,the ,contents of the ,countrey ,house-wifes ,garden4 ,chap4 #a4 ,the ,soyle4 ,pag4 #gg ,chap4 #b4 ,site4 p4 #gh ,chap4 #c4 ,forme4 p4 #gi ,chap4 #d4 ,quantity4 p4 #he ,chap4 #e4 ,fences4 p4 ibid4 ,chap4 #f4 ,two ,gardens4 p4 #hf ,chap4 #g4 ,diuision of herbs4 p4 #hh ,chap4 #h4 ,the ,husbandry of herbes4 p4 ibid4 ,chap4 #i4 ,generall rules4 p4 #if ,chap4 #aj4 ,the ,husbandry of ,bees4 p4 #ih ,bee-house4 p4 #ih4 ,hiues4 p4 #ajj4 ,hiuing of ,bees4 p4 ibid4 ,spelkes4 p4 #aja4 ,catching4 p4 #ajb4 ,clustering4 p4 #ajc4 ,droanes4 p4 #ajd4 ,annoyances4 p4 #aje4 ,taking of ,bees4 p4 #ajf4 ,straining honey4 p4 ibid4 ,vessels4 p4 ibid4 ,a ,,most ,,profitable ,,newe ,,treatise1 ,from approued experience of the art of propagating ,plants3 by ,simon ,harward4 ,,chap4 #a4 ,the ,art of propagating ,plants4 ,,sn3 #a4 ,there are foure sorts of ,planting1 or propagating1 as in laying of shootes or little branches1 whiles they are yet tender in some pit made at their foote1 as shall be sayd hereafter1 or vpon a little ladder or ,basket of earth1 tyed to the bottome of the branch1 or in boaring a ,willow thorow1 and putting the branch of the tree into the hole1 as shall be fully declared in the ,chapter of ,grafting4 ,,sn3 #b4 ,there are likewise seasons to propagate in2 but the best is in the ,spring1 and ,march1 when the trees are in the ,flower1 and doe begin to grow lusty4 ,the young planted ,siens or little ,grafts must be propagated in the beginning of ,winter1 a foot deepe in the earth1 and good manure mingled amongst the earth1 which you shall cast forth of the pit1 wherein you meane to propagate it1 to tumble it in vpon it againe4 ,in like manner your superfluous ,siens1 or little ,plants must be cut close by the earth1 when as they grow about some small ,impe1 which we meane to propagate1 for they would doe nothing but rot4 ,for to propagate1 you must digge the earth round about the tree1 that so your rootes may be laid in a manner halfe bare4 ,afterward draw into length the pit on that side where you meane to propagate1 and according as you perceiue that the roots will be best able to yeeld1 and be gouerned in the same pit1 to vie them1 and that with all gentlenesse1 and stop close your ,siens1 in such sort1 as that the wreath which is in the place where it is grafted1 may be a little lower then the ,siens of the new ,wood1 growing out of the earth1 euen so high as it possible may be4 ,if the trees that you would propagate be somewhat thicke1 and thereby the harder to ply1 and somewhat stiffe to lay in the pit3 then you may wet the stocke almost to the midst1 betwixt the roote and the wreathing place1 and so with gentle handling of it1 bow downe into the pit the wood which the grafts haue put forth1 and that in as round a compasse as you can1 keeping you from breaking of it3 afterward lay ouer the cut1 with gummed ,waxe1 or with grauell and sand4 ,,chap4 #b4 ,grafting in the ,barke4 ,grafting in the ,barke1 is vsed from mid-,august1 to the beginning of ,winter1 and also when the ,westerne winde beginneth to blow1 being from the #g4 of ,february1 vnto #aa4 of ,iune4 ,but there must care be had1 not to graffe in the barke in any rainy season1 because it would wash away the matter of ioyning the one and the other together1 and so hinder it4 ,,sn3 #c4 ,grafting in the budde1 is vsed in the ,summer time1 from the end of ,may1 vntill ,august1 as being the time when the trees are strong and lusty1 and full of sap and leaues4 ,to wit1 in a hot ,countrey1 from the midst of ,iune1 vnto the midst of ,iuly3 but cold ,countries1 to the midst of ,august1 after some small showres of ,raine4 ,if the ,summer be so exceeding dry1 as that some trees doe withhold their sap1 you must waite the time till it doe returne4 ,graft from the full of the ,moone1 vntill the end of the old4 ,you may graft in a ,cleft1 without hauing regard to the ,raine1 for the sap will keepe it off4 ,you may graft from mid-,august1 to the beginning of ,nouember3 ,cowes dung with straw doth mightily preserue the graft4 ,it is better to graft in the euening1 then the morning4 ,the furniture and tooles of a ,grafter1 are a ,basket to lay his ,grafts in1 ,clay1 ,grauell1 ,sand1 or strong ,earth1 to draw ouer the plants clouen3 ,mosse1 ,woollen clothes1 barkes of ,willow to ioyne to the late things and earth before spoken1 and to keepe them fast3 ,oziers to tye againe vpon the barke1 to keepe them firme and fast3 gummed ,wax1 to dresse and couer the ends and tops of the grafts newly cut1 that so the raine and cold may not hurt them1 neither yet the sap rising from belowe1 be constrained to returne againe vnto the shootes4 ,a little ,sawe or hand ,sawe1 to sawe off the stocke of the plants1 a little ,knife or ,pen-knife to graffe1 and to cut and sharpen the grafts1 that so the barke may not pill nor be broken2 which often commeth to passe when the graft is full of sap4 ,you shall cut the graffe so long1 as that it may fill the cliffe of the plant1 and therewithall it must be left thicker on the barke-side1 that so it may fill vp both the cliffe and other incisions1 as any need is to be made1 which must be alwaies well ground1 well burnished without all rust4 ,two wedges1 the one broad for thicke trees1 the other narrow for lesse and tender trees1 both of them of box1 or some other hard and smooth wood1 or steele1 or of very hard iron1 that so they may need lesse labour in making them sharpe4 ,a little hand-,bill to set the plants at more liberty1 by cutting off superfluous boughs1 helu'd of ,iuory1 ,box1 or ,brazell4 ,,chap4 #c4 ,grafting in the cleft4 ,the manner of grafting in a cleft1 to wit1 the stocke being clou'd1 is proper not onely to trees1 which are as great as a mans legs or armes1 but also to greater4 ,it is true that in as much as the trees cannot easily be clouen in their stocke1 that therefore it is expedient to make incision in some one of their branches1 and not in the maine body1 as we see to be practised in great ,apple trees1 and great ,peare-trees1 and as we haue already declared heretofore4 ,to graft in the cleft1 you must make choise of a graft that is full of sap and iuyce1 but it must not bee1 but till from after ,ianuary vntill ,march3 ,and you must not thus graft in any tree that is already budded1 because a great part of the iuyce and sap would be already mounted vp on high1 and risen to the top1 and there dispersed and scattered hither and thither1 into euery sprigge and twigge1 and vse nothing welcome to the graft4 ,you must likewise be resolued not to gather your graft the day you graft in1 but ten or twelue dayes before3 for otherwise1 if you graft it new gathered1 it will not be able easily to incorporate itselfe with the body and stocke1 where it shall be grafted2 because that some part of it will dry1 and by this meanes will be a hinderance in the stocke to the rising vp of the sap1 which it should communerate vnto the graft1 for the making of it to put forth1 and whereas this dried part will fall a crumbling1 and breaking thorow his rottennesse1 it will cause to remaine a concauity1 or hollow place in the stock1 which will be an occasion of a like inconuenience to befall the graft4 ,moreouer1 the graft being new and tender1 might easily be hurt of the bands1 which are of necessity to be tyed about the ,stocke1 to keepe the graft firme and fast4 ,and you must further see1 that your ,plant was not of late remoued1 but that it haue already fully taken root4 ,when you are minded to graft many grafts into one cleft1 you must see that they be cut in the end all alike4 ,,sn3 #g4 ,see that the grafts be of one length1 or not much differing1 and it is enough1 that they haue three or foure eylets without the wrench when the ,plant is once sawed1 and lopped of all his small ,siens and shootes round about1 as also implyed of all his branches1 if it haue many3 then you must leaue but two at the most1 before you come to the cleauing of it3 then put to your little ,saw1 or your knife1 or other edged toole that is very sharpe1 cleaue it quite thorow the middest1 in gentle and soft sort3 ,first1 tying the ,stocke very sure1 that so it may not cleaue further then is need3 and then put to your ,wedges into the cleft vntill such time as you haue set in your grafts1 and in cleauing of it1 hold the knife with the one hand1 and the tree with the other1 to helpe to keepe it from cleauing too farre4 ,afterwards put in your wedge of ,boxe or ,brazill1 or bone at the small end1 that so you may the better take it out againe1 when you haue set in your grafts4 ,,sn3 #h4 ,if the ,stocke be clouen1 or the ,barke loosed too much from the wood3 then cleaue it downe lower1 and set your grafts in1 and looke that their incision bee fit1 and very iustly answerable to the cleft1 and that the two saps1 first1 of the ,plant and graft1 be right and euen set one against the other1 and so handsomely fitted1 as that there may not be the least appearance of any cut or cleft4 ,for if they doe not thus lumpe one with another1 they will neuer take one with another1 because they cannot worke their seeming matter1 and as it were cartilaguous glue in conuenient sort or manner1 to the gluing of their ioynts together4 ,you must likewise beware1 not to make your cleft ouerthwart the pitch1 but somewhat aside4 ,the barke of your ,plant being thicker then that of your ,graft1 you must set the graft so much the more outwardly in the cleft1 that so the two saps may in any case be ioyned1 and set right the one with the other but the rinde of the ,plant must be somewhat more out1 then that of the grafts on the clouen side4 ,,sn3 #i4 ,,sn3 #aj4 ,to the end that you may not faile of this worke of imping1 you must principally take heed1 not to ouer-cleaue the ,stockes of your ,trees4 ,but before you widen the cleft of your wedges1 binde1 and goe about the ,stocke with two or three turnes1 and that with an ,ozier1 close drawne together1 vnderneath the same place1 where you would haue your cleft to end1 that so your ,stocke cleaue not too farre1 which is a very vsuall cause of the miscarrying of grafts1 in asmuch as hereby the cleft standeth so wide and open1 as that it cannot be shut1 and so not grow together againe2 but in the meane time spendeth it selfe1 and breatheth out all his life in that place1 which is the cause that the ,stocke and the ,graft are both spilt4 ,and this falleth out most often in ,plum-trees1 branches of trees4 ,you must be careful so to ioyne the rinds of your grafts1 and ,plants1 that nothing may continue open1 to the end that the wind1 moisture of the clay or raine1 running vpon the grafted place1 do not get in3 when the plant cloueth very straight1 there is not any danger nor hardnesse in sloping downe the ,graft4 ,if you leaue it somewhat vneuen1 or rough in some places1 so that the saps both of the one and of the other may the better grow1 and be glued together1 when your grafts are once well ioyned to your ,plants1 draw out your wedges very softly1 lest you displace them againe1 you may leaue there within the cleft some small end of a wedge of greene wood1 cutting it very close with the head of the ,stocke3 ,some cast glue into the cleft1 some ,sugar1 and some gummed ,waxe4 ,,sn3 #aa4 ,if the ,stocke of the ,plant whereupon you intend to graft1 be not so thicke as your graft1 you shall graft it after the fashion of a ,goates foot1 make a cleft in the ,stocke of the ,plant1 not direct1 but byas1 that smooth and euen1 not rough3 then apply and make fast thereto1 the graft withall his ,barke on1 and answering to the barke of the ,plant4 ,this being done1 couer the place with the fat earth and mosse of the ,woods tyed together with a strong band3 sticke a pole of ,wood by it1 to keepe it stedfast4 ,,chap4 #d4 ,grafting like a ,scutcheon4 ,in grafting after the manner of a ,scutcheon1 you shall not vary nor differ much from that of the ,flute or ,pipe1 saue only that the ,scutcheon-like graft1 hauing one eyelet1 as the other hath yet the wood of the tree whereupon the ,scutcheon-like graft is grafted1 hath not any knob1 or budde1 as the wood whereupon the graft is grafted1 after the manner of a pipe4 ,,sn3 #ab4 ,in ,summer when the trees are well replenished with sap1 and that their new ,siens begin to grow somewhat hard1 you shall take a shoote at the end of the chiefe branches of some noble and reclaimed tree1 whereof you would faine haue some fruit1 and not many of his old store or wood1 and from thence raise a good eylet1 the tayle and all thereof to make your graft4 ,but when you choose1 take the thickest1 and grossest1 diuide the tayle in the middest1 before you doe any thing else1 casting away the leafe 7if it be not a ,peare plum-tree3 for that would haue two or three leaues7 without remouing any more of the said tayle3 afterward with the point of a sharpe knife1 cut off the ,barke of the said shoote1 the patterne of a shield1 of the length of a nayle4 ,,sn3 #ac4 ,in which there is onely one eylet higher then the middest together1 with the residue of the tayle which you left behinde3 and for the lifting vp of the said graft in ,scutcheon1 after that you haue cut the barke of the shoote round about1 without cutting of the wood within1 you must take it gently with your thumbe1 and in putting it away you must presse vpon the wood from which you pull it1 that so you may bring the bud and all away together with the ,scutcheon3 for if you leaue it behinde with the wood1 then were the ,scutcheon nothing worth4 ,you shall finde out if the ,scutcheon be nothing worth1 if looking within when it is pulled away from the wood of the same sute1 you finde it to haue a hole within1 but more manifestly1 if the bud doe stay behind in the ,v,vood1 which ought to haue beene in the ,scutcheon4 ,,sn3 #ad4 ,thus your ,scutcheon being well raised and taken off1 hold it a little by the tayle betwixt your lips1 without wetting of it1 euen vntill you haue cut the ,barke of the tree where you would graft it1 and looke that it be cut without any wounding of the wood within1 after the manner of a crutch1 but somewhat longer then the ,scutcheon that you haue to set in it1 and in no place cutting the wood within2 after you haue made incision1 you must open it1 and make it gape wide on both sides1 but in all manner of gentle handling1 and that with little ,sizers of bone1 and separating the wood and the barke a little within1 euen so much as your ,scutcheon is in length and breadth3 you must take heed that in doing hereof1 you do not hurt the bark4 ,,sn3 #ae4 ,,sn3 #ag4 ,this done take your ,scutcheon by the end1 and your tayle which you haue left remaining1 and put into your incision made in your tree1 lifting vp softly your two sides of the incision with your said ,sizers of bone1 and cause the said ,scutcheon to ioyne1 and lye as close as may be1 with the wood of the tree1 being cut1 as aforesaid1 in waying a little vpon the end of your rinde3 so cut and let the vpper part of your ,scutcheon lye close vnto the vpper end of your incision1 or barke of your said tree3 afterward binde your ,scutcheon about with a band of ,hempe1 as thicke as a pen or a quill1 more or lesse1 according as your tree is small or great1 taking the same ,hempe in the middest1 to the end that either part of it may performe a like seruice2 and wreathing and binding of the said ,scutcheon into the incision of a tree1 and it must not be tyed too strait1 for that would keepe it from taking the ioyning of the one sap to the other1 being hindred thereby1 and neither the ,scutcheon1 nor yet the ,hempe must be moist or wet3 and the more iustly to binde them together1 begin at the backe side of the ,tree1 right ouer against the middest of the incision1 and from thence come forward to ioyne them before1 aboue the eylet and tayle of the ,scutcheon1 crossing your band of ,hempe1 so oft as the two ends meet1 and from thence returning backe againe1 come about and tye it likewise vnderneath the eylets3 and thus cast about your band still backward and forward1 vntill the whole cleft of the incision be couered aboue and below with the said ,hempe1 the eylet onely excepted1 and his tayle which must not be couered at all2 his tayle will fall away one part after another1 and that shortly after the ingrafting1 if so be the ,scutcheon will take4 ,leaue your trees and ,scutcheons thus bound1 for the space of one moneth1 and the thicker1 a great deale longer time4 ,afterward looke them ouer1 and if you perceiue them to grow together1 vntye them1 or at the leastwise cut the ,hempe behinde them1 and leaue them vncouered4 ,cut also your branch two or three fingers aboue that1 so the impe may prosper the better3 and thus let them remaine till after ,winter1 about the moneth of ,march1 and ,aprill4 ,,sn3 #ah4 ,if you perceiue that your budde of your ,scutcheon doe swell and come forward3 then cut off the tree three fingers or thereabouts1 aboue the ,scutcheon3 for if it be cut off too neere the ,scutcheon1 at such time as it putteth forth his first blossome1 it would be a meanes greatly to hinder the flowring of it1 and cause also that it should not thriue and prosper so well after that one yeere is past1 and that the shoote beginneth to be strong3 beginning to put forth the second bud and blossome1 you must goe forward to cut off in byas-wise the three fingers in the top of the tree1 which you left there1 when you cut it in the yeere going before1 as hath beene said4 ,,sn3 #ai4 ,,sn3 #bj4 ,,sn3 #ba4 ,when your shoote shall haue put foorth a great deale of length1 you must sticke down there1 euen hard ioyned thereunto1 little stakes1 tying them together very gently and easily2 and these shall stay your shootes and prop them vp1 letting the winde from doing any harme vnto them4 ,thus you may graft white ,roses in red1 and red in white4 ,thus you may graft two or three ,scutcheons3 prouided that they be all of one side3 for they will not be set equally together in height because then they would bee all staruelings1 neither would they be directly one ouer another2 for the lower would stay the rising vp of the sap of the tree1 and so those aboue should consume in penury1 and vndergoe the aforesaid inconuenience4 ,you must note1 that the ,scutcheon which is gathered from the ,sien of a tree whose fruite is sowre1 must be cut in square forme1 and not in the plaine fashion of a ,scutcheon4 ,it is ordinary to graffe the sweet ,quince tree1 bastard ,peach-tree1 ,apricock-tree1 ,iuiube-tree1 sowre ,cherry tree1 sweet ,cherry-tree1 and ,chestnut tree1 after this fashion1 howbeit they might be grafted in the cleft more easily1 and more profitably2 although diuers be of contrary opinion1 as thus best3 ,take the grafts of sweet ,quince tree1 and bastard ,peach-tree1 or the fairest wood1 and best fed that you can finde1 growing vpon the wood of two yeeres old1 because the wood is not so firme nor solid as the others1 and you shall graffe them vpon small ,plum-tree stocks1 being of the thicknes of ones thumbe2 these you shall cut after the fashion of a ,goats foot3 you shall not goe about to make the cleft of any more sides then one1 being about a foot high from the ground2 you must open it with your small wedge3 and being thus grafted1 it will seeme to you that it is open but of one side2 afterward you shall wrap it vp with a little ,mosse1 putting thereto some gummed ,wax1 or clay1 and binde it vp with ,oziers to keepe it surer1 because the stocke is not strong enough it selfe to hold it1 and you shall furnish it euery manner of way as others are dealt withall3 this is most profitable4 ,the time of grafting4 ,all moneths are good to graft in1 7the moneth of ,october and ,nouember onely excepted74 ,but commonly1 graft at that time of the ,winter1 when sap beginneth to arise4 ,in a cold ,countrey graft later1 and in a warme ,countrey earlier4 ,the best time generall is from the first of ,february1 vntill the first of ,may4 ,the grafts must alwaies be gathered1 in the old of the ,moone4 ,for grafts choose shootes of a yeere old1 or at the furthermost two yeeres old4 ,if you must carry grafts farre1 pricke them into a ,turnep newly gathered1 or lay earth about the ends4 ,if you set stones of ,plummes1 ,almonds1 ,nuts1 or ,peaches3 ,first let them lye a little in the ,sunne1 and then steepe them in ,milke or ,water1 three or foure dayes before you put them into the earth4 ,dry the kernels of ,pippins1 and sow them in the end of ,nouember4 ,the stone of a ,plum-tree must be set a foot deepe in ,nouember1 or ,february4 ,the ,date-stone must be set the great end downwards1 two cubits deepe in the earth1 in a place enriched with dung4 ,the ,peach-stone would be set presently after the ,fruit is eaten1 some quantity of the flesh of the ,peach remaining about the stone4 ,if you will haue it to be excellent1 graft it afterward vpon an ,almond tree4 ,the little ,siens of ,cherry-trees1 grown thicke with haire1 rots1 and those also which doe grow vp from the rootes of the great ,cherry-trees1 being remoued1 doe grow better and sooner then they which come of stones3 but they must be remoued and planted while they are but two or three yeeres old1 the branches must be lopped4 ,the ,contents of the ,art of ,propagating ,plants4 ,the ,art of propagating ,plants4 page #aji4 ,grafting in the ,barke4 p4 #aaa4 ,grafting in the cleft4 p4 #aac4 ,grafters ,tooles4 ,time of planting seting4 ,time of grafting4 ,how to cut the stumps in grafting4 ,sprouts and imps3 how gathered4 ,grafting like a ,scutcheon4 p4 #aaf4 ,inoculation in the ,barke4 ,emplaister-wise grafting4 ,to pricke stickes to beare the first yeere4 ,to haue ,cherries or ,plums without stones4 ,to make ,quinces great4 ,to set stones of ,plummes4 ,dates1 ,nut1 and ,peaches4 ,to make fruit smell well4 ,to plant ,cherry-trees4 ,,the ,,hvsband ,,mans ,,frvitefvll ,,orchard4 ,for the true ordering of all sorts of ,fruits in their due seasons2 and how double increase commeth by care in gathering yeere after yeare3 as also the best way of carriage by land or by water3 ,with their preseruation for longest continuance4 ,,sn3 ,cherries4 ,of all stone ,fruit1 ,cherries are the first to be gathered3 of which1 though we reckon foure sorts2 ,english1 ,flemish1 ,gascoyne and ,blacke1 yet are they reduced to two1 the early1 and the ordinary3 the earely are those whose grafts came first from ,france and ,flanders1 and are now ripe with vs in ,may3 the ordinary is our owne naturall ,cherry1 and is not ripe before ,iune2 they must be carefully kept from ,birds1 either with nets1 noise1 or other industry4 ,,sn3 ,gathering of ,cheries4 ,they are not all ripe at once1 nor may be gathered at once1 therefore with a light ,ladder1 made to stand of it selfe1 without hurting the boughes1 mount to the tree1 and with a gathering hooke1 gather those which be full ripe1 and put them into your ,cherry-pot1 or ,kybzey hanging by your side1 or vpon any bough you please1 and be sure to breake no stalke1 but that the cherry hangs by2 and pull them gently1 lay them downe tenderly1 and handle them as little as you can4 ,,sn3 ,to carry ,cherries4 ,for the conueyance or portage of ,cherries1 they are best to be carried in broad ,baskets like siues1 with smooth yeelding bottomes1 onely two broad laths going along the bottome3 and if you doe transport them by ship1 or boate1 let not the siues be fil'd to the top1 lest setting one vpon another1 you bruise and hurt the ,cherries3 if you carry by horse-backe1 then panniers well lined with ,fearne1 and packt full and close is the best and safest way4 ,,sn3 ,other stone-fruit4 ,now for the gathering of all other stone-fruite1 as ,nectarines1 ,apricockes1 ,peaches1 ,peare-plumbes1 ,damsons1 ,bullas1 and such like1 although in their seuerall kinds1 they seeme not to be ripe at once on one tree3 yet when any is ready to drop from the tree1 though the other seeme hard1 yet they may also be gathered1 for they haue receiued the full substance the tree can giue them2 and therefore the day being faire1 and the dew drawne away2 set vp your ,ladder1 and as you gathered your ,cherries1 so gather them3 onely in the bottomes of your large siues1 where you part them1 you shall lay ,nettles1 and likewise in the top1 for that will ripen those that are most vnready4 ,,sn3 ,gathering of ,peares4 ,in gathering of ,peares are three things obserued2 to gather for expence1 for transportation1 or to sell to the ,apothecary4 ,if for expence1 and your owne vse1 then gather them as soone as they change1 and are as it were halfe ripe1 and no more but those which are changed1 letting the rest hang till they change also3 for thus they will ripen kindely1 and not rot so soone1 as if they were full ripe at the gathering4 ,but if your ,peares be to be transported farre either by ,land or ,water1 then pull one from the tree1 and cut it in the middest1 and if you finde it hollow about the choare1 and the kernell a large space to lye in3 although no ,peare be ready to drop from the tree1 yet then they may be gathered1 and then laying them on a heape one vpon another1 as of necessity they must be for transportation1 they will ripen of themselues1 and eate kindly3 but gathered before1 they will wither1 shrinke and eate rough1 losing not onely their taste1 but beauty4 ,now for the manner of gathering2 albeit some climb into the trees by the boughes1 and some by ,ladder1 yet both is amisse3 the best way is with the ,ladder before spoken of1 which standeth of it selfe1 with a basket and a line1 which being full1 you must gently let downe1 and keeping the string still in your hand1 being emptied1 draw it vp againe1 and so finish your labour1 without troubling your selfe1 or hurting the tree4 ,,sn3 ,gathering of ,apples4 ,now touching the gathering of ,apples1 it is to be done according to the ripening of the fruite2 your ,summer apples first1 and the ,winter after4 ,for ,summer fruit1 when it is ripe1 some will drop from the tree1 and birds will be picking at them3 ,but if you cut one of the greenest1 and finde it as was shew'd you before of the ,peare3 then you may gather them1 and in the house they will come to their ripenesse and perfection4 ,for your ,winter fruit1 you shall know the ripenesse by the obseruation before shewed2 but it must be gathered in a faire1 ,sunny1 and dry day1 in the waine of the ,moone1 and no ,wind in the ,east1 also after the deaw is gone away3 for the least wet or moysture will make them subiect to rot and mildew3 also you must haue an apron to gather in1 and to empty into the great baskets1 and a hooke to draw the boughes vnto you1 which you cannot reach with your hands at ease3 the apron is to be an ,ell euery way1 loopt vp to your girdle1 so as it may serue for either hand without any trouble3 and when it is full1 vnloose one of your loopes1 and empty it gently into the great basket1 for in throwing them downe roughly1 their owne stalkes may pricke them2 and those which are prickt1 will euer rot4 ,againe1 you must gather your fruit cleane without leaues or brunts1 because the one hurts the tree1 for euery brunt would be a stalke for fruit to grow vpon3 the other hurts the fruit by bruising1 and pricking it as it is layd together1 and there is nothing sooner rotteth fruit1 then the greene and withered leaues lying amongst them2 neither must you gather them without any stalke at all3 for such fruit will begin to rot where the stalke stood4 ,,sn3 ,to vse the fallings4 ,for such fruit as falleth from the trees1 and are not gathered1 they must not be layd with the gathered fruit3 and of fallings there are two sorts1 one that fals through ripenesse1 and they are best1 and may be kept to bake or roast2 the other windfals1 and before they are ripe1 and they must be spent as they are gathered1 or else they will wither and come to nothing3 and therefore it is not good by any meanes to beate downe fruit with ,poales1 or to carrie them in ,carts loose and iogging or in sacks where they may be bruised4 ,,sn3 ,carriage of fruit4 ,when your fruit is gathered1 you shall lay them in deepe ,baskets of ,wicker1 which shall containe foure or sixe bushels1 and so betweene two men1 carry them to your ,apple-,loft1 and in shooting or laying them downe1 be very carefull that it be done with all gentlenesse1 and leasure1 laying euery sort of fruit seuerall by it selfe3 but if there be want of roome hauing so many sorts that you cannot lay them seuerally1 then such some fruite as is neerest in taste and colour1 and of ,winter fruit1 such as will taste alike1 may if need require1 be laid together1 and in time you may separate them1 as shall bee shewed hereafter4 ,but if your fruit be gathered faire from your ,apple-,loft1 them must the bottomes of your ,baskets be lined with greene ,ferne1 and draw the stuborne ends of the same through the ,basket1 that none but the soft leafe may touch the fruit1 and likewise couer the tops of the ,baskets with ,ferne also1 and draw small cord ouer it1 that the ,ferne may not fall away1 nor the fruit scatter out1 or iogge vp and downe3 and thus you may carry fruit by ,land or by ,water1 by ,boat1 or ,cart1 as farre as you please3 and the ,ferne doth not onely keepe them from bruising1 but also ripens them1 especially ,peares4 ,when your fruit is brought to your ,apple-,loft or store house1 if you finde them not ripened enough1 then lay them in thicker heapes vpon ,fearne1 and couer them with ,ferne also3 and when they are neere ripe1 then vncouer them1 and make the heapes thinner1 so as the ayre may passe thorow them3 and if you will not hasten the ripening of them1 then lay them on the boords without any ,fearne at all4 ,now for ,winter1 or long lasting ,peares1 they may be packt either in ,ferne or ,straw1 and carried whither you please2 and being come to the iourneys end must be laid vpon sweet straw2 but beware the roome be not too warme1 nor windie1 and too cold1 for both are hurtfull3 but in a temperate place1 where they may haue ayre1 but not too much4 ,,sn3 ,of ,wardens4 ,wardens are to be gathered1 carried1 packt1 and laid as ,winter ,peares are4 ,,sn3 ,of ,medlers4 ,medlers are to be gathered about ,michaelmas1 after a frost hath toucht them2 at which time they are in their full growth1 and will then be dropping from the tree1 but neuer ripe vpon the tree4 ,when they are gathered1 they must be laid in a basket1 siue1 barrell1 or any such caske1 and wrapt about with woollen cloths1 vnder1 ouer1 and on all sides1 and also some waight laid vpon them1 with a boord betweene3 for except they be brought into a heat1 they will neuer ripen kindly or taste well4 ,now when they haue laine till you thinke some of them be ripe1 the ripest1 still as they ripen1 must be taken from the rest3 therefore powre them out into another siue or basket leasurely1 that so you may well finde them that be ripest1 letting the hard one fall into the other basket1 and those which be ripe laid aside3 the other that be halfe ripe1 seuer also into a third siue or basket3 for if the ripe and halfe ripe be kept together1 the one will be mouldy1 before the other be ripe3 ,and thus doe1 till all be throughly ripe4 ,,sn3 ,of ,quinces4 ,quinces should not be laid with other fruite2 for the sent is offensiue both to other fruite1 and to those that keepe the fruite or come amongst them3 therefore lay them by themselues vpon sweet strawe1 where they may haue ayre enough3 they must be packt like ,medlers1 and gathered with ,medlers4 ,,sn3 ,to packe ,apples4 ,apples must be packt in ,wheat or ,rye-straw1 and in maunds or baskets lyned with the same1 and being gently handled1 will ripen with such packing and lying together4 ,if seuerall sorts of apples be packt in one maund or basket1 then betweene euery sort1 lay sweet strawe of a pretty thicknesse4 ,,sn3 ,emptying and laying apples4 ,apples must not be powred out1 but with care and leasure3 first1 the straw pickt cleane from them1 and then gently take out euery seuerall sort1 and place them by themselues3 but if for want of roome you mixe the sorts together1 then lay those together that are of equall lasting2 but if they haue all one taste1 then they need no separation4 ,apples that are not of the like colours should not be laid together1 and if any such be mingled1 let it be amended1 and those which are first ripe1 let them be first spent2 and to that end1 lay those apples together1 that are of one time ripening3 and thus you must vse ,pippins also1 yet will they endure bruises better then other fruit1 and whilst they are greene will heale one another4 ,,sn3 ,difference in ,fruit4 ,pippins though they grow of one tree1 and in one ground1 yet some will last better then other some1 and some will bee bigger then others of the same kinde1 according as they haue more or lesse of the ,sunne1 or more or lesse of the droppings of the trees or vpper branches3 therefore let euery one make most of that fruite which is fairest1 and longest lasting4 ,againe1 the largenesse and goodnesse of fruite consists in the age of the tree3 for as the tree increaseth1 so the fruite increaseth in bignesse1 beauty1 taste1 and firmnesse3 and otherwise1 as it decreaseth4 ,,sn3 ,transporting fruit by water4 ,if you be to transport your fruit farre by water1 then prouide some dry hogges-heads or barrells1 and packe in your apples1 one by one with your hand1 that no empty place may be left1 to occasion sogging2 and you must line your vessell at both ends with fine sweet straw2 but not the sides1 to auoid heat3 and you must bore a dozen holes at either end1 to receiue ayre so much the better2 and by no meanes let them take wet4 ,some vse1 that transport beyond seas1 to shut the fruite vnder hatches vpon straw3 but it is not so good1 if caske may be gotten4 ,,sn3 ,when not to transport fruit4 ,it is not good to transport fruite in ,march1 when the wind blowes bitterly1 nor in frosty weather1 neither in the extreme heate of ,summer4 ,,sn3 ,to conuay small store of fruit4 ,if the quantity be small you would carry1 then you may carry them in ,dossers or ,panniers1 prouided they be euer filled close1 and that ,cherries and ,peares be lined with greene ,fearne1 and ,apples with sweete straw2 and that1 but at the bottomes and tops1 not on the sides4 ,,sn3 ,roomes for fruite4 ,winter fruite must lye neither too hot1 nor too cold2 too close1 nor too open3 for all are offensiue4 ,a lowe roome or ,cellar that is sweet1 and either boorded or paued1 and not too close1 is good1 from ,christmas till ,march3 and roomes that are seeled ouer head1 and from the ground1 are good from ,march till ,may3 then the ,cellar againe1 from ,may till ,michaelmas4 ,the apple loft would be seeled or boorded1 which if it want1 take the longest ,rye-straw1 and raise it against the walles1 to make a fence as high as the fruite lyeth2 and let it be no thicker then to keepe the fruite from the wall1 which being moyst1 may doe hurt1 or if not moist1 then the dust is offensiue4 ,,sn3 ,sorting of ,fruit4 ,there are some fruite which will last but vntill ,allhallontide3 they must be laid by themselues2 then those which will last till ,christmas1 by themselues3 then those which will last till it be ,candlemas1 by themselues3 those that will last till ,shrouetide1 by themselues3 and ,pippins1 ,apple-,iohns1 ,peare-maines1 and ,winter-,russettings1 which will last all the yeere by themselues4 ,now if you spy any rotten fruite in your heapes1 pick them out1 and with a ,trey for the purpose1 see you turne the heapes ouer1 and leaue not a tainted ,apple in them1 diuiding the hardest by themselues1 and the broken skinned by themselues to be first spent1 and the rotten ones to be cast away2 and euer as you turne them1 and picke them1 vnder-lay them with fresh straw3 thus shall you keepe them safe for your vse1 which otherwise would rot suddenly4 ,,sn3 ,times of stirring fruit4 ,pippins1 ,iohn ,apples1 ,peare maines1 and such like long lasting fruit1 need not to be turned till the weeke before ,christmas1 vnlesse they be mixt with other of a riper kind1 or that the fallings be also with them1 or much of the first straw left amongst them3 the next time of turning is at ,shroue-tide1 and after that1 once a moneth till ,whitson-tide2 and after that1 once a fortnight2 and euer in the turning1 lay your heapes lower and lower1 and your straw very thinne3 prouided you doe none of this labour in any great frost1 except it be in a close ,celler4 ,at euery thawe1 all fruit is moyst1 and then they must not be touched3 neither in rainy weather1 for then they will be danke also3 and therefore at such seasons it is good to set open your windowes1 and doores1 that the ayre may haue free passage to dry them1 as at nine of the clocke in the fore-noone in ,winter2 and at sixe in the fore-noone1 and at eight at night in ,summer3 onely in ,march1 open not your windowes at all4 ,all lasting fruite1 after the middest of ,may1 beginne to wither1 because then they waxe dry1 and the moisture gone1 which made them looke plumpe3 they must needes wither1 and be smaller2 and nature decaying1 they must needes rot4 ,and thus much touching the ordering of fruites4 ,,finis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ic ,,london1 ,printed by ,nicholas ,okes for ,,iohn ,,harison1 at the golden ,vnicorne in ,pater-noster-row4 #afca4 ,transcriber's notes ,the following corrections have been made3 ,title page carring home changed to carrying home4 ,sig4 ,a#br ,,sir ,,henry ,,belosses possible error for ,,sir ,,henry ,,belloses2 not changed4 ,sig4 ,a#cv how ancient1 how1 profitable1 changed to how ancient1 how profitable14 ,roses on ,thornes4 and such like1 changed to ,roses on ,thornes1 and such like14 ,sig4 ,a#dr ,of bough ,setts4 changed to ,of bought ,setts4 for consistency with the text4 ,sig4 ,a#dv ,page number for ,of ,foyling in ,chapter #ab changed from #ec to #ea1 for consistency with the text4 ,page number for ,of ,flowers1 ,borders1 ,mounts c4 in ,chapter #ag changed from #ga to #gj1 for consistency with the text4 ,chapter #a1 page #c other offall1 that fruit changed to all other of that fruit ,chapter #b1 page #c nor searcely with ,quinces1 changed to nor scarcely with ,quinces14 7not well ordered1 changed to 7not well ordered74 ,page #e will pu forth suckers changed to will put forth suckers4 ,page #f become manure to your ground changed to become manure to your ground44 #ae4 or #ah inches deepe changed to #ae4 or #ah4 inches deepe4 ,chapter #c1 page #f 7as is before described1 changed to 7as is before described74 ,page #g in ,holland and ,zealand the a in and is italicised in the original4 ,our old fathers can telvs changed to ,our old fathers can tel vs4 ,page #h chuse your ground low ,or if you be forced changed to chuse your ground low3 ,or if you be forced4 ,page #aj 7for trees are the greatest suckers pillers of earth1 changed to 7for trees are the greatest suckers pillers of earth74 ,chapter #g1 page #ah for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit7 changed to 7for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit74 ,page #bj arse from some taw changed to arise from some taw4 ,page #ba ,i could not mislke this kind changed to ,i could not mislike this kind4 ,page #bg ,let not you stakes changed to ,let not your stakes4 or of auy other thing changed to or of any other thing4 ,chapter #h1 page #bi forty or fity yeares changed to forty or fifty yeares4 alotted to his felllow changed to alotted to his fellow4 ,page #cj vpward out of he earth changed to vpward out of the earth4 ,chapter #i1 page #cb they are more subiect1 changed to they are more subiect to14 ,chapter #aj1 page #cc commonly called a ,graft7 changed to 7commonly called a ,graft74 ,chapter #aa1 page #dc 7nay more7 such as mens changed to 7nay more1 such as mens4 ,page #df ,it stayes it nothing at al changed to ,it stayes it nothing at all44 ,chapter #ab1 page #ec wastes cotinually changed to wastes continually4 ,chapter #ac1 page #eg take sprig and all 7for changed to take sprig and all3 for4 ,page #eh cleanse his foile changed to cleanse his soile4 ,chapter #ad1 page #fc growth3 for cut them changed to growth3 7for cut them4 ,page #fd to inlarge their frust changed to to inlarge their fruit4 ,chapter #af1 page #fg ,orchrad shall exceed changed to ,orchard shall exceed ,chapter #ag1 page #gj double double ,cowslips not changed4 ,the ,country ,housewifes ,garden ,chapter #h1 page #ij drunke to kill itches changed to drunke7 to kill itches4 ,page #id ,it floweth at ,michael-tide changed to ,it flowreth at ,michael-tide4 ,page #ie ,cur moritur homo1 cum saluia crescit in horto8 not changed4 ,possible error for 444 cui saluia 4444 ,chapter #i1 page #ig for then they are too too tender not changed4 ,chapter #aj1 page #ii the ,beees lye out changed to the ,bees lye out4 ,page #ajj ,neither would the hiue be too too great not changed4 ,page #ajb hey cannot come downe changed to they cannot come downe4 ,page #ajc claspes are loose in the ,stapes not changed4 ,page #ajf combes into a siue changed to combes7 into a siue4 ,the ,art of propagating plants ,chapter #c1 page #aaf ,the last side note has been changed from #a4 to #aa44 ,chapter #d1 page #abj aud these shall stay changed to and these shall stay4 sowre ,cherry treee changed to sowre ,cherry tree4 ,the ,husband mans fruitefull orchard ,page #abe ,gascoyne and ,blacke changed to ,gascoyne and ,blacke4 ,page #abf if you doe trasport them changed to if you doe transport them4 ,nertarines1 ,apricockes changed to ,nectarines1 ,apricockes4