,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,e ef=t has be5    
made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z
 possible1 includ+ obsolete & v>iant    
spell+s & o!r inconsi/5cies4 ,text t has
 be5 *ang$ to correct an obvi\s error is
 not$ at ! end ( ?is ebook4             
,,critical   ,,miscellanies     ,,by    
,,john ,,morley     ,,vol4 ,,iii4       
,essay #aj3 ,augu/e ,comte     ,london  
,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$   ,,new 
,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company       
#aijd     ,,cont5ts   ,,augu/e ,,comte4 
,,page    ,introduction                 
#ccg    ,influ5ce ( ,sa9t ,simon        
#cdj    ,m>riage                        
#cdc    ,s]i\s illness                  
#cde    ,(ficial "w                     
#cdg    ,completion ( ,positive         
,philosophy                             
#cdi    ,j4 ,s4 ,mill                   
#cej    ,"q ( ,subsidy                  
#ceb    ,money                          
#cec    ,lit]>y me?od                   
#ced    ,hygine crbrale                 
#cef    ,madame de ,vaux                

#cef    ,positive ,polity               
#ceh    ,dea?                           
#cei    ,comte's philosophic consi/5cy  
#cfj    ,e>ly writ+s                    
#cfa    ,law ( ! ,?ree ,/ates           
#cfc    ,classification ( sci5ces       
#cff    ,! d\ble key ( ,positive        
,philosophy                             
#cfh    ,criticism on ,comte's          
classification                          
#cfi    ,sociological conceptions       
#cga    ,me?od                          
#cga    ,decisive importance (          
intellectual developm5t                 
#cgc    ,hi/orical elucidations         
#cgd    ,_! value & popul>ity           
#cgd    ,social dynamics 9 ! ,positive  
,polity                         #cge    
,! ,positivi/ sy/em                     
#cgf    ,! key to social reg5]ation     
#cgg    ,! ,religion ( ,humanity        
#cgg    ,! ,great ,be+                  
#cgh    ,rem>ks on ! ,religion          
#cgh    ,! wor%ip & discipl9e           
#chj    ,! prie/hood                    

#cha    ,wom5                           
#chb    ,conclusion                     
#chc     ,,augu/e ,,comte4#a   ,comte is
 n[ g5]ally admitt$ to h be5 ! mo/ em95t
 & important ( t int]e/+ gr\p ( ?9k]s   
:om ! ov]?r[ ( old in/itutions 9 ,france
 turn$ t[>ds social speculation4 ,va/ly 
sup]ior z he 0 to m5 l ,de ,mai/re on ! 
"o h&1 & to m5 l ,sa9t ,simon or ,f\ri] 
on ! o!r1 z well 9 sci5tific            
acquisitions z 9 m5tal capacity1 /ill ! 
aim & int]e/ ( all 8 ?9k+ 0 also !irs1  
namely1 ! r5ovation ( ! conditions ( !  
social union4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we classify   
him1 n ?us accord+ to aim1 b accord+ to 
me?od1 !n he takes rank among m5 ( a v  
diff]5t type f ^!4 ,:at di/+ui%es him 9 
me?od f 8 contempor>ies is 8 disc]nm5t t
 ! social ord] _c be trans=m$ until all 
! !oretic conceptions t belong to x h   
be5 reh&l$ 9 a sci5tific _s1 & maturely 
ga!r$ up into a sy/ematic :ole along ) !
 re/ ( our k4 ,?is presid+ doctr9e      
connects ,comte ) ! social ?9k]s ( !    
eighte5? c5tury1--indirectly )          

,montesquieu1 directly ) ,turgot1 & m   
closely ?an ei!r ) ,condorcet1 ( :om he 
0 accu/om$ to speak z 8 philosophic     
fa!r4      #a ,repr9t$ by ! k9d         
p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,a4 & ,c4 ,black   
f ! new edition ( ! ,encyclopdia        
,britannica4                            
,isidore-,augu/e-,m>ie-,franois-,xavi]  
,comte 0 born 9 ,janu>y #agih1 at       
,montpelli]1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 a             
receiv]-g5]al ( taxes = ! di/rict4 ,he 0
 s5t = 8 e>lie/ in/ruction to ! s*ool ( 
! t[n1 & 9 #ahad 0 admitt$ to ! cole    
,polyte*nique4 ,8 y\? 0 m>k$ by a       
con/ant will+ness to rebel aga9/ m]ely  
(ficial au?ority2 to g5u9e excell5ce1   
:e!r moral or intellectual1 he 0 always 
ready to pay unb\nd$ def]5ce4 ,t /r5u\s 
application :i* 0 "o ( 8 mo/ rem>kable  
gifts 9 manhood %[$ itself 9 8 y\?1 & 8 
application 0 back$ or inspir$ by       
sup]ior intellig5ce & aptness4 ,aft] he 
_h be5 two ye>s at ! cole ,polyte*nique 
he took a =emo/ "p 9 a mut9\s           
demon/ration aga9/ "o ( ! ma/]s2 ! s*ool

 0 brok5 up1 & ,comte l ! o!r s*ol>s 0  
s5t home4 ,to ! great dissatisfaction ( 
8 p>5ts1 he resolv$ to return to ,p>is  
7#ahaf71 & to e>n 8 liv+ !re by giv+    
lessons 9 ma!matics4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 
! y\?'s idol at ?is mom5t4 ',i seek to  
imitate ! mod]n ,socrates1' he wrote to 
a s*ool fri5d1 'n 9 tal5ts1 b 9 way (   
liv+4 ,y "k t at five & tw5ty he =m$ !  
design ( becom+ p]fectly wise1 & t he   
fulfill$ 8 design4 ,i h d>$ to und]take 
! same ?+1 ?\gh ,i am n yet tw5ty4'     
,?\gh ,comte's "* & aims 7 z f> remov$ z
 possible f ,frankl9's type1 nei!r      
,frankl9 nor any man t ev] liv$ c\ld    
surpass him 9 ! h]oic t5acity ) :i*1 9 !
 face ( a ?\s& ob/acles1 he pursu$ 8 own
 ideal ( a vocation4  ,= a mom5t        
circum/ances l$ him to ?9k ( seek+ a    
c>e] 9 ,am]ica1 b a fri5d :o prec$$ him 
?i!r w>n$ him ( ! purely practical _s t 
prevail$ 9 ! new c\ntry4 ',if ,lagrange 
7 to come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he c\ld   
only e>n 8 livelihood by turn+ l&       
surveyor4' ,s ,comte rema9$ 9 ,p>is1    

liv+ z he be/ c\ld on some?+ less ?an   
#hj a ye>1 & hop+1 :5 he took ! tr\ble  
to break 8 m$itations ^u great] ?+s by  
hopes ab\t himself1 t he might by & by  
obta9 an appo9tm5t z ma!matical ma/] 9 a
 s*ool4 ,a fri5d procur$ him a situation
 z tutor 9 ! h\se ( ,casimir ,pri]4 ,!  
sal>y 0 good1 b ! duties 7 too          
miscellane\s1 & :at 0 /ill worse1 !re 0 
an end ( ! delici\s lib]ty ( ! g>ret4   
,aft] a %ort exp]i5ce ( ?ree weeks      
,comte return$ to ne$9ess & cont5tm5t4  
,he 0 n altoge!r )\t ! "y man's appetite
 = pleasure2 yet :5 he 0 only n9ete5 we 
f9d him wond]+1 amid ! gaieties ( !     
c>nival ( #ahag1 h[ a gavotte or a m9uet
 c\ld make p =get t ?irty ?\s& human    
be+s ar\nd !m _h b>ely a morsel to eat4 
,h>d%ip 9 y\? has _m drawbacks1 b x has 
! imm5se advantage ov] academic ease (  
mak+ ! /ud5t's int]e/ 9 m5 real1 & n    
m]ely lit]>y4  ,t[>ds #ahah ,comte      
became associat$ z fri5d & disciple ) a 
man :o 0 de/9$ to ex]cise a v decisive  
influ5ce ^u ! turn ( 8 speculation4     

,h5ry1 c\nt ( ,sa9t ,simon1 0 second    
c\s9 ( ! fam\s duke ( ,sa9t ,simon1 !   
fri5d ( ! ,reg5t1 & au?or ( ! mo/       
important set ( memoirs 9 a language t  
is s incomp>ably ri* 9 memoirs4 ,he 0 n[
 ne>ly sixty1 & if he _h n ga9$ a s]i\s 
reputation1 he _h at lea/ excit$ !      
curiosity & int]e/ ( 8 contempor>ies by 
! social ecc5tricities ( 8 life1 by !   
multitude ( 8 s*emes & devices1 & by !  
fanta/ic +5uity ( 8 political ideas4    
,sa9t ,simon's mo/ *>act]i/ic faculty 0 
an exub]ant imag9ation1 work+ 9 ! sph]e 
( real ?+s4 ,sci5tific discipl9e did    
no?+ = him2 he _h nev] und]gone x1 & he 
nev] felt its value4 ,he 0 an arti/ 9   
social con/ruction2 & if "r ideas1 or ! 
sugge/ion ( "r ideas1 sometimes came    
into 8 head1 ab\t hi/ory1 ab\t human    
progress1 ab\t a /able polity1 su* ideas
 7 n ! products ( tra9s ( ord]$ reason+2
 !y 7 ! intuitional glimpses ( ! poet1 &
 consequ5tly z !y pr(ess$ to be 9 real  
matt]1 ev5 ! "r ideas 7 z (t5 z n       
accompani$ by wrong ones4  ,! "y ,comte1

 n[ tw5ty1 0 en*ant$ by ! philosophic   
vet]an4 ,9 aft] ye>s he s f> =got       
himself z to write ( ,sa9t ,simon z a   
deprav$ quack1 & to deplore 8 connection
 ) him z purely mis*iev\s4 ,:ile !      
connection la/$ he ?\ght v diff]5tly4   
,sa9t ,simon is describ$ z ! mo/        
e/imable & lovable ( m51 & ! mo/        
delightful 9 8 relations2 he is !       
wor?ie/ ( philosoph]s4 ,ev5 aft] !      
association _h come to an end1 & at ! v 
mom5t :5 ,comte 0 congratulat+ himself  
on hav+ ?r[n (f ! yoke1 he hone/ly      
admits t ,sa9t ,simon's influ5ce has be5
 ( p[]ful s]vice 9 8 philosophic        
education4 ',i c]ta9ly1' he writes to 8 
mo/ intimate fri5d1 'am "u great p]sonal
 obligations to ,sa9t ,simon2 t is to   
say1 he help$ 9 a p[]ful degree to laun*
 me 9 ! philosophical direction t ,i h  
n[ def9itely m>k$ out = myself1 & t ,i  
%all foll[ )\t look+ back = ! re/ ( my  
life4' ,ev5 if !re 7 no su* unmi/akable 
expressions z ^!1 ! mo/ cursory glance  
into ,sa9t ,simon's writ+s is en\gh to  

reveal ! ?read ( connection betwe5 !    
+5i\s vision>y & sy/ematic ?9k]4 ,we see
 ! debt1 & we also see t :5 x is /at$ at
 ! highe/ possible1 no?+ has really be5 
tak5 ei!r f ,comte's claims z a p[]ful  
orig9al ?9k]1 or f 8 immeasurable       
pre-em95ce ov] ,sa9t ,simon 9           
intellectual grasp & vig\r & coh]5ce4 ,z
 high a degree ( orig9ality may be %[n 9
 trans=mation z 9 inv5tion1 z ,molire & 
,%akespe>e h prov$ 9 ! region ( dramatic
 art4 ,9 philosophy ! conditions are n  
diff]5t4 ,il faut pr5dre son bi5 o on le
 tr\ve4  ,x is no detrim5t to ,comte's  
fame t "s ( ! ideas :i* he recomb9$ &   
incorporat$ 9 a great philosophic       
/ructure _h _! orig9 9 ideas t 7 produc$
 almo/ at r&om 9 ! incessant f]m5tation 
( ,sa9t ,simon's bra94 ,comte is 9 no   
true s5se a foll[] ( ,sa9t ,simon1 b x 0
 und\bt$ly ,sa9t ,simon :o laun*$ him1  
to take ,comte's own ^w1 by sugge/+ to 8
 /rong & p5etrat+ m9d ! two />t+-po9ts (
 :at grew into ! ,comti/ sy/em--fir/1 t 
political ph5om5a are z capable ( be+   

gr\p$ "u laws z o!r ph5om5a2 & second1 t
 ! true de/9ation ( philosophy mu/ be   
social1 & ! true object ( ! ?9k] mu/ be 
! reorganisation ( ! moral1 religi\s1 & 
political sy/ems4 ,we c readily see :at 
an impulse ^! f>-rea*+ conceptions w\ld 
give to ,comte's m$itations4 ,!re 7     
conceptions ( less importance ?an ^!1 9 
:i* x is impossible n to feel t x 0     
,sa9t ,simon's wrong or imp]fect idea t 
put 8 "y admir] on ! track to a "r &    
p]fect$ idea4 ,! subject is n wor?y (   
fur!r discussion4 ,t ,comte w\ld h p]=m$
 "s great intellectual a*ievem5t1 if    
,sa9t ,simon _h nev] be5 born1 is c]ta94
 ,x is h>dly less c]ta9 t ! great       
a*ievem5t :i* he did actually p]=m 0    
orig9ally set 9 motion by ,sa9t ,simon's
 conv]sation1 ?\gh x 0 aft]w>ds directly
 filiat$ ) ! f]tile speculations (      
,turgot & ,condorcet4 ,comte ?\ght almo/
 z meanly ( ,plato z he did ( ,sa9t     
,simon1 & he consid]$ ,ari/otle ! pr9ce 
( all true ?9k]s2 yet _! vital diff]5ce 
ab\t ,ideas did n prev5t ,ari/otle f    

call+ ,plato ma/]4  ,aft] six ye>s !    
diff]5ces betwe5 ! old & ! "y philosoph]
 grew too m>k$ = fri5d%ip4 ,comte began 
to fret "u ,sa9t ,simon's pret5sions to 
be 8 director4 ,sa9t ,simon1 on ! o!r   
h&1 p]haps began to feel uncom=tably    
consci\s ( ! sup]iority ( 8 disciple4 ,!
 occasion ( ! brea* betwe5 !m 7#ahbd7 0 
an attempt on ,sa9t ,simon's "p to pr9t 
a production ( ,comte's z if x 7 9 "s   
sort connect$ ) ,sa9t ,simon's s*emes ( 
social reorganisation4 ,comte 0 nev] a  
man to qu>rel by halves1 & n only 0 !   
brea* n repair$1 b long aft]w>ds ,comte1
 z we h said1 ) pa9ful ungraci\sness    
took to call+ ! enc\rag] ( 8 y\? by v   
h>d names4  ,9 #ahbe ,comte m>ri$4 ,8   
m>riage 0 "o ( ^? ( :i* 'magnanimity    
owes no acc\nt to prud5ce1' & x did n   
turn out prosp]\sly4 ,8 family 7 /rongly
 ,ca?olic & royali/1 & !y 7 outrag$ by 8
 refusal to h ! m>riage p]=m$ o!r ?an   
civilly4 ,!y cons5t$1 h[ev]1 to receive 
8 wife1 & ! pair w5t on a visit to      
,montpelli]4 ,madame ,comte conceiv$ a  

dislike to ! circle %e f\nd !re1 & ?is 0
 ! too e>ly beg9n+ ( disputes :i* la/$ =
 ! rema9d] ( _! union4 ,9 ! ye> ( 8     
m>riage we f9d ,comte writ+ to ! mo/    
intimate ( 8 correspond5ts3--',i h no?+ 
left b to conc5trate my :ole moral      
exi/5ce 9 my intellectual "w1 a preci\s 
b inadequate comp5sation2 & s ,i mu/    
give up1 if n ! mo/ dazzl+1 /ill !      
sweete/ "p ( my happ9ess4' ,we _c help  
admir+ ! h]oism :i* *]i%es great ideas 9
 ! mid/ ( petty mis]ies1 & intrepidly   
?r[s all squalid int]ruptions into !    
backgr\nd :i* is _! true place4 ,/ill1  
we may well suppose t ! sordid c>es t   
come ) want ( money made a h>moni\s life
 none ! m easy4 ,comte tri$ to f9d      
pupils to bo>d ) him1 b only "o pupil   
came1 & he 0 soon s5t away = lack (     
companions4 ',i w\ld r sp5d an ev5+1'   
wrote ! ne$y en?usia/1 '9 solv+ a       
difficult "q1 ?an 9 runn+ aft] "s       
empty-head$ & consequ5tial millionaire 9
 se>* ( a pupil4' ,a little money 0 e>n$
 by an occasional article 9 ,le         

,producteur1 9 :i* he began to exp\nd ! 
philosophic ideas t 7 n[ matur+ 9 8 m9d4
 ,he ann\nc$ a c\rse ( lectures 7#ahbf71
 :i* x 0 hop$ w\ld br+ money z well z   
fame1 & :i* 7 to be ! fir/ dogmatic     
exposition ( ! ,positive ,philosophy4 ,a
 fri5d _h said to him1 ',y talk too     
freely1 y\r ideas are gett+ abroad1 &   
o!r p use !m )\t giv+ y ! cr$it2 put y\r
 own]%ip on record4' ,! lectures 7      
int5d$ to d ?is among o!r ?+s1 & !y     
attract$ he>]s s em95t z ,humboldt !    
cosmologi/1 z ,po9sot ! geomet]1 z      
,bla9ville ! physiologi/4  ,unhappily1  
aft] ! ?ird lecture ( ! c\rse1 ,comte _h
 a sev]e attack ( c]ebral d]angem5t1    
br\ght on by int5se & prolong$          
m$itation1 act+ on a sy/em t 0 already  
irritat$ by ! *agr9 ( dome/ic failure4  
,he did n recov] 8 heal? = m ?an a ye>1 
& z soon z convalesc5ce set 9 he 0 seiz$
 by s pr(\nd a melan*oly at ! disa/] :i*
 _h ?us ov]tak5 him1 t he ?rew himself  
into ! ,se9e4 ,=tunately he 0 rescu$1 & 
! %ock did n /ay 8 return to m5tal      

s\ndness4 ,"o incid5t ( ?is pa9ful      
episode is wor? m5tion+4 ,lam5nais1 !n 9
 ! height ( 8 ,ca?olic exaltation1      
p]suad$ ,comte's "m to insi/ on h] son  
be+ m>ri$ ) ! religi\s c]emony1 & z !   
y\ng] ,madame ,comte app>5tly did n     
resi/1 ! rite 0 duly p]=m$1 9 spite ( ! 
fact t ! un=tunate man 0 at ! "t nei!r m
 nor less ?an rav+ mad4 ,to su* %ock+   
conspiracies aga9/ common s5se & dec5cy 
does ecclesia/ical zealotry br+ ev5 good
 m5 l ,lam5nais4 ,on ! o!r h&1          
philosophic assailants ( ,comtism h n   
always resi/$ ! temptation to recall !  
circum/ance t its f\nd] 0 once out ( 8  
m9d1--an unwor?y & irrelevant device1 t 
_c be excus$ ev5 by ! provocation (     
,comte's own occasional ac]bity4 ,z has 
be5 ju/ly said1 if ,newton once suff]$ a
 c]ebral attack )\t on t acc\nt =feit+  
our v5]ation = ! ,pr9cipia1 ,comte may h
 suff]$ 9 ! same way1 & /ill n h =feit$ 
our respect = :at is good 9 ! sy/ems (  
,positive ,philosophy & ,positive       
,polity4  ,9 #ahbh ! lectures 7 r5ew$1 &

 9 #ahcj 0 publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( !    
,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy4 ,! sket*
 & gr\nd plan ( ?is great und]tak+ _h   
appe>$ 9 #ahbf4 ,! six? & la/ volume 0  
publi%$ 9 #ahdb4 ,! twelve ye>s cov]+ ! 
publication ( ! fir/ ( ,comte's two     
elaborate works 7 ye>s ( indefatigable  
toil1 & !y 7 ! only portion ( 8 life 9  
:i* he enjoy$ a c]ta9 measure1 & t a v  
mode/ measure1 ( mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,9  
#ahcc he 0 appo9t$ exam9] ( ! boys 9 !  
v>i\s prov9cial s*ools :o aspir$ to ent]
 ! cole ,polyte*nique at ,p>is4 ,?is &  
two o!r engagem5ts z a tea*] ( ma!matics
 secur$ him an income ( "s #djj a ye>4  
,he made ,m4 ,guizot1 !n ,l\is          
,philippe's m9i/]1 ! important proposal 
to e/abli% a *air ( g5]al hi/ory ( !    
sci5ces4 ,if !re are f\r *airs1 he      
argu$1 devot$ to ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 
t is to say1 ! m9ute /udy ( all sorts ( 
dreams & ab]rations ?r\gh ! ages1 surely
 !re ought to be at lea/ "o to expla9 ! 
=mation & progress ( our real k8 ,?is   
wise sugge/ion1 :i* /ill rema9s to be   

act$ ^u1 0 at fir/ welcom$1 accord+ to  
,comte's own acc\nt1 by ,guizot's       
philosophic in/9ct1 & !n repuls$ by 8   
'metaphysical ranc\r4'  ,mean:ile ,comte
 did 8 (ficial "w consci5ti\sly1 sorely 
z he grudg$ ! "t :i* x took f !         
execution ( ! great object ( 8 ?\ghts4  
,we _c =be> to transcribe "o delightful 
& t\*+ trait 9 connection ) ?is "p (    
,comte's life4 ',i h>dly "k if ev5 to   
y1' he writes 9 ! expansion ( dome/ic   
confid5ce to 8 wife1 ',i d>e disclose ! 
sweet & s(t5$ feel+ t comes ov] me :5 ,i
 f9d a "y man ^: exam9ation is ?or\ghly 
satisfactory4 ,yes1 ?\gh y may smile1 ! 
emotion w\ld easily /ir me to te>s if ,i
 7 n c>efully on my gu>d4' ,su* sympa?y 
) y\?ful hope2 9 union ) ! indu/ry &    
intellig5ce t are ! only means ( br++ ! 
hope to fulfilm5t1 %[s t ,comte's dry & 
au/]e mann] veil$ ! fires ( a g5]\s     
social emotion4 ,x 0 ?is :i* made !     
ov]work$ /ud5t take ^u himself ! burd5 (
 deliv]+ e ye> f #ahca to #ahdh a c\rse 
( gratuit\s lectures on a/ronomy = a    

popul> audi5ce4 ,! social feel+ t       
inspir$ ?is dis9t]e/$ act %[$ itself 9  
o!r ways4 ,he suff]$ ! p5alty (         
imprisonm5t r ?an s]ve 9 ! national     
gu>d2 8 position 0 t ?\gh he w\ld n take
 arms aga9/ ! new mon>*y ( ,july1 yet   
be+ a republican he w\ld take no oa? to 
def5d x4 ,! only amusem5t t ,comte      
p]mitt$ himself 0 a visit to ! op]a4 ,9 
8 y\? he _h be5 a playgo]1 b he %ortly  
came to ! conclusion t trag$y is a /ilt$
 & bomba/ic art1 & aft] a "t com$y      
int]e/$ him no m ?an trag$y4 ,= ! op]a  
he _h a g5u9e passion1 :i* he gratifi$ z
 (t5 z he c\ld1 until 8 means became too
 n>r[ to af=d ev5 t s+le relaxation4  ,(
 8 mann] & p]sonal appe>ance we h !     
foll[+ acc\nt f "o :o 0 8               
pupil3--',daily z ! clock /ruck eight on
 ! horologe ( ! ,luxemb\rg1 :ile ! r++  
hamm] on ! bell 0 yet audible1 ! door ( 
my room op5$1 & !re ent]$ a man1 %ort1 r
 /\t1 almo/ :at "o might call sleek1    
fre%ly %av51 )\t ve/ige ( :isk] or      
m\/a*e4 ,he 0 inv>iably dress$ 9 a suit 

( ! mo/ spotless black1 z if go+ to a   
d9n] p>ty2 8 :ite neckclo? 0 fre% f !   
laundress's h&s1 & 8 hat %9+ l a rac]'s 
coat4 ,he advanc$ to ! arm-*air prep>$ =
 him 9 ! c5tre ( ! writ+-table1 laid 8  
hat on ! left-h& corn]2 8 snuff-box 0   
deposit$ on ! same side beside ! quire (
 pap] plac$ 9 read9ess = 8 use1 & dipp+ 
! p5 twice into ! ink-bottle1 !n br++ x 
to )9 an in* ( 8 nose1 to make sure x 0 
prop]ly fill$1 he broke sil5ce3 ,we h   
said t ! *ord ,,ab1 etc4 ,= ?ree qu>t]s 
( an h\r he cont9u$ 8 demon/ration1 mak+
 %ort notes z he w5t on1 to guide !     
li/5] 9 repeat+ ! problem alone2 !n1    
tak+ up ano!r cahi] :i* lay beside him1 
he w5t ov] ! writt5 repetition ( ! =m]  
lesson4 ,he expla9$1 correct$1 or       
comm5t$ till ! clock /ruck n9e2 !n1 ) ! 
little f+] ( ! "r h& bru%+ f 8 coat &   
wai/coat ! %[] ( sup]flu\s snuff :i* _h 
fall5 on !m1 he pocket$ 8 snuff-box1 &  
resum+ 8 hat1 he z sil5tly z :5 he came 
9 made 8 exit by ! door :i* ,i ru%$ to  
op5 = him4'  ,9 #ahdb1 z we h said1 !   

la/ volume ( ! ,positive ,philosophy 0  
giv5 to ! public4 ,in/ead ( t cont5tm5t 
:i* we l to picture z ! rew>d ( twelve  
ye>s ( m]itori\s toil devot$ to !       
erection ( a high philosophic edifice1 !
 au?or ( ?is great contribution f\nd    
himself 9 ! mid/ ( a v sea ( small      
tr\bles4 ,& !y 7 tr\bles ( t uncomp5sat$
 k9d t h>ass )\t elevat+1 & wa/e a man's
 _s )\t s(t5+ or enl>g+ x4 ,fir/1 ! j> (
 temp]am5t betwe5 ,comte & 8 wife _h    
become s unbe>able t !y sep>at$ 7#ahdb74
 ,x is n exp$i5t = /rang]s to attempt to
 allot blame 9 su* cases1 = x is        
impossible = /rang]s to "k all ! decid+ 
circum/ances4 ,we ne$ only say t 9 spite
 ( "o or two disadvantage\s facts 9 h]  
c>e] :i* d n conc]n ! public1 ,madame   
,comte seems to h uni=mly comport$      
h]self t[>ds h] husb& ) an hon\rable    
solicitude = 8 wellbe+4 ,comte made h]  
an annual all[ance1 & = "s ye>s aft] !  
sep>ation !y correspond$ on fri5dly     
t]ms4 ,next 9 ! li/ ( ! vexations t     
greet$ ,comte on em]g+ f ! long tunnel (

 philosophis+ 0 a lawsuit ) 8 publi%]4  
,! publi%] _h imp]t95tly ins]t$ 9 ! six?
 volume a prote/ aga9/ a c]ta9          
foot-note1 9 :i* ,comte _h us$ "s h>d   
words ab\t ,m4 ,arago4 ,comte ?rew      
himself into ! suit ) an en]gy wor?y (  
,voltaire1 & he won x4 ,?ird1 & wor/ (  
all1 he _h prefix$ a preface to ! six?  
volume1 9 :i* he delib]ately w5t out ( 8
 way to r\se ! active enmity ( ! v m5 on
 :om dep5d$ 8 annual re-election to !   
po/ ( exam9] = ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool4 ,! 
result ( ?is p]v]sity 0 t by & by he lo/
 ! appo9tm5t1 & ) x "o half ( 8 v mode/ 
income4 ,?is 0 ! occasion ( an episode1 
:i* is ( m ?an m]ely p]sonal int]e/4    
,be=e #ahdb ,comte _h be5 9             
correspond5ce ) our di/+ui%$ c\ntryman1 
,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,mr4 ,mill _h be5 greatly
 impress$ by ,comte's philosophic ideas2
 he admits t 8 own ,sy/em ( ,logic owes 
_m valuable ?\ghts to ,comte1 & t1 9 !  
portion ( t "w :i* treats ( ! logic ( ! 
moral sci5ces1 a radical improvem5t 9 ! 
conceptions ( logical me?od 0 d]iv$ f ! 

,positive ,philosophy4 ,_!              
correspond5ce1 :i* 0 extremely full &   
copi\s1 & :i* we may hope w "o day be   
made accessible to ! public1 turn$      
pr9cipally ^u ! two great que/ions ( !  
equality betwe5 m5 & wom51 & ( !        
exp$i5cy & con/itution ( a sac]dotal or 
spiritual ord]4 ,:5 ,comte f\nd himself 
/rait5$1 he confid$ ! entire            
circum/ances to 8 ,engli% fri5d4 ,z     
might be suppos$ by ^? :o "k !          
affectionate anxiety ) :i* ,mr4 ,mill   
reg>d$ ! welf>e ( any "o :om he believ$ 
to be do+ good "w 9 ! _w1 he at once    
took pa9s to h ,comte's loss ( income   
made up to him1 until ,comte %\ld h _h  
"t to repair t loss by 8 own endeav\r4  
,mr4 ,mill p]suad$ ,grote1 ,moleswor?1 &
 ,raikes ,currie to advance ! sum (     
#bdj4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> 7t is 9 #ahde7  
,comte _h tak5 no /eps to enable himself
 to disp5se ) ! aid ( ! ?ree ,engli%m54 
,mr4 ,mill appli$ to !m aga91 b ) !     
exception ( ,grote1 :o s5t a small sum1 
!y gave ,comte to und]/& t !y expect$   

him to e>n 8 own liv+4 ,mr4 ,mill _h    
sugge/$ to ,comte t he %\ld write       
articles = ! ,engli% p]iodicals1 &      
express$ 8 own will+ness to translate   
any su* articles f ! ,fr5*4 ,comte at   
fir/ fell 9 ) ! plan1 b he spe$ily      
surpris$ & disconc]t$ ,mr4 ,mill by     
boldly tak+ up ! position ( 'high moral 
magi/rate1' & accus+ ! ?ree default+    
contributors ( a sc&al\s fall+ away f   
righte\sness & a high m9d4 ,mr4 ,mill 0 
*ill$ by ^! pret5sions2 !y /ruck him z  
sav\r+ ( a totally unexpect$ *>latanry2 
& ! correspond5ce came to an end4 ,=    
,comte's position 9 ! argum5t "o feels t
 !re is mu* to be said4 ,if y h good    
reason = believ+ t a giv5 ?9k] is do+ "w
 t w de/roy ! (ficial sy/em ( sci5ce or 
philosophy1 & if y desire its           
de/ruction1 !n y may fairly be ask$ to  
help to provide = him ! same k9d (      
mat]ial fre$om t is secur$ to !         
pr(essors & propagators ( ! (ficial     
sy/em by ! /ate or by ! univ]sities4 ,& 
if x is a f9e ?+ = a man to leave money 

beh9d him 9 ! %ape ( an end[m5t = !     
support ( a sci5tific tea*] ( :om he has
 nev] he>d1 :y %\ld x n be j z natural &
 z laudable to give money1 :ile he is   
yet alive1 to a tea*] :om he bo? kn[s & 
approves (8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,grote &      
,moleswor? might say t1 = any?+ !y c\ld 
tell1 !y w\ld f9d !mselves to be help+ !
 con/ruction ( a sy/em ( :i* !y utt]ly  
disapprov$4 ,&1 z ?+s turn$ out1 !y w\ld
 h be5 p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 ?is s]i\s     
appreh5sion4 ,to h done any?+ to make ! 
production ( ! ,positive ,polity easi]  
w\ld h be5 no gr\nd = any?+ b remorse to
 any ( ! ?ree4 ,x is j to ,comte to     
rem>k t he always assum$ t !            
contributors to ! support ( a ?9k] %\ld 
be 9 all ess5tials ( me?od & doctr9e t  
?9k]'s disciples2 aid f indiff]5t p]sons
 he c\nt$ irrational & humiliat+4 ,b is 
an end[m5t ev] a bless+ to ! man :o     
receives x8 ,! "q is difficult to answ] 
g5]ally2 9 ,comte's case !re is reason 9
 ! d\bts felt by ,madame ,comte z to !  
exp$i5cy ( reliev+ ! philosoph] f !     

necessity ( be+ 9 pla9 & bus9ess-l      
relations ) indiff]5t p]sons = a c]ta9  
numb] ( h\rs 9 ! week4 ,su* relations d 
z mu* z a doctr9e to keep egoism )9     
dec5t b\nds1 & !y mu/ be n only a       
relief1 b a :olesome corrective to !    
t5d5cies ( conc5trat$ ?9k+ on ab/ract   
subjects4  ,:at f9ally happ5$ 0 ?is4 ,f 
#ahde to #ahdh ,comte liv$ z be/ he     
c\ld1 z well z made 8 wife h] all[ance1 
on an income ( #bjj a ye>4 ,we ne$      
sc>cely say t he 0 rigor\sly ?rifty4 ,8 
little acc\nt books ( income & outlay1 )
 e item ent]$ d[n to a few h\rs be=e 8  
dea?1 are accurate & neat en\gh to h    
satisfi$ an anci5t ,roman h\sehold]4 ,9 
#ahdh1 ?r\gh no fault ( 8 own1 8 sal>y 0
 r$uc$ to #hj4 ,m4 ,littr & o!rs1 )     
,comte's approval1 publi%$ an appeal =  
subscriptions1 & on ! money ?us         
contribut$ ,comte subsi/$ = ! rema9+ n9e
 ye>s ( 8 life4 ,by #aheb ! subsidy     
produc$ z mu* z #bjj a ye>4 ,x is wor?  
notic+1 aft] ! /ory we h told1 t ,mr4   
,mill 0 "o ( ! subscrib]s1 & t ,m4      

,littr cont9u$ 8 assi/ance aft] he _h   
be5 driv5 f ,comte's society by 8 high  
pontifical airs4 ,we are sorry n to be  
able to record any simil> trait (       
magnanimity on ,comte's "p4 ,8 "*1      
admirable z x is = firmness1 = int5sity1
 = inexorable w1 = iron devotion to :at 
he ?\ght ! s]vice ( mank9d1 yet (f]s few
 ( ^? s(t5+ qualities t make u love good
 m5 & pity bad ones4 ,he is ( ! type (  
,brutus or ( ,cato--a model ( au/]e     
fixity ( purpose1 b ungraci\s1 dom9e]+1 
& n q free f petty bitt]ness4  ,if y    
seek to place y\rself 9 sympa?y ) ,comte
 x is be/ to ?9k ( him only z !         
intellectual work]1 pursu+ 9 uncom=t$   
obscurity ! labori\s & absorb+ task to  
:i* he _h giv5 up 8 :ole life4 ,8       
s+ul>ly consci5ti\s fa%ion ( elaborat+ 8
 ideas made ! m5tal /ra9 m int5se ?an   
ev5 s exhau/+ a "w z ! ab/ract          
exposition ( ! pr9ciples ( positive     
sci5ce ne$ h be51 if he _h foll[$ a m   
self-indulg5t plan4 ,he did n write d[n 
a ^w until he _h fir/ compos$ ! :ole    

matt] 9 8 m9d4 ,:5 he _h ?or\ghly       
m$itat$ e s5t5ce1 he sat d[n to write1 &
 !n1 su* 0 ! grip ( 8 memory1 ! exact   
ord] ( 8 ?\ghts came back to him z if   
)\t an ef=t1 & he wrote d[n precisely   
:at he _h int5d$ to write1 )\t ! aid ( a
 note or a memor&um1 & )\t *eck or      
pause4 ,= example1 he began & complet$ 9
 ab\t six weeks a *apt] 9 ! ,positive   
,philosophy 7vol4 v4 *4 lv471 :i* w\ld  
fill =ty ( ! l>ge pages ( ! ,encyclopdia
 ,britannica4 ,ev5 if 8 subject _h be5  
m]ely n>rative or descriptive1 ?is w\ld 
be a v satisfactory piece ( cont9u\s    
production4 ,:5 we reflect t ! *apt] 9  
"q is n n>rative1 b an ab/ract          
exposition ( ! guid+ pr9ciples ( !      
movem5ts ( sev]al c5turies1 ) _m ?reads 
( complex ?\ght runn+ along side by side
 all ?r\gh ! speculation1 !n !          
circum/ances "u :i* x 0 r$uc$ to lit]>y 
=m are really a/oni%+4 ,x is h>dly      
possible = a critic to %>e ! admiration 
express$ by "s ( ,comte's disciples = 8 
/yle4 ,we are n s unreasonable z to     

blame him = fail+ to make 8 pages       
picturesque or ?rill+2 we d n want      
sunsets & />s & roses & ec/asy2 b !re is
 a c]ta9 /&>d = ! mo/ s]i\s & ab/ract   
subjects4 ,:5 comp>$ ) su* philosophic  
writ+ z ,hume's1 ,did]ot's1 ,b]keley's1 
!n ,comte's mann] is heavy1 lab\r$1     
monoton\s1 )\t relief & )\t light4 ,!re 
is n[ & !n an en]getic phrase1 b z a    
:ole ! vocabul>y is jejune2 ! s5t5ces   
are ov]load$2 ! pit* is flat4 ,a        
scrupul\s insi/5ce on mak+ 8 mean+ cle> 
l$ to an it]ation ( c]ta9 adjectives &  
adv]bs1 :i* at l5g? dead5 ! effect      
beyond ! endurance ( all b ! mo/        
resolute /ud5ts4 ,only ! pr(\nd &       
/imulat+ int]e/ ( mu* ( ! matt] prev5ts 
"o f ?9k+ ( ,riv>ol's ill-natur$ rem>k  
^u ,condorcet1 t he wrote ) opium on a  
page ( lead4 ,! g5]al effect is         
impressive1 n by any virtues ( /yle1 =  
we d n disc]n "o1 b by reason ( !       
magnitude & importance ( ! und]tak+1 & !
 visible consci5ti\sness & ! grasp ) :i*
 x is execut$4 ,x is by %e] /r5g? (     

?\ght1 by ! vigor\s p]spicacity ) :i* he
 /rikes ! l9es ( cleavage ( 8 subject1 t
 he makes 8 way into ! m9d ( ! read]2 9 
! pres5ce ( gifts ( ?is p[] we ne$ n    
qu>rel ) an unga9ly /yle4  ,comte pursu$
 "o practice :i* ought to be m5tion$ 9  
connection ) 8 p]sonal hi/ory1 !        
practice ( :at he /yl$ hygine crbrale4  
,aft] he _h acquir$ :at he consid]$ to  
be a suffici5t /ock ( mat]ial1 & ?is    
happ5$ be=e he _h complet$ ! ,positive  
,philosophy1 he ab/a9$ delib]ately &    
scrupul\sly f read+ newspap]s1 reviews1 
sci5tific transactions1 & ev]y?+ else   
:atev]1 except two or ?ree poets        
7notably ,dante7 & ! ,imitatio ,*ri/i4  
,x is true t 8 fri5ds kept him in=m$ (  
:at 0 go+ on 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,/ill ?is
 p>tial divorce ( himself f ! record ( !
 social & sci5tific activity ( 8 "t1    
?\gh x may save a ?9k] f ! deplorable   
evils ( disp]sion1 moral & intellectual1
 acc\nts 9 no small measure = !         
exagg]at$ egoism1 & ! abs5ce ( all feel+
 = reality1 :i* m>k$ ,comte's lat] days4

  ,only "o important incid5t 9 ,comte's 
life n[ rema9s to be spok5 (4 ,9 #ahde  
he made ! acqua9tance ( ,madame         
,clotilde de ,vaux1 a lady ^: husb& _h  
be5 s5t to ! galleys = life1 & :o 0     
!re=e1 9 all b ! legal incid5ts ( h]    
position1 a wid[4 ,v little is kn[n ab\t
 h] qualities4 ,%e wrote a little piece 
:i* ,comte rat$ s prepo/]\sly z to talk 
ab\t ,george ,s& 9 ! same s5t5ce2 x is 9
 tru? a flimsy p]=mance1 ?\gh x conta9s 
"o or two graci\s ?\ghts4 ,!re is true  
beauty 9 ! say+--',x is unwor?y ( a     
noble nature to diffuse its pa94'       
,madame de ,vaux's lett]s speak well =  
h] good s5se & good feel+1 & x w\ld h   
be5 bett] = ,comte's lat] "w if %e _h   
surviv$ to ex]t a :olesome re/ra9t on 8 
exaltation4 ,_! fri5d%ip _h only la/$ a 
ye> :5 %e di$ 7#ahdf71 b ! p]iod 0 long 
en\gh to give h] memory a supreme       
asc5d5cy 9 ,comte's m9d4 ,condillac1    
,j\b]t1 ,mill1 & o!r em95t m5 h %[n :at 
! intellectual asc5d5cy ( a woman c be4 
,comte 0 z inconsolable aft] ,madame de 

,vaux's dea? z ,d',alemb]t aft] ! dea? (
 ,mademoiselle ,l',esp9asse4 ,e         
,w$nesday aft]noon he made a rev]5tial  
pilgrimage to h] tomb1 & ?ree times e   
day he invok$ h] memory 9 words (       
passionate expansion4 ,8 disciples      
believe t 9 "t ! _w w rev]5ce ,comte's  
s5tim5t ab\t ,clotilde de ,vaux1 z x    
rev]es ,dante's adoration ( ,beatrice--a
 p>allel t ,comte himself 0 ! fir/ to   
hit ^u4 ,x is no d\bt ! wor/ k9d (      
cynicism to make a mock 9 a reali/ic ve9
 ( any p]sonality t has set 9 motion !  
idealis+ ?aumaturgy ( ! affections4 ,yet
 we _c help feel+ t x is a grotesque &  
unseemly ana*ronism to apply 9 grave    
prose1 address$ to ! :ole _w1 ^? t]ms ( 
sa9t & angel :i* are t\*+ & 9 _! place  
amid ! tr\ble & passion ( ! great my/ic 
poet4 ,only an en]getic & beautiful     
imag9ation1 toge!r ) a ma/]y ( ! rhy?m &
 swell ( impassion$ spee*1 c prev5t an  
invitation to ! public to he>k5 to !    
raptures ( int5se p]sonal atta*m5t f    
seem+ ludicr\s & almo/ indec5t4 ,:atev] 

o!r gifts ,comte may h _h--& he _h _m ( 
! r>e/ k9d1--poetic imag9ation 0 n among
 !m1 any m ?an poetic or emotional      
expression 0 among !m4 ,8 0 "o ( ^?     
natures ^: faculty ( deep feel+ is      
unhappily doom$ to be in>ticulate1 & to 
pass away )\t ! magic p[] ( transmitt+  
itself4  ,comte lo/ no "t1 aft] !       
completion ( 8 ,c\rse ( ,positive       
,philosophy1 9 proce$+ ) ! ,sy/em (     
,positive ,polity1 to :i* ! e>li] "w 0  
design$ to be a f\ndation4 ,! fir/      
volume 0 publi%$ 9 #ahea1 & ! f\r? & la/
 9 #ahed4 ,9 #ahdh1 :5 ! political air 0
 *>g$ ) /imulat+ elem5ts1 he f\nd$ !    
,positive ,society1 ) ! expectation t x 
might gr[ into a reunion z p[]ful ov] ! 
new revolution z ! ,jacob9 ,club _h be5 
9 ! revolution ( #aghi4 ,! hope 0 n     
fulfill$1 b a c]ta9 numb] ( philosophic 
disciples ga!r$ r\nd ,comte1 & ev5tually
 =m$ !mselves1 "u ! guidance ( ! new    
ideas ( ! latt] half ( 8 life1 into a   
k9d ( *ur*4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahdi1 #ahej1 &   
#ahea1 ,comte gave ?ree c\rses (        

lectures at ! ,palais ,royal4 ,!y 7     
gratuit\s & popul>1 & 9 !m he boldly    
advanc$ ! :ole ( 8 doctr9e1 z well z !  
direct & imm$iate pret5sions ( himself &
 8 sy/em4 ,! ?ird c\rse end$ 9 ! foll[+ 
uncompromis+ t]ms--',9 ! "n ( ! ,pa/ & (
 ! ,future1 ! s]vants ( ,humanity--bo?  
its philosophical & its practical       
s]vants--come =w>d to claim z _! due !  
g5]al direction ( ?is _w4 ,_! object is 
to con/itute at l5g? a real ,provid5ce 9
 all dep>tm5ts1--moral1 intellectual1 & 
mat]ial4 ,consequ5tly !y exclude once = 
all f political supremacy all ! diff]5t 
s]vants ( ,god--,ca?olic1 ,prote/ant1 or
 ,dei/--z be+ at once beh9dh& & a cause 
( di/urbance4' ,a few weeks aft] ?is    
invitation a v diff]5t p]son /epp$ =w>d 
to con/itute himself a real ,provid5ce4 
,9 #aheb ,comte publi%$ ! ,cate*ism (   
,positivism4 ,9 ! preface to x he took  
occasion to express 8 approval ( ,l\is  
,napoleon's c\p d'tat ( ! #b;d (        
,decemb]1--'a =tunate crisis :i* has set
 aside ! p>liam5t>y sy/em1 & in/itut$ a 

dictatorial republic4' ,:atev] we may   
?9k ( ! political sagacity ( su* a      
judgm5t1 x is due to ,comte to say t he 
did n expect to see 8 dictatorial       
republic trans=m$ into a dyna/ic empire1
 &1 next1 t he did expect f ! ,man (    
,decemb] fre$om ( ! press & ( public    
meet+4 ,8 lat] h]o 0 ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas1
 '! only /atesman 9 ,*ri/5dom1'--z      
unlucky a judgm5t z t :i* plac$ ,dr4    
,francia 9 ! ,comti/ ,cal5d>4  ,9 #aheg 
he 0 attack$ by canc]1 & di$ peaceably  
on ! #e? ( ,septemb] ( t ye>4 ,!        
anniv]s>y is always celebrat$ by        
c]emonial ga!r+s ( 8 ,fr5* & ,engli%    
foll[]s1 :o !n commemorate ! "n & !     
s]vices ( ! f\nd] ( _! religion4 ,comte 
0 "u sixty :5 he di$4 ,we _c help       
reflect+ t "o ( ! wor/ ( all ! evils    
connect$ ) ! %ortness ( human life is ! 
impati5ce t x bre$s 9 "s ( ! mo/ ard5t &
 enlight5$ m9ds to hurry on ! execution 
( projects1 = :i* nei!r ! "t nor ! _s ( 
_! au?or is fully ripe4  ,9 proce$+ to  
give an outl9e ( ,comte's sy/em1 we %all

 consid] ! ,positive ,polity z ! m or   
less legitimate sequel ( ! ,positive    
,philosophy1 not)/&+ ! deep gulf :i* s  
em95t a critic z ,mr4 ,mill insi/$ ^u   
fix+ betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] "w4#b ,!re 
may be1 z we ?9k !re is1 ! greate/      
diff]5ce 9 _! value1 & ! temp] is n !   
same1 nor ! me?od4 ,b ! two are q       
capable ( be+ reg>d$1 & = ! purposes (  
an acc\nt ( ,comte's c>e] ought to be   
reg>d$1 z an integral :ole4 ,8 lett]s :5
 he 0 a "y man ( "o & tw5ty1 & be=e he  
_h publi%$ a ^w1 %[ h[ /rongly pres5t ! 
social motive 0 9 8 m9d1 & 9 :at little 
acc\nt he %\ld hold 8 sci5tific works1  
if he did n p]petually ?9k ( _! utility 
= ! species4 ',i feel1' he wrote1 't su*
 sci5tific reputation z ,i might acquire
 w\ld give m value1 m weight1 m useful  
influ5ce to my political s]mons4' ,9    
#ahbb he publi%$ a ,plan ( ! ,sci5tific 
,works necess>y to ,reorganise ,society4
 ,9 ?is opuscule he po9ts out t mod]n   
society is pass+ ?r\gh a great crisis1  
due to ! conflict ( two oppos+          

movem5ts1--! fir/1 a disorganis+ movem5t
 ow+ to ! break-up ( old in/itutions &  
beliefs2 ! second1 a movem5t t[>ds a    
def9ite social /ate1 9 :i* all means (  
human prosp]ity w receive _! mo/        
complete developm5t & mo/ direct        
application4 ,h[ is ?is crisis to be    
dealt )8 ,:at are ! und]tak+s necess>y 9
 ord] to pass successfully ?r\gh x t[>ds
 an organic /ate8 ,! answ] to ?is is t  
!re are two s]ies ( works4 ,! fir/ is   
!oretic or spiritual1 aim+ at !         
developm5t ( a new pr9ciple ( co-ord9at+
 social relations & ! =mation ( ! sy/em 
( g5]al ideas :i* are de/9$ to guide    
society4 ,! second "w is practical or   
temporal2 x settles ! di/ribution ( p[] 
& ! in/itutions t are mo/ con=mable to !
 _s ( ! sy/em :i* has previ\sly be5     
?\ght out 9 ! c\rse ( ! !oretic "w4 ,z !
 practical "w dep5ds on ! conclusions ( 
! !oretical1 ! latt] mu/ obvi\sly come  
fir/ 9 ord] ( execution4      #b ,!     
,engli% read] is specially well plac$ = 
satisfy+ su* curiosity z he may h ab\t  

,comte's         philosophy4 ,miss      
,m>t9eau cond5s$ ! six volumes ( !      
,philosophie ,positive into two volumes 
( excell5t ,engli%         7#ahec72     
,comte himself gave !m a place 9 !      
,positivi/         ,libr>y4 ,! ,cate*ism
 0 translat$ by ,dr4 ,congreve 9        
#aheh4 ,! ,politique ,positive has be5  
reproduc$ 9 ,engli%         7,longmans1 
#ahge-ahgg7 by ! consci5ti\s lab\r (    
,comte's         ,london foll[]s4 ,?is  
translation is accompani$ by a          
c>eful runn+ analysis & explanatory     
summ>y ( cont5ts1         :i* make ! "w 
m readily intelligible ?an !            
orig9al4 ,= criticisms1 ! read] may be  
ref]r$ to ,mr4         ,mill's ,augu/e  
,comte & ,positivism2 ,dr4 ,bridges's   
reply to         ,mr4 ,mill1 ,! ,unity (
 ,comte's ,life & ,doctr9es 7#ahff72    
,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s essay on ! ,g5esis 
( ,sci5ce1 &         pamphlet on ,!     
,classification ( ! ,sci5ces2 ,pr(essor 
,huxley's ',sci5tific ,aspects (        
,positivism1' 9 8 ,lay         ,s]mons2 

,dr4 ,congreve's ,essays ,political1    
,social1 &         ,religi\s 7#ahgd72   
,mr4 ,fiske's ,outl9es ( ,cosmic        
,philosophy 7#ahgd72 ,mr4 ,lewes's      
,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 vol4         ii4 
,9 #ahbf ?is 0 pu%$ fur!r 9 a mo/       
rem>kable piece call$ ,consid]ations on 
! ,spiritual ,p[]--! ma9 object ( :i* is
 to demon/rate ! necessity ( in/itut+ a 
spiritual p[]1 di/9ct f ! temporal p[] &
 indep5d5t ( x4 ,9 exam9+ ! conditions (
 a spiritual p[] prop] = mod]n times1 he
 indicates 9 s _m t]ms ! pres5ce 9 8 m9d
 ( a direct analogy betwe5 8 propos$    
spiritual p[] & ! functions ( ! ,ca?olic
 cl]gy at ! "t ( its greate/ vig\r & mo/
 complete indep5d5ce1--t is to say1 f   
ab\t ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury until   
t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5?4 ,he ref]s to   
,de ,mai/re's memorable book1 ,du ,pape1
 z ! mo/ pr(\nd1 accurate1 & me?odical  
acc\nt ( ! old spiritual organisation1 &
 />ts f t z ! model to be adapt$ to !   
*ang$ intellectual & social conditions (
 ! mod]n "t4 ,9 ! ,positive ,philosophy1

 aga9 7vol4 v4 p4 #cdd71 he di/9ctly    
says t ,ca?olicism1 recon/itut$ z a     
sy/em on new intellectual f\ndations1   
w\ld f9ally preside ov] ! spiritual     
reorganisation ( mod]n society4 ,mu*    
else c\ld easily be quot$ to ! same     
effect4 ,if unity ( c>e]1 !n1 means t   
,comte f ! beg9n+ design$ ! in/itution (
 a spiritual p[] & ! sy/ematic          
reorganisation ( life1 x is difficult to
 d5y him :atev] cr$it t unity may be    
wor?1 & ! cr$it is p]haps n p>ticul>ly  
great4 ,ev5 ! re-adaptation ( ! ,ca?olic
 sy/em to a sci5tific doctr9e 0 pla9ly 9
 8 m9d ?irty ye>s be=e ! f9al execution 
( ! ,positive ,polity1 ?\gh x is        
difficult to believe t he =esaw !       
religi\s my/icism 9 :i* ! task 0 to l&  
him4 ,a great analysis 0 to prec$e a    
great syn!sis1 b x 0 ! syn!sis on :i*   
,comte's vision 0 c5tr$ f ! fir/4 ,let u
 fir/ sket* ! nature ( ! analysis4      
,society is to be reorganis$ on ! base (
 k4 ,:at is ! sum & significance ( k8 ,t
 is ! "q :i* ,comte's fir/ ma/]-"w      

pr(esses to answ]4  ,! ,positive        
,philosophy op5s ) ! /atem5t ( a c]ta9  
law ( :i* ,comte 0 ! discov]]1 & :i* has
 always be5 treat$ bo? by disciples &   
dissid5ts z ! key to 8 sy/em4 ,?is is ! 
,law ( ! ,?ree ,/ates4 ,x is z foll[s4  
,ea* ( our lead+ conceptions1 ea* bran* 
( our k1 passes successively ?r\gh ?ree 
diff]5t phases2 !re are ?ree diff]5t    
ways 9 :i* ! human m9d expla9s ph5om5a1 
ea* way foll[+ ! o!r 9 ord]4 ,^! ?ree   
/ages are ! ,!ological1 ! ,metaphysical1
 & ! ,positive4 ,k1 or a bran* ( k1 is 9
 ! ,!ological /ate1 :5 x supposes !     
ph5om5a "u consid]ation to be due to    
imm$iate volition1 ei!r 9 ! object or 9 
"s sup]natural be+4 ,9 ! ,metaphysical  
/ate1 = volition is sub/itut$ ab/ract   
=ce resid+ 9 ! object1 yet exi/+        
indep5d5tly ( ! object2 ! ph5om5a are   
view$ z if ap>t f ! bodies manife/+ !m2 
& ! prop]ties ( ea* sub/ance h attribut$
 to !m an exi/5ce di/9ct f t sub/ance4  
,9 ! ,positive /ate inh]5t volition or  
ext]nal volition & inh]5t =ce or        

ab/raction p]sonifi$ h bo? disappe>$ f  
m5's m9ds1 & ! explanation ( a ph5om5on 
means a ref]5ce ( x1 by way ( succession
 or resemblance1 to "s o!r              
ph5om5on1--means ! e/abli%m5t ( a       
relation betwe5 ! giv5 fact & "s m g5]al
 fact4 ,9 ! ,!ological & ,metaphysical  
/ate m5 seek a cause or an ess5ce2 9 !  
,positive !y are cont5t ) a law4 ,to    
borr[ an illu/ration f an able ,engli%  
disciple ( ,comte3--',take ! ph5om5on ( 
! sleep produc$ by opium4 ,! ,arabs are 
cont5t to attribute x to ! w ( ,god4    
,molire's m$ical /ud5t acc\nts = x by a 
soporific pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ! opium4 ,!
 mod]n physiologi/ kn[s t he _c acc\nt =
 x at all4 ,he c simply obs]ve1 analyse1
 & exp]im5t ^u ! ph5om5a att5d+ ! action
 ( ! drug1 & classify x ) o!r ag5ts     
analog\s 9 "*' 7,dr4 ,bridges74  ,! fir/
 & greate/ aim ( ! ,positive ,philosophy
 is to advance ! /udy ( society into !  
?ird ( ! ?ree /ages1--to remove social  
ph5om5a f ! sph]e ( !ological &         
metaphysical conceptions1 & to introduce

 among !m ! same sci5tific obs]vation ( 
_! laws :i* has giv5 u physics1 *emi/ry1
 physiology4 ,social physics w consi/ ( 
! conditions & relations ( ! facts (    
society1 & w h two dep>tm5ts1--"o       
/atical1 conta9+ ! laws ( ord]2 ! o!r   
dynamical1 conta9+ ! laws ( progress4   
,:ile m5's m9ds 7 9 ! !ological /ate1   
political ev5ts1 = example1 7 expla9$ by
 ! w ( ! gods1 & political au?ority bas$
 on div9e "r4 ,9 ! metaphysical /ate (  
m9d1 !n1 to reta9 our in/ance1 political
 au?ority 0 bas$ on ! sov]eignty ( ! p1 
& social facts 7 expla9$ by ! figm5t ( a
 fall+ away f a /ate ( nature4 ,:5 !    
positive me?od has be5 f9ally ext5d$ to 
society1 z x has be5 to *emi/ry &       
physiology1 ^! social facts w be        
resolv$1 z _! ultimate analysis1 into   
relations ) "o ano!r1 & in/ead ( seek+  
causes 9 ! old s5se ( ! ^w1 m5 w only   
exam9e ! conditions ( social exi/5ce4   
,:5 t /age has be5 rea*$ n m]ely !      
great] "p1 b ! :ole1 ( our k w be       
impress$ ) "o "*--! "*1 namely1 (       

positivity or sci5tificalness2 & all our
 conceptions 9 e "p ( k w be ?or\ghly   
homog5e\s4 ,! ga9s ( su* a *ange are    
enorm\s4 ,! new philosophical unity w n[
 9 its turn reg5]ate all ! elem5ts t w5t
 to its own =mation4 ,! m9d w pursue k  
)\t ! wa/eful j> & friction ( conflict+ 
me?ods & mutually ho/ile conceptions2   
education w be reg5]at$2 & society w    
reorganise itself on ! only possible    
solid base--a homog5e\s philosophy4  ,! 
,positive ,philosophy has ano!r object  
besides ! demon/ration ( ! necessity &  
propriety ( a sci5ce ( society4 ,?is    
object is to %[ ! sci5ces z bran*es f a 
s+le trunk1--is to give to sci5ce !     
ensemble or _s ( g5]ality hi!rto conf9$ 
to philosophy1 & to give to philosophy !
 rig\r & solidity ( sci5ce4 ,comte's    
special object is a /udy ( social       
physics1 a sci5ce t be=e 8 adv5t 0 /ill 
to be =m$2 8 second object is a review (
 ! me?ods & lead+ g5]alities ( all !    
positive sci5ces already =m$1 s t we may
 "k bo? :at sy/em ( inquiry to foll[ 9  

our new sci5ce1 & also :]e ! new sci5ce 
w /& 9 relation to o!r k4  ,! fir/ /ep 9
 ?is direction is to arrange sci5tific  
me?od & positive k 9 ord]1 & ?is br+s u 
to ano!r c>d9al elem5t 9 ! ,comti/      
sy/em1 ! classification ( ! sci5ces4 ,9 
! front ( ! inquiry lies "o ma9         
division1 t1 namely1 betwe5 speculative 
& practical k4 ,) ! latt] we h no       
conc]n4 ,speculative or !oretic k is    
divid$ into ab/ract & concrete4 ,! =m]  
is conc]n$ ) ! laws t regulate ph5om5a 9
 all conceivable cases2 ! latt] is      
conc]n$ ) ! application ( ^! laws4      
,concrete sci5ce relates to objects or  
be+s2 ab/ract sci5ce to ev5ts4 ,! =m] is
 p>ticul> or descriptive2 ! latt] is    
g5]al4 ,?us1 physiology is an ab/ract   
sci5ce2 b zoology is concrete4 ,*emi/ry 
is ab/ract2 m9]alogy is concrete4 ,x is 
! me?od & k ( ! ab/ract sci5ces t !     
,positive ,philosophy has to reorganise 
9 a great :ole4  ,comte's pr9ciple (    
classification is t ! dep5d5ce & ord] ( 
sci5tific /udy foll[s ! dep5d5ce ( !    

ph5om5a4 ,?us1 z has be5 said1 x        
repres5ts bo? ! objective dep5d5ce ( !  
ph5om5a & ! subjective dep5d5ce ( our   
means ( kn[+ !m4 ,! m p>ticul> & complex
 ph5om5a dep5d ^u ! simpl] & m g5]al4 ,!
 latt] are ! m easy to /udy4 ,!re=e     
sci5ce w beg9 ) ^? attributes ( objects 
:i* are mo/ g5]al1 & pass on gradually  
to o!r attributes t are comb9$ 9 great] 
complexity4 ,?us1 too1 ea* sci5ce re/s  
on ! tru?s ( ! sci5ces t prec$e x1 :ile 
x adds to !m ! tru?s by :i* x is itself 
con/itut$4 ,comte's s]ies or hi]>*y is  
arrang$ z foll[s3--7#a7 ,ma!matics 7t   
is1 numb]1 geometry1 & me*anics71 7#b7  
,a/ronomy1 7#c7 ,physics1 7#d7 ,*emi/ry1
 7#e7 ,biology1 7#f7 ,sociology4 ,ea* ( 
! memb]s ( ?is s]ies is "o degree m     
special ?an ! memb] be=e x1 & dep5ds ^u 
! facts ( all ! memb]s prec$+ x1 & _c be
 fully und]/ood )\t !m4 ,x foll[s t !   
cr[n+ sci5ce ( ! hi]>*y1 deal+ ) !      
ph5om5a ( human society1 w rema9 longe/ 
"u ! influ5ce ( !ological dogmas &      
ab/ract figm5ts1 & w be ! la/ to pass   

into ! positive /age4 ,y _c discov] !   
relations ( ! facts ( human society )\t 
ref]5ce to ! conditions ( animal life2 y
 _c und]/& ! conditions ( animal life   
)\t ! laws ( *emi/ry2 & s ) ! re/4  ,?is
 arrangem5t ( ! sci5ces & ! ,law ( !    
,?ree ,/ates are toge!r explanatory ( ! 
c\rse ( human ?\ght & k4 ,!y are ?us !  
d\ble key ( ,comte's sy/ematisation ( ! 
philosophy ( all ! sci5ces f ma!matics  
to physiology1 & 8 analysis ( social    
evolution1 :i* is ! basis ( sociology4  
,ea* sci5ce contributes its philosophy4 
,! co-ord9ation ( all ^! p>tial         
philosophies produces ! g5]al ,positive 
,philosophy4 ',?\s&s _h cultivat$       
sci5ce1 & ) spl5did success2 n "o _h    
conceiv$ ! philosophy :i* ! sci5ces :5  
organis$ w\ld naturally evolve4 ,a few  
_h se5 ! necessity ( ext5d+ ! sci5tific 
me?od to all inquiries1 b no "o _h se5  
h[ ?is 0 to be effect$4444 ,! ,positive 
,philosophy is novel z a philosophy1 n z
 a collection ( tru?s nev] be=e         
suspect$4 ,its novelty is ! organisation

 ( exi/+ elem5ts4 ,its v pr9ciple       
implies ! absorption ( all t great ?9k]s
 _h a*iev$2 :ile incorporat+ _! results 
x ext5d$ _! me?ods4444 ,:at tradition   
br\ght 0 ! results2 :at ,comte br\ght 0 
! organisation ( ^! results4 ,he always 
claim$ to be ! f\nd] ( ! ,positive      
,philosophy4 ,t he _h e "r to su* a     
title is demon/rable to all :o di/+ui%  
betwe5 ! positive sci5ces & ! philosophy
 :i* co-ord9at$ ! tru?s & me?ods ( ^!   
sci5ces into a doctr9e' 7,g4 ,h4        
,lewes74  ,we may int]rupt our %ort     
exposition "h to rem>k t ,comte's       
classification ( ! sci5ces has be5      
subject$ to a vigor\s criticism by ,mr4 
,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s two *ief   
po9ts are ^!3--7#a7 ,he d5ies t !       
pr9ciple ( ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces is !
 pr9ciple ( decreas+ g5]ality2 he ass]ts
 t !re are z _m examples ( ! adv5t ( a  
sci5ce be+ det]m9$ by increas+ g5]ality 
z by increas+ speciality4 7#b7 ,he holds
 t any gr\p+ ( ! sci5ces 9 a succession 
gives a radically wrong idea ( _! g5esis

 & _! int]dep5d5ce2 no true filiation   
exi/s2 no sci5ce develops itself 9      
isolation2 no "o is indep5d5t1 ei!r     
logically or hi/orically4 ,m4 ,littr1 by
 f> ! mo/ em95t ( ! sci5tific foll[]s ( 
,comte1 conc$es a c]ta9 =ce to ,mr4     
,sp5c]'s objections1 & makes c]ta9      
second>y modifications 9 ! hi]>*y 9     
consequ5ce1 :ile /ill *]i%+ 8 fai? 9 !  
,comti/ !ory ( ! sci5ces4 ,mr4 ,mill1   
:ile admitt+ ! objections z good1 if    
,comte's arrangem5t pret5d$ to be ! only
 "o possible1 /ill holds t arrangem5t z 
t5able = ! purpose ) :i* x 0 devis$4    
,mr4 ,lewes ass]ts aga9/ ,mr4 ,sp5c] t !
 arrangem5t 9 a s]ies is necess>y1 on   
gr\nds simil> to ^? :i* require t !     
v>i\s tru?s con/itut+ a sci5ce %\ld be  
sy/ematically co-ord9at$1 al?\gh 9      
nature ! ph5om5a are int]m+l$4  ,! fir/ 
?ree volumes ( ! ,positive ,philosophy  
conta9 an exposition ( ! p>tial         
philosophies ( ! five sci5ces t prec$e  
sociology 9 ! hi]>*y4 ,_! value has     
usually be5 plac$ v l[ by ! special     

foll[]s ( ! sci5ces conc]n$2 !y say t ! 
k is second-h&1 is n coh]5t1 & is too   
confid5tly tak5 = f9al4 ,! ,comti/      
replies t ! task is philosophic1 & is n 
to be judg$ by ! m9ute accuracies (     
sci5ce4 ,9 ^! ?ree volumes ,comte took !
 sci5ces r\ghly z he f\nd !m4 ,8 em95ce 
z a man ( sci5ce mu/ be measur$ by 8    
only orig9al "w 9 t dep>tm5t1--!        
con/ruction1 namely1 ( ! new sci5ce (   
society4 ,?is "w is accompli%$ 9 ! la/  
?ree volumes ( ! ,positive ,philosophy &
 ! second & ?ird volumes ( ! ,positive  
,polity4 ,! ,comti/ ma9ta9s t ev5 if ^! 
five volumes toge!r fail 9 lay+ d[n     
correctly & f9ally ! l9es ( ! new       
sci5ce1 /ill !y are ! fir/ solution ( a 
great problem hi!rto unattempt$4 ',mod]n
 biology has got beyond ,ari/otle's     
conception2 b 9 ! con/ruction ( !       
biological sci5ce1 n ev5 ! mo/          
unphilosophical biologi/ w\ld fail to   
recognise ! value ( ,ari/otle's attempt4
 ,s = sociology4 ,subsequ5t sociologi/s 
may h conceivably to remodel ! :ole     

sci5ce1 yet n ! less w !y recognise !   
m]it ( ! fir/ "w :i* has facilitat$ _!  
lab\rs' 7,congreve74  ,we %all n[       
briefly describe ,comte's pr9cipal      
conceptions 9 sociology1 8 position 9   
respect to :i* is held by himself1 & by 
o!rs1 to raise him to ! level (         
,desc>tes or ,leibnitz4 ,( c\rse ! fir/ 
/ep 0 to approa* ! ph5om5a ( human "* & 
social exi/5ce ) ! expectation ( f9d+ !m
 z r$ucible to g5]al laws z ! o!r       
ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 & ) ! hope (       
explor+ ^! laws by ! same in/rum5ts (   
obs]vation & v]ification z _h done su*  
triumphant "w 9 ! case ( ! latt]4 ,comte
 sep>ates ! collective facts ( society &
 hi/ory f ! individual ph5om5a (        
biology2 !n he )draws ^! collective     
facts f ! region ( ext]nal volition1 &  
places !m 9 ! region ( law4 ,! facts (  
hi/ory mu/ be expla9$1 n by provid5tial 
int]v5tions1 b by ref]r+ !m to          
conditions inh]5t 9 ! successive /ages (
 social exi/5ce4 ,?is conception makes a
 sci5ce ( society possible4 ,:at is !   

me?od8 ,x comprises1 besides obs]vation 
& exp]im5t 7:i* is1 9 fact1 only !      
obs]vation ( abnormal social /ates71 a  
c]ta9 peculi>ity ( v]ification4 ,we beg9
 by d$uc+ e well-kn[n hi/orical         
situation f ! s]ies ( its antec$5ts4    
,?us we acquire a body ( empirical      
g5]alisations z to social ph5om5a1 & !n 
we connect ! g5]alisations ) ! positive 
!ory ( human nature4 ,a sociological    
demon/ration lies 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( an   
accordance betwe5 ! conclusions (       
hi/orical analysis & ! prep>atory       
conceptions ( biological !ory4 ,z ,mr4  
,mill puts x3--',if a sociological !ory1
 collect$ f hi/orical evid5ce1          
contradicts ! e/abli%$ g5]al laws (     
human nature2 if 7to use ,m4 ,comte's   
in/ances7 x implies1 9 ! mass ( mank9d1 
any v decid$ natural b5t1 ei!r 9 a good 
or 9 a bad direction2 if x supposes t ! 
reason1 9 av]age human be+s1 pr$om9ates 
ov] ! desires or ! dis9t]e/$ desires ov]
 ! p]sonal1--we may "k t hi/ory has be5 
mis9t]pret$1 & t ! !ory is false4 ,on ! 

o!r h&1 if laws ( social ph5om5a1       
empirically g5]alis$ f hi/ory1 c1 :5    
once sugge/$1 be affiliat$ to ! kn[n    
laws ( human nature2 if ! direction     
actually tak5 by ! developm5ts & *anges 
( human society c be se5 to be su* z !  
prop]ties ( man & ( 8 dwell+-place made 
antec$5tly probable1 ! empirical        
g5]alisations are rais$ into positive   
laws1 & sociology becomes a sci5ce4' ,! 
result ( ?is me?od is an exhibition ( ! 
ev5ts ( human exp]i5ce 9 co-ord9at$     
s]ies t manife/ _! own graduat$         
connection4  ,next1 z all inve/igation  
proce$s f t :i* is kn[n be/ to t :i* is 
unkn[n or less well kn[n1 & z1 9 social 
/ates1 x is ! collective ph5om5on t is m
 easy ( access to ! obs]v] ?an its p>ts1
 !re=e we mu/ consid] & pursue all !    
elem5ts ( a giv5 social /ate toge!r & 9 
common4 ,! social organisation mu/ be   
view$ & explor$ z a :ole4 ,!re is a     
nexus betwe5 ea* lead+ gr\p ( social    
ph5om5a & o!r lead+ gr\ps2 if !re is a  
*ange 9 "o ( !m1 t *ange is accompani$  

by a correspond+ modification ( all !   
re/4 ',n only mu/ political in/itutions 
& social mann]s on ! "o h&1 & mann]s &  
ideas on ! o!r1 be always mutually      
connect$2 b fur!r1 ?is consolidat$ :ole 
mu/ be always connect$ by its nature ) !
 correspond+ /ate ( ! integral          
developm5t ( humanity1 consid]$ 9 all   
its aspects ( intellectual1 moral &     
physical activity' 7,comte74  ,is !re   
any "o elem5t :i* communicates !        
decisive impulse to all ! re/1--any     
pr$om9at+ ag5cy 9 ! c\rse ( social      
evolution8 ,! answ] is t all ! o!r p>ts 
( social exi/5ce are associat$ )1 &     
drawn along by1 ! contempor>y condition 
( intellectual developm5t4 ,! ,reason is
 ! sup]ior & prepond]ant elem5t :i*     
settles ! direction 9 :i* all ! o!r     
faculties %all exp&4 ',x is only ?r\gh !
 m & m m>k$ influ5ce ( ! reason ov] !   
g5]al conduct ( man & ( society t !     
gradual m>* ( our race has atta9$ t     
regul>ity & p]sev]+ cont9uity :i*       
di/+ui% x s radically f ! desultory &   

b>r5 expansion ( ev5 ! highe/ animal    
ord]s1 :i* %>e1 & ) enhanc$ /r5g?1 !    
appetites1 ! passions1 & ev5 ! prim>y   
s5tim5ts ( man4' ,! hi/ory (            
intellectual developm5t1 !re=e1 is ! key
 to social evolution1 & ! key to !      
hi/ory ( intellectual developm5t is !   
,law ( ! ,?ree ,/ates4  ,among o!r      
c5tral ?\ghts 9 ,comte's explanation (  
hi/ory are ^!3--,! displacem5t (        
!ological by positive conceptions has   
be5 accompani$ by a gradual rise ( an   
indu/rial rgime out ( ! milit>y         
rgime2--! great p]man5t contribution (  
,ca?olicism 0 ! sep>ation :i* x set up  
betwe5 ! temporal & ! spiritual p[]s2--!
 progress ( ! race consi/s 9 ! increas+ 
prepond]ance ( ! di/9ctively human      
elem5ts ov] ! animal elem5ts2--!        
absolute t5d5cy ( ord9>y social !ories w
 be replac$ by an unfail+ adh]5ce to !  
relative po9t ( view1 & f ?is x foll[s t
 ! social /ate1 reg>d$ z a :ole1 has be5
 z p]fect 9 ea* p]iod z ! co-exi/+      
condition ( humanity & its environm5t   

w\ld all[4  ,! elaboration ( ^! ideas 9 
relation to ! hi/ory ( ! civilisation ( 
! mo/ advanc$ portion ( ! human race    
occupies two ( ! volumes ( ! ,positive  
,philosophy1 & has be5 accept$ by       
compet5t p]sons ( v diff]5t s*ools z a  
ma/]piece ( ri*1 lum9\s1 & f>-rea*+     
sugge/ion4 ,:atev] additions x may      
receive1 & :atev] corrections x may     
require1 ?is analysis ( social evolution
 w cont9ue to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! great  
a*ievem5ts ( human intellect4 ,! dem& = 
! fir/ ( ,comte's two works has gone on 
increas+ 9 a significant degree4 ,x 0   
complet$1 z we h said1 9 #ahdb4 ,a      
second edition 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfd2 a ?ird
 "s ye>s aft]w>ds2 & :ile we write      
7#ahgf7 a f\r? is 9 ! press4 ,?ree      
editions )9 twelve ye>s ( a "w ( ab/ract
 philosophy 9 six consid]able volumes   
are ! measure ( a v /rik+ influ5ce4 ,on 
! :ole1 we may suspect t no "p (        
,comte's works has _h s mu* to d ) ?is  
m>k$ success z 8 survey & review ( !    
c\rse ( hi/ory4  ,! ?ird volume ( ! lat]

 "w1 ! ,positive ,polity1 treats (      
social dynamics1 & takes u aga9 ov] !   
gr\nd ( hi/oric evolution4 ,x ab\nds )  
rem>ks ( extraord9>y f]tility &         
compreh5siv5ess2 b x is (t5 arbitr>y2   
its views ( ! pa/ are /ra9$ into coh]5ce
 ) ! /atical views ( ! prec$+ volume2 & 
s f> z conc]ns ! p]iod to :i* ! pres5t  
writ] happ5s to h giv5 special att5tion1
 x is usually slight & sometimes r&om4  
,z x 0 compos$ 9 r less ?an six mon?s1 &
 z ! au?or hone/ly w>ns u t he has giv5 
all 8 att5tion to a m pr(\nd            
co-ord9ation1 in/ead ( work+ out !      
special explanations m fully1 z he _h   
promis$1 we ne$ n be surpris$ if !      
result is disappo9t+ to ^? :o _h ma/]$ !
 correspond+ portion ( ! ,positive      
,philosophy4 ,comte expla9s ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 8 two works4 ,9 ! fir/ 8 '*ief   
object 0 to discov] & demon/rate ! laws 
( progress1 & to exhibit 9 "o unbrok5   
sequ5ce ! collective de/9ies ( mank9d1  
till !n inv>iably reg>d$ z a s]ies (    
ev5ts :olly beyond ! rea* ( explanation1

 & almo/ dep5d+ on arbitr>y w4 ,! pres5t
 "w1 on ! contr>y1 is address$ to ^? :o 
are already suffici5tly conv9c$ ( !     
c]ta9 exi/5ce ( social laws1 & desire   
only to h !m r$uc$ to a true &          
conclusive sy/em4'  ,:at t sy/em is x   
w\ld take f> m space ?an we c af=d to   
sket* ev5 9 outl9e4 ,all we c d is to   
enum]ate "s ( its ma9 positions4 ,!y are
 to be drawn n only f ! ,positive       
,polity1 b f two o!r works1--!          
,positivi/ ,cate*ism3 a ,summ>y         
,exposition ( ! ,univ]sal ,religion1 9  
,twelve ,dialogues betwe5 a ,woman & a  
,prie/ ( ,humanity2 & second1 ,!        
,subjective ,syn!sis 7#ahef71 :i* is !  
fir/ & only volume ( a "w ^u ma!matics  
ann\nc$ at ! end ( ! ,positive          
,philosophy4 ,! sy/em = :i* ! ,positive 
,philosophy is alleg$ to h be5 !        
sci5tific prep>ation conta9s a ,polity &
 a ,religion2 a complete arrangem5t (   
life 9 all its aspects1 giv+ a wid]     
sph]e to ,intellect1 ,en]gy1 & ,feel+   
?an c\ld be f\nd 9 any ( ! previ\s      

organic types1--,greek1 ,roman1 or      
,ca?olic-feudal4 ,comte's imm5se        
sup]iority ov] su* pr-,revolution>y     
,utopians z ! ,abb ,sa9t ,pi]re1 no less
 ?an ov] ! gr\p ( po/-revolution>y      
,utopians1 is especially visible 9 8    
firm grasp ( ! c>d9al tru? t !          
improvem5t ( ! social organism c only be
 effect$ by a moral developm5t1 & nev]  
by any *anges 9 m]e political me*anism1 
or any viol5ces 9 ! way ( an artificial 
r$i/ribution ( weal?4 ,a moral          
trans=mation mu/ prec$e any real        
advance4 ,! aim1 bo? 9 public & private 
life1 is to secure to ! utmo/ possible  
ext5t ! victory ( ! social feel+ ov]    
self-love1 or ,altruism ov] ,egoism4    
,?is is ! key to ! reg5]ation ( social  
exi/5ce1 z x is ! key to t unity (      
individual life :i* makes all our       
en]gies conv]ge freely & )\t wa/eful    
friction t[>ds a common end4 ,:at are ! 
in/rum5ts = secur+ ! prepond]ance (     
,altruism8 ,cle>ly !y mu/ "w f ! /ronge/
 elem5t 9 human nature1 & ?is elem5t is 

,feel+ or ! ,he>t4 ,"u ! ,ca?olic sy/em 
! supremacy ( ,feel+ 0 abus$1 & !       
intellect 0 made its slave4 ,!n foll[$ a
 revolt ( ,intellect aga9/ ,s5tim5t4 ,! 
bus9ess ( ! new sy/em w be to br+ back !
 ,intellect into a condition1 n (       
slav]y1 b ( will+ m9i/ry to ! ,feel+s4  
,! subord9ation nev] 01 & nev] w be1    
effect$ except by means ( a religion1 & 
a religion1 to be f9al1 mu/ include a   
h>moni\s syn!sis ( all our conceptions (
 ! ext]nal ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,!         
*>act]i/ic basis ( a religion is !      
exi/5ce ( a ,p[] )\t u1 s sup]ior to    
ourselves z to comm& ! complete         
submission ( our :ole life4 ,?is basis  
is to be f\nd 9 ! ,positive /age1 9     
,humanity1 pa/1 pres5t1 & to come1      
conceiv$ z ! ,great ,be+4       ,a deep]
 /udy ( ! great univ]sal ord] reveals to
 u at      l5g? ! rul+ p[] )9 x ( ! true
 ,great ,be+1 ^:      de/9y x is to br+ 
t ord] cont9ually to p]fection by       
con/antly con=m+ to its laws1 & :i* ?us 
be/ repres5ts      to u t sy/em z a     

:ole4 ,?is und5iable ,provid5ce1 !      
supreme disp5s] ( our de/9ies1 becomes 9
 ! natural c\rse      ! common c5tre (  
our affections1 our ?\ghts1 & our       
actions4 ,al?\gh ?is ,great ,be+        
evid5tly exce$s ! utmo/      /r5g? (    
any1 ev5 ( any collective1 human =ce1   
its      necess>y con/itution & its     
peculi> function end[ x )      ! true/  
sympa?y t[>ds all its s]vants4 ,! lea/  
among/      u c & ought con/antly to    
aspire to ma9ta9 & ev5 to      improve  
?is ,be+4 ,?is natural object ( all our 
activity1 bo?      public & private1    
det]m9es ! true g5]al "* ( !      re/ ( 
our exi/5ce1 :e!r 9 feel+ or 9 ?\ght2   
:i*      mu/ be devot$ to love1 & to "k1
 9 ord] rightly to s]ve1      our       
,provid5ce1 by a wise use ( all ! means 
:i* x furni%es      to u4 ,reciprocally 
?is cont9u$ s]vice1 :ile /r5g!n+        
our true unity1 r5d]s u at once bo?     
happi] & bett]4  ,! exaltation (        
,humanity into ! ?rone occupi$ by !     
,supreme ,be+ "u mono!i/ic sy/ems made  

all ! re/ ( ,comte's con/ruction easy   
en\gh4 ,utility rema9s ! te/ ( e        
in/itution1 impulse1 act2 8 fabric      
becomes sub/antially an ar* ( utilit>ian
 propositions1 ) an artificial ,great   
,be+ ins]t$ at ! top to keep !m 9 _!    
place4 ,! ,comti/ sy/em is utilit>ianism
 cr[n$ by a fanta/ic decoration4        
,translat$ into ! pla9e/ ,engli%1 !     
position is z foll[s3 ',society c only  
be reg5]at$ by ! great] subord9ation (  
politics to morals1 by ! moralisation ( 
capital1 by ! r5ovation ( ! family1 by a
 high] conception ( m>riage1 & s on4 ,^!
 ends c only be rea*$ by a he>ti]       
developm5t ( ! sympa!tic in/9cts4 ,!    
sympa!tic in/9cts c only be develop$ by 
! ,religion ( ,humanity4' ,look+ at !   
problem 9 ?is way1 ev5 a morali/ :o does
 n expect !ology to be ! in/rum5t (     
social revival1 might /ill ask :e!r !   
sympa!tic in/9cts w n necess>ily be     
already develop$ to _! highe/ po9t1 be=e
 p w be p]suad$ to accept ! religion1   
:i* is at bottom h>dly m ?an sympa?y "u 

a m impos+ "n4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! :ole  
battle--into :i* we %all n ent]--z to ! 
legitimat5ess ( ,comtism z a religion   
turns ^u ?is erection ( ,humanity into a
 ,be+4 ,! v>i\s hypo!ses1 dogmas1       
proposals1 z to ! family1 to capital1   
etc4 are m]ely propositions measurable  
by consid]ations ( utility & a balance (
 exp$i5cies4 ,_m ( ^! proposals are ( ! 
highe/ int]e/1 & _m ( !m are actually   
available2 b !re does n seem to be "o ( 
!m ( an available k9d :i* c\ld n equally
 well be approa*$ f o!r sides1 & ev5    
incorporat$ 9 "s radically antagoni/ic  
sy/em4 ,adoption1 = example1 z a        
practice = improv+ ! happ9ess ( families
 & ! welf>e ( society1 is capable ( be+ 
weigh$1 & c 9 tru? only be weigh$ by    
utilit>ian consid]ations1 & has be5     
comm5d$ by m5 to :om ! ,comti/ religion 
is naught4 ,! s+ul>ity ( ,comte's       
con/ruction1 & ! te/ by :i* x mu/ be    
tri$1 is ! transf] ( ! wor%ip &         
discipl9e ( ,ca?olicism to a sy/em 9 :i*
 '! conception ( ,god is sup]s$$' by !  

ab/ract idea ( ,humanity1 conceiv$ z a  
k9d ( ,p]sonality4  ,& :5 all is said1 !
 inv5tion does n help u4 ,we h /ill to  
settle :at is = ! good ( ,humanity1 & we
 c only d t 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way4 ,!re is
 no guidance 9 ! conception4 ,no        
effective unity c foll[ f x1 because y c
 only f9d out ! "r & wrong ( a giv5     
c\rse by summ+ up ! advantages &        
disadvantages1 & /rik+ a balance1 & !re 
is no?+ 9 ! ,religion ( ,humanity to =ce
 two m5 to f9d ! balance on ! same side4
 ,! ,comti/s are no bett] (f ?an o!r    
utilit>ians 9 judg+ policy1 ev5ts1      
conduct4  ,! p>ticul>ities ( ! wor%ip1  
its m9ute & truly +5i\s re-adaptation ( 
sacram5ts1 pray]s1 rev]5t signs1 d[n ev5
 to ! invocation ( a new ,tr9ity1 ne$ n 
deta9 u4 ,!y are said1 ?\gh x is n easy 
to believe1 to h be5 elaborat$ by way ( 
,utopia4 ,if s1 no ,utopia has ev] yet  
be5 pres5t$ 9 a /yle s little calculat$ 
to /ir ! imag9ation1 to w>m ! feel+s1 to
 soo! ! insurg5cy ( ! reason4 ,x is a   
mi/ake to pres5t a great body (         

hypo!ses--if ,comte meant !m =          
hypo!ses--9 ! mo/ dogmatic & p]emptory  
=m to :i* language c l5d itself4 ,& !re 
is no m extraord9>y ?+ 9 ! hi/ory (     
op9ion ?an ! p]v]sity ) :i* ,comte has  
succe$$ 9 clo?+ a philosophic doctr9e1 s
 intr9sically conciliatory z 81 9 a %ape
 t excites s little sympa?y & gives s   
mu* provocation4 ,an enemy def9$        
,comtism z ,ca?olicism m9us ,*ri/ianity1
 to :i* an able *ampion retort$ by call+
 x ,ca?olicism plus ,sci5ce4 ,hi!rto    
,comte's ,utopia has pleas$ ! foll[]s ( 
! ,ca?olic1 j z little z ^? ( !         
sci5tific _s4  ,! elaborate & m9ute     
sy/ematisation ( life1 prop] to !       
religion ( ,humanity1 is to be direct$  
by a prie/hood4 ,! prie/s are to possess
 nei!r weal? nor mat]ial p[]2 !y are n  
to comm&1 b to c\nsel2 _! au?ority is to
 re/ on p]suasion1 n on =ce4 ,:5        
religion has become positive & society  
indu/rial1 !n ! influ5ce ( ! *ur* ^u !  
/ate becomes really free & indep5d5t1   
:i* 0 n ! case 9 ! ,middle ,age4 ,! p[] 

( ! prie/hood re/s ^u special k ( man & 
nature2 b to ?is intellectual em95ce mu/
 also be add$ moral p[] & a c]ta9       
greatness ( "*1 )\t :i* =ce ( intellect 
& complet5ess ( atta9m5t w n receive !  
confid5ce !y ought to inspire4 ,!       
functions ( ! prie/hood are ( ?is       
k9d3--,to ex]cise a sy/ematic direction 
ov] education2 to hold a consultative   
influ5ce ov] all ! important acts (     
actual life1 public & private2 to       
arbitrate 9 cases ( practical conflict2 
to prea* s]mons recall+ ^? pr9ciples (  
g5]ality & univ]sal h>mony :i* our      
special activities dispose u to ignore2 
to ord] ! due classification ( society4 
,to p]=m ! v>i\s c]emonies appo9t$ by ! 
f\nd] ( ! religion4 ,! au?ority ( !     
prie/hood is to re/ :olly on volunt>y   
adhesion1 & !re is to be p]fect fre$om (
 spee* & discussion2 ?\gh1 by ! way1 we 
_c =get ,comte's dete/able              
congratulations to ! ,cz> ,ni*olas on ! 
'wise vigilance' ) :i* he kept wat* ov] 
! importation ( ,we/]n books4  ,f 8     

e>lie/ manhood ,comte _h be5 p[]fully   
impress$ by ! necessity ( elevat+ !     
condition ( wom5 7see rem>kable passage 
9 8 lett]s to ,m4 ,valat1 pp4 #hd-hg74  
,8 fri5d%ip ) ,madame de ,vaux _h deep5$
 ! impression1 & 9 ! recon/ruct$ society
 wom5 are to play a highly important "p4
 ,!y are to be c>efully exclud$ f public
 action1 b !y are to d _m m important   
?+s ?an ?+s political4 ,to fit !m = _!  
functions1 !y are to be rais$ above     
mat]ial c>es1 & !y are to be ?or\ghly   
educat$4 ,! family1 :i* is s important  
an elem5t ( ! ,comti/ s*eme ( ?+s1 exi/s
 to c>ry ! influ5ce ( woman ov] man to !
 highe/ po9t ( cultivation4 ,?r\gh      
affection %e purifies ! activity ( man4 
',sup]ior 9 p[] ( affection1 m able to  
keep bo? ! intellectual & ! active p[]s 
9 cont9ual subord9ation to feel+1 wom5  
are =m$ z ! natural int]m$i>ies betwe5  
,humanity & man4 ,! ,great ,be+ confides
 specially to !m its moral ,provid5ce1  
ma9ta9+ ?r\gh !m ! direct & con/ant     
cultivation ( univ]sal affection1 9 !   

mid/ ( all ! di/ractions ( ?\ght or     
action1 :i* are = ev] )draw+ m5 f its   
influ5ce4444 ,beside ! uni=m influ5ce ( 
e woman on e man1 to atta* him to       
,humanity1 su* is ! importance & !      
difficulty ( ?is m9i/ry t ea* ( u %\ld  
be plac$ "u ! special guidance ( "o ( ^!
 angels1 to answ] = him1 z x 71 to !    
,great ,be+4 ,?is moral gu>dian%ip may  
assume ?ree types1--! "m1 ! wife1 & !   
daught]2 ea* hav+ sev]al modifications1 
z %[n 9 ! conclud+ volume4 ,toge!r !y =m
 ! ?ree simple modes ( solid>ity1 or    
unity ) contempor>ies1--ob$i5ce1 union1 
& protection1--z well z ! ?ree degrees (
 cont9uity betwe5 ages1 by unit+ u ) !  
pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future4 ,9 accordance
 ) my !ory ( ! bra91 ea* corresponds )  
"o ( our ?ree altrui/ic                 
in/9cts1--v5]ation1 atta*m5t1 &         
b5evol5ce4  ,h[ ! positive me?od (      
obs]vation & v]ification ( real facts   
has l&$ u 9 ?is1 & mu* else ( ! same    
k9d1 is extremely h>d to guess4 ,s]i\sly
 to exam9e an encyclopdic sy/em1 t t\*es

 life1 society1 & k at e po9t1 is       
evid5tly beyond ! compass ( su* an      
article z ?is4 ,!re is 9 e *apt] a :ole 
gr\p ( speculative sugge/ions1 ea* ( :i*
 w\ld ne$ a long *apt] to itself to     
elaborate or to discuss4 ,!re is at lea/
 "o biological speculation ( a/\nd+     
audacity t c\ld be exam9$ 9 no?+ less   
?an a treatise4 ,p]haps we h said en\gh 
to %[ t aft] p]=m+ a great & real s]vice
 to ?\ght1 ,comte almo/ sacrific$ 8     
claims to gratitude by ! inv5tion ( a   
sy/em t1 z su*1 & indep5d5tly ( deta*$  
sugge/ions1 is m>k$ly retrograde4 ,b !  
_w has /rong self-protect+ qualities4 ,x
 w take :at is available 9 ,comte1 :ile 
=gett+ t 9 8 "w :i* is z irrational 9 "o
 way z ,hegel is 9 ano!r4   ,,! ,,end4  
,pr9t$ by ,r4  ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1    
,ed9burgh4          99       99       99
       99       99  ,transcrib]'s       
,notes3  ,! transcrib] made ! foll[+    
*anges to ! text to correct obvi\s      
errors3    #a4 p4 #cdg1 delighful *ang$ 
to delightful   #b4 p4 #chb1 ',sup]ior 9

 p[] ( 444 no end+ s+le quote