mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47     
,,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el  ,,8 ,,life ,,&
 ,,works     ,illu/ration3 ,sir ,william
 ,h]s*el  ,,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el   ,,8
 ,,life ,,& ,,works  ,,by  ,,edw>d ,s4  
,,hold5  ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,naval        
,,obs]vatory1 ,,wa%+ton  ,illu/ration3  
,coelis ,exploratis    ,,new ,,york     
,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #gdc ,,&    
#gde ,,broadway #ahha    ,,copyright1   
#ahhj1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons4
    ,,press ,,( ,j4 ,j4 ,,little  ,,co41
  ,,nos4 #aj ,,to #bj ,,a/or ,,place1   
,,new ,,york4     ,please see ! end ( ! 
text = ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes          
,,preface4   ,9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! life
 & works ( ,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el1 ,i h
 be5 oblig$ to dep5d /rictly ^u data    
already 9 pr9t--! ,memoir ( 8 si/]1 8   
own sci5tific writ+s & ! memoirs &      
di>ies ( 8 cotempor>ies4 ,! review ( 8  
publi%$ works w1 ,i tru/1 be ( use4 ,x  
is bas$ ^u a c>eful /udy ( all 8 pap]s 9
 ! ,philosophical ,transactions &       
else:]e4  ,a life ( ,,h]s*el :i* %all be

 satisfactory 9 e p>ticul> c only be    
writt5 aft] a full exam9ation ( !       
mat]ials :i* are pres]v$ at ! family    
seat 9 ,engl&2 b z two g5]ations h pass$
 s9ce 8 dea?1 & z no biography yet exi/s
 :i* approa*es to complet5ess1 no       
apology seems to me to be ne$$ = a      
consci5ti\s attempt to make ! be/ use ( 
! scanty mat]ial :i* we d possess4  ,?is
 /udy w1 ,i tru/1 s]ve to exhibit s mu* 
( 8 life z belongs to ! :ole public4 ,8 
private life belongs to 8 family1 until 
! "t is come to let ! _w "k m ( !       
greate/ ( practical a/ronom]s & ( ! inn]
 life ( "o ( its mo/ pr(\nd             
philosoph]s1--( a great & ard5t m9d1 ^: 
a*ievem5ts are & w rema9 ! glory (      
,engl&4     ,,cont5ts4                  
,,page ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,e>ly ,,ye>s2      
#agch-aggb1                             
#a   ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,life ,,9 ,,ba?2   
#aggb-aghb1                             
#cc   ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,life ,,at       
,,dat*et1 ,,clay ,,hall1 ,,& ,,sl\gh2   
#aghb-ahbb1  #fh   ,,*apt] ,,iv4        

,,review ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,labors   
,,( ,,h]s*el1       #aah                
,,bibliography1                         
#bae   ,,index ,,( ,,names1             
#bce     ,,life ,,& ,,works  ,,(        
,,william ,,h]s*el4     ,,*apt] ,i4     
,,e>ly ,,ye>s2 #agch-aggb4   ,( ! great 
mod]n philosoph]s1 t "o ( :om lea/ is   
kn[n1 is ,,william ,,h]s*el4 ,we may    
appropriate ! words :i* escap$ him :5 ! 
b>r5 region ( ! sky ne> ! body (        
,scorpio 0 pass+ sl[ly ?r\gh ! field ( 8
 great reflector1 dur+ "o ( 8 sweeps1 to
 express our own s5se ( abs5ce ( light &
 k3 ,hi] i/ wahrhaftig e9 ,lo* im       
,himmel4  ,,h]s*el prep>$1 ab\t ! ye>   
#ahah1 a biographical memor&um1 :i* 8   
si/] ,,c>ol9a plac$ among 8 pap]s4  ,?is
 has nev] be5 made public4 ,! only      
?or\ghly au!ntic s\rces ( in=mation 9   
possession ( ! _w1 are a lett] writt5 by
 ,,h]s*el himself1 9 answ] to a press+  
reque/ = a sket* ( 8 life1 & ! ,memoir &
 ,correspond5ce ( ,,c>ol9e ,,h]s*el     
7,london1 #ahgf71 a preci\s memorial n  

only ( 8 life1 b ( "o :i* o!rwise w\ld h
 rema9$ almo/ unkn[n1 & "o1 too1 :i* !  
_w c\ld ill af=d to lose4 ,! latt]1 :i* 
has be5 ably edit$ by ,mrs4 ,,m>y       
,,cornwallis ,,h]s*el1#a is ! only s\rce
 ( k 9 reg>d to ! e>ly ye>s ( ! great   
a/ronom]1 & toge!r ) ! all too scanty   
mat]ials to be ga9$ f a dilig5t se>*    
?r\gh ! biography ( ! "t1 af=ds ! data =
 ^? p]sonal details ( 8 life1 habits1 & 
"*1 :i* seem to complete ! di/9ct1 ?\gh 
p>tial conception ( him :i* ! /ud5t ( 8 
philosophical writ+s acquires4  ,! lett]
 ref]r$ to 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,gtt+5 ,magaz9e
 ( ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature1 ,,iii41 #d1    
%ortly aft] ! "n ( ,,h]s*el _h become   
famili> to e e> ?r\gh 8 discov]y (      
,uranus1 b :ile ! circum/ances ( !      
discov]y1 & ! condition ( ! amateur :o  
made x1 7 /ill entirely unkn[n4  ,!     
editor 7,,li*t5b]g7 says3      ,h]r     
,,h]s*el 0 good en\gh to s5d me1 "s "t  
s9ce1 ?r\gh     ,h]r ,,magellan1 copies 
( 8 ,diss]tations on ,d\ble ,/>s1 on !  
,p>allax ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 & on a new     

,micromet]4 ,9 ! lett]     :i* convey$  
to him my ?anks = 8 gift1 ,i reque/$ him
 to     note d[n a few facts 9 reg>d to 
8 life1 = publication 9 ?is     magaz9e1
 s9ce v>i\s acc\nts1 m or less          
incorrect1 _h     appe>$ 9 sev]al       
j\rnals4 ,9 answ]1 ,i receiv$ a v oblig+
     lett] f him & :at foll[s is t      
portion ( x relat+ to     my reque/1 :i*
 0 s5t me ) full p]mission to make x    
public4                                 
,,dat*et1 ,,ne> ,,w9dsor1               
,nov4 #ae1 #aghc4      ,i 0 born 9      
,hanov]1 ,novemb]1 #agch4 ,my fa!r1 :o 0
 a     musician1 de/9$ me to ! same     
pr(ession1 h5ce ,i 0     in/ruct$       
betimes 9 8 art4 ,t ,i might acquire a  
p]fect     k ( ! !ory z well z ( !      
practice ( music1 ,i 0     set at an    
e>ly age to /udy ma!matics 9 all its    
bran*es--algebra1 conic sections1       
inf9itesimal analysis1 & !     re/4     
,! insatiable desire = k ?us awak5$     
result$ next 9     a c\rse ( languages2 
,i le>n$ ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,lat91 &     

/eadfa/ly resolv$ h5ce=? to devote      
myself :olly to ^?     sci5ces f !      
pursuit ( :i* ,i alone look$ = all my   
future     happ9ess & enjoym5t4 ,i h    
nev] be5 ei!r necessitat$ or     dispos$
 to alt] ?is resolve4 ,my fa!r1 ^: means
 7 limit$1     & :o consequ5tly c\ld n  
be z lib]al to 8 *ildr5 z he     w\ld h 
desir$1 0 compell$ to dispose ( !m 9 "o 
way or     ano!r at an e>ly age2        
consequ5tly 9 my fifte5? ye> ,i         
enli/$ 9 milit>y s]vice1 only rema9+ 9 !
 army1 h[ev]1     until ,i rea*$ my     
n9ete5? ye>1 :5 ,i resign$ & w5t ov] to 
,engl&4      ,my famili>ity ) ! organ1  
:i* ,i _h c>efully ma/]$     previ\sly1 
soon procur$ = me ! position ( organi/ 9
     ,york%ire1 :i* ,i f9ally ex*ang$ = 
a simil> situation at ,ba?     9 #agff1 
& :ile "h ! peculi> circum/ances ( my   
po/1 z     agreeable z x 0 lucrative1   
made x possible = me to occupy          
myself once m ) my /udies1 especially ) 
ma!matics4 ,:51     9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ,i  
took up a/ronomy1 ,i det]m9$ to accept  

no?+ on fai?1 b to see ) my own eyes    
ev]y?+ :i*     o!rs _h se5 be=e me4     
,hav+ already "s k ( !     sci5ce (     
optics1 ,i resolv$ to manufacture my own
 telescopes1 &     aft] _m cont9u\s1    
det]m9$ trials1 ,i f9ally succe$$ 9     
complet+ a s-call$ ,newtonian in/rum5t1 
sev5 feet 9 l5g?4     ,f ?is ,i advanc$ 
to "o ( t5 feet1 & at la/ to "o (       
tw5ty1 = ,i _h fully made up my m9d to  
c>ry on ! improvem5t     ( my telescopes
 z f> z x c\ld possibly be done4 ,:5 ,i 
_h     c>efully & ?or\ghly p]fect$ !    
great in/rum5t 9 all its     p>ts1 ,i   
made sy/ematic use ( x 9 my obs]vations 
( !     heav5s1 fir/ =m+ a det]m9ation  
nev] to pass by any1 !     smalle/1     
portion ( !m )\t due inve/igation4 ,?is 
habit1     p]si/$ 91 l$ to ! discov]y ( 
! new planet 7,georgium     ,sidus74    
,?is 0 by no means ! result ( *ance1 b a
 simple     consequ5ce ( ! position ( ! 
planet on t p>ticul>     ev5+1 s9ce x   
occupi$ precisely t spot 9 ! heav5s :i* 
came 9 ! ord] ( ! m9ute obs]vations t ,i

 _h previ\sly     mapp$ out = myself4   
,_h ,i n se5 x j :5 ,i did1 ,i mu/      
inevitably h come ^u x soon aft]1 s9ce  
my telescope 0 s     p]fect t ,i 0 able 
to di/+ui% x f a fix$ /> 9 !     fir/   
m9ute ( obs]vation4      ,n[ to br+ ?is 
sket* to a close4 ,z ! k+ _h express$ a 
desire to see my telescope1 ,i took x by
 8 comm& to ,gre5wi*1     :]e x 0 comp>$
 ) ! in/rum5ts ( my excell5t fri5d1     
,dr4 ,,maskelyne1 n only by himself1 b  
by o!r exp]ts1 :o     pron\nc$ x z _!   
op9ion t my in/rum5t 0 sup]ior to       
all ! re/4 ,!reupon ! k+ ord]$ t !      
in/rum5t be     br\ght to ,w9dsor1 &    
s9ce x !re met ) m>k$ approval1 8       
maje/y graci\sly aw>d$ me a ye>ly       
p5sion1 t ,i might be     enabl$ to     
rel9qui% my pr(ession ( music1 & devote 
my :ole     "t to a/ronomy & !          
improvem5t ( ! telescope4 ,gratitude1   
z well z o!r consid]ations specifi$ by  
me 9 a pap] pres5t$     to ! ,royal     
,society1 ( :i* ,i am a memb]1 has      
induc$ me to call     ! new planet      

,georgium ,sidus4          ',georgium   
,sidus4--jam nunc assuesce              
voc>i4'--7,virgil47      ,& ,i hope x w 
reta9 ! "n4  ,we "k b little ( ! family 
( ,,h]s*el4 ,! "n is und\bt$ly ,jewi%1 &
 is f\nd 9 ,pol&1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,we
 le>n t ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t bran* left
 ,moravia ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,i,ith  
c5tury1 on acc\nt ( _! *ange ( religion 
to ,prote/antism4 ,!y became possessors 
( l& 9 ,saxony4 ,,hans ,,h]s*el1 !      
great-gr&fa!r ( ,,william1 0 a brew] 9  
,pirna 7a small t[n ne> ,dresd574 ,( !  
two sons ( ,,hans1 "o1 ,,abraham 7born 9
 #afea1 di$ #agah71 0 employ$ 9 ! royal 
g>d5s at ,dresd51 & seems to h be5 a man
 ( ta/e & skill 9 8 call+4 ,( 8 elde/   
son1 ,,eusebius1 !re appe>s to be little
 trace 9 ! records ( ! family4 ,! second
 son1 ,,b5jam91 di$ 9 infancy2 ! ?ird1  
,,isaac1 0 born 9 #agjg 7,jan4 #ad71 & 0
 ?us an orphan at elev5 ye>s ( age4     
,,isaac 0 ! fa!r ( ! great a/ronom]4    
,he appe>s to h e>ly _h a passionate    
fondness = music1 & ?is1 add$ to a      

di/a/e = 8 fa!r's call+1 det]m9$ 8 c>e]4
 ,he 0 taught music by an oboe-play] 9 !
 royal b&1 & he also le>n$ ! viol94 ,at 
! age ( tw5ty-"o he /udi$ music = a ye> 
"u ! ,cappelmei/] ,,pabri*1 at ,potsdam1
 & 9 ,augu/1 #agca1 he became oboi/ 9 ! 
b& ( ! ,gu>ds1 at ,hanov]4 ,9 ,augu/1   
#agcb1 he m>ri$ ,,anna ,,ilse ,,moritz54
 ,%e appe>s to h be5 a c>eful & busy    
wife & "m1 possess$ ( no special        
faculties :i* w\ld lead u to attribute  
to h] c>e any great "p ( ! abilities (  
h] son4 ,%e c\ld n h]self write ! lett]s
 :i* %e s5t to h] husb& dur+ 8 abs5ces )
 8 regim5t4 ,x 0 h] firm belief t !     
sep>ations & "s ( ! sorr[s ( ! family   
came f too mu* le>n+2 & :ile %e c\ld n  
h9d] ! education ( ! sons ( ! family1 %e
 prev5t$ _! si/]s f le>n+ ,fr5* & danc+4
 ,x is b j to say t ! useful            
accompli%m5ts ( cook+1 sew+1 & ! c>e ( a
 h\sehold1 7 ?or\ghly taught by h] to h]
 two daught]s4 ,! fa!r1 ,,isaac1 appe>s 
to h be5 ( a diff]5t m\ld1 & to him1 no 
d\bt1 ! *ief intellectual *>act]i/ics ( 

! family are due4 ,8 position oblig$ him
 to be (t5 abs5t f ,hanov]1 ) 8 regim5t1
 b 8 h& appe>s to h be5 always pres5t1  
smoo?+ ov] difficulties1 & enc\rag+ 8   
sons to su* le>n+ & improvem5t z 0 to be
 _h4  ,8 heal? 0 s]i\sly injur$ by !    
exposures ( ! campaigns1 & he 0 left1   
aft] ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 ) a brok5      
con/itution4  ,aft] 8 f9al return home1 
9 #agfj1 8 daught] gives ?is record (   
him--      ,copy+ music employ$ e vacant
 mom5t1 ev5 sometimes     ?r\gh\t half !
 night4 4 4 4 ,) my bro!r ,,dietri*--n[ 
a     little engag+ creature ( betwe5   
f\r & five ye>s old--he 0     v mu*     
pleas$1 & on ! fir/ ev5+ ( 8 arrival at 
home     be=e he w5t to re/1 ! ,adempk5 
7a little viol97 0 tak5     f ! %elf &  
newly /rung1 & ! daily lessons          
imm$iately     comm5c$4 4 4 4 ,i d n    
recollect t he ev] desir$ any o!r       
society ?an :at he _h opportunities (   
enjoy+ 9 _m ( !     p>ties :]e he 0     
introduc$ by 8 pr(ession1 ?\gh f> f     
be+ ( a morose disposition2 he w\ld     

frequ5tly enc\rage my     "m 9 keep+ up 
a social int]c\rse among a few          
acqua9tances1     :il/ 8 aft]noon h\rs  
g5]ally 7 tak5 up 9 giv+ lessons     to 
"s s*ol>s at home1 :o gladly sav$ him ! 
tr\blesome     ex]tion ( walk+4 4 4 4   
,he also f\nd great pleasure 9 see+     
,,dietri*',s improvem5t1 :o1 "y z he 01 
& ( ! mo/ lively     temp] imag9able1 0 
always ready to receive 8 lessons1 leav+
     8 little companions ) ! greate/    
*e]fulness to g to 8     fa!r1 :o 0 s   
pleas$ ) 8 p]=mances t he made him      
play a solo on ! ,adempk5 9 ,,rake',s   
conc]t1 be+ plac$ on a     table be=e a 
cr[d$ company1 = :i* he 0 v mu* applaud$
     & c>ess$1 p>ticul>ly by an ,engli% 
lady1 :o put a gold co9     9 8 little  
pocket4      ,x 0 n long be=e my fa!r _h
 z _m s*ol>s z he c\ld     f9d "t to    
att5d4 ,& :5 !y assembl$ at my fa!r's to
 make     little conc]ts1 ,i 0 frequ5tly
 call$ to jo9 ! second viol9     9 an   
ov]ture1 = my fa!r f\nd pleasure 9 giv+ 
me sometimes     a lesson be=e !        

in/rum5ts 7 laid by1 aft] practis+ )    
,,dietri*1 = ,i nev] 0 miss+ at ^? h\rs1
 sitt+ 9 a     corn] ) my knitt+ & li/5+
 all ! :ile4  ,"h1 z 9 all h] writ+1    
,,c>ol9a is simple1 true1 direct to     
awkw>dness1 & unconsci\sly pa!tic ev5 9 
joy4  ,! family ( ,,isaac & ,,anna      
,,h]s*el consi/$ ( t5 *ildr54 ,six ( ^! 
liv$ to adult age4 ,!y 73      #a4      
,,sophia ,,elizabe?2 born #agcc1 m>ri$  
,,griesba*1 a musician 9 !        ,gu>d1
 by :om %e _h *ildr54 ,five ( h] sons 7 
aft]w>ds        musicians at ! c\rt1 9  
,engl&1 :]e !y obta9$ places            
?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,,william4      #b4  
,,h5ry ,,anton ,,jacob2 born #agcd1     
,novemb] #bj4      #d4 ,,fr$]ic         
,,william 7! a/ronom]7 born #agch1      
,novemb] #ae4      #f4 ,,john ,,alex&]2 
born #agde1 ,novemb] #ac4      #h4      
,,c>ol9a ,,lucretia2 born #agej1 ,m>*   
#af4      #aj4 ,,dietri*2 born #agee1   
,septemb] #ac4  ,( ?is family gr\p1 !   
important figures to u are ,,william1   
,,alex&]1 & ,,c>ol9a4  ,,jacob 0 organi/

 at ! ,g>rison ,*ur* ( ,hanov] 9 #agec1 
a memb] ( ! ,gu>ds' b& 9 #agee1 & fir/  
viol9 9 ! ,hanov] ,c\rt ,or*e/ra 9      
#agei4 ,aft]w>ds he jo9$ 8 bro!r        
,,william 9 ,ba?1 b aga9 return$ to     
,hanov]4 ,9 #agga he publi%$ 9 ,am/]dam 
8 ,opus ,i41 a set ( six qu>tettes1 &   
lat]1 9 ,london1 he publi%$ two         
symphonies & six trios4 ,he appe>s to h 
be5 a clev] musician1 & 8 lett]s to 8   
y\ng] bro!r ,,william are full (        
discussion on po9ts ( musical           
composition1 etc4 ,he di$ 9 #agib4      
,,dietri*1 ! y\nge/ bro!r1 %>$ 9 !      
musical abilities ( 8 family1 & :5 only 
fifte5 ye>s old 0 s f> advanc$ z to be  
able to supply 8 bro!r ,,jacob',s place 
9 ! ,c\rt ,or*e/ra1 & to give 8 lessons 
to private pupils4 ,!re is no "o ( !    
family1 except ! elde/ daught]1 :om we d
 n "k to h possess$ m>k$ ability 9      
music1 & ?is ta/e desc5d$ truly = f\r   
g5]ations4 ,9 ! lett]s ( ,*evali]       
,,buns51#b he describes meet+1 9 #ahdg1 
! elde/ gr&daught] ( ,,william ,,h]s*el1

 :o1 he says1 is a musical g5ius4  ,?ree
 memb]s ( ! family1 ,,william1 ,,alex&]1
 & ,,c>ol9a1 =m$ a gr\p :i* 0 insep>able
 = _m ye>s1 & :ile ! progress ( ! lives 
( ,,alex&] & ,,c>ol9a 0 det]m9$ by !    
en]gy & ef=ts ( ,,william1 ^! two l5t   
him an aid )\t :i* 8 c>e] w\ld h be5    
/rangely diff]5t4 ,x is necess>y to     
und]/& a little bett] ! e>ly life ( all 
?ree4  ,! sons ( ! ,,h]s*el family all  
att5d$ ! g>rison s*ool 9 ,hanov] until  
!y 7 ab\t f\rte5 ye>s old4 ,!y 7 taught 
! ord9>y rudim5ts ( k--to read1 to      
write1 to ciph]--& a k ( ,fr5* & ,engli%
 0 add$4 ,,william especially di/+ui%$  
himself 9 8 /udies1 le>n+ ,fr5* v       
rapidly1 & /udy+ ,lat9 & ari?metic ) 8  
ma/] out ( h\rs4 ,! h\sehold life seems 
to h be5 active1 h>moni\s1 & intellig5t1
 especially dur+ ! pres5ce ( ! fa!r1 :o 
took a great delight 9 ! rapid progress 
( all 8 sons 9 music1 & :o enc\rag$ !m )
 8 companion%ip 9 _! /udies & 9 _! read+
 on all intellectual subjects4  ,f !    
,memoir ( ,,c>ol9a1 on :i* we mu/ dep5d 

= our k ( ?is e>ly life1 we take !      
foll[+ p>agraph3      ,my bro!rs 7 (t5  
introduc$ z solo p]=m]s & assi/ants     
9 ! or*e/ra ( ! c\rt1 & ,i rememb] t ,i 
0 frequ5tly     prev5t$ f go+ to sleep  
by ! lively criticism on music on       
com+ f a conc]t1 or by conv]sations on  
philosophical subjects1     :i* la/$    
frequ5tly till morn+1 9 :i* my fa!r 0 a 
lively p>tak] & assi/ant ( my bro!r     
,,william1 by contriv+     self-made    
in/rum5ts4 4 4 4 ,(t5 ,i w\ld keep      
myself awake t     ,i might li/5 to _!  
animat+ rem>ks1 = x made me s happy     
to see !m s happy4 ,b g5]ally _!        
conv]sation w\ld     bran* out on       
philosophical subjects1 :5 my bro!r     
,,william & my     fa!r (t5 argu$ ) su* 
w>m? t my "m's int]f]5ce     became     
necess>y1 :5 ! names ,,leibnitz1        
,,newton1 & ,,eul]     s\nd$ r too l\d =
 ! repose ( h] little ones1 :o     ought
 to be 9 s*ool by sev5 9 ! morn+4 ,b x  
seems t     on ! bro!rs retir+ to _! own
 room1 :]e !y %>$     ! same b$1 my     

bro!r ,,william _h /ill a great deal to 
say2 &     frequ5tly x happ5$ t :5 he   
/opp$ = an ass5t or reply1     he f\nd 8
 he>] 0 gone to sleep1 & ,i suppose x 0 
n till     !n t he be?\ght himself to d 
! same4      ,! recollection ( ^! happy 
sc5es confirms me 9 ! belief1     t _h  
my bro!r ,,william n !n be5 int]rupt$ 9 
8     philosophical pursuits1 we %\ld h 
_h mu* e>li] pro(s (     8 inv5tive     
g5ius4 ,my fa!r 0 a great admir] (      
a/ronomy1     & _h "s k ( t sci5ce2 = ,i
 rememb] 8 tak+     me1 on a cle> fro/y 
night1 into ! /reet1 to make me acqua9t$
     ) sev]al ( ! mo/ beautiful         
con/ellations1 aft] we _h be5     gaz+  
at a comet :i* 0 !n visible4 ,& ,i well 
rememb] )     :at delight he us$ to     
assi/ my bro!r ,,william 9 8 v>i\s      
contrivances 9 ! pursuit ( 8            
philosophical /udies1 among     :i* 0 a 
neatly turn$ #d-;in* globe1 ^u :i* !    
equator &     ecliptic 7 engrav$ by my  
bro!r4  ,! me*anical g5ius 0 n conf9$ to
 ,,william1 = we read t ,,alex&] us$ (t5

 to sit by u & amuse u & himself by mak+
 all sorts ( ?+s out ( pa/ebo>d1 or     
contriv+ h[ to make a twelve-h\r cuckoo 
clock g a week4 ,?is ability (          
,,alex&]',s 0 turn$ lat] to ! be/ acc\nt
 :5 he became 8 bro!r ,,william',s "r h&
 9 ! manufacture ( reflectors1          
eye-pieces1 & /&s 9 ,engl&4 ,8 abilities
 7 great1 & a purpose :i* might o!rwise 
h be5 lack+ 0 suppli$ ?r\gh ! y\ng]     
bro!r's ardor 9 all t he und]took4  ,8  
musical tal5t 0 rem>kable2 he play$     
div9ely on ! violoncello4 ,he return$ to
 ,hanov] 9 #ahaf1 :]e he liv$ 9         
com=table indep5d5ce1 ?r\gh ! nev]-fail+
 g5]osity ( 8 bro!r1 until 8 dea? 9     
#ahba4 ,a notice ( him 9 a ,bri/ol pap] 
says3 ,di$1 ,m>* #ae1 #ahba1 at ,hanov]1
 ,,alex&] ,,h]s*el1 ,esqr41 well kn[n to
 ! public ( ,ba? & ,bri/ol z a p]=m] &  
elegant musician2 & :o = =ty-sev5 ye>s 0
 ! admiration ( ! frequ5t]s ( conc]ts & 
!atres ( bo? ^? cities z pr9cipal       
violoncello4 ,to ! extraord9>y m]its (  
,mr4 ,,h]s*el 0 unit$ consid]able       

acquirem5t 9 ! sup]ior bran*es (        
me*anics & philosophy1 & 8 aff9ity to 8 
bro!r1 ,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el1 0 n less
 9 sci5ce ?an 9 blood4  ,we %all le>n m 
( ! si/]1 ,,c>ol9a1 z "t goes on4 ,n[ 9 
^! e>ly ye>s %e 0 a sil5t & p]si/5t     
*ild1 gr[+ up ) a feel+ t %e 0 unc>$ = &
 neglect$1 & lavi%+ all h] *ildi%       
affection1 z %e did all t ( h] womanly  
life1 on h] bro!r ,,william4 ,?r\gh\t h]
 long life1 my bro!r 0 ,,william1 my    
nephew 8 son4  ,! bro!rs ,,jacob &      
,,william 71 ) _! fa!r1 memb]s ( ! b& ( 
! ,gu>ds 9 #agee1 :5 ! regim5t 0 ord]$  
to ,engl&1 & !y 7 abs5t f ,hanov] a ye>4
  ,,william 7!n sev5te5 ye>s old7 w5t z 
oboi/1 & out ( 8 scanty pay br\ght back 
to ,hanov]1 9 #agef1 only "o mem5to ( 8 
/ay--a copy ( ,,locke ,on ! ,human      
,und]/&+4  ,he appe>s to h s]v$ ) !     
,gu>d dur+ "p ( ! campaign ( #ageg4 ,8  
heal? 0 !n delicate1 & 8 p>5ts det]m9$  
to remove him f ! s]vice--a /ep att5d$  
by no small difficulties4#c  ,?is       
removal 0 hurri$ly & safely effect$1 s  

hurri$ly t ! copy ( ,,locke 0 n put 9 ! 
p>cels s5t aft] him to ,hamburg by 8 "m2
 %e1 de> woman1 knew no o!r wants ?an   
good l95 & clo?+4  ,?us1 at la/1 ! "y   
,,william ,,h]s*el1 ! son ( an          
oboe-play] 9 ! ,k+'s ,gu>d1 is laun*$ 9 
life = himself1 9 ! ye> #ageg1 at ! age 
( n9ete54  ,all 8 equipm5t is ! good l95
 & clo?+1 a k ( ,fr5*1 ,lat91 & ,engli%1
 "s skill 9 play+ ! viol91 ! organ1 & ! 
oboe1 & an uncommon precipitancy 9 do+  
:at !re is to be done4  ,a sl5d] outfit 
truly2 b we are n to ov]look :at he said
 ( himself on ano!r occasion4 ,i h1     
nev]!less1 sev]al res\rces 9 view1 & d n
 despair ( succe$+ pretty well 9 ! end4 
,f #ageg to #agfj--?ree ye>s--we "k no?+
 ( 8 life4 ,we c imag9e :at x 04 ,8     
previ\s visit to ,engl& _h giv5 him a   
good k ( ! language1 & p]haps a few     
un9flu5tial acqua9tances4 ,on 8 return  
he w\ld naturally seek ^! out1 &1 by    
means ( 8 music1 he c\ld ga9 a          
livelihood4 ,we fir/ he> ( him z *>g$ ) 
! organization ( ! music ( a corps ( !  

militia ( ,durham1 "u ! auspices ( !    
,,e>l ,,( ,,d>l+ton4 ,la manire dont il 
remplit cette mission1 le fit connatre  
avantageusem5t4#d ,! nature ( ! s]vice (
 ^! militia corps1 :i* 7 !n =m+ all ov] 
,engl&1 is well describ$ 9 !            
,autobiography ( ,,gibbon4 ,e           
c\nty-g5tleman felt con/ra9$ to s]ve 8  
c\ntry1 & ! regim5tal mess-rooms 7 fill$
 ) m5 ( rank & fa%ion4  ,9 #agfj we he> 
( him aga94 ,he has attract$ ! notice ( 
^? ab\t him4      ,ab\t ! ye> #agfj1 z  
,,mill]#e 0 d9+ at ,pontefract )     !  
(fic]s ( ! ,durham militia1 "o ( !m1    
kn[+ 8 love (     music1 told him !y _h 
a "y ,g]man 9 _! b& z a p]=m]     on !  
hautboy1 :o _h only be5 a few mon?s 9   
,engl&1 & yet     spoke ,engli% almo/ z 
well z a native1 & :o 0 also an         
excell5t p]=m] on ! viol92 ! (fic] add$ 
t if ,,mill]     w\ld come into ano!r   
room1 ?is ,g]man %\ld ent]ta9 him )     
a solo4 ,! invitation 0 gladly accept$1 
& ,,mill] he>d a solo     ( ,,gi>d9i',s 
execut$ 9 a mann] t surpris$ him4 ,he   

aft]w>ds     took an opportunity ( hav+ 
"s private conv]sation ) !     "y       
musician1 & ask$ him :e!r he _h engag$  
himself = any     long p]iod to !       
,durham militia4 ,! answ] 01 ',only f   
mon?     to mon?4' ',leave !m1 !n1' said
 ! organi/1 '& come & live     ) me4 ,i 
am a s+le man1 & ?9k we %all be happy   
toge!r2     &1 d\btless1 y\r m]it w soon
 entitle y to a m eligible              
situation4' ,! (f] 0 accept$ z frankly z
 x 0 made1 &     ! read] may imag9e )   
:at satisfaction ,dr4 ,,mill]     mu/ h 
rememb]$ ?is act ( g5]\s feel+ :5 he    
he>s     t ?is "y ,g]man 0 ,,h]s*el1 !  
,a/ronom]4 ',my humble     mansion1'    
says ,,mill]1 'consi/$1 at t "t1 b ( two
 rooms4     ,h[ev]1 poor z ,i 01 my     
cottage conta9$ a libr>y (     well-*os5
 books2 & x mu/ appe> s+ul> t a =eign]  
:o     _h be5 s %ort a "t 9 ,engl& %\ld 
und]/& ev5 !     peculi>ities ( !       
language s well z to fix ^u ,,swift = 8 
favorite au?or4'      ,he took an e>ly  
opportunity ( introduc+ 8 new fri5d at  

,mr4 ,,cropley',s conc]ts2 ! fir/ viol9 
0 resign$ to him2 '&     nev]1' says !  
organi/1 '_h ,i he>d ! conc]tos (       
,,corelli1     ,,gem9iani1 & ,,avison1  
or ! ov]tures ( ,,h&el p]=m$ m          
*a/ely1 or m accord+ to ! orig9al       
int5tion ( !     compos]s1 ?an by ,mr4  
,,h]s*el4 ,i soon lo/ my companion2 8   
fame     0 pres5tly spread abroad2 he _h
 ! (f] ( pupils1 & 0     solicit$ to    
lead ! public conc]ts bo? at ,wakefield 
& ,halifax4     ,a new organ = ! p>i%   
*ur* ( ,halifax 0 built ab\t ?is     "t1
 & ,,h]s*el 0 "o ( ! sev5 c&idates = !  
organi/'s place4 ,!y drew lots h[ !y 7  
to p]=m 9     succession4 ,,h]s*el drew 
! ?ird1 ! second fell to ,dr4           
,,wa9wright ( ,man*e/]1 ^: f+] 0 s rapid
 t old     ,,snetzl]1 ! organ-build]1   
ran ab\t ! *ur* exclaim+3     ',te      
tevel6 te tevel6 he run ov] te keys l "o
 cat2 he w     n give my piphes room =  
to %peak4' ',dur+ ,mr4 ,,wa9wright',s   
p]=mance1' says ,,mill]1 ',i 0 /&+ 9 !  
middle aisle )     ,,h]s*el4 ',:at *ance

 h y1' said ,i1 'to foll[ ?is man8' ,he 
repli$1 ',i don't "k2 ,i am sure f+]s w 
n d4' ,on :i* he     asc5d$ ! organ l(t1
 & produc$ f ! organ s uncommon a       
fulness1 su* a volume ( sl[1 solemn     
h>mony1 t ,i c\ld by no     means acc\nt
 = ! effect4 ,aft] ?is %ort ex tempore  
effusion1 he f9i%$ ) ! ,old ,hundr$?    
psalm-tune1 :i* he     play$ bett] ?an 8
 oppon5t4      ',ay1 ay1' cri$ old      
,,snetzl]1 'ti% is v goot1 v goot       
indeet2 ,i vil luf ti% man1 = he gives  
my piphes room = to     %peak4' ,hav+   
aft]w>ds ask$ ,mr4 ,,h]s*el by :at      
means1 9 !     beg9n+ ( 8 p]=mance1 he  
produc$ s uncommon an effect1 he        
repli$1 ',i told y f+]s w\ld n d6' &    
produc+ two pieces     ( lead f 8       
wai/coat pocket1 '"o ( ^!1' said he1    
',i plac$ on ! l[e/ key ( ! organ1 & !  
o!r ^u !     octave above2 ?us by       
accommodat+ ! h>mony1 ,i produc$ !      
effect ( f\r h&s1 in/ead ( two4'#f  ,!  
dates 9 ?is extract are n s well def9$ z
 might be wi%$4 ,,h]s*el _h c]ta9ly be5 

m ?an a few mon?s 9 ,engl& at ! "t ( 8  
meet+ ) ,dr4 ,,mill]1 :i* 0 probably    
ab\t #agfj4 ,! appo9tm5t z organi/ at   
,halifax 0 9 #agfe1 & ! pupils & public 
conc]ts mu/ h fill$ up ! int]v5+ five   
ye>s4 ,dur+ a "p ( ?is "t he liv$ 9     
,le$s1 ) ! family ( ,mr4 ,,bulman1 :om  
he aft]w>ds provid$ ) a place z cl]k to 
! ,octagon ,*apel1 9 8 usual g5]\s      
mann]4  ,all dur+ 8 life he 0 plac+ "s (
 ! less =tunate & en]getic memb]s ( 8   
family4  ,we _c be too grateful to ,dr4 
,,mill]1 :o1 see+ 8 opportunity1 us$ x4 
,_! frank fri5d%ip does honor to bo?4   
,,h]s*el',s organ-play+1 :i* no d\bt _h 
be5 begun :5 8 bro!r 0 ! organi/ ( !    
g>rison *apel at ,hanov]1 mu/ h be5     
p]fect$ at ?is "t1 & x 0 ?r\gh 8        
organ-play+ t he 0 able to leave ! ne$y 
life 9 ,york%ire4  ,he 0 sure to h em]g$
 soon] or lat]1 b e ye> sp>$ to him z a 
/ruggl+ musician 0 a ye> sav$ to        
,a/ronomy4  ,dur+ all ?is p]iod1 a      
con/ant correspond5ce 0 ma9ta9$ betwe5 !
 family at ,hanov] & ! abs5t son4  ,_m (

 ,,william',s lett]s 7 writt5 9 ,engli%1
 & address$ to 8 bro!r ,,jacob1 & treat$
 ( su* subjects z ! ,!ory ( ,music1 9   
:i* he 0 already f> advanc$4  ,8 little 
si/] 0 /ill fai?ful to ! memory ( h]    
de>e/ bro!r1 & 8 fa!r1 ^: heal? 0       
/eadily decl9+1 became pa9fully eag] = 8
 return4 ,9 #agfd 7,april #b71 he       
return$ to ,hanov] on a v brief visit4  
,he 0 atta*$ to ,engl&1 he 0 prosp]+    
!re1 & he _h no incl9ation t[>ds return+
 to a life 9 ,hanov]4 ,8 si/] says3     
,( ! joys & pleasures :i* all felt at   
?is long-wi%$-=     meet+ ) my--let me  
say my de>e/--bro!r1 b a small          
portion c\ld fall to my %>e2 = ) my     
con/ant att5dance at     *ur* & s*ool1  
besides ! "t ,i 0 employ$ 9 do+ !       
drudg]y ( ! scull]y1 x 0 b seldom ,i    
c\ld make "o 9 !     gr\p :5 ! family 7 
assembl$ toge!r4      ,9 ! fir/ week1 "s
 ( ! or*e/ra 7 invit$ to a conc]t1      
at :i* "s ( my bro!r ,,william',s       
compositions1 ov]tures1 etc41     & "s (
 my elde/ bro!r ,,jacob',s 7 p]=m$1 to !

 great     delight ( my de> fa!r1 :o    
hop$ & expect$ t !y w\ld     be turn$ to
 "s pr(it by publi%+ !m1 b !re 0 no     
pr9t] :o bid high en\gh4      ,sunday1 !
 #h?1 0 !--to me--ev5tful day ( my      
confirmation1     & ,i left home n a    
little pr\d & enc\rag$ by my de> bro!r  
,,william',s approbation ( my appe>ance 
9 my new g[n4  ,! engagem5t ( ,,h]s*el  
at ,halifax did n long cont9ue4 ,9 #agff
 he obta9$ an advantage\s engagem5t z   
oboi/ at ,ba?1 & soon aft] ! position ( 
organi/ at ! ,octagon ,*apel 0 (f]$ to  
him & accept$4 ,?is 0 a great &         
important *ange4  ,ba? 0 !n1 z n[1 "o ( 
! mo/ beautiful cities 9 ,engl&1 & !    
resort ( ! fa%ion & rank ( ! k+dom1 :o  
came to take ! wat]s4 ,x is beautifully 
situat$ on bo? sides ( ! ,avon1 & has _m
 f9e walks & public build+s4 ,! aspect (
 ! city is m>k$ly *e]ful & brilliant1   
ow+ to ! nature ( ! :ite /one ( :i* !   
pr9cipal h\ses are built1 & to !        
exquisite amphi!atre ( hills 9 :i* !y   
lie4  ,! society 0 !n gay & polite1 &   

,,h]s*el 0 at once ?r[n into a f> m     
intellig5t atmosph]e ?an t he _h j left 
9 ,york%ire4 ,x 0 easy to get new books1
 to see new faces1 to he> new ?+s4 ,!   
,assembly ,rooms 7built 9 #agga7 7 not$ 
= _! size & elegance2 ! !atre 0 ! be/   
out ( ,london4  ,8 position z organi/ ( 
! fa%ionable *apel plac$ him 9 ! curr5t4
 ,8 *>m+ & engag+ mann]s made him       
fri5ds4 ,8 tal5ts br\ght him admir]s &  
pupils1 & pupils br\ght him money4#g    
,he began 9 #agff a life ( unceas+      
activity1 :i* cont9u$4 ,9 #agfh he      
publi%$ 9 ,london a symphony 79 ,c7 =   
two viol9s1 viola1 bass1 two oboes1 &   
two horns1 & 9 ! same ye> two milit>y   
conc]tos = two oboes1 two horns1 two    
trumpets1 & two bassoons4#h ,he wrote   
pieces = ! h>p1 glees1 cat*es1 & o!r    
songs = ! voice4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,e*o ,cat*1
 0 publi%$ & _h ev5 consid]able vogue4  
,a compet5t musical critic writes to me 
( ?is "w3 ,!     c\nt]po9t is cle> &    
fl[+1 & is manag$ ) consid]able     ta/e
 & effect4 ,x w\ld be difficult to      

expla9 ! great     clev]ness %[n 9 !    
con/ruction ( ! ,cat* )\t diagrams      
to illu/rate ! movem5ts ( ! p>ts4 ,x is 
c]ta9ly an     +5i\s bit ( musical      
writ+4  ,:5 he left ,ba? 79 #aghb71 _m (
 ^! musical writ+s 7 lo/1 9 8 great ha/e
 to take up 8 new pr(ession4 ,"o1       
specially1 8 si/] rememb]s to h writt5  
out = ! pr9t]1 b he c\ld n f9d a mom5t  
to s5d x (f1 nor answ] ! pr9t]'s lett]s4
 ,?is 0 a f\r-"p song1 ,9 !e ,i be> s   
de> a "p4 ,he wrote v _m an!ms1 *ants1 &
 psalm-tunes = ! excell5t ca!dral *oir (
 ! ,octagon ,*apel4 ,un=tunately1 mo/ ( 
?is music is n[ n to be f\nd4  ,a notice
 ( ,,h]s*el',s life :i* appe>$ 9 !      
,european ,magaz9e = #aghe1 ,janu>y1    
gives a v lively picture ( 8 life at ?is
 "t1 & x is especially valuable z %[+ h[
 he appe>$ to 8 cotempor>ies4           
,al?\gh ,mr4 ,,h]s*el lov$ music to an  
excess1 & made a     consid]able        
progress 9 x1 he yet det]m9$ ) a sort ( 
en?usiasm to devote e mom5t he c\ld sp>e
 f bus9ess to     ! pursuit ( k1 :i* he 

reg>d$ z ! sov]eign good1     & 9 :i* he
 resolv$ to place all 8 views ( future  
happ9ess     9 life44 4 4      ,8       
situation at ! ,octagon ,*apel prov$ a v
 pr(itable "o1     z he soon fell into  
all ! public bus9ess ( ! conc]ts1 !     
,rooms1 ! ,!atre1 & ! oratorios1 besides
 _m s*ol>s &     private conc]ts4 ,?is  
great run ( bus9ess1 in/ead ( less5+    
8 prop5sity to /udy1 increas$ x1 s t _m 
times1 aft] a     fatigu+ day ( f\rte5  
or sixte5 h\rs sp5t 9 8 vocation1 he    
w\ld retire at night ) ! greate/ avidity
 to unb5d !     m9d1 if x may be s      
call$1 ) a few propositions 9           
,,maclaur9',s ,fluxions1 or o!r books ( 
t sort4  ,x 0 9 ^! ye>s t he ma/]$      
,italian & made "s progress 9 ,greek4   
,we may haz>d a natural conjecture      
respect+ ! c\rse (     ,,h]s*el',s e>ly 
/udies4 ,music conduct$ him to          
ma!matics1 or1     9 o!r words1 impell$ 
him to /udy ,,smi?',s ,h>monics4 ,n[ ?is
     ,,rob]t ,,smi? 0 ! au?or ( ,a      
,complete ,sy/em ( ,optics1     a ma/]ly

 "w1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! rapid gr[? ( t      
bran* ( ! sci5ce1 is n yet :olly        
sup]s$$4 ,x seems to u     n unlikely t 
,,h]s*el1 /udy+ ! ,h>monics1 conceiv$ a 
rev]5ce = ! au?or1 :o 0 at t "t /ill    
liv+1 s t     f ! ,philosophy ( ,music  
he pass$ to ! ,optics1 a "w on     :i*  
,,smi?',s great reputation *iefly re/$2 
& ?us undesign$ly     prep>$ himself = !
 c>e] on :i* he 0 %ortly ab\t to        
ent] ) s mu* glory4#i  ,!re is no d\bt t
 ?is conjecture is a true "o4 ,! ,optics
 ( ,dr4 ,,smi? is "o ( ! v few books    
quot$ by ,,h]s*el ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s1 &   
!re is e evid5ce ( 8 complete famili>ity
 ) its conclusions & me?ods2 & ?is      
famili>ity is ( ! k9d :i* a /ud5t       
acquires ) 8 e>ly text-books4 ,"o o!r "w
 he quotes 9 ! same way1 ,,lal&e',s     
,a/ronomy1 & ?is too mu/ h be5 deeply   
/udi$4  ,dur+ ! ye>s #agfe-aggb1 :ile   
,,h]s*el 0 foll[+ 8 pr(ession & 8 /udies
 at ,ba?1 ! family life at ,hanov] w5t  
on 9 mu* ! same way4  ,9 #agfe 8 fa!r   
,,isaac _h a /roke ( p>alysis1 :i* end$ 

8 viol9-play+ =ev]1 & =c$ him to dep5d  
entirely ^u pupils & copy+ ( music = a  
livelihood4 ,he di$ on ,m>* #bb1 #agfg1 
leav+ beh9d him a good "n1 & liv+ 9 !   
affectionate remembrance ( 8 *ildr5 & ( 
all :o knew him4  ,,c>ol9a _h n[ lo/ h] 
be/ fri5d1 & transf]r$ to h] bro!r      
,,william ! affection %e _h be=e divid$ 
betwe5 him & h] fa!r4      ,my fa!r wi%$
 to give me some?+ l a poli%$ education1
     b my "m 0 p>ticul>ly det]m9$ t x   
%\ld be a r\gh1     b at ! same "t a    
useful "o2 & no?+ f>!r %e ?\ght     0   
necess>y b to s5d me two or ?ree mon?s  
to a semp/ress to     be taught to make 
h\sehold l954 4 4 4 ,my "m w\ld n cons5t
     to my be+ taught ,fr5*1 & my bro!r 
,dietri* 0 ev5 d5i$ a     danc+-ma/]1   
because %e w\ld n p]mit my le>n+ along )
     him1 ?\gh ! entrance _h be5 paid = 
u bo?2 s all my fa!r     c\ld d = me 0  
to indulge me 7& please himself7        
sometimes     ) a %ort lesson on !      
viol91 :5 my "m 0 ei!r 9     good humor 
or out ( ! way4 ,?\gh ,i h (t5 felt     

myself     exce$+ly at a loss = ! want (
 ^? few accompli%m5ts (     :i* ,i 0    
?us1 by an errone\s ?\gh well-meant     
op9ion ( my     "m1 depriv$1 ,i c\ld n  
help ?9k+ b t %e _h cause     = wi%+ me 
n to "k m ?an 0 necess>y = be+ useful   
9 ! family2 = x 0 h] c]ta9 belief t my  
bro!r ,,william     w\ld h return$ to 8 
c\ntry1 & my elde/ bro!r n h     look$ s
 high1 if !y _h _h a little less le>n+4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,b sometimes ,i f\nd x sc>cely possible 
to get ?r\gh ) !     "w requir$1 & felt 
v unhappy t no "t at all 0 left     =   
improv+ myself 9 music or fancy "w1 9   
:i* ,i _h an     opportunity ( receiv+  
"s in/ruction f an +5i\s "y     woman ^:
 p>5ts liv$ 9 ! same h\se ) u4 ,b ! "t  
want$ = sp5d+ a few h\rs toge!r c\ld    
only be obta9$ by     our meet+ at      
daybreak1 because by ! "t ( ! family's  
ris+     at sev51 ,i 0 oblig$ to be at  
my daily bus9ess4 ,?\gh ,i _h     nei!r 
"t nor means = produc+ any?+ imm$iately 
ei!r =     %[ or use1 ,i 0 cont5t )     

keep+ samples ( all possible     patt]ns
 9 ne$lework1 beads1 bugles1 horse-hair1
 etc41 = ,i c\ld     n help feel+ tr\bl$
 sometimes ab\t my future de/9y2 yet ,i 
c\ld n be> ! idea ( be+ turn$ into an   
,abigail or     h\semaid1 & ?\ght t ) ! 
above & su* l     acquirem5ts1 ) a      
little notion ( music1 ,i might obta9 a 
place     z gov]ness 9 "s family :]e !  
want ( a k ( ,fr5*     w\ld be no       
objection4  ,a *ange 0 soon to come 9 h]
 life too2 h] bro!r ,,william wrote to  
propose t %e %\ld jo9 him at ,ba?--     
4 4 4 to make ! trial1 if1 by 8         
in/ruction1 ,i might n become     a     
useful s+] = 8 w9t] conc]ts & oratorios2
 he advis$ my     bro!r ,,jacob to give 
me "s lessons by way ( beg9n+2 b t      
if1 aft] a trial ( two ye>s1 we %\ld n  
f9d x answ] our     expectation1 he w\ld
 br+ me back aga94 ,?is at fir/ seem$ to
     be agreeable to all p>ties1 b by ! 
"t ,i _h set my he>t ^u     ?is *ange 9 
my situation1 ,,jacob began to turn !   
:ole s*eme     into ridicule1 &1 (      

c\rse1 he nev] he>d ! s\nd ( my voice   
except 9 speak+1 & yet ,i 0 left 9 !    
h>ass+ unc]ta9ty     :e!r ,i 0 to g or  
n4 ,i resolv$ at la/ to prep>e1 z f> z  
lay 9 my p[]1 = bo? cases1 by tak+1 9 ! 
fir/ place1     e opportunity1 :5 all 7 
f home1 to imitate1 ) a gag     betwe5  
my tee?1 ! solo p>ts ( conc]tos1 %ake & 
all1 su*     z ,i _h he>d !m play on !  
viol92 9 consequ5ce ,i _h ga9$     a    
tol]able execution be=e ,i knew h[ to   
s+4 ,i next began to     knit ruffles1  
:i* 7 int5d$ = my bro!r ,,william1 9    
case ,i     rema9$ at home--else !y 7 to
 be ,,jacob',s4 ,= my "m &     bro!r ,d4
 ,i knitt$ z _m cotton /ock+s z w\ld la/
 two     ye>s at lea/4  ,9 ,augu/1      
#aggb1 h] bro!r arriv$ at ,hanov]1 to   
take h] back to ,engl& ) him4 ,! j\rney 
to ,london 0 made betwe5 ,augu/ #af? &  
#bf?1 & soon aft] !y w5t toge!r to      
,,h]s*el',s h\se1 ,no4 #g ,new ,k+'s    
,/reet1 ,ba?4  ,,footnotes3  #a ,wife ( 
,major ,,john ,,h]s*el1 ( ! ,royal      
,eng9e]s1 gr&son ( ,sir ,,william4  #b  

,page #abg4  #c ,memoir ( ,,c>ol9a      
,,h]s*el1 p4 #aj4 ,sir ,,george ,,airy1 
,a/ronom] ,royal1 relates 9 ! ,academy t
 ?is removal 0 a des]tion1 z he 0 told  
by ! ,duke ( ,sussex t on ! fir/ visit (
 ,,h]s*el to ! k+1 aft] ! discov]y ( !  
,georgium ,sidus1 ! p>don ( ,,h]s*el 0  
h&$ to him by ! k+ himself1 writt5 out 9
 due =m4  #d ,f,,tis2 ,biographie       
univ]selle des musici5s1 tome ,v4       
7#ahci7 p4 #ada4  #e ,dr4 ,,mill]1 a    
not$ organi/1 & aft]w>ds hi/orian (     
,donca/]4  #f ,! ,doctor2 by ,,rob]t    
,,s\!y1 edition ( #ahdh1 p4 #adj4  #g   
,he frequ5tly gave ?irty-five &         
?irty-eight lessons a week to pupils at 
?is "t4  #h ,accord+ to ,f,,tis4 ,a se>*
 = ^! 9 ,london has l$ me to ! belief t 
,f,,tis1 :o is usually v accurate1 is "h
 mi/ak51 & t ^! writ+s are by ,,jacob   
,,h]s*el4  #i ,=eign ,qu>t]ly ,review1  
volume #ca4                             
,,*apt] ,,ii4                           
,,life ,,9 ,,ba?2 #aggb-aghb4   ,x 0 to 
a busy life 9 ,ba? t ,,h]s*el took 8    

si/] ,,c>ol9a1 !n tw5ty-two ye>s old4   
,%e 0 a p]fectly untri$ girl1 ( v small 
accompli%m5ts & outw>dly ) b little to  
attract4 ,! basis ( h] "* 0 !           
possibility ( an un*ang+ devotion to "o 
object2 = ! be/ ye>s ( h] life ?is      
object 0 ! happ9ess & success ( h] bro!r
 ,,william1 :om %e pr(\ndly lov$4 ,h]   
love 0 head/rong & full ( a k9d (       
ob/9ate pride1 :i* refus$ to see any?+ b
 ! view %e _h adopt$4 ,z long z h] life 
cont9u$ to be ) h] de>e/ bro!r1 all 0   
well ) h]4 ,%e _h a noble aim1 & h] he>t
 0 m ?an full4 ,lat] on1 ?is v s+l5ess (
 "* br\ght h] o!r ye>s ( wret*$ness4 ,x 
is necess>y to und]/& ! almo/ spaniel-l 
allegiance %e gave1 9 ord] to compreh5d 
! value :i* h] s]vices 7 to ,,h]s*el4   
,%e suppli$ him ) an aid :i* 0 utt]ly   
loyal1 entire1 & devot$4 ,h] ob$i5ce 0  
unque/ion+1 h] rev]5ce am\nt$ almo/ to  
adoration4 ,9 _! relation1 he gave      
ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( inc5tive & initiative1 
& %e return$ h] entire ef=t loyally4    
,at fir/ h] bus9ess 0 to ga9 a k ( !    

language1 & to p]fect h]self 9 s++1 s t 
%e might become a soloi/ 9 ! conc]ts &  
oratorios :i* he 0 con/antly giv+4  ,9 !
 beg9n+ x 0 n easy4      4 4 4 ,z !     
season = ! arrival ( visitors to ! ba?s 
does     n beg9 till ,octob]1 my bro!r  
_h leisure to try my capacity =         
becom+ a useful s+] = 8 conc]ts &       
oratorios1 & be+     v well satisfi$ )  
my voice1 ,i _h two or ?ree lessons e   
day1 & ! h\rs :i* 7 n sp5t at !         
h>psi*ord1 7     employ$ 9 putt+ me 9 ! 
way ( manag+ ! family4 4 4 4     ,on !  
second morn+1 on meet+ my bro!r at      
breakfa/1 he began     imm$iately to    
give me a lesson 9 ,engli% & ari?metic1 
&     %[$ me ! way ( book+ & keep+      
acc\nts ( ca% receiv$     & laid out4 4 
4 4 ,by way ( relaxation we talk$ (     
a/ronomy &     ! bright con/ellations ) 
:i* ,i _h made acqua9tance dur+     !   
f9e nights we sp5t on ! po/wag5 travell+
 ?r\gh ,holl&4      ,my bro!r ,,alex&]1 
:o _h be5 "s "t 9 ,engl&1 bo>d$     &   
lodg$ ) 8 eld] bro!r1 &1 ) myself1      

occupi$ !     attic4 ,! fir/ floor1 :i* 
0 furni%$ 9 ! newe/ & mo/     h&some    
/yle1 my bro!r kept = himself4 ,! front 
room1     conta9+ ! h>psi*ord1 0 always 
9 ord] to receive 8     musical fri5ds &
 s*ol>s at little private conc]ts or    
rehe>sals4 4 4 4 ,sundays ,i receiv$ a  
sum = ! weekly exp5ses1     ( :i* my    
h\sekeep+ book 7writt5 9 ,engli%7 %[$ ! 
am\nt     laid out1 & my purse ! rema9+ 
ca%4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal     ?+s requir$ 0 
to m>ket1 & ab\t six weeks aft] com+ to 
,engl& ,i 0 s5t alone among fi%wom51    
but*]s1 basket-wom51     etc41 & ,i     
br\ght home :atev] 9 my fright ,i c\ld  
pick up4 4 4 4     ,my bro!r ,,alex41 :o
 0 n[ return$ f 8 summ] engagem5t1      
us$ to wat* me at a di/ance1 unkn[n to  
me1 till he saw me safe     on my way   
home4 ,b all attempts to introduce any  
ord] 9 our     little h\sehold prov$    
va91 ow+ to ! s]vant my bro!r !n     _h4
 ,& :at /ill fur!r increas$ my          
difficulty 01 t my     bro!r's "t 0     
entirely tak5 up ) bus9ess1 s t ,i only 

saw him at meals4 ,breakfa/ 0 at sev5   
o'clock or be=e--mu* too     e>ly = me1 
:o w\ld r h rema9$ up all night ?an be  
oblig$ to rise at s e>ly an h\r4 4 4 4  
,! ?ree w9t] mon?s pass$ on v heavily4  
,i _h to /ruggle     aga9/ heimwehe     
7home sickness7 & l[ spirits1 & to answ]
 my     si/]'s melan*oly lett]s on !    
dea? ( h] husb&1 by :i*     %e became a 
wid[ ) six *ildr54 ,i knew too little   
,engli% to     d]ive any consolation f !
 society ( ^? :o 7 ab\t me1     s t1    
d9n]-"t except$1 ,i 0 entirely left to  
myself4  ,s ! w9t] pass$4      ,! "t :5 
,i c\ld hope to receive a little m ( my 
bro!r's     in/ruction & att5tion 0 n[  
draw+ ne>2 = aft] ,ea/]1     ,ba?       
becomes v empty1 only a few ( 8 s*ol>s1 
^: families     7 resid5t 9 !           
neighborhood1 rema9+4 ,b ,i 0 greatly   
disappo9t$2 =1 9 consequ5ce ( ! h>ass+ &
 fatigu+     life he _h l$ dur+ ! w9t]  
mon?s1 he us$ to retire to b$     ) a   
bas9 ( milk or glass ( wat]1 & ,,smi?',s
 ,h>monics &     ,optics1 ,,f]guson',s  

,a/ronomy1 etc41 & s w5t to sleep buri$ 
"u 8 favorite au?ors2 & 8 fir/ ?\ghts on
 ris+ 7     h[ to obta9 in/rum5ts =     
view+ ^? objects himself ( :i*     he _h
 be5 read+4 ,!re be+ 9 "o ( ! %ops a    
two-&-a-half-foot ,gregorian telescope  
to be let1 x 0 = "s     "t tak5 9       
requisition1 & s]v$ n only = view+ !    
heav5s1 b = mak+ exp]im5ts on its       
con/ruction4 4 4 4 ,x soon     appe>$ t 
my bro!r 0 n cont5t$ ) kn[+ :at =m]     
obs]v]s _h se51 = he began to contrive a
 telescope eighte5 or     tw5ty feet    
long 7,i believe aft] ,,huygh5s'        
description74 4 4 4 ,i 0     mu* h9d]$ 9
 my musical practice by my help be+     
cont9ually     want$ 9 ! execution ( !  
v>i\s contrivances1 & ,i _h to     amuse
 myself ) mak+ ! tube ( pa/ebo>d = !    
glasses1     :i* 7 to arrive f ,london1 
= at t "t no optician _h     settl$ at  
,ba?4 ,b :5 all 0 f9i%$1 no "o besides  
my     bro!r c\ld get a glimpse (       
,jupit] or ,saturn1 = ! great     l5g? (
 ! tube w\ld n all[ x to be kept 9 a    

/raight l9e4     ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1
 0 soon remov$ by sub/itut+ t9          
tubes4 4 4 4 ,my bro!r wrote to inquire 
! price ( a reflect+     mirror = 7,i   
believe7 a five or six foot telescope4  
,! answ] 01     !re 7 none ( s l>ge a   
size1 b a p]son (f]$ to make "o     at a
 price mu* above :at my bro!r ?\ght     
prop] to give4 4 4 4     ,ab\t ?is "t he
 b\ght ( a ,quak]1 resid5t at ,ba?1 :o  
_h     =m]ly made attempts at poli%+    
mirrors1 all 8 rubbi% (     patt]ns1    
tools1 hones1 poli%]s1 unf9i%$ mirrors1 
etc41 b all     = small ,gregorians1 &  
none above two or ?ree in*es diamet]4   
,b no?+ s]i\s c\ld be attempt$1 = want (
 "t1 till !     beg9n+ ( ,june1 :5 "s ( 
my bro!r's s*ol>s 7 leav+     ,ba?2 &   
!n1 to my sorr[1 ,i saw almo/ e room    
turn$ into a     work%op4 ,a cab9et-mak]
 mak+ a tube & /&s ( all                
descriptions 9 a h&somely furni%$       
draw+-room2 ,,alex4 putt+     up a huge 
turn+ ma*9e 7:i* he _h br\ght 9 ! autumn
 f     ,bri/ol1 :]e he us$ to sp5d !    

summ]7 9 a b$room1 =     turn+ patt]ns1 
gr9d+ glasses1 & turn+ eye-pieces1 etc4 
,at     ! same "t music dur/ n lie      
entirely dormant dur+ !     summ]1 & my 
bro!r _h frequ5t rehe>sals at home1 :]e 
,miss     ,,f>9elli1 an ,italian s+]1 0 
met by sev]al ( ! pr9cipal     p]=m]s he
 _h engag$ = ! w9t] conc]ts4  ,f9ally1 9
 #aggd1 he _h made himself a ,gregorian 
telescope1#aj & _h begun to view !      
heav5s4 ,he 0 !n ?irty-six ye>s old4  ,!
 writ] 9 ! ,european ,magaz9e describes 
?is p]iod3      ,all ?is "t he cont9u$ 8
 a/ronomical obs]vations1 &     no?+ n[ 
seem$ want+ to complete 8 felicity1 b   
suffici5t     leisure to enjoy 8        
telescopes1 to :i* he 0 s mu* atta*$1   
t at ! !atre he us$ frequ5tly to run f !
 h>psi*ord     to look at ! />s1 dur+ ! 
"t betwe5 ! acts4  ,9 an extract f 8    
,j\rnal ,no4 #a1 n[ at ! rooms ( !      
,royal ,society1 may be se5 a copy ( 8  
fir/ obs]vation ( ! ,nebula ( ,orion1 on
 ,m>* #d1 #aggd4 ,?is 0 made ) 8        
five-&-a-half-foot ,gregorian reflector4

  ,x 0 at ?is "t 7#agge71 betwe5 ! acts 
( ! !atre1 t he made 8 fir/ review ( !  
heav5s1 ) a ,newtonian telescope1 ( an  
ap]ture ( f\r & a half in*es & a        
magnify+ p[] ( #bbb times4 ,?is         
telescope 0 "o ( ! fir/ made by himself4
 ,! review consi/$ ( ! exam9ation ( e />
 9 ! sky ( ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? 
magnitudes1 & ( all planets visible4    
,!re are no records ( ^! obs]vations n[ 
extant1 & !y are notewor?y only z a     
prep>ation = m s]i\s "w4  ,he 0 c>ry+   
out 8 resolve to see ev]y?+ = himself4  
,8 assiduity may be judg$ ( by ! fact t 
betwe5 #aggd & #agha ,,h]s*el _h obs]v$ 
a s+le object--! ,nebula ( ,orion--no   
less ?an f\rte5 times4  ,! success ( 8  
fir/ telescopes incit$ him to new ef=ts4
 ,8 h\se became a complete ateli]1 :]e  
ev]y?+ t c\ld t5d to excell5ce 9 ?is    
manufacture 0 tri$ & re-tri$ a hundr$   
diff]5t ways4 ,:5 a difficulty arose1   
exp]im5ts 7 begun :i* cont9u$ till x 0  
conqu]$4 ,:5 a success 0 ga9$1 x 0      
prosecut$ to ! utmo/4  ,9 #agge ! fir/  

sev5-foot reflector 0 made1 9 #aggg a   
t5-foot 0 f9i%$1 9 #aggh a v good       
t5-foot took its place4 ,x mu/ n be     
?\ght t ! telescopes m5tion$ 7 ! only   
ones complet$4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 b !  
be/ ones select$ out ( _m4  ,9 #aggd a  
new h\se _h be5 engag$1 :i* _h m room = 
work%ops1 & ^: ro( gave space = obs]v+4 
,! grass-plat ne> x 0 soon utiliz$ to   
hold ! /& ( a tw5ty-foot telescope1 :i* 
he _h ev5 !n project$4 ,8 projects 7    
un5d+1 no success 0 f9al2 8 m9d 0 at !  
height ( activity2 8 :ole ef=t 0 ?r[n   
into e und]tak+4  ,! mirrors = all ^!   
telescopes 7 made by h&4 ,e portion ( ! 
gr9d+ d[n to r\gh dim5sions1 ! %ap+ to  
some?+ ne> ! correct =m1 ! poli%+ till !
 accurately exact curves 7 obta9$1 all  
?is mu/ be done by h&4 ,! ma*9es = !    
purpose 7 n inv5t$ until #aghh4aa       
,,alex&] & ,,william work$ toge!r at    
?is1 b mo/ ( ! "w 0 done by ! latt]4 ,! 
si/]'s "p 0 to att5d 9 ! work%op & l5d a
 h& :]ev] & :5ev] x 0 ne$$4      4 4 4  
,my "t 0 tak5 up ) copy+ music &        

practis+1 besides     att5dance on my   
bro!r :5 poli%+1 s9ce by way ( keep+ him
     alive ,i 0 con/antly oblig$ to fe$ 
him by putt+ ! victuals by     bits into
 8 m\?4 ,?is 0 once ! case :51 9 ord] to
 f9i%     a sev5-foot mirror1 he _h n   
tak5 8 h&s f x = sixte5     h\rs toge!r4
 ,9 g5]al he 0 nev] unemploy$ at meals1 
b 0     always at ^? times contriv+ or  
mak+ draw+s ( :atev]     came 9 8 m9d4  
,g5]ally ,i 0 oblig$ to read to him :il/
     he 0 at ! turn+-la!1 or poli%+     
mirrors1 ,don ,quixote1     ,arabian    
,nights' ,ent]ta9m5t1 ! novels ( ,,/]ne1
 ,,field+1     etc42 s]v+ tea & supp]   
)\t int]rupt+ ! "w )     :i* he 0       
engag$1 4 4 4 & sometimes l5d+ a h&4 ,i 
became1     9 "t1 z useful a memb] ( !  
work%op z a boy might be to     8 ma/] 9
 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 appr5tice%ip4 4 4 4 ,b z
     ,i 0 to take a "p ! next ye> 9 !   
oratorios1 ,i _h1 = a     :ole          
twelvemon?1 two lessons p] week f ,miss 
,,flem+1 !     celebrat$ danc+-mi/ress1 
to drill me = a g5tlewoman 7,god        

kn[s h[ %e succe$$74 ,s we liv$ on )\t  
int]ruption4     ,my bro!r ,,alex4 0    
abs5t f ,ba? = "s mon?s e summ]1     b  
:5 at home he took mu* pleasure 9       
execut+ "s turn+ or     clockmak]'s "w =
 8 bro!r4  ,news f ,hanov] put a sudd5  
/op1 = a "t1 to all ^! labors4 ,! "m    
wrote1 9 ! utmo/ di/ress1 to say t      
,,dietri* _h disappe>$ f 8 home1 x 0    
suppos$ ) ! int5tion ( go+ to ,india ) a
 "y idl] n old] ?an himself4 ,8 bro!r   
imm$iately left ! la! at :i* he 0 turn+ 
an eye-piece 9 cocoa-nut1 & />t$ =      
,holl&1 :5ce he proce$$ to ,hanov]1     
fail+ to meet 8 bro!r1 z he expect$4    
,mean:ile ! si/] receiv$ a lett] to say 
t ,,dietri* 0 laid up v ill at an inn 9 
,wapp+4 ,,alex&] po/$ to t[n1 remov$ him
 to a lodg+1 &1 aft] a =tnight's nurs+1 
br\ght him to ,ba?1 :]e1 on 8 bro!r     
,,william',s return1 he f\nd him be+    
well c>$ = by 8 si/]4  ,ab\t ?is "t     
ano!r *ange 0 made to ! h\se #ai ,new   
,k+ ,/reet1 :i* 0 ! la/ move 9 ,ba?4 ,x 
0 "h t ! ,georgium ,sidus 0 discov]$4   

,! music /ill w5t on4 ,! oratorios ( !  
,messiah1 ,judas ,maccabeus1 & ,samson 7
 to be p]=m$ "u ,,h]s*el',s direction1 )
 an or*e/ra ( ne>ly "o hundr$ pieces4 ,!
 scores & vocal p>ts ( ^! ,,c>ol9a copi$
 ) h] own h&s1 & ! soprani 7 in/ruct$ by
 h]1 %e be+ ! lead+ soloi/4 ,along ) !  
music w5t ! a/ronomy4 ,n only 7 new     
telescopes made1 b !y 7 made = imm$iate 
use4  ,! v>iable /> ,mira ,ceti 0       
obs]v$1 & a long s]ies ( lun>           
obs]vations begun4      ,9 #aggi1 #aghj1
 & #agha ,i measur$ ! heights ( ab\t "o 
hundr$     m\nta9s ( ! moon1 by ?ree    
diff]5t me?ods4      ,"s ( ^!           
obs]vations are giv5 9 ,philosophical   
,transactions1 vol4 ,,lxx41 b mo/ rema9 
uncalculat$ 9 my j\rnal     till "s     
prop] opportunity4#ab  ,:ile ,,h]s*el 0 
measur+ ^! lun> m\nta9s1 9 ,decemb]1    
#aggi1 he made by *ance an acqua9tance (
 mu* value to him4 ,dr4 ,,william       
,,watson1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 
di/+ui%$ = 8 rese>*es 9 electricity1    
happ5$ to see him at 8 telescope1 & ?is 

l$ to a visit & an invitation to        
,,h]s*el to jo9 ! ,philosophical        
,society ( ,ba?1 !n =m+4 ,?is he gladly 
did1 & x 0 ( use to him 9 _m ways4  ,he 
!re =m$ acqua9tance ) m5 ( 8 own way (  
?9k+1 & he himself became kn[n4 ,bett]  
?an all1 he le>n$ to measure himself )  
o!r m51 & by 8 e>ly pap]s read to !     
,society1 he ga9$ skill 9 putt+ 8 ?\ghts
 be=e 8 he>]s4 ,?is skill he nev] lo/1 &
 ! m]ely lit]>y art ( 8 memoirs w\ld    
make 8 pap]s rem>kable )\t _! o!r m]its4
 ,he is always cle>1 & 9 8 e>ly pap]s   
especially1 he appeals to 8 p>ticul>    
audi5ce--! ,royal ,society--9 a way :i* 
%[s t he is consci\s ( all its          
weaknesses z well z ( its dignity4      
,lat]1 8 tone slightly *ang$4 ,he became
 less anxi\s to w9 8 audi5ce1 = he _h   
become an au?ority4 ,?is k l5t a quiet  
/r5g? to 8 /yle1 b nev] induc$ !        
slighte/ arrogance ( _s or mann]4  ,!   
,ba? ,philosophical ,society has left no
 pr9t$ proce$+s4 ,,h]s*el 0 "o ( its    
e>lie/ memb]s1 & _m pap]s 7 communicat$ 

to x by 8 h&4 ,^! appe> to h be5 ( a v  
miscellane\s nature4 ,"s ( !m at lea/   
w\ld be ( ! highe/ int]e/ to u n[4  ,9 !
 ,philosophical ,transactions = #aghi1  
p4 #bbj1 ,,h]s*el tells u t he          
communicat$ to t ,society c]ta9         
ma!matical pap]s relat+ to c5tral =ces  
o!r ?an ! =ce ( gravity1 :i* are or may 
be conc]n$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! sid]eal  
heav5s4 ,?is e>ly idea 0 /ill ent]ta9$  
by ,,h]s*el 9 #aghi1 & ! ma!matical     
pap]s ref]r$ to mu/ be conta9$ 9 !      
,m9utes ( ! ,society1 :i* on its        
dissolution 7 torn f ! ,m9ute-book &    
return$ to ! writ]s4  ,! e>lie/ publi%$ 
writ+ ( ,,h]s*el is ! answ] to ! prize  
"q 9 ! ,ladies' ,di>y = #aggi1 propos$  
by ! celebrat$ ,,l&51 namely3      ,!   
l5g?1 t5sion1 & weight ( a musical /r+  
be+ giv51     x is requir$ to f9d h[ _m 
vibrations x w make 9 a giv5     "t1 :5 
a small giv5 weight is fa/5$ to its     
middle &     vibrates ) x4  ,9 !        
,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal 
,society = #aghj1 are two pap]s ( 84 ,! 

title ( ! fir/ is1 ,a/ronomical         
,obs]vations on ! ,p]iodical ,/> 9      
,collo ,ceti1 by ,mr4 ,,william         
,,h]s*el1 ( ,ba?4 ,?is 0 communicat$ to 
! ,society by ,dr4 ,,william ,,watson1  
,jr41 & 0 read ,may #aa1 #aghj1 at !    
same "t z ! o!r pap] on ! m\nta9s ( !   
moon4 ,x is to be not$ t ,,h]s*el 0 at  
?is "t pla9 ,mr4 ,,william ,,h]s*el1 (  
,ba?4 ,x 0 only 9 #aghf t he became ,dr4
 ,,h]s*el1 ?r\gh ! ,ox=d degree (       
,,ll4,d4  ,nei!r ( ^! two pap]s is      
specially rem>kable on its purely       
a/ronomical side4 ,! problems exam9$ 7  
su* z lay op5 be=e all1 & ! treatm5t (  
!m 0 su* z w\ld naturally be sugge/$4   
,! second ( ^! two conta9$1 h[ev]1 a    
%ort description ( 8 ,newtonian         
telescope1 & he speaks ( x ) a j pride3 
,i believe t = di/9ctness ( vision ?is  
in/rum5t is p]haps equal to any t 0 ev] 
made4 ,he 01 at lea/1 c]ta9 ( hav+      
obta9$ excell5ce 9 ! mak+ ( 8 in/rum5ts4
  ,9 8 next pap]1 h[ev]1 read ,janu>y   
#aa1 #agha1 a subject is approa*$ :i*   

%[s a diff]5t k9d ( ?\ght4 ,x is ! fir/ 
obvi\s pro( ( ! tru? ( ! /atem5t :i* he 
made long aft]w>ds 7#ahaa71 :5 he said3 
,a k ( ! con/ruction ( ! heav5s has     
always be5 ! ultimate object ( my       
obs]vations4  ,! title ( ?is pap] 0     
,a/ronomical ,obs]vations on ! ,rotation
 ( ! ,planets r\nd _! ,axes1 made ) a   
view to det]m9e :e!r ! ,e>?'s diurnal   
motion is p]fectly equable4 ,"h ! "q is 
a difficult & a remote "o1 & ! me?od    
adopt$ = its solution is p]fectly       
suitable 9 pr9ciple4 ,x m>ks a /ep onw>d
 f m]e obs]vations to philosophiz+ ^u _!
 results4 ,9 practical a/ronomy1 too1 we
 note an advance4 ,n only are 8 results 
giv51 b also c>eful e/imates ( ! errors 
to be fe>$ 9 !m1 & a discussion ( !     
s\rces ( su* errors4 ,! same volume ( ! 
,philosophical ,transactions :i* conta9s
 ?is pap]1 also conta9s ano!r1 ,acc\nt (
 a ,comet1 read ,april #bf1 #agha4 ,?is 
comet 0 ! major planet ,uranus1 or1 z   
,,h]s*el nam$ x1 ,georgium ,sidus4 ,he  
_h f\nd x on ! night ( ,tuesday1 ,m>*   

#ac1 #agha4 ,9 exam9+ ! small />s 9 !   
neighborhood ( ,h ,gem9orum1 ,i p]ceiv$ 
"o t appe>$ visibly l>g] ?an ! re/2 be+ 
/ruck ) its uncommon appe>ance1 ,i      
comp>$ x to ,h ,gem9orum & ! small /> 9 
! qu>tile betwe5 ,auriga & ,gem9i1 &    
f9d+ x s mu* l>g] ?an ei!r ( !m1 ,i     
suspect$ x to be a comet4 ,! comet 0    
obs]v$ ov] all ,europe4 ,its orbit 0    
comput$ by v>i\s a/ronom]s1 & its       
di/ance f ! sun 0 f\nd to be n9ete5     
times t ( our e>?4 ,?is 0 no comet1 b a 
new major planet4 ,! discov]y ( !       
amateur a/ronom] ( ,ba? 0 ! mo/ /rik+   
s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! telescope4 ,x _h    
absolutely no p>allel1 = e o!r major    
planet _h be5 kn[n f "t immemorial4#ac  
,! effect ( ! discov]ies ( ,,galileo 0  
felt almo/ m 9 ! moral ?an 9 ! sci5tific
 _w4 ,! my/ic numb] ( ! planets 0 brok5 
up by ! introduction ( f\r satellites to
 ,jupit]4 ,t ,v5us emulat$ ! phases (   
our moon1 ov]?rew sup]/ition & seat$ !  
,cop]nican !ory firmly4 ,! discov]y ( an
 innum]able multitude ( fix$ />s 9 !    

,milky ,way conf\nd$ ! receiv$ ideas4   
,?is 0 ! great mission ( ! telescope 9  
,,galileo',s h&s4  ,! epo* ( m]e        
a/ronomical discov]y began ) ! detection
 ( ! l>ge satellite ( ,saturn by        
,,huygh5s1 9 #afee4 ,ev5 !n sup]/ition 0
 n dead4 ,,huygh5s did n se>* = m moons1
 because by t discov]y he _h rais$ !    
numb] ( kn[n satellites to six1#ad &    
because ^!1 ) ! six planets1 made !     
p]fect numb] twelve4  ,f #afga to #afhd 
,,cass9i discov]$ f\r m moons revolv+   
ab\t ,saturn4 ,s9ce #afhd no new body _h
 be5 add$ to ! sol> sy/em4 ,x 0 ?\ght   
complete = ne>ly a c5tury4  ,9 ,engl&1 !
 rem>kable discov]ies ( ,,bradley       
7#agbg-fb7 _h be5 9 ! field ( practical 
a/ronomy1 & 8 example _h set ! key-note 
= fur!r rese>*es4 ,france 0 j ab\t      
beg9n+ ! brilliant p]iod ( h] discov]ies
 9 ma!matical a/ronomy1 & _h no         
obs]vatory devot$ to inve/igations l    
,,h]s*el',s1 ) ! possible exception (   
,,d>qui]',s & ,,flaug]gues'4 ,!         
obs]vatories ( ,,s*roet] & ,,von ,,hahn1

 9 ,g]many1 7 n yet active4 ,! field :i*
 ,,h]s*el 0 creat$ to fill 0 vacant1 !  
:ole _w ov]4 ,x 0 especially s 9 ,engl&4
 ,! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi*1 "u  
,,maskelyne1 a skilful obs]v]1 ^: "w 0  
mo/ly conf9$ to m]idian obs]vations1 0  
no rival to a private obs]vatory l      
,,h]s*el',s4 ,! private obs]vatories    
!mselves 7 b small affairs2 ^? ( ! k+1  
at ,kew1 ( ,dr4 ,,wilson1 at ,glasg[1 ( 
,mr4 ,,aub]t1 at ,loampit ,hill1 ( !    
,c\nt ,,von ,,bruhl1 9 ,london1 be+     
p]haps ! mo/ important4 ,! :ole field 0 
op54 ,:at 0 p]haps m rem>kable1 !re 0 9 
,engl&1 dur+ ,,h]s*el',s lifetime1 no   
a/ronom]1 public or private1 ^: tal5ts1 
ev5 z an obs]v]1 lay 9 ! same direction4
  ,x h>dly ne$ be said t z a philosoph] 
9 8 sci5ce1 he _h !n no rival1 z he has 
_h none s9ce4 ,8 only associates ev51 7 
,,mi*ell & ,,wilson4#ae  ,)\t depreciat+
 ! abilities ( ! a/ronom]s ( ,engl&1 8  
cotempor>ies1 we may fairly say t       
,,h]s*el /ood a great man among a gr\p (
 small ones4  ,let u endeavor to        

appreciate ! *ange effect$ 9 ! /ate (   
a/ronomy n only 9 ,engl& b 9 ! :ole _w1 
simply by ! discov]y ( ,uranus4         
,suppose1 = example1 t ! la/ planet 9   
our sy/em _h be5 ,saturn4 ,no d\bt      
,,h]s*el w\ld h gone on4 ,9 spite ( "o &
 ano!r difficulty1 he w\ld h made 8     
t5-foot1 8 tw5ty-foot telescopes4 ,8    
=ty-foot w\ld nev] h be5 built1 & ! two 
satellites :i* he f\nd ) x might n h be5
 discov]$4 ,c]ta9ly ,mimas w\ld n h be54
 ,8 rese>*es on ! con/ruction ( ! heav5s
 w\ld h be5 made2 ^? 7 9 8 bra91 & mu/ h
 be5 ultimat$4 ,! mass ( obs]vations (  
,saturn1 ( ,jupit]1 ( ,m>s1 ( ,v5us1    
w\ld h be5 made & publi%$4 ,! rese>*es  
on ! sun1 on ! invisible rays ( heat1 on
 comets & nebul--all ^! might h be5     
made1 pr9t$1 & read4  ,b ^! w\ld h gone 
into ! ,philosophical ,transactions z ! 
"w ( an amateur a/ronom]1 ,mr4 ,,h]s*el1
 ( ,ba?4 ,!y w\ld h be5 prais$1 & !y    
w\ld h be5 d\bt$4 ,x w\ld h tak5 a :ole 
g5]ation to h appreciat$ !m4 ,!y w\ld h 
be5 sev]ely tri$1 entirely on _! m]its1 

& f9ally !y w\ld h /ood :]e !y /&       
to-day--unrivall$4 ,b ?r\gh :at increas$
 labors ^! successes w\ld h be5 ga9$6 ,x
 is n m]ely t ! patronage ( ! k+1 !     
subsidies = ! =ty-foot telescope        
7#d1jjj71 ! comp>ative ease (           
,,h]s*el',s life w\ld h be5 lack+4 ,x is
 m ?an ?is4 ,x w\ld h be5 necess>y = him
 to h creat$ ! audi5ce to :i* he        
appeal$1 & to h conqu]$ ! mo/ p]si/5t ( 
enemies--indiff]5ce4  ,c]ta9ly1 if      
,,h]s*el',s m9d _h be5 o!r ?an x 01 !   
discov]y ( ,uranus1 :i* br\ght him      
honors f e sci5tific society 9 ! _w1 &  
:i* gave him au?ority1 might h _h a     
hurtful effect4 ,b1 z he 01 !re 0 no?+  
:i* c\ld h aid$ 8 c>e] m ?an ?is />tl+  
discov]y4 ,x 0 ne$$ = him4 ,x complet$ !
 sol> sy/em f> m by af=d+ a free play to
 a pr(\ndly philosophical m9d1 ?an by   
occupy+ ! vacant spaces beyond ,saturn4 
,8 opportunities w\ld h be5 pr(\ndly    
modifi$1 ?\gh 8 p]sonal wor? w\ld h be5 
! same4      ,! ,/> t f ! z5i? d>ts its 
beams1     ,visible ?\gh x be to half ! 

e>?1     ,?\gh half a sph]e be consci\s 
( its brightness1     ,is yet ( no div9]
 orig91     ,no pur] ess5ce1 ?an ! ,"o t
 burns     ,l an unt5d$ wat*fire1 on !  
ridge     ,( "s d>k m\nta92 or ?an ^? t 
seem     ,humbly to hang1 l tw9kl+ w9t] 
lamps1     ,among ! bran*es ( ! leafless
 trees4  ,to %[ h[ completely unkn[n !  
private a/ronom] ( ,ba? 0 at ?is "t1 ,i 
transcribe a s5t5ce f ,,bode',s acc\nt (
 ! discov]y ( ,uranus4      ,9 !        
,gazette ,littraire ( ,june1 #agha1 ?is 
wor?y man is     call$ ,,m]/hel2 9      
,,julius' ,j\rnal ,encyclopdique1       
,,h]ts*el2     9 a lett] f ,mr4         
,,maskelyne to ,m4 ,,messi]1 ,,h]!l2 9  
ano!r     lett] ( ,,maskelyne',s to ,h]r
 ,,may]1 at ,mannheim1 ,,h]rs*ell2 ,m4  
,,d>qui] calls him ,,h]m/el4 ,:at may 8 
"n be8 ,he mu/ h be5     born a         
,g]man4#af  ,?is obscurity did n long   
cont9ue4 ,! news spread quickly f       
fa%ionable ,ba? to ,london4 ,on ! #f? ( 
,decemb]1 #agha1 ,,h]s*el 0 elect$ a    
,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 to :i* he 0 

=mally admitt$ ,may #cj1 #aghb4 ,he 0   
=ty-?ree ye>s old4  ,he also receiv$ !  
,copley m$al 9 #agha = 8 discov]y ( a   
new & s+ul> />4#ag      4 4 4 ,he 0 n[  
frequ5tly int]rupt$ by visitors :o 7    
introduc$ by "s ( 8 resid5t s*ol>s1     
among :om ,i rememb]     ,sir ,,h>ry    
,,engelfield1 ,dr4 ,,blagd51 & ,dr4     
,,maskelyne4 ,) !     latt] he 0 engag$ 
9 a long conv]sation1 :i* to me s\nd$   
l qu>rell+1 & ! fir/ words my bro!r said
 aft] he 0     gone 73 ',t is a devil ( 
a fell[4'4 4 4      ,i suppose _! names 
7 (t5 n kn[n1 or 7 =gott52 =     x 0 n  
till ! ye> #aghb or #aghc t a memor&um (
 ! names     ( visitors 0 ?\ght (44 4 4 
,my bro!r n[ appli$ himself to          
p]fect 8 mirrors1 erect+ 9 8 g>d5 a /& =
 8     tw5ty-foot telescope2 _m trials 7
 necess>y be=e !     requir$ motions =  
su* an unwieldy ma*9e c\ld be contriv$4 
,_m attempts 7 made by way ( exp]im5t   
be=e an int5d$     ?irty-foot telescope 
c\ld be complet$1 = :i*1 betwe5 :iles   
7n int]rupt+ ! obs]vations ) sev51 t51 &

 tw5ty-foot1     & writ+ pap]s = bo? !  
,royal & ,ba? ,philosophical            
,societies71 gauges1 %apes1 weight1     
etc41 ( ! mirror 7     calculat$1 &     
trials ( ! composition ( ! metal 7 made4
 ,9     %ort1 ,i saw no?+ else & he>d   
no?+ else talk$ ( b ^!     ?+s :5 my    
bro!rs 7 toge!r4 ,,alex4 0 always v     
al]t1     assi/+ :5 any?+ new 0 go+     
=w>d1 b he want$     p]sev]ance1 & nev] 
lik$ to conf9e himself at home = _m     
h\rs toge!r4 ,& s x happ5$ t my bro!r   
,,william 0     oblig$ to make trial (  
my abilities 9 copy+ = him catalogues1  
tables1 etc41 & sometimes :ole pap]s :i*
 7 l5t him = 8     p]usal4 ,among !m 0  
"o by ,mr4 ,,mi*ell & a catalogue (     
,,*ri/ian ,,may]1 9 ,lat91 :i* kept me  
employ$ :5 my bro!r     0 at ! telescope
 at night4 ,:5 ,i f\nd t a h& 0         
sometimes want$ :5 any p>ticul> measures
 7 to be made )     ! lamp micromet]1   
etc41 or a fire to be kept up1 or a di% 
(     c(fee necess>y dur+ a long night's
 wat*+1 ,i und]took )     pleasure :at  

o!rs might h ?\ght a h>d%ip4 4 4 4 ,s9ce
 !     discov]y ( ! ,georgium ,sidus    
,m>* #ac1 #agha1 ,i believe few     m5 (
 le>n+ or consequ5ce left ,ba? be=e !y  
_h se5 &     conv]s$ ) its discov]]1 &  
?\ght !mselves =tunate 9     f9d+ him at
 home on _! repeat$ visits4 ,sir        
,,william ,,watson 0     almo/ an       
intimate1 = h>dly a day pass$ b he _h   
some?+ to     communicate f ! lett]s :i*
 he receiv$ f ,sir ,,joseph     ,,banks1
 & o!r memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 f :i*
 x     appe>$ t my bro!r 0 expect$ 9 t[n
 to receive ! gold     m$al4 ,! end (   
,novemb] 0 ! mo/ prec>i\s season =      
abs5t+ himself4 ,b ,sir ,,william       
,,watson w5t ) him1 & x 0     arrang$ s 
t !y set out ) ! dilig5ce at night1 & by
     t means 8 abs5ce did n la/ above   
?ree or f\r days1 :5     my bro!r       
return$ alone1 ,sir ,,william rema9+ ) 8
 fa!r4      ,n[ a v busy w9t] 0 comm5c+2
 = my bro!r _h engag$     himself to    
conduct ! oratorios conjo9tly )         
,,ronz9i1 & _h     made himself         

answ]able = ! paym5t ( ! engag$ p]=m]s1 
= 8 cr$it ev] /ood high 9 ! op9ion ( e  
"o he _h to     deal )4 7,he lo/        
consid]ably by ?is arrangem5t47 ,b1 ?\gh
     at times mu* h>ass$ ) bus9ess1 !   
mirror = ! ?irty-foot     reflector 0   
nev] out ( 8 m9d1 & if a m9ute c\ld b be
     sp>$ 9 go+ f "o s*ol> to ano!r1 or 
giv+ "o ! slip1     he call$ at home to 
see h[ ! m5 w5t on ) ! furnace1 :i*     
0 built 9 a room bel[1 ev5 ) ! g>d54    
,! mirror 0 to be ca/ 9 a m\ld ( loam1 (
 :i* an imm5se     quantity 0 to be     
p\nd$ 9 a mort> & sift$ ?r\gh a f9e     
sieve4 ,x 0 an endless piece ( "w1 &    
s]v$ me = _m an     h\r's ex]cise2 &    
,,alex4 frequ5tly took 8 turn at x1 = we
     7 all eag] to d some?+ t[>ds !     
great und]tak+4 ,ev5     ,sir ,,william 
,,watson w\ld sometimes take ! pe/le f  
me :5 he     f\nd me 9 ! "w-room1 :]e he
 expect$ to f9d 8 fri5d1 9     ^:       
conc]ns he took s mu* int]e/ t he felt  
mu*     disappo9t$ at n be+ all[$ to pay
 = ! metal4 ,b ,i d n     ?9k my bro!r  

ev] accept$ pecuni>y assi/ance f any "o 
(     8 fri5ds1 & on ?is occasion he    
decl9$ ! (f] by say+ x     0 paid =     
already4      ,among ! ,ba? visitors 7  
_m philosophical g5tlem5 :o us$     to  
frequ5t ! leves at ,/4 ,james's1 :5 9   
t[n4 ,colonel ,,wal%1     9 p>ticul>1   
in=m$ my bro!r t f a conv]sation he _h  
_h ) ,8 ,maje/y1 x appe>$ t 9 ! spr+ he 
0 to come     ) 8 sev5-foot telescope to
 ! k+4 ,simil> reports he     receiv$ f 
_m o!rs1 b !y made no great impression  
nor     caus$ any int]ruption 9 8       
occupation or /udy1 & z soon z     !    
season = ! conc]ts 0 ov]1 & ! m\ld1     
etc41 9     read9ess1 a day 0 set ap>t =
 ca/+1 & ! metal 0 9 !     furnace4     
,un=tunately x began to leak at ! mom5t 
:5 ready =     p\r+1 & bo? my bro!rs & !
 ca/]1 ) 8 m51 7     oblig$ to run out  
at opposite doors1 = ! /one floor+ 7:i* 
ought to h be5 tak5 up7 flew ab\t 9 all 
directions z high z     ! ceil+4 ,be=e !
 second ca/+ 0 attempt$1 ev]y?+     :i* 
c\ld insure success _h be5 att5d$ to1 & 

a v p]fect     metal 0 f\nd 9 ! m\ld4   
,b a total /op & d]angem5t n[ took      
place1 & ne>ly six or     sev5 mon?s    
elaps$ be=e my bro!r c\ld return to !   
undi/urb$ enjoym5t ( 8 in/rum5ts &      
obs]vations4 ,= "o     morn+ 9 ,passion 
,week1 z ,sir ,,william ,,watson 0 ) my 
bro!r1     talk+ ab\t ! p5d+ j\rney to  
t[n1 my elde/ nephew arriv$     to pay u
 a visit1 & br\ght ! confirmation t 8   
uncle 0     expect$ ) 8 in/rum5t 9 t[n4 
4 4 4 ,we _h n "o night 9     ! week1   
except ,friday1 b :at 0 set ap>t = an   
oratorio ei!r     at ,ba? or ,bri/ol4   
,soon aft] ,ea/]1 a new organ be+ erect$
 9     ,/4 ,james's ,*ur*1 x 0 op5$ )   
two p]=mances ( !     ',messiah2' ?is   
aga9 took up "s ( my bro!r's "t44 4 4   
,9 ,may ( #aghb ,,h]s*el w5t to ,london4
      ,b :5 almo/ d\ble ! "t _h elaps$  
:i* my bro!r c\ld     safely be abs5t f 
8 s*ol>s1 ,,alex41 z well z myself1 7   
mu* at a loss h[ to answ] _! inquiries1 
=1 f ! lett]s     we receiv$1 we c\ld   
le>n no?+ b t he _h be5 introduc$     to

 ! k+ & que51 & _h p]mission to come to 
! conc]ts at     ,buck+ham ,h\se1 :]e ! 
k+ conv]s$ ) him ab\t     a/ronomy4  ,x 
0 dur+ 8 abs5ce at ?is "t t ! ?ree      
foll[+ lett]s 7 writt5 & receiv$3       
,,de> ,,l9a3--      ,i h _h an audi5ce (
 ,8 ,maje/y ?is morn+1 & met ) a     v  
graci\s reception4 ,i pres5t$ him ) !   
draw+ ( !     sol> sy/em1 & _h ! honor (
 expla9+ x to him & !     que54 ,my     
telescope is 9 ?ree weeks' "t to g to   
,ri*mond1 &     mean:ile to be put up at
 ,gre5wi*1 :]e ,i %all accord+ly c>ry   
x to-day4 ,s y see1 ,,l9a1 t y mu/ n ?9k
 ( see+ me 9     less ?an a mon?4 ,i    
%all write to ,miss ,,lee myself2 & o!r 
s*ol>s :o inquire = me1 y may tell t ,i 
_c wait on !m     till ,8 ,maje/y %all  
be pleas$ to give me leave to return1 or
     r to dismiss me1 = till !n ,i mu/  
att5d4 ,i w also write     to ,mr4      
,,palm] to acqua9t him ) x4      ,i am 9
 a great hurry1 !re=e c write no m at   
pres5t4     ,tell ,,alex&] t ev]y?+     
looks v likely z if ,i 7 to /ay     "h4 

,! k+ inquir$ aft] him1 & aft] my great 
speculum4 ,he     also gave me leave to 
come to he> ! ,,griesba*s play at !     
private conc]t :i* he has e ev5+4 ,my   
hav+ se5 ! k+     ne$ n be kept a       
secret1 b ab\t my /ay+ "h x w be be/    
n to say any?+1 b only t ,i mu/ rema9 "h
 till ,8     ,maje/y has obs]v$ !       
planets ) my telescope4      ,ye/]day ,i
 d9$ ) ,colonel ,,wal%1 :o inquir$ aft] 
y4 ,!re     7 ,mr4 ,,aub]t & ,dr4       
,,maskelyne4 ,dr4 ,,maskelyne 9 public  
decl>$     8 obligations to me = hav+   
introduc$ to !m ! high p[]s1     = ,mr4 
,,aub]t has s mu* succe$$ ) !m t he says
 he looks     d[n ^u #bjj1 #cjj1 or #djj
 ) contempt1 & imm$iately beg9s     )   
#hjj4 ,he has us$ #b1ejj v completely1 &
 se5 my f9e d\ble     />s ) !m4 ,all my 
pap]s are pr9t+1 ) ! po/script &        
all1 & are all[$ to be v valuable4 ,y   
see1 ,,l9a1 ,i tell y     all ^! ?+s4 ,y
 "k vanity is n my foible1 !re=e ,i ne$ 
n fe> y\r c5sure4 ,f>ewell4             
,i am1 y\r affectionate bro!r1          

,,wm4 ,,h]s*el4       ,saturday ,morn+1 
probably ,may #be1 #aghb4               
,,to ,,miss ,,h]s*el4                   
,monday ,ev5+1 ,june #c1 #aghb4         
,,de> ,,l9a3--      ,i pass my "t betwe5
 ,gre5wi* & ,london agreeably en\gh1    
b am r at a loss = "w t ,i l4 ,company  
is n always     pleas+1 & ,i w\ld mu* r 
be poli%+ a speculum4 ,la/     ,friday  
,i 0 at ! k+'s conc]t to he> ,,george   
play4 ,! k+     spoke to me z soon z he 
saw me1 & kept me 9 conv]sation =       
half an h\r4 ,he ask$ ,,george to play a
 solo-conc]to on purpose     t ,i might 
he> him2 & ,,george plays extremely     
well1 is v mu*     improv$1 & ! k+ likes
 him v mu*4 ,^! two la/ nights ,i     h 
be5 />-gaz+ at ,gre5wi* ) ,dr4          
,,maskelyne & ,mr4     ,,aub]t4 ,we h   
comp>$ our telescopes toge!r1 & m9e 0   
f\nd     v sup]ior to any ( ! ,royal    
,obs]vatory4 ,d\ble />s :i*     !y c\ld 
n see ) _! in/rum5ts ,i _h ! pleasure to
 %[     !m v pla9ly1 & my me*anism is s 
mu* approv$ ( t     ,dr4 ,,maskelyne has

 already ord]$ a model to be tak5 f m9e1
     & a /& to be made by x to 8        
reflector4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 n[     s mu*  
out ( love ) 8 in/rum5t t he beg9s to   
d\bt     :e!r x des]ves a new /&4       
,i am introduc$ to ! be/ company4       
,to-morr[ ,i d9e at ,"l                 
,,palm]/on',s1 next day ) ,sir ,,joseph 
,,banks1 etc41 etc4 ,among     opticians
 & a/ronom]s no?+ n[ is talk$ ( b :at !y
     call my great discov]ies4 ,alas6   
?is %[s h[ f> !y are     beh9d1 :5 su*  
trifles z ,i h se5 & done are call$     
great4 ,let me b get at x aga96 ,i w    
make su* telescopes1     & see su*      
?+s--t is1 ,i w endeavor to d s4        
,,to ,,miss ,,h]s*el4                   
,july #c1 #aghb4      ,,de> ,,c>ol9a3-- 
,i h be5 s mu* employ$ t y w n wond] at 
my n     writ+ soon]4 ,! lett] y s5t me 
la/ ,monday came v safe to     me4 ,z   
,dr4 ,,watson has be5 s good z to       
acqua9t y & ,,alex&]     ) my situation1
 ,i 0 /ill m easy 9 my sil5ce to y4 ,la/
     night ! ,k+1 ! ,que51 ! ,pr9ce (   

,wales1 ! ,pr9cess ,royal1     ,pr9cess 
,,sophia1 ,pr9cess ,,augu/a1 etc41 ,duke
 ( ,,montague1 ,dr4     ,,heb]d51 ,m4   
,,de ,,luc1 etc41 etc41 saw my          
telescope1 & x 0 a v     f9e ev5+4 ,my  
in/rum5t gave g5]al satisfaction4 ,! k+ 
has     v good eyes1 & enjoys           
obs]vations ) telescopes exce$+ly4      
,?is ev5+1 z ! k+ & que5 are gone to    
,kew1 ! pr9cesses     7 desir\s ( see+  
my telescope1 b want$ to "k if x 0      
possible to see )\t go+ out on ! grass1 
& 7 mu*     pleas$ :5 !y he>d t my      
telescope c\ld be c>ri$ into any        
place !y lik$ be/ to h x4 ,ab\t eight   
o'clock x 0 mov$     into ! que5's      
ap>tm5ts1 & we wait$ "s "t 9 hopes (    
see+ ,jupit] or ,saturn4 ,mean:ile ,i   
%[$ ! pr9cesses1 &     sev]al o!r ladies
 :o 7 pres5t1 ! speculum1 !             
micromet]s1 ! movem5ts ( ! telescopes1 &
 o!r ?+s t     seem$ to excite _!       
curiosity4 ,:5 ! ev5+ appe>$ to be      
totally unpromis+1 ,i propos$ an        
artificial ,saturn z an object1     s9ce

 we c\ld n h ! real "o4 ,i _h be=eh&    
prep>$ ?is     little piece1 z ,i guess$
 by ! appe>ance ( ! wea!r 9 !           
aft]noon we %\ld h no />s to look at4   
,?is be+ accept$     ) great pleasure1  
,i _h ! lamps light$ up :i* illum9at$   
! picture ( a ,saturn 7cut out 9        
pa/ebo>d7 at ! bottom (     ! g>d5 wall4
 ,! effect 0 f9e1 & s natural t ! be/   
a/ronom] might h be5 deceiv$4 ,_! royal 
highnesses &     o!r ladies seem$ to be 
mu* pleas$ ) ! artifice4      ,i rema9$ 
9 ! que5's ap>tm5t ) ! ladies till ab\t 
half     aft] t52 :5 9 conv]sation ) !m 
,i f\nd !m extremely     well in/ruct$ 9
 e subject t 0 introduc$1 & !y     seem$
 to be mo/ amiable *>act]s4 ,to-morr[   
ev5+ !y hope to     h bett] luck1 & no?+
 w give me great] happ9ess ?an to     be
 able to %[ !m "s ( ^? beautiful objects
 ) :i* !     heav5s are s glori\sly     
ornam5t$4  ,,c>ol9a',s di>y goes on3    
,sir ,,william ,,watson return$ to ,ba? 
aft] a =t-night or ?ree     weeks' /ay4 
,f him we he>d t my bro!r 0 invit$ to   

,gre5wi* ) ! telescope1 :]e he 0 met by 
a num]\s p>ty     ( a/ronomical & le>n$ 
g5tlem51 & trials ( 8 in/rum5t     7    
made4 ,9 ^! lett]s he compla9$ ( be+    
oblig$ to lead     an idle life1 hav+   
no?+ to d b to pass betwe5 ,london &    
,gre5wi*4 ,sir ,,william receiv$ _m     
lett]s1 :i* he 0 s k9d     z to         
communicate to u4 ,by ^!1 & f ^? to     
,,alex&] or to     me1 we le>n$ t ! k+  
wi%$ to see ! telescope at ,w9dsor4     
,at la/ a lett]1 dat$ ,july #b1 arriv$ f
 ,,!rese1 & f ?is     & sev]al succe$+  
ones we ga!r$ t ! k+ w\ld n     suff] my
 bro!r to return to 8 pr(ession aga91 & 
by 8     writ+ sev]al times = a supply (
 money we c\ld only suppose     t he    
himself 0 9 unc]ta9ty ab\t ! "t ( 8     
return4      ,9 ! la/ week ( ,july my   
bro!r came home1 & imm$iately     prep>$
 = remov+ to ,dat*et1 :]e he _h tak5 a  
h\se ) a     g>d5 & grass-plat annex$1 q
 suitable = ! purpose ( an              
obs]v+-place4 ,sir ,,william ,,watson   
sp5t ne>ly ! :ole "t at     our h\se1 & 

he 0 n ! only fri5d :o truly griev$ at  
my     bro!r's go+ f ,ba?2 or fe>$ 8    
hav+ p]haps agre$ to no     v           
advantage\s (f]s2 _! fe>s 71 9 fact1 n  
)\t     reason4 4 4 4 ,! prospect (     
ent]+ aga9 on ! toils ( tea*+1     etc41
 :i* await$ my bro!r at home 7! mon?s ( 
leisure be+     n[ almo/ gone by71      
appe>$ to him an intol]able wa/e ( "t1  
& by way ( alt]native he *ose to be     
royal a/ronom]1 ) a     sal>y ( #bjj a  
ye>4 ,sir ,,william ,,watson 0 ! only "o
 to :om     ! sum 0 m5tion$1 & he       
exclaim$1 ',nev] b\ght mon>* honor     s
 *eap6' ,to e o!r inquir]1 my bro!r's   
answ] 0 t !     k+ _h provid$ = him4    
,on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 #aghb1 ! family     
remov$ to ,dat*et4 ,! la/ musical duty 0
 p]=m$ on ,:it-,sunday1 #aghb1 9 ,/4    
,m>g>et's ,*apel1 ,ba?1 :5 ! an!m = !   
day 0 ( ,,h]s*el',s own composition4  ,!
 end ( ! introductory epo* ( 8 life is  
rea*$4 ,h5ce=? he liv$ 9 8 obs]vatory1 &
 f 8 =ty-f\r? ye> onw>ds he only left x 
= %ort p]iods to g to ,london to submit 

8 classic memoirs to ! ,royal ,society4 
,ev5 = ^! occasions he *ose p]iods (    
moonlight1 :5 no obs]vations c\ld be    
made4  ,he 0 a private man no long]4    
,h5ce=? he belongs to ! :ole _w4        
,,footnotes3  #aj ,probably on ! model (
 "o ( ,,%ort',s ,gregorian telescopes1  
:i* 7 !n ! be/ in/rum5ts ( ! k9d4  #aa  
,= a description ( ! ma9 po9ts (        
,,h]s*el',s processes ( mak+ reflectors1
 :i* w illu/rate 8 /rong me*anical      
tal5ts1 see ,encyclopdia ,britannica1   
eigh? edition1 article ,telescope4  #ab 
,^! h nev] be5 publi%$1 nor is x likely 
at ?is day1 :5 our measur+ in/rum5ts are
 s greatly improv$1 t !y w\ld be ( any  
mat]ial value to sci5ce1 al?\gh ( int]e/
 z giv+ ! pro(s ( ,,h]s*el',s assiduity 
& skill4 ,he 0 always m ?an ! mak] (    
telescopes1 = he 0 nev] cont5t until !y 
7 appli$ to ! problems ( a/ronomy4  #ac 
,,arago has impli$ t if ,,h]s*el _h     
direct$ 8 telescope to ,uranus only     
elev5 days e>li] ?an he did1 ?is        
discov]y w\ld h escap$ him1 s9ce at t "t

 7,m>* #b1 #agha7 ! planet 0 at its     
/ation1 & _h no motion relative to ! />4
 ,?is is an entire misconception1 s9ce !
 new planet 0 detect$ by its physical   
appe>ance1 & n by its motion4 ,does any 
"o suppose t a new & s+ul> /> l ?is w\ld
 h be5 once view$ & !n =gott58  #ad ,f\r
 ( ,jupit]1 "o ( ! e>?1 & "o ( ,saturn4 
#ae ,,john ,,mi*ell _h be5 a memb] ( !  
,royal ,society s9ce #agfj3 he di$ 9    
#agic4 ,he 0 a philosophical ?9k]1 z is 
%[n by 8 memoirs on ! di/ances ( ! />s1 
& by 8 inv5tion ( ! me?od = det]m9+ !   
e>?'s d5sity4 ,x is n c]ta9 t he 0      
p]sonally kn[n to ,,h]s*el1 al?\gh 8    
writ+s 7 famili> to ! latt]4  ,,alex&]  
,,wilson 0 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at     
,glasg[1 & is *iefly kn[n to u by 8 !ory
 ( ! nature ( ! sol> spots1 :i* 0 adopt$
 & enl>g$ by ,,h]s*el4 ,he di$ 9 #aghf2 
b ! families ( ,,wilson & ,,h]s*el      
rema9$ close fri5ds4  #af ,b]l9]        
,jahrbu*1 #aghd1 p4 #baa4 ,9 !          
,connaissance des ,tems = #aghd he is   
call$ ,,horo*elle4  #ag ,at !           

pres5tation ,sir ,,joseph ,,banks1 !    
,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 said3 ,9 
! "n ( ! ,royal ,society ,i pres5t to y 
?is gold m$al1 ! rew>d :i* !y h assign$ 
to y\r successful labors1 & ,i exhort y 
to cont9ue dilig5tly to cultivate ^?    
fields ( sci5ce :i* h produc$ to y a    
h>ve/ ( s mu* honor4 ,y\r att5tion to ! 
improvem5t ( telescopes has already     
amply repaid ! labor :i* y h be/[$ ^u   
!m2 b ! treasures ( ! heav5s are well   
kn[n to be inexhau/ible4 ,:o c say b y\r
 new />1 :i* exce$s ,saturn 9 its       
di/ance f ! sun1 may exce$ him z mu* 9  
magnific5ce ( att5dance8 ,:o kn[s :at   
new r+s1 new satellites1 or :at o!r     
nameless & numb]less ph5om5a rema9      
beh9d1 wait+ to rew>d future indu/ry &  
improvem5t8                             
,,*apt] ,,iii4              ,,life ,,at 
,,dat*et1 ,,clay ,,hall1 ,,& ,,sl\gh2   
#aghb-ahbb4   ,! new h\se at ,dat*et1   
:i* 0 occupi$ f #aghb till #aghe1 0 a   
s\rce ( despair to ,,c>ol9a ,,h]s*el1 :o
 look$ ^u its desolate & isolat$        

condition ) a h\sekeep]'s eyes4 ,?is 0  
no?+ to h] bro!r1 :o gayly cons5t$ to   
live ^u eggs & bacon1 n[ t he 0 free at 
la/ to m9d ! heav5s4 ,! ru9\s /ate ( !  
place _h no t]rors 9 8 eyes1 = 0 !re n a
 laundry :i* w\ld s]ve z a libr>y1 a    
l>ge /able :i* 0 j ! place = ! gr9d+ (  
mirrors1 & a grass-plat = ! small       
tw5ty-foot reflector8  ,"h !y set to "w 
at a/ronomy2 ! bro!r ) ! tw5ty-foot1 !  
si/] aid+ him1 & at odd times sweep+ =  
comets4 ,9 ! c\rse ( h] life %e discov]$
 no less ?an eight1 & five ( ^! 7 fir/  
se5 by h]4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,9 #aghg ,,h]s*el wrote 8  
pap] ,on ?ree ,volcanoes 9 ! ,moon1 :i* 
he _h obs]v$ 9 ,april ( t ye>4 ,9 ?is he
 m5tions previ\s obs]vations ( ! same   
sort4 ,i d n rememb] t ! foll[+ acc\nt (
 ^! has ev] be5 put on record 9 ,engli%4
 ,b>on ,,von ,,za* writes f ,london to  
,,bode3#ah      ,probably y h he>d also 
( ! volcanoes 9 ! moon1 :i*     ,,h]s*el
 has obs]v$4 4 4 4 ,i w give y an acc\nt
 ( x z ,i     he>d x f 8 own lips4 ,dr4 

,,l9d1 a wor?y physician 9 ,w9dsor1     
:o has made himself kn[n ?r\gh 8 two    
j\rneys 9 ,*9a1 &     :o is a fri5d (   
our ,,h]s*el',s1 0 ) 8 wife "o ev5+ on  
a visit to ,,h]s*el 9 ,dat*et #aghc1    
,may #d4 ,on ?is ev5+ !re     0 to be an
 occultation ( a /> at ! moon's d>k     
limb4 ,?is 0     obs]v$ by ,,h]s*el &   
,doctor ,,l9d4 ,mrs4 ,,l9d wi%$ also to 
see     :at 0 occurr+1 & plac$ h]self at
 a telescope & wat*$     att5tively4    
,sc>cely _h ! /> disappe>$ be=e ,mrs4   
,,l9d ?\ght %e saw     x aga91 &        
exclaim$ t ! /> _h gone 9 front (1 & n  
beh9d ! moon4 ,?is provok$ a %ort       
a/ronomical lecture on !     "q1 b /ill 
%e w\ld n cr$it x1 because %e saw       
diff]5tly4 ,f9ally ,,h]s*el /epp$ to !  
telescope1 & 9 fact     he saw a bright 
po9t on ! d>k disc ( ! moon1 :i* he     
foll[$ att5tively4 ,x gradually became  
fa9t] & f9ally     vani%$44 4 4  ,! life
 at ,dat*et 0 n free f its annoyances4  
,mu* ( my bro!r's "t 0 tak5 up 9 go+1 :5
 ! ev5+s     7 cle>1 to ! que5's lodge1 

to %[ ! k+1 etc41 objects     ?r\gh !   
sev5-foot4 ,b :5 ! days began to %ort51 
?is 0     f\nd impossible1 = ! telescope
 0 (t5 7at no small exp5se     & risk ( 
damage7 oblig$ to be transport$ 9 ! d>k 
back to     ,dat*et1 = ! purpose ( sp5d+
 ! re/ ( ! night )     obs]vations on   
d\ble />s = a second catalogue4 ,my     
bro!r 01     besides1 oblig$ to be abs5t
 = a week or t5 days1 = !     purpose ( 
br++ home ! metal ( ! crack$ ?irty-foot 
mirror1 & ! rema9+ mat]ials f 8 "w-room4
 ,be=e !     furnace 0 tak5 d[n at ,ba?1
 a second tw5ty-foot mirror1 twelve     
in*es diamet]1 0 ca/1 :i* happ5$ to be v
 =tunate1 =     on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1     
#aghc1 a v f9e "o crack$ by fro/ 9 !    
tube4      4 4 4 ,9 my bro!r's abs5ce f 
home ,i 01 ( c\rse1 left alone     to   
amuse myself ) my own ?\ghts1 :i* 7     
any?+ b     *e]ful4 ,i f\nd ,i 0 to be  
tra9$ = an assi/ant a/ronom]1     &1 by 
way ( enc\ragem5t1 a telescope adapt$ = 
'sweep+1'     consi/+ ( a tube ) two    
glasses1 su* z are commonly us$ 9     a 

'f9d]1' 0 giv5 me4 ,i 0 'to sweep =     
comets1' & ,i see1 by     my j\rnal1 t  
,i began ,augu/ #bb;d1 #aghb1 to write  
d[n &     describe all rem>kable        
appe>ances ,i saw 9 my 'sweeps1' :i* 7  
horizontal4 ,b x 0 n till ! la/ two     
mon?s ( ! same ye>     t ,i felt ! lea/ 
enc\ragem5t to sp5d ! />-light nights   
on a grass-plot cov]$ ) dew or ho>-fro/1
 )\t a human     be+ ne> en\gh to be )9 
call4 ,i knew too little ( ! real       
heav5s to be able to po9t out e object s
 z to f9d x aga91     )\t los+ mu* "t by
 consult+ ! ,atlas4 ,b all ^!           
tr\bles 7 remov$ :5 ,i knew my bro!r to 
be at no great     di/ance mak+         
obs]vations1 ) 8 v>i\s in/rum5ts1 on    
d\ble />s1 planets1 etc41 & :5 ,i c\ld h
 8 assi/ance     imm$iately if ,i f\nd a
 nebula or clu/] ( />s1 ( :i* ,i        
int5d$ to give a catalogue2 b1 at ! end 
( #aghc1 ,i _h only     m>k$ f\rte51 :5 
my sweep+ 0 int]rupt$ by be+ employ$    
to write d[n my bro!r's obs]vations ) ! 
l>ge tw5ty-foot4     ,i _h1 h[ev]1 !    

com=t to see t my bro!r 0 satisfi$     )
 my endeavors to assi/ him :5 he want$  
ano!r p]son ei!r     to run to ! clocks1
 write d[n a memor&um1 fet* & c>ry      
in/rum5ts1 or measure ! gr\nd ) poles1  
etc41 etc41 ( :i*     some?+ ( ! k9d e  
mom5t w\ld occur4 ,= ! assiduity     )  
:i* ! measurem5ts on ! diamet] ( !      
,georgium ,sidus1     & obs]vations (   
o!r planets1 d\ble />s1 etc41 etc41 7   
made1 0 incr$ible1 z may be se5 by !    
v>i\s pap]s t 7     giv5 to ! ,royal    
,society 9 #aghc1 :i* pap]s 7 writt5 9 !
     daytime1 or :5 cl\dy nights        
int]f]$4 ,besides ?is1 !     twelve-in* 
speculum 0 p]fect$ be=e ! spr+1 & _m    
h\rs     7 sp5t at ! turn+-b5*1 z n a   
night cle> en\gh =     obs]v+ ev] pass$ 
b t "s improvem5ts 7 plann$ =           
p]fect+ ! m\nt+ & motions ( ! v>i\s     
in/rum5ts !n     9 use1 or "s trials 7  
made ( new con/ruct$ eye-pieces1     :i*
 7 mo/ly execut$ by my bro!r's own h&s4 
,wi%+ to     save 8 "t1 he began to h "s
 "w ( t k9d done by a     wat*mak] :o _h

 retir$ f bus9ess & liv$ on ,dat*et     
,common2 b ! "w 0 s bad1 & ! *>ges s    
unreasonable1     t he c\ld n be        
employ$4 ,x 0 n till "s "t aft]w>ds1    
9 8 frequ5t visits to ! meet+s ( !      
,royal ,society 7made 9     moonlight   
nights71 t he _h an opportunity ( look+ 
ab\t =     ma!matical workm51 opticians1
 & f\nd]s4 ,b ! "w seldom     answ]$    
expectation1 & x 0 kept1 to be execut$ )
     improvem5ts by ,,alex&] dur+ ! few 
mon?s he sp5t ) u4      ,! summ] mon?s  
pass$ 9 ! mo/ active prep>ation = gett+ 
! l>ge tw5ty-foot ready aga9/ ! next    
w9t]4 ,! c>p5t]s     & smi?s ( ,dat*et 7
 9 daily requisition1 &1 z soon z       
patt]ns = tools & mirrors 7 ready1 my   
bro!r w5t to t[n     to h !m ca/1 &1    
dur+ ! ?ree or f\r mon?s ,,alex&]       
c\ld be abs5t f ,ba?1 ! mirrors &       
optical p>ts 7 ne>ly     complet$4      
,b t ! nights aft] a day ( toil 7 n giv5
 to re/1 may     be se5 by ! obs]vations
 on ,m>s1 ( :i* a pap]1 dat$            
,decemb] #a1 #aghc1 0 giv5 to ! ,royal  

,society4 ,"s tr\ble1     also1 0 (t5   
?r[n away1 dur+ ^? nights1 9 ! attempt  
to     tea* me to remeasure d\ble />s ) 
! same micromet]s )     :i* =m] measures
 _h be5 tak51 & ! small tw5ty-foot 0    
giv5 me = t purpose4 4 4 4 ,i _h also to
 asc]ta9 _! places     by a transit     
in/rum5t l5t = t purpose by ,mr4        
,,dalrymple2 b1     aft] _m fruitless   
attempts1 x 0 se5 t ! in/rum5t 01       
p]haps1 z mu* 9 fault z my obs]vations4 
,9 #aghc ,,h]s*el says3      ,i h n[    
f9i%$ my ?ird review ( ! heav5s4 ,! fir/
 0     made ) a ,newtonian telescope    
some?+ less ?an sev5 feet focal         
l5g?1 a p[] ( #bbb1 & an ap]ture ( f\r &
 a half in*es4     ,x ext5d$ only to />s
 ( ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r?         
magnitudes4 ,my second review 0 made )  
an in/rum5t mu*     sup]ior to ! o!r1 ( 
#he4b in*es focus1 #f4b in*es ap]ture1  
& p[] #bbg4 ,x ext5d$ to all ! />s (    
,,h>ris',s maps &     ! telescopic ones 
ne> !m1 z f> z ! eigh? magnitude4 ,!    
,catalogue ( ,d\ble ,/>s & ! discov]y ( 

! ,georgium ,sidus1     7 ! results ( t 
review4 ,! ?ird 0 ) ! same     in/rum5t 
& ap]ture1 b ) a p[] ( #dfj4 ,?is review
     ext5d$ to all ! />s ( ,,flam/e$',s 
,catalogue1 toge!r )     e small /> ab\t
 !m1 to ! am\nt ( a great _m ?\s&s     (
 />s4 ,i h1 _m a night1 9 ! c\rse (     
elev5 or twelve     h\rs ( obs]vation1  
c>efully & s+ly exam9$ n less ?an       
#djj cele/ial objects1 besides tak+     
measures1 & sometimes     view+ a       
p>ticul> /> = half an h\r toge!r4  ,!   
f\r? review began ) ! tw5ty-foot1 9     
#aghd4      ,my bro!r began 8 s]ies (   
sweeps :5 ! in/rum5t 0 yet     9 a v    
unf9i%$ /ate1 & my feel+s 7 n v         
com=table :5 e mom5t ,i 0 al>m$ by a    
crack or fall1     kn[+ him to be       
elevat$ fifte5 feet or m on a tempor>y  
cross-beam1 in/ead ( a safe gall]y4 ,!  
ladd]s _h n ev5     _! braces at !      
bottom2 & "o night1 9 a v high w9d1 he  
_h h>dly t\*$ ! gr\nd be=e ! :ole       
app>atus came d[n4     ,"s labor+ m5 7  
call$ up to help 9 extricat+ ! mirror1  

:i* 01 =tunately1 un9jur$1 b mu* "w 0   
cut out =     c>p5t]s next day4 ,i c\ld 
give a pretty long li/ ( accid5ts       
:i* 7 ne> prov+ fatal to my bro!r z well
 z myself4 ,to     make obs]vations )   
su* l>ge ma*9]y1 :]e all ar\nd is 9     
d>kness1 is n unatt5d$ ) dang]1         
especially :5 p]sonal     safety is !   
la/ ?+ ) :i* ! m9d is occupi$2 ev5 poor 
,,piazzi did n g home )\t gett+ brok5   
%9s by fall+ ov]     ! rack-b>4      ,9 
! long days ( ! summ] mon?s _m t5 & sev5
 foot     mirrors 7 f9i%$2 !re 0 no?+ b 
gr9d+ & poli%+     to be se54 ,=        
t5-foot1 sev]al _h be5 ca/ ) ribb$      
backs1     by way ( exp]im5t1 to r$uce !
 weight 9 l>ge mirrors4 ,9 my           
leisure h\rs ,i gr\nd sev5-foot & pla9  
mirrors f r\gh to     f9+ d[n1 & 0      
indulg$ ) poli%+ & ! la/     f9i%+ ( a v
 beautiful mirror = ,sir ,,william      
,,watson4      ,an acc\nt ( ! discov]ies
 made ) ! tw5ty-foot & !     improvem5ts
 ( ! me*anical p>ts ( ! in/rum5t dur+ ! 
w9t] ( #aghe is giv5 ) ! catalogue ( !  

fir/ #a1jjj new     nebul4 ,by :i*      
acc\nt x mu/ pla9ly appe> t ! exp5ses ( 
^! improvem5ts1 & ^? :i* 7 yet to be    
made 9 !     app>atus ( ! tw5ty-foot    
7:i*1 9 fact1 prov$ to be a model     ( 
a l>g] in/rum5t71 c\ld n be suppli$ out 
( a sal>y (     #bjj a ye>1 especially z
 my bro!r's f9ances _h be5 too mu*      
r$uc$ dur+ ! six mon?s be=e he receiv$ 8
 fir/     qu>t]ly paym5t ( fifty p\nds  
7:i* 0 ,mi*aelmas1 #aghb74     ,travell+
 f ,ba? to ,london1 ,gre5wi*1 ,w9dsor1  
backw>ds &     =w>ds1 transport+ !      
telescope1 etc41 break+ up 8            
e/abli%m5t at ,ba? & =m+ a new "o ne> ! 
c\rt1 all     ?is1 ev5 leav+ su* p]sonal
 conv5i5ces z he _h = _m     ye>s be5   
us$ to1 out ( ! "q1 c\ld n be obta9$ = a
     trifle2 a good l>ge piece ( gr\nd 0
 requir$ = ! use ( !     in/rum5ts1 & a 
habitation 9 :i* he c\ld receive & (f] a
     b$ to an a/ronomical fri5d1 0      
necess>y aft] a night's     obs]vation4 
,x seem$ to be suppos$ t en\gh _h be5   
done :5 my bro!r     0 enabl$ to leave 8

 pr(ession t he might h "t to make     &
 sell telescopes4 ,! k+ ord]$ f\r       
t5-foot himself1 &     _m sev5-foot     
besides _h be5 bespoke1 & mu* "t _h     
already     be5 exp5d$ on poli%+ !      
mirrors = ! same4 ,b all ?is     0 only 
ret>d+ ! "w ( a ?irty or =ty foot       
in/rum5t1     :i* x 0 my bro!r's *ief   
object to obta9 z soon z     possible2 =
 he 0 !n on ! wrong side ( =ty-five1 &  
felt     h[ great an inju/ice he w\ld be
 do+ to himself & to ! cause     (      
a/ronomy by giv+ up 8 "t to mak+        
telescopes = o!r     obs]v]s4      ,sir 
,,william ,,watson1 :o (t5 9 ! lifetime 
( 8 fa!r came to     make "s /ay ) u at 
,dat*et1 saw my bro!r's difficulties1   
& express$ great dissatisfaction4 ,on 8 
return to ,ba? he met1     among !      
visitors !re1 sev]al belong+ to ! c\rt1 
to :om he     gave 8 op9ion conc]n+ 8   
fri5d & 8 situation v     freely4 ,9    
consequ5ce ( ?is1 my bro!r _h soon aft]1
 ?r\gh     ,sir ,j4 ,,banks1 ! promise t
 #b1jjj w\ld be grant$ = enabl+     him 

to make himself an in/rum5t4            
,imm$iately e prep>ation = beg9n+ !     
great "w     comm5c$4 ,a v +5i\s smi?   
7,,campion71 :o 0 seek+     employm5t1 0
 secur$ by my bro!r1 & a tempor>y =ge   
erect$     9 an up/airs room4  ,! sale (
 ^! telescopes ( ,,h]s*el',s mu/ h      
produc$ a l>ge sum1 = he _h made be=e   
#agie m ?an two hundr$ sev5-feet1 "o    
hundr$ & fifty t5-feet1 & eighty        
tw5ty-feet mirrors4 ,= _m ( ! telescopes
 s5t abroad no /&s 7 con/ruct$4 ,!      
mirrors & eye-pieces alone 7 furni%$1 & 
a draw+ ( ! /& s5t ) !m by :i* ! mirrors
 c\ld be m\nt$4  ,9 #aghe ! co/ ( a     
sev5-foot telescope1 six & f\r-t5?s     
in*es ap]ture1 /&1 eye-pieces1 etc41    
complete1 0 two hundr$ gu9eas1 a t5-foot
 0 six hundr$ gu9eas1 & a tw5ty-foot    
ab\t #b1ejj to #c1jjj gu9eas4 ,he _h    
made f\r t5-foot telescopes l ?is = !   
k+4 ,9 #aghg ,,s*roet] got ! mirrors &  
eye-pieces only = a f\r-&-?ree-qu>t]-in*
 reflector = five gu9eas2 ^? = 8        
sev5-foot telescope 7 tw5ty-?ree gu9eas4

 ,lat] a sev5-foot telescope1 complete1 
0 sold = "o hundr$ gu9eas1 & !          
tw5ty-five-foot reflector1 made = !     
,madrid obs]vatory1 co/ !m #ge1jjj      
francs  #ae1jjj4ai ,x 0 ord]$ 9 #agif1 b
 n deliv]$ = sev]al ye>s1 ! ,spani%     
gov]nm5t be+ %ort ( money4 ,= a t5 & a  
sev5 foot telescope1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,can9o  
paid #b1caj4  ,,von ,,magellan writes to
 ,,bode conc]n+ a visit to ,,h]s*el3#bj 
,i sp5t ! night ( ! #f? ( ,janu>y at    
,,h]s*el',s1 9 ,dat*et1     ne> ,w9dsor1
 & _h ! good luck to hit on a f9e ev5+4 
,he has     8 tw5ty-foot ,newtonian     
telescope 9 ! op5 air & m\nt$ 9     8   
g>d5 v simply & conv5i5tly4 ,x is mov$  
by an     assi/ant1 :o /&s bel[ x4 4 4 4
 ,ne> ! in/rum5t is a clock     regulat$
 to sid]eal "t4 4 4 4 ,9 ! room ne> x   
sits ,,h]s*el',s     si/]1 & %e has     
,,flam/e$',s ,atlas op5 be=e h]4 ,z he  
gives     h] ! ^w1 %e writes d[n !      
decl9ation & "r asc5sion     & ! o!r    
circum/ances ( ! obs]vation4 ,9 ?is way 
,,h]s*el exam9es ! :ole sky )\t omitt+ !

 lea/ "p4 ,he     commonly obs]ves ) a  
magnify+ p[] ( "o hundr$ & fifty1     & 
is sure t aft] f\r or five ye>s he w h  
pass$ 9     review e object above our   
horizon4 ,he %[$ me ! book 9     :i* 8  
obs]vations up to ?is "t are writt51 &  
,i am     a/oni%$ at ! great numb] ( !m4
 ,ea* sweep cov]s #b #ae' 9             
decl9ation1 & he lets ea* /> pass at    
lea/ ?ree times ?r\gh     ! field ( 8   
telescope1 s t x is impossible t any?+  
c escape him4 ,he has already f\nd ab\t 
#ijj d\ble />s &     almo/ z _m nebul4  
,i w5t to b$ ab\t "o o'clock1 & up to   
t "t1 he _h f\nd t night f\r or five new
 nebul4 ,!     !rmomet] 9 ! g>d5 /ood at
 #ac ,fahr5heit2 b1 9 spite (     ?is1  
,,h]s*el obs]ves ! :ole night ?r\gh1    
except t he     /ops e ?ree or f\r h\rs 
& goes 9 ! room = a few     mom5ts4 ,=  
"s ye>s ,,h]s*el has obs]v$ ! heav5s e  
h\r     :5 ! wea!r is cle>1 & ?is always
 9 ! op5 air1 because     he says t !   
telescope only p]=ms well :5 x is at !  
same     temp]ature z ! air4 ,he        

protects himself aga9/ ! wea!r by       
putt+ on m clo?+4 ,he has an excell5t   
con/itution1 &     ?9ks ab\t no?+ else 9
 ! _w b ! cele/ial bodies4 ,he     has  
promis$ me 9 ! mo/ cordial way1 entirely
 9 ! s]vice (     a/ronomy1 & )\t ?9k+ (
 8 own int]e/1 to see to !              
telescopes ,i h ord]$ = ,european       
obs]vatories1 & he w     himself att5d  
to ! prep>ation ( ! mirrors4  ,x 0 at   
?is "t1 #aghc1 ,may #h1 t ,,h]s*el      
m>ri$4 ,8 wife 0 ! daught] ( ,mr4       
,,james ,,baldw91 a m]*ant ( ! city (   
,london1 & ! wid[ ( ,,john ,,pitt1 ,esq4
 ,%e is describ$ z a lady ( s+ul>       
amiability & g5tl5ess ( "*4 ,%e 0       
entirely int]e/$ 9 8 sci5tific pursuits1
 & ! jo9ture :i* %e br\ght remov$ all   
fur!r anxiety ab\t money affairs4 ,!y _h
 b "o *ild1 ,,john ,,fr$]ick ,,william1 
born ,m>* #g1 #agib4ba         99       
99       99       99       99  ,! h\se  
at ,dat*et became m & m unfit = ! ne$s (
 ! family1 & 9 ,june1 #aghe1 a move 0   
made to ,clay ,hall1 9 ,old ,w9dsor4 ,! 

resid5ce "h 0 b %ort1 & f9ally a la/    
*ange 0 made to ,sl\gh on ,april1 #c;d1 
#aghf4  ,! ardor ( ! "w dur+ ^! ye>s c  
be judg$ ( by a s+le s5t5ce f ,,c>ol9a  
,,h]s*el',s di>y3      ,! la/ night at  
,clay ,hall 0 sp5t 9 sweep+ till        
daylight1     & by ! next ev5+ !        
telescope /ood ready = obs]vation at    
,sl\gh4  ,f #aghf until 8 dea?1 ,,h]s*el
 rema9$ at ,sl\gh2 8 life1 truly speak+1
 0 9 8 obs]vatory4  ,x is inde$ true1 z 
,,arago has said 9 8 eloqu5t tribute to 
him3 ,on peut dire h>dim5t du j>d9 et de
 la petite maison de ,sl\gh1 que c'e/ le
 lieu du monde o il a t fait le plus de 
dc\v]tes4 ,le nom de ce village ne prira
 pas2 les sci5ces le transmettront      
religieusem5t  nos d]ni]s neveux4       
,,h]s*el',s fir/ contribution to !      
,philosophical ,transactions 0 pr9t$ 9 !
 volume = #aghj1 8 la/ 9 t = #ahah4 ,(  
^! ?irty-n9e volumes1 !re are only two  
7#ahac & #ahag7 :i* conta9 no pap] f 8  
h&1 & _m volumes conta9 m ?an "o1 z he  
publi%$ no less ?an sixty-eight memoirs 

9 ?is place4  ,& yet x mu/ n be ?\ght t 
8 0 an au/]e & grave exi/5ce4 ,music1   
:i* he lov$ to en?usiasm1 0 /ill a      
delight to him4 ,all ! m t 8 devotion 0 
free4 ,! glimpses :i* we get ( 8 life ) 
8 fri5ds %[ him always *e]ful1 ard5t1 & 
devot$4 ,ev5 9 8 lat] ye>s1 he _h n lo/ 
a boyi% e>ne/ness to expla92 8          
simplicity & ! *>m ( 8 mann] /ruck e "o4
  ,,h]s*el1 y "k1 & ev]ybody kn[s1 is "o
 ( ! mo/ pleas+ & well-br$ natural      
*>act]s ( ! pres5t age1 says ,dr4       
,,burney1 :o _h opportunity to "k4  ,!  
portrait :i* is giv5 9 ! frontispiece   
mu/ h be5 pa9t$ ab\t ?is "t 7#aghh71 & !
 eag]1 ard5t face %[s 8 inn] life f>    
bett] ?an any words c d4  ,ev5 9 8      
sci5tific writ+s1 :i* ev]y?+ conspir$ to
 r5d] grave & sob]1 ! almo/ poetic      
nature ( 8 m9d %[s =?4 ,9 "o ( 8        
7unpubli%$7 note-books1 n[ 9 ! ,royal   
,society's libr>y1 ,i f\nd ?is entry3   
#fdj? ,sweep--,novemb] #bh1 #aghf4--,!  
nebula ( ,orion1 :i* ,i saw     by !    
front view1 0 s gl>+ & beautiful t ,i   

c\ld n     ?9k ( tak+ any place ( its   
ext5t4  ,he 0 q alone "u ! p]fectly     
sil5t sky :5 ?is 0 writt51 & he 0 at 8  
po/ simply to make ?is & o!r su*        
obs]vations4 ,b ! sky 0 beautiful to    
him1 & 8 fai?ful si/]1 ,,c>ol9a1 sitt+  
bel[1 has pres]v$ = u ! words z !y      
dropp$ f 8 lips4  ,on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y1 
#aghg1 ,,h]s*el discov]$ two satellites 
to ,uranus4  ,aft] he _h well assur$    
himself ( _! exi/5ce1 b be=e he         
communicat$ 8 discov]y to ! _w1 he made 
?is crucial te/4 ,he prep>$ a sket* (   
,uranus att5d$ by 8 two satellites1 z x 
w\ld appe> on ! night ( ,febru>y #aj1   
#aghg1 & :5 ! night came1 ! heav5s      
display$ ! orig9al ( my draw+s1 by %[+ 9
 ! situation ,i _h del9eat$ !m !        
,georgian planet att5d$ by two          
satellites4 ,i confess t ?is sc5e appe>$
 to me ) additional beauty1 z ! little  
second>y planets seem$ to give a dignity
 to ! prim>y "o :i* raises x into a m   
conspicu\s situation among ! great      
bodies ( ! sol> sy/em44 4 4  ,9 a memoir

 ( #aghi1 he has a few s5t5ces :i* %[ ! 
liv+ way 9 :i* ! heav5s appe>$ to him3  
,?is me?od ( view+ ! heav5s seems to ?r[
 !m into a new     k9d ( light4      ,!y
 are n[ se5 to resemble a luxuriant     
g>d51 :i* conta9s     ! greate/ v>iety (
 productions 9 diff]5t fl\ri%+ b$s2     
& "o advantage we may at lea/ reap f x  
is1 t we c1 z     x 71 ext5d ! range (  
our exp]i5ce to an imm5se duration4     
,= is x n almo/ ! same ?+ :e!r we live  
successively to     witness ! g]m9ation1
 bloom+1 foliage1 fecundity1 fad+1      
)]+1 & corruption ( a plant1 or :e!r a  
va/ numb] (     specim5s select$ f e    
/age ?r\gh :i* ! plant passes     9 !   
c\rse ( its exi/5ce be br\ght at once to
 our view8  ,! ?\ght "h is no less f9ely
 express$ ?an x is pr(\nd4 ,! simile is 
p]fect1 if we h ! p[] to sep>ate among !
 va/ v>iety ea* /ate ( be+ f e o!r1 & if
 ! v luxuriance ( illu/ration 9 ! heav5s
 does n bewild] & ov]p[] ! m9d4 ,x 0    
precisely ?is discrim9at+ p[] t ,,h]s*el
 possess$ 9 p]fection4  ,!re is a k9d ( 

humor 9 ! way he records a *ange (      
op9ion3      ,i =m]ly suppos$ ! surface 
( ,saturn's r+ to be r\gh1     ow+ to   
lum9\s po9ts l m\nta9s se5 on x1 till "o
 (     ^! 0 k9d en\gh to v5ture (f !    
edge ( ! r+ & appe>     z a satellite4  
,9 #aghb he replies ) a c]ta9 conceal$  
%>pness to ! idea t he us$ magnify+ p[]s
 :i* 7 too high4 ,!re is a tone almo/ ( 
impati5ce1 z if he 7 consci\s he 0      
reply+ to a criticism bas$ on ignorance3
      ,we are told t we ga9 no?+ by     
magnify+ too mu*4 ,i grant     x2 b %all
 nev] believe ,i magnify too mu* till by
 exp]i5ce ,i     f9d t ,i c see bett] ) 
a l[] p[]4 7#aghb47  ,by #aghf1 :5 he   
returns to ?is subject1 9 answ] to a    
=mal reque/ to expla9 8 use ( high      
magnifi]s1 he is q ov] any irritation1 &
 treats ! subject almo/ ) playfulness3  
,soon aft] my fir/ essay ( us+ high p[]s
 ) ! ,newtonian     telescope1 ,i began 
to d\bt :e!r an op9ion :i* has be5      
ent]ta9$ by sev]al em95t au?ors1 't     
vision w gr[     indi/9ct :5 ! optic    

p5cils are less ?an ! fiftie? "p (      
an in*1' w\ld hold good 9 all cases4 ,i 
p]ceiv$ t accord+     to ?is crit]ion ,i
 0 n entitl$ to see di/9ctly ) a p[]    
( mu* m ?an ab\t #cbj 9 a sev5-foot     
telescope ( an ap]ture     ( six &      
f\r-t5?s in*es1 :]eas 9 _m exp]im5ts ,i 
f\nd     myself v well pleas$ )         
magnifi]s :i* f> exce$$ su*     n>r[    
limits4 ,?is induc$ me1 z x 71 by way ( 
apology to     myself = see+ well :]e ,i
 ought to h se5 less di/9ctly1     to   
make a few exp]im5ts4  ,x is ne$less to 
say t ^! exp]im5ts prov$ t f ! po9t (   
view tak5 by ,,h]s*el1 he 0 q "r1 & t 8 
high p[]s _h num]\s valuable            
applications4 ,he goes on to say3       
,_h x n be5 = a late conv]sation ) "s ( 
my highly     e/eem$ & le>n$ fri5ds1 ,i 
might probably h left ! pap]s     on :i*
 ^! exp]im5ts 7 record$1 among ! re/ (  
^?     t are laid aside1 :5 !y h af=d$  
me ! in=mation ,i     want4  ,! la/     
s5t5ce seems to be a k9d ( notice to 8  
le>n$ fri5ds t !re is yet m unsaid4 ,z a

 w>n+ to ^? to ^: criticisms he _h      
repli$1 he gives !m ?is picture ( ! k9d 
( assiduity :i* w be requir$1 if "s ( 8 
obs]vations on d\ble />s are to be      
repeat$3      ,x is 9 va9 to look = ^!  
/>s if e circum/ance is n     favorable4
 ,! obs]v] z well z ! in/rum5t mu/ h be5
     long en\gh out 9 ! op5 air to      
acquire ! same temp]ature4 ,9     v cold
 wea!r an h\r at lea/ w be requir$4     
7#aghb47  ,we may ga9 "s fur!r insight  
into 8 "* f ! foll[+ *ance extracts f 8 
writ+s3      ,i h all along _h tru? &   
reality 9 view z ! sole object     ( my 
endeavors4 7#aghb47      ,n be+ satisfi$
 :5 ,i ?\ght x possible to obta9 m      
accurate measures1 ,i employ$ a m       
delicate app>atus4 7#aghc47      ,to ?is
 end ,i h already begun a s]ies (       
obs]vations ^u     sev]al zones ( d\ble 
/>s1 & %\ld ! result ( !m be     aga9/  
^! conjectures1 ,i %all be ! fir/ to    
po9t out _!     fallacy4 7#aghc47       
,!re is a great probability ( succe$+   
/ill f>!r 9 ?is     labori\s b          

delightful rese>*1 s z to be able at la/
 to say     n only h[ mu* ! annual      
p>allax is n1 b h[ mu* x     really is4 
7#aghb47  ,! nature ( 8 philosophiz+1 & 
! limits :i* he set to himself1 may be m
 cle>ly se5 9 fur!r extracts3      ,by  
tak+ m "t be=e pr9t+ ^! obs]vations ,i  
%\ld     und\bt$ly be enabl$ to speak m 
confid5tly ( ! int]ior     con/ruction (
 ! heav5s1 & ( its v>i\s nebul\s &      
sid]eal /rata4 ,z an apology = ?is      
prematurity x may be said     t1 ! end (
 all discov]ies be+ communication1 we c 
nev]     be too ready 9 giv+ facts &    
obs]vations1 :atev] we may be 9         
reason+ ^u !m4 7#aghe47      ,9 an      
inve/igation ( ?is delicate nature we   
ought to avoid two     opposite         
extremes4 ,if we indulge a fanciful     
imag9ation1 & build     worlds ( our    
own1 we mu/ n wond] at our go+ wide f ! 
pa? ( tru? & nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we
 add obs]vation     to obs]vation )\t   
attempt+ to draw n only c]ta9           
conclusions b also conjectural views f  

!m1 we (f5d aga9/     ! v end = :i* only
 obs]vations ought to be made4 ,i w     
endeavor to keep a prop] m$ium1 b if ,i 
%\ld deviate f t1     ,i c\ld wi% n to  
fall into ! latt] error4 7#aghe47       
,z obs]vations c>efully made %\ld always
 take ! lead (     !ories1 ,i %all n be 
conc]n$ if :at ,i h to say contradicts  
:at has be5 said 9 my la/ pap] on ?is   
subject4 7#agij47  ,no c\rse ( reason+  
c\ld be m simple1 m exact1 m pr(\nd1 & m
 beautiful ?an ?is :i* foll[s3      ,z x
 has be5 %[n t ! sph]ical figure ( a    
clu/] is     ow+ to ! action ( c5tral   
p[]s1 x foll[s t ^?     clu/]s :i*1     
ct]is p>ibus1 are ! mo/ complete 9 ?is  
figure1 mu/ h be5 ! longe/ expos$ to !  
action ( ^!     causes4 ,?us ! maturity 
( a sid]eal sy/em may be judg$ f     !  
disposition ( ! compon5t p>ts4          
,h5ce planet>y nebul may be look$ on z v
 ag$4 ,?\gh we     _c see any individual
 nebula pass ?r\gh all its /ages (      
life1 we c select p>ticul> ones 9 ea*   
peculi> /age4 7#aghi47  ,!re is some?+  

almo/ gr&iose & maje/ic 9 8 /atem5t ( ! 
ultimate de/9y ( ! ,galaxy3             
,to him ! fates 7 kn[n              ,(  
orbs dim hov]+ on ! skirts ( space4     
--,s9ce ! />s ( ! ,milky ,way are       
p]man5tly expos$ to !     action ( a p[]
 :]eby !y are irresi/ibly drawn into    
gr\ps1     we may be c]ta9 t f m]e      
clu/]+ />s !y w be     gradually        
compress$1 ?r\gh successive /ages (     
accumulation1     till !y come up to :at
 may be call$ ! rip5+ p]iod ( !         
globul> =m1 & total insulation2 f :i* x 
is evid5t t     ! ,milky ,way mu/ be    
f9ally brok5 up & cease to be a /ratum (
     scatt]$ />s4      ,! /ate into :i* 
! incessant action ( ! clu/]+ p[]       
has br\ght x at pres5t1 is a k9d (      
*ronomet] t may be us$     to measure ! 
"t ( its pa/ & future exi/5ce2 & al?\gh 
we d n "k ! rate ( go+ ( ?is my/]i\s    
*ronomet]1 x     is nev]!less c]ta9 t   
s9ce ! break+ up ( ! ,milky ,way        
af=ds a pro( t x _c la/ =ev]1 x equally 
be>s     witness t its pa/ duration _c  

be admitt$ to be inf9ite4     7#ahad47  
,,h]s*el',s relations ) 8 cotempor>ies 7
 usually ( ! mo/ pleasant "*1 ?\gh      
seldom intimate4 ,?is peace 0 brok5 b by
 "o unpleasant occurr5ce4 ,9 !          
,philosophical ,transactions = #agib1   
,,s*roet] _h communicat$ a s]ies (      
obs]vations made ) "o ( ,,h]s*el',s own 
telescopes on ! atmosph]es ( ,v5us1 !   
,moon1 etc4 ,x 0 n only an acc\nt (     
ph5om5a :i* _h be5 se52 x 0 accompani$  
by measures1 & ! computations bas$ on ^!
 l$ to heights & dim5sions = m\nta9s on 
,v5us :i* 71 to say ! lea/1 extravagant4
 ,! adjective w n seem too /rong :5 we  
say t ! v exi/5ce ( ! m\nta9s !mselves  
is to-day m ?an d\btful4  ,! appe>ances 
se5 by ,,s*roet] 7 describ$ by him 9    
p]fectly good fai?1 & simil> ones h be5 
s9ce record$4 ,8 reason+ ^u !m 0        
defective1 & ! measures :i* he made 7   
practically valueless4 ,?is pap]1 pr9t$ 
9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1  
to :i* ,,s*roet] _h n be=e contribut$1  
appe>s to h irritat$ ,,h]s*el4  ,no d\bt

 !re 7 n want+ memb]s ( 8 own society :o
 h9t$ t on ! ,cont95t1 too1 !re 7 to be 
f\nd great obs]v]s1 & t "h1 at lea/1    
,,h]s*el _h be5 anticipat$ ev5 9 8 own  
field4 ,i h always ?\ght t ! memoir (   
,,h]s*el :i* appe>$ 9 ! next volume ( ! 
,transactions 7#agic71 ,obs]vations on !
 ,planet ,v5us1 0 a rejo9d] int5d$ f> m 
= ! detractors at home ?an = ! a/ronom] 
abroad4 ,! review is conceiv$ 9 a sev]e 
_s4 ,! fir/ idea seems to be to cru% an 
opposition :i* he feels4 ,! tru? is     
e/abli%$1 b its e/abli%m5t is h>dly !   
fir/ object4  ,x seems z if ,,h]s*el _h 
almo/ all[$ himself to be =c$ into a    
position ( arrogance1 :i* 8 :ole life   
%[s 0 entirely =eign to 8 nature4 ,all  
?r\gh ! review he does n once m5tion    
,,s*roet]',s "n4 ,he says3      ,a s]ies
 ( obs]vations on ,v5us1 begun by me 9  
,april1 #aggg1     has be5 cont9u$ d[n  
to ! pres5t "t4 4 4 4 ,! result ( my    
obs]vations w\ld h be5 communicat$ long 
ago if ,i _h n     flatt]$ myself ) !   
hope ( "s bett] success conc]n+ !       

diurnal motion ( ,v5us1 :i* has /ill    
elud$ my con/ant     att5tion z f> z    
conc]ns its p]iod & direction4 4 4 4    
,ev5 at     ?is pres5t "t ,i %\ld       
hesitate to give ! foll[+ extracts      
if x did n seem incumb5t on me to exam9e
 by :at accid5t ,i     came to ov]look  
m\nta9s 9 ?is planet ( su* enorm\s      
height z     to exce$ f\r1 five1 or ev5 
six times ! p]p5dicul> height (         
,*imborao1 ! highe/ ( our m\nta9s4 4 4 4
 ,! same pap] conta9s     o!r p>ticul>s 
conc]n+ ,v5us & ,saturn4 ,all ( :i*     
be+ ?+s ( :i* ,i h nev] tak5 any notice1
 x w n be     amiss to %[1 by :at       
foll[s1 t nei!r want ( att5tion1 nor    
a defici5cy ( in/rum5ts1 w\ld occasion  
my n p]ceiv+ ^!     m\nta9s ( m ?an     
tw5ty-?ree miles 9 height1 ?is jagg$    
bord] ( ,v5us1 & ^! flat1 sph]ical =ms  
on ,saturn4  ,! reply ( ,,s*roet]       
7#agie7 is temp]ate & j4 ,x does him    
honor1 & he g5]\sly gives full ju/ice to
 8 critic4  ,x w\ld h>dly be wor? :ile  
to m5tion ?is slight incid5t if x 7 n t 

dur+ ^! ye>s !re c]ta9ly exi/$ a feel+ t
 ,,h]s*el und]valu$ ! labors ( 8        
cotempor>ies4  ,?is impression 0 fo/]$  
no d\bt by 8 g5]al habit ( n quot+      
previ\s au?orities 9 ! fields :i* he 0  
work+4  ,a c>eful read+ ( 8 pap]s w1 ,i 
?9k1 %[ t 8 def9ite indebt$ness to 8    
cotempor>ies 0 vani%+ly small4 ,! "w (  
,,mi*ell & ,,wilson he alludes to aga9 &
 aga91 & always ) appreciation4 ,c]ta9ly
 he seems to %[ a ve9 ( annoyance t !   
pap]s ( ,,*ri/ian ,,may]1 ,de novis 9   
coelo sid]eo phnom5is 7#aggi71 &        
,beoba*tung5 von ,fix/]ntrabant5        
7#aggh71 %\ld h be5 quot$ to prove t !  
me?od propos$ by ,,h]s*el 9 #aghb =     
asc]ta9+ ! p>allax ( ! fix$ />s by means
 ( obs]vations ( ^? :i* 7 d\ble1 0 n    
entirely orig9al ) himself4  ,!re is    
direct pro( t x 0 s1#bb & if ?is 0 n    
=?com+ x w\ld be unnecess>y1 z he has   
amply %[n 9 8 ,catalogue ( ,d\ble ,/>s4 
,"o is rem9d$ ( 8 rem>ks on ! use ( !   
high magnify+ p[]s by ! impati5ce ( 8   
comm5ts4  ,8 proposal to call ! newly   

discov]$ m9or planets a/]oids 7#ahjb7 0 
receiv$ z a sign t he wi%$ to           
discrim9ate betwe5 ! discov]ies (       
,,piazzi & ,,olb]s & 8 own discov]y (   
,,uranus4#bc  ,he takes pa9s to quietly 
put ?is on "o side 9 "o ( 8 pap]s1 %[+ t
 he 0 cognizant ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a     
feel+4  ,i am tempt$ to resurrect f a   
des]v$ obscurity a notice ( ,,h]s*el',s 
,obs]vations on ! ,two ,lately ,discov]$
 ,cele/ial ,bodies 7,philosophical      
,transactions1 #ahjb71 pr9t$ 9 ! fir/   
volume ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 simply to 
%[ ! k9d ( envy to :i* ev5 he1 ! glory (
 ,engl&1 0 subject4  ,! review] sets =? 
! pr9cipal results ( ,,h]s*el',s        
obs]vations1 &1 aft] quot+ 8 def9ition (
 ! new t]m a/]oid1 goes on to say3      
,if a new "n mu/ be f\nd1 :y n call !m  
by "s appellation     :i* %all1 9 "s    
degree1 be descriptive (1 or at lea/    
consi/5t )1 _! prop]ties8 ,:y n1 =      
in/ance1 call !m     ,conc5tric ,comets1
 or ,planet>y ,comets1 or ,comet>y      
,planets8     or1 if a s+le t]m mu/ be  

f\nd1 :y may we n co9 su* a     phrase z
 ,planetoid or ,cometoid8  ,!n foll[s a 
g5]al arraignm5t ( ,,h]s*el',s me?ods ( 
expression & ?\ght1 z di/+ui%$ f 8 p[]s 
( m]e obs]vation4 ,?is di/9ction1 x may 
be said1 exi/s only 9 ! review]'s m9d2  
!re 0 no su* di/9ction 9 fact4 ,if ev] a
 s]ies ( obs]vations 0 direct$ by pr(\nd
 & reasonable ?\ght1 x 0 ,,h]s*el',s    
own4      ,dr4 ,,h]s*el',s passion =    
co9+ words & idioms has (t5     /ruck u 
z a weakness :olly unwor?y ( him4 ,!    
inv5tion ( a     "n is b a poor         
a*ievem5t = him :o has discov]$ :ole    
worlds4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 d we he> him    
talk+ ( !     space-p5etrat+ p[] ( 8    
in/rum5t--a comp\nd epi!t &     metaphor
 :i* he ought to h left to ! poets1 :o1 
9 "s     future age1 %all acquire glory 
by celebrat+ 8 "n4 ,! o!r     pap]s (   
,dr4 ,,h]s*el1 9 ! late volumes ( !     
,transactions1     d n des]ve su*       
p>ticul> att5tion4 ,8 catalogue ( #ejj  
new     nebul1 ?\gh extremely valuable  
to ! practical a/ronom]1 leads     to no

 g5]al conclusions ( importance1 &      
ab\nds ) !     defects :i* are peculi>  
to ! ,doctor's writ+s--a great          
prolixity & t$i\sness ( n>ration--loose 
& (t5     unphilosophical reflections1  
:i* give no v favorable idea (     8    
sci5tific p[]s1 h[ev] great 8 m]it may  
be z an     obs]v]--above all1 t idle   
fondness = inv5t+ names )\t     any     
mann] ( occasion1 to :i* we h already   
allud$1 & a use     ( novel & affect$   
idioms4         99       99       99    
99       99      ,to ! speculations ( ! 
,doctor on ! nature ( ! ,sun1 we h      
_m simil> objections2 b !y are all      
eclips$ by ! gr&     absurdity :i* he   
has !re committ$1 9 8 ha/y & errone\s   
!ory conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( ! sol> spots  
on ! price (     gra94 ,s9ce !          
publication ( ,gulliv]'s voyage to      
,laputa1 no?+     s ridicul\s has ev]   
be5 (f]$ to ! _w4 ,we he>tily wi%     ! 
,doctor _h suppress$ x2 or1 if det]m9$  
to publi% x1 t     he _h detail$ x 9    
language less confid5t & flippant4  ,"o 

is almo/ a%am$ to give space & curr5cy  
to a =gott5 attack1 b x yields a k9d (  
p]spective2 & x is in/ructive & p]haps  
useful to view ,,h]s*el',s labors f all 
sides1 ev5 f wrong & envi\s ones4  ,!   
/udy ( ! orig9al pap]s1 toge!r ) a k ( !
 circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 w      
abundantly %[ t ,,h]s*el',s ideas sprung
 f a pr(\nd m$itation ( ! nature ( ?+s 9
 !mselves4 ,:at ! orig9 ( tra9s ( ?\ght 
prosecut$ = ye>s may h be5 we _c say1   
nor c\ld he himself h express$ x4 ,a new
 pa? 9 sci5ce 0 to be f\nd out1 & he    
f\nd x4 ,x 0 n 9 8 closet1 surr\nd$ by  
au?orities1 b "u ! op5 sky1 t he m$itat$
 ! con/ruction ( ! heav5s4 ,z he says1  
,my situation p]mitt$ me n to consult   
l>ge libr>ies2 nor1 inde$1 0 x v        
mat]ial2 = z ,i int5d$ to view ! heav5s 
myself1 ,nature1 t great volume1 appe>$ 
to me to conta9 ! be/ catalogue4  ,8    
rem>kable memoirs on ! invisible & o!r  
rays ( ! sol> spectrum 7 receiv$ ) d\bt1
 & ) op5 d5ial by _m ( ! sci5tific      
bodies ( ,europe4 ,! reviews & notices (

 8 "w 9 ?is direction 7 (t5 q beyond !  
b\nds ( a prop] sci5tific criticism2 b  
,,h]s*el ma9ta9$ a dignifi$ sil5ce4 ,!  
discov]ies 7 true1 ! pro(s 7 op5 to all1
 & no response 0 ne$$ f him4 ,he may h  
be5 sorely tempt$ to reply1 b ,i am apt 
to believe t ! rumors t rea*$ him f     
abroad & at home did n !n affect him z  
!y might h done e>li]4 ,he 0 at 8 gr&   
climact]ic1 he _h pass$ 8 sixty-?ird    
ye>1 8 temp] 0 less ha/y ?an x _h be5 9 
8 y\?1 & 8 n]ves _h n yet receiv$ !     
sev]e /ra9 f ^: effects he suff]$ dur+ !
 la/ ye>s ( 8 life4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,we h "s glimpses 
( 8 p]sonal life 9 ! rem9isc5ces ( him 9
 ! ,di>y & ,lett]s ( ,madame            
,d',,arblay1 :o knew him well3          
#aghf4--;,9 ! ev5+ ,mr4 ,,h]s*el came to
 tea4 ,i _h once se5     t v extraord9>y
 man at ,mrs4 ,,de ,,luc',s1 b 0 happy  
to see     him aga91 = he has n m fame  
to awak5 curiosity ?an s5se     & mode/y
 to gratify x4 ,he is p]fectly unassum+1
 yet op5ly     happy1 & happy 9 !       

success ( ^? /udies :i* w\ld r5d]     a 
m9d less excell5tly =m$ presumptu\s &   
arrogant4      ,! k+ has n a happi]     
subject ?an ?is man1 :o owes x     :olly
 to ,8 ,maje/y t he is n wret*$2 = su* 0
 8     eag]ness to quit all o!r pursuits
 to foll[ a/ronomy solely1     t he 0 9 
dang] ( ru91 :5 8 tal5ts & great &      
uncommon g5ius attract$ ! k+'s          
patronage4 ,he has n[ n only     8      
p5sion1 :i* gives him ! felicity (      
devot+ all 8 "t     to 8 d>l+ /udy1 b he
 is indulg$ 9 lic5se f ! k+ to     make 
a telescope accord+ to 8 new ideas &    
discov]ies1 t is     to h no co/ sp>$ 9 
its con/ruction1 & is :olly to be paid  
= by ,8 ,maje/y4      ,?is seems to h   
made him happi] ev5 ?an ! p5sion1 z x   
enables him to put 9 execution all 8    
wond]ful projects1 f     :i* 8          
expectations ( future discov]ies are s  
sangu9e z to     make 8 pres5t exi/5ce a
 /ate ( almo/ p]fect enjoym5t4     ,mr4 
,,locke himself w\ld be q *>m$ ) him4   
,he seems a man )\t a wi% t has its     

object 9 !     t]re/rial globe4 ,at     
night ,mr4 ,,h]s*el1 by ! k+'s comm&1   
came to exhibit to ,8 ,maje/y & ! royal 
family ! new comet     lately discov]$  
by 8 si/]1 ,miss ,,h]s*el2 & :ile ,i 0  
play+ at piquet ) ,mrs4 ,,s*well5burg1 !
 ,pr9cess ,,augu/a came     into ! room 
& ask$ h] if %e *ose to g into ! g>d5 & 
look at x4 ,%e decl9$ ! (f]1 & ! pr9cess
 !n made x to     me4 ,i 0 glad to      
accept x = all sorts ( reasons4 ,we f\nd
 him     at 8 telescope4 ,! comet 0 v   
small1 & _h no?+ gr& or     /rik+ 9 its 
appe>ance2 b x is ! fir/ lady's comet1 &
 ,i     0 v desir\s to see x4 ,mr4      
,,h]s*el !n %[$ me "s ( 8     new       
discov]$ univ]ses1 ) all ! good humor ) 
:i* he     w\ld h tak5 ! same tr\ble = a
 bro!r or a si/]     a/ronom]2 !re is no
 possibility ( admir+ 8 g5ius m ?an     
8 g5tl5ess4      #aghf1 ,decemb]        
#cj?4--,?is morn+ my de> fa!r c>ri$ me  
to     ,dr4 ,,h]s*el4 ,t great & v      
extraord9>y man receiv$ u     almo/ )   
op5 arms4 ,he is v fond ( my fa!r1 :o is

 "o (     ! c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society  
?is ye>1 z well z himself4 4 4 4     ,at
 ?is "t ( day !re 0 no?+ to see b 8     
in/rum5ts2     ^?1 h[ev]1 are           
curiosities suffici5t4 4 4 4 ,i wi%$ v  
mu*     to h se5 8 si/]1 4 4 4 b %e _h  
be5 up all night1 &     0 !n 9 b$4      
#aghg1 ,septemb]4--,dr4 ,,h]s*el is a   
delightful man2 s     unassum+ ) 8 great
 k1 s will+ to disp5se x to     !       
ignorant1 & s *e]ful & easy 9 8 g5]al   
mann]s1 t1     7 he no g5ius1 x w\ld be 
impossible n to rem>k him z a     pleas+
 & s5sible man4      #aghh1 ,octob]     
#c;d4--,we return$ to ,w9dsor at noon1 &
 ,mrs4 ,,de     ,,luc s5t me a mo/      
press+ invitation to tea & to he> a     
little     music4 ,two "y ladies 7 to   
p]=m at h] h\se 9 a little     conc]t4  
,dr4 ,,h]s*el 0 !re1 & accompani$ !m v  
sweetly     on ! viol92 8 new-m>ri$ wife
 0 ) him1 & 8 si/]4     ,8 wife seems   
good-natur$2 %e 0 ri*1 too6 & a/ronom]s 
are     z able z o!r m5 to disc]n t gold
 c glitt] z well z     />s4             

,,dr4 ,,burney ,,to ,,madame            
,d',,arblay4                            
,,*elsea ,,college1                     
,septemb] #bh1 #agih4      99   99   99 
99   99      ,i drove ?r\gh ,sl\gh 9    
ord] to ask at ,dr4 ,,h]s*el',s door :5 
my visit w\ld be lea/ inconv5i5t to     
him--t night or next     morn+4 ,! good 
s\l 0 at d9n]1 b came to ! door himself1
     to press me to alight imm$iately & 
p>take ( 8 family repa/2     & ?is he   
did s he>tily t ,i c\ld n resi/4        
99       99       99       99       99  
99       99      ,i expect$ 7n kn[+ t   
,,h]s*el 0 m>ri$7 only to h     f\nd    
,miss ,,h]s*el2 b !re 0 a v old lady1 ! 
"m1 ,i     believe1 ( ,mrs4 ,,h]s*el1 :o
 0 at ! head ( ! table h]self1     & a  
,scots lady 7a ,miss ,,wilson1 daught] (
 ,dr4 ,,wilson1 ( ,glasg[1     an em95t 
a/ronom]71 ,miss ,,h]s*el1 & a little   
boy4 ,!y     rejoic$ at ! accid5t :i* _h
 br\ght me !re1 & hop$ ,i     w\ld s5d  
my c>riage away & take a b$ ) !m4 ,!y 7 
sorry !y _h no /ables = my horses4      

,we soon grew acqua9t$--,i mean ! ladies
 & ,i--& be=e d9n]     0 ov] we seem$   
old fri5ds j met aft] a long abs5ce4    
,mrs4     ,,h]s*el is s5sible1          
good-humor$1 unpret5d+1 & well br$2     
,miss ,,h]s*el all %yness & virg9       
mode/y2 ! ,scots lady     s5sible &     
h>mless2 & ! little boy ent]ta9+1       
promis+1     & comical4 ,,h]s*el1 y "k1 
& ev]ybody kn[s1 is "o ( !     mo/      
pleas+ & well-br$ natural *>act]s ( !   
pres5t age1     z well z ! greate/      
a/ronom]4      ,y\r heal? 0 drunk aft]  
d9n] 7put t into y\r pocket71 &     aft]
 mu* social conv]sation & a few he>ty   
laughs1 ! ladies     propos$ to take a  
walk1 9 ord]1 ,i believe1 to leave      
,,h]s*el &     me toge!r4 ,we walk$ &   
talk$ r\nd 8 great telescopes till x    
grew damp & dusk1 !n retreat$ into 8    
/udy to philosophize4         99        
99       99       99       99      ,he  
made a discov]y to me1 :i*1 _h ,i kn[n x
 soon]1 w\ld h     ov]set me1 & prev5t$ 
my read+ any "p ( my "w4#bd ,he     said

 t he _h almo/ always _h an av]sion to  
poetry1 :i* he     reg>d$ z ! arrangem5t
 ( f9e words1 )\t any useful     mean+  
or adh]5ce to tru?2 b t :5 tru? & sci5ce
 7     unit$ to ^! f9e words1 he lik$   
poetry v well4                          
#agih1 ,decemb] #aj4                    
,,dr4 ,,burney ,,to ,,madame            
,d',,arblay4      ,,h]s*el has be5 9 t[n
 = %ort spurts1 & back aga9 two or      
?ree times1 leav+ ,mrs4 ,,h]s*el beh9d  
79 t[n7 to transact law     bus9ess4 ,i 
_h him "h two :ole days4      ,! read+ (
 ! manuscript ( ! ,poetical ,hi/ory (   
,a/ronomy     0 cont9u$1 & ,,h]s*el 0 s 
humble z to confess t ,i     knew m ( ! 
hi/ory ( a/ronomy ?an he did1 & _h      
surpris$     him ) ! mass ( in=mation ,i
 _h got toge!r4      ,he ?ank$ me = !   
ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction ,i _h giv5      
him4 ',c any?+ be gr&]8' & all ?is be=e 
he kn[s a ^w     ( :at ,i h said (      
himself--all 8 discov]ies1 z y may      
rememb]1 be+ kept back = ! twelf? & la/ 
book4                       ,,dr4       

,,burney ,,to ,,madame ,d',,arblay4     
,,sl\gh1 ,monday morn+4 ,july #bb1      
#agii1                                  
9 b$ at ,dr4 ,,h]s*el',s1 half-pa/      
five1 :]e ,i c nei!r sleep nor lie      
idle4      ,my ,de> ,fanny3--,i believe 
,i told y on ,friday t ,i 0 go+ to      
f9i% ! p]usal ( my a/ronomical v]ses to 
! great a/ronom]     on ,saturday4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,aft] tea ,dr4 ,,h]s*el propos$ t we two
 %\ld retire into a     quiet room 9    
ord] to resume ! p]usal ( my "w1 9 :i*  
no     progress has be5 made s9ce la/   
,decemb]4 ,! ev5+ 0     f9i%$ v         
*e]fully2 & we w5t to our b[]s n mu* out
 (     humor ) ea* o!r or ! _w4 4 4 4   
,aft] d9n] we all agre$     to g to !   
t]race at ,w9dsor--,mr41 ,mrs41 & ,miss 
,h41 )     _! nice little boy1 & ?ree "y
 ladies4 ,"h ,i met )     almo/ ev]ybody
 ,i wi%$ & expect$ to see previ\s to !  
k+'s arrival4         99       99       
99       99       99      ,b n[ "h comes
 ,w1 & ,i mu/ get up1 & make myself up  

to     g d[n to ! p]usal ( my la/ book1 
entitl$ ,h]s*el4 ,s     good-morr[4     
,,*elsea1 ,tuesday4      ,n a mom5t c\ld
 ,i get to write till n[4 4 4 4 ,i mu/  
tell y     t ,,h]s*el propos$ to me to g
 ) him to ! k+'s conc]t at     night1 he
 hav+ p]mission to g :5 he *ooses1 8    
five nephews     7,,griesba*s7 mak+ a   
pr9cipal "p ( ! b&4 ',&1' says he1      
',i "k y w be welcome4'  ,an intimacy 0 
gradually e/abli%$ betwe5 ,,h]s*el &    
,dr4 ,,burney4 ,!y saw ea* o!r (t5 at ! 
meet+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 & ,,h]s*el  
frequ5tly /ay$ at ! doctor's h\se4 ,on !
 fir/ ev5+ ,,h]s*el sp5t at ,*elsea1 :5 
,i call$ = my ,,arg& lamp1 ,,h]s*el1 :o 
_h n se5 "o ( ^? lamps1 0 surpris$ at ! 
great effusion ( light1 & imm$iately    
calculat$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 t & a s+le  
c&le1 & f\nd x sixte5 to "o4#be  ,9     
#agic we f9d ,,h]s*el z a witness = 8   
fri5d ,,james ,,watt1 9 ! celebrat$ case
 ( ,,watt vs4 ,,bull1 :i* 0 tri$ 9 !    
,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas4 ,& f            
,,muirhead',s ,life ( ,,watt1 x appe>s t

 ,,h]s*el visit$ ,,watt at ,hea?field 9 
#ahaj4  ,a delightful picture ( ! old   
age ( ,,h]s*el is giv5 by ! poet        
,,campbell1#bf ^: nature 0 fitt$ to     
p]ceive ! beauties ( a gr& & simple "* l
 ,,h]s*el',s3                           
,,brighton1 ,septemb] #ae1 #ahac4      4
 4 4 ,i wi% y _h be5 ) me ! day be=e    
ye/]day1 :5 y     w\ld h jo9$ me1 ,i am 
sure1 deeply 9 admir+ a great1 simple1  
good old man--,dr4 ,,h]s*el4 ,d n ?9k me
 va91 or at lea/ put up     ) my vanity1
 9 say+ t ,i almo/ flatt] myself ,i h   
made     him my fri5d4 ,i h got an      
invitation1 & a press+ "o1 to g     to 8
 h\se2 & ! lady :o introduc$ me to him1 
says he spoke     ( me z if he w\ld     
really be happy to see me4 4 4 4 ,i sp5t
 all     ,sunday ) him & 8 family4 ,8   
son is a prodigy 9 sci5ces1     & fond (
 poetry1 b v unassum+4 4 4 4 ,n[1 = !   
old     a/ronom] himself4 ,8 simplicity1
 8 k9dness1 8 anecdotes1 8     read9ess 
to expla9--& make p]fectly conspicu\s   
too--8 own     sublime conceptions ( !  

univ]se are indescribably *>m+4 ,he     
is sev5ty-six1 b fre% & /\t2 & !re he   
sat1 ne>e/ !     door1 at 8 fri5d's     
h\se1 alt]nately smil+ at a joke1 or    
cont5t$ly sitt+ )\t %>e or notice 9 !   
conv]sation4     ,any tra9 ( conv]sation
 he foll[s implicitly2 any?+ y ask he   
labors ) a sort ( boyi% e>ne/ness to    
expla94      ,i 0 anxi\s to get f him z 
_m p>ticul>s z ,i c\ld ab\t     8       
int]view ) ,,buonap>te4#bg ,! latt]1 x 0
 report$1 _h     a/oni%$ him by 8       
a/ronomical k4      ',no1' he said1 '!  
,fir/ ,consul did surprise me by 8      
quickness     & v]satility on all       
subjects2 b 9 sci5ce he seem$ to "k     
little m ?an any well-educat$ g5tleman1 
& ( a/ronomy mu*     less = in/ance ?an 
our own k+4 ,8 g5]al air1' he said1 '0  
some?+ l affect+ to "k m ?an he did "k4'
 ,he 0     high1 & tri$ to be great )   
,,h]s*el1 ,i suppose1 )\t     success2 &
 ',i rem>k$1' said ! a/ronom]1 '8       
hypocrisy 9     conclud+ ! conv]sation  
on a/ronomy by obs]v+ h[ all ^!         

glori\s views gave pro(s ( an ,almighty 
,wisdom4' ,i ask$ him if he     ?\ght ! 
sy/em ( ,,laplace to be q c]ta91 ) reg>d
 to     ! total security ( ! planet>y   
sy/em f ! effects (     gravitation los+
 its pres5t balance8 ,he said1 ,no2 he  
?\ght by     no means t ! univ]se 0     
secur$ f ! *ance ( sudd5     losses (   
p>ts4      ,he 0 conv9c$ t !re _h exi/$ 
a planet betwe5 ,m>s     & ,jupit]1 9   
our own sy/em1 ( :i* ! little a/]oids1  
or     planetk9s1 lately discov]$1 are  
indubitably fragm5ts2 &     ',rememb]1' 
said he1 't ?\gh !y h discov]$ only f\r 
(     ^? p>ts1 !re w be ?\s&s--p]haps   
?irty ?\s&     m--yet discov]$4' ,?is   
planet he believ$ to h be5 lo/ by       
explosion4      ,) great k9dness &      
pati5ce he ref]r$ me1 9 ! c\rse (     my
 attempts to talk ) him1 to a !orem 9   
,,newton',s ',pr9ciples     ( ,natural  
,philosophy' 9 :i* ! "t t ! light takes 
to     travel f ! sun is prov$ ) a      
simplicity :i* requires b a     few /eps
 9 reason+4 ,9 talk+ ( "s inconceivably 

di/ant     bodies1 he introduc$ ! m5tion
 ( ?is pla9 !orem1 to rem9d     me t !  
progress ( light c\ld be measur$ 9 ! "o 
case z     well z ! o!r4 ,!n1 speak+ (  
himself1 he said1 ) a     mode/y ( mann]
 :i* q ov]came me1 :5 tak5 toge!r )     
! greatness ( ! ass]tion3 ',i h look$   
fur!r into space     ?an ev] human be+  
did be=e me4 ,i h obs]v$ />s1 (     :i* 
! light1 x c be prov$1 mu/ take two     
millions ( ye>s     to rea* ?is e>?4'   
,i really & unfeign$ly felt at ?is mom5t
 z if ,i _h be5     conv]s+ ) a         
sup]natural intellig5ce4 ',nay1 m1' said
 he1     'if ^? di/ant bodies _h ceas$  
to exi/ two millions ( ye>s     ago1 we 
%\ld /ill see !m1 z ! light w\ld travel 
aft] !     body 0 gone4 4 4 4' ,^! 7    
,,h]s*el',s words2 & if y _h     he>d   
him speak !m1 y w\ld n ?9k he 0 apt to  
tell m     ?an ! tru?4      ,aft] leav+ 
,,h]s*el ,i felt elevat$ & ov]come2 & h 
9     writ+ to y made only ?is memor&um 
( "s ( ! mo/     int]e/+ mom5ts ( my    
life4  ,,campbell',s consci5ti\s        

biograph] appe>s to h felt t ! value (  
?is *>m+ acc\nt ( 8 int]view ) ,,h]s*el 
0 9 its report ( a/ronomical facts &    
op9ions1 & he adds a foot-note to expla9
 t ,,h]s*el',s op9ion nev] am\nt$ to m  
?an hypo!sis hav+ "s degree (           
probability4 ,sir ,,john ,,h]s*el       
rememb]s 8 fa!r say+1 ',if t hypo!sis 7 
true1 & if ! planet de/roy$ 7 z l>ge z !
 e>?1 !re mu/ h be5 at lea/ ?irty-?\s&  
su* fragm5ts1' b always z an            
hypo!sis--he 0 nev] he>d to decl>e any  
degree ( conviction t x 0 s4  ,= u1 !   
value ( ?is sympa!tic acc\nt ( a day 9  
,,h]s*el',s life is 9 its conception ( !
 simplicity1 ! mode/y1 ! boyi%          
e>ne/ness1 ! elevation ( ?\ght & spee* (
 ! old philosoph]2 & 9 ! impression made
 on ! feel+s1 n ! m9d1 ( ! poet1 !n     
?irty-five ye>s old4  ,9 a lett] to     
,,alison1 ,,campbell rev]ts ) great     
pleasure to ! day sp5t ) ,,h]s*el3      
,,syd5ham1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahac4  ,,my   
,,de>e/ ,,alison3--         99       99 
99       99       99      ,i sp5t ?ree  

weeks ) my family at ,brighton1 9 *>m+  
wea!r1 & 0 mu* pleas$ )1 z well z       
b5efit$ by1 !     place4 ,!re ,i met a  
man ) :om y w />e at ! idea ( my     be+
 cong5ial1 or hav+ ! vanity to ?9k      
myself s--! great     ,,h]s*el4 ,he is a
 simple1 great be+4 4 4 4 ,i once 9 my  
life     look$ at ,,newton',s ,pr9cipia1
 & att5d$ an a/ronomical class     at   
,glasg[2 wond]ful x seem$ to myself1 t !
 great man     condesc5d$ to und]/& my  
que/ions2 to become app>5tly     e>ne/ 9
 communicat+ to me z mu* in=mation z my 
limit$     capacity & prep>ation = su* k
 w\ld admit4 ,he invit$     me to see   
him at 8 own abode1 & s k9dly t ,i c\ld 
n     believe t x 0 m]e good bre$+2 b a 
s9c]e wi% to see me     aga94 ,i _h a   
full day ) him2 he describ$ to me 8 :ole
     int]view ) ,,buonap>te2 said x 0 n 
true1 z report$1 t     ,,buonap>te      
und]/ood a/ronomical subjects deeply1 b 
affect$     m ?an he knew4      ,9      
speak+ ( 8 great & *ief telescope1 he   
said ) an air1     n ( ! lea/ pride1 b )

 a greatness & simplicity (             
expression t /ruck me ) wond]1 ',i h    
look$ fur!r into     space ?an ev] human
 be+ did be=e me4 ,i h obs]v$ />s1 (    
:i* ! light takes two millions ( ye>s to
 travel to ?is     globe4' ,i mean to   
pay him a rev]5tial visit at ,sl\gh1 z  
soon z     my book is out1 ?is w9t]4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 #ahjg ,,c>ol9a ,,h]s*el has ?is entry
 9 h] di>y3      ,octob] #d4--,my bro!r 
came f ,brighton4 ,! same night two     
p>ties f ! ,ca/le came to see ! comet1 &
 dur+ ! :ole     mon? my bro!r _h n an  
ev5+ to himself4 ,z he 0 !n 9     ! mid/
 ( poli%+ ! =ty-foot mirror1 re/ became 
absolutely     necess>y aft] a day sp5t 
9 t mo/ labori\s "w2 & x has     ev] be5
 my op9ion t on ! #ad? ( ,octob] 8 n]ves
 receiv$     a %ock ( :i* he nev] got ! 
bett] aft]w>ds4  ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahjh he 0 
q s]i\sly ill2 b 9 ,may ! obs]v+ w5t on 
aga94 ,9 #ahji & #ahaj 8 pr9cipal       
inve/igations 7 ^u physical subjects    
7,,newton',s r+s71 & 9 #ahaa ! only long

 s]ies ( obs]vations 0 ^u ! comet ( t   
ye>4 ,aft] #ahaa ! /ate ( ,,h]s*el',s   
heal? requir$ t 8 obs]vations %\ld be   
mu* less frequ5t4 ,mu* ( ! "t aft] #ahaa
 he 0 abs5t1 & 8 "w at home consi/$     
l>gely 9 arrang+ ! results ( 8 previ\s  
labors1 & 9 computations connect$ ) !m4 
,all ?r\gh ! ye>s #ahad to #ahbb1       
,,h]s*el',s heal? 0 v feeble4 ,! sev]e  
w9t] ( #ahac-ad _h told mat]ially ^u    
him4 ,9 #ahad1 h[ev]1 he und]took to    
repoli% ! =ty-foot mirror1 b 0 oblig$ to
 give x ov]4  ,he n[ f\nd x necess>y to 
make frequ5t little excursions = *ange (
 air & sc5e4 ,8 fai?ful si/] rema9$ at  
home1 br++ ord] into ! masses (         
manuscript1 & copy+ ! pap]s = ! ,royal  
,society4  ,%e 0 sick at he>t1 fe>+ t   
ea* "t %e saw h] bro!r x w\ld be ! la/4 
,9 #ahah %e says3      ,feb4 #aa1 ,i w5t
 to my bro!r & rema9$ ) him till !      
#bc;d4     ,we sp5t our "t1 ?\gh n 9    
idl5ess1 9 sorr[ & sadness4     ,he is n
 only unwell1 b l[ 9 spirits4  ,9 #ahah 
7,decemb] #af71 ,,h]s*el w5t to ,london 

to h 8 portrait pa9t$ by ,,artaud4 ,:ile
 he 0 9 ,london 8 w 0 made4#bh  ,9 #ahai
 !re is a glimm] ( ! old-"t light4 ,9 a 
note ,,h]s*el says3      ,,l9a3--,!re is
 a great comet4 ,i want y to assi/ me4  
,come to     d9e & sp5d ! day "h4 ,if y 
c come soon aft] "o o'clock1     we %all
 h "t to prep>e maps & telescopes4 ,i   
saw its     situation la/ night4 ,x has 
a long tail4      ,july #d1 #ahai4  ,?is
 note has be5 c>efully kept by 8 si/]1 &
 on x %e has writt53 ,i keep ?is z a    
relic4 ,e l9e n[ trac$ by ! h& ( my de> 
bro!r becomes a treasure to me4  ,s !   
next ?ree ye>s pass$ away4 ,sir         
,,william#bi 0 daily m & m feeble4 ,he  
sp5t 8 "t 9 putt+ 8 works 9 ord]1 b c\ld
 devote only a few mom5ts ea* day to    
?is4 ,8 si/] says3      ,aug4 #aa?1     
#ab?1 #ac?1 & #ad? #ahbb1 ,i w5t z usual
 to     sp5d "s h\rs ( ! =5oon ) my     
bro!r4      ,aug4 #ae?4--,i ha/5$ to !  
spot :]e ,i 0 wont to f9d him1     ) !  
newspap] :i* ,i 0 to read to him4 ,b    
in/ead ,i f\nd     ,mrs4 ,,monson1 ,miss

 ,,baldw91 & ,mr4 ,,bulman1 f ,le$s1 !  
gr&son     ( my bro!r's e>lie/          
acqua9tance 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i 0     in=m$
 my bro!r _h be5 oblig$ to return to 8  
room1 :i!r     ,i flew imm$iately4 ,lady
 ,h4 & ! h\sekeep] 7 ) him1     adm9i/]+
 ev]y?+ :i* c\ld be ?\ght ( = support+  
him4 ,i f\nd him mu* irritat$ at n be+  
able to grant ,mr4     ,,bulman',s      
reque/ = "s tok5 ( remembrance = 8 fa!r4
 ,z     soon z he saw me1 ,i 0 s5t to ! 
libr>y to fet* "o ( 8     la/ pap]s & a 
plate ( ! =ty-foot telescope4 ,b = !    
univ]se ,i c\ld n h look$ twice at :at  
,i _h snat*$ f     ! %elf1 & :5 he      
fa9tly ask$ if ! break+ up ( ! ,milky   
,way 0 9 x1 ,i said ',yes1' & he look$  
cont5t4 ,i _c help     rememb]+ ?is     
circum/ance2 x 0 ! la/ "t ,i 0 s5t to   
! libr>y on su* an occasion4 ,t ! anxi\s
 c>e = 8     pap]s & workrooms nev] end$
 b ) 8 life1 0 prov$ by     8 frequ5t   
:isp]$ inquiries if !y 7 lock$ & ! key  
safe1 ( :i* ,i took c>e to assure him t 
!y 71 & ! key     9 ,lady ,,h]s*el',s   

h&s4      ,aft] half an h\r's va9       
attempt to support himself1 my bro!r    
0 oblig$ to cons5t to be put to b$1     
leav+ no hope ev] to see     him rise   
aga94  ,on ! #be? ( ,augu/1 #ahbb1      
,,h]s*el di$ peacefully at ! age (      
eighty-f\r ye>s4  ,8 rema9s lie 9 !     
little *ur* at ,upton1 ne> ,w9dsor1 :]e 
a memorial tablet has be5 erect$ by 8   
son4 ,! epitaph is z foll[s3#cj         
,h4 ,s4 ,e4                  ,,gulielmus
 ,,h]s*el ,eques ,guelphicus            
,hanovi natus ,angliam elegit patriam   
,a/ronomis tatis su pr/antissimis       
,m]ito annum]atus                   ,ut 
leviora sileantur inv5ta                
,planetam ille extra ,saturni orbitam   
,primus detexit                   ,novis
 artis adjum5tis innixus                
,qu ipse excogitavit et p]fecit         
,coelorum p]rupit clau/ra               
,et remotiora p5etrans et explorans     
spatia                     ,incognitos  
a/rorum ignes             ,a/ronomorum  
oculis et intellectui subjecit          

,qua s$ulitate qua sol]tia              
,corporum et phantasmatum               
,extra sy/ematis no/ri f9es luc5tium    
,naturam indagav]it                     
,quidquid paulo audacius conjecit       
,+5ita temp]ans v]ecundia               
,ultro te/antur hodie quales            
,v]a esse qu docuit pl]aque             
,siquidem c]tiora futuris +5iis subsidia
                      ,debitura e/      
a/ronomia                      ,agnosc5t
 =te po/]i                  ,vitam      
utilem innocuam amabilem          ,non  
m9us felici laborum exitu quam          
virtutibus                      ,ornatam
 et v]e eximiam                ,morte   
suis et bonis omnibus defl5da           
,nec tam5 immatura clausit              
,die ,,xxv ,augu/i ,a4 ,d4              
,,ci,c,i,c,,cccxxii                     
tatis v]o su ,,lxxxiv4  ,,footnotes3    
#ah ,,bode',s ,jahrbu*1 #aghh1 p4 #add4 
#ai ,,za*',s ,monatli* ,correspond5z1   
#ahjb1 p4 #ef4  #bj ,,bode',s ,jahrbu*1 
#aghh1 p4 #afa4  #ba ,?r\gh ,sir ,,john 

,,h]s*el !re is pres]v$ to u an incid5t 
( 8 e>ly boyhood1 :i* %[s ! nature ( !  
tra9+ 8 "y m9d receiv$ 9 ! h\sehold at  
,sl\gh4  ,walk+ ) 8 fa!r1 he ask$ him   
,:at 0 ! olde/ ( all ?+s8 ,! fa!r       
repli$1 aft] ! ,socratic mann]1 ,& :at d
 y suppose is ! olde/ ( all ?+s8 ,! boy 
0 n successful 9 8 answ]s1 :]eon ! old  
a/ronom] took up a small /one f ! g>d5  
walk3 ,!re1 my *ild1 !re is ! olde/ (   
all ! ?+s t ,i c]ta9ly "k4 ,on ano!r    
occasion ! fa!r ask$ 8 son1 ,:at sort ( 
?+s d y ?9k are mo/ alike8 ,! boy       
repli$1 ,! leaves ( ! same tree are mo/ 
l ea* o!r4 ,ga!r1 !n1 a h&ful ( leaves f
 t tree1 rejo9$ ! philosoph]1 & *oose   
two :i* are alike4--,mon?ly ,notices    
,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 vol4      
xxxii41 page #abc4  #bb ,memoir (       
,,c>ol9e ,,h]s*el1 p4 #db4  #bc ,( late 
ye>s ^! expectations h be5 m ?an        
accompli%$ by ! discov]y ( no few] ?an  
f\r planet>y bodies1 almo/ all 9 ! same 
place2 b s small t ,dr4 ,,h]s*el refuses
 to honor !m ) ! "n ( planets1 & *ooses 

to call !m a/]oids1 ?\gh = :at reason x 
is n easy to det]m9e1 unless x be to    
deprive ! discov]]s ( ^! bodies ( any   
pret5ce = rat+ !mselves z high 9 ! li/ (
 a/ronomical discov]]s z                
himself4--,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1  
by ,,?omas ,,?omson1 p4 #ceh4 ,?is "w 0 
publi%$ 9 #ahab1 & !re=e dur+ ! lifetime
 ( ,,h]s*el4  #bd ,poetical ,hi/ory (   
,a/ronomy3 ?is "w 0 ne>ly complet$1 b 0 
nev] publi%$4 ,! :ole ( x 0 read to     
,,h]s*el1 9 ord] t ,,burney might h !   
b5efit ( 8 criticism on its te*nical    
t]ms4  #be ,memoirs ( ,dr4 ,,burney1    
vol4 iii41 p4 #bfd4  #bf ,life & ,lett]s
 ( ,,?omas ,,campbell1 edit$ by         
,,william ,,beattie1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bcd4 
#bg ,?is int]view mu/ h tak5 place 9    
#ahjb1 dur+ ,,h]s*el',s j\rney to ,p>is4
 ,we h no o!r record ( x4  #bh ,! w (   
,,h]s*el 0 dat$ ,decemb] #ag?1 #ahah4   
,! p]sonal effects 7 sworn "u #f1jjj4 ,!
 copyhold & o!r l&s & t5em5ts at        
,upton-cum-,*alvey1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,bucks1
 & at ,sl\gh1 he decrees to 8 son1 )    

#be1jjj 9 ! #c p] c5t4 ,r$uc$           
,annuities4 #b1jjj are giv5 to 8 bro!r  
,,johann ,,dietri*1 & annuities ( #ajj  
ea* to 8 bro!r ,,johann ,,alex&] & to 8 
si/] ,,c>ol9a2 #bj ea* to 8 nephews &   
nieces1 & ! residue 7) ! exception (    
a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 telescopes1      
obs]vations1 etc41 :i* he decl>es to h  
giv51 on acc\nt ( 8 advanc$ age1 to 8   
son = ! purpose ( cont9u+ 8 /udies7 is  
left solely to ,lady                    
,,h]s*el4--,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 vol4   
xcii41 #ahbb1 p4 #fej4  ,x is n necess>y
 to say "h h[ nobly ,sir ,,john ,,h]s*el
 r$eem$ ! tru/ confid$ 9 him4 ,all ! _w 
kn[s ( 8 ,survey ( ! ,s\!rn ,heav5s1 9  
:i* he complet$ ! review ( ! sky :i* _h 
be5 begun & complet$ = ! nor!rn heav5s  
by ! same in/rum5ts 9 8 fa!r's h&s4 ,a  
glance at ! ,bibliography at ! end ( ?is
 book w %[ ! titles ( sev]al pap]s by   
,sir ,,john1 writt5 ) ! sole object (   
r5d]+ 8 fa!r's labors m complete4  #bi  
,he 0 creat$ a knight ( ! ,royal        
,hanov]ian ,guelphic ,ord] 9 #ahaf1 & 0 

! fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical
 ,society 9 #ahba1 8 son be+ its fir/   
,=eign ,secret>y4  #cj ,,bode',s        
,jahrbu*1 #ahbc1 p4 #bbb4               
,,*apt] ,,iv4            ,,review ,,(   
,,! ,,sci5tific ,,labors ,,( ,,william  
,,h]s*el4   ,9 ?is *apt] ,i %all        
endeavor to give su* explanations z w   
enable ! g5]al read] to foll[ ! c\rse ( 
discov]y 9 ea* bran* ( a/ronomy &       
physics1 regul>ly ?r\gh ! p]iod (       
,,h]s*el',s life1 & up to ! /ate 9 :i*  
he left x4  ,a m detail$ & precise      
acc\nt1 :i* %\ld appeal directly to !   
pr(essional a/ronom]1 w n be ne$$1 s9ce 
,,arago has already fulfill$ ?is want 9 
8 ,analyse de la vie et des travaux de  
,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el1 publi%$ 9      
#ahdb4 ,! few misconceptions !re conta9$
 w be easily correct$ by ^? to :om alone
 !y are ( consequ5ce4 ,! latt] class (  
read]s may also consult ! ab/racts (    
,,h]s*el',s memoirs1 :i* h be5 giv5 9 ,a
 ,subject-index & a ,synopsis ( !       
,sci5tific ,writ+s ( ,sir ,,william     

,,h]s*el1 prep>$ by ,dr4 ,,ha/+s &      
myself1 & publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian      
,in/itution4  ,an accurate sket* ( !    
/ate ( a/ronomy 9 ,engl& & on !         
,cont95t1 9 ! ye>s #aghj-ahbj1 ne$ n be 
giv54 ,x w be en\gh if we rememb] t ( ! 
*ief obs]vatories ( ,europe1 public &   
private1 no "o 0 actively devot$ to su* 
labors z 7 und]tak5 by ,,h]s*el at ! v  
beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]4  ,8 obs]vations on     
v>iable />s1 inde$1 7 9 ! same l9e z ^? 
( ,,pigott2 ,,flaug]gues & ,,d>qui]1 9  
,france1 _h p]haps prec$$ him 9 m9ute   
scrut9y ( ! sun's surface1 etc42 b1 ev5 
9 t dep>tm5t ( obs]vation1 he at once   
put an imm5se di/ance betwe5 himself &  
o!rs by ! rapid & extraord9>y advances 9
 ! size & 9 ! excell5ce ( 8 telescopes4 
,be=e 8 "t ! pr9cipal aids to obs]vation
 7 ! ,gregorian & ,newtonian telescopes 
( ,,%ort1 & ! small a*romatics (        
,,dollond4#ca  ,we h se51 9 :at goes    
be=e1 h[ 8 pati5t zeal _h succe$$ 9     
improv+ ^u ^!4 ,!re 0 no delay1 & no    
re/4 ,/eadily ! art ( mak+ reflectors 0 

urg$ =w>d1 until he _h f9ally 9 8 h&s ! 
=ty-foot telescope4  ,x mu/ be admitt$ t
 ?is 0 ! limit to :i* ! manufacture (   
p[]ful telescopes c\ld be pu%$ 9 8      
g5]ation4 ,! optical & me*anical        
difficulties :i* prev5t$ a f>!r advance 
requir$ "t = _! solution2 &1 inde$1 "s (
 ^! difficulties are sc>cely solv$ at   
?is day4 ,x may fairly be said t no     
reflector l>g] ?an ?ree feet 9 ap]ture  
has yet realiz$ our expectations4       
,! ,improvem5t ( ,telescopes & ,optical 
,app>atus4  ,x w be ( int]e/ to give 9  
?is place "s connect$ acc\nt ( ! l>ge   
=ty-foot reflector1 ( f\r feet ap]ture1 
made by ,,h]s*el4 ,its hi/ory ext5ds f  
#aghe to #ahaa4 ,its manufacture 0      
consid]$ by 8 cotempor>ies z 8 greate/  
triumph4 ,z a ma*9e1 x 0 extremely +5i\s
 9 all its p>ts1 z may be se5 f !       
elaborate description & plates ( x      
publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions
 = #agie4 ,"o ( its mirrors c]ta9ly _h  
good def9ition1 =1 by means ( x1 ! two  
small satellites ( ,saturn 7,mimas &    

,enceladus7 7 discov]$1 & ^! discov]ies 
alone w\ld make x fam\s4 ,p]haps m 0    
expect$ ( x by ! public 9 g5]al ?an x   
absolutely p]=m$4 ,its m]its 7 aft] a   
:ile decri$1 & ,,h]s*el ev5 felt oblig$ 
to /ate :y he did n always employ x 9 8 
obs]vations4 ,8 reasons 7 p]fectly      
valid1 & su* z any "o may und]/&4 ,! "t 
requir$ to get s l>ge a ma*9e into work+
 ord] 0 a s]i\s tax2 x requir$ m        
assi/ants ?an 8 tw5ty-foot telescope1 & 
he says1 ,i h made x a rule nev] to     
employ a l>g] telescope :5 a small] w   
answ] ! purpose4  ,x /ill rema9s z a    
rem>kable feat ( eng9e]+ & an example ( 
great optical & me*anical skill4 ,x l$ !
 way to ! l>ge reflectors ( ,"l ,,rosse1
 "s sixty ye>s lat]1 & sev]al ( !       
=ty-foot telescopes ( ! pres5t day ev5 h
 done less useful "w4 ,its great feat1  
h[ev]1 0 to h add$ two satellites to !  
sol> sy/em4 ,f ! publi%$ acc\nts ( x !  
foll[+ is tak53      ,:5 ,i resid$ at   
,ba? ,i _h long be5 acqua9t$ ) ! !ory   
( optics & me*anics1 & want$ only t     

exp]i5ce s     necess>y 9 ! practical "p
 ( ^! sci5ces4 ,?is ,i acquir$     by   
degrees at t place1 :]e 9 my leisure    
h\rs1 by way (     amusem5t1 ,i made    
sev]al two-foot1 five-foot1 sev5-foot1  
t5-foot1     & tw5ty-foot ,newtonian    
telescopes1 beside o!rs1 ( !            
,gregorian =m1 ( eight1 twelve1 &       
eighte5 in*es1 & two1     ?ree1 five1 & 
t5 feet focal l5g?4 ,9 ?is way ,i made n
 less     ?an two hundr$ sev5-foot1 "o  
hundr$ & fifty t5-foot1 &     ab\t      
eighty tw5ty-foot mirrors1 n to m5tion !
 ,gregorian     telescopes4#cb      ,!  
numb] ( /&s ,i inv5t$ = ^! telescopes x 
w\ld n     be easy to assign4 4 4 4 ,9  
#agha ,i began to con/ruct a ?irty-foot 
arial reflector1 & hav+ made a /& = x1  
,i ca/ ! mirror     ?irty-six in*es 9   
diamet]4 ,?is 0 crack$ 9 cool+4 ,i ca/  
x a second "t1 & ! furnace ,i _h built 9
 my h\se broke4  ,soon aft]1 ! ,georgian
 planet 0 discov]$1 & ?is int]rupt$ ! "w
 = a "t4      ,9 ! ye> #aghc ,i f9i%$ a 
v good tw5ty-foot reflector )     a l>ge

 ap]ture1 & m\nt$ x ^u ! plan ( my      
pres5t     telescope4 ,aft] two ye>s'   
obs]vation ) x1 ! great advantage     ( 
su* ap]tures appe>$ s cle>ly to me t ,i 
recurr$ to my     =m] int5tion (        
increas+ !m /ill fur!r2 & be+ n[        
suffici5tly provid$ ) exp]i5ce 9 ! "w   
:i* ,i wi%$ to     und]take1 ! ,presid5t
 ( ! ,royal ,society1 :o is always ready
     to promote useful und]tak+s1 _h !  
goodness to lay my design     be=e ! k+4
 ,8 ,maje/y 0 graci\sly pleas$ to       
approve (     x1 & ) 8 usual lib]ality  
to support x ) 8 royal     b\nty4       
,9 consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t ,i began 
to con/ruct !     =ty-foot telescope    
ab\t ! latt] end ( #aghe4cc ,! woodwork 
( ! /& & ma*9es = giv+ ! requir$ motions
 to !     in/rum5t 7 imm$iately put 9   
h&4 ,9 ! :ole ( !     app>atus none b   
common workm5 7 employ$1 = ,i made      
draw+s     ( e "p ( x1 by :i* x 0 easy  
to execute ! "w1 z ,i     con/antly     
inspect$ & direct$ e p]son's labor2 ?\gh
     sometimes !re 7 n less ?an =ty     

diff]5t workm5 employ$     at ! same "t4
 ,:ile ! /& ( ! telescope 0 prep>+1 ,i  
also began ! con/ruction ( ! great      
mirror1 ( :i* ,i     inspect$ ! ca/+1   
gr9d+1 & poli%+1 & ! "w 0 9     ?is     
mann] c>ri$ on ) no o!r int]ruption ?an 
t     occasion$ by ! removal ( all !    
app>atus & mat]ials f     :]e ,i !n     
liv$1 to my pres5t situation at ,sl\gh4 
,"h1 soon aft] my arrival1 ,i began to  
lay ! f\ndation ^u     :i* by degrees ! 
:ole /ructure 0 rais$ z x n[ /&s1     & 
! speculum be+ highly poli%$ & put into 
! tube1 ,i _h     ! fir/ view ?r\gh x on
 ,febru>y #ai1 #aghg4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1    
date ! complet+ ( ! in/rum5t till mu*   
lat]4 ,= ! fir/     speculum1 by a      
mismanagem5t ( ! p]son :o ca/ x1 came   
out     ?9n] on ! c5tre ( ! back ?an 0  
int5d$1 & on acc\nt     ( its weakness  
w\ld n p]mit a good figure to be giv5 to
 x4      ,a second mirror 0 ca/ ,janu>y 
#bf1 #aghh1 b x crack$ 9     cool+4     
,febru>y #af we reca/ x1 & x prov$ to be
 ( a prop]     degree ( /r5g?4 ,octob]  

#bd x 0 br\ght to a pretty good         
figure & poli%1 & ,i obs]v$ ! planet    
,saturn ) x4 ,b     n be+ satisfi$1 ,i  
cont9u$ to "w ^u x till ,augu/ #bg1     
#aghi1 :5 x 0 tri$ ^u ! fix$ />s1 & ,i  
f\nd x to give     a pretty %>p image4  
,l>ge />s 7 a little affect$ )          
scatt]$ light1 ow+ to _m rema9+ scrat*es
 on ! mirror4     ,augu/ ! #bh?1 #aghi1 
hav+ br\ght ! telescope to ! p>allel    
( ,saturn1 ,i discov]$ a six? satellite 
( t planet1 &     also saw ! spots ^u   
,saturn bett] ?an ,i _h ev] se5 !m      
be=e1 s t ,i may date ! f9i%+ ( !       
=ty-foot telescope     f t "t4  ,ano!r  
satellite ( ,saturn 0 discov]$ ) !      
=ty-foot on ! #ag? ( ,septemb] 7#aghi74 
,x 0 us$ = v>i\s obs]vations s late z   
#ahaa4 ,on ,janu>y #ai1 ( t ye>1        
,,h]s*el obs]v$ ! nebula ( ,orion ) x4  
,?is 0 "o ( 8 la/ obs]vations4  ,! f9al 
disposition ( ! telescope is told 9 !   
foll[+ extract f a lett] ( ,sir ,,john  
,,h]s*el',s to ,mr4 ,,weld1 ,secret>y ( 
! ,royal ,society3                      

,,coll+wood1 ,m>* #ac1 #ahdg4      4 4 4
 ,9 reply to y\r qu]ies1 respect+ !     
=ty-foot     reflect+ telescope         
con/ruct$ by my fa!r1 ,i h to /ate t    
,k+ ,,george ,,iii4 munific5tly defray$ 
! entire co/ ( t     in/rum5t 7includ+1 
( c\rse1 all prep>atory co/ 9 ! nature  
( con/ruction ( tools1 & ( ! app>atus = 
ca/+1 gr9d+1     & figur+ ! reflectors1 
( :i* two 7 con/ruct$71 at a     total  
co/ ( #d1jjj4 ,! woodwork ( ! telescope 
be+ s f>     decay$ z to be dang]\s1 9 !
 ye> #ahci ,i pull$ x d[n1 &     pi]s 7 
erect$ on :i* ! tube 0 plac$1 t be+ (   
iron & s well pres]v$1 t1 al?\gh n m ?an
     "o-tw5tie? ( an in* ?ick1 :5 9 !   
horizontal position x     su/a9$ )9 x   
all my family1 & cont9ues to su/a9      
inclos$     )9 x1 to ?is day1 n only !  
heavi] ( ! two reflectors1     b also   
all ! m important portions ( ! ma*9]y4 4
 4 4     ,! mirror & ! re/ ( ! poli%+   
app>atus are on !     premises4 ,! iron 
gr9d+ tools & poli%]s are plac$         
und]nea? ! tube1 let into ! gr\nd1 &    

level ) ! surface     ( ! gravell$ area 
9 :i* x /&s44 4 4  ,! clos+ ( ! tube 0  
done ) appropriate c]emony on           
,new-,ye>'s-,day1 #ahdj1 :51 aft] a     
procession ?r\gh x by ! family at       
,sl\gh1 a poem1 writt5 by ,sir ,,john1 0
 read1 ! ma*9]y put into its pres5t     
position1 & ! tube seal$4  ,! memoir on 
! =ty-foot telescope %[s ?r\gh\t t      
,,h]s*el',s prime object 0 n ! mak+ ( ! 
telescope itself1 b t 8 m9d 0 con/antly 
direct$ t[>ds ! uses to :i* x 0 to be   
put--t[>ds ! que/ions :i* he wi%$ x to  
answ]4  ,aga9 & aga91 9 8 v>i\s pap]s1  
he returns to ! "q ( ! limit ( vision4  
,z ,,bessel has said3      ,! nak$ eye  
has its limit ( vision 9 ! />s ( ! six? 
magnitude4 ,! light ( fa9t] />s ?an ^!  
does n affect !     ret9a en\gh = !m to 
be se54 ,a v small telescope p5etrates  
to small]1 &1 9 g5]al1 )\t d\bt1 to m   
di/ant />s4     ,a m p[]ful "o p5etrates
 deep] into space1 & z its p[] is       
increas$1 s ! b\nd>ies ( ! visible      
univ]se are wid5$1     & ! numb] ( />s  

increas$ to millions & millions4 ,:oev] 
has foll[$ ! hi/ory ( ! s]ies (         
,,h]s*el',s telescopes w     h obs]v$   
?is4 ,b ,,h]s*el 0 n cont5t ) ! b>e     
fact1     b /rove ev] to "k h[ f> a     
telescope ( a c]ta9     con/ruction &   
size c\ld p5etrate1 comp>$ ) ! nak$ &   
unassi/$ eye4 ,^! inve/igations 7 nev] =
 ! discov]y (     new facts conc]n+ !   
work+ ( 8 in/rum5ts2 x 0 = !     k ( !  
di/ribution ( ! fix$ />s 9 space itself 
t he /rove4 4 4 4 ,,h]s*el',s in/rum5ts 
7 design$ to aid     vision to ! la/    
ext5t4 ,!y 7 only second>ily = ! tak+   
( measures4 ,8 ef=ts 7 n = a k ( !      
motions1     b ( ! con/itution &        
con/ruction ( ! heav5ly     bodies4     
,besides ! /&s = 8 telescopes1 :i* 7 bo?
 +5i\s & conv5i5t1 ,,h]s*el devis$ _m   
=ms ( app>atus = facilitat+ ! art (     
obs]vation4 ,8 micromet]s = measur+     
position angles1 8 lamp micromet]1 !    
me?od ( limit+ ap]tures1 & ! me?ods he  
us$ = view+ ! sun may be m5tion$ among  
^!4  ,po9ts 9 practical a/ronomy are    

consid]$ all ?r\gh ! ye>s ( obs]vation4 
,a ref]5ce to 8 orig9al pap]s w %[ h[   
num]\s1 h[ v>i$1 & h[ valuable ^! are4  
,i _c =be> quot+ "h ! acc\nt ( a        
precaution obs]v$ dur+ 8 exam9ation ( ! 
belts on ,saturn 7#agid74  ,x is ! mo/  
/rik+ example ( h[ fully ,,h]s*el       
realiz$ t ! eye ( ! obs]v] is a mat]ial 
"p ( ! optical app>atus ( a/ronomy4     
,simple z ?is pr9ciple may appe>1 x 0 an
 absolute novelty 9 8 day4  ,9 mak+ ^!  
obs]vations1 he says3      ,i took c>e  
to b5d my head s z to receive ! picture 
( !     belt 9 ! same direction z ,i did
 =m]ly4 ,?is 0 a precaution     t       
occurr$ to me1 z !re 0 a possibility t !
 v]tical     diamet] ( ! ret9a might be 
m or less s5sitive ?an !     horizontal 
"o4  ,a/ronom]s w recognize 9 ?is ! fir/
 sugge/ion ( ! processes :i* h l$ to    
important results 9 ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,,otto 
,,/ruve & o!rs 9 ! comp>ison ( !        
measures ( d\ble />s by diff]5t obs]v]s1
 ea* ( :om has a p]sonal habit (        
obs]vation1 :i*1 if n correct$1 may     

affect 8 results 9 ! way :i* ,,h]s*el 0 
/riv+ to avoid4              ,rese>*es  
on ! ,relative ,brightness ( !          
,/>s3 ,v>iable ,/>s4  ,no rese>* (      
,,h]s*el',s 0 m labori\s ?an ! elaborate
 classification ( ! />s accord+ to _!   
comp>ative brightness1 :i* he execut$   
dur+ ! ye>s #agif to #agii4 ,x 0        
directly 9 ! l9e ( 8 ma9 "w--to f9d out 
! con/ruction ( ! heav5s4  ,8 fir/ pap] 
_h be5 ^u ! v>iable /> ,mira ,ceti4 ,"h 
0 a sun1 %9+ by its native brightness1  
:i* wax$ & wan$ l ! moon itself4 ,?is />
 is p]iodic4 ,x is = a long p]iod       
invisible to ! unassi/$ eye4 ,!n x c j  
be se51 & increases 9 brightness = a    
little ov] a mon?1 & atta9s a maximum   
brilliancy4 ,f ?is x decreases = ne>ly  
?ree mon?s1 & aft] becom+ invisible1    
rema9s s = five or six mon?s4 ,its :ole 
p]iod is ab\t #ccc days4 ,are all o!r   
/>s con/ant 9 brightness8 ,! example (  
,mira ,ceti & ( o!r kn[n v>iables makes 
?is at lea/ d\btful4 ,b ! sun itself may
 v>y = all t we "k4 ,x is a simple /> l 

! re/4  ,?is "q ( v>iability 9 g5]al is 
an important "o1 !n4 ,x c only be te/$  
by mak+ accurate catalogues ( ! relative
 brilliance ( />s at v>i\s times1 & by  
comp>+ ^!4 ,no su* g5]al catalogue exi/$
 be=e ,,h]s*el',s "t1 & l$ by !         
discrepancies 9 isolat$ cases1 :i* he   
f\nd betwe5 8 own e/imates & ^? ( 8     
pr$ecessors1 he made f obs]vation a     
s]ies ( f\r catalogues1 9 :i* 7 set d[n 
! ord] ( sequ5ce ( ! />s ( ea*          
con/ellation4  ,! me?od adopt$ by       
,,h]s*el 0 p]fectly simple 9 pr9ciple1  
?\gh mo/ labori\s 9 practice4 ,suppose  
any numb] ( />s1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 4 4
 4 etc41 ne> en\gh to ea* o!r to be well
 comp>$4 ,! process consi/s simply 9    
writ+ d[n ! names ( ! />s1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1  
etc41 9 ! ord] ( _! relative brightness4
 ,?us if = a gr\p ( eight />s we h f\nd 
at "o epo* ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1  
,h1 & if at ano!r "t ! ord] 0 ,a1 ,b1   
,c1 ,d1 ,f1 ,e1 ,g1 ,h1 symptoms (      
v>iability are po9t$ out4 ,repeat$      
obs]vations1 :]e ! same /> is f\nd 9    

diff]5t sequ5ces1 w decide ! "q4 ,?us1 =
 ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye1 we "k     
exactly ! /ate ( ! sky 9 ,,h]s*el',s    
day1 n[ ne>ly a c5tury ago4 ,any mat]ial
 *ange _c escape u4 ,^! catalogues h be5
 s+ul>ly ov]look$ by ! obs]v]s ( our    
g5]ation :o h foll[$ ?is bran* (        
obs]vation1 & x 0 n till #ahgf t !y     
receiv$ prop] att5tion & a suitable     
r$uction 7at ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4       
,,pi]ce74  ,we owe to ,,h]s*el ! fir/   
tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ! />s visible to !   
nak$ eye1 & s9ce ! date ( 8 labors 7ab\t
 #ahjj7 we h simil> views publi%$ by    
,,argel&] 7#ahci71 ,,heis 7#ahdh71      
,,argel&] & ,,s*,,nfeld 7#aheg71 ,,g\ld 
7#ahfj & #ahgb71 & ,,h\zeau 7#ahge74    
,?us 8 labors h be5 well foll[$ up4  ,9 
! prosecution ( ?is "w ,,h]s*el f\nd />s
 ^: light 0 progressively dim9i%+1 o!rs 
:i* regul>ly increas$1 "o /> ^: light   
p]iodically v>ies 7alpha ,h]culis71 & at
 lea/ "o /> 7#ee ,h]culis7 :i* has      
utt]ly disappe>$4 ,on ,octob] #aj1      
#agha1 & ,april #aa1 #aghb1 he obs]v$   

?is latt] />1 b 9 ,may1 #agia1 x _h     
totally vani%$4 ,!re 0 no trace rema9+4 
,! discov]y ( ! v>iability ( alpha      
,h]culis 0 a m important "o ?an w\ld at 
fir/ sight appe>4 ,up to t "t ! only    
v>iable />s kn[n 7 sev5 9 numb]4 ,_!    
p]iods 7 f\r hundr$ & n9ety-f\r1 f\r    
hundr$ & f\r1 ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-f\r1  
sev51 six1 five1 & ?ree days4 ,^! p]iods
 seem$ to fall into two gr\ps1 "o ( f   
?ree hundr$ to five hundr$ days1 ! o!r  
comp>atively mu* %ort]1 ( ?ree to sev5  
days4 alpha ,h]culis came to occupy !   
middle place betwe5 ^! gr\ps1 its p]iod 
be+ ab\t sixty days4  ,! cause ( ^!     
/range & regul> v>iations ( brightness 0
 suppos$ by ,,h]s*el to be ! rotation ( 
! /> bodily on an axis1 by :i*          
revolution diff]5t p>ts ( its surface1 (
 diff]5t brilliancy1 7 successively &   
p]iodically pres5t$ to u4 ,?is          
explanation x might h be5 difficult to  
receive1 :5 ! p]iods ( ! kn[n v>iables 7
 s m>k$ly v>i\s 9 l5g?4 ,8 own discov]y 
came to bridge ov] ! int]val1 & q       

confirm$ him 9 8 belief4 ,he return$ to 
! subject ( ! revolution ( />s ab\t _!  
axes aga9 & aga91 & connect$ x ) !      
revolution ( satellites4  ,he f\nd t !  
satellites ( ,jupit] & "o ( ,saturn's   
p]iodically *ang$ 9 brightness1 & by q  
simple means %[$ t _! p]iods ( rotation 
7 at lea/ approximately ! same z _!     
p]iods ( revolution ab\t _! prim>ies4 ,9
 ?is case1 z 9 e o!r1 he consid]$ a     
discov]y 9 ea* & e "o ( its possible    
be>+s4 ,!re are no in/ances :]e he has  
s+ul>ly ov]look$ ! consequ5ces ( 8      
obs]vations4                            
,rese>*es on ,d\ble ,/>s4  ,! d\ble />s 
7 ! subject ( ,,h]s*el',s e>lie/ & ( 8  
late/ pap]s4 ,9 #aghb he publi%$ 8      
,catalogue ( ,d\ble ,/>s1 & 8 la/       
publi%$ memoir 7#ahbb7 0 on ! same      
subject4  ,! "q ( det]m9+ ! p>allax (   
/>s fir/ br\ght ,,h]s*el to ! discov]y (
 d\ble />s4 ,if two />s1 ,a & ,b1 appe> 
v close toge!r1 & if1 9 reality1 ! /> ,b
 is v _m times m di/ant f ! e>? ?an ,a1 
al?\gh se5 along ! same l9e ( sight1 !n 

! revolution ( ! e>? 9 its orbit w      
produce *anges 9 ! relative situation ( 
,a & ,b1 &1 9 fact1 ,b w describe a     
small orbit ab\t ,a1 due to ?is         
revolution4 ,?is idea _h be5 propos$ by 
,,galileo1 & measures on ?is plan _h be5
 made by ,,long1 ) negative results4 ,b 
,,h]s*el1 9 review+ _! "w1 decl>es t !  
/>s *os5 by ,,long 7 n suitable to !    
purpose4 ,x is necess>y1 among o!r ?+s1 
to ! success ( ?is me?od1 t x %\ld be   
c]ta9 t ! /> ,b is really v mu* m di/ant
 ?an ! /> ,a4 ,! only g5]al te/ ( !     
di/ance ( />s is _! brilliancy1 &       
,,h]s*el decid$ to use only />s = ?is   
rese>* :i* _h two compon5ts v greatly   
diff]5t 9 brightness4 ,a mu/ be v bright
 7& presumably ne> to u71 & ,b mu/ be v 
close to ,a1 & v fa9t 7& ?us1           
presumably1 v di/ant74  ,x 0 9 ! se>* = 
su* pairs ( />s t ! ,catalogue ( ,d\ble 
,/>s 7#aghb7 0 =m$4 ,,h]s*el',s fir/    
idea ( a d\ble /> made su* pairs z he   
f\nd1 to consi/ ( two />s accid5tally   
ne> to ea* o!r4 ,a 0 ne> to u1 & appe>$ 

project$ 9 a c]ta9 place on ! cele/ial  
sph]e4 ,b 0 _m times m di/ant1 b1 by    
*ance1 0 se5 along ! same l9e1 & made ) 
,a an optical d\ble4 ,if ! two />s 7 at 
! same di/ance f ! e>?1 if !y made "p ( 
! same physical sy/em1 if "o revolv$    
ar\nd ! o!r1 !n ?is me?od ( ga9+ a k (  
_! di/ance fail$4 ,ev5 9 8 fir/ memoir  
on ! subject1 a surmise t ?is latt] /ate
 might occur 9 "s cases1 0 express$ by  
,,h]s*el4 ,! notes on "s ( ! pairs      
decl>e t a motion ( "o ( !m 0 suspect$4 
,b ?is motion might be truly orbital--( 
"o /> ab\t ! o!r z a c5tre--or x might  
simply be t "o /> 0 mov+ by its own     
prop] motion1 & leav+ ! o!r beh9d4 ,x 0 
be/ to wait & see4 ,! fir/ ,catalogue ( 
,d\ble ,/>s conta9$ two hundr$ & ?ree   
in/ances ( su* associations4 ,^! 7      
obs]v$ f "t to "t1 & new pairs discov]$4
 ,! pap] ( ,,mi*ell1 ,an ,inquiry into !
 probable ,p>allax & ,magnitude ( !     
,fix$ ,/>s1 f ! ,quantity ( ,light :i*  
!y ,af=d1 & ! ,p>ticul> ,circum/ances ( 
_! ,situation 7#agfg71 0 read & pond]$4 

,by #ahjb ,,h]s*el _h become c]ta9 t !re
 exi/$ 9 ! heav5s real pairs ( />s1 bo? 
at ! same di/ance f ! e>?1 :i* 7        
physically connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,!       
argum5ts ( ,,mi*ell h be5 appli$ by     
,,bessel to ! case ( "o ( ,,h]s*el',s   
d\ble />s1 9 mu* ! same ord] 9 :i* !    
argum5t ran 9 ,,h]s*el',s own m9d1 z    
foll[s3  ,! /> ,ca/or 7alpha ,gem9orum7 
is a d\ble />1 :]e ,a is ( ! second1 &  
,b ( ! f\r?1 magnitude4 ,to ! nak$ eye  
^! two appe> z "o />4 ,) a telescope ?is
 is se5 to be two />s1 "s #e ap>t4 ,9 ! 
:ole sky !re are n above fifty su* />s z
 ! bright] ( ! two1 & ab\t f\r hundr$ ( 
! brilliancy ( ,b4 ,^! fifty & f\r      
hundr$ />s are scatt]$ ov] ! vault (    
heav51 almo/ at r&om4 ,no law has yet   
be5 trac$ by :i* we c say t "h or "h !re
 %all be a bright /> l ,a1 or a fa9t] "o
 l ,b4 ,9 g5]al ! di/ribution appe>s to 
be =tuit\s4 ,h[ !n c we acc\nt = "o ( ! 
f\r hundr$ />s l ,b plac$ s close to "o 
( ! fifty l ,a8  ,! *ances are ov] f\r  
hundr$ ?\s& to "o t ! association 9     

position is n accid5tal4 ,?is argum5t   
becomes ov]:elm+ :5 ! same association  
is f\nd 9 _m o!r cases4 ,!re 7 two      
hundr$ & ?ree d\bles 9 ! ,catalogue (   
#aghb alone1 & _m ?\s&s are n[ kn[n4    
,by a process l ?is1 ,,h]s*el rea*$ 8   
gr& discov]y ( true b9>y sy/ems1 :]e "o 
sun revolves ab\t ano!r4 ,= he saw t if 
! two />s are ne> toge!r 9 space1 !y    
c\ld n /& /ill 9 face ( ea* o!r1 b t !y 
mu/ revolve 9 true orbits4 ,"h 0 !      
discov]y :i* came to take ! place ( !   
detection ( ! p>allaxes ( ! fix$ />s4   
,he _h fail$ 9 "o rese>*1 b he 0 l$ to  
gr& conclusions4 ,0 ! =ce t ^! di/ant   
pairs ( suns obey$1 ! =ce ( gravitation8
 ,?is he c\ld n settle1 b 8 successors h
 done s4 ,x 0 n till ab\t #ahbg t       
,,sav>y1 ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 %[$ t "o
 ( ,,h]s*el',s d\bles 0 subject$ to !   
law ( gravitation1 & ?us ext5d$ ! p[] ( 
?is law f our sy/em to ! univ]se at     
l>ge4 ,,h]s*el himself liv$ to see "s ( 
8 d\ble />s p]=m half a revolution4  ,( 
,,h]s*el',s discov]ies1 ,,arago ?9ks ?is

 has le plus d'av5ir4 ,x may well be s4 
,! laws :i* gov]n our sol> sy/em h be5  
ext5d$1 ?r\gh 8 rese>*es1 to regions (  
unkn[n di/ance4 ,! b9>y />s w af=d !    
l>ge/ field = rese>* into ! laws :i*    
gov]n !m1 & toge!r ) ! clu/]s & gr\ps1  
!y w give a firm basis by :i* to /udy ! 
di/ribution ( />s 9 g5]al1 s9ce "h we h 
! great advantage ( kn[+1 if n ! real   
di/ance ( ! two />s f ! e>?1 at lea/ t  
?is di/ance is alike = bo?4             
,rese>*es on ,planets & ,satellites4    
,aft] ,,h]s*el',s fir/ publication on ! 
m\nta9s ( ! ,moon 7#aghj71 our satellite
 appe>s to h occupi$ him b little4 ,!   
obs]vation ( volcanoes 7#aghg7 & ( a    
lun> eclipse are 8 only publi%$ ones4 ,!
 planets ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 &        
,jupit]1 al?\gh !y 7 (t5 /udi$1 7 n !   
subjects ( 8 m important memoirs4 ,!    
planet ,saturn1 on ! contr>y1 seems nev]
 to h be5 lo/ sight ( f ! "t ( 8 fir/   
view ( x 9 #aggb4  ,! field ( discov]y  
always appe>s to be completely occupi$  
until ! adv5t ( a great man1 :o1 ev5 by 

8 way ( putt+ old & famili> facts1 %[s !
 pa?s along :i* discov]ies mu/ come1 if 
at all4 ,?is faculty comes f pr(\nd     
reflection on ! nature ( ! subject      
itself1 f a sort ( transmut+ p[] :i*    
*anges ! words ( ! books into ! ?+s (   
reality4 ,,h]s*el',s pap] on ,saturn1 9 
#agij1 is an admirable example ( ?is4   
,,h]s*el',s obs]vations on ,saturn began
 9 #aggb4 ,f #agij to #ahjh he publi%$  
six memoirs on ! figure1 ! r+1 & !      
satellites ( ?is planet4 ,! sph]oidal   
%ape ( ! ball 0 fir/ discov]$ by him1 & 
we owe mu* ( our c]ta9 k ( ! con/itution
 ( ! r+s to 8 "w4 ,! six? & sev5?       
satellites1 ,mimas & ,enceladus1 7      
discov]$ by him 9 #aghi4 ,! p]iods (    
rotation ( ! ball & ( ! r+ 7 also fix$4 
,9 8 conclusions z to ! real figure ( ! 
r+s1 !re is a degree ( sci5tific caution
 :i* is truly rem>kable1 & :i* to-day   
seems almo/ excessive4  ,9 8 pap] (     
#agib1 ,,h]s*el %[s t ! mo/ di/ant      
satellite ( ,saturn--,japetus--turns    
once on its axis 9 ea* revolution ab\t  

its prim>y1 j z our moon does4 ,he says 
( ?is3      ,i _c help reflect+ ) "s    
pleasure on ! discov]y ( an     analogy 
:i* %[s t a c]ta9 uni=m plan is c>ri$ on
 among     ! second>y planets ( our sol>
 sy/em2 & we may conjecture     t       
probably mo/ ( ! satellites are gov]n$  
by ! same law2     especially if x be   
f\nd$ on su* a con/ruction ( _! figure  
z makes !m m pond]\s t[>ds _! prim>y    
planets4  ,i believe ! la/ sugge/ion to 
h be5 ! fir/ /atem5t ( ! possible       
arrangem5t ( matt] 9 satellites1 :i* 0  
aft]w>ds s =cibly ma9ta9$ by ,,hans5 9 8
 !ory ( ! moon4 ,,hans5',s rese>*es %[ !
 consequ5ces ( su* an arrangem5t1 al?\gh
 !y d n prove its exi/5ce4  ,x %\ld be  
record$ t ! explanation :i* is to-day   
receiv$ ( ! belts & b&s ^u ,jupit]1 is1 
,i believe1 fir/ f\nd 9 ,,h]s*el',s     
memoir on ,v5us 7#agic74 ,8 memoir (    
#agig1 on ! *angeable brightness ( !    
satellites ( ,jupit]1 has already be5   
ref]r$ to4 ,! times ( ! rotation ( !    
satellites on _! axes 0 fir/ det]m9$ by 

,,h]s*el f ^! obs]vations1 :i* also     
conta9 acc\nts ( ! curi\s1 & z yet      
unexpla9$1 ph5om5a att5d+ _! appe>ances 
on ! disc ( ! planet4  ,,h]s*el discov]$
 9 ,janu>y1 #aghg1 ! two bright]        
satellites ( ,uranus1 n[ call$ ,ob]on & 
,titania4 ,!y are among ! fa9te/ objects
 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,a lat] discussion (   
all 8 obs]vations l$ him to ! belief t  
!re 7 f\r m1 & he gives 8 obs]vations & 
computations 9 full4 ,he says t ( !     
exi/5ce ( additional satellites he has  
no d\bt4 ,( ^! f\r1 ?ree 7 ext]ior to ! 
mo/ di/ant satellite ,ob]on1 ! o!r 0    
int]ior to ,titania4  ,x 0 n until #ahcd
 t ev5 ,ob]on & ,titania 7 aga9 obs]v$  
7by ,sir ,,john ,,h]s*el7 ) a telescope 
( tw5ty feet1 simil> to t :i* _h        
discov]$ !m1 & n until #ahdg 0 ! true   
/ate ( ?is sy/em kn[n1 :5 ,mr4 ,,lassell
 discov]$ ,ariel & ,umbriel1 two        
satellites int]ior to ,titania1 nei!r ( 
:i* 0 ,,h]s*el',s int]ior satellite4 ,9 
#ahdh & lat] ye>s ,mr4 ,,lassell1 by !  
aid ( telescopes con/ruct$ by himself1  

fully settl$ ! fact t only f\r          
satellites ( ?is planet exi/$4 ,9 #ahgd 
,i exam9$ ! obs]vations ( ,,h]s*el on 8 
suppos$ int]ior satellite1 ?9k+ t x     
might be possible t among ! v few       
glimpses ( x :i* he record$1 "s might h 
belong$ to ,ariel & "s to ,umbriel1 & t 
by comb9+ r>e & almo/ accid5tal         
obs]vations ( two satellites :i* really 
exi/$1 he _h come to ann\nce ! exi/5ce (
 an int]ior satellite :i* _h no exi/5ce 
9 fact4 ,su* ,i believe to be ! case4 ,9
 #ahja1 ,april #ag1 ,,h]s*el describes  
an int]ior satellite 9 ! position angle 
#ahi1 di/ant #ah f ! planet4 ,at t      
in/ant ,umbriel1 "o ( ,mr4 ,,lassell',s 
satellites1 0 9 ! position #aia1 &      
di/ant #ba f ,uranus1 9 ! mo/ favorable 
position = see+ x4 ,! obs]vation (      
#agid1 ,m>* #bg1 may belong to ,ariel4  
,at ! be/ ! inve/igation is ( pass+     
int]e/ only1 & has no?+ to d ) ! "q ( ! 
discov]y ( ! satellites4 ,,h]s*el       
discov]$ ! two bright] ones1 & x 0 only 
sixty ye>s lat] t !y 7 prop]ly re-obs]v$

 by ,mr4 ,,lassell1 :o has ! great honor
 ( hav+ add$ z _m m1 & :o fir/ settl$ ! 
vex$ "q ( satellites ext]ior to ,ob]on1 
& ?is ) a reflect+ telescope made by    
himself1 :i* is unequall$ by any o!r (  
its dim5sions4                          
,rese>*es on ! ,nature ( ! ,sun4  ,9 !  
introduction to 8 pap] on ! ,nature &   
,con/ruction ( ! ,sun & ,fix$ ,/>s      
7#agie71 ,,h]s*el rec\nts :at 0 kn[n ( !
 nature ( ! sun at t "t4 ,,newton _h %[n
 t x 0 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em2 ,,galileo & 8 
successors _h det]m9$ its rotation1 !   
place ( its equator1 its real diamet]1  
magnitude1 d5sity1 di/ance1 & ! =ce (   
gravity on its surface4 ,he says3       
,i %\ld n wond] if1 consid]+ all ?is1 we
 7 induc$ to     ?9k t no?+ rema9$ to be
 add$2 & yet we are /ill v     ignorant 
9 reg>d to ! int]nal con/ruction ( !    
sun4 ,!     spots h be5 suppos$ to be   
solid bodies1 ! smoke (     volcanoes1 !
 scum float+ on an ocean ( fluid matt]1 
cl\ds1     opaque masses1 & to be _m o!r
 ?+s4 ,! sun itself has     be5 call$ a 

globe ( fire1 ?\gh1 p]haps1             
metaphorically4 ,x     is "t n[ to pr(it
 by ! obs]vations we are 9 possession (4
     ,i h avail$ myself ( ! labors (    
prec$+ a/ronom]s1 b     h be5 induc$    
!reto by my own actual obs]vation ( !   
sol>     ph5om5a4  ,,h]s*el !n ref]s to 
! !ories advanc$ by 8 fri5d1 ,pr(4      
,,wilson1 ( ,glasg[1 9 #aggd4 ,,wilson  
ma9ta9$ t ! spots 7 depressions bel[ !  
sun's atmosph]e1 va/ holl[s z x 71 at ! 
bases ( :i* ! true surface ( ! sun c\ld 
be se54  ,! ess5ce ( 8 !ory 0 ! exi/5ce 
( two diff]5t k9ds ( matt] 9 ! sun3 "o  
solid & non-lum9\s--! nucleus--! o!r    
gase\s & inc&esc5t--! atmosph]e4 ,vacant
 places 9 ! atmosph]e1 h[ev] caus$1 w\ld
 %[ ! black surface ( ! solid mass bel[4
 ,^! 7 ! spots4 ,no explanation c\ld be 
giv5 ( ! facul1 bright /reaks1 :i* appe>
 on ! sun's surface f "t to "t2 b 8 !ory
 acc\nt$ = ! exi/5ce ( ! black nuclei ( 
! spots1 & = ! exi/5ce ( ! p5umbr ab\t  
^!4 ,! p5umbra ( a spot 0 =m$ by ! ?9n] 
p>ts ( ! atmosph]e ab\t ! vacancy :i*   

surr\nd$ ! nucleus4  ,?is !ory (        
,,wilson',s 0 adopt$ by ,,h]s*el z a    
basis = 8 own1 & he br\ght num]\s       
obs]vations to confirm x1 9 ! modifi$   
%ape :i* he gave to x4  ,accord+ to     
,,h]s*el1 ! sun consi/$ ( ?ree          
ess5tially diff]5t p>ts4 ,fir/1 !re 0 a 
solid nucleus1 non-lum9\s1 cool1 & ev5  
capable ( be+ inhabit$4 ,second1 above  
?is 0 an atmosph]e prop]2 &1 la/ly1     
outside ( ?is 0 a lay] 9 :i* float$ !   
cl\ds1 or bodies :i* gave to ! sol>     
surface its int5se brilliancy3          
,accord+ to my !ory1 a d>k spot 9 ! sun 
is a place 9 its     atmosph]e :i*      
happ5s to be free f lum9\s              
decompositions     above x4  ,! two     
atmosph]ic lay]s1 :i* w be ( v>y+       
?ickness ab\t a spot1 w acc\nt = all !  
%ades ( d>kness se5 9 ! p5umbra4 ,asc5d+
 curr5ts f ! sol> surface w elevate     
c]ta9 regions1 & may increase ! sol>    
activity ne> by1 & w ?us give rise to   
facul1 :i* ,,h]s*el %[s to be elevat$   
above ! g5]al surface4 ,x w n be        

necess>y to give a fur!r acc\nt ( ?is   
!ory4 ,! data 9 ! possession ( ! mod]n  
!ori/ is a ?\s&-fold t to be d]iv$ f    
,,h]s*el',s obs]vations1 &1 :ile !      
subject ( ! int]nal con/ruction ( ! sun 
is to-day unsettl$1 we "k t _m          
important1 ev5 fundam5tal1 portions ( 8 
!ory are unt5able4 ,a rem>k ( 8 %\ld be 
record$1 h[ev]1 z x has play$ a great "p
 9 su* !ories3      ,t ! emission (     
light mu/ wa/e ! sun1 is n a difficulty 
t c be oppos$ to our hypo!sis4 ,_m ( !  
op]ations (     ,nature are c>ri$ on 9  
h] great laboratory :i* we _c           
compreh5d4 ,p]haps ! _m telescopic      
comets may re/ore to !     sun :at is   
lo/ by ! emission ( light4  ,argum5ts 9 
favor ( ! habitability ( bo? sun & moon 
are conta9$ 9 ?is pap]2 b !y re/ m on a 
metaphysical ?an a sci5tific basis1 &   
are to-day ju/ly =gott54                
,rese>*es on ! ,motion ( ! ,sun & (     
! ,sol> ,sy/em 9 ,space4  ,9 #aghb      
,,h]s*el writes1 9 reg>d to "s ( 8      
discov]ies ( d\ble />s3      ,^! may    

s]ve ano!r v important end4 ,i w j      
m5tion x1     ?\gh x is =eign to my     
pres5t purpose4 ,sev]al />s ( !     fir/
 magnitude h be5 obs]v$ or suspect$ to h
 a prop]     motion2 h5ce we may surmise
 t our sun1 ) all its planets &         
comets1 may also h a motion t[>ds "s    
p>ticul> po9t ( !     heav5s4 4 4 4 ,if 
?is surmise %\ld h any f\ndation1 x w %[
     itself 9 a s]ies ( "s ye>s 9 a k9d 
( sy/ematical p>allax1     or *ange1 due
 to ! motion ( ! :ole sol> sy/em4  ,9   
#aghc he publi%$ 8 pap] ,on ! ,prop]    
,motion ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 :i* conta9$ ! 
pro(s ( 8 surmises ( a ye> be=e4 ,t     
c]ta9 ( ! />s _h 9 fact a prop] motion  
_h be5 well e/abli%$ by ! a/ronom]s ( ! 
eighte5? c5tury4 ,aft] all all[ances _h 
be5 made = ! effects ( precession & o!r 
displacem5ts ( a />'s position :i* 7    
produc$ by motions ( ! e>?1 x 0 f\nd t  
!re 7 /ill small out/&+ diff]5ces :i*   
mu/ be due to ! motion ( ! />           
itself--its prop] motion4 ,! quantity ( 
?is motion 0 n well kn[n = any /> :5    

,,h]s*el',s rese>*es began4 ,be=e !y 7  
conclud$1 h[ev]1 ,,maskelyne _h d$uc$ ! 
prop] motions ( ?irty-six />s--!        
fundam5tal />s1 s call$--:i* includ$ 9  
_! numb] ,sirius1 ,procyon1 ,arcturus1 &
 g5]ally ! brighte/ />s4  ,x is  priori 
evid5t t />s1 9 g5]al1 mu/ h prop]      
motions1 :5 once we admit ! univ]sality 
( gravitation4 ,t any fix$ /> %\ld be   
entirely at re/ w\ld require t !        
attractions on all sides ( x %\ld be    
exactly balanc$4 ,any *ange 9 ! position
 ( ?is /> w\ld break up ?is balance1 &  
?us1 9 g5]al1 x foll[s t />s mu/ be 9   
motion1 s9ce all ( !m _c occupy su* a   
critical position z has to be assum$4   
,if b "o fix$ /> is 9 motion1 ?is       
affects all ! re/1 & we _c d\bt b t e   
/>1 our sun includ$1 is 9 motion by an  
am\nt :i* v>ies f small to great4 ,if ! 
sun alone _h a motion1 & ! o!r />s 7 at 
re/1 ! consequ5ce ( ?is w\ld be t all ! 
fix$ />s w\ld appe> to be retreat+ en   
masse f t po9t 9 ! sky t[>ds :i* we 7   
mov+4 ,^? ne>e/ u w\ld move m rapidly1  

^? m di/ant less s4 ,& 9 ! same way1 !  
/>s f :i* ! sol> sy/em 0 rec$+ w\ld seem
 to be approa*+ ea* o!r4 ,if ! />s1     
in/ead ( be+ q at re/1 z j suppos$1 _h  
motions prop] to !mselves1 !n we %\ld h 
a d\ble complexity4 ,!y w\ld /ill appe> 
to an obs]v] 9 ! sol> sy/em to h        
motions1 & "p ( ^! motions w\ld be truly
 prop] to ! />s1 & "p w\ld be due to !  
advance ( ! sun itself 9 space4         
,obs]vations c %[ u only ! resultant (  
^! two motions4 ,x is = reason+ to      
sep>ate ?is resultant into its two      
compon5ts4 ,at fir/ ! "q is to det]m9e  
:e!r ! results ( obs]vation indicate any
 sol> motion at all4 ,if !re is none1 ! 
prop] motions ( />s w be direct$ along  
all possible l9es4 ,if ! sun does truly 
move1 !n !re w be a g5]al agreem5t 9 !  
resultant motions ( ! />s ne> ! ends ( !
 l9e along :i* x moves1 :ile ^? at !    
sides1 s to speak1 w %[ comp>atively    
less sy/ematic effect4 ,x is z if "o 7  
rid+ 9 ! re> ( a railway tra9 & wat*+ ! 
rails ov] :i* x has j pass$4 ,z we rec$e

 f any po9t1 ! rails at t po9t seem to  
come ne>] & ne>] toge!r4  ,if we 7 pass+
 ?r\gh a =e/1 we %\ld see ! trunks ( !  
trees f :i* we 7 go+ app>5tly come ne>] 
& ne>] toge!r1 :ile ^? on ! sides ( u   
w\ld rema9 at _! con/ant di/ance1 & ^? 9
 front w\ld gr[ fur!r & fur!r ap>t4  ,^!
 ph5om5a1 :i* occur 9 a case :]e we are 
s5sible ( our own motion1 s]ve to %[ h[ 
we may d$uce a motion1 o!rwise unkn[n1 f
 ! appe>ances :i* are pres5t$ by ! />s 9
 space4  ,9 ?is way1 act+ ^u sugge/ions 
:i* _h be5 ?r[n out previ\sly to 8 own  
"t by ,,lamb]t1 ,,may]1 & ,,bradley1    
,,h]s*el demon/rat$ t ! sun1 toge!r )   
all its sy/em1 0 mov+ ?r\gh space 9 an  
unkn[n & maje/ic orbit ( its own4 ,!    
c5tre r\nd :i* ?is motion is direct$ _c 
yet be assign$4 ,we c only "k ! po9t 9 !
 heav5s t[>ds :i* our c\rse is          
direct$--! apex ( sol> motion4  ,by a   
/udy ( ! prop] motions assign$ by       
,,maskelyne to ! bright] />s1 ,,h]s*el 0
 able to def9e ! position ( ! sol> apex 
) an a/oni%+ degree ( accuracy4 ,8      

calculations h be5 sev]al times repeat$ 
) ! advantage ( mod]n analytical me?ods1
 & ( ! hundr$-fold mat]ial n[ at our    
disposition1 b no?+ ess5tial has be5    
add$ to 8 results ( #ahje1 :i* 7 bas$ ^u
 su* scanty data2 & 8 pap] ( #aghb      
conta9s ! ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y       
itself4  ,8 second pap] on ! ,direction 
& ,velocity ( ! sol> sy/em 7#ahje7 is ! 
be/ example t c possibly be giv5 ( 8    
m>vell\s skill 9 rea*+ ! he>t ( a matt]1
 & x may be ! "o 9 :i* 8 philosophical  
p[]s appe> 9 _! highe/ ex]cise4 ,=      
su/a9$ reflection & high philosophic    
?\ght x is to be rank$ ) ! rese>*es (   
,,newton 9 ! ,pr9cipia4                 
,rese>*es on ! ,con/ruction ( ! ,heav5s4
  ,,h]s*el',s pap]s on ! ,con/ruction ( 
! ,heav5s1 z he nam$ x1 ext5d$ ov] 8    
:ole sci5tific life4 ,by ?is he         
specially means ! me?od accord+ to :i* !
 />s1 ! clu/]s1 ! nebul1 are spread     
?r\gh ! regions ( space1 ! causes t h l$
 to ?is di/ribution1 & ! laws to :i* x  
is subject$4  ,no s+le a/ronomical fact 

is unimportant 9 ! light :i* x may ?r[  
on ! s*eme ( ! :ole1 & ea* fact is to be
 consid]$ 9 ?is light4 ,z an in/ance3 8 
discov]y ( ! v>iable /> alpha ,h]culis1 
:i* has a p]iod ( sixty days1 0 valuable
 9 itself z add+ "o m to ! numb] ( ^?   
/range suns ^: light is n[ bright]1 n[  
fa9t]1 9 a regul> & p]iodic ord]4 ,b !  
*ief value ( ! discov]y 0 t n[ we _h an 
in/ance ( a p]iodic /> :i* w5t ?r\gh all
 its phases 9 sixty days1 & connect$1 z 
x 71 ! />s ( %ort p]iods 7?ree to sev5  
days7 ) ^? ( v long ones 7?ree hundr$ to
 five hundr$ days71 :i* two gr\ps _h1   
until !n1 be5 ! only ones kn[n4 ,9 !    
same way all 8 rese>*es on ! p>allaxes (
 />s 7 n alone = ! discov]y ( ! di/ance 
( any "o or two s+le />s1 b to ga9 a    
unit ( cele/ial measure1 by means ( :i* 
! dep?s ( space might be s\nd$4         
,a/ronomy 9 ,,h]s*el',s day consid]$ !  
bodies ( ! sol> sy/em z sep>at$ f ea*   
o!r by di/ances1 & z fill+ a cubical    
space4 ,! ideas ( ne> & f>1 ( up & d[n1 
7 pres]v$1 9 reg>d to !m1 by common     

a/ronomical t]ms4 ,b ! va/ numb] ( />s  
seem$ to be ?\ght (1 z !y appe> 9 fact  
to exi/1 ly+ on ! surface ( a holl[     
sph]e4 ,! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,,bradley  
us$ ^! fix$ />s z po9ts ( ref]5ce by :i*
 ! motions )9 ! sol> sy/em c\ld be      
det]m9$1 or1 l ,,lacaille & ,,lal&e1    
ga!r$ ^? imm5se catalogues ( _!         
positions :i* are s indisp5sable to !   
sci5ce4 ,,mi*ell & ,,h]s*el alone1 9    
,engl&1 occupi$ _! ?\ghts ) ! nature &  
con/ruction ( ! heav5s--! "o 9 8 /udy1 !
 o!r ?r\gh obs]vation4#cd ,!y 7 conc]n$ 
) all ?ree ( ! dim5sions ( space4  ,9 8 
memoir ( #aghd1 ,,h]s*el says3          
,hi!rto ! sid]eal heav5s h1 n           
inadequately = !     purpose design$1   
be5 repres5t$ by ! concave surface ( a  
sph]e1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* ! eye ( an obs]v]
 might be     suppos$ to be plac$4      
,x is true ! v>i\s magnitudes ( ! fix$  
/>s ev5 !n     pla9ly sugge/$ to u1 &   
w\ld h bett] suit$1 ! idea (     an     
exp&$ firmam5t ( ?ree dim5sions2 b !    
obs]vations ^u     :i* ,i am n[ go+ to  

ent] /ill f>!r illu/rate & en=ce     !  
necessity ( consid]+ ! heav5s 9 ?is po9t
 ( view4 ,9     future1 !re=e1 we %all  
look ^u ^? regions into :i* we     may  
n[ p5etrate by means ( su* l>ge         
telescopes1 z a naturali/     reg>ds a  
ri* ext5t ( gr\nd or *a9 ( m\nta9s      
conta9+     /rata v>i\sly incl9$ &      
direct$1 z well z consi/+ (     v       
diff]5t mat]ials4 ,! surface ( a globe  
or map1 !re=e1     w b ill del9eate !   
int]ior p>ts ( ! heav5s4  ,,h]s*el',s   
me?od ( /udy 0 f\nd$ on a mode (        
obs]vation :i* he call$ />-gaug+4 ,x    
consi/$ 9 po9t+ a p[]ful telescope t[>d 
v>i\s p>ts ( ! heav5s1 & asc]ta9+ by    
actual c\nt h[ ?ick ! />s 7 9 ea*       
region4 ,8 tw5ty-foot reflector 0       
provid$ ) su* an eye-piece t1 9 look+   
into x1 he saw a portion ( ! heav5s ab\t
 #ae' 9 diamet]4 ,a circle ( ?is size on
 ! cele/ial sph]e has ab\t "o qu>t] !   
app>5t surface ( ! sun1 or ( ! full     
moon4 ,on po9t+ ! telescope 9 any       
direction1 a great] or less numb] ( />s 

7 visible4 ,^! 7 c\nt$1 & ! direction 9 
:i* ! telescope po9t$ 0 not$4 ,gauges ( 
?is k9d 7 made 9 all p>ts ( ! sky1 & !  
results 7 tabulat$ 9 ! ord] ( "r        
asc5sion4  ,! foll[+ is an extract f !  
gauges1 & gives ! av]age numb] ( />s 9  
ea* field at ! po9ts not$ 9 "r asc5sion 
& nor? pol> di/ance3                    
----------------------------------------
------------------                   ,n4
 ,p4 ,d4                    ,n4 ,p4 ,d4 
,r4 ,a4      #gh to #hj4      ,r4 ,a4   
#ib to #id4                 ,no4 ( ,/>s4
              ,no4 ( ,/>s4              
----------------------------------------
--------------       ,h4  ,m4           
,h4  ,m4          #aa   #f         #c4a 
#ae  #aj         #i4d       #ab  #ca    
#c4d         #ae  #bb        #aj4f      
#ab  #dd         #d4f         #ae  #dg  
#aj4f       #ab  #di         #c4i       
#af   #h        #ab4a       #ac   #e    
#c4h         #af  #be        #ac4f      
#ad  #cj         #c4f         #af  #cg  
#ah4f                                   

----------------------------------------
------------------  ,9 ?is small table1 
x is pla9 t a diff]5t law ( clu/]+ or ( 
di/ribution obta9s 9 ! two regions4 ,su*
 diff]5ces are /ill m m>k$1 if we comp>e
 ! extreme cases f\nd by ,,h]s*el1 z ,r4
 ,a4  #ai;h #dam1 ,n4 ,p4 ,d4  #gd #cc'1
 numb] ( />s p] field  #ehh2 & ,r4 ,a4  
#af;h #ajm1 ,n4 ,p4 ,d4  #aac #d'1 numb]
 ( />s  #a4a4  ,! numb] ( />s 9 c]ta9   
portions is v great4 ,= example1 9 !    
,milky ,way1 ne> ,orion1 six fields (   
view promiscu\sly tak5 gave #aaj1 #fj1  
#gj1 #ij1 #gj1 & #gd />s ea*1 or a mean 
( #gi />s p] field4 ,! mo/ vacant space 
9 ?is neighborhood gave #fj />s4 ,s t z 
,,h]s*el',s sweeps 7 two degrees wide 9 
decl9ation1 9 "o h\r 7#ae7 !re w\ld pass
 ?r\gh ! field ( 8 telescope #dj1jjj or 
m />s4 ,9 "s ( ! sweeps ?is numb] 0 z   
great z #aaf1jjj />s 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r4
  ,:5 ,,h]s*el fir/ appli$ 8 telescope  
to ! ,milky ,way1 he believ$ t x        
completely resolv$ ! :ole :iti%         
appe>ance into small />s4 ,?is          

conclusion he subsequ5tly modifi$4 ,he  
says3      ,x is v probable t ! great   
/ratum call$ ! ,milky ,way is     t 9   
:i* ! sun is plac$1 ?\gh p]haps n 9 ! v 
c5tre ( its ?ickness4      ,we ga!r ?is 
f ! appe>ance ( ! ,galaxy1 :i* seems to 
encompass ! :ole heav5s1 z x c]ta9ly mu/
 d if ! sun is     )9 x4 ,=1 suppose a  
numb] ( />s arrang$ betwe5 two          
p>allel planes1 indef9itely ext5d$ e    
way1 b at a giv5     consid]able di/ance
 f ea* o!r2 & call+ ?is a sid]eal       
/ratum1 an eye plac$ some:]e )9 x w see 
all ! />s 9     ! direction ( ! planes (
 ! /ratum project$ into a great         
circle1 :i* w appe> lucid on acc\nt ( ! 
accumulation (     ! />s1 :ile ! re/ ( !
 heav5s1 at ! sides1 w only     seem to 
be scatt]$ ov] ) con/ellations1 m or    
less cr[d$     accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! 
planes1 or numb] ( />s     conta9$ 9 !  
?ickness or sides ( ! /ratum4      ,if !
 eye 7 plac$ some:]e )\t ! /ratum1 at no
 v     great di/ance1 ! appe>ance ( !   
/>s )9 x w\ld assume     ! =m ( "o ( !  

small] circles ( ! sph]e1 :i* w\ld be   
m or less contract$ accord+ to ! di/ance
 ( ! eye2 &1     if ?is di/ance 7       
exce$+ly increas$1 ! :ole /ratum might  
at la/ be drawn toge!r into a lucid spot
 ( any %ape1 accord+     to ! l5g?1     
bread?1 & height ( ! /ratum4            
,suppose t a small] /ratum %\ld bran*   
out f ! =m] 9     a c]ta9 direction1 & t
 x also is conta9$ betwe5 two           
p>allel planes1 s t ! eye is conta9$ )9 
! great     /ratum some:]e be=e !       
sep>ation1 & n f> f ! place     :]e !   
/rata are /ill unit$4 ,!n ?is second    
/ratum w n     be project$ into a bright
 circle l ! =m]1 b x w be     se5 z a   
lucid bran* proce$+ f ! fir/1 & return+ 
into x aga9 at a di/ance less ?an a     
semicircle4 ,if ! b\nd+     surfaces are
 n p>allel planes1 b irregul>ly curv$   
surfaces1     analog\s appe>ances mu/   
result4  ,! ,milky ,way1 z we see x1    
pres5ts ! aspect :i* has be5 j acc\nt$  
=1 9 its g5]al appe>ance ( a girdle     
ar\nd ! heav5s & 9 its bifurcation at a 

c]ta9 po9t1 & ,,h]s*el',s explanation ( 
?is appe>ance1 z j giv51 has nev] be5   
s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,"o d\btful po9t      
rema9s3 are ! />s scatt]$ all ?r\gh     
space8 or are !y ne> its b\nd+ planes1  
or clu/]$ 9 any way )9 ?is space s z to 
produce ! same result to ! eye z if     
uni=mly di/ribut$8  ,,h]s*el assum$ t !y
 7 ne>ly equably arrang$ all ?r\gh !    
space 9 "q4 ,he only exam9$ "o o!r      
arrangem5t1 viz41 t ( a r+ ( />s        
surr\nd+ ! sun1 & he pron\nc$ aga9/ su* 
an arrangem5t1 = ! reason t !re is      
absolutely no?+ 9 ! size or brilliancy (
 ! sun to cause u to suppose x to be !  
c5tre ( su* a gigantic sy/em4 ,no       
reason1 except its importance to u      
p]sonally1 c be alleg$ = su* a          
supposition4 ,e /> w h its own appe>ance
 ( a ,galaxy or ,milky ,way1 :i* w v>y  
accord+ to ! situation ( ! />4  ,su* an 
explanation w acc\nt = ! g5]al          
appe>ances ( ! ,milky ,way & ( ! re/ ( !
 sky1 suppos+ ! />s equally or ne>ly    
equally di/ribut$ 9 space4 ,on ?is      

supposition1 ! sy/em mu/ be deep] :]e ! 
/>s appe> mo/ num]\s4  ,,h]s*el         
endeavor$1 9 8 e>ly memoirs1 to expla9  
?is inequality ( di/ribution on !       
fundam5tal assumption t ! />s 7 ne>ly   
equably di/ribut$ 9 space4 ,if !y 7 s   
di/ribut$1 !n ! numb] ( />s visible 9   
any gauge w\ld %[ ! ?ickness ( ! /ell>  
sy/em 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! telescope 0 
po9t$4 ,at ea* po9t+1 ! field ( view ( !
 in/rum5t includes all ! visible />s    
situat$ )9 a cone1 hav+ its vortex at ! 
obs]v]'s eye1 & its base at ! v limits (
 ! sy/em1 ! angle ( ! cone 7at ! eye7   
be+ #ae'4 ,!n ! cubes ( ! p]p5dicul>s   
let fall f ! eye1 on ! plane ( ! bases (
 ! v>i\s visual cones1 are proportional 
to ! solid cont5ts ( ! cones !mselves1  
or1 z ! />s are suppos$ equally scatt]$ 
)9 all ! cones1 ! cube roots ( ! numb]s 
( />s 9 ea* ( ! fields express !        
relative l5g?s ( ! p]p5dicul>s4 ,a      
section ( ! sid]eal sy/em along any     
great circle c be con/ruct$ f ! data    
furni%$ by ! gauges 9 ! foll[+ way3  ,! 

sol> sy/em is )9 ! mass ( />s4 ,f ?is   
po9t l9es are drawn along ! diff]5t     
directions 9 :i* ! gaug+ telescope 0    
po9t$4 ,on ^! l9es are laid (f l5g?s    
proportional to ! cube roots ( ! numb] (
 />s 9 ea* gauge4 ,! irregul> l9e jo9+ !
 t]m9al po9ts w be approximately ! b\nd+
 curve ( ! /ell> sy/em 9 ! great circle 
*os54 ,)9 ?is l9e ! space is ne>ly      
uni=mly fill$ ) />s4 ,)\t x is empty    
space4 ,a simil> section c be con/ruct$ 
9 any o!r great circle1 & a comb9ation (
 all su* w\ld give a repres5tation ( !  
%ape ( our /ell> sy/em4 ,! m num]\s &   
c>eful ! obs]vations1 ! m elaborate !   
repres5tation1 & ! #hfc gauges (        
,,h]s*el are suffici5t to m>k out )     
great precision ! ma9 features ( !      
,milky ,way1 & ev5 to indicate "s ( its 
*ief irregul>ities4  ,on ! fundam5tal   
assumption ( ,,h]s*el 7equable          
di/ribution71 no o!r conclusion c be    
drawn f 8 /ati/ics b ! "o laid d[n by   
him4  ,?is assumption he subsequ5tly    
modifi$ 9 "s degree1 & 0 l$ to reg>d 8  

gauges z indicat+ n s mu* ! dep? ( !    
sy/em 9 any direction1 z ! clu/]+ p[] or
 t5d5cy ( ! />s 9 ^? special regions4 ,x
 is cle> t if 9 any giv5 "p ( ! sky1    
:]e1 on ! av]age1 !re are t5 />s 7say7  
to a field1 we %\ld f9d a c]ta9 small   
portion hav+ #ajj or m to a field1 !n1  
on ,,h]s*el',s fir/ hypo!sis1 rigor\sly 
int]pret$1 x w\ld be necess>y to suppose
 a spike-%ap$ protub]ance direct$ f !   
e>?1 9 ord] to expla9 ! increas$ numb] (
 />s4 ,if _m su* places c\ld be f\nd1 !n
 ! probability is great t ?is           
explanation is wrong4 ,we %\ld m        
rationally suppose "s real inequality ( 
/> di/ribution "h4 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 j   
su* details t ! me?od ( ,,h]s*el breaks 
d[n1 & a c>eful exam9ation ( 8 sy/em    
leads to ! belief t x mu/ be greatly    
modifi$ to cov] all ! kn[n facts1 :ile x
 und\bt$ly has1 9 ! ma91 a /rong basis4 
,! />s are c]ta9ly n uni=mly di/ribut$1 
& any g5]al !ory ( ! sid]eal sy/em mu/  
take into acc\nt ! v>i$ t5d5cy to       
aggregation 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! sky4  ,9   

#ahag1 ,,h]s*el publi%$ an important    
memoir on ! same subject1 9 :i* 8 fir/  
me?od 0 l>gely modifi$1 ?\gh n ab&on$4  
,its fundam5tal pr9ciple 0 /at$ by him z
 foll[s3      ,x is evid5t t we _c mean 
to affirm t ! />s ( !     fif?1 six?1 & 
sev5? magnitudes are really small] ?an  
^?     ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird1 & t we
 mu/ ascribe ! cause     ( ! diff]5ce 9 
! app>5t magnitudes ( ! />s to a        
diff]5ce 9 _! relative di/ances f u4 ,on
 acc\nt ( !     great numb] ( />s 9 ea* 
class1 we mu/ also all[ t !     />s (   
ea* succe$+ magnitude1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/1 
are1     "o ) ano!r1 fur!r f u ?an ^? ( 
! magnitude     imm$iately prec$+4 ,!   
relative magnitudes give only relative  
di/ances1 & c af=d no in=mation z to !  
real di/ances at     :i* ! />s are      
plac$4      ,a /&>d ( ref]5ce = !       
arrangem5t ( ! />s may be _h     by     
comp>+ _! di/ribution to a c]ta9 prop]ly
 modifi$     equality ( scatt]+4 ,!     
equality :i* ,i propose does n          
require t ! />s %\ld be at equal        

di/ances f ea* o!r1     nor is x        
necess>y t all ^? ( ! same nom9al       
magnitude     %\ld be equally di/ant f  
u4  ,x consi/$ 9 allott+ a c]ta9 equal  
portion ( space to e />1 s t1 on ! :ole1
 ea* equal portion ( space )9 ! /ell>   
sy/em conta9s an equal numb] ( />s4 ,!  
space ab\t ea* /> c be consid]$         
sph]ical4 ,suppose su* a sph]e to       
surr\nd our own sun4 ,its radius w n    
diff] greatly f ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ fix$
 />1 & ?is is tak5 z ! unit ( di/ance4  
,suppose a s]ies ( l>g] sph]es1 all     
drawn ar\nd our sun z a c5tre1 & hav+ ! 
radii #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 etc4 ,! cont5ts ( 
! sph]es be+ z ! cubes ( _! diamet]s1 ! 
fir/ sph]e w h #c  #c  #c  #bg times !  
volume ( ! unit sph]e1 & w !re=e be l>ge
 en\gh to conta9 #bg />s2 ! second w h  
#abe times ! volume1 & w !re=e conta9   
#abe />s1 & s on ) ! successive sph]es4 
,= in/ance1 ! sph]e ( radius #g has room
 = #cdc />s1 b ( ?is space #abe p>ts    
belong to ! sph]es inside ( x2 !re is1  
!re=e1 room = #bah />s betwe5 ! sph]es (

 radii #e & #g4  ,,h]s*el designates !  
sev]al di/ances ( ^! lay]s ( />s z      
ord]s2 ! />s betwe5 sph]es #a & #c are (
 ! fir/ ord] ( di/ance1 ^? betwe5 #c &  
#e ( ! second ord]1 & s on4 ,comp>+ !   
room = />s betwe5 ! sev]al sph]es ) !   
numb] ( />s ( ! sev]al magnitudes :i*   
actually exi/s 9 ! sky1 he f\nd ! result
 to be z foll[s3                        
----------------------------------------
----------------     ,ord] (    ,numb] (
                  ,numb] (     ,di/ance4
  ,/>s !re    ,magnitude4  ,/>s ( t     
is ,room =4                ,magnitude4  
----------------------------------------
----------------     #a44444444         
#bf            #a            #ag        
#b44444444       #ih            #b      
#eg     #c44444444      #bah            
#c           #bjf     #d44444444        
#chf            #d           #ded       
#e44444444      #fjb            #e      
#a1afa     #f44444444      #hff         
#f         #f1ajc     #g44444444        
#a1agh            #g         #f1adf     

#h44444444    #a1ech                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------  ,! result ( ?is      
comp>ison is1 t if ! ord] ( magnitudes  
c\ld indicate ! di/ance ( ! />s1 x w\ld 
d5ote at fir/ a gradual & aft]w>d a v   
abrupt cond5sation ( !m1 at & beyond !  
region ( ! six?-magnitude />s4  ,if we  
assume ! brightness ( any /> to be      
inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( its  
di/ance1 x leads to a scale ( di/ance   
diff]5t f t adopt$ by ,,h]s*el1 s t a   
six?-magnitude /> on ! common scale w\ld
 be ab\t ( ! eigh? ord] ( di/ance       
accord+ to ?is s*eme--t is1 we mu/      
remove a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude to eight 
times its actual di/ance to make x %9e l
 a /> ( ! six? magnitude4  ,on ! s*eme  
"h laid d[n1 ,,h]s*el subsequ5tly       
assign$ ! ord] ( di/ance ( v>i\s        
objects1 mo/ly />-clu/]s1 & 8 e/imates (
 ^! di/ances are /ill quot$4 ,!y re/ on 
! fundam5tal hypo!sis :i* has be5       
expla9$1 & ! error 9 ! assumption (     
equal intr9sic brilliancy = all />s     

affects ^! e/imates4 ,x is p]haps       
probable t ! hypo!sis ( equal brilliancy
 = all />s is /ill m errone\s ?an !     
hypo!sis ( equal di/ribution1 & x may   
well be t !re is a v l>ge range inde$ 9 
! actual dim5sions & 9 ! intr9sic       
brilliancy ( />s at ! same ord] (       
di/ance f u1 s t ! t5?-magnitude />s1 = 
example1 may be scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! sph]es
 :i* ,,h]s*el w\ld assign to ! sev5?1   
eigh?1 n9?1 t5?1 elev5?1 twelf?1 &      
?irte5? magnitudes4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !
 fact rema9s t x is f ,,h]s*el',s       
gr\ndwork t future inve/igators mu/     
build4 ,he f\nd ! :ole subject 9 utt]   
confusion4 ,by 8 obs]vations1 data = !  
solution ( "s ( ! mo/ g5]al que/ions 7  
accumulat$1 & 9 8 memoirs1 :i* ,,/ruve  
well calls immortal1 he br\ght ! scatt]$
 facts into ord] & gave ! fir/ bold     
outl9es ( a reasonable !ory4 ,he is !   
f\nd] ( a new bran* ( a/ronomy4         
,rese>*es = a ,scale ( ,cele/ial        
,measures4                              
,di/ances ( ! ,/>s4  ,if ! />s are      

suppos$ all ( ! same absolute           
brightness1 _! brightness to ! eye w    
dep5d only ^u _! di/ance f u4 ,if we    
call ! brightness ( "o ( ! fix$ />s at !
 di/ance ( ,sirius1 :i* may be us$ z !  
unity ( di/ance1 #a1 !n if x is mov$ to 
! di/ance #b1 its app>5t brightness w be
 "o-f\r?2 if to ! di/ance #c1 "o-n9?2 if
 to ! di/ance #d1 "o-sixte5?1 & s on1 ! 
app>5t brightness dim9i%+ z ! squ>e ( ! 
di/ance increases4 ,! di/ance may be    
tak5 z an ord] ( magnitude4 ,/>s at !   
di/ances two1 ?ree1 f\r1 etc41 ,,h]s*el 
call$ ( ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r?          
magnitudes4  ,by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ! 
details ( :i* _c be giv5 "h1 ,,h]s*el   
det]m9$ ! space-p5etrat+ p[] ( ea* ( 8  
telescopes4 ,! tw5ty-foot w\ld p5etrate 
into space sev5ty-five times f>!r ?an ! 
nak$ eye2 ! tw5ty-five foot1 n9ety-six  
times2 & ! =ty-foot1 "o hundr$ &        
n9ety-two times4 ,if ! sev5?-magnitude  
/>s are ^? j visible to ! nak$ eye1 & if
 we /ill suppose all />s to be ( equal  
intr9sic brightness1 su* sev5?-magnitude

 />s w\ld rema9 visible 9 ! =ty-foot1   
ev5 if remov$ to #a1cdd times ! di/ance 
( ,sirius 7#a1cdd  #g  #aib74 ,if1      
fur!r1 we suppose t ! visibility ( a /> 
is /rictly proportional to ! total      
int5sity ( ! light f x :i* /rikes ! eye1
 !n a cond5s$ clu/] ( #be1jjj />s ( !   
#a1cdd? magnitude c\ld /ill be se5 9 !  
=ty-foot at a di/ance :]e ea* /> w\ld h 
become #be1jjj times fa9t]1 t is1 at    
ab\t #aeh times ! di/ance ( ,sirius     
7#aeh  #aeh  #bd1ifd74 ,! light f !     
ne>e/ /> requires "s ?ree ye>s to rea* !
 e>?4 ,f a /> #a1cdd times f>!r x w\ld  
require ab\t #d1jjj ye>s1 & = su* a     
clu/] z we h imag9$ no less ?an #fjj1jjj
 ye>s are ne$$4 ,t is1 ! light by :i* we
 see su* a gr\p has n j n[ left x4 ,on !
 contr>y1 x has be5 travell+ ?r\gh space
 = c5turies & c5turies s9ce x fir/ d>t$ 
=?4 ,x is ! anci5t hi/ory ( su* gr\ps t 
we are /udy+ n[1 & x 0 ?us t ,,h]s*el   
decl>$ t telescopes p5etrat$ into "t z  
well z into space4  ,o!r m exact        
rese>*es on ! relative light ( />s 7    

made by ,,h]s*el4 ,^! 7 only "o m       
attempt to obta9 a scale ( cele/ial     
di/ances1 accord+ to :i* "s notion ( !  
limits & ( ! int]ior dim5sions ( !      
univ]se c\ld be ga9$4 ,two telescopes1  
exactly equal 9 e respect1 7 *os5 &     
plac$ side by side4 ,pairs ( />s :i* 7  
exactly equal1 7 select$ by means ( !m4 
,by dim9i%+ ! ap]ture ( "o telescope    
direct$ to a bright />1 & keep+ ! o!r   
telescope un*ang$ & direct$ to a fa9t]  
/>1 ! two />s c\ld be equaliz$ 9 light1 
&1 f ! relative size ( ! ap]tures1 !    
relative light ( ?is pair ( />s c\ld be 
accurately comput$1 & s on = o!r pairs4 
,?is 0 ! fir/ use ( ! me?od ( limit+    
ap]tures4 ,8 g5]al results 7 t ! />s ( !
 fir/ magnitude w\ld /ill rema9 visible 
to ! nak$ eye1 ev5 if !y 7 at a di/ance 
f u twelve times _! actual di/ance4     
,?is me?od receiv$ a /ill fur!r         
developm5t at 8 h&s4 ,he did n leave x  
until he _h ga9$ all ! in=mation x 0    
capable ( giv+4 ,he prep>$ a set (      
telescopes collect+ #d1 #i1 #af1 etc4   

7#b  #b1 #c  #c1 #d  #d1 etc471 times z 
mu* light z ! nak$ eye4 ,^! 7 to ext5d !
 det]m9ations ( di/ance to ! telescopic 
/>s4 ,= example1 a c]ta9 portion ( !    
heav5s :i* he exam9$ conta9$ no />      
visible to ! nak$ eye1 b _m telescopic  
/>s4 ,we _c say t no "o ( ^! is z bright
 9 itself z "s ( our fir/-magnitude />s4
 ,! smalle/ telescope ( ! set %[$ a l>ge
 numb] ( />s2 ^! mu/1 !n1 be twice z f> 
f u1 on ! av]age1 z ! />s j visible to !
 nak$ eye4 ,b fir/-magnitude />s1 l     
,sirius1 ,procyon1 ,arcturus1 etc41     
become j visible to ! eye if remov$ to  
twelve times _! pres5t di/ance4 ,h5ce ! 
/>s se5 9 ?is fir/ telescope ( ! set 7  
betwe5 twelve & tw5ty-f\r times z f> f u
 z ,arcturus1 = example4  ,at lea/1 z   
,,h]s*el says1 we are c]ta9 t if />s ( !
 size & lu/re ( ,sirius1 ,arcturus1     
etc41 7 remov$ into ! pr(undity ( space 
,i h m5tion$1 !y w\ld !n appe> l ! />s  
:i* ,i saw4 ,) ! next telescope1 :i*    
collect$ n9e times m light ?an ! eye1 & 
br\ght into view objects ?ree times m   

di/ant1 o!r & new />s appe>$1 :i* 7 !n  
7#c  #ab7 ?irty-six times f>!r f u ?an  
,arcturus4 ,9 ! same way1 ! sev5-foot   
reflector %[$ />s #bjd times1 ! t5-foot 
#cdd times1 ! tw5ty-foot #ijj times f>!r
 f u ?an ! av]age fir/-magnitude />4 ,z 
! light f su* a /> requires ?ree ye>s to
 rea* u1 ! light f ! fa9te/ />s se5 by !
 tw5ty-foot w\ld require #b1gjj ye>s 7#c
  #ijj74  ,b ,,h]s*el 0 n[ 7#ahag7      
conv9c$ t ! tw5ty-foot telescope c\ld n 
p5etrate to ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,milky ,way2 
! fa9te/ />s ( ! ,galaxy mu/ !n be f>!r 
f u ev5 ?an n9e hundr$ times ! di/ance (
 ,arcturus1 & _! light mu/ be at lea/   
#c1jjj ye>s old :5 x rea*es u4  ,!re is 
no escap+ a c]ta9 "p ( ! consequ5ces    
e/abli%$ by ,,h]s*el4 ,x is inde$ true t
 unless a p>ticul> /> is ( ! same       
intr9sic brightness z our l>ge/ />s1 ?is
 reason+ does n apply to x2 9 j s f> z !
 av]age /> is less bright ?an ! av]age  
brightness ( our l>ge/ />s1 w ! numb]s  
:i* ,,h]s*el obta9$ be dim9i%$4 ,b = e  
/> ( :i* 8 hypo!sis is true1 we may     

ass]t t 8 conclusions are true1 & no "o 
c d5y1 ) any %[ ( reason1 t1 on ! :ole1 
8 suppositions mu/ be valid4 ,on ! :ole1
 ! />s :i* we call fa9t are f>!r f u ?an
 ! bright] ones2 &1 on ! :ole1 !        
brilliancy ( our brighte/ & ne>e/ />s is
 n v f> f ! brilliancy ( ! av]age /> 9  
space4 ,we _c yet def9e ! ^w v by a     
num]ical ratio4  ,! me?od /ruck out by  
,,h]s*el 0 correct2 x is = 8 successors 
to look = ! special cases & limitations1
 to answ] ! "q1 ,at a c]ta9 di/ance f u1
 :at are ! v>iations :i* actually take  
place 9 ! brilliancy & ! sizes ( />s8 ,!
 answ] to ?is "q is to be f\nd 9 ! /udy 
( ! clu/]s ( regul> =ms1 :]e we "k ! />s
 to be all at ! same di/ance f u4       
,rese>*es on ,light & ,heat1 ,etc4      
,frequ5tly 9 ! c\rse ( 8 a/ronomical "w1
 ,,h]s*el f\nd himself confront$ by     
que/ions ( physics :i* c\ld n be        
imm$iately answ]$ 9 ! /ate ( ! sci5ce at
 t "t4 ,9 8 ef=ts to f9d a me?od =      
det]m9+ ! dim5sions ( ! /ell> univ]se1  
he 0 f9ally l$1 z has be5 %[n1 to reg>d 

! brightness ( a /> z1 9 g5]al1 ! be/   
atta9able measure ( its di/ance f u4 ,8 
"w1 h[ev]1 0 done ) telescopes ( v>i\s  
dim5sions & p[]s1 & x 0 !re=e necess>y  
to f9d "s law = comp>+ ! diff]5t results
 among !mselves z well z ) ^? giv5 by   
obs]vations ) an unassi/$ eye4 ,?is     
necessity prompt$ an inve/igation1      
publi%$ 9 #ahjj1 9 :i*1 aft] draw+ !    
di/9ction betwe5 absolute & intr9sic    
brightness1 ,,h]s*el gave an expression 
= ! space-p5etrat+ p[] ( a telescope4 ,!
 reason+ at ! base ( ?is conception 0 z 
foll[s4  ,! ratio ( ! light ent]+ ! eye 
:5 direct$ t[>d a />1 to ! :ole light   
giv5 out by ! />1 w\ld be z ! area ( !  
pupil ( ! eye to ! area ( ! :ole sph]e  
hav+ ! /> z a c5tre & our di/ance f ! />
 z a radius4 ,if ! eye is assi/$ by a   
telescope1 ! ratio is q diff]5t4 ,9 t   
case ! ratio ( ! light :i* ent]s ! eye  
to ! :ole light1 w\ld be z ! area ( !   
mirror or object-glass to ! area ( !    
:ole sph]e hav+ ! /> z a c5tre & its    
di/ance z a radius4 ,?us ! light receiv$

 by ! eye 9 ! two cases w\ld be z ! area
 ( ! pupil is to ! area ( !             
object-glass4 ,= in/ance1 if ! pupil has
 a diamet] ( two-fif?s ( an in*1 & !    
mirror a diamet] ( f\r in*es1 !n a      
hundr$ times z mu* light w\ld ent] ! eye
 :5 assi/$ by ! telescope z :5 un>m$1   
s9ce ! area ( ! pupil is "o-hundr$? !   
area ( ! objective4  ,if a p>ticul> />  
is j visible to ! nak$ eye1 x w be q    
bright if view$ ) ?is special telescope1
 :i* makes x "o hundr$ times m brilliant
 9 appe>ance4 ,if we c\ld move ! />     
bodily away f u to a di/ance t5 times   
its pres5t di/ance1 we c\ld ?us r$uce   
its brightness1 z se5 ) ! telescope1 to 
:at x 0 at fir/1 z se5 ) ! eye alone1 i4
 e41 to b>e visibility4 ,mov+ ! /> to t5
 times its pres5t di/ance w\ld increase 
! surface ( ! sph]e :i* x illum9ates a  
hundr$-fold4 ,we _c move any special />1
 b we c exam9e />s ( all brightnesses1 &
 ?us 7presumably7 ( all di/ances4       
,,h]s*el',s argum5t 01 !n1 z foll[s3    
,s9ce ) su* a telescope "o c see a /> t5

 times z f> (f z is possible to ! nak$  
eye1 ?is telescope has ! p[] ( p5etrat+ 
into space t5 times f>!r ?an ! eye      
alone4 ,b ?is numb] t51 also1 expresses 
! ratio ( ! diamet] ( ! objective to t (
 ! pupil ( ! eye1 consequ5tly ! g5]al   
law is t ! space-p5etrat+ p[] ( a       
telescope is f\nd by divid+ ! diamet] ( 
! mirror 9 in*es by two-fif?s4 ,!       
diamet] ( ! pupil ( ! eye 7two-fif?s (  
an in*7 ,,h]s*el det]m9$ by _m measures4
  ,?is simple ratio w\ld only hold good1
 h[ev]1 provid$ no m light 7 lo/ by !   
repeat$ reflections & refractions 9 !   
telescope ?an 9 ! eye4 ,t light mu/ be s
 lo/ 0 evid5t1 b no data exi/$ = det]m9+
 ! loss4 ,,h]s*el 0 ?us l$ to a long    
s]ies ( photometric exp]im5ts on !      
reflect+ p[]s ( ! metals us$ 9 8        
mirrors1 & on ! am\nt ( light transmitt$
 by l5ses4 ,apply+ ! corrections ?us    
d$uc$ exp]im5tally1 he f\nd t !         
space-p5etrat+ p[] ( 8 tw5ty-foot       
telescope1 ) :i* he made 8 />-gauges1 0 
sixty-"o times t ( ! unassi/$ eye1 :ile 

! space-p5etrat+ p[] ( 8 great =ty-foot 
telescope 0 "o hundr$ & n9ety-two times 
t ( ! eye4 ,9 support ( 8 important     
conclusions ,,h]s*el _h an almo/        
unlimit$ am\nt ( exp]im5tal data 9 !    
records ( 8 obs]vations1 ( :i* he made  
effective use4  ,by f> ! mo/ important (
 ,,h]s*el',s "w 9 ! doma9 ( pure physics
 0 publi%$ 9 ! same ye> 7#ahjj71 &      
relat$ to radiant heat4 ,! inve/igation 
( ! space-p5etrat+ p[]s ( telescopes 0  
und]tak5 = ! sole purpose ( aid+ him 9  
measur+ ! dim5sions ( ! /ell> univ]se1 &
 !re 0 no temptation = him to pursue x  
beyond ! limits ( its imm$iate          
usefulness4 ,b "h1 ?\gh ! fir/ h9t lead+
 to rem>kable discov]ies 0 a direct     
consequ5ce ( 8 a/ronomical "w1 ! novelty
 & int]e/ ( ! ph5om5a obs]v$ induc$ him 
to foll[ ! inve/igation v f> beyond !   
m]e solution ( ! practical "q 9 :i* x   
orig9at$4  ,hav+ tri$ _m v>ieties (     
%ade-glasses betwe5 ! eye-piece ( 8     
telescope & ! eye1 9 ord] to r$uce !    
inord9ate degree ( heat & light         

transmitt$ by ! in/rum5t :5 direct$     
t[>ds ! sun1 he obs]v$ t c]ta9          
comb9ations ( color$ glasses p]mitt$ v  
little light to pass1 b transmitt$ s mu*
 heat t !y c\ld n be us$2 :ile1 on ! o!r
 h&1 diff]5t comb9ations & diff]5tly    
color$ glasses w\ld /op ne>ly all !     
heat1 b all[ an inconv5i5tly great am\nt
 ( light to pass4 ,at ! same "t he      
notic$1 9 ! v>i\s exp]im5ts1 t ! images 
( ! sun 7 ( diff]5t colors4 ,?is sugge/$
 ! "q z to :e!r !re 0 n a diff]5t heat+ 
p[] prop] to ea* color ( ! spectrum4 ,on
 comp>+ ! read+s ( s5sitive !rmomet]s   
expos$ 9 diff]5t portions ( an int5se   
sol> spectrum1 he f\nd t1 beg9n+ ) !    
violet end1 he came to ! maximum ( light
 long be=e t ( heat1 :i* lay at ! o!r   
extremity1 t is1 ne> ! r$4 ,by sev]al   
exp]im5ts x appe>$ t ! maximum (        
illum9ation1 i4 e41 ! yell[1 _h little m
 ?an half ! heat ( ! full r$ rays2 & f  
o!r exp]im5ts he conclud$ t ev5 ! full  
r$ fell %ort ( ! maximum ( heat1 :i*1   
p]haps1 lay ev5 a little beyond ! limits

 ( ! visible spectrum4      ,9 ?is case1
 he says1 radiant heat w at lea/ p>tly1 
if n     *iefly1 consi/1 if ,i may be   
p]mitt$ ! expression1 ( invisible       
light2 t is to say1 ( rays com+ f ! sun1
 t h su* a     mom5tum#ce z to be unfit 
= vision4 ,& admitt+1 z is highly       
probable1 t ! organs ( sight are only   
adapt$ to receive     impressions f     
p>ticles ( a c]ta9 mom5tum1 x expla9s :y
     ! maximum ( illum9ation %\ld be 9 !
 middle ( !     refrangible rays2 z ^?  
:i* h great] or less mom5ta are         
likely to become equally unfit = !      
impression ( sight4  ,9 8 second pap] on
 ?is subject1 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1     
,,h]s*el describes ! exp]im5ts :i* l$ to
 ! conclusion giv5 above4 ,?is pap]     
conta9s a rem>kably int]e/+ passage :i* 
admirably illu/rates ,,h]s*el',s        
philosophic me?od4      ,to conclude1 if
 we call light1 ^? rays :i* illum9ate   
objects1     & radiant heat1 ^? :i* heat
 bodies1 x may be inquir$     :e!r light
 be ess5tially diff]5t f radiant heat8  

,9 answ]     to :i* ,i w\ld sugge/ t we 
are n all[$1 by ! rules (               
philosophiz+1 to admit two diff]5t      
causes to expla9 c]ta9     effects1 if  
!y may be acc\nt$ = by "o4 4 4 4 ,if ?is
 be a true     acc\nt ( ! sol> heat1 = !
 support ( :i* ,i appeal to my          
exp]im5ts1 x rema9s only = u to admit t 
su* ( ! rays     ( ! sun z h !          
refrangibility ( ^? :i* are conta9$     
9 ! prismatic spectrum1 by ! con/ruction
 ( ! organs (     sight1 are admitt$ "u 
! appe>ance ( light & colors1 &     t ! 
re/1 be+ /opp$ 9 ! coats & humors ( !   
eye1 act     on !m1 z !y are kn[n to d  
on all ! o!r p>ts ( our body1     by    
occasion+ a s5sation ( heat4  ,we n[ "k 
t ! reason+ & conclusion "h giv5 are    
entirely correct1 b !y h = _! basis only
 a philosophical conception1 & n a s]ies
 ( exp]im5ts design$ especially to te/  
_! correctness4 ,su* an exp]im5tal te/ (
 ?is important "q 0 ! motive = a ?ird & 
la/ pap] 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( physics4 ,?is 
pap] 0 publi%$ 9 volume n9ety ( !       

,philosophical ,transactions1 & gave !  
results ( two hundr$ & n9ete5           
quantitative exp]im5ts4  ,"h we are at a
 loss to "k :i* to admire mo/--!        
m>vell\s skill ev9c$ 9 acquir+ su*      
accurate data ) su* inadequate means1 & 
9 v>y+ & te/+ su* a numb] ( que/ions z 7
 sugge/$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! inve/igation--or 
! intellectual p[] %[n 9 m>%all+ & r$uc+
 to a sy/em su* intricate & app>5tly    
self-contradictory ph5om5a4 ,x is true t
 ?is discussion l$ him to a diff]5t     
conclusion f t ann\nc$ 9 ! previ\s pap]1
 &1 consequ5tly1 to a false conclusion2 
b almo/ ! only escape f 8 c\rse (       
reason+ lay 9 a pr9ciple :i* belongs to 
a lat] p]iod ( intellectual developm5t  
?an t ( ,,h]s*el',s own "t4  ,,h]s*el   
made a c>eful det]m9ation ( !           
quantitative di/ribution ( light & (    
heat 9 ! prismatic spectrum1 & discov]$ 
! surpris+ fact t n only :]e ! light 0  
at a maximum ! heat 0 v inconsid]able1 b
 t :]e !re 0 a maximum exhibition (     
heat1 !re 0 n a trace ( light4      ,?is

 consid]ation1 he writes1 mu/ alt] ! =m 
( our     propos$ inquiry2 = ! "q be+   
?us at lea/ p>tly     decid$1 s9ce x is 
asc]ta9$ t we h rays ( heat :i*     give
 no light1 x c only become a subject (  
inquiry :e!r "s     ( ^! heat-mak+ rays 
may n h a p[] ( r5d]+ objects           
visible1 sup]add$ to _! n[ already      
e/abli%$ p[] (     heat+ bodies4 ,?is   
be+ ! case1 x is evid5t t ! onus        
prob&i ought to lie ) ^? :o are will+ to
 e/abli% su*     an hypo!sis1 = x does n
 appe> t ,nature is 9 ! habit (     us+ 
"o & ! same me*anism ) any two ( our    
s5ses4 ,witness     ! vibration ( air t 
makes s\nd1 ! effluvia t occasion       
smells1 ! p>ticles t produce ta/e1 !    
resi/ance or     repulsive p[]s t affect
 ! t\*--all ^! are evid5tly     suit$ to
 _! respective organs ( s5se4  ,x is    
difficult to see h[ ! fallacy ( ?is     
argum5t c\ld h be5 detect$ by any "o n  
famili> ) ! fundam5tal physiological law
 t ! nature ( a s5sation is 9 no wise   
det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! ag5t produc+ x1 b   

only by ! "* ( ! n]ves act$ ^u2 b1 z    
already intimat$1 ?is law belongs to a  
lat] epo* ?an ! "o we are consid]+4     
,,h]s*el ?us f9ally conclud$ t light &  
radiant heat 7 ( ess5tially diff]5t     
natures1 & ^u ?is supposition he expla9$
 all ( ! ph5om5a :i* 8 num]\s exp]im5ts 
_h %[n him4 ,s complete & satisfactory  
did ?is "w appe> to ! sci5tific _w1 t = 
a long "t ! "q 0 look$ ^u z clos$1 & n  
until ?irty-five ye>s lat] 0 !re any    
diss5t4 ,!n ! ,italian physici/1        
,,melloni1 ) in/rum5tal means a ?\s&    
times m delicate ?an t ( ,,h]s*el1 & ) a
 f> l>g] /ore ( cognate ph5om5a1        
collect$ dur+ ! g5]ation :i* _h elaps$1 
to s]ve z a guide1 discov]$ ! true law4 
,?is1 z we h se51 0 at fir/ adopt$ by   
,,h]s*el on philosophical gr\nds1 & !n  
reject$1 s9ce he did n at t "t possess !
 key :i* alone c\ld h enabl$ him to     
prop]ly int]pret 8 exp]im5ts4  ,x is    
well to summ>ize ! capital discov]ies 9 
?is field made by ,,h]s*el1 m p>ticul>ly
 because 8 claims z a discov]] seem to h

 be5 /rangely ov]look$ by hi/orians ( ! 
developm5t ( physical sci5ce4 ,he1 be=e 
any o!r inve/igator1 %[$ t radiant heat 
is refract$ accord+ to ! laws gov]n+ !  
refraction ( light by transp>5t m$ia2 t 
a portion ( ! radiation f ! sun is      
incapable ( excit+ ! s5sation ( vision1 
& t ?is portion is ! less refrangible2 t
 ! diff]5t colors ( ! spectrum possess v
 unequal heat+ p[]s1 :i* are n          
proportional to _! lum9osity2 t         
sub/ances diff] v greatly 9 _! p[] (    
transmitt+ radiant heat1 & t ?is p[]    
does n dep5d solely ^u _! color2 & t !  
prop]ty ( diffus+ heat is possess$ to a 
v>y+ degree by diff]5t bodies1          
indep5d5tly ( _! color4 ,nor %\ld we    
neglect to emphasize1 9 ?is connection1 
! importance ( 8 measurem5ts ( !        
int5sity ( ! heat & light 9 ! diff]5t   
portions ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,x is ! m   
necess>y to /ate ,,h]s*el',s claims     
cle>ly1 z 8 "w has be5 neglect$ by ^? :o
 %\ld fir/ h done him ju/ice4 ,9 8      
,hi/ory ( ,physics1 ,,pogg5dorff has no 

ref]5ce to ,,h]s*el4 ,9 ! collect$ works
 ( ,,v]det1 long bibliographical notes  
are app5d$ to ea* *apt]1 ) ! int5tion ( 
exhibit+ ! progress & ord] ( discov]y4  
,b all ( ,,h]s*el',s "w is ov]look$1 or 
index$ "u ! "n ( 8 son4 ,"o little      
ref]5ce 9 ! text alone %[s t 8 v "n 0 n 
unkn[n4 ,ev5 9 ! great "w ( ,,helmholtz 
on physiological optics1 ,,h]s*el',s    
labors are n tak5 acc\nt (4  ,x is easy 
to acc\nt = ?is seem+ly /range neglect4 
,,h]s*el is kn[n to ?is g5]ation only z 
an a/ronom]4 ,a /udy ( 8 memoirs w %[ t 
8 physical "w alone %\ld give him a v   
high rank inde$1 & ,i tru/ t ! brief    
summ>ies1 :i* alone c be giv5 "h1 w h   
made ?is pla94         99       99      
99       99       99  ,we may conclude f
 ! "t exp5d$1 ! elaborate nature ( !    
exp]im5ts involv$1 & ! "* ( ! pap]s     
devot$ to _! consid]ation1 t ! portion (
 ,,h]s*el',s rese>*es 9 physics :i*     
int]e/$ him to ! greate/ degree1 0 !    
inve/igation ( ! optical ph5om5a kn[n z 
,,newton',s r+s4 ,9 #agib he obta9$ !   

two object-glasses ( ,,huygh5s1 :i* 7 9 
! possession ( ! ,royal ,society1 = !   
purpose ( repeat+ ,,newton',s exp]im5ts1
 & 9 #ahaj he read ! la/ ( 8 ?ree pap]s 
on ! subject4  ,sir ,,isaac ,,newton _h 
giv5 "s ( 8 mo/ vigor\s ef=ts to ! /udy 
( ! ph5om5a ( int]f]5ce ( light1 :i* are
 exemplifi$ 9 ! colors ( ?9 & ( ?ick    
plates4 ,! colors ( ?9 plates are mo/   
conv5i5tly /udi$ 9 ! regul> =m :i* !y   
pres5t :5 produc$ by a ?9 plate ( air1  
limit$ on "o side by a plane poli%$     
surface1 & on ! o!r by a sph]ical       
surface ( long radius1 su* z ! ext]ior  
surface ( a convex l5s1 = example4 ,!   
colors are !n arrang$ 9 conc5tric       
circles1 &1 ?\gh o!rs _h s produc$ !m   
be=e ,,newton1 ^! r+s h1 ev] s9ce !     
publication ( 8 rem>kable "w1 be5 kn[n  
by 8 "n4  ,to expla9 ! ph5om5a1 ,,newton
 0 oblig$ to supplem5t 8 !ory ( !       
corpuscul> nature ( light1 by suppos+ t 
! inconceivably m9ute p>ticles con/itut+
 light are n always equally susceptible 
( reflection1 b t !y h p]iodically      

recurr+ fits ( easy reflection & ( easy 
transmission4 ,?is conception1 ?\gh by  
no means unphilosophical1 seem$ to      
,,h]s*el too artificial & improbable =  
ready acceptance1 & 8 ef=t 0 to supply a
 m probable explanation4  ,! developm5ts
 ( optical sci5ce h ju/ifi$ ,,h]s*el 9 8
 objections1 b we _c accord to him mu/  
any consid]able "p 9 mak+ cle> ! true   
nature ( ! ph5om5on4 ,inde$1 x mu/ be   
recogniz$ t 8 position 0 di/9ctly less  
advanc$ ?an t ( ,,newton4 ,t great      
philosoph] ann\nc$ ! true law gov]n+ !  
relation betwe5 ! color & ! ?ickness ( !
 film4 ,,h]s*el did n recognize su* a   
relation4 ,,newton %[$ exactly h[ !     
ph5om5on dep5d$ ^u ! obliquity at :i* x 
0 view$4 ,,h]s*el f\nd no place 9 8 !ory
 = ?is evid5t v>iation4  ,9 ! s]ies (   
exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ! fir/ pap] on ?is 
subject1 ,,h]s*el mi/ook ! locus ( a    
c]ta9 set ( r+s :i* he 0 obs]v+4 ,?is   
mi/ake1 ?\gh s slight z h>dly to be     
detect$ )\t ! guidance ( ! def9ite k    
acquir$ 9 lat] times1 n only vitiat$ !  

conclusion f ! exp]im5ts1 b gave an     
errone\s direction to ! :ole            
inve/igation4 ,to him ^! exp]im5ts prov$
 t ,,newton',s conception ( a p]iodic   
ph5om5on 0 unt5able4 ,?us cut loose f   
all hypo!sis1 8 f]tility 9 ideas &      
+5uity 9 exp]im5tation are z /rik+ z    
ev]4 ,he tri$ ! effect ( hav+ a poli%$  
metal z "o ( ! surfaces limit+ ! ?9     
plate ( air4 ,obs]v+ ! s-call$ blue b[ (
 ,,newton at ! limit ( total reflection 
9 a prism1 he 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( its  
complem5t1 ! r$ b[ by refraction4 ,"h he
 ?\ght he _h f\nd ! solution ( 8        
problem1 & attribut$ ! r+s to !         
reflection ( ! light :i* pass$ ?r\gh 9 !
 r$ b[4 ,?\gh mi/ak51 he _h pres5t$ to !
 _w ( sci5ce two exp]im5ts :i* h s9ce   
play$ v prom95t p>ts 9 ! undulatory !ory
 ( light1 namely1 ! r+s =m$ ^u poli%$   
metal1 & ! b&s produc$ by a ?9 plate ne>
 ! critical angle4  ,z 9 8 lat] rese>*es
 ^u ! nature ( radiant heat1 he 0 wrong 
9 8 conclusions1 & p]haps ) less excuse4
 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 skilfully devis$ & mo/  

+5i\s4 ,8 philosophiz+ 0 di/9ctly       
faulty4 ,we c see n only t he 0 wrong1 b
 exactly :]e he began to g wrong4 ,yet  
^! pap]s are full ( int]e/ to !         
physici/1 & by no means des]ve ! neglect
 into :i* !y h fall54                   
,rese>*es on ! ,dim5sions ( ! ,/>s4     
,,h]s*el exam9$ a numb] ( bright />s1   
us+ extremely high magnify+ p[]s1 9 ord]
 to det]m9e :e!r ! />s h s5sible        
dim5sions4 ,9 a good telescope />s      
pres5t r\nd & pretty uni=mly illum9at$  
disks4 ,if ^! disks really repres5t !   
angul> diamet] ( ! />s1 !y %\ld admit ( 
magnify+1 l o!r objects2 b1 in/ead (    
?is1 ,,h]s*el f\nd t !y appe>$ small] z 
! telescopic p[] 0 increas$4 ,he        
accord+ly call$ ! disk ( light se5 9 !  
telescope a spuri\s disk4 ,?is s+ul>    
ph5om5on gave its discov]] a ready      
crit]ion = det]m9+ :e!r a small bright  
body has an appreciable size1 or only   
impresses ! s5se ( sight by virtue ( its
 intr9sic brightness4 ,if ! fir/ 7 !    
case1 ! app>5t size w\ld increase )     

increas$ magnify+ p[]1 :ile1 if ! angul>
 dim5sions 7 inappreciable1 ! app>5t    
size w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 dim9i% )       
additional magnify+4 ,an occasion = us+ 
?is crit]ion came 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ?is   
c5tury1 ) ! discov]y ( ?ree small       
planets hav+ orbits ly+ betwe5 ^? ( ,m>s
 & ,jupit]4 ,,h]s*el gave ! "n ,a/]oids 
to ^! bodies4 ,z ! appropriat5ess ( ?is 
t]m _h be5 viol5tly assail$1 ! discov]y 
( ,juno1 9 #ahjd1 ! ?ird "o ( ! gr\p1 l$
 to a c>eful exp]im5tal /udy ( ! def9+  
p[] ( ! telescope us$1 & ( ! laws gov]n+
 ! ph5om5a ( spuri\s disks4  ,) a       
telescope ( ab\t n9e in*es 9 ap]ture1   
,,h]s*el f\nd t if ,juno subt5d$ an     
angle great] ?an a qu>t] ( a second (   
arc1 a c]ta9 indication ( ! fact w\ld h 
%[n itself 9 ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,?is
 conclusion 0 a ju/ification ( ! "n     
,a/]oid1 s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! new planet
 0 /rictly /ell>4 ,on o!r gr\nds1 a     
bett] "n might h be5 select$4  ,9 ! pap]
 giv+ ! results ( ! exp]im5ts1 ! ph5om5a
 ( ! spuri\s disks are v completely     

describ$2 b !y did n attract ! att5tion 
:i* !y des]v$1 & !y only became an      
object ( especial int]e/ to /ud5ts (    
physics :5 !y 7 aga9 /udi$ by ! fam\s   
,g]man optician ,,fraunh(]1 a g5]ation  
lat]4  ,incid5tally ! exp]im5ts are (   
int]e/1 z yield+ u a measure ( !        
excell5ce ( ,,h]s*el',s telescopes1 & a 
measure :i* is q indep5d5t ( ! ke5ness (
 8 vision4 ,f !m we may be sure t !     
effici5cy ( ! n9e-in* mirror us$ 0 n    
s5sibly less ?an t ( ! highe/           
!oretically atta9able excell5ce4 ,9 ?is 
connection1 too1 we may ref] to !       
,philosophical ,transactions = #agij1   
pp4 #dfh & #dge1 :]e ,,h]s*el gives     
obs]vations ( bo? ,enceladus & ,mimas   
se5 9 contact ) ! ball ( ,saturn4 ,i h  
nev] se5 s good def9ition1 telescopic & 
atmosph]ic1 z he mu/ h _h on ^!         
occasions4                 ,rese>*es on 
! ,spectra ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s4  ,!          
spectroscope 0 appli$ by ,,sec*i to !   
/udy ( ! spectra ( ! fix$ />s visible to
 ! nak$ eye 9 ! ye>s #ahfc to #ahff4 ,he

 exam9$ ! nature ( ! spectrum ( ea* ( ! 
l>g] />s1 & f\nd t ^! />s c\ld be       
arrang$ 9 ?ree g5]al classes or types4  
,8 results h be5 v]ifi$ & ext5d$ by o!r 
a/ronom]s1 & 8 classification has be5   
g5]ally accept$4 ,accord+ to ,,sec*i1 ! 
lucid />s may be sep>at$ into ?ree      
gr\ps1 di/+ui%$ by m>k$ diff]5ces 9 _!  
spectra4 ,,sec*i',s ,type ,i4 conta9s   
/>s ^: spectra are l ^? ( ,sirius1      
,procyon1 & alpha ,lyr2 8 ,type ,,ii4   
/>s l ,arcturus & ,aldeb>an2 8 ,type    
,,iii4 />s l alpha ,orionis4  ,,h]s*el  
also made "s trials 9 ?is direction4 ,9 
! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahad  
7p4 #bfd71 he says3      ,by "s         
exp]im5ts on ! light ( a few ( ! />s ( !
 fir/     magnitude1 made 9 #agih1 by a 
prism appli$ to ! eye-glasses ( my      
reflectors1 adju/able to any angle & to 
any direction1 ,i _h !     foll[+       
analyses3      ,! light ( ,sirius       
consi/s ( r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1
     purple1 & violet4 alpha ,orionis   
conta9s ! same colors1     b ! r$ is m  

int5se1 & ! orange & yell[ are less     
copi\s 9 proportion ?an !y are 9        
,sirius4 ,procyon conta9s     all !     
colors1 b proportionately m blue &      
purple ?an     ,sirius4 ,arcturus       
conta9s m r$ & orange1 & less yell[     
9 proportion ?an ,sirius4 ,aldeb>an     
conta9s mu* orange &     v little yell[4
 alpha ,lyr conta9s mu* yell[1 gre51    
blue1 & purple4  ,"h ! ess5tial         
peculi>ities ( ! spectrum ( ea* ( ! />s 
inve/igat$ by ,,h]s*el is po9t$ out1 &  
if we 7 to use 8 obs]vations alone to   
classify ^! />s into types1 we %\ld put 
,sirius & ,procyon into "o type ( />s   
:i* h all ! colors 9 _! spectra2        
,arcturus & ,aldeb>an w\ld repres5t     
ano!r gr\p ( />s1 ) a defici5cy ( yell[ 
& an excess ( orange & r$ 9 ! spectrum2 
& alpha ,orionis w\ld /& z a type ( ^?  
/>s ) an excess ( r$ & a defici5cy (    
orange4 alpha ,lyr w\ld repres5t a      
sub-gr\p ( ! fir/ class4  ,,h]s*el',s   
imm$iate object 0 n classification1 & 8 
obs]vations are only record$ 9 a pass+  

way4 ,b ! fact rema9s t he cle>ly       
di/+ui%$ ! ess5tial diff]5ces ( !       
spectra ( ^! />s1 & t he made ^!        
obs]vations 9 support ( 8 /atem5t t !   
fix$ />s1 l ! planets1 also %9e )       
diff]5tly color$ light4 ,t ( ,arcturus &
 ,aldeb>an1 = in/ance1 is z diff]5t f ! 
light ( ,sirius & ,capella z t ( ,m>s & 
,saturn is f ! light ( ,v5us & ,jupit]4 
,( c\rse1 no special discov]y c be      
claim$ = him on ^! few in/ances4 ,we c  
see1 h[ev]1 a good example ( ! mann] 9  
:i* he exam9$ a subject f e side1 & us$ 
! mo/ remote evid5ce exactly 9 its prop]
 place & "t4             ,rese>*es on ! 
,v>iable ,emission ( ,light             
& ,heat f ! ,sun4  ,x is c]ta9ly a      
rem>kable fact t ,,h]s*el 0 ! fir/      
obs]v] to recognize ! real importance ( 
! ap]ture or diamet] ( a telescope4     
,be=e 8 "t x 0 g5]ally assum$ t ?is     
elem5t only condition$ ! am\nt ( light  
transmitt$ to ! eye1 or1 9 o!r words1   
m]ely det]m9$ ! brightness ( ! image4   
,h5ce ! conclusion t if an object is    

suffici5tly bright1 ! telescope may be  
made z small z desir$ )\t loss ( p[]4   
,?us1 9 obs]v+ ! sun1 a/ronom]s be=e    
,,h]s*el _h be5 accu/om$ to r$uce !     
ap]ture ( _! telescopes1 9 ord] to      
mod]ate ! heat & light transmitt$4      
,,s*e9]1 x is true1 ne>ly two c5turies  
be=e ! "t we are consid]+1 _h inv5t$ a  
me?od = obs]v+ ! sun )\t dang]1 /ill    
employ+ ! full ap]ture4 ,?is 0 by       
project+ ! image ( ! sun on a :ite scre5
 beyond ! eye-piece1 ! telescope be+    
slightly l5g!n$4 ,= special purposes ?is
 +5i\s me?od has ev5 be5 f\nd useful 9  
mod]n times1 ?\gh = %>pness ( def9ition 
x be>s mu* ! same relation to ! m usual 
mann] ( obs]v+1 t a photographic picture
 does to direct vision4  ,al?\gh        
,,h]s*el saw ! advantages ( us+ ! :ole  
ap]ture ( a telescope 9 su* obs]vations1
 ! practical difficulties 9 ! way 7 v   
great4 ,we h not$ 8 attempts to f9d     
scre5s :i* w\ld effectively cut (f a    
l>ge portion ( ! heat & light )\t       
impair+ vision1 & h consid]$1 some:at 9 

detail1 ! rem>kable discov]ies 9 radiant
 heat to :i* ^! attempts l$ him4 ,8     
ef=ts 7 n unsuccessful4 ,a gre5 glass   
smok$1 & a glass cell conta9+ a solution
 ( black writ+ ink 9 wat]--7 f\nd to "w 
admirably4  ,?us provid$ ) m p[]ful     
in/rum5tal means ?an _h ev] be5 appli$  
to ! purpose1 ,,h]s*el turn$ 8 att5tion 
to ! sun4 ,9 a v %ort "t he exhau/$     
ne>ly all !re 0 to be discov]$1 s t s9ce
 ! publication ( 8 la/ pap] on ?is      
subject1 9 #ahja1 until ! pres5t "t1 !re
 has be5 b a s+le telescopic ph5om5on1  
connect$ ) ! physical appe>ance ( ! sun1
 :i* 0 unkn[n to ,,h]s*el4 ,t ph5om5on  
is ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( a d>k] c5tral  
%ade or k]nel 9 l>ge spots1 discov]$ by 
,,dawes ab\t #aheh4  ,,h]s*el1 ?\gh     
obs]v+ a hundr$ & n9ety ye>s aft] !     
e>lie/ discov]y ( sun spots1 seems to h 
be5 ! fir/ to suspect _! p]iodic "*4 ,to
 e/abli% ?is z a fact1 & to measure !   
p]iod1 0 left = our own times & = !     
indefatigable obs]v] ,,s*wabe4 ,!       
probable importance ( su* a p]iod 9 its 

relation to t]re/rial meteorology 0 n   
only cle>ly po9t$ out by ,,h]s*el1 b he 
ev5 attempt$ to demon/rate1 f su* data z
 7 obta9able1 ! "* ( ?is influ5ce4      
,p]haps no "o ?+ :i* ?is great          
philosoph] has done bett] exhibits !    
ca?olic "* ( 8 m9d ?an ?is rese>*4 ,:5 !
 possible connection ( sol> & t]re/rial 
ph5om5a occurr$ to him z a "q to be     
te/$1 !re 7 no available meteorological 
records1 & he c\ld f9d b f\r or five    
%ort s]ies ( obs]vations1 widely sep>at$
 9 "t4 ,to an ord9>y ?9k] ! task w\ld h 
seem$ hopeless until m data _h be5      
collect$4 ,b ,,h]s*el',s f]tile m9d1    
?\gh x c\ld n recall lo/ opportunities =
 sol> obs]vations1 did f9d a sub/itute =
 meteorological records 9 ! /ati/ics ( !
 prices ( gra9 dur+ ! v>i\s epo*s4 ,x is
 cle> t ! price ( :eat mu/ h dep5d$ ^u !
 supply1 & ! supply1 9 turn1 l>gely ^u !
 "* ( ! season4 ,! me?od1 z +5i\s z x   
is1 fail$ 9 ,,h]s*el',s h&s on acc\nt ( 
! paucity ( sol> /ati/ics2 b x has s9ce 
prov$ ( value1 & has tak5 its place z a 

recogniz$ me?od ( rese>*4               
,rese>*es on ,nebul & ,clu/]s4  ,:5     
,,h]s*el fir/ began to obs]ve ! nebul 9 
#aggd1 !re 7 v few ( ^! objects kn[n4 ,!
 nebul ( ,orion & ,&rom$a _h be5 kn[n 9 
,europe only a little ov] a hundr$ ye>s4
  ,9 #aghd ,,messi] publi%$ a li/ (     
sixty-eight su* objects :i* he _h f\nd 9
 8 se>*es = comets1 & tw5ty-eight nebul 
_h be5 f\nd by ,,lacaille 9 8           
obs]vations at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,9
 ! m]e discov]y ( ^! objects ,,h]s*el   
quickly surpass$ all o!rs4 ,9 #aghf he  
publi%$ a catalogue ( "o ?\s& new nebul1
 9 #aghi a catalogue ( a second ?\s&1 & 
9 #ahjb "o ( five hundr$4 ,9 all he     
discov]$ & describ$ two ?\s& five hundr$
 & eight new nebul & clu/]s4 ,?is bran* 
( a/ronomy may almo/ be said to be prop]
 to ! ,,h]s*els1 fa!r & son4 ,sir ,,john
 ,,h]s*el re-obs]v$ all 8 fa!r's nebul 9
 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & add$ _m new ones1
 & 9 8 a/ronomical exp$ition to ! ,cape 
( ,good ,hope he record$ almo/ an equal 
numb] 9 ! s\!rn sky4  ,( ! six ?\s& two 

hundr$ nebul n[ kn[n ! ,,h]s*els        
discov]$ at lea/ eight-t5?s4 ,! m]e     
discov]y ( tw5ty-five hundr$ nebul w\ld 
h be5 a brilliant addition to our k (   
cele/ial /ati/ics4  ,,h]s*el did m ?an  
m]ely po9t out ! exi/5ce & position ( ^!
 new bodies4 ,ea* obs]vation 0          
accompani$ by a c>eful & m9ute          
description ( ! object view$1 & )       
sket*es & diagrams :i* gave ! position (
 ! small />s 9 x & ne> x4#cf  ,z ! nebul
 & clu/]s 7 discov]$ !y 7 plac$ 9       
classes1 ea* class cov]+ ^? nebul :i*   
resembl$ ea* o!r 9 _! g5]al features4   
,ev5 at ! telescope ,,h]s*el',s object 0
 n discov]y m]ely1 b to "k ! inn]       
con/itution ( ! heav5s4 ,8 classes 7    
arrang$ ) ?is end1 & !y are to-day      
adopt$4 ,!y 73    ,,class ,i4 ,bright   
nebul 7#bhh 9 all74        ,,ii4 ,fa9t  
nebul 7#iji 9 all74       ,,iii4 ,v fa9t
 nebul 7#ihd 9 all74        ,,iv4       
,planet>y nebul1 />s ) burs1 ) milky    
*evelure1               ) %ort rays1    
rem>kable %apes1 etc4 7#gi 9 all74      

,v4 ,v l>ge nebul 7#eb 9 all74          
,,vi4 ,v compress$ & ri* clu/]s ( />s   
7#db 9 all74       ,,vii4 ,pretty mu*   
compress$ clu/]s 7#fg 9 all74           
,,viii4 ,co>sely scatt]$ clu/]s ( />s   
7#hh 9 all74  ,! li/s ( ^! classes 7 !  
/oreh\ses ( ri* mat]ial f :i* ,,h]s*el  
drew ! examples by :i* 8 lat] op9ions on
 ! physical conditions ( nebul\s matt] 7
 en=c$4  ,z ! nebul 7 discov]$ &        
classifi$ !y 7 plac$ ^u a />-map 9 _!   
prop] positions 7#aghf71 &1 z !         
discov]ies w5t on1 ! real laws ( !      
di/ribution ( ! nebul & ( ! clu/]s ov] !
 surface ( ! sky %[$ !mselves m & m     
pla9ly4 ,x 0 by ?is means t ,,h]s*el 0  
l$ to ! ann\ncem5t ( ! law t ! spaces   
ri*e/ 9 nebul are di/ant f ! ,milky     
,way1 etc4 ,by no o!r means c\ld he h   
detect$ ?is1 & ,i believe ?is to h be5 !
 fir/ example ( ! use ( ! graphical     
me?od1 n[ become common 9 treat+ l>ge   
masses ( /ati/ics4  ,x is /ill 9 8      
capacity ( an obs]v]--an acute & wise   
"o--t ,,h]s*el is consid]$4 ,b ?is 0 !  

lea/ ( 8 gifts4 ,?is va/ mass ( mat]ial 
0 n left 9 ?is /ate3 x s]v$ him = a     
/epp+-/one to l>g] views ( ! nature &   
ext5t ( ! nebul\s matt] itself4  ,8     
views on ! nature ( nebul und]w5t       
successive *anges4 ,at fir/ he suppos$  
all nebul to be b aggregations ( />s4 ,!
 logic 0 simple4 ,to ! nak$ eye !re are 
_m gr\ps ( />s :i* appe> nebul\s4       
,praesepe is1 p]haps1 ! be/ example4 ,! 
slighte/ telescopic p[] appli$ to su*   
gr\ps alt]s ! nebul\s appe>ance1 & %[s t
 x comes f ! comb9$ & confus$ light (   
discrete />s4 ,o!r gr\ps :i* rema9      
nebul\s 9 a sev5-foot telescope1 become 
/ell> 9 a t5-foot4 ,! nebulosity ( !    
t5-foot c be resolv$ into />s by !      
tw5ty-foot1 & s on4 ,! nebul :i* rema9$ 
/ill unresolv$1 x 0 reasonable to       
conclude1 w\ld yield to high] p[]1 &    
g5]ally a nebula 0 b a gr\p ( />s remov$
 to a great di/ance4 ,an increase (     
telescopic p[] 0 alone necess>y to      
demon/rate ?is4#cg      ,nebul c be     
select$ s t an ins5sible gradation %all 

take     place f a co>se clu/] l !      
,pleiades d[n to a milky     nebulosity 
l t 9 ,orion1 e int]m$iate /ep be+      
repres5t$4 ,?is t5ds to confirm !       
hypo!sis t all are     compos$ ( />s m  
or less remote4  ,s1 at fir/1 ,,h]s*el  
believ$ t 8 tw5ty-foot telescope 0 ( p[]
 suffici5t to fa?om ! ,milky ,way1 t is1
 to see ?r\gh x & beyond x1 & to r$uce  
all its nebulosities to true gr\ps (    
/>s4  ,9 #agia he publi%$ a memoir on   
,nebul\s ,/>s1 9 :i* 8 views 7          
completely *ang$4 ,he _h f\nd a nebul\s 
/>1 ! sixty-n9? ( 8 ,class ,,iv41 to :i*
 8 reasons w\ld n apply4 ,9 ! c5tre ( x 
0 a bright />2 ar\nd ! /> 0 a halo      
gradually dim9i%+ 9 brightness f ! />   
outw>d1 & p]fectly circul>4 ,x 0 cle> ! 
two p>ts1 /> & nebula1 7 connect$1 & ?us
 at ! same di/ance f u4  ,!re 7 two     
possible solutions only4 ,ei!r ! :ole   
mass 01 fir/1 compos$ ( />s1 9 :i* case 
! nucleus w\ld be enorm\sly l>g] ?an !  
o!r />s ( its /ell> magnitude else:]e 9 
! sky1 or ! />s :i* made up ! halo      

indef9itely small2 or1 second1 ! c5tral 
nucleus 0 inde$ a />1 b a /> surr\nd$ ) 
a %9+ fluid1 ( a nature totally unkn[n  
to u4  ,! long /rata ( nebul1 :i* he _h 
be=e describ$ "u ! "n ( telescopic      
,milky ,ways1 might well be acc\nt$ = by
 masses ( ?is fluid ly+ beyond ! regions
 ( ! sev5?-magnitude />s4 ,?is fluid    
might exi/ indep5d5tly ( />s4 ,if x is  
self-lum9\s1 x seems m fit to produce a 
/> by its cond5sation1 ?an to dep5d ^u !
 /> = its own exi/5ce4 ,su* 7 a few ( ! 
!orems to :i* 8 discov]y ( ?is nebula l$
 him4 ,! hypo!sis ( an ela/ic %9+ fluid 
exi/+ 9 space1 sometimes 9 connection ) 
/>s1 sometimes di/9ct f !m1 0 adopt$ &  
nev] ab&on$4 ,h[ well ! spectroscope has
 confirm$ ?is idea x is n necess>y to   
say4 ,we "k ! %9+ fluid does exi/1 & 9  
late ye>s we h se5 ! rev]se ( ! process 
imag9$ by ,,h]s*el4 ,a /> has actually1 
"u our eyes1 become a planet>y nebula1 &
 ! cycle ( :i* he gave ! fir/ t]ms is   
complete4  ,9 five sep>ate memoirs      
7#ahjb1 #ahaa1 #ahad1 #ahag1 & #ahah7   

,,h]s*el elaborat$ 8 views ( ! sid]eal  
sy/em4 ,! :ole ext5t ( 8 views mu/ be   
ga9$ f ! ext5d$ memoirs !mselves4 ,"h   
only ! m]e/ outl9e c be giv54  ,9 #ahjb 
!re is a m>%al+ ( ! v>i\s objects beyond
 our sol> sy/em4 ,! />s !mselves may be 
insulat$1 or may belong to b9>y or      
multiple sy/ems1 to clu/]s & gr\ps1 or  
to gr& gr\ps l ! ,milky ,way4 ,nebul may
 h any ( ! =ms :i* h be5 describ$2 &1 9 
#ahaa1 he gives examples ( imm5se spaces
 9 ! sky cov]$ ) diffus$ & v fa9t       
nebulosity4 ,its abundance exce$s all   
imag9ation4#ch ,^! masses ( nebul> matt]
 are ! seats ( attract+ =ces1 & ^! =ces 
mu/ produce cond5sation4 ,:5 a nebula   
has m ?an "o prepond]at+ seat ( attract+
 matt]1 x may 9 "t be divid$1 & ! d\ble 
nebul h _h su* an orig94 ,:5 nebul appe>
 to u z r\nd masses1 !y are 9 reality   
globul> 9 =m1 & ?is =m is at once !     
effect & ! pro( ( a gravitat+ cause4  ,!
 c5tral brightness ( nebul po9ts out !  
seat ( ! attraction2 & ! complet5ess ( !
 approximation to a sph]ical =m po9ts   

out ! l5g? ( "t t ! gravitat+ =ces h be5
 at "w4 ,^? nebul 7& clu/]s7 :i* are mo/
 p]fect 9 ! globul> =m1 h be5 longe/    
expos$ to c5tral =ces4 ,! planet>y nebul
 are ! olde/ 9 our sy/em4 ,!y mu/ h a   
rotatory motion on _! axes4  ,by        
progressive cond5sation planet>y nebul  
may be successively conv]t$ into bright 
/ell> nebul1 or into nebul\s />s1 & ^!  
aga91 by ! effects ( ! same cause1 into 
insulat$ or d\ble />s4 ,?is *a9 (       
!orems1 laid d[n 9 ! memoir ( #ahaa1 is 
en=c$ 9 #ahad ) examples :i* %[ h[ !    
nebul\s appe>ance may gr[ into !        
sid]eal4 ,,h]s*el selects f ! hundr$s ( 
in/ances 9 8 note-books1 nebul 9 e /age 
( progress1 & traces ! effect (         
cond5sation & ( clu/]+ p[] ?r\gh all its
 c\rse1 ev5 to ! f9al break+ up ( !     
,milky ,way itself4  ,! memoirs ( #ahag 
& #ahah add little to ! g5]al view ( !  
physical con/itution ( ! heav5s4 ,!y are
 attempts to ga9 a scale ( cele/ial     
measures by :i* we may judge ( !        
di/ances ( ! />s & clu/]s 9 :i* ^!      

*anges are go+ on4  ,!re is little to   
*ange 9 ,,h]s*el',s /atem5t ( ! g5]al   
con/ruction ( ! heav5s4 ,x is !         
gr\ndwork ^u :i* we h /ill to build4 ,e 
a/ronomical discov]y & e physical fact  
well obs]v$ is mat]ial = ! elaboration (
 its details or = ! correction ( "s (   
its m9or po9ts4 ,z a sci5tific          
conception x is p]haps ! gr&e/ t has ev]
 ent]$ into ! human m9d4 ,z a /udy ( !  
height to :i* ! ef=ts ( "o man may g1 x 
is almo/ )\t a p>allel4 ,! philosoph] :o
 w add to x to-day1 w h 8 facts & 8     
me?ods ready to 8 h&s4 ,,h]s*el pres5ts 
! almo/ unique example ( an eag] obs]v] 
m>%al+ ! multitude ( s+le in/ances1 :i* 
he himself has labori\sly ga!r$1 into a 
compact & philosophic :ole4 ,9 spite (  
m9or errors & defects1 8 ideas ( !      
nature ( ! sid]eal univ]se h prevail$1 &
 are to-day ! unackn[l$g$ basis ( our e 
?\ght ^u x4 ,"s ( its mo/ secret        
processes h be5 work$ out by him1 & !   
pa?s :i* he po9t$ out are ^? along :i*  
our advances mu/ be made4  ,9 conclud+  

?is cond5s$ acc\nt ( ,,h]s*el',s        
sci5tific labors1 x behoves u to rememb]
 t !re 0 no?+ due to accid5t 9 8 long   
life4 ,he 0 born ) ! faculties :i* fitt$
 him = ! gigantic labors :i* he         
und]took1 & he _h ! firm basis ( en]gy &
 pr9ciple :i* kept him /eadily to 8 "w4 
,z a practical a/ronom] he rema9s )\t an
 equal4 ,9 pr(\nd philosophy he has few 
sup]iors4 ,by a k9dly *ance he c be     
claim$ z ! citiz5 ( no "o c\ntry4 ,9 v  
tru? 8 is "o ( ! few names :i* belong to
 ! :ole _w4  ,,footnotes3  #ca ,,james  
,,%ort1 ,f4,r4,s4 7#agaj-agfh71 & ,,john
 ,,dollond1 ,f4,r4,s4 7#agjf-agfa71 7 ! 
mo/ celebrat$ mak]s ( telescopes ( _!   
day4 ,! six-foot ,newtonian reflectors (
 ,,%ort 7ap]ture #i4d in*es71 & !       
=ty-six-in* a*romatics ( ,,dollond      
7ap]ture #c4f in*es71 7 highly e/eem$4  
,! ,royal ,obs]vatory ( ,gre5wi*        
possess$1 9 #agfe1 "o ( ea* class4 ,9 a 
comp>ative trial ( ,,%ort',s telescope1 
at ,gre5wi*1 & "o ( ,,h]s*el',s fir/    
telescopes1 ! latt] 0 adjudg$ greatly   

sup]ior4  #cb ,at lea/ "o ( ^!          
telescopes _h ! pr9cipal mirror made (  
glass in/ead ( metal4--,philosophical   
,transactions1 #ahjc4  #cc ,! foll[+    
extract f ,,f\ri]',s loge ( ,,h]s*el is 
( int]e/ 9 ?is connection4 ,! sum fir/  
appropriat$ by ! k+ 0 #b1jjj4 ,?is 0    
aft]w>ds rais$ to #d1jjj1 & a sum ( #bjj
 ye>ly 0 giv5 = ma9t5ance4  ,l'hi/oire  
doit cons]v]  jamais la rponse de ce    
pr9ce  un trang] clbre ,,lal&e8 qui le  
rem]ciait des sommes considrables       
accordes p\r les progrs de l'a/ronomie4 
',je fais les dp5ses de la gu]re1' dit  
le roi1 'p>cequ'elles sont ncessaires2  
quant  celles des sci5ces1 il m'e/      
agrable des les ordonn]2 leur objet ne  
cote po9t des l>mes1 et honore          
l'humanit4'  ,,lal&e',s own acc\nt is a 
little diff]5t4 ,he says ! k+ exclaim$3 
,ne vaut-il pas mieux employ] son arg5t 
cela qu' faire tu] des hommes8  #cd ,!  
memoirs on ! p>allaxes ( />s1 writt5 by 
v>i\s a/ronom]s f #agej to #ahjj1 7     
ma9ly direct$ to ! improvem5t ( !       

me?ods1 or to ! discov]y ( ! p>allax (  
"s p>ticul> />4 ,= example1             
,,lacaille',s obs]vations ( ,sirius1 at 
! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 _h result$ 9 a   
p>allax ( #i = t />--a quantity ov] =ty 
times too l>ge4  #ce ,,h]s*el accept$1 z
 did all 8 cotempor>ies1 ! ,newtonian or
 corpuscul> !ory ( light4  #cf ,?us !   
position ( small />s critically situat$ 
9 ! c5tre1 or on ! edges ( ! nebul 0    
always not$4 ,_m ( ! descriptions are   
giv5 9 ! publi%$ pap]s1 b ! publication 
( ! diagrams w\ld be an imm5se help to  
?is bran* ( a/ronomy4 ,d',,arre/ 9 8    
r$uction ( ,,h]s*el',s nebula           
obs]vations 7#ahef7 writes3 ,gewiss wre 
es vom h*/5 ,int]esse fr die            
,entwickelung1 wel*e h(f5tli* au* dies] 
,zweig d] beoba*t5d5 ,a/ronomie zuknftig
 erhalt5 wird1 w5n die ,,h]s*el',s*5    
,beoba*tung5 9 d] ,ausfhrli*keit 9 wel*]
 sie1 v]s*i$55 ,&eutung5 zufolge1       
h&s*riftli* vorh&5 s9d1 v]ff5tli*t wrd54
 ,es s*lies/ si* dies] ,wuns* 9 ,betreff
 d] ,nebelfleck5 lebhaft an d5 an1      

wel*]1 s*on vor e9em ,jahrzehnt na*     
,v]ff5tli*ung d] #djj no* un$irt5       
/>-gauges von gewi*tig]] ,seite h]      
geuss]t wurde4 ,9 ?is all mu/ agree :o h
 a k ( ! direction 9 :i* we mu/ look =  
advances 9 ! difficult & important      
que/ions ( ! di/ance1 ! motions1 & !    
*anges ( ! nebul4 ,almo/ ! only aid to  
be look$ = f ! old] obs]vations mu/ come
 f su* diagrams1 & we may safely say t !
 publication ( ?is priceless mat]ial1 j 
z x /&s1 w\ld c>ry our exact data back f
 #ahcc to #aghf1 or no less ?an =ty-sev5
 ye>s4  #cg ,long aft] ,,h]s*el _h      
ab&on$ ?is idea1 x cont9u$ curr5t among 
a/ronom]s4 ,! successes ( ,"l ,,rosse',s
 telescope p]petuat$ to ! middle ( !    
n9ete5? c5tury an errone\s view :i*     
,,h]s*el _h giv5 up 9 #agia4  #ch ,^! h 
nev] be5 re-obs]v$4 ,!y %\ld be s\ght = 
) a p[]ful refractor1 tak+ special      
precautions aga9/ ! illum9ation ( !     
field ( view f neighbor+ bright />s4    
,,h]s*el',s reflectors 7 specially op5  
to illusions produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,8      

obs]vations probably w rema9 unte/$     
until "s l>ge telescope is us$ 9 ! way  
he adopt$1 i4 e41 9 sweep+4             
,,bibliography4   ,i4--,,li/ ,,( ,,!    
,,publi%$ ,,writ+s ,,( ,,william        
,,h]s*el ,,on ,,a/ronomical             
,,subjects4                         ,9  
*ronological ord]4  ,n4,b4--,9 g5]al1   
translations & ab/racts ( ^? :i* appe>$ 
9 p]iodicals are n notic$ "h4 ,i h made 
exceptions 9 ! m important cases4       
,solution ( a prize "q4 ,see ?is book1  
page #df4                               
,ladies' ,di>y1 #aggi4   ,a/ronomical   
obs]vations on ! p]iodical /> 9 ,collo  
,ceti4                                  
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghj1 p4 #cch4         
,a/ronomical obs]vations relat+ to !    
m\nta9s ( ! moon4                       
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghj1 p4 #ejg4         
,a/ronomical obs]vations on ! rotation (
 ! planets r\nd _! axes1 made ) a view  
to det]m9e :e!r ! e>?'s diurnal motion  
is p]fectly equable4                    
,phil4 ,trans41 #agha1 p4 #aae4         

,acc\nt ( a comet4 ,dat$ #ac? ,m>*1     
#agha4 ,?is 0 ,uranus4                  
,phil4 ,trans41 #agha1 p4 #dib4   ,on ! 
p>allax ( ! fix$ />s4                   
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghb1 p4 #hb4          
,catalogue ( d\ble />s4                 
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghb1 p4 #aab3         
translation 9                           
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #aghf1 p4 #ahg4       
,description ( a lamp micromet] & !     
me?od ( us+ x4                          
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghb1 p4 #afc4   ,a    
pap] to obviate "s d\bts conc]n+ ! great
 magnify+ p[]s us$4                     
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghb1 p4 #agc4   ,a    
lett] f ,,william ,,h]s*el1 ,esq41      
,f4,r4,s41 to ,sir ,,joseph ,,banks1    
,b>t41 ,p4,r4,s4                        
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghc1 p4 #a4   ,aus    
e9em ,s*reib5 des ,hrn4 ,,h]s*el an mi* 
,,bode1 datirt ,london1 d5 #act5 ,augu/1
 #aghc4 ,?is is a lett] =w>d+           
,,h]s*el',s memoir on ! ,p>allax ( !    
,fix$ ,/>s1 etc4                        
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #aghf1 p4 #beh4   ,on 

! diamet] & magnitude ( ! ,georgium     
,sidus1 ) a description ( ! d>k & lucid 
disk & p]iph]y micromet]s4              
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghc1 p4 #d4   ,on !   
prop] motion ( ! sun & sol> sy/em1 ) an 
acc\nt ( sev]al *anges t h happ5$ among 
! fix$ />s s9ce ! "t ( ,mr4 ,,flam/e$4  
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghc1 p4 #bdg4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #aghg1 p4 #aid1 p4    
#bbd4   ,a/ronomis*e ,na*ri*t5 und      
,entdeckung51 aus e9em franzsis*5       
,s*reib5 desselb5 an mi* ,,bode1 datirt 
,dat*et1 nahe bey ,w9dsor1 d5 #ah4 ,mai1
 #aghd4  ,?is lett] is on ! subject ( ! 
use ( high magnify+ p[]s1 & gives a rsum
 ( 8 rec5t pap]s4                       
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #aghg1 p4 #baa4   ,on 
! rem>kable appe>ances at ! pol> regions
 ( ! planet ,m>s1 ! incl9ation ( its    
axis1 ! position ( its poles & its      
sph]oidical figure2 ) a few h9ts relat+ 
to its real diamet] & atmosph]e4        
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghd1 p4 #bcc4         
,acc\nt ( "s obs]vations t5d+ to        
inve/igate ! con/ruction ( ! heav5s4    

,phil4 ,trans41 #aghd1 p4 #dcg4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #aghh1 p4 #bdf1 has a 
summ>y ( ?is pap] by ,b>on ,,von ,,za*4 
,see1 also1 ,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agid1 p4 
#bac4   ,catalogue ( d\ble />s4         
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghe1 p4 #dj4   ,on !  
con/ruction ( ! heav5s4                 
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghe1 p4 #bac4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #aghh1 p4 #bch4       
,see1 also1 same1 #aghg1 p4 #bac1 &     
#agid1 p4 #bac4   ,aus e9em ,s*reib5 des
 ,hrn4 ,,h]s*el an mi* ,,bode1 datirt   
,clay ,hall1 nahe bey ,w9dsor1 d5 #bj4  
,jul41 #aghe4 ,?is is a lett] =w>d+ two 
memoirs1 & giv+ ! prices ( telescopes   
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #aghh1 p4 #bed4       
,catalogue ( "o ?\s& new nebul & clu/]s 
( />s4                                  
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghf1 p4 #deg4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agia1 p4 #aeg1       
& same1 #agid1 p4 #bac4   ,inve/igation 
( ! cause ( t indi/9ctness ( vision :i* 
has be5 ascrib$ to ! smallness ( ! optic
 p5cil4                                 
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghf1 p4 #ejj4         

,rem>ks on ! new comet #aghf1 ,,ii44    
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghg1 p4 #d4   ,lett] f
 ,,h]s*el to ,,bode on ! discov]y ( two 
satellites to ,uranus1 dat$ ,sl\gh1     
#aghg1 ,feb4 #aa4                       
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agij1 p4 #bec4   ,an 
acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( two satellites    
revolv+ r\nd ! ,georgian planet4        
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghg1 p4 #abe4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agia1 p4 #bee4   ,an 
acc\nt ( ?ree volcanoes 9 ! moon4       
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghg1 p4 #bbi4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agia1 p4 #bee4       
,note on ,m4 ,m,,*a9',s comet4 #aghg1   
,i4 ,add$ to prec$+ pap]4               
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghg1 p4 #bcb4   ,on ! 
,georgian planet & its satellites4      
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghh1 p4 #cfd4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agic1 p4 #ajd4       
,obs]vations on a comet #aghh1 ,,ii44   
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghi1 p4 #aea4         
,catalogue ( a second ?\s& ( new nebul &
 clu/]s ( />s1 ) a few introductory     
rem>ks on ! con/ruction ( ! heav5s4     
,phil4 ,trans41 #aghi1 p4 #bab4         

,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agic1 p4 #ajd4       
,also1 same1 #agid1 p4 #aej4   ,acc\nt (
 ! discov]y ( a six? & sev5? satellite (
 ! planet ,saturn1 ) rem>ks on !        
con/ruction ( its r+1 its atmosph]e1 its
 rotation on an axis1 & its sph]oidical 
figure4                                 
,phil4 ,trans41 #agij1 p4 #a4           
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agic1 p4 #bci2       
same1 #agif1 p4 #hh2 #agig1 p4 #bdi4    
,on ! satellites ( ! planet ,saturn1 & !
 rotation ( its r+ on an axis4          
,phil4 ,trans41 #agij1 p4 #dbg4   ,on   
nebul\s />s prop]ly s call$4            
,phil4 ,trans41 #agia1 p4 #ga4          
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahja1 p4 #abh4   ,on 
! r+ ( ,saturn & ! rotation ( ! fif?    
satellite ^u its axis4                  
,phil4 ,trans41 #agib1 p4 #a4           
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agif1 p4 #hh4        
,miscellane\s obs]vations4  ,acc\nt ( a 
comet1 p4 #bc #agib1 ,i44  ,on !        
p]iodical appe>ance ( omicron ,ceti1 p4 
#bd4  ,on ! disappe>ance ( ! #ee?       
,h]culis1 p4 #bf4  ,rem>kable ph5om5on 9

 an eclipse ( ! moon1 p4 #bg4           
,phil4 ,trans41 #agib1 p4 #bc4          
,obs]vations on ! planet ,v5us4         
,phil4 ,trans41 #agic1 p4 #bja4         
,obs]vations ( a qu9tuple belt on !     
planet ,saturn4                         
,phil4 ,trans41 #agid1 p4 #bh4          
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agih1 p4 #ij4        
,acc\nt ( "s p>ticul>s obs]v$ dur+ !    
late eclipse ( ! sun4 #agic1 ,septemb]  
#e?4                                    
,phil4 ,trans41 #agid1 p4 #ci4   ,on !  
rotation ( ! planet ,saturn ^u its axis4
                               ,phil4   
,trans41 #agid1 p4 #dh4                 
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #agih1 p4 #gd4   ,on !
 nature & con/ruction ( ! sun & fix$    
/>s4                              ,phil4
 ,trans41 #agie1 p4 #df4                
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 ,,ii4 ,suppl4 ,b&1 p4 
#fe4   ,description ( a =ty-foot        
reflect+ telescope4                     
,phil4 ,trans41 #agie1 p4 #cdg4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 ,,iii4 ,suppl4 ,b&1 p4
 #bch4   ,additional obs]vations on !   

comet4 #agif1 ,i4                       
,phil4 ,trans41 #agif1 p4 #aca4   ,on ! 
me?od ( obs]v+ ! *anges t happ5 to !    
fix$ />s2 ) "s rem>ks on ! /ability ( ! 
light ( our sun4 ,to :i* is add$ a      
catalogue ( comp>ative brightness =     
asc]ta9+ ! p]man5cy ( ! lu/re ( />s4    
,phil4 ,trans41 #agif1 p4 #aff4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahji1 p4 #bja4   ,on 
! p]iodical /> alpha ,h]culis2 ) rem>ks 
t5d+ to e/abli% ! rotatory motion ( !   
/>s on _! axes2 to :i* is add$ a second 
catalogue ( ! comp>ative brightness ( ! 
/>s4                                    
,phil4 ,trans41 #agif1 p4 #deb4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahji1 p4 #bja4   ,a  
?ird catalogue ( ! comp>ative brightness
 ( ! />s1 ) an introductory acc\nt ( an 
index to ,mr4 ,,flam/e$',s obs]vations (
 ! fix$ />s1 conta9$ 9 ! second volume (
 ! ,hi/oria ,coele/is4 ,to :i* are add$ 
sev]al useful results d]iv$ f t index4  
,phil4 ,trans41 #agig1 p4 #bic4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahaj1 p4 #adc4       
,obs]vations ( ! *angeable brightness ( 

! satellites ( ,jupit]1 & ( ! v>iation 9
 _! app>5t magnitudes1 ) a det]m9ation (
 ! "t ( _! rotatory motions on _! axes4 
,to :i* is add$ a measure ( ! diamet] ( 
! second satellite1 & an e/imate ( !    
comp>ative size ( all ! f\r4            
,phil4 ,trans41 #agig1 p4 #ccb4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahja1 p4 #ajc4   ,on 
! discov]y ( f\r additional satellites (
 ! ,georgium ,sidus4 ,! retrograde      
motion ( its old satellites ann\nc$1 & !
 cause ( _! disappe>ance at c]ta9       
di/ances f ! planet expla9$4            
,phil4 ,trans41 #agih1 p4 #dg4          
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahja1 p4 #bca4   ,a  
f\r? catalogue ( ! comp>ative brightness
 ( ! />s4                               
,phil4 ,trans41 #agii1 p4 #aba4         
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahaj1 p4 #adc4   ,on 
! p[] ( p5etrat+ into space by          
telescopes1 ) a comp>ative det]m9ation (
 ! ext5t ( t p[] 9 natural vision1 & 9  
telescopes ( v>i\s sizes & con/ructions1
 illu/rat$ by select obs]vations4       
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjj1 pp4 #di-he4      

,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahjd1 p4 #bca4       
,inve/igation ( ! p[]s ( ! prismatic    
colors to heat & illum9ate objects1 )   
rem>ks t prove ! diff]5t refrangibility 
( radiant heat4 ,to :i* is add$ an      
inquiry into ! me?od ( view+ ! sun      
advantage\sly ) telescopes ( l>ge       
ap]tures & high magnify+ p[]s4          
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjj1 pp4 #bee-bhc4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahjd1 p4 #hi4        
,exp]im5ts on ! refrangibility ( !      
invisible rays ( ! sun4                 
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjj1 pp4 #bhd-bib4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahjd1 p4 #hi4        
,exp]im5ts on ! sol> & on ! t]re/rial   
rays t occasion heat1 ) a comp>ative    
view ( ! laws by :i* light & heat1 or r 
! rays t occasion !m1 are subject1 9    
ord] to det]m9e :e!r !y are ! same or   
diff]5t4                                
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjj1 pp4 #bic-cbf1    
#dcg-ech4                               
,gilb]t ,annal41 ,x4 7#ahjb71 pp4       
#fh-gh2                                 
same1 ,,xii4 7#ahjc71 pp4 #eba-edf4     

,obs]vations t5d+ to inve/igate ! nature
 ( ! sun1 9 ord] to f9d ! causes or     
symptoms ( its v>iable emission ( light 
& heat1 ) rem>ks on ! use t may possibly
 be drawn f sol> obs]vations4           
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahja1 pp4 #bfe-cah4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahje1 p4 #bah1 &     
#ahjf1 p4 #aac4   ,ueb] d5 #g           
,nebelfleck d] #a/5 classe des          
,h]s*el's*5 ,v]zei*niss1 und ueb] ,c]es 
und ,pallas1 vom ,h]rn ,doctor ,,h]s*el1
 aus zwey ,brief5 desselb54             
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahje1 p4 #baa4       
,additional obs]vations t5d+ to         
inve/igate ! symptoms ( ! v>iable       
emission ( ! light & heat ( ! sun1 )    
trials to set aside d>k5+ glasses by    
transmitt+ ! sol> rays ?r\gh liquids1 & 
a few rem>ks to remove objections t     
might be made aga9/ "s ( ! argum5ts     
conta9$ 9 ! =m] pap]4                   
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahja1 pp4 #ced-cfb4    
,obs]vations on ! two lately discov]$   
cele/ial bodies ,c]es & ,pallas4        
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjb1 pp4 #bac-bcb4    

,ni*olson ,j\rnal1 ,,iv4 7#ahjh71 pp4   
#abj-acj1 #adb-adh4   ,catalogue ( five 
hundr$ new nebul1 nebul\s />s1 planet>y 
nebul1 & clu/]s ( />s1 ) rem>ks on !    
con/ruction ( ! heav5s4                 
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjb1 pp4 #dgg-ebh4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahjg1 p4 #aac4       
,obs]vations ( ! transit ( ,m]cury ov] !
 sun's disk1 to :i* is add$ an          
inve/igation ( ! causes :i* (t5 prev5t !
 prop] action ( mirrors4                
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjc1 pp4 #bad-bcb4    
,acc\nt ( ! *anges :i* h happ5$ dur+ !  
la/ tw5ty-five ye>s 9 ! relative        
situation ( d\ble />s1 ) an inve/igation
 ( ! cause to :i* !y are ow+4           
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjc1 pp4 #cci-chb4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahjh1 pp4 #aed-agh4  
,cont9uation ( ! acc\nt ( ! *anges t h  
happ5$ 9 ! relative situation ( d\ble   
/>s4                                    
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjd1 pp4 #cec-chd4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahjh1 p4 #bbf4   ,aus
 e9em ,s*reib5 des ,h]rn ,doctor        
,,h]s*el1 datirt ,sl\gh1 bey ,w9dsor1 d5

 #ca4 ,may1 #ahjd4  ,relates to 8 !ory (
 ! relation betwe5 ! sol> radiation & ! 
price ( :eat4                           
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahjh1 p4 #bbf4       
,exp]im5ts = asc]ta9+ h[ f> telescopes w
 enable u to det]m9e v small angles1 &  
to di/+ui% ! real f ! spuri\s diamet]s (
 cele/ial & t]re/rial objects1 ) an     
application ( ! results ( ^? exp]im5ts  
to a s]ies ( obs]vations on ! nature &  
magnitude ( ,mr4 ,,h>d+',s lately       
discov]$ /> ,juno 7#ahjd714             
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahje1 pp4 #ca-gj4   ,on
 ! direction & velocity ( ! motion ( !  
sun & sol> sy/em4                       
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahje1 pp4 #bcc-bef4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 ,b&1 p4 
#fg4   ,obs]vations on ! s+ul> figure ( 
! planet ,saturn4                       
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahje1 pp4 #bgb-bhj4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahji1 p4 #aig4   ,on 
! quantity & velocity ( sol> motion4    
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjf1 pp4 #bje-bcg4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahaa1 p4 #bbd4       
,obs]vations & rem>ks on ! figure1      

climate1 & atmosph]e ( ,saturn & its r+4
                               ,phil4   
,trans41 #ahjf1 pp4 #dee-dfg4           
,gilb]t ,annal41 ,,xxxiv4 7#ahaj71 pp4  
#hb-aje4                                
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahaj1 p4 #bbh4       
,exp]im5ts = inve/igat+ ! cause ( !     
color$ conc5tric r+s discov]$ by ,sir   
,i4 ,,newton betwe5 two object-glasses  
laid "o ^u ano!r4                       
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjg1 pp4 #ahj-bcc4    
,annal4 de ,*imie1 ,,lxx41 #ahji1 pp4   
#aed-aha1 #bic-cba2                     
same1 ,,lxxi41 #ahji1 pp4 #e-dj4        
,obs]vations on ! nature ( ! new        
cele/ial body ,ve/a discov]$ by ,dr4    
,,olb]s1 & ( ! comet :i* 0 expect$ to   
appe> la/ ,janu>y 9 its return f ! sun4 
#ahjf1 ,,ii4                            
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjg1 pp4 #bfj-bff4    
,obs]vations ( a comet #ahjg1 ,i4 made )
 a view to inve/igate its magnitude & ! 
nature ( its illum9ation1 to :i* is add$
 an acc\nt ( a new irregul>ity lately   
p]ceiv$ 9 ! app>5t figure ( ! planet    

,saturn4                         ,phil4 
,trans41 #ahjh1 pp4 #ade-afc4           
,gilb]t ,annal41 ,,xxxvi4 7#ahaj71 pp4  
#chi-cic4                         ,za*1 
,monat4 ,corresp41 ,,xx4 7#ahji71 pp4   
#eab-ead4   ,cont9uation ( exp]im5ts =  
inve/igat+ ! cause ( color$ conc5tric   
r+s & o!r appe>ances ( a simil> nature4 
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahji1 pp4 #bei-cjb4    
,supplem5t to ! fir/ & second "p ( !    
pap] ( exp]im5ts = inve/igat+ ! cause ( 
color$ conc5tric r+s betwe5             
object-glasses1 & o!r appe>ances ( a    
simil> nature4                          
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahaj1 pp4 #adi-agg4    
,gilb]t ,annal41 ,,xlvi41 #ahad1 pp4    
#bb-gi4   ,a/ronomical obs]vations      
relat+ to ! con/ruction ( ! heav5s1     
arrang$ = ! purpose ( a critical        
exam9ation1 ! result ( :i* appe>s to ?r[
 "s new light ^u ! organization ( !     
cele/ial bodies4                        
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahaa1 pp4 #bfi-ccf4    
,j\rn4 de ,phys41 ,,lxxv41 #ahab1 pp4   
#aba-afg4   ,obs]vations ( a comet1 )   

rem>ks on ! con/ruction ( its diff]5t   
p>ts #ahaa1 ,i44            ,phil4      
,trans41 #ahab1 pp4 #aae-adc4           
,j\rn4 de ,phys41 ,,lxxvii41 #ahac1 pp4 
#abe-ace4            ,za*1 ,monat4      
,corresp41 ,,xxviii41 #ahac1 pp4        
#dee-dfi1 #eeh-efh4            ,bode's  
,jahrbu*1 #ahaf1 p4 #ahe4   ,obs]vations
 ( a second comet1 ) rem>ks on its      
con/ruction #ahaa1 ,,ii44               
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahab1 pp4 #bbi-bcg4    
,ni*olson ,j\rn41 ,,xxxv41 #ahac1 pp4   
#aic-aii4                               
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahaf1 p4 #bjc4       
,a/ronomical obs]vations relat+ to !    
sid]eal "p ( ! heav5s1 & its connection 
) ! nebul\s "p1 arrang$ = ! purpose ( a 
critical exam9ation4                    
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahad4 pp4 #bdh-bhd4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahah1 pp4 #ig-aah4   
,a s]ies ( obs]vations ( ! satellites ( 
! ,georgian planet1 includ+ a passage   
?r\gh ! node ( _! orbits1 ) an          
introductory acc\nt ( ! telescopic      
app>atus t has be5 us$ on ?is occasion1 

& a f9al exposition ( "s calculat$      
p>ticul>s d$uc$ f ! obs]vations4        
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahae1 pp4 #bic-cfb4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahai1 p4 #bcb-bdb4   
,a/ronomical obs]vations & exp]im5ts    
t5d+ to inve/igate ! local arrangem5t ( 
! cele/ial bodies 9 space1 & to det]m9e 
! ext5t & condition ( ! ,milky ,way4    
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahag1 pp4 #cjb-cca4    
,bode's ,jahrbu*1 #ahba1 p4 #adi4       
,a/ronomical obs]vations & exp]im5ts    
select$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ !        
relative di/ances ( clu/]s ( />s1 & (   
inve/igat+ h[ f> ! p[] ( our telescopes 
may be expect$ to rea* into space1 :5   
direct$ to ambigu\s cele/ial objects4   
,phil4 ,trans41 #ahah1 pp4 #dbi-dgj4    
,on ! places ( "o hundr$ & =ty-five new 
d\ble />s 7#ahba74                      
,mem4 ,roy4 ,a/4 ,soc41 #a1 #ahbb1 pp4  
#aff-aha4    ,,ii4--,,li/ ,,( ,,works   
,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,writ+s   
,,( ,,william ,,h]s*el4                 
,arrang$ alphabetically by au?ors4      
,n4,b4--,9 g5]al1 ! notices ( 8 life to 

be f\nd 9 ,encyclopdias ( ,biography1   
etc41 are n includ$ "h4   ,,arago 7,f47 
,analyse de la vie et des travaux de    
,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el f ,annuaire du  
,bureau des ,longitudes1 #ahdb4 ,p>is1  
#ahdc4 #ahmo4         ,see also !       
,annuaire = #ahcd1 = an acc\nt (        
,,h]s*el',s         "w on d\ble />s4    
,,arago 7,f47     ,biographies (        
,di/+ui%$ ,sci5tific ,m54 ,translat$ by 
,admiral       ,w4 ,h4 ,,smy?1 ,rev4 ,b4
 ,,p[ell1 & ,,rob]t ,,grant1 ,esq4      
,,h]s*el4         ,fir/ s]ies1 p4 #beh4 
,bo/on1 #ahei4 #hvo4   ,,arago 7,f47    
,,h]s*el4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*4         
,smi?sonian ,report4 #ahgj4 p4 #aig4    
#hvo4   ,,auw]s 7,a47     ,,william     
,,h]s*el',s ,v]zei*nisse von            
,nebelfleck5 und ,/]nhauf5              
be>beitet von ,a4 ,,auw]s4         ,f ! 
,knigsb]g ,obs]vations4 #ahfb4 ,folio4  
,,bessel 7,f4 ,w47     ,sir ,,william   
,,h]s*el4 ,f ! ,knigsb]g] ,allgeme9e    
,zeitung1 #a1       #ahdc1 ,no4 #cg1 et 
seq41 repr9t$ 9 8 ,abh&lung51 vol iii41 

p4 #dfh4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 #dto4         
,d',,arre/ 7,h4 ,l47     ,v]zei*niss von
 ,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el',s ,nebelfleck5
 er/] und       vi]t] ,classe1 aus d5   
,beoba*tung5 b]e*net und auf #ahej      
r$ucirt4         ,abh&lung5 d] ,ma?4    
,phys4 ,classe d] ,k4 ,s*s ,gesells4 d4 
,wiss5s*aft51 ,b& iii4 #aheg1 p4 #cei4  
,,dunk9 7,e47     ,obitu>y ,notices (   
,a/ronom]s1 p4 #hf4 ,sir ,,william      
,,h]s*el1       ,k4,c4,h41 ,f4,r4,s41   
#agch-ahbb4         ,london1 #ahgi4     
#abmo4   ,f,,tis 7,f4 ,j47              
,biographie univ]selle des ,musici5s    
,article ,,h]s*el4         ,p>is1       
#ahce-cg4 #hvo4   ,,=bes 7,j4 ,d47      
,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el be+  #b (       
,diss]tation vi44         ,encyclopdia  
,britannica1 eigh? edition4             
,vol4 i41,diss]tations1 p4 #hch4        
,,f\ri] 7,j47     loge hi/orique de ,sir
 ,,william ,,h]s*el1 prononc dans la    
sance       publique de l',acadmie      
royale des sci5ces le #g ,ju91 #ahbd4   
,hi/orie de l',acadmie ,royale des      

,sci5ces de l',in/itut de ,france1      
tome vi41 anne #ahbc1 p4 lxi4   ,,h>d+  
7,c4 ,l47     ,des ,h]rn ,dr4           
,,h]s*el',s ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,natur  
d]       ,sonn5/rahl51 aus dem englis*5 
b]setzt4 ,er/es ,heft4                  
,translations f ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjj4  
,celle1 #ahja4 #afmo4   ,,ha/+s 7,c4    
,s47     ,see ,,hold5 & ,,ha/+s4        
,,h]s*el 7,c>ol9a47     ,an ,acc\nt ( a 
new ,comet4 #aghf1 ,,ii4         ,phil4 
,trans41 #aghg1 vol4 ,,lxxvii41 p4 #a4  
,,h]s*el 7,c>ol9a47     ,an ,acc\nt ( ! 
,discov]y ( a ,comet4 #agic1 ,i4        
,phil4 ,trans41 #agid1 vol4 ,,lxxxiv41  
p4 #a4   ,,h]s*el 7,c>ol9a47     ,acc\nt
 ( ! ,discov]y ( a ,comet4 #agie1 ,,ii4 
,phil4 ,trans41 #agif1 vol4 ,,lxxxvi41  
p4 #aca4   ,,h]s*el 7,c>ol9a47          
,catalogue ( ,/>s tak5 f ,,flam/e$',s   
obs]vations conta9$ 9       ! second    
volume ( 8 ,hi/oria ,coele/is1 & n      
ins]t$       9 ! ,briti% ,catalogue2 to 
:i* is add$ a collection ( errata       
:i* %\ld be notic$ 9 ! same volume2 )   

rem>ks by ,w4       ,,h]s*el4 ,london1  
#agih4 ,folio4   ,,h]s*el 7,c>ol9a47    
,v]zei*niss von #gd ,/]n5 ,,flam/e$s von
 d55 ke9e beoba*tung5       9 d] ,hi/4  
,coel4 ,brit4 vorkomm54         ,bode's 
,jahrbu*1 #ahjf1 p4 #bee   ,,h]s*el     
7,c>ol9a47     ,notice ( h] ,life4      
,mon?ly ,notices ,roy4 ,a/4 ,soc41 vol4 
#h1 p4 #fd2 also1 ,memoirs              
,roy4 ,a/4 ,soc41 vol4 #ag1 p4 #abj4    
,,h]s*el 7,c>ol9a47     ,memoir &       
,correspond5ce ( ,,c>ol9e ,,h]s*el4 ,by 
,mrs4 ,,john       ,,h]s*el4 ,)         
portraits4 ,london1 #ahgf4 #abmo4       
,,h]s*el 7,j4 ,f4 ,w47     ,article     
,telescope1 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 
eigh? edition4       ,?is article       
7illu/rat$7 gives mo/ ( ! important     
features (       ,sir ,,william         
,,h]s*el',s mann] ( gr9d+ & poli%+      
specula4   ,,h]s*el 7,j4 ,f4 ,w47       
,catalogue ( ,nebul & ,clu/]s ( ,/>s4   
,g5]al & sy/ematic       r$uction ( all 
,sir ,w4 ,,h]s*el',s obs]vations br\ght 
into       connection ) all o!r simil>  

ones4         ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahfd4    
,page #a4 #dto4   ,,h]s*el 7,j4 ,f4 ,w47
     ,a ,synopsis ( all ,sir ,,william  
,,h]s*el',s ,micrometrical ,measurem5ts1
       etc41 ( ,d\ble ,/>s1 toge!r ) a  
,catalogue ( ^? ,/>s 4 4 4       =      
#ahhj4         ,mem4 ,roy4 ,a/4 ,soc41  
vol4 #ce1 p4 #ba4 ,lond41 #ahfg4 #dto4  
,,h]s*el 7,j4 ,f4 ,w47     ,additional  
,id5tifications ( ,d\ble ,/>s 9 !       
,synoptic       ,catalogues ( ,sir      
,,william ,,h]s*el',s ,micrometrical    
,measurem5ts1       etc4         ,mon?ly
 ,notices ,roy4 ,a/4 ,soc41 vol4 #bh1 p4
 #aea4 ,london1 #ahfh4          #hvo4   
,,h]s*el 7,mrs4 ,john47     ,memoir &   
,correspond5ce ( ,,c>ol9e ,,h]s*el4 ,)  
portraits4         ,london1 #ahgf4      
#abmo4   ,,h]s*el 7,w47     ,solution ( 
a prize "q4 ,see ?is book1 page #df4    
,ladies' ,di>y1 #aggi4   ,,h]s*el 7,w47 
,! favorite ,ec*o ,cat* 4 4 4 & ! prec$+
 ,glee by ,s4 ,,lea*4       ,to :i* is  
add$ ! 4 4 4 ,cat* ,sung by ,?ree ,old  
,wom5 4 4 4       9 ! ,pantomime call$  

,! ,g5ius ( ,nons5se by ,h4 ,,h>+ton4   
,london1 #aghj7874 ,obl4 folio4 ,a ,,ms4
 copy ( ?is 0 k9dly         furni%$ me  
by ,dr4 ,r4 ,,g>nett1 ( ! ,briti%       
,museum4    ,,h]s*el 7,w47     ,gtt+5   
,magaz9 d] ,wiss5s*aft5 und ,lit]atur   
7#aghc71 vol4       iii41 p4 #d4        
,,li*t5b]g & ,,=/]1 ,editors4           
,lett] f ,,h]s*el1 giv+ a brief acc\nt (
 8 life4 ,see         ?is book1 page #c4
   ,,h]s*el 7,w47     ,i4 ,manuscripts 9
 possession ( ! ,royal ,society4        
#a4 ,a s]ies ( regi/] %eets 9 :i* are   
ent]$ up all !           obs]vations (  
ea* nebula1 copi$ v]batim f !           
sweeps4 #b4 ,a simil> set ( regi/] %eets
 = ,,messi]',s nebul4           #c4 ,a  
g5]al index ( ! #b1ejh nebul ( ,w4      
,,h]s*el2 giv5 !           class &      
numb]1 to f9d ! g5]al numb]4 #d4 ,an    
index li/2           giv5 ! g5]al numb]1
 to f9d ! class & numb]4           #e4  
,a m complete li/ l #d4 #f4 ,a          
manuscript catalogue (           all !  
nebul & clu/]s1 r$uc$ to #a1hjj1 &      

arrang$           9 zones ( #a 9 pol>   
di/ance2 by ,miss ,,c>ol9a ,,h]s*el4    
#g4 ,! orig9al sweeps ) ! #bj-;foot     
reflector at ,sl\gh1           9 ?ree   
small #dto & f\r folio vols4 ( ,,ms4    
,,ii4 ,manuscripts 9 possession ( !     
,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4           
,?is libr>y conta9s ! :ole s]ies (      
autograph obs]vations           ( ea*   
d\ble /> obs]v$ by ,,h]s*el1 br\ght     
toge!r on           sep>ate %eets by    
,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el & ,miss ,,c>ol9a
           ,,h]s*el4   ,,h]s*el 7,w47   
,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,life & ,writ+s (       
,,william ,,h]s*el1 ,esq4       ,) a    
,portrait4         ,! ,european ,magaz9e
 & ,london ,review = ,janu>y1 #aghe4    
#hvo4   ,,h]s*el 7,w47         ,ed9burgh
 ,review1 vol4 i41 p1 #dbf4             
,a review ( ,,h]s*el',s memoir1         
,obs]vations on ! two             lately
 discov]$ bodies1 f ,phil4 ,trans41     
#ahjb4 ,see             ?is book1 page  
#if4   ,,h]s*el 7,w47         ,sir      
,,william ,,h]s*el1 f a ,london pap]4   

,?is is a %ort obitu>y notice furni%$ by
 a g5tleman well           acqua9t$ )   
,sir ,,william & 8 family1 & its        
accuracy may           be reli$ on4     
,niles' ,regi/]1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #aed4     
,nov4 #i1 #ahbb4 #hvo4   ,,h]s*el 7,w47 
,obitu>y3 ,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el1      
,knt41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4         ,!   
,g5tleman's ,magaz9e & ,hi/orical       
,*ronicle1 vol4 xcii41           #ahbb1 
p4 #bgd4 #hvo4   ,,h]s*el 7,w47         
,annual ,regi/]1 #ahbb1 p4 #bhi4 #hvo4  
,,h]s*el 7,w47     ,w4 ,,h]s*el',s      
,smmtli*e ,s*rift51 ,er/] ,b&4          
,ueb] d5 ,bau des ,himmels4 ,mit #aj    
,kupf]tafeln4           ,edit$ by ,j4   
,w4 ,,pfaff4 ,a second edition 0 publi%$
 9 #ahej4           ,dresd5 & ,leipzig1 
#ahbh4 #hvo4   ,,h]s*el 7,w47           
,new ,york ,mirror1 vol4 vi41 #ahbi-cj1 
p4 #chh4   ,,h]s*el 7,w47         ,liv+ 
,age1 vol4 ii41 p4 #abe 7#ahdd74 #hvo4  
,repr9t$ f ,*amb]s' ,j\rnal4   ,,h]s*el 
7,w47         ,=eign ,qu>t]ly ,review1  
vol4 #ca1 p4 #dch4 #hvo4                

,review ( ,,arago',s ,analyse de la vie 
et des travaux de ,sir ,,william        
,,h]s*el4   ,,h]s*el 7,w47              
,,arago',s ,life ( ,,h]s*el4            
,eclectic ,museum1 vol4 ii41 p4 #eef4   
,repr9t$ f ! ,=eign           ,qu>t]ly  
,review1 vol4 #ca4   ,,hold5 7,e4 ,s47  
,on ! ,inn] ,satellites ( ,uranus4      
,r$uction ( ,sir ,,william              
,,h]s*el',s obs]vations4                
,proce$+s ,am]4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci5ce1   
,augu/1 #ahgd1 p4 #di4          #hvo4   
,,hold5 7,e4 ,s47     ,index ,catalogue 
( ,books & ,memoirs relative to nebul1  
clu/]s1       etc4 ,smi?sonian          
,miscellane\s ,collections1 ,no4 #caa1  
pp4 #ai-ch4     ,ab/racts ( ,sir        
,,william ,,h]s*el',s memoirs 7on nebul7
 9 !       ,philosophical ,transactions4
          ,wa%+ton1 #ahgg4 #hvo4        
,,hold5 7,e4 ,s47 & ,c4 ,s4 ,,ha/+s4    
,a ,subject-index & a ,synopsis ( !     
sci5tific writ+s ( ,sir       ,,william 
,,h]s*el4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,report ( !      
,smi?sonian       ,in/itution 7#ahgi74  

,wa%+ton1 #ahha4 #hvo4   ,,krafft 7,j4  
,g4 ,f47     ,kurze ,na*ri*t von dem    
b]hmt5 ,a/ronom5 ,,h]s*el und e9ig5     
se9] ,entdeckung54          ,bayreu?1   
#aghg4 #hvo4  ,,peirce 7,c4 ,s47        
,photometric ,rese>*es4 ,a r$uction (   
,,h]s*el',s obs]vations on       !      
comp>ative brightness ( ! />s4 ,annals  
,h>v>d ,college       ,obs]vatory1 vol4 
ix4          ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 #dto4     
,,somm] 7,g4 ,m47     ,,william ,,h]s*el
 4 4 4 ueb] d5 ,bau des ,himmels2 drei  
abh&lung5       aus dem englis*5        
ueb]setzt1 neb/ e9em au!ntis*5 ,auszug  
aus ,,kants allgeme9] ,naturges*i*te und
 ,!orie des ,himmels4                   
,ko5igsb]g1 #agia4 #hvo4   ,,/ruve 7,w47
     tudes d'a/ronomie /ellaire4 ,sur la
 voie lacte et sur la di/ance       des 
toiles fixes4 ,p4 #bd et seq4 conta9s an
 elaborate review       ( ! con/ruction 
( ! heav5s accord+ to ,,h]s*el4 ,/4     
,pet]sburg1 #ahdg4 #hvo4   ,,wolf 7,r47 
,,william ,,h]s*el4 ,zuri*1 #ahfg4 #hvo4
   ,,za* 7,f4 von47     ,dr4 ,,william  

,,h]s*el translat$ f ,public ,*>act]s & 
pr9t$ 9 ,,za*',s ,monatli*              
,correspond5z1 #ahjb1 "p i41 p4 #gj     
et seq4   ,,iii4--,,li/ ,,( ,,!         
,,publi%$ ,,portraits ,,( ,,william     
,,h]s*el4  ,arti/1 ,,mme4 ,,dupi]y4     
,engrav]1 ,,?,,n]t4 #hvo4 ,e>ly         
portrait4 ,"s   copies 9 r$4 ,pr(ile4   
,arti/1 ,f4 ,,rehburg4 ,engrav]1 ,f4 ,w4
 ,,boll+]4 #hvo4 ,late portrait4        
,arti/1 ----8 ,engrav]1 ,c4 ,,we/]mayr4 
#hvo4 ,m$allion4  ,arti/1 ,c4 ,,br&4    
,engrav]1 ----8 #hvo4 ,li?ograph4       
,arti/1 ----8 ,engrav]1 ,j4 ,,sewell4   
#hvo4 ,pr(ile1 #aghe4  ,arti/1 ----8    
,engrav]1 ----8 #hvo4 ,pr(ile4  ,arti/1 
,f4 ,,bonneville4 ,engrav]1 ,f4         
,,bonneville4 #hvo4 ,pr(ile4  ,arti/1   
,j4 ,,russell1 ,r4,a4 ,engrav]1 ,e4     
,,scriv54 #hvo4 ,engrav$ f a   crayon 9 
! possession ( 8 son1 & publi%$ by ! ,s4
 ,d4 ,u4 ,k4   9 ! ,gall]y ( ,portraits1
 vol4 #e4  ,arti/1 ----8 ,engrav]1 ----8
 #hvo4 ,european ,magaz9e1 ,jan41 #aghe4
   ,?is is a bu/ 9 pr(ile1 %[+ ! left   

side ( ! face4  ,arti/1 ----8 ,engrav]1 
,,?omson4 #hvo4 ,publi%$ by ,caxton1    
#ahbc4 ,?is mu/ h be5 engrav$ be=e #ahaf
 s9ce ! leg5d is ,,william ,,h]s*el1    
,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4  ,arti/1 ,lady      
,,gordon4 ,f ! pa9t+ by ,,abbott 9 !    
,national ,portrait ,gall]y4 ,engrav]1  
,,joseph ,,br[n4 #hvo4 ,publi%$ 9 memoir
 ( ,,c>ol9e ,,h]s*el4 ,?is is ( ! date  
#aghh1 or !reab\ts4 ,see frontispiece4  
,arti/1 ----8 ,engrav]1 ,c4 ,m,,ll]4    
#dto4 ,m$allion1 #aghe7874  ,arti/1     
----8 ,engrav]1 ,h4 ,,p9has4 #dto4      
,leg5d 9 ,russian4  ,arti/1 ,,bais*4    
,engrav]1 ----8 #dto4 ,li?ograph4       
,arti/1 ,h4 ,,gr,,v$on4 ,engrav]1 ----8 
,fol4 ,li?ograph4  ,arti/1 ----8        
,engrav]1 ,f4 ,m,,ll]4 ,fol4  ,arti/1   
,,abbott4 ,engrav]1 ,,ryd]4 ,fol4 #aghh4
  ,arti/1 ,j4 ,,boilly4 ,engrav]1 ----8 
,fol4 #ahbb4 ,li?ograph4  ,arti/1 ----8 
,engrav]1 ,j4 ,,godby4 ,fol4   ,r4 ,w4  
,s4 ,,lutwidge1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 has
 an orig9al seal ) a head ( ,sir        
,,william ,,h]s*el1 :i* is %[n on !     

title-page ( ?is "w4 ,a cut ( x has be5 
c\rte\sly furni%$ me by ,,john ,,br[n+1 
,esq41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 etc4  ,9 #aghg a   
bu/ ( ,,h]s*el 0 made by ,,lockie = ,sir
 ,,william ,,watson4  ,a picture (      
,,h]s*el 0 pa9t$ by ,mr4 ,,artaud ab\t !
 beg9n+ ( #ahai4 ,a portrait ( ,,h]s*el 
by ,,abbott is 9 ! ,national ,portrait  
,gall]y1 ,london4 ,!re are no d\bt _m   
o!r pa9t+s 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh ,i c f9d      
notices ( ^! only4 ,! ,royal ,society ( 
,london has ne>ly a hundr$ portraits (  
its mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s1 b owns none (  
,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el4                
,,index ,,( ,,names4   ,n4,b4--,?is     
index is int5d$ to ref] to ! prop] names
 occurr+ 9 ! body ( ! "w only1 & n to ! 
,bibliography4     ,airy 7,sir ,george71
 #ag4    ,alison 7,sir ,ar*ibald71 #aaa4
    ,arago 7,franois71 #di1 #ha1 #aci4  
,artaud 7,m471 #aad4    ,aub]t          
7,alex&]71 #eb1 #fb1 #fc4     ,baldw9   
7,miss71 #aae4    ,banks 7,sir ,joseph71
 #ef1 #eh1 #fd4    ,bessel 7,f4 ,w471   
#abg1 #acg4    ,blagd5 7,dr471 #eg4     

,bonap>te 7,napoleon71 #ajh1 #aaa4      
,bradley 7,james71 #ea1 #aec4    ,bruhl 
7,c\nt von71 #eb4    ,bulman 7,mr471    
#bb1 #aae1 #aaf4    ,buns5 7,*evali]71  
#ab4    ,burney 7,dr471 #hb1 #aja1 #ajb1
 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf4     ,campbell        
7,?omas71 #ajg4    ,cass9i 7,j4 ,d471   
#ea4    ,cropley 7,mr471 #bj4           
,dalrymple 7,mr471 #gc4    ,d',arblay   
7,madame71 #ajj et seq4    ,d>l+ton     
7,e>l (71 #ah4    ,d>qui]1 #ea1 #aai4   
,d',arre/ 7,h4 ,l471 #bjd4    ,dawes    
7,w4 ,r471 #bjj4    ,de ,luc 7,m471 #fd4
    ,de ,luc 7,mrs471 #ajj1 #ajb4       
,dollond 7,j471 #abj4     ,engelfield   
7,sir ,h>ry71 #eg4     ,f>9elli 7,miss71
 #ch4    ,flaug]gues 7,h471 #ea1 #aai4  
,flem+ 7,miss71 #db4    ,f\ri] 7,j471   
#abd4    ,frau5h(] 7,j471 #aie4         
,galileo1 #ej1 #ace4    ,george ,,iii41 
#fd1 #gg1 #abd1 #abf4    ,griesba*      
7,george71 #fc4    ,griesba*s 7!71 #fb1 
#ajf4     ,hans5 7,p4 ,a471 #adb4       
,ha/+s 7,c4 ,s471 #aai4    ,heb]d5      
7,dr471 #fd4    ,helmholtz 7,h471 #ahh4 

,h]s*el 7,abraham7 #afea-agah1 #f4      
,h]s*el 7,alex&]7 #agde-ahba1 #aj1 #ab1 
#ad1 #ae1 #ce1 #ch1 #da1 #eg1 #fa1      
#fb1 #ff1 #gb1 #gc1 #aad4    ,h]s*el    
7,b5jam971 #g4    ,h]s*el 7,c>ol9a7     
#agej-ahdh1 #b1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1 #bc1
 #bi1 #cc1 #da1 #dc1     #fh2           
discov]s five comets1 #fi1 #gj1 #gh1    
#hc1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae4
    ,h]s*el 7,c>ol9a71 h] ,memoir quot$1
 #b1 #i1 #ac1 #bc1 #bi1 #ca1 #cd1 #cf1  
#da1 #eg1 #fa1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #gj1 #gd4 
,h]s*el 7,dietri*71 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #bi1  
#db1 #aad4    ,h]s*el 7,eusebius71 #g4  
,h]s*el 7,hans7 circa #afjj1 #f4        
,h]s*el 7,isaac7 #agjg-agfg1 #g1 #h1    
#bi4    ,h]s*el 7,jacob7 #agcd-agib1    
#aj1 #aa1 #af1 #bc1 #cj4    ,h]s*el     
7,sir ,john ,fr$]ick ,william7          
#agib-ahga1 #hj1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aad1      
#abf1 #abg1 #adc1 #bjc4    ,h]s*el      
7,lady71 #hj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aad4   
,h]s*el 7,major ,john71 #b4    ,h]s*el  
7,mrs4 ,m>y ,cornwallis71 #b4    ,h]s*el
 7,sophia ,elizabe?71 b4 #agcc1 m>ri$   

,griesba*1 #aj4    ,h]s*el 7,william71  
born #agch1 ,novemb] #ae2 #aj4     oboi/
 9 ! b& ( ! ,gu>ds 7#agee71 & goes to   
,engl& = !       fir/ "t1 return+ 9     
#agef1 #af4     des]ts f ! ,gu>ds & goes
 to ,engl& 7#ageg71 #ag4     organizes !
 b& ( ! ,durham militia 7#agfj71 #ah4   
leaves ! b& & lives ) ,dr4 ,mill]1 #ai4 
leads ! public conc]ts at ,wakefield &  
,halifax1 #bj4     organi/ at ,halifax  
7#agfe71 #bb4     organi/ ( ! ,octagon  
,*apel at ,ba? 7#agff71 #bd4     8      
musical writ+s1 #bf4     /udies ,smi?'s 
h>monies & optics1 #bh4     visits      
,hanov]1 ,augu/1 #aggb1 #cb4     hires a
 small telescope1 #cg4     makes 8 fir/ 
telescope 7#aggd71 #ch4     visits      
,hanov] 7#agge871 #db4     #a/ review ( 
! heav5s1 #ci1 #gc4     #b;d review ( ! 
heav5s1 #gc4     #c;d review ( ! heav5s 
7#aghc71 #gc4     #d? review ( ! heav5s 
7#aghe71 #gd4     manufacture (         
telescopes1 #dj1 #ei1 #ge1 #gg1 #abj1   
#aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1       #abe1     
#abf1 #abg4     moves to #ai ,new ,k+   

,/41 ,ba?1 #dc4     conducts oratorios (
 ,h&el1 #dc4     beg9s a/ronomical      
measures 7#aggi71 #dd4     jo9s         
,philosophical ,society ( ,ba?1 #de4    
fir/ publi%$ sci5tific writ+ 7#aggi71   
#df4     fir/ communication to ! ,royal 
,society 7#aghj71 #dg4     discov]y (   
,uranus 7#agha1 ,m>* #ac71 #di4     its 
effect on 8 c>e]1 #ec4     elect$ a     
memb] ( ! ,royal ,society 7#agha71 &    
receives !       ,copley m$al1 #ef4     
attempts a ?irty-foot reflector1 #ei4   
goes to ,london1 #aghb 7,may1 ,june1    
,july71 #fa4     appo9t$ ,royal         
,a/ronom] 7#bjj71 #aghb1 #fg4           
removes to ,dat*et1 #aghb1 ,augu/ #a1   
#fg4     8 assiduity1 #gb1 #gg1 #gi1    
#ha4     8 me*anical g5ius1 #ad1 #da1   
#aba4     co/ ( 8 telescopes1 #gg4      
m>ries ,mrs4 ,john ,pitt1 ne ,baldw9    
7#aghc71 #hj4     only *ild born        
7#agib71 #hj4     removes to ,sl\gh     
7#aghf71 #ha4     ,,ll4,d4 7,oxon471    
#aghf1 #dg4     8 acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( 
,uranus 7#agha1 ,m>* #ac71 #d4          

discov]s two satellites to ,uranus1     
#aghg1 ,jan4 #aa1 #hd4     discov]s two 
satellites to ,saturn1 #aghi1           
,augu/-,septemb]1 #abe4     inv5ts      
ma*9es = mak+ reflectors 7#aghh71 #da4  
began =ty-foot telescope1 #aghe1 f9i%$  
x1 #aghi1 #aba4     biographical lett]  
7#aghc71 #c4     li/ ( publi%$ portraits
 ( him1 #bcb4     value ( 8 si/]'s      
assi/ance to him1 #cd4     lett]s to    
,c>ol9a ,h]s*el1 #fa1 #fc1 #fd1 #aad4   
8 p]sonal "* 7#aghf-ahjj71 #ajj et seq4 
8 relations to 8 cotempor>ies1 #he1 #hf1
 #hg1 #ia1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ig1          
#ih1 #ii4     li/ ( writ+s relat+ to him
 & to 8 works1 #bbe4     8 lit]>y skill1
 #de4     examples ( 8 /yle1 #hc et seq4
     failure ( heal?1 #aab et seq4      
creat$ a ,knight ( ! ,royal ,hanov]ian  
,guelphic ,ord] 7#ahaf71 #aae4          
,h]s*el 7,sir ,william71 fir/ presid5t (
 ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society         
7#ahba71 #aae4     8 w1 #aad4     8     
dea?1 ,augu/ #be?1 #ahbb1 #aaf4     8   
epitaph1 #aag4     li/ ( 8 sci5tific    

writ+s1 #bae4     review ( 8 sci5tific  
labors1 #aah4     ! improvem5t (        
telescopes & app>atus1 #aba4     !      
relative brightness ( ! />s2 v>iable    
/>s1 #acj4     rese>*es on d\ble />s1   
#acd4     rese>*es on planets &         
satellites1 #adj4     rese>*es on !     
nature ( ! sun1 #ade1 #ahf1 #aih4     ! 
motion ( ! sol> sy/em 9 space1 #adi4    
rese>*es on ! con/ruction ( ! heav5s1   
#aed4     scale ( cele/ial measures2    
di/ances ( ! />s1 #agj4     rese>*es on 
light1 heat1 etc41 #agf4     rese>*es on
 ! dim5sions ( ! />s1 #aic4     on !    
spectra ( ! fix$ />s1 #aie4     on !    
v>iable emission ( light & heat f ! sun1
 #aih4     rese>*es on nebul & clu/]s1  
#bjb4    ,huygh5s 7,c471 #ej1 #ahi4     
,k+ ,george ,,iii41 #fd1 #gg1 #abd1     
#abf4     ,lacaille 7,n4 ,l471 #aef1    
#bjb4    ,lal&e 7,j]ome71 #bh1 #abd1    
#aef4    ,lamb]t 7,j4 ,h471 #aec4       
,lassell 7,w471 #adc4    ,lee 7,miss71  
#fa4    ,li*t5b]g 7,h]r71 #c4    ,l9d   
7,dr4 & ,mrs471 #fi4    ,long 7,dr471   

#ace4     ,magellan 7,h]r71 #c1 #gh4    
,maskelyne 7,nevil71 #e1 #ea1 #eg1 #fb1 
#fc1 #aej1 #aec4    ,may] 7,*ri/ian71   
#id1 #aec4    ,melloni 7,m471 #ahf4     
,messi] 7,c471 #bjb4    ,mi*ell 7,john71
 #eb1 #id1 #acg1 #aef4    ,mill] 7,dr471
 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb4    ,monson 7,mrs471
 #aae4    ,moritz5 7,anna ,ilse71 m4    
,isaac ,h]s*el1 #g1 #h4     ,napoleon   
,i41 #ajh1 #aaa4    ,newton 7,sir       
,isaac71 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia1 #aib4        
,olb]s 7,william71 #ie4     ,pabri*     
7,cappelmei/]71 #g4    ,palm]/on 7,"l71 
#fd4    ,piazzi 7,joseph71 #ge1 #ie4    
,pi]ce 7,*>les ,s471 #acb4    ,pigott   
7,j471 #aai4    ,pogg5dorff 7,j4 ,g471  
#ahh4     ,ronzoni 7,signor71 #ei4      
,rosse 7,"l71 #abb1 #bjg4     ,sav>y    
7,m471 #aci4    ,sec*i 7,angelo71 #aie1 
#aif4    ,s*e9] 7,c471 #aii4    ,s*roet]
 7,j4 ,h471 #ea1 #gg1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic4    
,s*wabe 7,h471 #bja4    ,%ort 7,james71 
#abj4    ,smi? 7,dr4 ,rob]t71 #bh4      
,snetzl] 7,h]r71 #bj1 #ba4    ,/ruve    
7,otto von71 #abi4     ,?omson 7,?omas71

 #ie4     ,v]det 7,e471 #ahh4           
,wa9wright 7,dr471 #bj4    ,wal%        
7,colonel71 #fb4    ,watson 7,sir       
,william71 #dd1 #eh1 #fj1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1
 #fg1 #ge1 #gf4    ,watt 7,james71 #ajf4
    ,weld 7,r471 #abf4    ,wilson       
7,alex&]71 #eb1 #id1 #adf4     ,za*     
7,b>on von71 #fi4     ,,! ,,end4        
,,/>t ,,( ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3  ,i h
 us$ alpha to repres5t ! greek lett] us$
 9 ! text4     page l9e  ,9 ! ,orig9al  
text1 left z is4   #bbg    #c   b]setzt 
#bca   #bi   ueb]setzt    #ah   #bd     
,biographie univ]selle des musici5s     
#bbf   #bd   ,biographie univ]selle des 
,musici5s   #bca   #cc   ,ko5igsb]g1    
#agia4 #hvo4   #bbf    #i   ,knigsb]g]  
,allgeme9e ,zeitung   #aie    #d        
,fraunh(]   #bce index  ,frau5h(] 7,j471
 #aie4   #bbf   #bi   ,vol4  7all o!r   
occurances are7 vol4   #bch index       
,ronzoni 7,signor71 #ei4    #eh   #bf   
,ronz9i     ,orig9al   page l9e         
,orig9al text                           
,replac$ )    #fe   #bc   ornam5t$4     

ornam5t$4   #aag   #ca   ,c = lett] ,c  
rev]s$        ,,ci,c,i,c,,cccxxii   #baf
   #be   d5 #ah4 ,may                   
d5 #ah4 ,mai   #bai   #bc   ,suppl4     
,b&41 p4 #bch4            ,suppl4 ,b&1  
p4 #bch4   ,,end ,,( ,,transcrib]',s    
,,notes3