,pres]vation ,dep>tm5t ,digital ,libr>y7 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is text is int5d$ = us]s ^: text read]s _c use ! real 7,unicode_/,,utf-#h7 v]sion ( ! file4 ,greek--usually 9 ^w d]ivations--has be5 translit]at$ & %[n betwe5 m>ks4 ,v[els ) macron 7long m>k7 h a circumflex acc5t in/ead4 ,v[els ) breve 7%ort m>k1 n common7 h be5 unpack$ & %[n 9 brackets1 z is long y3 -y 7,a 7,e 444 7a 7e 7i 7-i anceps v[el1 ei!r long or %ort ,! root & !re=e 7?ree dots7 symbols are %[n z ,rt & !re=e4 ,rev]s$ ,c is ,c 79 ! num]al ,,ci,c ,m74 ,except = ,l95otes1 ,footnotes & ! symbols not$ above1 all s+le brackets are 9 ! orig9al4 ,d\ble brackets & braces 7 add$ by ! transcrib]4 ,9 "s passages1 individual lett]s or syllables )9 a ^w 7 pr9t$ 9 boldface4 ,^! are %[n ) braces z facio4 ,else:]e1 boldface is %[n ) m>ks4 ,o!r aspects ( =matt+1 includ+ l9e numb]s1 are detail$ at ! end ( ! e-text4 ,,helps ,,to ,,lat9 ,,translation ,,at ,,sight by ! ,,rev4 ,,edmund ,,luce ,) an ,introductory ,note by ! ,,rev4 ,,! ,,hon4 ,e4 ,,lyttelton1 ,m4,a4 ,headma/] ( ,eton ',tu reg]e imp]io populos1 ,romane1 mem5to2 ,hae tibi'erunt artes2 pacisque impon]e morem4 ,p>c]e subiectis1 et debell>e sup]bos4' ,,v]gil1 ,a5eid1 vi4 #hea #c ',feci/i patriam div]sis g5tibus unam1 ,pr(uit iniu/is te dom9ante capi4 ,dumque (f]s victis proprii consortia iuris1 ,urbem feci/i quod prius orbis erat4' ,,rutilius1 i4 #fc-f ,,eton ,,college ,,spottiswoode ,,co41 ,,limit$ #aijh ,all rights res]v$ ,,introductory ,,note ,:atev] controv]sies may be a/ir z to ! precise objects ( a classical tra9+1 x w h>dly be disput$ t if t tea*+ has be5 successful ! pupils w soon] or lat] be able to make out an ord9>y passage ( 'unse5' ,lat9 or ,greek4 ,x is a te/ to :i* ! purely l+ui/ic tea*] mu/ obvi\sly def]3 :ile ! ma/]1 :o aims at imp>t+ k ( ! subject-matt] mu/ ackn[l$ge1 if 8 boys fl\nd] helplessly 9 unprep>$ extracts1 t !y c\ld h le>nt ab\t anci5t life bett] ?r\gh translations4 ,91 addition to ! value ( unse5 translation1 z a te/ ( tea*+ x con/itutes an admirable ?9k+ ex]cise4 ,b s num]\s are ! v>i\s books ( extracts already publi%$ t ,i %\ld h se5 no?+ to be ga9$ f ! appe>ance ( a new "o l ! pres5t volume 7 x n1 z f> z ,i "k1 diff]5t 9 two important respects f o!rs4 ,x conta9s six ,demon/rations ( h[ s5t5ces are to be attack$3 & fur!r1 ! passages are *os5 s t if a boy works ?r\gh ! book he c h>dly fail to ga9 "s outl9e k ( ,roman ,republican hi/ory4 ,z to ! ,demon/rations1 _! value w be evid5t if x is realis$ t failure 9 ?is sort ( translation means failure to analyse3 to split up1 sep>ate1 di/+ui% ! compon5t p>ts ( an app>5tly jumbl$ b really ord]$ s5t5ce4 ,a beg9n] mu/ le>n to tru/ ! solv5t ) :i* we supply him2 & ! way to induce him to tru/ x is to %[ x to him at "w4 ,t is :at a ,demon/ration w d if only ! le>n] w give x a fair *ance4 ,9 reg>d to ! hi/orical tea*+ conta9$ 9 ! extracts1 !re c be little d\bt t ! pres5t t5d5cy ( classical tea*+ is t[>ds emphasis+ ! subject-matt] z well z ! language4 ,x is felt t z tra9+ 9 political pr9ciples ! read+ ( ,greek & ,roman au?ors (f]s unique advantages1 su* z _m ,engli% boys c appreciate1 :o are deaf to ! lit]>y appeal4 ,! *oice !re=e ( hi/orical extracts 9 *ronological ord] is an attempt to recognise bo? ! two great aims ( classical tea*+ at once4 ,at any rate !re is no reason to suppose t ! l+ui/ic ex]cise is 9 any way impair$ by be+ comb9$ ) a little hi/ory4 ,i %\ld l to direct att5tion also to ! notes giv5 on ! extracts1 & ! purpose !y are meant to s]ve4 ,if no notes _h be5 giv5 "s ( ! passages :i* are important or int]e/+ hi/orically w\ld h be5 f\nd too difficult = ! boys = :om !y are int5d$4 ,moreov]1 mo/ ( ! notes conc]n ! hi/orical aspect ( ! extract to :i* !y belong1 & are "p ( ! s*eme by :i* ! subject-matt] ( ! passage is emphasis$4 ,al?\gh ! passages !mselves are n /rictly graduat$1 ! help giv5 9 translation becomes less & less z ! boy goes ?r\gh ! book2 & x is obvi\s t ^? extracts :i* illu/rate ! lat] p]iods ( ,roman ,hi/ory w be f\nd m difficult ?an ! leg5ds & /ories :i* belong to an e>li] age4 ,9 cases :]e no help at all is desir$1 ! ,miscellane\s ,passages 7:i* are )\t notes7 may be us$4 ,e4 ,,lyttelton4 ,,eton3 ,april #aijh4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,! aim ( ! pres5t book is to help boys to translate at sight4 ,( ! _m books ( unse5 translation 9 g5]al use few exhibit cont9uity ( plan z reg>ds ! subject-matt]1 or give any help beyond a %ort head+4 ,! av]age boy1 unequal to ! task be=e him1 is =c$ to draw l>gely ^u 8 own inv5tion1 & ! ma/]1 9 correct+ writt5 unse5s1 has seldom leisure to d m ?an m>k mi/akes--a me?od ( correction almo/ useless to ! boy1 unless accompani$ by full & c>eful explanation :5 ! writt5 "w is giv5 back4 ,n[ t less "t is available = ,lat9 & ,greek1 new me?ods ( tea*+ !m mu/ be adopt$ if !y are to hold _! own 9 our public s*ools4 ,:5 ,"l ,duff]9 c\ld say1 ',i am q det]m9$1 s f> z c>e & =e?\ght c prev5t x1 t ! t5 be/ ye>s ( my boy's life %all n be sp5t 7z m9e 77 9 nom9ally le>n+ two dead languages )\t be+ able to translate an ord9>y p>agraph f ei!r )\t ! aid ( a diction>y2' & ,dr4 ,reid c\ld write1 ',x is n too mu* to say t a l>ge numb] ( boys pass ?r\gh our s*ools )\t ev] dream+ t an anci5t writ] c\ld p5 ?ree consecutive s5t5ces ) a connect$ mean+3 *aos is felt to be natural to anci5t lit]ature3 no se>* is made = s5se1 & ! ,lat9 or ,greek book is look$ ^u z a m or less =tuit\s conc\rse ( words2' :5 ,dr4 ,r\se c ass]t1 ',! public s*oolboy at n9ete5 is unable to read a simple ,lat9 or ,greek book ) ease1 or to express a simple s]ies ( ?\ghts )\t atroci\s blund]s3 he has le>nt f 8 classics nei!r accuracy nor love ( beauty & tru?'--x is obvi\s t1 = ! av]age boy1 ! sy/em ( p]functorily prep>$ set-books & da%$-(f unse5s is a failure4 ,! exp]i5ce ( e tea*] :o is also an exam9]1 & :o has _h to deal ) public s*oolboys1 w confirm ?is2 b dur+ tw5ty-five ye>s' tea*+ & exam9+ ( boys 9 almo/ e /age1 ,i h f\nd t translation at sight1 taught ^u ! plan ( ?is book1 n only produces a good result1 b tea*es a boy h[ to grapple ) ! b>e text ( a ,lat9 au?or bett] ?an ! habitual practice ( translat+ at sight )\t any help at all4 ,if ! av]age boy is to be taught h[ to translate1 8 int]e/ mu/ be awak5$ & su/a9$1 & ! /&>d ( r\t9e "w made z high z possible4 ,! clev] boys are1 z a rule1 well provid$ =2 b1 ev5 = !m1 ! me?ods ( ?is book h be5 f\nd to be ! %orte/ road to accuracy & /yle 9 translation4 ,moreov] by ?is means !y h ga9$ a fir/h& acqua9tance ) ,lat9 lit]ature & ! s\rces ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,x is impossible "h to ent] into '! "q ( ! close & /rik+ correspond5ce betwe5 ! hi/ory1 ! lit]ature1 & ! language ( ,rome4 ,x 0 n until ! hi/ory ( ,rome ?rew its mantle ov] h] poetry t ! dignity ( ! poet 0 recognis$ & ackn[l$g$4 4 4 4 ,9 ! same way ! life ( ! ,roman p is closely b\nd up ) ! prose records1 & ! ph5om5a ( ! ,roman ,empire l5d a human int]e/ to all repres5tative ,roman writ]s4'#a ,consid]ations ( ?is k9d =m a suffici5t ju/ification ( ! me?od "h adopt$ ( employ+ ! hi/orical records ( ,rome z a basis ( tea*+4 ,9 ?is book ! ,introduction 7pp4 #a-ad7 is writt5 to tea* a boy h[ to arrive at ! mean+s ( words 7,helps to ,vocabul>y1 pp4 #a-e72 h[ to f9d out ! ?\ght ( a s5t5ce ?r\gh analysis & a k ( ! ord] ( words 9 ,lat9 7,helps to-,translation1 pp4 #e-ab72 h[ to reproduce 9 good ,engli% ! exact mean+ & *>act]i/ics ( 8 au?or 7,helps to ,/yle1 pp4 #ac-ad74 ,9 ! ,demon/rations 7pp4 #ae-eh7 ! boy is taught to notice all allusions t give him a clue to ! s5se ( ! passage1 to grapple ) ! difficulties ( con/ruction1 to break up s5t5ces1 & to di/+ui% betwe5 ! pr9cipal & ! subord9ate ?\ghts bo? 9 prose & v]se4 ,! ,passages h be5 c>efully select$1 & conta9 acc\nts ( ne>ly all ! important ev5ts & illu/ri\s m5 ( ! p]iod ( hi/ory to :i* !y belong4 ,!y are *ronologically arrang$ & divid$ into six p]iods1 cov]+ ,roman hi/ory f ,b4,c4 #gec to ,b4,c4 #dd1 leav+ ! ,augu/an & subsequ5t p]iod to be dealt ) 9 a second volume4 ,! translation help giv5 9 ! notes is c>efully graduat$4 ,! notes to ,p>ts ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 7m>k$ ,d1 pp4 #fj-ajg7 are ?us int5d$ to help y\ng] boys to deal ) passages :i* w\ld 9 "s cases be too difficult = !m2 less help 9 translation is giv5 9 ,p>ts ,,iv4 & ,v4 7m>k$ ,c1 pp4 #ajh-aei72 :ile ! notes to ,"p ,,vi4 7m>k$ ,b1 pp4 #afj-bcf7 are ma9ly conc]n$ ) hi/orical explanation1 illu/ration1 or allusion4 ,! ,miscellane\s ,passages 7pp4 #bch-bga71 *os5 = me by my bro!r-9-law1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,goodh>t 7,assi/ant ,ma/] at ,eton ,college71 are add$ to provide occasional passages 9 :i* no help is giv54 ,x is hop$ t ^!1 :i* deal ) subjects ( g5]al int]e/1 & include a some:at wide range ( au?ors1 may give v>iety to ! book1 & supply m v]se passages ?an ! hi/orical "* ( ! re/ w\ld admit4 ,= ! sake ( v>iety1 or to economise "t1 "s ( ! passages may be translat$ viva voce at ! discretion ( ! ma/]4 ,! ,app5dices 7pp4 #bgd-cfc7 may be ref]r$ to :5 a boy f9ds himself 9 d\bt ab\t ! value ( a ,conjunction 7,i471 ! =ce ( a ,prefix 7,,ii471 ! mean+ ( a ,suffix 7,,iii471 ! ,life & ,times ( 8 ,au?or 7,,vi471 or ! hi/orical significance ( a date 7,,vii474 ,9 ,app5dix ,v4 a ,demon/ration is giv5 to %[ h[ a boy1 aft] suffici5t practice 9 translation by ! help ( analysis1 may to "s ext5t le>n to ?9k 9 ,lat91 & s to foll[ ! ,lat9 ord] 9 arriv+ at ! ?\ght4 ,! important "q ( :at maps %\ld accompany ! book w be be/ solv$ by provid+ ea* boy ) a copy ( ,murray's ,small ,classical ,atlas1 edit$ by ,g4 ,b4 ,grundy1 :i* w be f\nd to be admirably adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,john ,murray1 two plans 7,dyrra*ium & ,ph>salus71 n at pres5t includ$ 9 ! ,atlas1 h be5 specially drawn to illu/rate passages on pp4 #baf & #bah1 & are plac$ opposite ! text4 ,z f> z possible ,i h ackn[l$g$ my indebt$ness to ! ,editors ^: editions ( ! classics h be5 consult$4 ,= ! hi/orical explanations ,i am "u special obligation to ! hi/ories ( ,ihne & ,momms51 to ! ',life ( ,cic]o' by ! ,ma/] ( ,balliol1 & to ! ',life ( ,caes>' by ,mr4 ,w>de ,f[l]4 ,i h also to ?ank ,messrs4 ,macmillan = all[+ me to quote f ,dr4 ,potts' ',aids to ,lat9 ,prose1' & f ,pr(essor ,po/gate's ,s]mo ,lat9us4 ,= ! prose passages ! be/ texts h be5 consult$1 :ile = ,livy1 ,weiss5born's text edit$ by ,mll] 7#aijf7 has be5 foll[$ ?r\gh\t4 ,z reg>ds ! v]se passages1 ! text adopt$ is1 :]ev] possible1 t ( ,pr(essor ,po/gate's rec5sion ( ! ,corpus ,poet>um ,lat9orum4 ,= ! ,%ort ,lives ,i h f\nd useful ',! ,/ud5t's ,companion to ,lat9 ,au?ors' 7,middleton & ,mills71 b ,i owe mu* m to ! works ( ,teuffel1 ,cruttwell1 ,sell>1 ,tyrrell1 & ,mackail4 ,! ,head ,ma/] ( ,eton1 besides express+ 8 approval ( ! book1 has k9dly (f]$ to write an ,introductory ,note4 ,he has also giv5 me an exceptional opportunity ( te/+ m ?an half ! hi/orical passages by all[+ !m to be us$ 9 pro(1 until ! book 0 ready1 = ! weekly unse5 translation 9 ! ?ree blocks ( fif? =m1 repres5t$ by ! lett]s1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,! criticisms & sugge/ions made by ,classical ,ma/]s at ,eton1 :o h us$ ! passages week by week1 h be5 v valuable1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 my ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,impey1 ,mr4 ,ta?am1 ,mr4 ,macnaght51 ,mr4 ,wells1 & ,mr4 ,ramsay4 ,my ?anks are also due to ! ,l[] ,ma/]1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,rawl9s1 = k9dly read+ ! ,,ms4 ( ! ,introduction1 ,demon/rations1 & ,app5dices ,i4-,,iv41 & = giv+ me ! b5efit ( 8 wide exp]i5ce4 ,to my bro!r-9-law1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,goodh>t1 ,i owe x t ,i und]took to write ! book2 )\t 8 advice x w\ld nev] h se5 ! light1 & he has giv5 me mo/ valuable help & enc\ragem5t at e /age4 ,z reg>ds ! *oice ( type & /yle ( pr9t+1 ,i owe a special debt ( ?anks to ,mr4 ,w4 ,hacklett 7manag] ( ,messrs4 ,spottiswoode's ,eton bran*71 ^: unceas+ c>e & att5tion has be5 invaluable 9 see+ ! book ?r\gh ! press4 ,i mu/ also ackn[l$ge ! pati5ce & skill ( ,messrs4 ,spottiswoode's ,london /aff 9 c>ry+ out ! _m alt]ations :i* ,i h f\nd to be insep>able f ! task ( br++ ea* passage & its notes into ! compass ( a s+le page4 ,9 conclusion ,i %\ld l to say t x has be5 my aim ?r\gh\t to adh]e to :at is be/ 9 ,roman lit]ature1 & to omit passages ! *oice ( :i* c only be ju/ifi$ by reg>d+ _! lit]>y =m ap>t f _! moral value4 ,lat9 lit]ature conta9s s mu* t is at once excell5t 9 /yle & noble 9 ?\ght t x seems a grave mi/ake to exalt ! "o at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,maxima debetur pu]o rev]5tia4 ,,edmund ,,luce4 ,,w9dsor3 ,april #aijh4 ,footnote #a3 ,! late ,pr(essor ,goodh>t4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introductory ,note v ,editor's ,preface vii ,li/ ,( ,passages ,= ,translation xv ,index ,( ,au?ors xxiii ,,introduction4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,translate ,,at ,,sight #a-ad ,i4 ,helps to ,,vocabul>y #a-e ,,ii4 ,helps to ,,translation #e-ab ,,iii4 ,helps to ,,/yle #ac-ad ,,demon/rations ,,9 ,,unse5 ,,translation #ae-eh ,,passages ,,= ,,translation ,,at ,,sight #ei-bcf 7#a7 ,illu/rat+ ,roman ,hi/ory4-- ,"p ,i4--,regal ,p]iod1 ,b4,c4 #gec-eji #fj-ff ,"p ,,ii4--,e>ly ,republic1 ,b4,c4 #eji-cff #fg-hh ,"p ,,iii4--,! ,conque/ ( ,italy1 ,b4,c4 #cff-bff #hi-ajg ,"p ,,iv4--,conte/ ) ,c>?age1 ,b4,c4 #bfd-bjb #ajh-adf ,"p ,v4--,=mation ( ,empire beyond ,italy1 9 ,europe & ,africa1 ,b4,c4 #bjj-acc #adg-aei ,"p ,,vi4--,p]iod ( ,civil ,/rife 9 ,italy1 & ,=eign ,w>s1 end+ 9 ,revolution1 ,b4,c4 #acc-dd #afj-bcf 7#b7 ,miscellane\s ,passages #bcg-bga ,,app5dices3-- ,i4 ,li/ ( ,important ,conjunctions #bgd-bgf ,,ii4 ,li/ ( ,important ,prefixes #bgg-bha ,,iii4 ,li/ ( ,important ,suffixes #bhb-bhf ,,iv4 ,gr\ps ( ,cognate ,words #bhg-bhh ,v4 ,h[ to ,?9k 9 ,lat9 #bhi-bib ,,vi4 ,%ort ,lives ( ,roman ,au?ors #bic-cde ,,vii4 ,*ronological ,outl9es ( ,roman ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature #cdg-cfc ,,index #cfe-cfh ,,plan ,,( ,,dyrra*ium opposite page #baf ,,plan ,,( ,,ph>salus #bah ,,li/ ,,( ,,passages ,,= ,,translation4 ,,demon/rations4 ,,page #af ,fi]ce enc\nt] ) ! ,g]mans ,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 i4 #eb #bd ,! ,music ( ,arion ,ovid1 ,fa/i ii4 #hc #cb ,a ra% promise ra%ly believ$ ,livy xxv4 #ai #dj ,ra%ness ju/ly puni%$ ,livy xxv4 #ai #dh ,! ,happy ,life ,v]gil1 ,georg4 ii4 #dij #ed ,! ,tomb ( ,ar*im$es ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 v4 #bc4 #fd ,"p ,i4--,! ,regal ,p]iod1 #gec-eji ,b4,c4 #fj ,! ,vision ( ,an*ises ,v]gil1 ,a54 vi4 #ggg #fa ,a4 ,! ,pass+ ( ,romulus ,livy i4 #af ,b4 ,! ,my/]y expla9$ ,ovid1 ,fa/i ii4 #cgi #fb ,a4 ,! ,gate ( ,janus ,livy i4 #ai ,b4 ,v]gil1 ,a54 vii4 #fjg #fc ,! ,sibyll9e ,books ,a4 ,gellius i4 #ai #fd ,a4 ,sextus ,t>qu9ius at ,gabii ,livy i4 #ed ,b4 ,! ,fall ( ,gabii ,ovid1 ,fa/i ii4 #edc #fe ,! ,position ( ,rome ,cic]o1 de ,rep4 ii4 #c #ff ,! ,praise ( ,italy ,v]gil1 ,georg4 ii4 #acf ,"p ,,ii4--,! ,e>ly ,republic1 #eji-cff ,b4,c4 #fg ,a4 ,horatius ,v]gil1 ,a54 viii4 #fdf ,b4 ,livy ii4 #aj #fh ,horatius ,livy ii4 #aj #fi ,a4 ,mucius ,scaevola ,livy ii4 #ab ,b4 ,m>tial1 i4 #ba #gj ,battle ( ,lake ,regillus ,livy ii4 #bj #ga ,tribunes ( ! ,p ,livy ii4 #cb #gb ,coriolanus ,livy ii4 #dj #gc ,de/ruction ( ! ,fabii ,ovid1 ,fa/i ii4 #age #gd ,a4 ,c9c9natus ,florus i4 #aa4 #ab ,b4 ',9 ! brave days ( old' ,ovid1 ,fa/i iii4 #gbi #ge ,! ,decemvirate4 ,,xii4 ,tables ,livy iii4 #cb1 #cd #gf ,v]g9ia's ,dea? n 9 va9 ,livy iii4 #di #gg ,cossus w9s ! ,spolia ,opima ,livy iv4 #ai #gh ,fir/ ,pay giv5 to ,citiz5 ,soldi]s ,livy iv4 #ei #gi ,a4 ,lam5t ov] ,veii ,prop]tius v4 #aj4 #bg ,b4 ,! ,rise ( ! ,alban ,lake ,cic]o1 de ,div4 i4 #dd4 #ajj #hj ,! ,conque/ ( ,veii ,livy v4 #ba #ha ,! ,battle ( ! ,allia ,livy v4 #ch #hb ,a4 ,! ,battle ( ! ,allia ,livy v4 #ch ,b4 ,july #ah?1 a ,dies ,nefa/us ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 vii4 #djg #hc ,roman ,dignity & ,c\rage ,livy v4 #da #hd ,a4 ,manlius ,capitol9us & ! ,sacr$ ,geese ,v]g4 ,a54 viii4 #feb ,b4 ,! ,fate ( ,manlius ,val4 ,max4 vi4 de ,sev4 #he ,camillus1 ,p>5s ,patriae ,livy v4 #di #hf ,a4 ,migration to ,veii ab&on$ ,livy v4 #ee ,b4 ,juno =bids ,rebuild+ ( ,troy ,horace1 ,od4 iii4 #c4 #eg #hg ,fir/ ,plebeian ,consul ,livy vi4 #ce #hh ,orig9 ( ! ,floralia ,ovid1 ,fa/i v4 #bcg ,"p ,,iii4--,! ,conque/ ( ,italy1 #cff-bff ,b4,c4 #hi ,manlius & 8 son ,torquatus ,cic]o1 de ,(f4 iii4 #aab #ij ,an ,important ,epo* ,livy vii4 #bi #ia ,battle ( ,mt4 ,gaurus4 ,m4 ,val]ius ,corvus ,livy vii4 #cc #ib ,a4 ,self-sacrifice ( ,decius ,mus ,prop]tius1 iii4 #aa4 #fc ,b4 ,! ,dream ( ! ,consuls ,val4 ,max4 i4 de ,somn4 #ic ,! ,battle ( ,mt4 ,vesuvius ,livy viii4 #aj #id ,! ,dictator & 8 ,ma/] ( ! ,horse ,livy viii4 #cj #ie ,! ,caud9e ,=ks ,livy ix4 #b #if ,! ,yoke ,livy ix4 #e #ig ,rome repudiates ! ,treaty ,cic]o1 de ,(f4 iii4 #aji #ih ,battle ( ,bovianum ,livy ix4 #dd #ii ,battle ( ,s5t9um ,livy x4 #bh #ajj ,aims ( ,pyrrhus4 ,battle ( ,h]aclea ,ju/9us xviii4 #a #aja ,fabricius ! ,j ,cic]o1 de ,(f4 iii4 #hf #ajb ,appius ! ,bl9d ,cic]o1 de ,s54 #af1 #cg #ajc ,a4 ,! ,battle ( ,asculum ,florus i4 #ah4 #i ,b4 ,! ,battle ne> ,b5ev5tum ,florus i4 #ah4 #aa #ajd ,9 ,praise ( ,pyrrhus ,ju/9us xxv4 #e #aje ,a4 ,manius ,curius ,d5tatus ,cic]o1 de ,s54 #ee ,b4 ,juv5al xi4 #gh ,c4 ,horace1 ,od4 i4 #ab4 #da #ajf ,9 ,praise ( ,t>5tum ,horace1 ,od4 ii4 #f4 #i #ajg ,! ,praise ( ,italy ,v]gil1 ,georg4 ii4 #aee ,"p ,,iv4--,! ,conte/ ) ,c>?age1 #bfd-bjb ,b4,c4 #ajh ,! ,vision ( ,an*ises ,v]gil1 ,a54 vi4 #hcf #aji ,! ,f\ndation ( ,c>?age ,ju/9us1 xviii4 #e #aaj ,a5eas views ! ,build+ ( ,c>?age ,v]gil1 ,a54 i4 #dai #aaa ,regulus1 a ,roman ,m>tyr ,cic]o1 de ,(f4 iii4 #ii #aab ,a4 ,naval ,victory ne> ,mylae 7,adapt$7 ,b4 ,hon\r conf]r$ on ,duilius ,cic]o1 de ,s54 #dd #aac ,c>?ag9ian ,victory (f ,drepana ,cic]o1 ,n4 ,d4 ii4 #c4 #g #aad ,a4 ,lutatius' ,victory (f ,aegates ,insulae ,nepos1 ,hamilc> i4 ,b4 ,sil4 ,ital4 vi4 #fec #aae ,a4 ,importance ( ,second ,punic ,w> ,livy xxi4 #a ,b4 ,oa? ( ! ,boy ,hannibal ,livy xxi4 #a #aaf ',! pa?s ( glory lead b to ! grave' ,juv5al x4 #adg #aag ,"* ( ,hannibal ,livy xxi4 #d #aah ,! ,siege ( ,saguntum ,livy xxi4 #g #aai ,a4 ,! ,dream ( ,hannibal ,cic]o1 de ,div4 i4 #bd4 #di ,b4 ,! ,int]pretation ,sil4 ,ital4 iii4 #aih #abj ,f ! ,pyr5ees to ! ,rhone ,livy xxi4 #bh #aba ,f ! ,rhone to ,italy ,livy xxi4 #cj #abb ,! ,desc5t ( ! ,alps ,livy xxi4 #cf #abc ,a4 ,! ,battle at ! ,trebia ,front9us1 ,/rat4 ii4 #e4 #bc ,b4 ,! ,riv] b>s ! ,retreat ,sil4 ,ital4 iv4 #egj #abd ,! ,battle ( ,lake ,trasim5e ,livy xxii4 #d #abe ,livy xxii4 #e #abf ,! ,dea? ( ,flam9ius ,sil4 ,ital4 v4 #fdd #abg ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus ,cunctator ,cic]o1 de ,s54 #aj #abh ,fabius & 8 ,ma/] ( ! ,horse ,livy xxii4 #bi #abi ,cannae4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,infantry ,livy xxii4 #dg #acj ,cannae4 ',paulus animae magnae prodigus' ,livy xxii4 #di #aca ,a4 ,mah>bal urges ,hannibal to m>* on ,rome ,livy xxii4 #ea ,b4 ,scipio =bids ,nobles ,front9us1 to ab&on ,italy ,/rat4 iv4 #g4 #ci #acb ,a4 ,rome's ,h]oes ,horace1 ,od4 i4 #ab4 #cg ,b4 ,! ,dream ( ,prop]tius ,prop]tius iii4 #c4 #a #acc ,a4 ,capua aspires to rival ,rome ,horace1 ,epod4 xvi4 #a ,b4 ,decius ,magius defies ,hannibal ,livy xxiii4 #aj #acd ,a4 ',capua became ,hannibal's ,cannae' ,florus ii4 #f4 #ba ,b4 ,! ,puni%m5t ( ,rebel ,capua ,livy xxvi4 #af #ace ,m>cellus at ,nola ,livy xxiii4 #af #acf ,cic]o's ,description ( ,syracuse ,cic]o1 9 ,v]r4 ii4 #d4 #aag #acg ,eng9e]+ ,skill ( ,ar*im$es ,livy xxiv4 #cd #ach ,m>cellus lam5ts ov] ,syracuse ,livy xxv4 #bd #aci ,! ,dea? ( ,m>cellus ,livy xxvii4 #bg #adj ,"* ( ,scipio ,africanus ,maior ,livy xxvi4 #ai #ada ,scipio takes ,new ,c>?age ,livy xxvi4 #de #adb ,n]o's ,m>* to ! ,metaurus ,livy xxvii4 #dc #adc ,! ,metaurus ,horace1 ,od4 iv4 #d4 #bi #add ,hannibal leaves ,italy ,livy xxx4 #ai #ade ,zama4 ,be=e ! ,battle ,livy xxx4 #ca #adf ,zama4 ,! ,ord] ( ,battle ,front9us1 ,/rat4 ii4 #c4 #af ,"p ,v4--,=mation ( ,empire beyond ,italy1 9 ,europe & ,africa1 #bjj-acc ,b4,c4 #adg ,battle ( ,cynoscephalae ,livy xxxiii4 #i #adh ,flam99us proclaims ,fre$om ( ,greece ,livy xxxiii4 #cb #adi ,a4 ,battle ( ,!rmopylae ,front9us1 ,/rat4 ii4 #d4 ,b4 ,battle ( ,magnesia ,florus i4 #bd #aej ,dea?s ( ,?ree ,great ,m5 ,livy xxxix4 #ea #aea ,m4 ,porcius ,cato ,nepos1 ,cato ii4 #aeb ,horace1 ,od4 ii4 #ae #aec ,pydna 7,aemilius ,paulus7 ,livy xliv4 #da #aed ,livy xliv4 #da #aee ,de/ruction ( ,c>?age ,florus ii4 #ae4 #aa #aef ,de/ruction ( ,cor9? ,vell4 ,pat]c4 i4 #ac #aeg ,! ,lusitanian ,hannibal ,florus ii4 #ag4 #ac #aeh ,de/ruction ( ,numantia ,florus ii4 #ah4 #aa #aei ,rome ! ,inv9cible ,horace1 ,od4 iv4 #d4 #di ,"p ,,vi4--,civil ,/rife 9 ,italy1 & ,=eign ,w>s1 end+ 9 ,revolution1 #acc-dd ,b4,c4 #afj ,! ,grac*i ,sallu/1 ,iug4 #db #afa ,a4 ,on ! ,dea? ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us ,cic]o1 de ,(f4 i4 #gf ,b4 ,on ,lex ,frum5t>ia ( ,c4 ,grac*us ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 iii4 #bj4 #dh ,c4 ,on ,c4 ,grac*us z an ,orator ,cic]o1 ,brutus #abe #afb ,! ,betrayal ( ,jugur?a ,sallu/1 ,iug4 #aac #afc ,a4 ,arp9um4 ,bir?place ( ,cic]o & ,m>ius ,juv5al viii4 #bcg ,b4 ,cic]o on ,m>ius ,cic]o1 ,m>ius #afd ,teutones annihilat$ at ,aquae ,sextiae ,florus iii4 #c #afe ,a4 ,m>ius' ,flight f ,sulla ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 ii4 #fg ,b4 ,m>ius outliv$ 8 fame ,juv5al x4 #bgh #aff ,cic]o on ,civil ,/rife ,cic]o1 9 ,cat4 iii4 #aj #afg ,tribunate ( ,m4 ,livius ,drusus ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #ac #afh ,a4 ,outbreak ( ! ,social ,w> at ,asculum ,florus iii4 #ah4 #c ,b4 ,! ,sabellian fa!r's advice to 8 sons ,juv5al xiv4 #agi #afi ,a4 ,defeat & ,dea? ( ,rutilius ,ovid1 ,fa/i vi4 #efc ,b4 ,! ,lex ,plautia ,papiria ,cic]o1 pro ,ar*4 iv4 #g ,c4 ,cic]o's fir/ & only ,campaign ,cic]o1 ,phil4 xii4 #aa4 #bg ,d4 ,! ,battle ne> ,asculum ,florus iii4 #ah4 #ad #agj ,sulla's ,"* & ,be>+ ,sallu/1 ,iug4 #ie #aga ,a4 ,mi?ridates' ,y\? & ,e>ly ,tra9+ ,ju/9us xxxvii4 #b ,b4 ,8 ,prep>ations = ,conque/ ,ju/9us xxxvii4 #c4 #d #agb ,! ,battle ( ,*a]onea ,front9us1 ,/rat4 ii4 #c4 #ag #agc ,a4 ,capture ( ,a!ns & ! ,piraeus ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #bc ,b4 ,battle ( ,or*om5us ,front9us1 ,/rat4 ii4 #h4 #ab ,c4 ,peace ( ,d>danus ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #bc #agd ,a4 ,battles ( ,sacriportus & ! ,coll9e ,gate ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 ii4 #acd ,b4 ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #bg #age ,a4 ,dea? ( ! ,y\ng] ,m>ius4 ,sulla ,felix ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #bg ,b4 ,! ,sullan ,proscriptions ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 ii4 #agf ,a4 ,sulla appo9t$ ,dictator ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #bh ,b4 ,sulla lays d[n 8 ,dictator%ip ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #gg ,c4 ,dea? ( ,sulla ,val4 ,max4 ix4 #c4 #h #agg ,a4 ,limitation ( ,tribune's ,"r ( ,veto ,cic]o1 de ,leg4 iii4 #i4 #bb ,b4 ,abolition ( ,corn ,di/ributions ,sallu/1 ,hi/41 ,or4 ,m4 ,lep4 ,c4 ,judicial ,functions re/or$ to ,s5ators ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #cb ,d4 ,a ,sumptu>y ,law ,a4 ,gellius ii4 #bd4 #aa #agh ,spee* ( ,lepidus aga9/ ,sulla ,sallu/1 ,hi/41 ,or4 ,m4 ,lep4 #agi ,s]torius & 8 ,fawn ,a4 ,gellius1 xv4 #bb #ahj ,a4 ,a ,new ,hannibal ,florus iii4 #bb4 #b ,b4 ,! ,dea? ( ,s]torius ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #cj #aha ,lucullus' ,"* & ,e>ly ,c>e] ,cic]o1 ,acad4 ii4 #a #ahb ,a4 ,a ,soldi] ( ,lucullus ,horace1 ,ep4 ii4 #b4 #bf ,b4 ,! ,weal? ( ,lucullus ,horace1 ,ep4 i4 #f4 #dj #ahc ,sp>tacus & 8 ,gladiators ,florus iii4 #bj4 #c #ahd ,lucullus ,ponticus ,cic]o1 pro ,l4 ,man4 #bj #ahe ,pompeius' ,"* & ,c>e] ,cic]o1 pro ,l4 ,man4 #bi #ahf ,! ,man ,caes> ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #de #ahg ,caes> & ! ,pirates ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #d #ahh ,a ,roman ,citiz5 maltreat$ ,cic]o1 9 ,v]r4 ii4 #e4 #fb #ahi ,! ,lex ,gab9ia ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #ca #aij ,pompeius cle>s ! ,seas ( ,pirates ,cic]o1 pro ,l4 ,man4 #cd #aia ,pompeius subdues ,mi?ridates & ,tigranes ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #cg #aib ,a4 ,caes> ,curule ,a$ile ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #aj ,b4 ,caes> ,propraetor 9 ,fur!r ,spa9 ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #ah #aic ,cic]o declaims aga9/ ,catil9e ,cic]o1 9 ,cat4 i4 #a #aid ,! ,end ( ,catil9e ,sallu/1 ,cat4 #fa #aie ,caes> =ms ,fir/ ,triumvirate ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #dd #aif ',t day he ov]came ! ,n]vii' ,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 ii4 #be #aig ,naval ,battle ) ! ,v5eti ,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 iii4 #ad #aih ,caes>'s ,bridge across ! ,rh9e ,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 iv4 #ag #aii ,cassivellaunus ,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 v4 #ai #bjj ,! ,gallic upris+4 ,v]c+etorix ,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #ad #bja ,siege ( ,g]govia ,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #ej #bjb ,siege ( ,alesia ,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #hd #bjc ,cic]o's ,bani%m5t ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #de #bjd ,cic]o's ,return ,cic]o1 ad ,att4 iv4 #a #bje ,9 ,praise ( ,caes> ,cic]o1 de ,prov4 ,cons4 #cc #bjf ',quem deus vult p]d]e1 prius dem5tat' ,florus iii4 #aa4 #a #bjg ,c>rhae3 aft] ! ,battle ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 i4 #ih ,horace1 ,od4 iii4 #e4 #e ,ovid1 ,fa/i vi4 #dfe #bjh ,cic]o's humane ,adm9i/ration ,cic]o1 ad ,att4 v4 #ba #baa ,caes> crosses ! ,rubicon ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 i4 #bac #bab ,caes>'s def5ce be=e ! ,s5ate ,caes>1 ,b4 ,c4 i4 #cb #bac ,! ,campaign r\nd ,l]ida ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 iv4 #afg #bad ,a4 ,siege ( ,massilia ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 iii4 #chh ,b4 ,caes>1 ,b4 ,c4 ii4 #ad #bae ,! ,dea? ( ,curio ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 iv4 #gii #baf ,dyrra*ium ,caes>1 ,b4 ,c4 iii4 #dg #bag ,eve ( ,ph>salus4 ,pompeius' ,dream ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 vii4 #g #bah ,pompeius ill-advis$ at ,ph>salus ,caes>1 ,b4 ,c4 iii4 #ib #bai ,a4 ,ph>salus & ,cannae comp>$ ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 vii4 #cig ,b4 ,battlefields ( ,ph>salus & ,philippi ,v]gil1 ,georg4 i4 #dhi #bbj ,h[ ,pompeius di$ ,caes>1 ,b4 ,c4 iii4 #ajc #bba ,cato's ,eulogy on ,pompeius ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 ix4 #aij #bbb ,! ,grave ( ,pompeius ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 viii4 #ghi #bbc ',atrox ,animus ,catonis' ,a4 ,pollio1 ,b4 ,afr4 #hh #bbd ,a4 ,cato ,utic5sis ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #ce ,b4 ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 ii4 #cgd #bbe ,caes> d9es ) ,cic]o ,cic]o1 ad ,att4 xiii4 #eb #bbf ,! ,dea? ( ,caes> ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #hb #bbg ,a4 ,9 ,praise ( ,caes> ,cic]o1 ,phil4 ii4 #de ,b4 ,lucan1 ,ph>s4 i4 #adc ,c4 ,apo!osis ( ,caes> ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #hh #bcj ,a4 ,p]oration ( ,second ,philippic ,cic]o1 ,phil4 ii4 #df ,b4 ,on ! ,murd] ( ,cic]o ,m>tial1 iii4 #ff #bca ,a4 ,cic]o z ,orator & ,poet ,juv5al x4 #aad ,b4 ,cic]o z ,advocate ,catullus xlix4 #bcb ,! ,dea? ( ,cic]o ,livy1 fr4 #bcc ,a4 ,9 ,praise ( ,cic]o ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #ff ,b4 ,livy fr4 #bcd ,laus ,italiae ,prop]tius iii4 #bb #bce ,laus ,romae ,claudian1 de ,cons4 ,/il4 iii4 #aej #bcf ',quod cuncti g5s una sumus' ,prud5tius1 c4 ,symm4 ii4 #ehc ,miscellane\s ,passages4 #bch ,a4 ,propempticon ,v]gilio ,horace1 ,od4 i4 #c ,b4 ,horace1 ,od4 i4 #c #bci ,a4 ,propempticon ,maecio ,cel]i ,/atius1 ,sil4 ii4 #b4 #a ,b4 ,/atius1 ,sil4 ii4 #b4 #db #bdj ,a4 ,s5eca ,s5eca1 ,ep4 xv4 #h ,b4 ,s5eca1 ,m$ea #ibj #bda ,a4 ,criticism ( ,poets ,horace1 ,ep4 ii4 #a4 #ej ,b4 ,t]5ce ,caes>1 ap4 ,sueton4 ,c4 ,ovid on 8 ,contempor>ies ,ovid1 ,tr4 iv4 #aj4 #da #bdb ,a4 ,a ,/orm at ,sea ,ovid1 ,tr4 i4 #b4 #ai ,b4 ,! ,pass+ ( ,romulus ,ovid1 ,fa/i ii4 #dic ,c4 ,?und] & ,hail ,pacuvius ap4 ,cic4 ,d4 ,! ,argo 9 a ,gale ,val4 ,fl4 ,arg4 viii4 #cbh #bdc ,a4 ,lesbia's ,sp>r[ ,catullus iii4 ,b4 ',my ,p>rot1 an obtrusive bird' ,/atius1 ,sil4 ii4 #d ,c4 ,! ,lap-dog & its ,portrait ,m>tial i4 #aji #bdd ,a4 ,! ,roman ,satiri/s ,qu9tilian x4 #a4 #ic ,b4 ,a ,criticism ( ,lucilius ,horace1 ,sat4 i4 #d4 #a ,c4 ,:y ,juv5al wrote ,satire ,juv5al i4 #ai ,d4 ,juv5al's ,subject ,juv5al i4 #ha #bde ,a4 ,virtue def9$ ,lucilius1 fr4 ,b4 ,poor m5 ( mighty de$s ,juv5al xi4 #ij ,c4 ,p]sius 9 praise ( 8 ,tutor ,p]sius v4 #ai #bdf ,a4 ,objections to a p]man5t ,!atre ,livy1 ,epit4 #dh ,b4 ,sc5ic ,arrangem5ts ,suetonius ap4 ,s]v4 ,c4 ,! ,awn+s ,lucretius iv4 #ge ,d4 ,! ,law ( ,o?o ,livy1 ,epit4 #ii ,e4 ,usurp]s ( ,eque/rian ,privileges ,horace1 ,epod4 iv4 #aa #bdg ,a4 ,! ,web ( ,fate ,catullus lxiv4 #caa ,b4 ,! ,skill ( ,ara*ne ,ovid1 ,met4 vi4 #ai ,c4 ,! ,pa/ime ( ,circe ,v]gil1 ,a54 vii4 #aj #bdh ,a4 ,! ,mon/] approa*es ,&rom$a ,ovid1 ,met4 iv4 #fga ,b4 ,h[ ,p]seus won 8 ,bride ,ovid1 ,met4 iv4 #gba #bdi ,a4 ,&rom$a ,manilius1 ,a/r4 v4 #efg ,b4 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,mon/] ,manilius1 ,a/r4 v4 #eie #bej ,a4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,flavius ,horace1 ,sat4 i4 #f4 #ga ,b4 ,ovid at ,s*ool ,ovid4 ,tr4 iv4 #aj4 #ae ,c4 ,! ,s*oolma/]'s ,life ,juv5al vii4 #bbb ,d4 ,e>ly ,s*ool ,m>tial xiv4 #bbc ,e4 ,homog5e\s ,divisions ,qu9tilian i4 #b4 #bc ,f4 ,plagosus ,orbilius ,m>tial ix4 #fh4 #a #bea ,a4 ,books ,ovid1 ,tr4 i4 #a4 #a ,b4 ,tibullus iii4 #a4 #i ,c4 ,m>tial i4 #b #beb ,a4 ,are?usa ,ovid1 ,met4 v4 #ehe ,b4 ,ovid1 ,met4 v4 #fad #bec ,a4 ,hylas ,prop]tius i4 #bj4 #ag ,b4 ,val4 ,fl4 ,arg4 iii4 #eha #bed ,! ,portmanteau ,fi% ,plautus1 ,rud4 iv4 #c4 #eh #bee ,a4 ',humani nihil a me ali5um puto' ,t]5ce1 ,haut4 i4 #a4 #ae ,b4 ,cic]o on ,t]5ce ,suetonius1 vit4 ,t]4 #cd ,c4 ,def5ce ( ,contam9atio ,t]5ce1 ,haut4 prol4 #af #bef ,a4 ,! ,song ( ! ,night+ale ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n4 x4 #ha ,b4 ,a ,cor9?ian ,/atuette ,pl9y1 ,ep4 iii4 #f #beg ,a4 ,helps to ,/yle ,pl9y1 ,ep4 vii4 #i ,b4 ,importance ( ,conc5tration ,qu9tilian1 ,in/4 ,or4 x4 #c4 #bh #beh ,a4 ,de ,simonide ,pha$rus iv4 #bc ,b4 ,mons ,p>turi5s ,pha$rus iv4 #bd ,c4 ,tru? w out ,pha$rus1 ,app4 #bb #bei ,a4 ,! ,gold5 ,age ,tibullus i4 #c4 #ce ,b4 ,bir?day ,wi%es ,tibullus ii4 #b #bfj ,a4 ,on ! delights ( ,hunt+ ) a ,note-book ,pl9y1 ,ep4 i4 #f ,b4 ,o5one ,p>idi ,ovid1 ,h]4 v4 #ag ,c4 ,! ,hunt+ ,p>ty ,v]gil1 ,a54 iv4 #abi #bfa ,a4 ,a ,roman ,day ,m>tial iv4 #h ,b4 ,! ,simple ,life ,horace1 ,sat4 i4 #f4 #aaj #bfb ,a4 ,9 ,praise ( ,agricola ,tacitus1 ,agr4 #df ,b4 ,brita93 its ,climate & ,products ,tacitus1 ,agr4 #ab #bfc ,a4 ,trimal*io's ,supp] ,petronius #ej ,b4 ,petronius #ea #bfd ,i4 ,pronunciation3 ,h ,qu9tilian i4 #e4 #bj ,h ,catullus lxxxiv4 ,,ii4 ,a ,/reet ,cry ,cic]o1 ,div4 ii4 #dj4 #hd ,,iii4 ,k1 ,q1 ,c ,t]4 ,maurus ,,iv4 ,u ,plautus1 ,m54 #eee #bfe ,i4 ,prov]bial ,expressions ,caes>1 ,b4 ,c4 ii4 #bg ,,ii4 ,cic]o1 ,phil4 xii4 #e ,,iii4 ,horace1 ,ep4 i4 #b4 #dj ,,iv4 ,juv5al ii4 #hc ,v4 ,livy xxi4 #aj ,,vi4 ,lucretius ii4 #gi ,,vii4 ,m>tial i4 #cb ,,viii4 ,plautus1 ,bac*4 i4 #b4 #cf ,,ix4 ,t]5ce1 ,eun4 prol4 #da ,x4 ,t]5ce1 ,ph4 ii4 #d4 #ad ,,xi4 ,pub4 ,syrus ,,xii4 ,s5eca1 de ,brev4 ,vit4 i4 #b ,,xiii4 ,tacitus1 ,agr4 #cj ,,xiv4 ,v>ro1 de ,re ,ru/4 iii4 #a ,,xv4 ,v]gil1 ,a54 vi4 #ie ,,xvi4 ,v]gil1 ,a54 i4 #dfa #bff ,a4 ',:om ! gods love die "y' ,qu9tilian1 ,in/4 ,or4 vi4 #a4 #i ,b4 ,s]vius ,sulpicius to ,cic]o4 ,cic]o1 ad ,fam4 iv4 #e #bfg ,a4 ,catullus at 8 ,bro!r's ,grave ,catullus ci4 ,b4 ,to ,calvus on 8 ,wife's ,dea? ,catullus xcvi4 ,c4 ,cornelia's ,plea to h] ,husb& ,prop]tius iv4 #aa4 #a ,d4 ,mors ,tibulii ,ovid1 ,am4 iii4 #i #bfh ,apophoreta ,m>tial #bfi ,m>tial #bgj ,epitaphs & ,inscriptions4 ,i4 ,on ,naevius ,naevius ,,ii4 ,on ,ennius ,ennius ,,iii4 ,on ,pacuvius ,pacuvius ,,iv4 ,on ,plautus ,plautus ,v4 ,on ,tibullus ,domitius ,m>sus ,,vi4 ,9 tumulo hom9is felicis ,ausonius1 ,epit4 #cf ,,vii4 ,!rmopylae ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 i4 #db4 #aja #bga ,epilogue4 ,a4 ,horace ,horace1 ,od4 iii4 #cj ,b4 ,ovid ,ovid1 ,met4 xv4 #hga ,c4 ,m>tial ,m>tial iv4 #hi ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors ,as9ius ,pollio1 #bbc ,aulus ,gellius1 #fc1 #agg1 #agi ,ausonius1 #bgj ,caes>1 #af1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bab1 #bad1 #baf1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bda1 #bfe ,catullus1 #bca1 #bdc1 #bdg1 #bfd1 #bfg ,cic]o1 #ed1 #fe1 #gi1 #hi1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aai1 #abg1 #acf1 #afa1 #afc1 #aff1 #afi1 #agg1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aic1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bcj1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bgj ,claudian1 #bce ,domitius ,m>sus1 #bgj ,ennius1 #bgj ,florus1 #gd1 #ajc1 #acd1 #adi1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afd1 #afh1 #afi1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #bjf ,front9us1 #abc1 #aca1 #adf1 #adi1 #agb1 #agc ,horace1 #hf1 #aje1 #ajf1 #acb1 #acc1 #adc1 #aeb1 #aei1 #ahb1 #bjg1 #bch1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bfa1 #bfe1 #bga ,ju/9us1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aga ,juv5al1 #aje1 #aaf1 #afc1 #afe1 #afh1 #bca1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bfe ,livy1 #cb1 #dj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #ij1 #ia1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ih1 #ii1 #aae1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abd1 #abe1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #adg1 #adh1 #aej1 #aec1 #aed1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bdf1 #bfe ,lucan1 #hb1 #afe1 #agd1 #age1 #bjg1 #baa1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae1 #bag1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbg ,lucilius1 #bde ,lucretius1 #bdf1 #bfe ,manilius1 #bdi ,m>tial1 #fi1 #bcj1 #bdc1 #bej1 #bea1 #bfa1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bga ,naevius1 #bgj ,nepos1 #aad1 #aea ,ovid1 #bd1 #fa1 #fd1 #gc1 #gd1 #hh1 #afi1 #bjg1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bej1 #bea1 #beb1 #bfj1 #bfg1 #bga ,pacuvius1 #bdb1 #bgj ,p]sius1 #bde ,petronius1 #bfc ,pha$rus1 #beh ,plautus1 #bed1 #bfd1 #bfe ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 #bef ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfj ,prop]tius1 #gi1 #ib1 #acb1 #bcd1 #bec1 #bfg ,prud5tius1 #bcf ,publilius ,syrus1 #bfe ,qu9tilian1 #bdd1 #bej1 #beg1 #bfd1 #bff ,sallu/1 #afj1 #afb1 #agj1 #agg1 #agh1 #aid ,s5eca1 #bdj1 #bfe ,silius ,italicus1 #aad1 #aai1 #abc1 #abf ,/atius1 #bci1 #bdc ,suetonius1 #agf1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aib1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bdf1 #bee ,tacitus1 #bfb1 #bfe ,t]5ce1 #bee1 #bfe ,t]5tianus ,maurus1 #bfd ,tibullus1 #bea1 #bei ,val]ius ,flaccus1 #bdb1 #bec ,val]ius ,maximus1 #hd1 #ib1 #agf ,v>ro1 #bfe ,velleius ,pat]culus1 #aef1 #afg1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahj1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aie1 #bjc1 #bbd1 #bcc ,v]gil1 #dh1 #fj1 #fb1 #ff1 #fg1 #hd1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #bai1 #bdg1 #bfj1 #bfe ,,introduction #a4 ,head+4--,! selections 9 ?is book are 9 mo/ cases intelligible ap>t f _! context4 ,9 cases :]e ?is is n s1 y w f9d x a valuable ex]cise to endeav\r to arrive at ! context = y\rself4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 y %\ld pay att5tion to ! ,head+1 :i* w give y a useful clue to ! mean+ ( ! passage1 #b4 ,au?or4--,:5 y see ! au?or's "n1 try to rememb] :at y "k ab\t him4 ,= example1 ,livy1 ! hi/orian ( ,rome & fri5d ( ,augu/us1 ! contempor>y ( ,v]gil & ,ovid4 ,! %ort ,lives1 pp4 #bic-cde1 w tell y ! *ief facts ab\t ! au?ors f :om ! selections are tak51 & w give y a brief summ>y ( _! *ief works4 ,also1 if y ref] to ,app5dix ,,vii41 pp4 #cdg-cfc1 y w ga9 "s idea ( ! "t 9 :i* ! au?ors liv$ & ( _! contempor>ies4 #c4 ,read ! ,passage ?r\gh1 c>efully4--,z y read-- 7#a7 ,notice all allusions & key-words t may help y to ! s5se ( ! passage4 7#b7 ,pay special att5tion to ! op5+ s5t5ce4 ,9 translat+ a passage mu* dep5ds on gett+ ! fir/ s5t5ce "r4 7#c7 ,notice especially ! connectives :i* introduce s5t5ces & clauses m>k$ (f by commas4 ,9 ?is way y w be able to di/+ui% betwe5 a ,pr9cipal ,s5t5ce & a ,subord9ate ,clause4 7,= ,li/ ( ,conjunctions see ,app5dix ,i4 pp4 #bgd-bgf47 ,,helps ,,to ,,vocabul>y4 #d4 ,?r\gh ,engli% ,d]ivatives4--,engli% d]ivatives1 if us$ 9 ! prop] way1 may give y valuable help 9 inf]r+ mean+s4 ,! reason :y y mu/ g5]ally n translate ! ,lat9 ^w by ! d]iv$ ,engli% ^w is t1 z y probably "k1 _m ,engli% d]ivatives h come f ,lat9 words :i* _h :olly or 9 "p lo/ _! e>li] classical mean+1 or f ,lat9 words n f\nd at all 9 classical ,lat94 ,yet 9 su* cases ! ,engli% ^w may be f> f useless4 ,y mu/ take c>e to let x sugge/ to y ! orig9al or root-mean+1 leav+ ! correct mean+ ( ! ,lat91 :e!r ! same z ! ,engli% ^w or n1 to be det]m9$ by ! context4 ,= example1 s-cr-u does n mean secure1 b 7l secure 9 ,%akespe>e & ,milton7 c>e-less4 ',?is happy night ! ,fr5*m5 are secure1 ,hav+ all day c>\s$ & banquet$4' ,,%akespe>e1 ,h54 ,,vi4 ,"p #a4 ,,ii4 i4 #aa4 ,9-crd-ib-il-is1 on ! o!r h&1 (t5 _c be bett] translat$ ?an by incr$ible1 & im-plc-bilis by implacable4 ,notice1 too1 h[ (t5 9 ! case ( v]bs ! sup9e /em w sugge/ to y ! mean+ ( ! ,lat9 ?r\gh "s ,engli% d]ivative1 :i* ! pres5t /em conceals4 ,= example3-- p+o pictum picture sugge/s to pa9t4 caveo cautum caution bew>e4 colo cultum culture till4 fallo falsum false deceive4 #e4 ,?r\gh ,fr5* ,d]ivatives4--,sometimes1 :5 y _c ?9k ( an ,engli% d]ivative1 a ,fr5* ^w t y "k w help y to ! mean+ ( ! ,lat94 ,= example3-- ,l4 ,f4 pontem pont sugge/s bridge4 gu/um gt ta/e4 prtum pr mead[4 tlem tel su*4 b7ib7ere boire to dr9k4 ,b1 9 ord] to make ,fr5* d]ivatives a real help to y1 y mu/ "k some?+ ( ! orig9 ( ! ,fr5* language & ( ! *ief rules t gov]n ! pronunciation 7& !re=e ! spell+7 ( ,fr5*4 ,)\t go+ too mu* into detail1 x may help y to rememb] t-- 7#a7 ,fr5* has tak5 _m words f colloquial ,lat91 :i* 9 ! days ( ,cic]o 0 v diff]5t f classical ,lat94 ,= example3-- ,lit]>y ,lat94 ,popul> ,lat94 ,fr5*4 equus caballus *eval horse4 pugna batalia bataille battle4 os bucca b\*e m\?4 7#b7 ,unacc5t$ syllables are usually dropp$4 ,= example3-- crv-um c]f /ag4 bonittem bont goodness4 7#c7 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( ,fr5* is t[>ds smoo?ness & contraction4 ,= example3-- ,l4 ,f4 be/iam bte bea/4 fact-um fait de$4 spiss-um pais ?ick4 coll-um c\ neck4 ,9 fact1 be>+ 9 m9d ! caution giv5 y1 x is an excell5t rule to try to ?9k out ! mean+ ( ! ,lat9 by ! help ( ,engli% & ,fr5* d]ivatives4 #f4 ,comp\nd ,words4--,:5 y come to a ^w :i* y _c translate1 & 9 reg>d to :i* ,engli% & ,fr5* d]ivatives d n help y1 break up ! ^w1 if a comp\nd1 into its simple elem5ts ( ,prefix1 ,/em1 ,suffix4 ,!n f ! mean+ ( its root or /em & f ! =ce ( ! prefix & suffix1 & by ! help ( ! context1 try to arrive at an ,engli% ^w to suit ! s5se4 ,9 ord] to be able to d ?is y %\ld h "s k (-- 7#a7 ,a few simple rules = ! v[el *anges ( v]bs 9 composition4 ,?us3 a be=e two consonants 7except ng7 (t5 *anges to e4 ,e4g4 sacr-o1 con-secr-o2 damn-o1 con-demn-o4 a be=e "o consonant & be=e ng (t5 *anges to i4 ,e4g4 fac-io1 ef-fic-io2 c7ad-o1 ac-cid-o2 tang-o1 con-ting-o4 ,b gr7ad-ior1 ag-gr7ed-ior4 a be=e l & ano!r consonant *anges to u4 ,e4g4 salt-are1 9-sult-are4 7e *anges to 7i 7b n e be=e two consonants7 & ae to i4 ,e4g4 ten-ere1 ob-tin-ere2 quaer-ere1 9-quir-ere4 au *anges to u4 ,e4g4 claud-ere1 9-clud-ere4 7#b7 ,prefixes3--,to help y to deta* ! prefix m readily1 notice ^! simple euphonic *anges1 all ( :i* result 9 mak+ ! pronunciation smoo!r & easi]4 ,?us3-- 7i47 ,! la/ consonant ( a ,lat9 prefix is (t5 made ! same z1 or simil> to1 ! fir/ consonant ( ! /em4 ,e4g4 ad-f]o aff]o2 ob-pono op-pono2 com7cum7-t5do con-t5do4 7ii47 ,! f9al consonant ( a prefix is (t5 dropp$ be=e two consonants4 ,e4g4 ad-sc5do a-sc5do4 ,notice also t ! prepositional prefixes to v]bs express diff]5t ideas 9 diff]5t comb9ations4 ,?us1 sometimes ! prefix has a some:at lit]al prepositional =ce4 ,e4g4 p]-curr]e to run ?r\gh4 ,b sometimes an int5sive =ce4 ,e4g4 p]-t]r]e to ?or\ghly fright54 ,9 all su* cases y mu/ be p>tly guid$ by ! context4 7,= ,li/ ( ,important ,prefixes1 see ,app5dix ,,ii4 pp4 #bgg--bha47 7#c7 ,suffixes 7o!r ?an grammatical inflexions74 ,a k ( ! mo/ important suffixes w (t5 help y to ! correct mean+ ( a ,lat9 ^w1 ! root ( :i* is famili> to y4 ,?us f ! ,rtag drive1 move1 we h-- by addition ( -tor 7 ag5t or do] ( an action71 actor a do]1 ag5t4 -m5 7 acts or results ( acts71 agm5 a c\rse1 l9e ( m>*1 c4 -ilis 7 belong+ to1 able to71 agilis easily mov$1 agile4 -ito 7 =cible or repeat$ action71 agito put 9 action1 agitate4 7,= ,li/ ( ,important ,suffixes1 see ,app5dix ,,iii4 pp4 #bhb--bhf47 7#d7 ,cognates1 t is1 words relat$ 9 mean+ ?r\gh a common root4 ,y w f9d x v useful to make = y\rself li/s ( cognate words4 ,?us f ! ,rtgna1 gno "k1 we h-- gna-rus kn[+4 i-gn>us 7 9 gn>us7 ignorant4 nos-co 7 gno-sco7 to get a k (4 i-gno-sco n to "k1 p>don4 no-bilis 7 gno-bilis7 t c be kn[n1 fam\s1 noble4 no-m5 7 gno-m57 a "n4 ,to gr\p toge!r 9 ?is mann] words ( common orig9 & words closely associat$ 9 mean+ is "o ( ! be/ ways 9 :i* y c increase y\r vocabul>y4 7,= additional ,examples ( ,cognates1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4 pp4 #bhg-h47 ,,helps ,,to ,,translation4 ,y h n[ read ! passage ?r\gh c>efully1 & ?\ght out ! vocabul>y to ! be/ ( y\r ability4 ,beg9 !n to translate ! op5+ s5t5ce1 & pay great att5tion to ^! #g4 ,g5]al ,rules4--7#a7 ,und]l9e ! ,pr9cipal ,v]b1 ,subject 7if express$71 & ,object 7if any74 7#b7 ,if ! s5t5ce conta9s only "o f9ite v]b1 all y h to d is to gr\p r\nd ,subject1 or ,v]b1 or ,object ! words & phrases t belong to ea* ( ! ?ree4 7#c7 ,translate ! s5t5ce lit]ally4 ,d ?is m5tally1 )\t writ+ x d[n4 7#d7 ,!n write d[n ! be/ translation y c4 ,= example3-- ,at ,,g]mani cel]it]1 consuetud9e sua phalange facta1 ,,impetus gladiorum ,,excep]unt4 ,b ! ,g]mans quickly =m$ into a phalanx1 z 0 _! cu/om1 & receiv$ ! attacks ( ! swords 7i4e4 ( ! ,romans ) drawn swords74 7#e7 ,if ! s5t5ce conta9s "o or m subord9ate clauses1 consid] ea* subord9ate clause z if x 7 bracket$ (f sep>ately1 & !n deal ) ea* clause z if x 7 a pr9cipal s5t5ce1 f9d+ out its ,subject1 ,v]b1 ,object1 & add+ to ea* its enl>gem5ts4 ,!n return to ! s5t5ce z a :ole1 & gr\p r\nd its ,subject1 ,pr$icate1 & ,object ! v>i\s subord9ate clauses :i* belong to ea*4 #h4 ,help ?r\gh ,analysis4--,v (t5 analysis w help y to f9d out ! prop] relation ( ! subord9ate clauses to ! ?ree p>ts ( ! ,pr9cipal ,s5t5ce4 ,y ne$ n always analyse on pap]1 b d x always 9 y\r m9d4 ,y w f9d an example ( a simple me?od ( analysis at ! close ( ,demon/rations ,i & ,,iv1 pp4 #bc1 #dg4 ,:5 analys+1 notice c>efully t3-- 7#a7 ,an enl>gem5t ( a ,n\n may be 7a7 ,an adjective ,,t]tiam aciem4 7b7 ,a n\n 9 apposition ,publius ,crassus ,,adulesc5s4 7c7 ,a dep5d5t g5itive impetus ,,gladiorum4 7d7 ,a p>ticiple or p>ticipial no/ris ,,laborantibus4 phrase 7e7 ,an adjectival clause ,publius ,crassus ,,qui ,,equitatui ,,prae]at4 7#b7 ,an enl>gem5t ( a ,v]b may be 7a7 ,an adv]b ,,cel]it] excep]unt4 7b7 ,a prepositional phrase ,,ex ,,consuetud9e ,,sua excep]unt4 7c7 ,an ablative absolute ,,phalange ,,facta excep]unt4 7d7 ,an adv]bial clause ,,id ,,cum ,,animadv]tisset1 ,publius ,crassus misit4 #i4 ,help ?r\gh ,punctuation4--,?\gh only ! full-/op 0 us$ by ! anci5ts1 ! punctuation m>ks :i* are n[ us$ 9 all pr9t$ texts %\ld be c>efully notic$1 especially 9 translat+ long & involv$ s5t5ces4 ,?us 9 ,demon/rations ,,iii & ,,iv notice h[ ! subord9ate clauses are = ! mo/ "p enclos$ 9 commas4 #aj4 ,help ?r\gh ,scansion & ,metre4--,a k ( ?is is indisp5sable 9 translat+ v]se4 ,to scan ! l9es w help y to det]m9e ! grammatical =ce ( a ^w1 & a k ( metre w enable y to grasp ! poet's mean+ z convey$ by ! position :i* he assigns to ! v>i\s words1 & ! v>y+ emphasis :i* results f v>iation ( metre4 ,= example3-- 7#a7 ,a grammatical help4--,y "k t f9al -a is %ort 9 nom4 & voc4 s+4 #a/ ,decl41 & 9 neut4 plural1 & is long 9 abl4 s+4 #a/ ,decl4 & #bnd ,imp]at4 #a/ ,conj4 ,?us 9 ,demon/ration ,,ii 7p4 #bd7 y c easily det]m9e ! grammatical =m ( f9als 9 -a4 ,9 ,s5t5ce ,,iv agn7a1 9 ,,vi c]v7a1 9 ,,viii iunct7a columb7a1 9 ,,ix ,cyn?i7a are all %ort & nom4 s+4 ,9 ,s5t5ce ,v umbr un are long & abl4 s+4 9 agreem5t4 7#b7 ,a help to ! poet's mean+4--,! m y "k ( ! pr9ciples ( scansion1 ! bett] able y w be to und]/& & appreciate ! skill ) :i* a great poet v>ies 8 metre & *ooses 8 words4 #aa4 ,help ?r\gh a ,/udy ( ! ,p]iod 9 ,lat94--,"o great diff]5ce betwe5 ,engli% & ,lat9 ,prose is t1 :ile mod]n ,engli% is to a great ext5t a language ( %ort1 deta*$ s5t5ces1 ,lat9 expresses ! s5se by ! passage z a :ole1 & holds ! climax 9 susp5se until ! deliv]y ( ! la/ ^w4 ',?is mode ( expression is call$ a ,,p]iod 7a circu7itus or amb7itus v]borum71 because ! read]1 9 ord] to collect toge!r ! words ( ! ,pr9cipal ,s5t5ce1 mu/ make a circuit1 s to say1 r\nd ! ins]t$ clauses1'#b ',lat9 possesses :at ,engli% does n1 a mode ( expression by means ( :i*1 r\nd "o ma9 idea are gr\p$ all its accessory ideas1 & !re is ?us =m$ a s+le h>moni\s :ole1 call$ ! ,,p]iod4'#c ,footnote #b3 ,potts1 ,h9ts1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #c3 ,po/gate1 ,s]mo ,lat9us1 p4 #de4 ,a ,,p]iod !n is a s5t5ce conta9+ only "o ma9 idea 7! ,pr9cipal ,s5t5ce7 & sev]al ,subord9ate ,clauses4 ,! ,p]iodic /yle is g5]ally us$ = ,hi/ory & ,description1 & is be/ se5 9 ,cic]o & ,livy4 ,! foll[+ is a good example ( ! ,,p]iod 9 ,lat93-- #d,,volsci exiguam spem 9 armis1 alia undique abscissa1 cum t5tass5t1 praet] cet]a adv]sa loco quoque iniquo ad pugnam congressi1 iniquiore ad fugam1 cum ab omni p>te ca$]5tur1 ad preces a c]tam9e v]si1 d$ito imp]atore traditisque armis1 sub iugum missi1 cum s+ulis ve/im5tis ignom9iae cladisque pl5i ,,dimittuntur4 ,! ,,volscians f\nd t n[ !y 7 sev]$ f e o!r hope1 !re 0 b little 9 prolong+ ! conflict4 ,9 addition to o!r disadvantages !y _h engag$ on a spot ill-adapt$ = fight+ & worse = flight4 ,cut to pieces on e side !y ab&on$ ! conte/ & cri$ = qu>t]4 ,aft] surr5d]+ _! comm&] & deliv]+ up _! arms1 !y pass$ "u ! yoke1 & ) "o g>m5t ea* ,,7 ,,s5t to _! homes cov]$ ) disgrace & defeat4 ,footnote #d3 ,potts1 ,h9ts1 p4 #he4 ,notice "h t 7#a7 ,!re is only "o ma9 idea1 t ( ! ignom9i\s return ( ! ,volscians to _! homes4 7#b7 ,! re/ describes ! att5dant circum/ances ( ! surr5d] & ( ! causes t l$ to x4 7#c7 ,9 ,engli% we %\ld translate by at lea/ f\r sep>ate s5t5ces4 7#d7 ,! ,lat9 conta9s only =ty-eight words1 :ile ! ,engli% conta9s eighty-"o4 ,pr(essor ,po/gate 7',s]mo ,lat9us1' p4 #de7 gives ! foll[+ example ( ! way 9 :i* a ,lat9 ,,p]iod may be built up3-- ,,balbus vir optimus1 dux clrissimus et multis mihi b5eficiis c>us1 rogitantibus ,arv]nis ut populi ,romani mie/tem o/5tret suque simul imp]i monum5tum eis rel9qu]et1 ,m,,rum lat]cium1 vg9ti p$es ltum1 sexg9ta altitd9e et ita 9 imm5sum porrectum ut vix tuis ipse oculis crd]es tantum esse1 ndum aliis p]sud]es1 non s9e adv]so suo rm ut qui pr9ciptum adfect>et ,,a$ificavit4 ,,balbus1 an excell5t man & mo/ di/+ui%$ comm&]1 :o _h ende>$ himself to me by num]\s k9dnesses1 0 reque/$ by ! ,arv]ni to make a display ( ! p[] & greatness ( ,rome1 & at ! same "t to leave beh9d him a memorial ( 8 own gov]nm5t4 ,he accord+ly ,,built a ,,wall ( bricks1 tw5ty feet wide1 sixty high1 & ext5d+ to su* a prodigi\s l5g? t y c\ld h>dly tru/ y\r own eyes t x 0 s l>ge1 /ill less induce o!rs to believe x4 ,b he did n escape ! malign rum\r t he _h designs ^u ! imp]ial cr[n4 ,"h1 z 9 ! previ\s example1 7#a7 ,!re is only "o ma9 idea1 ,,balbus ,,murum ,,a$ificavit4 7#b7 ,! re/ consi/s (-- 7a7 ,enl>gem5ts ( ,,balbus--vir optimus 444 c>us2 plac$1 !re=e1 directly aft] ,,balbus4 7b7 ,enl>gem5ts ( ,,murum--lat]cium 444 p]suad]es2 plac$1 !re=e1 directly aft] ,,murum4 7c7 ,enl>gem5ts ( ,,a$ificavit rogitantibus 444 rel9qu]et ! cause ( ! build+ ( ! wall4 7murum7 non s9e 444 adfect>et ! att5dant circum/ances ( ! build+ ( ! wall2 plac$1 !re=e1 be=e ,,a$ificavit4 7#c7 ,9 ,engli% we mu/ translate by at lea/ ?ree sep>ate s5t5ces1 &1 :]e necess>y1 translate p>ticiples z f9ite v]bs1 & *ange dep5d5t clauses into indep5d5t s5t5ces4 ,x has be5 well said3 ',an ,engli% s5t5ce does n (t5 exhibit ! /ructure ( ! ,p]iod4 ,x 0 imitat$1 sometimes ) great skill & beauty1 by _m ( ! e>li] writ]s ( ,engli% prose2 b its effect is bett] se5 9 poetry1 z 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,high on a ?rone ( royal /ate1 :i* f> ,out%one ! weal? ( ,ormuz & ( ,ind1 ,or :]e ! gorge\s ,ea/ ) ri*e/ h& ,%[]s on h] k+s b>b>ic pe>l & gold1 ,satan exalt$ sat4' ,,milton1 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ii4 #a-e4 #ab4 ,help ?r\gh a ,k ( ! ,ord] ( ,words 9 ,lat94--,if y /udy ! examples already giv5 ( ! ,p]iod y w see t ! ,ord] ( ,words 9 ,engli% diff]s v mu* f ! ,ord] ( ,words 9 ,lat94 ,dr4 ,abbott writes z foll[s3 ',! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ,engli% & ,lat9 is t 9 ,engli% ! mean+ dep5ds ma9ly on ! ord] ( words1 & ! emphasis ma9ly on ! voice1 :ile 9 ,lat9 ! mean+ dep5ds almo/ entirely on ! inflexions1 & ! emphasis ^u ! ord]4' ,?us1 if we take ! ,engli% s5t5ce1 ,caes> conqu]$ ! ,gauls1 we _c inv]t ! ord] ( ,caes> & ,gauls )\t entirely *ang+ ! mean+4 ,9 ,lat91 h[ev]1 we may write 7s9ce ea* ,lat9 ^w has its own prop] inflexion1 s]v+ almo/ z a label7 ,caes> vicit ,gallos3 ,gallos ,caes> vicit3 ,caes> ,gallos vicit1 )\t any *ange ( mean+ except t ( %ift+ ! emphasis f "o ^w to ano!r4 ,! usual ord] ( words 9 a ,lat9 ,prose ,s5t5ce may be said to be 7#a7 ,p>ticles1 or phrases ( connection 7) "s exceptions1 e4g4 v]o1 autem1 quidem1 enim1 :i* /& second74 7#b7 ,subject4 7#c7 ,words1 phrases1 clauses1 z enl>gem5ts ( ,subject4 7#d7 ,adv]bial enl>gem5ts ( ,pr$icate 7?\gh an ,ablative ,absolute mu/ g5]ally /& fir/74 7#e7 ,indirect ,object 7if any7 & its enl>gem5ts4 7#f7 ,direct ,object 7if any7 & its enl>gem5ts4 7#g7 ,! ,pr9cipal ,v]b4 ,to take a simple example3-- #e,,livius1 imp]ator =tissimus1 quamquam adv5tus ho/ium non ubi oportuit nuntiatus e/1 ,,p]iculum illa sua 9 rebus dubiis audacia facile ,,evasit4 ,,livius1 a mo/ excell5t comm&]1 al?\gh ! enemy's arrival 0 n report$ :5 x %\ld h be51 easily ,,escap$ ! ,,dang] by 8 well-kn[n d>+ 9 p]il\s positions4 ,footnote #e3 ,po/gate1 ,s]mo ,lat9us1 p4 #ch4 ,to take ano!r example3-- #f;,ar*im$is ,,ego quae/or ignoratum ab ,syracusanis1 cum esse omn9o neg>5t1 saeptum undique et ve/itum vepribus et dumetis1 ,,indagavi ,,sepulcrum4 ,:5 ,i 0 ,quae/or1 ,i ,,0 ,,able ,,to ,,trace ,,out ! ,,tomb ( ,ar*im$es1 ov]gr[n & h$g$ 9 ) brambles & bru%wood4 ,! ,syracusans knew no?+ ( x1 & d5i$ its exi/5ce4 ,footnote #f3 ,demon/ration ,,vi4 ,s5t4 #a4 p4 #ee4 ,notice "h ! foll[+ special po9ts ( ord]3-- 7#a7 ,! two mo/ important positions 9 ! s5t5ce are ! beg9n+ & ! end4 7#b7 ,special emphasis is express$ by plac+ a ^w 9 an unusual or prom95t position4 ,e4g4 "h1 ! unusual position ( ,ar*im$is & sepulcrum4 7#c7 ,9 ! middle ( ! s5t5ce ! arrangem5t is su* t ! words mo/ closely connect$ 9 mean+ /& ne>e/ toge!r4 ,e4g4 "h1 ignoratum 444 dumetis is all logically connect$ ) ! object sepulcrum1 :i* = ! sake ( emphasis is put 9 an unusual position at ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 #ac4 ,additional ,h9ts4--7#a7 ,rememb] t ,lat9 is (t5 concrete :]e ,engli% is ab/ract4 ,e4g4-- +5iosi 7m5 ( g5ius7 g5ius4 eruditi 7le>n$ m57 le>n+4 docti viri summo +5io pra$iti1 saepe invidia opprimuntur4 ,! mo/ exalt$ g5ius is frequ5tly ov]borne by envy4 omnes immemorem b5efici od]unt4 ,! _w reg>ds +ratitude ) hatr$4 7#b7 ,! same ,lat9 ^w may /& = diff]5t ,engli% words4 ,take1 = example1 ! v>i\s uses ( ! ^w ,,res 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ,livy1 xlv4 #ai3-- #g,ut ,,res docuit 4 4 4 animo ge/i5ti ,,rebus secundis 4 4 4 speculator ,,r]um quae a fratre ag]5tur 4 4 4 ,,rem prope prolapsam re/ituit 4 4 4 aliis alia regna crevisse ,,rebus dic5do4 ,z ! ,,fact %[$ 4 4 4 spirits runn+ riot f ,,prosp]ity 4 4 4 to wat* ! ,,c\rse pursu$ by 8 bro!r 4 4 4 he re/or$ :at 0 almo/ a lo/ ,,cause 4 4 4 by say+ t k+doms gr[ by v>i\s ,,means4 ,footnote #g3 ,po/gate1 ,s]mo ,lat9us1 p4 #cd4 ,9 translat+ ,,res1 avoid at all co/s ! ^w ,,?+1 or ,,?+s1 & let ! context guide y to ! appropriate ,engli% ^w4 7#c7 ,y may (t5 translate a ,lat9 ,active by an ,engli% ,passive4 ,lat9 pref]s ! ,active because x is m direct & vivid4 ,= example3-- ,lib]as a$es coniurati sumps]unt4 ,an empty h\se _h be5 occupi$ by ! conspirators4 7#d7 ,use great c>e 9 translat+ ,lat9 ,p>ticiples1 & make cle> 9 y\r translation ! relation ( ! p>ticipial enl>gem5ts to ! action ( ! ma9 ,v]b4 ,= example3-- concessive3 ,romani1 non ,,rogati1 auxilium (f]unt4 ,! ,romans1 ?\gh !y 7 n ask$1 (f] help4 f9al3 ,=tuna sup]bos int]dum ,,ruitura levat4 ,=tune sometimes raises ! pr\d1 only to da% !m d[n4 causal3 ,s4 ,ahala ,sp4 ,maelium regnum ,,appet5tem int]emit4 ,s4 ,ahala kill$ ,sp4 ,maelius = aim+ at ! royal p[]4 ,notice also3-- ,pontem captum inc5dit ,he took & burn$ ! bridge4 ,nescio quem prope ad/antem int]rogavi4 ,i que/ion$ someone :o 0 /&+ by4 ,haec dixit mori5s ,he said ?is :ile dy+4 ,nuntiata clades ,! news ( ! disa/]4 7#e7 ,9 translat+1 try to br+ out ! exact =ce ( ! ,ablative ,absolute1 by :i* a ,lat9 writ] %[s ! "t or circum/ances ( ! action express$ by ! ,pr$icate4 ,! ,ablative ,absolute is an adv]bial enl>gem5t ( ! ,pr$icate1 & is n grammatically dep5d5t on any ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,x is1 !re=e1 call$ absolutus 7i4e4 fre$ f or unconnect$74 ,x %\ld v seldom be translat$ lit]ally4 ,y\r be/ plan w be to consid] c>efully :at ! ,ablative ,absolute seems to sugge/ ab\t ! action ( ! ,pr9cipal ,v]b4 ,= example3-- ,capta ,troia1 ,graeci domum r$i]unt4 ,! ,greeks return$ home aft] ! capture ( ,troy4 ,regnante ,romulo1 ,roma urbs erat p>va4 ,:5 ,romulus 0 reign+1 ,rome 0 a small city4 ,ex]citu collecto 9 ho/es cont5d]unt4 ,!y collect$ an army & m>*$ aga9/ ! enemy4 ,nondum hieme confecta 9 f9es ,n]viorum cont5dit4 ,?\gh ! w9t] 0 n yet ov]1 he ha/5$ to ! t]ritory ( ! ,n]vii4 ,tum salutato ho/ium duce1 ad suos conv]sus1 subditis equo calc>ibus1 ,g]manorum ord9es praet]vectus e/1 neque expectatis legatis1 nec respond5te ullo4 ,!reupon1 aft] salut+ ! enemy's g5]al1 he turn$ to 8 companions1 & sett+ spurs to 8 horse1 rode pa/ ! ranks ( ! ,g]mans1 )\t ei!r wait+ = 8 /aff1 or receiv+ an answ] f anyone4 ,,helps ,,to ,,/yle4 ,?\gh ,/yle _c p]haps be taught1 x c c]ta9ly be =m$ & improv$4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( improv+ y\r ,/yle4 ,= example3-- #ad4 ,?r\gh ! ,be/ ,engli% ,lit]ature4--,read good ,lit]ature1 ! be/ ,engli% ,au?ors 9 prose & v]se4 ,y w "k some?+1 p]haps1 ( ,%akespe>e & ,scott1 ( ,macaulay & ,t5nyson4 ,?\gh y may n be able to attack ! complete works ( any great au?or1 y ought n to h any difficulty 9 f9d+ good books ( selections f ! ,engli% ,classics4 #ae4 ,?r\gh good ,translations4--,/udy a few good ,engli% ,v]sions ( passages f ! be/ ,lat9 writ]s4 ,y may (t5 h a good v]sion ( ! passage y translate read to y 9 y\r ,division aft] y\r mi/akes h be5 po9t$ out to y1 & to ?is y %\ld pay great att5tion4 ,y w ?us le>n ev5tually to suit y\r /yle to ! ,au?or y are translat+1 :ile at ! same "t y r5d] ! passage closely & accurately4 #af4 ,be ,cle>4--,rememb] t ! fir/ *>act]i/ic ( a good /yle is cle>ness--t is1 to say :at y mean & to mean :at y say4 ,qu9tilian1 ! great critic1 says t ! aim ( ! translator %\ld be1 n t ! read] may und]/& if he w1 b t he mu/ und]/& :e!r he w or n4 ,! m y read ! greate/ ,au?ors ! m y w see t1 z ,col]idge says1 '!re is a reason assignable n only = e ^w1 b = ! position ( e ^w4' #ag4 ,be ,simple4--,) cle>ness goes simplicity--t is1 use no ^w y d n und]/&1 avoid f9e epi!ts1 & d n *oose a phrase = its s\nd alone1 b = its s5se4 #ah4 ,avoid ,p>aphrase4--,y are ask$ to translate1 n to give a m]e g5]al idea ( ! s5se4 ,:at y h to d is to ?9k out ! exact mean+ ( e ^w 9 ! s5t5ce1 & to express ?is 9 z good & correct ,engli% z y c4 #ai4 ,pay att5tion to ,metaphors4--,! subject ( ,metaphor is ( great importance 9 good translation4 ,y w f9d t e language possesses its own special ,metaphors 9 addition to ^? :i* are common to mo/ ,european languages4 ,z y become famili> ) ,lat9 ,au?ors y mu/ try to di/+ui% ! ,metaphors common to ,engli% & ,lat9 & ^? belong+ only to ,engli% or to ,lat94 ,= example3-- 7#a7 ,metaphors id5tical 9 ,lat9 & ,engli%-- ,progr$itur res publica naturali quodam it9]e et cursu4 ,! ,/ate advances 9 a natural pa? & progress4 7#b7 ,metaphors diff]+ 9 ,lat9 & ,engli%-- c$ant arma togae let ! sword yield to ! p54 ardet ac]rime coniuratio ! conspiracy is at its height4 rex factus e/ he asc5d$ ! ?rone4 conticuit he held 8 peace4 #bj4 ,c>eful ,translation a ,help to ,/yle4--,9 conclusion4 ,no?+ w help y\r /yle m ?an to d y\r translations z well z y possibly c1 & to avoid repeat+ ! same mi/akes4 ,! ,lat9s !mselves knew ! value ( translation z a help to /yle4 ,= example1 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] says3-- ',z useful z any?+ is ! practice ( translat+ ei!r y\r ,greek into ,lat9 or y\r ,lat9 into ,greek4 ,by practis+ ?is y w acquire propriety & dignity ( expression1 an abundant *oice ( ! beauties ( /yle1 p[] 9 description1 & ga9 9 ! imitation ( ! be/ models a facility ( creat+ su* models = y\rself4 ,besides1 :at may escape y :5 y read1 _c escape y :5 y translate4' ,,demon/rations 9 ,,unse5 ,,translation ,,note ,! use ( a p]sonal mode ( address 9 ! foll[+ ,demon/rations is expla9$ by ! fact t !y are writt5 prim>ily = ! use ( boys4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t !y may be f\nd useful to ma/]s also1 & t ! fulness ) :i* ea* passage is treat$ may supply "s helpful sugge/ions4 ,,demon/ration ,i4 ,fi]ce enc\nt] ) ! ,g]mans4 7a7 ,reiectis pilis com9us gladiis pugnatum e/4 ,,ii ,at ,g]mani cel]it]1 ex consuetud9e sua1 phalange facta1 impetus gladiorum excep]unt4 ,,iii ,rep]ti sunt complures no/ri milites1 qui 9 phalangas insilir5t1 et scuta manibus revell]5t1 et desup] vuln]>5t4 ,,iv ,cum ho/ium acies a s9i/ro cornu pulsa atque 9 fugam conv]sa esset1 a dextro cornu vehem5t] multitud9e suorum no/ram aciem premebant4 ,v ,id cum animadv]tisset ,publius ,crassus adulesc5s1 qui equitatui prae]at1 quod exp$itior erat quam hi qui int] aciem v]sabantur1 t]tiam aciem laborantibus no/ris subsidio misit4 ,,vi ,ita proelium re/itutum e/4 ,,caes>4 ,fi]ce enc\nt] ) ! ,g]mans4 7b7 ,reiectis pilis com9us gladiis pugnatum e/4 ,,ii ,at ,g]mani cel]it]1 ex consuetud9e sua1 phalange facta1 impetus gladiorum excep]unt4 ,,iii ,rep]ti sunt complures no/ri milites qui 9 phalangas insilir5t1 et scuta manibus revell]5t1 et desup] vuln]>5t4 ,,iv ,cum ho/ium acies a s9i/ro cornu pulsa atque 9 ,,iv fugam conv]sa esset1 a dextro cornu vehem5t] multitud9e suorum no/ram aciem premebant4 ,v ,id cum animadv]tisset ,publius ,crassus adulesc5s1 qui equitatui prae]at1 quod exp$itior erat quam hi qui int] aciem v]sabantur1 t]tiam aciem laborantibus no/ris subsidio misit4 ,,vi ,ita proelium re/itutum e/4 ,,caes>4 ,,demon/ration ,i4 ,,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 i4 #eb4 ,reiectis pilis 444 re/itutum e/4 ,head+ & ,au?or4--,?is tells y en\gh = work+ purposes1 ev5 if y d n rememb] ! outl9e facts ( ,caes>'s campaign aga9/ ,ariovi/us1 ! *ief ( ! ,g]mans1 call$ 9 by ! ,gauls 9 _! dome/ic qu>rels1 :o conqu]$ & rul$ !m until he 0 himself cru%$ by ! ,romans4 ,read ?r\gh ! passage c>efully4--,z y d ?is1 notice all allusions & key-words t help y to ! s5se ( ! passage1 e4g4 ,g]mani1 no/ri milites1 ,publius ,crassus4 ,! g5]al s5se ( ! passage %\ld n[ be s pla9 7i4e4 an incid5t 9 a battle betwe5 ! ,g]mans & ! ,romans7 t y may beg9 to translate s5t5ce by s5t5ce4 ,i4 ,reiectis pilis com9us gladiis pugnatum e/4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- ,reiectis re iacio ?r[ back or away4 ,! context w tell y :i* is ! bett] mean+ = re-4 ,notice ! =ce ( all prefixes 9 composition1 :e!r sep>ate or insep>able z "h4 ,= re-1 see pp4 #bhj1 #bha4 ,app5dix ,,ii4,,ii3 ,sep>able ,p>ticles pilis ! plum1 ! di/9ctively ,roman missile weapon4 com9us comm9us3 i4e4 con 7 cum7 manus h& to h&4 ,n4,b4--,9 composition a (t5 becomes i1 cf4 iacio1 re-icio2 & cf4 e-m9us at a di/ance4 7ii47 ,translation4-- ,,pugnatum ,,e/4 ,! only f9ite v]b 9 ! s5t5ce1 & ! pr9cipal "o4 ,! =m %[s y x is a s-call$ imp]sonal v]b1 & !re=e ! subject mu/ be s\ght f ! v]b itself 9 connection ) ! context4 ,"h1 cle>ly1 y mu/ translate ! battle 0 f\ght4 com9us tells u h[1 i4e4 h& to h&4 reiectis pilis4 ,y w recognise ?is z an ablative absolute phrase4 ,b d n translate ?is lit]ally _! javel9s hav+ be5 ?r[n away1 = ?is is n ,engli%4 ,let ! pr9cipal v]b & ! s5se g5]ally guide y to ! =ce ( ! phrase4 ,?us y c see "h t ! ,roman soldi]s _h no use = _! javel9s1 & s ?rew !m away z a useless encumbrance4 7,! context tells u t ! ,roman soldi]s _h no "t to hurl _! javel9s aga9/ ! foe47 ,y c n[ translate ! :ole s5t5ce--7& s7 ! ,romans ?rew away _! javel9s & f\ght h& to h& ) swords4 ,,ii4 ,at ,g]mani cel]it]1 ex consuetud9e sua1 phalange facta1 impetus gladiorum excep]unt4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- ex consuetud9e sua accord+ to _! cu/om4 ,y w probably h met ) consuetudo1 or consuesco1 or suesco4 ,our own ^w cu/om comes f x ?r\gh ! ,fr5* c\tume4 ,= ?is use ( ex cf4 ex s5t5tia1 ex voluntate4 phalange phalanx4 ,if y le>n ,greek1 y w readily ?9k ( ! fam\s ,mac$onian phalanx4 impetus attacks 9 peto 7 aim at74 ,cf4 our impetus1 impetu\s4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce conta9s only "o f9ite v]b1 ! pr9cipal "o4 ,,excep]unt 7!y7 receiv$4 ,:o receiv$8 ,cle>ly ,,g]mani ! ,g]mans4 ,receiv$ :at8 ,,impetus ! attacks4 impets mu/ be ,acc4 ,plur4 ,all y n[ h to d is to assign to _! prop] places ! words & phrases t rema94 ,( ^! #a4 cel]it] #b4 ex consuetud9e sua #c4 phalange facta modify ! action ( excep]unt1 tell+ u :5 & h[ !y receiv$1 & #d4 gladiorum belongs to impets4 ,n[ translate ! :ole s5t5ce4 ,b ! ,g]mans quickly =m$ into a phalanx1 z 0 _! cu/om1 & receiv$ ! attacks ( ! swords 7i4e4 ( ! ,romans ) drawn swords74 ,,iii4 ,rep]ti sunt complures no/ri milites1 qui 9 phalangas insilir5t1 et scuta manibus revell]5t1 et desup] vuln]>5t4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- insilir5t 9 salio leap-on4 ,& cf4 our insult4 ,notice ! usual phonetic *ange ( v[el f a to i4 7,engli% d]ivatives w (t5 help y to ! mean+ ( a ,lat9 ^w1 ?\gh1 = reasons t are expla9$ to y 9 ! ,introduction1 pp4 #a1 #b1 #d1 y mu/ let !m lead y up to ! root-mean+ ( ! ,lat9 ^w r ?an to an exact translation47 revell]5t re vello pluck-away4 ,if y =get ! mean+ ( vello1 ! sup9e vulsum ?r\gh "s ,engli% d]ivative--e4g4 re-vulsion1 con-vulsion--w probably help y to ! root-mean+4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce conta9s f\r f9ite v]bs4 ,z y read x ?r\gh1 und]l9e ! pr9cipal v]b1 cle>ly ,,rep]ti ,,sunt1 & bracket qui to vuln]>5t4 ,y _c d\bt :i* v]bs to include 9 y\r bracket1 = qui1 :i* is a subord9ate conjunction z well z a relative pron\n1 s]ves z a sure signpo/4 ,also revell]5t & vuln]>5t are jo9$ by et--et to insilir5t1 s y\r bracket includes all f qui to vuln]>5t4 ,! commas 9 ! passage w (t5 help y to ! beg9n+ & end ( a subord9ate clause4 ,n[ beg9 ) ! pr9cipal v]b ,,rep]ti ,,sunt & its subject complures no/ri ,,milites1 _m ( our soldi]s 7 f\nd4 qui 444 vuln]>5t4 ,?is subord9ate clause describes1 j z an adjective does1 ! "* ( ^! complures no/ri1 s t qui tales ut--i4e4 brave en\gh to leap ^u ! phalanxes1 & pluck away ! %ields 7( ! ,g]mans7 & w\nd !m f above4 ,,iv4 ,cum ho/ium acies a s9i/ro cornu pulsa atque 9 fugam conv]sa esset1 a dextro cornu vehem5t] multitud9e suorum no/ram aciem premebant4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- 7acies l9e ( battle4 ,rtac %>p 7cf4 c]71 p]haps ?\ght ( z ! edge ( a sword4 cornu horn2 s1 figuratively1 ! w+ ( an army4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce conta9s ?ree f9ite v]bs4 ,und]l9e ,,premebant1 cle>ly ! pr9cipal v]b1 & bracket cum to conv]sa esset4 ,"h ! signpo/ is ! subord9ate conjunction cum4 ,next f9d ! subject ( premebant3 obvi\sly no ^w f a dextro to aciem c be ! subject2 x is impli$ 9 premebant--i4e4 !y1 :i* z context %[s ,g]mani4 ,n[ f9d ! object no/ram aciem our l9e4 ,?us y h z ! backbone ( ! :ole s5t5ce3-- ,!y 7! ,g]mans7 7 press+ our l9e4 ,all ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce w n[ take its prop] place1 z 9 "s way modify+ ! action ( premebant4 ,?us3-- cum 444 conv]sa esset tells u :5 !y 7 press+4 a dextro cornu :]e vehem5t] h[ multitud9e suorum h[ or :y ,n4,b4--suorum1 reflexive1 mu/ be id5tical ) ! subject ( premebant4 ,n[ translate ,?\gh,:5 ! enemy's l9e _h be5 r\t$ & put to flight on _! left w+1 on _! "r w+1 ow+ to _! great numb]s1 !y 7 press+ h>d ^u our l9e4 ,v4 ,id cum animadv]tisset ,publius ,crassus adulesc5s1 qui equitatui prae]at1 quod exp$itior erat quam hi qui int] aciem v]sabantur1 t]tiam aciem laborantibus no/ris subsidio misit4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- animadv]tisset animum ad v]to to turn ! m9d to1 to obs]ve4 adulesc5s "h l our junior1 to di/+ui% him f 8 fa!r1 ,m>cus ,crassus ! triumvir4 exp$itior m free 7ex pes foot-free2 s imp$itus hamp]$1 h9d]$74 v]sabantur--7v]so frequ5t4 ( v]to7 turn ?is way & t2 s v]so-r dep4 turn oneself1 engage 91 be1 accord+ to ! context4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce is m involv$1 'p]iodic'#h 9 /yle4 ,y w see on p4 #bc h[ mu* help c be giv5 by a m detail$ analysis4 ,demon/ration ,i3 ,table ,footnote #h3 ,see ,introduction1 pp4 #g-i1 #aa4 ,introduction #aa4 ,help ?r\gh a ,/udy ( ! ,p]iod 9 ,lat94 ,n[1 z be=e1 bracket ! subord9ate clauses ?us3-- #a4 ,id 444 adulesc5s #b4 qui 444 prae]at #c4 quod 444 v]sabantur & !n ! only pr9cipal v]b is ,,misit4 ,und]l9e ?is4 ,next und]l9e ! pr9cipal subject1 cle>ly ,p4 ,,crassus1 :i* is also ! subject ( clause #a4 ,!n1 outside ! brackets1 ! only possible object is ,,aciem3 und]l9e ?is4 ,n[ analyse1 z on p4 #bc4 ,demon/ration ,i3 ,table 7a7 ,write d[n ,,crassus1 ,,misit1 ,,aciem4 7b7 ,place alongside ^! _! prop] enl>gem5ts4 7c7 ,if necess>y1 analyse sep>ately all subord9ate clauses--e4g4 ,a#a1 ,a#b1 ,a#c 9 example on p4 #bc4 ,y %\ld n[ be able to translate )\t any difficulty2 only take c>e to arrange ! enl>gem5ts s z to make ! be/ s5se & ! be/ ,engli%4 ,?us3 ,:5 ,publius ,crassus ! y\ng]1 :o 0 9 comm& ( ! cavalry1 _h obs]v$ ?is1 he s5t ! ?ird l9e to ! help ( our m5 :o 7 h>d press$1 z he 0 m free to act ?an ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 action4 ,,vi4 ,ita proelium re/itutum e/4 ,9 ?is way ! battle 0 re/or$4 ,f9al ,h9ts4 ,rememb] t "o passage ma/]$ is wor? a great _m hurri$ly translat$4 ,s be=e y leave ?is passage notice c>efully 9 ! ,i4 ,vocabul>y4-- 7i47 ,any words t are q new to y4 ,look !m out 9 ! diction>y1 & notice _! d]ivation & use2 if y d n d ?is y w f9d ! same ^w new to y ! next "t y meet ) x4 7ii47 ,engli% ,d]ivatives4--,z y h se51 ^! w (t5 help y to ! root-mean+ ( a ^w4 ,?us3-- reiectis reject1 ?r[ away insilir5t insult1 jump on & 9 ! case ( v]bs1 z ^! two examples %[1 d]ivatives are mo/ easily f\nd f ! sup9e /em4 ,n4,b4--,?is mu/ be done v c>efully1 because _m su* ,engli% d]ivatives h come f ,lat9 words aft] !y _h :olly1 or 9 "p1 lo/ _! classical mean+1 or f ,lat9 words n f\nd at all 9 classical ,lat94 ,a great _m o!r ,engli% words are d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ( ?is passage--e4g4 pugnaci\s1 7)7 cel]ity1 fact1 except1 milit>y1 manual1 sup]-s$e1 vuln]able1 ho/ile1 s9i/]1 uni-corn1 & _m o!rs4 7iii47 ,prefixes4--,notice especially ! =ce ( prepositions & insep>able p>ticles 9 composition1 e4g43-- re- 9 re-iectis1 re-vell]5t1 re/itutum4 9- 9 impetus1 insilir5t4 ex- 9 excep]unt1 exp$itior4 7iv47 ,simple ,phonetic ,*anges 9 ,composition1 e4g43-- a to i 9 insilir5t1 com9us 7con manus74 7v47 ,gr\ps ( ,relat$ ,words4 ,?us acies ,rtac %>p1 is relat$ to 7ac-er1 %>p2 7ac-ervus1 a heap2 7ac-utus1 %>p1 c4 exp$itior ,rtp$ tread1 g1 is relat$ to pes1 a foot2 imp$io entangle2 imp$im5tum h9drance1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,hi/orical & o!r ,allusions4-- 7i47 ,read a summ>y ( ,caes>'s campaign aga9/ ,ariovi/us4 7ii47 ,t]ms relat+ to ,w>4--,?us notice3-- pilum1 ! di/9ctively ,roman infantry weapon1 & see a good illu/ration4 phalanx2 cf4 ! ,roman te/udo4 t]tiam aciem--i4e4 ! l9e ( res]ves1 kept = j su* em]g5cies4 ,read1 if necess>y1 "s %ort acc\nt ( ! triplex acies1 ! usual ,roman ord] ( battle4 ,,iii4 ,"s ,au?orities4-- 7i47 ,caes>1 ,all5 & ,gre5\gh1 publi%$ by ,g9n ,co4 7an admirable edition74 7ii47 ,fr\de's ,caes>1 p4 #ej4 7iii47 ,momms5's ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bie4 7iv47 ,napoleon's ,caes>1 vol4 ii4 cap4 #d1 & vol4 ii4 p4 #dje4 ,,demon/ration ,i4 ,,caes>1 ,b4 ,g4 i4 #eb3 ',reiectis pilis 444 re/itutum e/4' ,,s5t5ce ,k9d ( ,s5t5ce ,,connective ,,subject ,simple ,enl>g$ ,,pr$icate ,simple ,enl>g$ ,,object ,simple ,enl>g$ ,a4 ,id cum animadv]tisset ,publius ,crassus adulesc5s1 qui equitatui prae]at1 quod exp$itior rat quam hi ui int] aciem v]sabantur1 t]tiam aciem laborantibus no/ris subsidio misit4 ,,pr9cipal 7complex7 ,,crassus #a4 ,publius #b4 adulesc5s #c4 qui 444 prae]at ,,misit #a4 ,id cum 444 adulesc5s 7 :57 #b4 quod 444 v]sabantur 7 :y7 #c4 laborantibus 444 subsidio 7 h[7 ,,aciem t]tiam ,a#a4 ,id cum animadv]tisset ,publius ,crassus adulesc5s ,subord9ate adv]bial to ,,misit 9 ,a cum ,crassus ,publius animadv]tisset -- id -- ,a#b4 qui equitatui prae]at ,subord9ate adjectival to ,,crassus 9 ,a qui qui 7 ,crassus7 -- prae]at equitatui -- -- ,a#c4 quod exp$itior erat quam hi qui int] aciem v]sabantur ,subord9ate adv]bial to ,,misit 9 ,a quod 7,crassus7 -- erat exp$itior quam 444 hi v]sabantur -- -- ,,demon/ration ,,ii4 ,! ,music ( ,arion4 7a7 ,quod m>e non novit1 quae nescit ,ariona tellus8 ,i ,c>m9e curr5tes ille t5ebat aquas4 ,,ii ,saepe1 sequ5s agnam1 lupus e/ a voce ret5tus2 ,,iii ,saepe avidum fugi5s re/itit agna lupum2 ,,iv #d ,saepe canes leporesque umbra cubu]e sub una1 ,v ,et /etit 9 saxo proxima c]va leae3 ,,vi ,et s9e lite loquax cum ,palladis alite cornix ,,vii ,s$it1 et accipitri iuncta columba fuit4 ,,viii #h ,cyn?ia saepe tuis f]tur1 vocalis ,arion1 ,,ix ,tamquam frat]nis ob/upuisse modis4 #aj ,,ovid4 ,! ,music ( ,arion4 7b7 ,quod m>e non novit1 quae nescit ,ariona tellus8 ,i ,c>m9e curr5tes ille t5ebat aquas4 ,,ii ,saepe1 sequ5s agnam1 lupus e/ a voce ret5tus2 ,,iii ,saepe avidum fugi5s re/itit agna lupum2 ,,iv #d ,saepe canes leporesque umbra cubu]e sub una1 ,v ,et /etit 9 saxo proxima c]va leae3 ,,vi ,et s9e lite loquax cum ,palladis alite cornix ,,vii ,s$it1 et accipitri iuncta columba fuit4 ,,viii #h ,cyn?ia saepe tuis f]tur1 vocalis ,arion1 ,,ix ,tamquam frat]nis ob/upuisse modis4 #aj ,,ovid4 ,,demon/ration ,,ii4 ,,ovid1 ,fa/i ii4 #hc-ib 7,hallam's ,edition74 ,head+ & ,au?or4--,! head+ w probably sugge/ to y ! well-kn[n /ory ( ,arion & ! ,dolph91 & ! "n ( ! au?or1 ,ovid1 w lead y to expect a beautiful v]sion ( ! leg5d4 ,read ! ,passage c>efully4--,z y read1 notice all allusions t help y to ! s5se ( ! passage4 ,?us ! fir/ l9e 7:i* y c no d\bt translate at once7 tells ( ! fame ( ,arion1 & ! succe$+ l9es describe ! *>m ( 8 music4 ,! ,=m ( ! ,passage3 ,elegiac ,v]se4--,scan#i z y read1 & m>k ! quantity 9 ! v]se ( all f9als 9 -a4 ,y w see ! value ( ?is1 z y translate4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,introduction1 pp4 #f1 #g1 #aj4 ,introduction #aj4 ,help ?r\gh ,scansion & ,metre ,y c n[ beg9 to translate1 tak+ "o complete s5t5ce at a "t4 ,i4 ,quod m>e non nvit1 quae nescit 7,ar7on7a tells8 7i47 ,vocabul>y4--,y w "k all ! words "h1 b obs]ve nvit kn[s1 n knew1 = nvi means ,i h become acqua9t$ )1 ,i h le>n$1 & !re=e ,i "k2 & notice also ! important cognates f ! ,rtgno-1 gn-1 -gna1 -gno1 gi-gn-sk ,i le>n to "k1 cf4 our "k1 k51 c1 con--no-os 7m9d71 -gna-rus "k-+2 no-sco 7 gno-sco74 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce conta9s no subord9ates2 ! two f9ite v]bs1 nvit1 nescit1 are bo? pr9cipal4 ,next1 ! =m ( ! s5t5ce1 ) ! "q-m>k at ! end1 %[s t m>e mu/ be ! subject ( nvit1 & tellus ( nescit4 77,ar7on7a _c be nom9ative1 = ! suffix -a is ! usual ,greek #crd decl4 ,acc4 ,s+41 :]e ,lat9 has -em47 ,also quod & quae are cle>ly int]rogative & adjectival2 s translate3-- ,:at sea does n "k1 :at l& is ignorant ( ,arion8 ,n4,b4--,try to r5d] ?is l9e a little m poetically4 ,,ii4 ,c>m9e curr5tes ille t5bat aqus4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4--,y w "k all ^! simple words4 7ii47 ,translation4--,"h aga9 !re are no subord9ates4 ,! pr9cipal v]b is t5ebat1 ! subject ille1 & ! object aquas2 s translate3-- ,he us$ to /ay ! runn+ wat]s by 8 song4 ,n4,b4--,notice =ce ( ,imp]fect 9 t5ebat4 ,,iii4 ,saepe1 sequ5s agnam1 lupus e/ a voce ret5tus2 7i47 ,vocabul>y4--,all y ne$ notice "h is ! =ce ( re- 9 ret5tus held back1 cf4 our re-ta94 7ii47 ,translation4--,be=e y translate1 notice ,ovid's frequ5t use ( p>ataxis1 i4e4 plac+ "o ?\ght side by side ) ano!r ?\ght1 )\t any connective1 ev5 al?\gh "o ?\ght is1 9 s5se1 cle>ly subord9ate to ano!r4 ,?is is "o ( ! ways 9 :i* all great poets height5 ! effect ( :at !y say1 & _m examples ( x are to be f\nd 9 ,ovid's be/ elegiac v]se4 ,z y look ?r\gh ?is passage y w f9d3 7a7 ,l9es #a1 #b1 #c1 #d ea* =m a complete s5t5ce4 7b7 ,9 ! :ole passage !re is n "o subord9ate conjunction4 7c7 ,! only express$ connective is ! simple/ l9k-^w et4 ,! pr9cipal v]b is ret5tus e/1 ! subject lupus4 ,sequ5s agnam describes lupus1 & saepe & a voce tell u :5 & :y ! wolf 0 /ay$4 ,(t5 has ! wolf 9 pursuit ( ! lamb be5 /ay$ at ! s\nd4 7,= ?is use ( a or ab to express orig9 or s\rce cf4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 v4 #fee ,v4 #gji3 ,pectora traiectus ,lynceo ,ca/or ab ense47 ,,iv4 ,saepe avidum f7ugi5s re/itit agn7a lupum4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- ,re/itit /ood /ill2 re si-/-o1 i4e4 f ,rt/a-1 /r5g!n$ by r$uplication2 cf4 hi-/-mi4 ,contra/ c>efully mean+ ( re-/o1 /& firm or be left4 7ii47 ,translation4--,aga9 a v simple s5t5ce4 ,! pr9cipal v]b is re/itit1 ! subject agn7a2 fugi5s avidum lupum enl>ges ! subject 7agna1 & saepe tells u :5 ! lamb /ood /ill4 ,(t5 has ! lamb1 :5 flee+ f ! hungry wolf1 /ood /ill 7/opp$ %ort 9 its flight74 ,n4,b4--,notice ! p>allelism 9 ?is c\plet1 :]e ! p>allel l9es express ! same idea4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,hebrew poetry1 e4g43 ',seek ye ! ,"l :ile ,he may be f\nd3 ,call ye ^u ,him :ile ,he is ne>4' ,is4 lv4 #f4 & is frequ5tly employ$ by ,ovid4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,e4g43 ,pl5a fuit vobis omni concordia vita1 ,et /etit ad f9em longa t5axque fides4 ,amores ii4 #f4 #ac-ad4 ,v4 ,saepe c7anes lep7oresque umbr c7ubure sub un4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- ,lep7ores h>es4 ,z ?is is closely connect$ by -que ) c7anes1 y are n likely to confuse x ) l7epor 7lepos2 cf4 lamp7 a *>m1 grace4 ,cubu]e lay d[n4 ,cp4 -cumbo 9 composition1 & our recumb5t1 succumb1 & cub-icle4 7ii47 ,translation4--,ano!r simple s5t5ce ab\t :i* !re c be no d\bt4 ,! metre %[s t umbr mu/ be tak5 ) sub un3-- ,(t5 h ! dogs & ! h>es recl9$ b5ea? ! same %ade4 ,,vi4 ,et /etit 9 saxo proxim7a c]v7a leae4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- ,leae lioness4 ,lea 7poetical =m ( lea5a7 sugge/s leo4 7ii47 ,translation4--,! metre %[s proxim7a mu/ be tak5 ) c]v7a4 ,b to translate ! ne>e/ /ag 7h9d7 makes nons5se1 & r5d]s leae untranslatable1 :ile ! h9d v close to ! lioness makes good s5se4 ,& ! h9d has /ood /ill on ! crag close beside ! lioness4 ,,vii4 ,et s7ine lte l7oquax cum ,palladis lite cornix sdit4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- ,lte /rife4 ,to litigate conte/ 9 law 7lit ag]e7 may help y to ! root-mean+4 ,loquax talkative1 cle>ly connect$ ) l7oq-uor1 & loq-uaci\s4 ,alite a bird1 lit4 w+$2 cf4 l-a1 a w+4 ,cornix a cr[1 probably f ,rtk>2 cf4 our croak1 & korax1 cor-vus1 a rav54 ,palladis4 ,y h no d\bt he>d ( ,pallas ,a?n1 ! virg9 goddess ( w> & ( wisdom4 7ii47 ,translation4--,! =ce ( ! illu/ration lies 9 ! /rong contra/ betwe5 ! *att]+1 tale-be>+ cr[ & ! wise1 sil5t owl sacr$ to ! goddess ( wisdom4 ,two su* opposites1 "u ! spell ( ,arion's music1 =get to qu>rel1 ?\gh = ! "t 9 close company4 ,& ! *att]+ cr[ has )\t /rife sat 9 company ) ! bird ( ,pallas4 ,,viii4 ,et accipitri iunct7a c7olumb7a fuit4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- ,accipitri hawk 7a g5]al "n = birds ( prey71 probably f ,rtpet-1 pet- move quickly2 cf4 pet-omai fly ab\t2 p7et-o fall ^u1 attack1 seek4 ,s accipit] ac p7et-1 swift fly+2 cf4 kupt]os swift-w+$4 7ii47 ,translation4--,! metre %[s t columb7a & iunct7a mu/ be tak5 toge!r3-- ,& ! dove has-be5-jo9$-to 7has consort$ )7 ! hawk4 ,,ix4 ,cyn?ia saepe tuis f]tur1 vcalis 7,arn1 ,tamquam frat]nis ob/7upuisse m7odis4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- ,cyn?ia ,diana 7,artemis71 s call$ f ,mt4 ,cyn?us1 9 ,delos1 :]e %e & ,apollo 7 born4 ,f]tur is said1 ass]t$2 cf4 f7erunt !y say4 ,vcalis tuneful1 cle>ly f same root z vox1 v7oc-o1 c41 ( our vocal4 ,= *ange ( quantity cf4 rex1 rgis1 f r7eg4 ,ob/7upuisse to h be5 spell-b\nd2 /7up-eo1 /7up-idus1 & our /upefy1 /upid w sugge/ ! root-mean+4#aa ,m7odis measures1 especially ( v]se1 or1 z "h1 ( music4 ,footnote #aa3 ,notice ?is ^w1 :i* is (t5 employ$ to express ! ideas ( entrnce1 en?rall1 /rike dumb1 amaze4 7ii47 ,translation4--,y w rememb] t ,apollo1 ! god :o br+s back light & sun%9e 9 spr+1 is also ! god ( music & ( poetry4 ,ovid skilfully implies t ,arion's play+ 0 s beautiful t ev5 ,diana1 ,apollo's own si/]1 mi/akes ,arion's play+ = h] bro!r's4 ,?is s5t5ce takes up a :ole c\plet1 b is 9 =m q simple4 ,?us f]tur is ! incomplete pr$icate1 & ob/upuisse saepe tuis modis tamquam frat]nis completes ! pr$icate1 i4e4 tells u all t is said ( ! subject ,cyn?ia4 ,vcalis 7,aron is cle>ly vocative1 or nom9ative ( address4 ,o tuneful ,arion1 (t5 is ,cyn?ia said to h be5 spell-b\nd by ?y /ra9s1 z by ^? ( h] bro!r 7,apollo74 ,f9al ,sugge/ions4 ,y h n[ le>nt h[ to translate ?is passage1 b y mu/ d m be=e y c ma/] x4 ,?us 9 ^! simple b beautiful l9es notice3-- 7i47 ,vocabul>y4--,?is is easy & famili>1 b ev5 if y "k ! mean+ ( ! words /udy _! cognates--i4e4 relat$ words--z po9t$ out to y 9 ! vocabul>y1 e4g4 "u nvit1 p4 #be1 s5t5ce ,i4 ,demon/ration ,,ii4ii 7ii47 ,engli% ,d]ivatives4--,rememb] t (t51 :]e y _c ?9k ( an ,engli% d]ivative1 "s v famili> ,fr5* ^w w help y to ! root-mean+ ( ! ,lat94 ,?us3-- ,lat94 ,fr5*4 ,engli%4 ,c>m9e ,*>me ,*>m 7,song7 ,agnam ,agneau ,lamb ,lupus ,l\p ,wolf ,c]va ,c]f ,/ag 7,h9d7 & notice t :]e ! ,engli% ^w1 e4g4 *>m1 diff]s 9 spell+ f ! ,lat91 x is because x comes to u ?r\gh a ,fr5* *annel4 ,cf4 feat f ,fr4 fait ,l4 factum4 7iii47 ,allusions & ,p>allel ,passages4--,9 v]se ^! are (t5 num]\s & important4 ,poetry is naturally full ( imag]y1 & borr[s f _m s\rces4 ,?us1 = ll4 #a-h1 comp>e ,hor4 ,od4 ,i4 xii4 #e3 ',aut 9 umbrosis ,heliconis oris 4 4 4 4 ,arte mat]na rapidos morantem ,flum9um lapsus 4 4 4' & ,v]g4 ,g4 iv4 #eaj3 ',mulc5tem tigris et ag5tem c>m9e qu]cus4' ,%akesp4 ,h54 ,,viii4 ,,iii4 i43 ',orpheus ) 8 lute made trees1 ,& ! m\nta9-tops t freeze1 ,b[ !mselves :5 he did s+'2 or read ,t5nyson's poem ',amphion4' ,l9es #e1 #f4--;,cf4 ,isaiah xi4 #f3 ',! wolf also %all dwell ) ! lamb1 & ! leop>d %all lie d[n ) ! kid2 & ! calf & ! "y lion & ! fatl+ toge!r2 & a little *ild %all lead !m4' 7iv47 ,h9ts = ,v]ses4--,ovid is ! ackn[l$g$ ma/] ( elegiac v]se4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] y h a passage ( 8 elegiacs to translate1 y %\ld1 if possible1 le>n x by he>t4 7,! ,arion /ory z told by ,ovid is well wor? a place 9 any collection ( ,edisc5da47 ,if y _c d ?is1 notice useful phrases & turns ( expression1 e4g43-- ,l9e #a4--;,a "q1 in/ead ( a b>e /atem5t1 :]e no answ] is expect$4 ,cf4 ',quod crim5 dicis praet] amasse meum8' 7,dido to ,a5eas1 ,ov4 ,h]4 vii4 #afd47 ,l9es #c1 #d4--,p>ataxis & repetition ( idea4 ,l9e #i4--,vocalis ,arion1 apo/rophe4 ,l9e #b4--,simplicity2 allit]ation4 7v47 ,! ,poem z ,lit]ature4--,ovid "h depicts 9 language purposely exagg]at$ ! p[] ( music ov] ! he>ts ( m51 & ev5 ov] nature1 animate & inanimate4 ,?is gives po9t to ! /rong contra/ 9 ! l9es :i* foll[1 :]e gre$ dom9ates all ! feel+s4 ,%akespe>e ref]s to ! love ( music z a te/ ( "*3-- ',! man t ha? no music 9 himself1 ,nor is n mov$ ) concord ( sweet s\nds1 ,is fit = treasons1 /ratagems1 & spoils4' ,,demon/ration ,,iii4 ,,"p ,i4 ,a ra% promise ra%ly believ$4 ,hannibali alia 9 8 locis b5e g]5dae rei =tuna oblata e/4 ,i ,m4 ,c5t5ius fuit cognom9e ,pa5ula1 insignis int] primipili c5turiones et magnitud9e corporis et animo4 ,,ii ,is p]functus militia1 p] ,p4 ,cornelium ,sullam praetorem 9 s5atum introductus1 petit a ,patribus1 uti sibi qu9que milia militum d>5tur3 ,,iii se p]itum et ho/is et regionum1 brevi op]ae pretium facturum et1 quibus artibus ad id locorum no/ri et duces et ex]citus capti =5t1 iis adv]sus inv5torem usurum4 ,,iv ,id non promissum magis /olide1 quam /olide cr$itum1 tamquam ea$em milit>es et imp]atoriae artes ess5t6 ,v ,data pro qu9que octo milia militum2 p>s dimidia cives1 p>s socii4 ,,vi ,et ipse aliquantum volunt>iorum 9 it9]e ex agris concivit1 ac prope duplicato ex]citu 9 ,lucanos p]v5it1 ubi ,hannibal1 nequiquam secutus ,claudium1 sub/it]at4 ,,vii ,,livy4 ,a ra% promise ra%ly believ$4 ,hannibali alia 9 8 locis b5e g]5dae rei =tuna oblata e/4 ,i ,m4 ,c5t5ius fuit cognom9e ,pa5ula1 insignis int] primipili c5turiones et magnitud9e corporis et animo4 ,,ii ,is p]functus militia1 p] ,p4 ,cornelium ,sullam praetorem 9 s5atum introductus1 petit a ,patribus1 uti sibi qu9que milia militum d>5tur4 ,,iii ,c5t5ius dixit se p]itum et ho/is et regionum1 brevi op]ae pretium facturum3 et1 quibus artibus ad id locorum no/ri et duces et ex]citus capti =5t1 iis adv]sus inv5torem usurum4 ,,iv ,id non promissum magis /olide1 quam /olide cr$itum3 tamquam ea$em milit>es et imp]atoriae artes ess5t6 ,v ,data pro qu9que octo milia militum2 ,,vi p>s dimidia cives1 p>s socii4 ,et ipse aliquantum volunt>iorum 9 it9]e ex agris concivit1 ac prope duplicato ex]citu1 9 ,lucanos p]v5it1 ubi ,hannibal1 nequiquam secutus ,claudium1 sub/it]at4 ,,livy4 ,,demon/ration ,,iii4 ,,livy1 xxv4 #ai4 ,read ! passage ?r\gh c>efully4 ,z y read-- 7i47 ,make all ! use y c ( y\r previ\s k ( ,hi/ory1 ,geography1 & ,antiquities4 ,?us1 ,hannibali sugge/s an episode 9 ! ,second ,punic ,w>4 ,m4 ,c5t5ius is cle>ly ! un=tunate subject ( ! episode4 9 ,lucanos 444 sub/it]at helps to fix ! date z lat] ?an ,cannae1 #baf ,b4,c4 7ii47 ,obs]ve c>efully all phrases t w require special c>e 9 translat+--e4g4 b5e g]5dae rei--int] primipili c5turiones--p]functus militia--op]ae pretium--ad id locorum4 ,y w n[ h a suffici5t g5]al idea ( ! =m & g5]al s5se ( ! passage1 & may beg9 to translate s5t5ce by s5t5ce4 ,i4 ,hannibali alia 9 8 locis b5e g]5dae rei =tuna oblata e/4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- oblata1 cf4 ob-lation an (f]+ & (-f]4 7ii47 ,translation4-- oblata e/ %[s t ! subject mu/ be =tuna1 ) :i* alia mu/ agree1 & g]5dae rei is dep5d5t g5itive4 ,s y may at once translate lit]ally ,ano!r =tune 7*ance7 ( c>ry+-on ! matt] well 9 ^! p>ts 0 (f]$ to ,hannibal4 ,b y mu/ n be satisfi$ ) ?is1 = ?\gh lit]ally correct x is nei!r good ,hi/ory nor good ,engli%4 ,s r5d]3 ,9 ?is di/rict ,hannibal _h ano!r *ance pres5t$ to him ( a*iev+ a success4 ,"h notice especially ! use ( ! ^w res1#ab a rem>kable example ( ! t5d5cy ( ,roman writ]s to employ ! ord9>y & simple vocabul>y :]ev] possible in/ead ( inv5t+ a new ^w4 ,z a writ] well says1 ',res is1 s to say1 a blank *eque1 to be fill$ up f ! context to ! requisite am\nt ( mean+4' ,cf4 ',consilium erat quo =tuna rem d>et1 eo incl9>e vires1' :]e res victory4 ,footnote #ab3 ,cf4 ,introduction1 p4 #aa4 ,introduction #ac 7#b7 ,,ii4 ,m4 ,c5t5ius fuit cognom9e ,pa5ula1 insignis int] primipili c5turiones et magnitud9e corporis et animo4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- primipili ! *ief c5turion ( ! tri>ii 7! ?ird1 vet]an l9e ( ! legion71 ! primipilus1 or primus pilus4 ,s ,livy vii4 #da1 'primus c5turio erat1 quem nunc 7c5turionem7 primi pili appellant4' cognom9e1 i4e4 co-nom51 a "n add$ to ! nom51 a title1 epi!t1 e4g43 ,publius ! di/9ctive pra5om54 ,scipio nom51 designat+ 8 g5s4 ,africanus cognom54 7ii47 ,translation4--,! =m ( ?is s5t5ce is q simple4 ,! subject is ,m4 ,c5t5ius1 ) :i* insignis agrees4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 ,m4 ,c5t5ius1 by surname ,p5ula1 di/+ui%$ among ! fir/-rank 7or *ief7 c5turions 7( ! ,tri>ii7 bo? = 8 great bodily size & c\rage4 ,,iii4 ,is p]functus militia1 p] ,p4 ,cornelium ,sullam praetorem 9 s5atum introductus1 petit a ,patribus1 uti sibi qu9que milia militum d>5tur4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- p]functus1 cf4 function1 & notice =ce ( p] dis*>ge completely4 7ii47 ,translation4--,! pr9cipal v]b is cle>ly petit1 & is is ! only possible subject 7 ,c5t5ius71 ) :i* introductus agrees4 ,!re is "o subord9ate clause1 introduc$ by ut1 tell+ u ! object ( 8 reque/4 ,translate1 fir/ lit]ally1 ,he hav+ dis*>g$ completely 8 milit>y s]vice1 be+ introduc$ into ! ,s5ate by ,p4 ,c4 ,sulla1 ! ,praetor1 asks ! ,fa!rs t #ejjj soldi]s %\ld be giv5 him4 ,n[ improve ?is3 get rid at all co/s ( ! hav+ & be+1 :i* are n ,engli%1 & *ange ! asks into ! pa/ t5se ( n>ration4 ,?us3-- ,aft] he _h complet$ 8 t]m ( s]vice1 & _h be5 introduc$ to ! ,s5ate by ,p4 ,corn4 ,sulla1 ! ,praetor1 he petition$ ! ,fa!rs t #ejjj soldi]s %\ld be giv5 him4 ,,iv4 ,se p]itum et ho/is et regionum1 brevi op]ae pretium facturum3 et1 quibus artibus ad id locorum no/ri et duces et ex]citus capti =5t1 iis adv]sus inv5torem usurum4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- p]itum1 cf4 ex-p]i-enc$4 ,rtp>-1 p]-1 pi]ce1 g ?r\gh2 s1 ex-p]-ior1 p]-iculum1 9 s5se ( a trial4 op]ae pretium lit4 ':at w pay = ! tr\ble1' i4e4 wor? :ile1 i4e4 wor? ! "t 7or lab\r7 sp5t ^u x4 artibus--ars4 ,rtar fit1 jo9 skill 9 jo9+ some?+1 skill 9 produc+2 s1 arti/1 artisan1 artifice1 etc4 ad id locorum#ac to t po9t ( "t4 ,! ideas ( place & "t readily int]*ange2 s1 9 loco at ! "r place or "t4 ,footnote #ac3 ,cf4 ,sallu/1 ,jugur?a1 #fc ,tam5 is ad id locorum talis vir ,su* 0 8 "* up to ?is "t4 7ii47 ,translation4--,! =m ( ! s5t5ce %[s t x is report$ spee*1 & n ! actual words ( ! speak] ,c5t5ius1 :o is /ill ! pr9cipal subject1 & dixit1 und]/ood1 ! pr9cipal v]b1 & se p]itum 444 usurum ! object ( dixit4 ,y %\ld n[ be able to translate )\t any difficulty1 & ! logical common-s5se rules = ! conv]sion ( ,or4 ,recta into ,or4 ,obliqua expla9 ! mood ( ! v]b capti =5t 9 ! subord9ate clause introduc$ by quibus4 ,lit]ally3 ,c5t5ius said t he1 exp]i5c$ 9 bo? ! enemy & ! di/ricts1 w\ld soon make x wor? 7_!7 :ile3 & t he w\ld use aga9/ _! inv5tor ^? arts by :i* up to t "t bo? our lead]s & our armies _h be5 ov]come4 ,notice t ! long relative clause quibus artibus 444 =5t is 9 ,lat9 plac$ be=e ! antec$5t iis4 ,y w readily see t ?is mu/ be improv$ 9 sev]al po9ts4 ,?us3-- 7a7 ,use ,oratio ,recta--m graphic & bett] suit$ to our idiom4 7b7 arts4 ,*ange ?is to "s m suitable milit>y t]m--e4g4 tactics4 ,he 0 well acqua9t$ 7he said7 bo? ) ! enemy & ! c\ntry1 & w\ld %ortly make x wor? _! :ile1 & w\ld employ aga9/ _! orig9ator ^? v tactics by :i* bo? our lead]s & our armies _h up to t "t be5 baffl$4 ,v4 ,id non promissum magis /olide1 quam /olide cr$itum3 tamquam ea$em milit>es et imp]atoriae artes ess5t6 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- /olide1 cf4 /olid dull1 fooli%4 7ii47 ,translation4--,! f9ite copula e/ is1 z (t51 omitt$2 ! two pr9cipal v]bs are promissum 7e/7 & cr$itum 7e/7 l9k$ by ! comp>ative p>ticles magis--quam1 & ! subject is id2 tamquam--ess5t6 is a subord9ate clause modify+ ! two pr9cipal v]bs1 & express+ contemptu\s wond]4 ,cf4 'tamquam clausa sit ,asia1 sic nihil p]f]tur ad nos4' ,y c n[ translate ,lit]ally3 ,t 0 promis$ n m fooli%ly ?an x 0 fooli%ly believ$1 j z if ! arts ( a soldi] & ( a g5]al 7 ! same4 ,"h y c make sev]al improvem5ts2 avoid ! repetition ( fooli%ly1 & use a bett] t]m ?an arts1 & p]haps break up ! s5t5ce into two %ort ones4 ,?us3-- ,! folly ( ! promise 0 n great] ?an t ( ! cr$it x receiv$4 ,j z ?\gh ! qualities ( a soldi] & ( a g5]al 7 ! same6 ,,vi4 ,data pro qu9que octo milia militum2 p>s dimidia cives1 p>s socii4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- dimidia ,rtm$-1 mid- middle1 s dimidius dis m$ius4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce is v simple3 notice t "h1 too1 sunt & erant are omitt$4 ,eight ?\s& soldi]s 7 giv5 him in/ead ( five3 half 7 citiz5s1 half allies4 ,,vii4 ,et ipse aliquantum volunt>iorum 9 it9]e ex agris concivit1 ac prope duplicate ex]citu1 9 ,lucanos p]v5it1 ubi ,hannibal1 nequiquam secutus ,claudium1 sub/it]at4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- aliquantum consid]able1 us$ 9 ! neut] z a n\n1 ) a p>titive g5itive volunt>iorum4 ,cf4 use ( satis1 p>um1 etc4 concivit rais$1 lit4 r\s$1 /irr$ up4 ,cf4 ci-eo1 & our ex-cite1 9-cite4 sub/it]at _h halt$4 si-/-o is only a =m ( /o /r5g!n$ by r$uplication 7cf4 hi/mi7 ) a causal =ce4 ,cf4 re/itit1 p4 #bg1 s5t5ce iv4 ,demon/ration ,,ii3iv 7ii47 ,translation4--,! pr9cipal subject is cle>ly ipse2 !re are two pr9cipal v]bs1 concivit & p]v5it1 c\pl$ by ac1 & "o subord9ate clause1 ubi 444 sub/it]at1 introduc$ by ubi1 & modify+ p]v5it4 ,! s5se is s cle> t y may translate at once into good ,engli%3-- ,moreov] he himself rais$ a consid]able numb] ( volunte]s 9 ! c\ntry dur+ 8 m>*2 & s1 ) 8 numb]s ne>ly d\bl$1 he rea*$ ,lucania1 :]e ,hannibal1 aft] 8 fruitless *ase ( ,claudius1 _h halt$4 ,! foll[+ v]sion 0 %[n up by a boy ( fifte5 9 a rec5t s*ol>%ip exam9ation3 ',hannibal 9 c>ry+ on 8 successful campaign met ) "s diff]5t luck 9 ?is di/rict4 ,m>cus ,c5t5ius1 ^: cognom5 0 ,p5ula1 0 fam\s among ! c5turions ( ! fir/ rank = 8 huge limbs & great c\rage4 ,?is man1 aft] hav+ accompli%$ 8 ye>s ( milit>y tra9+1 on be+ introduc$ into ! ,s5ate by ! ,prtor ,p4 ,cornelius ,sulla1 reque/$ ! ,patricians to give him #ejjj soldi]s4 ,he said t he 0 well acqua9t$ bo? ) ! enemy's tactics & ! di/rict r\nd ab\t1 & 9 a %ort "t w\ld conv]t ! engagem5t into a prize = ! ,/ate3 moreov]1 he add$1 ,i w employ ! same tactics aga9/ ! enemy z ^? by :i* our g5]als & troops h be5 captur$ 9 ^! p>ts4 ,?is 0 fai?fully believ$ z x 0 fai?fully promis$3 ! tactics ( ! soldi]s & ( ! comm&]s 7 s mu* alike6 ,he receiv$ #hjjj m5 in/ead ( #ejjj3 half ( !m 7 ,roman citiz5s1 half allies3 moreov] he himself got "s volunte]s :ile on ! m>* 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts & s almo/ d\bl$ 8 army3 he ?us rea*$ ! t]ritory ( ! ,lucani1 :]e ,hannibal aft] a fruitless pursuit aft] ,claudius1 _h tak5 up 8 position4' ,?is v]sion is nei!r bad nor good4 ,! /yle is1 on ! :ole fair1 k ( vocabul>y v fair1 & ! r5d]+ g5]ally accurate4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be ( use to y z an object lesson3 s notice c>efully ! foll[+ po9ts3-- ,i4 ,/yle4 ,s5t5ce ,,iv4-- 7i47 ,! ,oratio ,obliqua ( ! orig9al he r5d]s p>tly z ,report$ ,spee* & p>tly z ,oratio ,recta4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 to be avoid$4 ,contra/ ! r5d]+ giv5 "u ,s5t5ce ,,iv4 ,s5t5ce ,,iii4-- 7ii47 ,is p]functus 444 d>5tur4 ,he uses too _m p>ticiples4 ,contra/ v]sion "u ,s5t5ce ,,iii4 ,s5t5ces ,,vi41 ,,vii4-- 7iii47 ,he translates data pro qu9que 444 sub/it]at by "o long s5t5ce1 in/ead ( break+ x up into two at lea/4 ,,ii4 ,vocabul>y4 ,s5t5ce ,,iv4-- ,se p]itum 444 usurum4 ,he confuses pretium ) praemium1 op]ae ) rei publicae 7874 ,he %\ld h be5 famili> ) ! phrase op]ae pretium4 inv5torem he r5d]s by enemy2 p]haps a c>eless mi/ake1 z if ! ^w 7 inimicum 7:i* aft] all does n ho/em74 ,s5t5ce ,v4-- /olide he r5d]s by fai?fully4 ,a mom5t's ?\ght giv5 to ! ,engli% ^w /olid %\ld h put him on ! "r track4 ,s5t5ce ,,vii4-- concivit he r5d]s by got1 vague & inappropriate4 ,he fails to br+ out ! root-mean+ ( cieo to /ir up4 ,,iii4 ,con/ruction4 ,s5t5ce ,i4-- ,?is is v bad4 ,analysis w\ld at once h %[n him t ! logical ord] ( ! s5t5ce 0 ,alia =tuna b5e g]5dae rei oblata e/ ,hannibali 9 8 locis1 ?\gh he might n see t 9 8 locis mu/ be closely connect$ ) oblata e/4 ,s5t5ce ,,iv4-- brevi op]ae pretium facturum4 ,v bad3 due probably to n c>efully weigh+ ! mean+ ( ea* ^w4 ,y w n[ see t a /rict att5tion to analysis & to ! root-mean+s ( words really famili> w\ld h enabl$ ?is c&idate to s5d up a good v]sion4 ,,demon/ration ,,iv4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,ra%ness ju/ly puni%$4 ,haud dubia res e/1 quippe int] ,hannibalem ducem et c5turionem2 ex]citusque1 alt]um v9c5do vet]anum1 alt]um novum totum1 magna ex p>te etiam tumultu>ium et semi]mem4 ,i ,ut conspecta int] se agm9a sunt1 et neutra p>s detrectavit pugnam1 extemplo in/ructae acies4 ,,ii ,pugnatum tam51 ut 9 nulla p>i re1 duas amplius horas1 concitata et1 donec dux /etisset1 ,romana acie4 ,,iii ,po/quam is non pro vet]e fama solum1 s$ etiam metu futuri d$ecoris1 si sua tem]itate contractae cladi sup]esset1 obiectans se ho/ium telis cecidit1 fusa extemplo e/ ,romana acies4 ,,iv ,s$ adeo ne fugae quidem it] patuit omnibus viis ab equite insessis1 ut ex tanta multitud9e vix mille evas]9t1 cet]i passim alii alia pe/e absumpti s9t4 ,v ,,livy4 ,ra%ness ju/ly puni%$4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! braces ar\nd ! ,po/quam444 clause are 9 ! orig9al4 ,haud dubia res e/1 quippe int] ,hannibalem ducem et c5turionem2 ex]citusque1 alt]um v9c5do vet]anum1 alt]um novum totum1 magna ex p>te etiam tumultu>ium et semi]mem4 ,i ,ut conspecta int] se agm9a sunt1 et neutra p>s detrectavit pugnam1 extemplo in/ructae acies4 ,,ii ,pugnatum tam51 ut 9 nulla p>i re1 duas amplius horas1 concitata et1 donec dux /etisset1 ,romana acie4 ,,iii ,po/quam is non pro vet]e fama solum1 s$ etiam metu futuri d$ecoris1 si sua tem]itate contractae cladi sup]esset1 obiectans se ho/ium telis cecidit1 fusa extemplo e/ ,romana acies4 ,,iv ,s$ adeo ne fugae quidem it] patuit omnibus viis ab equite insessis1 ut ex tanta multitud9e vix mille evas]9t1 cet]i passim alii alia pe/e absumpti s9t4 ,v ,,livy4 ,,demon/ration ,,iv4 ,,livy1 xxv4 #ai4 ,read ?r\gh ! ,passage c>efully4--,! context w be famili> to y1 z ?is piece is a cont9uation ( ,demon/ration ,,iii2 b1 none ! less1 read ! passage ?r\gh v c>efully4 ,notice1 = example1 ! use ( quippe1 ! v>i\s uses & mean+s ( ut1 alt]um 444 alt]um1 alii alia4 ,y c n[ beg9 to translate4 ,i4 ,haud dubia res e/1 quippe int] ,hannibalem ducem et c5turionem2 ex]citusque1 alt]um v9c5do vet]anum1 alt]um novum totum1 magna ex p>te etiam tumultu>ium et semi]mem4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- quippe qui pe4 pe a =m ( que 7cf4 nempe nam-pe inde$7 s9ce ( c\rse4 alt]um 7comp>ative ( al-ius71 cf4 alt]1 alt]nate1 ei!r1 o!r4 ,9 di/ributive clauses1 alt]--alt] ! "o1 ! o!r4 tumultu>ium 7cf4 tumultus71 us$ ( troops br\ght hurri$ly toge!r2 s1 disord]ly4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce is q simple1 consi/+ ( "o ma9 /atem5t1 ,haud dubia res e/1 & an explanatory subord9ate /atem5t ( fact introduc$ by quippe4 ,notice t ! influ5ce ( int] ext5ds ov] ! :ole ( ! subord9ate clause4 ,lit]ally3 ',! affair 0 n d\btful1 s9ce1 ( c\rse1 x 0 betwe5 ,hannibal z g5]al & a c5turion1 & betwe5 armies1 ! "o gr[n old 9 victory1 ! o!r :olly new1 & = ! mo/ "p also hurri$ly rais$ & half-arm$4' ,!re are sev]al po9ts 9 :i* ?is r5d]+ mu/ be improv$4 ,?us3-- 7a7 ,affair = res is too vague4 ,y w rememb] :at 0 said ab\t res 9 ,s5t5ce ,i4 ( ,"p ,i4 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 7b7 ,y mu/ try to express m /rongly ! contra/ 9 g5]al%ip betwe5 ,hannibal & a m]e c5turion4 ,?us3-- ',! result 0 n d\btful1 consid]+ t ! conte/ 0 betwe5 a g5]al su* z ,hannibal & a 7m]e7 c5turion2 & betwe5 two armies1 ! "o gr[n old 9 victory1 ! o!r consi/+ entirely ( raw recruits1 & = ! mo/ "p undrill$ & half-arm$4' ,,ii4 ,ut conspecta int] se agm9a sunt1 et neutra p>s detrectavit pugnam1 extemplo in/ructae acies4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- neut] ne ut] 7ut] eu-t] or quo-t]-u comp>ative 9 =m ( quis71 nei!r ( two4 detrectavit decl9$ 7de traho1 draw-(f74 extemplo imm$iately4 ,ex templum 7dim94 tempulum74 templum ,rttem cut2 cf4 temn prop4 a section4 ,s 7a7 a space m>k$ out1 a consecrat$ place1 a temple4 7b7 a portion ( "t2 cf4 extempore4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce aga9 is q simple 79 =m v simil> to ,s5t5ce ,i471 consi/+ ( "o ma9 /atem5t1 extemplo in/ructae acies1 & an introductory subord9ate /atem5t ( "t introduc$ by ut :54 ',:5 ! armies came 9 sight ( ea* o!r1 & nei!r side decl9$ battle1 ! ranks 7 at once drawn up 9 fight+ ord]4' #ad;,,iii4 ,pugnatum tam51 ut 9 nulla p>i re1 duas amplius horas1 concitata et1 donec dux /etisset1 ,romana acie4 ,footnote #ad3 ,weiss5born & ,mll] read3--,pugnatum tam51 ut 9 nulla p>i re1 diu3 duas amplius horas con/itit pugna spe concitante1 donec dux /etit1 ,romanam aciem4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- concitata /irr$-up1 r\s$4 con ci-eo2 cf4 ex-cite1 incite1 c7i-tus put 9 motion1 swift1 c4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce is n q s simple & ne$s c>e4 ,notice-- 7a7 ,pugnatum 7e/74 ,! ,imp]sonal ,pass4 s]ves z ! pr9cipal subject & pr$icate4 7b7 ut 9 nulla p>i re4 ut is "h n a conjunction b a relative adv]b ( mann]1 ref]r+ ! ass]tion pugnatum duas amplius horas to ! p>ticul> circum/ance--i4e4 ( a battle f\ght "u v unequal conditions4 ,?is use ( ut consid]+ occurs frequ5tly--e4g4 consultissimus vir ut 9 illa quisquam esse aetate pot]at 7,livy74 ,cf4 also p4 #abd1 l4 #ai4 ,selection ,c#ag1 ut 9 re trepida 7c7 concitata ,romana acie is cle>ly ablative absolute4 ,to make q sure t y und]/& ! logical connection ( ! ?\ght convey$ by ?is s5t5ce1 y may consult ! detail$ analysis on page #dg4 ,9 spite ( its be+ su* an unequal mat*1 ! battle 0 ma9ta9$ = m ?an two h\rs2 ! ,roman army 7z well z et ! enemy's7 be+ r\s$ 7to great ex]tions7 s long z _! lead] surviv$4 ,,iv4 ,po/quam is non pro vet]e fama solum1 s$ etiam metu futuri d$ecoris1 si sua tem]itate contractae cladi sup]esset1 obiectans se ho/ium telis cecidit1 fusa extemplo e/ ,romana acies4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- d$ecoris ( dis-grace1 = de 9 composition sep>ation1 & s removal ( ! fundam5tal idea4 ,cf4 un-1 dis-1 e4g4 dis-p> un-equal4 contractae br\ght on1 caus$4 con traho br+ ab\t1 cause4 7ii47 ,translation4--,! mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce %\ld be q pla9 to y if y notice c>efully t 7a7 ! pr9cipal v]b is fusa e/1 & ! pr9cipal subject ,romana acies1 & 7b7 t ,po/quam 444 cecidit is a subord9ate clause ( "t modify+ ! action ( ! pr9cipal v]b fusa e/4 ,x w\ld p]haps be well to translate at fir/ lit]ally3-- ,aft] t he1 n only out ( reg>d = 7pro7 8 old fame1 b also f fe> ( future disgrace1 if he %\ld survive a disa/] br\ght ab\t by 8 own ra%ness1 expos+ himself to ! weapons ( ! enemy fell1 ! ,roman army 0 at once r\t$4 ,y w see t ?is r5d]+1 ?\gh v]bally correct1 is n ,engli%1 & mu/ be consid]ably alt]$ be=e x c be call$ a good translation4 ,?us3-- 7a7 ,x is too long4 ,y c rem$y ?is by tak+ po/quam 444 cecidit z "o complete s5t5ce1 & fusa 444 acies z ano!r4 7b7 ,expos+ himself4 ,bett] expos$ himself to 444 &4 ,notice "h ! /rictly accurate use ( ! ,pres4 p>ticiple 9 ,lat94 7c7 'future' may be omitt$1 z tautological#ae 9 ,engli%4 ,cf4 our inexact idiom 'he promis$ to come' 7,lat4 't he w\ld come'74 ,footnote #ae3 i4e4 ne$less repetition 7tauto lege9 to say ! same ?+74 ,at la/1 bo? = ! sake ( 8 old r5[n & f ! fe> ( disgrace %\ld he survive a disa/] br\ght on by 8 own ra%ness1 he ?rew himself among ! enemy's d>ts & 0 sla94 ,! ,roman army 0 r\t$ 9 a mom5t4 --,*ur* & ,b4 ,v4 ,s$ adeo ne fugae quidem it] patuit omnibus viis ab equite insessis1 ut ex tanta multitud9e vix mille evas]9t1 cet]i passim alii alia pe/e absumpti s9t4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- p7atuit 0 op54 ,cf4 p7ate-facio to make op52 p7at-ulus op51 spread out2 p7at-era a broad1 flat di%4 ,engli%1 pat5t4 insessis occupi$2 9 s$-eo sit ^u--s1 occupy4 passim hi!r & ?i!r1 f> & wide1 =m$ f passus 7p&o71 exp&4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce resembles 9 =m ,s5t5ce ,,iv41 ) "o pr9cipal v]b patuit1 & a pr9cipal subject it]1 & a subord9ate clause ( result1 ut 444 absumpti s9t1 modify+ ! action ( ! pr9cipal v]b patuit4 ,y may conv5i5tly break up ?is s5t5ce into two1 by beg9n+ a new s5t5ce ) ,cet]i4 ,?us3-- ,s completely clos$ aga9/ !m 0 e *ance ( escape1 all ! roads be+ beset by cavalry1 t out ( s num]\s a ho/ h>dly a ?\s& escap$4 ,! re/ p]i%$ z !y fl$1 "s by "o dea? & "s by ano!r4 ,be=e lay+ aside ^! two passages1 y %\ld pay att5tion to ! foll[+ po9ts3-- 7i47 ,vocabul>y4--,besides c>efully notic+ new words1 try to =m gr\ps ( cognates 7i4e4 relat$ words74 ,"o ( ! be/ ways to enl>ge y\r vocabul>y is to gr\p toge!r words ( common orig91 & to add to ea*1 :]e y c1 d]ivative & cognate ,engli% words4 ,to take a few examples f ?is passage3-- ,^w4 ,mean+4 ,engli% ,d]ivative4 ,,alius ano!r 7( _m74 ali-enus t belong to ano!r ali51 ali5ate4 ali-quot "s1 sev]al aliquot 7p>ts74 al-t] o!r ( two alt]1 alt]nate4 ali-bi else:]e alibi4 etc4 ,,s5atus ! ,c\ncil ,s5ate4 ( ! ,eld]s s5-ex old s5-ior old] s5ior1 sire1 sir4 s5-ile belong+ to old p s5-ile4 s5-ectus old age4 etc4 ,,it] 7i-t9]7 a go+ it9-erant4 amb-x-io a go+ r\nd1 ambition4 canvass+ comes a comrade4 a ,c\nt 7cum eo7 7,fr4 ,comte74 9-x-ium a go+ 91 a beg9n+ initial4 s$-x-io a go+ ap>t1 s$ition s$ition4 etc4 7ii47 ,useful ,phrases = ,lat9 ,prose4--,y %\ld try gradually to put toge!r y\r own phrase-book4 ,y w f9d ?is mu* m useful to y ?an any ready-made collection4 ,a good & simple plan is to h a special note-book = ?is purpose4 ,m>k 9 ! text z y read useful phrases1 & 9 y\r note-book write ! ,lat9 on ! "r-h& page & a good idiomatic r5d]+ on ! left4 ,= example1 f ?is passage y might collect ! foll[+3-- ,engli%4 ,lat94 ,a *ance ( a*iev+ a success4 =tuna b5e g]5dae rei4 ,aft] complet+ 8 t]m ( s]vice4 p]functus militia4 ,w\ld make x wor? _! :ile4 op]ae pretium facturum4 ,up to t "t4 ad id locorum4 ,! result 0 n d\btful4 haud dubia res e/4 ,?\gh ! fight 0 s unequal4 ut 9 nulla p>i re4 ,"s by "o dea? & "s by ano!r4 alii alia pe/e4 7iii47 ,,hannibal4--,read "s good %ort e/imate ( ,hannibal z a patriot1 /atesman1 & soldi]--su* z may be f\nd 9 ,momms5's or ,ihne's ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,if y h "t1 y w f9d mu* to int]e/ y 9 ! ,hannibal 7',h]oes ( ! ,nations'7 by ,o',connor ,morris4 ,,demon/ration ,,iv4 ,,s5t5ce ,k9d ( ,s5t5ce ,,connective ,,subject ,simple ,enl>g$ ,,pr$icate ,simple ,enl>g$ ,,object ,simple ,enl>g$ ,s5t5ce ,,iii4 ,pugnatum tam51 ut 9 nulla p>i re1 duas amplius horas2 concitata et1 donec dux /etisset1 ,romana acie4 ,complex tam5 7,,! ,,battle7 ,,pugnatum 7,,e/7 #a4 duas amplius horas 7"t7 #b4 ut 9 nulla p>i re 7mann]7 #c4 concitata 444 ,romana acie 7mann]7 ,s5t5ce ,,iv4 ,a4 ,po/quam is non pro vet]e fama solum1 s$ etiam metu futuri d$ecoris1 si sua tem]itate contractae cladi sup]esset1 obiectans se ho/ium telis cecidit1 fusa extemplo e/ ,romana acies4 ,complex ,po/quam ,,acies ,romana ,,fusa ,,e/ #a4 extemplo 7"t7 #b4 ,po/quam is 444 cecidit 7"t7 ,a#a4 ,po/quam is 444 cecidit ,subord9ate adv4 to ,,fusa ,,e/ 9 ,a ,po/quam is non pro vet]e 444 ,,obiectans telis cecidit ,a#b4 si sua 444 sup]esset ,subord9ate adv4 to ,,obiectans 9 ,a#a si 7he7 sup]esset cladi sua tem]itate contractae ,,demon/ration ,v4 ,! ,happy ,life4 7a7 ,felix1 qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas1 ,i ,atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum ,subiecit p$ibus1 /repitumque ,a*]ontis av>i6 ,=tunatus et ille1 deos qui novit agre/es1 ,,ii ,panaque1 ,silvanumque s5em1 ,nymphasque sorores6 #e ,illum non populi fasces1 non purpura regum ,,iii ,flexit et infidos agitans discordia fratres1 ,aut coniurato desc5d5s ,dacus ab ,hi/ro1 ,non res ,romanae1 p]ituraque regna2 neque ille ,,iv ,aut doluit mis]ans inopem aut invidit hab5ti4 #aj ,,v]gil4 ,! ,happy ,life4 7b7 ,felix1 7qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas1 ,i ,atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum ,subiecit p$ibus1 /repitumque ,a*]ontis av>i67 ,=tunatus et ille1 7deos qui novit agre/es1 ,,ii ,panaque1 ,silvanumque s5em1 ,nymphasque sorores67 #e ,illum non populi fasces1 non purpura regum ,,iii ,flexit et infidos agitans discordia fratres1 ,aut coniurato desc5d5s ,dacus ab ,hi/ro1 ,non res ,romanae1 p]ituraque regna2 neque ille ,,iv ,aut doluit mis]ans inopem aut invidit hab5ti4 #aj ,,v]gil4 ,,demon/ration ,v4 ,,v]gil1 ,georg4 ii4 #dij-dii4 ,read ! ,passage c>efully4--,notice z y read ! _m allusions & key-words 9 ! passage1 e4g4 ,a*]ontis1 ,pana1 ,silvanum1 ,nymphas1 ,dacus ab ,i/ro1 res ,romanae1 r]um causas1 & populi fasces4 ,^!1 tak5 9 connection ) ! ma9 pr$icates felix1 =tunatus1 non flexit1 neque doluit1 aut invidit1 w readily sugge/ to y ! ma9 ?\ght ( ! passage3-- ,happy is ,nature's b>d :o kn[s & fe>s n3 happy he too :o kn[s ! gods ( ! c\ntry4 ,he is n di/ress$ by ambition1 nor w>s1 nor pa91 nor envy4 ,i4 ,felix1 qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas1 ,atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum ,subiecit p$ibus1 /repitumque ,a*]ontis av>i6 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- inexorabile rel5tless2 lit4 t _c be mov$ by entreaty4 9 7n7 ex 7easily7 orabilis 7entreat$74 ,= oro cf4 s m\?2 orator speak]2 oratio spee*4 fatum fate1 i4e4 ( dea?1 z ! common lot ( all m51 ! decree ( nature4 fatum t :i* is said1 espec4 prophetically4 ,rtfa1 pha4 ,cf4 = 7f-ri71 speak2 f-ma1 report2 f-bula1 a /ory2 9-fans1 t _c speak2 f-cundus1 eloqu5t4 /repitum ro>2 lit4 a wild1 confus$ noise1 d9 ( any k9d2 cf4 ob/rep]\s4 ,a*]ontis ,a*]on 7a7 a riv] 9 ! ,l[] ,_w2 7b7 ! ,l[] ,_w itself4 ,p]h4 ,a*]on ho a*ea rhen ! /ream ( woe2 cf4 ,kkutos ,cocytus1 riv] ( wail+4 7ii47 ,translation4-- ,y _c be 9 d\bt ab\t ! pr9cipal subject & pr$icate4 ,felix is ! only ^w outside ! subord9ate clause f qui 444 av>i4 ,! s5se1 too1 ( ^! l9es is cle>1 s y may translate at once2 b y mu/ take special c>e to use dignifi$ & appropriate language3-- ,happy ! man :o has avail$ to "k ! causes ( ?+s1 & s trampl$ "u foot all fe>s & fate's rel5tless decree1 & ! ro> ( insatiate ,a*]on4 ,,ii4 ,=tunatus et ille1 deos qui novit agre/es1 ,panaque1 ,silvanumque s5em1 ,nymphasque sorores6 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- agre/es ( ! c\ntry2 cf4 ag] 7agros71 agr>ius1 agr>ian2 p]agro 7p] ag]71 travel ov]4 ,p]haps to be trac$ to ! same root z ag-o drive1 ag] & agros be+ s nam$ a pecore ag5do 7cf4 ,g]m4 trift pa/urage1 treib5 drive74 ,silvanum ,silvanus ,lat9 god ( fields & woods 7silva71 sylvan4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce closely resembles 9 =m ,s5t5ce ,i1 ,ille ,=tunatus be+ ! pr9cipal subject & pr$icate4 ,he too is ble/ :o kn[s ! gods ( ! c\ntry1 ,pan1 & old ,silvanus1 & ! si/]hood ( ! ,nymphs4 ,,iii4 ,illum non populi fasces1 non purpura regum ,flexit1 et infidos agitans discordia fratres2 ,aut coniurato desc5d5s ,dacus ab ,hi/ro1 ,non res ,romanae1 p]ituraque regna2 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- fasces fasces1 i4e4 hon\rs2 populi1 i4e4 conf]r$ by ! p4 fascis a bundle1 espec4 ( wood4 fasces ! lictors' rods 7rods axe 9 c]ta9 cases7 c>ri$ be=e ! highe/ magi/rates1 z an emblem ( au?ority4 purpura1 i4e4 ! purple robe worn by k+s & magi/rates4 ,cf4 #af',purpura ,pompeium summi velabit honoris4' ,,ov4 ,ex ,ponto ,,iv4 iv4 #be4 ,footnote #af3 ',! purple 7! insignia7 ( ! highe/ (fice %all clo! ,pompeius4' agitans driv+1 i4e4 mov+1 impell+4 discordia discord4 ,notice =ce ( dis- sep>ation1 negation2 cf4 dis-crim51 dis-p>4 coniurato unit$ by oa?1 sworn conf$]ate4 ,dacus1 ! ,dacians1 ak9 to ! ,?racians1 ,n4 ( ,danube1 conqu]$ by ,trajan4 ,cf4 mod]n ,r\manians4 ,hi/ro ! ,l[] ,danube4 7ii47 ,translation4--,y w see !re is only "o pr9cipal v]b1 flexit 7or flex]unt71 ) sev]al pr9cipal subjects1 fasces1 purpura1 discordia1 res ,romanae1 p]ituraque regna1 & no subord9ate clauses4 ,y may !re=e translate at once3-- 7a7 ,him fasces ( ! p or purple ( k+s sway n1 n madd5+ discord among trea*]\s bre?r51 nor ! ,dacians sw>m+ d[n f ! leagu$ ,danube1 n ! ,roman ,/ate1 or realms de/9$ to decay2 ,,or 7b7 ,he is n 7#a7 mov$ by hon\rs t ! p conf]1 or ! purple ( empire1 or civil feuds1 t make 7#b7 bro!rs sw]ve f bro!rs' duty2 or ! ,dacian com+ d[n f ! ,hi/]1 8 sworn 7#b7 ally2 no1 nor by ! great ,roman ,/ate & ! dea?-?roes ( subject k+doms4 ,n4,b4--7b7 is sup]ior to 7a7 9-- 7#a7 ! use ( ,passive = ,active2 7#b7 ! pr$icative use ( agitans1 infidos1 coniurato4 ,,iv4 neque ille ,aut doluit mis]ans inopem1 aut invidit hab5ti4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4--,y w probably "k ! mean+s ( ! words 9 ?is s5t5ce4 ,?us ! mean+ (-- doluit is sugge/$ by dolor4 mis]ans mis]4 ,cf4 mis]-able4 inopem 9 ops4 ,cf4 op-ul5t4 invidit invidia4 ,cf4 envy4 7ii47 ,translation4--,y h "h two pr9cipal v]bs1 doluit1 invidit1 jo9$ by aut1 & a pr9cipal subject ille4 ,notice t inopem mu/ be ! object ( ! p>ticiple mis]ans1 & t hab5ti is us$ z a n\n4 ,he nev] felt ! pang ( pity = ! poor1 or ( envy = ! ri*4 ,copy ( a r5d]+ %[n up by a boy ( fifte5 9 a rec5t s*ol>%ip exam9ation3-- ',happy is ! man :o is able to disc]n ! reason ( ?+s1 & controls "u 8 feet all *anges & inexorable de/9y1 & ! groan+ ( gre$y ,a*]on6 ,i ,bless$ also is he :o kn[s ! ru/ic gods1 ,pan & old ,silvanus1 & ^? si/]s1 ! nymphs6 ,,ii ,he is n mov$ by ! p's axes1 nor by ! regal purple1 nor by discord t r\ses bro!rs to di/ru/ ea* o!r4 ,he is n mov$ by ,dacus1 com+ d[n f ! sacr$ ,danube1 nor by ! affairs ( ,rome1 & ! realms ab\t to p]i%4 ,,iii ,he nei!r grieves = nor pities ! helpless1 nor does he envy ! ri*4' ,,iv ,! above v]sion is fair1 b notice ! foll[+ po9ts3-- ,s5t5ce ,i4-- is able 444 & controls4 ,! connection 9 ?\ght is n %[n3 ',he is happy because he kn[s & !re=e fe>s n4' groan+--i4e4 gemitum2 /repitum ro>1 d94 ,s5t5ce ,,iii4-- by ! p's axes4 ,?is sugge/s q a wrong idea2 contra/ ! v]sion1 'by ! hon\rs t ! p conf]4' sacr$4 ,?is is q wrong4 con-iurato alli$ by oa?4 ! affairs ( ,rome4 ,a v weak1 & inadequate r5d]+4 ,s5t5ce ,,iv4-- grieves = nor pities4 ,?is q obscures ! po9t4 ,v]gil says t a c\ntry life1 ) its abs5ce ( pov]ty1 s commonly met ) 9 a t[n1 saves a man f ! necessity ( feel+ a pang ( pity = ! poor4 ,be=e y put aside ?is passage1 try to avail y\rself ( "s ( ! foll[+ sugge/ions4 ,?us3-- ,i4 ,= ! ,poet ,v]gil#ag 7#gj ,b4,c4-#ai ,b4,c474--,! *ief facts ( 8 life & ! subject ( 8 great poems are cle>ly & %ortly giv5 9 ! ,/ud5t's ,companion to ,lat9 ,au?ors 7a useful & conv5i5t book ( ref]5ce74 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ,%ort ,lives1 p4 #cdc4 ,app5dix ,,vi ,,ii4 ,= ! ,georgics1 ,poems on ,husb&ry4 7,! passage = translation is tak5 f ,georgic ,,ii4 l9es #dij-dii47 ,see-- 7i47 ,/ud5t's ,companion to ,lat9 ,au?ors1 pp4 #aeg-h4 7ii47 ,nettle%ip's ,v]gil1 pp4 #cg-de4 7iii47 ,sell>'s ,v]gil1 pp4 #agd-aih4 ,notice especially ! political purpose ( ! ,georgics--to help ! policy ( ,augu/us1 :i* aim$ at *eck+ ! depopulation ( ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,comp>e ! al>m+ migration f ! c\ntry to ! t[ns 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t day4 ,,iii4 ,relation ( ,lucretius to ! ,georgics4 7i47 ,sell>'s ,v]gil1 pp4 #aii-bdc4 7ii47 ,munro's ,lucretius1 ,notes on ,book i4 l9e #gh1 & ,book iii4 l9e #ddi4 ,notice 9 ?is connection ! op5+ l9es ( ! passage1 ,felix qui potuit 444 ,a*]ontis av>i1 :i* may be summ>is$ z foll[s3 ',happy he :o kn[s ! laws ( ,nature1 & has !re=e ceas$ to fe> natural ph5om5a & has le>nt to despise ! fabl$ t]rors ( ,hades4' ,munro says3 ',i feel t by 8 ,felix qui ,v]gil does mean a poet-philosoph]1 :o c only be ,lucretius4' ,cf4 also ,lucretius1 iii4 #a-cj4 ,8 address to ,epicurus4 ,= ! ?\ght1 cf4 ,wordswor?'s ,happy ,w>rior-- ',he !re=e does n /oop1 nor lie 9 wait ,= weal?1 or hon\rs1 or = worldly /ate4' ,,demon/ration ,,vi4 ,! ,tomb ( ,ar*im$es4 7a7 ,ar*im$is ego quae/or ignoratum ab ,syracusanis1 cum esse omn9o neg>5t1 saeptum undique et ve/itum vepribus et dumetis1 indagavi sepulcrum4 ,,ii ,t5ebam enim quosdam s5>iolos1 quos 9 eius monum5to esse inscriptos accep]am3 qui decl>abant 9 summo sepulcro spha]am esse positam cum cyl9dro4 ,,iii ,ego autem1 cum omnia collu/r>em oculis--e/ enim ad portas ,agragant9as magna frequ5tia sepulcrorum--animadv]ti columellam non multum e dumis em95tem1 9 qua in]at spha]ae figura et cyl9dri4 ,,iv ,atque ego /atim ,syracusanis--erant autem pr9cipes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitr>i esse quod qua]]em4 ,v ,immissi cum falcibus multi purg>unt locum4 ,,vi ,quo cum patefactus esset aditus1 accessimus3 ,,vii app>ebat 9 sepulcro epigramma1 exesis po/]ioribus p>tibus v]siculorum1 dimidiatis f]e4 ,,cic]o4 ,! ,tomb ( ,ar*im$es4 7b7 ,i ,ar*im$is ego quae/or ignoratum ab ,syracusanis1 cum esse omn9o neg>5t1 saeptum undique et ve/itum vepribus et dumetis1 indagavi sepulcrum4 ,,ii ,t5ebam enim quosdam s5>iolos1 quos 9 eius monum5to esse inscriptos accep]am3 qui decl>abant 9 summo sepulcro spha]am esse positam cum cyl9dro4 ,,iii ,ego autem1 cum omnia collu/r>em oculis--e/ enim ad portas ,agragant9as magna frequ5tia sepulcrorum--animadv]ti columellam non multum e dumis em95tem1 9 qua in]at spha]ae figura et cyl9dri4 ,,iv ,atque ego /atim ,syracusanis--erant autem pr9cipes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitr>i esse quod qua]]em4 ,v ,immissi cum falcibus multi purg>unt locum4 ,,vi ,quo cum patefactus esset aditus1 accessimus3 ,,vii app>ebat 9 sepulcro epigramma1 exesis po/]ioribus p>tibus v]siculorum1 dimidiatis f]e4 ,,cic]o4 ,,demon/ration ,,vi4 ,,cic]o1 ,tusc4 v4 #bc4 #fd4 ,read ! ,passage ?r\gh c>efully4--,z y read y w notice _m allusions & key-words1 e4g4 ,ar*im$es1 ego quae/or1 ,syracusanis1 sepulcrum1 etc4 ,^!1 tak5 9 connection ) ! head+ & ! au?or1 w sugge/ to y ! ma9 subject ( ! passage--! f9d+ ( ! ,tomb ( ,ar*im$es by ,cic]o4 ,i4 ,ar*im$is ego quae/or ignoratum ab ,syracusanis1 cum esse omn9o neg>5t1 saeptum undique et ve/itum vepribus et dumetis1 indagavi sepulcrum4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- ,quae/or 7contr4 f quaestor--qua]o71 i4e4 inve/igator1 orig9ally two ma9 functions3-- 7a7 ,! prep>ation ( evid5ce 9 public prosecutions 7?is ab\t #bdj ,b4,c4 transf]r$ to ! ,tribunes74 7b7 ,treasur]s ( ,/ate4 ,( ^! ! ,quae/ores urbani /ay$ at ,rome1 :ile ! ,quae/ores prov9ciales or milit>es act$ z f9ancial assi/ants to ! ,consuls or ,praetors = ! prov9ces4 saeptum h$g$ 92 saepes a h$ge1 f5ce4 vepribus ) bramble-bu%es4 dumetis ) bru%wood4 indagavi ,i trac$ out4 ,a metaphor f hunt+4 ,cf4 ',dum trepidant alae1 saltusque indag9e c+unt4' ,v]g4 ,a54 iv4 #aba4 ',:ile ! sc\ts 7beat]s7 are all busy1 & are encircl+ ! cov]ts ) nets4' 7ii47 ,translation4--,! =m ( ! s5t5ce is q simple4 ,! pr9cipal v]b is indagavi1 ) subject ego quae/or1 & object sepulcrum4 ,f ignoratum 444 dumetis describes sepulcrum1 & ! subord9ate clause cum 444 neg>5t emphasises ignoratum a ,syracusanis4 ,y may n[ translate 7a7 lit]ally3 ,i1 :5 ,quae/or1 trac$ out ! tomb ( ,ar*im$es1 n kn[n ( by ! ,syracusans1 = !y said x 0 n !re at all1 h$g$ 9 on all sides & cov]$ ) brambles & bru%wood4 7b7 ,a bett] r5d]+3 ,:5 ,i 0 ,quae/or ,i 0 able to trace ! tomb ( ,ar*im$es1 ov]gr[n & h$g$ 9 ) brambles & bru%wood4 ,! ,syracusans knew no?+ ( x1 & entirely d5i$ its exi/5ce4 ,notice "h ! improvem5t made by break+ up ! "o long s5t5ce into two4 ,,ii4 ,t5ebam enim quosdam s5>iolos1 quos 9 eius monum5to esse inscriptos accep]am3 qui decl>abant 9 summo sepulcro spha]am esse positam cum cyl9dro4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- s5>iolos "s l9es1 i4e4 ( poetry--dim94 ( s5>ius 7s5i7 consi/+ ( six ea*1 especially ( ! iambic s5>ii4 spha]am a sph]e1 globe--sphaira4 cyl9dro a cyl9d]1 kul9dros4 7ii47 ,translation4--,! only pr9cipal v]b is cle>ly t5ebam 7) subject conta9$ 9 ! v]b71 & ! pr9cipal object s5>iolos 7sc4 v]sus74 ,f quos 444 cyl9dro we h two subord9ate adjectival clauses enl>g+ s5>iolos4 ,! fact is1 ,i rememb]$ "s iambic l9es :i* ,i _h be5 told 7 inscrib$ on 8 monum5t1 & :i* set =? t 8 tomb 0 surm\nt$ by a sph]e & a cyl9d]4 ,,iii4 ,ego autem1 cum omnia collu/r>em oculis--e/ enim ad portas ,agragant9as magna frequ5tia sepulcrorum--animadv]ti columellam non multum e dumis em95tem1 9 qua in]at spha]ae figura et cyl9dri4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- collu/r>em ,i 0 survey+ on all sides2 con 7cum7 lu/ro4 lu/ro1 p]haps ak9 to luc-eo1 lu-m52 s1 il-lu/ris light$ up1 illu/ri\s4 frequ5tia a l>ge numb]2 cf4 frequ5s1 ,rtphrak1 f>c2 cf4 phrag-ma a f5ce1 f>c-io pack close toge!r2 s1 con-f]-tus cr[d$1 freq-u5s repeat$1 frequ5t4 columellam a small column1 dim94 ( colum51 ,rtcel2 cf4 cel-sus l(ty2 cf4 ex-cello1 col-um5 7 cul-m57 ! summit2 cf4 culm9ate4 7ii47 ,translation4--,?is s5t5ce is app>5tly n q s simple1 b if y c>efully bracket ! subord9ate clauses y w see t ! only pr9cipal v]b is animadv]ti1 ) subject ego & object columellam4 ,notice next t-- 7a7 cum 444 oculis modifies ! pr9cipal v]b animadv]ti & is an adv]bial clause ( "t4 7b7 ,! p>5!tical clause e/ enim 444 sepulcrorum expla9s collu/r>em4 7c7 9 qua 444 cyl9dri is an adjectival clause enl>g+ columellam4 ,y may n[ translate into y\r be/ ,engli%1 foll[+ closely ! ?\ght & ! ord] ( ! ,lat93-- ,well1 z ,i 0 survey+ ! :ole place 7!re is a l>ge numb] ( tombs at#ah ! ,agrig5t9e gate7 ,i p]ceiv$ a small column j %[+ above ! und]gr[?1 on :i* appe>$ ! figure ( a sph]e & a cyl9d]4 ,footnote #ah3 ,v>4 lect4 ad portas ,a*rad9as4 ,,iv4 ,atque ego /atim ,syracusanis--erant autem pr9cipes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitr>i esse1 quod qua]]em4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4--,! words ( ?is s5t5ce pres5t no difficulty4 7ii47 ,translation4--,) ! practice y h n[ _h1 y may translate at once2 b notice c>efully t-- 7a7 ! p>5!tical clause erant 444 mecum enl>ges ,syracusanis2 & 7b7 quod qua]]em describes illud ipsum4 ,s ,i imm$iately said to ! ,syracusans :o 7 ) me 7"s p ( importance7 t ,i ?\ght t 0 ! v ?+ ,i 0 look+ =4 ,v4 ,immissi cum falcibus multi purg>unt locum4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- falcibus ) bill-hooks2 falx p]h4 ak9 to flect-o b5d1 f its %ape4 ,cf4 falcon 7f its hook$ claws74 purg>unt cle>$2 purgo1 contr4 f pur-igo purum ago purge4 ,cf4 pur-u4 7ii47 ,translation4-- ,"s m5 s5t 9 ) bill-hooks cle>$ out ! space4 ,,vi4 ,quo cum patefactus esset aditus1 accessimus4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- patefactus laid op53 pateo facio4 ,cf4 pat5t4 7ii47 ,translation4-- ,z soon z ! way 0 op51 we w5t up to x4 ,,vii4 ,app>ebat 9 sepulcro epigramma1 exesis po/]ioribus p>tibus v]siculorum1 dimidiatis f]e4 7i47 ,vocabul>y4-- epigramma inscription4 ,cf4 epi-gram4 exesis lit4 'eat5 out'2 ex edo4 ,cf4 ed-ible4 dimidiatis halv$ dis m$ius1 i4e4 divid$ into halves4 7ii47 ,translation4--,!re 0 ! inscription on ! tomb3 ! latt] "p ( ea* l9e 0 gone1 ne>ly half ! v]se4 ,note4--,notice "h ! r5d]+ ( ! ,lat4 abl4 absol41 an idiom =eign to our language except = example 9 ! s-call$ nom4 absol4 ( ,milton4 ,cf4 ,introduction1 p4 #ab 7#e74 ,introduction #ac 7#e7 ,cic]o adds ! foll[+ reflection3--',ita nobilissima ,graeciae civitas1 quondam v]o etiam doctissima1 sui civis unius acutissimi monum5tum ignorasset1 nisi ab hoim9e ,arp9ate didicisset4' ,?us x 0 t "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ ( ,greek cities1 & 9 anci5t times "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$1 w\ld h rema9$ ignorant ( ! monum5t ( ! greate/ g5ius x ev] produc$1 if x _h n le>nt x f a man born at ,arp9um4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,also ! bir?place ( ,m>ius4 ,cf4 p4 #afc4 ,selection ,b#d ,"s ,sugge/ions & ,au?orities4 ,be=e y leave ?is passage1 try to notice "s ( ! foll[+ po9ts1 & if possible consult "s ( ^! au?orities3-- 7i47 ,read 7e4g4 9 ,*ur* & ,brodribb's translation7 ,livy's acc\nt ( ! siege ( ,syracuse by ,m>cellus1 #bad-bab ,b4,c41 ,book xxiv4 cap4 #cd2 ,book xxv4 caps4 #bc-ca4 7ii47 ,freeman's ,hi/ory ( ,sicily4 ,notice especially ! admirable plan ( ,syracuse illu/rat+ ! siege by ,nicias4 ,or ,sicily--',/ory ( ! ,nations' ,s]ies4 7iii47 ,"s good ,life ( ,ar*im$es4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica supplies a good %ort life & ref]s to ,cic]o's f9d+ ! ,tomb ( ,ar*im$es1 & to ! /ill extant "w ( ,ar*im$es on ! ,sph]e & ! ,cyl9d]4 7iv47 ,= ,cic]o's ,quae/or%ip 9 ,sicily1 #ge ,b4,c41 consult "s ,life ( ,cic]o1 e4g4 ,=sy?'s1 pp4 #ch-eh1 :]e ref]5ce is made to ?is incid5t4 7v47 ,= ! ,tusculanae ,disputationes 7conv]sations betwe5 ,cic]o & a fri5d at 8 ,tusculan villa1 ! subject ( :i* is ! *ief ess5tials ( happ9ess7 consult ! admirable introduction to ! edition by ,t4 ,w4 ,d\gan1 ,camb4 ,press4 ,,passages ,,= ,,translation ,,at ,,sight ,,regal ,,p]iod1 #gec-eji ,b4,c4 ,d#a ,! ,vision ( ,an*ises4--,! ,k+s t are to be4 ,qu9 et avo comitem sese ,mavortius addet ,romulus1 ,ass>aci quem sangu9is ,ilia mat] ,educet4 ,vid5' ut gem9ae /ant v]tice cri/ae1 ,et pat] ipse suo sup]um iam signat honore8 #ghj ,en huius1 nate1 auspiciis illa incluta ,roma ,imp]ium t]ris1 animos aequabit ,olympo1 ,septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces1 ,felix prole virum4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae ,sacra f]5s8 ,nosco cr9es incanaque m5ta ,regis ,romani2 primam qui legibus urbem #haj ,fundabit1 ,curibus p>vis et paup]e t]ra ,missus 9 imp]ium magnum4 ,cui de9de subibit1 ,otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit ,tullus 9 arma viros et iam desueta triumphis ,agm9a4 ,quem iuxta sequitur iactantior ,ancus1 #hae ,nunc quoque iam nimium gaud5s popul>ibus auris4 ,vis et ,t>qu9ios reges animamque sup]bam ,ultoris ,bruti fascesque vid]e receptos8 ,,v]gil1 ,a54 vi4 #ggg-ghd1 #hjh-hah4 ,l95otes3 #ggg4 ,avo gr&sire1 i4e4 ,numitor1 ! fa!r ( ! ,ve/al ,rhea or ,ilia4 ,mavortius *ild ( ,mavors1 old & poetic "n = ,m>s4 #ggh4 ,ass>aci3 ,k+ ( ,phrygia & gr&fa!r ( ,an*ises4 #ggi4 gem9ae cri/ae4 ,! d\ble-cre/$ helm1 a di/9ction ( ,m>s4 #ghj4 sup]um = ! _w above1 i4e4 z a god4 ,acc4 ,s+4 #hjh4 ille ,numa ,pompilius 7#gaf-fgc ,b4,c471 a native ( ,cures 7#haa7 9 ,sab9e c\ntry1 :om ! ,romans reg>d$ z ! f\nd] 7fundabit1 #haa7 ( _! religi\s & legal in/itutions4 #hac4 qui ,tullus ,ho/ilius 7#fgc-fdj ,b4,c471 a man ( w>1 de/roy$ ,alba4 resides sluggi%1 lazy 7re s$eo74 #hae4 ,ancus ,m>tius 7#fdj-faf ,b4,c471 conqu]or ( ! ,lat9s4 #hag4 ,t>qu9ios reges 7i47 ,t>qu9ius ,priscus 7#faf-egh ,b4,c47 ( ,t>qu9ii 9 ,etruria2 7ii47 ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus 7#ecd-eji ,b4,c471 expell$ by ,brutus4 ,v]gil omits ,s]vius ,tullius 7#egh-ecd ,b4,c474 #hag-hah4 animamque 444 receptos4 ,brutus1 nephew ( ,t4 ,sup]bus1 r\s$ ,rome to expel ! ,t>qu9s & f\nd ! ,republic3 & ?us ! fasces 7! sign ( p[]7 7 recov]$ 7receptos7 by ! p4 --,sidgwick4 ,d#b ,,romulus1 #gec-gaf ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,! ,pass+ ( ,romulus4 ,8 immortalibus editis op]ibus cum ad ex]citum rec5s5dum contionem 9 campo ad ,caprae paludem hab]et1 subito coorta tempe/as cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam d5so regem op]uit nimbo1 ut conspectum eius contioni ab/ul]it2 nec #e de9de 9 t]ris ,romulus fuit4 ,romana pubes1 s$ato t&em pavore1 po/quam ex tam turbido die s]5a et tranquilla lux r$iit1 ubi vacuam s$em regiam vidit1 etsi satis cr$ebat patribus1 qui proxumi /et]ant1 sublimem raptum procella1 tam5 velut #aj orbitatis metu icta mae/um aliquamdiu sil5tium obt9uit4 ,de9de a paucis initio facto deum deo natum1 regem p>5temque urbis ,romanae salv]e univ]si ,romulum iub5t2 pacem precibus exposcunt1 uti vol5s propitius suam semp] sospitet prog5iem4 #ae ,,livy1 i4 #af4 ,l95otes3 #b-c4 ad ,caprae paludem ne> ! ,goat's pool4 #d4 op]uit envelop$ 7ob p>io get =1 put ^u1 cov]71 cf4 opposite a-p]-io get f1 uncov]4 #e4 ab/ul]it auf]ret4 ,! ev5t is reg>d$ simply z pa/1 )\t ref]5ce to o!r pa/ ev5ts4 #e-f4 nec de9de 444 fuit1 cf4 ',quir9us ,m>tis equis ,a*]onta fugit4' ,hor4 ,od4 iii4 #c4 #ae4 #g4 sdato settl$1 calm$4 ,sd-o cause to sit1 cf4 sd-es1 & our seat1 settle4 #aa4 orbitatis ( orphanhood2 cf4 orb-u b]eav$1 & our orphan4 #ae4 vol5s propitius1 an ellipse ( et1 cf4 optimus maximus4 sospitet he may keep safe1 pres]ve1 cf4 sospes safe4 ,b4 ,! ,my/]y expla9$4 ,pul*] et humano maior trabeaque decorus ,romulus 9 m$ia visus adesse via1 ,et dixisse simul3 ',prohibe lug]e ,quirites1 ,nec viol5t lacrimis num9a no/ra suis4 #d ,tura f]ant plac5tque novum pia turba ,quir9um1 ,et patrias artes militiamque colant4' ,,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4 #cgi-chd4 ,h4 ,,ii4 #ejc-ejh ,l95otes3 #a-f4 ,romulus appe>s z a god to ,proculus ,julius1 an hon\rable man1 bidd+ him tell 8 p n to m\rn = him1 b to wor%ip him z ,quir9us1 & practise val\r & all w>like virtues4 #a4 trabea 9 ! 7/rip$7 robe ( /ate4 #c-e4 ,quirites 7cf4 ,quir9us ! deifi$ ,romulus7 lit4 spe>m54 ,connect$ ) ,cures & curis 7,sab9e ^w = a spe>71 us$ ( ,roman citiz5s z oppos$ to ,roman soldi]s4 ,d#c ,,numa ,,pompilius1 #gaf-fgc ,b4,c4 ,! ,gate ( ,janus1 op5 9 w> b %ut 9 peace4 ,a4 ,qui regno ita potitus urbem novam1 conditam vi et armis1 iure eam legibusque ac moribus de integro cond]e p>at4 ,quibus cum int] bella adsuesc]e vid]et non posse1 quippe eff]>i militia animos1 mitig&um f]ocem populum armorum #e desuetud9e ratus ,ianum ad infimum ,argiletum indicem pacis bellique fecit1 ap]tus ut 9 armis esse civitatem1 clausus pacatos circa omnes populos signific>et4 ,,livy1 i4 #ai4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,qui ,numa ,pompilius1 ! second k+ ( ,rome4 #d-e4 quippe 444 animos s9ce 7he ?\ght t7 m5's temp]s 7 made savage 7brutalis$7 by w>f>e4 eff]>i orat4 obl4 "p ( ,numa's ?\ghts4 #f4 desuetud9e by disuse1 i4e4 by a cessation f ! use (4 ,cf4 de-docre untea*4 ,ianum 444 ,argiletum 7a temple (7 ,janus at ! foot ( ! ,argiletum1 a slope to ! ,n4,e4 ( ! ,=um4 7,prob4 ! clayey gr\nd1 f argilla :ite clay47 #h4 clausus4 ,x 0 clos$ = a %ort "t1 circ4 #bch ,b4,c41 & aga9 by ,augu/us #bi-be ,b4,c4 ,b4 ,sunt gem9ae ,belli portae1 sic nom9e dicunt1 ,religione sacrae et saevi =mid9e ,m>tis3 ,c5tum a]ei claudunt vectes aet]naque f]ri ,robora1 nec cu/os absi/it lim9e ,ianus4 #faj ,has1 ubi c]ta s$et patribus s5t5tia pugnae1 ,ipse ,quir9ali trabea c9ctuque ,gab9o ,insignis res]at /rid5tia lim9a ,consul2 ,ipse vocat pugnas2 sequitur tum cet]a pubes1 ,a]eaque ads5su conspirant cornua rauco4 ,,v]gil1 ,a54 vii4 #fjg-fae4 ,l95otes3 #fji4 vectes bolts or b>s1 prob4 f ,rtveh c>ry4 ,cf4 vect-gal4 #fab4 ,quir4 trabea 9 ! /ate robe ( ,romulus1 i4e4 ! /rip$ robe ( /ate1 purple1 ) :ite /ripes across4 c9ctu ,gab9o ) ! ,gab9e girdle1 =m$ by gird+ ! toga tight r\nd ! body by "o ( its loose ends4 #fac4 res]at un-b>s4 ,= s7ero jo91 cf4 our s]ies4 ,p>allel ,passages4 ,ovid1 ,f4 i4 #aae-acb4 ,cf4 ,hor4 ,od4 iv4 #ae4 #i4 ,v]g4 ,a54 i4 #bic-d4 ,numa ,pompilius4 ',! "n ( ,numa is significant1 & d5otes an organis] or lawgiv]4 7,= ,numa cf4 num]us1 nummus1 nomos47 ,z ,romulus 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,/ate & ( political & milit>y ord]1 s ! leg5d reg>ds ,numa z ! f\nd] ( ! national religion4' --,ihne4 ,d#d ,,t>qu9ius ,,sup]bus1 #ecd-eji ,b4,c4 ,! ,pur*ase ( ! ,sibyll9e ,books4 ,9 antiquis annalibus memoria sup] libris ,sibyll9is haec prodita e/4 ,anus hospita atque incognita ad ,t>qu9ium ,sup]bum regem adiit1 novem libros f]5s1 quos esse dicebat div9a oracula3 eos velle v5und>e4 ,t>qu9ius pretium p]contatus #e e/3 muli] nimium imm5sum poposcit4 ,rex1 quasi anus aetate desip]et1 d]isit4 ,tum illa foculum coram eo cum igne apposuit1 et tres libros ex novem deussit2 et1 ecquid reliquos sex eodem pretio em]e vellet1 regem int]rogavit4 ,s$ enim #aj ,t>qu9ius id multo risit magis dixitque anum iam procul dubio delir>e4 ,muli] ibidem /atim tres libros alios exussit2 atque id ipsum d5uo placide int]rogavit1 an tres reliquos eodem pretio emat4 ,t>qu9ius ore iam s]io1 atque att5tiore animo fit2 eam #ae con/antiam confid5tiamque non insup] hab5dam intelligit3 libros tres reliquos m]catur nihilo m9ore pretio1 quam quod erat petitum pro omnibus4 4 4 4 ,libri tres 9 sacr>ium conditi ,sibyll9i appellati4 ,ad eos1 quasi ad oraculum1 qu9decimviri #bj adeunt1 cum dii immortales publice consul5di sunt4 ,,aulus ,,gellius 7fl4 #adc ,a4,d471 i4 #ai4 ,l95otes3 #a1 #b4 libris ,sibyll9is1 i4e4 a collection ( prophecies utt]$ by ! leg5d>y prophetess :o liv$ at ,cumae1 ne> ,naples4 #e4 v5und>e to sell4 ,cf4 v5-eo 7 v5um eo71 v5-d1 & our v5dor4 #ab4 delir>e to be out ( h] m9d4 ,lit4 to make a crook$ furr[ 9 pl\gh+2 de lira 7a furr[74 #ai4 sacr>ium ! place = ! keep+ ( holy ?+s1 i4e4 ! ,capitol4 ,! orig9al ,sibyll9e ,books 7 burnt 9 ! fire on ! ,capitol1 #hb ,b4,c41 b a fre% collection 0 made by ,augu/us1 & deposit$ 9 ! temple ( ,apollo on ! ,palat9e4 #bj4 qu9decimviri 7sacris faciundis71 i4e4 a college ( prie/s :o _h *>ge ( ! ,sibyll9e ,books4 ,p>allel ,passages4 ,v]g4 ,a54 vi41 espec4 ll4 #db-aja1 = ! ,cumaean ,sibyl4 ,! ,sibyll9e ,books4 ',!re exi/$ also ,etruscan libri fatales 7,books ( ,fate71 & ^!1 toge!r ) ! ,sibyll9e ,books1 7 kept 9 ! ,temple ( ,capitol9e ,jupit]4 ,no?+ seem$ m natural ?an to suppose t ,t>qu91 :o built t temple1 pur*as$ also ! sacr$ books ( ! ,sibyl4' --,ihne4 ,d#e ,,t>qu9ius ,,sup]bus1 #ecd-eji ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,sextus ,t>qu9ius at ,gabii4 ,inde 9 consilia publica adhib]i4 4 4 4 ,ita cum s5sim ad rebell&um primores ,gab9orum incit>et1 ipse cum promptissimis iuv5um pra$atum atque 9 exp$itiones iret1 et dictis factisque omnibus ad fall5dum in/ructis vana accresc]et fides1 dux ad #e ultimum belli legitur4 ,ibi cum inscia multitud9e1 quid ag]etur1 proelia p>va int] ,romam ,gabiosque fi]5t1 quibus pl]umque ,gab9a res sup]ior esset1 tum c]tatim summi infimique ,gab9orum ,sex4 ,t>qu9ium dono deum sibi missum ducem cr$]e4 #aj ,apud milites v]o obeundo p]icula ac labores p>it]1 pra$am munifice l>gi5do tanta c>itate esse1 ut non pat] ,t>qu9ius pot5tior ,bomae quam filius ,gabiis esset4 ,,livy1 i4 #ed4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,inde1 i4e4 aft] ! tale he told ( 8 fa!r's cruelty _h ga9$ cr$it ) ! m5 ( ,gabii4 adhib]i he 0 admitt$4 ,hi/oric ,inf94 #b4 ad rebell&um to r5ew ! w>4 #d-e4 ad fall5dum in/ructis 7 fram$ to deceive4 #h4 ,gab9a res ! cause ( ,gabii4 ,= res cf4 p4 #aa 7#b74 ,introduction #ac 7#b7 #aa4 obeundo p>it] by fac+ alike 444 ,b4 ,! ,sequel3 ! ,fall ( ,gabii4 ,iamque pot5s misso g5itorem appellat amico1 ,p]d5di ,gabios quod sibi mon/ret it]4 ,hortus odoratis sub]at cultissimus h]bis1 ,sectus humum rivo l5e sonantis aquae4 #d ,illic ,t>qu9ius m&ata lat5tia nati ,accipit1 et virga lilia summa metit4 ,nuntius ut r$iit1 decussaque lilia dixit1 ,filius ',agnosco iussa p>5tis' ait4 #h ,nec mora3 pr9cipibus caesis ex urbe ,gab9a1 ,traduntur ducibus mo5ia nuda suis4 ,,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4 #edc-eeb4 ,h4 ,,ii4 #gja-gaj ,l95otes3 #a4 g5itorem appellat 444 he calls on 8 fa!r 7to tell him7 444 #f4 virga ) a swit*4 summa ! talle/4 #aj4 ducibus suis1 abl41 aft] nuda depriv$ (4 ,ref]5ce4 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a4 #bc-bg4 ,horace ref]s to ! treaty made by ,t>qu9ius ) ,gabii4 ,hi/oric ,p>allel4 ,comp>e ! extraord9>y self-sacrifice ( ,zp7yrus1 :i* enabl$ him to betray ,babylon to 8 ma/] ,d>ius4 ,h]od1 iii4 #aec-aeh4 ,d#f ,! ,position ( ,rome1 ! future ,mi/ress ( ! ,_w4 ,urbi autem locum ,romulus incr$ibili opportunitate delegit4 ,neque enim ad m>e admovit--quod ei fuit illa manu copiisque facillimum1 ut 9 agrum ,rutulorum ,aborig9umve proc$]et1 aut 9 o/io ,tib]9o1 quem 9 locum multis po/ annis rex #e ,ancus coloniam d$uxit1 urbem ipse cond]et1--s$ hoc vir excell5ti provid5tia s5sit ac vidit1 non esse opportunissimos situs m>itimos urbibus eis quae ad spem diuturnitatis cond]5tur atque imp]i4 ,itaque urbem p]5nis amnis et aequabilis et #aj 9 m>e late influ5tis posuit 9 ripa1 quo posset urbs et accip]e ex m>i1 quo eg]et1 et r$d]e1 quo r$und>et3 ut mihi iam tum div9asse ille videatur1 hanc urbem s$em aliqu&o et domum summo esse imp]io praebituram3 nam hanc r]um tantam #ae pot5tiam non f]me facilius alia 9 p>te ,italiae posita urbs t5]e potuisset4 ,urbis autem ipsius is e/ tractus ductusque muri cum ,romuli tum etiam reliquorum regum sapi5tia def9itus ex omni p>te arduis pra]uptisque montibus4 ,locumque delegit #bj et fontibus abundantem et 9 regione pe/il5ti salubrem4 ,,cic]o1 ,de ,rep4 ii4 #c4 #e1 #f 7select$74 ,l95otes3 #c-f4 quod ei fuit 444 lit4 :i* he might v easily h done ) t b& 7( m57 & ^? =ces1 s t 444 #d4 ,rutulorum4 ,s4 ( ,rome4 ,turnus _! ,k+4 ,capital1 ,ardea4 #f4 coloniam1 i4e4 ,o/ia1 ! h>b\r ( ,rome & *ief naval /ation4 #g-h4 non esse opportunissimos1 e4g4 z expos$ to sudd5 attacks1 & likely to conta9 a too l>ge =eign elem5t4 #ab-ac4 quo r$und>et its own sup]abundance4 #ag-ah4 is tractus ductusque ! plan & direction4 #ai4 def9itus b\nd$4 #bj4 arduis pra]uptisque montibus4 ',! amphi!atre ( sev5 hills :i* encloses ! mead[s 7aft]w>ds ! ,campus ,m>tius7 9 ! b5d ( ! ,tib]1 v>y+ f #abj to #ahj feet above ! /ream1 (f]$ heights suffici5tly elevat$ & abrupt = =tification1 yet )\t difficulties = ! build] or cultivator4' ,n4,b4--,9 ?is passage be c>eful to translate ,cic]o's long1 p]iodic s5t5ces by two or m sep>ate s5t5ces 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,position ( ,rome4 ',!re 0 no place bett] fitt$ = an emporium ( ! ,tib] & sea traffic1 & = a m>itime fronti] =tress ?an ,rome4 ,x comb9$ ! advantages ( a /rong position & ( imm$iate vic9ity to ! riv]4' ,momms54 ,d#g ,,! ,,praise ,,( ,,italy4 ',salve1 magna p>5s frugum1 ,saturnia tellus4' ,s$ neque ,m$orum silvae ditissima t]ra1 ,nec pul*] ,ganges atque auro turbidus ,h]mus ,laudibus ,italiae c]t5t1 non ,bactra1 neque ,indi ,totaque turif]is ,pan*aia p+uis h>5is4 ,haec loca non tauri spirantes n>ibus ignem #adj ,inv]t]e satis immanis d5tibus hydri1 ,nec galeis d5sisque virum seges horruit ha/is2 ,s$ gravidae fruges et ,bac*i ,massicus umor ,implev]e2 t55t oleae arm5taque laeta4 ,h9c bellator equus campo sese arduus inf]t2 #ade ,h9c albi1 ,clitumne1 greges1 et maxima taurus ,victima1 saepe tuo p]fusi flum9e sacro1 ,romanos ad templa deum dux]e triumphos4 ,hic v] assiduum atque ali5is m5sibus ae/as2 ,bis gravidae pecudes1 bis pomis utilis arbor4 #aej ,at rabidae tigres absunt et saeva leonum ,sem9a1 nec mis]os fallunt aconita leg5tes1 ,nec rapit imm5sos orbis p] humum1 neque tanto ,squameus 9 spiram tractu se colligit anguis4 ,,v]gil1 ,georg4 ii1 #acf-aed4 ,l95otes3 #acf4 silvae ditissima mo/ ri* 9 =e/s4 --,sidgwick4 #acg4 ,h]mus1 aurif]\s riv] ( ,lydia1 cf4 ! ,r4 ,pactolus4 #ach4 ,bactra1 mod]n ,balk1 ,n4 ( ,afghani/an4 #aci4 ,pan*aia1 i4e4 ,arabia1 ! ,eldorado ( ! ,old ,_w4 #ada4 satis 444 hydri :]e ! enorm\s dragon's tee? 7 s[n4 hydri 7hudros71 lit4 a wat]-snake4 #adc4 ,massicus umor ,massic juice1 i4e4 ( ,mt4 ,massicus 9 ,n4,w4 ,campania1 fam\s = its w9e1 espec4 ! ,fal]nian4 #add4 implev]e 7sc4 haec loca7 fill x all4 #adf4 ,clitumne4 ,r4 ( ,umbria1 fam\s = its :ite cattle4#bj #adf-adh4 ,:ite cattle 7 requir$ = ! sacrifices ( ! ,triumphs4 #adi4 ali5is m5sibus 9 mon?s n h] own1 i4e4 9 mon?s prop]ly belong+ to w9t]4 #aej4 bis gravidae pecudes twice ! cattle give increase1 ,con+ton4 #aea1 #aeb4 saeva leonum sem9a ! fi]ce lion-brood4 --,mackail4 aconita1 a deadly poison--monk%ood4 #aec1 #aed4 neque--anguis nor ) s va/ a sweep ga!r himself into a coil1 i4e4 ! snakes 9 ,italy are n s l>ge z else:]e4 ,r4 ,clitumnus4 ,comp>e ,pl9y's beautiful lett] 7viii4 #h7 describ+ its s\rce4 ,footnote #bj3 ,cf4 ! ,*ill+ham ',wild ,cattle4' ,,e>ly ,,republic1 #eji-cff ,b4,c4 ,d#h ,,etruscan ,,invasion ,,"u ,,pors5a1 #ejg ,b4,c4 7#a7 ',h[ well ,horatius kept ! ,bridge ,9 ! brave days ( old4' ,a4 ,nec non ,t>qu9ium eiectum ,pors5na iubebat ,accip]e1 +5tique urbem obsidione premebat2 ,a5eadae 9 f]rum pro lib]tate ruebant4 ,illum indignanti similem1 similemque m9anti ,aspic]es1 pontem aud]et quia vell]e ,cocles1 #fej ,et fluvium v9clis inn>et ,cloelia ruptis4 ,,v]gil1 ,a54 viii4 #fdf-fea4 ,v5us br+s ,a5eas 8 new arm\r3 he gazes at ! %ield :]eon 7 wr\ght sc5es ( ! /ory ( ,rome to be4 ,l95otes3 #fdf4 ,pors5na4 ',l>s ,pors5a ( ,clusium ,by ! n9e gods he swore ,t ! great h\se ( ,t>qu9 ,%\ld suff] wrong no m4' --,macaulay4 #fdh4 9 f]rum ruebant 7 fl++ !mselves on ! sword4 --,c4 #fea4 ,cloelia1 a ,roman ho/age1 :o escap$ by swimm+ ! ,tib]4 ,b4 ,pons sublicius it] pa5e ho/ibus d$it1 ni unus vir fuisset1 ,horatius ,cocles4 4 4 4 ,qui positus =te 9 /atione pontis1 cum captum rep5t9o impetu ,ianiculum atque inde citatos decurr]e ho/es vidisset1 #aj trepidamque turbam suorum arma ord9esque rel9qu]e1 repreh5sans s+ulos1 obsi/5s obte/ansque deum et hom9um fidem te/abatur nequiquam des]to praesidio eos fug]e2 si transitum pontem a t]go reliquiss5t1 iam plus ho/ium 9 ,palatio #ae ,capitolioque quam 9 ,ianiculo =e4 ,itaque mon]e1 pra$ic]e1 ut pontem f]ro1 igni1 quacunque vi poss9t1 int]rumpant2 se impetum ho/ium1 quantum corpore uno posset obsi/i1 excepturum4 ,vadit inde 9 primum aditum pontis1 insignisque int] #bj conspecta c$5tium pugnae t]ga1 obv]sis com9us ad ineundum proelium armis1 ipso miraculo audaciae ob/upefecit ho/es4 ,,livy1 ii4 #aj4 ,l95otes3 #g4 ,pons sublicius ! pile-bridge1 built by ,ancus ,m>cius to connect ,rome prop] ) ! ,janiculum-hill1 or ridge4 #h4 ,cocles ! "o-ey$1 f loss ( an eye 9 battle4 #aj4 citatos at full spe$4 ,adj4 use ( p>ticiple2 cf4 citato equo4 #aa4 trepidamque turbam panic-/rick5 & 9 disord]4 #ab4 repreh5sans seiz+ !m by ! arm "o aft] ano!r4 #ad-ae4 si transitum 444 reliquiss5t if !y left ! bridge free = ! enemy to cross by4 transitum n\n1 9 appos4 to pontem4 #ba-bb4 obv]sis armis z he fac$ ab\t4 ,d#i ,,etruscan ,,invasion ,,"u ,,pors5a1 #ejg ,b4,c4 7#b7 ',h[ well ,horatius kept ! ,bridge ,9 ! brave days ( old4' ,duos tam5 cum eo pudor t5uit1 ,sp4 ,l>cium ac ,t4 ,h]m9ium1 ambos cl>os g5]e factisque4 ,cum 8 primam p]iculi procellam et quod tumultuosissimum pugnae erat1 p>ump] su/9uit2 de9de eos quoque ipsos1 exigua p>te pontis relicta1 revocantibus1 #e qui resc9debant1 c$]e 9 tutum coegit4 ,circumf]5s inde truces m9acit] oculos ad proc]es ,etruscorum nunc s+ulos provoc>e1 nunc increp>e omnes3 s]vitia regum sup]borum1 suae lib]tatis immemores ali5am oppugnatum v5ire4 #aj ,cunctati aliquamdiu sunt1 dum alius alium1 ut proelium incipiant1 circumspectant4 ,pudor de9de commovit aciem1 et clamore sublato undique 9 unum ho/em tela coniciunt4 ,quae cum 9 obiecto cuncta scuto haesiss5t1 neque ille m9us ob/9atus +5ti #ae pontem obt9]et gradu1 iam impetu conabantur detrud]e virum1 cum simul fragor rupti pontis1 simul clamor ,romanorum alacritate p]fecti op]is sublatus1 pavore subito impetum su/9uit4 ,tum ,cocles ',tib]9e pat]1' inquit1 'te sancte precor1 haec arma #bj et hunc militem propitio flum9e accipias4' ,ita sic armatus 9 ,tib]im desiluit1 multisque sup]9cid5tibus telis incolumis ad suos tranavit1 rem ausus plus famae habituram ad po/]os quam fidei4 ,,livy1 ii4 #aj4 ,l95otes3 #g4 ad proc]es on ! *iefs4 ,= pr7oc] cf4 procrus tall4 #h-i4 provoc>e 444 increp>e4 ,hi/oric ,inf9itives ,indic4 #i4 s]vitia ! slaves s]vos4 ,ab/ract = concrete1 freq4 9 ,livy4 ,cf4 ,hor4 ,od4 ii4 #h4 #ah4 7s]vitus s]vi47 #ad4 obiecto pres5t$1 i4e4 to ! enemy4 #ae-af4 +5ti gradu ) mighty 7h]oic7 /&4 ,cf4 'firm z a rock4' #ah4 alacritate p]fecti op]is f joy at ! completion ( ! "w4 #bd4 plus famae 444 fidei de/9$ to w9 m fame ?an cr$it ) po/]ity4 ',oh ,tib]6 fa!r ,tib]6 ,to :om ! ,romans pray1 ,a ,roman's life1 a ,roman's arms1 ,take ?\ 9 *>ge ?is day6' ,s he spake1 & speak+ %ea!d ,! good sword by 8 side1 ,& ) 8 h>ness on 8 back1 ,plung$ headlong 9 ! tide4 --,macaulay4 ,d#aj ,,etruscan ,,invasion ,,"u ,,pors5a1 #ejg ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,h[ ,c4 ,mucius lo/ 8 ,h&1 b won a ,"n4 ,a4 ,obsidio erat nihilo m9us et frum5ti cum summa c>itate inopia1 s$5doque expugnaturum se urbem spem ,pors5a habebat1 cum ,c4 ,mucius1 adulesc5s nobilis1 444 primo sua sponte p5etr>e 9 ho/ium ca/ra con/ituit2 de9 metu5s1 ne1 si consulum #e iniussu et ign>is omnibus iret1 =te depreh5sus a cu/odibus ,romanis retrah]etur ut transfuga1 =tuna tum urbis crim5 affirmante1 s5atum adit4 ',transire ,tib]im1' inquit1 'patres1 et intr>e1 si possim1 ca/ra ho/ium volo1 non pra$o nec populationum #aj 9 vicem ultor2 maius1 si di iuvant1 9 animo e/ fac9us4' ,approbant patres2 abdito intra ve/em f]ro pr(iciscitur4 ,ubi eo v5it1 9 conf]tissima turba prope regium tribunal con/itit4 ,,livy1 ii4 #ab4 ,l95otes3 #a4 cum summa c>itate involv+ 7cum7 a v high price4 #b4 s$5do by sitt+ d[n be=e1 ( a besieg+ army4 #c4 ,mucius4 ,f ?is incid5t surnam$ ,scaevola ! left-h&$4 ,aft] 8 "t1 a frequ5t surname 9 ! ,g5s ,mucia4 #g-h4 =tun 444 affirmante 7a *>ge :i*7 ! pres5t condition ( ! city w\ld confirm 7sub/antiate74 #aj-aa4 non pra$o 444 ultor n to plund] nor to retaliate on 7lit4 'an av5g] 9 turn on'7 our plund]]s4 ,b4 ,cum pet]et regem decepta satellite dextra ,+essit sacris se p]itura focis4 ,s$ tam saeva pius miracula non tulit ho/is ,et raptum flammis iussit abire virum4 ,ur]e quam potuit contempto ,mucius igne1 #e ,hanc spect>e manum ,pors5a non potuit4 ,maior deceptae fama e/ et gloria dextrae3 ,si non errasset1 fec]at illa m9us4 ,,m>tial1 ,ep4 ,i4 xxi4 ,l95otes3 #a4 s7atellite ! att5dant1 i4e4 ! scribe or secret>y ( ,pors5a4 #b4 +essit ?ru/ into 79 g]o74 #c4 tam saeva miracula su* a miracle ( /]n =titude4 --,s4 pius feel+1 z oppos$ to unnatural4 #g-h4 i4e4 to h kill$ ,pors5a w\ld h be5 less glori\s ?an to display su* h]oism4 --,/eph5son4 ,pors5a4 ,livy tells u t ,mucius1 9 gratitude = ! magnanimity ( ,pors5a1 reveal$ to him t #cjj ,roman y\?s _h sworn to attempt ! same de$ t he _h und]tak54 ,:]eupon ,pors5a fe>$ to di/ress ! ,romans any long]1 & made peace ) !m4 ,d#aa ,,lat9 ,,w>4 ,,battle ,,( ,,lake ,,regillus1 #dih ,b4,c4 ,! ,dictator & 8 ,ma/] ( ! ,horse4 ,ibi alia int] proc]es coorta pugna4 ,imp]ator ,lat9us1 ubi cohortem exulum a dictatore ,romano prope circumv5tam vidit1 ex subsidi>iis manipulos aliquot 9 primam aciem secum rapit4 ,hos agm9e v5i5tes ,t4 ,h]m9ius legatus conspicatus1 int]que #e eos insignem ve/e armisque ,mamilium noscitans1 tanto vi maiore1 quam paulo ante magi/] equitum1 cum ho/ium duce proelium iniit1 ut et uno ictu transfixum p] latus occid]it ,mamilium1 et ipse int] spoli&um corpus ho/is v]uto p]cussus1 #aj cum victor 9 ca/ra esset relatus1 int] primam curationem exspirav]it4 ,tum ad equites dictator advolat obte/ans1 ut fesso iam p$ite desc5dant ex equis et pugnam capessant4 ,dicto p>u]e2 desiliunt ex equis1 provolant 9 primum1 et pro antesignanis #ae p>mas obiciunt4 ,recipit extemplo animum p$e/ris acies1 po/quam iuv5tutis proc]es aequato g5]e pugnae secum p>tem p]iculi su/95tes vidit4 ,tum demum impulsi ,lat9i1 p]culsaque incl9avit acies4 #bj ,,livy1 ii4 #bj4 ,l95otes3 #a4 int] proc]es4 ,! ,battle ( ,lake ,regillus 01 9 ! ma91 a ,hom]ic battle ( s+le combats betwe5 ! oppos+ *iefs4 #a-b4 ,imp]ator ,lat9us1 i4e4 ,mamilius ( ,tusculum1 son-9-law ( ,t>qu94 #e4 ,t4 ,h]m9ius1 "o ( '! dauntless ,?ree1' :o kept ! bridge4 #g4 magi/] equitum1 i4e4 ,t4 ,aebutius4 ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,horse1 ! second 9 comm&1 0 nom9at$ by ! ,dictator4 #aj4 v]uto ) a javel91 cf4 v]u a spit4 #aa-ab4 int] primam curationem at ! fir/ attempt to dress 8 w\nd4 --,rawl9s4 #ac4 dictator1 i4e4 ,aulus ,po/umius4 ,! ,dictator 7magi/] populi ma/] ( ! army7 0 appo9t$ by "o ( ! two ,consuls 7 colleagues7 9 a "t ( national dang] to avoid ! possible want ( unity betwe5 ! two consuls 9 "t ( w>4 #ae4 9 primum 9 primam aciem4 antesignanis1 i4e4 ! fir/ l9e fight+ 9 front ( ! /&>ds4 #ag4 iuv5tutis proc]es ! "y noblem51 i4e4 ! cavalry are n only ! y\ng] m5 79 ,livy (t5 iuv5es7 b also patricians4 ,ref]5ce4 ,macaulay1 ,! ,battle ( ,lake ,regillus4 ,d#ab ,,fir/ ,,secession ,,( ,,! ,,plebs1 #did ,b4,c4 ,! ,fable ( ! ,belly & ! ,memb]s4 ,tribunes ( ! ,p4 ,pavor +5s 9 urbe1 metuque mutuo susp5sa erant omnia4 4 4 4 ,placuit igitur oratorem ad plebem mitti ,m55ium ,agrippam1 facundum virum et1 quod inde oriundus erat1 plebi c>um4 ,is intromissus 9 ca/ra prisco illo dic5di et horrido modo nihil #e aliud quam hoc n>rasse f]tur3 ,tempore1 quo 9 hom9e non1 ut nunc1 omnia 9 unum cons5ti5tia1 s$ s+ulis membris suum cuique consilium1 suus s]mo fu]it1 indignatas reliquas p>tes sua cura1 suo labore ac m9i/]io v5tri omnia qua]i1 v5trem 9 #aj m$io quietum nihil aliud quam datis voluptatibus frui2 conspirasse inde1 ne manus ad os cibum f]r5t1 nec os accip]et datum1 nec d5tes confic]5t4 ,hac ira dum v5trem fame dom>e vell5t1 ipsa una membra totumque corpus ad extremam tabem #ae v5isse4 ,inde app>uisse v5tris quoque haud segne m9i/]ium esse1 nec magis ali quam al]e eum1 r$d5tem 9 omnes corporis p>tes hunc1 quo vivimus vigemusque1 divisum p>it] 9 v5as1 maturum confecto cibo sangu9em4 ,comp>&o h9c1 quam #bj inte/9a corporis s$itio similis esset irae plebis 9 patres1 flexisse m5tes hom9um4 ,agi de9de de concordia coeptum concessumque 9 condiciones1 ut plebi sui magi/ratus ess5t sacrosancti1 quibus auxili latio adv]sus consules esset1 neve cui patrum cap]e #be eum magi/ratum lic]et4 ,ita tribuni plebei creati duo1 ,c4 ,lic9ius et ,l4 ,alb9us4 ,,livy1 ii4 #cb1 #cc4 ,l95otes3 #a-b4 ,pavor +5s 444 omnia4 ,"o ( ! ,roman armies 7ma9ly recruit$ f ,plebeians7 refus$ to obey ord]s1 entr5*$ itself on ,mons ,sac]1 & ?reat5$ to sec$e f ,rome altoge!r4 #b4 oratorem 7i4e4 legatum7 spokesman1 *>g$ ) a v]bal message4 #d4 inde1 i4e4 f ! ,plebs4 #aj-aa4 v5trem 444 quietum :]eas ! belly re/+ calmly 9 _! mid/4 --,rawl9s4 #ac4 confic]5t gr9d1 & s aid dige/ion4 ,cf4 confecto l4 #bj4 #ai-bj4 maturum confecto cibo br\ght to p]fection only :5 ! food is dige/$4 --,r4 #bd4 sacrosancti consecrat$ & inviolable4 #bd-be4 quibus 444 esset1 i4e4 z (ficial protectors ( ! ,plebs1 by _! "r ( veto on ! (ficial actions ( all o!r magi/rates4 ,= ! ,fable1 cf4 ,s5eca de ,ira ii4 #ca1 & #a ,cor9?ians1 xii4 #ab-bg4 ,d#ac ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,volscians1 #dic ,b4,c4 ,veturia & h] son ,coriolanus4 ,coriolanus prope ut am5s con/]natus ab s$e sua cum f]ret matri obviae complexum1 muli] 9 iram ex precibus v]sa ',s9e1 priusquam complexum accipio1 sciam' inquit1 'ad ho/em an ad filium v5]im1 captiva mat]-ne 9 ca/ris tuis sim4 ,9 #e hoc me longa vita et infelix s5ecta traxit1 ut exulem te1 de9de ho/em vid]em8 ,potui/i popul>i hanc t]ram1 quae te g5uit atque aluit8 ,non tibi1 quamvis infe/o animo et m9aci p]v5]as1 +r$i5ti f9es ira cecidit8 ,non1 cum 9 conspectu #aj ,roma fuit1 succurrit3 ,intra illa mo5ia domus ac p5ates mei sunt1 mat]1 coniunx lib]ique8 ,ergo ego nisi pep]issem1 ,roma non oppugn>etur2 nisi filium hab]em1 lib]a 9 lib]a patria mortua essem4' 444 ,uxor de9de ac lib]i amplexi1 fletusque ab #ae omni turba muli]um ortus et conploratio sui patriaeque freg]e t&em virum4 ,complexus inde suos dimittit2 ipse retro ab urbe ca/ra movit4 ,abductis de9de legionibus ex agro ,romano invidia rei oppressum p]isse tradunt alii alio leto4 #bj ,,livy1 ii4 #dj4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,coriolanus4 ,gaius ,m>cius receiv$ ! cognom5 ( ,coriolanus = 8 brav]y at ! capture ( ! ,volscian t[n ( ,corioli 7,s4,e4 ( ,rome74 ,aft] ?is1 9 a "t ( fam9e at ,rome1 ,c4 advis$ t ! corn obta9$ else:]e %\ld n be di/ribut$1 unless ! ,plebeians w\ld give up _! ,tribunes4 ,= ?is he 0 impea*$ & w5t into volunt>y exile among ! ,volsci4 con/]natus 9 /rong emotion--lit4 '/ret*$ on ! gr\nd4' #g4 potui/i _h y ! he>t to--"q indicat$ by tone ( ! voice4 #aj-aa4 non 444 succurrit did x n occur to y8 #ai-bj4 invidia rei oppressum ov]:elm$ by ! unpopul>ity ( 8 action4 #bj4 alii alio leto1 e4g4 i4 by a volunt>y dea?2 ii4 put to dea? by ! ,volscians2 iii4 liv$ to old age 9 exile4 ,ref]5ces4 ,cic4 ,brutus x4 7comp>$ to ,!mi/ocles74 ,plut>*1 ,coriolanus4 ',! g]m f :i* ! :ole leg5d sprang is ! /ory ( ! filial love ( ,coriolanus1 & ( ! great au?ority ex]cis$ 9 old5 times by ,roman matrons ov] _! sons & husb&s4' ,ihne4 ,%akespe>e1 ,coriolanus1 ,v4 iii4 ,d#ad ,,w> ,,) ,,veii1 #dhc-dgd ,b4,c4 ,! ,de/ruction ( ! ,fabii at ! ,crem]a1 #dgg ,b4,c4 ,campus erat1 campi claudebant ultima colles ,silvaque montanas occul]e apta f]as4 ,9 m$io paucos arm5taque r>a rel9quunt1 ,cet]a virgultis abdita turba latet4 #d ,ecce velut torr5s undis pluvialibus auctus ,aut nive1 quae ,zephyro victa tep5te fluit1 ,p] sata p]que vias f]tur1 nec1 ut ante solebat1 ,rip>um clausas m>g9e f9it aquas3 #h ,sic ,fabii vallem latis discursibus impl5t1 ,quodque vid5t /]nunt1 nec metus alt] ine/4 ,quo ruitis1 g5]osa domus8 male cr$itis ho/i3 ,simplex nobilitas1 p]fida tela cave4 #ab ,fraude p]it virtus4 ,9 ap]tos undique campos ,prosiliunt ho/es1 et latus omne t55t4 ,quid faciant panci contra tot millia =tes8 ,quidve1 quod 9 mis]o tempore re/et1 ade/8 #af ,sicut ap] longe silvis ,laur5tibus actus ,fulm9eo cel]es dissipat ore canes1 ,mox tam5 ipse p]it3 sic non moriuntur inulti ,vuln]aque alt]na dantque f]untque manu4 #bj ,una dies ,fabios ad bellum mis]at omnes2 ,ad bellum missos p]didit una dies4 ,,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4 #age-aif1 ,h4 ,,ii4 #bae-bcf ,context4 ,to protect _! t]ritory f ! con/ant raids ( ! ,vei5t9es1 ! noble h\se ( ! ,fabii (f]$ to und]take ! w> !mselves4 ,! consul ,kaeso ,fabius m>*$ out ( ! city at ! head ( 8 clan1 foll[$ by ! bless+s & good wi%es ( ! admir+ p4 ,he erect$ a =tifi$ camp ne> ! ,r4 ,crem]a 7a tribut>y ( ! ,tib]71 & f ?is spot plund]$ ,vei5t9e t]ritory4 ,l95otes3 #a4 campus4 ',ovid "h pa9ts f fancy3 !re are1 h[ev]1 deep holl[s admirably calculat$ to conceal an ambu%$ foe4' --,ramsay4 #i4 discursibus runn+s to & fro1 ( soldi]s disp]s+ to plund]4 #aj4 metus alt] fe> ( a second enemy1 i4e4 ( "o 9 ambu%4 #ag4 silvis ,laur5tibus4 ,laur5tum on ! coa/ ( ,latium betwe5 ,o/ia & ,ardea4 ,wild bo>s are /ill f\nd 9 ! swampy ?ickets4 #ah4 ,fulm9eo ore ) fla%+ tusk4 --,hallam4 ,p>allel ,passage4 ,livy1 ii4 #dh1 #di4 ',! /ory probably came f ! ,*ronicles ( ! ,fabian ,clan1 p]haps ?r\gh ,fabius ,pictor1 ! fir/ ,roman annali/4' ,rawl9s1 ,cf4 ,ihne1 vol4 i4 cap4 vi4 ,d#ae ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,aequians1 #deh ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,c9c9natus call$ f ! ,pl\gh4 ,s$ ,aequos praecipue ,qu9ctius ,c9c9natus domuit1 ille dictator ab aratro1 qui obsessa et pa5e iam capta ,l4 ,m9uci consulis ca/ra egregia victoria recup]avit4 ,m$ium erat tempus =te sem5tis1 cum patricium virum innixum aratro suo lictor 9 #e ipso op]e depreh5dit4 ,inde 9 aciem pr(ectus1 ne quid a ru/ici op]is imitatione cess>et1 m pecudum victos sub iugum misit4 ,sic exp$itione f9ita r$it ad boves rursus triumphalis agricola4 ,intra qu9decim dies coeptum p]actumque bellum1 #aj prorsus ut fe/9asse1 dictator ad relictum opus vid]etur4 ,,florus1 ,i4 xi4 #ab-ae4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,aequos1 m\nta9e]s 7closely alli$ to ! ,sab9es7 :o liv$ 9 ! m\nta9s =m+ ! ,e4 b\nd>y ( ,latium4 ,c9c9natus4 ',! true type ( primeval virtue1 ab/95ce1 & patriotism4' --,ihne4 #b-d4 qui 444 recup]avit4 ,! ,aequian g5]al1 ,grac*us ,cloelius1 _h defeat$ ! consul1 ,l4 ,m9ucius1 & blockad$ him 9 8 camp on ,mt4 ,algidus1 ! ,e4 spur ( ! ,alban range4 ,c9c9natus makes a wond]ful night m>* f ,rome ( #bj miles1 blockades 9 turn ! inve/+ ,aequian =ce1 & compels an unconditional surr5d]4 #d4 sem5tis ( ! se$-"t4 ,=m$ f sem51 cf4 s]o4 ,b4 ',9 ! brave days ( old4' ,re/at1 ut inv5iam1 qu>e toga lib]a detur ,lucif]o pu]is1 c&ide ,bac*e1 tuo4 #b 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,an quia1 cum col]5t prisci /udiosius agros1 ,et patrio fac]et rure s5ator opus1 #d ,et cap]et fasces a curvo consul aratro1 ,nec crim5 duras esset hab]e manus1 ,ru/icus ad ludos populus v5iebat 9 urbem3 ,s$ dis1 non /udiis1 ille dabatur honor4 #h ,,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #gbi-gdb1 ,h4 ,,iii4 #gga-ghd ,l95otes3 #a4 toga lib]a 7or virilis71 ! man's dress ( unornam5t$ :ite wool4 ,lb]a 7lb]71 free f ! re/ra9ts ( boyhood4 #b4 lucif]o lit4 morn+-/>4 ,"h poet4 = die4 #e4 consul1 e4g4 ,c9c9natus1 :o 0 call$ to be ,dictator4 #h4 s$ 444 honor1 i4e4 9 '! good old days' wor%ip1 n amusem5t1 0 ! *ief object ( ! visit to ,rome4 #c-h4 ,ovid says "o reason :y ! toga lib]a 0 assum$ at ! ,lib]alia 7! ,fea/ ( ,bac*us--! v9tage1 fe/ival7 0 because x 0 ! mo/ cr[d$ fe/ival ( ! ye>4 ,ref]5ces4 ,livy1 iii4 #bf-bh4 ,ihne1 vol4 i4 cap4 v4 ,d#af ,,! ,,decemvirate4 ,,! ,,twelve ,,tables1 #dea-ddi ,b4,c4 ,iam r$i]ant legati cum ,atticis legibus4 ,eo int5tius in/abant tribuni1 ut t&em scrib5d>um legum initium fi]et4 ,placet cre>i decemviros s9e provocatione1 et ne quis eo anno alius magi/ratus esset 444 ,tum legibus cond5dis op]a dabatur2 #e +5tique hom9um expectatione propositis decem tabulis populum ad contionem advocav]unt et1 quod bonum1 fau/um felixque rei publicae1 ipsis lib]isque eorum esset1 ire et leg]e leges propositas iuss]e4 ,se1 quantum decem hom9um +5iis provid]i #aj potu]it1 omnibus1 summis infimisque1 iura aequasse2 plus poll]e multorum +5ia consiliaque4 ,v]s>5t 9 animis secum unamquamque rem1 agit>5t de9de s]monibus atque 9 m$ium1 quid 9 quaque re plus m9usve esset1 conf]r5t4 4 4 4 ,cum ad #ae rumores hom9um de unoquoque legum capite editos satis correctae vid]5tur1 c5turiatis comitiis decem tabul>um leges p]latae sunt1 qui nunc quoque 9 hoc imm5so ali>um sup] alias ac]vat>um legum cumulo1 fons omnis publici privatique #bj e/ iuris4 ,,livy1 iii4 #cb1 #cd4 ,l95otes3 #a4 cum ,atticis legibus1 i4e4 ) a copy ( ! ,laws ( ,solon 7! great ,a!nian ,lawgiv]1 #eid ,b4,c474 #a-c4 ,eo int5tius 444 fi]et1 because up to ?is "t ! k ( law & its int]pretation 0 conf9$ to ! ,patricians 7cf4 ! ,scribes ( ! ,n4,t474 ,?is c\ld only be rem$i$ by writng ! laws d[n & mak+ !m public4 #c-d4 s9e provocatione )\t appeal4 ,lit4 '*all5g+4' #d-e4 ne quis 444 esset4 ,! ,decemvirs 7 to sup]s$e tempor>ily bo? ,consuls & ,tribunes4 #ad-ae4 quid 444 conf]r5t ',%\ld po9t out 9 ! int]e/ ( all 7lit4 %\ld contribute to ! public good7 any faults ( excess or defect 9 ! sev]al articles4' --,/eph5son4 #ae-ag4 ad rumores hom9um 9 accordance ) 7ad7 public op9ion4 #ag4 c5turiatis comitiis4 ,s]vius ,tullius divid$ ! p into five classes1 accord+ to ! value ( _! prop]ty4 ,! p 7,patricians & ,plebeians alike7 vot$ by c5turies2 b z #ih c5turies 7& !re=e #ih votes7 7 allott$ to ! ri*e/ class & only #ie to ! o!r f\r classes1 ! influ5ce ( weal? 0 decisive 9 ! elections4 ,p>allel ,passages4 ,cic4 ,de ,republica ii4 #cc-cg1 & ,de ,legibus ii4 #bc4 ,! ,twelve ,tables4 ',!y 7 ess5tially only a writt5 embodim5t ( ! exi/+ public & private law4' --,momms54 ,cf4 ,magna ,c>ta4 ,d#ag ,,second ,,secession ,,( ,,! ,,plebs1 #ddh ,b4,c4 ,! ,dea? ( ,v]g9ia n 9 va94 ,concitatur multitudo p>tim atrocitate scel]is1 p>tim spe p] occasionem repet5dae lib]tatis4 ,9 contionem ,appius esc5dit2 sequuntur ,horatius ,val]iusque4 ,eos contio audit2 decemviro ob/repitur4 ,iam pro imp]io ,val]ius disc$]e a privato #e lictores iubebat1 cum fractis animis ,appius vitae metu5s 9 domum se prop9quam =o insciis adv]s>iis capite obvoluto recipit4 ,m4 ,duillius de9de tribunus plebis plebem rogavit plebesque scivit1 qui plebem s9e tribunis reliquisset quique magi/ratum #aj s9e provocatione creasset1 t]go ac capite puniretur4 ,haec omnia ut invitis1 ita non adv]santibus patriciis transacta1 quia nondum 9 quemquam unum saeviebatur4 ,fundata de9de et pote/ate tribunicia et plebis lib]tate tum tribuni aggr$i s+ulos tutum #ae maturumque iam rati accusatorem primum ,v]g9ium et ,appium reum deligunt4 ,spe incisa1 priusquam prodicta dies adesset1 ,appius mortem sibi conscivit4 ,m4 ,claudius ass]tor ,v]g9iae1 die dicta damnatus ipso remitt5te ,v]g9io ultimam po5am #bj dimissus ,tibur exulatum abiit2 manesque ,v]g9iae1 mortuae quam vivae felicioris1 p] tot domos ad pet5das po5as vagati nullo relicto sonte t&em quiev]unt4 ,,livy1 iii4 #di1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh 7sel47 ,context4 ,v]g9ius1 see+ no way ( sav+ 8 daught] f disgrace & di%on\r at ! h&s ( ,appius ,claudius1 kill$ h] be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ! tyrant & be=e ! eyes ( ! p4 ,l95otes3 #b4 p] occasionem by su* a fav\rable opportunity4 --,rawl9s4 #c4 ,9 contionem to ! ro/ra 7! plat=m = speak]s74 #c-d4 ,horatius ,val]iusque4 ,! fir/ ,consuls aft] ! abolition ( ! ,decemvirate 9 #ddi ,b4,c4 #e4 pro imp]io1 i4e4 usurp+ ! au?ority ( a magi/rate4 #i4 plebesque scivit 7scisco7 & ! p approv$ 7i4e4 vot$ =7 x4 #aa4 provocatione "r ( appeal4 #ah4 prodicta adj\rn$1 f ! fir/ he>+4 --,r4 #ai4 ass]tor ,v4 :o claim$ ,v4 z 8 slave4 ,results ( ! ,secession4 ',! ,val]ian ,laws1 by ! second ( :i* x 0 orda9$ t 9 crim9al trials1 :5 ! life ( a citiz5 0 at /ake1 ! s5t5ce ( ! ,consul %\ld be subject to an appeal to ! p4 ,?is ,val]ian ,law ( ,appeal 0 ! ,roman ,habeas ,corpus ,act4' --,ihne4 ,d#ah ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,etruscans ,,( ,,fid5ae ,,& ,,veii4 ,cossus w9s ! ,spolia ,opima1 #dcg ,b4,c4 ,erat tum int] equites tribunus militum ,a4 ,cornelius ,cossus1 eximia pul*ritud9e corporis1 animo ac viribus p> memorque g5]is1 quod amplissimum acceptum maius auctiusque reliquit po/]is4 ,is cum ad impetum ,tolumni1 quacumque se int5disset1 #e trepidantes ,romanas vid]et turmas insignemque eum regio habitu volitantem tota acie cognosset1 ',hic9e e/' inquit 'ruptor fo$]is humani violatorque g5tium iuris8 ,iam ego hanc mactatam victimam1 si modo sancti quicquam 9 t]ris esse di #aj volunt1 legatorum manibus dabo4' ,calc>ibus subditis infe/a cuspide 9 unum f]tur ho/em2 quem cum ictum equo deiecisset1 confe/im et ipse ha/a innixus se 9 p$es excepit4 ,adsurg5tem ibi regem umbone resup9at repetitumque saepius cuspide #ae ad t]ram affixit4 ,tum exsangui detracta spolia1 caputque abscisum victor spiculo g]5s t]rore caesi regis ho/es p]fudit4 ,ita equitum quoque fusa acies1 quae una fec]at anceps c]tam54 ,dictator legionibus fugatis in/at et ad ca/ra compulsos #bj ca$it4 ,,livy1 iv4 #ai4 ,l95otes3 #c4 p> equally di/+ui%$ by1 equal1 t is1 to 8 beauty4 --,s4 #e4 ,tolumni ,l>s ,tolumnius1 ,k+ ( ! ,vei5tos1 9 alliance ) ,fid5ae 7ab\t #e miles ,n4,e4 ( ,rome74 quacumque se int5disset :]ev] he direct$ 8 *>ge4 #h-aa4 ,hic9e 444 manibus dabo4 ,fid5ae _h frequ5tly be5 colonis$ by ,rome1 & _h z frequ5tly revolt$4 ,:5 ! ,romans s5t f\r ambassadors to ,fid5ae to dem& satisfaction = ?is la/ revolt1 ! p ( ,fid5ae murd]$ !m4 ,tolumnius is associat$ ) _! crime4 #ab4 infe/a cuspide ) c\*$ lance4 #ac-ad4 ha/a 444 excepit ) ! help ( 8 spe> leapt to ! gr\nd4 ,lit4 're/+ on 8 spe> caught himself on 8 feet4' --,/eph5son4 #ae4 umbone resup9at he ?r[s him back ) ! boss ( 8 %ield4 repetitum pi]c+ him aga9 & aga94 --,s4 #ai4 ,dictator ,mam]cus ,aemilius1 a man ( en]gy & ability4 ,! spolia opima 7spoils ( hon\r7 7 ! arms tak5 on ! field ( battle by ! victori\s f ! vanqui%$ g5]al4 ,!y 7 won on only ?ree occasions3-- i4 by ,romulus1 ii4 by ,cossus1 iii4 by ,m>cellus 7! ,conqu]or ( ,syracuse71 :o 9 8 fir/ consul%ip1 #bbb ,b4,c41 slew ) 8 own h& ,viridom>us1 ,k+ ( ! ,insubrian ,gauls4 ,cf4 ,prop4 ,v4 x4 ,d#ai ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,veii1 #dje-cif ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,fir/ ,pay giv5 to ,citiz5 ,soldi]s1 #djf ,b4,c4 ,additum de9de omnium maxime tempe/ivo pr9cipum 9 multitud9em mun]e1 ut ante m5tionem ullam plebis tribunorumve dec]n]et s5atus1 ut /ip5dium miles de publico accip]et1 cum ante id tempus de suo quisque functus eo mun]e esset4 #e ,nihil acceptum umquam a plebe tanto gaudio traditur4 ,concursum itaque ad curiam esse pr5satasque exeuntium manus et patres v]e appellatos1 effectum esse fat5tibus1 ut nemo pro tam munifica patria1 donec quicquam virium sup]esset1 corpori #aj aut sangu9i suo p>c]et4 ,cum commoditas iuv>et1 rem famili>em saltem acquiesc]e eo tempore1 quo corpus addictum atque op]atum rei publicae esset1 tum quod ultro sibi oblatum esset1 non a tribunis plebis agitatum1 non suis s]monibus efflagitatum1 #ae id efficiebat multiplex gaudium cumulatioremque gratiam rei4 4 4 4 ,et lege p]lata de indic5do ,vei5tibus bello ex]citum magna ex p>te volunt>ium novi tribuni militum consul>i pote/ate ,veios dux]e4 #bj ,,livy1 iv4 #ei1 #fj4 ,l95otes3 #a4 tempe/ivo seasonable 7timely71 9 view ( ! com+ /ruggle ) ,veii1 & ! necessity = w9t] campaigns4 #b4 mun]e4 ,livy tells u 7cap4 #fj7 t ! ,s5ate did n provide ! pay z a pres5t1 b simply paid punctually _! prop] %>e ( ! w>-tax 7tributum7 9 accordance ) _! assessm5t 7cum s5atus summa fide ex c5su contulisset74 #d4 de publico out ( ! ,public ,treasury4 #i4 fat5tibus :ile m5 admitt$4 --,r4 #aa-ab4 ,cum 444 acquiesc]e ,:ile ! com=table ?\ght 7commoditas lit4 advantage7 pleas$ !m 7namely7 t _! private prop]ty at lea/ 0 undi/urb$-- i4e4 t !y paid no w>-tax :ile !y 7 9 ! field4 --,rawl9s4 #ab-ac4 quo corpus 444 esset :5 !y 7 impress$ 7devot$ to7 & actively employ$ 9 ! public s]vice4 --,s4 addictus1 prop]ly ( an insolv5t debtor made ov] to 8 cr$itor a bondman4 #af-ag4 id 444 gratiam rei 9 apposition to quod 444 efflagitatum4 #ai4 tribuni 444 pote/ate4 ,milit>y tribunes ) consul> p[] in/ead ( ,consuls 7 elect$ occasionally f #ddd to #cfg ,b4,c4 #bj4 ,veios4 ,! capture ( ,veii by ,camillus 7#cif ,b4,c471 9 consequ5ce ( ! introduction ( milit>y pay1 0 enorm\sly important to ,rome4 ,ref]5ce4 ,ihne1 ,hi/4 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdc-d4 ,d#bj ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,veii1 #dje-cif ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ,lam5t ov] ,veii4 ,heu1 ,veii vet]es1 et vos tum regna fui/is1 ,et ve/ro posita e/ aurea sella =o3 ,nunc intra muros pa/oris buc9a l5ti ,cantat1 et 9 ve/ris ossibus arva metunt4 #cj ,,prop]tius1 ,,iv4 7,v47 x4 #bg-cj4 ,l95otes3 #bg4 ,veii 7,isola ,f>nese7 on ,r4 ,crem]a1 ab\t #ab miles ,n4,w4 ( ,rome4 #bh4 aurea sella1 i4e4 ! (ficial seat ( ! ,k+4 ,cf4 ! ,sella ,curulis at ,rome1 introduc$ f ,etruria4 #bi4 buc9a horn4 #cj4 et 444 metunt & reap]s ga!r ! h>ve/s f fields 7metunt arva7 enri*$ by ! bones ( y\r buri$ h]oes 79 ossibus ve/ris74 ,b4 ,! ,rise ( ! ,alban ,lake4 ,quid1 quod 9 annalibus habemus1 ,vei5ti #e bello1 cum lacus ,albanus praet] modum crevisset1 ,vei5tem quemdam ad nos hom9em nobilem pr(ugisse1 eumque dixisse1 ex fatis1 quae ,vei5tes scripta hab]5t1 ,veios capi non posse1 dum lacus is r$und>et3 et1 si lacus emissus lapsu et cursu suo ad #aj m>e pr(luxisset1 p]niciosum populo ,romano3 s9 autem ita esset eductus1 ut ad m>e p]v5ire non posset1 tum salut>e no/ris =e8 ,ex quo illa admirabilis a maioribus ,albanae aquae facta d$uctio e/4 ,cum autem ,vei5tes bello fessi legatos ad #ae s5atum misiss5t1 tum ex 8 quidam dixisse dicitur1 non omnia illum transfugam ausum esse s5atu dic]e3 9 iisdem enim fatis scriptum ,vei5tes hab]e1 ',=e ut brevi a ,gallis ,roma cap]etur3' quod quidem sex5nio po/ ,veios captos esse factum #bj videmus4 ,,cic]o1 de ,div9atione1 ,i4 xliv4 #ajj4 ,l95otes3 #e4 9 annalibus1 e4g4 9 ,livy1 v4 #ae4 #f4 crevisset1 p]h4 p>tly due to ! excessive sn[s ( ! prec$+ w9t]1 #cig ,b4,c4 #g4 pr(ugisse4 ,livy says he 0 trea*]\sly made prison]4 #h-i4 ex fatis 444 hab]5t1 i4e4 ! ,etruscan ,libri fatales1 ,books ( fate1 cf4 ! ,libri ,sibyll9i ! ,roman ,books ( fate4 #aj4 lapsu et cursu suo 9 its natural c\rse & /ream4 #ad4 d$uctio dra9+ 7lit4 a lead+ (f74 ,! tunnel !n cut /ill c>ries (f ! sup]flu\s wat]s ( ! lake4 #bj4 sex5nio po/ six ye>s aft]1 i4e4 #cij ,b4,c4 ,= ! #aj ye>s' siege ( ,veii1 cf4 ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,ref]5ce4 ,plut>*1 ,camillus1 iii4-v4 ,livy1 v4 #ae4 ,d#ba ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,veii1 #dje-cif ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,! ,conque/ ( ,veii4 ,vei5tes ign>i se iam a suis vatibus1 iam ab ext]nis oraculis proditos1 iam 9 p>tem pra$ae suae vocatos deos1 alios votis ex urbe sua evocatos ho/ium templa novasque s$es spect>e1 seque ultimum illum diem ag]e1 nihil m9us tim5tes #e quam subrutis cuniculo mo5ibus arcem iam pl5am ho/ium esse1 9 muros pro se quisque armati discurrunt mirantes1 quidnam id esset1 quod1 cum tot p] dies nemo se ab /ationibus ,romanus movisset1 tum velut rep5t9o icti furore improvidi curr]5t ad #aj muros4 4 4 4 ,cuniculus delectis militibus eo tempore pl5us 9 a$em ,iunonis1 quae 9 ,vei5tana arce erat1 armatos rep5te edidit1 et p>s av]sos 9 muris invadunt ho/es1 p>s clau/ra port>um revellunt1 p>s1 cum ex tectis saxa tegulaeque a muli]ibus ac #ae s]vitiis iac]5tur1 inf]unt ignes4 ,clamor omnia v>iis t]r5tium ac pav5tium vocibus mixto muli]um ac pu]orum ploratu complet4 ,mom5to temporis deiectis ex muro undique armatis patefactisque portis cum alii agm9e irru]5t1 alii #bj des]tos sc&]5t muros1 urbs ho/ibus impletur2 omnibus locis pugnatur2 de9de multa iam edita ca$e s5escit pugna1 et dictator praecones edic]e iubet1 ut ab in]mi ab/9eatur4 ,,livy1 ,v4 #ba4 ,l95otes3 #a4 a suis vatibus1 i4e4 by ! captur$ ,etruscan soo?say] 7h>uspex74 #a-b4 ab ext]nis oraculis1 i4e4 by ! ,delphic ,oracle4 #b-c4 iam 9 p>tem 444 7alios7 deos4 ,camillus _h v[$ to give to ,apollo ! t5? "p ( ! spoils ( ,veii4 #c-d4 alios 444 spect>e1 i4e4 ,juno4 ',x 0 a ,roman practice to invite ! patron deity ( a place or c\ntry to leave x1 & to promise a m hon\rable wor%ip at ,rome4' --,:ibley4 #e-f4 subrutis cunculo und]m9$4 ,camillus _h a tunnel 7cuniculum--rabbit-burr[1 cf4 cony7 cut f ! ,roman camp "u ! wall to ! ,temple ( ,juno on ! citadel ( ,veii4 #g4 discurrunt run e man to 8 po/1 cf4 ad arma discurritur4 #ae4 tgulae tiles1 ro(-tiles 7t7eg74 #bc4 s5escit abates1 lit4 gr[s old1 becomes exhau/$4 ,results ( ! ,w>4 ',by ! ,conque/ ( ,veii1 ,rome's t]ritory1 weal?1 & population 7 l>gely increas$4 ,rome 0 n[ em]g+ f ! position ( a f$]al capital ( ! ,lat9s to become ! mi/ress ( a l>ge c\ntry1 :5 %e 0 sudd5ly & unexpect$ly ov]tak5 by a disa/] 7! ,invasion ( ! ,gauls7 :i* ?reat5$ n only h] gr[? b h] life4' --,ihne4 ,d#bb ,,! ,,invasion ,,( ,,! ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,! ,battle ( ! ,allia4 ,ibi tribuni militum non loco ca/ris ante capto1 non praemunito vallo1 quo receptus esset1 non deorum saltem1 si non hom9um1 memores1 nec auspicato nec litato in/ruunt aciem diductam 9 cornua1 ne circumv5iri multitud9e ho/ium poss5t2 #e nec tam5 aequ>i frontes pot]ant1 cum ext5u&o infirmam et vix coha]5tem m$iam aciem hab]5t4 ,paulum erat ab dext]a editi loci1 quem subsidi>iis repl]i placuit2 eaque res ut initium pavoris ac fugae1 sic una salus fugi5tibus fuit4 ,nam ,br5nus1 regulus #aj ,gallorum1 9 paucitate ho/ium artem maxime tim5s1 ratus ad id captum sup]iorem locum1 ut1 ubi ,galli cum acie legionum recta fronte concurriss5t1 subsidia 9 av]sos transv]sosque impetum d>5t1 ad subsidi>ios signa conv]tit1 si eos loco depulisset1 #ae haud dubius facilem 9 aequo campi tantum sup]anti multitud9e victoriam =e2 adeo non =tuna modo s$ ratio etiam cum b>b>is /abat4 ,9 alt]a acie nihil simile ,romanis1 non apud duces1 non apud milites erat4 ,pavor fugaque occupav]at animos et #bj tanta omnium oblivio1 ut multo maior p>s ,veios1 9 ho/ium urbem1 cum ,tib]is arc]et1 quam recto it9]e ,romam ad coniuges ac lib]os fug]5t4 ,,livy1 ,v4 #ch4 ,l95otes3 #d4 nec litato )\t obta9+ fav\rable om5s 7 kalli]e974 #d-e4 diductam 9 cornua ext5d$ 7drawn out7 t[>ds ! w+s4 #f-g4 cum 444 hab]5t ?\gh !y made1 concessive subjunctive4 #h4 ,paulum 444 editi loci lit4 a little piece ( ris+ gr\nd4 #aj4 ,br5nus lit4 ,k+ ( ! army4 ,cf4 ! ,saxon ,h]etoga4 #ac4 recta fronte front to front4 --,:ibley4 #ad4 9 av]sos transv]sosque on _! re> & flank4 #af-ag4 sup]anti multitud9e i4 7! victory7 w\ld be 7easy7 to him sup]ior 7sup]anti7 9 po9t ( numb]s1 or ii4 abl1 ( cause--z he 0 s mu* sup]ior 9 numb]s4 #ba-bb4 ,veios1 9 ho/ium urbem4 ,an exagg]ation z ,veii 0 9 ru9s4 #bb4 cum ,t4 arc]et ?\gh ! ,tib] /ood 9 _! way4 ,! ,invasion ( ! ,gauls4 ',! mo/ advanc$ tribe ( ! ,gauls 7 ! ,s5ones :o _h settl$ on ! ,adriatic to ! ,e4 ( ,c5tral ,etruria4 ,:ile ! ,romans r$uc$ ,s4 ,etruria to a /ate ( subjection1 ^! ,gauls sudd5ly cross$ ! ,ap5n9es1 ?reat5$ ,clusium1 & !n m>*$ on ,rome4 ,?us = ! fir/ "t ! ,gallic race 0 br\ght to ! k ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,! two armies met on ,july #ah at ! small ,r4 ,allia1 only #ae miles f ,rome4' --,ihne4 ,d#bc ,,! ,,invasion ,,( ,,! ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ,! ,battle ( ! ,allia 7cont47 ,p>ump] subsidi>ios tutatus e/ locus2 9 reliqua acie simul e/ clamor proximis ab lat]e1 ultimis ab t]go auditus1 ignotum ho/em prius pa5e quam vid]5t1 non modo non temptato c]tam9e s$ ne clamore quidem r$dito integri intactique #e fug]unt2 nec ulla ca$es pugnantium fuit2 t]ga caesa suomet ipsorum c]tam9e 9 turba imp$i5tium fugam4 ,circa ripam ,tib]is1 quo armis abiectis totum s9i/rum cornu refugit1 magna /rages facta e/1 multosque imp]itos n&i aut invalidos1 #aj graves loricis aliisque tegm9ibus1 haus]e gurgites4 ,maxima tam5 p>s incolumis ,veios p]fugit1 unde non modo praesidii quicquam1 s$ ne nuntius quidem cladis ,romam e/ missus4 ,ab dextro cornu1 quod procul a flum9e et magis sub monte /et]at1 #ae ,romam omnes peti]e et ne clausis quidem portis urbis 9 arcem confug]unt4 ,,livy1 v4 #ch4 ,l95otes3 #b-c4 simul 7 simul ac7 444 auditus z soon z ! %\t 0 he>d1 by ^? ne>e/ on ! flank1 by ! mo/ di/ant 9 ! re>4 ',proximi d5otes ! ,romans on ! "r w+1 :o 7 ! fir/ to be attack$2 ! ,gauls aft] r\t+ !m press$ on to ! re> ( ! ,romans & attack$ ! c5tre & left w+ 7ultimi7 f beh9d4' --,:ibley4 #g-h4 suomet 444 fugam z !y h9d]$ _! own flight by _! /ruggl+ ) "o ano!r 9 ! cru%4 #aa4 graves weigh$ d[n )1 equival5t to a pass4 p>tic4 haus]e gurgites ! curr5ts suck$ d[n4 --,w #ae4 sub monte1 i4e4 ! ,colles ,cru/um9i1 :i* run p>allel to ! ,s\? bank ( ! ,tib]4 ,b4 ,july #ah?1 a ,dies ,nefa/us4 ,ph>salia tanti ,causa mali4 ,c$ant f]alia nom9a ,cannae1 ,et damnata diu ,romanis ,allia fa/is4 ,,lucan1 ,ph>s4 vii4 #djg-i4 ,l95otes3 #djg4 ,ph>salia1 ,battle (1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,caes> signally defeat$ ,pompey4 #djh4 f]alia fatal 7 fune/a74 #dji4 fa/is1 i4e4 ,fa/i consul>es1 ! regi/]s ( ! high] magi/rates4 ,cf4 ! ,saxon ,*ronicle4 ,! ,battle4 ',! defeat ( ! ,allia 0 nev] =gott5 by ! ,romans4 ,! panic 7due to ! /range appe>ance ( ! b>b>ians & _! unwont$ me?od ( fight+7 :i* alone _h caus$ ! defeat1 /ruck s deep into _! m9ds t = c5turies aft]w>ds ! "n & ! sight ( ,gauls inspir$ !m ) t]ror4' --,ihne4 ,d#bd ,,! ,,invasion ,,( ,,! ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,roman ,dignity & ,c\rage4 ,romae int]im satis iam omnibus ut 9 tali re ad tu5dam arcem compositis turba s5iorum domos regressi adv5tum ho/ium ob/9ato ad mortem animo exspectabant4 ,qui eorum curules gess]ant magi/ratus1 ut 9 =tunae pri/9ae honorumque ac #e virtutis insignibus mor]5tur1 quae augu/issima ve/is e/ t5sas duc5tibus triumphantibusve1 ea ve/iti m$io a$ium eburneis sellis s$]e4 ,galli autem +ressi po/]o die urbem pat5te ,coll9a porta 9 =um p]v5iunt2 ubi eos plebis a$ificiis #aj obs]atis1 pat5tibus atriis pr9cipum1 maior prope cunctatio t5ebat ap]ta quam clausa invad5di2 adeo haud secus quam v5]abundi intuebantur 9 a$ium ve/ibulis s$5tes viros1 praet] ornatum habitumque humano augu/iorem maie/ate etiam1 #ae quam vultus gravitasque oris prae se f]ebat1 simillimos dis4 ,ad eos velut ad simulacra v]si cum />5t1 ,m4 ,papirius1 unus ex eis1 dicitur ,gallo b>bam suam1 ut tum omnibus promissa erat1 p]mulc5ti scipione eburneo 9 caput incusso iram #bj movisse1 atque ab eo initium ca$is ortum1 cet]os 9 s$ibus suis trucidatos2 po/ pr9cipum ca$em nulli de9de mortalium p>ci1 diripi tecta1 exhau/is inici ignes4 ,,livy1 v4 #da 7sel47 ,l95otes3 #a4 ut 9 tali re consid]+ ! circum/ances4 #c4 ob/9ato ad firmly resolv$ on444 --,rawl9s4 #d-e4 curules magi/ratus curule magi/racies1 i4e4 ( ,dictator1 ,c5sor1 ,consul1 ,praetor1 ,curule ,a$ile1 :o possess$ ! "r ( us+ sellae curules 7! ivory *airs ( ,/ate71 orig9ally an emblem ( k+ly p[]4 #e-f4 9 =tunae 444 insignibus 9 ! emblems ( _! old rank 7=tunae7 & (fice 7honorum7 & pr[ess 7virtutis i4e4 prizes = val\r2 e4g4 phal]ae bosses1 coronae cr[ns74 #g4 t5sas /ate c>s 9 :i* ! /atues ( ! gods 7 drawn 9 solemn procession to ! ,circ5sian games4 #aa4 obs]atis %ut up1 lit4 b>r$1 ob s]a1 cf4 s7ero jo94 #ad4 ve/ibulis entrance-c\rts1 only f\nd 9 l>ge h\ses4 #ad-ae4 praet] ornatum habitumque n only 9 _! g>b & be>+4 --,:ibley4 #ai4 ut tum 444 erat worn long 7promissa7 z 0 !n ! cu/om ) all1 or worn long 9 accordance ) ! fa%ion ( ! "t4 --,r4 #bj4 scipione eburneo ! ivory /aff1 "o ( ! insignia ( ! triumphator4 #bc4 exhau/is 7sc4 a$ibus7 :5 completely pillag$4 ,ref]5ce4 ,plut>*1 ,camillus1 xxi4 xxii4 ,d#be ,,! ,,invasion ,,( ,,! ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#d7 ,a4 ,manlius ,capitol9us & ! ,sacr$ ,geese4 ,9 summo cu/os ,t>peiae ,manlius arcis ,/abat pro templo et ,capitolia celsa t5ebat1 ,romuleoque rec5s horrebat regia culmo4 ,atque 8 auratis volitans arg5teus ans] #fee ,porticibus ,gallos 9 lim9e adesse canebat2 ,galli p] dumos ad]ant1 arcemque t5ebant1 ,def5si t5ebris et dono noctis opacae2 ,aurea caes>ies ollis1 atque aurea ve/is2 ,virgatis luc5t sagulis2 tum lactea colla #ffj ,auro innectuntur2 duo quisque ,alp9a coruscant ,gaesa manu1 scutis protecti corpora longis4 ,,v]gil1 ,a54 viii4 #feb-ffb4 ,context4 ,v5us br+s ,a5eas 8 new arm\r3 he gazes at ! %ield :]eon 7 wr\ght sc5es ( ! /ory ( ,rome to be4 ,l95otes3 #feb4 9 summo 7sc4 clipeo71 on ! top ( ! %ield1 z held 9 position4 #fed4 ,romuleoque 444 culmo lit4 & ! palace 0 /iff fre%ly cov]$ 7rec5s7 ) ! ?at* ( ,romulus4 #fee-fef4 auratis 444 porticibus ! gild$ colonnades ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us ( ,v]gil's day1 re/or$ #fi ,b4,c4 #ffj4 virgatis sagulis ) /rip$ cloaks--virgatus ) b&s or b>s l %oots 7virgae7--an effect produc$ by inlay+4 ,c4 #ffa-ffb4 ,alp9a gaesa ,alp9e 7i4e4 native7 javel9s4 ,b4 ,! ,fate ( ,manlius1 #chd ,b4,c4 ,m4 ,manlius1 unde ,gallos depul]at1 inde ipse praecipitatus e/1 quia =tit] def5sam lib]tatem nef>ie opprim]e conatus fu]at4 ,cuius iu/ae ultionis nimirum haec praefatio fuit3 ',manlius eras #ae mihi1 cum praecipites agebas ,s5ones2 po/quam imit>i coepi/i1 unus factus es ex ,s5onibus4' ,huius supplicio aet]nae memoriae nota ins]ta e/3 propt] illum enim lege sanciri placuit ne quis patricius 9 arce aut ,capitolio habit>et1 quia domum eo loco #bj habu]at1 ubi nunc a$em ,monetae videmus4 ,,val]ius ,,maximus1 vi4 ,de ,sev]itate4 ,l95otes3 #ac-ad4 quia 444 fu]at4 ,manlius 9 reality fell a victim to 8 sympa?ies ) ! ,plebeians4 ,cf4 ! fate ( ,sp4 ,cassius #dhe ,b4,c4 #ah4 nota a m>k 7br&7 ( infamy4 #bj-ba4 quia 444 habu]at4 ,8 h\se on ! ,capitol 0 raz$ to ! gr\nd4 #ba4 a$em ,monetae1 a surname ( ,juno1 9 ^: temple on ! ,arx money 0 co9$4 ,cf4 our ,m9t4 ',?us end$ ! life ( ,manlius1 ! deliv]] ( ,rome1 ! humane fri5d ( an oppress$ p1 condemn$ by ?is v p to die ! dea? ( a traitor4' --,ihne4 ,d#bf ,,! ,,invasion ,,( ,,rome ,,by ,,! ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#e7 ,camillus1 ,p>5s ,patriae4 ,s$ diique et hom9es prohibu]e r$emptos viv]e ,romanos4 ,nam =te quadam1 priusquam inf&a m]ces p]fic]etur1 p] alt]cationem nondum omni auro app5so dictator int]v5it auf]rique aurum de m$io et ,gallos submov]i iubet4 ,cum #e illi r5it5tes pactos dic]5t sese1 negat eam pactionem ratam esse1 quae1 po/quam ipse dictator creatus esset1 iniussu suo ab inf]ioris iuris magi/ratu facta esset1 d5untiatque ,gallis1 ut se ad proelium exp$iant 444 ,in/ruit de9de aciem1 ut #aj loci natura patiebatur1 9 semirutae solo urbis et natura inaequali1 et omnia1 quae arte belli secunda suis eligi praep>>ive pot]ant1 providit4 ,galli nova re trepidi arma capiunt1 iraque magis quam consilio 9 ,romanos incurrunt4 ,primo concursu haud #ae maiore mom5to fusi ,galli sunt1 quam ad ,alliam vic]ant4 ,iu/iore alt]o de9de proelio ad octavum lapidem ,gab9a via1 quo se ex fuga contul]ant1 eiusdem ductu auspicioque ,camilli v9cuntur4 ,ibi ca$es omnia obt9uit2 ca/ra capiuntur1 et ne #bj nuntius quidem cladis relictus4 ,dictator recup]ata ex ho/ibus patria triumphans 9 urbem r$it1 int]que iocos milit>es1 quos inconditos iaciunt1 ,romulus ac p>5s patriae conditorque alt] urbis haud vanis laudibus appellabatur4 #be ,,livy1 v4 #di 7sel47 ,context4 ,! ,romans on ! ,capitol1 despair+ ( outside help1 agre$ ) ,br5nus t ,rome %\ld be r$eem$ by a ransom ( #ajjj p\nds ( gold4 ,nondum omnni auro app5so1 ,camillus appe>$ at ! head ( 8 troops4 ,l95otes3 #c4 p] alt]cationem ow+ to ! dispute4 ,:5 ! ,consul> ,tribune ,sulpicius compla9$ t ! ,gauls us$ unju/ weights1 ,br5nus 9 d]ision ?rew 8 sword into ! scale & said ,vae victis6 #ac-ad4 nova re at ! *ange 9 _! =tunes4 --,:ibley4 #ae-af4 haud maiore mom5to ) no great] difficulty 7ef=t74 #ag4 ,iu/iore alt]o proelio 9 a second & m regul> engagem5t4 -- ,w4 #bc4 incondtos r\gh1 unpoli%$4 ',! ,gaul %all come aga9/ !e ,f ! l& ( sn[ & night3 ,?\ %alt give 8 fair-hair$ armies ,to ! rav5 & ! kite4' --,macaulay4 ,d#bg ,,! ,,invasion ,,( ,,! ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#f7 ,a4 ,! ,migration to ,veii ab&on$4 ,movisse eos ,camillus cum alia oratione tum ea1 quae ad religiones p]t9ebat1 maxime dicitur2 s$ rem dubiam decrevit vox opportune missa1 quod1 cum s5atus po/ paulo de 8 rebus 9 curia ,ho/ilia hab]etur1 cohortesque ex praesidiis rev]t5tes =te #e agm9e =um transir5t1 c5turio 9 comitio exclamavit3 ',signif]1 /atue signum2 hic manebimus optime4' ,qua voce audita et s5atus accip]e se om5 ex curia egressus conclamavit1 et plebs circumfusa approbavit4 ,antiquata de9de lege promiscue #aj urbs a$ific>i coepta4 ,,livy1 v4 #ee4 ,l95otes3 #a4 cum alia tum especially ea ea p>te orationis4 #c4 vox opportune missa a phrase seasonably let fall4 #aj4 ,antiquata de9de lege 7 rogatione7 ! propos$ law 0 !n reject$1 antiqu>e to leave 9 its =m] /ate4 ,b4 ,juno =bids ! ,rebuild+ ( ,troy4 ',s$ bellicosis fata ,quiritibus ,hac lege dico1 ne nimium pii ,rebusque fid5tes avitae ,tecta vel9t rep>>e ,troiae4 #fj ',troiae r5asc5s alite lugubri ,=tuna tri/i clade it]abitur1 ,duc5te victrices cat]vas ,coniuge me ,iovis et sorore4' #fd ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,,iii4 iii4 #eg-fd4 ,l95otes3 #eh4 hac lege on ?is condition1 i4e4 t ,rome %\ld always be ! capital4 nimium pii too dutiful to _! "m-city ,troy4 #eh-fj4 ne 444 rep>>e ,troiae4 ,!re 0 a rum\r1 ev5 9 ,caes>'s "t 7v4 ,suet4 ,iul4 ,caes4 #gi7 t he meant to migrate to ,alex&ria or ,ilium4 ,horace1 prob4 ) ! sanction ( ,augu/us1 sets himself to disc\rage x4 ,cf4 ! ,spee* ( ,camillus1 ,livy1 v4 #ea-ed4 #fa-fb4 ,troiae 444 it]abitur ! =tunes ( ,troy1 if ) evil om5 x is call$ to life aga9 7r5asc5s71 %all be repeat$ 9 an ov]?r[ z sad z be=e4 --,wickham4 ',! ,burn+ ( ,rome by ! ,gauls involv$ ! de/ruction ( all ! exi/+ records1 & great loss ( prop]ty4 ,yet 9 spite ( all ! damage done1 ! ,romans set to "w to e/abli% ! /ate anew1 to rebuild ! ,city1 & to reass]t _! comm&+ position among _! allies & neighb\rs4' --,ihne4 ,! ,spee* ( ,camillus4 ,its object 0 to %[ ! gr[? ( ,rome "u ! guidance ( ,provid5ce4 ,cf4 ! purpose ( ! ,a5eid4 ,d#bh ,,! ,,lic9ian ,,laws1 #cgf-cff ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,fir/ ,plebeian ,consul1 #cff ,b4,c4 ,occasio videbatur r]um nov&>um propt] +5tem vim a]is ali5i1 cuius levam5 mali plebes nisi suis 9 summo imp]io locatis1 nullum sp]>et3 acc+5dum ad eam cogitationem esse2 con&o ag5doque iam eo gradum fecisse plebeios1 unde1 #e si porro annitantur1 p]v5ire ad summa et patribus aequ>i tam honore quam virtute poss5t4 ,9 praes5tia tribunes plebis fi]i placuit1 quo 9 magi/ratu sibimet ipsi viam ad cet]os honores ap]ir5t4 ,creatique tribuni ,c4 ,lic9ius et ,l4 ,sextius promulgav]e #aj leges omnes adv]sus opes patriciorum et pro commodis plebis1 unam de a]e ali5o1 ut d$ucto eo de capite1 quod usuris p]num]atum esset1 id1 quod sup]esset1 tri5nio aequis p5sionibus p]solv]etur2 alt]am de modo agrorum1 ne quis plus qu+5ta #ae iug]a agri possid]et2 t]tiam1 ne tribunorum militum comitia fi]5t1 consulumque utique alt] ex plebe cre>etur2 cuncta +5tia et quae s9e c]tam9e maximo obt9]i non poss5t4 4 4 4 ,ita ab diut9a ira t&em 9 concordiam r$acti sunt ord9es4 #bj ,,livy1 vi4 #ce4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,occasio4 ,?is1 s ,livy tells u1 0 ! jeal\sy betwe5 ! ,fabian si/]s1 ! "o m>ri$ to ! patrician ,sulpicius1 ! o!r to ! plebeian ,lic9ius ,/olo4 #a-b4 propt] 444 ali5i4 ,! old ,roman law ( debt 0 v h>% & sev]e4 #c4 9 summo imp]io1 i4e4 ! ,consulate4 #d4 acc+5dum 444 esse !y mu/ brace !mselves to ! execution ( t idea4 --,r4 acc+5dum1 reflexive "h4 #e4 iam eo1 i4e4 to ! (fice ( ,consul> ,tribune1 creat$ #ddd ,b4,c4 #f4 si porro annitantur if !y n[ make a fur!r ef=t4 ,?is use ( ,pres4 ,subj4 9 ,or4 ,obl4 frequ5t 9 ,livy4 #g4 tam honore quam virtute 9 (ficial rank z 7!y 7 already7 9 m]it4 --,rawl9s4 #ab-ad4 ut d$ucto 444 p]solv]etur 'aft] d$uct+ f ! am\nt ( ! loan 7capite pr9cipal7 :at _h be5 paid 9 int]e/1 ! balance %\ld be paid 9 ?ree equal in/alm5ts4' --,clu] & ,ma!son4 #ae4 de modo agrorum relat+ to ! limitation ( l&-hold+4 #af-ag4 tribunorum militum 7sc4 cum consul>i pote/ate7 creat$ #ddd ,b4,c41 b no plebeian obta9$ t hon\r till #djj ,b4,c41 & only two aft] t date4 #ag4 utique "o at any rate4 ,result4 ',! pr9ciple 0 e/abli%$ t ,patricians & ,plebeians 7 bo? citiz5s ( ! ,/ate1 & equally eligible to ! hon\rs & dignities ( ! ,republic4' --,ihne4 ,d#bi ,,! ,,lic9ian ,,laws1 #cgf-cff ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,floralia1 #bch ,b4,c4 ',dic1 dea1' respondi1 'ludorum quae sit origo4' ,vix b5e desi]am2 rettulit illa mihi3 ',cet]a luxuriae nondum in/rum5ta vigebant3 ,aut pecus1 aut latam dives habebat humum2 #d ,h9c etiam locuples1 h9c ipsa pecunia dicta e/4 ,s$ iam de vetito quisque p>abat opes4 ,v5]at 9 morem populi depasc]e saltus2 ,idque diu licuit1 po5aque nulla fuit4 #h ,v9dice s]vabat nullo sua publica vulgus2 ,iamque 9 privato pasc]e in]tis erat4 ,plebis ad a$iles p]ducta lic5tia talis ,publicios3 animus defuit ante viris4 #ab ,rem populus recipit3 multam subi]e noc5tes3 ,v9dicibus laudi publica cura fuit4 ,multa data e/ ex p>te mihi1 magnoque favore ,victores ludos in/itu]e novos4 #af ,p>te locant ,clivum1 qui tunc erat ardua rupes3 ,utile nunc it] e/4 ,publiciumque vocant4' ,,ovid1 ,fa/i1 v4 #bcg-bed1 ,h4 ,v4 #bgg-bid ,l95otes3 #b4 illa1 i4e4 ,flora1 ! ,roman goddess ( ,fl[]s & ,spr+4 #c4 luxuriae in/rum5ta appliance ( luxury4 #e4 locuples 7locus pl5us7 ri* 9 l&s4 pecunia f pecus1 cattle be+ 9 old5 "t ! *ief =m ( weal? & ! *ief m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,= pecus1 cf4 fee1 fief1 feudal4 #g4 ,v5]at 444 saltus x _h gr[n into a cu/om to fe$ 7cattle7 on ! public =e/-pa/ures4 7,cf4 ! ag] publicus47 --,h4 #i4 sua publica _! common prop]ty1 i4e4 _! int]e/ 9 ! public l&4 vulgus "h ! commons1 n ! plebs z oppos$ to ! populus4 #aj4 in]tis erat x 0 ! m>k ( a man want+ 9 _s4 #ab4 ,publicios4 ,l4 & ,m4 ,publicius ,malleolus1#ba plebeian a$iles1 ,b4,c4 #bda4 animus 444 viris1 i4e4 in=mation _h be=e be5 giv5 b no a$ile d>$ to act ^u x4 #ac4 recipit takes up ! *>ge at ! ,comitia4 multam a f9e4 ,cf4 to mulct to f9e4 #ad4 publica cura _! public _s4 --,h4 #ae4 multa 444 mihi1 i4e4 a new ,temple 0 built to ,flora ne> ! ,circus ,maximus4 ludos novos ! ,floralia4 #af4 ,p>te locant 7sc4 muni5dum7 ,clivum ) ! 7o!r7 "p !y contract = 7! mak+ (7 ! ,clivus1 a slop+ road1 call$ ! ,clivus ,publicius1 :i* l$ up to ! ,av5t9e4 ,footnote #ba3 ,= ,malleolus1 cf4 ,*>les ,m>tel ( ,france1 ',! ,hamm]' circ4 #fhi-gda ,a4,d4 ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,italy1 #cff-bff ,b4,c4 ,d#cj ,,second ,,invasion ,,( ,,! ,,gauls1 #cfa ,b4,c4 ,manlius & 8 son ,torquatus4 ,l4 ,manlio1 cum dictator fuisset1 ,m4 ,pomponius tribunus plebis diem dixit1 quod is paucos sibi dies ad dictaturam g]5dam addidisset2 crim9abatur etiam1 quod ,titum filium1 qui po/ea e/ ,torquatus appellatus1 ab hom9ibus relegasset et ruri habit>e #e iussisset4 ,quod cum audivisset adulesc5s filius negotium exhib]i patri1 accurrisse ,romam et cum prima luce ,pomponii domum v5isse dicitur4 ,cui cum esset nuntiatum1 qui illum iratum allaturum ad se aliquid contra patrem arbitr>etur1 surrexit e #aj lectulo remotisque arbitris ad se adulesc5tem iussit v5ire4 ,at ille1 ut +ressus e/1 confe/im gladium de/r9xit iuravitque se illum /atim int]fecturum1 nisi ius iur&um sibi d$isset se patrem missum esse facturum4 ,iuravit hoc t]rore coactus ,pomponius2 #ae rem ad populum detulit1 docuit cur sibi causa desi/]e necesse esset1 ,manlium missum fecit4 ,tantum temporibus illis ius iur&um valebat4 ,atque hic ,t4 ,manlius is e/1 qui ad ,ani5em ,galli1 quem ab eo provocatus occid]at1 torque detracto cognom5 #bj inv5it1 cuius t]tio consulatu ,lat9i ad ,ves]im fusi et fugati4 ,,cic]o1 de ,(ficiis1 iii4 #aab4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,l4 ,manlio1 i4e4 ,l4 ,manlius ,capitol9us ,imp]iosus1 appo9t$ ,dictator #cfc ,b4,c4 'to drive 9 a nail 7clavi fig5di causa7 on ! "r side ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit]1 to m>k ! numb] ( ! ye>1 because writt5 docum5ts 7 r>e 9 ^? times4' #b4 diem dixit nam$ a day 7= 8 trial be=e ! ,comitia74 #d-f4 quod ,titum filium 444 iussisset4 ,livy1 vii4 #d1 says ',& = :at (f5ce8 ,because he 0 a little sl[ ( spee* & n ready ) 8 tongue4' #d4 ,torquatus1 ,dictator #cec & #cdi ,b4,c41 & ?ree times ,consul4 #f4 negotium exhib]i patri lit4 t tr\ble 0 be+ br\ght ^u 8 fa!r1 i4e4 t 8 fa!r 0 9 tr\ble4 #i-aj4 qui arbitr>etur inasmu* z he ?\ght4 ,adject4 causal clause4 --,hold54 #aa4 remotis arbitris :5 he _h put out ( ! room all witnesses4 --,h4 arbit]#bb 7ar ad bito eo7 spectator1 umpire4 #ad-ae4 missum facturum w\ld set at lib]ty4 #ai4 ad ,ani5em ,galli4 ,on ?is1 _! second invasion1 ! ,gauls advanc$ z f> z ! ,anio4 ,livy tells u t aft] ! dea? ( _! *ampion ! ,gauls fl$ "u cov] ( night4 #ba-bb4 cuius 444 fugati1 i4e4 ! great battle ( ,vesuvius f\ght #cdj ,b4,c4 by ! ,ves]is1 a ,r4 9 ,campania ne> ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 :i* e/abli%$ = ev] ! supremacy ( ,rome ov] ,latium4 ,footnote #bb3 ,cf4 arbit] pugnae1 bib5di1 ,horace4 ,p>allel ,passage4 ,livy1 vii4 #d1 #e1 #i1 #aj4 ,d#ca ,,fir/ ,,samnite ,,w>1 #cdc-cda ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,an ,important ,epo* 9 ,roman ,hi/ory4 ,maiora iam h9c bella et viribus ho/ium et long9quitate vel regionum vel temporum1 quibus bellatum e/1 dic5tur4 ,namque eo anno adv]sus ,samnites1 g5tem opibus armisque validam1 mota arma2 ,samnitium bellum ancipiti ,m>te ge/um #e ,pyrrhus ho/is1 ,pyrrhum ,po5i secuti4 ,quanta r]um moles6 quoties 9 extrema p]iculoram v5tum1 ut 9 hanc magnitud9em1 quae vix su/9etur1 erigi imp]ium posset6 ,belli autem causa cum ,samnitibus ,romanis1 cum societate amicitiaque iuncti ess5t1 #aj extr9secus v5it1 non orta int] ipsos e/4 ,samnites ,sidic9is iniu/a arma1 quia viribus plus pot]ant1 cum intuliss5t1 coacti inopes ad opul5tiorum auxilium confug]e ,campanis sese coniungunt4 ,campani magis nom5 ad praesidium sociorum quam #ae vires cum attuliss5t1 flu5tes luxu ab duratis usu armorum 9 ,sidic9o pulsi agro1 9 se de9de molem omnem belli v]t]unt4 ,namque ,samnites1 omissis ,sidic9is ipsam arcem f9itimorum ,campanos adorti1 unde aeque facilis victoria1 pra$ae atque gloriae #bj plus esset1 ,tifata1 imm95tes ,capuae colles1 cum praesidio firmo occupass5t1 desc5dunt inde quadrato agm9e 9 planitiem1 quae ,capuam ,tifataque int]iacet4 ,ibi rursus acie dimicatum2 adv]soque proelio ,campani intra mo5ia compulsi1 cum robore iuv5tutis #be suae acciso nulla prop9qua spes esset1 coacti sunt ab ,romanis pet]e auxilium4 ,,livy1 vii4 #bi4 ,l95otes3 #a4 iam h9c1 i4e4 #cdc-bff ,b4,c4 #b4 long9quitate 444 temporum ! di/ance ( ! !atre ( w> 7regionum7 & ! l5g? ( ! campaign 7temporum74--,rawl9s4 #f-g4 quanta r]um moles ,:at /up5d\s ex]tions6--,r4 #h4 9 hanc magnitud9em1 i4e4 9 ! reign ( ,augu/us4 #aj4 cum societate1 i4e4 f #ced ,b4,c4 #ab4 ,sidic9is1 a ,sabellian p ,n4,w4 ( ,campania1 on ! ,samnite bord]4 #af4 flu5tes 7luxu7 en]vat$ 7lit4 relax$7 by luxury4 #ba4 ,tifta 7neut4 ,plur471 a m\nta9 range ,n4,e4 ( ,capua4 #bb-bc4 quadrato agm9e 9 regul> ord] ( battle1 s t ! :ole army =m$ a p>allelogram4 ,! ,cause ( ! ,w>4 ',! int]f]5ce ( ,rome 0 a brea* ( ! ,treaty ) ! ,samnites4 ,livy admits ?is1 b ass]ts t ,capua _h =mally surr5d]$ to ,rome1 & z a subject /ate claim$ h] protection4 ,! /ory is confess$ly false1 = ,capua rema9$1 :at x _h always be51 an indep5d5t t[n4' --,r4 ,d#cb ,,fir/ ,,samnite ,,w>1 #cdc-cda ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,battle ( ,mt4 ,gaurus4 ,m4 ,val]ius ,corvus4 ,non alias militi famili>ior dux fuit1 omnia int] infimos militum haud gravate munia obeundo4 ,9 ludo praet]ea milit>i1 cum velocitatis viriumque int] se aequales c]tam9a ineunt1 comit] facilis2 v9c]e ac v9ci vultu eodem1 nec quemquam asp]n>i #e p>em1 qui se (f]ret2 factis b5ignus pro re1 dictis haud m9us lib]tatis ali5ae quam suae dignitatis memor1 et1 quo nihil popul>ius e/1 quibus artibus peti]at magi/ratus1 iisdem g]ebat4 ,itaque univ]sus ex]citus incr$ibili alacritate adhortationem #aj prosecutus ducis ca/ris egr$itur4 4 4 4 ,primus omnium consul invadit ho/em et1 cum quo =te contulit gradum1 obtruncat4 ,hoc spectaculo acc5si dextra laevaque ante se quisque memor&um proelium ciet2 /ant obnixi ,samnites1 quamquam #ae plura accipiunt quam inf]unt vuln]a4 ,aliquamdiu iam pugnatum erat1 atrox ca$es circa signa ,samnitium1 fuga ab nulladum p>te erat2 adeo morte sola v9ci de/9av]ant animis4 ,itaque ,romani1 cum et flu]e iam lassitud9e vires s5tir5t et diei #bj haud multum sup]esse1 acc5si ira concitant se 9 ho/em4 ,tum primum ref]ri p$em atque incl9>i rem 9 fugam app>uit2 tum capi1 occidi ,samnis2 nec sup]fuiss5t multi1 ni nox victoriam magis quam proelium diremisset4 #be ,,livy1 vii4 #cc4 ,l95otes3 #a4 famili>ior on bett] t]ms )4 --,clu] & ,ma!son4 #b4 haud gravate )\t reluctance 7ungrudg+ly74 ,comp>e ,sallu/'s description ( ,m>ius & ,sulla4 #d4 aequales competitors1 lit4 well-mat*$4 comit] facilis he 0 c\rte\sly good-natur$4 #f-g4 pro re to suit ! occasion4 #i4 artibus iisdem 9 ! same _s4 --,weiss5born4 #aa4 prosecutus welcom+1 lit4 att5d+4 #ab-ac4 cum 444 gradum ) :om he happ5$ to engage4 ,cf4 collato p$e fight+ foot to foot4 #ae4 /ant obnixi /& _! gr\nd firmly4 obnixus 7ob nitor1 /rive aga9/71 resolute4 #bc4 ,samnis1 nom4 s+4 capi1 occidi1 ,hi/oric ,inf9itives4 #be4 diremisset _h brok5 (f4 dirimo 7dis emo7 take ap>t4 ,! ,battle ( ,mt4 ,gaurus4 ,! battle 0 f\ght on ! volcanic range ( m\nta9s betwe5 ,cumae & ,neapolis4 ,! ,consul 9 comm&1 ,m4 ,val]ius1 obta9$ ! surname ( ,corvus 7,rav571 because :5 s]v+ z a milit>y ,tribune "u ,camillus 9 #cdi ,b4,c41 he defeat$ ! ,gallic *ampion by ! aid ( a rav54 ,see next page1 ,a4 l4 #d4 l9e #ff ,d#cc ,,! ,,lat9 ,,w>1 #cdj-cch ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,self-,sacrifice ( ,decius ,mus1 #cdj ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,rome's ,empire safe 9 ! keep+ ( ,augu/us4 ,curtius expletis /atuit monim5ta lacunis2 ,at ,decius misso proelia rupit equo2 #fd ,coclitis abscissos te/atur semita pontes3 ,e/ cui cognom5 corvus hab]e d$it4 ,haec di condid]unt1 haec di quoque mo5ia s]vant3 ,vix timeat1 salvo ,caes>e1 ,roma ,iovem4 #fh ,,prop]tius1 ,,iii4 7,,iv47 xi4 7x47 #fc-fh4 ,l95otes3 #fc4 ,curtius 444 lacunis1 9 allusion to ! spot call$ ,lacus ,curtius 7m>k$ by a circul> pavem5t7 9 ! ,=um :i* s]v$ z a memorial 7monim5ta7 ( 8 h]oic sacrifice4 ,livy1 vii4 #f4 lacuna 7cf4 lacus7 a hole1 pool1 *asm4 #fe4 semita 7s$ meo g aside7 a pa?1 road4 ,cocles1 app>5tly1 gave 8 "n to ! /reet runn+ up f ! bridge :i* he 'kept s well4' --,ramsay4 #ff4 cui1 i4e4 ,m4 ,val]ius ,corvus1 ! h]o ( ,mt4 ,gaurus4 ,see p4 #ia4 previ\s selection #fg-fh4 i4e4 ) ,caes> 7,augu/us7 safe1 ,rome has none to fe>1 nay1 sc>ce ,jove himself4 ,flatt]y c g no fur!r ?an ?is6 ,b4 ,! ,dream ( ! ,consuls on ! ,eve ( ,battle4 ,illud etiam somnium et magnae admirationis et cl>i exitus1 quod eadem nocte duo consules ,p4 ,decius ,mus et ,t4 ,manlius ,torquatus ,lat9o bello gravi ac p]iculoso non procul a ,vesuvi montis radicibus #aj positis ca/ris vid]unt4 ,utrique enim qua$am p] quietem species pra$ixit ex alt]a acie imp]atorem1 ex alt]a ex]citum dis ,manibus matrique ,t]rae deb]i2 utrius autem dux copias ho/ium sup]que eas sese ipsum devovisset1 victricem abituram4 ,id #ae luce proxima consulibus sacrificio vel expiaturis1 si posset av]ti1 vel1 si c]tum deorum etiam monitu visum =et1 exsecuturis1 ho/i>um exta somnio congru]unt1 conv5itque int] eos1 cuius cornu prius labor>e coepisset1 ut is capite suo fata patriae lu]et4 #bj ,quae neutro re=midante ,decium depoposc]unt4 ,,val]ius ,,maximus1 i4 ,de ,somniis4 ,l95otes3 #ac4 ,dis ,manibus ! deifi$ s\ls ( ! dead1 usually look$ ^u z b5efic5t spirits4 #ae4 victricem1 sc4 aciem4 #ag4 deorum etiam monitu by ! w>n+ ( ! gods also1 i4e4 by ! auspices z well z by ! dream4 #ai-bj4 cuius cornu 444 coepisset4 ,! left w+ l$ by ,decius 0 repuls$ by ! ,lat9s1 & ,decius accord+ly devot$ himself to dea?4 ,p>allel ,passage4 ,livy1 viii4 #f4 #i4 ,d#cd ,,! ,,lat9 ,,w>1 #cdj-cch ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,! ,battle ( ,mt4 ,vesuvius1 #cdj ,b4,c4 ,proc$5te de9de c]tam9e cum aliis p>tibus multitudo sup]>et ,lat9orum1 ,manlius consul audito ev5tu collegae paulisp] addubitavit1 an consurg5di iam tri>iis tempus esset2 de9de melius ratus integros eos ad ultimum discrim5 s]v>i1 #e ,acc5sos ab novissima acie ante signa proc$]e iubet4 ,qui ubi subi]e1 extemplo ,lat9i1 tamquam idem adv]s>ii feciss5t1 tri>ios suos excitav]unt2 qui aliquamdiu pugna atroci cum et semet ipsi fatigass5t et ha/as aut praefregiss5t aut hebetass5t1 #aj pell]5t vi tam5 ho/em1 debellatum iam rati p]v5tumque ad extremam aciem1 tum consul tri>iis ',consurgite nunc' inquit 'integri adv]sus fessos1 memores patriae p>5tumque et coniugum ac lib]orum1 memores consulis pro ve/ra victoria #ae morte occubantis4' ,ubi tri>ii consurrex]unt1 integri1 refulg5tibus armis1 nova ex improviso exorta acies1 receptis 9 int]valla ord9um antepilanis1 clamore sublato pr9cipia ,lat9orum p]turbant ha/isque ora fodi5tes primo robore virorum caeso p] alios manipulos #bj velut in]mes prope intacti evas]e tantaque ca$e p]rup]e cuneos1 ut vix qu>tam p>tem rel9qu]5t ho/ium4 ,,livy1 viii4 #aj4 ,l95otes3 #c-d4 an consurg5di 444 esset4 ,livy says ',! ,tri>ii 7 po/$ cr\*+ by ! /&>ds1 _! left leg ext5d$ =w>ds1 hold+ _! %ields re/+ on _! %\ld]s1 & _! spe>s fix$ 9 ! gr\nd ) ! po9ts erect1 s t _! l9e bri/l$ z if enclos$ by a ramp>t4' #f4 ,acc5sos4 ,! ,acc5si 7ad c5seo71 orig9ally sup]num]>ies to take ! place ( ^? :o fell 9 battle1 levis armatura4 ante signa1 i4e4 ( ! ,ha/ati & ,pr9cipes4 #h4 excitav]unt surg]e iuss]unt4 --,weiss5born4 #aj4 hebetass5t _h blunt$4 #ah4 antepilanis prop4 bo? ! ,ha/ati & ,pr9cipes :o 7 drawn up be=e ! ,pilani or ,tri>ii :o =m$ ! ?ird l9e4 #ai4 pr9cipia ! front l9e1 n[ ! ,tri>ii ( ! ,lat9s4 #bb4 cuneos columns 7lit4 w$ges71 i4e4 a body ( soldi]s drawn up 9 ! %ape ( a w$ge4 ,livy uses x ( ! phalanx4 ,! ,cause ( ! ,w>4 ,! w> 0 almo/ a civil "o4 ,! dispute 0 *iefly ab\t a "r to %>e 9 ! privileges ( ! full ,roman citiz5%ip 7espec4 ! "r to vote & to hold (fice74 ,result ( ! ,w>4 ,rome broke up ! ,lat9 ,conf$]ation by mak+ sep>ate treaties ) ! ,lat9 t[ns1 & by prohibit+ comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 !m4 ,d#ce ,,second ,,samnite ,,w>1 #cbf-cjd ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,! ,dictator & 8 ,ma/] ( ! ,horse4 ,ea =tuna pugnae fuit1 ut nihil relictum sit1 quo1 si adfuisset ,dictator1 res melius g]i potu]it2 non dux militi1 non miles duci defuit4 ,eques etiam1 auctore ,l4 ,com9io tribuno militum1 qui aliquoti5s impetu capto p]rump]e non pot]at ho/ium agm51 #e detraxit fr5os equis atque ita concitatos calc>ibus p]misit1 ut su/9]e eos nulla vis posset2 p] arma1 p] viros late /ragem d$]e2 secutus p$es impetum equitum turbatis ho/ibus intulit signa4 ,vig9ti milia ho/ium caesa eo die traduntur4 ,magi/] equitum1 #aj ut ex tanta ca$e1 multis potitus spoliis conge/a 9 +5tem ac]vum ho/ilia arma subdito igne concremavit1 seu votum id deorum cuiquam fuit1 seu cr$]e libet ,fabio auctori eo factum1 ne suae gloriae fructum ,dictator cap]et nom5que ibi scrib]et aut #ae spolia 9 triumpho f]ret4 ,litt]ae quoque de re prosp]e ge/a ad s5atum1 non ad ,dictatorem missae argum5tum fu]e m9ima cum eo communicantis laudes4 ,ita c]te ,dictator id factum accepit1 ut laetis aliis victoria p>ta prae se f]ret iram tri/itiamque4 #bj ,,livy1 viii1 #cj4 ,l95otes3 #b4 ,dictator ,l4 ,papirius ,cursor1 not$ = ! /rictness ( 8 milit>y discipl9e4 ,at ?is "t he _h gone to ,rome to take ! auspices anew 7ad auspicium repet5dum7 & _h giv5 /rict ord]s to 8 ,ma/] ( ! ,horse1 ,q4 ,fabius ,rullianus1 to avoid all collision ) ! enemy dur+ 8 abs5ce4 #g4 p]misit gave !m _! heads4 ,cf4 immitt]e hab5as4 #i4 turbatis 444 signa attack$ ! enemy 7dative7 :5 9 confusion4 #aa4 spoliis1 i4e4 ! arms tak5 f ! fall54 #ac-ad4 seu cr$]e 444 factum lit4 or :e!r "o pref] to cr$it ! au?ority ( ,fabius t x 0 done on ?is acc\nt 7eo7 444 ,fabius ,pictor1 ! e>lie/ ,roman hi/orian1 wrote 9 ,greek & s]v$ 9 ! #bnd ,punic ,w>4 #ae4 ibi 7sc4 ho/ilia arma7 on !m4 ,^!1 set up z a trophy ) ! victor's "n inscrib$1 w\ld h be5 borne 9 ! triumphal procession4 #ai4 ,ita c]te 444 accepit s 7ita7 no d\bt ! ,dictator int]pret$ 8 7,fabius'7 action4 ,! ,cause ( ! ,w>4 ,! actual casus belli 0 a dispute betwe5 ,rome & ! ,samnites = ! possession ( ,palaeopolis 7 old city7 ne> ,neapolis 7 new city74 ,cf4 ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>1 #bda ,b4,c41 due to ! /ruggle = ! possession ( ,messana1 & ! w> ) ,pyrrhus1 #bha ,b4,c41 = ! possession ( ,t>5tum4 ,hi/oric ,p>allel4 ,fabius ,cunctator & ,m9ucius4 --,livy1 xxii4 #bd-cj4 ,d#cf ,,second ,,samnite ,,w>1 #cbf-cjd ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,! ,caud9e ,=ks1 #cba ,b4,c4 ,duae ad ,luc]iam f]ebant viae1 alt]a praet] oram sup]i m>is1 pat5s ap]taque1 s$ quanto tutior1 tanto f]e longior1 alt]a p] ,furculas ,caud9as1 brevior2 s$ ita natus locus e/4 ,saltus duo alti1 angu/i silvosique sunt1 montibus circa p]petuis #e int] se iuncti4 ,iacet int] eos satis pat5s1 clausus 9 m$io1 campus h]bidus aquosusque1 p] quem m$ium it] e/2 s$ antequam v5ias ad eum1 intr&ae primae angu/iae sunt1 et aut eadem1 qua te ins9uav]is1 retro via repet5da1 aut1 si ire #aj porro p]gas1 p] alium saltum1 artiorem imp$itioremque1 evad5dum4 ,9 eum campum via alia p] cavam rupem ,romani demisso agm9e cum ad alias angu/ias prot9us p]g]5t1 saeptas deiectu arborum saxorumque +5tium obiac5te mole #ae inv5]e4 ,cum fraus ho/ilis app>uisset1 praesidium etiam 9 summo saltu conspicitur4 ,citati inde retro1 qua v5]ant1 p]gunt repet]e viam2 eam quoque clausam sua obice armisque inv5iunt4 ,si/unt inde gradum s9e ullius imp]io1 intu5tesque alii alios #bj diu immobiles sil5t4 ,,livy1 ix4 #b4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ad ,luc]iam 9 ! direction ( ,luc]ia1 a t[n 9 ,apulia on ! bord]s ( ,samnium1 & n[ ?reat5$ by ! ,samnites4 #a-b4 praet] 444 m>is along ! coa/ ( ! upp] sea1 i4e4 ! ,adriatic4 ,tak+ ?is r\te1 !y w\ld g ,n4 ( ,samnium1 ?r\gh ! ,peligni1 & ,s4 ?r\gh ! ,fr5tani into ,apulia4 #c4 f]e j4 #c-d4 ,furculas ,caud9as1 two =k-%ap$ defiles ne> ,caudium1 ! capital ( ! ,caud9e ,samnites1 betwe5 ,b5ev5tum & ,capua on :at 0 aft]w>ds ! ,via ,appia4 #e-f4 montibus 444 iuncti unit$ by a cont9u\s r+ 7p]petuis circa7 ( m\nta9s4 #aj4 ins9uav]is lit4 h w\nd y\r way4 #aa-ab4 artiorem imp$itioremque m n>r[ & m difficult 7i4e4 /eep]74 #ac4 p] cavam rupem ?r\gh an ov]hang+ rocky defile4 demisso agm9e ) _! troops l$ d[n 7! desc5t74 #ad4 prot9us /raight=w>d4 #ad-ae4 deiectu 444 mole lit4 'a b>ri] ly+ 9 ! way 7=m$7 by ! ?r[+ d[n ( trees & l>ge pieces ( rock4' mole an abattis 7a knock+ d[n1 fell+74--,rawl9s4 #af4 cum fraus 444 no soon] _h 444 :5 444 #ag4 citati hurri$ly 79 hot ha/e74 ,p>tic4 us$ adv]bially4 --,/eph5son4 #ai4 sua obice ) a b>ri] ( its own 7i4e4 specially prep>$74 ,d#cg ,,second ,,samnite ,,w>1 #cbf-cjd ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,! ,caud9e ,=ks4 ,! ,yoke4 ,alii alios intu]i1 contempl>i arma mox trad5da et in]mes futuras dextras obnoxiaque corpora ho/i2 propon]e sibimet ipsi ante oculos iugum ho/ile et ludibria victoris et vultus sup]bos et p] armatos in]mium it]1 inde fo$i agm9is mis]abilem viam #e p] sociorum urbes1 r$itum 9 patriam ad p>5tes1 quo saepe ipsi maioresque eorum triumphantes v5iss5t3 se solos s9e vuln]e1 s9e f]ro1 s9e acie victos3 sibi non /r+]e licuisse gladios1 non manum cum ho/e conf]re2 sibi nequicquam animos datos4 #aj ,haec frem5tibus hora fatalis ignom9iae adv5it1 omnia tri/iora exp]iundo factura1 quam quae praecep]ant animis4 ,iam primum cum s+ulis ve/im5tis in]mes extra vallum exire iussi1 et primi traditi obsides atque 9 cu/odiam abducti4 ,primi #ae consules prope sem9udi sub iugum missi2 tum ut quisque gradu proximus erat1 ita ignom9iae obiectus2 tum de9ceps s+ulae legiones4 ,ita traducti sub iugum et1 quod pa5e gravius erat1 p] ho/ium oculos1 cum e saltu evasiss5t1 etsi velut ab inf]is #bj extracti tum primum lucem aspic]e visi sunt1 tam5 ipsa lux ita de=me intu5tibus agm5 omni morte tri/ior fuit4 ,,livy1 ix4 #e1 #f4 ,l95otes3 #a-aj4 intu]i2 contempl>i 444 ,!re !y are look+ "o on ano!r4 4 4 4 ,by a /r+ ( inf9itives ! picture ( a s]ies ( actions is put be=e ! read] )\t ! actions be+ ?\ght ( s+ly4 --,lee ,w>n]4 #b4 obnoxia at ! m]cy ( 444--,rawl9s4 #f4 p] sociorum urbes1 e4g4 ,capua4 #aa4 fatalis ignom9iae de/9$ = _! disgrace4 #ab4 exp]iundo by exp]i5ce2 praecep]ant !y _h anticipat$4 #af4 sem9udi ) only _! tunics on4 #ag4 gradu 9 rank4 #ah4 traducti1 'always us$ 9 ?is s5se ( disgraceful exhibition or p>ade4' --,/eph5son4 #bb-bc4 ipsa lux 444 fuit ! v light 0 to !m z !y gaz$ on s hide\s a l9e ( m>* m gloomy ?an any =m ( dea?4 ,! ,caud9e ,=ks4 ,o!r writ]s /ate t ! ,romans 7 entrapp$ only aft] a sev]e defeat4 ',by ! side ( ^? names 7! ,allia & ,cannae7 !re 0 yet a ?ird 9 ! li/ ( evil days--! "n ( ! ,caud9e ,pass4' --,ihne4 ,cf4 p4 #hb1 ,b4 ,selection ,d#bc ,b ,hi/oric ,p>allels4 ,livy's acc\nt ( ,trasim5e4 ,! ,kyb] ,pass1 #ahdb4 ,! ,capitulation ( ,metz1 #ahgj4 ,d#ch ,,second ,,samnite ,,w>1 #cbf-cjd ,b4,c4 7#d7 ,rome repudiates ! ,treaty4 ,at v]o ,t4 ,veturius et ,sp4 ,po/umius1 cum it]um consules ass5t1 quia1 cum male pugnatum apud ,caudium esset1 legionibus no/ris sub iugum missis pacem cum ,samnitibus fec]ant1 d$iti sunt eis2 iniussu enim populi s5atusque fec]ant4 ,eodemque #e tempore ,ti4 ,numicius1 ,q4 ,maelius1 qui tum tribuni plebis erant1 quod eorum auctoritate pax erat facta1 d$iti sunt1 ut pax ,samnitium repudi>etur4 ,atque huius d$itionis ipse ,po/umius1 qui d$ebatur1 suasor et auctor fuit4 ,quod idem multis annis po/ #aj ,c4 ,manc9us1 qui ut ,numant9is1 quibuscum s9e s5atus auctoritate fo$us fec]at1 d$]etur1 rogationem suasit eam1 quam ,l4 ,furius1 ,sex4 ,atilius ex s5atus consulto f]ebant3 qua accepta e/ ho/ibus d$itus4 ,hone/ius hic quam ,q4 ,pompeius1 quo1 #ae cum 9 eadem causa esset1 deprecante accepta lex non e/4 ,hic ea1 quae videbatur utilitas1 plus valuit quam hone/as1 apud sup]iores utilitatis species falsa ab hone/atis auctoritate sup]ata e/4 ,,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficiis1 iii4 #aji4 ,l95otes3 #d4 pacem 444 fec]ant1 i4e4 a milit>y conv5tion1 by :i* ,rome & ,samnium 7 to ackn[l$ge ea* o!r z free peoples ) equal rights & privileges1 & ,rome 0 to give up h] conque/s & colonies on ,samnite t]ritory4 #e4 iniussu 444 s5atusque4 ',! ,s5ate consid]$ x 9 ! light ( a sponsio1 a conv5tion made on p]sonal responsibility1 r ?an a pactio or fo$us1 a public treaty4' --,hold54 #f4 tribuni plebis1 prob4 only tribunes-elect 7 designati71 = ! tribunes c\ld n leave ,rome ev5 = "o night4 #aa4 ,c4 ,manc9us comm&$ aga9/ ,numantia 9 ,spa91 #acg ,b4,c4 #ae4 ,q4 ,pompeius comm&$ aga9/ ,numantia1 #adj ,b4,c4 #af4 cum 9 eadem causa esset ?\gh he 0 9 ! same case1 z ,manc9us1 i4e4 _h made a degrad+ peace ) ! ,numant9es4 --,h4 #ae-ag4 quo 444 deprecante 444 non e/ ?r\gh 8 begg+ to be let (f1 ! law 7i4e4 = deliv]+ him up to ! enemy7 0 n pass$4 #ag4 ,hic 9 ?is case1 i4e4 t ( ,pompeius4 #ah4 apud sup]iores1 i4e4 ,veturius1 ,po/umius1 & ,manc9us4 #ah-ai4 utilitatis species falsa ! false semblance ( exp$i5cy4 ,! ,repudiation ( ! ,treaty4 ',x is cle> t ,po/umius & 8 bro!r (fic]s c\ld n b9d ! ,roman ,s5ate & p by ! promise !y _h made 9 ,caudium2 b x is equally cle> t !y 7 b\nd by _! promise to d :at 0 9 _! p[] to cause ! treaty to be ratifi$4' --,ihne4 ,d#ci ,,second ,,samnite ,,w>1 #cbf-cjd ,b4,c4 7#e7 ,battle ( ,bovianum1 #cje ,b4,c4 ,peace made1 #cjd ,b4,c4 ,eodem anno 9 campum ,/ellatem agri ,campani ,samnitium incursiones factae4 ,itaque ambo consules 9 ,samnium missi cum div]sas regiones1 ,tif]num ,po/umius1 ,bovianum ,m9ucius petisset1 ,po/umii prius ductu ad ,tif]num pugnatum4 ,alii #e haud dubie ,samnites victos ac vig9ti milia hom9um capta tradunt1 alii ,m>te aequo discessum1 et ,po/umium1 metum simulantem1 nocturno it9]e clam 9 montes copias abduxisse1 ho/es secutos duo milia inde locis munitis et ipsos cons$isse4 ,consul ut #aj /ativa tuta copiosaque petisse vid]etur1 po/quam et munim5tis ca/ra firmavit et omni app>atu r]um utilium in/ruxit1 relicto firmo praesidio de vigilia t]tia1 qua#bc proxime pote/1 exp$itas legiones ad collegam1 et ipsum adv]sus alios s$5tem1 ducit4 #ae ,ibi auctore ,po/umio ,m9ucius cum ho/ibus signa conf]t1 et1 cum anceps proelium 9 multum diei processisset1 tum ,po/umius integris legionibus defessam iam aciem ho/ium improviso invadit4 ,itaque cum lassitudo ac vuln]a fugam quoque praep$iss5t1 #bj occidione occisi ho/es1 signa unum et vig9ti capta4 ,,livy1 ix4 #dd4 ,footnote #bc3 qua duci proxime pote/4 --,w4 & ,m4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,9 campum ,/ellatem4 ,/ellas1 a "p ( ! ,campanian pla91 ,n4 ( ,mt4 ,tifata 7,e4 ( ,capua74 #d4 ,tif]num1 ,e4 ( ,bovianum on ! ,r4 ,tif]nus4 ,po/umius 444 ,m9ucius1 ,consuls #cje ,b4,c4 ,bovianum1 9 ,samnium1 ,w4 ( ,luc]ia 79 ,apulia74 #aa4 /ativa tuta safe qu>t]s4 ,cf4 /ativa ca/ra a /ation>y camp4 #ae4 et ipsum 444 s$5tem also ly+ encamp$ 7s$5tem7 9 ! face ( ano!r army4 --,/eph5son4 #bj4 praep$iss5t hamp]$1 lit4 to entangle ! feet 7prae pes74 #ba4 occidione occisi4 ,?is has ! =ce ( a sup]lative by ! repetition1 a common idiom 9 ,ori5tal#bd languages4 --,s4 ,footnote #bd3 ,e4g4 9 ,hebrew1 ,deliv]+ ,i w deliv] ,i w surely deliv]4 ,results ( ! ,second ,samnite ,w>4 ,roman influ5ce became supreme 9 ,campania & ,apulia1 & ! ,samnites 7 conf9$ to _! own m\nta9s4 ,9 #cjd ,b4,c4 ! ,romans r5ew$ _! anci5t ,treaty ) ! ,samnites 7z ,livy tells u7 by :i* !y 7 left 9 possession ( _! indep5d5ce4 ,:y ! ,romans conqu]$4 7#a7 ,_! conduct ( ! w> 0 m sy/ematic4 7#b7 ,by _! plan ( =tifi$ colonies 7e4g4 ,cales1 ,fregellae1 ,luc]ia7 !y reta9$ _! hold on ! conqu]$ t]ritory4 7#c7 ,! diplomatic skill ( ! ,s5ate secur$ ! fri5d%ip ( ! neighb\rs ( ! ,samnites 7e4g4 ! ,apulians & ,lucanians74 ,d#dj ,,?ird ,,samnite ,,w>1 #bih-bij ,b4,c4 ,battle ( ,s5t9um1 #bie ,b4,c4 ',novum pugnae g5us4' ,f]ocior ,decius et aetate et vigore animi quantumcunque virium habuit c]tam9e primo effudit4 ,et quia l5tior videbatur p$e/ris pugna1 equitatum 9 pugnam concitat et ipse =tissimae iuv5um turmae immixtus orat proc]es iuv5tutis1 9 ho/em #e ut secum impetum faciant3 duplicem illorum gloriam =e1 si ab laevo cornu et ab equite victoria incipiat4 ,bis av]t]e ,gallicum equitatum2 it]um longius evectos et iam int] m$ia p$itum agm9a proelium ci5tes novum pugnae cont]ruit g5us3 ess$is #aj c>risque sup]/ans armatus ho/is +5ti sonitu equorum rot>umque adv5it et insolitos eius tumultus ,romanorum cont]ruit eqnos4 ,ita victorem equitatum velut lymphaticus pavor dissipat2 /]nit inde ru5tes equos virosque improvida fuga1 #ae turbata h9c etiam signa legionum multique impetu equorum ac vehiculorum raptorum p] agm5 obtriti antesignani2 et insecuta1 simul t]ritos ho/es vidit1 ,gallica acies nullum spatium respir&i recipi5dique se d$it4 #bj ,,livy1 x4 #bh4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,decius4 ,p4 ,decius ,mus1 ,consul ) ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus ,rullianus1 comm&$ ! left w+ at ! ,battle ( ,s5t9um1 :]e he 0 oppos$ to ! ,gauls1 & :5 8 troops began to give way be=e ! ,gauli% *>iots 7ess$ae7 he1 l 8 fa!r at ! ,battle ( ,vesuvius1 #cdj ,b4,c41 devot$#be himself ) ! ho/ile army 'to ! gods ( e>? & ( ! grave4' #e4 proc]es iuv5tutis ! fl[] ( ! "y m54 #h4 av]t]e 7 se av]t]e7 to retire 7lit4 turn away74 #aj4 ess$is w>-*>iots1 on two :eels1 op5 9 front1 b clos$ beh9d1 & drawn by two horses2 us$ also by ! ,britons4 #ad4 lymphaticus mad1 fr5zi$4 #af4 turbata 444 signa legionum ! ranks ( ! legions 7 ?r[n into disord]4 ,signa is frequ5tly us$ ( milit>y movem5t1 z ! mo/ noticeable feature 9 an army4 ,footnote #be3 ,cf4 pp4 #ib1 #ic4 ,! ,cause ( ! ,?ird ,samnite ,w>4 ,! democratic p>ty among ! ,lucanians made ov]tures to ! ,samnites4 ,! ,romans p]emptorily ord]$ ! ,samnites n to int]f]e 9 ,lucania1 an arrogant comm& :i* ! ,samnites decl9$ to obey1 & w> broke out anew4 ,results ( ! ,w>4 ,aft] an ob/9ate /ruggle peace 0 conclud$ 9 #bij ,b4,c41 ! ,samnites reta9+ _! indep5d5ce4 ,d#da ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,t>5t9es ,,& ,,pyrrhus1 #bha-bge ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,! ,aims ( ,pyrrhus4 ,battle ( ,h]aclea1 #bhj ,b4,c4 ,pyrrhus rex ,epiri cum it]ata ,t>5t9orum legatione additis ,samnitium et ,lucanorum precibus1 fatig>etur1 non tam supplicum precibus quam spe invad5di ,italiae imp]ii inductus v5turum se cum ex]citu pollicetur4 ,9 quam rem incl9atum semel #e animum praecipitem ag]e coep]ant exempla maiorum1 ne aut inf]ior patruo suo ,alex&ro vid]etur1 quo def5sore idem ,t>5t9i adv]sus ,bruttios usi fu]ant1 aut m9ores animos magno ,alex&ro habuisse1 qui tam longa a domo militia ,ori5tem subeg]at4 #aj ,igitur relicto cu/ode regni ,ptolemaeo filio annos xv nato ex]citum 9 portu ,t>5t9o exponit4 ,cuius audito adv5tu consul ,romanus ,val]ius ,laev9us fe/9ans1 ut prius cum eo congr$]etur1 quam auxilia sociorum conv5ir5t1 ex]citum 9 #ae aciem educit4 ,nec rex1 tametsi num]o militum inf]ior esset1 c]tam9i moram fecit4 ,s$ ,romanos v9c5tes iam inusitata ante elephantorum =ma /up]e primo1 mox c$]e proelio coegit1 victoresque iam nova ,mac$onum rep5te mon/ra vic]unt4 #bj ,nec ho/ibus incru5ta victoria fuit4 ,nam et ,pyrrhus ipse gravit] vuln]atus e/1 et magna p>s militum eius caesa1 maioremque gloriam eius victoriae quam laetitiam habuit4 ,,ju/9us1 xviii4 #a4 ,l95otes3 #a4 it]ata legatione by a second embassy4 #c4 fatig>etur 0 importun$4 #c-d4 non tam 444 inductus4 ,pyrrhus aim$ at f\nd+ a we/]n ,grecian ,empire 9 ,italy & ,sicily4 #g-i4 patruo suo ,alex&ro 444 fu]ant4 ,alex&] ( ,epirus _h almo/ succe$$ 9 unit+ ! :ole ( ,magna ,graecia 7#ccb-cbf ,b4,c47 :5 he 0 cut (f by ! h& ( an assass94 #i4 magno ,alex&ro4 ,pyrrhus 0 ackn[l$g$ to be ! fir/ g5]al ( ! s*ool ( ,alex&]1 & ,hannibal 7s ,plut>* tells u7 consid]$ him ! greate/ milit>y g5ius4 #ah4 inusitata ante 444 =ma ! unfamili> appe>ance (4 #bb-bc4 magna p>s militum4 ,pyrrhus is said to h lo/ #djjj m51 'a s]i\s matt] to him 9 a =eign c\ntry1 :]e he c\ld n easily replace ! loss ( 8 tri$ old w>riors4' --,ihne4 ,cause ( ! ,w>4 ,by #bhb ,b4,c4 ,rome _h tak5 possession ( ,magna ,graecia1 ) ! exception ( ,t>5tum4 ,9 #bhb ,b4,c4 79 defiance ( ! treaty ( #cja ,b4,c47 a ,roman fleet appe>$ be=e ! ,h>b\r ( ,t>5tum4 ,a naval battle ensu$ 9 :i* ! ,t>5t9es 7 victori\s1 & ! w> began4 ,d#db ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,t>5t9es ,,& ,,pyrrhus4 7#b7 ,fabricius ! ,j4 ,hone/y be=e ,exp$i5cy4 ,cum rex ,pyrrhus populo ,romano bellum ultro intulisset1 cumque de imp]io c]tam5 esset cum rege g5]oso ac pot5ti1 p]fuga ab eo v5it 9 ca/ra ,fabricii eique e/ pollicitus1 si praemium sibi proposuisset1 se1 ut clam v5isset1 sic clam 9 ,pyrrhi #e ca/ra r$iturum et eum v55o necaturum4 ,hunc ,fabricius r$uc5dum curavit ad ,pyrrhum idque eius factum laudatum a s5atu e/4 ,atqui1 si speciem utilitatis op9ionemque qua]imus1 magnum illud bellum p]fuga unus et gravem adv]s>ium imp]i #aj su/ulisset1 s$ magnum d$ecus et flagitium1 quicum laudis c]tam5 fuisset1 eum non virtute s$ scel]e sup]atum4 ,utrum igitur utilius vel ,fabricio1 qui talis 9 hac urbe qualis ,ari/ides ,a!nis fuit1 vel s5atui no/ro1 qui numquam utilitatem a dignitate #ae seiunxit1 armis cum ho/e c]t>e an v55is8 ,si gloriae causa imp]ium expet5dum e/1 scelus absit1 9 quo non pote/ esse gloria3 s9 ipsae opes expetuntur quoquo modo1 non pot]unt utiles esse cum infamia4 #bj ,,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficiis1 iii4 #hf1 #hg4 ,l95otes3 #a-b4 bellum ultro intulisset _h begun an aggressive 7ultro7 w>4 ultro lit4 to a place beyond1 h5ce beyond expectation1 unprovok$4 #b4 de imp]io ut] imp]>et4 --,hold54 #c4 p]fuga a des]t]4 ,aulus ,gellius says ! traitor 0 ,nicias1 a fri5d ( ,pyrrhus2 ,florus & ,eutropius1 a physician ( ,pyrrhus4 #h4 atqui & yet1 a m emphatic at4 #h-i4 speciem utilitatis op9ionemque 7sc4 utilitatis7 ! semblance & 7popul>7 op9ion ( exp$i5cy4 --,h4 #aa-ac4 s$ magnum 444 sup]atum b x w\ld h be5 a la/+ disgrace & sc&al = a g5]al1 ) :om ! /ruggle lay = glory1 to h be5 ov]come by an act ( wick$ness & n by val\r4 --,h4 #ad4 ,ari/ides ,a!nis4 ,ari/ides ! ,j4 ',sans ,peur et sans ,repro*e4' #ai4 quoquo modo 9 any way4 ,cf4 quacumque ratione4 --,h4 ,p>allel ,passage4 ,eutropius ii4 #g4 #h4 #ad3 ,tum ,pyrrhus admiratus eum dixisse f]tur3 ',ille e/ ,fabricius1 qui difficilius ab hone/ate quam sol a cursu suo av]ti pote/4' ,fabricius1 l ,c9c9natus & ,m'4 ,curius ,d5tatus1 is ! repres5tative ( ! purity & hone/y ( ! good old times4 ,d#dc ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,t>5t9es ,,& ,,pyrrhus4 7#c7 ,appius ! ,bl9d1 #bhj ,b4,c4 ,ad ,appi ,claudi s5ectutem acc$ebat etiam ut caecus esset2 tam5 is1 cum s5t5tia s5atus incl9>et ad pacem cum ,pyrrho fo$usque faci5dum1 non dubitavit dic]e illa1 quae v]sibus p]secutus e/ ,ennius3 #e ,quo vobis m5tes1 rectae quae />e solebant ,antehac1 dem5tis sese flex]e viai8 cet]aque gravissime1 notum enim vobis c>m5 e/1 et tam5 ipsius ,appi ex/at oratio4 ,atque haec ille egit septemdecim annis po/ alt]um consulatum1 #aj cum int] duos consulatus anni decem int]fuiss5t c5sorque ante sup]iorem consulatum fuisset1 ex quo intelligitur ,pyrrhi bello gr&em sane fuisse4 4 4 4 ,quattuor robu/os filios1 qu9que filias1 tantam domum1 tantas cli5telas ,appius regebat et caecus #ae et s5ex2 int5tum enim animum tamquam arcum habebat nec languesc5s succumbebat s5ectuti4 ,t5ebat non modo auctoritatem1 s$ etiam imp]ium 9 suos3 metuebant s]vi1 v]ebantur lib]i1 c>um omnes habebant2 vigebat 9 illo animus #bj patrius et discipl9a4 ,,cic]o1 ,de ,s5ectute1 #af1 #cg4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,appi ,claudi4 ,?is 0 ! ,appius ,claudius ^: ,c5sor%ip1 #cab ,b4,c41 0 fam\s = 8 great public works1 ! ,via ,appia1 ! great ,s\? road ( ,rome1 & ! ,aqua ,appia1 an aqu$uct :i* br\ght wat] to ,rome a di/ance ( eight miles2 & also = 8 measure 7correspond+ to a ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m ,bill7 admitt+ fre$m5 z full citiz5s by enroll+ !m 9 ,tribes4 #b-i4 tam5 is 444 ex/at oratio4 ,:5 ! ,s5ate 0 ab\t to yield to ! p]suasive eloqu5ce ( ,c9eas1 ! envoy ( ,pyrrhus1 he _h himself l$ into ! ,s5ate-h\se to make ! spee* :i* turn$ ! scale aga9/ ! invad]4 #d4 v]sibus p]secutus e/ has foll[$ out 9 ! l9es4 ,j4 ,s4 ,r4 #g4 viai 7 viae old g5it47 i4 quo viae1 cf4 ubi t]r>um1 or ii4 sese flex]e viae1 a ,greek g5itive4 #i-aj4 haec ille egit he made ?is spee*4 #ad-ae4 tantam 444 cli5telas a l>ge h\sehold1 a l>ge numb] ( dep5d5ts2 cli5telas cli5tes4 #af4 int5tum 79 t5do7 on ! /ret*4 ,cf4 opposite remissus4 #ai-ba4 metuebant 444 discipl9a 8 slaves fe>$ him1 8 *ildr5 /ood 9 awe ( him1 yet all held him de>2 9 him ance/ral _s & pr9ciples 7discipl9a7 7 /rong4 --,j4 ,s4 ,reid4 ,! ,spee* ( ,appius ,claudius4 ,= ! sub/ance ( ! ,spee*1 see ,plut>*1 ,pyrrhus1 xi4 ,d#dd ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,t>5t9es ,,& ,,pyrrhus4 7#d7 ,a4 ,! ,battle ( ,asculum1 #bgi ,b4,c4 ,9 ,apulia de9de apud ,asculum melius dimicatum e/ ,curio ,fabricioque consulibus4 ,iam quippe t]ror#bf belu>um exolev]at1 et ,gaius ,numicius qu>tae legionis ha/atus unius proboscide abscisa mori posse beluas o/5d]at4 ,itaque 9 ipsas pila conge/a sunt #e et 9 turres vibratae faces tota ho/ium agm9a ard5tibus ru9is op]u]unt4 ,nec alius cladi f9is fuit quam nox dirim]et1 po/remusque fugi5tium rex ipse a satellitibus um]o saucius 9 armis suis ref]retur4 #aj ,footnote #bf3 ,cf4 p4 #ajj1 ll4 #ag-bj4 ,selection ,d#da3 inusitata 444 elephantorum =ma ,l95otes3 #a4 ,asculum1 a t[n 9 ,apulia on ! bord]s ( ,samnium1 betwe5 ,b5ev5tum & ,canusium4 #c4 exolev]at _h gr[n less 7lit4 _h gr[n out ( use74 #f4 9 turres vibratae faces firebr&s hurl$ aga9/ _! t[]s4 #h4 dirim]et sep>at$ 7! combatants74 ,b4 ,! ,battle ne> ,b5ev5tum1 #bge ,b4,c4 ,lucaniae suprema pugna sub ,arus9is1 quos vocant1 campis ducibus isdem quibus sup]ius2 s$ tum tota victoria4 ,exitum1 quem datura virtus fuit1 casus d$it4 ,nam provectis 9 primam aciem rursus elephantis unum ex 8 pullum adacti 9 caput teli #ae gravis ictus av]tit2 qui cum p] /ragem suorum recurr5s /ridore qu]]etur1 mat] agnovit et quasi v9dic>et exsiluit1 tum omnia circa quasi ho/ilia gravi mole p]miscuit4 ,ac sic ea$em f]ae1 quae primam victoriam ab/ul]unt1 secundam p>em #bj fec]unt1 t]tiam s9e controv]sia tradid]unt4 ,,florus1 ,i4 xviii4 #i-ac4 ,l95otes3 #aa-ab4 ,lucaniae 444 campis4 ,! ,battle 0 f\ght ne> ,b5ev5tum 7orig4 ,male-v5tum1 p]haps f male v5tus on acc\nt ( its un:olesome air7 9 ,samnium on ! ,via ,appia1 ,e4 ( ,capua4 #ae-af4 unum ex 8 444 av]tit ! heavy /roke ( a weapon driv5 home 7adacti7 into ! head ( a "y elephant 7pullum7 made x turn aside4 #ai4 gravi mole ) h] unwieldy bulk4 ,! ,battle ( ,asculum4 ,x is cle> t ,pyrrhus 0 aga9 victori\s1 b ! ,romans 7 able to retire into _! =tifi$ camp1 & s lo/ few] m5 ?an at ,h]aclea4 ,! ,battle ( ,b5ev5tum4 ,pyrrhus1 9 8 attempt to /orm ! entr5*$ camp ( ,curius ,d5tatus1 0 oblig$ to fight on unfav\rable gr\nd4 ,! result 0 a total defeat1 & no *oice 0 left him b to give up ! unequal conte/4 ,d#de ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,t>5t9es ,,& ,,pyrrhus4 7#e7 ,dea? ( ,pyrrhus1 #bgb ,b4,c4 ,9 praise ( a great ,g5]al4 ,repulsus ab ,sp>tanis ,pyrrhus ,argos petit3 ibi1 dum ,antigonum 9 urbe clausum expugn>e conatur1 int] conf]tissimos viol5tissime dimicans1 saxo de muris ictus occiditur4 ,caput eius ,antigono ref]tur1 qui victoria mitius usus filium eius ,hel5um #e cum ,epirotis sibi d$itum 9 regnum remisit1 eique insepulti patris ossa 9 patriam ref]5da tradidit4 ,satis con/ans int] omnes auctores fama e/1 nullum nec eius nec sup]ioris aetatis regem comp>&um ,pyrrho fuisse1 r>oque non int] reges #aj tantum1 v]um etiam int] illu/res viros1 aut vitae sanctioris aut iu/itiae probatioris visum fuisse3 sci5tiam c]te rei milit>is 9 illo viro tantam fuisse1 ut cum adv]sus ,lysima*um1 ,demetrium1 ,antigonum1 tantos reges1 bella gess]it1 invictus #ae semp] fu]it3 ,illyriorum quoque1 ,siculorum ,romanorumque et ,c>?ag9i5sium bellis numquam inf]ior1 pl]umque etiam victor ex/it]it2 qui patriam c]te suam angu/am ignobilemque fama r]um ge/>um et cl>itate nom9is sui toto orbe #bj illu/rem r$did]it4 ,,ju/9us1 xxv4 #e4 ,l95otes3 #a-d4 ,repulsus ab ,sp>tanis 444 occiditur4 ,at ! invitation ( ,cleonymus1 :o _h be5 exclud$ f ! ?rone ( ,sp>ta1 ,pyrrhus und]took & fail$ 9 a desp]ate attack on ! city4 ,he !n turn$ aga9/ ,argos1 to wre/ x f ,antigonus ,gonatas ( ,mac$onia1 & 0 hit by a tile ?r[n f a ro( by a woman4#bg ,z he lay helpless on ! gr\nd he 0 recognis$ & murd]$4 #h4 ,satis con/ans fama a tol]ably unanim\s op9ion4 #ab4 iu/itiae probatioris ( m em95t 7lit4 te/$7 ju/ice4 #ad4 ,lysima*um1 "o ( ,alex&]'s g5]als4 ,ab\t #bhf ,b4,c4 ,k+ ( ,mac$onia & ,asia ,m9or4 ,demetrium1 surnam$ ,poliorcetes 7/orm] ( cities71 son ( ,antigonus1 ,k+ ( ,asia 7"o ( ,alex&]'s g5]als74 #af-ag4 ,siculorum bellis4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #bhj-bgf ,b4,c4 ,pyrrhus made himself ma/] ( all ,sicily ) ! exception ( ! ,c>?ag9ian /ronghold ( ,lilybaeum4 ,footnote #bg3 ,cf4 ! dea? ( ,abimele* be=e ,!bez1 ,judges ix4 #ec4 ,"* ( ,pyrrhus4 ',he 0 n only "o ( ! able/ g5]als & pr9ces1 b amiable also z a man1 & wor?y ( our sympa?y & respect4' --,ihne4 ,:y he fail$4 ',f lack ( accurate in=mation he :olly und]e/imat$ ! p[] ( ,rome4 ,"h 0 ! great error 9 8 calculation1 an error = :i* he c h>dly be held responsible4' --,ihne4 ,ref]5ce4 ,plut>*1 ,pyrrhus4 ,d#df ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,t>5t9es ,,& ,,pyrrhus4 7#f7 ,manius ,curius ,d5tatus1 an old-"t ,roman4 ,a4 ,possum p]sequi p]multa oblectam5ta r]um ru/ic>um1 s$ ea ipsa quae dixi s5tio fuisse longiora4 ,ignoscetis autem1 nam et /udio r]um ru/ic>um provectus sum1 et s5ectus e/ natura loquacior1 ne ab omnibus eam vitiis vide> v9dic>e4 #e ,ergo 9 hac vita ,m'4 ,curius1 cum de ,samnitibus1 de ,sab9is1 de ,pyrrho triumphavisset1 consumpsit extremum tempus aetatis2 cuius quidem ego villam contemplans1 abe/ enim non longe a me1 admir>i satis non possum vel hom9is ipsius cont95tiam #aj vel temporum discipl9am4 ,curio ad focum s$5ti magnum auri pondus ,samnites cum attuliss5t1 repudiati sunt3 non enim aurum hab]e praecl>um sibi vid]i dixit1 s$ eis qui hab]5t aurum imp]>e4 ,,cic]o1 ,de ,s5ectute1 #ee-ef4 ,context4 ,! speak] is ,cato ! ,c5sor1 #ahd ,b4,c41 ! f\nd] ( ,lat9 ,prose1 ^: manual ( ,agriculture1 de ,re ,ru/ica1 is /ill extant4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,possum p]sequi ,i might foll[ out4 oblectam5ta amusem5ts 7cf4 de-lecto1 delight74 #d4 provectus sum ,i h be5 c>ri$ away4 --,j4 ,s4 ,reid4 #h4 extremum tempus aetatis ! clos+ season ( 8 life4 #i4 a me 7 a mea villa7 f my c\ntry-h\se4 #aa4 discipl9am morals 7lit4 tea*+74 #aa-ac4 ,aft] ! close ( ! w> ,curius _h become patronus ( ! ,samnites1 & !y 7 br++ ! cu/om>y (f]+ ( cli5tes4--,j4 ,s4 ,r4 ,b4 ,curius p>vo quae leg]at horto ,ipse focis brevibus ponebat holuscula4 ,,juv5al1 xi4 #gh-gi4 ,l95otes3 #gh-gi4 ,plut>*1 ,cato #b1 tells ! /ory4 ,curius 0 "o ( ,milton's ',m5 s poor :o c\ld d mighty ?+s4' --,duff4 #gi4 holuscula 7dim94 ( h7olus7 small h]bs or vegetables4 ,c4 ,hunc et incomptis ,curium capillis ,utilem bello tulit et ,camillum ,saeva paup]tas et avitus apto ,cum l>e fundus4 #dd ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,i4 xii4 #da-dd4 ,l95otes3 #da4 ,hunc ,fabricius4 #dc4 paup]tas frugality1 n pov]ty 7 ege/as74 #dc-dd4 apto cum l>e ) its cottage home to mat* 7apto74 --,w4 ',hurrah6 = ,manius ,curius ,! brave/ son ( ,rome1 ,?rice 9 utmo/ ne$ s5t =?1 ,?rice drawn 9 triumph home4' --,macaulay4 ,d#dg ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,t>5t9es ,,& ,,pyrrhus4 7#g7 ,9 ,praise ( ,t>5tum4 ,unde si ,p>cae prohib5t iniquae1 ,dulce pelltis ovibus ,galaesi ,flum5 et regnata petam ,laconi ,rura ,phalan?o4 #ab ,ille t]r>um mihi praet] omnes ,angulus ridt1 ubi non ,hymetto ,mella dec$unt viridique c]tat ,baca ,v5afro1 #af ,v] ubi longum tepidasque praebet ,iuppit] brumas et amicus ,aulon ,f]tili ,bac*o m9imum ,fal]nis ,invidet uvis4 #bj ,ille te mecum locus et beatae ,po/ulant arces1 ibi tu cal5tem ,debita sp>ges lacrima favillam ,vatis amici4 #bd ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,,ii4 vi4 #i-;end4 ,subject4 ',septimius1 my de> fri5d :o w\ld accompany me to ! ends ( ! e>?1 let me sp5d ! close ( my life at ,tibur 7,tivoli71 or if n !re1 !n at ,t>5tum4 ,let u g !re toge!r1 & live !re till ,i die4' --,wickham4 ,l95otes3 #i4 unde f ?is place1 i4e4 f ,tibur4 #aj4 dulce pellitis ovibus de> to ! sk9-clad 7pellitis7 %eep1 s clad to keep _! fleeces clean4 --,g[4 #aj-aa4 ,galaesi flum51 fl[s into ! ,gulf ( ,t>5tum1 ne> ! city4 #ab4 ,phalan?o1 an exile f ,sp>ta1 f\nd$ ,t>5tum1 #gjh ,b4,c4 #ac1 #ba1 #bb4 ,ille 7#ac7 444 ille 7#ba7 444 ibi 7#bb7 ,t>5tum1 emphatic guid+ words4 ,cf4 te mecum 7#ba7 444 tu amici 7#bb1 #bd7 ,septimius & ,horace4 #ad-ae4 ubi non 444 dec$unt :]e ! honey does n give way to 7is n inf]ior to7 t ( ,hymettus4 #ae-af4 viridi ,v5afro ) ! gre5 7olive-groves (7 ,v5afrum 7,n4 ( ,campania74 #af4 ,baca ! olive1 ! noble/ ( b]ries4 --,g[4 #ah4 ,aulon 7! grapes (7 ,aulon1 a hill & valley ne> ,t>5tum4 #ai4 ,f]tili :o makes ! v9es f]tile4 #bb-bd4 ibi tu 444 vatis amici4 ',!re :5 life %all end1 ,y\r te> %all dew my yet w>m pyre1 ,y\r b>d & fri5d4' --,con+ton4 ,ref]5ce4 ,polybius1 x4 #a4 ,9 #bgb ,b4,c4 ,milo ) 8 g>rison ( ,epirots m>*$ out ( ,t>5tum ) all ! hon\rs ( w>4 ,rome n[ rul$ supreme ov] ! :ole ( ,italy f ,arim9um 9 ! ,nor? to ! ,sicilian ,/raits4 ,d#dh ,,! ,,praise ,,( ,,italy4 ',salve1 magna p>5s frugum1 ,saturnia tellus1 ,magna virum4' ,adde tot egregias urbes op]umque laborem1 #aee ,tot conge/a manu pra]uptis oppida saxis1 ,flum9aque antiquos subt]lab5tia muros4 ,an m>e1 quod supra1 memorem1 quodque alluit infra8 ,anne lacus tantos8 ,te1 ,l>i maxime1 teque1 ,fluctibus et fremitu adsurg5s ,b5ace m>9o8 #afj 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,haec eadem arg5ti rivos a]isque metalla #afe ,o/5dit v5is atque auro plurima fluxit4 ,haec g5us acre virum1 ,m>sos pubemque ,sabellam1 ,adsuetumque malo ,ligurem1 ,volscosque v]utos ,extulit3 haec ,decios1 ,m>ios1 magnosque ,camillos1 ,scipiadas duros bello1 et te1 maxime ,caes>1 #agj ,qui nunc extremis ,asiae iam victor 9 oris ,imbellem av]tis ,romanis arcibus ,indum4 ,salve1 magna p>5s frugum1 ,saturnia tellus1 ,magna virum3 tibi res antiquae laudis et artis ,+r$ior1 sanctos ausus reclud]e fontes1 #age ,ascraeumque cano ,romana p] oppida c>m54 ,,v]gil1 ,georg4 ii4 #aee-agf4 ,l95otes3 #aeh4 m>e quod supra alluit ! m>e sup]um ! ,adriatic4 m>e quod infra alluit ! m>e inf]um ! ,tuscan or ,tyrrh5ian 7,turrhnos ,tuscan7 sea4 #aei4 ,l>i ,lake ,l>ius 7 ,como71 ,n4 ( ,milan4 #afj4 ,b5ace ,lake ,b5acus 7 ,g>da71 ,w4 ( ,v]ona4 fremitu m>9o ) ro> z ( ! sea4 #afh4 adsuetum malo tra9$ 9 h>d%ip4 --,mackail4 ,volscosque v]utos & ! ,volscian spe>m5 7light infantry74 v]utos arm$ ) ! v]utum 7or v]u lit4 a spit71 a javel94 #agj4 ,scipiadas1 ,greek patronymic =m ,lat4 ,scp7ins4 maxime ,caes> ,augu/us4 #agb-agc4 ,aft] ,actium1 #ca ,b4,c41 ,augu/us sp5t m ?an a ye> 9 r$uc+ & settl+ ! ,ea/ 7imbellem ,indum7 ^: =ces _h be5 wield$ by ,antony4 --,sidgwick4 #agc4 ,saturnia tellus1 9 allusion to ,saturn's reign 9 ,latium 9 ! age ( gold4 #agd-age4 tibi res 444 fontes = !e ,i ent] on !mes ( anci5t glory & skill 7i4e4 9 agriculture7 & d>e to unseal 7reclud]e7 ! sacr$ spr+s2 res laudis1 ! !me ( ! ,a5eid1 res artis1 ( ! ,georgics4 #agf4 ,ascraeum c>m5 ! song ( ,ascra1 i4e4 ! ,georgics1 because ,hesiod 7au?or ( ,works & ,days to :i* ,v]gil is mu* indebt$7 0 born at ,ascra1 ne> ,helicon1 9 ,boeotia4 --,s4 ,,conte/ ,,) ,,c>?age1 #bfd-bjb ,b4,c4 ,c#a ,! ,vision ( ,an*ises4--,rome's ,h]oes4 ',ille triumphata ,capitolia ad alta ,cor9?o ,victor aget currum1 caesis insignis ,a*ivis4 ,eruet ille ,argos ,agamemnoniasque ,myc5as1 ,ipsumque ,aeacid51 g5us armipot5tis ,a*illi1 ,ultus avos ,troiae1 templa et tem]ata ,m9]vae4 #hdj ,quis te1 magne ,cato1 tacitum1 aut te1 ,cosse1 rel9quat8 ,quis ,grac*i g5us1 aut gem9os1 duo fulm9a belli1 ,scipiadas1 cladem ,libyae1 p>voque pot5tem ,fabricium1 vel te sulco1 ,s]rane1 s]5tem8 ,quo fessum rapitis1 ,fabii8 ,tu ,maximus ille es1 #hde ,unus qui nobis cunct&o re/ituis rem4' 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ',aspice1 ut insignis spoliis ,m>cellus opimis #hee ,+r$itur1 victorque viros sup]em9et omnes6 ,hic rem ,romanam1 magno turbante tumultu1 ,si/et1 eques /]net ,po5os ,gallumque rebellem1 ,t]tiaque arma patri susp5det capta ,quir9o4' ,,v]gil1 ,a54 vi4 #hcf-hdf1 #hee-hei4 ,l95otes3 #hcf4 ,ille ,l4 ,mummius ,a*aicus1 de/roy$ ,cor9?1 #adf ,b4,c4 #hch4 ,ille ,l4 ,aemilius ,paullus1 cru%$ ,p]seus 7 ,aeacid5 l4 #hci7 at ,pydna1 #afh ,b4,c4 #hda4 ,cosse ,cornelius ,cossus1 won ,spolia ,opima a second "t1 #dbh ,b4,c4 #hdb4 ,grac*i g5us1 e4g4 7i47 ,tib4 ,sempronius ,grac*us1 twice ,consul #bae1 #bab ,b4,c41 9 #bnd ,punic ,w>2 7ii47 ,t4 ,s4 ,g4 di/+ui%$ 9 ,spa92 7iii47 ! two great ,tribunes1 ,tib]ius & ,gaius4 #hdc4 ,scipiadas 7i47 ,scipio ,africanus ,maior1 victor at ,zama1 #bjb ,b4,c42 7ii47 ,scipio ,africanus ,m9or1 de/roy$ ,c>?age1 #adf ,b4,c4 #hdd4 ,fabricium1 ,consul #bhb & #bgh ,b4,c4 9 w> ) ,pyrrhus4 ,pro( aga9/ bribes4 ,s]rane ,regulus1 victor at ,ecnomus1 #bef ,b4,c41 a prison]1 #bee ,b4,c4 ,true to 8 ^w4 #hde4 ,maximus ,q4 ,fabius ,m4 ,cunctator1 ,dictator aft] ,cannae4 ,! ,%ield ( ,rome4 #hdf4 ,f ! ,annals ( ,ennius 7#bci-afi ,b4,c471 (t5 quot$4 #hee4 ,m>cellus1 five times ,consul4 ,took ,syracuse #bab ,b4,c4 ,! ,sword ( ,rome4 #heg4 magno 444 tumultu :5 a great upheav+ %akes x4 --,page4 ,tumultus 7z ,cic4 tells u7 is specially us$ ( a ris+ 9 ,italy or 9 ,gaul1 z x 0 close to ,italy4 7,else:]e bellum47 #heh4 ,si/et1 444 /]net4 ,notice ! anti!sis & allit]ation 7assonance74 ,! ,vision ( ,an*ises is ! imp]i%able record ( ! national life1 :]e ! poet 'sums up 9 l9es l b>s ( gold ! h]o-roll ( ! ,et]nal ,city4' --,my]s4 ,c#b ,,fir/ ,,punic ,,w>1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,! ,f\ndation ( ,c>?age1 #hgh ,b4,c4 ,pygmalion1 cognita sororis fuga1 cum impio bello fugi5tem p]sequi p>>et1 aegre precibus matris deorumque m9is victus quievit4 4 4 4 ,itaque ,elissa delata 9 ,africae s9um incolas eius loci adv5tu p]egr9orum mutu>umque r]um comm]cio #e gaud5tes 9 amicitiam sollicitat4 ,de9 empto loco1 qui corio bovis tegi posset1 9 quo fessos longa navigatione socios1 quoad pr(icisc]etur1 refic]e posset1 corium 9 t5uissimas p>tes sec>i iubet atque ita maius loci spatium1 quam peti]at1 occupat3 unde #aj po/ea ei loco ,byrsae nom5 fuit4 ,conflu5tibus de9de vic9is locorum1 qui spe lucri multa hospitibus v5alia inf]ebant1 s$esque ibi /atu5tibus ex frequ5tia hom9um velut in/> civitatis effectum4 e/4 4 4 4 ,itaque cons5ti5tibus omnibus ,c>?ago #ae conditur1 /atuto annuo vectigali pro solo urbis4 ,9 primis fundam5tis caput bubulum inv5tum e/1 quod auspicium fructuosae quidem1 s$ laboriosae p]petuoque s]vae urbis fuit2 propt] quod 9 alium locum urbs translata4 ,ibi quoque equi caput rep]tum1 #bj bellicosum pot5temque populum futurum significans1 urbi auspicatam s$em d$it4 ,tunc ad op9ionem novae urbis concurr5tibus g5tibus brevi et populus et civitas magna facta4 ,,ju/9us1 xviii4 #e4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,pygmalion1 ,k+ ( ,tyre1 murd]$ ,sy*aeus1 husb& ( ,elissa 7,dido74 #d4 s9um ,gulf ( ,tunis4 7,see ,murray's ,classical ,atlas47 #e4 p]egr9orum ( /rang]s4 p] ag]4 ,cf4 pilgrim4 ,fr4 pl]94 mutu>um r]um comm]cio b>t]4 #aa4 ,byrsae1 i4e41 lat]1 ! ,citadel qu>t]1 z if f bursa a hide1 prob4 corrupt$ f ,pho54 ,bozra 7 a =t74 ,s ,c>?age ,kirja? 7city72 cp4 ,kirja?-,arba 7,hebron71 & ,hannibal 7 ,hanniel7 ! grace ( ,baal4 #ad4 velut in/> c4 z if ! semblance ( a /ate2 cf4 'in/> montis equus1' ,v]g4 --,po/4 #ag4 bubulum ( an ox1 adj4 f bos4 #bb4 auspicatam auspici\s1 9 active s5se4 ,p>allel ,passages4 ,v]g4 ,a54 i4 #ccf-cfh1 #dah-dch1 & ,a54 iv4 #ba-bb4 ,ref]5ces4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,c>?age & ! ,c>?ag9ians4 --,ihne1 ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #c-ba4 ,c#c ,,fir/ ,,punic ,,w>1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,a5eas views ! ,build+ ( ,c>?age1 circ4 #hgh ,b4,c4 ,iamque asc5debant collem1 qui plurimus urbi ,imm9et adv]sasque aspectat desup] arces4 #dbj ,miratur molem ,a5eas1 magalia quondam1 ,miratur portas /repitumque et /rata vi>um4 ,in/ant ard5tes ,tyrii p>s duc]e muros ,molirique arcem et manibus subvolv]e saxa1 ,p>s opt>e locum tecto et conclud]e sulco2 #dbe ,iura magi/ratusque legunt sanctumque s5atum2 ,hic portus alii effodiunt2 h9c lata !atris ,fundam5ta locant alii1 immanesque columnas ,rupibus excidunt1 sca5is decora alta futuris4 ,qualis apes ae/ate nova p] florea rura #dcj ,ex]cet sub sole labor1 cum g5tis adultos ,educunt fetus1 aut cum lqu5tia mella ,/ipant et dulci di/5dunt nect>e cellas1 ,aut on]a accipiunt v5i5tum1 aut agm9e facto ,ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arc5t3 #dce ,f]vet opus1 r$ol5tque ?ymo fragrantia mella4 ',o =tunati1 quorum iam mo5ia surgunt6' ,a5eas ait1 et fa/igia suspicit urbis4 ,,v]gil1 ,a54 i4 #dai-dch4 ,l95otes3 #dai4 plurimus 9 huge mass1 ) ! pr$icate imm9et4 #dba4 magalia huts1 a ,c>?ag9ian 7,pho5ician7 ^w4 ,cf4 meg>on4 #dbb4 /rata vi>um /ratas vias ! pav$ roads4 --,sidgwick4 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbe4 duc]e 444 moliri 444 subvolv]e 444 opt>e 444 conclud]e1 dep5d5t on ! idea ( eag]ness or /riv+ 9 in/ant4--,s4 #dbf4 ,v]gil is ?9k+1 z (t51 ( ,roman in/itutions1 & n ( :at 0 appropriate to h]oic times4 ,cf4 ,a54 i4 #ejg-h4 #dcj-dcf4 ,?is simile is a reproduction ( ,georg4 iv4 #afb-afi4 ,cf4 ,milton1 ,p>4 ,lo/1 i4 #gfh3 ',z bees ,9 spr+time1 :5 ! sun ) ,taurus rides1 ,p\r =? _! popul\s y\? ab\t ! hive4' #dcb4 lqu5tia liquid1 f lquor1 dep4 ,else:]e ,v]gil uses l7iqu5s f l7iqueo4 #dcc4 ,/ipant pack1 ! notion ( pu%+ & tightness be+ giv5 9 ! v s\nd ( ! heavy ov]hang+ spondees 9 ?is l9e4 --,s4 #dce4 ,ignavum 444 arc5t drive ! drones1 a slo?ful h]d1 f ! enclosure4 ,notice ! ord]4 --,page4 #dcg4 ',! want ( a city is ! key-note ( ! ,a5eid4' --,con+ton4 ,c#d ,,fir/ ,,punic ,,w>1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,a ,roman ,m>tyr4 ,c\ntry be=e ,exp$i5cy4 ,m4 ,atilius ,regulus1 cum consul it]um 9 ,africa ex insidiis captus esset duce ,xan?ippo ,lac$aemonio1 iuratus missus e/ ad s5atum1 ut1 nisi r$diti ess5t ,po5is captivi nobiles quidam1 r$iret ipse ,c>?ag9em4 ,is cum ,romam v5isset1 utilitatis #e speciem videbat1 s$ eam1 ut res decl>at1 falsam iudicavit3 quae erat talis3 man]e 9 patria1 esse domui suae cum uxore1 cum lib]is1 quam calamitatem accepisset 9 bello1 communem =tunae bellicae iudicantem t5]e consul>is dignitatis #aj gradum4 4 4 4 ,itaque quid fecit8 ,9 s5atum v5it1 m&ata exposuit1 s5t5tiam ne dic]et recusavit3 quam diu iure iur&o ho/ium t5]etur1 non esse se s5atorem4 4 4 4 ,cuius cum valuisset auctoritas1 captivi ret5ti sunt1 ipse ,c>?ag9em #ae r$iit neque eum c>itas patriae ret9uit nec suorum1 4 4 4 ',at /ulte1 qui non modo non c5su]it captivos remitt5dos1 v]um etiam dissuas]it4' ,quo modo /ulte8 etiamne1 si reipublicae conducebat8 pote/ autem1 quod inutile reipublicae sit1 id cuiquam #bj civi utile esse8 ,,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficiis1 iii4 #ii1 #ajj4 ,l95otes3 #a4 consul4 ,regulus 0 ,consul #bfa & #bef ,b4,c41 & ,proconsul 9 ,africa #bee ,b4,c41 :5 he 0 defeat$ & tak5 prison] by ,xan?ippus4 #f4 speciem ! speci\s 7plausible7 appe>ance 7semblance74 #ab1 #ac4 s5t5tiam 444 recusavit decl9$ to give 8 own op9ion on ! case4 #ac4 iure iur&o 7sc4 dato7 by ! oa? sworn to 8 enemies4 #ag4 ',at /ulte' 7sc4 fecit7 ',b1 x may he said1 he act$ l a fool4' #ai4 etiamne 7sc4 /ulte fecit7 ,:at1 h[ did he act l a fool1 if 444--,hold54 #bj1 #ba4 pote/ autem 444 utile esse4 ,cf4 ,ho t polei ouk e/i blab]on oude ton politn blaptei t :i* is n h>mful 7blab]on inutile7 to ! ,/ate is n h>mful to ! citiz54 ,p>allel ,passages4 ,polybius1 i4 #ca-cf 7he makes no m5tion ( ! embassy ( ,regulus72 ,pl9y1 ,ep4 vii4 #b 7int]e/+ lett] on ! dea? ( ,regulus72 & espec4 ,hor4 ,od4 ,,iii4 v4 #ac-;end4 ',) c\nsel ?us1 ne'er else aread advis$1 ,he n]v$ ! ,fa!rs' weak int5t1 ,&1 girt by fri5ds t m\rn'd him1 sp$ ,into illu/ri\s bani%m5t4' --,c4 ,c#e ,,fir/ ,,punic ,,w>1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,fir/ ,roman ,naval ,victory ne> ,mylae1 #bfj ,b4,c4 ,c4 ,duilius1 primo ,punico bello a ,romanis dux contra ,c>?ag9i5ses missus1 cum vid]et eos multum m>i val]e1 classem magis validam quam decoram a$ificavit1 et manus f]reas1 quas corvos vocabant1 in/ituit4 ,81 quas ante pugnam ho/es #e valde d]is]ant1 9 pugna ipsa ad ,lip>as insulas commissa naves ho/ium compreh5dit1 easque p>tim cepit1 p>tim dem]sit4 ,dux classis ,punicae ,c>?ag9em fugit1 et ex s5atu quaesivit quid fac]et4 ,omnibus ut pugn>et succlamantibus3 #aj ',feci1' inquit1 'et victus sum4' ,sic po5am crucis effugit1 nam hac po5a dux1 re male ge/a1 apud ,po5os afficiebatur4 ,duilius autem victor primum triumphum m>itimum ,romae egit1 et ad memoriam victoriae columna ro/rata 9 =o posita e/4 #ae 7,adapt$7 ,cf4 ,,florus1 ,i4 xviii4 #g-aj4 ,l95otes3 #d4 corvos cr[s 7! korakes ( ,polybius71 bo>d+-bridges4 ,a broad movable ladd]1 fa/5$ to ! =ema/1 & held 9 position by a rope4 ,:5 ! rope 0 let g1 ! iron hook at ! upp] end ( ! ladd] p5etrat$ ! deck ( an enemy's %ip4 #f4 ad ,lip>as insulas ,aeoliae ,insulae 7,lip>i ,isl&s71 ,n4,e4 ( ,sicily4 ,mylae 0 on a promontory ,s4,e4 ( ^! ,isl&s4 #h4 ,dux1 i4e4 ,hannibal1 ! def5d] ( ,agrig5tum #bfb ,b4,c4 ,b4 ,unique hon\r conf]r$ on ,duilius4 ,c4 ,duilium1 qui ,po5os classe primus devic]at1 r$euntem a c5a s5em saepe videbam pu]2 delectabatur c]eo funali et tibic9e1 quae sibi nullo exemplo privatus sumps]at3 tantum lic5tiae dabat gloria4 #bj ,,cic]o1 ,de ,s5ectute1 xiii4 #dd4 ,l95otes3 #ah4 c]eo funali1#bh i4e4 tor*light4 nullo exemplo )\t any prec$5t4 #ah-ai4 sibi 444 sumps]at4 ,cic]o is wrong3 m probably ! hon\r 0 conf]r$ on ,duilius by a vote ( ! ,comitia ,tributa4 #ai4 dabat excus$2 lit4 grant$1 all[$4 -- ,j4 ,s4 ,reid4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! funale 0 a tor* compos$ ( twigs twi/$ into a rope 7funis7 & dipp$ 9 pit* or oil4 --,j4 ,s4 ,r4 ,ref]5ces4 ,polybius1 i4 #bb1 = a description ( ! corvi1 korakes4 ,sir ,&rew ,b>ton 7,p]cy's ,reliques74 ,"l ,h[>d says3-- ',7 tw5ty %ippes1 & he b "o1 ,i swe> by kirke & b[] & hall1 ,he w\ld ov]come !m e "o ,if once 8 beames !y d d[n fall4' ,c#f ,,fir/ ,,punic ,,w>1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,c>?ag9ian ,victory (f ,drepana1 #bdi ,b4,c4 ,ra%ness ( ,claudius4 ,pra$ictiones v]o et praes5siones r]um futur>um quid aliud decl>ant nisi hom9ibus ea o/5di1 mon/r>i1 port5di1 pra$ici8 ,ex quo illa o/5ta1 mon/ra1 port5ta1 prodigia dicuntur4 ,quod si ea ficta cr$imus lic5tia fabul>um1 ,mopsum1 ,tiresiam1 #e ,amphi>aum1 ,cal*antem1 ,hel5um1 quos tam5 augures ne ipsae quidem fabulae adsciviss5t1 si res omn9o repudi>et1 ne dome/icis quidem exemplis docti num5 deorum conprobabimus8 ,nihil nos ,p4 ,claudi bello ,punico primo tem]itas movebit1 qui #aj etiam p] iocum deos irrid5s1 cum cavea lit]ati pulli non pasc]5tur1 m]gi eos 9 aquam iussit1 ut bib]5t1 quoniam esse noll5t8 ,qui risus1 classe devicta1 multas ipsi lacrimas1 magnam populo ,romano cladem attulit4 ,quid8 ,collega eius ,iunius #ae eodem bello nonne tempe/ate classem amisit1 cum auspiciis non p>uisset8 ,itaque ,claudius a populo condemnatus e/1 ,iunius necem sibi ipse conscivit4 ,,cic]o1 ,de ,nat4 ,deorum1 ,,ii4 #c4 #g-h4 ,l95otes3 #c4 o/5ta 444 dicuntur are call$ 9 ,lat9 'o/5ta1' 'mon/ra1' etc4 --,wal=d4 #d4 prodigium = prodicium pro ,rtdic- deik- po9t out4 #e4 ,mopsum1 etc4 all ^? /ories ab\t ,mopsus1 etc41 9 apposition to ea3 poetical con/ruction4 ,mopsum1 ! prophet :o accompani$ ! ,argonauts4 ,tiresiam1 ! bl9d prophet ( ,!bes4 #f4 ,amphi>aum1 ! se] ( ,argos4 ,"o ( ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes4 ,hel5us1 son ( ,priam4 ,a se] ( ! ,iliad & ! ,a5eid4 #aj4 ,p4 ,claudi tem]itas4 ,p4 ,cl4 ,pul*] 7son ( ,appius ,claudius1 ! bl9d ,c5sor7 defeat$ by ,adh]bal (f ,drepana 7,n4,w4 corn] ( ,sicily1 betwe5 ,eryx & ,lilybaeum74 #ae4 ,iunius4 ,l4 ,j4 ,pullus1 consul #bdi ,b4,c4 ,8 fleet 0 de/roy$ by a /orm (f ,pa*ynus 7,c4 ,pass>o7 ! same ye>4 ,p>allel ,passage4 ,florus ii4 #b says t ',claudius 0 ov]?r[n1 n by ! enemy1 b by ! gods !mselves1 ^: auspices he _h despis$4' ,! ,defeat (f ,drepana4 ',! reason ( ! defeat lay 9 ! sup]iority ( ! ,c>?ag9ian admiral & seam51 & ! inexp]i5ce ( ,claudius & ( 8 crews1 consi/+ ma9ly ( l&sm5 :o knew no?+ ( ! sea4 ,?is disa/] & ! de/ruction ( ! fleet ( ,junius cr[n$ ! s]ies ( mis=tunes :i* befell ! ,romans 9 ! ye> #bdi ,b4,c41 ! mo/ dismal "t ( ! :ole w>4' --,ihne4 ,c#g ,,fir/ ,,punic ,,w>1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,victory ( ,lutatius (f ! ,aegates ,insulae1 #bda ,b4,c4 ,peace ) ,c>?age4 ,a4 ,int]im ,c>?ag9i5ses classe apud insulas ,aegates a ,c4 ,lutatio1 consule ,romanorum1 sup]ati /atu]unt belli fac]e f9em1 eamque rem arbitrio p]mis]unt ,hamilc>is4 ,ille1 etsi flagrabat bell&i cupiditate1 tam5 paci s]vi5dum putavit1 quod #e patriam1 exhau/am sumptibus1 diutius calamitates belli f]re non posse intellegebat1 s$ ita1 ut /atim m5te agit>et1 si paulum modo res ess5t refectae1 bellum r5ov>e ,romanosque armis p]sequi1 donicum aut virtute viciss5t aut victi manus d$iss5t4 #aj ,,corn4 ,,nepos1 ,hamilc>1 i4 ,l95otes3 #a4 apud insulas ,aegates1 ! ,goat ,isl&s1 (f ! ,w4 ,coa/ ( ,sicily1 betwe5 ,drepana & ,lilybaeum 7,m>sala74 #c4 /atu]unt belli fac]e f9em4 ,?is victory l$ to ! close ( ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>4 #e4 paci s]vi5dum to devote himself to 7obta9+7 peace4 #i4 donicum 7 donec71 lit4 'at ! "t ( day :5 ----' #aj4 virtute viciss5t !y 7! ,romans7 %\ld h conqu]$ by 7sup]ior7 pr[ess4 ,b4 ,hic dum /agnosi spectat templumque domosque ,lit]ni ductor1 v>ia spl5d5tia c]nit ,pictura belli patribus monum5ta prioris #fee ,exhau/i3 nam porticibus signata manebant1 ,quis in]at longus r]um et spectabilis ordo4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,addid]ant gem9as m$io consurg]e fluctu ,aegates3 lac]ae circum fragm5ta vid]es #fhe ,classis et effusos fluit>e 9 gurgite ,po5os4 ,possessor pelagi pronaque ,lutatius aura ,captivas puppes ad litora victor agebat4 ,,silius ,,italicus1 vi4 #fec-feg1 #fhd-fhh4 ,l95otes3 #fec-fed4 /agnosi ,lit]ni4 ,t[n & ,riv] on ! coa/ ( ,campania1 ,n4 ( ,cumae4 ,! ,riv] fl[s ?r\gh a m>% ,lit]na palus4 #fed4 ductor ,hannibal4 #fed-feg4 ,silius 7:o closely imitates ,v]gil7 makes ,hannibal view ! sculptur$ memorials ( ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>1 j z ,a5eas sees c>v$ ! tale ( ,troy4 ,v]g4 ,a54 i4 #dde-dic4 ,p>allel ,passage4 ,polybius1 i4 caps4 #ei-fc4 ,t]ms ( ,peace4 ,c>?age engag$ to evacuate ,sicily2 n to make w> ^u ,hi]o ( ,syracuse2 to give up all ,roman prison]s )\t ransom1 & to pay #bbjj tal5ts 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,sicily ! fir/ ,roman ,prov9ce4 ,c#h ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,great ,importance ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>4 ,9 p>te op]is mei licet mihi praef>i bellum maxime omnium memorabile1 quae unquam ge/a s9t1 me scripturum1 quod ,hannibale duce ,c>?ag9i5ses cum populo ,romano gess]e4 ,nam neque validiores opibus ullae int] se civitates g5tesque contul]unt #e arma1 neque 8 ipsis tantum unquam virium aut roboris fuit1 et haud ignotas belli artes int] sese1 s$ exp]tas primo ,punico conf]ebant bello1 et adeo v>ia =tuna belli ancepsque ,m>s fuit1 ut propius p]iculum fu]9t1 qui vic]unt4 ,odiis etiam prope #aj maioribus c]t>unt quam viribus1 ,romanis indignantibus quod victoribus victi ultro inf]r5t arma1 ,po5is1 quod sup]be av>eque cr$]5t imp]itatum victis esse4 ,l95otes3 #c4 ,hannibale duce4 ,polybius call$ ! w> ( :i* ,hannibal 0 ! life & s\l ! ',hannibalian ,w>4' #f4 8 ipsis1 sc4 ,romanis ,po5isque1 ) validiores4 #f-g4 virium aut roboris (f5sive or def5sive /r5g?4 --,r4 #h4 exp]tas te/$1 9 a passive s5se4 #i4 ut propius 444 vic]unt1 e4g4 aft] ,cannae1 #baf ,b4,c4 #ab4 ultro inf]r5t arma %\ld presume to attack4 --,dimsdale4 #ac4 ,po5is1 sc4 indignantibus4 sup]be av>eque4 ',:5 ! w> ( ! m]c5>ies broke out 9 ,africa 7#bda-bch ,b4,c47 ,rome avail$ h]self ( ! di/ress ( ,c>?age to extort ! cession ( ,s>d9ia1 & rais$ ! w> indemnity by #abjj tal5ts4' --,ihne4 ,b4 ,! ,oa? ( ! ,boy ,hannibal4 ,fama e/ etiam1 ,hannibalem annorum f]me #ae novem1 pu]ilit] bl&i5tem patri ,hamilc>i1 ut duc]etur 9 ,hispaniam1 cum1 p]fecto ,africo bello1 ex]citum eo traiecturus sacrific>et1 alt>ibus admotum1 tactis sacris1 iure iur&o adactum1 se1 cum primum posset1 ho/em =e populo ,romano4 #bj ,,livy1 xxi4 #a4 ,l95otes3 #af4 bl&i5tem coax+ly entreat+4 --,d4 #ag4 p]fecto ,africo bello1 i4e4 betwe5 ,c>?age & h] mut9\s m]c5>ies1 #bda-bcg ,b4,c4 ,p>allel ,passage4 ,= ,hannibal's ,oa?1 ,livy xxxv4 #ai4 ,importance ( ! ,w>4 ',x 0 a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 = supremacy or de/ruction4 ,x 0 to decide :e!r ! ,graeco-,roman civilisation ( ! ,we/ or ! ,semitic 7,c>?ag9ian7 civilisation ( ! ,ea/ 0 to be e/abli%$ 9 ,europe1 & to det]m9e its hi/ory = all future "t4' --,ihne4 ,c#i ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ',! pa?s ( glory lead b to ! grave4' ,exp5de ,hannibalem3 quot libras 9 duce summo #adg ,inv5ies8 4 4 4 4 ,additur imp]iis ,hispania1 ,pyr5aeum #aea ,transilit4 ,opposuit natura ,alpemque nivemque3 ,diducit scopulos et montem rumpit aceto4 ,iam t5et ,italiam1 tam5 ultra p]g]e t5dit3 ',actum1' inquit1 'nihil e/1 nisi ,po5o milite portas #aee ,frangimus et m$ia vexillum pono ,subura4' ,o qualis facies et quali digna tabella1 ,cum ,gaetula ducem port>et belua luscum6 ,exitus ergo quis e/8 ,o gloria6 v9citur idem ,nempe et 9 exilium praeceps fugit1 atque ibi magnus #afj ,mir&usque cli5s s$et ad praetoria regis1 ,donec ,bi?yno libeat vigil>e tyranno4 ,f9em animae1 quae res humanas miscuit olim1 ,non gladii1 non saxa dabunt1 nec tela1 s$ ille ,cann>um v9dex et tanti sangu9is ultor1 #afe ,anulus4 ,i1 dem5s1 et saevas curre p] ,alpes1 ,ut pu]is placeas et declamatio fias4 ,,juv5al1 ,sat4 x4 #adg-afg4 ,l95otes3 #adg-adh4 ,exp5de 444 inv5ies if y lay 7lit4 'weigh'7 ,hannibal 9 ! scale1 h[ _m p\nds w y f9d 9 ! greate/ ( comm&]s8 --,duff4 ,cf4 ,ov4 ,met4 xii4 #fae3 ,iam c9is e/3 et de tam magno re/at ,a*ille ,nescio quid p>vam quod non b5e compleat urnam4 #aef4 m$ia ,subura1 i4e4 9 ! he>t ( ,rome4 ,! ,subura 0 "o ( ! busie/ & mo/ popul\s qu>t]s ( ,rome4 #aeg4 ,o qualis facies 444 tabella :at a sight & h[ fit = c>icature6 lit4 'wor?y ( :at a picture' i4e4 h[ ridicul\s a picture x w\ld h made4 --,h>dy4 #aeh4 luscum "o-ey$4 ,hannibal lo/ an eye f disease1 :ile m>*+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry flood$ by ! ,arno1 #bag ,b4,c4 #afj4 9 exilium1 i4e4 fir/ to ,antio*us ( ,syria1 & !n to ,prusias ( ,bi?ynia4 #aff4 anulus4 ,hannibal took poison :i* he c>ri$ ab\t 9 a r+ 7anulus7 #ahc ,b4,c41 ag$ #gf4 #afg4 ut 444 fias to suit ! ta/e ( s*oolboys1 & become ! subject ( _! spee*es4 --,duff4 ,= ! ?\ght1 cf4 ,%ak4 ,ham4 ,v4 i4 #bcb3 ,imp]i\s ,caes>1 dead & turn$ to clay1 ,might /op a hole to keep ! w9d away3 ,o1 t t e>?1 :i* kept ! _w 9 awe ,%\ld pat* a wall to expel ! w9t]'s flaw6 ,c#aj ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,"* ( ,hannibal4 ,nunquam +5ium idem ad res div]sissimas1 p>5dum atque imp]&um1 habilius fuit4 ,itaque haud facile disc]n]es1 utrum imp]atori an ex]citui c>ior esset2 neque ,hasdrubal alium quemquam praefic]e malle1 ubi quid =tit] ac /r5ue ag5dum #e esset1 neque milites alio duce plus confid]e aut aud]e4 ,plurimum audaciae ad p]icula capess5da1 plurimum consilii int] ipsa p]icula erat4 ,nullo labore aut corpus fatig>i aut animus v9ci pot]at4 ,caloris ac frigoris pati5tia p>2 cibi potionisque #aj desid]io naturali1 non voluptate modus f9itus2 vigili>um somnique nec die nec nocte discrim9ata tempora3 id1 quod g]5dis rebus sup]esset1 quieti datum2 ea neque molli /rato neque sil5tio acc]sita2 multi saepe milit>i sagulo op]tum humi iac5tem #ae int] cu/odias /ationesque militum conspex]unt4 ,ve/itus nihil int] aequales excell5s2 arma atque equi conspiciebantur4 ,equitum p$itumque idem longe primus erat2 pr9ceps 9 proelium ibat1 ultimus cons]to proelio exc$ebat4 ,has tantas viri virtutes #bj +5tia vitia aequabant1 inhumana crudelitas1 p]fidia plus quam ,punica1 nihil v]i1 nihil sancti1 nullus deum metus1 nullum ius iur&um1 nulla religio4 ,,livy1 xxi4 #d4 ,l95otes3 #b4 habilius bett] adapt$1 lit4 'm easily h&l$'2 cf4 our h&y4 #g4 ad p]icula capess5da 9 incurr+ p]il4 #ab4 discrim9ata regulat$1 lit4 'divid$ (f'2 cf4 dis-c]no1 dis-crim54 #ad4 acc]sita 7 arcessita7 woo$4 #ae4 sagulo 9 8 milit>y cloak3 dim9utive ( sagum4 #ba4 inhumana crudelitas4 ,polybius says t _m ( 8 alleg$ cruelties 7 to be set d[n to 8 namesake ,h4 ,monoma*us4 #ba-bc4 p]fidia plus quam ,punica4 ',?is does n seem to h be5 any?+ worse ?an a consummate adroitness 9 lay+ traps = 8 enemies4' --,*ur* & ,brodribb4 ,cf4 ',p]fidi\s ,albion4' #bc4 nulla religio no scruples1 i4e4 no =ce b9d+ 7re lig>e7 or re/ra9+ f wrong-do+1 no consci5ce4 ,p>allel ,passages4 ,livy xxvi4 #da ( ,scipio ,africanus ,m9or--,sallu/ ,cat4 #e ( ,catil9e--,polybius ix4 #bb-bf 7important74 ',bitt]ly z ! ,romans hat$1 revil$1 & p]secut$ ,c>?age1 ! mo/ deadly poison ( _! hatr$ !y p\r$ ^u ,hannibal2 !y did n hesitate to black5 8 memory by ! mo/ revolt+ accusations4' --,ihne4 ,c#aa ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,! ,siege ( ,saguntum1 #bai ,b4,c4 ,angulus muri erat 9 planiorem pat5tioremque quam cet]a circa vallem v]g5s2 adv]sus eum v9eas ag]e in/ituit1 p] quas aries mo5ibus admov]i posset4 ,s$ ut locus procul muro satis aequus ag5dis v9eis fuit1 ita haudquaquam prosp]e1 #e po/quam ad effectum op]is v5tum e/1 coeptis succ$ebat4 ,et turris +5s imm9ebat1 et murus1 ut 9 suspecto loco1 supra cet]ae modum altitud9is emunitus erat1 et iuv5tus delecta1 ubi plurimum p]iculi ac timoris o/5debatur1 ibi vi maiore obsi/ebant4 #aj ,ac primo missilibus summov]e ho/em nec quicquam satis tutum muni5tibus pati2 de9de iam non pro mo5ibus modo atque turri tela mic>e1 s$ ad erump5dum etiam 9 /ationes op]aque ho/ium animus erat2 quibus tumultu>iis c]tam9ibus #ae haud f]me plures ,sagunt9i cadebant quam ,po5i4 ,ut v]o ,hannibal ipse1 dum murum incautius subit1 adv]sum femur tragula gravit] ictus cecidit1 tanta circa fuga ac trepidatio fuit1 ut non multum abesset1 qu9 op]a ac v9eae des]]5tur4 #bj ,,livy1 xxi4 #g4 ,l95otes3 #b4 quam cet]a 7sc4 loca7 circa ?an ! neighb\r+ c\ntry4 #d-e4 ut 444 ita lit4 z 444 s1 i4e4 al?\gh 444 yet 444 #f4 po/quam 444 v5tum e/ :5 !y came to attack ! wall 9 e>ne/4 ,effectum 7v]bal n\n 9 u7 ! completion ( ! "w1 i4e4 ! br++ up ( ! ram4 --,dimsdale4 #h4 ut 9 suspecto loco z 70 natural7 9 a suspect$ 7i4e4 weak7 spot4 --,capes4 #aa-ab4 nec quicquam 444 pati !y all[$ ^? engag$ on ! works no sort ( safety1 lit4 n 7ev57 mod]ate safety4 --,d4 #ah4 adv]sum femur 9 ! front ( ! ?igh4 ,,saguntum 7,murvi$ro muri vet]es7 9 ,hispania ,t>racon5sis 7ab\t #bj miles ,s4 ( ,val5cia7 0 suppos$ to h be5 f\nd$ by ,greek coloni/s f ,zacyn?os 7,zante74 ,9 #bbf ,b4,c4 ,rome made an alliance ) ,saguntum & ,hasdrubal 0 in=m$ ( ! fact4 ,hannibal attack$ ! city o/5sibly on ! gr\nd ( its hav+ mole/$ subject-allies ( ,c>?age1 b really because he 0 unwill+ to leave a /rong city 9 8 re>1 & wi%$ to obta9 funds4 ,aft] an eight mon?s' siege & a h]oic def5ce1 *>act]i/ic ( ,spani% t[ns1 x 0 tak5 by /orm #bai ,b4,c4 ,nec pavet hic populus 7,massilia7 pro lib]tate subire ,obsessum ,po5o gessit quod ,m>te ,saguntum4 ,,lucan1 ,ph>s4 iii4 #cdi-ej4 ,cf4 also ,juv4 ,sat4 xv4 #aac-ad1 & ! siege ( ,s>agossa1 #ahjh ,a4,d4 ,c#ab ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,! ,dream ( ,hannibal4 ,hannibalem ,coelius scribit1 cum cepisset ,saguntum1 visum esse 9 somnis a ,iove 9 deorum concilium voc>i2 quo cum v5isset1 ,iovem imp]asse ut ,italiae bellum inf]ret1 ducemque ei unum e concilio datum3 quo illum ut5tem cum ex]citu progr$i #e coepisse2 tum ei ducem illum praecepisse ne respic]et2 illum autem id diutius fac]e non potuisse elatumque cupiditate respexisse3 tum visam belluam va/am et immanem1 circumplicatam s]p5tibus1 quacunque inc$]et1 omnia arbu/a1 virgulta1 tecta #aj p]v]t]e4 ,,cic]o1 ,de ,div9atione1 i4 #bd1 #di4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,coelius1 i4e4 ,l4 ,coelius ,antipat] 7a contempor>y ( ,c4 ,grac*us #abc ,b4,c471 wrote ,annales1 :i* conta9$ a valuable acc\nt ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>4 ,livy borr[s l>gely f 8 n>rative4 #g4 id 444 non potuisse4 ,cf4 ,livy 'temp]>e oculis nequivisse he c\ld n re/ra9 8 eyes4' #h4 cupiditate f curiosity4 ,cf4 ,livy 'cura +5i humani ) ! natural curiosity ( ! human m9d4' #h-aa4 visam belluam 444 p]v]t]e he ?\ght he saw a mon/] ov]?r[+4 ,b4 ,! ,int]pretation--,va/itatem esse ,italiae4 ,hoc trepidus mon/ro 444 ardua quae sit1 #aih444bjj ,scitatur1 pe/is1 t]rasque urg5tia membra ,quo f]at et quosnam populos deposcat hiatu4 ,cui gelidis almae ,cyll5es editus antris3 ',bella vides optata tibi3 te maxima bella1 ,te /rages nemorum1 te moto turbida caelo #bje ,tempe/as1 ca$esque virum1 magnaeque ru9ae ,idaei g5]is1 lacrimosaque fata sequuntur4 ,quantus p] campos populatis montibus actus ,contorquet silvas squal5ti t]gore s]p5s1 ,et late umectat t]ras spumante v55o3 #baj ,tantus1 p]domitis decurr5s ,alpibus atro ,involves bello ,italiam1 tantoque fragore ,eruta convulsis pro/]nes oppida muris4' ,,silius ,,italicus1 iii4 #aih-bac4 ,l95otes3 #bjb4 hiatu ) its wide-op5 m\?4 #bjc4 ,cyll5es1 i4e4 ,mt4 ,cyll5e 7,zyria71 ! highe/ po9t 9 ! ,peloponnesus1 on ! bord]s ( ,arcadia & ,a*aia1 :]e ,h]mes is said to h be5 born3 h5ce /yl$ ,cyll5ius4 #bji4 t]gore t]go4 poet4 & po/-,augu/ian4 ,p>allel ,passage4 ,livy xxi4 #bb1 & cf4 ,polybius iii4 #dg4 ,c#ac ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,f ! ,pyr5ees to ! ,rhone4 ,passage ( ! ,elephants4 ,elephantorum traici5dorum v>ia consilia fuisse cr$o1 c]te v>iat memoria actae rei4 4 4 4 ,cet]um magis con/at ratibus traiectos esse elephantos4 ,ratem unam duc5tos longam p$es qu9quag9ta latam a t]ra 9 amnem porrex]unt1 quam1 ne #e secunda aqua def]retur1 pluribus validis ret9aculis p>te sup]iore ripae religatam pontis 9 modum humo iniecta con/rav]unt1 ut beluae audact] velut p] solum +r$]5tur4 ,alt]a ratis aeque lata1 longa p$es c5tum1 ad traici5dum flum5 apta1 #aj huic copulata e/2 tum elephanti p] /abilem ratem tamquam viam praegr$i5tibus fem9is acti ubi 9 m9orem applicatam transgressi sunt1 extemplo resolutis1 quibus levit] annexa erat1 v9culis ab actu>iis aliquot navibus ad alt]am ripam p]trahitur4 ,ita #ae primis expositis alii de9de repetiti ac traiecti sunt4 ,nihil sane trepidabant1 donec cont95ti velut ponte ag]5tur2 primus erat pavor1 cum soluta ab cet]is rate 9 altum rap]5tur4 ,ibi urg5tes int] se c$5tibus extremis ab aqua trepidationis aliquantum #bj edebant1 donec quietem ipse timor circumspectantibus aquam fecisset4 ,excid]e etiam saevi5tes quidam 9 flum52 s$ pond]e ipso /abilis deiectis rectoribus qua]5dis p$etemptim vadis 9 t]ram evas]e4 #be ,,livy1 xxi4 #bh4 ,l95otes3 #b4 v>iat 444 rei ! acc\nts ( :at 0 done diff]4 --,dimsdale4 #g4 p>te sup]iore 444 pontis fa/5$ to ! upp] "p ( ! bank1 i4e4 to ! bank at a po9t high] up /ream4 --,d4 #i4 p] solum on firm gr\nd4 #ad4 ab actu>iis by "s light craft1 lit4 ',easily mov$' 7ago74 #ag-ah4 donec 444 ag]5tur ,s long z !y 7 be+ driv5 on :at seem$ a bridge connect$ ) ! l&4 --,c4 & ,b4 ,agebantur w\ld be m usual1 b ag]5tur may give ! reason ( nihil trepidabant4 ,cf4 donec--fecisset ll4 #ba-bb4 #ai4 9 altum into mid /ream1 usu4 ( ! ,sea4 --,d4 int] se "o on ano!r1 alii alios4 #bd4 qua]5dis p$etemptim vadis feel+ _! way into %all[ wat]4 p$etemptim /ep by /ep1 lit4 '/ret*+ out ! feet' 7pes t5do74 ,cf4 paulatim1 s5sim4 ,ref]5ce4 ,polybius1 iii4 #df4 ,bo? ,polybius & ,livy ?\ght t elephants c\ld n swim4 ,c#ad ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,f ! ,rhone to ,italy4 ,hannibal enc\rages 8 ,soldi]s4 ,itaque ,hannibal1 po/quam ipsi s5t5tia /etit p]g]e ire atque ,italiam pet]e1 advocata contione v>ie militum v]sat animos ca/ig&o adhort&oque3 mir>i se1 qu9am pectora semp] impavida rep5s t]ror invas]it4 4 4 4 ,alpes quidem habit>i1 coli1 #e gign]e atque al]e animantes2 p]vias fauces esse ex]citibus4 ,eos ipsos1 quos c]nant1 legatos non p9nis sublime elatos ,alpes transgressos4 ,ne maiores quidem eorum indig5as1 s$ adv5as ,italiae cultores has ipsas ,alpes +5tibus saepe agm9ibus cum #aj lib]is ac coniugibus migrantium modo tuto transmisisse4 ,militi quidem armato nihil secum praet] in/rum5ta belli portanti quid invium aut inexsup]abile esse8 ,saguntum ut cap]etur1 quid p] octo m5ses p]iculi1 quid laboris exhau/um esse6 #ae ,romam1 caput orbis t]r>um1 pet5tibus quicquam adeo asp]um atque arduum vid]i1 quod inceptum moretur8 ,cepisse quondam ,gallos ea1 quae adiri posse ,po5us desp]et4 ,pro9de aut c$]5t animo atque virtute g5ti p] eos dies toti5s ab se victae1 #bj aut it9]is f9em sp]5t campum int]iac5tem ,tib]i ac mo5ibus ,romanis4 ,,livy1 xxi4 #cj4 ,l95otes3 #b-c4 v>ie 444 v]sat works on _! m9ds by diff]5t me?ods1 i4e4 ca/ig&o adhort&oque4--,dimsdale4 #d-e4 rep5s t]ror4 ,livy says t ,h4's soldi]s dread$ ! ,romans 7victori\s 9 ! #a/ ,punic ,w>71 b /ill m ! exagg]at$ & unkn[n t]rors ( ! ,alps4 #g4 ,eos ipsos legatos1 i4e4 ( ! ,boii 7,insubrian ,gauls71 long settl$ 9 ,gallia ,cisalp9a 7r\nd ,m$iolanum ,milan74 #i4 adv5as ,italiae cultores =eign settl]s 9 ,italy4 adv5as adj4 "h4 --,d4 #aa4 migrantium modo z immigrants4 #af4 ,romam caput orbis4 ,a rhetorical exagg]ation1 = ,rome 0 n yet mi/ress ev5 ( all ,italy 7e4g4 ! ,boii n subdu$ until #aia ,b4,c474 #ah4 ,cepisse ,gallos4 ,! ,gauls sack$ ,rome #cij ,b4,c4 #bj4 g5ti 444 victae1 e4g4 at ! ,passage ( ! ,rhone4 #ba4 campum1 i4e4 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 ,n4,w4 ( ,rome1 :]e ! ,tib] makes a wide curve4 ,= ! ?\ght cf4 p4 #aaf1 ll4 #g1 #h4 ,selection ,c#i1 l9es #aee1 #aef ,! ,spee*es ( ,livy4 ',he does n int5d 9 !m to reproduce ! sub/ance ( words actually spok51 or ev5 to imitate ! tone ( ! "t 9 :i* ! spee* is laid4 ,he uses !m z a vivid & dramatic me?od ( portray+ "* & motive4' --,mackail4 ,c#ae ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,f ! ,rhone to ,italy4 ,! ,desc5t ( ! ,alps4 ,natura locus iam ante praeceps rec5ti lapsu t]rae 9 p$um mille admodum altitud9em abruptus erat4 4 4 4 ,t&em nequiquam ium5tis atque hom9ibus fatigatis ca/ra 9 iugo posita1 aeg]rime ad id ipsum loco purgato3 tantum nivis fodi5dum atque #e eg]5dum fuit4 ,inde ad rupem muni5dam1 p] quam unam via esse pot]at1 milites ducti1 cum ca$5dum esset saxum1 arboribus circa immanibus deiectis detruncatisque /ruem +5tem lignorum faciunt1 eamque1 cum et vis v5ti apta faci5do igni #aj coorta esset1 succ5dunt ard5tiaque saxa infuso aceto putrefaciunt4 ,ita torridam inc5dio rupem f]ro p&unt1 molliuntque anfractibus modicis clivos1 ut non ium5ta solum s$ elephanti etiam d$uci poss5t4 ,quadriduum circa rupem consumptum #ae ium5tis prope fame absumptis2 nuda enim f]e cacum9a sunt1 et1 si quid e/ pabuli1 obruunt nives4 ,inf]iora valles apricosque quosdam colles hab5t rivosque prope silvas et iam humano cultu digniora loca4 ,ibi ium5ta 9 pabulum missa1 et quies #bj muni5do fessis hom9ibus data4 ,triduo inde ad planum desc5sum iam et locis mollioribus et accol>um +5iis4 ,,livy1 xxi4 #cf1 #cg4 ,context4 ,at a %ort di/ance f ! summit ( ! ,pass 7prob4 ! ,little ,/4 ,b]n>d7 ,hannibal f9ds 8 passage b>r$ by a break 9 ! road1 caus$ by a l&slip or avalan*e4 ,l95otes3 #b-c4 9 p$um 444 abruptus erat4 ,polybius says t ! precipice at ! side ( ! road 7leav+ only a n>r[ l$ge7 ext5d$ = ab\t #ajjj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,livy 9 mi/ake conv]ts ?is into #ajjj ft4 9 dep?4 #c-d4 ,t&em 444 fatigatis1 i4e4 aft] ,h4's attempt to pass by a side-way ov] a glaci] fail$4 #d4 9 iugo1 i4e4 on ! high] level :]e ! road 0 brok5 away4 #f4 ad rupem muni5dam to cut a way ?r\gh ! rock4 ,munire 7cf4 mo5ia7 lit4 'to wall1' 'to build4' ,s munire viam to make a road4 ,hannibal wid5$ ! n>r[ l$ge ( road by mak+ a sort ( t]race4 #i4 detruncatis trimm$1 7lit4 'lopp$ (f'71 i4e4 cle>$ ( bran*es4 #aa-ab4 infuso aceto4 ,lime/one rock might be s(t5$ by v9eg>1 :i* ! posca1 ! soldi]s' regul> dr9k ( v9eg> & wat]1 w\ld supply4 ,polybius does n m5tion ?is4 #ac-ad4 molliuntque 444 clivos relieve ! /eepness ( ! desc5t by g5tly-slop+ zigzag pa?s4 ,anfractus1 f ambi frango4 ,ref]5ces4 ,polybius1 iii4 #ed-ef2 ,ihne1 i4 #aga-agi4 ,c#af ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,! ,battle at ! ,r4 ,trebia1 #bah ,b4,c4 ,hannibal1 cum ad ,trebiam 9 conspectu hab]et ,semproni ,longi consulis ca/ra1 m$io amne int]flu5te1 saevissima hieme ,magonem et electos 9 insidiis posuit4 ,de9de ,numidas equites ad elici5dam ,semproni cr$ulitatem adequit>e vallo eius #e iussit1 quibus praecep]at1 ut ad primum no/rorum incursum p] nota refug]5t vada4 ,hos consul et adortus tem]e et secutus ieiunum ex]citum 9 maximo frigore transitu flum9is rigefecit3 mox torpore et in$ia adfectis ,hannibal suum militem #aj opposuit1 quem ad id ignibus oleoque et cibo fov]at2 nec defuit p>tibus ,mago1 qu9 t]ga ho/ium 9 hoc ord9atus ca$]et4 ,,front9us1 ,/rategemata1 ii4 #e4 #bc4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ad ,trebiam1 a small tribut>y ,s4 ( ! ,padus1 :i* x jo9s #b miles ,w4 ( ,plac5tia 7,piac5za74 #b4 ca/ra4 ,ti4 ,sempronius ,longus1 ) 8 army f ,sicily1 effect$ a junction ) 8 colleague1 ,scipio1 9 8 =tifi$ camp on ! ,w4 or left bank ( ! ,trebia4 #h-i4 ieiunum 444 rigefecit1 i4e4 ,sempronius made /iff 7rigefecit7 ) wad+ brea/-high across ! icy riv] 8 m5 fa9t ) hung] 7ieiunum74 #aa4 oleoque1 i4e4 ut mollir5t artus to make _! limbs supple4 #ab-ac4 nec defuit 444 ca$]et4 ,! ,romans kept _! gr\nd ) ! utmo/ c\rage till ,mago bur/ out f 8 ambu% & attack$ !m 9 re>4 ,b4 ,! ,riv] b>s ! ,retreat4 ,et iam1 disp]sis ,romana p] agm9a signis1 #egj ,palantes agit1 ad ripas1 mis]abile6 ,po5us ,impell5s trepidos1 fluvioque imm]g]e c]tat4 ,tum ,trebia infau/o nova proelia gurgite fessis ,incohat1 ac precibus ,iunonis suscitat undas4 ,haurit subsid5s fugi5tum corpora tellus1 #ege ,infidaque soli fru/rata vorag9e sorbet4 ,nec niti l5toque datur convell]e limo ,m]sa p$um p5itus ve/igia3 labe t5aci ,ha]5t dev9cti gressus1 resolutaque ripa ,implicat aut caeca pro/]nit fraude paludis4 #ehj ,,silius ,,italicus1 iv4 #egj-ehj4 ,l95otes3 #egd4 precibus 444 undas4 ,! poet1 9 8 imitation ( ,v]gil1 makes ,juno ! devot$ ally ( ,hannibal4 #egf4 soli fru/rata prev5t$ f rea*+ firm gr\nd4 #egg4 l5to /icky4 #egi4 resoluta crumbl+4 ,ref]5ces4 ,livy1 xxi4 #eb-ef2 ,ihne1 ii4 #ahg-aia4 ,c#ag ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,! ,battle ( ,lake ,trasim5e1 #bag ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,flam9ius cum pridie solis occasu ad lacum p]v5isset1 inexplorato po/]o die vixdum satis c]ta luce angu/iis sup]atis1 po/quam 9 pat5tiorem campum p&i agm5 coepit1 id tantum ho/ium1 quod ex adv]so erat1 conspexit2 ab t]go ac sup] #e caput haud#bi detectae insidiae4 ,po5us ubi1 id quod peti]at1 clausum lacu ac montibus et circumfusum suis copiis habuit ho/em1 signum omnibus dat simul invad5di4 ,qui ubi1 qua cuique proximum fuit1 decucurr]unt1 eo magis ,romanis subita atque improvisa #aj res fuit1 quod orta ex lacu nebula campo quam montibus d5sior s$]at1 agm9aque ho/ium ex pluribus collibus ipsa int] se satis conspecta eoque magis p>it] decucurr]ant4 ,romanus clamore prius undique orto1 quam satis c]n]et1 se circumv5tum #ae esse s5sit1 et ante 9 frontem lat]aque pugn>i coeptum e/1 quam satis in/ru]etur acies aut exp$iri arma /r+ique gladii poss5t4 ,consul p]culsis omnibus ipse satis1 ut#cj 9 re trepida1 impavidus turbatos ord9es1 v]t5te se quoque ad dissonos #bj clamores1 in/ruit1 ut tempus locusque patitur1 et1 quacunque adire audirique pote/1 adhortatur ac />e ac pugn>e iubet4 #be ,,livy1 xxii4 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #bi3 ,v>4 lect4 decep]e4 ,footnote #cj3 ,= ?is qualify+ use ( ut cf4 p4 #db1 iii4 7b7 & p4 #hc l9e #a4 ,demon/ration ,,iv4iii & ,selection ,d#bd ,l95otes3 #a4 ,flam9ius 7,gaius71 ! *ief ( ! popul> p>ty at ,rome4 ,consul #bbc ,b4,c41 conqu]$ ! ,insubrian ,gauls1 ,c5sor #bbj ,b4,c4 ,connect$ ,pic5um ) ,rome by ! ,via ,flam9ia4 ,consul 7a second "t7 #bag ,b4,c41 defeat$ & kill$ at ,trasim5e4 #b4 inexplorato )\t reconnoitr+4 ',?is ^w expresses ! :ole blame atta*+ to ,flam9ius1 & x is great4' --,dimsdale4 #d4 p&i 7 se p&]e7 to deploy4 #ac4 ipsa 444 conspecta 7 suffici5tly visible to ea* o!r4 #ae4 prius quam satis c]n]et be=e he c\ld cle>ly di/+ui% any?+4 --,d4 #ai4 ut 9 re trepida consid]+ ! confusion ( ! mom5t4 --,d4 ,! ,sc5e ( ! ,battle4 ,at ! ,n4,w4 end ( ! ,lake ! m\nta9s ( ,cortona come "r d[n to ! lake1 b a little fur!r ,e4 ! pass exp&s & =ms betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! lake a n>r[ pla9 f to #a miles 9 wid? & ab\t #d miles 9 l5g?4 ,at ! ,e4 end ( ! pla9 ! m\nta9s aga9 close d[n ^u ! lake4 ,"h ,hannibal encamp$ ) 8 ,africans & ,spani>ds2 po/$ 8 light-arm$ troops beh9d ! cre/s ( ! hills :i* b\nd$ ! pla9 on ! ,n41 & 8 cavalry at ! entrance to ! pass on ! ,w4 to cut (f ! ,roman retreat4 ,c#ah ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,! ,battle ( ,lake ,trasim5e1 #bag ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,cet]um prae /repitu ac tumultu nec consilium nec imp]ium accipi pot]at1 tantumque ab]at1 ut sua signa atque ord9es et locum nosc]5t1 ut vix ad arma capi5da apt&aque pugnae compet]et animus1 opprim]5turque quidam on]ati magis iis #e quam tecti4 ,et erat 9 tanta calig9e maior usus aurium quam oculorum4 ,ad gemitus vuln]atorum ictusque corporum aut armorum et mixtos /rep5tium#ca pav5tiumque clamores circumf]ebant ora oculosque4 ,alii fugi5tes pugnantium globo illati #aj ha]ebant2 alios r$euntes 9 pugnam av]tebat fugi5tium agm54 ,de9de1 ubi 9 omnes p>tes nequiquam impetus capti1 et ab lat]ibus montes ac lacus1 a fronte et ab t]go ho/ium acies claudebant1 app>uitque nullam nisi 9 dext]a f]roque salutis #ae spem esse1 tum sibi quisque dux adhortatorque factus ad rem g]5dam et nova de integro exorta pugna e/1 non illa ord9ata p] pr9cipes ha/atosque ac tri>ios1 nec ut pro signis antesignani1 po/ signa alia pugn>et acies2 =s conglobabat et animus suus #bj cuique ante aut po/ pugn&i ord9em dabat2 tantusque fuit ardor animorum1 adeo int5tus pugnae animus1 ut eum motum t]rae1 qui mult>um urbium ,italiae magnas p>tes pro/ravit1 nemo pugnantium s5s]it4 #be ,,livy1 xxii4 #e4 ,footnote #ca3 ,v>4 lect4 t]r5tium ( ^? caus+ fe>4 ,l95otes3 #d4 ad arma capi5da apt&aque to seize & put on = ! battle _! arms4 --,dimsdale4 #e4 on]ati3 i4e4 mo/ 7 cut d[n 9 _! full m>*+ equipm5t4 #h-i4 mixtos 444 clamores ! m+l$ %\ts ( noisy triumph 7/rep5tium7 or dismay4 #aj4 pugnantium 444 ha]ebant ru%$ ^u a knot 7globo7 ( combatants1 & became entangl$ ) x4 --,jebb4 #ad4 a fronte1 i4e4 by ,hannibal's ,african & ,spani% infantry4 ab t]go1 i4e4 by ,hannibal's cavalry & ! ,gauls4 #ah-ai4 non illa 444 tri>ios n 9 t well-kn[n 7illa7 mode ( fight+ 7sc4 pugna7 arrang$ accord+ to4 4 4 4 ,livy ref]s to ! old mode ( =mation 7said to h be5 introduc$ by ,camillus7 ( i4 ha/ati1 ( "y m51 ii4 pr9cipes1 ( m5 at _! prime1 iii4 tri>ii1 ( middle-ag$ m54 ,ref]5ces3 ,polybius1 iii4 #hb-hd2 ,ihne1 ,hi/4 vol1 i4 pp4 #bjd-aj4 ,c#ai ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,! ,battle ( ,lake ,trasim5e1 #bag ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,! ,dea? ( ,flam9ius4 ,dumque ea commemorat d5sosque obit obvius ho/es1 ,advolat ora f]us m5temque ,duc>ius4 ,acri #fde ,nom5 erat g5tile viro1 fusisque cat]vis ,boiorum quondam patriis1 antiqua g]ebat ,vuln]a b>b>icae m5tis1 nosc5sque sup]bi ,victoris vultus1 ',tune1 inquit1 maximus ille ,boiorum t]ror8 libet hoc cognosc]e telo1 #fej ,corporis an tanti manet de vuln]e sanguis4 ,nec vos po5iteat1 popul>es1 =tibus umbris ,hoc mact>e caput3 no/ros hic curribus egit ,insi/5s victos alta ad ,capitolia patres4 ,ultrix hora vocat4' ,p>it] tunc undique fusis #fee ,obruitur telis1 nimboque m5te p] auras ,contectus nulli dextra iact>e reliquit ,flam9ium cecidisse sua4 ,nec pugna p]empto ,ult]ior ductore fuit2 namque agm9e d5so ,primores iuv5um1 laeva ob discrim9a ,m>tis #ffj ,inf5si sup]is dextrisque1 et c]n]e ,po5um ,victorem plus morte rati1 sup] ocius omnes ,membra ducis /ratosque artus c]tam9e magno ,telaque corporaque et non fau/o ,m>te cru5tas ,iniec]e manus4 ,sic d5si ca$is ac]vo #ffe ,ceu tumulo1 tex]e virum4 ,,silius ,,italicus1 v4 #fdd-fff4 ,l95otes3 #fdd4 ,dum 444 ho/es1 i4e4 aft] ,flam9ius' va9 attempt to rally & =m 8 m51 & 8 consequ5t resolve to atone = 8 fault 7inexplorato#cb angu/iis sup]atis7 ) 8 life4 #fdf4 ,duc>ius--,livy1 'an ,insubrian 7,lomb>d7 troop]4' #fea4 mnet w fl[4 ,cf4 emanate4 #feb4 popul>es fell[-c\ntrym51 b ( ,romans usu4 civis4 #feh-fff4 ,livy says m simply ',he 7,duc>ius7 0 try+ to despoil ! corpse1 :5 "s vet]ans scre5$ x ) _! %ields4' #ffj4 laeva unfav\rable1 lit4 'on ! left side4' ,cf4 s9i/]4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see p4 #abd1 l4 #b1 note4 ,selection ,c#ag1 inexplorato ,p>allel ,passages4--,livy1 xxii4 #f2 ,polyb4 iii4 #hd4 ,"* ( ,flam9ius4 ',! p>ty feel+s :i* h s col\r$ ! language ( ! anci5t writ]s 7e4g4 ,livy1 ,polybius7 respect+ him ne$ n be %>$ by a mod]n hi/orian4 ,flam9ius 0 inde$ an unequal antagoni/ to ,hannibal2 b1 9 8 previ\s life1 z ,consul & z ,c5sor1 he _h s]v$ 8 c\ntry well2 & if ! defile ( ,trasim5e witness$ 8 ra%ness1 x also conta9s 8 hon\rable grave4' ,arnold1 ,hi/4 ,rome1 iii4 #aaj4 ,c#bj ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,qu9tus ,fabus ,maximus ,cunctator4 ,ego ,q4 ,maximum1 eum qui ,t>5tum recepit1 s5em adulesc5s ita dilexi1 ut aequalem4 ,erat enim 9 illo viro comitate condita gravitas1 nec s5ectus mores mutav]at4 4 4 4 ,hic et bella g]ebat ut adulesc5s1 cum plane gr&is esset1 et ,hannibalem #e iuv5ilit] exsultantem pati5tia sua molliebat2 de quo praecl>e famili>is no/] ,ennius3 ,unus homo nobis cunct&o re/ituit rem2 ,no5um rumores ponebat ante salutem2 ,ergo plusque magisque viri nunc gloria cl>et4 #aj ,nec v]o 9 armis prae/antior quam 9 toga2 qui consul it]um1 ,sp4 ,c>vilio collega quiesc5te1 ,c4 ,flam9io tribuno plebis1 quoad potuit1 re/itit agrum ,pic5tem et ,gallicum viritim contra s5atus auctoritatem divid5ti4 4 4 4 ,multa 9 eo viro praecl>a #ae cognovi1 s$ nihil admirabilius quam quo modo ille mortem fili tulit1 cl>i viri et consul>is4 ,e/ 9 manibus laudatio1 quam eum legimus1 quem philosophum non contemnimus8 ,nec v]o ille 9 luce modo atque 9 oculis civium magnus1 s$ intus #bj domique prae/antior4 ,,cic]o1 ,de ,s5ectute1 #aj-ab4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,ego1 i4e4 ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 ! fam\s ,c5sor ( #ahd ,b4,c4 eum qui ,t>5tum recepit4 ,t>5tum 0 betray$ to ,hannibal #bab ,b4,c4 & recov]$ by ,fabius #bji ,b4,c4 #b-c4 ,erat 444 gravitas t h]o possess$ dignity temp]$ by c\rtesy4 --,j4 ,s4 ,r4 condita 7condio7 lit4 season$4 #e4 gr&is1 sc4 natu4 ,he 0 consul = a fir/ "t 9 #bcc ,b4,c4 #f4 iuv5ilit]4 ,hannibal 0 #bi :5 he cross$ ! ,alps4 exsultantem wildly roam+1 ( a horse gallop+ at w4 #g4 no/] ,ennius1 circ4 #bci-afi ,b4,c41 fam\s espec4 = 8 ,annales 9 ,hexamet] v]se4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,lat9 writ] to use ?is metre4 #i4 ,no5um 7ne o9um n "o ?+7 non4 ,cf4 nihil ne hilum n a :it1 no?+4 #ab-ad4 ,flam9ius1 :5 tribune #bcb ,b4,c41 by a vote ( ! ,comitia ,tributa 7i4e4 by a plebiscitum7 & aga9/ ! express$ wi% ( ! ,s5ate 7contra s5atus auctoritatem7 c>ri$ an agr>ian law = ! division ( public l& 9 ,pic5um among/ ,roman citiz5s4 #ah4 laudatio1 sc4 funebris1 ! fun]al spee*4 #ai-bj4 9 luce 444 civium 9 public & "u ! gaze ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym54 --,j4 ,s4 ,r4 ,ref]5ces4 ,polybius1 iii4 #hi1 #ij2 ,livy1 xxii4 #ab2 ,plut>*1 ,fabius1 vi4 ,c#ba ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,fabius & 8 ,ma/] ( ! ,horse1 #bag ,b4,c4 ,ita p] v>iam =tunam diei maiore p>te exacta cum 9 ca/ra r$itum esset1 ,m9ucius convocatis militibus ',saepe ego' inquit 'audivi1 milites1 eum primum esse virum1 qui ipse consulat1 quid 9 rem sit1 secundum eum1 qui b5e mon5ti obo$iat2 qui #e nec ipse consul]e nec alt]i p>]e sciat1 eum extremi +5ii esse4 ,nobis quoniam prima animi +5iique negata sors e/1 secundam ac m$iam t5eamus et1 dum imp]>e discimus1 p>]e prud5ti 9 animum inducamus4 ,ca/ra cum ,fabio iungamus2 ad praetorium #aj eius signa cum tul]imus1 ubi ego eum p>5tem appellav]o1 quod b5eficio erga nos ac maie/ate eius dignum e/1 vos1 milites1 eos1 quorum vos modo arma ac dext]ae tex]unt1 patronos salutabitis1 et1 si nihil aliud1 gratorum c]te nobis #ae animorum gloriam dies hic d$]it4' ,signo dato conclamatur inde1 ut colligantur vasa4 ,pr(ecti et agm9e inc$5tes ad dictatoris ca/ra 9 admirationem et ipsum et omnes1 qui circa erant1 conv]t]unt4 #bj ,,livy1 xxii4 #bi1 #cj4 ,context4 ,fabius' policy ( 'ma/]ly inactivity' _h become s unpopul> at ,rome t ! comm& ( ! army 0 divid$ betwe5 ,fabius & ,m9ucius1 :o risk$ a battle1 & 0 only sav$ f a de/ruction z complete z t ( ! ,trebia by ! timely aid ( ,fabius4 ,m9ucius publicly & fully atones = 8 ra%ness4 ,l95otes3 #d4 consulat c give c\nsel--s consul]e l4 #f4 #f-g4 extremi +5ii has ! meane/ capacity4 g54 ( quality4 #g-h4 prima 444 sors e/ ! highe/ rank 9 ! scale ( _s & intellect4 --,dimsdale4 #ad4 patronos z ! au?ors ( y\r fre$om4 ,patronus legal title us$ by a fre$ slave 7lib]tus7 ( 8 =m] ma/]4 ,! soldi]s ( ,m9ucius are to ?9k ( !mselves z lib]ti1 ow+ _! fre$om to ^? ( ,fabius1 :o are ?us _! patroni4 #ag4 ut colligantur vasa1 i4e4 imp$im5ta4 ,cf4 signa mov]e4 ,fabius ,cunctator4 ',fabius _h to create a new army1 to accu/om x to w>1 & to inspire x ) c\rage4 ,he did ?is skilfully & p]si/5tly1 & ?us he r5d]$ ! mo/ ess5tial s]vice t any g5]al c\ld at t "t r5d] to ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 probably at ?is "t t ! ,s5ate vot$ him a cr[n ( grass 7corona gram9ea71 ! highe/ di/9ction :i* 0 aw>d$ to a g5]al :o _h sav$ a besieg$ t[n4' --,ihne4 ,c#bb ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,,cannae1 #bah ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,! ,de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,infantry4 ,sub eque/ris f9em c]tam9is coorta e/ p$itum pugna1 primo et viribus et animis p>1 dum con/abant ord9es ,gallis ,hispanisque2 t&em ,romani1 diu ac saepe conisi1 obliqua fronte acieque d5sa impul]e ho/ium cuneum nimis t5uem eoque p>um #e validum a cet]a prom95tem acie4 ,impulsis de9de ac trepide ref]5tibus p$em in/it]e ac t5ore uno p] praeceps pavore fugi5tium agm5 9 m$iam primum aciem illati1 po/remo nullo resi/5te ad subsidia ,afrorum p]v5]unt1 qui utrimque r$uctis #aj alis con/it]ant m$ia1 qua ,galli ,hispanique /et]ant1 aliquantum prom95te acie4 ,qui cuneus ut pulsus aequavit frontem primum1 de9 c$5do etiam s9um 9 m$io d$it1 ,afri circa iam cornua fec]ant irru5tibusque incaute 9 m$ium ,romanis circumd$]e #ae alas2 mox cornua ext5d5do claus]e et ab t]go ho/is4 ,h9c ,romani1 defuncti nequiquam proelio uno1 omissis ,gallis ,hispanisque1 quorum t]ga cecid]ant1 adv]sus ,afros integram pugnam ineunt non tantum eo iniquam1 quod inclusi adv]sus #bj circumfusos1 s$ etiam quod fessi cum rec5tibus ac vegetis pugnabant4 ,,livy1 xxii4 #dg4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,sub 444 c]tam9is1 i4e4 at ! close ( 7sub7 ! fir/ /age 9 ! battle1 9 :i* ! ,roman cavalry 7 defeat$4 #b-c4 con/abant 444 ,hispanisque4 ,^! =m$ ,hannibal's c5tre1 ! convex ( 8 semicircul> =mation ( 8 infantry1 ) ! ,african troops on ! horns ( ! semicircle to ! "r & left1 b at "s di/ance beh9d4 #d4 obliqua fronte1 p]h4 concave1 s z to surr\nd ! project+ "p ( ! enemy's l9e 7a cet]a prom95tem acie74 #e4 cuneum3 "h ! convex =mation ( ! ,gauls & ,spani>ds4 #h-i4 9 m$iam aciem ! c5tre ( ! l9e1 i4e4 ( ! ,gauls & ,spani>ds1 :o 7 int5d$ to engage ) ! ,romans fir/4 #aj4 subsidia res]ves1 i4e4 ! ,africans1 on ! "r & left4 #ad-af4 ,afri circa 444 alas4 ,hannibal's =mation is n[ rev]s$4#cc ,! horns 7cornua7 ( ! semicircle 7! ,africans7 are n[ advanc$1 & outflank$ 7circumd$]e alas7 ! ,romans1 :o ru%$ he$lessly into ! int]v5+ space 79 m$ium1 i4e4 ! concave "p ( ,h4's l9e =m$ by ! retirem5t ( ! ,gauls & ,spani>ds74 #ba-bb4 rec5tibus ac vegetis fre% 9 body & m9d4 ,footnote #cc3 i4e4 ! ,africans n[ =m$ ! horns ( a cresc5t 9 relation to _! c5tre1 :ile x =m$ ! concave "p ( ! cresc5t4 --,d4 ,results ( ! ,battle4 ,hannibal becomes ma/] ( ,magna ,graecia1 & ! ,romans lose 7includ+ #bc1jjj tak5 prison]s7 ab\t #gj1jjj m54 ,c#bc ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,,cannae1 #baf ,b4,c4 7#b7 ',paulus animae magnae prodigus4' ,cn4 ,l5tulus tribunus militum cum praet]veh5s equo s$5tem 9 saxo cruore oppletum consulem vidisset1 ',l4 ,aemili' inquit1 'quem unum insontem culpae cladis hodi]nae dei respic]e deb5t1 cape hunc equum1 dum et tibi virium aliquid sup]e/1 #e et comes ego te toll]e possum ac proteg]e4 ,ne fune/am hanc pugnam morte consulis fec]is2 etiam s9e hoc lacrim>um satis luctusque e/4' ,ad ea consul3 ',tu quidem1 ,cn4 ,corneli1 macte virtute e/o2 s$ cave fru/ra mis]&o exiguum tempus e #aj manibus ho/ium evad5di absumas4 ,abi1 nuntia publice patribus1 urbem ,romanam muniant ac1 priusquam victor ho/is adv5it1 praesidiis firm5t2 privatim ,q4 ,fabio ,l4 ,aemilium praeceptorum eius memorem et vixisse adhuc et mori4 ,memet 9 hac #ae /rage militum meorum pat]e exspir>e1 ne aut reus it]um e consulatu sim aut accusator oollegae exi/am1 ut ali5o crim9e innoc5tiam meam protegam4' ,haec eos ag5tes prius turba fugi5tium civium1 de9de ho/es oppress]e2 consulem ignorantes1 #bj quis esset1 obru]e telis1 ,l5tulum int] tumultum arripuit equus4 ,tum undique effuse fugiunt4 ,,livy1 xxii4 #di4 ,l95otes3 #a4 praet]veh5s equo rid+ by4 praet]vehor us$ "h z a depon5t4 --,dimsdale4 #b4 oppletum 7 p]fusum7 cov]$ 7lit4 fill$ up71 or dr5*$4 #d4 respic]e to look on ) fav\r4 --,d4 #i4 macte virtute e/o lit4 g on & prosp] 9 y\r c\rage4 mactus i4 magis auctus increas$1 glorifi$1 or m prob4 ii4 old p>tic4 ( obsolete mago 7 augeo71 f ,rtmak1 e4g4 9 mak-ar4 ,vocative us$ z nom9ative4 #ad4 praeceptorum4 ,8 self-sacrifice 0 n 9 va94 ,! tactics ( ,fabius 7 aga9 adopt$ aft] 8 dea?4 #ae4 et vixisse adhuc et mori di$ z he _h ev] liv$4 --,d4 #ag4 reus it]um e consulatu a second "t to /& on my def5ce 9 consequ5ce ( my consul%ip1 i4e4 on a *>ge t grew out ( 8 acts z ,consul 7#bai ,b4,c47 ) ,m4 ,livius ,sal9ator ( misappropriation ( ! spoils at ! close ( ! ,illyrian ,w>4 #ah-ai4 ut 444 protegam4 ,! two ,consuls _h ! *ief comm& ( ! army on alt]nate days4 ,v>ro 0 9 comm& at ,cannae4 ',! ov]?r[ ( ,cannae 0 s complete t e o!r nation b ! ,romans w\ld h giv5 up ! idea ( fur!r resi/ance4' --,ihne4 ,c#bd ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,,cannae1 #baf ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,a4 ,mah>bal urges ,hannibal to m>* on ,rome4 ,hannibali victori cum cet]i circumfusi gratul>5tur suad]5tque1 ut tanto p]functus bello diei quod reliquum esset noctisque insequ5tis quietem et ipse sibi sum]et et fessis d>et militibus1 ,mah>bal praefectus equitum1 m9ime cess&um ratus1 ',immo #e ut1 quid hac pugna sit actum1 scias1 die qu9to' inquit 'victor 9 ,capitolio epulab]is4 ,sequ]e3 cum equite1 ut prius v5isse quam v5turum sciant1 praec$am4' ,hannibali nimis laeta res e/ visa maiorque1 quam ut eam /atim cap]e animo posset4 ,itaque voluntatem #aj se laud>e ,mah>balis ait2 ad consilium p5s&um temporis opus esse4 ,tum ,mah>bal3 ',non omnia nimirum eidem di d$]e2 v9c]e scis1 ,hannibal1 victoria uti nescis4' ,mora eius diei satis cr$itur saluti fuisse urbi atque imp]io4 #ae ,,livy1 xxii4 #ea4 ,l95otes3 #b-d4 diei 444 sum]et he %\ld take :at rema9$ ( t day & ! foll[+ night = re/4 --,*ur* & ,brodribb4 #h4 v5isse1 sc4 te1 sugge/$ by sequ]e4 --,dimsdale4 #i4 res ! idea1 i4e4 ( su* a rapid t]m9ation to ! w>4 --,d4 ,hannibal 0 too f> (f 7#aa days' m>*7 to take ,rome by /orm4 ,its population conta9$ z _m soldi]s z 8 army1 & ! city 0 /rongly =tifi$ by its situation & by art4 ,b4 ,scipio =bids ! ,nobles to ab&on ,italy4 ,po/ ,cann5sem cladem p]culsis ita ,romanorum animis1 ut p>s magna reliqui>um nobilissimis auctoribus des]5dae ,italiae iniret consilium1 ,p4 ,scipio adulesc5s admodum impetu facto1 9 eo ipso 9 quo talia agitabantur coetu pronuntiavit manu se #bj sua int]fecturum1 nisi qui iurasset non esse sibi m5tem de/itu5dae rei publicae3 cumque ipse se primus religione tali obligasset1 /ricto gladio mortem uni ex proximis m9atus1 nisi accip]et sacram5tum1 illum metu1 cet]os etiam exemplo coegit ad iur&um4 #be ,,front9us1 ,/rat4 iv4 #g4 #ci4 ,l95ote3 #ah4 ,p4 ,scipio adulesc5s1 i4e4 ,p4 ,corn4 ,scipio ,africanns ,maior1 fatalis dux huiusce belli1 ! pr$e/9$ *ampion 9 ?is w>4 ,p>allel ,passage4 ,livy1 xxii4 #ec1 & cf4 ,livy1 v4 #ej-ee1 :]e ,camillus dissuades ! commons f migrat+ to ,veii4 ,c#be ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,rome's ,h]oes4 ,regulum et ,scauros animaeque magnae ,prodigum ,paulum sup]ante ,po5o ,gratus insigni ref]am ,cam5a ,fabriciumque4 #dj ,hunc et incomptis ,curium capillis ,utilem bello tulit et ,camillum ,saeva paup]tas et avitus apto ,cum l>e fundus4 #dd ,crescit occulto velut arbor aevo ,fama ,m>celli2 micat int] omnes ,iulium sidus velut int] ignes ,luna m9ores4 #dh ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,i4 xii4 #cg-dh4 ,l95otes3 #cg4 ,scauros#cd 7 ,scaurum7 su* m5 z ,scaurus4 ,c5sor1 #ajj ,b4,c4 #dj4 ,fabricium1 :o despis$ ! bribes ( ,pyrrhus4 ,c5sor #bge ,b4,c4 ,see p4 #aja1 ,fabricius ! ,j4 ,selection ,d#db #dc-dd4 apto cum l>e ) home/ead to mat*4 --,g[4 ,footnote #cd3 ,cf4 9 ,fr5*1 ,les ,v]giles4 ,b4 ,! ,dream ( ,prop]tius4 ,visus eram molli recubans ,heliconis 9 umbra1 ,bell]ophontei qua fluit umor equi1 ,reges1 ,alba1 tuos et regum facta tuorum1 ,tantum op]is1 n]vis hisc]e posse meis2 #d ,p>vaque tam magnis admoram fontibus ora1 ,unde pat] siti5s ,ennius ante bibit1 ,et cec9i ,curios fratres et ,horatia pila1 ,regiaque ,aemilia vecta tropaea rate1 #h ,victricesque moras ,fabii pugnamque s9i/ram ,cann5sem et v]sos ad pia vota deos1 ,hannibalemque ,l>es ,romana s$e fugantes1 ,ans]is et tutum voce fuisse ,iovem4 #ab ,,prop]tius1 ,,iii4 7,,iv47 iii4 7ii47 #a-ab4 ,subject3--,prop]tius _h trembl+ly t\*$ ! mighty f\nt ) 8 lips 7l4 #e73 he dream$ t he essay$1 9 consequ5ce1 to foll[ ! example ( ,ennius4 ,l95otes3 #b4 i4e4 ! ,spr+ ( ,pir5e ne> ,cor9?1 :]e ,pegasus 0 caught by ,bell]ophon4 ,its wat]s possess$ inspir+ prop]ties4 #d4 n]vis 444 meis t ,i _h /r5g? to gasp =?4 --,ramsay4 #g4 ,curios ,curiatios4 ,horatia pila3 see pp4 #fg-fh4 ,selections ,d#h1 ,d#i #h4 ,aemilia1 i4e4 ( ,l4 ,aemilius ,paullus 7son ( ! h]o ( ,cannae71 victor at ,pydna #afh ,b4,c4 ov] ,p]seus ( ,mac$on4 #aj4 v]sos 444 deos1 i4e4 ! solemn ord9ances decre$ by ,fabius1 ,dictator aft] ,trasim5e1 to :i* ! gods turn$ a ready e> 7v]sos74 #ab4 fuisse1 dep5d5t on cec9i l4 #ai4 ,iovem1 i4e4 ,iovis ,capitol9i templum4 ,see p4 #hd4 ,selection ,d#be ,c#bf ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,! ,revolt ( ,capua1 #baf-baa ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,a4 ,capua aspires to rival ,rome4 ,alt]a iam t]itur bellis civilibus aetas1 ,suis et ipsa ,roma viribus ruit4 ,quam neque f9itimi valu]unt p]d]e ,m>si1 ,m9acis aut ,etrusca ,pors5ae manus1 #d ,aemula nec virtus ,capuae nec ,sp>tacus ac] ,novisque rebus infidelis ,allobrox1 ,nec f]a ca]ulea domuit ,g]mania pube ,p>5tibusque abom9atus ,hannibal3 #h ,impia p]demus devoti sangu9is aetas1 ,f]isque rursus occupabitur solum4 ,,horace1 ,epod4 xvi4 #a-aj4 ,l95otes3 #e4 ,aemula virtus ,capuae4 ,9 #baf ,b4,c4 ,capua 01 aft] ,rome1 ! ri*e/ & mo/ p[]ful city 9 ,italy4 ,z ! result ( ,cannae %e aspir$ to dom9ion ov] ,italy4 ,sp>tacus ac]1 lead] ( ! ,s]vile ,w>1 #gc-ga ,b4,c4 #f4 novis rebus infidelis fai?less to revolution1 because !y assi/$ 9 betray+ ,catil9e's plot #fc ,b4,c4--,wickham4 #i4 impia 444 aetas we an impi\s g5]ation ^: blood is =$oom$ 7i4e4 !re is a curse on u7 %all de/roy 7,rome74 ,b4 ,decius ,magius defies ,hannibal4 ,egressus curia ,hannibal 9 templo magi/ratuum cons$it1 compreh5dique ,decium ,magium atque ante p$es de/itutum causam dic]e iussit4 ,qui cum man5te f]ocia animi neg>et lege fo$]is id cogi posse1 tum iniectae cat5ae1 ducique ante lictorem #ae 9 ca/ra e/ iussus4 ,quoad capite ap]to e/ ductus1 contionabundus incessit ad circumfusam undique multitud9em vocif]ans3 ',habetis lib]tatem1 ,campani1 quam peti/is3 =o m$io1 luce cl>a1 vid5tibus vobis nulli ,campanorum secundus v9ctus ad mortem #bj rapior4 ,quid viol5tius capta ,capua fi]et8 ,ite obviam ,hannibali1 exornate urbem diemque adv5tus eius consecrate1 ut hunc triumphum de cive ve/ro spectetis4' ,,livy1 xxiii4 #aj4 ,context4 ,aft] ! ,revolt ( ,capua1 :5 ,hannibal made a public entry into ! city1 ! :ole population1 ) ! exception ( ,decius ,magius & 8 son1 p\r$ out to meet him4 ,l95otes3 #aa4 9 templo magi/ratuum on ! magi/rates' b5*1 7or tribunal74 #ab4 ,decium ,magium1 "o ( ! few ,capuan nobles fai?ful to ,rome4 #ad-ae4 neg>et 444 posse urg$ t by ! t]ms ( ! treaty 7i4e4 betwe5 ! ,capuans & ,h47 ?is c\ld n be insi/$ on4 --,*ur* & ,brodribb4 ,c#bg ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,! ,revolt ( ,capua1 #baf-baa ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ',capua1' x is said1 'became ,hannibal's ,cannae4' ,cum victoria ,hannibal posset uti1 frui maluit relictaque ,roma ,campaniam ,t>5tumque p]agr>e1 ubi mox et ipse et ex]citus ardor elanguit adeo ut v]e dictum sit ,capuam ,hannibali ,cannas fuisse4 ,si quidem invictum ,alpibus1 indomitum armis ,campani--quis #e cr$]et8--soles et tep5tes fontibus ,baiae subeg]unt4 ,,florus1 ,,ii4 vi4 #ba-bb4 ,l95otes3 #b4 ,campaniam ,t>5tumque1 once ! two mo/ f]tile di/ricts 9 ,italy4 #d4 ,capuam 444 fuisse4 ,ihne says3 ',:atev] may h be5 ! pleasures & indulg5ces ( ,hannibal's troops 9 ,capua1 _! milit>y qualities _c h suff]$ by !m1 z ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! w> suffici5tly demon/rates4' #g-h4 tep5tes fontibus ,baiae1 on a small bay we/ ( ,naples & opposite ,puteoli1 ab\nd$ 9 w>m m9]al spr+s4 ,b4 ,! ,puni%m5t ( ,rebel ,capua1 #baa ,b4,c4 ,ad septuag9ta pr9cipes s5atus int]fecti1 trec5ti f]me nobiles ,campani 9 c>c]em conditi2 alii p] sociorum ,lat9i nom9is urbes 9 cu/odias #aj dati v>iis casibus int]i]unt2 multitudo alia civium ,campanorum v5um data4 ,de urbe agroque reliqua consultatio fuit1 quibusdam del5dam c5s5tibus urbem praevalidam1 prop9quam1 inimicam4 ,cet]um praes5s utilitas vicit2 nam propt] agrum1 quem #ae omni f]tilitate t]rae satis con/abat primum 9 ,italia esse1 urbs s]vata e/1 ut esset aliqua aratorum s$es4 ,urbi frequ5t&ae multitudo incol>um lib]t9orumque et in/itorum opificumque ret5ta2 ag] omnis et tecta publica populi ,romani facta4 #bj ,,livy1 xxvi4 #af4 ,l95otes3 #aj4 sociorum ,lat9i nom9is sociorum ac ,lat9i nom9is1 :i* includes all ! ,italian allies4 ',! ,nom5 ,lat9um 7 ! memb]s ( ! old ,lat9 league ^: rights 7 r$uc$ 9 #cch ,b4,c4 aft] ! ,lat9 ,w>4' --,rawl9s4 #ac4 del5dam4 ,cf4 ,cato's ,del5da e/ ,c>?ago4 #ae-ag4 agrum 444 9 ,italia esse4 ,cf4 ,v]g4 ,georg4 ii4 #bbd-e3 ',su* is ! til? ( weal?y ,capua & ! coa/ t bord]s ! ,vesuvian ridge4' --,mackail4 #ah4 frequ5t&ae = ! purpose ( peopl+4 #ai4 in/itorum p$l>s or deal]s4 ,cf4 our 'comm]cial travell]s'4 #bj4 publica 444 facta confiscat$4 ',?is ag] publicus 0 leas$ by ! c5sors to f>m]s 7aratores7 :o paid r5t 7vectigal7 = x4' --,r4 ,c#bh ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,m>cellus at ,nola1 #baf ,b4,c4 ,ad tres portas 9 ho/es v]sas ,m>cellus trip]tito ex]citum in/ruxit4 4 4 4 ,ita in/ructi intra portas /abant4 ,hannibali sub signis1 id quod p] aliquot dies fec]at1 ad multum diei 9 acie /anti primo miraculo esse1 quod nec ex]citus ,romanus #e porta egr$]etur nec armatus quisquam 9 muris ess5t4 ,ratus de9de1 prodita colloquia esse1 metuque resides factos1 p>tem militum 9 ca/ra remittit iussos prop]e app>atum omnem oppugn&ae urbis 9 primam aciem aff]re1 satis fid5s1 si cunctantibus #aj in/>et1 tumultum aliquem 9 urbe plebem moturam4 ,dum 9 sua quisque m9i/]ia discursu trepidat ad prima signa succ$itque ad muros acies1 patefacta rep5te porta ,m>cellus signa can]e clamoremque tolli ac p$ites primum1 de9de equites1 quanto #ae maximo poss5t impetu1 9 ho/em erump]e iubet4 ,satis t]roris tumultusque 9 aciem m$iam intul]ant1 cum duabus circa portis ,p4 ,val]ius ,flaccus et ,c4 ,aurelius 9 cornua ho/ium erup]e4 4 4 4 ,+5s victoria eo die res ac nescio an maxima illo bello ge/a #bj e/2 non v9ci enim ab ,hannibale tunc diffcilius fuit quam po/ea v9c]e4 ,,livy1 xxiii4 #af4 ,context4 ,! plebs 9 ,nola 7z 9 ,capua7 0 9 fav\r ( jo9+ ,hannibal1 & x 0 ) difficulty t ! nobles 7:o "h1 z else:]e1 fav\r$ ,rome7 delay$ ! decision1 ?us ga9+ "t to in=m ,m>cellus1 :o 0 !n /ation$ at ,casil9um1 ( ! dang] ( a revolt4 ,m>cellus imm$iately ha/5$ to ,nola1 & occupi$ ! t[n ) a /rong g>rison4 ,l95otes3 #c-e4 ,hannibali 444 primo miraculo esse ,hannibal1 :o 444 _h 8 troops "u arms till a late h\r1 0 fir/ ( all a/oni%$ t4 --,*ur* & ,brodribb4 #g4 colloquia esse1 i4e4 8 communications 7colloquia7 ) ! ,c>?ag9ian p>ty 9 ,nola4 #h4 res7ides inactive1 lit4 t rema9s sitt+ 7re s$eo74 #aj4 si cunctantibus in/>et if he met hesitation ) prompt action4 --,*ur* & ,brodribb4 ,lit4 if he press$ ^u ^? hesitat+4 #ab4 9 sua 444 m9i/]ia to _! sev]al po/s4 #ai-ba4 ,+5s 444 ge/a e/ a great victory1 ! greate/1 p]haps ?r\gh\t ! w>1 0 a*iev$ t day4 ,nola1 an important t[n 9 ,campania1 ,s4,e4 ( ,capua4 ,x rema9$ fai?ful to ! ,romans1 ev5 aft] ,cannae1 :5 ! o!r ,campanian t[ns revolt$ to ,hannibal4 ,m>cellus at ,nola4 ',x 0 ! m]it ( ,m>cellus t he sav$ ,nola f be+ tak54' --,ihne4 ,c#bi ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,cic]o's ,description ( ,syracuse4 ,urbem ,syracusas maximam esse ,graec>um urbium pul*]rimamque omnium saepe audi/is1 ,e/1 indices1 ita1 ut dicitur3 nam et situ e/ cum munito1 tum ex omni aditu vel t]ra vel m>i praecl>o ad aspectum3 et portus habet prope 9 a$ificatione #e aspectuque urbis inclusos3 qui cum div]sos int] se aditus habeant1 9 exitu coniunguntur et confluunt4 ,eorum coniunctione p>s oppidi1 quae appellatur ,insula1 m>i disiuncta angu/o1 ponte rursum adiungitur et cont9etur4 ,ea tanta e/ urbs1 ut ex #aj quattuor urbibus maximis con/>e dicatur3 qu>um una e/ ea1 quam dixi1 ,insula3 quae duobus portubus c9cta1 9 utriusque portus o/ium aditumque proiecta e/3 9 qua domus e/1 quae ,hi]onis regis fuit1 qua praetores uti sol5t4 ,alt]a autem e/ urbs #ae ,syracusis1 cui nom5 ,a*rad9a e/3 9 qua =um maximum1 pul*]rimae porticus1 ornatissimum prytaneum1 amplissima e/ curia1 templumque egregium ,iovis ,olympii4 ,t]tia e/ urbs1 quae1 quod 9 ea p>te ,=tunae fanum antiquum fuit1 #bj ,ty*a nom9ata e/1 9 qua et gymnasium amplissimum e/ et complures a$es sacrae3 coliturque ea p>s et habitatur frequ5tissime4 ,qu>ta autem e/ urbs1 quae quia po/rema coa$ificata e/1 ,neapolis nom9atur3 quam ad summam !atrum e/ maximum4 #be ,,cic]o1 ,9 ,v]rem1 ii4 #d4 #aag-aai4 ,l95otes3 #e-f4 prope 444 inclusos1 a special feature ( ,syracuse1 because _m anci5t cities 7 built at "s di/ance f ! sea1 ) a h>b\r deta*$ f !m 7e4g4 ,o/ia1 ! port ( ,rome71 ?\gh sometimes jo9$ by long walls1 z at ,a!ns4 #g4 9 exitu at _! outlet1 i4e4 ! n>r[ *annel betwe5 ,ortygia 7 ,insula7 & ! ma9l& :i* connect$ ! two h>b\rs4 #i4 disiuncta sep>at$ f ! re/ 7dis--74 #ab4 ,insula1 i4e4 ,ortygia1 ! only "p n[ inhabit$4 #ad4 ,hi]onis regis1 ,k+ ( ,syracuse1 #bgj-baf ,b4,c41 di/+ui%$ by 8 milit>y ability & ! wise policy ( 8 reign4 ,f #bfc ,b4,c4 till 8 dea?1 ! fai?ful fri5d & ally ( ,rome4 #af4 ,a*rad9a1 ! ma9l& ,n4 ( ,ortygia4 ,at ! "t ( ! fam\s siege ( ,syracuse by ! ,a!nians1 #dae-dac ,b4,c41 ! city consi/$ only ( ,ortygia & ,a*rad9a4 #ah4 prytaneum t[n-hall 7prutaneion ! presid5ts' hall74 #be4 !atrum e/ maximum1 capable ( hold+ #be1jjj p4 ,( all ! build+s describ$ by ,cic]o z exi/+ 9 ,neapolis1 ! ,!atre alone rema9s4 ,ref]5ce4 ,freeman's ,hi/ory ( ,sicily4 ,c#cj ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,eng9e]+ ,skill ( ,ar*im$es4 ,adv]sus hunc navalem app>atum ,ar*im$es v>iae magnitud9is torm5ta 9 muria disposuit4 ,9 eas1 quae procul erant1 naves saxa +5ti pond]e emittebat1 propiores levioribus eoque magis crebris petebat telis2 po/remo1 ut sui vuln]e intacti tela #e 9 ho/em +]]5t1 murum ab imo ad summum crebris cubitalibus f]e cavis ap]uit1 p] quae cava p>s sagittis p>s scorpionibus modicis ex occulto petebant ho/em4 ,quae propius qua$am subibant naves1 quo int]iores ictibus torm5torum ess5t1 9 #aj eas toll5one sup] murum em95te f]rea manus1 firmae cat5ae illigata1 cum iniecta prorae esset gravique libram5to plumbi recell]et ad solum1 susp5sa prora navem 9 puppim /atuebat2 de9 remissa subito velut ex muro cad5tem navem cum #ae +5ti trepidatione naut>um ita undae affligebat1 ut1 etiam si recta recid]at1 aliquantum aquae accip]et1 ,ita m>itima oppugnatio e/ elusa omnisque spes eo v]sa1 ut totis viribus t]ra aggr$]5tur4 ,s$ ea quoque p>s eodem omni app>atu tormehtorum in/ructa #bj erat ,hi]onis imp5sis curaque p] multos annos1 ,ar*im$is unica arte4 ,,livy1 xxiv1 #cd4 ,l95otes3 #a4 adv]sus 444 app>atum1 i4e4 to oppose ! elaborate naval attack by ,m>cellus on ! seaw>d def5ces ( ,a*rad9a4 #g4 cubitalibus f]e cavis ) holes 7fr4 cavum n\n7 ab\t #a feet squ>e1 cubitalibus 7cubitum7 a cubit long4 ,polybius has a palm long1 ab\t #c in*es4 ,?is is m probable4 #h4 scorpionibus crossb[s or manuballi/ae4 #aj4 quo int]iores 444 ess5t s z to be too close 9 to be hit by 7int]tores ictibus7 ! eng9es4 #aj-ab4 9 eas 7sc4 proras7 iniecta on _! b[s 0 dropp$ 444 #aa4 toll5one f a sw+ beam1 support$ at ! c5tre ( gravity by a /rong fix$ fulcrum4 #ab-ac4 cum 7f]rea manus7 gravique 444 ad solum lit4 :5 7! grappl+-iron7 swung back 7recell]et7 to ! gr\nd by a heavyweight ( lead4 ',?is is incorrect2 x 0 n ! grappl+-iron1 b ! o!r 7inl&7 end ( ! lev] :i* 0 br\ght d[n to ! gr\nd4' --,rawl9s4 #ae4 remissa 7sc4 f]rea manus7 ! grappl+-hook 0 7!n7 sudd5ly let g4 #af4 ita undae affligebat 0 da%$ ) su* viol5ce on ! di/urb$ wat] 7undae74 ,cause ( ! ,w>4 ,soon aft] ! dea? ( ,hi]o 9 #baf ,b4,c41 8 :ole family 0 murd]$1 & ! supreme p[] 9 ,syracuse fell into ! h&s ( ! two bro!rs1 ,hippocrates & ,epicydes1 ,hannibal's ag5ts4 ,c#ca ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,m>cellus lam5ts ov] ,syracuse4 ,m>cellus ut mo5ia +ressus ex sup]ioribus locis urbem omnium f]me ilia tempe/ate pul*]rimam subiectam oculis vidit1 illacrimasse dicitur p>tim gaudio tantae p]petratae rei1 p>tim vetu/a gloria urbis4 ,a!ni5sium classes dem]sae et duo #e +5tes ex]citus cum duobus cl>issimis ducibus deleti occurrebant et tot bella cum ,c>?ag9i5sibus tanto cum discrim9e ge/a1 tot tam opul5ti tyranni regesque1 praet] cet]os ,hi]o cum rec5tissimae memoriae rex1 tum ante omnia1 quae virtus ei =tunaque #aj sua d$]at1 b5eficiis 9 populum ,romanum insignis4 ,ea cum univ]sa occurr]5t animo subiretque cogitatio1 iam illa mom5to horae arsura omnia et ad c9]es r$itura1 priusquam signa ,a*rad9am admov]et1 praemittit ,syracusanos1 #ae qui intra praesidia ,romana fu]ant1 ut alloquio l5i impell]5t ho/es ad d$5dam urbem4 4 4 4 ,a*rad9a diripi5da militi data e/4 ,cum multa irae1 multa av>itiae fo$a exempla ed]5tur1 ,ar*im$5 memoriae proditum e/ 9 tanto tumultu1 quantum #bj pavor captae urbis 9 discursu diripi5tium militum ci]e pot]at1 int5tum =mis1 quas 9 pulv]e descrips]at1 ab ign>o milite1 quis esset1 int]fectum2 aegre id ,m>cellum tulisse sepulturaeque curam habitam1 et prop9quis etiam inquisitis honori praesidioque #be nom5 ac memoriam eius fuisse4 ,,livy1 xxv4 #bd1 #ca4 ,l95otes3 #a-b4 ex sup]ioribus locis1 i4e4 f ! heights ( ,epipolae1 :i* he _h tak5 by a night attack1 :5 ! ,syracusans 7 celebrat+ a ?ree days' fe/ival ( ,artemis4 #f4 ducibus1 e4g4 ,lama*us1 ,eurym$on1 ,demo/h5es4 #g-h4 tot bella 444 ge/a1 e4g4 at ,him]a1 #dhj ,b4,c41 on ! same day z ,salamis4 #h-i4 tot tam 444 regesque1 e4g4 ,gelo1 #dhe ,b4,c42 ,dionysius ! ,eld]1 #djf ,b4,c42 ,hi]o ,,ii41 ! fri5d & ally ( ,rome1 ,k+ ( ,syracuse1 #bgj-baf ,b4,c4 #h4 tyranni1 i4e4 absolute rul]s1 despots1 ) ref]5ce r to ! irregul> way 9 :i* ! p[] 0 ga9$1 ?an ! way 9 :i* x 0 ex]cis$4 #af4 qui 444 fu]ant1 i4e4 ,syracusan des]t]s :o kept up communication ) ! republican 7pro-,roman7 p>ty 9 ,syracuse4 #bb4 =mis diagrams4 #bd4 sepulturae4 ,cf4 ,demon/ration ,,vi1 page #ed4 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,syracuse4 ,x w\ld h be5 ! undy+ glory ( ,m>cellus if1 on obta9+ possession1 he _h %ield$ ! unhappy city f fur!r mis]ies4 ,! art-treasures ( ,syracuse 7 s5t to ,rome1 a prec$5t aft]w>ds foll[$4 ,c#cb ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,! ,dea? ( ,m>cellus1 #bjh ,b4,c4 ,exiguum campi ante ca/ra erat2 inde 9 collem ap]ta undique et conspecta f]ebat via4 ,numidis speculator1 nequaquam 9 spem tantae rei positus1 s$ si quos vagos pabuli aut lignorum causa longius a ca/ris progressos poss5t excip]e1 signum dat1 ut #e p>it] ab suis quisque latebris exor]5tur4 ,non ante app>u]e1 quibus obviis ab iugo ipso consurg5dum erat1 quam circumi]e1 qui ab t]go int]clud]5t viam4 ,tum undique omnes exorti et clamore sublato impetum fec]e4 ,cum 9 ea valle #aj consules ess5t1 ut neque evad]e poss5t 9 iugum occupatum ab ho/e nec receptum ab t]go circumv5ti hab]5t1 extrahi tam5 diutius c]tam5 potuisset1 ni coepta ab ,etruscis fuga pavorem cet]is #ae iniecisset4 ,non tam5 omis]e pugnam des]ti ab ,etruscis ,fregellani1 donec integri consules hort&o ipsique ex p>te pugn&o rem su/9ebant2 s$ po/quam vuln]atos ambo consules1 ,m>cellum etiam transfixum lancea prolab5tem ex equo moribundum #bj vid]e1 tum et ipsi--p]pauci autem sup]]ant--cum ,crisp9o consule duobus iaculis ieto et ,m>cello adolesc5te saucio et ipso effug]unt4 ,,livy1 xxvii4 #bg4 ,context4 ,m>cellus 0 ,consul = a fif? "t 9 #bjh ,b4,c4 ,aft] ! attempt to retake ,locri 7,s4,e4 ( ,bruttium7 0 fru/rat$ by ,hannibal1 ,m>cellus & 8 colleague ,crisp9us fac$ ,h4 ne> ,v5usia 9 ,apulia4 ,hannibal hop$ to br+ on a decisive action1 b ,m>cellus adopt$ ,fabian tactics1 & himself head$ a cavalry reconnaissance to explore ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,roman & ! ,c>?ag9ian camps4 ,l95otes3 #b-c4 ,numidis speculator4 ,a wood$ hill lay betwe5 ! two camps3 ,h4 _h po/$ "h 9 ambu% "s ,numidian horsem54 #d-e4 si quos poss5t excip]e on ! *ance ( _! be+ able to int]cept4 --,/eph5son4 #f-h4 ,non ante 444 circumi]e ^? :o 7 to spr+ on ! enemy 7lit4 ^? to :om x 0 necess>y to rise 9 a mass confront+ ! enemy obviis7 f ! hill itself did n %[ !mselves until a deta*m5t _h made _! way r\nd 7circumi]e74--,s4 #aj4 valle a holl[1 i4e4 a depression on ! ,roman side ( ! hill4 #af4 ,fregellani4 ,fregellae1 a t[n ( ! ,volsci1 on ! ,via ,lat9a betwe5 ,rome & ,campania1 colonis$ #cbh ,b4,c4 #ag4 ipsique ex p>te pugn&o tak+ _! %>e 9 fight+4 --,s4 ,"* ( ,m>cellus4 ',he 0 a brave soldi]1 a firm intrepid patriot1 & an unfl9*+ enemy ( ! enemies ( ,rome1 b z a g5]al no mat* = ,hannibal4' --,ihne4 ,c#cc ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,"* ( ,scipio ,africanus ,maior4 ,fuit enim ,scipio non v]is tantum virtutibus mirabilis1 s$ arte quoque quadam ab iuv5ta 9 o/5tationem e>um compositus1 pl]aque apud multitud9em aut ut p] nocturnas visa species aut velut div9itus m5te monita ag5s1 sive et ipse capti #e quadam sup]/itione animi1 sive ut imp]ia consiliaque velut sorte oraculi missa s9e cunctatione exsequ]5tur4 ,ad hoc iam inde ab initio praep>ans animos1 ex quo togam virilem sumpsit1 nullo die prius ullam publicam privatamque rem egit1 quam #aj 9 ,capitolium iret1 +ressusque a$em consid]et et pl]umque solus 9 secreto ibi tempus t]]et4 ,hic mos1 quem p] omnem vitam s]vabat1 seu consulto seu tem]e vulgatae op9ioni fidem apud quosdam fecit1 /irpis eum div9ae virum esse4 ,multa alia #ae eiusdem g5]is1 alia v]a1 alia assimulata1 admirationis humanae 9 eo iuv5e excess]ant modum2 quibus freta tunc civitas aetati haudquaquam maturae tantam r]um molem tantumque imp]ium p]misit4 ,,livy1 xxvi4 #ai4 ,l95otes3 #b-c4 9 o/5tationem e>um compositus he made a /udy 7compositus7 ( display+ !m1 imply+ artificiality4 --,r4 #c-e4 pl]aque 444 ag5s 9 mo/ ( 8 deal+s 7pl]aque ag5s7 ) ! mob 7repres5t+ 8 plans7 z inspir$ 7visa7 by visions 9 ! night or z matt]s ( inspiration 7div9itus m5te monita74 #g4 sorte by an oracul> response 7:i* 0 (t5 writt5 on a little tablet or lot1 sors74 #aa4 a$em1 i4e4 ! cella 7*apel1 ! "p enclos$ )9 ! f\r side-walls7 ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us4 #ac-ad4 seu consulto seu tem]e vulgatae :e!r design$ly or undesign$ly spread abroad4 #ag4 humanae :i* "o has = a m]e man4 --,rawl9s4 #ai4 tantam r]um molem s /up5d\s a task4 --,r4 ,9 #bab or #baa ,b4,c4 ! two bro!rs1 ,publius & ,gnaeus ,scipio1 7 totally defeat$ by ,hasdrubal & fell at ! head ( _! troops4 ,scipio1 son ( ?is ,p4 ,scipio1 0 9 #baj ,b4,c4 s5t to ,spa91 at ! age ( #bg1 z proconsul 9 comm& ( a re9=cem5t ( #aa1jjj m54 ,"* ( ,scipio4 ',he 0 a man f> above ! av]age ( 8 contempor>ies1 & possess$ a greatness ( m9d :i* c\ld n fail to rivet att5tion4 ,he diff]$ f ! majority ( g5]als by n only d>+ to conceive bold plans1 b by contriv+ to c>ry !m out4' --,ihne4 ,c#cd ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,scipio takes ,new ,c>?age1 #baj ,b4,c4 ,scipio ipse1 ut ei nuntiatum e/ ae/um dec$]e1 quod p] piscatores ,t>racon5ses nunc levibus cymbis1 nunc1 ubi eae sid]5t1 vadis p]vagatos /agnum comp]tum habebat1 facilem p$ibus ad murum transitum d>i1 eo secum armatos qu+5tos #e duxit4 ,ubi urbem s9e c]tam9e intrav]e1 p]gunt inde1 quanto maximo cursu pot]ant1 ad eam portam1 circa quam omne contractum c]tam5 erat4 ,9 quod adeo int5ti omnium non animi solum fu]e1 s$ etiam oculi auresque pugnantium spectantiumque #aj et adhortantium pugnantes1 ut nemo ante ab t]go s5s]it captam urbem1 quam tela 9 av]sos incid]unt et utrimque ancipitem ho/em habebant4 ,tunc turbatis def5soribus metu et mo5ia capta1 et porta intus =isque p>it] refr+i coepta2 et mox #ae ca$5do confectis ac di/ractis1 ne it] imp$iretur1 =ibus armati impetum fec]unt4 4 4 4 ,quoad d$ita arx e/1 ca$es tota urbe passim factae1 nec ulli pub]um qui obvius fuit p>cebatur2 tum signo dato ca$ibus f9is factus2 ad pra$am victores v]si1 #bj quae +5s omnis g5]is fuit4 ,,livy1 xxvi4 #de1 #df 7sel47 ,l95otes3 #c4 vadis p]vagatos /agnum made _! way ?r\gh ! pool by wad+ 7vadis74 #h4 contractum conc5trat$ 7conf9$74 #ac4 ancipitem d\ble1 tw(old1 on two opposite sides4 #ae4 intus =isque bo? )9 & )\t4 =is1 adv4 7an abl4 =m f an obsolete nom4 =a7 out ( doors1 )\t4 ,cf4 =as out ?r\gh ! doors1 =?4 #af-ag4 ca$5do 444 di/ractis =ibus :5 ! doors 7 de/roy$ & brok5 up by bl[s4 ,c>?ago ,nova 7,c>?ag5a7 0 f\nd$ by ,hasdrubal 7! uncle ( ,hannibal7 #bdc ,b4,c4 ,! city is situat$ on a promontory runn+ out into ! sea1 & possesses "o ( ! f9e/ h>b\rs 9 ! _w1 protect$ by an isl& z by a natural breakwat]4 ,b x _h a weak side1 & ?is _h be5 betray$ by fi%]m5 to ,scipio4 ,dur+ ebb-tide ! wat] ( ! %all[ pool ,w4 ( ! t[n fell s mu* t x 0 =dable & ! bottom 0 firm4 ,( ?is ,scipio took advantage4 ,he fir/ made a fe9t attack on ! ,n4 wall & !n l$ #ejj m5 across ! =d1 :o scal$ ! ,w4 wall & op5$ ! ne>e/ gate f ! inside4 ,result ( its ,capture4 ',new ,c>?age1 ! key ( ,spa91 ! basis ( op]ations aga9/ ,italy1 & ! ,c>?ag9ian ars5al1 0 tak51 ?us det]m9+ ! issue ( ! ,spani% ,w>4' --,ihne4 ,c#ce ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,n]o's fam\s ,m>* to ! ,metaurus1 #bjg ,b4,c4 ,praemissi 7nuntii7 p] agrum ,l>9atem ,m>ruc9um ,fr5tanum ,praetutianum1 qua ex]citum ducturus erat1 ut omnes ex agris urbibusque commeatus p>atos militi ad vesc5dum 9 viam def]r5t1 equos ium5taque alia produc]5t1 ut #e vehiculorum fessis copia esset4 ,ipse de toto ex]citu civium sociorumque quod roboris erat delegit1 sex milia p$itum1 mille equites4 4 4 4 ,et h]cule p] in/ructa omnia ord9ibus virorum muli]umque undique ex agris effusorum1 int] vota ac preces et #aj laudes ibant3 illos praesidia rei publicae1 v9dices urbis ,romanae imp]iique appellabant2 9 illorum armis dextrisque suam lib]orumque suorum salutem ac lib]tatem repositam esse4 ,deos omnes deasque precabantur1 ut illis fau/um it]1 felix pugna1 matura #ae ex ho/ibus victoria esset1 damn>5turque ipsi votorum1 quae pro iis suscepiss5t1 ut1 quem ad modum nunc solliciti prosequ]5tur eos1 ita paucos po/ dies laeti ovantibus victoria obviam ir5t4 ,invit>e inde pro se quisque et (f]re et fatig>e #bj precibus1 ut quae ipsis ium5tisque usui ess5t1 ab se potissimum sum]5t2 b5igne omnia cumulata d>e4 ,mode/ia c]t>e milites1 ne quid ultra usum necess>ium sum]5t2 nihil mor>i1 nec absc$]e ab signis nec subsi/]e nisi cibum capi5tes3 diem #be ac noctem ire2 vix quod satis ad naturale desid]ium corporum esset1 quieti d>e4 ,,livy1 xxvii4 #dc1 #de 7sel47 ,context4 ,n]o1 on he>+ f ! captur$ ,numidian horsem5 ( ,hasdrubal's m>* & plans--to meet ,hannibal 9 ,umbria & !n to m>* on ,n>nia & ,rome--) #fjjj pick$ foot & #ajjj horse )drew secretly f 8 camp be=e ,hannibal at ,canusium1 & by a =c$ m>* jo9$ 8 colleague ,livius at ! ,metaurus4 ,l95otes3 #a-b4 ,l>9atem1 etc41 di/ricts ly+ betwe5 ,apulia & ,umbria1 b n giv5 9 _! geographical ord]4 #ae4 fau/um 7= favo/us1 fav-eo7 t :i* is done "u ! bless+ ( ! gods3 felix t :i* succe$s 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ ?is bless+ ^u x4 --,/eph5son4 #af-ag4 damn>5tur 444 votorum condemn$ 7to pay7 _! v[s4 ,cf4 ,v]g4 ,voti reus b\nd to my v[1 i4e4 b\nd to fulfilm5t4 #bc4 ,mode/ia c]t>e 7sc4 cum iis7 444 sum]5t ! soldi]s 7 z mod]ate z !y 7 press+1 refus+ to take any?+ 444--,s4 ',n]o %[$ a resolution & a /rategic ability :i* f> surpass$ ! av]age qualifications ( ,roman g5]als4' --,ihne4 ,c#cf ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,! ,metaurus1 #bjg ,b4,c4 ,=tes creantur =tibus et bonis2 ,e/ 9 iuv5cis1 e/ 9 equis patrum ,virtus1 neque imbellem f]oces ,prog5]ant aquilae columbam2 #cb ,doctr9a s$ vim promovet insitam1 ,rectique cultus pectora roborant2 ,utcumque defec]e mores1 ,indecorant b5e nata culpae4 #cf ,quid debeas1 o ,roma1 ,n]onibus1 ,te/is ,metaurum flum5 et ,hasdrubal ,devictus et pul*] fugatis ,ille dies ,latio t5ebris1 #dj ,qui primus alma risit adorea1 ,dirus p] urbes ,af] ut ,italas ,ceu flamma p] ta$as vel ,eurus ,p] ,siculas equitavit undas4 #dd ,po/ hoc secundis usque laboribus ,romana pubes crevit1 et impio ,va/ata ,po5orum tumultu ,fana deos habu]e rectos4 #dh ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,,iv4 iv4 #bi-dh4 ,l95otes3 #bi-cf4 ,! ?\ght is3 ',x is true t scions ( a good /ock mu/ be good 9 m5 z well z 9 animals1 b yet education 7doctr9a tra9+ l4 #cc7 br+s out ! innate =ce4' #bi4 =tibus et bonis4 ,= ! comb9$ epi!ts cf4 kalos kaga?os4 #cf4 ,indecorant 444 culpae faults disfigure 7indecorant d$ecorant7 scions ( an hon\rable /ock 7b5e nata74 #cg4 ,n]onibus1 e4g4 ,m4 ,claudius ,n]o 7! h]o ( ,metaurus71 & ! bro!rs ,drusus & ,tib]ius 7aft]w>ds ,emp]or71 /epsons ( ,augu/us4 #da4 alma adorea ) k9dly 7refre%+7 success4 #dc4 ceu flamma p] ta$as l fire ?r\gh a p9e-=e/4 --,w4 #dd4 equitavit gallop$1 c>e]$1 us$ ( ,hannibal1 &1 by zeugma1 ) flamma & ,eurus4 #df-dg4 impio tumultu by ! sacrilegi\s invasion 7or riot1 outrage71 possibly ) ref]5ce to ,livy's /ory 7xxvi4 #aa7 ( ! plund]+ ( ! ,temple ( ,f]onia4 #dh4 rectos upright1 i4e4 ( ! images suppos$ to h be5 ?r[n d[n by ,hannibal1 & n set on _! p$e/als aga94 ,results ( ! ,battle4 ',! w> 9 ,italy 0 to all appe>ances f9i%$1 & x 0 on ! ,metaurus t ! ,romans conqu]$ ,spa94' --,ihne4 ,:5 ,hannibal recognis$ ! head ( 8 bro!r ,hasdrubal1 he =esaw ! doom ( ,c>?age3-- ',lo/1 lo/ is all3 ,a nation's hope1 a nation's "n1 ,!y di$ ) dy+ ,hasdrubal4' --,c4 7,hor4 ,od4 ,,iv4 iv4 #gj-gc74 ,c#cg ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,hannibal leaves ,italy1 #bjc ,b4,c4 ,nihil c]te ultra rei 9 ,italia ab ,hannibale ge/um4 ,nam ad eum quoque legati ab ,c>?ag9e vocantes 9 ,africam eis =te diebus1 quibus ad ,magonem1 v5]unt4 ,fr5d5s gem5sque ac vix lacrimis temp]ans dicitur legatorum v]ba audisse4 #e ,po/quam edita sunt m&ata1 ',iam non p]plexe1' inquit1 's$ palam revocant1 qui vet&o supplem5tum et pecuniam mitti iam pridem trahebant4 ,vicit ergo ,hannibalem non populus ,romanus toti5s caesus fugatusque1 s$ s5atus ,c>?ag9i5sis #aj obtrectatione atque invidia2 neque hac de=mitate r$itus mei tam ,p4 ,scipio exsultabit atque eff]et sese quam ,hanno1 qui domum no/ram1 qu&o alia re non potuit1 ru9a ,c>?ag9is oppressit4' ,iam hoc ipsum praesagi5s animo praep>av]at #ae ante naves4 ,itaque inutili militum turba praesidii specie 9 oppida ,bruttii agri1 quae pauca magis metu quam fide cont9ebantur1 dimissa1 quod roboris 9 ex]citu erat 9 ,africam transvexit4 ,r>o quemquam alium1 patriam exilii causa rel9qu5tem1 #bj tam mae/um abisse f]unt quam ,hannibalem1 ho/ium t]ra exc$5tem4 ,,livy1 xxx4 #ai1 #bj4 ,context4 ,scipio 7#bjd ,b4,c47 l&$ 9 ,africa & won su* decisive victories ov] ! ,c>?ag9ians "u ,hasdrubal1 ! son ( ,gisco1 t ii 0 necess>y 9 #bjc ,b4,c4 to recall bo? ,mago & ,hannibal4 ,l95otes3 #c-d4 ad ,magonem4 ,mago1 ,h4's y\nge/ bro!r1 _h 9 #bje ,b4,c4 be5 despat*$ f ,c>?age ) consid]able re9=cem5ts = ,h4 ,he took ,g5oa1 aga9 r\s$ ! ,gauls aga9/ ,rome1 & 9 #bjc ,b4,c4 f\ght an indecisive action ) ! ,romans4 ,mago 0 sev]ely w\nd$1 & di$ at sea be=e he rea*$ ,africa4 #f4 ,iam non p]plexe n[ 9 no veil$ mann] 7lit4 n obscurely74 #h4 iam pridem trahebant began long ago to try to pull me back4 --,rawl9s4 #aa4 obtrectatione by disp>agem5t4 #ac4 ,hanno1 ! lead] ( ! ari/ocratic 7peace7 p>ty at ,c>?age1 & ! p]si/5t oppon5t ( ,hamilc> ,b>ca & 8 sons4 ,hannibal's ,spee*4 ll4 #f-ae4 ,?is is purely imag9>y & illu/rates ! bitt] hatr$ ( ! ,romans = ,h4 ,!y alleg$ t ,h4 0 p]sonally responsible = ! w>1 & t he und]took x = selfi% & p>ty ends4 ,also t ,c>?age1 unable to prev5t ! w>1 )held supplies & re9=cem5ts4 ,ihne says ',! :ole c\rse ( ! w> is a suffici5t refutation ( ^! *>ges4' ,c#ch ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,zama1 #bjb ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,be=e ! ,battle4 ,ita infecta pace ex colloquio ad suos cum se recepiss5t1 fru/ra v]ba praelata r5untiant3 armis dec]n5dum esse hab5damque eam =tunam1 quam dei d$iss5t4 ,9 ca/ra ut e/ v5tum1 pronuntiant ambo1 arma exp$ir5t milites animosque ad #e supremum c]tam51 non 9 unum diem s$ 9 p]petuum1 si felicitas adesset1 victores4 ,roma an ,c>?ago iura g5tibus d>et1 ante cra/9am noctem scituros2 neque enim ,africam aut ,italiam1 s$ orbem t]r>um victoriae praemium =e2 p> #aj p]iculum praemio1 quibus adv]sa pugnae =tuna fuisset4 ,nam neque ,romanis effugium ullum patebat 9 ali5a ignotaque t]ra et ,c>?ag9i supremo auxilio effuso adesse videbatur praes5s excidium4 ,ad hoc discrim5 proc$unt po/]o die duorum #ae opul5tissimorum populorum duo longe cl>issimi duces1 duo =tissimi ex]citus1 multa ante p>ta decora aut cumulaturi eo die aut ev]suri4 ,anceps igitur spes et metus miscebant animos2 contemplantibus modo suam modo ho/ium aciem1 cum non oculis #bj magis quam ratione p5s>5t vires1 simul laeta simul tri/ia obv]sabantur4 ,,livy1 xxx4 #ca1 #cb4 ,l95otes3 #a-b4 ,ita infecta pace 444 r5untiant1 ref]r+ to ,livy's picturesque acc\nt ( ! p]sonal int]view betwe5 ,scipio & ,hannibal1 & ! fruitless negotiations = peace4 #g-aj4 ,roma an ,c>?ago 444 praemium =e4 ',by ! victory ( ,zama x 0 decid$ t ! /ates ( ! anci5t _w %\ld be weld$ into "o great empire1 & t ?is empire %\ld be f\nd$ by ,rome & n by ,c>?age4' --,ihne4 #ad4 effuso disp]s$1 i4e4 defeat$4 #ae4 discrim5 decisive po9t1 decision4 #ah4 aut cumulaturi aut ev]suri ei!r to augm5t 7lit4 heap up7 or ov]?r[4 #ba4 p5s>5t vires !y e/imat$ 7weigh$7 _! /r5g?4 ,! ,battle ( ,zama4 ',"h1 too1 ! elephants prov$ disa/r\s to _! own side4 ,"s ran d[n ! spaces betwe5 ! ,roman maniples 7see ,c #ci1 ,b4 note71 & 7 ( no fur!r use2 :ile o!rs1 driv5 aside by ! ,roman skirmi%]s1 ?rew ,h4's ,c>?ag9ian cavalry into su* disord] t !y 7 unable to resi/ ! attack ( ,scipio's horse4 ,! fir/ ,roman l9e ?rew ,h4's m]c5>ies back ^u _! res]ves ( ! second l9e1 & 9 ! confusion t ensu$ ,scipio advanc$ ) 8 second & ?ird l9es4 ,! combat rag$ long & fi]cely until ,scipio's ,roman & ,numidian cavalry1 return+ f _! pursuit ( ,h4's horse1 fell ^u ! enemy's re> & decid$ ! battle4' --,ihne4 ,c#ci ,,second ,,punic ,,w>1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,zama1 #bjb ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,! ,ord] ( ,battle4 ,a4 ,hannibal adv]sus ,scipionem1 po/ elephantos lxxx1 qui 9 prima fronte positi ho/ium turb>5t aciem1 auxili>es ,gallos et ,ligures et ,bali>es ,maurosque posuit1 ut neque fug]e poss5t ,po5is a t]go /antibus et ho/em oppositi1 si non infe/>5t1 #e at c]te fatig>5t3 tum suis et ,mac$onibus1 qui iam fessos ,romanos integri excip]5t1 9 secunda acie collocatis1 novissimos ,italicos con/ituit1 quorum et timebat fidem et segnitiam v]ebatur1 quoniam pl]osque eorum ab ,italia invitos extrax]at4 #aj ,hannibal's ,army4 ,x consi/$ broadly ( five classes3 #a4 ,8 vet]an army ( ,italy1 on :i* he c\ld ?or\ghly rely1 p>tly ,c>?ag9ian1 p>tly ,italian 7mo/ly ,bruttians74 ,^! he plac$ 9 8 ?ird l9e4 #b4 ,a newly rais$ =ce ( ,c>?ag9ian & ,libyan militia4 ,^! he plac$ 9 8 second l9e4 #c4 ,m]c5>ies1 consi/+ ( ,moors1 ,gauls1 ,ligurians1 ! ,bale>ic cont+5t1 & ! ,spani>ds4 ,^! he plac$ 9 8 fir/ l9e4 #d4 ,c>?ag9ian & ,numidian cavalry4 ,^! he plac$ on 8 w+s4 #e4 #hj elephants4 ,^! he plac$ on 8 front1 to op5 ! attack4 ,b4 ,scipio adv]sus hanc =mam robur legionis triplici acie 9 fronte ord9atum p] ha/atos et pr9cipes et tri>ios opposuit3 nec cont9uas con/ruxit cohortes1 s$ manipulis int] se di/antibus spatium d$it1 p] quod elephanti ab ho/ibus acti #ae facile transmitti s9e p]turbatione ord9um poss5t4 ,ea ipsa int]valla exp$itis velitibus implevit1 ne int]luc]et acies1 dato 8 praecepto1 ut ad impetum elephantorum vel retro vel 9 lat]a conc$]5t4 ,equitatum de9de 9 cornua divisit et dextro ,romanis #bj equitibus ,laelium1 s9i/ro ,numidis ,mas9issam praeposuit3 quae tam prud5s ord9atio non dubie causa victoriae fuit4 ,,front9us1 ,/rategemata1 ii4 #c4 #af4 ,scipio's ord] ( battle4 ,in/ead ( draw+ up 8 manipuli l ! black squ>es ( a *essbo>d--! usual ord]1 s t1 9 advanc+1 ! manipuli ( ! ?ree l9es c\ld =m "o unbrok5 l9e--he plac$ !m "o beh9d ! o!r1 l ! r\nds ( a ladd]1 s z to leave spaces 9 ! l9es1 ?r\gh :i* ! elephants might pass )\t trampl+ d[n or ?r[+ into confusion ! infantry battalions1 e4g43 n b 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,=mation ,,( ,,empire ,,beyond ,,italy4 ,c#dj ,,second ,,mac$onian ,,w>1 #bjj-aif ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,battle ( ,cynoscephalae1 #aig ,b4,c4 ,non dubia res fuit2 extemplo t]ga v]t]e ,mac$ones1 t]rore primo be/i>um av]si4 ,et cet]i quidem hos pulsos sequebantur2 unus e tribunis militum1 ex tempore capto consilio1 cum vig9ti signorum militibus1 relicta ea p>te suorum1 quae #e haud dubie v9cebat1 brevi circuitu dextrum cornu ho/ium av]sum invadit4 ,nullam aciem ab t]go adortus non turbasset2 cet]um ad communem omnium 9 tali re trepidationem accessit1 quod phalanx ,mac$onum1 gravis atque immobilis1 nec #aj circumag]e se pot]at1 nec hoc1 qui a fronte1 paulo ante p$em ref]5tes1 tunc ultro t]ritis in/abant1 patiebantur4 ,ad hoc loco etiam premebantur1 quia iugum1 ex quo pugnav]ant1 dum p] proclive pulsos insequuntur1 tradid]ant ho/i ad t]ga sua circumducto4 #ae ,paulisp] 9 m$io caesi1 de9de omissis pl]ique armis capessunt fugam4 ,philippus cum paucis p$itum equitumque primo tumulum altiorem int] cet]os cepit1 ut specul>etur1 quae 9 laeva p>te suorum =tuna esset2 de9de1 po/quam fugam #bj effusam animadv]tit et omnia circa iuga signis atque armis fulg]e1 tum et ipse acie excessit4 ,,livy1 xxxiii4 #i1 #aj4 ,context4 ,philip ,v1 ,k+ ( ,mac$on1 _h made a treaty ) ,hannibal 9 #bae ,b4,c41 & provok$ ! fir/ ,mac$onian ,w> 7#bad-bje ,b4,c47 by an attack on ,apollonia 9 ,illyria1 & ! capture ( ! port ( ,oricum 9 ,epirus4 ,! ,romans n[ resolv$ to make ,philip suff] = ! tr\ble he _h caus$ !m by int]f]+ 9 ! w> ) ,hannibal4 ,a casus belli 0 soon f\nd 9 ! ,a!nian ,embassy to ,rome 7#bja ,b4,c47 ask+ = help aga9/ ,philip4 ,l95otes3 #c-d4 unus 444 militum4 ,ihne says ',he seiz$ ! fav\rable opportunity to %ape ! battle :i* _h begun )\t plan into a brilliant victory = ,rome4' #e4 signorum 7 manipulorum7 companies1 i4e4 ) "s #cejj m54 #ac4 loco premebantur !y 7i4e4 ! phalanx7 began to feel ! disadvantage ( position4 --,rawl9s4 #af4 9 m$io caesi cut d[n f bo? sides4 --,r4 ,cynoscephalae 7,dog's ,heads71 a l[ *a9 ( hills betwe5 ,ph]ae & ,scotussa 9 ,!ssaly4 ,results ( ! ,battle4 ',! ,romans lo/ only #gjj m54 ,t 0 ! price paid = a victory :i* laid ! ,mon>*y ( ,alex&] ! ,great 9 ! du/4' --,ihne4 ,t]ms ( ,peace1 #aif ,b4,c4 ,mac$onia to rema9 an indep5d5t /ate1 b1 l ,c>?age1 to lose all h] =eign possessions1 & to be sunk to ! level ( a vassal /ate4 ,c#da ,,second ,,mac$onian ,,w>1 #bjj-aif ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,flam99us proclaims ! ,fre$om ( ,greece1 #aif ,b4,c4 ,i/hmiorum /atum ludicrum ad]at1 semp] quidem et alias frequ5s cum propt] spectaculi /udium insitum g5ti1 quo c]tam9a omnis g5]is artium viriumque et p]nicitatis visuntur1 tum quia propt] opportunitatem loci1 p] duo div]sa m>ia #e omnium r]um usus m9i/rantis humano g5]i1 concilium ,asiae ,graeciaeque is m]catus erat2 tum v]o non ad solitos modo usus undique conv5]ant1 s$ exspectatione erecti1 qui de9de /atus futurus ,graeciae1 quae sua =tuna esset4 ,ad spectaculum #aj cons$]ant1 et praeco cum tubic9e1 ut mos e/1 9 m$iam aream1 unde sollemni c>m9e ludicrum indici solet1 processit et1 tuba sil5tio facto1 ita pronuntiat3 ',s5atus ,romanus et ,t4 ,qu9ctius imp]ator1 ,philippo rege ,mac$onibusque devictis1 #ae lib]os1 immunes1 suis legibus esse iubet ,cor9?ios1 ,phoc5ses1 ,locr5sesque omnes et insulam ,euboeam et ,magnetas1 ,!ssalos1 ,p]rhaebos1 ,a*aeos ,ph?iotas4' 444 ,esse aliquam 9 t]ris g5tem1 quae sua imp5sa1 suo labore ac p]iculo bella g]at pro #bj lib]tate aliorum4 ,una voce praeconis lib]atas omnes ,graeciae atque ,asiae urbes2 hoc spe concip]e audacis animi fuisse1 ad effectum adduc]e et virtutis et =tunae +5tis4 ,,livy1 xxxiii4 #cb1 #cc 7sel47 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,i/hmiorum /atum ludicrum "t fix$ 7/atum7 = ! ,i/hmian ,games 7celebrat$ at ,cor9? e two ye>s74 #c-d4 quo c]tam9a 444 visuntur :i* makes !m g to see conte/s ( e k9d ( arti/ic p]=mance 7artium7 & ( feats ( /r5g? & agility4 --,rawl9s4 #g4 concilium is m]catus erat 444 t ga!r+ 0 ! g5]al r5dezv\s 7m]catus7 ( 444 m]catus i4 trade1 or m>t2 ii4 a fe/ival assemblage 7panguris74 #aa4 9 m$iam aream into ! c5tre ( ! op5 space 7( ! /adium74 #ag4 ,locr5sesque omnes1 i4e4 ,e4 ,w4 ,locris4 #ah4 ,p]rhaebos1 ,n4 ( ,!ssaly4 ,a*aeos ,ph?iotas ! ,a*aeans :o inhabit$ ,ph?iotis 7,s4,e4 ( ,!ssaly74 #ai-bd4 ,esse aliquam 444 +5tis3 9 ^! words ! ,greeks express _! a/oni%m5t & gratitude at ! greatness ( ! boon conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,! ,fre$om ( ,greece4 ',! ,greeks believ$ ) a *ildlike simplicity t ! ,romans really c>$ = _! fre$om1 & t !y _h cross$ ! sea ) no o!r object ?an to deliv] ,greece f a =eign yoke4 4 4 4 ,flam99us 0 a skilful diplomati/1 & p>ticul>ly qualifi$ to sift & settle ! affairs ( ,greece2 = he und]/ood ! ,greek "*1 & 0 n inaccessible1 l s _m o!r ,romans1 to ,greek views & op9ions4' --,ihne4 ,c#db ,,w> ,,) ,,antio*us ,,( ,,syria1 #aia-aij ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,battle ( ,!rmopylae1 #aia ,b4,c4 ,victory due to ,cato4 ,acilius ,glabrio consul adv]sus ,antio*i regis aciem1 quam is 9 ,a*aia pro angu/iis ,!rmopyl>um direx]at1 iniquitatibus loci non irritus tantum1 s$ cum iactura qnoque repulsus esset1 nisi circummissus ab eo ,porcius ,cato1 qui tum1 iam #e consul>is1 tribunus militum a populo factus 9 ex]citu erat1 deiectis iugis ,callidromi m5tis ,aetolis1 qui praesidio ea t5ebant1 sup] imm95tem ca/ris regiis collem a t]go subitus app>uisset3 quo facto p]turbatis ,antio*i copiis utrimque irrup]e ,romani #aj et fusis fugatisque ca/ra cep]unt4 ,,front9us1 ,/rategemata1 ii4 #d4 #d4 ,context4 ,9 #aib ,b4,c4 ,antio*us ! ,great1 k+ ( ,syria1 accept$ ! invitation ( ! ,aetolians1 :o1 s9ce ! ,peace ( #aif ,b4,c41 _h be5 snubb$ by ! ,romans1 to come to lib]ate ,greece f ! tyranny ( ,rome4 ,b4 ,battle ( ,magnesia1 #aij ,b4,c4 ,tum consule ,scipione1 cui frat]1 ille modo victor ,c>?ag9is ,africanus1 ad]at volunt>ia legatione1 debell>i regem placet4 ,et iam toto cess]at m>i1 s$ nos imus ult]ius4 ,mae&rum #ae ad amnem montemque ,sipylum ca/ra ponuntur4 ,hic rex1 incr$ibile dictu quibus auxiliis1 quibus copiis1 cons$]at4 ,trec5ta milia p$itum1 equitum falcatorumque curruum non m9or num]us4 ,elephantis ad hoc imm5sae magnitud9is1 auro purpura #bj arg5to et suo ebore fulg5tibus aciem utrimque vallav]at4 ,s$ haec omnia praep$ita magnitud9e sua1 ad hoc imbre1 qui subito sup]fusus mira felicitate ,p]sicos arcus corrup]at4 ,primum trepidatio1 mox fuga1 de9de triumphus fu]unt4 #be ,,florus1 i4 #bd4 #ad-ah4 ,context4 ,9 #aij ,b4,c4 ,lucius ,scipio 0 appo9t$ to c>ry ! w> into ,asia4 ,scipio ,africanus1 :o accompani$ 8 bro!r z ,*ief ( ,/aff1 fell ill at ,elaea1 ! port ( ,p]gamum4 ,8 place 0 tak5 by ,cn4 ,domitius1 an exp]i5c$ (fic]4 ,l95otes3 #ad-ae4 ,et iam toto cess]at m>i1 z ! result ( ! decisive defeat1 9 #aij ,b4,c41 ( ! ,syrian fleet (f ,myonnesus4 #ae-af4 ,mae&rum 444 ponuntur4 ,! battle 0 f\ght ne> ,magnesia 7,n4,w4 ( ,lydia7 at ! foot ( ,mt4 ,sipylus4 ,p>allel ,passage4 ,livy1 xxxvii4 #ci-dd1 ',! ,battle ( ,magnesia decid$ ! fate ( ! ,syrian ,empire1 z ! battles ( ,zama & ,cynoscephalae _h decid$ ! fate ( ,c>?age & ,mac$onia4' --,ihne4 ,c#dc ,dea?s ( ,?ree ,great ,m51 #ahc ,b4,c4 ,hannibal1 po/quam e/ nuntiatum milites regios 9 ve/ibulo esse1 po/ico fug]e conatus1 ut id quoque occursu militum obsaeptum s5sit et omnia circa clausa cu/odiis dispositis esse1 v55um1 quod multo ante praep>atum ad tales habebat casus1 #e poposcit4 ',lib]emus1' inquit1 'diuturna cura populum ,romanum1 qu&o mortem s5is exspect>e longum c5s5t4 ,nec magnam nec memorabilem ex in]mi proditoque ,flam99us victoriam f]et4' ,exsecratus de9de 9 caput regnumque #aj ,prusiae1 et hospitales deos violatae ab eo fidei te/es invocans1 poculum exhausit4 4 4 4 ,trium cl>issimorum suae cuiusque g5tis virorum non tempore magis congru5te comp>abilis mors videtur esse1 quam quod nemo eorum satis dignum spl5dore #ae vitae exitum habuit4 ,nam primum omnes non 9 patrio solo mortui nec sepulti sunt4 ,v55o absumpti ,hannibal et ,philopoem52 exsul ,hannibal1 proditus ab hospite1 captus ,philopoem5 9 c>c]e et 9 v9culis exspiravit4 ,scipio etsi non exsul neque #bj damnatus1 die tam5 dicta1 ad quam non adfu]at reus1 abs5s citatus1 volunt>ium non sibimet ipse solum s$ etiam fun]i suo exsilium indixit4 ,,livy1 xxxix1 #ea1 #eb 7sel47 ,context4 ,aft] ,zama ,hannibal held ! highe/ (fice 7,suffete ,l4 praetura7 at ,c>?age1 & effect$ useful democratic re=ms4 ,h[ev]1 8 political enemies d5\nc$ him to ,rome z mak+ plans = a new w>1 & 9 #aie ,b4,c4 he 0 =c$ to flee f ,c>?age & took refuge ) ,antio*us4 ,aft] ,magnesia1 ,h4 f\nd = sev5 ye>s a safe asylum ) ,prusias1 k+ ( ,bi?ynia2 b ! ,romans c\ld n be at ease s long z ,h4 liv$1 & ,flam99us ! ,lib]ator ( ,greece und]took ! +lori\s que/ ( dem&+ ! surr5d] ( ,hannibal4 ,l95otes3 #ac-ae4 non tempore magis congru5te quam n s mu* 9 co9cid5ce ( 7congru5te1 lit4 agree+ )7 date z4 --,r4 #ah4 ,philopoem51 ! h]oic *ief ( ! ,a*aean ,league1 0 tak5 prison] by ,d9ocrates1 imprison$ 9 a dungeon at ,mess5e 79 c>c]e1 l4 #ai71 & compell$ to dr9k poison4 #bj-bc4 ,scipio 0 accus$1 at ! in/igation ( ,cato1 by ! tribune ,naevius 7#ahe ,b4,c47 ( hav+ be5 brib$ by ,antio*us to procure = him fav\rable conditions ( peace4 ,too pr\d to def5d himself aga9/ su* a *>ge1 ,scipio retir$ to 8 c\ntry-seat at ,lit]num1 :]e by a volunt>y act he consign$ bo? himself & 8 grave to exile 7volunt>ium 444 indixit74 ',+rata patria1 ne ossa quidem mea habes4' ,epitaph ( ,scipio1 writt5 by himself4 ,c#dd ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 #bcd-adi ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,at ,cato1 c5sor cum ,l4 ,val]io ,flacco1 sev]e praefuit ei pote/ati4 ,nam et 9 complures nobiles animadv]tit et multas res novas 9 edictum addidit1 qua re luxuria reprim]etur1 quae iam tum incipiebat pullul>e4 ,circit] annos octog9ta1 usque ad extremam #e aetatem ab adolesc5tia1 rei publicae causa suscip]e inimicitias non de/itit4 ,a multis t5tatus non modo nullum detrim5tum exi/imationis fecit1 s$1 quoad vixit1 virtutum laude crevit4 ,9 omnibus rebus s+ul>i fuit indu/ria3 nam #aj et agricola soll]s et p]itus iuris consultus et magnus imp]ator et probabilis orator et cupidissimus litt]>um fuit4 ,qu>um /udium etsi s5ior arripu]at1 tam5 tantum progressum fecit1 ut non facile rep]iri posset neque de ,graecis neque de #ae ,italicis rebus1 quod ei fu]it incognitum4 ,ab adulesc5tia confecit orationes4 ,s5ex hi/orias scrib]e in/ituit4 ,e>um sunt libri vii4 ,primus cont9et res ge/as regum populi ,romani1 secundus et t]tius unde quaeque civitas orta sit ,italica1 ob quam rem omnes #bj ,orig9es videtur appellasse4 ,,nepos1 ,cato1 ii41 iii4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,c5sor1 #ahd ,b4,c41 ) ,l4 ,val]ius ,flaccus1 8 great fri5d & patron1 by :om he 0 introduc$ to political life4 #c4 9 edictum4 ,! ,c5sors1 on _! entrance ^u (fice1 issu$ a proclamation or edict1 sett+ =? ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y int5d$ to act4 ,cato set =? 9 8 edict t he int5d$ to use 8 p[] = ! suppression ( luxury4 #e4 pullul>e to spread1 increase2 lit4 to put =?1 ( plants & animals4 ,cf4 pull-u 7our pullet71 pu-er1 plos 7 a foal74 octog9ta4 ,?is is an exagg]ation4 ,he 0 only eighty-five :5 he di$ #adi ,b4,c4 #f-g4 rei publicae 444 non de/itit4 ,s5eca says3 ,scipio cum ho/ibus no/ris bellum1 ,cato cum moribus gessit4 #g-i4 ,cato 0 accus$ no less ?an #dd times1 b ea* "t acquitt$4 #aa4 iuris consultus lawy]4 #ab4 magnus imp]ator1 e4g4 9 ! #bnd ,punic ,w>1 & ! decisive victory at ,!rmopylae 7#aia ,b4,c47 0 ma9ly due to ,cato4 probabilis orator a tol]able1 acceptable orator4 ,osc> ,br[n+4 #ag-ba4 ,8 two great works 7 8 treatise ,de ,re ,ru/ica 7or ,de ,agri ,cultura71 ! e>lie/ extant "w 9 ,lat9 prose1 & 8 ,orig9es1 or acc\nts ( ! rise & gr[? ( ! ,italian nation1 ! e>lie/ hi/ory 9 ,lat9 prose4 ',x 0 ,cato's great m]it t he ass]t$ ! rights ( 8 native language = lit]>y prose composition4' --,ihne4 ,cato ! ,c5sor4 ',he des]ves our highe/ respect = ! defiant & manly _s t animat$ him 9 8 untir+ conte/ ) ! vices ( ! age4' --,ihne4 ,c#de ,m4 ,porcius ,cato4 7#b7 ,iam pauca aratro iug]a regiae ,moles rel9qu5t1 undique latius ,ext5ta vis5tur ,lucr9o ,/agna lacu platanusque caelebs #d ,ev9cet ulmos3 tum viol>ia et ,myrtus et omnis copia n>ium ,sp>g5t olivetis odorem ,f]tilibus dom9o priori2 #h ,tum spissa ramis laurea f]vidos ,excludet ictus4 ,non ita ,romuli ,praescriptum et intonsi ,catonis ,auspiciis vet]umque norma4 #ab ,privatus illis c5sus erat brevis1 ,commune magnum3 nulla decemp$is ,metata privatis opacam ,porticus excipiebat ,arcton4 #af ,nec =tuitum sp]n]e caespitem ,leges s9ebant1 oppida publico ,sumptu iub5tes et deorum ,templa novo decor>e saxo4 #bj ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,,ii4 xv4 ,argum5t4 ',our palaces & fi%-ponds & ornam5tal g>d5s are supplant+ ! cultivation ( corn & v9es & olives4 ,?is is n ! _s ( ,romulus or ( ,cato4 ,_! rule 0 private ?rift1 public magnific5ce2 private h\ses ( turf1 public build+s & temples ( hewn /one4' --,w4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,iam pres5tly4 #a-b4 regiae moles pr9cely piles4 moles1 lit4 masses1 ( huge build+s4 #b-d4 undique 444 lacu & fi%-ponds 7/agna7 ( wid] ext5t ?an ! ,l4 lake w be sights to see 7vis5tur74--,wickham4 #d4 platanus caelebs ! ba*elor plane1 s call$ because v9es 7 n w$d$ to x 7i4e4 tra9$ ^u x74--,g[4 #f4 omnis copia n>ium all t is sweet to smell4 ,lit4 all ! fulness ( ! no/rils4 #aj4 ictus 7sc4 solis74 ,! po9t is t =m]ly trees 7 /ripp$ to admit ! sun to ! v9es & olives3 n[adays ! sun is exclud$4 --,g[4 #aa4 intonsi 7 antiqui7 old-fa%ion$4 ,cf4 ,cic4's use ( b>batus4 #ac4 c5sus erat brevis li/ ( prop]ty 0 %ort4 #ad4 commune 7 to ko9on7 ! common 7public7 /ock4 #ad-ae4 decemp$is metata privatis measur$ ) t5-foot rods = private own]s4 ,9 old days ! portics 7 always publicae4 #ag4 =tuitum caespitem ! *ance-cut 7h&y7 turf4 #bj4 novo saxo ) fre%-hewn /one1 i4e4 hewn on purpose4 --,w4 ,p>allel ,passages4 ,livy xxxix4 #f4 #dj4 #da2 ,sallu/1 ,catil9e #ab1 #ac4 ',cato saw ! greatness ( ,rome 9 ! old5 "t1 & he endeav\r$ )\t success to br+ ?is old "t back4' --,ihne4 ,c#df ,,?ird ,,mac$onian ,,w>1 #aga-afh ,b4,c4 ,pydna 7,aemilius ,paulus71 #afh ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,movebat imp]ii maie/as1 gloria viri1 ante omnia aetas1 quod maior sexag9ta annis iuv5um munia 9 p>te praecipua laboris p]iculique capessebat4 ,int]vallum1 quod int] caetratos at phalanges erat1 implevit legio1 atque aciem ho/ium int]rupit4 ,a #e t]go caetratis erat1 frontem adv]sus clipeatos habebat3 *alcaspides appellabantur4 ,secundam legionem ,l4 ,alb9us consul>is duc]e adv]sus leucaspidem phalangem iussus2 ea m$ia acies ho/ium fuit4 ,9 dextrum cornu1 unde circa fluvium #aj commissum proclium erat1 elephantos inducit et alas sociorum2 et h9c primum fuga ,mac$onum e/ orta4 ,nam sicut pl]aque nova comm5ta mortalium 9 v]bis vim hab5t1 exp]i5do1 cum agi1 non quemadmodum agatur ediss]i oportet1 s9e ullo #ae effectu evanescunt1 ita tum elephantorum impetum su/9]e non pot]ant1 et comm5ta ,mac$onum nom5 tantum s9e usu fu]unt4 ,elephantorum impetum subsecuti sunt socii nom9is ,lat9i1 pepul]untque laevum cornu4 #bj ,,livy1 xliv4 #da4 ,context4 ,p]seus1 son ( ,philip1 became ,k+ ( ,mac$onia on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #agi ,b4,c4 ,he did all he c\ld to prep>e = ! inevitable /ruggle ) ,rome by /r5g!n+ ,mac$onia1 pos+ z ! ,lib]ator ( ,greece1 & =m+ m>riage alliances ) ,seleucus ( ,syria 7! successor ( ,antio*us71 & ,prusias ( ,bi?ynia4 ,9 #agd ,b4,c41 ! ,romans 7 in=m$ t ,p]seus 0 secretly negotiat+ ) ,c>?age1 & aft] fruitless embassies w> 0 decl>$4 ,! ,s5ate1 aft] ?ree ye>s ( unsuccessful w>f>e 7#aga-afh ,b4,c471 appo9t$ ,l4 ,aemilius ,paulus 7son ( ! h]o :o di$ at ,cannae7 to ! supreme comm& 9 ,mac$onia4 ,l95otes3 #d4 caetratos ,t>gete]s1 arm$ ) ! small r\nd %ield4 #e-g4 ,a t]go 444 habebat 7sc4 legio prima7 ! 7fir/7 ,legion ?us took ! ,t>gete]s 9 ! re>1 :ile x fac$ t[>ds ! ,%ieldm54 --,rawl9s4 #f4 clipeatos ,%ieldm51 arm$ ) ! l>ge r\nd %ield4 #g4 *alcaspides ,braz5 ,%ields1 ,"r ,division ( phalanx4 #i4 leucaspidem ,:ite ,%ields1 ,left ,division ( phalanx4 #aj4 9 dextrum cornu 7sc4 ,romanum71 i4e4 ne>e/ to ! sea4 #ac-ae4 comm5ta 444 oportet lit4 ! contrivances ( m51 ?\gh 9 !ory 79 v]bis7 !y _h "s importance 7vim7 yet ^u trial 7exp]i5do7 :5 !re is ne$ ( action & n ( discussion 7ediss]i7 h[ to act4 4 4 4 #ag4 comm5ta ,mac$onum4 ,p]h4 ) ref]5ce to ,p]seus' contrivances 7e4g4 by ! use ( dummy elephants7 to prep>e 8 m5 & horses to make a /& aga9/ real elephants4 ,c#dg ,,?ird ,,mac$onian ,,w>1 #aga-afh ,b4,c4 ,pydna 7,aemilius ,paulus71 #afh ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,9 m$io secunda legio immissa dissipavit phalangem2 neque ulla evid5tior causa victoriae fuit1 quam quod multa passim proelia erant1 quae fluctuantem turb>unt primo1 de9de disiec]unt phalangem1 cuius conf]tae et int5tis horr5tes #e ha/is intol]abiles vires sunt2 si c>ptim aggr$i5do circumag]e immobilem longitud9e et gravitate ha/am cogas1 confusa /rue implicantur3 si v]o aut ab lat]e aut ab t]go aliquid tumultus increpuit1 ru9ae modo turbantur4 ,sicut tum adv]sus cat]vatim #aj incurr5tes ,romanos et int]rupta multif>iam acie obviam ire cogebantur1 et ,romani1 quacumque data int]valla ess5t1 ins9uabant ord9es suos4 4 4 4 ,diu phalanx a fronte1 a lat]ibus1 ab t]go caesa e/2 po/remo1 qui ex ho/ium manibus elapsi erant1 #ae in]mes ad m>e fugi5tes1 quidam aquam etiam +ressi1 manus ad eos1 qui 9 classe erant t5d5tes1 supplicit] vitam orabant2 et cum scaphas concurr]e undique ab navibus c]n]5t1 ad excipi5dos sese v5ire rati1 ut cap]5t potius quam occid]5t1 #bj longius 9 aquam1 quidam etiam natantes1 progressi sunt4 ,s$ cum ho/ilit] e scaphis ca$]5tur1 retro1 qui pot]ant1 n&o repet5tes t]ram1 9 aliam fo$iorem pe/em incidebant4 ,elephanti enim1 ab rectoribus ad litus acti1 exeuntes obt]ebant #be elidebantque4 ,,livy1 xliv4 #da1 #db4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,9 m$io 444 immissa ,on ! c5tre ! second legion *>g$ 7immissa71 i4e4 into ! int]/ices ( ! phalanx1 :i* 0 n pres]v+ its usual close ord]4 --,rawl9s4 #d-f4 fluctuantem 444 vires sunt fir/ demoralis$ ! phalanx s z to make x wav]1 7fluctuantem71 & !n %att]$ x4 ,its 7aggressive7 =ce1 s long z x keeps close ord] & bri/les ) c\*$ 7int5tis7 spe>s1 is irresi/ible 7intol]abiles74 #f4 c>ptim aggr$i5do by repeat$ h>ass+ attacks4 #aj4 ru9ae modo 9 hopeless confusion4 --,r4 #ag4 classe4 ,! ,roman fleet "u ,octavius 0 co-op]at+ ) ! army4 ,results ( ! ,battle4 ,p]seus 0 captur$1 & 8 k+dom 0 divid$ into f\r indep5d5t p>ts4 ,! ,mac$onian phalanx _h f\ght its la/ great battle4 ,"* ( ,paulus4 ',he 0 a model ( ! ,roman ( ! be/ "t4 ,he 0 n1 l 8 contempor>y ,cato1 a onesid$ wor%ipp] ( ev]y?+ old2 b he 0 a ,cons]vative 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 anxi\s to pres]ve old in/itutions1 b at ! same "t to improve !m4' --,ihne4 ,c#dh ,,?ird ,,punic ,,w>1 #adi-adf ,b4,c4 ,de/ruction ( ,c>?age1 #adf ,b4,c4 ,manilio de9de consule t]ra m>ique f]vebat obsidio4 ,op]ti portus1 nudatus e/ primus et sequ5s1 iam et t]tius murus1 cum tam5 ,byrsa1 quod nom5 arci fuit1 quasi alt]a civitas resi/ebat4 ,quamvis pr(ligato urbis excidio tam5 fatale ,africae nom5 #e ,scipionum videbatur4 ,igitur 9 alium ,scipionem conv]sa respublica f9em belli reposcebat4 ,s$ quem ad modum maxime mortif]i morsus sol5t esse mori5tium be/i>um1 sic plus negoti fuit cum semiruta ,c>?ag9e quam cum integra4 ,compulsis #aj 9 unam arcem ho/ibus portum quoque m>i ,romanus ob/rux]at4 ,illi alt]um sibi portum ab alia urbis p>te fod]unt1 nec ut fug]5t2 s$ qua nemo illos nec evad]e posse cr$ebat1 inde quasi enata subito classis erupit1 cum int]im iam diebus1 #ae iam noctibus nova aliqua moles1 nova ma*9a1 nova p]ditorum hom9um manus quasi ex obruto inc5dio subita de c9]ibus flamma prodibat4 ,deploratis novissime rebus trig9ta sex milia virorum se d$]unt quod m9us cr$as--duce ,hasdrubale4 #bj ,,florus1 ,,ii4 xv4 #aa-ag 7sel474 ,context4 ,an ,embassy 0 s5t f ,rome 9 #aeg ,b4,c4 to inquire into ! affairs ( ,africa4 ,among its memb]s 0 ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 :o1 a/oni%$ & al>m$ at ! fl\ri%+ condition ( ,c>?age1 return$ to ,rome ) ! firm conviction t ,c>?age mu/ be de/roy$--del5da e/ ,c>?ago4 ,a pretext 0 soon f\nd 9 ! w> 7#aea ,b4,c47 betwe5 ,c>?age & ,mas9issa1 ,k+ ( ,numidia1 ! ally ( ,rome4 ,?\gh ! ,c>?ag9ians surr5d]$ all _! arms & munitions ( w>1 ,rome decl>$ t !y w\ld h to leave _! city & settle t5 miles f ! sea4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians resolv$ to die r ?an give up ! sacr$ soil ( _! c\ntry4 ,l95otes3 #e4 pr(ligato almo/ f9i%$4 #f4 9 alium ,scipionem1 i4e4 ,p4 ,corn4 ,scipio ,aemilianus ,africanus ,m9or1 ! y\ng] son ( ,aemilius ,paulus 7( ,pydna7 & adopt$ by ,p4 ,scipio1 ! son ( ! conqu]or ( ,hannibal4 #ab4 alt]um portum1 i4e4 !y pi]c$ ! n>r[ /rip ( l& sep>at+ ! r\nd naval port 7,co?on7 f ! sea4 #ah4 deploratis 0 look$ ^u z lo/1 lit4 wept = bitt]ly4 #bj4 duce ,hasdrubale3 ',hasdrubal seems to h des]v$ ! "n ( ! la/ ,c>?ag9ian 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 z a repres5tative ( ! int5sity ( ! /r5g?1 endurance1 & patriotism ( 8 race4' --,ihne4 ',! pl\gh 0 drawn ov] ! site ( de/roy$ ,c>?age1 & a solemn curse 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ anyone :o %\ld ev] und]take to build a new t[n on t spot4' --,ihne4 ,africa made a ,roman ,prov9ce4 ,c#di ,,w> ,,) ,,&riscus ,,& ,,! ,,a*aeans1 #adh-adf ,b4,c4 ,de/ruction ( ,cor9? 7,l4 ,mummius ,a*aicus71 #adf ,b4,c4 ,eodem anno1 quo ,c>?ago concidit1 ,l4 ,mummius ,cor9?um po/ annos ,,dcccclii1 quam ab ,alete ,hippotis filio erat condita1 funditus eruit4 ,ut]que imp]ator devictae a se g5tis nom9e honoratus1 alt] ,africanus1 alt] appellatus e/ ,a*aicus2 nec #e quisquam ex novis hom9ibus prior ,mummio cognom5 virtute p>tum v9dicavit4 ,div]si imp]atoribus mores1 div]sa fu]e /udia3 quippe ,scipio tam elegans lib]alium /udiorum omnisque doctr9ae et auctor et admirator fuit1 ut ,polybium ,panaetiumque1 #aj praecell5tes +5io viros1 domi militiaeque secum habu]it4 ,neque enim quisquam hoc ,scipione elegantius int]valla negotiorum otio dispunxit semp]que aut belli aut pacis s]viit artibus3 semp] int] arma ac /udia v]satus aut corpus p]iculis #ae aut animum discipl9is ex]cuit4 ,mummius tam rudis fuit1 ut capta ,cor9?o cum maximorum artificum p]fectas manibus tabulas ac /atuas 9 ,italiam port&as loc>et1 iub]et pra$ici conduc5tibus1 si eas p]didiss5t1 novas eos r$dituros4 #bj ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 i4 #ac4 ,context4 ,9 #adi ,b4,c4 an adv5tur] nam$ ,&riscus claim$ to be ,philip1 ! son ( ,p]seus1 & ma/]$ ,mac$onia & "p ( ,!ssaly4 ,he totally defeat$ ! praetor ,juv5tius1 b 9 #adh ,b4,c4 8 army 0 r\t$ & himself tak5 prison] by ,q4 ,caecilius ,metellus4 ,! ,romans1 no long] ne$+ ! help ( ,greek troops1 det]m9$ to break up ! ,a*aean ,league4 ,a la/ desp]ate /ruggle = fre$om ensu$1 b ! ,greeks 7 easily defeat$ 7#adf ,b4,c47 by ,l4 ,mummius on ! ,i/hmus1 & ,cor9? itself 0 plund]$ & de/roy$4 ,l95otes3 #b-c4 quam 444 condita4 ,aletes1 son ( ,hippotes & a desc5dant ( ,h]acles1 is said to h tak5 possession ( ,cor9? by ! help ( ! oracle ( ,zeus at ,dodona1 & !re=e nam$ ! city ,dios ,kor9?os4 #aj4 ,panaetium1 a native ( ,rhodes & a celebrat$ ,/oic philosoph]1 settl$ 9 ,rome1 :]e he became ! intimate fri5d ( ,laelius & ,scipio ,africanus ,m9or4 #ac4 dispunxit he devot$1 gave up 7lit4 m>k$ (f74 #ai4 loc>et he hir$ 7lit4 place out1 i4e4 give out on contract74 conduc5tibus to ! contractors4 ,! ,de/ruction ( ,cor9?4 ',! flames :i* consum$ ,miletus 7de/roy$ by ! ,p]sians #did ,b4,c47 & ,a!ns 7burnt by ,x]xes #dhj ,b4,c47 7 ! signal = ! great ris+ ( ! p1 ! dawn ( a magnific5t day ( ,greek spl5d\r3 aft] ! fall ( ,cor9? came ! long d>k night4' --,ihne4 ,mac$onia made a ,roman ,prov9ce4 ,greece plac$ "u ! control ( ! ,roman gov]nor ( ,mac$onia4 ,c#ej ,,w> ,,) ,,viria?us ,,9 ,,spa91 #adi-adj ,b4,c4 ,! ,lusitanian ,hannibal4 ,s$ tota c]tam9um moles cum ,lusitanis fuit et ,numant9is4 ,quippe solis g5tium ,hispaniae duces contig]unt4 ,lusitanos ,viria?us erexit1 vir calliditatis ac]rimae4 ,qui ex v5atore latro1 ex latrone subito dux atque imp]ator et1 si =tuna #e cessisset1 ,hispaniae ,romulus1 non cont5tus lib]tatem suorum def5d]e1 p] quattuordecim annos omnia citra ultraque ,hib]um et ,tagum igni f]roque populatus1 ca/ra etiam praetoria et praesidia aggressus ,claudium ,unimanum pa5e ad int]necionem #aj ex]citus cecidit et insignia trabeis et fascibus no/ris quae cep]at 9 montibus suis tropaea fixit4 ,t&em eum iam ,fabius ,maximus consul oppress]at2 s$ a successore ,popilio violata victoria e/4 ,quippe qui confici5dae rei cupidus1 fractum ducem et extrema #ae d$itionis agitantem p] fraudem et insidias et dome/icos p]cussores aggressus hanc ho/i gloriam d$it ut vid]etur alit] v9ci non posse4 ,,florus1 ,,ii4 xvii4 #ac-ag 7sel474 ,context4 ,aft] ! defeat ( ,p]seus 7#afh ,b4,c47 & be=e ! outbreak ( ! ?ird ,punic ,w> 7#adi ,b4,c47 a suitable opportunity seem$ to pres5t itself to ,rome = cont9u+ ! int]rupt$ conque/ ( ,spa92 b '= eight long ye>s ,viria?us1 al?\gh a b>b>ian & ( humble orig91 defi$ ! armies ( ,rome1 & !reby secur$ = himself a position 9 hi/ory almo/ equal to t ( ,hannibal & ,mi?ridates4' ,ihne4 ,l95otes3 #a4 cum ,lusitanis4 ,! ,lusitani 7,s4 ( ! ,r4 ,tagus mod4 ,portugal1 & "p ( ,e/remadura & ,tol$o7 7 n f9ally subdu$ till aft] ! capture ( ,numantia by ,scipio 9 #acc ,b4,c4 #f4 cessisset 7 concessisset7 _h p]mitt$4 #aj-ab4 ,claudium ,unimanum 444 fixit1 i4e4 9 #adg ,b4,c4 ',! captur$ fasces ( ! lictors 7 exhibit$1 ) o!r trophies 7e4g4 trabeis1 l4 #aa71 f> & wide on ! ,spani% m\nta9s4' --,ihne4 #ac4 ,fabius ,maximus consul1 i4e4 ,qu9tus ,fabius ,maximus ,s]vilianus1 :o all[$ himself to be decoy$ into an ambu% #ada ,b4,c41 & 0 compell$ to grant an hon\rable peace1 :i* ,rome soon f\nd a pretext = break+4 #ag4 p]cussores assass9s1 lit4 /rik]s 7p] cutio quatio74 ,cf4 ! fate ( ,s]torius1 #gb ,b4,c4 ,! ,w> ) ,viria?us4 ',x 0 sad & disgraceful = ! ,roman arms1 b 9 a f> high] degree = ,roman morals4 ,x s[$1 moreov]1 ! se$s ( ! ,numant9e ,w>1 9 :i* bo? ! w>like ability & ! moral virtues ( ! ,roman nation appe> m det]iorat$ ?an ev5 9 ! w> ) ,viria?us4' --,ihne4 ,c#ea ,,numant9e ,,w>1 #adc-acc ,b4,c4 ,de/ruction ( ,numantia1 #acc ,b4,c4 ,tanti esse ex]citum quanti imp]atorem v]e proditum e/4 ,sic r$acto 9 discipl9am milite a ,scipione commissa acies1 quodque nemo visurum se umquam sp]av]at1 factum ut fugi5tes ,numant9os quisquam vid]et4 ,d$]e etiam se volebant1 #e si tol]&a viris imp]>5tur4 ,cum fossa atque lorica quattuorque ca/ris circumdatos fames prem]et1 a duce orantes proelium1 ut tamquam viros occid]et1 ubi non impetrabant1 placuit eruptio4 ,sic cons]ta manu plurimi occisi1 et cum urgu]et #aj fames1 novissime consilium fugae s$it2 s$ hoc quoque ruptis equorum c+ulis uxores adem]e1 summo scel]e p] amorem4 ,itaque deplorato exitu 9 ultimam rabiem furoremque conv]si1 po/remo ,rhoecog5e duce se suos patriam f]ro v55o #ae subiecto igne undique p]eg]unt4 ,macte =tissimam et meo iudicio beatissimam 9 ipsis malis civitatem6 ,ass]uit cum fide socios1 populum orbis t]r>um viribus fultum sua manu aetate tam longa su/9uit4 ,novissime maximo duce oppressa civitas nullum de #bj se gaudium ho/i reliquit4 ,unus enim vir ,numant9us non fuit qui 9 cat5is duc]etur2 pra$a1 ut de paup]rimis1 nulla3 arma ipsa cremav]unt4 ,triumphus fuit tantum de nom9e4 ,,florus1 ,,ii4 xviii4 #aa-ag 7sel474 ,context4 ,9 #adc ,b4,c4 ! ,celtib]ians 7( ,middle ,spa971 enc\rag$ by ! successes ( ! ,lusitanians1 took up arms once m4 ,_! mo/ important t[n 0 ,numantia1 situat$ ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,r4 ,durius 7,d\ro71 /rongly =tifi$ by nature & by art4 ,consul aft] consul fail$ to take x1 until 9 #acd ,b4,c4 ,scipio ,africanus ,m9or1 ! conqu]or ( ,c>?age1 0 s5t out to ,spa9 to r$uce ! /ubborn city4 ,l95otes3 #b-c4 ,sic r$acto 444 a ,scipione4 ',scipio's fir/ task1 :5 he arriv$ 9 ,spa91 0 to accu/om ! army :i* he f\nd !re1 once m to ,roman discipl9e4 ,luxury & indulg5ce 7 rife1 & c[>dice--! mo/ unroman ( all vices--_h begun to creep 94' --,ihne4 #g4 lorica a brea/work1 s]v+ z a scre54 ,usu4 a cuirass4 #aa4 s$it 0 decid$ on1 lit4 settl$4 #af4 ,macte a bless+ on or hail to !e4 ,mactus prob4 f ,rtmak1 e4g4 9 mak-ar bless$1 b cf4 mag-nus4 #ah4 ,ass]uit x protect$4 ass]o 7ad s]o7 lit4 jo9-to4 ,de/ruction ( ,numantia4 ,scipio1 ( 8 own accord1 raz$ ! t[n to ! gr\nd1 & receiv$ ! add$ surname ( ,numant9us4 ,roman ,prov9ce 9 ,spa94 ,c#eb ,rome ! ,inv9cible4 ,dixitque t&em p]fidus ,hannibal3 ',c]vi1 luporum pra$a rapacium1 ,sectamur ultro1 quos opimus ,fall]e et effug]e e/ triumphus4 #eb ,g5s1 quae cremato =tis ab ,ilio ,iactata ,tuscis aequoribus sacra ,natosque maturosque patres ,p]tulit ,ausonias ad urbes1 #ef ,duris ut ilex tonsa bip5nibus ,nigrae f]aci frondis 9 ,algido1 ,p] damna1 p] ca$es ab ipso ,ducit opes animumque f]ro #fj ,non ,hydra secto corpore firmior ,v9ci dol5tem crevit 9 ,h]culem1 ,mon/rumve submis]e ,col*i ,maius ,e*ioniaeve ,!bae4 #fd ,m]ses pr(undo3 pul*rior ev5it2 ,luct]e3 multa proruet integrum ,cum laude victorem g]etque ,proelia coniugibus loqu5da4' #fh ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,,iv4 iv4 #di-fh4 ,l95otes3 #ea4 ultro aggressively1 ne$lessly4 --,wickham4 #ea-eb4 opimus triumphus a r>e 7lit4 ri*1 noble7 triumph4 ,cf4 spolia opima4 #ec-ef4 ',?is /anza is a rsum ( ! /ory ( ! ,a5eid4' --,w4 #ec4 g5s 7sc4 illa71 i4e4 ! ,roman /ock4 #eg-fj4 ',! idea ( ?is /anza is t _! v calamities only gave !m fre% he>t & vig\r4 ,!y rise l ! ,pho5ix f its pyre4' --,w4 #eh4 frondis ) f]aci4 ,cf4 f]tilis frugum4 #ei-fj4 ab ipso 444 f]ro f ! v edge ( ! /eel itself1 ! holm-oak 7 ! ,roman /ock7 draws fre% p[] & _s4 #fa-fb4 ,cf4 ! say+ ( ,pyrrhus1 record$ by ,floras i4 #ah1 ',i see t ,i 0 born "u ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules1 s9ce s _m heads ( enemies1 t 7 cut (f1 arise ^u me afre% out ( _! own blood1 z if f ! ,l]naean s]p5t4' #fc-fd4 i4e4 ( ! arm$ w>riors :i* sprang f ! dragon's tee? s[n by ,jason at ,col*is or by ,cadmus at ,!bes4 #fc4 submis]e produc$1 rais$4 #fd4 ,e*ioniae ,!bae4 ,e*ion 0 "o ( ! five survivors ( ! ,sp>toi 7s[n m574 ,he help$ ,cadmus to f\nd ,!bes4 #fe4 ,m]ses 7 si m]s>is7 plunge x if y w4 ev5it x em]ges 7comes =?74 #ff-fg4 multa cum laude amid l\d applause1 ( a feat 9 a wre/l+ mat*4 --,w4 #fh4 coniugibus i4 by ,roman wives or ii4 by ,c>?ag9ian wid[s4 ,s ,con+ton1 ',^: /ory wid['d wives %all tell4' ,,civil ,,/rife ,,9 ,,italy1 ,,& ,,=eign ,,w>s1 ,,end+ ,,9 ,,revolution #acc-dd ,b4,c4 ,b#a ,,! ,,grac*i4 ,nam po/quam ,tib]ius et ,c4 ,grac*us1 quorum maiores ,punico atque aliis bellis multum rei publicae addid]ant1 v9dic>e plebem 9 lib]tatem et paucorum cel]a patefac]e coep]e1 nobilitas noxia atque eo p]culsa1 modo p] socios et nom5 ,lat9um1 #e int]dum p] equites ,romanos1 quos spes societatis a plebe dimov]at1 ,grac*orum actionibus obviam i]at1 et primo ,tib]ium1 de9 paucos po/ annos eadem +r$i5tem ,gaium1 tribunum alt]um1 alt]um triumvirum coloniis d$uc5dis1 cum ,m4 #aj ,fulvio ,flacco f]ro necav]at4 ,et sane ,grac*is cupid9e victoriae haud satis mod]atus animus fuit4 ,s$ bono v9ci satius e/ quam malo m iniuriam v9c]e4 ,igitur ea victoria nobilitas ex lubid9e sua usa multos mortales f]ro aut fuga ex/9xit plusque #ae 9 reliquum sibi timoris quam pot5tiae addidit4 ,quae res pl]umque magnas civitates pessum d$it1 dum alt]i alt]os v9c]e quovis modo et victos ac]bius ulcisci volunt4 ,,sallu/1 ,jugur?a1 #db4 ,l95otes3 #a-c4 quorum maiores 444 addid]ant1 e4g4 _! gr&fa!r ,p4 ,scipio ,africanus ,maior1 & _! fa!r ,tib4 ,sempronius ,grac*us 79 ,spa9 & ,s>d9ia74 #c-d4 paucorum scel]a 444 coep]e4 7i7 ,tib4 ,grac*us by 8 ,agr>ian ,law tri$ to c\nt]act ! selfi% l&-grabb+ ( ! rul+ class 79 excess ( ! #ejj iug]a limit ( ! ,lic9ian ,laws1 #cfg ,b4,c474 7ii7 ,c4 ,grac*us expos$ ! corrupt ,s5atorian ,c\rts1 transf]r$ _! judicial p[] to ! ,equites1 & c>ri$ ! ,sempronian ,law1 '"o ( ! corn]/ones ( individual lib]ty4' #e4 p] socios 444 ,lat9um1 by work+ on ,roman jeal\sy aga9/ ! ,italians1 = :om equality 0 claim$4 #f4 spes societatis1 i4e4 ! hope ( %>+ ) ! nobility 9 (fice1 & 9 prov9cial appo9tm5ts4 #aj4 triumvirum c4 d41 "o ( ! ?ree ,commission]s = e/abli%+ ,colonies ( ,roman citiz5s on ! ag] publicus4 #aa4 ,fulvio ,flacco1 sla9 ) ,c4 ,grac*us1 #aba ,b4,c4 #ag4 pessum d$it has de/roy$4 pessum 7prob47 p$is v]sum t[>ds ! feet1 to ! gr\nd1 cf4 pessum ire4 ,! aim ( ! ,grac*i4 ',_! object 0 to r$uce ! excessive p[] ( ! nobility1 & to make ! sov]eignty ( ! p1 :i* _h become m]ely nom9al1 a reality4' --,ihne4 ,_! political mi/ake4 ',_! error consi/$ 9 ! belief t su* a *ange 0 possible by return+ to ! simple =ms ( ! old ,comitia4 ,!y ov]look$ ! necessity ( remodell+ ! ,roman p itself by giv+ ! popul> assemblies a =m :i* w\ld 9 reality make !m repres5t ! p4' --,ihne4 ,b#b ,,cic]o ,,on ,,! ,,grac*i4 ,a4 ,on ! ,dea? ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 #acc ,b4,c4 ,nec plus ,africanus1 s+ul>is et vir et imp]ator1 9 exsc9d5da ,numantia rei publicae pr(uit quam eodem tempore ,p4 ,nasica privatus1 cum ,ti4 ,grac*um int]emit4 ,de ,(f4 i4 #gf4 ,l95otes3 #b4 ,numantia1 de/roy$ by ,p4 ,scipio ,africanus ,m9or ,numant9us1 #acc ,b4,c4 #c4 ,p4 ,nasca1 a p>tisan lead] ( ! ,s5ate4 privatus n 9 (fice4 ,cic]o speaks v diff]5tly ( ! ,grac*i :5 x suits 8 purpose1 e4g4 9 de lege agr>ia1 ii4 #aj1 duos 7,grac*os7 cl>issimos1 +5iosissimos1 amantissimos plebei ,romanae viros 444 quorum consiliis1 sapi5tia1 legibus multas esse video p>tes con/itutas4 ,b4 ,on ! ,lex ,frum5t>ia ( ,c4 ,grac*us1 #abc ,b4,c4 ,et quidem ,c4 ,grac*us1 cum l>gitiones maximas #e fecisset et effudisset a]>ium1 v]bis tam5 def5debat a]>ium4 ,quid v]ba audiam1 cum facta videam8 ,l4 ,piso ille ,frugi semp] contra legem frum5t>iam dix]at4 ,is lege lata consul>is ad frum5tum accipi5dum v5]at4 ,animum adv]tit #aj ,grac*us 9 contione ,pisonem /antem3 qua]it audi5te populo ,romano qui sibi con/et1 cum ea lege frum5tum petat1 quam dissuas]it4 ',nolim' inquit 'mea bona1 ,grac*e1 tibi viritim divid]e libeat1 s$ si facias1 p>tem petam4' ,p>umne decl>avit vir #ae gravis et sapi5s lege ,sempronia patrimonium publicum dissip>i8 ,lege orationes ,grac*i1 patronum a]>i esse dices4 ,tusc4 ,disput4 iii4 #bj1 #dh4 ,l95otes3 #h4 ,l4 ,piso ille ,frugi ,l4 ,calpurnius ,piso ,frugi 7! man ( wor?71 a conv9c$ & hon\rable oppon5t ( ,c4 ,grac*us4 #h-i4 legem frum5t>iam1 by :i* corn 0 sold to ,roman citiz5s at ab\t half ! m>ket price4 ',"o ( ! wor/ measures ev] propos$ by a well-mean+ /atesman4' --,ihne4 #ab4 qui h[1 old abl4 ( qui4 ,c4 ,on ,c4 ,grac*us z an ,orator4 ,s$ ecce 9 manibus vir et prae/antissimo +5io et flagranti /udio et doctus a pu]o1 ,c4 ,grac*us4 ,noli enim put>e quemquam4 ,brute1 pl5iorem et ub]iorem ad dic5dum fuisse4 ,brutus1 #abe4 ,l95ote3 #bj4 doctus a pu]o4 ,,cornelia ,,mat] ,,grac*orum 7inscrib$ ^u h] /atue erect$ by ! ,roman p71 ! daught] ( ! ,conqu]or ( ,zama1 0 ma9ly responsible = _! tra9+ & education2 s ,cic4 ,brut4 #ajd ,fuit ,tib4 ,grac*us dilig5tia matris a pu]o doctus et ,graecis lit]is eruditus4 ',f h] !y _h receiv$ t s5sitive nature & t sympa?y ) ! weak & suff]+1 :i* animat$ _! political action4' --,ihne4 ,b#c ,,! ,,jugur?9e ,,w>1 #aaa-ajf ,b4,c4 ,! ,betrayal ( ,jugur?a1 #ajf ,b4,c4 ,po/ea1 tempore et loco con/ituto1 9 colloquium uti de pace v5iretur1 ,boc*us ,sullam modo1 modo ,iugur?ae legatum appell>e1 b5igne hab]e1 idem ambobus pollic]i4 ,illi p>it] laeti ac spei bonae pl5i esse4 ,s$ nocte ea1 quae proxuma fuit ante #e diem colloquio decretum1 ,maurus1 adhibitis amicis ac /atim immutata voluntate remotis1 dicitur secum ipse multa agitavisse1 voltu et oculis p>it] atque animo v>ius3 quae scilicet tac5te ipso occulta pectoris patefecisse4 ,tam5 po/remo ,sullam acc]si #aj iubet et ex illius s5t5tia ,numidae insidias t5dit4 ,de9de ubi dies adv5it et ei nuntiatum e/ ,iugur?am haud procul abesse1 cum paucis amicis et quae/ore no/ro quasi obvius honoris causa proc$it 9 tumulum facillumum visu insidiantibus4 ,eodem #ae ,numida cum pl]isque necess>iis suis in]mis1 uti dictum erat1 acc$it2 ac /atim signo dato undique simul ex insidiis invaditur4 ,cet]i obtruncati1 ,iugur?a ,suilae v9ctus traditur et ab eo ad ,m>ium d$uctus e/4 #bj ,,sallu/1 ,jugur?a1 #aac4 ,l95otes3 #b4 ,boc*us1 ,k+ ( ,mauretania1 & fa!r-9-law ( ,jugur?a1 covet$ ! ,we/ ( ,numidia1 & 0 ready to accept x ei!r f ! ,romans or f ,jugur?a1 z ! price ( 8 alliance4 ,sullam1 appo9t$ ,quae/or #ajg ,b4,c4 by ,m>ius1 :o sup]s$$ ,metellus 9 ! conduct ( ! ,jugur?9e ,w>4 #i4 quae scilicet 444 patefecisse1 i4e4 ! ext]nal signs ( 8 irresolution1--! call+ & !n dismiss+ 8 p 7adhibitis 444 remotis1 ll4 #f1 #g71 & ! *anges ( 8 c\nt5ance 7voltu 444 v>ius1 ll4 #h1 #i74 ,scilicet is "h us$ ) ! ,inf9itive patefecisse1 ! v]bal s5se ( ! ^w 7 scire licet7 be+ prom95t4 #aj4 acc]si 7 arcessiri71 frequ5t 9 ,sallu/4 #af4 necess>iis 7necesse7 fri5ds4 ,cf4 anankaioi 7anank74 #ai4 ,iugur?a ,sullae 444 traditur4 ,sulla is said to h be5 s pr\d ( ?is /ratagem t he _h ! sc5e engrav$ ^u a signet-r+1 an act ( va+lory :i* e/rang$ ,m>ius f him4 7,plut>*1 ,sulla1 #c47 ,jugur?a4 ',hav+ resi/$ ! :ole p[] ( ! great ,republic = six ye>s1 hav+ kept 8 gr\nd aga9/ ! be/ g5]als ( ! "t1 aga9/ a ,metellus1 a ,m>ius1 & a ,sulla1 he 0 delud$ by trea*]\s promises ( peace & betray$ by 8 own ally & fa!r-9-law4' --,ihne4 ,b#d ,a4 ,arp9um--,bir?place ( ,cic]o & ,m>ius4 ,hic novus ,arp9as1 ignobilis et modo ,romae #bcg ,municipalis eques1 galeatum ponit ubique ,praesidium attonitis et 9 omni monte laborat4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,s$ ,roma p>5tem1 #bdc ,roma patrem patriae ,cic]onem lib]a dixit4 ,arp9as alius ,volscorum 9 monte solebat #bde ,posc]e m]c$es ali5o lassus aratro1 ,nodosam po/ haec frangebat v]tice vitem1 ,si l5tus pigra muniret ca/ra dolabra2 ,hic tam5 et ,cimbros et summa p]icula r]um ,excipit et solus trepidantem protegit urbem4 #bej ,,juv5al1 ,sat4 viii4 #bcg-bci1 #bdc-bej4 ,l95otes3 #bci4 9 omni monte1 i4e4 9 e "p ( ,rome1 on ea* ( ! sev5 hills4 #bdd4 patrem patriae3 "u ! ,empire ! title pat] patriae became a =mal "o1 always accord$ to ! new ,emp]or4 lib]a :ile yet free1 emphatic4 ,! ,/ate 0 no long] free :5 ,augu/us receiv$ ?is title1 #b ,b4,c4--,duff4 #bdg4 frangebat v]tice vitem he _h ! v9e-swit* 7rattan7 brok5 on 8 head1 i4e4 s]v$ z a common soldi]4 --,d4 #bdh4 dolabra half-hat*et = cutt+ /akes1 & half-pickaxe = digg+ ! fossa4 ,= dolabra1 cf4 ,dolabella4 #bdi4 ,cimbros1 annihilat$ by ,m>ius & ,catulus ne> ,v]cellae1 #aja ,b4,c4 #bej4 ,excipit fac$ 7lit4 is ready to receive72 metaphor f field-sports4 --,d4 ,b4 ,f a poem by ,cic]o on 8 fell[-t[nsman ,m>ius4 ,hic ,iovis altisoni subito p9nata satelles ,arboris e trunco s]p5tis saucia morsu ,surrigit ipsa f]is transfig5s unguibus anguem ,semianimum et v>ia gravit] c]vice micantem4 #d 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,hanc ubi praepetibus p5nis lapsuque volantem ,conspexit ,m>ius1 div9i num9is augur1 ,fau/aque signa suae laudis r$itusque notavit1 ,p>tibus intonuit caeli pat] ipse s9i/ris3 ,sic aquilae cl>um firmavit ,iuppit] om54 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,iovis p9nata satelles1 i4e4 ! ,eagle4 ,cf4 ,p9d>1 ,py?4 i4 #f3 heudei d' ana skapt 7 skptr7 ,dios aietos1 & sleeps on ! /aff ( ,zeus 8 eagle4 #c4 ,surrigit 7 surgit7 raises up2 v r>e 9 ?is s5se4 ,! v4l4 ,sbigit 7= s7ubigit7 c>ries al(t4 ,comp>e ,plut>*'s /ory ( ! eagle's ne/1 ) sev5 "y ones 9 x1 :i* fell into ! lap ( ,m>ius :5 a boy1 pr$ict+ 7s ! div9]s said7 t ,m>ius w\ld be sev5 times ,consul4 ,b#e ,! ,annihilation ( ! ,teutones at ,aquae ,sextiae1 #ajb ,b4,c4 ,cimbri et ,teutones ab extremis ,g]maniae pr(ugi1 cum t]ras eorum inundasset ,oceanus1 novas s$es toto orbe qua]ebant1 exclusique et ,gallia et ,hispania cum 9 ,italiam demigr>5t1 mis]e legatos 9 ca/ra ,silani1 inde ad ,s5atum #e pet5tes ut populus ,m>tius aliquid sibi t]rae d>et4 ,s$ quas d>et t]ras populus ,romanus1 agr>iis legibus int] se dimicaturus8 ,repulsi igitur1 quod nequiv]ant precibus1 armis pet]e coep]unt4 ,s$ nec primum impetum b>b>orum ,silanus1 nec #aj secundum ,mallius1 nec t]tium ,caepio su/9]e potu]unt3 omnes fugati1 exuti ca/ris4 ,actum erat1 nisi ,m>ius illi saeculo contigisset4 4 4 4 ,ille mira /atim velocitate occupatis comp5diis praev5it ho/em1 prioresque ,teutones sub ipsis ,alpium radicibus #ae adsecutus 9 loco quem ,aquas ,sextias vocant1 proelio oppressit4 ,vallem fluviumque m$ium ho/es t5ebant1 et no/ris aqu>um nulla erat copia4 ,consultone id eg]it imp]ator an errorem 9 consilium v]t]it1 dubium2 c]te necessitate acta virtus #bj victoriae causa fuit4 ,nam flagitante aquam ex]citu1 ',si viri e/is' inquit1 'en1 illic habetis4' ,itaque tanto ardore pugnatum e/1 ea ca$es ho/ium fuit ut victor ,romanus cru5to flum9e non plus aquae bib]it quam sangu9is b>b>orum4 #be ,,florus1 ,,iii4 iii4 #a-i 7sel74 ,l95otes3 #e4 ,silani ,m4 ,junius ,silanus1 defeat$ by ,cimbri1 #aji ,b4,c4 #aa4 ,mallius--,caepio1 defeat$ by ,cimbrians at ,arausio1 on ! ,rhone1 #aje ,b4,c4 ,plut>*1 ,lucullus #bg1 says3 ',! #f? ,oct41 on :i* day ! battle 0 f\ght1 0 m>k$ 9 ! cal5d> z a black day1 l ! fatal day ( ! ,allia1 #cij ,b4,c4' #ab4 ,actum erat1 sc4 de republica4 #ad4 comp5diis %ort ways2 cf4 our comp5dium an abridgem5t4 #af4 ,aquas ,sextias1 f\nd$ by ,sextius ,calv9us #abb ,b4,c4 ,aix1 #ah miles ,n4 ( ,m>seilles4 #bc4 ca$es ho/ium4 #aej1jjj 7,vell47 & #bjj1jjj 7,liv4 ,ep4 lxviii474 ',by ! great victories ( ,aquae ,sextiae & ( ,v]cellae 7ov] ! ,cimbri1 #aja ,b4,c471 ! movem5t ( ! ,g]man races s\?w>d 0 = ! pres5t /opp$4 ,rome 0 sav$1 & ! savi\r ( ,rome 0 ,m>ius1 ! *ampion ( ! p4' --,ihne4 ,p>allel ,passages4 ,prop]t4 ,,iv4 iii4 #da-dd2 ,livy ,ep4 lxviii4 ,ref]5ces4 ,plut>*1 ,m>ius1 #ae4 ,ihne1 ,hi/4 ,rome1 vol4 v4 pp4 #ih-aje4 ,b#f ,,m>ius1 #aeg-hf ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,8 ,flight f ,sulla3 ,consul = ! #g? "t4 ,atque aliquis magno qua]5s exempla timori1 ',non alios1' inquit1 'motus tum fata p>abant1 ,cum po/ ,teutonicos victor ,libycosque triumphos ,exsul limosa ,m>ius caput abdidit ulva4 #gj ,/agna avidi tex]e soli laxaeque paludes ,depositum1 ,=tuna1 tuum3 mox v9cula f]ri ,ex$]e s5em longusque 9 c>c]e pa$or4 ,consul et ev]sa felix moriturus 9 urbe ,po5as ante dabat scel]um4 ,mors ipsa refugit #ge ,saepe virum1 fru/raque ho/i concessa pote/as4 ,sangu9is invisi3 primo qui ca$is 9 ictu#ce ,d]iguit f]rumque manu torp5te remisit2 ,vid]at imm5sum t5ebroso 9 c>c]e lum5 ,t]ribilesque deos scel]um ,m>iumque futurum #hj ,audi]atque pav5s3 ,fas haec cont+]e non e/ ,colla tibi3 debet multas 8 legibus aevi ,ante suam mortes3 vanum depone furorem4 ,si libet ulcisci deletae fun]a g5tis1 ,hunc1 ,cimbri1 s]vate s5em4' #he ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 ii4 #fg-he4 ,footnote #ce3 ,po/gate1 actu4 ,l95otes3 #fg4 exempla timori prec$5ts to he> out 8 fe>s4 --,hask9s4 #gj4 ,exsul4 #hh-g ,b4,c4 ,= details see ,plut4 ,m>ius1 caps4 #ch-dj4 #gb4 ,=tuna1 i4e4 ! evil de/9y ( ,rome1 protect+ him because ! gods 7 angry ) ,rome4 ,cf4 #af-ag debet 444 mortes4 #gc4 9 c>c]e1 i4e4 at ,m9turnae1 ,s4,e4 ( ,latium4 ,!re 7 ext5sive m>%es 9 ! neighb\rhood4 pa$or fil?4 #hb4 legibus aevi ! laws t gov]n "t fatis4 --,h4 ,b4 ,m>ius outliv$ 8 fame4 ,quid illo cive tulisset ,natura 9 t]ris1 quid ,roma beatius umquam1 ,si circumducto captivorum agm9e et omni #bhj ,bellorum pompa animam exhalasset opimam1 ,cum de ,teutonico vellet desc5d]e curru8 ,,juv5al1 ,sat4 x4 #bgh-bhb4 ,m>ius outliv$ 8 p[]s & 8 reputation4 ',_h he n[ di$1 he w\ld h gone d[n to po/]ity z "o ( ! greate/ m5 ( 8 p1 z a second ,romulus or ,camillus1 un/a9$ ) any blood save t ( =eign foes4' --,ihne4 ,p>allel ,passages4 ,ov4 ,p4 ,ep4 iv4 #c4 #de-dh2 ,juv4 x4 #bgf-bgh4 ,ref]5ces4 ,plut4 ,m>ius1 caps4 #ch-;end4 ,ihne1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ccf-g1 vol4 v4 pp4 #aaa-ab4 ,b#g ,cic]o on ,civil ,/rife4 ,et5im recordam9i1 ,quirites1 omnes civiles diss5siones1 non solum eas quas audi/is1 s$ et has quas vosmetipsi mem9i/is atque vidi/is4 ,l4 ,sulla ,p4 ,sulpicium oppressit3 ex ,urbe eiecit ,c4 ,m>ium1 cu/odem huius urbis1 multosque =tes viros p>tim #e eiecit ex civitate1 p>tim int]emit4 ,cn4 ,octavius consul armis ex ,urbe collegam suum expulit3 omnis 8 locus ac]vis corporum et civium sangu9e r$undavit4 ,sup]avit po/ea ,c9na cum ,m>io3 tum v]o1 cl>issimis viris int]fectis1 lum9a civitatis #aj ex/9cta sunt4 ,ultus e/ huius victoriae crudelitatem po/ea ,sulla3 ne dici quidem opus e/1 quanta dem9utione civium et quanta calamitate reipublicae4 4 4 4 ,atque illae tam5 omnes diss5siones1 quae non ad del5dam1 s$ ad commut&am rempublicam #ae p]t9ebant--non illi nullam esse rempublicam1 s$ 9 ea quae esset se esse pr9cipes1 neque hanc urbem conflagr>e1 s$ se 9 hac urbe flor]e volu]unt--eius modi fu]unt1 ut non reconciliatione concordiae1 s$ int]necione civium diiudicatae s9t4 #bj ,,cic]o1 ,9 ,cat4 iii4 #aj4 ,l95otes3 #d4 ,p4 ,sulpicium1 di/+ui%$ orator1 b\ght ov] by ,m>ius4 ,z ,tribunus ,plebis #hh ,b4,c4 c>ri$ ! ,leges ,sulpiciae4 #f4 ,cn4 ,octavius1 "o ( ,sulla's *ief support]s4 ,consul #hg ,b4,c4 ,expell$ 8 colleague ,c9na4 ,murd]$ 9 8 curule *air4 #i-aa4 ,sup]avit 444 ex/9cta sunt1 i4e4 #hg-f ,b4,c4 ,! ,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,m>ius ,consul = ! #g? "t4 ,cf4 ,vell4 ,pat4 ii4 #bb ',nihil illa victoria fuisset crudelius1 nisi mox ,sullana esset secuta4' #aj4 lum9a civitatis1 e4g4 ! ,consuls ,cn4 ,octavius & ,l4 ,m]ula2 ,q4 ,catulus1 ! conqu]or 7) ,m>ius7 9 ! ,cimbric ,w>2 ! orator ,m4 ,antonius2 ! bro!rs ,l4 & ,c4 ,caes>4 #aa-ac4 ,! victims ( ! ,sullanian proscriptions4 ,cf4 ,vell4 ,pat4 ii4 #bh ',primus ille 7,sulla71 et ut9am ultimus1 exemplum proscriptionis inv5it4' ,p>allel ,passages4 ,horace1 ,epodes vii4 & xvi4 #a-ad4 ,! ,sullanian ,proscriptions4 ,sulla 0 n l ,m>ius sway$ by feel+s ( rev5ge alone4 ,8 ma9 object 0 ! public good1 :i* 9 8 conviction 0 to be realis$ by a return to ! old] in/itutions ( ! republic4 ,?is he believ$ c\ld be accompli%$ only by ! utt] annihilation ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,! ,proscriptions 7 n h[ev] int5d$ to be an enc\ragem5t to indiscrim9ate murd]1 b r a b>ri] aga9/ ! rage ( ov]-zeal\s p>tisans4 ,b#h ,tribunate ( ,m4 ,livius ,drusus1 #ia ,b4,c4 ,de9de int]iectis paucis annis tribunatum iniit ,m4 ,livius ,drusus1 vir nobilissimus1 eloqu5tissimus1 sanetissimus1 meliore 9 omnia +5io animoque quam =tuna usus4 ,qui cum s5atui priscum re/itu]e cup]et decus et indicia ab equitibus ad #e eum transf]re ord9em 444 9 eis ipsis1 quae pro s5atu moliebatur1 s5atum habuit adv]s>ium non intelleg5tem1 si qua de plebis commodis ab eo ag]5tur1 veluti illici5dae multitud9is causa fi]i1 ut m9oribus p]ceptis maiora p]mitt]et4 ,d5ique #aj ea =tuna ,drusi fuit1 ut malefacta colleg>um quamvis optime ab ipso cogitatis s5atus prob>et magis4 4 4 4 ,tum conv]sus ,drusi animus1 qu&o b5e incepta male c$ebant1 ad d&am civitatem ,italiae3 quod cum moli5s rev]tisset e =o1 imm5sa #ae illa et incondita1 quae eum semp] comitabatur1 c9ctus multitud9e 9 area domus suae cultello p]cussus1 qui affixus lat]i eius relictus e/1 intra paucas horas decessit4 ,s$ cum ultimum r$d]et spiritum1 intu5s circum/antium macr5tiumque #bj frequ5tiam1 effudit vocem conv5i5tissimam consci5tiae suae3 ecqu&one1 inquit1 prop9qui amicique1 similem mei civem habebit res publica8 ,hunc f9em cl>issimus iuv5is vitae habuit4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 ii4 #ac-ad4 ,l95otes3 #c-d4 ,drusus4 ',g5]\s & free f all selfi%ness & meanness1 b )\t political exp]i5ce1 adroitness & k ( m51 he aspir$ to a task :i* surpass$ 8 /r5g?4' --,ihne4 #d-f4 ,by ! ,sempronian ,laws ( ,c4 ,grac*us #abc ,b4,c4 exclusive judicial rights _h be5 giv5 to ! ,equites1 z a c\nt]poise to ! p[] ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! corruption ( ! ,equites 7z ,judices7 0 flagrant1 & ,drusus propos$ to transf] ! judicial functions to a mix$ body ( #cjj ,s5ators & #cjj ,knights1 ! select$ ,knights to be includ$ 9 ! n[ att5uat$ ranks ( ! ,s5ate4 #ad4 ad d&am civitatem ,italiae4 ,! claims ( ! ,italians to ! fran*ise 7 j & press+1 b ! ov]be>+ pride & self-suffici5cy ( ! ,roman citiz5s prov$ too /rong4 ,p>allel ,passages4 ,cic4 de ,oratore iii4 #a1 & pro ,clu5t4 #ef1 #aec4 ,florus1 iii4 #ah4 ,ref]5ce4 ,ihne1 ,hi/4 vol4 v4 pp4 #agf-ahi4 ',drusus 0 ! ,mirabeau ( ! social revolution ( ,rome1 & _h 8 measures be5 c>ri$ ,rome might h be5 sp>$ ! mo/ t]rible ( h] civil w>s4' ,b#i ,,! ,,social ,,or ,,m>sic ,,w>1 #ia-hh ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,a4 ,cause & ,outbreak ( ! ,w> at ,asculum4 ,cum ius civitatis1 quam viribus aux]ant1 socii iu/issime po/ul>5t1 quam 9 spem eos cupid9e dom9ationis ,drusus erex]at1 po/quam ille dome/ico scel]e oppressus e/1 eadem fax1 quae illum cremavit1 socios 9 arma et 9 expugnationem urbis #e acc5dit4 4 4 4 ,primum fuit belli consilium ut 9 ,albano monte fe/o die ,lat9>um ,iulius ,caes> et ,m>cius ,philippus consules int] sacra et aras immol>5tur4 ,po/quam id nefas proditione discussum e/1 ,asculo furor omnis erupit1 9 ipsa quidem ludorum #aj frequ5tia trucidatis qui tum ad]ant ab urbe legatis4 ,hoc fuit impii belli sacram5tum4 ,inde iam passim ab omni p>te ,italiae duce et auctore belli discursante ,poppa$io div]sa p] populos et urbes signa cec9]e4 #ae ,,florus1 ,,iii4 xviii4 #c-aj 7sel474 ,l95otes3 #b4 iu/issime4 ',! f9al issue ( ! w> confirm$ ! ju/ice & ! wisdom ( ! re=ms plann$ by ! ,grac*i & by ,livius ,drusus4' --,ihne4 #g4 ,lat9>um1 sc4 ,f]i>um1 ! solemn fe/ival conduct$ by ! ,consuls on ! ,alban ,m\nt4 #aj4 ,asculo4 ,asculum 7,ascoli71 *ief t[n ( ,pic5um4 ,! op5+ & clos+ sc5e ( ! w>4 ,b4 ,advice ( ! ,sabellian fa!r to 8 sons4 ',vivite cont5ti casulis et collibus i/is1 ,o pu]i1' ,m>sus dicebat et ,h]nicus olim #ahj ,ve/9usque s5ex1 'panem qua]amus aratro1 ,qui satis e/ m5sis3 laudant hoc num9a ruris1 ,quorum ope et auxilio gratae po/ munus ari/ae ,cont+unt hom9i vet]is fa/idia qu]cus4 ,nil vetitum fecisse volet1 quem non pudet alto #ahe ,p] glaciem p]one tegi1 qui summovet ,euros ,pellibus inv]sis2 p]egr9a ignotaque nobis ,ad scelus atque nefas1 quaecumque e/1 purpura ducit4' ,,juv5al1 ,sat4 xiv4 #agi-ahh4 ,l95otes3 #agi4 collibus i/is1 i4e4 9 ! c5tral m\nta9 range ( ,italy4 ,! ,f$]als *ose ,corf9ium 7,e4 ( ,lake ,fuc9us7 to be ! ,italian rally+-po9t1 & ! seat ( a new ,/ate4 #ahj-aha4 ,m>sus 444 ,h]nicus 444 ,ve/9us1 ,sabellian peoples not$ = _! brav]y & simplicity2 ! backbone ( ,rome's army4 #ahb4 num9a ruris1 e4g4 ,c]es1 ,lib] & ,priapus4 #ahe-aif4 alto p]one a high ru/ic boot ( raw hide4 #ahg4 pellibus inv]sis sk9s ) ! hair turn$ inw>ds4 --,duff4 ,b#aj ,,! ,,social ,,or ,,m>sic ,,w>1 #ia-hh ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ,defeat & ,dea? ( ,rutilius4 ,hanc tibi1 ',quo prop]as'1 memorant dixisse ',rutili8 ,luce mea ,m>so consul ab ho/e cades4' ,exitus accessit v]bis1 flum5que ,tol5i ,purpureum mixtis sangu9e fluxit aquis4 #eff ,,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #efc-eff4 ,hallam ,,vi4 #dhg-dij ,l95ote3 #efc4 ,hanc1 sc4 ,leuco!a1 goddess ( ! sea & ( h>b\rs4 ,rutili4 ,rutilius1 consul #ij ,b4,c41 defeat$ & sla9 at ! ,r4 ,tol5us 7,turano7 by ! ,m>sian ,vettius ,scato4 ,b4 ,! ,lex ,plautia ,papiria ( #hi ,b4,c4 ,data e/ civitas ,silvani lege et ,c>bonis3 si qui #e fo$]atis civitatibus ascripti fuiss5t1 si tum1 cum lex f]ebatur1 9 ,italia domicilium habuiss5t et si sexag9ta diebus apud praetorem ess5t pr(essi4 ,,cic]o1 pro ,ar*ia1 #d1 #g4 ,l95otes3 #e4 lege1 i4e4 ! ,lex ,plautia ,papiria ( ! trib9es ,m4 ,plautius ,silvanus & ,c4 ,papirius ,c>bo4 ,! ,lex ,julia ( ,l4 ,julius ,caes> #ij ,b4,c41 grant+ ! civitas to ! ,lat9s & to all ! o!r ,italian ,/ates n 9 rebellion1 _h weak5$ ! resi/ance4 ,! ,lex ,plautia ,papiria 'scatt]$ among ! ,italian ranks ! se$s ( discord & dissolution4' ,c4 ,cic]o's fir/ & only ,campaign4 ,mem9i colloquia et cum ac]rimis ho/ibus et cum gravissime dissid5tibus civibus4 ,cn4 ,pompeius1 #aj consul me praes5te1 cum essem tiro 9 eius ex]citu1 cum ,p4 ,vettio ,scatone1 duce ,m>sorum1 int] b9a ca/ra collocutus e/4 4 4 4 ,quem cum ,scato salutasset1 'quem te appellem8' inquit3 'voluntate hospitem1 necessitate ho/em4' ,erat 9 colloquio aequitas3 #ae nullus timor1 nulla sub]at suspicio2 m$iocre etiam odium4 ,non enim1 ut erip]5t nobis socii civitatem1 s$ ut 9 eam recip]5tur petebant4 ,,cic]o1 ,phil4 xii4 #aa1 #bg4 ,d4 ,! battle ne> ,asculum1 & capture ( ! city4 ,/rabo v]o ,pompeius omnia flammis f]roque populatus non prius f9em ca$ium fecit quam ,asculi #bj ev]sione manibus tot ex]cituum consulum dirept>umque urbium dis lit>etur4 ,,florus1 ,,iii4 xviii4 #ad4 ,l95ote3 #bj4 ,asculi ev]sione4 ,! siege 0 memorable = ! desp]ate patriotism ( ! besieg$ "u _! lead] ,judacilius1 cf4 siege ( ,saguntum4 ,ref]5ce4 ,ihne1 ,hi/4 vol4 v4 pp4 #aij-bbj4 ,b#aa ,l4 ,,cornelius ,,sulla1 #ach-gh ,b4,c4 ,8 ,"* & ,be>+4 ,igitur ,sulla g5tis patriciae nobilis fuit1 familia prope iam ex/9cta maiorum ignavia1 litt]is ,graecis et ,lat9is iuxta atque doctissimi eruditus1 animo +5ti1 cupidus voluptatum s$ gloriae cupidior3 tam5 ab negotiis numquam voluptas remorata2 #e facundus callidus et amicitia facilis1 ad simul&a negotia altitudo +5i incr$ibilis1 mult>um r]um ac maxumae pecuniae l>gitor4 ,atque illi1 felicissumo omnium ante civilem victoriam1 numquam sup] indu/riam =tuna fuit1 multique dubitav]e =tior #aj an felicior esset4 ,nam po/ea quae fec]it1 inc]tum habeo pudeat an pigeat magis diss]]e4 ,igitur ,sulla1 uti supra dictum e/1 po/quam 9 ,africam atque 9 ca/ra ,m>i cum equitatu v5it1 rudis antea et ign>us belli1 sol]tissumus omnium 9 paucis #ae tempe/atibus factus e/4 ,ad hoc milites b5igne appell>e1 multis rogantibus aliis p] se ipse d>e b5eficia1 invitus accip]e1 s$ ea prop]antius quam aes mutuum r$d]e1 ipse ab nullo repet]e1 magis id labor>e ut illi quam plurimi deb]5t1 ioca atque #bj s]ia cum humillumis ag]e1 9 op]ibus 9 agm9e atque ad vigilias multus adesse neque int]im1 quod prava ambitio solet1 consulis aut cuiusquam boni famam la$]e1 tantum modo neque consilio neque manu priorem alium pati1 pl]osque antev5ire4 #be ,,sallu/1 ,jug4 #ie1 #if4 ,l95otes3 #a4 nobilis1 i4e4 ( a patrician family :i* _h held curule (fices4 #a-b4 familia 444 ex/9cta4 ,! ,cornelii 7 a di/+ui%$ g5s 9 e>ly times & includ$ #g patrician families 7e4g4 ! ,l5tuli & ,scipios74 ,( ^! ! ,sullae 7 ! lea/ kn[n4 #b-c4 litt]is ,graecis 444 eruditus4 ,contra/ ! pr\d boa/ ( ,m>ius3--',i h le>nt no ,greek3 9 ! k1 h[ev]1 :i* is f> ! mo/ important = ! ,/ate1 ,i am a ma/]4' --,sall4 ,jug4 #he4 #i4 ante civilem victoriam1 i4e4 be=e #ha ,b4,c4 #aj-aa4 =tior an felicior4 ,sulla assum$ ! "n ,felix on ! dea? ( ! y\ng] ,m>ius #hb ,b4,c4 ,cf4 ,plut4 ,sulla1 cap4 vi4 #aa-ab4 ,nam po/ea 444 diss]]e4 ,cf4 ,vell4 ,pat]e4 ,,ii4 xvii4 #b3 ',sulla vir qui neque ad f9em victoriae satis laud>i neque po/ victoriam abunde vitup]>i pote/4' #bj4 illi m /rictly sibi--'a neglig5ce n unfrequ5t4' --,m]ivale4 #bb4 multus adesse frequ5tly visit$1 multus saepe4 ,= "* ( ,sulla cf4 ,plut4 ,sulla1 & ,momms51 iv4 pp4 #aci-adb3 ',"o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s *>act]s 9 hi/ory4' ,b#ab ,,mi?ridates ,,! ,,great1 #acj-fc ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,8 ,y\? & ,e>ly ,tra9+4 ,huius futuram magnitud9em etiam caele/ia o/5ta pra$ix]ant4 ,nam et eo1 quo g5itus e/1 anno1 et eo1 quo regn>e primum coepit1 /ella cometes p] utrumque tempus ,,lxx diebus ita luxit1 ut caelum omne conflagr>e vid]etur4 ,pu] tutorum insidias #e passus e/1 qui eum f]o equo impositum equit>e iacul>ique cogebant3 qui conatus cum eos fefelliss5t1 supra aetatem reg5te equum ,mi?ridate1 v55o eum appetiv]e4 ,v]itus de9de1 ne inimici1 quod v55o non potu]ant1 f]ro p]ag]5t1 v5&i #aj /udium f9xit1 quo p] septem annos neque urbano neque ru/ico tecto usus e/1 s$ p] silvas vagatus1 div]sis montium regionibus p]noctabat ign>is omnibus1 quibus esset locis2 adsuetus f]as cursu aut fug]e aut p]sequi1 cum quibusdam etiam viribus #ae congr$i4 ,quibus rebus et insidias vitavit1 et corpus ad omnem virtutis pati5tiam duravit4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,huius4 ,mi?ridates 7,mi?ras ,p]sian sun-god7 'second only to ,hannibal 9 inext+ui%able1 life-long ho/ility to ,rome1 z also 9 milit>y g5ius4' ,ihne4 #e4 tutorum 7at ! h&s7 ( 8 gu>dians4 ,cf4 tueor4 #ag4 ad omnem virtutis pati5tiam to all manly endurance4 ,b4 ,8 ,prep>ations = ,conque/4 ,ad regni de9de adm9i/rationem cum accessisset1 /atim non de reg5do1 s$ de aug5do regno cogitavit4 ,itaque ,scy?as invictos antea +5ti #bj felicitate p]domuit4 ,hieme de9de appet5te1 non 9 convivio1 s$ 9 campo1 nec 9 avocationibus1 nec int] sodales1 s$ int] aequales1 aut equo aut cursu aut viribus cont5debat4 ,ex]citum quoque suum ad p>em laboris pati5tiam cotidiana ex]citatione #be durabat1 atque ita invictus ipse inexpugnabilem ex]citum fec]at4 ,,ju/9us1 xxxvii4 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,l95otes3 #ai4 de aug5do regno4 ,he subdu$ all ! coa/ di/ricts ( ! ,eux9e1 ,ea/1 ,nor? & ,we/1 z f> z ! ,hi/] 7,danube74 #bb4 avocationibus 9 div]sions 7v r>e74 #bd4 ex]citum4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,w> ) ,rome1 #hh ,b4,c41 he _h collect$ a motley =ce ( #bej1jjj foot & #dj1jjj horse4 ,mi?ridates4 ',) "o bl[ he ov]?rew ! ,roman dom9ion 9 ,asia1 c>ri$ ! w> into ,europe1 unit$ almo/ ! :ole ,ea/]n _w 9 an attack on ! ,republic1 & resi/$ = #be ye>s ! fir/ g5]als ( 8 "t1--a ,sulla1 a ,lucullus1 & a ,pompeius4' --,ihne4 ,hi/oric ,p>allels4 ,alex&]1 ,hannibal1 ,pet] ! ,great4 ,b#ac ,,fir/ ,,mi?ridatic ,,w>1 #hh-hd ,b4,c4 7#a78 ,! ,battle ( ,*a]onea1 #hf ,b4,c4 ,brilliant ,tactics ( ,sulla4 ,ar*elaus adv]sus ,l4 ,sullam 9 fronte ad p]turb&um ho/em falcatas quadrigas locavit1 9 secunda acie phalangem ,mac$onicam1 9 t]tia ,romanorum m armatos auxili>es1 mixtis fugitivis ,italicae g5tis1 quorum p]vicaciae plurimum fidebat2 #e levem armaturam 9 ultimo /atuit2 9 utroque de9de lat]e equitatum1 cuius amplum num]um habebat1 circumeundi ho/is causa posuit4 ,contra haec ,sulla fossas amplae latitud9is utroque lat]e duxit et capitibus e>um ca/ella communiit3 qua #aj ratione1 ne circuiretur ab ho/e et p$itum num]o et maxime equitatu sup]ante1 consecutus e/4 ,triplicem de9de p$itum aciem ord9avit relictis int]vallis p] quae levem armaturam et equitem1 quem 9 novissimo conlocav]at1 cum res exegisset1 emitt]et4 #ae ,tum po/signanis qui 9 secunda acie erant imp]avit ut d5sos num]ososque palos firme 9 t]ram defig]5t1 intraque eos approp9quantibus quadrigis antesignanorum aciem recepit3 tum demum sublato univ]sorum clamore velites et levem armaturam #bj +]]e tela iussit4 ,quibus factis quadrigae ho/ium aut implicitae palis aut ext]ritae clamore telisque 9 suos conv]sae sunt turbav]untque ,mac$onum /ructuram3 qua c$5te1 cum ,sulla in/>et et ,ar*elaus equitem opposuisset1 ,romani equites #be subito emissi av]t]unt eos consummav]antque victoriam4 ,,front9us1 ,/rategemata1 ii4 #c4 #ag4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,ar*elaus 7& 8 bro!r ,neoptolemus7 'tra9$ 9 ! traditions & exp]i5ce ( ,greek & ,mac$onian ma/]s4' #b4 falcatas quadrigras4 ,ar*elaus _h #fj ( ^! *>iots arm$ ) scy!s project+4 ,cf4 ,livy xxxvii4 #da4 #e4 p]vicaciae /eadfa/ness 7p] vic2 cf4 v9co74 #aa-ab4 qua ratione 444 consecutus e/4 ,sulla _h ab\t #cj1jjj m5 7#ae1jjj ,romans only7 aga9/ #abj1jjj4 #bc4 turbav]unt4 ',! w>-*>iots on ?is z on o!r occasions 7e4g4 at ,magnesia7 _h n only prov$ a failure1 b _h actually l$ to a p>tial disa/]4' --,ihne4 ,cf4 use ( w> elephants1 e4g4 at ,b5ev5tum #bge ,b4,c4 & at ,zama #bjb ,b4,c4 #bg4 victoriam4 ,x 0 a great victory1 b ! results 7 trifl+1 p>tly because ,sulla _h no fleet1 & p>tly because 8 political enemies at ,rome 7 b5t on crippl+ him4 ,hi/oric ,p>allel4 ,! ,battle ( ,magnesia #aij ,b4,c4 ,b#ad ,,fir/ ,,mi?ridatic ,,w>1 #hh-hd ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ,capture ( ,a!ns & ! ,piraeus1 #hf ,b4,c4 ,sulla int]im cum ,mi?ridatis praefectis circa ,a!nas ita dimicavit1 ut et ,a!nas recip]et et plurimo circa multiplices ,piraei portus munitiones labore expleto amplius ,,cc milia ho/ium int]fic]et nec m9us multa cap]et4 4 4 4 ,nam oppressi 7,a!ni5ses7 #e ,mi?ridatis armis hom9es mis]rimae condicionis cum ab inimicis t5]5tur1 oppugnabantur ab amicis et animos extra mo5ia1 corpora necessitati s]vi5tes intra muros habebant4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 ii4 #bc4 ,l95otes3 #b4 ut ,a!nas recip]et4 ,sulla r$uc$ ! city by />vation4 #c4 ,piraei portus4 ,?is 0 /rongly held by ,ar*elaus1 & 0 tak5 only aft] a mo/ ob/9ate def5ce4 #g4 cum 444 t5]5tur4 ,! contemptible adv5tur] ,ari/ion1 ) 8 bodygu>d ( #bjjj m5 & ! bribe ( ,delos & its treasure1 _h made himself ma/] ( ,a!ns4 ,b4 ,battle ( ,or*om5us1 #he ,b4,c4 ,sulla re/ores ! ,fight4 ,l4 ,sulla1 c$5tibus iam legionibus ex]citui #aj ,mi?ridatico ductu ,ar*elai1 /ricto gladio 9 primam aciem procucurrit appellansque milites dixit1 si quis quaesisset1 ubi imp]atorem reliquiss5t1 respond]5t pugnantem 9 ,boeotia3 cuius rei pudore univ]si eum secuti sunt4 #ae ,,front9us1 ,/rategemata1 ii4 #h4 #ab4 ,l95ote3 #aj-ae4 ',! great victory at ,or*om5us 0 ! turn+-po9t 9 ! ,w>4' --,ihne4 ,c4 ,peace ( ,d>danus4 ,end ( ! ,fir/ ,mi?ridatic ,w>1 #hd ,b4,c4 ,transgressus de9de 9 ,asiam ,sulla p>5tem ad omnia supplicemque ,mi?ridatem inv5it1 quem multatum pecunia ac p>te navium1 ,asia omnibusque aliis prov9ciis1 quas armis occupav]at1 dec$]e coegit1 captivos recepit1 9 p]fugas noxiosque #bj animadv]tit1 pat]nis1 id e/ ,ponticis f9ibus cont5tum esse iussit4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 ii4 #bc4 ,l95ote3 #af-bb4 ,! t]ms ( peace 7 7i7 ,re/oration ( all conque/s1 7ii7 ,surr5d] ( #hj %ips & ( all prison]s1 7iii7 ,indemnity ( #cjjj tal5ts4 ,florus says ',non fregit ea res ,ponticos1 s$ inc5dit4' ,sulla 0 anxi\s to secure peace1 because 8 pres5ce 0 ne$$ at ,rome4 ,sulla's ,conduct ( ! ,w>4 ',no previ\s g5]al _h %[n s great a ma/]y ( ! art ( w> & su* c>e & int]e/ = ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 z di/+ui%$ f ! success ( a p>ty4' --,ihne4 ,b#ae ,,second ,,civil ,,w>1 #hc-hb ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,battles ( ,sacriportus & ! ,coll9e ,gate4 ,a4 ,iam quot apud ,sacri cecid]e cadav]a ,portum ,aut ,coll9a tulit /ratas quot porta cat]vas1 #ace ,tum cum1 pa5e caput mundi r]umque pote/as ,mutavit translata locum1 ,romanaque ,samnis ,ultra ,caud9as sp]avit voln]a ,furcas4 ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 ii4 #acd-ach4 ,l95otes3 #acd4 apud ,sacriportum1 ne> ,pra5e/e1 :]e ,sulla totally defeat$ ! ,m>ians1 "u ! y\ng] ,m>ius1 #hb ,b4,c4 #ace4 ,coll9a ,porta1 i4e4 ,n4,e4 gate ( ,rome ne> ! ,collis ,quir9alis4 #acf4 pa5e1 ) mutavit1 l4 #acg4 ,b4 ,at ,pontius ,teles9us1 dux ,samnitium1 vir animi bellique =tissimus p5itusque ,romano nom9i infe/issimus1 contractis circit] ,,xl milibus =tissimae p]t9acissimaeque 9 ret95dis armis iuv5tutis ,kal4 ,novembribus ita ad portam ,coll9am cum ,sulla #aj dimicavit1 ut ad summum discrim5 et eum et rempublicam p]duc]et1 quae non maius p]iculum adiit ,hannibalis intra t]tium mili>ium conspicata ca/ra1 quam eo die1 quo circumvolans ord9es ex]citus sui ,teles9us dictitansque adesse ,romanis ultimum #ae diem vocif]abatur eru5dam del5damque urbem1 adici5s numquam deluturos raptores ,italicae lib]tatis lupos1 nisi silva1 9 quam refug]e sol]5t1 esset excisa4 ,po/ primam demum horam noctis et ,romana acies respiravit et ho/ium cessit4 ,teles9us #bj po/]a die semianimis rep]tus e/1 victoris magis quam mori5tis vultum praef]5s1 cuius abscisum caput f]ro figi ge/>ique circa ,pra5e/e ,sulla iussit4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 ii4 #bg4 ,l95otes3 #f4 ,pontius ,teles9us1 'a k9sman 9 "n & temp] ( ! h]o ( #cba ,b4,c4' #ab-ad4 quae 444 ca/ra4 ',z ,hannibal _h tri$ to relieve ! closely press$ ,capua by a direct attack on ,rome1 ,pontius ,teles9us ?\ght to draw (f ! besieg+ army f ,pra5e/e by ?reat5+ ! ,capital4' --,ihne4 #bj4 ,romana acies respiravit4 ,sulla1 ) ! left w+1 0 driv5 back by ! ,samnites to ! walls ( ,rome1 b ,crassus ) ! "r w+ 0 completely victori\s1 & to him ! f9al victory 0 due4 ',! issue ( ! :ole w>1 at lea/ on ,italian gr\nd1 0 decid$ by ! battle ( ! ,coll9e ,gate4' --,ihne4 ,b#af ,,second ,,civil ,,w>1 #hc-hb ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ,dea? ( ! ,y\ng] ,m>ius4 ,sulla ,felix4 ,tum demum desp]atis rebus suis ,c4 ,m>ius adulesc5s p] cuniculos1 qui miro op]e fabricati 9 div]sas agrorum p>tes fu]unt1 conatus erump]e1 cum =am9e e t]ra em]sisset1 a dispositis 9 id ipsum int]emptus e/4 4 4 4 ,de quo iuv5e quid #e exi/imav]it ,sulla1 9 promptu e/2 occiso enim demum eo ,felicis nom5 adsumpsit1 quod quidem usurpasset iu/issime1 si eundem et v9c5di et viv5di f9em habuisset4 ,,vell4 ,,pat4 ii4 #bg4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,tum1 i4e4 aft] ,sulla's victory at ! ,coll9e ,gate1 #hb ,b4,c4 ,c4 ,m>ius4 ',he possess$ 8 fa!r's m>tial _s1 c\rage & unyield+ p]sev]ance4' --,ihne4 #b4 p] cuniculos ?r\gh subt]ranean passages4 ,b4 ,! ,sullan ,proscriptions4 ',sulla quoque imm5sis accessit cladibus ultor4 #aci ,ille quod exiguum re/abat sangu9is urbi ,hausit3 dumque nimis iam putria membra recidit1 ,excessit m$ic9a modum1 nimiumque secuta e/1 ,qua morbi dux]e1 manus4 4 4 4 #adc ,tum data lib]tas odiis1 resolutaque legum #ade ,fr5is ira ruit4 ,non uni cuncta dabantur1 ,s$ fecit sibi quisque nefas3 semel omnia victor ,iuss]at 4 4 4 ,hisne ,salus r]um1 ,felix 8 ,sulla voc>i1 #bba ,8 m]uit tumulum m$io sibi toll]e ,campo8 ,haec rursus pati5da man5t3 hoc ord9e belli ,ibitur3 hic /abit civilibus exitus armis4' 4 4 4 4 ,sic mae/a s5ectus #bcb ,praet]itique memor flebat metu5sque futuri4 #bcc ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 ii4 #aci-adh1 #bba-bbd4 ,l95otes3 #aci4 ,sulla 444 ultor ,sulla too 9 8 v5geance came to cr[n ^! fe>ful disa/]s4 --,hask9s4 #ada-adc4 dumque 444 manus4 ,sulla is comp>$ to a surgeon :o 9 too great ha/e to remove ! mortifi$ fle% cuts away ! s\nd fle% also4 #adf4 non uni 444 all crimes 7 n committ$ = "o man's sake1 i4e4 to please ,sulla4 #bbc-bbd4 hoc ord9e belli ibitur 9 ?is c\rse ( w> ev5ts w move4 --,h4 i4e4 ,hi/ory w repeat itself4 #bcb4 sic mae/a s5ectus4 ,an old man1 :o _h liv$ ?r\gh ! ,m>ian & ,sullan times1 pr$icts simil> horrors ( ! ,civil ,w> betwe5 ,caes> & ,pompey4 ,! ,proscriptions4 ',!y 7 ! product n ( passion or ?ir/ ( blood1 b ( a cool political calculation1 & ! conviction ( its inevitable necessity4' --,ihne4 ,b#ag ,a4 ,sulla appo9t$ ,dictator1 #ha ,b4,c4 ,dictator creatus 7cuius honoris usurpatio p] annos c5tum et vig9ti int]missa2 nam proximus po/ annum quam ,hannibal ,italia excess]at1 uti app>eat populum ,romanum usum dictatoris haud metu desid]asse tali quo timuisset pote/atem7 imp]io1 #e quo priores ad v9dic&um maximis p]iculis patriam usi erant1 eo 9 immodicae crudelitatis lic5tiam usus e/4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 ii4 #bh4 ,l95otes3 #a-b4 cuius honoris 444 int]missa4 ,! la/ real ,dictator 7,m4 ,junius ,p]a7 0 appo9t$ aft] ,cannae #baf ,b4,c4 #e-h4 imp]io quo 444 usus e/4 ',! ,dictator ( ! fir/ age ( ! ,republic d[n to ! ,punic ,w>s _h always a well-def9$ special duty to dis*>ge 9 a giv5 "t4 ,sulla's task 0 ( a g5]al nature & all-compreh5sive range1 & he _h ! mo/ ess5tial ( all mon>*ical attributes1 :i* is ! unlimit$ duration ( (fice4' --,ihne4 ,b4 ,sulla lays d[n 8 ,dictator%ip1 #gi ,b4,c4 ,nec m9oris impot5tiae voces propalam edebat1 ut ,titus ,ampius scribit1 ',nihil esse rempublicam1 #aj appellationem modo s9e corpore ac specie4 ,sullam nescisse litt]as1 qui dictaturam deposu]it4' ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #gg4 ,l95otes3 #i4 impot5tiae arrogance 7lack ( self-re/ra9t74 #aj4 ,ampius4 ,titus ,ampius ,balbus1 a ,pompeian g5]al4 #aa-ab4 ,sullam nescisse litt]as 7i7 ,s4 _h n pr(it$ by ! tea*+s ( ,hi/ory1 or 7ii7 ,s4 0 )\t a lib]al education4 ,c4 ,dea? ( ,sulla1 #gh ,b4,c4 ,puteolis enim ard5s indignatione1 quod ,granius1 pr9ceps eius coloniae pecuniam a decurionibus ad refectionem ,capitolii promissam cunctantius d>et1 #ae animi concitatione nimia atque immod]ato vocis impetu convulso pectore1 spiritum cruore ac m9is mixtum evomuit1 nec s5io iam prolapsus1 utpote sexagesimum +r$i5s annum1 s$ alita mis]iis reipublicae inpot5tia fur5s4 ,igitur 9 dubio e/ #bj ,sullane prior an iracundia ,sullae sit ext9cta4 ,,val]ius ,,maximus1 ix4 #c4 #h4 ,l95ote3 #ac4 ,granius1 ! *ief magi/rate ( ,puteoli1 _h kept back money de/9$ = ! build+ ( ! new temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us4 ,! old "o 0 de/roy$ by fire #hc ,b4,c4 ',x 0 ,sulla's great desire t 8 "n %\ld be record$ on ! front ( ! new temple1 = x 0 to be ! symbol ( ! ,republic1 re/or$ z he fondly hop$ by him to its pri/9e purity4' --,ihne4 ,b#ah ,,! ,,leges ,,corneliae1 #ha ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,limitation ( ! ,tribune's ,"r ( ,veto4 ,9 i/a quidem re vehem5t] ,sullam probo1 qui tribunis plebis sua lege iniuriae faci5dae pote/atem adem]it1 auxili f]5di reliqu]it4 ,,cic]o1 de ,legibus1 iii4 #i4 #bb4 ,l95otes3 #b4 iniuriae faci5dae1 e4g4 by _! abuse ( ! "r ( veto4 #c4 auxili f]5di4 ',sulla limit$ ! (fice ( tribune to ! orig9al functions = :i* x 0 e/abli%$1 ! legal protection ( ! p f ! abuse ( magi/]ial p[]4' --,ihne4 ,b4 ,abolition ( ,corn ,di/ributions4 ,populus ,romanus1 paullo ante g5tium mod]ator1 exutus imp]io gloria iure1 agit&i inops despectusque ne s]vilia quidem alim5ta relicua habet4 ,,sallu/1 ,hi/41 ,orat4 ,m4 ,lepidi4 ,l95otes3 #e4 agit&i inops 7i4e4 vitam su/5t&i7 )\t means ( livelihood4 #f4 s]vilia alim5ta a slave's all[ance ( food4 ,sulla aboli%$ ! l>gesses ( corn4 ,c4 ,re/oration ( ,judicial ,functions to ! ,s5ators4 ,iudic&i munus quod ,c4 ,grac*us ereptum s5atui ad ,equites1 ,sulla ab illis ad ,s5atum tran/ul]at4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 ii4 #cb4 ,l95ote3 #h-aj4 ,sulla fill$ up ! gaps 9 ! ,s5ate f ! ranks ( ! ,equites1 & to ! new ,s5ate ?us con/itut$ he entru/$ ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,d4 ,a ,sumptu>y ,law1 ,limit+ ! ,exp5se ( ! ,table4 ,l4 ,sulla dictator1 cum pl]ique 9 patrimoniis amplis elu]5tur et familiam pecuniamque suam pr&iorum conviviorumque gurgitibus proluiss5t1 legem ad populam tulit1 qua cautum e/1 ut ,kal5dis1 ,idibus1 ,nonis diebusque ludorum et f]iis quibusdam #ae sollemnibus se/]tios trec5os 9 c5am insum]e ius pote/asque esset1 cet]is autem diebus omnibus non amplius tric5os4 ,,aulus ,,gellius1 ii4 #bd1 #aa4 ,l95ote3 #ab4 elu]5tur _h squ&]$ 7lit4 'wa%$ away'74 ,leges ,corneliae4 ',sulla's legislation 0 an attempt to revive :at 0 dead & gone4 ,! "t _h arriv$ :5 ! old republican in/itutions c\ld la/ no long]4 ,! trans=mation ( ! /ate into a mon>*y 0 inevitable4' --,ihne4 ,! ,sultan ,con/itution4 ,x _h z little endurance z t ( ,cromwell1 & 0 f9ally de/roy$ 9 #gj ,b4,c4 dur+ ! consul%ip ( ,pompeius & ,crassus4 ,b#ai ,spee* ( ,lepidus aga9/ ,sulla1 #gh ,b4,c4 ,nam praet] satellites commaculatos quis eadem volt8 aut quis non omnia mutata praet] victorem8 ,scilicet milites1 quorum sangu9e ,t>ulae ,scyrtoque1 pessumis s]vorum1 divitiae p>tae sunt6 ,itaque maxumam mihi fiduciam p>it victor ex]citus1 cui #e p] tot voln]a et labores nihil praet] tyrannum quaesitum e/4 ,nisi =te tribuniciam pote/atem evorsum pr(ecti sunt1 p] arma conditam a maioribus suis1 utique iura et iudicia sibimet extorqu]5t1 egregia scilicet m]c$e1 cum relegati 9 paludes et #aj silvam contumeliam atque invidiam suam1 praemia p5es paucos intelleg]9t4 ,qu>e igitur tanto agm9e atque animis inc$it8 ,quia secundae res mire sunt vitiis obt5tui2 quibus labefactis1 quam =midatus e/1 tam contemnetur2 nisi =te specie #ae concordiae et pacis1 quae scel]i et p>ricidio suo nom9a indidit2 neque alit] rempublicam et belli f9em ait1 nisi maneat expulsa agris plebes1 pra$a civilis ac]bissima1 ius iudiciumque omnium r]um p5es se1 quod populi ,romani fuit4 ,quae si vobis #bj pax et concordia intelleguntur1 maxuma turbam5ta reipublicae atque exitia probate1 annuite legibus impositis1 accipite otium cum s]vitio et tradite exemplum po/]is ad populum ,romanum suimet sangu9is m]c$e circumv5iundum4 #be ,,sallu/1 ,hi/1 ,orat4 ,m4 ,lepidi4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,nam1 sc4 ',8 luck is n s great z he supposes1 =444' #g-h4 tribuniciam 444 evorsum1 i4e4 by ! ,leges ,corneliae #ha ,b4,c4 #i4 iudicia4 ,sulla re/or$ ! judicial functions to ! ,s5ate 7f ! ,equites74 #aj4 relegati 9 paludes4 ,sulla e/abli%$ #abj1jjj soldi]s 9 milit>y colonies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,italy1 b _! roam+ adv5tur\s life _h unfitt$ !m = agricultural pursuits4 #ac-ad4 ,quia 444 obt5tui because prosp]ity s]ves 9 a m>vell\s mann] to cov] a man's faults ( "*4 --,hold54 ,= obt5tui cf4 draw a veil ov]4 #af4 p>ricidio treason4 #ah4 nisi 444 agris1 i4e4 ,sulla's confiscations ( e/ates1 especially ( ^? ,italians :o _h f\ght aga9/ him4 #bd-be4 ad p4 ,r4 circumv5iundum = oppress+ 7enslav+7 ! p ( ,rome4 ,m4 ,aemillus ,lepidus1 ,consul #gh ,b4,c41 a disappo9t$ ,optimate1 jeal\s ( ,sulla's p[]1 b )\t ,sulla's ability4 ,he pos$ z lead] ( ! democratic p>ty1 took up arms aga9/ ! ,/ate1 b 0 defeat$ by ,q4 ,catulus at ! ,milvian ,bridge1 #gg ,b4,c4 ,b#bj ,,w> ,,) ,,s]torius ,,9 ,,spa91 #gh-gb ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,s]torius & 8 ,fawn4 ,huic ,s]torio c]va alba eximiae pul*ritud9is et vivacissimae cel]itatis a ,lusitano quodam dono data e/4 ,hanc sibi oblatam div9itus1 et in/9ctam ,dianae num9e colloqui secum1 mon]eque1 et doc]e1 quae utilia factu ess5t1 p]suad]e omnibus in/ituit3 #e ac1 si quid durius videbatur1 quod imp]&um militibus =et1 a c]va sese monitum tum pra$icabat4 ,id cum dix]at1 univ]si1 tamquam si deo1 lib5tes p>ebant4 ,ea c]va quodam die1 cum incursio esset ho/ium nuntiata1 fe/9atione ac tumultu con/]nata #aj 9 fugam se proripuit1 atque 9 palude proxima delituit2 et po/ea requisita p]isse cr$ita e/4 ,neque multis diebus po/ inv5tam esse c]vam ,s]torio nuntiatur4 ,tum1 qui nuntiav]at1 iussit tac]e3 ac1 ne cui palam dic]et1 int]m9atus e/3 #ae praecepitque1 ut eam po/]o die rep5te 9 eum locum1 9 quo ipse cum amicis esset1 immitt]et3 admissis de9de amicis po/ridie1 visum sibi esse ait 9 quiete c]vam1 quae p]isset1 ad se rev]ti1 et1 ut prius consuev]at1 quod opus esset facto pra$ic>e4 #bj ,tum s]vo1 quod imp]av]at1 significat4 ,c]va emissa 9 cubiculum ,s]torii introrupit2 clamor factus et orta admiratio e/3 eaque hom9um b>b>orum cr$ulitas ,s]torio 9 magnis rebus magno usui fuit4 #be ,,gellius1 ,noctes ,atticae1 xv4 #bb4 ,l95otes3 #a4 alba a dull :ite z opp4 to at] dull black4 ,cf4 c&idus %9+ :ite z opp4 to nig] %9+ black4 #c4 in/9ctam fir$1 animat$4 #ae4 int]m9atus he =bade ) ?reats4 int] m9or1 freq4 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 #bc-be4 ',s]torius did n disda9 to turn to acc\nt ! sup]/ition ( ! rud] ,spani% tribes1 & to h 8 plans ( w> br\ght to him z comm&s ( ,diana by ! :ite fawn ( ! goddess4' --,m4 ,"* ( ,s]torius4 ',he 0 ! only democratic 7,m>ian7 (fic] :o knew h[ to prep>e & to conduct w>1 & ! only democratic /atesman :o oppos$ ! furi\s do+s ( 8 p>ty ) /atesmanlike en]gy4 ,8 ,spani% soldi]s call$ him ! new ,hannibal1 & n m]ely because he _h1 l t h]o1 lo/ an eye 9 w>4 ,he 9 reality rem9ds u ( ! great ,pho5ician by 8 equally cunn+ & c\rage\s /rategy1 & by ! quickness ( 8 +5uity 9 turn+ to good acc\nt 8 victories & av]t+ ! consequ5ces ( 8 defeats4' --,m4 ,b#ba ,,w> ,,) ,,s]torius ,,9 ,,spa9 7#b7 ,a4 ,a ,new ,hannibal4 ,s]torius1 exsul et pr(ugus f]alis illius tabulae1 vir summae quidem s$ calamitosae virtutis1 malis suis m>ia t]rasque p]miscuit2 et iam ,africae1 iam ,bale>ibus insulis =tunam exp]tus usque 9 ,oceanum ,=tunatasque insulas p5etravit consiliis1 #e t&em ,hispaniam armavit4 ,viro cum viris facile conv5it4 ,nec alias magis app>uit ,hispani militis vigor quam ,romano duce4 ,quamquam ille non cont5tus ,hispania ad ,mi?ridatem quoque ,ponticosque respexit regemque classe iuvit4 ,et quid futurum #aj fuit satis tanto ho/i1 cui uno imp]atore resi/]e res ,romana non potuit8 ,additus ,metello ,gnaeus ,pompeius4 ,hi copias attriv]e viri prope tota ,hispania p]secuti4 ,diu et ancipiti semp] acie pugnatum e/2 nec tam5 prius bello quam suorum scel]e #ae et insidiis ext9ctus e/4 ,,florus1 ,,iii4 xxii4 #b-f4 ,a4 ,l95otes3 #a4 f]alis illius tabulae f t fatal li/1 i4e4 ,sulla's li/ ( proscrib$ ,m>ians #hb ,b4,c4 #i-aj4 ad ,mi?ridatem 444 iuvit4 ,9 #ge ,b4,c4 he conclud$ a =mal treaty ( alliance ) ,mi?ridates1 & s5t him ! propraetor ,m4 ,m>ius to lead 8 troops4 ,cf4 alliance betwe5 ,hannibal & ,philip4 #ad-ae4 ,diu et ancipiti semp] acie pugnatum e/1 e4g4 ! defeat ( ,pompey ne> ,lauro4 7,= a graphic acc\nt ( ! /rategy by :i* ! battle 0 won see ,front9us1 ,/rat4 ii4 #e47 ,b4 ,! ,dea? ( ,s]torius4 ,m4 ,p]p5na praetorius e proscriptis1 g5tis cl>ioris quam animi1 ,s]torium int] c5am ,oscae int]emit ,romanisque c]tam victoriam1 p>tibus suis excidium1 sibi turpissimam mortem pessimo #bj auctoravit fac9ore4 ,metellus et ,pompeius ex ,hispaniis triumphav]unt4 ,,vell4 ,,pat]c4 ii4 #cj4 ,l95otes3 #ag4 ,m4 ,p]p5na praetorius 7 ex-praetor71 ) ! remnant ( ! army ( ,lepidus 7defeat$ by ,pompey 9 #gg ,b4,c47 jo9$ ,s]torius 9 ,spa94 ,aft] s]v+ "u ,s]torius = "s ye>s1 ?r\gh jeal\sy1 he br\ght ab\t 8 lead]'s assass9ation4 #ba4 auctoravit he br\ght ab\t4 ,m usu4 z auctor>i to hire oneself out = "s s]vice1 e4g4 ( gladiators4 ,! ,dea? ( ,s]torius4 ',s end$ "o ( ! greate/ m5 t ,rome _h hi!rto produc$--a man :o "u m =tunate circum/ances w\ld p]haps h become ! reg5]ator ( 8 c\ntry4' --,m4 ,b#bb ,"* & ,e>ly ,c>e] ( ,lucullus4 ,magnum +5ium ,l4 ,luculli1 magnumque optim>um artium /udium1 tum omnis lib]alis et digna hom9e nobili ab eo p]cepta doctr9a1 quibus temporibus flor]e 9 =o maxime potuit1 c>uit omn9o rebus urbanis4 ,ut enim admodum adolesc5s1 #e cum fratre p>i pietate et indu/ria pra$ito1 pat]nas inimicitias magna cum gloria e/ p]secutus1 9 ,asiam quae/or pr(ectus1 ibi p]multos annos admirabili quadam laude prov9ciae praefuit3 de9de abs5s factus a$ilis1 cont9uo praetor3 licebat #aj enim cel]ius legis praemio3 po/ 9 ,africam3 inde ad consulatum3 quem ita gessit ut dilig5tiam admir>5tur omnes1 +5ium cognosc]5t4 ,po/ ad ,mi?ridaticum bellum missus a s5atu non modo op9ionem vicit omnium quae de virtute eius erat1 s$ #ae etiam gloriam sup]iorum4 ,idque eo fuit mirabilius1 quod ab eo laus imp]atoria non admodum exspectabatur1 qui adolesc5tiam 9 =5si op]a1 quae/urae diuturnum tempus1 ,mur5a bellum 9 ,ponto g]5te1 9 ,asiae pace consumps]at4 4 4 4 #bj ,9 eodem tanta prud5tia fuit 9 con/itu5dis temp]&isque civitatibus1 tanta aequitas1 ut hodie /et ,asia ,luculli in/itutis s]v&is et quasi ve/igiis p]sequ5dis4 ,,cic]o1 ,academica1 ii4 #a4 ,l95otes3 #a-c4 +5ium1 /udium1 doctr9a1 subjects ( c>uit4 #c-e4 quibus temporibus 444 urbanis all ?is 0 divorc$ 7c>uit1 lit4 0 cut (f f7 f ! bus9ess ( ! capital1 at ! season :5 he might h _h a specially brilliant c>e] 9 ! =um4 --,j4 ,s4 ,reid4 #f4 pat]nas inimicitias 8 fa!r's qu>rel4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ,lucullus 9 public life 0 z ! accus] ( ! ,augur ,s]vilius :o _h procur$ ! bani%m5t ( 8 fa!r4 #g-i4 9 ,asiam 444 praefuit1 i4e4 z ,sulla's quae/or 9 ! fir/ ,mi?ridatic ,w>1 #hh-hd ,b4,c4 & !n till #hj ,b4,c4 9 *>ge ( ! prov9ce ( ,asia 7 orig4 ,k+dom ( ,p]gamus1 ,n4,w4 "p ( ,asia ,m9or74 #aa4 legis praemio ow+ to a privilege convey$ by /atute4 ,j4 ,s4 ,r4 #ac-ad4 ad ,mi?ridaticum bellum1 i4e4 ! #crd ,m4 ,w>1 :i* he c>ri$ on = eight ye>s 7#gd-ff ,b4,c47 ) great success1 until sup]s$$ by ,pompeius 9 #ff ,b4,c4 #ai-bj4 ,mur5a 444 g]5te4 ,lic4 ,mur5a1 anxi\s = di/9ction1 provok$ ! disa/r\s #bnd ,mi?ridatic ,w>1 #hc-ha ,b4,c41 :5 by ! p]emptory ord]s ( ,sulla ! peace 0 r5ew$4 #bc4 /et 444 s]v&is p]si/s 9 ma9ta9+ 7lit4 /&s by7 ! ord9ances ( ,l4--,j4 ,s4 ,r4 ,ref]5ce4 ,= ,"* ( ,lucullus1 see ,momms51 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ccg-h4 ,cf4 also ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #cb4 ,b#bc ,a4 ,a ,soldi] ( ,lucullus4 ,luculli miles collecta viatica multis ,a]umnis1 lassus dum noctu /]tit1 ad assem ,p]did]at2 po/ hoc vehem5s lupus1 et sibi et ho/i ,iratus p>it]1 ieiunis d5tibus ac]1 ,praesidium regale loco deiecit1 ut aiunt1 #cj ,summe munito et mult>um divite r]um4 ,cl>us ob id factum donis ornatur hone/is1 ,accipit et bis d5a sup] se/]tia nummum4 ,=te sub hoc tempus ca/ellum ev]t]e praetor ,nescio quod cupi5s hort>i coepit eundem #ce ,v]bis1 quae timido quoque poss5t add]e m5tem3 ',i1 bone1 quo virtus tua te vocat1 i p$e fau/o1 ,gr&ia laturus m]itorum praemia4 ,quid /as8' ,po/ haec ille catus1 quantumvis ru/icus1 ',ibit1 ,ibit eo quo vis qui zonam p]didit1' inquit4 #dj ,,horace1 ,ep4 ,,ii4 ii4 #bf-dj4 ,l95otes3 #bf4 viatica sav+s 7cf4 prize-money74 viaticum orig9ally travell+-money4 #bh4 vehem5s lupus a v wolf 9 8 fury4 ,cf4 ,v]gil's simile = a =lorn hope--'lupi ceu ,raptores4' --,wickham4 #cb4 donis hone/is gifts ( hon\r--i4e4 ! corona muralis1 ! mural cr[n1 su* z is worn by ! goddess ,cybele4 #cc4 nummum 7 nummorum7 9 h>d ca%4 #ci4 catus %rewd1 witty1 a ,sab9e ^w1 acutus4 #ci-dj4 ,ibit 444 quo vis1 ! orig9al ( ,juv5al's ad caelum1 iuss]is1 ibit4 #dj4 zonam purse4 ,! zona "h 0 a broad belt made d\ble or holl[ to c>ry money 94 ,b4 ,! ,weal? ( ,lucullus4 ,*lamydes ,lucullus1 ut aiunt1 #dj ,si posset c5tum sca5ae praeb]e rogatus1 ',qui possum tot8' ait2 'tam5 et qua]am1 et quot habebo ,mittam'3 po/ paulo scribit sibi milia qu9que ,esse domi *lamydum2 p>tem vel toll]et omnes4 #dd ,,horace1 ,ep4 ,i4 vi4 #dj-dd4 ,subject4 ,horace says ',i am l ,lucullus' soldi]--:5 8 pocket 0 empty he w\ld volunte] = =lorn hopes2 :5 x 0 full aga9 he w\ld d s no m4 ,x 0 pov]ty t made me write v]ses4' --,w4 ,l95otes3 #dj4 ,*lamydes4 ,! ,*lamys 0 ! light %ort mantle ( ! ,greeks1 "h want$ = a pageant on ! /age4 #dd4 toll]et4 ,! subj4 is ! praetor or p]son giv+ ! %[4 --,w4 ,ref]5ce4 ,= ! magnific5ce ( 8 ,villas at ,tusculum & ne> ,neapolis1 see ,cic]o ,de ,f94 ii4 #ajg1 ,de ,leg4 iii4 #cj1 ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 ix4 #agj4 ,b#bd ,,w> ,,) ,,sp>tacus1 #gc-ga ,b4,c4 ,sp>tacus & 8 ,gladiators4 ,sp>tacus1 ,crixus1 ,o5omaus effracto ,l5tuli ludo cum trig9ta aut amplius eiusdem =tunae viris erup]e ,capua2 s]visque ad vexillum vocatis cum /atim decem amplius milia coiss5t1 hom9es modo effugisse cont5ti iam et v9dic>i volebant4 #e ,prima s$es velut rabidis beluis mons ,vesuvius placuit4 ,ibi cum obsid]5tur a ,clodio ,glabro1 p] fauces cavi montis vit9eis delapsi v9culis ad imas eius desc5d]e radices et exitu inviso nihil tale op9antis ducis subito impetu ca/ra rapu]unt4 ,adflu5tibus #aj 9 diem copiis cum iam esset iu/us ex]citus1 e vim9ibus pecudumque tegum5tis inconditos sibi clipeos et f]ro erga/ulorum recocto gladios ac tela fec]unt1 ,indo iam consul>es quoque aggressus 9 ,app5n9o ,l5tuli ex]citum p]cecidit1 apud #ae ,mut9am ,gai ,cassi ca/ra delevit4 ,t&em enim totis imp]ii viribus contra mirmillonem consurgunt1 pudoremque ,romanum ,m>cus ,crassus ass]uit3 a quo pulsi fugatique ho/es 9 extrema ,italiae refug]unt4 ,ibi circa ,bruttium angulum clusi cum #bj fugam 9 ,siciliam p>>5t neque navigia suppet]5t ratesque ex trabibus et dolia connexa virgultis rapidissimo freto fru/ra exp]ir5tur1 t&em eruptione facta dignam viris obi]e mortem1 et quod sub gladiatore duce oportuit1 s9e missione #be pugnatum e/4 ,sp>tacus ipse 9 primo agm9e =tissime dimicans quasi imp]ator occisus e/4 ,,florus1 ,,iii4 xx4 #c-ad 7sel474 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,sp>tacus1 by bir? a ,?racian1 :o _h s]v$ among ! ,?racian auxili>ies 9 ! ,roman army1 _h des]t$ & become a *ief ( b&itti4 ,he 0 tak5 prison] & sold to a tra9] ( gladiators4 ,crixus1 ,o5omaus1 ! slave-names ( two ,celts4 #a-b4 effracto ludo broke out ( ! gladiators' s*ool4 #h4 vit9eis v9culis by means ( ropes made ( v9e-bran*es4 #i4 inviso unkn[n1 lit4 unse54 #ac4 erga/ulorum f ! slaves' "w-h\ses4 #ag4 mirmillonem4 ,! ,mirmillones 7 a class ( gladiators usually mat*$ ) ! ,?races or ! reti>ii 7net-fight]s74 #ah4 ,m>cus ,crassus1 ! ,triumvir ( #fj ,b4,c4 ass]uit ma9ta9$4 ,cf4 our ass]t4 #ba4 9 ,siciliam1 :]e ! slaves _h ris5 9 #acc & #ajd ,b4,c41 & only wait$ an impulse to break out a ?ird "t4 #be4 s9e missione )\t qu>t]4 ,cf4 missio ! dis*>ge f s]vice ( soldi]s & gladiators4 ,b#be ,,! ,,?ird ,,mi?ridatic ,,w>1 #gd-fc ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,lucullus ,ponticus4 ,quoniam de g5]e belli dixi1 nunc de magnitud9e pauca dicam4 ,atque ut omnes intellegant me ,l4 ,lucullo tantum imp]tire laudis1 quantum =ti viro et sapi5ti hom9i et magno imp]atori debeatur1 dico eius adv5tu maximas ,mi?ridatis #e copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque in/ructas fuisse urbemque ,asiae cl>issimam nobisque amicissimam1 ,cyzic5orum1 obsessam esse ab ipso rege maxima multitud9e et oppugnatam vehem5tissime1 quam ,l4 ,lucullus virtute1 assiduitate1 consilio summis #aj obsidionis p]iculis lib]avit3 ab eodem imp]atore classem magnam et ornatam1 quae ducibus ,s]torianis ad ,italiam /udio inflammata rap]etur1 sup]atam esse atque depressam2 magnas ho/ium praet]ea copias multis proeliis esse deletas patefactumque #ae no/ris legionibus esse ,pontum1 qui antea populo ,romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset2 ,s9op5 atque ,amisum1 quibus 9 oppidis erant domicilia regis1 omnibus rebus ornatas atque ref]tas1 cet]asque urbes ,ponti et ,cappadociae p]multas uno #bj aditu adv5tuque esse captas2 regem spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios se reges atque ad alias g5tes supplicem contulisse3 atque haec omnia salvis populi ,romani sociis atque integris vectigalibus esse ge/a4 #be ,,cic]o1 pro ,lege ,manilia1 #bj1 #ba4 ,l95otes3 #e-f4 maximas 444 fuisse4 ,m4 _h #adj1jjj well-tra9$ m51 ,roman (fic]s s5t by ,s]torius1 #af1jjj cavalry1 a w>-fleet ( #djj %ips1 & abundance ( /ores4 #g-aa4 urbemque 444 lib]avit4 ,! city ( ,cyzicus /ood on ! ,s4 side ( ! isl& ( ! same "n 9 ! ,propontis 7,sea ( ,m>mora71 close to ! %ore ( ,m-ysia1 to :i* x 0 jo9$ by two bridges4 #ab-ad4 classem 444 depressam1 i4e4 probably ! ,battle ( ,t5$os #gc ,b4,c41 9 :i* ,m>cus ,m>ius & ! able/ ( ! ,roman emigrants met _! dea?1 & ! :ole ,aegean fleet ( ,mi?ridates 0 annihilat$4 #ae4 multis proeliis1 e4g4 ( ,cabira1 #gb ,b4,c42 ,tigranoc]ta1 #fi ,b4,c4 #ah4 ,s9op54 ,s9ope1 on ! ,w4 headl& ( ! great bay ( :i* ! delta ( ! ,r4 ,halys =ms ! ,e4 headl&1 0 ! bir?place & resid5ce 7domicilia7 ( ,m4 #bb4 ad alios reges1 e4g4 to 8 son-9-law1 ,tigranes ( ,arm5ia4 #bc-bd4 salvis 444 vectigalibus1 i4e4 )\t ru9+ ! prov9cial by =c$ contributions & requisitions4 ,ref]5ce4 ,= ,siege ( ,cyzicus1 see ,momms51 vol4 iv4 pp4 #cbf-cbh2 ,front9us1 ,/rat4 ii4 #ac4 #f4 ,b#bf ,,cn4 ,,pompeius ,,magnus1 #ajf-dh ,b4,c4 ,8 ,"*1 & ,c>e] to #ff ,b4,c4 ,iam v]o virtuti ,cn4 ,pompei quae pote/ oratio p> inv5iri8 ,quid e/ quod quisquam aut illo dignum1 aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adf]re8 ,neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imp]atoriae1 quae vulgo esi/imantur1 labor 9 #e negotiis1 =titudo 9 p]iculis1 indu/ria 9 ag5do1 cel]itas 9 confici5do1 consilium 9 provid5do1 quae tanta sunt 9 hoc uno1 quanta 9 omnibus reliquis imp]atoribus1 quos aut vidimus aut audivimus1 non fu]unt4 ,te/is e/ ,italia1 quam ille ipse #aj victor ,l4 ,sulla huius virtute et subsidio confessus e/ lib]atam3 te/is e/ ,sicilia1 quam multis undique c9ctam p]iculis non t]rore belli1 s$ consilii cel]itate explicavit3 te/is e/ ,africa1 quae magnis oppressa ho/ium copiis eorum ipsorum sangu9e #ae r$undavit3 te/is e/ ,gallia1 p] quam legionibus no/ris it] 9 ,hispaniam ,gallorum int]necione patefactum e/3 te/is e/ ,hispania1 quae saepissime plurimos ho/es ab hoc sup]atos pro/ratosque conspexit3 te/is e/ it]um et saepius ,italia1 quae #bj cum s]vili bello taetro p]iculosoque prem]etur1 ab hoc auxilium abs5te expetivit1 quod bellum exspectatione eius att5uatum atque imm9utum e/1 adv5tu sublatum ac sepultum3 te/es nunc v]o iam omnes orae atque omnes ext]ae g5tes ac nationes4 #be ,,cic]o1 pro ,lege ,manilia1 #bi-ca4 ,l95otes3 #aj-ab4 ,te/is e/ ,italia 444 lib]atam4 ,9 #hc ,b4,c4 ,pompeius1 ag$ tw5ty-f\r1 rais$ ?ree legions 9 ,pic5um1 ga9$ sev]al advantages ov] ! ,m>ian g5]als1 & 0 salut$ by ,sulla z ,imp]ator4 #ab-ad4 te/is e/ ,sicilia 444 explicavit4 ,9 #hb ,b4,c4 ,pompeius1 s5t z propraetor to ,sicily1 quickly took possession ( ! isl& = ,sulla4 #ad-af4 te/is e/ ,africa 444 r$undavit4 ,9 #ha ,b4,c4 ,pompeius defeat$ at ,utica ! ,m>ian ,ah5ob>bus 7alli$ ) ,hi>bas ( ,numidia71 & 01 ?\gh a simple ,roman eques1 grant$ a triumph by ,sulla & salut$ z ,magnus4 #af-ah4 te/is e/ ,gallia 444 patefactum e/4 ,9 #gg ,b4,c41 on 8 way to ,spa9 z proconsul aga9/ ,s]torius1 he _h to cut 8 way ?r\gh ! ,transalp9e ,gauls1 & laid out a new & %ort] road ov] ! ,cottian ,alps4 #ba4 s]vili bello4 ,on 8 return f ,spa9 he cut to pieces ! scatt]$ remnants ( ! army ( ,sp>tacus4 #ba-bc4 ab hoc 444 imm9utum e/4 ,cic4 assumes t ! enemy 0 crippl$ ev5 by ! m]e notion ( s5d+ = ,pompeius4 ,ref]5ces4 ,plut>*1 ,pompeius2 ,vell4 ,pat]c4 ii4 #bi4 ,b#bg ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caes> 7#a7 ,! ,man ,caes>4 ,fuisse traditur excelsa /atura1 colore c&ido1 t]etibus membris1 ore paulo pl5iore1 nigris vegetisque oculis1 valetud9e prosp]a2 nisi quod tempore extremo rep5te animo l9qui atque etiam p] somnum ext]r]i solebat4 ,armorum et equit&i #e p]itissimus1 laboris ultra fidem pati5s erat4 ,9 agm9e nonnunquam equo1 saepius p$ibus anteibat1 capite detecto1 seu sol seu imb] esset2 longissimas vias incr$ibili cel]itate confecit4 ,9 obeundis exp$itionibus dubium cautior an aud5tior1 #aj ex]citum neque p] insidiosa it9]a duxit umquam nisi p]speculatus locorum situs4 ,a ,brundisio ,dyrra*ium int] oppositas classes hieme transmisit cessantibusque copiis1 quas subsequi iuss]at1 cum ad acc]s5das fru/ra saepe misisset1 #ae novissime ipse clam noctu p>vulum navigium solus obvoluto capite consc5dit1 neque aut quis esset ante detexit aut gub]natorem c$]e adv]sae tempe/ati passus e/1 quam pa5e obrutus fluctibus4 ,ne religione quidem ulla a quoquam incepto ab/]ritus #bj umquam vel ret>datus e/4 ,cum immolanti aufugisset ho/ia1 pr(ectionem adv]sus ,scipionem et ,iubam non di/ulit4 ,prolapsus etiam 9 egressu navis1 v]so ad melius om9e ,t5eo te1 inquit1 ,africa4 ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #de1 #eg-ei 7sel47 ,l95otes3 #d4 animo l9qui he 0 subject to fa9t+-fits4 #h4 capite detecto1 s ,cyrus ! ,y\ng] & ,hannibal4 #i4 incr$ibili cel]itate1 cf4 ,cic4 ,ep4 ad ,att4 viii4 #i hoc t]as 7 prodigy7 horribili vigilantia1 cel]itate1 dilig5tia e/4 ,cf4 also ,napoleon ! ,great4 #ad4 cessantibusque copiis & :5 ! troops delay$ _! com+4 ,caes> did n !n "k t ,antonius _h himself be5 attack$ at ,brundisium by a ,pompeian fleet1 & _h %[n great skill 9 baffl+ x1 & =c+ x to put to sea aga94 ,once m ,antonius set sail ) #d legions & #hjj horsem51 & =tunately a /rong ,s4 w9d c>ri$ him safely to ! port ( ,lissus 7,n4 ( ,dyrra*ium74 #ah-ai4 gub]natorem 444 passus e/4 ',quid times8 ,caes>em vehis6' 0 ,caes>'s fam\s exhortation to ! pilot4 7,florus47 #ba-bb4 ,cum 444 ho/ia3 if ! victim ev5 tugg$ at ! rope :5 be+ l$ to sacrifice1 x 0 consid]$ un=tunate1 & h5ce a long slack rope 0 us$4 ,cf4 ,juv4 xii4 #e ,s$ procul ext5sum petulans 7butt+7 quatit ho/ia funem4 #bd4 ,accord+ to ,front9us 8 words 7 ',t5eo te1 t]ra mat]4' ,! man ,caes>4 ',we may picture him z a man ! dignity ( ^: bodily pres5ce 0 9 due proportion to ! greatness ( 8 m5tal p[]s4' --,w>de ,f[l]4 ,b#bh ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caes> 7#b7 ,captur$ by ,pirates4 ,/udies ,oratory at ,rhodes1 #gf-ge ,b4,c4 ,composita s$itione civili ,cornelium ,dolabellam consul>em et triumphalem repetund>um po/ulavit2 absolutoque ,rhodum sec$]e /atuit1 et ad decl9&am invidiam et ut p] otium ac requiem ,apollonio ,moloni cl>issimo tunc dic5di magi/ro #e op]am d>et4 ,huc dum hib]nis iam m5sibus traicit1 circa ,ph>macussam insulam a pra$onibus captus e/1 mansitque apud eos1 non s9e summa indignatione1 prope quadrag9ta dies cum uno m$ico et cubicul>is duobus4 ,nam comites s]vosque #aj cet]os initio /atim ad exp$i5das pecunias1 quibus r$im]etur1 dimis]at4 ,num]atis de9de qu9quag9ta tal5tis1 expositus 9 litore non di/ulit qu9 e ve/igio classe d$ucta p]sequ]etur abeuntis1 ac r$actos 9 pote/atem supplicio1 quod saepe illis #ae m9atus int] iocum fu]at1 adfic]et4 ,va/ante regiones proximas ,mi?ridate ne desid]e 9 discrim9e sociorum vid]etur1 ab ,rhodio quo p]t5d]at1 transiit 9 ,asiam1 auxiliisque contractis et praefecto regis prov9cia expulso1 nutantes ac dubias civitates #bj ret9uit 9 fide4 ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #d4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,composita s$itione civili1 i4e4 aft] ! abortive attempt ( ,lepidus to make himself ma/] ( ! /ate #gg ,b4,c4 ,c4 ,dolabellam1 impea*$ = illegal extortion dur+ 8 gov]nm5t ( ,mac$onia4 ,repetund>um 7sc4 pecuni>um71 po/-,aug4 = de repetundis 7pecuniis71 us$ i4 ( money extort$ by an (ficial & to be return$1 ii4 ( money extort$ z a bribe4 ,caes> lo/ 8 case1 b succe$$ 9 %[+ t ,sulla's s5atorial judges 7 corrupt4 #d4 ,apollonio ,moloni1 ! fam\s rhetorician1 ^: pupil ,cic]o 0 bo? at ,rome & at ,rhodes4 ,v possibly ,caes> took ?is /ep by ! advice ( ,cic]o4 #g4 circa ,ph>macussam insulam3 ,s4,w4 ( ,miletus 7 mod4 ,f>mako74 #h-i4 non s9e summa indignatione3 ,plut>*1 ,caes4 gives a picturesque acc\nt ( 8 adv5tures z _! prison]4 #aj4 cubicul>is 7cubiculum7 lit4 *amb]-s]vants4 #aa4 pecunias 444 ,velleius says t ,caes>'s ransom 0 paid out ( public funds4 #ad4 e ve/igio 7 /atim7 imm$iately4 ,caes> at ,rhodes4 ',caes>1 f :at we "k ( 8 ta/e & "*1 c\ld h>dly h f\nd ! same delight z ,cic]o 9 8 /udies at ,rhodes4 ,he nev]!less became "o ( ! greate/ orators ( 8 day1 & accord+ to "s acc\nts1 second only to ,cic]o4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,caes>1 b un=tunate = u1 t he nev] took any pa9s to collect & pres]ve 8 spee*es4' --,w>de ,f[l]4 ,b#bi ,,cic]o ,,prosecutes ,,v]res1 #gj ,b4,c4 ,a ,roman ,citiz5 maltreat$4 ,quid ego de ,p4 ,gavio1 ,consano municipe1 dicam1 indices8 ,aut qua vi vocis1 qua gravitate v]borum1 quo dolore animi dicam8 ,quod crim5 eius modi e/ ut1 cum primum ad me delatum e/1 usurum me illo non put>em2 tametsi enim v]issimum esse #e intellegebam1 tam5 cr$ibile =e non arbitrab>4 ,quid nunc agam8 ,rem 9 m$io ponam3 quae tantum habet ipsa gravitatis ut neque mea1 quae nulla e/1 neque cuiusquam ad inflamm&os ve/ros animos eloqu5tia requiratur4 #aj ,ca$ebatur virgis 9 m$io =o ,messanae civis ,romanus1 iudices2 cum int]ea nullus gemitus1 nulla vox alia illius mis]i int] dolorem crepitumque plag>um audiebatur1 nisi haec1 ,civis ,romanus sum4 ,hac se commemoratione civitatis omnia v]b]a #ae depulsurum1 cruciatum a corpore deiecturum arbitrabatur4 ,is non modo hoc non p]fecit ut virg>um vim deprec>etur1 s$ cum implor>et saepius usurp>etque nom5 civitatis1 crux1 crux1 inquam1 infelici et a]umnoso comp>abatur4 #bj ,o nom5 dulce lib]tatis6 ,o ius eximium no/rae civitatis6 ,o lex ,porcia legesque ,semproniae6 ,o gravit] desid]ata et aliqu&o r$dita plebi ,romanae tribunicia pote/as6 ,huc9e t&em omnia recid]unt ut civis ,romanus 9 prov9cia populi ,romani1 #be 9 oppido fo$]atorum1 ab eo qui b5eficio populi ,romani fasces et secures hab]et deligatus 9 =o virgis ca$]etur8 ,,cic]o1 9 ,v]rem1 ii4 #e4 #fb4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,consano municipe a burgess ( ,consa1 on ! bord]s ( ,lucania4 #bb4 ,lex ,porcia4 ,pass$ by ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 #aig ,b4,c41 =bade ! execution or sc\rg+ ( a ,roman citiz54 ,leges ,semproniae1 a code ( laws pass$ by ,c4 ,sempronius ,grac*us1 #abc ,b4,c4 ,"o ( ^! decl>$ x to be ! sole "r ( ! p to decide capital cases4 #bb-bd4 ,o gravit] desid]ata 444 pote/as6 ,sulla 7,dictator #hb-gi ,b4,c47 took f ! tribunes ! "r ( propos+ laws1 & left !m only _! orig9al "r ( ,int]cessio or veto4 ,9 #gj ,b4,c4 ,pompeius1 :o _h =mally accept$ ! democratic programme1 gave back to ! tribunes ! p[] to initiate legislation4 ,! ,orationes ,9 ,v]rem4 ,cic]o1 z patronus ( ! ,sicilians1 und]took ! prosecution ( ! ,s5ator ,c4 ,v]res = 8 gross misconduct z gov]nor ( ,sicily1 #gc-ga ,b4,c4 ,b#cj ,,cn4 ,,pompeius ,,magnus1 #ajf-dh ,b4,c4 ,! ,lex ,gab9ia1 #fg ,b4,c4 ,conv]t]at ,cn4 ,pompei p]sona totum 9 se t]r>um orbem et p] omnia maior cive habebatur4 ,qui cum consul p]quam laudabilit] iurasset se 9 nullam prov9ciam ex eo magi/ratu iturum idque s]vasset1 po/ bi5nium ,a4 ,gab9ius tribunus #e legem tulit1 ut cum belli m1 non latroc9iorum1 orbem classibus iam1 non furtivis exp$itionibus1 piratae t]r]5t1 quasdamque etiam ,italiae urbis diripuiss5t1 ,cn4 ,pompeius ad eos opprim5dos mitt]etur essetque ei imp]ium aequum 9 omnibus #aj prov9ciis cum proconsulibus usque ad qu9quagesimum mili>ium a m>i4 ,quo decreto pa5e totius t]r>um orbis imp]ium uni viro def]ebatur2 s$ tam5 idem hoc ante bi5nium 9 ,m4 ,antoni praetura decretum erat4 ,s$ int]dum p]sona ut exemplo #ae nocet1 ita invidiam auget aut levat3 9 ,antonio hom9es aequo animo passi erant2 r>o enim invidetur eorum honoribus1 quorum vis non timetur3 contra 9 iis hom9es extraord9>ia re=midant1 qui ea suo arbitrio aut deposituri aut ret5turi vid5tur #bj et modum 9 voluntate hab5t4 ,dissuadebant optimates1 s$ consilia impetu victa sunt4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 ii4 #ca4 ,l95otes3 #c-e4 ,qui cum consul 444 s]vasset4 ,pompeius1 consul ) ,crassus 9 #ga-gj ,b4,c41 ?\ght x b5ea? 8 dignity to accept a consul> prov9ce1 & wait$ 9 ,rome z a simple citiz5 until an opportunity %\ld be (f]$ him to play an extraord9>y "p4 #e4 ,a4 ,gab9ius1 a cli5t ( ,pompeius1 a man ru9$ 9 f9ances & "*1 b a dext]\s negotiator1 a bold orator1 & a brave soldi]4 ,9 #eg ,b4,c4 did excell5t s]vice z proconsul ( ,syria4 #f-i4 ut cum belli m 444 diripuiss5t4 ',= tw5ty ye>s ! sea _h be5 r5d]$ unsafe by ^! curses ( human society4' ,! comm]ce ( ! :ole ,m$it]ranean 0 9 _! p[]4 #ac-ae4 s$ tam5 444 decretum erat4 ,9 #gd ,b4,c4 ,m4 ,antonius1 son ( ! orator & fa!r ( ! triumvir1 0 entru/$ by ! ,s5ate ) ! task ( cle>+ ! seas f ! corsairs4 ,9 spite ( 8 ext5sive p[]s1 ! utt] incapacity ( ,antonius1 & ! mismanagem5t ( ! ,s5ate1 caus$ ! exp$ition to end 9 failure & disgrace4 ,result4 ',! ,gab9io-,manilian proposals t]m9at$ ! /ruggle betwe5 ! s5ate & ! popul> p>ty1 :i* ! ,sempronian laws 7#acc-abc ,b4,c47 _h begun4 ,z ! ,sempronian laws fir/ con/itut$ ! revolution>y p>ty into a political opposition1 ! ,gab9io-,manilian fir/ conv]t$ x f an opposition into a gov]nm5t4' --,m4 ,b#ca ,,cn4 ,,pompeius ,,magnus1 #ajf-dh ,b4,c4 ,pompeius cle>s ! ,seas ( ,pirates1 #fg ,b4,c4 ,quis enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequ5di quae/us /udio tam brevi tempore tot loca adire1 tantos cursus confic]e potuit1 quam cel]it] ,cn4 ,pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navigavit8 ,qui nondum tempe/ivo ad navig&um m>i ,siciliam #e adiit1 ,africam exploravit1 9 ,s>d9iam cum classe v5it1 atque haec tria frum5t>ia subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque munivit4 ,inde cum se 9 ,italiam recepisset1 duabus ,hispaniis et ,gallia transalp9a praesidiis ac navibus confirmata1 #aj missis item 9 oram ,illyrici m>is et 9 ,a*aiam omnemque ,graeciam navibus ,italiae duo m>ia maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit1 ipse autem1 ut ,brundisio pr(ectus e/1 undequ9quagesimo die totam ad imp]ium populi ,romani #ae ,ciliciam adiunxit3 omnes1 qui ubique pra$ones fu]ant1 p>tim capti int]fectique sunt1 p>tim unius huius se imp]io ac pote/ati d$id]unt4 ,ita tantum bellum1 tam diuturnum1 tam longe lateque disp]sum1 quo bello omnes g5tes ac nationes #bj premebantur1 ,cn4 ,pompeius extrema hieme adp>avit1 ineunte v]e suscepit1 m$ia ae/ate confecit4 ,,cic]o1 pro ,lege ,manilia1 #cd1 #ce4 ,l95otes3 #d4 tanti belli impetus1 fig4 = an attack+ fleet ( su* =ce1 :i* f its size w\ld ord9>ily sail sl[ly4 --,wilk9s4 #e-h4 ,qui 444 munivit4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> 7nondum tempe/ivo ad navig&um7 ,pompeius cle>$ ( pirates ! ,sicilian1 ,african1 & ,s>d9ian wat]s1 s re-e/abli% ! supply ( gra9 f ^! prov9ces to ,italy4 #ad-ah4 undequagesimo 444 d$id]unt4 ,! bold ,cilician seak+s alone v5tur$ to face ! ,roman fleet 9 ! (f+ ( ,coracesium 7at ! ,w4 fronti] ( ,cilicia71 b 7 completely defeat$4 ,=ty-n9e days 7undequ9quagesimo7 aft] ,pompeius _h appe>$ 9 ! ,ea/]n seas1 ,cilicia 0 subdu$1 & ! w> at an end4 ',9 all ab\t #acjj piratical vessels are said to h be5 de/roy$3 besides :i* ! ri*ly fill$ ars5als & magaz9es ( ! buccane]s 7 burnt4 ,( ! pirates1 ab\t #aj1jjj p]i%$ 7int]fecti72 upw>ds ( #bj1jjj fell alive 7p>tim capti--p>tim se d$id]unt7 into ! h&s ( ! victor4' --,m4 #bb4 ineunte v]e 444 confecit4 ',9 ! summ] ( #fg ,b4,c41 ?ree mon?s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! campaign1 comm]ce resum$ its wont$ c\rse1 & in/ead ( ! =m] fam9e abundance prevail$ 9 ,italy4' --,m4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ trial ( rule c5tralis$ 9 a s+le h&1 & ,pompeius fully ju/ifi$ ! confid5ce t 0 plac$ 9 him4 ,b#cb ,,! ,,?ird ,,mi?ridatic ,,w>1 #gd-fc ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,pompeius subdues ,mi?ridates & ,tigranes4 ,pompeius int]ea memorabile adv]sus ,mi?ridat51 qui po/ ,luculli pr(ectionem magnas novi ex]citus vires rep>av]at1 bellum gessit4 ,at rex fusus fugatusque et omnibus exutus copiis ,arm5iam ,tigran5que g5]um petit1 regem eius temporis1 #e nisi qua ,luculli armis erat infractus1 pot5tissimum4 ,simul itaque duos p]secutus ,pompeius intravit ,arm5iam4 ,prior filius ,tigranis1 s$ discors patri1 p]v5it ad ,pompeium3 mox ipse supplex et praes5s se regnumque dicioni eius p]misit1 #aj praefatus nem9em alium neque ,romanum neque ullius g5tis virum futurum fuisse1 cuius se societate commissurus =et1 quam ,pompeium2 non esse turpe ab eo v9ci1 quem v9c]e esset nefas1 neque inhone/e aliquem summitti huic1 quem =tuna sup] #ae omnes extulisset4 ,s]vatus regi honos imp]i1 s$ multato +5ti pecunia1 quae omnis1 sicuti ,pompeio moris erat1 r$acta 9 quae/oris pote/atem ac publicis descripta litt]is4 ,syria aliaeque1 quas occupav]at1 prov9ciae ereptae1 et aliae re/itutae populo #bj ,romano1 aliae tum primum 9 eius pote/atem r$actae1 ut ,syria1 quae tum primum facta e/ /ip5di>ia4 ,f9is imp]i regi t]m9atus ,arm5ia4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 ii4 #cg4 ,context4 ,9 #ff ,b4,c4 ,lucullus1 ( :om ,momms5 says 'h>dly any o!r ,roman g5]al accompli%$ s mu* ) s trifl+ means1' 0 sup]s$$ by ,pompeius4 ,by ! ,lex ,manilia ,pompeius obta9$1 9 addition to ! ext5sive p[]s conf]r$ ^u him by ! ,lex ,gab9ia #fg ,b4,c41 ! milit>y adm9i/ration ( ,asia z f> z ,arm5ia4 ',nev] s9ce ,rome /ood _h su* p[] be5 unit$ 9 ! h&s ( a s+le man4' --,m4 ,l95otes3 #c-d4 rex fusus 444 copiis1 i4e4 9 ,less] ,arm5ia1 on ,s4 bank ( ,r4 ,lycus1 :]e ,pompeius aft]w>ds f\nd$ ,nicopolis4 #e4 ,tigran5que g5]um petit4 ,tigranes _h m>ri$ ,cleopatra1 ! daught] ( ,mi?ridates4 #ag-ai4 quae omnis 444 litt]is1 i4e4 paid into ! ,roman treasury4 ,cf4 ,lucan ix4 #aig ,immodicas poss$it opes1 s$ plura ret5tis ,intulit sc4 9 a]>ium4 ,! ,end ( ,mi?ridates4 ,aft] 8 defeat at ,nicopolis ! ag$ k+ took refuge 9 8 ,nor!rn capital ( ,panticapaeum 7on ! ,cimm]ian ,bosporus74 ,"h1 :5 all turn$ aga9/ him1 he took poison1 #fc ,b4,c4 ',9 him a great enemy 0 borne to ! tomb1 a great] ?an _h ev] yet )/ood ! ,romans 9 ! indol5t ,ea/4' --,m4 ,syria made a ,roman ,prov9ce1 #fe ,b4,c4 ,b#cc ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caes> 7#c7 ,a4 ,curule ,a$ile1 #fe ,b4,c4 ,a$ilis praet] comitium ac =um basilicasque etiam ,capitolium ornavit porticibus ad tempus ex/ructis1 9 quibus abundante r]um copia p>s app>atus expon]etur4 ,v5ationes autem ludosque et cum collega et sep>atim edidit1 quo factum e/1 #e ut communium quoque imp5s>um solus gratiam cap]et1 nec dissimul>et collega eius ,m>cus ,bibulus ev5isse sibi quod ,polluci3 ut enim gem9is fratribus a$es 9 =o con/ituta tantum ,ca/oris voc>etur1 ita suam ,caes>isque munific5tiam unius ,caes>is #aj dici4 ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #aj4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,a$ilis4 ,z curule-a$ile ,caes> exce$$ all previ\s exp5diture4 ,?is 0 meant to secure ! fav\r ( ! democracy1 & ga9 ! position ( its lead]1 :i* 0 9 fact vacant2 = ,crassus 0 nev] popul>1 & ,pompeius 0 abs5t 9 ! ,ea/4 basilicas 7basilik sc4 oikia & /oa3 regia7 halls4 #b4 porticibus3 ^! act$ z boo?s1 9 a gr& fair1 z we %\ld say4 #d4 ,v5ationes1 "h ( ! combats ) wild bea/s4 #g4 ,m4 ,bibulus1 also ,caes>'s colleague 9 8 fir/ consul%ip1 #ei ,b4,c4 ,b4 ,propraetor 9 ,fur!r ,spa91 #fa ,b4,c4 ,ex praetura ult]iorem sortitus ,hispaniam1 ret95tes cr$itores int]v5tu sponsorum removit1 ac neque m neque iure1 ante quam prov9ciae orn>5tur1 pr(ectus e/2 pacataque prov9cia1 p>i #ae fe/9atione1 non expectato successore1 ad triumphum simul consulatumque decessit4 ,s$ cum1 edictis iam comitiis1 ratio eius hab]i non posset nisi privatus introisset urbem1 et ambi5ti ut legibus solv]etur multi contradic]5t1 coactus e/ triumphum1 #bj ne consulatu exclud]etur1 dimitt]e4 ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #ah4 ,context4 ,9 #fi ,b4,c4 ,caes> 0 elect$ to a ,quae/or%ip 7! l[e/ /ep 9 ! ladd] ( (ficial life7 & dis*>g$ 8 judicial duties 9 ,fur!r ,spa9 ) tact & indu/ry4 ,l95otes3 #ac4 ret95tes 444 removit fre$ himself f 8 cr$itors1 :o 7 = deta9+ him1 by ! help ( sureties4 ,caes> is said to h borr[$ f ,crassus #hcj tal5ts4 #ad-ae4 ante quam prov9ciae orn>5tur3 a regul> phrase us$ ( supply+ ! newly *os5 magi/rate ) money1 arms1 att5dants1 etc4 #ah4 ratio 444 posset 8 c&idature c\ld n be consid]$4 ,propraetor 9 ,f4 ,spa94 ',8 gov]nor%ip enabl$ him p>tly to rid himself ( 8 debts p>tly to lay ! f\ndation = 8 milit>y repute4' --,m4 ,b#cd ,,! ,,conspiracy ,,( ,,catil9e1 #fc ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,cic]o declaims aga9/ ! ,audacity ( ,catil9e4 ,quo usque t&em abut]e1 ,catil9a1 pati5tia no/ra8 ,quam diu etiam furor i/e tuus nos eludet8 ,quem ad f9em sese effr5ata iactabit audacia8 ,nihilne te nocturnum praesidium ,palati1 nihil urbis vigiliae1 nihil timor populi1 nihil concursus bonorum #e omnium1 nihil hic munitissimus hab5di s5atus locus1 nihil horum ora voltusque mov]unt8 ,pat]e tua consilia non s5tis8 ,con/rictam iam horum omnium sci5tia t5]i coniurationem tuam non vides8 ,quid proxima1 quid sup]iore nocte eg]is1 #aj ubi fu]is1 quos convocav]is1 quid consilii cep]is1 quem no/rum ignor>e arbitr>is8 ,o tempora6 ,o mores6 ,s5atus haec intellegit2 consul videt3 hic tam5 vivit4 ,vivit8 immo v]o etiam 9 s5atum v5it3 fit publici consilii p>ticeps2 notat at designat #ae oculis ad ca$em unum quemque no/rum4 4 4 4 ,ca/ra sunt 9 ,italia contra rem publicam 9 ,etruriae faucibus collocata3 crescit 9 dies s+ulos ho/ium num]us2 eorum autem ca/rorum imp]atorem ducemque ho/ium intra mo5ia atque #bj adeo 9 s5atu videmus inte/9am aliquam cotidie p]niciem rei publicae moli5tem4 ,si te iam1 ,catil9a1 eompreh5di1 si int]fici iuss]o1 cr$o1 erit v]5dum mihi ne non hoc potius omnes boni s]ius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat4 #be ,,cic]o1 9 ,catil9am1 i4 #a1 #b1 #e4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,quo usque t&em abut]e h[ long1 pray1 w y presume ^u8 ,catil9e _h be5 decl>$ ho/is patriae1 & yet d>$ to appe> 9 ! ,s5ate4 #d4 praesidium ,palati3 9 ! case ( any ?reat5+ dang] ! ,mons ,palat9us 0 occupi$ z "o ( ! mo/ important milit>y po9ts 9 ! city4 #f-g4 s5atus locus1 i4e4 ! temple ( ,jupit] ,/ator1 on ! ,n4 slope ( ! ,palat9e1 *os5 z ! safe/ meet+-place1 & ne> ,cic]o's h\se4 #ag-ah4 ca/ra 444 collocata1 ! camp ( ,manlius 7"o ( ! vet]an c5turions ( ,sulla7 0 plant$ at ,faesulae 7,fiesole71 a rocky fa/ness ?ree miles ,n4,e4 ( ,flor5ce4 #ai4 imp]atorem3 ironical1 z ?\gh ,catil9e 7 ! legally appo9t$ g5]al ( ! ,republic4 ,9 ,l4 ,catil9am ,oratio i4 ',?is spl5did oration1 9 its fi]y vig\r & ma/]y ( invective1 is unsurpass$ except by ! ,second ,philippic4' --,cruttwell4 ,its effect on ,catil9e4 ,tum ille furibundus 'quoniam quidem circumv5tus' inquit 'ab inimicis praeceps agor1 inc5dium meum ru9a re/+uam4' ,sall4 ,catil4 #ca4 ,t night ,catil9e left ,rome = ! camp ( ,manlius4 ,b#ce ,,! ,,conspiracy ,,( ,,catil9e1 #fc ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,! ,end ( ,catil9e4 ,s$ confecto proelio tum v]o c]n]es1 quanta audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset 9 ex]citu ,catil9ae4 ,nam f]e1 quem quisque vivus pugn&o locum cep]at1 eum1 amissa anima1 corpore tegebat4 ,pauci autem1 quos m$ios cohors praetoria disiec]at1 #e paulo divorsius1 s$ omnes tam5 advorsis voln]ibus concid]ant4 ,catil9a v]o longe a suis int] ho/ium cadav]a rep]tus e/1 paululum etiam spirans f]ociamque animi1 quam habu]at vivus1 9 voltu ret95s4 ,po/remo ex omni copia neque 9 #aj proelio neque 9 fuga quisquam civis +5uus captus e/4 ,ita cuncti suae ho/iumque vitae iuxta pep]c]ant4 ,neque tam5 ex]citus populi ,romani laetam aut incru5tam victoriam adeptus erat2 nam /r5uissumus quisque aut occid]at 9 proelio1 aut #ae gravit] voln]atus discess]at4 ,multi autem1 qui de ca/ris visundi aut spoli&i gratia process]ant1 volv5tes ho/ilia cadav]a1 amicum alii1 p>s hospitem aut cognatum rep]iebant2 fu]e item1 qui inimicos suos cognosc]5t4 ,ita v>ie p] omnem #bj ex]citum laetitia1 ma]or1 luctus atque gaudia agitabantur4 ,,sallu/1 ,bellum ,catil9ae1 #fa4 ,l95otes3 #e4 cohors praetoria3 a corps d'lite1 specially organis$ z a bodygu>d ( ! g5]al 7praetor praeitor1 prae eo71 dat+ f ! "t :5 ! praetores 0 ! old] "n ( ! consuls 7 colleagues74 #h4 etiam 7 adhuc7 /ill4 ,cf4 ,v]g4 ,a54 vi4 #dhe etiam currus etiam arma t55tem4 #aa4 civis +5uus1 i4e4 a free citiz5 born ( free citiz5s4 #ab4 ,ita cuncti 444 pep]c]ant s unsp>+ _h !y all be5 alike ( _! own & _! oppon5ts' lives4 --,poll>d4 #ba4 laetitia joy manife/$1 gaudia joy felt4 luctus grief %[n by outw>d signs1 e4g4 by dress4 ma]or grief %[n by inw>d signs1 e4g4 by te>s1 or a sad face4 ,! ,battle ( ,pi/oria 7,pi/oia1 ,n4,w4 ( ,faesulae74 ',catil9e %[$ on ?is day t nature _h de/9$ him = no ord9>y ?+s1 & t he knew at once h[ to comm& & h[ to fight z a soldi]4 ,at l5g? ,petreius1 ) 8 bodygu>d1 broke ! c5tre ( ! enemy1 & !n attack$ ! two w+s f )94 ,?is decid$ ! day4' --,m4 ,! "* ( ,catil9e4 ',he 0 "o ( ! mo/ wick$ m5 9 t wick$ age4 ,he possess$ 9 a high degree ! qualities :i* are requir$ 9 ! lead] ( a b& ( ru9$ & desp]ate m5--! faculty ( enjoy+ all pleasures & ( be>+ all privations1 c\rage1 milit>y tal5t1 k ( m51 indomitable en]gy4' --,m4 ,cf4 ,sall4 ,catil4 #e4 ,b#cf ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caes> 7#d74 ,=ms ! ,fir/ ,triumvirate3 ,consul1 #fj-ei ,b4,c4 ,hoc igitur consule int] eum et ,cn4 ,pompeium et ,m4 ,crassum inita pot5tiae societas1 quae urbi orbique t]r>um nec m9us div]so quoque tempore ipsis exitiabilis fuit4 ,hoc consilium sequ5di ,pompeius causam habu]at1 ut t&em acta 9 #e transm>9is prov9ciis1 quibus1 ut pra$iximus1 multi obtrectabant1 p] ,caes>em confirm>5tur consulem1 ,caes> autem1 quod animadv]tebat se c$5do ,pompei gloriae aucturum suam et invidia communis pot5tiae 9 illum relegata confirmaturum #aj vires suas1 ,crassus1 ut quem pr9cipatum solus adsequi non pot]at1 auctoritate ,pompei1 viribus t5]et ,caes>is4 ,adf9itas etiam int] ,caes>em ,pompeiumque contracta nuptiis1 quippe ,iuliam1 filiam ,c4 ,caes>is1 ,cn4 ,magnus duxit uxorem4 ,9 #ae hoc consulatu ,caes> legem tulit1 ut ag] ,campanus plebei divid]etur1 suasore legis ,pompeio3 ita circit] ,,xx milia civium eo d$ucta et ius urbis re/itutum po/ annos circit] ,,clii quam bello ,punico ab ,romanis ,capua 9 =mam praefecturae #bj r$acta erat4 ,bibulus1 collega ,caes>is1 cum actiones eius magis vellet imp$ire quam posset1 maiore p>te anni domi se t5uit3 quo facto dum aug]e vult invidiam collegae1 auxit pot5tiam4 ,tum ,caes>i decretae 9 qu9qu5nium ,galliae4 #be ,,vell4 ,,pat4 ii4 #dd4 ,l95otes3 #a-b4 int] eum 444 societas1 ! fam\s ,fir/ ,triumvirate4 ',x 0 at fir/ an exp$i5t to secure1 z we %\ld say1 a work+ majority = a vigor\s democratic policy1 b ! bitt]ness ( its enemies trans=m$ ! coalition itself f an hon\rable union into ! semblance ( a ?ree-head$ tyranny4' --,w>de ,f[l]4 #d-g4 ,! ultra-s5atorial p>ty 7aft] ,pompeius' great act ( r5unciation1 :5 he dismiss$ 8 victori\s vet]ans 9 #fb ,b4,c47 _h *eck$ & worri$ ,pompeius by refus+ to ratify 8 arrangem5ts 9 ! ,ea/1 & by criticis+ & oppos+ 8 plans = rew>d+ 8 vet]ans4 ,?us !y delib]ately drove him once m into ! arms ( ,caes> & ! democracy4 #aj4 relegata attribut$1 imput$1 lit4 remov$ 7re lg74 #ba4 ,bibulus1 collega ,caes>is3 cf4 ,suet4 ,divus ,iulius #bj3 ,non ,bibulo quicquam1 nup] s$ ,caes>e factum e/3 ,nam ,bibulo fi]i consule nil mem9i4 ,caes>'s ,fir/ ,consul%ip4 ,among 8 o!r acts 0 ! fam\s ,lex ,iulia de pecuniis repetundis 7aga9/ (ficial extortion 9 ! prov9ces71 :i* won /rong praise ev5 f ,cic]o himself4 ,b#cg ,,! ,,gallic ,,w>1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#a7 ',t day he ov]came ! ,n]vii1' #eg ,b4,c4 ,caes> ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu pr(ectus1 ubi suos urg]i signisque 9 unum locum collatis duodecimae legionis conf]tos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse imp$im5to vidit--qu>tae cohortis omnibus c5turionibus occisis1 #e signif]o int]fecto1 signo amisso1 reliqu>um cohortium omnibus f]e c5turionibus aut vuln]atis aut occisis1 9 8 primipilo ,p4 ,sextio ,baculo1 =tissimo viro1 multis gravibusque voln]ibus confecto1 ut iam se su/9]e non posset2 reliquos esse t>diores et nonnullos #aj ab novissimis des]to proelio exc$]e ac tela vit>e1 ho/es neque a fronte ex inf]iore loco subeuntes int]mitt]e et ab utroque lat]e in/>e1 et rem esse 9 angu/o vidit neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset1 scuto ab novissimis #ae militi detracto1 quod ipse eo s9e scuto v5]at1 9 primam aciem processit2 c5turionibusque nom9atim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa inf]re et manipulos lax>e iussit1 quo facilius gladiis uti poss5t4 ,cuius adv5tu spe illata militibus ac #bj r$9tegrato animo1 cum pro se quisque 9 conspectu imp]atoris etiam 9 extremis suis rebus op]am nav>e cup]et1 paulum ho/ium impetus t>datus e/4 ,,caes>1 de ,b4 ,g4 ii4 #be4 ,context4 ,! ,n]vii1 ! brave/ ( ! ,belgae1 surpris$ ,caes>'s m5 :ile at "w on _! camp4 ,!re 0 no "t to ?9k3 !y took /ation :]e !y c\ld4 ,! #i? & #aj? legions on ! left broke & pursu$ ! enemy 9 front ( !m1 & ! two legions 9 ! c5tre /ood firm4 ,b on ! "r !re 0 a gap1 & ! ,n]vii 7 rapidly surr\nd+ ! two legions huddl$ toge!r "h1 & ! fight ?reat5$ e mom5t to become a second ,cannae1 :5 ,caes> re/or$ ! fight4 ,labi5us s5t back ! victori\s #aj?1 :o took ! enemy 9 _! re>1 & ! cavalry complet$ ! victory4 ,l95otes3 #ad-ae4 neque ullum 444 posset3 ! re> gu>d1 ! #ac? & #ad? legions1 _h n yet come up4 #ah-ai4 signa 444 lax>e to *>ge & 7?us7 op5 out ! ranks4 #bb-bc4 op]am nav>e to d _! v be/4 navo 7orig4 gnavo2 cf4 gnsk7 lit4 to make kn[n1 to exhibit4 ,! ,battle ( ! ,sambre4 ,"o ( ! mo/ desp]ate t ,caes> ev] f\ght4 ,! memory ( x liv$ 9 ,caes>'s m9d s vividly t he seems to fight ! battle ov] aga9 z he describes x1 9 language = him unusually /rong & int5se4 --,w4 ,f4 ,result ( ! ,battle1 ! submission ( ,nor? ,we/ ,gaul4 ,b#ch ,,! ,,gallic ,,w>1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,naval ,battle ) ! ,v5eti1 #ef ,b4,c4 ,una erat magno usui res praep>ata a no/ris1--falces praeacutae ins]tae affixaeque longuriis non absimili =ma muralium falcium4 ,8 cum funes qui antemnas ad malos de/9abant compreh5si adductique ess5t1 navigio remis incitato pra]umpebantur4 #e ,quibus abscisis antemnae necess>io concidebant2 ut1 cum omnis ,gallicis spes 9 velis armam5tisque consi/]et1 8 ereptis omnis usus navium uno tempore erip]etur4 ,reliquum erat c]tam5 positum 9 virtute1 qua no/ri milites facile #aj sup]abant atque eo magis1 quod 9 conspectu ,caes>is atque omnis ex]citus res g]ebatur1 ut nullum paulo =tius factum lat]e posset2 omnes enim colles ac loca sup]iora1 unde erat prop9quus despectus 9 m>e1 ab ex]citu t5ebantur4 ,disiectis1 ut diximus1 #ae antemnis1 cum s+ulas b9ae ac t]nae naves circum/et]ant1 milites summa vi transc5d]e 9 ho/ium naves cont5debant4 ,quod po/quam b>b>i fi]i animadv]t]unt1 expugnatis compluribus navibus1 cum ei rei nullum rep]iretur auxilium1 fuga #bj salutem pet]e cont5d]unt4 ,ac iam conv]sis 9 eam p>tem navibus quo v5tus f]ebat1 tanta subito malacia ac tranquillitas ex/itit ut se ex loco mov]e non poss5t4 ,quae quidem res ad negotium confici5dum maxime fuit opportuna2 nam s+ulas #be no/ri consectati expugnav]unt1 ut p]paucae ex omni num]o noctis int]v5tu ad t]ram p]v5]9t1 cum ab hora f]e qu>ta usque ad solis occasum pugn>etur4 ,,caes>1 de ,b4 ,g4 iii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,context4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #eg-f ,roman (fic]s1 :o came to levy requisitions ( gra91 7 deta9$ by ! ,v5eti4 ,caes>'s attack on _! coa/-t[ns fail$ to r$uce !m to submission3 s he det]m9$ to wait = 8 fleet4 ,?is he entru/$ to ,decimus ,brutus1 an able & devot$ (fic]4 ,at fir/ ! ,roman galleys 7 p[]less aga9/ ! high-deck$ /rong sail+-vessels ( ! ,v5eti1 b ! use ( ! murales falces1 & ! opportune calm1 enabl$ ,brutus to annihilate _! fleet4 ,l95otes3 #aa-ab4 quod 444 g]ebatur4 ,napoleon 7,caes>1 vol4 ii4 p4 #f7 ?9ks t ,caes> 0 encamp$ on ! heights ( ,sa9t ,gildas ov]look+ ,quib]on ,bay4 #bc4 malacia a calm1 b malakia s(tness1 ,l4 mollities4 ,result ( ! ,victory--! surr5d] ( ! ,v5eti & ( all ,brittany4 ,! e>lie/ hi/orical naval battle f\ght on ! ,atlantic ,ocean4--,m4 ,b#ci ,,! ,,gallic ,,w>1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,caes>'s ,bridge across ! ,rh9e1 #ee ,b4,c4 ,rationem pontis hanc in/ituit4 ,tigna b9a sesquip$alia paulum ab imo praeacuta1 dim5sa ad altitud9em flum9is1 int]vallo p$um duorum int] se iungebat4 ,haec cum ma*9ationibus immissa 9 flum5 defix]at fi/ucisque adeg]at--non sublicae #e modo d]ecte ad p]p5diculum1 s$ prone ac fa/igate1 ut secundum naturam flum9is procumb]5t--eis item contr>ia duo ad eundem modum iuncta int]vallo p$um quadrag5um ab inf]iore p>te contra vim atque impetum flum9is conv]sa /atuebat4 #aj ,haec utraque insup] bip$alibus trabibus immissis1 quantum eorum tignorum iunctura di/abat1 b9is utrimque fibulis ab extrema p>te di/9ebantur2 quibus disclusis atque 9 contr>iam p>tem rev9ctis1 tanta erat op]is firmitudo atque #ae ea r]um natura ut1 quo maior vis aquae se incitavisset1 hoc artius illigata t5]5tur4 ,haec d]ecta mat]ia iniecta contexebantur ac longuriis cratibusque con/]nebantur2 ac nihilo setius sublicae et ad inf]iorem p>tem flum9is oblique agebantur1 quae #bj pro ariete subiectae et cum omni op]e coniunctae vim flum9is excip]5t2 et aliae item supra pontem m$iocri spatio1 ut1 si arborum trunci sive naves deici5di op]is ess5t a b>b>is immissae1 8 def5soribus e>um r]um vis m9u]etur1 neu ponti #be noc]5t4 ,,caes>1 de ,b4 ,g4 iv4 #ag4 ,context4 ,! ye> #ee ,b4,c4 appe>s to h be5 m>k$ by a g5]al movem5t 9 ! migration ( ! ,g]man tribes4 ,an advance1 consi/+ ( two tribes1 ! ,usipetes & ,t5ctri1 cr[d$ =w>d by ! m p[]ful ,suevi1 cross$ ! ,l[] ,rh9e into ,n4 ,gaul4 ,caes> drove !m back across ! ,rh9e1 bridg$ ! riv]1 foll[$ !m up into _! own t]ritories1 & fully e/abli%$ ! supremacy ( ! ,roman arms4 --,all5 & ,gre5\gh4 ,l95otes3 #e4 fi/ucisque adeg]at & _h driv5 !m home 7ad-7 ) ramm]s4 ,= ,plan ( ,bridge see ,all5's ,caes>1 p4 #ajc4 #aa-ad4 ,haec 444 di/9ebantur ^! two sets 7 held ap>t by two-feet timb]s laid on above1 equal 79 ?ickness7 to ! int]val left by ! fa/5+ ( ! piles 7quantum 444 di/abat71 ) a pair ( ties 7fibulis7 at ea* end4 --,a4 ,g4 #ag-ah4 ,haec 444 contexebantur ^! 7i4e4 ! framework ( timb]7 7 cov]$ ov] by bo>ds 7mat]ia7 laid l5g?wise4 longuriis ) long poles4 ,! ,bridge 7prob4 ne> ,bonn74 ',) extraord9>y spe$ 79 t5 days7 ! bridge 0 complet$4 ,x 0 a triumph ( eng9e]+ & indu/ry4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#dj ,,! ,,gallic ,,w>1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#d7 ,cassivellaunus4 ,second ,invasion ( ,brita91 #ed ,b4,c4 ,cassivellaunus1 omni deposita spe cont5tionis1 dimissis amplioribus copiis1 milibus circit] quattuor ess$>iorum relictis it9]a no/ra s]vabat3 paulumque ex via exc$ebat locisque imp$itis ac silve/ribus sese occultabat1 atque eis regionibus quibus #e nos it] facturos cognov]at pecora atque hom9es ex agris 9 silvas compellebat2 et cum equitatus no/] lib]ius pra$&i va/&ique causa se 9 agros eiec]at1 omnibus viis semitisque ess$>ios ex silvis emittebat2 et magno cum p]iculo no/rorum #aj equitum cum eis confligebat atque hoc metu latius vag>i prohibebat4 ,rel9quebatur ut neque longius ab agm9e legionum disc$i ,caes> pat]etur1 et tantum 9 agris va/&is inc5diisque faci5dis ho/ibus noc]etur quantum 9 labore atque it9]e #ae legion>ii milites effic]e pot]ant4 4 4 4 ,cassivellaunus hoc proelio nuntiato1 tot detrim5tis acceptis1 va/atis f9ibus1 maxime etiam p]motus defectione civitatum1 legatos p] ,atrebatem ,commium de d$itione ad ,caes>em mittit4 #bj ,,caes>1 de ,b4 ,g4 v4 #ai1 #bb4 ,context4 ,! ,fir/ ,invasion ( ,brita9 7#ee ,b4,c47 0 only a visit ( exploration2 b 9 ! ,second ,invasion 7#ed ,b4,c47 ,caes> aim$ at a p>tial conque/4 ,he _h be5 he>+ ( ,brita9 ev] s9ce he came to ,gaul1 & knew x to be a refuge = 8 ,celtic enemies & a secret s\rce ( _! /r5g?4 ,he set sail f ! ,portus ,ittius 7mod4 ,wissant1 "s twelve miles ,w4 ( ,calais7 & aft] drift+ "s way to ! ,n4,e41 made 8 way to 8 =m] l&+-place1 probably ne> ,romney4 ,"s sev]e fight+ foll[$1 till at l5g? ,caes> cross$ ! ,?ames 7app>5tly betwe5 ,k+/on & ,br5t=d7 & ent]$ ! c\ntry ( ,cassivellaunus1 :o gave ,caes> mu* tr\ble by 8 gu]illa tactics4 ,des]t$ by 8 allies1 ,cassivellaunus (f]$ 8 submission1 :i* ,caes> gladly accept$4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,cont5tionis1 i4e4 ( a g5]al engagem5t ) ,caes>4 #ab4 ,rel9quebatur ut ! consequ5ce 0 t 444 #ag4 hoc proelio1 i4e4 ! /orm+ by ,caes> ( 8 =tifi$ camp1 p]h4 ,/4 ,albans4 #ah-ai4 defectione civitatum1 espec4 ( ! ,tr9obantes 7*ief place ,camulodunum1 lat] ,colonia ca/rum ,col*e/]74 #ai4 ,commium1 ,caes> _h made him ,k+ ( ! ,atrebates 7,n4,w4 ,gaul74 ,caes> ,9 ,brita94 ',:at he tells u ( ! geography & inhabitants ( ! ,isl& comprises almo/ all we "k1 except f co9s1 d[n to ! "t ( its f9al conque/ by ,clodius #ea ,a4,d4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#da ,,! ,,gallic ,,w>1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#e7 ,! ,gallic upris+4 ,fabian tactics ( ,v]c+etorix1 #eb ,b4,c4 ,v]c+etorix tot cont9uis incommodis acceptis suos ad concilium convocat4 ,docet 'longe alia ratione esse bellum g]5dum atque antea ge/um sit2 omnibus modis huic rei /ud5dum ut pabulatione et commeatu ,romani prohibeantur3 id esse #e facile1 quod equitatu ipsi abund5t et quod anni tempore sublev5tur2 pabulum sec>i non posse2 necess>io disp]sos ho/es ex a$ificiis pet]e2 hos omnes cotidie ab equitibus del]i posse4 ,praet]ea1 salutis causa rei famili>is commoda negleg5da2 #aj vicos atque a$ificia inc5di oport]e hoc spatio quoquev]sus1 quo pabul&i causa adire posse videantur4 ,h>um ipsis r]um copiam suppet]e1 quod quorum 9 f9ibus bellum g]atur eorum opibus sublev5tur3 ,romanos aut inopiam non laturos aut #ae magno cum p]iculo longius a ca/ris processuros2 neque int]esse ipsosne int]ficiant an imp$im5tis exuant1 quibus amissis bellum g]i non possit4 ,praet]ea1 oppida inc5di oport]e quae non munitione et loci natura ab omni s9t p]iculo tuta2 ne #bj suis s9t ad detrect&am militiam receptacula1 neu ,romanis proposita ad copiam commeatus pra$amque toll5dam4 ,haec si gravia aut ac]ba videantur1 multo illa gravius ae/im>i deb]e1 lib]os1 coniuges 9 s]vitutem ab/rahi1 ipsos int]fici2 #be quae sit necesse accid]e victis4' ,,caes>1 de ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #ad4 ,context4 ,on 8 return f ,brita91 ,caes> f\nd ! ,n4 ,gauls 9 op5 revolt4 ,! division ( ,sab9us 7at ,aduatuca1 ne> ,lige7 0 annihilat$ by ,ambiorix1 & ,caes> 0 only j 9 "t to relieve ,q4 ,cic]o at ,*>l]oi4 ,to prev5t all fur!r support to ! ,gauls f ! ,g]mans across ! ,rh9e1 ,caes> aga9 made a milit>y demon/ration across ! riv]1 & put an end to all ! hopes ( ! ,g]mans ( break+ ?r\gh ?is b\nd>y4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ec-b ,b4,c41 dur+ 8 abs5ce 9 ,cisalp9e ,gaul1 a g5]al upris+ ( ! ,s4 & ,c5tral ,gauls took place "u ! ,arv]nian ,v]c+etorix1 ! h]o ( ! :ole ,gallic race4 ,l95otes3 #f-g4 anni tempore1 i4e4 sc>cely yet spr+1 :5 no crops c\ld be got (f ! l&4 #aa-ab4 hoc spatio quoquev]sus1 quo s f> 9 e direction z4 #ai4 oppida inc5di3 only ,av>icum 7,b\rges7 0 to be sp>$4 #bb4 proposita (f]$ to be captur$ by ! ,romans4 ,! tactics ( ,v]c+etorix4 ',he adopt$ a sy/em ( w>f>e simil> to t by :i* ,cassivellaunus _h sav$ ! ,celts ( ,brita94' --,m4 ,b#db ,,! ,,gallic ,,w>1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#f7 ,siege ( ,g]govia4 ,petronius dies to save 8 m51 #eb ,b4,c4 ,cum ac]rime comm9us pugn>etur1 ho/es loco et num]o1 no/ri virtute confid]5t1 subito sunt ,a$ui visi ab lat]e no/ris ap]to1 quos ,caes> ab dextra p>te alio asc5su manus di/95dae causa mis]at4 ,hi similitud9e armorum vehem5t] #e no/ros p]t]ru]unt4 ,eodem tempore ,l4 ,fabius c5turio quique una murum asc5d]ant circumv5ti atque int]fecti de muro praecipitabantur4 ,m4 ,petronius1 eiusdem legionis c5turio1 cum portas excid]e conatus esset1 a multitud9e oppressus ac sibi desp]ans1 #aj multis iam voln]ibus acceptis1 manipul>ibus suis qui illum secuti erant1 ',quoniam1' inquit1 'me una vobiscum s]v>e non possum1 ve/rae quidem c]te vitae prospiciam1 quos cupiditate gloriae adductus 9 p]iculum d$uxi4 ,vos data facultate vobis consulite4' #ae ,simul 9 ni$ios ho/es irrupit1 duobusque int]fectis reliquos a porta paulum submovit4 ,conantibus auxili>i suis1 ',fru/ra1' inquit1 'meae vitae subv5ire conam9i1 quem iam sanguis viresque deficiunt4 ,pro9de abite dum e/ facultas vosque ad #bj legionem recipite4' ,ita pugnans po/ paulum concidit ac suis saluti fuit4 ,,caes>1 de ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #ej4 ,context4 ,) a half-/>v$ army ,caes> /orm$ ,av>icum aft] a mo/ ob/9ate def5ce1 & !n laid siege to ! ,arv]nian capital ( ,g]govia1 9 hope ( de/roy+ ,v]c+etorix & end+ ! w>4 ,z ! t[n 0 too /rong to be tak5 by /orm1 he resolv$ to try a blockade1 b he fail$1 z at ,dyrra*ium 9 #di ,b4,c41 f want ( suffici5t troops4 ,a la/ desp]ate attack on ! t[n 0 repuls$1 & ,caes>1 defeat$ = ! fir/ "t1 0 =c$ to raise ! siege4 ,l95otes3 #c4 ab lat]e no/ris ap]to3 z a soldi] c>ries 8 %ield on ! left arm1 leav+ ! sword h& free1 ?is 7"r7 side is call$ latus ap]tum4--,compton4 #d4 manus di/95dae causa = ! purpose ( div]t+ 7di/95dae1 lit4 hold (f7 ! enemy's =ce4 #f4 p]t]ru]unt3 ?is 0 all ! m natural1 z ! ,a$uan cont+5t 0 only await+ ! result ( ! blockade1 to op5ly jo9 ! insurg5ts4 #i4 excid]e to cut away1 hew d[n1 i4e4 f )94 ,g]govia1 #d miles ,s4 ( ,cl]mont4 ,?is fam\s /ronghold consi/s ( a rectangul> plateau ne>ly a mile 9 l5g?1 & "s #acjj feet above ! pla9 ?r\gh :i* ! ,alli] fl[s1 & desc5d+ /eeply on all sides b "o to ! gr\nd4 ,caes>'s failure4 ',! fact 0 t *iefly ow+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd & _! own ard\r1 ,caes>'s m5 7 n well 9 h&4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#dc ,,! ,,gallic ,,w>1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#g7 ,siege ( ,alesia4 ,! ,la/ ,fight ( ,v]c+etorix1 #eb ,b4,c4 ,v]c+etorix ex arce ,alesiae suos conspicatus ex oppido egr$itur3 crates1 longurios1 musculos1 fasces1 reliquaque quae eruptionis causa p>av]at pr(]t4 ,pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis atque omnia temptantur2 quae m9ime visa p>s firma e/ huc #e concurritur4 ,romanorum manus tantis munitionibus di/9etur nec facile pluribus locis occurrit4 4 4 4 ,labi5us1 po/quam neque agg]es neque fossae vim ho/ium su/9]e pot]ant1 coactis ,,xi cohortibus1 quas ex proximis praesidiis d$uctas =s obtulit1 #aj ,caes>em p] nuntios facit c]tiorem quid faci5dum exi/imet4 ,accel]at ,caes> ut proelio int]sit4 ,eius adv5tu ex colore ve/itus cognito 7quo insigni 9 proeliis uti consu]at71 turmisque equitum et cohortibus visis quas se sequi iuss]at1 ut de locis #ae sup]ioribus haec declivia et devexa cemebantur1 ho/es proelium committunt4 ,utrimque clamore sublato excipit rursus ex vallo atque omnibus munitionibus clamor4 ,no/ri omissis pilis gladiis rem g]unt4 ,rep5te po/ t]gum equitatus c]nitur3 #bj cohortes aliae approp9quant4 ,ho/es t]ga v]tunt2 fugi5tibus equites occurrunt3 fit magna ca$es3 pauci ex tanto num]o se incolumes 9 ca/ra recipiunt4 ,,caes>1 de ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #hd1 #hg1 #hh4 ,context4 ,aft] 8 successful def5ce ( ,g]govia1 ,v]c+etorix all[$ 8 judgm5t to be ov]rul$1 & attack$ ,caes>'s army 7n[ unit$ to ! division ( ,labi5us7 on ! m>*4 ,caes> %ook (f ! enemy ) ! help ( 8 ,g]man cavalry1 & turn$ _! retreat into a r\t4 ,v4 !n ?rew himself ) all 8 =ces into ,alesia4 ,caes> con/ruct$ an inn] l9e ( inve/m5t & an out] l9e ( def5ce1 & 0 ?us able to we> out ! besieg$ & beat back ! reliev+ ho/ ( ! ,gauls4 ,l95otes3 #a4 suos1 i4e4 ! ho/ 7"s #bej1jjj7 ( ! reliev+ army ( ,gauls4 #b4 musculos 7dim94 ( mus7 p5t-h\ses or %$s4 #d4 omnibus locis1 i4e4 along ! :ole l5g? ( ,caes>'s out] l9e ( def5ce1 :]e x ran along ! slope ( ,mont ,ra1 to ! ,n4,w4 ( ,alesia4 ,?is1 z ! reliev+ ,gauls 7 quick to see1 0 ! weake/ po9t ( ! :ole l9e4 #ac4 ex colore ve/itus1 i4e4 ! purple or sc>let paludam5tum4 ,v]c+etorix4 ,! ,celtic (fic]s deliv]$ up ,v4 to ,caes>1 to be l$ 9 triumph five ye>s lat]1 & behead$ z a traitor4 ,9 #ahfe a /atue 0 erect$ on ! summit ( ,alesia1 9 hon\r ( ! h]oic ,gaul4 ,! fall ( ,alesia decid$ ! fate ( ,gaul4 ,b#dd ,,cic]o ,,9 ,,exile1 ,,m>* #eh ,b4,c4-,,augu/ #eg ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,8 ,bani%m5t4 ,p] idem tempus ,p4 ,clodius1 homo nobilis1 dis]tus1 audax1 quique dic5di neque faci5di ullum nisi quem vellet nosset modum1 malorum propositorum exsecutor ac]rimus1 cum graves inimicitias cum ,m4 ,cic]one ex]c]et 7quid enim int] tam #e dissimilis amicum esse pot]at87 et a patribus ad plebem transisset1 legem 9 tribunatu tulit1 qui civem ,romanum non damnatum int]emisset1 ei aqua et igni int]dic]etur3 cuius v]bis etsi non nom9abatur ,cic]o1 tam5 solus petebatur4 ,ita vir optime #aj m]itus de re publica cons]vatae patriae pretium calamitatem exili tulit4 ,non c>u]unt suspicione oppressi ,cic]onis ,caes> et ,pompeius4 ,hoc sibi contraxisse videbatur ,cic]o1 quod int] xx viros divid5do agro ,campano esse noluisset4 ,idem intra #ae bi5nium s]a ,cn4 ,pompei cura1 v]um ut coepit int5ta1 votisque ,italiae ac decretis s5atus1 virtute atque actione ,anni ,milonis tribuni pl4 dignitati patriaeque re/itutus e/4 ,neque po/ ,numidici exilium ac r$itum quisquam aut expulsus invidiosius #bj aut receptus e/ laetius3 cuius domus quam infe/e a ,clodio disiecta erat1 tam speciose a s5atu re/ituta e/4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 ii4 #de4 ,l95otes3 #f-g4 a patribus 444 transisset4 ,:5 ,cic]o refus$ to ?r[ 9 8 lot ) ! ,triumvirs1 ,publius ,clodius 0 7by ! aid ( ,caes> z ,pontifex ,maximus7 hurri$ly transf]r$ f a patrician to a plebeian g5s1 & !n *os5 a tribune ( ! p = ! ye> #eh ,b4,c4 ,clodius 0 ?us enabl$ to satisfy 8 private hatr$ ( ,cic]o1 & ,caes> 0 enabl$ to get rid ( ! man :o p]si/$ 9 oppos+ him4 #g-h4 qui 444 int]emisset3 aim$ at ,cic]o = 8 %>e 9 ! summ>y execution ( ! ,catil9>ians #fc ,b4,c4 ,momms5 calls x a judicial murd]4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,s5ate _h n ! p[] ( s5t5c+ citiz5s to dea?4 ,b ,cic]o argues t ! legal effect ( ! ,s5atus consultum ultimum 0 to dis5fran*ise ,l5tulus & 8 associates1 & to place !m 9 ! position ( outlaws4 #ab-ac4 ,non c>u]unt 444 ,pompeius3 ,caes> hav+ 9 va9 tri$ to w9 him ov] ab&on$ him to 8 fate1 & ,pompeius basely des]t$ him4 #ae4 divid5do agro ,campano1 i4e4 by ,caes>'s ,agr>ian ,law ( #ei ,b4,c41 to provide = ,pompey's vet]ans4 #ah4 ,anni ,milonis3 ! bravoes ( ,milo protect$ f di/urbance ! vot]s engag$ 9 sanction+ ! decree = ! recall ( ,cic]o4 #ai4 ,numidici1 i4e4 ,q4 ,caecilius ,metellus1 g5]al aga9/ ,jugur?a1 sup]s$$ by ,m>ius & =c$ to retire to ,rhodes4 ,b#de ,,cic]o ,,9 ,,exile1 ,,m>* #eh ,b4,c4-,,augu/ #eg ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,8 ,return4 ,pr4 ,nonas ,sextiles ,dyrra*io sum pr(ectus1 ipso illo die1 quo lex e/ lata de nobis2 ,brundisium v5i ,nonis ,sextilibus3 ibi mihi ,tulliola mea fuit prae/o natali suo ipso die1 qui casu idem natalis erat et ,brundis9ae coloniae et tuae vic9ae ,salutis2 quae #e res animadv]sa a multitud9e summa ,brundis9orum gratulatione celebrata e/4 ,ante diem vi ,idus ,sextiles cognovi1 cum ,brundisii essem1 litt]is ,qu9ti1 mirifico /udio omnium aetatum atque ord9um1 incr$ibili concursu ,italiae legem comitiis #aj c5turiatis esse p]latam3 inde a ,brundis9is hone/issimis ornatus it] ita feci1 ut undique ad me cum gratulatione legati conv5]9t4 ,ad urbem ita v5i1 ut nemo ullius ord9is homo nom5clatori notus fu]it1 qui mihi obviam non v5]it1 praet] eos #ae inimicos1 quibus id ipsum1 se inimicos esse1 non lic]et aut dissimul>e aut neg>e4 ,cum v5issem ad portam ,cap5am1 gradus templorum ab infima plebe completi erant1 a qua plausu maximo cum esset mihi gratulatio significata1 similis et frequ5tia #bj et plausus me usque ad ,capitolium celebravit1 9 =oque et 9 ipso ,capitolio mir&a multitudo fuit4 ,po/ridie 9 s5atu1 qui fuit dies ,non>um ,septembr41 s5atui gratias egimus4 ,,cic]o1 ,ep4 ad ,att4 iv4 #a4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,dyrra*io 7=m]ly ,epidamnus1 mod4 ,durazzo71 a t[n 9 ,illyria1 on a p59sula 9 ! ,adriatic4 ,x 0 ! usual port ( l&+ & dep>ture f & = ,brundisium 7di/ant ab\t #ajj miles74 #c4 ,tulliola1 ,cic]o's de>ly-lov$ daught] ,tullia1 ! only "o ( 8 family ( ^: conduct he nev] compla9s1 & 8 t5d] & sympa?is+ companion 9 all 8 pursuits4 #d-e4 qui casu 444 coloniae4 ,brundisium 0 f\nd$ #bdd ,b4,c4 ,! ,via ,appia t]m9at$ "h4 #e4 tuae vic9ae ,salutis1 ! ,temple ( ,salus on ! ,quir9al 0 ne> ! h\se ( ,atticus4 #i4 ,qu9ti 7sc4 ,cic]onis73 ,cic]o's only bro!r1 a gallant soldi] 7e4g4 z legatus to ,caes> 9 ,gaul71 b a man ( viol5t temp]4 ,proscrib$ by ! ,triumvirs1 & put to dea? 9 #dc ,b4,c4 #aa-ab4 a ,brundis9is 444 ornatus hav+ receiv$ att5tions f ! mo/ respectable m5 ( ,brundisium4 #ac4 legati deputations1 i4e4 f ! v>i\s t[ns en r\te4 #ad4 nom5clatori 7 lit4 "o :o calls by "n1 cf4 kal-e1 ,cal-endae73 a confid5tial slave :o att5d$ 8 ma/] 9 canvass+1 & on simil> occasions1 & told him ! names ( ! p he met4 #ah4 ad portam ,cap5am 7,porta ,s4 ,seba/iano71 by :i* ! ,via ,appia l$ to ,capua4 ',cic]o1 p]haps = effect1 foll[$ ! l9e ( triumphal procession4' --,impey4 ,b#df ,,cic]o',s ,,recantation1 #ef ,b4,c4 ,9 praise ( ,caes>4 ,itaque cum ac]rimis nationibus et maximis ,g]manorum et ,helvetiorum proeliis felicissime dec]tavit3 cet]as cont]ruit1 compulit1 domuit1 imp]io populi ,romani p>]e assuefecit1 et quas regiones1 quasque g5tes nullae nobis antea litt]ae1 #e nulla vox1 nulla fama notas fec]at1 has no/] imp]ator no/]que ex]citus et populi ,romani arma p]agr>unt4 ,semitam tantum ,galliae t5ebamus antea1 patres conscripti2 cet]ae p>tes a g5tibus aut inimicis huic imp]io1 aut infidis1 aut #aj incognitis1 aut c]te immanibus et b>b>is et bellicosis t5ebantur2 quas nationes1 nemo umquam fuit1 qu9 frangi dom>ique cup]et2 nemo sapi5t] de republica no/ra cogitavit iam inde a pr9cipio huius imp]i1 qu9 ,galliam maxime tim5dam huic #ae imp]io put>et2 s$ propt] vim ac multitud9em g5tium ill>um numquam e/ antea cum omnibus dimicatum4 ,re/itimus semp] lacessiti4 ,nunc d5ique e/ p]fectum1 ut imp]ii no/ri t]r>umque ill>um idem esset extremum4 #bj ,,cic]o1 de ,prov9ciis ,consul>ibus1 #cc4 ,l95otes3 #c4 compulit *eck$1 usu4 to con/ra94 #e4 nullae litt]ae no book4 #h4 ,semitam tantum ,galliae x 0 b a /rip ( ,gaul4 --,w4 ,f4 ,semita 7se mi g aside1 cf4 meo1 trames7 lit4 a n>r[ way1 pa?4 #ac-ad4 nemo 444 cogitavit !re nev] has be5 a prud5t /atesman4 --,w4 ,f4 #ag4 cum omnibus1 i4e4 ) ! ,gauls z a nation4 #ai-bj4 ut imp]i 444 extremum1 i4e4 t our ,empire ext5ds to ! utmo/ limits ( t l&4 ,cic]o's ,recantation 7pal9dia74 ,! "t = ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,s5atorial p>ty 7! ,optimates7 & ! ,triumvirs1 weak5$ by _! mutual jeal\sy1 seem$ to h come4 ,accord+ly ,cic]o propos$ 9 a full h\se to reconsid] ,caes>'s ,agr>ian ,law 7( #ei ,b4,c47 = ! allotm5t ( l&s 9 ,campania2 :ile ,domitius ,ah5ob>bus 7c&idate = next ye>'s ,consul%ip7 op5ly decl>$ 8 int5tion to propose ,caes>'s recall4 ,caes> act$ ) 8 usual promptness1 & ! ,conf]5ce at ,luca re/or$ an und]/&+ betwe5 ! ?ree reg5ts4 ,pompeius !n cross$ to ,s>d9ia1 & in=m$ ,q4 ,cic]o t he w\ld be held reponsible = any act ( ho/ility on ! "p ( 8 bro!r4 ,cic]o _h no *oice b to submit1 & deliv]$ 9 ! ,s5ate 8 oration de ,prov9ciis ,consul>ibus1 a political manife/o on behalf ( ,caes> & ,pompeius--! ,recantation allud$ to 9 ,ep4 ad ,att4 iv4 #e1 & elaborately expla9$ 9 ,ep4 ad ,fam4 i4 #i 7to ,l5tulus ,sp9!r74 ,b#dg ,,c>rhae1 #ec ,b4,c4 7#a7 ',quem deus vult p]d]e1 prius dem5tat4' ,dum ,gallos p] ,caes>em 9 sept5trione debellat1 ipse int]im ad ori5tem grave volnus a ,p>?is populus ,romanus accepit4 ,nec de =tuna qu]i possumus2 c>et solacio clades4 ,adv]sis et dis et hom9ibus cupiditas consulis ,crassi1 dum ,p>?ico #e inhiat auro1 undecim /rage legionum et ipsius capite multata e/4 ,primum enim1 qui solus et subveh]e commeatus et munire pot]at a t]go1 relictus ,euphrates1 dum simulato transfugae cuidam ,mazz>ae ,syro cr$itur4 ,tum 9 m$iam camporum #aj va/itatem eodem duce ductus ex]citus1 ut undique ho/i expon]etur4 ,itaque vixdum v5]at ,c>rhas cum undique praefecti regis ,silaces et ,sur5as o/5d]e signa auro s]icisque vexillis vibrantia4 ,tunc s9e mora circumfusi undique equitatus 9 #ae modum gr&9is atque nimborum d5sa p>it] tela fud]unt4 ,sic mis]abili /rage deletus ex]citus4 ,ipse 9 colloquium sollicitatus signo dato vivus 9 ho/ium manus incidisset1 nisi tribunis reluctantibus fugam ducis b>b>i f]ro occupass5t4 ,filium #bj ducis pa5e 9 conspectu patris eisdem telis op]u]unt4 ,reliquiae infelicis ex]citus1 quo quemque rapuit fuga1 9 ,arm5iam ,ciliciam ,syriamque di/ractae vix nuntium cladis rettul]unt4 ,,florus1 ,,iii4 xi4 #a-aj 7sel47 ,context4 ,by ! conf]5ce ( ! ,triumvirs at ,luca1 x 0 arrang$ to secure ! succession ( ,crassus to ! gov]nm5t ( ,syria1 9 ord] to make w> on ! gr[+ /r5g? ( ! ,p>?ian ,empire beyond ! ,euphrates4 ,consul ) ,pompeius 9 #ee ,b4,c4 he set out = 8 prov9ce ev5 be=e ! expiration ( 8 consul%ip 'eag] to ga!r 9 ! treasures ( ! ,ea/ 9 addition to ^? ( ! ,we/4' ,l95otes3 #g-ad4 ,primum enim 444 vibrantia4 ,! ,arab pr9ce ,abg>us induc$ ,crassus to leave ! ,euphrates1 & cross ! great ,mesopotamian des]t to ! ,tigris4 ,:5 at l5g? ! enemy (f]$ battle "s #cj miles to ! ,s4 ( ,c>rhae 7,h>ran1 n f> f ,edessa71 by ! side ( ! ,p>?ian vizi] /ood pr9ce ,abg>us ) 8 ,b$\9s4 #ae-ag4 ,tunc s9e mora 444 ex]citus4 ,! ,roman weapons ( close combat1 & ! ,roman sy/em ( conc5tration yield$ = ! fir/ "t to cavalry & di/ant w>f>e 7! b[74 #bj-ba4 ,filium ducis3 8 "y & brave son ,publius1 :o _h s]v$ ) ! greate/ di/9ction "u ,caes> 9 ,gaul4 #bb4 ,reliquiae3 out ( #dj1jjj ,roman legion>ies1 :o _h cross$ ! ,euphrates1 n a f\r? "p return$3 #bj1jjj fell1 & #aj1jjj 7 tak5 prison]s4 ,c>rhae4 ',! day ( ,c>rhae takes its place side by side ) ! days ( ! ,allia1 & ( ,cannae4' --,m4 ,b#dh ,,c>rhae1 #ec ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,aft] ! ,battle4 ,a4 ,temporis angu/i mansit concordia discors1 ,paxque fuit non sponte ducum2 nam sola futuri ,crassus erat belli m$ius mora4 ,qualit] undas #ajj ,qui secat et gem9um gracilis m>e sep>at ,i/hmos ,nec patitur conf]re fretum3 si t]ra rec$at1 ,ionium ,aegaeo frangat m>e3 sic1 ubi saeva ,arma ducum dirim5s mis]&o fun]e ,crassus ,assyrias ,latio maculavit sangu9e ,c>rhas1 #aje ,p>?ica ,romanos solv]unt damna furores4 ,plus illa vobis acie quam cr$itis actum e/1 ,arsacidae3 bellum victis civile d$i/is4 ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 i4 #ih-ajh4 ,l95otes3 #ih4 ,temporis 444 discors ! %ort-liv$ concord endur$1 b x 0 a j>r+ 7discors7 concord4 --,hask9s4 #aja4 ,i/hmos1 sc4 ( ,cor9?3 ,caes> plann$ to cut x1 & ?us to secure a direct r\te by sea1 connect+ ,italy & ! ,ea/4 #ajb4 ,nec patitur 444 fretum & suff]s x 7m>e1 l4 #aja7 n to jo9 its wat]s1 i4e4 ! ,cor9?ian & ,s>onic gulfs4 ,b4 ,milesne ,crassi coniuge b>b>a ,turpis m>itus vixit1 et ho/ium 7,pro curia inv]sique mores67 ,cons5uit soc]orum 9 armis #h ,sub rege ,m$o ,m>sus et ,apulus1 ,anciliorum et nom9is et togae ,oblitus aet]naeque ,ve/ae1 ,incolumi ,iove et urbe ,roma8 #ab ,,horace1 ,odes ,,iii4 v4 #e-ab4 ,ne>ly #aj1jjj ,roman prison]s 7 settl$ by ! victors 9 ! oasis ( ,m]v1 z bondsm5 compell$ aft] ! ,p>?ian fa%ion to r5d] milit>y s]vice 79 armis1 l4 #h74 ,l95otes3 #h4 ,cons5uit3 ,c>rhae 7#ec ,b4,c47 0 f\ght #bf ye>s be=e ?is ,ode 0 writt5 7#bg ,b4,c474 #aj-aa4 ,anciliorum1 aet]nae ,ve/ae1 pl$ges ( ! immortality ( ,rome4 #aj4 togae1 i4e4 ! ,roman p1 ! g5s togata4 #ab4 ,iove1 ,jove's temple on ! ,capitol4 ,c4 ,crassus ad ,euphrat5 aquilas natumque suosque ,p]didit1 et leto e/ ultimus ipse datus4 ,p>!1 quid exsultas8 dixit dea1 signa remittes1 ,quique necem ,crassi v9dicet1 ultor erit4 #dfh ,,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #dfe-dfh4 ,hallam ,,vi4 #cig-djj ,l95ote3 #c-d4 ,dur+ ! la/ few mon?s ( 8 life1 ,caes> 0 occupi$ ) ! prep>ations = 8 exp$ition aga9/ ! ,p>?ians4 ,9 #cf ,b4,c4 ,antonius c>ri$ on a disa/r\s campaign aga9/ ,phraates1 ,k+ ( ,p>?ia1 b 9 #bj ,b4,c4 ,augu/us receiv$ f ! ,k+ ! ,eagles 7signa1 l4 #dfg7 & prison]s captur$ at ,c>rhae4 ,b#di ,,cic]o1 ,,gov]nor ,,( ,,cilicia1 #ea-ej ,b4,c4 ,8 humane ,adm9i/ration4 ,ipse 9 ,asiam pr(ectus sum ,t>so ,nonis ,ianu>iis1 non meh]cule dici pote/1 qua admiratione ,ciliciae civitatum maximeque ,t>s5sium2 po/ea v]o quam ,taurum transgressus sum1 mirifica exspectatio ,asiae no/r>um dioecesium1 quae sex #e m5sibus imp]ii mei nullas meas accep]at litt]as1 numquam hospitem vid]at4 ,illud autem tempus quotannis ante me fu]at 9 hoc quae/u2 civitates locupletes1 ne 9 hib]na milites recip]5t1 magnas pecunias dabant1 ,cyprii tal5ta ,attica ,,cc1 qua ex #aj insula--non hup]boliks1 s$ v]issime loquor--nummus nullus me obt95te erogabatur4 ,ob haec b5eficia1 quibus illi ob/upescunt1 nullos honores mihi nisi v]borum dec]ni s9o2 /atuas1 fana1 te?rippa prohibeo1 nec sum 9 ulla re alia mole/us #ae civitatibus1 s$ =tasse tibi1 qui haec pra$icem de me4 ,p]if]1 si me amas2 tu enim me haec fac]e volui/i4 ,it] igitur ita p] ,asiam feci1 ut etiam fames1 qua nihil mis]ius e/1 quae tum erat 9 hac mea ,asia--messis enim nulla fu]at--1 mihi opt&a #bj fu]it3 quacumque it] feci1 nulla vi1 nullo iudicio1 nulla contumelia auctoritate et cohortatione p]feci1 ut et ,graeci et cives ,romani1 qui frum5tum compress]ant1 magnum num]um populis pollic]5tur4 ,,cic]o1 ,ep4 ad ,atticum1 v4 #ba4 ,l95otes3 #a4 9 ,asiam1 i4e4 to ! di/ricts ,n4 ( ! ,taurus range1 :i* belong$ geographically to ,asia 9 ! ,roman s5se1 b 7 politically atta*$ to ,cilicia4 --,watson4 ,t>so on ! ,r4 ,cydnus1 ab\t twelve miles above its m\?4 ,pompeius made ,t>sus ! capital ( ! new prov9ce ( ,cilicia1 #ff ,b4,c4 #f-g4 nullas meas 444 vid]at _h nev] receiv$ dem&s 7litt]as7 f me1 nev] se5 a man billet$ on !m4 ,! hospites soldi]s or public (ficials4 #h4 fu]at 9 hoc quae/u _h be5 devot$ to ga9 9 ! foll[+ fa%ion4 --,tyrrell4 #i4 ne 9 hib]na milites recip]5t3 ,momms5 says ',a t[n suff]$ ne>ly to ! same ext5t :5 a ,roman army took up w9t] qu>t]s 9 x z :5 an enemy took x by /orm4' #ae4 te?rippa /atues 9 *>iots drawn by f\r horses4 #bj-ba4 mihi opt&a fu]it3 i4e4 because x gave him ! opportunity ( %[+ ! effect ( 8 p]sonal influ5ce4 --,t4 #bc4 compress]ant _h /[$ away2 lit4 kept back1 r>e4 ,cic]o z ,gov]nor4 ,8 adm9i/ration seems to h be5 j1 consid]ate & popul>4 ,= ,cic]o's ,ideal ( a ,roman ,gov]nor1 see ,ep4 ad ,q4 ,f4 i4 #a 7,q4 ,cic]o gov]n$ ,asia z ,propraetor #fb-eh ,b4,c47 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,w>4 ,nec quemquam iam f]re pote/ ,caes>ve priorem ,pompeiusve p>em4 --,,lucan4 #ef ,b4,c4 ,by ! ,conf]5ce at ,luca x 0 arrang$3-- 7i7 to give ,caes> a new t]m ( five ye>s' gov]nm5t 9 :i* to complete 8 "w 9 ,gaul 7until ,m>* #a1 #di72 7ii7 to give ,pompeius ! gov]nm5t ( ! two ,spa9s1 & ,crassus t ( ,syria1 = five ye>s also4 ,x 0 fur!r agre$ t ,pompeius & ,crassus %\ld h ! consul%ip = #ee ,b4,c4 #eb ,b4,c4 ,pompeius ,sole ,consul4 ,s ?+s cont9u$ until #eb ,b4,c41 :5 ! con/ant riot+ 7,clodius v4 ,milo71 & utt] lawlessness prevail+ 9 ,rome gave ,pompeius 8 opportunity4 ,! ,s5ate 9 _! di/ress caus$ ,pompeius to be nom9at$ sole ,consul1 ) supreme p[] to meet ! crisis4 ,! dea? ( ,julia 9 #ed & ( ,crassus 9 #ec _h remov$ ! two /ronge/ influ5ces = peace1 & f #eb onw>ds ! brea* betwe5 ,pompeius & ,caes> began to wid54 ,dur+ ,caes>'s long abs5ce f ,rome 8 oppon5ts1 ) ,cato at _! head1 7 wait+ _! *ance to impea* him = num]\s acts 9 8 prov9ce1 z soon z he appe>$ 9 ,rome = ! consul> elections4 ,he w\ld !n be m]ely a private citiz51 & z su* am5able to prosecution4 ,n[ ,caes>'s proconsul%ip ( ,gaul 0 to t]m9ate on ,m>* #a1 #di1 & ! consul> elections w\ld take place at ! e>lie/ 9 ! foll[+ summ]4 ,!re w\ld !re=e be an int]val betwe5 ! two (fices1 & ,caes> w\ld be expos$ to ! utmo/ p]il1 if he gave up prov9ce & army on ,m>* #a1 #di4 ,caes> _h long =ese5 ?is4 ,:5 ! law 0 pass$ 9 #ee1 :i* add$ a fre% t]m ( five ye>s to 8 gov]nm5t1 ,pompeius seems to h ins]t$ 9 x 7d\btless 9 accordance ) a previ\s promise to ,caes>7 a clause prohibit+ ! discussion ( a successor be=e ,m>* #a1 #ej4 ,caes> !re=e c\ld n be sup]s$$ except by ! consuls ( #di1 & ^! w\ld n be able to succe$ him 7z proconsuls7 till ,jan4 #a1 #dh4 ,he w\ld ?us be able to reta9 8 army & gov]nm5t ?r\gh\t ! ye> #di4 ,caes>'s canvass = ! ,consul%ip4 ,z ! law /ood1 he w\ld h to come 9 p]son to ,rome4 ,b e>ly 9 #eb a decree 0 promulgat$1 ) ! support ( ,pompeius1 :i* reliev$ him f ! necessity ( canvass+ 9 p]son4 ,caes> might n[ feel himself safe3 he w\ld reta9 bo? army & prov9ces ?r\gh\t #di1 & w\ld n be =c$ to return to ,rome until he 0 safe f prosecution z ,consul4 ,lex ,pompeia de iure magi/ratuum4 ,b ?is did n suit ,caes>'s enemies4 ,pompeius & ! ,s5ate comb9$ to alt] ! :ole legal ma*9]y = appo9t+ prov9cial gov]nors4 ,!re 0 to be an int]val ( five ye>s betwe5 a consul%ip & a proconsul%ip1 :i* w\ld prev5t ,caes>1 ev5 if he 7 duly elect$ ,consul 9 #di1 f obta9+ a fre% prov9cial gov]nor%ip until five ye>s f ! end ( #dh4 ,:5 ! bill became law 7z x did 9 #ea7 !re w\ld be an int]val ( "s ye>s be=e any consuls w\ld be qualifi$ "u x = prov9ces3 & to fill up ! gov]nor%ips dur+ ! int]val1 ! ,s5ate 0 au?oris$ to appo9t any p]son ( consul> rank :o _h n z yet proce$$ to a proconsul%ip4 ,?us ,caes>'s resignation bo? ( 8 army & 8 prov9ce c\ld be dem&$ on ,m>* #a1 #di4 #ej ,b4,c4 ,caes>'s ov]tures = peace4 ,caes> let x be kn[n to ! ,s5ate ?r\gh ,curio t he 0 will+ to resign 8 army & prov9ces if ,pompeius w\ld simultane\sly d ! same3 & ! ,s5ate vot$ a resolution 9 ?is s5se by a majority ( #cgj to #bb4 ,! presid+ ,consul1 ,gaius ,m>cellus1 broke up ! meet+ 9 ang]1 & ) ! two ,consuls elect$ = #di 7,claudius ,m>cellus & ,l5tulus ,crus7 reque/$ ,pompeius to put himself at ! head ( ! two legions /ation$ at ,capua & to call ! ,italian militia to arms4 ,caes> _h completely atta9$ ! object ( devolv+ ! initiative ( ,civil ,w> on 8 oppon5ts4 ,he _h1 :ile himself keep+ on legal gr\nd1 compell$ ,pompeius to decl>e w>1 & to decl>e x n z ! repres5tative ( ! legitimate au?ority1 b z g5]al ( a revolution>y m9ority ( ! ,s5ate1 :i* ov]aw$ ! majority4 --,adapt$ f ,long1 ,momms51 & ,w>de ,f[l]4 ,b#ej ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,caes> crosses ! ,rubicon1 #di ,b4,c4 ,fonte cadit modico p>visque impellitur undis ,puniceus ,rubicon cum f]vida c&uit ae/as1 ,p]que imas s]pit valles et ,gallica c]tus #bae ,limes ab ,ausoniis di/]m9at arva colonis4 ,tunc vires praebebat hiemps atque aux]at undas ,t]tia iam gravido pluvialis ,cyn?ia cornu ,et madidis ,euri resolutae flatibus ,alpes4 ,primus 9 obliquum sonipes opponitur amnem #bbj ,excepturus aquas2 molli tum cet]a rumpit ,turba vado faciles iam fracti flum9is undas4 ,caes>1 ut adv]sam sup]ato gurgite ripam ,attigit ,hesp]iae vetitis et con/itit arvis1 ',hic' ait 'hic pacem tem]ataque iura rel9quo2 #bbe ,te1 ,=tuna1 sequor2 procul h9c iam fo$ora sunto1 ,cr$idimus fatis1 ut5dum e/ iudice bello4' ,sic fatus noctis t5ebris rapit agm9a ductor ,impig]2 x torto ,bale>is v]b]e fundae ,ocior et missa ,p>?i po/ t]ga sagitta #bcj ,vic9umque m9ax invadit ,arim9um1 et ignes ,solis lucif]o fugiebant a/ra relicto4 ,iamque dies primos belli visura tumultus ,exoritur2 seu sponte deum1 seu turbidus ,au/] ,impul]at1 mae/am t5u]unt nubila lucem4 #bce ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 i4 #bac-bce4 ,context4 ,on ,l5tulus ,crus & ,claudius ,m>cellus1 ! ,consuls = #di ,b4,c41 mu/ re/ ! imm$iate blame ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,on ,jan4 #a/ ,caes>'s tribune ,curio once m pres5t$ proposals f ,caes>1 :i* />tle u by _! m>vell\s mod]ation 7cf4 ,suet4 ,caes>1 #bi1 #cj71 b ,l5tulus w\ld n all[ !m to be consid]$4 ,on ,jan4 #g? ! ,s5atus consultum ultimum 0 decre$1 & a /ate ( w> decl>$4 ,caes> cross$ ! ,rubicon1 ! n>r[ brook :i* sep>at$ 8 prov9ce f ,italy1 to pass :i* at ! head ( an army 0 high treason to ! ,/ate4 --,w4 ,f4 ,l95otes3 #bad4 puniceus d>k r$3 ,rubicon1 z if f rub]4 #baf4 limes1 i4e4 until ! "t ( ,augu/us1 by :om ,italy 0 ext5d$ to ! ,r4 ,v>us1 ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,gallia ,n>bon5sis & ,italy4 #bah4 ,i4e4 prob4 ! ?ird night aft] ! *ange ( moon2 gravido sur*>g$ ) ra94 --,hask9s4 #bai4 ,alpes m\nta9s1 n ! ,alps4 #bbe4 tem]ata1 i4e4 by ,pompeius & ! s5atorial p>ty4 #bbi4 v]b]e ! ?ong1 i4e4 ( ! sl+ 7fundae74 #bca4 ,arim9um 7,rim9i71 at ?is p]iod ! fronti] t[n ( ,italy4 ,! ,passage ( ! ,rubicon4 ',:5 aft] n9e ye>s' abs5ce he trod once m ! soil ( 8 native l&1 he trod at ! same "t ! pa? ( revolution4 ,alea iacta e/4' --,m4 ,b#ea ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,caes> def5ds himself be=e ! ,s5ate1 ,april #di ,b4,c4 ,8 rebus confectis ,caes>1 ut reliquum tempus a labore int]mitt]etur1 milites 9 proxima municipia d$ucit2 ipse ad urbem pr(iciscitur4 ,coacto s5atu iniurias inimicorum commemorat4 ,docet se nullum extraord9>ium honorem appetisse1 s$ exspectato #e legitimo tempore consulatus eo fuisse cont5tum1 quod omnibus civibus pat]et4 ,latum ab x tribunis plebis contradic5tibus inimicis1 ,catone v]o ac]rime repugnante et pri/9a consuetud9e dic5di mora dies extrah5te1 ut sui ratio abs5tis hab]etur1 ipso #aj consule ,pompeio2 qui si improbasset1 cur f]ri passus esset8 qui si improbasset1 cur se uti populi b5eficio prohibuisset8 ,pati5tiam proponit suam1 cum de ex]citibus dimitt5dis ultro po/ulavisset2 9 quo iacturam dignitatis atque honoris ipse facturus #ae esset4 ,ac]bitatem inimicorum docet1 qui1 quod ab alt]o po/ul>5t1 9 se recus>5t atque omnia p]misc]i mall5t1 quam imp]ium ex]citusque dimitt]e4 ,iniuriam 9 eripi5dis legionibus pra$icat1 crudelitatem et insol5tiam 9 circumscrib5dis #bj tribunis plebis2 condiciones a se latas1 expetita colloquia et d5egata commemorat4 ,pro quibus rebus hortatur ac po/ulat1 ut rem publicam suscipiant atque una secum adm9i/r5t4 ,,caes>1 de ,b4 ,c4 i4 #cb4 ,context4 ,aft] 8 passage ( ! ,rubicon1 ,caes> quickly made himself ma/] ( ,italy4 ,t[n aft] t[n op5$ its gates to him4 ,corf9ium 7held 9 =ce by ,domitius = ,pompeius7 surr5d]$1 & ! captur$ troops enli/$ 9 8 ranks4 ,an attempt to blockade ,pompeius 9 ,brundisium 0 skilfully foil$4 ,on ! la/ day ( ,m>* ,caes> arriv$ at ,rome4 ,! ,s5ate 0 legally summon$ by ! tribunes ,antonius & ,cassius1 & 0 invit$ to unite ) him 9 c>ry+ on ! gov]nm5t4 ,l95otes3 #b4 municipia1 i4e4 ,brundisium1 ,t>5tum1 ,hydruntum 7,otranto74 #aj4 ut sui 444 hab]etur1 i4e4 all[+ him to /& = ! consul%ip 9 8 abs5ce4 #ae4 iacturam dignitatis sacrifice ( pre/ige4 --,long4 #ai4 eripi5dis legionibus1 i4e4 9 #ej ,b4,c4 ,caes> 0 requir$ to s5d home a legion he _h borr[$ ( ,pompeius1 & contribute ano!r himself1 o/5sibly = ! ,p>?ian ,w>2 b ! legions 7 deta9$ by ,pompeius 9 ,italy1 & ! ,p>?ian ,w> 0 quietly dropp$4 ,caes> 9 ,rome4 ,all ,caes>'s acts aft] ! cross+ ( ! ,rubicon 7 entirely uncon/itutional4 ,b :5 he told ! s5ators t he 0 prep>$ to take ! gov]nm5t on himself1 he 0 ju/ifi$ to himself by ! pa/1 & to po/]ity by ! result4 --,w4 ,f4 ,b#eb ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,! ,campaign r\nd ,l]ida3 ! ,soldi]s frat]nise1 #di ,b4,c4 ,dixit et ad montes t5d5tem praev5it ho/em4 ,illic exiguo paulum di/antia vallo ,ca/ra locant4 ,po/quam spatio langu5tia nullo ,mutua conspicuos habu]unt lum9a voltus1 #agj ,et fratres natosque sues vid]e1 patresque2 ,depr5sum e/ civile nefas4 ,t5u]e p>ump] ,ora metu1 tantum nutu motoque salutant ,ense suos2 mox ut /imulis maioribus ard5s ,rupit amor leges1 audet transc5d]e vallum #age ,miles1 9 amplexus effusas t5d]e palmas4 ,hospitis ille ciet nom51 vocat ille prop9quum1 ,admonet hunc /udiis consors pu]ilibus aetas2 ,nec ,romanus erat1 qui non agnov]at ho/em4 #agi ,pax erat1 et miles ca/ris p]mixtus utrisque #aif ,errabat2 duro concordes caespite m5sas ,in/ituunt et p]mixto libam9a ,bac*o2 ,gram9ei lux]e foci1 iunctoque cubili ,extrahit insomnes bellorum fabula noctes1 #bjj ,quo primum /et]9t campo1 qua lancea dextrum ,exi]it4 ,dum quae gess]unt =tia iactant1 ,et dum multa negant1 quod solum fata petebant1 ,e/ mis]is r5ovata fides1 atque omne futurum ,crevit amore nefas4 #bje ,,lucan1 iv4 #afg-agi1 #aif-bje4 ,context4 ,on leav+ ,rome ,caes> set out = ,spa9 to enc\nt] ! vet]an army ( ,pompeius "u 8 legati ,afranius & ,petreius4 ,if ?is 7 cru%$1 he felt he w\ld be free to take ! (f5sive aga9/ ,pompeius 9 ! ,ea/4 ,r\nd ,l]ida 7,il]da7 on ! ,r4 ,segres 7a tribut>y ( ! ,ebro7 he f\ght ! mo/ brilliant campaign ( all 8 milit>y life4 ,aft] sev]e losses & h>d%ips1 ,caes> outmanoeuvr$ ! ,pompeians1 cut !m (f f _! base on ! ,ebro1 & =c$ a surr5d] on mo/ g5]\s t]ms4 ,l95otes3 #afg4 ,dixit1 sc4 ,caes>4 ad montes1 i4e4 ! rocky hills ?r\gh :i* ! retreat+ ,pompeians _h to pass be=e !y c\ld rea* ! ,ebro valley4 ,caes>1 by a wond]ful m>*1 out/rips 7praev5it7 !m & blocks ! way4 #afi4 spatio 7sc4 int]posito7 langu5tia nullo n fail+ 7langu5tia7 ow+ to ! di/ance1 i4e4 !y 7 s ne> !y c\ld n fail to recognise "o ano!r4 --,hask9s4 #agc4 metu1 i4e4 ( _! lead]s4 #age4 ,rupit leges bur/ ! bonds ( discipl9e4 --,h4 #agh4 ,admonet 444 aetas "o is rem9d$ ( 8 fri5d by ! "t pass$ toge!r 9 boyhood's pursuits4 --,h4 #bjj4 ,extrahit :iles away4 ,result ( ! ,campaign4 ,! :ole ( ! we/]n half ( ! ,empire 0 n[ 9 ,caes>'s p[]1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,massilia4 ,b#ec ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#d7 ,siege ( ,massilia4 ,a ,trea*]\s ,sortie1 #di ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,iam satis hoc ,graiae memor&um contigit urbi ,aet]numque decus1 quod non impulsa nec ipso ,/rata metu t5uit flagrantis 9 omnia belli #cij ,praecipitem cursum1 raptisque a ,caes>e cunctis ,v9citur una mora4 ,quantum e/ quod fata t55tur1 ,quodque virum toti prop]ans impon]e mundo ,hos p]dit =tuna1 dies6 ,,lucan1 iii4 #chh-cid4 ,context4 ,caes>'s appeal to ! lead+ citiz5s to esp\se 8 cause 0 at fir/ successful1 b ! arrival ( ,domitius 7:om he _h treat$ s g5]\sly at ,corf9ium7 ) a fleet caus$ ! ,massiliots to *ange _! m9d4 ,unable to rema9 himself1 ,caes> entru/$ ! siege to ,trebonius1 support$ by ,dec4 ,brutus ) ! fleet4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 left u a detail$ acc\nt ( _! skill & en]gy1 & ( ! h]oic def5ce ( ! citiz5s1 m>r$ by a trea*]\s sortie "u a truce4 ,he return$ to receive its f9al submission1 & left ! city unh>m$1 z a tribute 'r to its anci5t r5[n ?an to any claim x _h on himself4' ,l95otes3 #chi4 non impulsa n urg$ by o!rs1 i4e4 by ,pompeius & 8 adh]5ts4 ,b cf4 ,caes>1 de ,b4 ,c4 i4 #cd4 #cia4 raptis spe$ily won4 --,h4 ,b4 ,at ho/es s9e fide tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli qua]unt2 int]iectisque aliquot diebus1 no/ris langu5tibus atque animo remissis1 #aj subito m]idiano tempore1 cum alius discessisset1 alius ex diut9o labore 9 ipsis op]ibus quieti se d$isset1 arma v]o omnia reposita contectaque ess5t1 portis se =as erumpunt1 secundo magnoque v5to ignem op]ibus inf]unt4 ,hunc sic di/ulit #ae v5tus1 uti uno tempore agg]1 plutei1 te/udo1 turris1 torm5ta flammam concip]5t1 et prius haec omnia consum]5tur1 quam quem ad modum accidisset animadv]ti posset4 ,no/ri rep5t9a =tuna p]moti arma1 quae possunt1 arripiunt2 alii ex ca/ris #bj sese incitant4 ,fit 9 ho/es impetus eorum1 s$ muro sagittis torm5tisque fugi5tes p]sequi prohib5tur4 ,illi sub murum se recipiunt1 ibique musculum turrimque lat]iciam lib]e inc5dunt4 ,ita multorum m5sium labor ho/ium p]fidia et vi #be tempe/atis puncto temporis int]iit4 ,,caes>1 de ,bello ,civili1 ii4 #ad4 ,l95otes3 #ac4 contecta3 i4e4 ! %ield kept 9 a lea!r cas+4 #af4 plutei scre5s or mantlets ( hurdles cov]$ ) raw hides4 #ag4 torm5ta 7torqu m5tum7 artill]y1 eng9es = ?r[+ missiles by twi/$ ropes2 e4g4 ! balli/a1 catapulta4 #bd4 musculum sapp+-%$4 turrim lat]iciam brick t[]4 #be4 multorum m5sium1 i4e4 f ,may to ,augu/ #di ,b4,c4 ,b#ed ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#e7 ',no?+ 9 8 life ,became him l ! leav+ x4' ,quid nunc ro/ra tibi prosunt turbata =umque ,unde tribunicia plebeius signif] arce #hjj ,arma dabas populis8 ,quid prodita iura s5atus ,et g5] atque soc] bello concurr]e iussi8 ,ante iaces quam dira duces ,ph>salia conf]t1 ,spect&umque tibi bellum civile negatum e/4 #hjd ,libycas en nobile corpus #hji ,pascit aves nullo contectus ,curio bu/o4 #haj ,at tibi nos1 qu&o non prod]it i/a sil]e ,a quibus omne aevi s5ium sua fama repellit1 ,digna damus1 iuv5is1 m]itae praeconia vitae4 ,haud alium tanta civem tulit indole ,roma1 ,aut cui plus leges deb]5t recta sequ5ti4 #hae ,p]dita nunc urbi nocu]unt saecula1 po/quam ,ambitus et luxus et opum metu5da facultas ,transv]so m5tem dubiam torr5te tul]unt2 ,mom5tumque fuit mutatus ,curio r]um ,gallorum captus spoliis et ,caes>is auro4 #hbj ,ius licet 9 iugulos no/ros sibi fec]it ense ,sulla pot5s ,m>iusque f]ox et ,c9na cru5tus ,caes>eaeque domus s]ies2 cui tanta pote/as ,concessa e/8 ,em]e omnes1 hic v5didit urbem4 ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 iv4 #gii-hjd1 #hji-;end4 ,context4 ,9 #di ,b4,c4 ,curio 0 s5t by ,caes> to wre/ ! corn-prov9ce ( ,africa f ! ,pompeians4 ,he won a signal success ov] ,v>us 7alli$ ) ,juba7 at ,utica1 b all[$ himself to be surpris$ on ! pla9 ( ! ,bagradas1 &1 :5 all 0 lo/1 di$ sword 9 h&4 ,l95otes3 #hjj4 tribunicia arce f ! citadel ( ! tribune1 i4e4 ! inviolability ( ! (fice & ! "r ( veto4 ,z tribune ,curio play$ an all-important "p 9 ! crisis ( #ej ,b4,c4 #hja4 prodita iura s5atus1 i4e4 ( ! "r ( ! s5ators to appo9t gov]nors ( ! prov9ces4 --,hask9s4 #hjb4 g5] atque soc]3 by ! e>ly dea? ( ,julia 7#ed ,b4,c47--a belov$ wife & daught]--! p]sonal relation betwe5 ,pompeius & ,caes> 0 brok5 up4 #hab4 s5ium 7s5ex7 decay 7( lapse ( "t74 #hac4 digna 444 vitae su* a panegyric 7praeconia7 z ?y life des]ves4 --,h4 #hae-hah4 ,z tribune ,curio = a "t play$ ! "p ( an indep5d5t republican1 till 8 tal5t induc$ ,caes> to buy him up4 #hai4 mom5tum 7 movi m5tum7 r]um t :i* turn$ ! scale ( hi/ory4 --,h4 #hbd4 v5didit3 p]h4 ref]r$ to by ,v]g4 ,a54 vi4 #fba-b3 ,v5didit hic auro patriam dom9umque pot5tem ,imposuit2 fixit leges pretio atque refixit4 ,b#ee ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#f7 ,dyrra*ium4 ,caes>'s l9e ( circumvallation1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,erat nova et inusitata belli ratio cum tot ca/ellorum num]o tantoque spatio et tantis munitionibus et toto obsidionis g5]e1 tum etiam reliquis rebus4 ,nam quicumque alt]um obsid]e conati sunt1 p]culsos atque infirmos ho/es adorti aut proelio sup]atos #e aut aliqua (f5sione p]motos cont9u]unt1 cum ipsi num]o equitum militumque prae/>5t2 causa autem obsidionis haec f]e esse consuevit1 ut frum5to ho/es prohib]5t4 ,at tum integras atque incolumes copias ,caes> inf]iore militum #aj num]o cont9ebat1 cum illi omnium r]um copia abund>5t2 cotidie enim magnus undique navium num]us conv5iebat1 quae commeatum support>5t1 neque ullus fl>e v5tus pot]at1 qu9 aliqua ex p>te secundum cursum hab]5t4 ,ipse autem consumptis #ae omnibus longe lateque frum5tis summis erat 9 angu/iis4 ,s$ tam5 haec s+ul>i pati5tia milites f]ebant4 ,recordabantur enim eadem se sup]iore anno 9 ,hispania p]pessos labore et pati5tia maximum bellum confecisse1 mem9]ant ad #bj ,alesiam magnam se inopiam p]pessos1 multo etiam maiorem ad ,av>icum maxim>um se g5tium victores discessisse4 ,,caes>1 de ,b4 ,c4 iii4 #dg4 ,context4 ,9 ,jan4 7#dh ,b4,c47 ,caes> set sail f ,brundisium & l&$ safely 9 ,epirus4 ,aft] a junction ) ,antonius1 :o foll[$ him f ,brundisium ) re9=cem5ts1 ,caes> e/abli%$ himself close to ,dyrra*ium 7,durazzo71 ! key ( ! :ole milit>y situation4 ,pompeius refus$ to fight1 & encamp$ on a hill close to ! sea at ,petra1 a %ort di/ance ,s4 ( ,dyrra*ium1 :]e 8 fleets c\ld br+ him supplies4 ,caes> n[ det]m9$ to hem him 9 by a l9e ( circumvallation4 ,l95otes3 #b4 tanto spatio3 ev5tually ! :ole circuit ( circumvallation cov]$ at ! lea/ #af miles3 to ?is 0 aft]w>ds add$1 j z be=e ,alesia1 an out] l9e ( def5ce4 #f4 aut aliqua (f5sione p]motos or demoralis$ by "s o!r mi%ap 7(f5sione1 lit4 /umbl+1 & s failure74 #ab-ae4 ,pompeius /ill _h undisput$ comm& ( ! sea4 ,caes>'s l9es brok54 ,pompeius 0 in=m$ by ,celtic des]t]s t ,caes> _h n yet secur$ by a cross wall ! bea* betwe5 8 two *a9s ( entr5*m5t on 8 left 7#bjj y>ds ap>t71 leav+ x possible to l& troops f ! sea into ! unprotect$ space4 ,troops 7 l&$ by night3 ,caes>'s out] l9e ( def5ce 0 c>ri$1 & 8 l9es brok5 ?r\gh4 ',l ,well+ton at ,burgos 9 #ahab1 ,caes> fail$ f want ( a suffici5t =ce4 ,9 ea* case ! only safe c\rse 0 a retreat3 9 ea* case ! retreat 0 conduct$ ) admirable skill4' --,w4 ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dyrra*ium4 ,to face p4 #baf4 ,b#ef ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#g7 ,! ,eve ( ,ph>salus4 ,dream ( ,pompeius4 ,at nox1 felicis ,magno p>s ultima vitae1 ,sollicitos vana decepit imag9e somnos4 ,nam ,pompeiani visus sibi s$e !atri ,innum]am effigiem ,romanae c]n]e plebis1 #aj ,attollique suum laetis ad sid]a nom5 ,vocibus1 et plausu cuneos c]t>e sonantes4 ,qualis erat populi facies clamorque fav5tis1 ,olim cum iuv5is primique aetata triumphi ,po/ domitas g5tes quas torr5s ambit ,hib]us1 #ae ,et quaecumque fugax ,s]torius impulit arma1 ,vesp]e pacato1 pura v5]abilis aeque ,quam currus ornante toga1 plaud5te s5atu1 ,s$it adhuc ,romanus eques3 seu f9e bonorum ,anxia v5turis ad tempora laeta refugit1 #bj ,sive p] ambages solitas contr>ia visis ,vatic9ata quies magni tulit om9a planctus1 ,seu vetito patrias ultra tibi c]n]e s$es ,sic ,romam =tuna d$it4 ,ne rumpite somnos4 ,ca/rorum vigiles1 nullas tuba v]b]et aures4 #be ,cra/9a dira quies et imag9e mae/a diurna ,undique fune/as acies f]et undique bellum4 ,unde p>es somnos populi noctemque beatam8 ,o felix1 si te vel sic tua ,roma vid]et4 ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 vii4 #g-bi4 ,l95otes3 #i4 ,pompeiani !atri4 ,pompeius built ! fir/ /one !atre at ,rome1 ne> ! ,campus ,m>tius1 capable ( hold+ #dj1jjj p4 #aj4 ,innum]am 444 plebis ! image ( ! c\ntless ,roman p4 innum]am :i* belongs to plebis is transf]r$ to effigiem4--,hask9s4 #ad4 ,olim 444 triumphi1 i4e4 ov] ,africa #gi ,b4,c4 :5 only #bd1 & adhuc ,romanus eques 7l4 #ai74 ,x 0 n until #ga ,b4,c4 t he triumph$ ov] ,spa91 aft] ! murd] ( ,s]torius4 ,lucan confuses ! two triumphs4 #af4 impulit set 9 motion 7lit4 drive =w>d74 #ag-ah4 pura v5]abilis 444 toga no less wor%ipful 9 pure :ite g[n ?an 7he w\ld h be57 9 t :i* usually adorns ! c> ( triumph1 i4e4 ! toga picta4 --,h4 #bj4 anxia 7sc4 quies7 8 repose full ( anxiety = ! future4 --,h4 #ba-bb4 solitas 444 vatic9ata =etell+ ! opposite ( 8 visions i4e4 by ! plausus ( :i* he dream$1 ! planctus :i* 0 9 /ore = him 0 =e%ad[$4 --,h4 #be4 nullas at all4 ,cf4 ,cic4 ,ep43 nullus v5it he nev] came4 #bf4 ,cra/9a 444 diurna to-morr['s night ( horror haunt$ by ! sad image ( ! day's ev5ts4 --,h4 #bi4 sic1 i4e4 9 dreams4 ,! ,dream ( ,pompeius4 ,macaulay says ',i h>dly "k an in/ance ( s great an effect produc$ by means s simple4' ,b#eg ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#h7 ,pompeius ill-advis$ at ,ph>salus1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,int] duas acies tantum erat relictum spatii1 ut satis esset ad concursum utriusque ex]citus4 ,s$ ,pompeius suis pra$ix]at1 ut ,caes>is impetum excip]5t neve se loco mov]5t aciemque eius di/rahi pat]5tur2 idque admonitu ,c4 ,tri>ii #e fecisse dicebatur1 ut primus excursus visque militum infr+]etur aciesque di/5d]etur atque 9 suis ord9ibus dispositi disp]sos adorir5tur2 leviusque casura pila sp]abat 9 loco ret5tis militibus1 quam si ipsi immissis telis occucurriss5t1 simul =e1 ut #aj duplicato cursu ,caes>is milites exanim>5tur et lassitud9e confic]5tur4 ,quod nobis quidem nulla ratione factum a ,pompeio videtur1 propt]ea quod e/ qua$am animi incitatio atque alacritas naturalit] innata omnibus1 quae /udio pugnae inc5ditur4 #ae ,hanc non reprim]e1 s$ aug]e imp]atores deb5t2 neque fru/ra antiquitus in/itutum e/1 ut signa undique conc9]5t clamoremque univ]si toll]5t3 quibus rebus et ho/es t]r]i et suos incit>i exi/imav]unt4 #bj ,,caes>1 de ,bello ,civili1 iii4 #ib4 ,context4 ,caes> made = ,apollonia1 :]e he left 8 w\nd$1 & !n m>*$ ,s4,e4 into ,!ssaly1 :]e he jo9$ ,domitius ,calv9us4 7,he _h be5 s5t ) two legions ,e4 into ,mac$onia1 to /op re9=cem5ts = ,pompeius "u ,scipio1 ,pompeius' fa!r-9-law47 ,pompeius foll[$ ,caes>1 & encamp$ on ! slope ( a hill fac+ ,caes>'s position ne> ,ph>salus4 ,"h he (f]$ battle1 8 bett] judgm5t ov]rul$ by ! clamor\s ,s5ators 9 8 camp4 ,l95otes3 #d-e4 aciem 444 pat]5tur s z to all[ _! 7advanc+7 l9e to become disorganis$ 7di/rahi71 by ! =ce ( its onset4 #g4 9 suis 444 dispositi by ma9ta9+ _! prop] di/ances4 ,sc5e ( ! ,fight4 ,! battle 0 f\ght ne> ! t[n ( ,ph>salus1 :ile ! t]ritory ( ! t[n 0 nam$ ,ph>salia4 ,cf4 ,catull4 lxiv4 #cg3 ,ph>salum coeunt1 ,ph>salia late frequ5tant4 ,! ,battle4 ,pompeius _h #dg1jjj infantry & #gjjj cavalry aga9/ ,caes>'s #bb1jjj infantry & #ajjj cavalry4 ,pompeius /ation$ 8 cavalry & ar*]s on 8 left1 & confid5tly expect$ to outflank 8 enemy's "r4 ,b ,caes>1 =esee+ ! defeat ( 8 cavalry1 _h /ation$ beh9d x 9 res]ve #bjjj ( 8 be/ legion>ies4 ,:5 ,caes>'s cavalry fell back outnumb]$1 ?is res]ve ran =w>d at ! *>ge1 n dis*>g+ _! pila1 b us+ !m z spe>s1 & driv+ !m aga9/ man & horse4 ,tak5 aback by s unusual an infantry attack1 ! ,pompeian cavalry wav]$ & fl$4 ,caes>'s ?ird l9e 7=m+ a re>-gu>d7 0 n[ s5t =w>d to support ! two front l9es1 & ?is decid$ ! battle4 --,result4 ,submission ( ! ,ea/ to ,caes>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ph>salus4 ,to face p4 #bah4 ,b#eh ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#i7 ,a4 ,ph>salus & ,cannae comp>$4 ,non aetas haec c>psit edax monim5taque r]um ,putria de/ituit3 crim5 civile videmus ,tot vacuas urbes4 ,g5]is quo turba r$acta e/ ,humani8 ,toto populi qui nascimur orbe #djj ,nec muros impl]e viris nec possumus agros2 ,urbs nos una capit4 ,v9cto fossore coluntur ,hesp]iae segetes1 /at tectis putris avitis ,9 nullos ruitura domus1 nulloque frequ5tem ,cive suo ,romam1 s$ mundi faece repletam #dje ,cladis eo d$imus1 ne tanto 9 tempore bellum ,iam posset civile g]i4 ,ph>salia tanti ,causa mali4 ,c$ant f]alia nom9a ,cannae ,et damnata diu ,romanis ,allia fa/is4 ,tempora signavit leviorum ,roma malorum3 #daj ,hunc voluit nescire diem4 ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 vii4 #cig-daa4 ,l95otes3 #cig-cih4 monim5taque 444 de/ituit & has ab&on$ to decay ! monum5ts ( ! pa/4 --,hask9s4 #djb4 v9cto fossore by a *a9$ digg] 7delv]71 9 consequ5ce ( ! de>? ( free lab\r4 ,cf4 ,juv4 xi4 #hj squalidus 9 magna 444 comp$e fossor4 #djd4 9 nullos ruitura ready to fall1 b on ! heads ( none4 --,h4 #dje4 faece dregs4 ,cf4 ,juv4 iii4 #fj1 #fa ,non possum f]re ,quirites ,graecam urbem 7a ,greek ,rome72 quamvis 7& yet7 quota portio 7h[ small a fraction7 faecis ,a*aei8 #djf-djg4 ne tanto 444 g]i lit4 s t dur+ ! long "t s9ce1 x is impossible to wage civil w>1 i4e4 f ! de>? ( g5u9e ,roman soldi]s4 #dji4 ,allia3 #cij ,b4,c4 ,cf4 ,v]gil4 ,a5eid1 vii4 #gag quosque secans infau/um int]luit ,allia nom54 #daa4 nescire to ignore4 ,b4 ,! ,battlefields ( ,ph>salus & ,philippi4 ,ergo int] sese p>ibus concurr]e telis ,romanas acies it]um vid]e ,philippi2 #dij ,nec fuit indignum sup]is1 bis sangu9e no/ro ,ema?iam et latos ,haemi p+uesc]e campos4 ,scilicet et tempus v5iet1 cum f9ibus illis ,agricola1 incurvo t]ram molitus aratro1 ,exesa inv5iet scabra robig9e pila1 #die ,aut gravibus ra/ris galeas pulsabit inanes1 ,gr&iaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepul*ris4 ,,v]gil1 ,georg4 i4 #dhi-dig4 ,l95otes3 #dhi4 ,ergo !re=e1 9 fulfilm5t ( ! t]rible w>n+s at ! dea? ( ,caes>4 #dij4 it]um1 i4e4 at ,philippi #db ,b4,c42 ! fir/ "t at ,ph>salus4 ,b#ei ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#aj7 ,h[ ,pompeius di$1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,pompeius1 deposito adeundae ,syriae consilio1 et a]is magno pond]e ad milit>em usum 9 naves imposito1 duobusque milibus hom9um armatis1 ,pelusium p]v5it4 ,ibi casu rex erat ,ptolemaeus1 pu] aetate1 magnis copiis cum sorore ,cleopatra #e bellum g]5s1 quam paucis ante m5sibus p] suos prop9quos atque amicos regno expul]at2 ca/raque ,cleopatrae non longo spatio ab eius ca/ris di/abant4 ,ad eum ,pompeius misit1 ut pro hospitio atque amicitia patris ,alex&ria recip]etur atque illius opibus 9 #aj calamitate teg]etur4 ,s$1 qui ab eo missi erant1 confecto legationis (ficio1 lib]ius cum militibus regis colloqui coep]ant eosque hort>i1 ut suum (ficium ,pompeio prae/>5t1 neve eius =tunam despic]5t4 ,8 tunc cognitis rebus amici regis1 #ae qui propt] aetatem eius 9 procuratione erant regni1 sive timore adducti1 ne ,pompeius ,alex&riam ,aegyptunique occup>et1 sive despecta eius =tuna1 iis1 qui erant ab eo missi1 palam lib]alit] respond]unt eumque ad regem v5ire iuss]unt3 ipsi1 #bj clam consilio inito1 ,a*illan1 praefectum regium1 s+ul>i hom9em audacia1 et ,l4 ,septimium1 tribunum militum1 ad int]fici5dum ,pompeium mis]unt4 ,ab 8 lib]alit] ipse appellatus naviculam p>vulam consc5dit cum paucis suis1 et ibi #be ab ,a*illa et ,septimio int]ficitur4 ,,caes>1 de ,bello ,civili1 iii4 #ajc1 #ajd 7sel47 ,context4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,ph>salus1 ,pompeius1 closely pursu$ by ,caes>1 _h ?\ghts ( go+ to ,p>?ia & try+ to =m alliances !re4 ,:ile 9 ,cyprus he he>d t ,antio* 79 ,syria7 _h decl>$ = ,caes> & t ! r\te to ! ,p>?ians 0 no long] op54 ,s he alt]$ 8 plan & sail$ to ,egypt1 :]e a numb] ( 8 old soldi]s s]v$ 9 ! ,egyptian army4 ,l95otes3 #d4 ,pelusium1 on ! ,e4 side ( ! ea/]nmo/ m\? ( ! ,nile4 #e4 cum sorore ,cleopatra4 ,by 8 fa!r's w1 ,ptolemy rul$ jo9tly ) 8 si/] = ?ree ye>s1 #ea-dh ,b4,c41 :5 he expell$ h]4 ,cleopatra rais$ an army 9 ,syria & invad$ ,egypt4 ,! two armies 7 encamp$ opposite ea* o!r :5 ,pompeius l&$ to seek ! help ( ,ptolemy4 #ae4 amici regis1 e4g4 ,a*illas1 l4 #ba1 & espec4 ,ptolemy's gu>dian ,po?9us1 ! de facto rul] ( ,egypt4 ',on ! same day 7#bh ,sept47 on :i* he _h triumph$ ov] ,mi?ridates 7#fa ,b4,c47 ,pompeius di$ on ! des]t s&s ( ! inhospitable ,casian %ore by ! h&s ( "o ( 8 old soldi]s 7,septimius74'--,m4 ,b#fj ,,cn4 ,,pompeius ,,magnus1 #ajf-dh ,b4,c4 7#aa7 ,cato's ,eulogy on ,pompeius4 ',civis obit1' inquit1 'multum maioribus imp> #aij ,nosse modum iuris s$ 9 hoc tam5 utilis aevo1 ,cui non ulla fuit iu/i rev]5tia2 salva ,lib]tate pot5s1 et solus plebe p>ata ,privatus s]vire sibi1 rectorque s5atus1 ,s$ regnantis1 erat4 ,nil belli iure poposcit1 #aie ,quaeque d>i voluit1 voluit sibi posse neg>i4 ,immodicas poss$it opes1 s$ plura ret5tis ,intulit3 invasit f]rum1 s$ pon]e norat2 ,praetulit arma togae1 s$ pacem armatus amavit2 ,iuvit sumpta ducem1 iuvit dimissa pote/as4 #bjj ,ca/a domus luxuque c>5s corruptaque numquam ,=tuna dom9i4 ,cl>um et v5]abile nom5 ,g5tibus1 et multum no/rae quod prod]at urbi4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,o felix1 cui summa dies fuit obvia victo1 #bjh ,et cui qua]5dos ,ph>ium scelus obtulit enses6 ,=sitan 9 soc]i potuisses viv]e regno4 ,scire mori sors prima viris s$ proxima cogi4' #baa ,vocibus 8 maior1 quam si ,romana son>5t #bae ,ro/ra ducis laudes1 g5]osam v5it ad umbram ,mortis honos4 ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 ix4 #aij-bag4 ,l95otes3 #aij-aia4 multum 444 iuris f> inf]ior to our ance/ors 9 recognis+ ! due b\nds ( p[]4 --,hask9s4 #aic4 solus 7sc4 ex proc]ibus7 444 s]vire sibi alone 7( ! *ief m5 ( ! ,/ate7 act+ ! private citiz5 :5 ! populace 7 ready to be 8 slaves1 i4e4 act+ unlike ,sulla or ,caes>4 --,h4 #aie4 s$ regnantis4 ',pompeius came =w>d z ! duly in/all$ g5]al ( ! ,s5ate aga9/ ! ,imp]ator ( ! /reet1 once m to save 8 c\ntry4' --,m4 #aih4 ,intulit1 sc4 9 a]>ium4 ,cf4 ,%aksp4 ,jul4 ,c4 ,,iii4 ii4 7,m>k ,antony ( ,caes>7 ',he ha? br\ght _m captives home to ,rome ,^: ransoms did ! g5]al c(f]s fill4' ',caes> devot$ ! proce$s ( ! confiscations 7! prop]ty ( defeat$ oppon5ts7 entirely to ! b5efit ( ! ,/ate4' --,m4 #bjh4 cui summa dies 444 victo :om ! day ( dea? met :5 he 0 vanqui%$1 i4e4 )\t 8 hav+ to seek x himself4 --,h4 #bji4 ,ph>ium ,egyptian1 lit4 ( ,ph>os 7 ,f>o71 an isl& ne> ,alex&ria1 fam\s = its ligh?\se4 #baa4 ,"o ( ,lucan's fam\s s5t5tiae 7gnmai1 maxims74 ,pompeius4 ',ev5 9 8 own age he w\ld h _h a cle>ly def9$ & respectable position1 _h he cont5t$ himself ) be+ ! g5]al ( ! ,s5ate1 = :i* he 0 f ! outset de/9$4' --,m4 ,b#fa ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#ab7 ,! ,grave ( ,pompeius4 ,8 ,roll ( ,fame4 ,tunc ne levis aura retectos ,auf]ret c9]es1 saxo compressit h>5am3 #gij ,nautaque ne bu/um religato fune mov]et1 ,inscripsit sacrum semiu/o /ipite nom53 ,,hic ,,situs ,,e/ ,,magnus4 4 4 4 ,quod si tam sacro dign>is nom9e saxum1 #hjf ,adde actus tantos monim5taque maxima r]um1 ,adde truces ,lepidi motus ,alp9aque bella ,armaque ,s]tori revocato consule victa1 ,et currus quos egit eques1 comm]cia tuta #haj ,g5tibus et pavidos ,cilicas m>is3 adde subactam ,b>b>iem g5tesque vagas et quidquid 9 ,euro ,regnorum ,boreaque iacet4 ,die semp] ab armis ,civilem repetisse togam1 t] curribus actis ,cont5tum patriae multos donasse triumphos4 #hae ,quis capit haec tumulus8 ,surgit mis]abile bu/um ,non ullis pl5um titulis1 non ord9e tanto ,fa/orum1 solitumque legi sup] alta deorum ,culm9a et ex/ructos spoliis ho/ilibus arcus ,haud procul e/ ima ,pompei nom5 h>5a1 #hbj ,depressum tumulo1 quod non legat adv5a rectus1 ,quod nisi mon/ratum ,romanus transeat hospes4 ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 viii4 #ghi-gic1 #hjf-hbb4 ,subject4 ,cordus1 :om ,lucan calls infau/us ,magni comes 7or accord+ to ,plut>* ,philippus ! fai?ful fre$man ( ,pompeius71 f9ds ! ca/-up body ( ,pompeius & gives x hon\rable burial4 ,l95otes3 #gic4 ,,hic ,,situs ,,e/ en?ade keitai1 ! regul> inscription on a tomb/one4 #hjh4 truces ,lepidi motus4 ,cf4 page #agh1 la/ note on page4 #hji4 revocato consule1 i4e4 ,metellus4 ,cf4 page #ahj1 ,a41 l4 #ab4 ,selection ,b#ba1 ,metello #haa4 pavidos ,cilicas m>is ! ,cilicians sc>$ f ! sea4 --,jebb4 ,pompeius effecit ut piratae tim]5t m>ia quibus ipsi ante grassabantur 7 !y sail$ at w74--,s*ol4 #hac-had4 dic semp] 444 togam1 e4g4 aft] 8 triumph ov] ,spa9 #ga ,b4,c41 & ov] ,mi?ridates & ! ,ea/ 9 #fa ,b4,c4 #had-hae4 t] curribus 444 triumphos 7tell h[7 cont5t ) ?rice driv+ ! 7triumphal7 c> he made a pres5t to 8 fa!rl& ( _m triumphs1 i4e4 he did n claim !m :5 he might h done s4 #hag-hah4 ,non ord9e tanto ,fa/orum /ori$ ) no maje/ic annals4 --,jebb4 #hai4 arcus triumphal ar*es1 orig4 tempor>y /ructures ( wood1 b "u ! ,empire built ( m>ble1 e4g4 ( ,septimius ,sev]us4 #hba4 ,depressum 444 rectus sunk l[ ^u a tomb1 :i* ! /rang] _c read )\t /oop+ 7rectus74--,hask9s4 ,b#fb ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#ac7 ,atrox ,animus ,catonis1 #df ,b4,c4 ,complures int]im ex fuga ,uticam p]v5iunt4 ,quos omnes ,cato convocatos una cum trec5tis1 qui pecuniam ,scipioni ad bellum faci5dum contul]ant1 hortatur1 ut s]vitia manumitt]5t1 oppidumque def5d]5t4 ,quorum cum p>tem ass5tire1 p>tem #e animum m5temque p]t]ritam atque 9 fugam de/9atam hab]e intellexisset1 amplius de ea re ag]e de/itit1 navesque eis attribuit1 ut 9 quas quisque p>tes vellet pr(icisc]etur4 ,ipse1 omnibus rebus dilig5tissime con/itutis1 lib]is suis ,l4 ,caes>i1 #aj qui tum ei pro quae/ore fu]at1 comm5datis et s9e suspicione1 vultu atque s]mone1 quo sup]iore tempore usus fu]at1 cum dormitum isset1 f]rum intro clam 9 cubiculum tulit1 atque ita se traiecit4 ,qui cum anima nondum exspirata concidisset1 et1 #ae impetu facto 9 cubiculum ex suspicione1 m$icus famili>esque cont9]e atque vulnus oblig>e coepiss5t1 ipse suis manibus vulnus crudelissime divellit1 atque animo praes5ti se int]emit4 ,,as9ius ,,pollio1 de ,b4 ,africo1 #hh4 ,context4 ,aft] ,ph>salus & ! flight ( ,pompeius1 we f9ally "p company ) ,caes> z an au?or4 ,! ,bellum ,alex&r9um 7,caes>'s p]ils 9 ,egypt & 8 settlem5t ( ! ,ea/ #dh-dg ,b4,c471 ! ,b4 ,africum 7,?apsus #df ,b4,c471 ! ,b4 ,hispani5se 7,munda #de ,b4,c471 are ! "w ( eyewitnesses & (fic]s ( 8 army4 ,aft] a delay ( fifte5 preci\s mon?s ,caes> l&$ 9 ,africa 7,jan4 #df71 & by inve/+ ,?apsus tempt$ ,scipio 7,pompeius' fa!r-9-law7 to try to save ! city by a battle4 ,8 troops 7 quickly arrang$ z at ,ph>salus1 & by a s+le impetu\s *>ge won a complete victory4 ,! slaught] 0 t]rible3 ! survivors fl$ to ,utica1 :]e ,cato 9 va9 tri$ to organise a def5ce & to re/ore ord]1 & !n 9 despair di$ by 8 own sword4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,uticam3 second 9 importance to ,c>?age4 #ai4 animo praes5ti delib]ately4 ,aft] ,?apsus4 ',caes> left ,africa 9 ,june #df ,b4,c41 & celebrat$ a magnific5t triumph1 n ov] ,roman citiz5s1 b ov] ,gauls & ,egyptians1 ,ph>naces & ,juba4 ,z ,dictator he rema9$ 9 ,rome sev]al mon?s1 9 :i* m p]man5tly valuable "w 0 done ?an 0 ev] a*iev$ 9 ! same space ( "t1 unless x 7 by ,cromwell 9 #afec-d4 ,! s5seless outbreak ( ! ,pompeian p>ty 9 ,spa9 "u ,labi5us & ! two sons ( ,pompeius took him away f ,rome3 b ! victory ( ,munda 7#de ,b4,c47 clos$ ! civil /rife4 ,caes> return$ to ,rome 9 ,septemb]1 & six mon?s m ( life 0 all t 0 left to him4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#fc ,,civil ,,w>1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#ad7 ,cato ,utic5sis1 #df ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,hic g5itus proavo ,m4 ,catone1 pr9cipe illo familiae ,porciae1 homo ,virtuti simillimus et p] omnia +5io diis quam hom9ibus propior1 qui nunquam recte fecit1 ut fac]e vid]etur1 s$ quia alit] fac]e non potu]at1 cuique id solum visum #e e/ rationem hab]e1 quod hab]et iu/itiae1 omnibus humanis vitiis immunis semp] =tunam 9 sua pote/ate habuit4 ,,vell4 ,,pat]c4 ii4 #ce4 ,l95ote3 #a4 ,m4 ,catone1 ! fam\s ,c5sor ( #ahd ,b4,c4 pr9cipe f\nd]4 ,b4 ,ut primum tolli f]alia vid]at arma1 ,intonsos rigidam 9 frontem desc5d]e canos #cge ,passus erat mae/amque g5is incresc]e b>bam3 ,uni quippe vacat /udiis odiisque c>5ti ,humanum lug]e g5us 4 4 4 ,hi mores1 haec duri immota ,catonis #chj ,secta fuit1 s]v>e modum f9emque t5]e ,naturamque sequi patriaeque imp5d]e vitam ,nec sibi s$ toti g5itum se cr$]e mundo4 ,huic epulae1 vicisse famem2 magnique p5ates1 ,summovisse hiemem tecto2 pretiosaque ve/is1 #che ,hirtam membra sup] ,romani m ,quiritis ,induxisse togam 4 4 4 ,iu/itiae cultor1 rigidi s]vator hone/i1 #chi ,9 commune bonus3 nullosque ,catonis 9 actus ,subrepsit p>temque tulit sibi nata voluptas4 ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 ii4 #cgd-cia 7sel47 ,l95otes3 #cgg4 uni 7sc4 ,catoni71 z ! only true repres5tative ( ! wise man ( ! ,/oics4 --,hask9s4 #cha4 secta 7sc4 via1 lit4 a beat5 way7 "h discipl9a pr9ciples4 #cha-chc4 s]v>e modum 444 mundo4 ,^! expressions are ,/oic maxims4 ,lucan 7! nephew ( ,s5eca7 depicts ! ,/oic idea ( virtue 9 ! "* ( ,cato4 #chb-chc4 patriaeque 444 mundo4 ,cato's aim is patriae imp5d]e vitam4 ,8 devotion to ! s]vice ( humanity is complete2 x is 8 "p toti g5itum se cr$]e mundo4 ,b ?is humanity includes ,rome 9 ! fir/ place1 ! re/ ( ! _w 9 a q second>y s5se4 --,h4 #chf-chg4 hirtam togam a co>se 7lit4 hairy7 toga4 #chi4 hone/i t\ kal\4 ,cic]o def9es hone/um z aut ipsa virtus1 aut res ge/a virtute4 ,cato ,utic5sis4 ',he 0 l ,caes> alone 9 ?is1 t he _h cle> political convictions & act$ on !m n only ) consi/5cy b ) ju/ice & humanity4 ,x is 8 va9 fai? & c\rage t alone lights up ! d>k h\rs ( ! fall+ ,commonweal?3-- ',victrix causa deis placuit1 s$ victa ,catoni4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#fd ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caes>4 7#e7 ,caes> d9es ) ,cic]o1 ,dec4 #ai1 #de ,b4,c4 ,o hospitem mihi tam gravem ametamelton6 fuit enim p]iucunde4 ,s$ cum secundis ,saturnalibus ad ,philippum vesp]i v5isset1 villa ita completa militibus e/1 ut vix tricl9ium1 ubi c5aturus ipse ,caes> esset1 vac>et2 quippe hom9um ,,ci,c ,,ci,c4 #e ,sane sum commotus1 quid futurum esset po/ridie2 at mihi ,b>ba ,cassius subv5it3 cu/odes d$it4 ,ca/ra 9 agro1 villa def5sa e/4 ,ille t]tiis ,saturnalibus apud ,philippum ad h4 ,,vii1 nec quemquam admisit3 rationes op9or cum ,balbo4 ,inde ambulavit #aj 9 litore2 po/ h4 ,,viii 9 balneum2 unctus e/1 accubuit4 ,et edit et bibit ades et iucunde1 opip>e sane et app>ate1 nec id solum1 s$ b5e cocto1 condito1 s]mone bono et1 si qua]i'1 lib5t]4 #ae ,praet]ea tribus tricl9iis accepti hoi p]i auton valde copiose4 ,lib]tis m9us lautis s]visque nihil defuit3 nam lautiores elegant] accepti4 ,quid multa8 hom9es visi sumus4 ,hospes tam5 non is1 cui dic]es3 'amabo te1 eodem ad me1 cum rev]t]e'3 semel #bj satis e/4 ,sp\daion oud5 9 s]mone1 philologa multa4 ,quid qua]is8 delectatus e/ et lib5t] fuit4 ,puteolis se aiebat unum diem =e1 alt]um ad ,baias4 ,habes hospitium sive epi/a?meian1 odiosam mihi1 dixi1 non mole/am4 #be ,,cic]o1 ,ep4 ad ,att4 xiii4 #eb4 ,subject4 ,we "h cat* a glimpse ( ,caes> z he really 04 ,he _h sp5t a night ne> ,puteoli 7:]e ,cic]o also _h a villa7 ) ,philippus1 ! /ep-fa!r ( ,octavianus4 ,! ,dictator propos$ a visit1 & ,cic]o 9 ?is memorable lett] describes to ,atticus :at happ5$4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,o hospitem 444 ametamelton6 ,oh1 :at a =midable gue/ to h _h1 & yet ,i h _h no reason to rep5t ( x 7ametamelton74 #aj4 rationes 7sc4 conf]ebat7 444 ,balbo he 0 settl+ acc\nts ) ,balbus1 ,i suppose4 ,l4 ,cornelius ,balbus1 a native ( ,gades 7,cadiz71 0 ,caes>'s confid5tial secret>y & fai?ful fri5d4 ,he 0 ! fir/ enfran*is$ =eign] :o atta9$ to ! highe/ magi/racy 7,consul #dj ,b4,c474 #ad-ae4 ',?\gh ! cook 0 good1 ',twas ,attic salt 7s]mone bono7 t flav\r$ mo/ ! food4' --,jeans4 #ah-ai4 hom9es visi sumus ,i %[$ myself a man ( ta/e1 i4e4 z ho/4 #ba4 ,sp\daion oud5 lit4 no?+ s]i\s1 i4e4 no?+ political4 philologa lit]>y *at4 #bd-be4 epi/a?meian billet+1 z ,caes>'s (f] to d9e ) ,cic]o 0 equival5t to a comm&4 odiosam 444 mole/am unwelcome1 ?\gh n disagreeable4 ,b#fe ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caes>4 7#f7 ,! ,dea? ( ,caes>1 #dd ,b4,c4 ,assid5tem conspirati specie (ficii circum/et]unt2 ilicoque ,cimb] ,tillius1 qui primas p>tes suscep]at1 quasi aliquid rogaturus propius accessit1 r5u5tique et ge/u 9 aliud tempus diff]5ti ab utroque um]o togam appreh5dit2 de9de clamantem3 #e ,i/a quidem vis e/1 alt] e ,cascis av]sum vuln]at1 paulum infra iugulum4 ,caes> ,cascae bra*ium arreptum graphio traiecit1 conatusque prosilire alio vuln]e t>datus e/2 utque animadv]tit undique se /rictis pugionibus peti1 toga caput #aj obvolvit1 simul s9i/ra manu s9um ad ima crura d$uxit1 quo hone/ius cad]et etiam inf]iore corporis p>te velata4 ,atque ita tribus et vig9ti plagis confossus e/1 uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu s9e voce edito2 etsi tradid]unt quidam #ae ,m>co ,bruto irru5ti dixisse3 ,kai su teknon2 ,exanimis1 diffugi5tibus cunctis1 aliquamdiu iacuit1 donec lecticae impositum1 dep5d5te bra*io1 tres s]voli domum rettul]unt4 ,nec 9 tot vuln]ibus1 ut ,anti/ius m$icus exi/imabat1 letale ullum #bj rep]tum e/1 nisi quod secundo loco 9 pectore accep]at4 ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #hb4 ,context4 ,aft] 8 return f ,spa9 7,sept4 #de ,b4,c471 ,caes> 0 busy ) ! recon/ruction ( ! ,s5ate1 ! completion ( 8 va/ build+s 9 ,rome1 & ) o!r f>-rea*+ projects4 ,b dur+ ^! mon?s ! cl\ds ( ill-w 7 ga!r+ & ?reat5+ him on e side4 ,a conspiracy 0 =m$1 ( :i* ,c4 ,cassius1 'a lean & hungry man1' ( a bitt] & jeal\s disposition1 seems to h be5 ! real in/igator4 ,he p]suad$ ,brutus1 a /ud5t ( life *iefly 9 books1 t lib]ty c\ld only be ga9$ by murd]1 & at la/ x 0 resolv$ t ! de$ %\ld be done on ! ,ides 7#ae?7 ( ,m>*4 ,l95otes3 #h4 graphio 7graphion scriptorium7 a writ+-/yle4 #ab4 quo hone/ius cad]et1 cf4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i ii4 #hcc 7( ,lucretia73 ,hallam ,,ii4 #fge ,tunc quoque iam mori5s ne non procumbat hone/e ,respicit1 haec etiam cura cad5tis erat4 #af4 ,kai su teknon2 !re seems to be no au?ority = attribut+ ! words ,et tu ,brute8 to ,caes>4 ,%akespe>e f\nd !m 9 an e>li] play4 ,! ,murd] ( ,caes>4 ',x is ! mo/ brutal & ! mo/ pa!tic sc5e t pr(ane hi/ory has to record2 x 01 z ,goe! has said1 ! mo/ s5seless de$ t ev] 0 done4 ,x 0 :olly useless1 = x did n & c\ld n save ,rome f mon>*y4 ,! de$ 0 done by a h&ful ( m51 :o1 pursu+ a phantom lib]ty & foll[+ ! lead ( a p]sonal hatr$1 slew ! "o man :o saw ! tru? ( ?+s4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#ff ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caes>4 7#g7 ',!re may be _m ,caes>s ,ere su* ano!r ,julius4'--,cymbel9e4 ,a4 ,fuit 9 illo +5ium1 ratio1 memoria1 litt]ae1 cura1 cogitatio1 dilig5tia2 res bello gess]at quamvis rei publicae calamitosas1 at tam5 magnas2 multos annos regn>e m$itatus magno labore multis p]iculis quod cogit>at effec]at2 mun]ibus1 monum5tis1 #e congi>iis1 epulis multitud9em imp]itam del5i]at3 suos praemiis1 adv]s>ios clem5tiae specie dev9x]at4 ,,cic]o1 ,philippica1 ii4 #de4 ,l95otes3 #d4 regn>e m$itatus4 ,= ,caes> mon>*y meant ! lib]ation ( ! ,empire4 #e4 mun]ibus 7sc4 gladiatoriis7 gladiatorial %[s4 monum5tis public build+s1 e4g4 8 =um1 amphi!atre1 ,temple ( ,v5us ,g5etrix1 & o!r public works begun 7e4g4 ! ,curia ,iulia7 & plann$4 #f4 congi>iis 7sc4 donis71 orig4 a gift ( w9e 7a congius ab\t #f p9ts71 !n w9e-money 7,g]4 ,tr9kgeld71 & s ( any l>gess4 #g-h4 clem5tiae specie4 ,cic4 himself refutes ?is ungrateful taunt 9 8 pro ,m>cello3 ,recte igitur unus invictus e/1 a quo etiam ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta e/4 ,b4 ,s$ non 9 ,caes>e tantum ,nom5 erat nec fama ducis1 s$ nescia virtus ,/>e loco1 solusque pudor non v9c]e bello4 ,ac] et indomitus1 quo spes quoque ira vocasset1 #ade ,f]re manum et numquam tem]&o p>c]e f]ro4 ,successus urgu]e suos1 in/>e favori ,num9is1 impell5s quidquid sibi summa pet5ti ,ob/>et1 gaud5sque viam fecisse ru9a4 #aej ,,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 i4 #adc-aej4 ,l95otes3 #adc-add4 tantum nom5 n a m]e "n alone1 9 contra/ to ,pompeius3--,/at magni nom9is umbra4 -- ,hask9s4 #adf4 tem]&o p>c]e f]ro %r9k f dye+ 8 sword 79 blood74--,h4 ,apo!osis ( ,caes>4 ,c4 ,p]iit sexto et qu9quagesimo aetatis anno atque 9 deorum num]um relatus e/1 non ore modo dec]n5tium s$ et p]suasione volgi4 ,si quidem ludis1 quos primos consecrato ei h]es ,augu/us edebat1 #bj /ella cr9ita p] septem cont9uos dies fulsit1 exori5s circa undecimam horam1 cr$itumque e/ animam esse ,caes>is 9 caelum recepti2 et hac de causa simulacro eius 9 v]tice additur /ella4 ,,suet4 ,div4 ,iul4 #hh4 ,l95otes3 #ba4 /ella cr9ita 7 komts72 cf4 ,v]g4 ,georg4 iv4 #dff-h3 ,ille 7 ! sun7 etiam ex/9cto mis]atus ,caes>e ,romam ,cum caput obscura nitidum f]rug9e 7 gloom7 texit1 ,impiaque aet]nam timu]unt saecula noctem4 ',,facta ,,ducis ,,viv5t1 ,,op]osaque ,,gloria ,,r]um4' --,,ovid4 ',,! ,,h]o',s ,,de$s ,,& ,,h>d-,,won ,,fame ,,%all ,,live4' ,caes> 0 ! sole creative g5ius produc$ by ,rome1 & ! la/ produc$ by ! anci5t _w1 :i* accord+ly mov$ on 9 ! pa? t he m>k$ out = x until its sun w5t d[n4 ,:atev] he und]took & a*iev$ 0 p]vad$ & guid$ by ! cool sobriety :i* con/itutes ! mo/ m>k$ peculi>ity ( 8 g5ius4 ,to ?is he ow$ ! p[] ( liv+ en]getically 9 ! pres5t1 undi/urb$ ei!r by recollection or by expectation3 to ?is he ow$ ! capacity ( act+ at any mom5t ) collect$ vig\r1 & ( apply+ 8 :ole g5ius ev5 to ! smalle/ & mo/ incid5tal ent]prise4 ,gifts su* z ^! c\ld n fail to produce a /atesman4 ,caes> z a /atesman4--,f e>ly y\? ,caes> 0 a /atesman 9 ! deepe/ s5se ( ! t]m1 & 8 aim 0 ! political1 milit>y1 intellectual1 & moral reg5]ation ( 8 own deeply decay$ nation1 & ( ! /ill m deeply decay$ ,hell5ic nation intimately ak9 to 8 own4 ,accord+ to 8 orig9al plan1 he _h propos$ to rea* 8 object1 l ,p]icles & ,gaius ,grac*us1 )\t =ce ( arms1 until1 reluctantly conv9c$ ( ! necessity = a milit>y support1 he1 :5 already =ty ye>s ( age1 put himself at ! head ( an army4 ,8 tal5t = organisation 0 m>vell\s4--,no /atesman has ev] compell$ alliances1 no g5]al has ev] collect$ an army out ( unyield+ & refractory elem5ts ) su* decision1 & kept !m toge!r ) su* firmness1 z ,caes> display$ 9 con/ra9+ & uphold+ 8 coalitions & 8 legions2 nev] did reg5t judge 8 in/rum5ts & assign ea* to ! place appropriate = him ) s accurate an eye4 ,he 0 mon>*2 b he nev] play$ ! k+4--',i am no k+1 b ,caes>4' ,ev5 :5 absolute "l ( ,rome1 he reta9$ ! deportm5t ( ! p>ty-lead]2 p]fectly pliant & smoo?1 easy & *>m+ 9 conv]sation1 complaisant t[>ds ev]yone1 x seem$ z if he wi%$ io be no?+ b ! fir/ among 8 pe]s4 ,caes> rul$ z k+ ( ,rome = five ye>s & a half1 n half z long z ,alex&]3 9 ! int]vals ( sev5 great campaigns1 :i* all[$ him to /ay n m ?an fifte5 mon?s altoge!r 9 ! capital ( 8 empire1 he regulat$ ! de/9ies ( ! _w = ! pres5t & ! future4 ,! outl9es 7 laid d[n1 & !reby ! new ,/ate 0 def9$ = all com+ "t3 ! b\ndless future alone c\ld complete ! /ructure4 ,b precisely because ! build+ 0 an endless "o1 ! ma/] s long z he liv$ re/lessly add$ /one to /one1 ) always ! same dext]ity & always ! same ela/icity busy at "w4 ,?us he work$ & creat$ z nev] did any man be=e or aft] him3 & z a work] & creator he /ill1 aft] well-nigh two ?\s& ye>s1 lives 9 ! memory ( ! nations--! fir/ & )al unique ,imp]ator ,caes>4 ,,momms54 ,b#fg ,,cic]o ,,& ,,antonius4 ,a4 ,p]oration ( ! ,second ,philippic1 #dd ,b4,c4 ,respice1 quaeso1 aliqu&o rem publicam1 ,m4 ,antoni3 quibus ortus sis1 non quibuscum vivas consid]a3 mecum1 uti voles3 r$i cum re publica 9 gratiam4 ,s$ de te tu vid]is3 ego de me ipso pr(itebor4 ,def5di rem publicam adulesc5s1 non #e des]am s5ex3 contempsi ,catil9ae gladios1 non p]timescam tuos4 ,qu9 etiam corpus lib5t] obtul]im1 si repraes5t>i morte mea lib]tas civitatis pote/3 ut aliqu&o dolor populi ,romani p>iat1 quod iam diu p>turit4 ,et5im si abh9c #aj annos prope vig9ti hoc ipso 9 templo negavi posse mortem immaturam esse consul>i1 quanto v]ius nunc negabo s5i8 ,mihi v]o1 patres conscripti1 iam etiam opt&a mors e/1 p]functo rebus eis quas adeptus sum quasque gessi4 ,duo modo haec #ae opto3 unum1 ut mori5s populum ,romanum lib]um rel9quam--hoc mihi maius ab dis immortalibus d>i nihil pote/1--alt]um1 ut ita cuique ev5iat ut de re publica quisque m]eatur4 ,,cic]o1 ,phil4 ii4 #df4 ,l95otes3 #b4 quibus ortus sis3 espec4 8 gr&fa!r ,m4 ,antonius1 ! fam\s orator1 :om ,cic]o held 9 great e/eem4 #e4 adulesc5s1 i4e4 9 #fc ,b4,c41 :5 he 0 9 8 #dd? ye>4 #h4 repraes5t>i be realis$1 won n[ & "h4 --,jebb4 #aa4 templo1 i4e4 ,concordiae4 ,cic4 ref]s to ,9 ,catil4 iv4 ,! ,p]oration4 ',su* a passage speaks to u ) a liv+ impression ( unity & directness :i* we ackn[l$ge )\t "q4 ,we admire & ask = no?+ m4' --,nettle%ip4 ,b4 ,on ! ,murd] ( ,cic]o1 by ord] ( ,antonius4 ,p> scelus admisit ,ph>iis ,antonius armis3 ,abscidit voltus ensis ut]que sacros4 ,illud1 laurig]os ag]es cum laeta triumphos1 ,hoc tibi1 ,roma1 caput1 cum loqu]]is1 erat4 #d ,antoni tam5 e/ peior quam causa ,po?9i3 ,hic fac9us dom9o prae/itit1 ille sibi4 ,,m>tial1 ,epig4 ,,iii4 lxvi4 ,l95otes3 #a4 ,p> ,ph>iis armis :i* mat*es 7t committ$ by7 ! arm$ h& ( an ,egyptian1 i4e4 ,po?9us 7! gu>dian ( ! "y k+7 :o plann$ ! murd] ( ,pompeius1 :5 he fl$ to ,egypt #dh ,b4,c4 sacros3 consecrat$ to ,rome f _! public s]vices4 #c-d4 ,illud caput ,pompeius4 hoc caput ,cic]o4 ,cf4 ,epig4 v4 lxix3 ,quid gladium dem5s ,romana /r+is 9 ora8 #f4 dom9o1 sc4 ,ptolemaeus1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 jo9tly ) ,cleopatra4 ,b#fh ,,cic]o4 ,a4 ,cic]o z ,orator & ,poet4 ,eloquium ac famam ,demo/h5is aut ,cic]onis ,incipit opt>e et totis ,qu9quatribus optat #aae ,quisquis adhuc uno p>cam colit asse ,m9]vam1 ,quem sequitur cu/os angu/ae v]nula capsae4 ,eloquio s$ ut]que p]it orator1 utrumque ,l>gus et exundans leto d$it +5ii fons4 ,+5io manus e/ et c]vix caesa1 nec umquam #abj ,sangu9e causidici madu]unt ro/ra pusilli4 ',o =tunatam natam me consule ,romam'3 ,antoni gladios potuit contemn]e1 si sic ,omnia dixisset4 ,rid5da poemata malo ,quam te1 conspicuae div9a ,philippica famae1 #abe ,volv]is a prima quae proxima4 ,,juv5al1 ,satires1 x4 #aad-abf4 ,l95otes3 #aad-aag4 ,boys at s*ool long to be a ,demo/h5es or a ,cic]o4 #aae4 totis ,qu9quatribus1 i4e4 dur+ all ! five days ( ! ,qu9quatria1 an annual fea/ ( ,m9]va1 ,m>* #ai-bc3 x 0 always a holiday "t at s*ools1 & ! s*ool ye> began at ! close ( x4 #aaf4 p>cam ,m9]vam a *eap k9d ( le>n+1 & uno asse an entrance fee ( "o z4 ,b ,duff says z "h /ips1 i4e4 ! boy's contribution to ! goddess ( wisdom1 :o c make him wise1 & p>cam 7 economical71 transf]r$ f asse to ,m9]vam4 #aag4 v]nula a little home-born slave1 capsa a circul> box ( bee*-wood1 us$ = ! transport ( books4 #aba4 causidici pusilli ( a petty plead]1 z oppos$ to orator4 #abb4 ,f ,cic]o's poem de suo consulatu4 ,ano!r l9e quot$ 9 ! #bnd ,philippic is ,c$ant arma togae1 conc$at laurea laudi4 #abd4 ,rid5da poemata malo1 i4e4 !y are bett] z be+ saf]4 ,juv5al himself refutes ?is argum5t3 ,summum cr$e nefas animam praef]re pudori ,et propt] vitam viv5di p]d]e causas4 ,b4 ,cic]o z ,advocate4 ,dis]tissime ,romuli nepotum1 ,quot sunt quotque fu]e1 ,m>ce ,tulli1 ,quotque po/ aliis erunt 9 annis1 ,gratias tibi maximas ,catullus ,agit pessimus omnium poeta1 #e ,tanto pessimus omnium poeta ,quanto tu optimus omnium patronus4 ,,catullus1 xlix4 ,l95otes3 #b4 ,m>ce ,tulli3 ! =mal address suits ! =mal expression ( ?anks to a patronus 7 advocate74 #e4 pessimus omnium poeta3 ! self-depreciation height5s ! praise ( ! la/ l9e4 --,m]rill4 ,b#fi ,,cic]o4 ,8 ,dea?1 by ord] ( ,antonius1 #dc ,b4,c4 ,m4 ,cic]o sub adv5tum triumvirorum urbe cess]at pro c]to hab5s id quod erat1 non magis se ,antonio eripi quam ,caes>i ,cassium et ,brutum posse3 primo 9 ,tusculanum fug]at1 inde transv]sis it9]ibus 9 ,=mianum ut ab ,caieta navem #e consc5surus pr(iciscitur4 ,unde aliquoties 9 altum provectum cum modo v5ti adv]si retuliss5t1 modo ipse iactationem navis caeco volv5te fluctu pati non posset1 ta$ium t&em eum et fugae et vitae cepit1 regressusque ad sup]iorem villam1 quae paulo #aj plus mille passibus a m>i abe/1 'mori>1' inquit1 '9 patria saepe s]vata4' ,satis con/at s]vos =tit] fidelit]que p>atos fuisse ad dimic&um2 ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati quod sors iniqua cog]et iussisse4 ,prom95ti ex lectica praeb5tique #ae immotam c]vicem caput praecisum e/4 ,nec satis /olidae crudelitati militum fuit3 manus quoque scripsisse aliquid 9 ,antonium exprobrantes praecid]unt4 ,ita relatum caput ad ,antonium iussuque eius int] duas manus 9 ro/ris positum1 ubi #bj ille consul1 ubi saepe consul>is1 ubi eo ipso anno adv]sus ,antonium quanta nulla umquam humana vox cum admiratione eloqu5tiae auditus fu]at3 vix attoll5tes prae lacrimis oculos hom9es intu]i trucidati membra civis pot]ant4 ,vixit tres et sexag9ta #be annos1 ut si vis afuisset1 ne immatura quidem mors vid]i possit4 ,,livy1 ,fr4 ap4 ,s54 ,rh4 ,suas4 vii4 ,l95otes3 #a4 triumvirorum1 sc4 ,antonius1 ,octavianus1 & ,lepidus4 ,^! ?ree allies 7ab\t ! end ( ,oct4 #dc ,b4,c47 held _! fam\s meet+ on an isl& 9 ! ,r4 ,rh5us 7a tribut>y ( ! ,padus7 ne> ,bononia 7,bologna71 at :i* !y con/itut$ !mselves a commission ( ?ree ) absolute p[]s = five ye>s4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a proscription ( _! pr9cipal oppon5ts1 ( :om sev5te51 includ+ ,cic]o 7sacrific$ to ,antonius71 7 at once put to dea?4 #d4 9 ,tusculanum1 i4e4 to 8 villa at ,tusculum1 ri*ly adorn$ ) pictures & /atues4 #e4 9 ,=mianum1 i4e4 to 8 villa at ,=miae1 on ! ,appian ,way1 9 ! inn]mo/ corn] ( ! beautiful ,gulf ( ,caieta 7,gata74 ,ne> ?is villa ,cic]o 0 murd]$4 ,! ,dea? ( ,cic]o4 ,cic]o's "w 0 ov]1 & ! trag$y ( 8 dea? 0 ! natural outcome ( 8 spl5did failure4 ,! re/oration ( ! ,commonweal? ( ! ,scipios 0 b a dream2 /ill x 0 a beautiful dream1 & ,cic]o gave 8 life = x4 --,tyrrell4 ,b#gj ,9 ,praise ( ,cic]o4 ,a4 ,nihil tam5 egi/i1 ,m4 ,antoni1 nihil1 inquam1 egi/i m]c$em caele/issimi oris et cl>issimi capitis abscisi num]&o1 auctoram5toque funebri ad cons]vatoris quondam rei publicae tantique consulis irrit&o necem4 ,rapui/i tum ,cic]oni lucem #e sollicitam et aetatem s5ilem et vitam mis]iorem te pr9cipe quam sub te triumviro mortem1 famam v]o gloriamque factorum atque dictorum adeo non ab/uli/i1 ut aux]is4 ,vivit vivetque p] omnem saeculorum memoriam1 dumque hoc vel =te vel #aj provid5tia vel utcumque con/itutum r]um naturae corpus1 quod ille pa5e solus ,romanorum animo vidit1 +5io complexus e/1 eloqu5tia illum9avit1 manebit incolume1 comitem aevi sui laudem ,cic]onis trahet omnisque po/]itas illius 9 te scripta mirabitur1 #ae tuum 9 eum factum exsecrabitur citiusque e mundo g5us hom9um quam ,cic]onis memoria c$et4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 ii4 #ff4 ,l95otes3 #c-d4 auctoram5toque funebri irrit&o lit4 & by /imulat+ 7provok+7 by a fatal rew>d 7auctoram5to7 ! dea?4 4 4 4 #aj-ae4 dumque 444 trahet1 9 ref]5ce to ,cic]o's philosophical works1 9 :i* ,cic]o prop\nds no orig9al s*eme ( philosophy1 claim+ only t he r5d]s ! conclusions ( ,greek ?9k]s accessible to 8 own c\ntrym54 ,b4 ,+5ium et op]ibus et praemiis op]um felix2 ipse =tunae diu prosp]ae et 9 longo t5ore felicitatis #bj magnis int]im ictus vuln]ibus1 exilio1 ru9a p>tium pro quibus /et]at1 filiae exitu tam tri/i tamque ac]bo1 omnium adv]sorum nihil ut viro dignum erat tulit praet] mortem1 quae v]e ae/imanti m9us indigna vid]i potuit1 quod a victore #be inimico nil crudelius passurus erat quam quod eiusdem =tunae compos victo fecisset4 ,si quis tam5 virtutibus vitia p5s>et1 vir magnus ac memorabilis fuit1 et 9 cuius laudes exsequ5das ,cic]one laudatore opus fu]it4 #cj ,,livy1 ,fr4 ap4 ,s54 ,l95ote3 #ba-bb4 ru9a 444 /et]at1 i4e4 ! re/oration ( ! ,commonweal? ( ! ,scipios4 ,cic]o4 ',x happ5$ _m ye>s aft] t ,augu/us once f\nd "o ( 8 gr&sons ) a "w ( ,cic]o's 9 8 h&s4 ,! boy 0 fright5$1 & hid ! book "u 8 g[n2 b ,caes> took x f him1 &1 /&+ !re motionless1 he read ?r\gh a great "p ( ! book2 !n he gave x back to ! boy1 & said ,?is 0 a great orator1 my *ild2 a great orator1 & a man :o lov$ 8 c\ntry well4'--,plut>*1 ,cic]o1 #di4 ,b#ga ,,laus ,,italiae4 ,si te =te iuvant ,helles ,a?amantidos urbes1 ,nec desid]io1 ,tulle1 mov]e meo1 ,tu licet aspicias caelum omne ,atlanta g]5tem1 ,sectaque ,p]sea ,phorcidos ora manu1 #h ,g]yonis /abula et luctantum 9 pulv]e signa ,h]culis ,antaeique ,hesp]idumque *oros1 ,tuque tuo ,col*um propellas remige ,phasim1 ,peliacaeque trabis totum it] ipse legas1 #ab ,qua rudis ,argoa natat int] saxa columba ,9 faciem prorae p9us adacta novae1 ,et siqua ,ortygii vis5da e/ ora ,cay/ri1 ,et quae sept5as temp]at unda vias2 #af ,omnia ,romanae c$5t miracula t]rae2 ,natura 8 posuit1 quicquid ubique fuit4 ,armis apta magis tellus1 quam commoda noxae3 ,famam1 ,roma1 tuae non pudet hi/oriae4 #bj ,nam quantum f]ro1 tantum pietate pot5tes ,/amus3 victrices temp]at illa manus4 ,hic ,anio ,tiburne fluis1 ,clitumnus ab ,umbro ,tramite1 et aet]num ,m>cius umor opus1 #bd ,albanus lacus et foliis ,nemor5sis abundans1 ,potaque ,pollucis lympha salubris equo4 #bf ,haec tibi1 ,tulle1 p>5s1 haec e/ pul*]rima s$es2 #ci ,hic tibi pro digna g5te pet5dus honos2 ,hic tibi ad eloquium cives1 hic ampla nepotum ,spes et v5turae coniugis aptus amor4 #db ,,prop]tius1 ,,iii4 7,,iv47 xxii4 #e-bf1 #ci-db4 ,subject4 ,g :]e ?\ wilt1 my ,tullus1 "k t all ! sights & m>vels ( all l&s1 f ,we/ to ,ea/1 are outdone by ^? ( ?9e own ,italy4 ,a truly fam\s l&6 ,a l& ev] victori\s1 ev] m]ciful2 full ( fair lakes & /reams4 ,"h1 ,tullus1 is ?y true abode3 "h seek a life ( hon\r & a home4 ,l95otes3 #h4 ,phorcidos ora ! head ( ,m$usa1 ! daught] ( ,phorcus4 #ae4 ,ortygii ,cay/ri4 ,ortygia1 an old "n = ,ephesus1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,r4 ,cay/]3 ! haunt ( quails 7,ortygia1 ortux74 #af4 temp]at sept5as vias mod]ates its sev5 *annels1 ( ! delta ( ! ,nile4 --,ramsay4 #ai-bb4 ,cf4 ,v]g4 ,a54 vi4 #hec ,p>c]e subiectis et debell>e sup]bos4 #ai4 commoda noxae dispos$ to h>m4 --,nor? ,p9d]4 #bd4 ,m>cius umor1 i4e4 ! aqu$uct ( ,q4 ,m>cius ,rex2 built #ade ,b4,c4 #be4 ,! ,alban & ,arician ,lakes 7,nemor5sis mod4 ,nemi7 are close toge!r4 #bf4 i4e4 ! well ,iuturna 9 ! ,=um 7'! well t spr+s by ,ve/a's fane'7 at :i* ! ,dioscuri wa%$ _! horses aft] _! hot ride f ,lake ,regillus4 #da4 ad eloquium cives citiz5s to he> & pr(it by y\r eloqu5ce4 --,n4 ,p4 ,b#gb ,,laus ,,romae4 ,haec e/ 9 gremium victos quae sola recepit #aej ,humanumque g5us communi nom9e fovit ,matris1 non dom9ae ritu3 civesque vocavit ,quos domuit1 nexuque pio long9qua rev9xit4 ,huius pacificis debemus moribus omnes ,quod veluti patriis regionibus utitur hospes3 #aee ,quod s$em mut>e licet3 quod c]n]e ,?ul5 ,lusus1 et horr5dos quondam p5etr>e recessus3 ,quod bibimus passim ,rhodanum1 potamus ,orontem2 ,quod cuncti g5s una sumus4 ,nec t]m9us unquam ,romanae dicionis erit4 ,nam cet]a regna #afj ,luxuries vitiis odiisque sup]bia v]tit4 ,sic male sublimes fregit ,sp>tanus ,a!nas ,atque idem ,!bas cecidit4 ,sic ,m$us ademit ,assyrio1 ,m$oque tulit mod]am9a ,p]ses3 ,subiecit ,mac$o ,p]s51 cessurus et ipse #afe ,romanis4 ,haec auguriis firmata ,sibyllae1 ,haec sacris animata ,numae3 huic fulm9a vibrat ,iuppit]3 hanc tota ,tritonia ,gorgone velat4 ,arcanas huc ,ve/a faces1 huc orgia ,bac*us ,tran/ulit1 et ,phrygios g5etrix turrita leones4 #agj ,huc def5surus morbos ,epidaurius hospes ,reptavit placido tractu1 vectumque p] undas ,insula ,paeonium texit ,tib]9a draconem4 ,,claudian1 de ,consulatu ,/ili*onis1 iii4 #aej-agc4 ,l95otes3 #aec4 nexuque 444 rev9xit & has l9k$ f> places 9 a bond ( love4 --,jebb4 #aef4 ,?ul53 cf4 ,v]gil's ultima ,?ule1 ( ! nor!rnmo/ isl& kn[n1 v>i\sly id5tifi$ ) ! ,%etl&s1 ,icel&1 or ,norway4 #aeh4 ,orontem3 ! l>ge/ riv] ( ,syria1 :5ce ,juv5al1 iii4 #fb1 uses x ( ! ,syrian p-- ,iam pridem ,syrus 9 ,tib]im defluxit ,orontes4 #aei4 ,quod cuncti 444 sumus t ! :ole e>? is "o p4 #afd4 mod]am9a ! re9s ( p[]2 lit4 a means ( manag+4 #afh4 hanc tota 444 velat %e x is above :om ,pallas spreads ! :ole %ad[ ( ! aegis 7tota ,gorgone74 ,cf4 ,v]g4 ,a54 viii4 #dce-h3 ,aegidaque horrif]am1 turbatae ,palladis arma1 ,c]tatim squamis s]p5tum auroque polibant1 ,connexosque angues ipsamque 9 pectore divae ,gorgona1 desecto v]t5tem lum9a collo4 #agj4 g5etrix turrita1 i4e4 ,cybele1 ! goddess ( settl$ life4 #aga4 ,epidaurius hospes1 i4e4 ,asclepius 7,aesculapius71 :o _h a fam\s temple at ,epidaurus 79 ,argolis71 :5ce 8 wor%ip 0 introduc$ into ,rome to av]t a pe/il5ce #bic ,b4,c4 #agb4 reptavit placido tractu came g5tly glid+ on 8 voyage4 --,jebb4 --,= reptavit cf4 repo1 h]p1 & our creep4 #agc4 ,paeonium draconem ! s]p5t ( ! heal]4 ,cf4 ,pain4 ,b#gc ',,quod ,,cuncti ,,g5s ,,una ,,sumus4' --,,claudian4 ,vis dicam1 quae causa tuos1 ,romane1 labores ,9 tantum extul]it1 quis gloria fotibus aucta ,sic cluat1 impositis ut mundum fr5et hab5is8 #ehe ,discordes l+uis populos et dissona cultu ,regna vol5s soci>e ,d5s1 subiungi] uni ,imp]io1 quidquid tractabile moribus esset1 ,concordique iugo ret9acula mollia f]re ,con/ituit1 quo corda hom9um coniuncta t5]et #eij ,relligionis amor3 nec enim fit copula ,*ri/o ,digna1 nisi implicitas societ m5s unica g5tes4 #eib ,ius fecit commune p>es et nom9e eodem #fjh ,nexuit et domitos frat]na 9 v9cla r$egit4 ,vivitur omnig5is 9 p>tibus1 haud secus ac si ,cives cong5itos concludat mo5ibus unis ,urbs patria atque omnes l>e conciliemur avito4 #fab ,en ades omnipot5s1 concordibus influe t]ris3 #fcd ,iam mundus te1 ,*ri/e1 capit1 quem congrege nexu ,pax et ,roma t55t3 capita haec et culm9a r]um ,esse iubes1 nec ,roma tibi s9e pace probatur3 ,et pax ut placeat1 facit excell5tia ,romae1 ,quae motus v>ios simul et dicione co]cet ,et t]rore premit4 #fdj ,,prud5tius1 contra ,symma*um1 ii4 #ehc-fdj 7sel474 ,subject4 ,9 a rem>kable passage1 ,prud5tius 7circ4 #djj ,a4,d47 views ! victori\s empire ( ,rome z prep>+ ! way = ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,! triumphs ( ! ,romans 7 n1 he says1 ! gifts ( false gods1 grateful = sacrifices1 b 7 design$ by ,provid5ce to break d[n ! b>ri]s betwe5 ! j>r+ nationalities ( ! _w1 & famili>ise !m ) a common yoke1 by way ( discipl9+ !m = a common ,*ri/ianity4 ,an univ]sal peace is /ruck ?r\gh sea & l&1 & ,law1 ,art1 ,comm]ce1 & ,m>riage con/itute ! _w "o city & "o family4 ,?us ! way 0 pav$ = ! com+ ( ,*ri/ by ! unity ( ! empire & ! civilisation ( ! individual subject4 --,nor? ,p9d]4 ,l95otes3 #ehd4 fotibus 7cf4 fotum1 foveo7 *]i%+s1 supports1 po/-classical4 #ehe4 sic cluat is s fam$1 = cluo 7ante & po/-class47 cf4 kleos4 #eij-eia4 quo 7sc4 iugo7 444 amor1 i4e4 he>ts once knit toge!r by a common yoke w\ld be/ be held toge!r by a common fai?4 --,n4 ,p4 #fji4 frat]na 9 v9cla 9 ! bonds ( bro!rhood1 n ^? ( slav]y1 z domitos w\ld naturally sugge/4 #fcd4 concordibus n[ !y are 9 h>mony & peace1 emphatic4 #fce4 capit is fit to receive !e4 ,,miscellane\s ,,passages ,,propempticon ,,v]gilio4#cf ,! ,p]ils ( ! ,deep4 ,a4 ,sic te diva pot5s ,cypri1 ,sic fratres ,hel5ae1 lucida sid]a1 ,v5torumque regat pat] ,ob/rictis aliis praet] ,iapyga1 #d ,navis1 quae tibi cr$itum ,debes ,v]gilium1 f9ibus ,atticis ,r$das incolumem precor ,et s]ves animae dimidium meae4 #h ,illi robur et aes triplex ,circa pectus erat1 qui fragilem truci ,commisit pelago ratem ,primus1 nec timuit praecipitem ,africum #ab ,dec]tantem ,aquilonibus ,nec tri/es ,hyadas nec rabiem ,noti1 ,quo non arbit] ,hadriae ,maior1 toll]e seu pon]e vult freta4 #af ,quem mortis timuit gradum1 ,qui siccis oculis mon/ra natantia1 ,qui vidit m>e turbidum et ,infames scopulos ,acroc]aunia8 #bj ,nequiquam deus abscidit ,prud5s ,oceano dissociabili ,t]ras1 si tam5 impiae ,non tang5da rates transiliunt vada4 #bd ,footnote #cf3 ,a ',god-spe$' to ,v]gil's %ip4 ',n\ght is !re = man too high4' ,b4 ,audax omnia p]peti ,g5s humana ruit p] vetitum nefas3 ,audax ,iapeti g5us ,ignem fraude mala g5tibus intulit2 #bh ,po/ ignem ae!ria domo ,subductum macies et nova febrium ,t]ris incubuit cohors ,semotique prius t>da necessitas #cb ,leti corripuit gradum4 ,exp]tus vacuum ,da$alus a]a4 ,p9nis non hom9i datis2 ,p]rupit ,a*]onta ,h]culeus labor4 #cf ,nil mortalibus ardui/2 ,caelum ipsum petimus /ultitia neque ,p] no/rum patimur scelus ,iracunda ,iovem pon]e fulm9a4 #dj ,,horace1 ,od4 ,i4 iii4 ,,propempticon ,,maecio ,,cel]i4 ,a ,pray] = 8 fri5d's safety4 ,a4 ,di1 quibus audaces amor e/ s]v>e c>9as ,saevaque v5tosi mulc]e p]icula ponti1 ,/]nite molle fretum placidumque adv]tite votis ,concilium1 et l5is non ob/repat unda precanti3 ,gr&e tuo r>umque damus1 ,neptune1 pr(undo #e ,depositum4 ,iuv5is dubio committitur alto ,maecius atque animae p>tem sup] aequora no/rae ,maiorem transf]re p>at4 ,pr(]te b5igna ,sid]a et antemnae gem9o considite cornu1 ,oebalii fratres2 vobis pontusque polusque #aj ,luceat2 ,iliacae longe nimbosa sororis ,a/ra fugate1 precor1 totoque excludite caelo4 ,vos quoque ca]uleum ponti1 ,n]eides1 agm5 ,quis honor ei regni cessit =tuna secundi1 ,dic]e quae magni fas sit mihi sid]a ponti1 #ae ,surgite de vitreis spumosae ,doridos antris ,baianosque s9us et feta tep5tibus undis ,litora tranquillo c]tatim ambite natatu1 ,qua]5tes ubi celsa ratis1 quam sc&]e gaudet ,nobilis ,ausoniae ,cel] armipot5tis alumnus4 4 4 4 #bj ,8 ,pray] is he>d4 ,man's audacity4 ,b4 ,et pat]1 ,aeolio frangit qui c>c]e v5tos #db ,cui v>ii flatus omnisque p] aequora mundi ,spiritus atque hiemes nimbosaque nubila p>5t1 ,artius obiecto ,borean ,eurumque ,notumque #de ,monte premat3 soli ,zephyro sit copia caeli1 ,solus agat puppes summasque sup]natet undas ,assiduus pelago2 donec tua turb9e nullo ,laeta ,p>aetoniis assignet c>basa ripis4 4 4 4 ,audimur4 ,vocat ipse ratem nautasque morantes #ej ,increpat4 ,ecce meum timido iam frigore pectus ,labitur et nequeo1 quamvis movet om9is horror1 ,claud]e susp5sos oculorum 9 m>g9e fletus4 4 4 4 #ec ,quis rude et abscissum mis]is animantibus aequor #fa ,fecit it] solidaeque pios telluris alumnos ,expulit 9 fluctus pelagoque immisit hianti ,audax +5ii8 nec enim tem]>ia virtus ,illa magis1 summae gelidum quae ,pelion ,ossae #fe ,iunxit anhelantemque iugis bis pressit ,olympum4 ,,/atius1 ,silvae1 ,,ii4 ii4 #a-bj1 #db-ec1 #fa-ff4 ,,s5eca4 ,= ^? 'qui corporis cura m5tem obru]unt4' ,a4 ,/ulta e/ enim1 mi ,lucili1 et m9ime conv5i5s litt]ato viro occupatio ex]c5di lac]tos et dilat&i c]vicem1 ac lat]a firm&i4 ,cum tibi felicit] sag9a cess]it1 et tori crev]9t3 nec vires unquam opimi bovis1 nec pondus aequabis4 ,adice nunc1 quod maiore corporis s>c9a animus eliditur1 et m9us agilis e/4 ,itaque1 quantum potes circumscribe corpus tuum1 et animo locum laxa4 ,multa sequuntur incommoda huic d$itos curae4 ,primum ex]citationes1 qu>um labor spiritum exhaurit1 et inhabilem int5tioni ac /udiis acrioribus r$dit2 de9de copia ciborum subtilitas animi imp$itur4 ,acc$unt pessimae notae1 mancipia 9 magi/]ium recepta1 hom9es int] oleum et v9um occupati3 quibus ad votum dies e/ actus1 si b5e desudav]unt1 si 9 locum eius quod effluxit1 multum potionis altius ieiuno gutture regess]unt4 ,bib]e et sud>e1 vita c>diaci e/4 ,sunt ex]citationes et faciles et breves1 quae corpus et s9e mora lax5t1 et tempori p>cant3 cuius praecipua ratio hab5da e/4 ,cursus1 et cum aliquo pond]e manus motae1 et saltus1 vel ille qui corpus 9 altum levat1 vel ille qui 9 longum mittit1 vel ille 7ut ita dicam7 sali>is1 aut 7ut contumeliosius dicam7 fullonius4 ,quodlibet ex 8 elige1 usu fit facile4 ,neque ego te iubeo semp] imm9]e libro1 aut pugill>ibus4 ,d&um et aliquod int]vallum animo3 ita tam5 ut non resolvatur1 s$ remittatur4 ,,s5eca1 ,ep4 xv4 #h4 ',!y ne$s mu/ die4' ,b4 ,incognitum i/ud fac9us1 ac dirum nefas ,a me quoque absit4 ,quod scelus mis]i lu5t8 ,scelus e/ ,iason g5itor1 et maius scelus ,m$ea mat]4 ,occidant3 non sunt mei4 ,p]eant8 mei sunt4 ,crim9e et culpa c>5t4 ,sunt innoc5tes1 fateor3 et frat] fuit4 ,quid1 anime1 titubas8 ora quid lacrimae rigant8 ,v>iamque nunc huc ira nunc illuc amor ,diducit8 anceps ae/us inc]tam rapit4 ,,s5eca1 ,m$ea1 #ibj4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,poets4 ,an ,e/imate ( e>ly ,roman ,dramati/s4 ,a4 ,ennius1 et sapi5s et =tis et alt] ,hom]us1 #ej ,ut critici dicunt1 levit] cur>e videtur1 ,quo promissa cadant et somnia ,py?agorea4 ,naevius 9 manibus non e/ et m5tibus ha]et ,pa5e rec5s8 ,adeo sanctum e/ vetus omne poema4 ,ambigitur quoti5s ut] utro sit prior1 auf]t #ee ,pacuvius docti famam s5is1 ,accius alti1 ,dicitur ,afrani toga conv5isse ,m5&ro1 ,plautus ad exempl> ,siculi prop]>e ,epi*>mi1 ,v9c]e ,caecilius gravitate1 ,t]5tius arte4 ,hos ediscit et hos arto /ipata !atro #fj ,spectat ,roma pot5s1 habet hos num]atque poetas ,ad no/rum tempus ,livi scriptoris ab aevo4 ,,hor4 ,ep4 ,,ii4 i4 #ej-fb4 ',t]ntio non smilem dices qumpiam4' ,b4 ,tu quoque tu 9 summis1 o dimidiate ,m5&]1 ,pon]is1 et m]ito1 puri s]monis amator4 ,l5ibus atque ut9am scriptis adiuncta =et vis1 ,comica ut aequato virtus poll]et honore ,cum ,graecis neve hac despectus p>te iac]es6 ,unum hoc mac]or ac doleo tibi deesse1 ,t]5ti4 ,,caes>1 ap4 ,,sueton4 vit4 ,t]4 ,ovid on 8 ,contempor>ies4 ,c4 ,temporis illius colui fovique poetas1 ,quotque ad]ant vates1 reb> adesse deos4 ,saepe suas volucres legit mihi gr&ior aevo1 ,quaeque nocet s]p5s1 quae iuvat h]ba1 ,mac]4 #dd ,saepe suos solitus recit>e ,prop]tius ignes1 ,iure sodalicio qui mihi iunctus erat4 ,ponticus h]oo1 ,bassus quoque cl>us iambis ,dulcia convictus membra fu]e mei2 #dh ,et t5uit no/ras num]osus ,horatius aures1 ,dum f]it ,ausonia c>m9a culta lyra4 ,v]gilium vidi tantum3 nec am>a ,tibullo ,tempus amicitiae fata d$]e meae4 #eb ,successor fuit hic tibi1 ,galle1 ,prop]tius illi2 ,qu>tus ab 8 s]ie temporis ipse fui3 ,utque ego maiores1 sic me colu]e m9ores1 ,notaque non t>de facta ,?alia mea e/4 #ef ,,ovid1 ,tr4 ,,iv4 x4 #da-ef4 ,cf4 ,,ovid1 ,am4 ,i4 xv4 #i-cj2 ,am4 ,,iii4 ix4 #ch-fh2 ,rem4 ,am4 #fe-chh2 ,,qu9t4 ,x4 i4 #he-ij4 ,,/orms ,,by ,,sea ,,& ,,l&4 ,ovid describes a ,/orm at ,sea4 ,a4 ,me mis]um1 quanti montes volvuntur aqu>um6 ,iam iam tacturos sid]a summa putes4 #bj ,quantae diducto subsidunt aequore valles6 ,iam iam tacturas ,t>t>a nigra putes4 ,quocumque aspicio1 nihil e/ nisi pontus et a]1 ,fluctibus hic tumidus1 nubibus ille m9ax4 #bd ,int] utrumque fremunt inmani murmure v5ti3 ,nescit1 cui dom9o p>eat1 unda m>is4 ,nam modo purpureo vires capit ,eurus ab ortu1 ,nunc ,zephyrus s]o vesp]e missus ade/1 #bh ,nunc sicca gelidus ,boreas bac*atur ab ,arcto1 ,nunc ,notus adv]sa proelia fronte g]it4 ,rector 9 inc]to e/ nec quid fugiatve petatve ,inv5it3 ambiguis ars /upet ipsa malis4 #cb ,,ovid1 ,tr4 ,i4 ii4 #ai-cb4 ,! pass+ ( ,romulus4 ,b4 ,sol fugit1 et remov5t subeuntia nubila caelum1 ,et gravis effusis decidet imb] aquis4 ,h9c tonat1 h9c missis abrumpitur ignibus ae!r1 ,fit fuga1 rex patriis a/ra petebat equis4 ,,ovid1 ,fa/4 ii4 #dic-dif4 ,hallam ,,ii4 #cfi-cgb ,?und] & ,hail4 ,c4 nt]ea prope iam ccid5te sle inhorresct m>e1 ,tnebrae conduplicntur1 noctisque t nimbum occaect nigror1 ,flmma int] nubs coruscat1 calum tonitru cntremit1 ,grndo mixta imbri l>gifico sbita praecipitns cadit1 ndique omnes vnti erumpunt1 savi exi/unt trb9es1 ,frvit ae/u plagus4 ,,pacuvius ap4 ,,cic4 ,de ,div4 ,i4 xiv4 #bd4 ,! ,argo 9 a ,gale4 ,d4 ,tollitur atque intra ,m9yas ,argoaque vela ,/yrus ade/3 va/o rursus desidit hiatu ,abrupta revolutus aqua4 ,iamque omnis 9 a/ra #ccj ,itque r$itque ratis1 lapsoque reciproca fluctu ,desc5dit4 ,vorat hos v]tex1 hos agm9e toto ,gurges agit4 ,simul 9 voltus micat undique t]ror2 ,crebra ru9a poli caele/ia lim9a laxat4 ,,val4 ,,fl4 ,argon4 viii4 #cbh-ccd4 ,cf4 ,,v]g4 ,a54 i4 #ha-abc1 ,a54 iv1 #afj-afh2 ,,/at4 ,!b4 i4 #ccf-cfc4 ,,pets ,,r5[n$ ,,9 ,,song4 ,lesbia's ,sp>r[4 ,a4 ,lugete1 o ,v5]es ,cupid9esque1 ,et quantum/ hom9um v5u/iorum4 ,pass] mortuus e/ meae puellae1 ,pass]1 deliciae meae puellae1 ,quem plus illa oculis suis amabat4 #e ,nam mellitus erat suamque norat ,ipsam tam b5e quam puella matrem2 ,nec sese a gremio illius movebat1 ,s$ circumsili5s modo huc modo illuc ,ad solam dom9am usque pipiabat4 #aj ,qui nunc x p] it] t5ebricosum ,illuc1 unde negant r$ire quemquam4 ,at vobis male sit1 malae t5ebrae ,orci1 quae omnia bella devoratis3 ,tam bellum mihi pass]em ab/uli/is4 #ae ,vae factum male6 vae miselle pass]6 ,tua nunc op]a meae puellae ,fl5do turgiduli rub5t ocelli4 ,,catullus1 iii4 ',my ,p>rot an obtrusive bird4' ,b4 ,psittace1 dux volucrum1 dom9i facunda voluptas1 ,humanae soll]s imitator1 psittace1 l+uae1 ,quis tua tam subito praeclusit murmura fato8 ,,/atius1 ,silv4 ii4 #d ,! ,lap-dog & its ,portrait4 ,c4 ,issa e/ pass]e nequior ,catulli1 ,issa e/ purior osculo columbae1 ,issa e/ bl&ior omnibus puellis1 ,issa e/ c>ior ,indicis lapillis1 ,issa e/ deliciae catella ,publi4 #e ,hanc tu1 si qu]itur1 loqui putabis2 ,s5tit tri/itiamque gaudiumque4 ,collo nixa cubat capitque somnos1 ,ut suspiria nulla s5tiantur4 ,hanc ne lux rapiat suprema totam1 #aj ,picta ,publius exprimit tabella1 ,9 qua tam similem videbis ,issam1 ,ut sit tam similis sibi nec ipsa4 ,issam d5ique pone cum tabella3 ,aut utramque putabis esse v]am1 #ae ,aut utramque putabis esse pictam4 ,,m>tial1 ,i4 cix4 ,cf4 ,,catull4 ii42 ,,ovid1 ,am4 ii4 #f4 ,,! ,,roman ,,satiri/s4 7#a7 ,a4 ,satura quidem tota no/ra e/1 9 qua primus insignem laudem adeptus ,lucilius quosdam ita d$itos sibi adhuc habet amatores1 ut eum non eiusdem modo op]is auctoribus1 s$ omnibus poetis praef]re non dubit5t4 ,ego quantum ab illis tantum ab ,horatio diss5tio1 qui ,lucilium flu]e lutul5tum et esse aliquid1 quod toll]e possis1 putat4 ,nam et eruditio 9 eo mira et lib]tas atque inde ac]bitas1 et abunde salis4 ,multum eo e/ t]sior ac purus magis ,horatius1 et1 nisi labor eius amore1 praecipuus4 ,multum et v]ae gloriae1 quamvis uno libro1 ,p]sius m]uit4 ,,qu9t4 ,x4 i4 #ic4 ,a ,criticism ( ,lucilius4 ,b4 ,eupolis atque ,crat9us ,ari/ophanesque poetae ,atque alii1 quorum como$ia prisca virorum e/1 ,siquis erat dignus describi1 quod malus ac fur1 ,quod moe*us =et aut sic>ius aut alioqui ,famosus1 multa cum lib]tate notabant4 #e ,h9c omnis p5det ,lucilius1 hosce secutus ,mutatis tantum p$ibus num]isque1 facetus1 ,emunctae n>is1 durus compon]e v]sus4 ,nam fuit hoc vitiosus3 9 hora saepe duc5tos1 ,ut magnum1 v]sus dictabat /ans p$e 9 uno2 #aj ,cum flu]et lutul5tus1 erat quod toll]e velles2 ,g>rulus atque pig] scrib5di f]re laborem4 ,,horace1 ,sat4 ,i4 iv4 #a-ab4 ,juv5al's ,reasons = ,writ+ ,satire4 ,c4 ,cur tam5 hoc potius libeat decurr]e campo1 #ai ,p] quem magnus equos ,auruncae flexit alumnus1 ,si vacat ac placidi rationem admittitis1 edam4 #ba ,cum p>s ,niliacae plebis1 cum v]na ,canopi #bf ,crisp9us ,tyrias um]o revocante lac]nas ,v5tilet ae/ivum digitis sudantibus aurum ,nec suff]re queat maioris pond]a gemmae1 ,difficile e/ saturam non scrib]e4 #cj ,,juv5al1 ,sat4 i4 #ai-ba1 #bf-cj4 ,8 ,subject4 ,d4 ,ex quo ,deucalion1 nimbis toll5tibus aequor1 #ha ,navigio montem asc5dit sortesque poposcit1 ,paulatimque anima calu]unt mollia saxa1 #hc ,quidquid agunt hom9es1 votum1 timor1 ira1 voluptas1 #he ,gaudia1 discursus1 no/ri f>rago libelli e/4 #hf ,,juv5al1 ,sat4 i4 #ha-hf4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! omitt$ l9e 7#hd7 is ,et m>ibus nudas o/5dit ,pyrrha puellas ,,! ,,roman ,,satiri/s4 7#b7 ,virtue def9$4 ,a4 ,virtus1 ,alb9e1 e/ pretium p]solv]e v]um ,quis 9 v]samur1 quis vivimus rebus potesse3 ,virtus e/ hom9i scire id quo quaeque habeat res4 ,virtus scire hom9i rectum1 utile1 quid sit hone/um2 ,quae bona1 quae mala item1 quid inutile1 turpe1 inhone/um2 #e ,virtus qua]5dae f9em rei scire modumque3 ,virtus divitiis pretium p]solv]e posse3 ,virtus1 id d>e1 quod re ipsa debetur1 honori2 ,ho/em esse atque inimicum hom9um morumque malorum1 ,contra def5sorem hom9um morumque bonorum2 #aj ,hos magni fac]e1 8 b5e velle1 8 viv]e amicum2 ,commoda praet]ea patriai prima put>e1 ,de9de p>5tum1 t]tia iam po/remaque no/ra4 ,,lucilius1 ,sat4 ,frag4 ',! names ( m5 s poor ,:o c\ld d mighty de$s4' ,b4 ,cum trem]5t autem ,fabios durumque ,catonem #ij ,et ,scauros et ,fabricium rigidique sev]os ,c5soris mores etiam collega tim]et1 ,nemo int] curas et s]ia duxit hab5dum ,qualis 9 ,oceani fluctu te/udo nat>et ,cl>um ,troiug5is factura et nobile fulcrum1 #ie ,s$ nudo lat]e et p>vis frons a]ea lectis ,vile coronati caput o/5debat aselli1 ,ad quod lascivi ludebant ruris alumni4 ,tales ergo cibi qualis domus atque supellex4 ,,juv5al1 ,sat4 xi4 #ij-ii4 ,p]sius 9 ,praise ( 8 ,tutor1 ,cornutus4 ,c4 ,cum primum pavido cu/os mihi purpura cessit #cj ,bullaque succ9ctis ,l>ibus donata pep5dit2 ,cum bl&i comites totaque inpune ,subura ,p]misit sp>sisse oculos iam c&idus umbo1 ,cumque it] ambiguum e/ et vitae nescius error ,d$ucit trepidas ramosa 9 compita m5tes1 #ce ,me tibi supposui4 ,t5]os tu suscipis annos ,socratico1 ,cornute1 s9u2 tum fall]e soll]s ,apposita intortos ext5dit regula mores1 ,et premitur ratione animus v9cique laborat ,artificemque tuo ducit sub pollice vultum4 #dj ,,p]sius1 ,sat4 v4 #ai-be1 #cj-dj4 ,,! ,,!atre4 ,objections to a ,p]man5t ,!atre1 #aea ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,cum locatum a c5soribus !atrum ex/ru]etur1 ,p4 ,cornelio ,nasica auctore tamquam inutile et nociturum publicis moribus ex s5atus consulto de/ructum e/1 populusque aliquamdiu /ans ludos spectavit4 ,,livy1 ,epit4 #dh4 ,sc5ic ,arrangem5ts4 ,b4 ,apud maiores !atri gradus tantum fu]unt4 ,nam sc5a de lignotantum ad tempus fiebat1 unde hodieque p]mansit consuetudo1 ut componantur pegmata a ludorum !atralium editoribus4 ,sc5a autem1 quae fiebat1 aut v]silis erat aut ductilis4 ,v]silis tunc erat1 cum subito tota ma*9is quibusdam conv]tebantur1 et aliam picturae faciem o/5debat4 ,ductilis tunc1 cum tractis tabulatis hac atque illac species picturae nudabatur int]ior4 ,unde p]ite utrumque tetigit1 dic5s1 ',v]sis disc$at frontibus'3 s+ula s+ulis complect5s s]monibus4 ,quod ,v>ro et ,suetonius commemorant4 ,,suet4 ap4 ,s]v4 ,georg4 iii4 #bd4 ,! ,awn+s4 ,c4 ,et vulgo faciunt id lutea russaque vela #ge ,et f]rug9a1 cum magnis int5ta !atris ,p] malos volgata trabesque trem5tia flutant2 ,namque ibi consessam caveai subt] et omnem ,sca5ai speciem1 patrum coetumque decorum ,inficiunt coguntque suo fluit>e colore4 #hj ,,lucretius1 iv4 #ge-hj4 ,! ,law ( ,o?o1 #fg ,b4,c4 ,d4 ,l4 ,roscius ,o?o tribunus plebis legem tulit1 ut equitibus ,romanis 9 !atro quattuordecim gradus proximi adsign>5tur4 ,,livy1 ,epit4 #ii4 ,usurp]s ( ,eque/rian ,privileges4 ,e4 ',sectus flagellis hic triumviralibus ,praeconis ad fa/idium ,arat ,fal]ni mille fundi iug]a ,et ,appiam mannis t]it #cj ,s$ilibusque magnus 9 primis eques ,o?one contempto s$et4' ,,horace1 ,epod4 iv4 #aa-af4 ,,sp9n+4 ,! ,p>cae sp9 ! ,web ( ,fate4 ,a4 ,laeva colum molli lana ret9ebat amictum1 ,dext]a tum levit] d$uc5s fila sup9is ,=mabat digitis1 tum prono 9 pollice torqu5s ,libratum t]eti v]sabat turb9e fusum1 ,atque ita dec]p5s aequabat semp] opus d5s1 #cae ,laneaque aridulis ha]ebant morsa labellis1 ,quae prius 9 levi fu]ant extantia filo3 ,ante p$es autem c&5tis mollia lanae ,vell]a virgati cu/odibant cala?isci4 ,haec tum cl>isona pell5tes vell]a voce #cbj ,talia div9o fud]unt c>m9e fata1 ,c>m9e p]fidiae quod po/ nulla arguet aetas4 ',o decus eximium magnis virtutibus aug5s1 ,ema?iae tutam5 opis1 cl>issime nato1 ,accipe1 quod laeta tibi p&unt luce sorores1 #cbe ,v]idicum oraclum--s$ vos quae fata secuntur ,currite duc5tes subtem9a1 currite fusi4' ,,catullus1 lxiv4 #caa-cbg4 ,! ,skill ( ,ara*ne4 ,h] ,conte/ ) ,pallas4 ,b4 ,sive rudem primos lanam glom]abat 9 orbes1 ,seu digitis subigebat opus repetitaque longo #bj ,vell]a mollibat nebulas aequantia tractu ,sive levi t]etem v]sabat pollice fusum1 ,seu p+ebat acu scires a ,pallade doctam4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,haud mora con/ituunt div]sis p>tibus ambae ,et gracili gem9as int5dunt /am9e telas4 ,tela iugo v9cta e/1 /am5 sec]nit h>undo1 #ee ,ins]itur m$ium radiis subtem5 acutis ,quod digiti exp$iunt1 atque int] /am9a ductum ,p]cusso paviunt insecti pect9e d5tes4 ,utraque fe/9ant c9ctaeque ad pectora ve/es ,brac*ia docta mov5t1 /udio fall5te laborem4 #fj ,,ovid1 ,met4 vi4 #ai-bc1 #ec-fj4 ,! ,pa/ime ( ,circe4 ,c4 ,proxima ,circaeae raduntur litora t]rae #aj ,dives inaccessos ubi ,solis filia lucos ,assiduo resonat cantu1 tectisque sup]bis ,urit odoratam nocturna 9 lum9a c$rum1 ,arguto t5ues p]curr5s pect9e telas4 ,,v]g4 ,a54 vii4 #aj-ad4 ,cf4 ,,ovid1 ,met4 iv4 #bbj-bbi2 ,fa/i1 iii4 #hae-bj4 ,,iii4 #heg-hfb ,,&rom$a4 7#a7 ,! ,approa* ( ! ,mon/]4 ,a4 ,&rom$an po5as immitis iuss]at ,ammon4 #fga ,quam simul ad duras religatam brac*ia cautes ,vidit ,abantiades1 nisi quod levis aura capillos ,mov]at et tepido manabant lum9a fletu1 ,m>moreum ratus esset opus4 ,trahit inscius ignes #fge ,et /upet et visae correptus imag9e =mae ,pa5e suas quat]e e/ oblitus 9 a]e p5nas4 4 4 4 #fgg ,ecce velut navis praefixo concita ro/ro #gjf ,sulcat aquas1 iuv5um sudantibus acta lac]tis1 ,sic f]a dimotis inpulsu pectoris undis ,tantum ab]at scopulis1 quantum ,bale>ica torto ,funda pote/ plumbo m$ii transmitt]e caeli2 #gaj ,cum subito iuv5is p$ibus tellure repulsa ,arduus 9 nubes abiit4 ,ut 9 aequore summo ,umbra viri visa e/1 visam f]a saevit 9 umbram4 ,utque ,iovis praepes1 vacuo cum vidit 9 arvo ,praeb5tem ,phoebo liv5tia t]ga draconem1 #gae ,occupat av]sum1 neu saeva retorqueat ora1 ,squamig]is avidos figit c]vicibus ungues1 ,sic cel]i missus praeceps p] inane volatu ,t]ga f]ae pressit dextroque frem5tis 9 armo ,ina*ides f]rum curvo t5us abdidit hamo4 #gbj ,h[ ,p]seus won 8 ,bride4 ,b4 ,vuln]e laesa gravi modo se sublimis 9 auras ,attollit1 modo subdit aquis1 modo m f]ocis ,v]sat apri1 quem turba canum circumsona t]ret4 ,ille avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis2 ,quaque patet1 nunc t]ga cavis sup] obsita con*is1 #gbe ,nunc lat]um co/as1 nunc qua t5uissima cauda ,des9it 9 piscem1 falcato vuln]at ense4 ,belua puniceo mixtos cum sangu9e fluctus ,ore vomit2 madu]e graves adsp]g9e p5nae4 ,nec bibulis ultra ,p]seus tal>ibus ausus #gcj ,cr$]e1 conspexit scopulum1 qui v]tice summo ,/antibus extat aquis1 op]itur ab aequore moto4 ,nixus eo rupisque t55s iuga prima s9i/ra ,t] quat] exegit repetita p] ilia f]rum4 ,litora cum plausu clamor sup]asque deorum #gce ,inplev]e domos2 gaud5t g5]umque salutant ,auxiliumque domus s]vatoremque fat5tur ,cassiope ,cepheusque pat]1 resoluta cat5is ,inc$it virgo1 pretiumque et causa laboris4 ,,ovid1 ,met4 iv4 #fga-fgg1 #gjf-gbj1 #gba-gci4 ,,&rom$a4 7#b7 ',f af>1 unkn[+1 ,i m>k$ !e1 ,%9+1 a sn[-:ite cross on ! d>k-gre5 walls ( ! sea-cliff4' --,,k+sley4 ,a4 ,t&em ,gorgonei victorem ,p]sea mon/ri ,felix illa dies r$euntem ad litora duxit4 ,isque ubi p5d5tem vidit de rupe puellam1 ,d]iguit facie1 quam non /upefec]at ho/is2 #fgj ,vixque manu spolium t5uit2 victorque ,m$usae ,victus 9 ,&rom$a e/4 ,iam cautibus invidet ipsis ,felicesque vocat1 t5eant quae membra1 cat5as4 ,et po/quam po5ae causam cognovit ab ipsa1 ,de/9at 9 ?alamos p] bellum vad]e ponti1 #fge ,alt]a si ,gorgo v5iat1 non t]ritus ira4 ,concitat a]ios cursus fl5tesque p>5tes ,promissu vitae recreat pactusque m>itam ,ad litus remeat4 ,gravidus nam surg]e pontus ,coep]at1 et longo fugiebant agm9e fluctus #fhj ,impell5tis onus mon/ri4 ,caput em9et undis ,sc9d5tis pelagusque movet4 ,circumsonat aequor ,d5tibus1 inque ipso rapidum m>e navigat ore4 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,mon/]4 ,b4 ,illa#cg subit contra v]soque a gurgite frontem #eie ,erigit et tortis innit5s orbibus alte ,emicat ac toto sublimis corpore f]tur4 ,s$ quantum illa subit semet iaculata pr(undo1 ,9 tantum revolat laxumque p] ae!ra ludit ,p]seus et ceti subeuntis v]b]at ora4 #fjj ,nec c$it tam5 illa viro1 s$ saevit 9 auras ,morsibus1 et vani crepitant s9e vuln]e d5tes2 ,efflat et 9 caelum pelagus m]gitque volantem ,sangu9eis undis pontumque extollit 9 a/ra4 ,spectabat pugnam pugn&i causa puella2 #fje ,iamque oblita sui1 metuit pro v9dice tali ,suspirans1 animoque magis quam corpore p5det4 ,t&em confossis subs$it belua membris ,pl5a m>is summasque it]um remeavit ad undas ,et magnum va/o contexit corpore pontum1 #faj ,tunc quoque t]ribilis nec virg9is ore vid5da4 ,p]fundit liquido ,p]seus 9 m>more corpus ,maior et ex undis ad cautes p]volat alto ,solvitque ha]5tem v9clis de rupe puellam ,desponsam pugna1 nupturam dote m>iti4 #fae ,,manilius1 ,a/ronomica1 v4 #ffg-ehc1 #eie-fae4 ,footnote #cg3 illa belua4 ,,s*ools4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,flavius1 at ,v5usia4 ,a4 ,causa fuit pat] 81 qui macro paup] agello ,noluit 9 ,flavi ludum me mitt]e1 magni ,quo pu]i magnis e c5turionibus orti1 ,laevo susp5si loculos tabulamque lac]to1 ,ibant octonos ref]]5tes ,idibus a]is4 #ge ,,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 vi4 #ga-ge4 ,ovid & 8 ,bro!r educat$ at ,rome4 ,b4 ,prot9us excolimur t5]i1 curaque p>5tis ,imus ad insignes ,urbis ab arte viros4 #af ,frat] ad eloquium viridi t5debat ab aevo1 ,=tia v]bosi natus ad arma =i4 ,at mihi iam pu]o caele/ia sacra placebant1 ,inque suum furtim ,musa trahebat opus4 #bj ,,ovid1 ,tri/ia1 ,,iv4 x4 #ae-bj4 ,! ,s*oolma/]'s life a h>d "o4 ,c4 ,dummodo non p]eat1 m$iae quod noctis ab hora ,s$i/i1 qua nemo fab]1 qua nemo s$]et1 ,qui docet obliquo lanam d$uc]e f]ro2 ,dummodo non p]eat1 totidem olfecisse luc]nas1 #bbe ,quot /abant pu]i1 cum totus decolor esset ,flaccus1 et ha]]et nigro fuligo ,m>oni4 ,,juv5al1 vii4 #bbb-bbg4 ,e>ly ,s*ool4 ,d4 ,surgite3 iam v5dit pu]is i5tacula pi/or1 ,cri/ataeque sonant undique lucis aves4 ,,m>tial1 ,,xiv4 ccxxiii4 ,homog5e\s ,divisions4 ,e4 ,non inutilem scio s]vatum esse a praeceptoribus meis morem1 qui1 cum pu]os 9 classes di/ribu]5t1 ord9em disc5di secundum vires +5i dabant4 ,,qu9til4 ,i4 ii4 #bc4 ,plagosus ,orbilius4 ,f4 ,quid tibi nobiscum e/1 ludi scel]ate magi/]1 ,invisum pu]is virg9ibusque caput8 ,nondum cri/ati rup]e sil5tia galli3 ,murmure iam saevo v]b]ibusque tonas4 ,,m>tial1 ,,ix4 lxviii4 #a-d4 ,cf4 ,,juv4 x4 #aad-g2 ,,m>tial1 ,x4 lxii42 ,,hor4 ,ep4 ,,ii4 i4 #fi-ga4 ,,books4 ,a4 ,p>ve 7nec invideo7 s9e me1 lib]1 ibis 9 urbem3 ,ei mihi1 quod dom9o non licet ire tuo4 ,vade1 s$ incultus1 qualem decet exsulis esse3 ,infelix habitum temporis huius habe4 #d ,nec te purpureo vel5t vacc9ia fuco3 ,non e/ conv5i5s luctibus ille color3 ,nec titulus m9io nec c$ro *>ta notetur1 ,c&ida nec nigra cornua fronte g]as4 #h ,felices orn5t haec in/rum5ta libellos3 ,=tunae memorem te decet esse meae4 ,nec fragili gem9ae poliantur pumice frontes1 ,hirsutus sp>sis ut vide>e comis4 #ab ,neve litur>um pudeat4 ,qui vid]it illas ,de lacrimis factas s5tiat esse meis4 ,vade1 lib]1 v]bisque meis loca grata saluta3 ,cont+am c]te quo licet illa p$e4 #af ,,ovid1 ,tri/4 ,i4 i4 #a-af4 ,b4 ,lutea s$ niveum involvat membrana libellum1 ,pumex et canas tondeat ante comas ,summaque praetexat t5uis fa/igia *>tae ,indicet ut nom5 litt]a facta meum1 #ab ,atque int] gem9as p+antur cornua frontes3 ,sic et5im comptum mitt]e oportet opus4 ,,tibullus1 ,,iii4 i4 #i-ad4 ,c4 ,qui tecum cupis esse meos ubicumque libellos ,et comites longae qua]is hab]e viae1 ,hos eme1 quos artat brevibus membrana tabellis3 ,scr9ia da magnis1 me manus una capit4 #d ,ne tam5 ignores ubi sim v5alis et erres ,urbe vagus tota1 me duce c]tus eris3 ,lib]tum docti ,luc5sis qua]e ,secundum ,lim9a po/ ,pacis ,palladiumque =um4 #h ,,m>tial1 ,i4 ii4 ,cf4 ,,hor4 ,epi/4 ,i4 xx42 ,,catull4 xxii1 #d-h2 ,,/atius1 ,silvae1 ,,iv4 ix4 ,,are?usa4 ',z an eagle pursu+ ,a dove to its ru9 ,d[n ! /reams ( ! cl\dy w9d4'--,,%elley4 ,a4 ,lassa rev]teb> 7mem9i7 ,/ymphalide silva2 #ehe ,ae/us erat1 magnumque labor gem9av]at ae/um4 ,inv5io s9e v]tice aquas1 s9e murmure euntes1 ,p]spicuas ad humum1 p] quas num]abilis alte ,calculus omnis erat1 quas tu vix ire put>es4 4 4 4 #ehi ,nescioquod m$io s5si sub gurgite murmur #eig ,t]ritaque insi/o propioris m>g9e fontis4 ',quo prop]as ,are?usa8' suis ,alpheos ab undis1 ',quo prop]as8' it]um rauco mihi dix]at ore4 4 4 4 #fjj ,sic ego currebam1 sic me f]us ille premebat1 #fjd ,ut fug]e accipitrem p5na trepidante columbae1 ,ut solet accipit] trepidas urgu]e columbas4 ,usque sub ,or*om5on ,psophidaque ,cyll55que ,ma5aliosque s9us gelidumque ,eryman?on et ,el9 ,curr]e su/9ui2 nec me velocior ille4 ,s$ tol]>e diu cursus ego1 viribus inp>1 #faj ,non pot]am2 longi pati5s erat ille laboris4 ,p] tam5 et campos1 p] op]tos arbore montes1 ,saxa quoque et rupes et qua via nulla1 cucurri4 ',alpheum fama e/ huc ,elidis amnem ,occultas egisse vias subt] m>e1 qui nunc ,ore1 ,are?usa1 tuo ,siculis confunditur undis4' --,,v]gil4 ,b4 ,sol erat a t]go3 vidi praec$]e longam ,ante p$es umbram1 nisi si timor illa videbat1 #fae ,s$ c]te sonitusque p$um t]rebat et +5s ,cr9ales vittas afflabat anhelitus oris4 ,fessa labore fugae 'f] opem1 depr5dimur1' inquam1 ',armig]ae1 ,diana1 tuae1 cui saepe d$i/i ,f]re tuos arcus inclusaque tela ph>etra4' #fbj ,mota dea e/ spissisque f]5s e nubibus unam ,me sup] iniecit4 lu/rat calig9e tectam ,amnis et ign>us circum cava nubila qua]it4 ,bisque locum1 quo me dea tex]at1 inscius ambit ,et bis 'io ,are?usa1 io ,are?usa' vocavit4 4 4 4 #fbe ,9 latices mutor1 s$ enim cognoscit amatas #fcf ,amnis aquas1 positoque viri1 quod sumps]at1 ore ,v]titur 9 proprias1 ut se mihi misceat1 undas4 ,delia rupit humum1 caecisque ego m]sa cav]nis ,advehor ,ortygiam1 quae me cognom9e divae #fdj ,grata meae sup]as eduxit prima sub auras4 ,,ovid1 ,met4 v4 #ehf-fda 7sel474 ,,hylas ,h\t m5 kalli/os ,hulas mak>n ari?meitai4 ,a4 ,namque f]unt olim ,pagasae navalibus ,argon ,egressam longe ,phasidis isse viam1 ,et iam praet]itis lab5tem ,a?amantidos undis ,mysorum scopulis applicuisse ratem4 #bj ,hic manus h]\m1 placidis ut con/itit oris1 ,mollia composita litora fronde tegit4 ,at comes invicti iuv5is process]at ultra1 ,sacram sepositi qua]]e fontis aquam4 #bd ,hanc circum irriguo surgebant lilia prato #cg ,c&ida purpureis mixta papav]ibus4 ,quae modo dec]p5s t5]o pu]ilit] ungui ,proposito florem praetulit (ficio1 #dj ,ex modo =mosis incumb5s nescius undis ,errorem bl&is t>dat imag9ibus4 ,t&em haurire p>at demissis flum9a palmis ,innixus dextro pl5a trah5s um]o4 #dd ,cuius ut acc5sae ,hydriades c&ore puellae ,miratae solitos de/itu]e *oros4 ,prolapsum levit] facili trax]e liquore3 ,tum sonitum rapto corpore fecit ,hylas4 #dh ,,prop]tius1 ,i4 xx4 #ag-bd1 #cg-dh4 ,litus ',hyla ,hyla' omne sonabat4 ,b4 ,cont9uo1 volucri ceu pectora tactus asilo ,emicuit ,calabria taurus p] confraga saeptis ,obvia quaque ru5s1 tali se concitat ard5s ,9 iuga s5ta fuga3 pavet omnis conscia late ,silva1 pav5t montes1 luctu succ5sus ac]bo #ehe ,quid /ruat ,alcides tantaque quid app>et ira4 ,ille1 velut refugi quem contigit improba ,mauri ,lancea sangu9eus va/o leo murmure f]tur1 ,frangit et abs5tem vacuis sub d5tibus ho/em1 ,sic furiis acc5sa g]5s ,tiryn?ius ora #eij ,f]tur et int5to decurrit montibus arcu4 ,heu mis]ae quibus ille f]ae1 quibus incidit usquam ,imm]itis p] lu/ra viris6 volat ord9e nullo ,cuncta pet5s2 nunc ad ripas deiectaque saxis ,flum9a1 nunc notas nemorum procurrit ad umbras4 #eie ,rursus ,hylan et rursus ,hylan p] longa reclamat ,avia3 responsant silvae et vaga c]tat imago4 ,,val]ius ,,flaccus1 ,argonautica1 iii4 #eha-eig4 ,cf4 ,,apollonius ,,rhodius1 ,argonautica1 i4 #abbd-abci4 ,,plautus4 ,! ,portmanteau ,fi%4 7,,tra*alio--,,gripus47 ,,tr4 ,quid ais1 impud5s8 ,ausu's etiam comp>>e vidulum cum piscibus8 ,eadem t&em res videtur8 ,,gr4 ,9 manu non e/ mea3 #fj ,ubi demisi rete atque hamum1 quidquid haesit extraho ,meum quod rete atque bami nancti sunt1 meum potissimum/4 ,,tr4 ,immo h]cle haud e/1 siquidem quod vas excepi/i4 ,,gr4 ,philosophe6 ,,tr4 ,s$ tu1 enunquam piscatorem vidi/i1 v5efice1 ,vidulum piscem cepisse aut protulisse ullum 9 =um8 #fe ,non enim tu hic quidem occupabis omnes quae/us quos voles3 ,et vitorem et piscatorem te esse1 impure1 po/ulas4 ,vel te mihi mon/r>e oportet piscis qui sit vidulus3 ,vel quod 9 m>i non natum/ neque habet squamas ne f]as4 ,,gr4 ,quid tu8 nunquam audi/i antehac vidulum esse piscem8 ,,tr4 ,scelus1 #gj ,nullus e/4 ,,gr4 ,immo/ pr(ecto3 ego qui sum piscator scio4 ,v]um r>e capitur3 nullus m9us saepe ad t]ram v5it4 ,,tr4 ,nil agis3 d>e v]ba sp]as mihi te posse1 furcif]4 ,quo colore/8 ,,gr4 ,hoc colore capiuntur pauxilluli3 ,sunt alii puniceo corio1 magni autem1 atque atri4 ,,tr4 ,scio3 #ge ,tu h]cle1 op9o1 9 vidulum piscem te convortes1 nisi caves3 ,fiet tibi puniceum corium1 po/ea atrum d5uo4 ,rud5s1 ,,iv4 iii4 #eh-gg4 ,,t]5ce4 ',humani nil a me ali5um puto4' 7,,*remes--,,m5$emus47 ,a4 ,,*4 ,numquam tam mane egr$ior neque tam vesp]i #ae ,domum revortor1 qu9 te 9 fundo conspic] ,fod]e aut ar>e aut aliquid f]re4 ,d5ique ,nullum remittis tempus neque te respicis4 ,haec non voluptati tibi esse satis c]to scio4 ',enim1' dices1 'quantum hic op]is fiat po5itet4' #bj ,quod 9 op]e faciundo op]ae consumis tuae1 ,si sumas 9 illis ex]c5dis1 plus agas4 ,,me4 ,*remes1 tantumne ab re tua/ oti tibi1 ,ali5a ut cures ea quae nil ad te att95t8 ,,*4 ,homo sum3 humani nil a me ali5um puto4 #be ,vel me mon]e hoc vel p]cont>i puta3 ,rectum/1 ego ut faciam2 non e/1 te ut det]ream4 ,,me4 ,mihi sic e/ usus3 tibi ut opus facto/1 face4 ,,*4 ,an quoiquam/ usus hom9i1 se ut cruciet8 ,,me4 ,mihi4 #cj ,,*4 ,siquid labori/1 nollem3 s$ quid i/uc mali/8 ,quaeso1 quid de te tantum comm]ui/i8 ,,me4 ,eheu4 ,,*4 ,ne lacruma1 atque i/uc1 quidquid e/1 fac me ut sciam2 ,ne retice1 ne v]]e1 cr$e inquam mihi3 ,aut consol&o aut consilio aut re iuv]o4 #cd ,hautont4 ,i4 i4 #ae-cd4 ,cic]o on ,t]5ce4 ,b4 ',tu quoque1 qui solus lecto s]mone1 ,t]5ti1 ,conv]sum expressumque ,lat9a voce ,m5&rum ,9 m$ium nobis s$atis vocibus eff]s1 ,quiddam come loqu5s1 atque omnia dulcia misc5s4' ,,sueton4 ,vit4 ,t]4 p4 #cd4 ,t]5ce def5ds 8 use ( ',contam9atio4'#ch ,c4 ,nam quod rumores di/ul]unt malivoli ,multas contam9asse ,graecas1 dum facit ,paucas ,lat9as3 factum id esse hic non negat1 ,neque se pig]e et de9de facturum autumat4 ,habet bonorum exemplum1 quo exemplo sibi #bj ,lic]e id fac]e quod illi fec]unt putat4 ,hautont4 ,prol4 #af-ba4 ,footnote #ch3 ,contam9atio ! bl5d+ ( ! p>ts ( diff]5t com$ies into "o :ole--e4g4 ! ,&ria ( ,t]5ce1 an adaptation ( ,m5&]'s ,&ria & ,p]9?ia4 ,,pl9y ,,! ,,eld]4 ,! ,song ( ! ,night+ale4 ,a4 ,lusc9iis diebus ac noctibus cont9uis xv g>rulus s9e int]missu cantus d5sante se frondium g]m9e1 non 9 novissimum digna miratu ave4 ,primum tanta vox tam p>vo 9 corpusculo1 tam p]t9ax spiritus2 de9de 9 una p]fecta musica sci5tia3 modulatus editur sonus1 et nunc cont9uo spiritu trahitur 9 longum1 nunc v>iatur inflexo1 nunc di/+uitur conciso1 copulatur intorto1 promittitur revocato1 infuscatur ex inop9ato int]dum et secum ipse murmurat1 pl5us1 gravis1 acutus1 creb]1 ext5tus1 ubi visum e/1 vibrans1 summus1 m$ius1 imus2 brevit]que omnia tam p>vulis 9 faucibus quae tot exquisitis tibi>um torm5tis ars hom9um excogitavit1 ut non sit dubium hanc suavitatem praemon/ratam efficaci auspicio1 cum 9 ore ,/esi*ori cec9it infantis4 ,ac ne quis dubitet artis esse1 plures s+ulis sunt cantus1 nec iidem omnibus1 s$ sui cuique4 ,c]tant int] se1 palamque animosa cont5tio e/3 victa morte f9it saepe vitam1 spiritu prius defici5te quam captu4 ,m$itantur iuv5iores v]susque quos imit5tur accipiunt3 audit discipula int5tione magna et r$dit vicibusque retic5t2 intelligitur em5datae correptio et 9 doc5te qua$am repreh5sio4 ,hi/4 ,nat4 x4 #ha4 ,,pl9y ,,! ,,y\ng]4 ,a ,cor9?ian ,/atuette4 ,b4 ,ex h]$itate1 quae mihi obv5it1 emi proxime ,cor9?ium signum1 modicum quidem1 s$ fe/ivum et expressum1 quantum ego sapio1 qui =tasse 9 omni re1 9 hac c]te p]quam exiguum sapio3 hoc tam5 signum ego quoque intellego4 ,e/ enim nudum1 nec aut vitia1 si qua sunt1 celat1 aut laudes p>um o/5tat4 ,eff+it s5em /antem3 ossa1 musculi1 n]vi1 v5ae1 rugae etiam ut spirantis app>5t3 r>i et c$5tes capilli1 lata frons1 contracta facies1 exile collum4 ,aes ipsum1 quantum v]us color indicat1 vetus et antiquum4 ,talia d5ique omnia1 ut poss9t artificum oculos t5]e1 delect>e imp]itorum4 ,quod me1 quamquam tirunculum1 solicitavit ad em5dum4 ,emi autem1 non at hab]em domi1 v]um ut 9 patria no/ri celebri loco pon]em2 ac potissimum 9 ,iovis templo4 ,videtur enim dignum templo1 dignum deo donum4 ,ep4 iii4 #f4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,"w4 ,helps to ,/yle4 ,a4 ,qua]is1 quemadmodum 9 secessu1 quo iam diu fru]is1 putem te /ud]e oport]e4 ,utile 9 primis1 et multi praecipiunt1 vel ex ,graeco 9 ,lat9um1 vel ex ,lat9o v]t]e 9 ,graecum3 quo g5]e ex]citationis proprietas spl5dorque v]borum1 copia figur>um1 vis explic&i1 praet]ea imitatione optimorum similia inv5i5di facultas p>atur2 simul quae leg5tem fefelliss5t transf]5tem fug]e non possunt4 ,intellig5tia ex hoc et iudicium adquiritur4 ,nihil obfu]it1 quae leg]is hact5us1 ut rem argum5tumque t5eas1 quasi aemulum scrib]e lectisque conf]re1 ac s$ulo p5sit>e quid tu1 quid ille commodius4 ,magna gratulatio1 si non nulla tu2 magnus pudor1 si cuncta ille melius4 ,licebit int]dum et notissima elig]e1 et c]t>e cum electis4 ,pot]is et1 quae dix]is1 po/ oblivionem retract>e1 multa ret9]e1 plura transire1 alia int]scrib]e1 alia rescrib]e4 ,laboriosum i/ud et ta$io pl5um s$ difficultate ipsa fructuosum1 recalesc]e ex integro1 et resum]e impetum fractum omissumque1 po/remo nova velut membra p]acto corpori intex]e1 nec tam5 priora turb>e4 ,fas e/ et c>m9e remitti1 non dico cont9uo et longo 7id enim p]fici nisi 9 otio non pote/71 s$ hoc arguto et brevi1 quod apte quantaslibet occupationes curasque di/+uit4 ,,pl9y ,,! ,,y\ng]1 ,ep4 vii4 #i 7sel47 ,importance ( ,conc5tration4 ,b4 ,s$ sil5tium et secessus et undique lib] animus ut sunt maxime opt&a1 ita non semp] possunt cont+]e1 ideoque non /atim1 si quid ob/repet1 abici5di codices erunt et deplor&us dies1 v]um incommodis repugn&um et hic faci5dus usus1 ut omnia quae imp$i5t v9cat int5tio3 quam si tota m5te 9 opus ipsum direx]is1 nihil eorum1 quae oculis vel auribus incursant1 ad animum p]v5iet4 ,an v]o frequ5t] etiam =tuita hoc cogitatio prae/at1 ut obvios non videamus et it9]e de]remus2 non consequemur1 si et volu]imus8 ,non e/ indulg5dum causis desidiae4 ,nam si nonnisi refecti1 nonnisi hil>es1 nonnisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes /ud5dum exi/imav]imus1 semp] erit propt] quod nobis ignoscamus4 ,,qu9tilian1 ,in/4 ,or4 ,x4 iii4 #bh4 ,,pha$rus4 ,de ,simonide4 ,a4 ,homo doctus 9 se semp] divitias habet4 ,simonides1 qui scripsit egregium melos1 ,quo paup]tatem su/9]et facilius1 ,circum ire coepit urbes ,asiae nobiles1 ,m]c$e accepta laudem victorum can5s4 #e ,hoc g5]e quae/us po/quam locuples factus e/1 ,rev5ire 9 patriam voluit cursu pelagio2 ,erat autem1 ut aiunt1 natus 9 ,*ia insula4 ,asc5dit navem1 quam tempe/as horrida ,simul et vetu/as m$io dissolvit m>i4 #aj ,hi zonas1 illi res pretiosas colligunt1 ,subsidium vitae4 ,quidam curiosior3 ',simonide1 tu ex opibus nil sumis tuis8' ',mecum1' inquit1 'mea sunt cuncta4'#ci ,tunc pauci enatant1 ,quia plures on]e degravati p]i]ant4 #ae ,pra$ones adsunt1 rapiunt quod quisque extulit1 ,nudos rel9quunt4 ,=te ,clazom5ae prope ,antiqua fuit urbs2 quam peti]unt naufragi4 ,hic litt]>um quidam /udio d$itus1 ,simondis qui saepe v]sus leg]at #bj ,eratque abs5tis admirator maximus1 ,s]mone ab ipso cognitum cupidissime ,ad se recepit2 ve/e1 nummis1 familia ,hom9em exornavit4 ,cet]i tabulam suam ,portant rogantes victum4 ,quos casu obvios #be ,simonides ut vidit1 ',dixi' inquit 'mea ,mecum esse cuncta3 vos quod habui/is1 p]it4' iv4 #bc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,cf4 ',omnia bona mea mecum sunt4' --,,s5eca1 ,ep4 #i4 ,mons ,p>turi5s4 ,b4 ,mons p>turibat1 gemitus immanes ci5s1 ,eratque 9 t]ris maxima expectatio4 ,at ille murem pep]it4 ,hoc scriptum e/ tibi1 ,qui1 magna cum m9>is1 extricas nihil4 iv4 #bd4 ,nihil ita occultum esse quod non reveletur4 ,c4 ,pa/or capellae cornu baculo freg]at3 ,rog>e coepit1 ne se dom9o prod]et 444 ',quamvis indigne laesa1 reticebo tam52 ,s$ res clamabit ipsa quid deliqu]is4' ,app5dix1 #bb4 ,,tibullus4 ,! ,gold5 ,age4 ,a4 ,quam b5e ,saturno vivebant rege1 priusquam ,tellus 9 longas e/ patefacta vias6 #cf ,nondum ca]uleas p9us contemps]at undas1 ,effusum v5tis praebu]atque s9um1 ,nec vagus ignotis repet5s comp5dia t]ris ,press]at ext]na navita m]ce ratem4 #dj ,illo non validus subiit iuga tempore taurus1 ,non domito fr5os ore momordit equus1 ,non domus ulla =es habuit1 non fixus 9 agris ,qui reg]et c]tis f9ibus arva1 lapis4 #dd ,ipsae mella dabant qu]cus1 ultroque f]ebant ,obvia securis ub]a lactis oves4 ,non acies1 non ira fuit1 non bella1 nec ensem ,immiti saevus dux]at arte fab]4 #dh ,nunc ,iove sub dom9o ca$es et vuln]a semp]1 ,nunc m>e1 nunc leti mille rep5te viae4 ,i4 iii4 #ce-ej4 ,cf4 ,,catullus1 lxiv42 ,,v]gil1 ,ecl4 iv4 ,bir?day ,wi%es4 ,b4 ,dicamus bona v]ba3 v5it natalis ad aras3 ,quisquis ades1 l+ua1 vir muli]que fave4 ,urantur pia tura focis1 urantur odores1 ,quos t5] e t]ra divite mittit ,arabs4 #d ,ipse suos ,g5ius adsit visurus honores1 ,cui decor5t sanctas mollia s]ta comas4 ,illius puro de/ill5t tempora n>do1 ,atque satur libo sit madeatque m]o1 #h ,adnuat et1 ,cornute1 tibi quodcumque rogabis4 ,en age1 quid cessas8 adnuit ille3 roga4 ,auguror1 uxoris fidos optabis amores2 ,iam reor hoc ipsos edidicisse deos4 #ab ,nec tibi malu]is1 totum quaecumque p] orbem ,=tis arat valido ru/icus arva bove1 ,nec tibi1 gemm>um quidquid felicibus ,indis ,nascitur1 ,eoi qua m>is unda rubet4 #af ,vota cadunt3 ut9am /repitantibus advolet alis ,flavaque coniugio v9cula portet ,amor1 ,v9cula1 quae maneant semp]1 dum t>da s5ectus ,inducat rugas inficiatque comas4 #bj ,hic v5iat natalis avis prolemque m9i/ret1 ,ludat et ante tuos turba novella p$es4 ,,ii4 ii4 ,cf4 ,,tibull4 ,i4 vii4 #di-ed2 ,,p]sius1 ii4 #a-d4 ,,hunt+4 ,on ! delights ( hunt+ ) a note-book4 ,a4 ,ridebis1 et licet rideas4 ,ego ille1 quem no/i apros tres1 et quidem pul*]rimos1 cepi4 ,ipse8 inquis4 ,ipse2 non tam5 ut omn9o ab in]tia mea et quiete disc$]em4 ,ad retia s$ebam3 erat 9 proximo1 non v5abulum aut lancea1 s$ /ilus et pugill>es4 ,m$itab> aliquid enotabamque1 ut1 si manus vacuas1 pl5as tam5 c]as report>em4 ,non e/1 quod contemnas hoc /ud5di g5us4 ,mirum e/ ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur4 ,iam undique silvae et solitudo1 ipsumque illud sil5tium1 quod v5ationi datur1 magna cogitationis incitam5ta sunt4 ,pro9de cum v5ab]e1 licebit auctore me ut pan>ium et lagunculam sic etiam pugill>es f]as4 ,exp]i]is non ,dianam magis montibus1 quam ,m9]vam in]r>e4 ,vale4 ,,pl9y1 ,ep4 i4 #f4 ,o5one ,p>idi4 ,b4 ,quis tibi mon/rabat saltus v5atibus aptos ,et teg]et catulos qua f]a rupe suos8 ,retia saepe comes maculis di/9cta tet5di2 ,saepi cites egi p] iuga longa canes4 #bj ,,ovid1 ,h]4 v4 #ag-bj4 ,! ,hunt+ ,p>ty4 ,c4 ,oceanum int]ea surg5s ,aurora reliquit4 ,x portis iub>e exorto delecta iuv5tus2 #acj ,retia r>a1 plagae1 lato v5abula f]ro1 ,massylique ruunt equites et odora canum vis4 ,reg9am ?alamo cunctantem ad lim9a primi ,po5orum exspectant1 o/roque insignis et auro ,/at sonipes ac fr5a f]ox spumantia m&it4 #ace 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,po/quam altos v5tum 9 montes atque invia lu/ra ,ecce f]ae1 saxi deiectae v]tice1 caprae ,decurr]e iugis2 alia de p>te pat5tes ,transmittunt cursu campos atque agm9a c]vi ,pulv]ul5ta fuga glom]ant montisque rel9quunt4 #aee ,at pu] ,ascanius m$iis 9 vallibus acri ,gaudet equo1 iamque hos cursu1 iam praet]it illos ,spumantemque d>i pecora int] in]tia votis ,optat aprum aut fulvum desc5d]e monte leonem4 ,,v]g4 ,a54 iv4 #abi-ace1 #aea-aei4 ,,roman ,,day4 ,its ,duties & ,amusem5ts4 ,a4 ,prima salutantes atque alt]a cont]it hora2 ,ex]cet raucos t]tia causidicos2 ,9 qu9tam v>ies ext5dit ,roma labores2 ,sexta quies lassis2 septima f9is erit2 #d ,sufficit 9 nonam nitidis octava palae/ris2 ,imp]at ex/ructos frang]e nona toros2 ,hora libellorum decima e/1 ,eupheme1 meorum1 ,temp]at ambrosias cum tua cura dapes #h ,et bonus ae!rio laxatur nect>e ,caes> ,+5tique t5et pocula p>ca manu4 ,tunc admitte iocos3 gressu timet ire lic5ti ,ad matut9um no/ra ,?alia ,iovem4 #ab ,,m>tial1 ,,iv4 viii4 ,! ,simple ,life4 ,h[ ,horace sp5t 8 day4 ,b4 ,hoc ego commodius quam tu praecl>e s5ator1 #aaj ,milibus atque aliis vivo4 ,quacunque libido e/ ,inc$o solus1 p]contor quanti holus ac f>1 ,fallacem circum vesp]t9umque p]]ro ,saepe =um1 adsi/o div9is4 ,inde domum me ,ad porri et cic]is ref]o laganique cat9um2 #aae ,c5a m9i/ratur pu]is tribus1 et lapis albus ,pocula cum cya?o duo su/9et1 a/at e*9us ,vilis1 cum pat]a guttus1 ,campana supellex4 ,de9de eo dormitum1 non sollicitus1 mihi quod cras ,surg5dum sit mane1 obeundus ,m>sya1 qui se #abj ,voltum f]re negat ,noviorum posse m9oris4 ,ad qu>tam iaceo2 po/ hanc vagor1 aut ego1 lecto ,aut scripto quod me tacitum iuvet1 unguor olivo1 ,non quo fraudatis immundus ,natta luc]nis4 ,a/ ubi me fessum sol acrior ire lavatum #abe ,admonuit1 fugio campum lusumque trigonem4 ,pransus non avide quantum int]pellet inani ,v5tre diem dur>e1 dome/icus otior4 ,haec e/ ,vita solutorum mis]a ambitione gravique4 ,8 me consolor victurum suavius1 ac si #acj ,quae/or avus pat] atque meus patruusque fuisset4 ,,horace1 ,sat4 ,i4 vi4 #aaj-aca4 ,cf4 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 ix4 #bj2 ,lucr4 ii4 #ad-cc2 ,v]g4 ,georg4 ii4 #deh-dgd2 ,hor4 ,od4 ,,iii1 i4 ,,tacitus4 ',lives ( great m5 all rem9d u1 ,we c make our lives sublime4' ,a4 ,si quis piorum manibus locus1 si1 ut sapi5tibus placet1 non cum corpore ext+uuntur magnae animae1 placide quiescas1 nosque domum tuam ab inf]no desid]io et muliebribus lam5tis ad contemplationem virtutum tu>um voces1 quas neque lug]i neque plangi fas e/4 ,admiratione te potius et immortalibus laudibus et1 si natura supp$itet1 similitud9e colamus3 is v]us honos1 ea coniunctissimi cuiusque pietas4 ,id filiae quoque uxorique praecep]im1 sic patris1 sic m>iti memoriam v5]>i1 ut omnia facta dictaque eius secum revolvant1 =mamque ac figuram animi magis quam corporis complectantur1 non quia int]c$5dum putem imag9ibus quae m>more aut a]e f+untur1 s$1 ut vultus hom9um1 ita simulacra vultus imbecilla ac mortalia sunt1 =ma m5tis aet]na1 quam t5]e et exprim]e non p] ali5am mat]iam et artem1 s$ tuis ipse moribus possis4 ,quidquid ex ,agricola amavimus1 quidquid mirati sumus1 manet mansurumque e/ 9 animis hom9um1 9 aet]nitate temporum1 9 fama r]um2 nam multos vet]um velut +lorios et ignobilis oblivio obruet3 ,agricola po/]itati n>ratus et traditus sup]/es erit4 ,agricola #df4 ,! ,climate & ,products ( ,brita94 ,b4 ,caelum crebris imbribus ac nebulis fo$um2 asp]itas frigorum abe/4 ,di]um spatia ultra no/ri orbis m5suram2 nox cl>a et extrema ,britanniae p>te brevis1 ut f9em atque initium lucis exiguo discrim9e int]noscas4 ,quod si nubes non (ficiunt1 aspici p] noctem solis fulgorem1 nec occid]e et exsurg]e1 s$ transire affirmant4 ,scilicet extrema et plana t]r>um humili umbra non erigunt t5ebras1 infraque caelum et sid]a nox cadit4 ,solum praet] oleam vitemque et cet]a calidioribus t]ris oriri sueta pati5s frugum1 fecundum3 t>de mitescunt1 cito prov5iunt2 eademque utriusque rei causa1 multus umor t]r>um caelique4 ,f]t ,britannia aurum et arg5tum et alia metalla1 pretium victoriae4 ,gignit et oceanus m>g>ita1 s$ subfusca ac liv5tia4 ,agricola #ab4 ,,trimal*io',s ,,supp]4 ,le ,b\rgeois ,g5tilhomme4 ,an ,ignorant ,connoisseur4 ,a4 ,plausum po/ hoc automatum familia d$it1 et ',gaio felicit]6' conclamavit3 nec non cocus potione on]atus e/1 et arg5tea corona poculumque 9 lance accepit ,cor9?ia4 ,quam cum ,agamemnon propius consid]>et1 ait ,trimal*io3 ',solus sum1 qui v]a ,cor9!a habeam4' ,exspectabam1 ut pro reliqua insol5tia dic]et sibi vasa ,cor9?o aff]ri4 ,s$ ille melius3 ',et =sitan1' inquit1 'qua]is1 qu>e solus ,cor9!a v]a possideam8 ,quia scilicet a]>ius1 a quo emo1 ,cor9?us vocatur2 quid e/ autem ,cor9!um1 nisi quis ,cor9?um habeat8 ,et ne me putetis nesapium esse1 valde b5e scio1 unde primum ,cor9!a nata s9t4 ,cum ,ilium captum e/1 ,hannibal1 homo vaf]1 et magnus /elio1 omnes /atuas a5eas1 et aureas1 et arg5teas 9 unum rogum congessit1 et eas inc5dit2 factae sunt 9 unum a]a miscellanea4 ,ita ex hac massa fabri su/ul]unt1 et fec]unt catilla et p>opsides et /atuncula4 ,sic ,cor9!a nata sunt1 ex omnibus 9 unum1 nec hoc1 nec illud4' ,,petronius ,,arbit]1 #ej4 ,! ,glass ,b[l1 & its ,mak]4 ,b4 ',ignoscetis mihi1' inquit ,trimal*io1 'quod dix]o3 ego malo mihi vitrea2 c]te non olunt4 ,quod si non frang]5tur1 mallem mihi1 quam aurum2 nunc autem vilia sunt4 ,fuit tam5 fab]1 qui fecit phialam vitream1 quae non frangebatur4 ,admissus ergo ,caes>em e/ cum suo mun]e2 de9de fecit se porrig]e ,caes>i1 et illam 9 pavim5tum proiecit4 ,caes> non pote validius1 quam expavit4 ,at ille su/ulit phialam de t]ra3 collisa erat1 tanquam vasum a5eum4 ,de9de m>ceolum de s9u protulit1 et phialam otio belle correxit4 ,hoc facto putabat se solium ,iovis t5]e1 utique1 po/quam illi dixit3 ,numquid alius scit hanc condituram vitreorum8 ,vide modo4 ,po/quam negavit1 iussit illum ,caes> decoll>i2 quia enim1 si scitum esset1 aurum pro luto hab]emus4' ,,petronius ,,arbit]1 #ea4 ,,pronunciation4#dj ,footnote #dj3 ,= fur!r in=mation see ,dr4 ,po/gate's ,h[ to pron\nce ,lat9 7,bell ,sons74 ,h4 ,i4 ,diu de9de s]vatum ne consonantibus 7vet]es7 adspir>5t1 ut 9 ,graccis et 9 triumpis4 ,erupit brevi tempore nimius usus1 ut *oronae1 *5turiones1 prae*ones adhuc quibusdam 9 inscriptionibus maneant1 qua de re ,catulli nobile epigramma e/4 ,,qu9t4 i4 #e4 #bj4 ,chommoda dicebat1 si qu&o commoda vellet ,dic]e1 et insidias ,arrius hinsidias1 ,et tum mirifice sp]abat se esse locutum1 ,cum quantum pot]at dix]at hinsidias4 ,cr$o1 sic mat]1 sic lib] avonculus eius1 ,sic mat]nus avos dix]at atque avia4 ,hoc misso 9 ,syriam requi]ant omnibus aures3 ,audibant eadem haec levit] et levit]1 ,nec sibi po/illa metuebant talia v]ba1 ,cum subito adf]tur nuntius horribilis1 ,ionios fluctus1 po/quam illuc ,arrius isset1 ,iam non ,ionios esse1 s$ ,hionios4 ,,catullus1 lxxxiv4 ,a ,/reet ,cry4 ,,ii4 ,cum ,m4 ,crassus ex]citum ,brundisii impon]et1 quidam 9 portu1 c>icas ,cauno advectas v5d5s1 ,cauneas6 clamitabat4 ,dicamus1 si placet1 monitum ab eo ,crassum1 cav]et1 ne iret 7caue ne eas d n g73 non fuisse p]iturum1 si om9i p>uisset4 ,quae si suscipiamus1 p$is (f5sio nobis et abruptio corrigiae et /]nutam5ta erunt obs]v&a4 ,,cic]o1 ,div4 ii4 #dj4 #hd4 ,k4 ,q4 ,c4 ,,iii4 ,k p]spicuum e/ litt]a quod vac>e possit2 ,et ,q1 similis1 namque eadem vis 9 utraque e/2 ,quia qui locus e/ primitus unde exoritur ,c1 ,quascunque de9ceps libeat iug>e voces1 ,mut>e necesse e/ sonitum quidem supremum1 ,ref]t nihilum1 ,k prior an ,q siet an ,c4 ,,t]5tianus ,,maurus 7circ4 #cjj ,a4,d474 ,u4 ,,iv4 ,,me4 ,egon' d$i8 ,,pe4 ,tu tu1 i/ic1 inquam6 ,v9' adf]ri noctuam ,quae tu tu usque dicat tibi8 ,nam nos iam defessi sumus4 ,,plautus1 ,m54 #eec-f4 ,,prov]bial ,,expressions4 ,i4 ,nam quae volumus et cr$imus lib5t]4 ,,caes4 ,b4 ,civ4 ii4 #bg4 ,,ii4 ,cuiusvis hom9is e/ err>e2 nullius nisi insipi5tis 9 errore p]sev]>e4 ,po/]iores enim cogitationes1 ut aiunt1 sapi5tiores sol5t esse4 ,,cic4 ,phil4 xii4 #e4 ,,iii4 ,dimidium facti qui coepit habet4 ,,hor4 ,ep4 ,i4 ii4 #dj4 ,,iv4 ,nemo rep5te fuit turpissimus4 ,,juv4 ,sat4 ii4 #hc4 ,v4 ,velut mat]iam igni praeb5tes4 ,,livy1 xxi4 #aj4 ,,vi4 ,et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt4 ,,lucr4 ii4 #gi4 ,,vii4 ,non amo te1 ,sabidi1 nec possum dic]e qu>e3 ,hoc tantum possum dic]e1 non amo te4 ,,m>tial1 ,ep4 ,i4 xxxii4 ,,viii4 quem di diligunt ,adulesc5s moritur4 ,,plaut4 ,bac*4 ,i4 ii4 #cf4 ,,ix4 ,nullum/ iam dictum1 quod non sit dictum prius4 ,,t]5ce1 ,eun4 ,prol4 #da4 ,x4 ,quot hom9es tot s5t5tiae3 suus cuique mos4 ,,t]4 ,phormio1 ,,ii4 iv4 #ad4 ,,xi4 ,/ultum facit =tuna1 quem vult p$]e4 ,,pub4 ,,syrus4 ,,xii4 ,vita brevis e/1 longa ars4 ,vita1 si scias uti1 longa e/4 ,,s54 de ,brevit4 vitae1 i4 #b4 ,,xiii4 ,omne ignotum pro magnifico4 ,,tac4 ,agric4 #cj4 ,,xiv4 ,div9a natura d$it agros1 ars humana a$ificavit urbes4 ,,v>ro1 de ,re ,ru/4 iii4 #a4 ,,xv4 ,tu ne c$e malis1 s$ contra aud5tior ito ,quam tua te ,=tuna s9et4 ,,v]g4 ,a54 vi4 #ie4 ,,xvi4 4 4 4 4 ,sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi2 ,sunt lacrimae r]um1 et m5tem mortalia tangunt4 ,,v]g4 ,a54 i4 #dfa-b4 ,,consolatio4 ',:om ! gods love die "y4' ,a4 ,una po/ haec ,qu9tiliani mei spe ac voluptate niteb>3 at pot]at suffic]e solatio4 ,non enim flosculos1 sicut prior1 s$ iam decimum aetatis +ressus annum1 c]tos ac de=matos fructus o/5d]at4 ,iuro p] mala mea1 p] infelicem consci5tiam1 p] illos manes1 num9a mei doloris1 has me 9 illo vidisse virtutes +5i1 non modo ad p]cipi5das discipl9as1 quo nihil prae/antius cognovi plurima exp]tus /udiique iam tum non coacti 7sciunt praeceptores71 s$ probitatis1 pietatis1 humanitatis1 lib]alitatis1 ut prorsus posset h9c esse tanti fulm9is metus1 quod obs]vatum f]e e/1 cel]ius occid]e fe/9atam maturitatem3 et esse nescio quam quae spes tantas dec]pat invidiam1 ne videlicet ultra1 quam hom9i datum e/1 no/ra provehantur4 ,etiam illa =tuita ad]ant omnia1 vocis iucunditas cl>itasque1 oris suavitas1 et 9 utracumque l+ua1 tanquam ad eam demum natus esset1 expressa proprietas omnium litt]>um4 ,s$ haec spes adhuc3 illa maiora1 con/antia1 gravitas1 contra dolores etiam ac metus robur4 ,nam quo ille animo1 qua m$icorum admiratione1 m5sium octo valetud9em tulit6 ut me 9 supremis consolatus e/6 quam etiam defici5s1 iamque non #dano/]1 ipsum illum ali5atae m5tis errorem circa solas lit]as habuit6 ,,qu9tilian1 ,in/4 ,or4 ,,vi4 i4 #i4 ,footnote #da3 ,cf4 ',invalidasque tibi t5d5s1 heu non tua1 palmas4' ,,v]g4 ,g4 iv4 #dih4 ,s]vius ,sulpicius to ,cic]o4 ,b4 ,quae res mihi non m$iocrem consolationem attul]it1 volo tibi commemor>e1 si =te eadem res tibi dolorem m9u]e possit4 #db;,ex ,asia r$i5s1 cum ab ,aeg9a ,meg>am v]sus navig>em1 coepi regiones circumcirca prospic]e4 ,po/ me erat ,aeg9a1 ante me ,meg>a1 dextra ,piraeeus1 s9i/ra ,cor9?us3 quae oppida quodam tempore flor5tissima fu]unt1 nunc pro/rata et diruta ante oculos iac5t4 ,coepi egomet mecum sic cogit>e3 ',hem6 nos homunculi indignamur1 si quis no/rum int]iit aut occisus e/1 quorum vita brevior esse debet1 cum uno loco tot oppidum cadav]a proiecta iac5t8 ,visne tu te1 ,s]vi1 cohib]e et mem9isse hom9em te esse natum8' ,,cic]o1 ,ep4 ad ,fam4 iv4 #e4 ,footnote #db3 ,cf4 ,byron1 ,*ilde ,h>old1 iv4 #dd-e4 ,,elegies4 ,catullus at ! ,grave ( 8 ,bro!r4 ,a4 ,multas p] g5tes et multa p] aequora vectus ,adv5io has mis]as1 frat]1 ad inf]ias1 ,ut te po/remo don>em mun]e mortis ,et mutam nequiquam alloqu]] c9]em1 #d ,qu&oquidem =tuna mihi tete ab/ulit ipsum1 ,heu mis] indigne frat] adempte mihi4 ,nunc tam5 int]ea haec prisco quae m p>5tum ,tradita sunt tri/es mun]a ad inf]ias1 #h ,accipe frat]no multum manantia fletu1 ,atque 9 p]petuum1 frat]1 ave atque vale4 ,,catullus1 ci4 ,to ,calvus on ! ,dea? ( 8 ,wife4 ,b4 ,si quicquam muteis gratum acceptumve sepulcris ,accid]e a no/ro1 ,calve1 dolore pote/1 ,cum desid]io vet]es r5ovamus amores ,atque olim amissas flemus amicitias1 ,c]te non tanto mors immatura dolori e/ ,qu9tiliae1 quantum gaudet amore tuo4 ,,catullus1 xcvi4 ,! ,plea ( ,cornelia to h] ,husb&4 ,c4 ,des9e1 ,paule1 meum lacrimis urg]e sepulcrum3 ,p&itur ad nullas ianua nigra preces4 ,cum semel inf]nas intr>unt fun]a leges1 ,obs]at umbrosos lurida porta locos4 4 4 4 #d ,nunc tibi comm5do communia pignora natos3 ,haec cura et c9]i spirat inu/a meo4 ,te ,lepide1 et te1 ,paule1 meum po/ fata levam52 ,condita sunt ve/ro lum9a no/ra s9u4 #gf ,fung]e mat]nis vicibus1 pat]3 illa meorum ,omnis erit collo turba f]5da tuo4 ,oscula cum d$]is tua fl5tibus1 adice matris3 ,tota domus coepit nunc onus esse tuum4 #hj ,,prop]tius1 ,,iv4 7,v47 xi4 #a-d1 #gc-hj4 ,mors ,tibulli4 ,d4 ,memnona si mat]1 mat] ploravit ,a*illem1 ,et tangunt magnas tri/ia fata deas1 ,flebilis indignos1 ,elegia1 solve capillos3 ,a nimis ex v]o nunc tibi nom5 erit6 ,ille tui vates op]is1 tua fama1 ,tibullus ,ardet 9 ex/ructo corpus inane rogo4 ,,ovid1 ,am4 ,,iii4 ix4 7sel47 ,,m>tialis ,,apophoreta#dc 7#a74 ,footnote #dc3 ,apophoreta 7apophorta to be c>ri$ away71 ,*ri/mas pres5ts :i* 7 int]*ang$ at ! ,saturnalia4 ,lectori4 ,quo vis cumque loco potes hunc f9ire libellum3 ,v]sibus explicitum/ omne duobus opus4 ,lemmata si qua]is cur s9t adscripta1 docebo1 ,ut1 si malu]is1 lemmata sola legas4 ,*>tae ,epi/ul>es4 ,i4 ,seu levit] noto seu c>o missa sodali ,omnes i/a solet *>ta voc>e suos4 ,!ca ,libr>ia4 ,,ii4 ,sortitus !cam calamis arm>e mem5to3 ,cet]a nos d$imus1 tu leviora p>a4 ,umbella4 ,,iii4 ,accipe quae nimios v9cant umbracula soles3 ,sit licet et v5tus1 te tua vela teg5t4 ,p>azonium4 ,,iv4 ,militiae decus hoc gratique erit om5 honoris1 ,arma tribunicium c+]e digna latus4 ,falx4 ,v4 ,pax me c]ta ducis placidos curvavit 9 usus4 ,agricolae nunc sum1 militis ante fui4 ,scr9ium4 ,,vi4 ,selectos nisi das mihi libellos1 ,admittam t9eas trucesque blattas4 ,c&elabrum ,cor9?ium4 ,,vii4 ,nom9a c&elae nobis antiqua d$]unt4 ,non norat p>cos uncta luc]na patres4 ,pila ,paganica4 ,,viii4 ,haec quae difficili turget paganica pluma1 ,folle m9us laxa/ et m9us arta pila4 ,pila ,trigonalis4 ,,ix4 ,si me mobilibus scis expuls>e s9i/ris1 ,sum tua4 ,tu nescis8 ru/ice1 r$de pilam4 ,follis4 ,x4 ,ite procul1 iuv5es3 mitis mihi conv5it aetas3 ,folle decet pu]os lud]e1 folle s5es4 ,v]gilius 9 membranis4 ,i4 ,quam brevis imm5sum cepit membrana ,m>onem6 ,ipsius vultus prima tabella g]it4 ,cic]o 9 membranis4 ,,ii4 ,si comes i/a tibi fu]it membrana1 putato ,c>p]e te longas cum ,cic]one vias4 ,monobyblos ,prop]ti4 ,,iii4 ,cyn?ia1 facundi c>m5 iuv5ale ,prop]ti1 ,accepit famam2 non m9us ipsa d$it4 ,titus ,livius 9 membranis4 ,,iv4 ,pellibus exiguis artatur ,livius +5s1 ,quem mea non totum byblio!ca capit4 ,sallu/ius4 ,v4 ,hic erit1 ut p]hib5t doctorum corda virorum1 ,primus ,romana ,crispus 9 hi/oria4 ,lucanus4 ,,vi4 ,sunt quidam qui me dicunt non esse poetam3 ,s$ qui me v5dit bybliopola putat4 ,catullus4 ,,vii4 ,tantum magna suo debet ,v]ona ,catullo1 ,quantum p>va suo ,mantua ,v]gilio4 ,fi/ula4 ,,viii4 ,quid me corapactam c]is et h>und9e rides8 ,quae primum /ructa e/ fi/ula talis erat4 ,catella ,gallicana4 ,,ix4 ,delicias p>vae si vis audire catellae ,n>ranti brevis e/ pag9a tota mihi4 ,m9]va arg5tea4 ,x4 ,dic mihi1 virgo f]ox1 cum sit tibi cassis et ha/a ,qu>e non habeas aegida4 ',caes> habet4' ,h]cules fictilis4 ,,xi4 ,sum fragilis3 s$ tu1 moneo1 ne sp]ne sigillum3 ,non pudet ,alcid5 nom5 hab]e meum4 ,toga4 ,,xii4 ',romanos r]um dom9os g5temque togatam' ,ille facit1 magno qui d$it a/ra patri4 ,,epitaphs ,,& ,,inscriptions4 ,on ,naevius 7by himself74 ,i4 ',immortales mortales si =et fas fl]e ,fl]5t divae ,cam5ae ,naevium poetam2 ,itaque po/quam e/ ,orci traditus !sauro ,obliti sunt ,romai loqui] l+ua ,lat9a4' ,on ,ennius 7by himself74 ,,ii4 ',aspicite1 o cives1 s5is ,enni imag9is =mam3 ,hic ve/rum panxit maxima facta patrum4 ,nemo me lacrumis decoret nec fun]a fletu ,faxit4 ,cur8 ,volito vivas p] ora virum4' ,on ,pacuvius 7by himself74 ,,iii4 ',adulesc5s1 tametsi prop]as1 te hoc saxum rogat1 ,ut sese aspicias1 de9de quod scriptum e/1 legas4 ,hic sunt poetae ,pacuvi ,m>ci sita ,ossa4 ,hoc volebam nescius ne esses4 ,vale4' ,on ,plautus 7by himself74 ,,iv4 ',po/quam e/ mortem aptus ,plautus1 ,como$ia luget1 ,sc5a e/ des]ta1 ac de9 ,risus1 ,ludus1 ,iocusque1 ,et ,num]i innum]i simul omnes collacrum>unt4' ,on ,tibullus4 ,v4 ',te quoque ,v]gilio comitem non aequa1 ,tibulle1 ,mors iuv5em campos misit ad ,elysios1 ,ne =et aut elegis molles qui fl]et amores ,aut can]et =ti regia bella p$e4' ,,domitius ,,m>sus4 ,9 tumulo hom9is felicis4 ,,vi4 ',sp>ge m]o c9]es1 b5e ol5tis et ungu9e n>di1 ,hospes1 et adde rosis balsama puniceis4 ,p]petuum mihi v] agit illacrimabilis urna ,et commutavi saecula1 non obii4 ,nulla mihi vet]is p]i]unt gaudia vitae1 ,seu mem9isse putes omnia1 sive nihil4' ,,ausonius1 ,epit4 #cf4 ,!rmopylae4 ,,vii4 ' xe9'1 angelle9 ,lak$aimoniois1 hoti tde ,keime?a1 tois ke9n rhmasi pei?om5oi4' ,,simonides ( ,ceos4 ',dic1 hospes1 ,sp>tae1 nos te vidisse iac5tes1 ,dum sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur4' ,transl4 by ,,cic]o1 ,tusc4 i4 #db4 #aja4 ,,epilogue4 ,horace4 ,a4 ,exegi monum5tum a]e p]5nius ,regalique situ pyramidum altius1 ,quod non imb] edax1 non ,aquilo impot5s ,possit diru]e aut innum]abilis ,annorum s]ies et fuga temporum4 #e ,non omnis mori>1 multaque p>s mei ,vitabit ,libit9am3 usque ego po/]a ,crescam laude rec5s1 dum ,capitolium ,sc&et cum tacita virg9e pontifex4 ,dic>1 qua viol5s ob/repit ,aufidus #aj ,et qua paup] aquae ,daunus agre/ium ,regnavit populorum1 ex humili pot5s ,pr9ceps ,aeolium c>m5 ad ,italos ,d$uxisse modos4 ,sume sup]biam ,quaesitam m]itis et mihi ,delphica #ae ,lauro c+e vol5s1 ,melpom5e1 comam4 ,,horace1 ,od4 ,,iii4 xxx4 ,ovid4 ,b4 ,iamque opus exegi1 quod nec ,iovis ira nec ignis ,nec pot]it f]rum nec edax abol]e vetu/as4 ,cum volet1 illa dies1 quae nil nisi corporis huius ,ius habet1 inc]ti spatium mihi f9iat aevi2 ,p>te tam5 meliore mei sup] alta p]5nis #hge ,a/ra f]> nom5que erit indelebile no/rum4 ,quaque patet domitis ,romana pot5tia t]ris1 ,ore leg> populi p]que omnia saecula fama1 ,siquid hab5t v]i vatum praesagia1 vivam4 ,,ovid1 ,met4 xv4 #hga-i4 ,m>tial4 ,c4 ,ohe1 iam satis e/1 ohe1 libelle1 ,iam p]v5imus usque ad umbilicos3 ,tu proc$]e adhuc et ire qua]is1 ,nec summa potes 9 s*ida t5]i1 ,sic tamquam tibi res p]acta non sit1 #e ,quae prima quoque pag9a p]acta e/4 ,iam lector qu]iturque deficitque2 ,iam libr>ius hoc et ipse dicit ',ohe1 iam satis e/1 ohe1 libelle4' ,,m>tial1 ,epig4 ,,iv4 lxxxix4 ,,app5dices ,,pages ,i4 ,li/ ( ,important ,conjunctions #bgd-bgf ,,ii4 ,li/ ( ,important ,prefixes #bgg-bha ,,iii4 ,li/ ( ,important ,suffixes #bhb-bhf ,,iv4 ,gr\ps ( ,cognate ,words #bhg-bhh ,v4 ,h[ to ,?9k 9 ,lat9 #bhi-bib ,,vi4 ,%ort ,lives ( ,roman ,au?ors #bic-cde ,,vii4 ,*ronological ,outl9es ( ,roman ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature #cdg-cfc ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ,app5dixes ,i-,,iv1 mo/ boldface m>kup has be5 omitt$ = readability4 ,9 g5]al1 ,lat9 words are unm>k$1 :ile ,engli% translations are italiciz$4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,li/ ,,( ,,important ,,conjunctions ,i4 ,,co-,,ord9ate4--,^! conjunctions jo9 s5t5ces ( equal grammatical rank 7ordo71 t is1 ea* s5t5ce is grammatically indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,!y are g5]ally divid$ into ,,five classes3-- 7#a7 ,,copulative 7l9k7 conjunctions are ^? :i* connect bo? ! s5t5ces & ! mean+4 et1 -qu7e1 ac1 atque 444 &4 et 444 et1 -que 444 -que 7poet47 444 bo? 444 &4 7et7iam1 qu7oque 444 also4 ,divide et imp]a4 ,divide & control4 7#b7 ,,disjunctive conjunctions jo9 toge!r ! s5t5ce b !y disjo9 or sep>ate f ea* o!r ! ?\ghts convey$4 aut 444 aut1 v7el 444 v7el 7v7e7 444 ei!r 444 or4 s7ive 7seu7 444 seu 444 :e!r 444 or4 n7ec 7n7eque7 444 nec 7neque7 444 nei!r 444 nor4 aut v9cemus aut moriemur4 ,we w ei!r conqu] or die4 7#c7 ,,adv]sative conjunctions oppose two /atem5ts to ea* o!r4 s7ed1 vrum1 vr1 ct7erum 444 b4 autem1 t7am5 444 h[ev]4 7at 444 b1 on ! o!r h&4 ,ille quidem t>dior3 tu autem +5iosus1 s$ 9 omni vita incon/ans4 ,he is a little dull3 :ile y are clev]1 b un/able 9 all y\r actions4 7#d7 ,,inf]5tial4--,! /atem5t ( "o s5t5ce br+s 9 7inf]t7 or proves ! o!r4 ,ergo1 7ig7itur1 7it7aque 444 !re=e1 accord+ly4 ',unus homo nobis cunct&o re/ituit rem3 ,ergo po/que magisque viri nunc gloria cl>et4' ,,ennius4 7#e7 ,,causal4 nam1 namque1 7enim1 7et7enim 444 =4 qupropt]1 qur1 qu7amobrem 444 :]e=e4 ,ex43 'quamobrem1 ,quirites1 celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac lib]is ve/ris3 nam multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iu/i habiti sunt1 s$ pr(ecto iu/iores nunquam4' ,,ii4 ,,subord9ate4--,^! conjunctions atta* to a s5t5ce or clause ano!r clause :i* holds 7grammatically7 a l[] or subord9ate position1 qualify+ ! pr9cipal clause j z an adv]b qualifies a v]b4 ,?us 9 ',i w d ?is1 if y d1' ! if clause is equival5t to ! adv]b conditionally4 ,!y are g5]ally divid$ into ,,eight classes3-- 7#a7 ,,f9al introduce a clause express+ a purpose4 7ut1 qu 444 t1 9 ord] to4 n1 qum7inus 444 t n1 le/4 qui 444 :o 7 ut is 44474 ,edo ut vivam4 ,ne ignavum te putemus1 =tit] pugna4 ,pauci mihi sunt quos mittam4 7#b7 ,,consecutive introduce a clause express+ a consequ5ce or result4 7ut 444 s t1 s z to4 7ut nn1 qun 444 s z n to4 qui 444 :o 7( su* a k9d z to44474 ,ex43 ,tam =tis ade/ nemo ut solus muros asc5dat4 ,tam =tis e/ ut ho/es non timeat4 ,dignus erat qui rex fi]et4 7#c7 ,,temporal4 cum1 qu& 444 :54 7ub7-i1 7ut 444 :51 z4 s7im7ul1 s7im7ul atque 7ac7 444 z soon z4 po/quam 444 aft] t4 dum1 dnec1 qu7oad 444 until1 z long z1 :ile4 pr7iu 444 quam1 ant7e 444 quam 444 be=e t4 ,disc$]e prius noluit quam ducem vidisset4 ,pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit1 acie excessit4 7#d7 ,,conditional4 s1 n7is7-i 7n71 si non1 quod s 444 if1 unless1 if n1 b if4 m7od7o1 dumm7od1 si m7od 444 if only1 provid$ t4 dumm7od n 7dum n1 m7od n7 444 provid$ only n4 ,ne promis]is unquam nisi fidem prae/>e potes4 ,nev] promise if y _c keep y\r ^w4 7#e7 ,,comp>ative ,,& ,,proportional4 ut1 ut1 scut1 v7elut 444 j z1 z4 tanquam1 qu7as7i 444 z if4 quo 444 7eo 444 ! m 444 ! m4 ,po5as d$it sicut m]itus e/4 ,e corpore velut e c>c]e1 evolat animus4 ,! s\l flies =? f ! prison-h\se ( ! body4 quo difficilius eo praecl>ius4 7#f7 ,,concessive4 ets1 7et7iamsi1 t7ametsi 444 ev5 if4 quamquam 444 al?\gh4 quamvs1 quaml7ibet 444 h[ev] mu*4 l7icet1 ut1 cum 444 ?\gh1 al?\gh4 ,cum lib] esse posset1 s]vire maluit4 7#g7 ,,causal4 qu7i7a1 qu7od1 qu7on7iam1 qu& 444 because4 cum 444 s9ce4 propt7er7e 444 quod 444 = ?is reason 444 t4 qu&qu7idem1 quippe 444 s9ce inde$1 inasmu* z4 ,quae cum ita s9t1 ab urbe disc$am4 ,socrates accusatus e/ quod iuv5tutem corrump]et4 7#h7 ,,int]rogative 7) dep5d5t clauses74 cr1 trum 444 7an1 num 444 :y1 :e!r 444 or1 if4 quemadm7odum1 ut 444 h[4 7ub7-i1 qu& 444 :54 ,caes> utrum iure caesus fu]it1 an nef>ie necatus1 dubit>i pote/4 ,:e!r ,caes> 0 rightfully put to dea?1 or f\lly murd]$1 is op5 to "q4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,li/ ,,( ,,important ,,prefixes ,i4 ,,prepositions4--,9 ^! comp\nds ! ,prepositions reta9 _! orig9al adv]bial =ce4 ,a-1 ,,ab-1 ,,abs-1 away1 f 7( ! />t+-place7 7i7 sep>ation4 abire g away4 abscd]e g away4 v7oc>e call away4 7ii7 consumption4 absm]e take away1 consume4 7abti use up4 ,,ad-1 ,,ac-1 ,a-1 to 7( a p]son1 place1 or ?+1 z ! goal ( motion74 7i7 to1 at 7local74 accd]e approa*4 adfri speak to4 7ii7 9 addition4 acqur]e get 9 addition4 ,,ante be=e 7( place & "t74 antecd]e come be=e4 antef]re pref]4 ,,circum ar\nd4 circumd7are surr\nd4 circumdc]e circumscrb]e lit]ally1 & ) second>y mean+1 *eat4 circumv7enire ,,com-1 ,,con- 7,,cum71 ,,co-1 ,,col-1 ,,cor-1 toge!r4 7i7 collectively4 conclm>e %\t toge!r4 commiscre mix toge!r4 7ii7 completely 7(t5 app>5tly only pleona/ic74 consect>i foll[ p]si/5tly4 confirm>e /r5g!n4 ,,de-1 d[n1 f4 7i7 d[n1 d[n (f1 d[n to4 dec7id]e fall d[n1 or (f4 dev7enire come to4 7ii7 (f1 away1 aside4 dcd]e dep>t4 deflect]e turn aside4 det]rre fright54 7iii7 completely4 dep7op7ul>i lay wa/e4 debell>e br+ a w> to an end4 7iv7 un- 7negative74 despr>e despair4 deesse be want+4 ,e-1 ,,ex-1 ,,ec-1 ,,ef-1 out (4 7i7 out1 =?4 excd]e g out4 effund]e p\r =?4 7ii7 ?r\gh\t1 to ! end1 ?or\ghly4 explre fill to ! brim4 exposc]e e>ne/ly ask4 ,,9-1 ,,im-1 ,,ir-1 ,i-1 91 on1 aga9/4 7i7 91 into1 on4 incld]e %ut 94 inc7id]e fall on4 inv7id]e look at 7) ill int5t71envy4 7ii7 int5sive1 almo/ pleona/ic4 inc7ip]e take up1 beg94 implre fill4 ,,int] betwe54 7i7 betwe51 among4 int]cd]e come betwe54 intell7eg]e pick among1 p]ceive4 7ii7 break+ a cont9uity4 int]cld]e %ut (f1 blockade4 int]f7ic]e de/roy 7lit4 put betwe574 ,,ob-1 ,,obs-1 ,,oc-1 ,,(-1 ,,op-1 ,o-1 aga9/1 on acc\nt (4 7i7 ov] aga9/1 be=e 7z an ob/ruction74 (f5d]e /rike aga9/4 obl7oqui speak aga9/4 7ii7 t[>ds1 ) ! idea ( fav\r or compliance4 obo$ire he>k5 to4 obs7equi foll[ compliantly4 ,,p]-1 ?r\gh1 along4 7i7 ?r\gh1 all ov]4 p]rump]e break ?r\gh4 p]sp7icre look ?r\gh4 7ii7 ?or\ghly1 to completion4 p]disc]e le>n ?or\ghly4 p]fungi g ?r\gh a duty1 dis*>ge4 p]magnus v l>ge4 ,,prae 9 front4 7i7 7( place7 be=e1 9 front4 praef7ic]e put at ! head (4 praeses 7s7edeo7 gu>dian4 7ii7 7( "t7 be=e1 too soon4 pra$isc]e le>n be=eh&4 praev7enire out/rip4 7iii7 be=e o!rs1 9 comp>ison1 greatly4 praecell5s surpass+4 ,,pro-1 ,,prod-1 be=e1 9 front (1 =?4 prod-ire come =?4 prov7idre look onw>ds or ahead4 ,,sub-1 ,,suf-1 ,,sum-1 ,,sup-1 ,,sur-1 ,,su-1 ,,sus-1 b5ea?1 "u4 7i7 "u4 sub7ic]e ?r[ "u1 subject4 suppr7im]e press "u1 suppress4 7ii7 up4 succ+]e gird up4 su/7inre hold up1 *eck4 7iii7 to ! help (1 close to4 subv7enire come up to aid (4 7iv7 secretly4 subdc]e )draw secretly4 7v7 slightly4 subrd]e laugh some:at1 smile4 sublu/ris giv+ "s light4 ,,sup] ov]1 ^u4 7i7 ov]1 ^u 7( place74 sup]pn]e place ^u or ov]4 7ii7 metaphorically4 sp]esse rema91 survive1 ab\nd4 ,,trans-1 ,,tra-1 across4 7i7 across4 transgr7edi /ep across4 7ii7 a *ange or transf]5ce4 trd]e h& ov]1 surr5d]4 7iii7 ?r\gh to ! end4 trans7ig]e complete a bus9ess4 ,,ii4 ,,sep>able ,,p>ticles1 :i* d n appe> z ,prepositions 9 ,lat94 ,,amb-1 ,,am-1 ,,an-1 ar\nd1 on bo? sides4 ambre g ar\nd1 canvass4 amplecti fold oneself r\nd1 embrace4 ,,dis-1 ,,di-1 ,,dif-1 ,,dir-1 9 twa94 7i7 asund]1 ap>t4 discd]e "p asund]1 dep>t4 disc]n]e sep>ate1 di/+ui%4 dmitt]e s5d 9 diff]5t directions4 7ii7 un- 7negative74 displ7icre displease4 diffd]e di/ru/4 7iii7 exce$+ly4 diff]tus cramm$ to bur/+4 7iv7 individually1 sep>ately4 dn7um7er>e c\nt up 7s+ly74 ,,9- 7cf4 an-1 a-7 ,,un-1 usually ) adjectives4 ignosc]e n to "k1 =get1 p>don4 inn7oc5s n guilty1 h>mless4 ,,p]- 7cf4 p>a7 9 a s5se ( wrong or injury4 p]d]e de/roy4 p]f7idus fai?less4 ,,r$-1 ,,re-1 back4 7i7 back1 backw>ds4 r7ecumb]e lie d[n4 r7eflect]e b5d back4 7ii7 9 response1 or return4 r$d]e give 9 return4 7iii7 aga9/1 beh9d4 r7epugn>e fight aga9/4 r7el9qu]e leave beh9d4 7iv7 aga94 r7ef7ic]e make aga91 repair4 r7ep7erire f9d aga91 discov]4 7v7 int5sive action4 r7evell]e pluck by ! roots4 7vi7 un- 7negative74 r7efg]e unfix4 ,,s$-1 ,,se-1 ap>t4 sc]n]e sift away1 sep>ate4 scd]e g aside1 )draw4 sd-7itio a go+ ap>t1 secession4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,li/ ,,( ,,important ,,suffixes ,i4 ,,d]ivation ,,( ,,n\ns4 7i47 ,,tor 7-,,sor71 ,m4 ,ag5t or do] ( an action -,,trix1 ,f4 ac-tor do]1 =m$ f ,rtag d4 auc-tor mak] ,rtaug increase4 vic-tor conqu]or ,rtvic conqu]4 pet-tor c&idate ,rtpet seek4 ton-sor b>b] ,rttem cut4 7ii47 ,ab/ract ,n\ns & ,names ( ,actions4 -,,or1 -,,sus 7 -,,tus71 ,m4 -,s1 -,,ia 7-,,ies71 -,,tia 7-,,ties71 -,i1 -,,ti1 ,f4 -,t,s1 -,t,s1 -,t,d1 -,d1 -,g1 -,,nia1 -,,u1 -,,ium1 -,,itium1 -,,nium1 -,,lium1 -,,c9ium1 ,n4 t7im-or fe> =m$ f t7im-ere to fe>4 s5-sus feel+ s5t-ire to feel4 sd-s seat s7ed-re to sit4 audc-ia boldness audax bold4 segn7it-ies laz9ess segnis lazy4 tri/7i-tia sadness tri/is sad4 l7eg-io a collect+ l7eg-ere a legion to collect4 s7alt-tio a greet+ salut>e to greet4 b7on7i-tas goodness bonus good4 s7enec-ts age s5ex old4 magni-tudo greatness magnus great4 cup-d desire cup]e to desire4 v]t-g a turn+ v]t]e to turn4 gidd9ess p7ec-nia money 7*attels7 pecus cattle4 g7en-u race1 bir? ,rtg5 to be born4 ausp7ic-ium an om5 auspex a soo?say]4 avis spicio gaud-ium joy gaudre to rejoice4 l7-atro-c9ium robb]y latro robb]4 aux7i-lium help augre to increase4 7iii47 ,n\ns d5ot+ acts1 or means & results ( acts4 -,m,,nia1 ,f42 -,,m51 -,,m5tum1 -,m,,nium1 ,n4 qu7eri-monia compla9t1 =m$ f qu7eri to compla94 ag-m5 l9e ( m>* ag]e ,rtag to lead4 b& m7on7u-m5tum a memorial1 mon-re to rem9d4 n-m5 a "n ,rtgno to "k4 7iv47 ,n\ns d5ot+ means or in/rum5t4 -,b7,u,,lum1 -,c7,u,,lum1 -,,brum1 -,,crum1 -,,trum1 ,n4 /-bulum /all =m$ f />e to /&4 v7eh7i-c7ulum wagon veh]e to c>ry4 s7epul-crum tomb sepelre to bury4 7ar-trum pl\gh arre to pl\gh4 ,,ii4 ,,d]ivation ,,( ,,adjectives4 7i47 ,adjectives express+ dim9ution1 & us$ z ,dim9utive ,n\ns4 -7,u,,lus1 -7,o,,lus1 -,c7,u,,lus1 -,,ellus1 -,,illus4 rv-ulus a /reamlet =m$ f rvus a brook4 fl7i-olus a little son filius a son4 mnus-culum a little gift munus a gift4 cdic-illi writ+ tablets codex a block ( wood4 l7ib-ellus a little book l7ib] a book4 7ii47 ,patronymics1 indicat+ desc5t or relation%ip4 -,,ades1 -7,i,,des1 -,,des1 -,,eus1 ,m4 -,,z1 -,,is1 -,,eis1 ,f4 ,atlanti-ads ,m]cury =m$ f ,atlas4 ,atlant-id7es ! ,pleiads ,t-yd-ds ,diom$es ,tydeus4 ,ciss-is ,hecuba ,cisseus4 7iii47 ,adjectives mean+ full (1 prone to4 -,,sus1 -,,l5s1 -,,l5tus4 =m-sus beautiful =m$ f =ma beauty4 pe/i-l5s pe/il5t pe/is plague4 v7i7o-l5tus viol5t vis =ce4 7iv47 ,adjectives mean+ provid$ )4 -,,tus1 -,,tus1 -,,tus1 -,,tus4 fnes-tus deadly =m$ f funus 7fun]-7 dea?4 b>b-tus be>d$ b>ba a be>d4 turr-tus turret$ turris a t[]4 corn-tus horn$ cornu a horn4 7v47 ,adjectives mean+ made ( or belong+ to1 or p]ta9+ to4 -,,eus1 -7,i,,u1 -,,neus1 -,t7,i,,cus1 -,,lis1 -,,ris1 -,,lis1 -,,lis1 -,,nus1 -,,nus1 -,,nus1 -,,ensis1 -,,t] 7-,,tris71 -,,e/] 7-,,e/ris71 -,t7,i,,mus1 -,,ernus1 -,,urnus1 -,,turnus 7-,,t]nus74 aur-eus gold5 =m$ f aurum gold4 patr-ius pat]nal pat] a fa!r4 subt]r-aneus subt]ranean sub t]r und]gr\nd4 d7omes-ticus dome/ic domus a h\se4 ntr-lis natural natura nature4 p7op7ul-aris fell[-c\ntryman populus a p4 v7et7er-nus vet]an vetus 7vet]-7 old4 s7er-nus calm1 ( s]us late4 ev5+ /illness dv-nus div9e divus god4 f7or-ensis ( ! =um =um a m>ket-place4 lac-teus milky lac 7lacti-7 milk4 subl-icius re/+ sublica a pile4 on piles p7alus-t] m>%y pals a m>%4 silv-e/] woody silva a wood4 fn7i-timus neighb\r+ f9is a b\nd>y4 v]-nus v]nal vr spr+4 d7i-urnus daily dies day4 di-turnus la/+ di long 7"t74 7vi47 ,adjectives express+ ! action ( ! ,v]b z a quality or t5d5cy4 -,,ax1 -7,i,,dus1 -7,u,,lus1 -,,vus 7-,,uus1 -,,vus1 -,t,,vus74 pugn-ax pugnaci\s =m$ f pugn>e to fight4 c7up-idus eag] cup]e to desire4 b7ib-ulus ?ir/y bib]e to dr9k4 7( s& etc47 n7oc-uus hurtful nocre to hurt4 cap-tivus captive cap]e to take4 7vii47 ,adjectives express+ passive qualities b occasionally active4 -,,ilis1 -,b7,i,,lis1 -7,i,,u1 -,t,,lis4 fr7ag-ilis frail =m$ f frang]e to break4 ,rtfrag n-bilis well kn[n nosc]e to "k4 ,rtgno ex7im-ius *oice1 r>e exim]e take out4 tex-tilis wov5 tex]e to weave4 7viii47 ,adjectives orig9ally g]undives4 -,,ndus1 -,,bundus1 -,,cundus4 s7ecu-ndus second 7! =m$ f sequi to foll[4 foll[+71 fav\rable m7or7i-bundus dy+ mori to die4 f-cundus eloqu5t fa-ri to speak4 ,,iii4 ,,n\ns ,,) ,,adjective ,,suffixes4 -,,rius1 d5otes p]son employ$ ab\t any?+4 arg5t-rius silv]smi?1 =m$ f arg5tum silv]4 bank] -,,rium1 d5otes place ( a ?+4 a]-arium treasury =m$ f aes copp]4 -,,le d5otes /all ( an animal4 b7ov-le cattle-/all =m$ f bs 7b7ov-7 ox4 7ov-le %eep-fold ovis %eep4 -,,tum d5otes place :]e a tree or plant gr[s4 qu]c-tum oak-grove =m$ f qu]cus an oak4 ,,iv4 ,,d]ivation ,,( ,,v]bs4 7i47 ,f ,n\ns & ,adjectives4 /7im7ulo1 -re to goad1 =m$ f /imulus a goad4 incite n7ovo1 -re to r5ew novus new4 v7ig7ilo1 -re to wat* vigil awake4 albeo1 -re to be :ite albus :ite4 m7etuo1 -ere to fe> metus fe>4 7acuo1 -ere to %>p5 acus ne$le4 mlior1 -ri to toil moles mass4 cu/dio1 -re to gu>d cu/os 7cu/od-7 gu>dian4 7ii47 ,v]bs f o!r ,v]bs4 -,,sco d5otes ! beg9n+ ( an action4 7,?ird ,conjugation47 l7ab-sco beg9 to tott] =m$ f labo tott]4 mt-sco gr[ mild mtis mild4 -,,to1 -7,i,,to1 7r>ely -,s71 -,,esso1 d5ote =cible or repeat$ action4 iac-to1 -7are hurl =m$ f iacio ?r[4 quas-s1 re %att] quatio %ake4 f7ac-esso1 -7ere d facio d4 7) en]gy7 -,t7,u,,rio 7-,s7,u,,rio7 d5otes long+ or wi%+4 p>-turio1 -re to br+ =? =m$ f p>io produce br+ =?4 -surio to be hungry edo 7 ed-turio7 to eat4 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,relat$ 7,,cognate7 ,,words ,rt,,ac %>p4 ,engli% d]ivative4 c-er %>p4 eag] 7,f4 aigre74 7ac-erbus h>%1 cruel4 ac]bity 7 h>%ness74 7ac-ervus a heap4 7ac-ies edge1 ke5 look4 ,fr4 aci] 7 /eel74 army 9 battle array4 7ac-idus s\r4 acid4 7ac-uo to %>p54 7ac-utus %>p5$1 %>p4 acute 7,fr4 aigu74 7ac-um5 a po9t1 acut5ess4 acum54 7ac-u a ne$le4 ,fr4 aiguille4 ,rt,,aug be active1 /rong4 aug-eo increase4 aug-m5tum an increase4 augm5t4 auc-tio a sale by increase ( auction4 bids1 an auction auc-tor a mak]1 produc]4 au?or4 auc-toritas a produc+1 au?ority4 au?ority4 aug-u/us maje/ic1 augu/4 augu/4 aux-ilium aid1 help4 auxili>y4 ,rt,,cap take hold (1 seize4 c7ap-io take hold (4 captive4 c7ap-ax capaci\s4 capaci\s4 c7ap-ulus h&le1 hilt ( a sword4 ac-c7ip-io take to1 receive4 accept4 7ad capio7 ex-c7ip-io take up4 exception4 7ex capio7 man-c7ip-ium prop]ty1 a slave4 emancipate4 7manus capio7 muni-c7ip-ium a free t[n4 municipal4 7munia capio7 pr9-ceps fir/1 *ief4 pr9cipal4 7primus capio7 pr9ce4 ,rt,,g5-1 ,rt,,gna- beget1 become1 produce4 gi-gn-o to beget4 indig5\s4 7 gi-g7en-o7 g7en-i-tor a fa!r4 7pro7g5itor4 g5-s clan1 h\se1 race4 g5tile4 9-g5s va/4 g7en-u bir?1 race4 g5us 7,fr4 g5re74 9-g7en-ium innate quality1 "*4 9-g7en-uus native1 free-born1 +5u\s4 frank4 9-g7en-iosus ( good natural +5i\s4 abilities4 pro-g7en-ies desc5t1 desc5dants4 prog5itor4 g7en-er son-9-law4 g7en-ius ! innate sup]ior g5ius4 nature1 tutel>y 7protect+7 deity4 indi-g7en-a nature4 indig5\s4 g7en-ersus ( noble bir?1 g5]\s4 noble-m9d$ g7en-7ero to beget1 produce4 g5]ate4 g7en-7etivus ( or belong+ to g5itive4 bir?1 g5itive4 na-scor to be born4 native4 gna-scor n-tra nature4 nature4 n-tio bir?1 a race4 nation4 ,,app5dix ,v ,,h[ ,,to ,,?9k ,,9 ,,lat9 ,flam9ius atones = 8 ra%ness4#dd ,footnote #dd3 ,cf4 p4 #abf4 ,selection ,c#ai ,tres f]me horas pugnatum e/ et ubique atrocit]2 circa consulem tam5 acrior infe/iorque pugna e/4 ,eum et robora virorum sequebantur1 et ipse1 quacunque 9 p>te premi ac labor>e s5s]at suos1 impigre f]ebat opem2 insignemque armis et ho/es summa vi petebant #e et tuebantur cives1 donec ,insub] eques 7,duc>io nom5 erat7 facie quoque noscitans consulem1 ',en' inquit 'hic e/' popul>ibus suis1 'qui legiones no/ras cecidit agrosque et urbem e/ depopulatus4 ,iam ego hanc victimam manibus p]emptorum fo$e civium dabo4' ,subditisque calc>ibus #aj equo p] conf]tissimam ho/ium turbam impetum facit1 obtruncatoque prius armig]o1 qui se infe/o v5i5ti obviam obiec]at1 consulem lancea transfixit2 spoli>e cupi5tem tri>ii obiectis scutis arcu]e4 ,,livy1 xxii4 #f4 ,! head+ & ! au?or w at once sugge/ ! /irr+ incid5t 9 ! ,battle ( ,lake ,trasim5e1 :5 ,flam9ius aton$ = 8 ra%ness by 8 gallant example & dea?4 ,y h se5 h[ ,analysis helps y to arrive at ! ma9 ?\ght ( ! s5t5ce1 & y are famili> ) ! pr9ciples t gov]n ! ord] ( words 9 ,lat91 & ! important "p play$ by ! emphatic position ( words4 ,s y may n[ try to ?9k 9 ,lat92 t is1 to take ! ?\ght 9 ! ,lat9 ord]1 )\t ref]5ce to analysis or ! ,engli% ord]4 ,y w d well to foll[ closely ?is advice ( exp]i5c$ tea*]s3--',read e ^w z if x 7 ! la/ on ! page1 & y _h to turn ov] )\t be+ able to turn back4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y are oblig$ to turn back1 beg9 aga9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce & proce$ z be=e4 ,let ea* ^w ( ! ,lat9 sugge/ "s conception gradually add+ to & complet+ ! mean+ ( ! writ]4 ,if ! =m ( ! ^w gives sev]al possibilities1 hold !m all 9 y\r m9d1 s f> z may be1 till some?+ occurs 9 ! progress ( ! s5t5ce to settle ! d\bt4' #a4 ,tres f]me horas = ne>ly ?ree h\rs4 ,?is con/ruction 7,acc4 ( ext5t ( "t7 w be famili> to y4 ,notice ! emphatic position ( ! phrase4 pugnatum e/ ! battle 0 f\ght4 ,?is use ( ! s-call$ imp]sonal passive is v frequ5t1 & is g5]ally be/ translat$ by tak+ ! root-idea ( ! v]b z a subject4 et ubique atrocit] & ev]y:]e fi]cely4 #b4 circa consulem tam5 ar\nd ! consul h[ev]4 acrior infe/iorque pugna e/ ! battle is m ke5 & m vehem5t4 ,?is pres5ts no difficulty2 acrior & infe/ior mu/ qualify pugna1 :i* foll[s imm$iately4 #c4 eum him1 pla9ly consulem 7i4e4 ,flam9ius71 = no "o else has be5 m5tion$4 ,notice ! emphatic position ( eum4 et robora virorum sequebantur bo? ! /ronge/ ( 8 troops foll[$4 ,y may "k t robur 7lit4 h>d wood7 is (t5 us$ ( ! t\ghe/ troops1 ! fl[] ( an army4 et ipse & himself1 i4e4 ! consul 7,flam9ius74 #c-d4 quacunque 9 p>te 9 :atev] "p4 #d4 premi ac labor>e s5s]at suos he _h se5 8 m5 h>d press$ & 9 di/ress4 ,no o!r mean+ is possible1 nor does ! ord] pres5t any difficulty1 b notice ! emphatic position ( suos4 #d-e4 impigre f]ebat opem actively he bore help4 #e4 insignemque armis & di/+ui%$ by 8 arms1 cle>ly ref]r+ to consulem 7l4 #b74 ,cf4 eum 7l4 #c74 et ho/es summa vi petebant bo? ! enemy ) all _! might attack$4 et might1 ( c\rse1 also 7cf4 et1 l4 #b71 b ! second et :i* imm$iately foll[s det]m9es ! mean+ bo?4 #f4 et tuebantur cives & 8 fell[-citiz5s 7,romans7 def5d$ 7him74 donec ,insub] eques until an ,insubrian troop]4 donec may mean :ile1 b ! context %[s t until or at la/ is ! "r mean+ "h4 #f-g4 ,duc>io nom5 erat 787 "n 0 ,duc>ius1 i4e4 ei nom5 erat ,duc>io1 :]e ,duc>io is possess4 dat4 9 appos4 to ei und]/ood4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ! troop]'s "n 0 ,duc>io1 b cf4 page #abf1 l4 #b4 ,selection ,c#ai1 l9e #fde #g4 facie quoque noscitans consulem by 8 face also 7i4e4 z well z by 8 arm\r7 recognis+ ! consul4 #g-h4 ',en' inquit '8 e/' popul>ibus suis ,see1 said he1 to 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 7comrades71 ?is is ! man4 #h4 qui legiones no/ras cecdit :o slaught]$ our legions4 ,!re is a slight difficulty "h1 b a mom5t's ?\ght w remove x4 ,x mu/ be cecdit1 p]f4 ( ca$o1 & n cec7idit1 p]f4 ( cado1 :i* is intransitive4 #h-i4 agrosque et urbem e/ depopulatus & laid wa/e our fields & our city4 #i-aj4 ,iam ego hanc victimam mnibus p]emptorum fo$e civium dabo n[ ,i w give ?is victim to ! %ades ( our c\ntrym5 f\lly sla94 ,mnibus _c h&s 7m7anibus71 = p]emptorum civium1 :i* imm$iately foll[s1 fixes ! "r mean+4 #aj-aa4 subditisque calc>ibus equo & putt+ spurs to 8 horse4 ,y w n attempt to translate ?is ,abl4 ,absol4 lit]ally4 #aa-ab4 p] conf]tissimam ho/ium turbam impetum facit ?r\gh ! closely pack$ cr[d ( ! enemy he makes 8 *>ge4 #ab4 obtruncatoque prius armig]o & fir/ cut d[n ! arm\r-be>] 7i4e4 ( ,flam9ius74 #ab-ac4 qui se infe/o v5i5ti obviam obiec]at :o _h ?r[n himself 9 ! way ( him advanc+ at ! *>ge4 infe/o v5i5ti is cle>ly dative ) obviam4 #ac4 consulem lancea transfixit ran ! ,consul ?r\gh ) 8 lance4 #ac-ad4 spoli>e cupi5tem 7him1 i4e4 ,duc>ius7 wi%+ to spoil 7! consul74 #ad4 tri>ii obiectis scutis arcu]e ! tri>ii 7vet]ans7 ?ru/+ _! %ields 9 ! way kept (f4 ,?is passage is q simple1 b x w s]ve to %[ y h[ y may ) practice le>n to take ! ?\ght 9 ! ,lat9 ord]1 & to grasp ! writ]'s mean+4 ,all t n[ rema9s = y to d is to write out a translation 9 good ,engli%1 us+ %ort coord9ate s5t5ces1 ea* complete 9 itself1 9 place ( ! m involv$ /ructure ( ! orig9al4 ,! foll[+ v]sion by ! late ,pr(essor ,jebb w s]ve z a model3-- ,!y f\ght = ab\t ?ree h\rs1 & ev]y:]e ) desp]ation4 ,ar\nd ! consul1 h[ev]1 ! fight 0 peculi>ly ke5 & vehem5t4 ,he _h ! t\ghe/ troops ) him2 & he himself1 :5ev] he saw t 8 m5 7 h>d press$1 0 indefatigable 9 com+ to ! rescue4 ,di/+ui%$ by 8 equipm5t1 he 0 a t>get = ! enemy & a rally+-po9t = ! ,romans4 ,at la/ a ,lomb>d troop]1 nam$ ,duc>io1 recognis+ ! p]son z well z ! guise ( ! consul1 cri$ out to 8 p1 ',"h is ! man :o cut our legions to pieces & sack$ our city--n[ ,i w give ?is victim to ! %ades ( our murd]$ c\ntrym54' ,putt+ spurs to 8 horse1 he da%$ ?r\gh ! ?ick ( ! foe4 ,fir/ he cut d[n ! arm\r-be>]1 :o _h ?r[n himself 9 ! way ( ! onset4 ,!n he drove 8 lance ?r\gh ! consul4 ,he 0 try+ to despoil ! corpse1 :5 "s vet]ans scre5$ x ) _! %ields4 ,,app5dix ,,vi ,,%ort ,,lives ,,( ,,roman ,,au?ors ,,decimus ,,magnus ,,ausonius1 #cji-cib ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ausonius4 ,born at ,burdigala 7,bordeaux71 & c>efully educat$4 ,at ! age ( ?irty appo9t$ pr(essor ( rhetoric 9 8 native ,univ]sity1 :]e he became s fam\s t he 0 appo9t$ tutor to ,gratian1 son ( ! ,emp]or ,val5t9ian 7#cfd-cge ,a4,d471 & 0 aft]w>ds rais$ to ! highe/ hon\rs ( ! ,/ate 7,consul1 #cgi ,a4,d474 ,!odosius 7,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 #cgh-cie ,a4,d47 gave him leave to retire f c\rt to 8 native c\ntry1 :]e he clos$ 8 days 9 an hon\r$ lit]>y retirem5t4 #b4 ,works4 ,a v volum9\s writ] bo? 9 prose & v]se4 #a4 ,prose3 ,! only extant specim5 is 8 ,grati>um ,actio to ,gratianus = ! ,consul%ip4 #b4 ,v]se3 ,( ?is we h mu*3 x has little value z poetry1 b 9 po9t ( cont5ts & diction x is int]e/+ & valuable4 ,"s ( 8 ,epigrammata & ,epitaphia are wor? pres]v+1 b 8 claim to rank z a poet re/s on 8 ,mosella1 a beautiful description ( ! ,r4 ,moselle1 :i* is wor?y to be comp>$ ) ,pl9y's description ( ! ,r4 ,clitumnus 7,ep4 viii4 #h74 ',9 virtue ( ?is poem ,ausonius ranks n m]ely z ! la/1 or all b ! la/1 ( ,lat91 b z ! fir/ ( ,fr5* poets4' --,mackail4 ,,gaius ,,julius ,,caes>1 #ajb 7or #ajj87-dd ,b4,c4 #a4 ,important ,ev5ts 9 ,caes>'s ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,caes>4 ,b4,c4 #ajb4 ,gaius ,julius ,caes>1 nephew ( ,m>ius1 born ,july #ab?4 #hc4 ,m>ries ,cornelia1 daught] ( ,c9na1 ! fri5d ( ,m>ius4 #ha-gh4 ,s]v$ ) di/9ction 9 ,asia4 #gf4 ,/udies oratory at ,rhodes4 #fh4 ,beg9s 8 political c>e] z ,quae/or1 p>tly at ,rome1 p>tly 9 ,spa94 #fe4 ,curule ,a$ile4 ,incurs enorm\s debts by 8 spl5did %[s4 #fa4 ,propraetor 9 ,spa93 conqu]s ,lusitanians3 amasses weal?4 #fj4 ,coalition ( ,pompeius1 ,caes>1 & ,crassus3 ,fir/ ,triumvirate4 #ei4 ,consul4 ,! ,leges ,iuliae4 #eh-ej4 ,subjugation ( ,gaul & two invasions ( ,brita9 7#ee & #ed74 #ef4 ,meet+ ( ,triumvirate at ,luca4 #ej4 ,! tr\ble ) ,pompeius beg9s4 #di4 ,crosses ! ,rubicon4 ,civil w> ) ,pompeius4 ,dictator a fir/ "t4 #dh4 ,ph>salus4 ,defeats ,pompeius4 ,dictator a second "t4 #df4 ,?apsus4 ,defeats ,scipio1 ,sulla1 & ,afranius4 ,decl>$ ,dictator = t5 ye>s4 #de4 ,munda4 ,defeats ,gn4 ,pompeius & ,labi5us4 ,dictator & ,imp]ator = life4 #dd4 ,assass9at$ 9 ! ,s5ate ,h\se on ! ,ides ( ,m>*4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,,! ,,de ,,bello ,,gallico4--,?is "w describes ,caes>'s op]ations 9 ,gaul1 ,g]many1 & ,brita9 dur+ ! ye>s #eh-eb ,b4,c41 ! ev5ts ( ea* ye> occupy+ a sep>ate ,book4 ,,book ,i4 ,b4,c4 #eh4 ,! ,helvetii & ,ariovi/us ! ,g]man defeat$4 ,,ii4 #eg4 ,! ,n]vii1 ! brave/ ,belgian tribe1 almo/ ext]m9at$4 ,,iii4 #ef4 ,conque/ ( ! coa/ tribes ( ,brittany 7,v5eti1 c47 & ( ! ,s\?-,we/ 7,aquitani74 ,,iv4 #ee4 ,inroad ( ,g]mans into ,nor!rn ,gaul repuls$4 ,caes> crosses ! ,rh9e a fir/ "t4 ,fir/ invasion ( ,brita94 ,v4 #ed4 ,second invasion ( ,brita94 ,fre% ris+s ( ! ,gauls put d[n by ,labi5us & ,q4 ,cic]o4 ,,vi4 #ec4 ,caes> crosses ! ,rh9e a second "t4 ,nor!rn ,gaul r$uc$ to peace4 ,,vii4 #eb4 ,upris+ ( ! ,gauls "u ,v]c+etorix4 ,siege & capture ( ,alesia4 ,surr5d] ( ,v]c+etorix4 ,he is tak5 9 *a9s to ,rome1 to adorn ,caes>'s triumph4 ,,viii4 #ea 7add$ by ,,hirtius74 ,f9al subjugation ( ,gaul4 ,caes>'s object 0 ?reefold3-- 7i7 ,to provide mat]ials = pr(ess$ hi/orians4 7ii7 ,to ju/ify ! conque/ he describes4 7iii7 ,to v9dicate 9 ! eyes ( ! _w 8 opposition to ! ,s5ate & ! ,gov]nm5t4 7#b7 ,,de ,,bello ,,civili4--,?is "w1 9 ?ree ,books1 is simil> 9 plan to ! ,de ,bello ,gallico4 ,x describes ! ev5ts ( ! ,civil ,w> dur+ ! ye>s #di-dh ,b4,c4 ,book ,,iii4 ends abruptly ) ! words3 ,haec initia belli ,alex&r9i fu]unt4 ,,book ,i4 ,b4,c4 #di4 ,caes> crosses ! ,rubicon4 ,foll[s ,pompeius to ,brundusium & conqu]s ,afranius 9 ,spa94 ,,ii4 #di4 ,caes> takes ,massilia4 ,submission ( ,v>ro 9 ,fur!r ,spa94 ,defeat & dea? ( ,curio be=e ,utica4 ,,iii4 #dh4 ,caes> foll[s ,pompeius into ,illyria4 ,! l9es ( ,dyrra*ium & ! ,battle ( ,ph>salus4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ,alex&r9e ,w>4 7#c7 ,,o!r ,,works4--,all ,caes>'s o!r writ+s 7,spee*es1 ,poems1 c47 h be5 lo/1 ) ! exception ( a few brief ,lett]s to ,cic]o4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,rem>kable = brevity1 directness1 & simplicity4 ,! simple/ facts told 9 ! simple/ way4 ,ars e/ cel>e artem4 ',caes>'s ,comm5t>ies are wor?y ( all praise2 !y are unadorn$1 /raight=w>d1 & elegant1 e ornam5t be+ /ripp$ (f z if x 7 a g>m5t4' --,,cic]o4 ,,m>cus ,,porcius ,,cato1 #bcd-adi ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cato4 ,= 8 milit>y & political c>e]1 8 ,consul%ip 7#aie ,b4,c471 8 fam\s ,c5sor%ip 7#ahd ,b4,c471 & 8 social re=ms1 see "s good hi/ory1 e4g4 ,momms51 vol1 iii4 #b4 ,works4 ,8 *ief works are3-- 7#a7 ,8 treatise ,de ,re ,ru/ica or ,de ,agri ,cultura 78 only extant "w74--,a s]ies ( t]se & po9t$ directions foll[+ "o on ano!r1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( ,hesiod1 & int]e/+ 'z %[+ ! practical ,lat9 /yle1 & z giv+ ! prose gr\ndwork ( ,v]gil's /ately & beautiful embroid]y 9 ! ,georgics4' --,mackail4 7#b7 ,! ,orig9es4--',! olde/ hi/orical "w writt5 9 ,lat91 & ! fir/ important prose "w 9 ,roman lit]ature4' --,momms54 ,nepos1 ,cato1 #c1 summ>ises ! cont5ts ( ! sev5 books4 ,cato /ruggl$ all 8 life aga9/ ,greek influ5ce 9 lit]ature & 9 mann]s1 :i* he felt w\ld be fatal to 8 ideal ( a ,roman citiz54 ,9 a lett] to 8 son ,m>cus he says ,qu&oque i/a g5s suas litt]as dabit1 omnia corrumpet4 ,he 0 fam\s = 8 homely wisdom1 :i* ga9$ him ! title ( ,sapi5s1 e4g4 ,rem t5e3 v]ba sequ5tur--',take c>e ( ! s5se3 ! words w take c>e ( !mselves4' ,,gaius ,,val]ius ,,catullus1 circ4 #hd-ed ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,catullus4 ,born at ,v]ona1 ( a family ( weal? & position1 z is se5 f 8 hav+ e/ates at ,sirmio3-- ,salve1 ,o v5u/a ,sirmio1 atque ero gaude 7,c4 #ca7 & ne> ,tibur3 ,o funde no/] seu ,sab9e seu ,tiburs 7,c4 #dd74 ,8 fa!r 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,caes>4 ,he w5t to ,rome e>ly1 :]e he sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 %ort life1 ,romae vivimus3 illa domus1 ,illa mihi s$es1 illic mea c>pitur aetas 7,c4 #fh71 ) ! exception ( an (ficial j\rney to ,bi?ynia1 #eg ,b4,c4 to bett] 8 =tunes3 cf4 ,iam v] egelidos ref]t tepores 444 ,l9quantur ,phrygii1 ,catulle1 campi 7,c4 #df74 ,aft] a life ( poetic culture & free social enjoym5t he di$ at ! e>ly age ( ?irty1 '! "y ,catullus1' h$]a iuv5ilia tempora c9ctus 7,ovid1 ,am4 ,,iii4 ix4 #fa74 #b4 ,works4 #aaf poems writt5 9 v>i\s metres & on v>i\s subjects1 ,lyric1 ,elegiac1 ,epic4 ',! ev5t :i* fir/ reveal$ ! full p[] ( 8 g5ius1 & :i* made bo? ! supreme happ9ess & supreme mis]y ( 8 life1 0 8 love = ,lesbia 7,clodia74'--,sell>4 ',catullus is "o ( ! great poets ( ! _w1 n s mu* ?r\gh vividness ( imag9ation z ?r\gh 8 s+l5ess ( nature1 8 vivid impressibility1 & 8 ke5 p]ception4 ,he receiv$ ! gifts ( ! pass+ h\r s happily t to produce pure & la/+ poetry x 0 en\gh = him to utt] 9 natural words some?+ ( ! fulness ( 8 he>t4 ,he says on e occasion exactly :at he want$ to say1 9 cle>1 =cible1 spontane\s language4' --,sell>4 ',! mo/ attractive feature 9 ! "* ( ,catullus is ! w>m? ( 8 affection4 ,if to love w>mly1 con/antly1 & unselfi%ly be ! be/ title to ! love ( o!rs1 few poets 9 any age or c\ntry des]ve a k9dli] place 9 ! he>ts ( m5 ?an ! "y ,catullus4'--,sell>4 ,,m>cus ,,tullius ,,cic]o1 #ajf-dc ,b4,c4 #a4 ,important ,ev5ts 9 ,cic]o's ,life1 & *ief ,works4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cic]o4 ,b4,c4 #ajf4 ,born at ,arp9um4 ,bir? ( ,pompeius4 #ajb4 ,bir? ( ,qu9tus ,cic]o1 & ( ,caes>4 #ia4 ,assumes ! toga virilis4 ,q4 ,mucius ,scaevola ! augur becomes 8 tutor 9 civil law4 ,writes an h]oic poem 9 praise ( ,m>ius4 #hi4 ,s]ves 8 fir/ & only campaign "u ,pompeius ,/rabo4 #hg4 ,/udies ,rhetoric at ,rome "u ,apollonius ,molo ( ,rhodes4 #ha4 ,deliv]s 8 fir/ spee* 7causa privata7 ,pro ,p4 ,qu9ctio4 #hj4 ,deliv]s 8 fir/ spee* 7causa publica7 ,pro ,s4 ,roscio ,am]9o4 #gi-g4 ,/udies at ,a!ns & ,rhodes4 ,m>ries ,t]5tia4 #ge-d4 ,quae/or at ,lilybaeum 9 ,sicily4 #gj4 ,! six spee*es ,9 ,c4 ,v]rem4 #fi4 ,curule ,a$ile4 ,! ,pro ,caec9a4 #fh4 ,date ( ! e>lie/ extant lett]4 #fg4 ,praetor4 ,! ,lex ,gab9ia4 #ff4 ,! ,de ,imp]io ,cn4 ,pompeii 7,pro ,lege ,manilia74 #fd4 ,bir? ( 8 son ,m>cus4 ,m>riage ( ,tullia to ,c4 ,piso ,frugi4 #fc4 ,consul4 ,! f\r spee*es ,9 ,catil9am4 ,! ,pro ,mur5a4 #fb4 ,cic]o hail$ 'pat] patriae4' ,! ,pro ,sulla & ,pro ,ar*ia4 #fj4 ,poem ',de consulatu meo4' #ei4 ,! ,fir/ ,triumvirate 7,caes>1 ,pompeius1 & ,crassus74 ,! ,pro ,val]io ,flacco4 #eh-g4 ,cic]o 9 ,exile4 ,! f\r spee*es ,po/ ,r$itum4 #ef4 ,! ,pro ,se/io & ,de ,prov9ciis ,consul>ibus 78 recantation74 #ee4 ,! ,de ,oratore & ,de temporibus meis4 #eb4 ,! ,pro ,milone4 ,! ,de ,legibus3 ! ,de ,republica4 #ea-ej4 ,proconsul ( ,cilicia4 ,is grant$ a supplicatio4 #di4 ,jo9s ,pompeius at ,dyrra*ium4 #dg4 ,becomes reconcil$ to ,caes>4 #df4 ,! ,brutus & ,orator4 #de4 ,dea? ( ,tullia4 ,! ,de ,f9ibus & ,academics4 #dd4 ,! ,tusculanae ,disputationes3 ! ,de ,natura ,deorum3 ,de ,div9atione3 ,de ,amicitia3 ,de ,s5ectute3 ,de ,(ficiis4 ,philippics i-iv4 #dc4 ,philippics v-xiv4 ,! ,second ,triumvirate 7,antonius1 ,octavianus1 & ,lepidus74 ,murd] ( ,cic]o4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,spee*es4--,we possess #eg spee*es1 & fragm5ts ( ab\t #bj m1 & we "k ( #cc o!rs deliv]$ by ,cic]o4 ',z a speak] & orator ,cic]o succe$$ 9 ga9+ a place beside ,demo/h5es4 ,8 /ronge/ po9t is 8 /yle2 !re he is cle>1 concise & apt1 p]spicu\s1 elegant & brilliant4 ,he comm&s all moods1 f playful je/ to tragic pa?os1 b is mo/ successful 9 ! imitation ( conviction & feel+1 to :i* he gave increas$ impression by 8 fi]y deliv]y4' --,teuffel4 ,qu9tilian says ( him t 8 eloqu5ce comb9$ ! p[] ( ,demo/h5es1 ! copi\sness ( ,plato1 & ! sweetness ( ,isocrates4 7#b7 ,philosophical ,works4--,! *ief are ! ,de ,republica 7clos$ by ! ,sommium ,sciponis73 ! ,de ,legibus3 ! ,de ,f9ibus ,bonorum et ,malorum3 ! ,academics3 ,tusculan ,disputations ) ! ,de ,div9atione3 ! ,de ,s5ectute & ,de ,amicitia3 ,de natura ,deorum1 & ! ,de ,(ficiis4 ,z a philosoph] ,cic]o _h no pret5sions to orig9ality4 ,he f\nd ! mat]ials = mo/ ( ^! works 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ',i h to supply little b ! words1' he writes1 '& = ^! ,i am nev] at a loss4' ,x 0 h[ev] no small a*ievem5t to m\ld ! ,lat9 tongue to be a vehicle = ,greek philosophic ?\ght1 & ?us to r5d] ! conclusions ( ,greek ?9k]s accessible to 8 own c\ntrym54 7#c7 ,rhetorical treatises4--,! *ief are ! ,de ,oratore 79 #c ,books71 p]haps ! mo/ f9i%$ example ( ! ,cic]onian /yle3 ! ,brutus or ,de ,cl>is ,oratoribus1 & ! ,orator 7or ,de optime ,g5]e ,dic5di74 7#d7 ,lett]s4--,besides #ggd lett]s writt5 by ,cic]o1 we h #ij address$ to him by fri5ds4 ,! two l>ge/ collections ( 8 ,lett]s are ! ,epi/ulae ad ,atticum 7#fh-dc ,b4,c47 & ! ,epi/ulae ad ,famili>es 7#fb-dc ,b4,c474 ,^! lett]s are ( supreme importance = ! hi/ory ( ,cic]o's "t4 ',! quality :i* makes !m mo/ valuable is t !y 7 n 7l ! lett]s ( ,pl9y1 & ,s5eca1 & ,madame de ,svign7 writt5 to be publi%$4 ,we see 9 !m ,cic]o z he 04 ,we behold him 9 8 /r5g? & 9 8 weakness--! bold advocate1 & yet timid & vacillat+ /atesman1 ! fond husb&1 ! affectionate fa!r1 ! k9d ma/]1 ! w>m-he>t$ fri5d4' --,tyrrell4 ,! /yle ( ! ,lett]s is colloquial b ?or\ghly accurate4 ',! art ( lett]-writ+ sudd5ly rose 9 ,cic]o's h&s to its full p]fection4' --,mackail4 7#e7 ,poems4--,! fragm5ts we possess %[ t v]se-writ+ came easily to him1 b he nev] c\ld h be5 a great poet1 = he _h n ! div9us afflatus1 s f9ely express$ by ,ovid 9 ! l9e ,e/ ,deus 9 nobis1 agitante calescimus illo4 ',cic]o /&s 9 prose l ,v]gil 9 poetry1 z ! bridge betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n _w4 ,be=e 8 "t ,lat9 prose 01 f a wide po9t ( view1 b "o among _m local anci5t dialects4 ,z x left 8 h&s x _h become a univ]sal language1 "o :i* _h def9itely sup]s$$ all o!rs1 ,greek includ$1 z ! type ( civilis$ expression4' --,mackail4 ,,claudius ,,claudianus1 flor4 #djj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,claudian4 ,born probably at ,alex&ria1 :]e he liv$ until1 9 ! ye> ( ! dea? ( ,!odosius #cie ,a4,d41 he acquir$ ! patronage ( ,/ili*o1 ! great ,v&al g5]al1 :o1 z gu>dian ( ! "y ,emp]or ,honorius1 0 practically rul] ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,he rema9$ atta*$ to ! ,c\rt at ,milan1 ,rome & ,rav5na1 & di$ soon aft] ! d[nfall ( 8 patron ,/ili*o1 #djh ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 ,9 8 hi/orical epics he d]iv$ 8 subjects f 8 own age1 prais+ 8 patrons ,/ili*o 7,on ! ,consulate ( ,/ili*o7 & ,honorius 7on ! ,consulate ( ,honorius71 & inveigh+ aga9/ ,ruf9us & ,eutropius1 ! rivals ( ,/ili*o4 ,( poems on o!r subjects1 '8 ?ree books ( ! unf9i%$ ,rape ( ,pros]p9e are among ! f9e/ examples ( ! purely lit]>y epic4' --,mackail4 ',claudian is ! la/ ( ! ,lat9 poets1 =m+ ! transitional l9k betwe5 ! ,classic & ! ,go?ic mode ( ?\ght4' --,col]idge4 #c4 ,/yle4 ',8 faults belong almo/ z mu* to ! age z to ! writ]4 ,9 description he is too copi\s & detail$3 8 poems ab\nd ) long spee*es3 8 p>ade ( v>i$ le>n+1 8 p>tiality = ab/ruse my?ology1 are j ! natural defects ( a lett]$ b un9spir$ epo*4' --,nor? ,p9d]4 ,,qu9tus ,,ennius1 #bci-afi ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ennius4 ,he 0 born at ,rudiae 9 ,calabria 7ab\t #ai miles ,s4 ( ,brundisium71 a meet+-place ( ?ree diff]5t languages1 t ( common life 7,oscan1 cf4 ,opici71 t ( culture & education 7,greek71 t ( milit>y s]vice 7,lat974 ,"h he liv$ = "s tw5ty ye>s1 avail+ himself ( ^? means ( education :i* at ?is "t 7 d5i$ to ,rome or ,latium4 ,we next he> ( him s]v+ z c5turion 9 ,s>d9ia1 :]e he attract$ ! att5tion ( ,cato1 !n quae/or1 & accompani$ him to ,rome1 #bjd ,b4,c4 ,"h = "s fifte5 ye>s he liv$ pla9ly1 support+ himself by tea*+ ,greek1 & mak+ translations ( ,greek plays = ! ,roman /age1 & s won ! fri5d%ip ( ! eld] ,scipio4 ,9 #ahi ,b4,c4 ,m4 ,fulvius ,nobilior took ,ennius ) him 9 8 campaign aga9/ ! ,aetolians1 z a witness & h]ald ( 8 de$s4 ,8 son obta9$ = ,ennius ! ,roman citiz5%ip 7#ahd ,b4,c47 by giv+ him a grant ( l& at ,pot5tia 9 ,pic5um4 ,nos sumus ,romani1 qui fuimus ante ,rud9i4 ,! re/ ( 8 life 0 sp5t ma9ly at ,rome 9 *e]ful simplicity & active lit]>y "w4 #b4 ,works4 ,! *ief are3-- 7#a7 ,trag$ies4--,ma9ly translations1 especially f ,euripides4 ,a few fragm5ts only rema94 ',x 0 c]ta9ly due to ,ennius t ,roman ,trag$y 0 fir/ rais$ to t pit* ( popul> fav\r :i* x enjoy$ till ! age ( ,cic]o4' --,sell>4 7#b7 ,annales4--,an ,epic ,hexamet] poem1 9 #ah books1 :i* dealt ) ! ,hi/ory ( ,rome f ! l&+ ( ,a5eas 9 ,italy d[n to ! ,?ird ,mac$onian ,w> 7,pydna1 #afh ,b4,c474 ,ab\t #fjj l9es are extant4 ',9 8 ,annals he unfolds a long gall]y ( national portraits4 ,8 h]oes are m5 ( "o common aim--! advancem5t ( ,rome2 animat$ ) "o s5tim5t1 devotion to ! ,/ate4 ,all t 0 purely p]sonal 9 !m seems m]g$ 9 ! traditional pictures :i* express only ! =titude1 dignity & sagacity ( ! ,republic4' --,sell>4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,= ! fir/ "t ,ennius succe$$ 9 m\ld+ ! ,lat9 language to ! movem5t ( ! ,greek hexamet]4 ,9 spite ( imp]fections & r\ghness1 8 ,annals rema9$ ! =emo/ & repres5tative ,roman poem till ,v]gil wrote ! ,a5eid4 ,lucretius1 :om he influ5c$1 & to :om ,v]gil owes s mu*1 says ( him3 ,ennius ut no/] cec9it1 qui primus amo5o ,detulit ex ,helicone p]5ni fronde coronam1 ,p] g5tes ,italas hon9um quae cl>a clu]et2 ',z sang our ,ennius1 ! fir/ :o br\ght d[n f pleasant ,helicon a *aplet ( unfad+ leaf1 ! fame ( :i* %\ld r+ out cle> ?r\gh ! nations ( ,italy4' ,& lat]1 ,qu9tilian1 ,x4 i4 #hh3 ',ennium sicut sacros vetu/ate lucos adoremus1 9 quibus gr&ia et antiqua robora iam non tantam hab5t speciem quantam religionem3 ,let u v5]ate ,ennius l ! groves1 sacr$ f _! antiquity1 9 :i* ! great & anci5t oak-trees are inve/$1 n s mu* ) beauty1 z ) sacr$ associations4' --,sell>4 ,,flavius ,,eutropius1 fl4 #cge ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,eutropius4 ,v little is kn[n ( 8 life4 ,he is said to h held ! (fice ( a secret>y "u ,contan/9e ! ,great 7ob4 #ccg ,a4,d471 & to h s]v$ "u ! ,emp]or ,julian 9 8 ill-fat$ exp$ition aga9/ ! ,p]sians1 #cfc ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 ,8 only extant "w is 8 ,brevi>ium ,hi/oriae ,romanae4--,a brief comp5dium ( ,roman ,hi/ory 9 t5 books f ! f\ndation ( ! city to ! accession ( ,val5s1 #cfd ,a4,d41 to :om x is inscrib$4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,8 "w is a compilation made f ! be/ au?orities1 ) good judgm5t & imp>tiality1 & 9 a simple /yle4 ,its brevity & practical arrangem5t made x v popul>4 ,,florus1 circ4 #abj 7or #adj87 ,a4,d4 7temp4 ,hadrian74 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,florus4 ,l4 ,julius 7or ,annaeus7 ,florus liv$ at ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,trajan or ,hadrian4 ,little else is kn[n ( 8 life4 #b4 ,works4 ,an ,epitome ( ! ,w>s ( ,livy1 9 two ,books3-- ,book ,i4 treats ( ! good "t ( ,rome1 #gec-acc ,b4,c4 7! ,grac*i74 ,,ii4 treats ( ! decl9e ( ,rome1 #acc-bi ,b4,c4 7,temple ( ,janus clos$74 #c4 ,/yle4 ,a pret5ti\s & sm>tly writt5 "w ab\nd+ 9 mi/akes1 contradictions1 & misrepres5tations ( hi/orical tru?4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 popul> 9 ! ,middle ,ages on acc\nt ( its brevity & its rhetorical /yle4 ,florus is useful 9 giv+ u a %ort acc\nt ( ev5ts 9 p]iods :]e we h no books ( ,livy to guide u4 ,s4 ,,julius ,,front9us1 circ4 #da-ajc ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,front9us4 ,he 0 praetor urbanus #gj ,a4,d41 & 9 #ge succe$$ ,c]ealis z gov]nor oi ,brita91 :]e1 z ,tacitus tells u1 he di/+ui%$ himself by ! conque/ ( ! ,silures3 su/9uit molem ,iulius ,front9us1 vir magnus1 quantum licebat1 validamque et pugnacem ,siturum g5tem armis subegit3 ',julius ,front9us 0 equal to ! burd51 a great man z f> z greatness 0 !n possible 7i4e4 "u ! jeal\s rule ( ,domitian71 :o subdu$ by 8 arms ! p[]ful & w>like tribe ( ! ,silures4' ,9 #ig he 0 nom9at$ curator aqu>um1 adm9i/rator ( ! aqu$ucts ( ,rome3 ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life 7 pass$ 9 /udi\s retirem5t at 8 villa on ! ,bay ( ,naples4 ,cf4 ,m>t4 ,x4 lviii4 #b4 ,works4 ,two works ( 8 are extant3-- 7#a7 ,de ,aquis ,urbis ,romae4--,a treatise on ! ,roman wat]-supply1 publi%$ "u ,trajan1 soon aft] ! dea? ( ,n]va1 #ig ,a4,d42 a complete & valuable acc\nt4 7#b7 ,/rategemata4--,a manual ( /rategy1 9 ?ree books1 consi/+ ( hi/orical examples d]iv$ *iefly f ,sallu/1 ,caes>1 & ,livy4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,simple & concise3 'he %uns ! conceits ( ! p]iod & goes back to ! republican au?ors1 ( :om 7& especially ( ,caes>'s ,comm5t>ies7 8 language /rongly rem9ds u4' --,cruttwell4 ,z a m>k ( 8 unaffect$ mode/y1 ,pl9y 7,ep4 ix4 #ai7 tells u3 vetuit ex/rui monim5tum3 s$ quibus v]bis8 'imp5sa monim5ta sup]vacua e/3 memoria no/ri durabit1 si vita m]uimus4' ,,aulus ,,gellius1 circ4 #abc-age ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,gellius4 ,all t is kn[n ab\t 8 life is ga!r$ f occasional h9ts 9 8 own writ+s4 ,he seems to h sp5t 8 e>ly ye>s at ,rome1 /udy+ "u ! mo/ fam\s tea*]s1 fir/ at ,rome & aft]w>ds at ,a!ns1 & !n to h return$ to ,rome1 :]e he sp5t ! rema9+ ye>s ( 8 life 9 lit]>y pursuits & 9 ! society ( a l>ge circle ( fri5ds4 #b4 ,works4 ,! ,noctes ,atticae 7s call$ because x 0 begun dur+ ! long nights ( w9t] 9 a c\ntry h\se 9 ,attica7 9 tw5ty books consi/s ( num]\s extracts f ,greek & ,roman writ]s on subjects connect$ ) hi/ory1 philosophy1 philology1 natural sci5ce & antiquities1 illu/rat$ by abundant criticisms & discussions4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a commonplace book1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! cont5ts is m]ely casual1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( 8 read+ ( ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors4 ,! "w is1 h[ev]1 ( special value to u f ! v num]\s quotations f anci5t au?ors pres]v$ by him alone4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,8 language is sob] b full ( ar*aisms1 :i* he mu* affect$ 7he gives1 !re=e1 no quotations f po/-,augu/an writ]s74 ,8 /yle %[s ! defects ( an age 9 :i* m5 _h ceas$ to feel ! full mean+ ( ! words !y us$1 & /rove to hide ! triviality ( a subject "u obscure phrases & florid expression4 ,yet1 on ! :ole1 he is a v int]e/+ writ]1 & ! la/ t c 9 any way be call$ classical4 ',vir elegantissimi eloquii et multae ac facundae sci5tiae4' --,/4 ,augu/9e1 #djj ,a4,d4 ,,qu9tus ,,horatius ,,flaccus1 #fe-h ,b4,c4 #a4 ,important ,ev5ts 9 ! ,life ( ,horace4 ,sid5ote3 ,,horace4 ,b4,c4 #fe4 ,born at ,v5usia 7,v5osa7 on ! conf9es ( ,apulia & ,lucania4 #ec-df4 ,educat$ at ,rome "u ! fam\s plagosus ,orbilius4 #df-dd4 ,at ! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns4 #dd-db4 ,s]v$ "u ,brutus z tribunus militum3 f\ght at ,philippi4 #db-ci4 ,p>don$ by ,octavianus & all[$ to return to ,rome4 ,8 pov]ty compell$ him to write v]ses1 prob4 ,sat4 ,i1 ii4 iii4 iv41 & "s ,epodes4 ,?r\gh ^! he obta9$ ! notice ( ,v>ius & ,v]gil1 :o became 8 fa/ fri5ds & #ch4 introduc$ him to ,maec5as1 ! tru/$ m9i/] ( ,augu/us4 #ce4 ,satires1 ,book ,i publi%$4 7,j\rney to ,brundisium describ$1 ,sat4 ,i4 v47 #cc4 ,maec5as be/[$ ^u him a ,sab9e f>m 7ab\t #ae miles ,n4,e4 ( ,tivoli74 ,= fulle/ description see ,epi/4 ,i4 xvi4 #ca4 ,satires1 ,book ,,ii1 & ,epodes publi%$4 #bc4 ,odes1 ,books ,i-,,iii publi%$4 #bj4 ,epi/les1 ,book ,i publi%$4 #ag4 ,c>m5 ,saecul>e writt5 at ! reque/ ( ,augu/us = ! ,ludi ,saecul>es4 #ac4 ,odes1 ,book ,,iv publi%$4 #ab4 ,epi/les1 ,book ,,ii publi%$4 #h4 ,di$ 9 ! same ye> z 8 fri5d & patron ,maec5as4 #c4 ,works4 7#a7 ,odes1 9 f\r books1 & ,epodes4--,! words ( ,cic]o 7pro ,ar*ia #af7 be/ describe ! abid+ value ( ! f\r ,books ( ! ,odes--,adolesc5tiam alunt 7/r5g!n71 s5ectutem oblectant1 secundas res ornant1 adv]sis p]fugium ac solacium praeb5t1 delectant domi1 non imp$iunt =is1 p]noctant nobiscum1 p]egr9antur1 ru/icantur4 ,9 !m we see a poet1 z ,qu9tilian says1 v]bis felicissime audax--mo/ happily d>+ 9 8 use ( words & end[$1 z ,petronius says1 ) curiosa felicitas1 a subtle happ9ess ( expression--':at (t 0 ?\ght b ne'er s well express'd4' 7#b7 ,satires 7,s]mones7 9 two ,books4--,horace's *ief model is ,lucilius1 :om he wi%$ to adapt to ! ,augu/an age4 ,to t\* on political topics 0 impossible2 ,horace employ$ satire to display 8 own individuality & 8 own views on v>i\s subjects4 ,book ,i 78 e>lie/ ef=t7 is m>r$ by faults 9 execution & is (t5 want+ 9 good ta/e2 b 9 ,book ,,ii 'he uses ! hexamet] to exhibit ! semi-dramatic =m ( easy dialogue1 ) a p]fection z complete z t ( ,v]gil 9 ! /ately & s]i\s mann]4 ,9 read+ ^! ,satires we all read our own m9ds & he>ts4' --,mackail4 7#c7 ,! ,epi/les 7,s]mones7 9 two ,books1 & ,ars ,poetica 7,ep4 ad ,pisones74--,^! repres5t 8 mo/ mature production4 ,z a poet ,horace n[ /ood )\t a rival4 ,life 0 /ill full ( vivid int]e/ = him1 b ye>s 7fall5tis semita vitae7 _h br\ght ! philosophic m9d4 ',to tea* ! true end & wise regulation ( life1 & to act on "* f )91 are ! motives ( ! m =mal & elaborate epi/les4' --,sell>4 ,! ,ars ,poetica is a rsum ( ,greek criticism on ! drama4 #c4 ,/yle4 ',) ! pr9cipal lyric metres1 ! ,sapphic & ,alcaic1 ,horace _h done :at ,v]gil _h accompli%$ ) ! dactylic hexamet]1 c>ri$ !m to ! highe/ po9t ( :i* ! =eign ,lat9 tongue 0 capable4' --,mackail4 ',z ,v]gil is ! mo/ idealis+ expon5t ( :at 0 ( p]man5t & univ]sal significance 9 ! "t1 ,horace is ! mo/ complete expon5t ( its actual life & movem5t4 ,he is at once ! lyrical poet1 ) he>t & imag9ation responsive to ! deep] mean+ & light] amusem5ts ( life1 & ! satiri/1 ! morali/1 & ! lit]>y critic ( ! age4' --,sell>4 ,,ju/9us1 circ4 #aej ,a4,d4 7temp4 ,anton9us ,pius74 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ju/9us4 ,we "k no?+ positively ab\t him1 ?\gh probably he liv$ 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es4 ,teuffel says ',consid]+ 8 correct mode ( ?9k+ & ! /yle ( 8 preface1 we %\ld n l to put him mu* lat] ?an ,florus1 :o epitomis$ ,livy4' #b4 ,works4 ,epitoma ,hi/ori>um ,philippic>um ,pompei ,trogi1 9 =ty-f\r ,books4--,an abridgm5t ( ! ,univ]sal ,hi/ory ( ,pompeius ,trogus 7temp4 ,livy74 ,! title ,hi/oriae ,philippicae 0 giv5 to x by ,trogus because its ma9 object 0 to give ! hi/ory ( ! ,mac$onian mon>*y1 ) all its bran*es1 b he all[$ himself1 l ,h]odotus1 to indulge 9 su* l>ge digressions t x 0 reg>d$ by _m z a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory4 ,x 0 arrang$ accord+ to nations2 x began ) ,n9us1 ! ,nimrod ( leg5d1 & 0 br\ght d[n to ab\t #i ,a4,d4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,ju/9us 7z he tells u 9 8 ,preface7 made x 8 bus9ess to =m an attractive read+-book--breve veluti florum corpusculum feci 7an an?ology7--& 8 *ief m]it is t he seems to h be5 a fai?ful abbreviator4 ,,decimus ,,junius ,,juv5alis1 #ee-ach ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,juv5al4 ,( ,juv5al's life v little is c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,?irte5 lives ( him exi/1 :i* are confus$ & contradictory 9 detail4 ,f ! evid5ces ( ! ,satires we le>n t he liv$ f e>ly y\? at ,rome1 b w5t = holidays to ,aqu9um1 a t[n ( ! ,volscians 7:]e p]haps he 0 born 9 ! reign ( ,n]o72 t he _h a small f>m at ,tibur1 & a h\se 9 ,rome1 :]e he ent]ta9$ 8 fri5ds 9 a mode/ way2 t he _h be5 9 ,egypt2 t he wrote ,satires late 9 life2 t he rea*$ 8 eightie? ye>1 & liv$ into ! reign ( ,anton9us ,pius4 ,he compla9s frequ5tly & bitt]ly ( 8 pov]ty & ( ! h>d%ips ( a dep5d5t's life4 ,9 %ort1 ! circum/ances ( 8 life 7 v simil> to ^? ( ,m>tial1 :o speaks ( ,juv5al z a v intimate fri5d4 ,! fam\s inscription at ,aqu9um--:i* ,duff consid]s does n ref] to ! poet b to a weal?y k9sman ( 8--indicates t he _h s]v$ 9 ! army z comm&] ( a ,dalmatian cohort1 &1 z "o ( ! *ief m5 ( ! t[n1 0 sup]9t5d5t ( ! civic wor%ip paid to ,vespasian aft] 8 deification4 ,all ! ,lives ass]t t ,juv5al 0 bani%$ to ,egypt--,juv5al himself nev] alludes to ?is--= (f5ce giv5 to an actor :o 0 high 9 fav\r ) ! reign+ ,emp]or 7,hadrian accord+ to ,pr(4 ,h>dy71 & t he di$ 9 exile4 #b4 ,works4 ,saturae1 sixte51 gr\p$ 9 five ,books4 ,books ,i-,,iii 7,satires #a-i7 are %>ply divid$ bo? 9 =m & sub/ance f ,books ,,iv-,v 7,satires #aj-af71 :i* are n satires at all1 b moral essays1 9 ! =m ( lett]s4 ,! fir/ n9e satires pres5t a wond]fully vivid picture ( ! seamy side ( life at ,rome at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 read side by side ) !m ! contempor>y ,lett]s ( ,pl9y1 9 :i* we f9d ourselves 9 a diff]5t _w f t sc\rg$ by ! satiri/4 ',8 *ief lit]>y qualities are 8 p[] ( pa9t+ lifelike sc5es1 & 8 comm& ( brilliant epigrammatic phrase4' --,duff4 ,no?+1 = in/ance1 c\ld surpass 8 picture ( ! fall ( ,sejanus 7,sat4 x4 #ef-ig74 ,8 p[] ( co9+ phrases is se5 9 ^! s5t5tiae3 nemo rep5te fuit turpissimus--exp5de ,hannibalem3 quot libras 9 duce summo inv5ies3 maxima debetur pu]o rev]5tia3 m5s sana 9 corpora sano--:i* are famili> prov]bs among educat$ m54 ,juv5al tells u t he takes all life1 all ! _w1 = 8 text3 ,quidquid agunt hom9es1 ,votum1 ,timor1 ,ira1 ,voluptas1 ,gaudia1 ,discursus1 no/ri e/ f>rago libelli 7! motley subject ( my page74--,sat4 i4 #he-f4 ,,titus ,,livius ,,patav9us1 circ4 #ei ,b4,c4-#ag ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,livy4 ,livy 0 born at ,patavium 7,padua7 betwe5 ! ye>s #ei & #eg ,b4,c4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 life1 b 8 ari/ocratic sympa?ies1 z se5 9 8 writ+s1 seem to sugge/ t he 0 ( good family4 ,padua 0 a popul\s & busy place1 :]e opportunities = public speak+ 7 abundant & ! public life vigor\s2 ?us ,livy 0 e>ly tra9$ 9 eloqu5ce1 & liv$ amid sc5es ( human activity4 ,ab\t #cj ,b4,c4 he settl$ at ,rome1 :]e 8 lit]>y tal5ts secur$ ! patronage & fri5d%ip ( ,augu/us4 ,b ?\gh a c\rti] he 0 no flatt]]4 ',titus ,livius1' says ,tacitus 7,ann4 iv4 #cd71 'pre-em95tly fam\s = eloqu5ce & tru?fulness1 extoll$ ,cn4 ,pompeius 9 su* a panegyric t ,augu/us call$ him ,pompeianus1 & yet ?is 0 no ob/acle to _! fri5d%ip4' ,he return$ to 8 native t[n be=e 8 dea?1 #ag ,a4,d41 at ! age ( ab\t #ge4 #b4 ,works4 ,hi/ory ( ,rome 7,ab urbe condita ,libri71 a compreh5sive acc\nt 9 #adb ,books ( ! :ole ,hi/ory ( ,rome f ! f\ndation ( ! ,city to ! dea? ( ,drusus1 #i ,a4,d4 ,x is probable t he int5d$ to cont9ue 8 "w 9 #aej ,books1 d[n to ! dea? ( ,augu/us 9 #ad ,a4,d41 ! po9t f :i* ,tacitus />ts4 ,! numb] ( ,books n[ extant is #ce1 ab\t "o f\r? ( ! :ole numb]1 b we possess summ>ies 7,p]io*ae or ,argum5ta7 ( ne>ly ! :ole "w4 ,! division ( ! ,hi/ory into decades 7sets ( t5 ,books71 ?\gh m]ely conv5tional1 is conv5i5t4 ,accord+ to ?is arrangem5t ! ,books n[ extant are3 ,books ,i-,x1 #ged-bic ,b4,c41 to ne>ly ! close ( ! ,?ird ,samnite ,w>4 ,books ,,xxi-,,xxx1 #bai-bja ,b4,c41 ! n>rative ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>4 ,books ,,xxxi-,,xlv1 #bja-afg ,b4,c41 describe ! ,w>s 9 ,greece & ,mac$onia1 & end ) ! triumph ( ,aemilius ,paulus aft] ,pydna1 #afh ,b4,c4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,8 /yle is *>act]is$ by v>iety1 livel9ess1 & picturesqu5ess4 ',z a ma/] ( /yle ,livy is 9 ! fir/ rank ( hi/orians4 ,he m>ks ! highe/ po9t :i* ! enl>g$ & enri*$ prose ( ! ,augu/an age rea*$ j be=e x began to fall into decad5ce4 4 4 4 ,! p]iodic /ructure ( ,lat9 prose1 :i* _h be5 develop$ by ,cic]o1 is c>ri$ by him to an ev5 great] complexity & us$ ) a great] d>+ & fre$om4 4 4 4 ,8 imag9ation nev] fails to k9dle at great actions2 x is he1 m ?an any o!r au?or1 :o has impress$ ! great soldi]s & /atesm5 ( ! ,republic on ! imag9ation ( ! _w4' --,mackail4 #d4 ,! ,spee*es4 ',! _s 9 :i* he writes ,hi/ory is well illu/rat$ by ! ,spee*es4 ,^!1 9 a way1 set ! tone ( ! :ole "w4 ,he does n affect 9 !m to reproduce ! sub/ance ( words actually spok51 or ev5 to imitate ! col\r ( ! "t 9 :i* ! spee* is laid4 ,he uses !m r z a vivid & dramatic me?od ( portray+ "* & motive4' --,mackail4 ',ev]y?+1' says ,qu9tilian 7,x4 i4 #aja71 'is p]fectly adapt$ bo? to ! circum/ances & p]sonages introduc$4' #e4 ,! ,purpose ( 8 ,hi/ory4 ,! fir/ t5 books ( ,livy 7 be+ writt5 ab\t ! same "t z ! ,a5eid2 bo? ,v]gil & ,livy _h ! same patriotic purpose1 'to celebrate ! gr[?1 9 accordance ) a div9e disp5sation1 ( ! ,roman ,empire & ,roman civilisation4' --,nettle%ip4 ,livy1 h[ev]1 br\ght into great] prom95ce ! moral causes :i* contribut$ to ! gr[? ( ! ,empire4 ,9 8 preface to ,book ,i1 #i1 he asks 8 read]s to consid] :at h be5 ! life & habits ( ! ,romans1 by aid ( :at m5 & by :at tal5ts at home & 9 ! field _! ,empire has be5 ga9$ & ext5d$4 ,only by virtue & manl9ess1 ju/ice & piety1 0 ! dom9ion ( ! _w a*iev$4 ',9 anci5t ,rome he sees 8 ideal realis$1 & romanus h5ce signifies 9 8 language all t is noble4 ,he ?us involunt>ily appe>s p>tial to ,rome1 & unju/ to h] enemies1 notably to ! ,samnites & ,hannibal4' --,teuffel4 ',z ! title ( ,ge/a ,populi ,romani 0 giv5 to ! ,a5eid on its appe>ance1 s ! ,hi/oriae ab ,urbe ,condita might be call$1 ) no less tru?1 a fun]al eulogy--consummatio totius vitae et quasi funebris laudatio 7,s54 ,suas4 ,,vi4 #ba7--;deliv]$1 by ! mo/ lov+ & mo/ eloqu5t ( h] sons1 ov] ! grave ( ! great ,republic4' --,mackail4 ,m4 ,,annaeus ,,lucanus1 #ci-fe ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lucan4 ,important ,ev5ts 9 ! ,life ( ,lucan4 ,a4,d4 #ci4 ,born at ,corduba 7,cordova7 on ! ,r4 ,baetis 7,guadalquivir74 #dj4 ,8 fa!r migrates ) 8 family to ,rome4 #ed-fh4 ,n]o ,emp]or4 #ee4 ,lucan "u ,cornutus1 ! tutor also ( ,p]sius4 #eg-i4 ,at ! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns4 #fj4 ,w9s ! fav\r ( ,n]o1 :o beg9s to hate ,s5eca4 #fa4 ,lucan quae/or3 fam\s z a recit] & plead]4 #fb4 ,disgrace ( ,s5eca4 ,ph>salia ,i4-,,iii4 publi%$4 ,dea? ( ,p]sius4 #fc4 ,m>ries ,polla ,arg5t>ia1 a m>riage ( affection4 #fd4 ,n]o1 f jeal\sy1 =bids ,lucan to publi% poems or to recite !m4 #fe4 ,pisonian conspiracy discov]$4 ,lucan compell$ to die4 ,lucan 0 a nephew ( ,m4 ,annaeus ,novatus 7! ,gallio ( ,acts xviii4 #ab-ag71 & ( ,s5eca1 ! philosoph] & tutor ( ,n]o4 ',rhetoric & ,/oic dogma 7 ! /aple ( 8 m5tal tra9+4 ,= a mu*-pett$1 quick-witt$ y\?1 plung$ into su* a society z t ( ,rome 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 h>dly any tra9+ c\ld be m mis*iev\s4 ,puff$ up ) presum$ m]its & ! applause ( ! lecture-room & ! salon1 he became a %all[ rhetorician1 devot$ to phrase-mak+ & t9sel ornam5t1 & ready to write & declaim on any subject 9 v]se or prose at ! %orte/ notice4' --,heitl&4 ,sil5c$ by ,n]o1 9 an en=c$ retirem5t--probably 9 ! /ately g>d5s spok5 ( by ,juv5al vii4 #gi-hj cont5tus fama iaceat ,lucanus 9 hortis ,m>moreis--,lucan may repose 9 8 p>k adorn$ ) /atues & f9d fame en\gh--he brood$ ov] 8 wrongs1 & despair+ ( any o!r way ( re/oration to public life1 jo9$ ! ill-fat$ conspiracy ( ,piso4 #b4 ,works4 ,! ,ph>salia 7or ,de ,bello ,civili71 an epic poem 9 t5 ,books1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,civil ,w> d[n to ! po9t :]e ,caes> is besieg$ 9 ,alex&ria1 #di-dh ,b4,c4 ,8 n>rative ?us runs p>allel to ,caes>'s ,de ,bello ,civili1 b x conta9s "s valuable additional matt] & gives a fai?ful picture ( ! feel+ g5]al among ! nobility ( ! day4 #c4 ,/yle4 ',to ,lucan's rhetorical in/9cts & tra9+1 & ! influ5ce ( ! recitations :i* ,juv5al ,sat4 iii4 tells u 7 s cu/om>y & su* a nuisance 9 8 day1 are due ! great defects ( ! ,ph>salia4 ,we see ! sacrifice ( ! :ole to ! p>ts1 neglect ( ! matt] 9 an ov]-/udi\s reg>d = ! mann]1 a self-consci\s tone appeal+ r to an audi5ce ?an to a read]1 v5t+ itself 9 apo/rophes1 digressions1 hyp]bole 7ov]-drawn description71 episodes & epigrams1 an unhappy labori\sness t /ra9s itself to be fir/-rate = a mom5t1 b leaves ! poem second-rate = ev]4' --,heitl&4 ,! g5]al effect ( ,lucan's v]se is "o ( /eady monotony1 due to a want ( v>iety 9 ! pauses & 9 ! end+ ( l9es1 & a too sp>+ use ( elision1 by :i* ,v]gil 0 able to regulate ! movem5t ( l9es & make s\nd & s5se agree4 ',9 spite ( its immaturity & bad ta/e ! poem compels admiration by its elevation ( ?\ght & su/a9$ brilliance ( execution2 x conta9s passages ( l(ty ?\ght & real beauty1 su* z ! dream ( ,pompeius1 or ! "* :i* ,cato gives ( ,pompeius1 & is full ( quotations :i* h become h\sehold words2 su* z1 ,9 se magna ruunt--,/at magni nom9is umbra--,nil actum reputans si quid sup]esset ag5dum 7a l9e :i* rivals ,caes>'s en]gy74'--,mackail4 ,! brief & balanc$ judgm5t ( ,qu9tilian 7,in/4 ,orat4 ,x4 i4 #ij7 sums up ,lucan 9 words :i* sugge/ at once 8 *ief m]its & defects z a poet3 ,lucanus ard5s et concitatus et s5t5tiis cl>issimus et magis oratoribus quam poetis imit&us--,lucan has fire & po9t1 is v fam\s = 8 maxims1 & inde$ is r a model = orators ?an poets4 ,,gaius ,,lucilius1 circ4 #agj-ajc ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lucilius4 ,lucilius 0 born 9 ! ,lat9 t[n ( ,suessa ( ! ,aurunci1 9 ,campania1 ( a well-to-d eque/rian family4 ,velleius tells u t ! si/] ( ,lucilius 0 gr&mo!r to ,pompeius1 & t ,lucilius s]v$ 9 ! cavalry "u ,scipio 9 ! ,numant9e w>1 #acd ,b4,c4 ,lucilius liv$ on v intimate t]ms ) ,scipio ,africanus ,m9or & ,laelius1 & di$ at ,naples 7#ajc ,b4,c471 :]e he 0 hon\r$ ) a public fun]al4 #b4 ,works4 ,saturae 9 ?irty ,books1 9 v>i\s metres4 ,fragm5ts only are extant4 ',aft] ,t]5ce he is ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & ! mo/ important 9 8 lit]>y influ5ce among ! fri5ds ( ,scipio4 ,! =m ( lit]ature :i* he inv5t$ & popul>is$1 t ( famili> poetry1 0 "o :i* prov$ s+ul>ly suit$ to ! ,lat9 g5ius4 ,he speaks ( 8 own works "u ! "n ( ,s]mones 7talks7--a "n :i* 0 reta9$ by 8 great successor & imitator ,horace2 b ! peculi> comb9ation ( metrical =m ) wide range ( subject & ! p$e/rian /yle ( ord9>y prose receiv$ 9 popul> usage ! "n ,satura 7mixture74'--,mackail4 ,satura quidem tota no/ra e/1 9 qua primus insignem laudem adeptus ,lucilius4 --,qu9t4 ,x4 i4 #ic4 ',! *ief social vices :i* ,lucilius attacks are ^? :i* reappe> 9 ! pages ( ! lat] satiri/s4 ,!y are ! two extremes to :i* ! ,roman temp]am5t 0 mo/ prone3 rapacity & meanness 9 ga9+ money1 vulg> o/5tation & co>se s5suality 9 us+ x4' --,sell>4 ,juv5al says ( him 7,sat4 i4 #afe-g73 ',:5 old ,lucilius seems to draw 8 sword & gr[ls 9 burn+ ire1 ! he>] blu%es = %ame1 8 consci5ce is *ill$ = 8 (f5ces1 & 8 he>t fa9ts = secret s9s4' ,t4 ,,lucretius ,,c>us1 circ4 #ii-ee ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lucretius4 ,v little is kn[n ( 8 life4 ,! subiect ( 8 poem prev5t$ him f tell+ 8 own hi/ory z ,catullus1 ,horace1 & ,ovid h done1 & 8 contempor>ies seldom ref] to him4 ,! "n ,lucretius sugge/s t he 0 desc5d$ f "o ( ! mo/ anci5t patrician h\ses ( ,rome1 fam\s 9 ! e>ly annals ( ! ,republic4 ,he 0 evid5tly a man ( weal? & position1 b he delib]ately *ose ! life ( contemplation1 & liv$ ap>t f ! ambitions & follies ( 8 day4 ,donatus1 9 8 life ( ,v]gil1 tells u t ,lucretius di$ on ! day on :i* ,v]gil assum$ ! toga virilis1 ,oct4 #ae1 #ee ,b4,c4 #b4 ,works4 ,! ,de ,r]um ,natura1 a didactic poem 9 hexamet] v]se 9 six ,books4 ,! poem 0 left unf9i%$ at 8 dea?1 & ,munro supports ! tradition t ,cic]o bo? correct$ x & sup]9t5d$ its publication4 ,! object ( ! poem is to deliv] m5 f ! fe> ( dea? & ! t]rors ( sup]/ition by ! new k ( ,nature3 ,hunc igitur t]rorem animi t5ebrasque necesse/ ,non radii solis neque lucida tela diei ,discutiant1 s$ naturae species ratioque4 ,?is t]ror ( ! s\l1 !re=e1 & ?is d>kness mu/ be dispell$1 n by ! rays ( ! sun or ! bright %afts ( day1 b by ! outw>d aspect & h>moni\s plan ( nature4 --,s4 ,! s\rce ( ^! t]rors is trac$ to ! g5]al ignorance ( c]ta9 facts 9 ,nature--ignorance1 namely1 ( ! con/itution & condition ( our m9ds & bodies1 ( ! means by :i* ! _w came into exi/5ce & is /ill ma9ta9$1 &1 la/ly1 ( ! causes ( _m natural ph5om5a4 ,?us3 ,books ,i & ,,ii uphold ! pr9ciples ( ! ,atomic ,!ory z held by ,epicurus 7fl4 #cjj ,b4,c474 ,book ,i /ates t ! _w consi/s ( atoms & void4 ,at l9e #fid is /at$ ! important doctr9e t ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses alone is to be believ$--s5sus1 unde omnia cr$ita p5d5t1 ! s5ses on :i* re/s all our belief4 ,book ,,ii treats ( ! motions ( atoms1 includ+ ! curi\s doctr9e ( ! sw]ve1 :i* enables !m to comb9e & makes fre$om ( w possible3 !n ( _! %apes & arrangem5t4 ,book ,,iii %[s ! nature ( m9d 7animus7 & life 7anima7 to be mat]ial & !re=e mortal4 ,!re=e dea? is no?+ to u3 ,nil igitur mors e/ ad nos neque p]t9et hilum1 ,qu&oquidem natura animi mortalis habetur4 ,dea? !re=e to u is no?+1 conc]ns u n a jot1 ,s9ce ! nature ( ! m9d is prov$ to be mortal4 --7,m47 ,book ,,iv gives ,lucretius' !ory ( vision & ! nature ( dreams & app>itions4 ,book ,v expla9s ! orig9 ( ! heav5s1 ( ! e>?1 ( vegetable & animal life ^u x1 & ! advance ( human nature f a savage /ate to ! arts & usages ( civilisation4 ,book ,,vi describes & acc\nts = c]ta9 natural ph5om5a--?und]/orms1 tempe/s1 volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 & ! l4 ,x concludes ) a !ory ( disease1 illu/rat$ by a f9e description ( ! plague at ,a!ns4 ,pr(essor ,tyrrell says3 ',x is int]e/+ to po9t to places 9 :i* ,lucretius or 8 pr$ecessors _h really anticipat$ mod]n sci5tific rese>*4 ,?us ,lucretius recognises t 9 a vacuum e body1 no matt] :at its weight1 falls ) equal swiftness2 ! circulation ( ! sap 9 ! vegetable _w is kn[n to him1 & he describes fall+ />s1 a]olites1 etc41 z ! unus$ mat]ial ( ! univ]se4' ,! great tru? t matt] is n de/roy$ b only *anges its =m is v cle>ly /at$ by ,lucretius1 & 8 acc\nt 7,book ,v7 ( ! beg9n+s ( life ^u ! e>?1 ! evolution ( man1 & ! progress ( human society is int]e/+ & valuable4 #c4 ,/yle4 ',not)/&+ ! antique t+e 7e4g4 8 use ( ar*aism1 assonance1 & allit]ation7 :i* = poetical ends he has giv5 to 8 poem1 ! be/ judges h always look$ ^u x z "o ( ! pure/ models ( ! ,lat9 idiom 9 ! age ( its greate/ p]fection4' --,munro4 ',! language ( ,lucretius1 s bold1 s g5ial1 s p[]ful1 & 9 its way s p]fect4' --,nettle%ip4 ,c>m9a sublimis tunc sunt p]itura ,lucreti1 ,exitio t]ras cum dabit una dies4 --,ovid4 ,am4 ,i4 xv4 #bc4 ',b till ?is cosmic ord] ev]y:]e ,%att]$ into "o e>?quake 9 "o day ,cracks all to pieces 444 till t h\r ,my gold5 "w %all /&4' --,t5nyson1 ,lucretius4 ,,m>cus ,,manilius1 fl4 #ab ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,manilius4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( 8 life4 ,t he 0 n ( ,roman bir? 7p]haps a native ( ,n4 ,africa7 is probable f ! =eign col\r+ ( 8 language at ! outset1 :i* 9 ! lat] books becomes m smoo? & flu5t f increas$ practice4 #b4 ,works4 ,! ,a/ronomica 9 five ,books ( hexamet] v]se4 ,! poem %\ld r be call$ ,a/rology1 z ,a/ronomy is treat$ only 9 ,book ,i4 ,he is pr\d ( be+ ! fir/ writ] on ?is subject 9 ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,a close /udy ( ,lucretius is obvi\s f sev]al passages3 he (t5 imitates ,v]gil1 & 9 ! leg5ds 7e4g4 ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a7 ,ovid4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,he is n a great poet2 b he is a writ] ( real p[] bo? 9 ?\ght & /yle4 ,9 8 introductions to ea* ,book1 & 9 8 digressions1 he %[s s9c]e feel+ & poetical ability4 ,m4 ,,val]ius ,,m>tialis1 circ4 #dj-ajb ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,m>tial4 ,he 0 born at ,bilbilis 9 ,hispania ,t>racon5sis 7,e4 ,spa971 a t[n situat$ on a rocky height ov]look+ ! ,r4 ,salo3 ,municipes1 ,augu/a mihi quos ,bilbilis acri ,monte creat1 rapidis quem ,salo c+it aquis4 ,x4 ciii4 #a-b4 ,8 fa!r gave him a good education1 & at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree 7#fc ,a4,d47 he w5t to ,rome4 ,aft] liv+ !re = ?irty-five ye>s1 patronis$ by ,titus & ,vespasian1 he return$ to ,bilbilis soon aft] ! accession ( ,trajan 7#ih ,a4,d471 :]e he di$ circ4 #ajb ,a4,d4 ,at ,rome he = a "t f\nd p[]ful fri5ds 9 8 great c\ntrym5 ( ! h\se ( ,s5eca 7,lucan & ,s5eca 7 !n at ! height ( _! fame71 & f #gi to #if 7temp4 ,trajan & ,domitian7 he receiv$ ! patronage ( ! ,c\rt1 & numb]$ among 8 fri5ds ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ,qu9tilian1 ,juv5al1 ,val]ius ,flaccus1 & ,silius ,italicus4 ,8 compla9ts ( 8 pov]ty are incessant4 ,x is true t he liv$ ?r\gh\t ! life ( a dep5d5t1 b x is probable t ,m>tial 0 a poor man :o contriv$ to get ?r\gh a good deal ( money1 & :o mi/ook = pov]ty a capacity = sp5d+ m ?an he c\ld get4 #b4 ,works4 ,epigrammata 9 f\rte5 ,books 7,books ,,xiii & ,,xiv1 ,x5ia & ,apophoreta1 are two collections ( inscriptions = pres5ts at ! ,saturnalia72 also a ,lib] ,spectaculorum on ! op5+ ( ! gr& ,flavian amphi!atre 7! ,coliseum7 begun by ,vespasian & complet$ by ,titus4 #c4 ,/yle4 ',m>tial did n create ! epigram4 ,:at he did 0 to diff]5tiate ! epigram & elaborate x4 ,adh]+ always to :at he consid]$ ! true type ( ! lit]>y epigram1 consi/+ ( i4 ! preface1 or description ( ! occasion ( ! epigram1 r\s+ ! curiosity to "k :at ! poet has to say ab\t x2 &1 ii4 ! explanation or comm5t>y ( ! poet1 commonly call$ ! po9t--he employ$ 8 va/ res\rces ( satire1 wit1 obs]vation1 fancy1 & pa?os to produce ! greate/ numb] ( v>ieties ( epigram t ! type admits (4 4 4 4 ,:at ,m>tial really /&s convict$ ( on 8 own %[+ is ( laugh+ at t :i* ought to h r\s$ 9 him %ame & indignation1 & ( mak+ lit]>y capital out ( o!r m5's vices4' --,/eph5son4 ,among 8 good po9ts are 8 c&\r1 8 love ( nature1 & ! loyalty ( 8 fri5d%ips4 ,pl9y says ( him3 ,audio ,val]ium ,m>tialem decessisse et mole/e f]o4 ,erat homo +5iosus1 acutus1 ac]1 et qui plurimum 9 scrib5do et sltis hab]et et fellis1 nec c&oris m9us--,i he> ) regret t ,v4 ,m>tial is dead4 ,he 0 a man ( tal5t1 acut5ess1 & _s3 ) pl5ty ( wit & gall1 & z s9c]e z he 0 witty4 --,pl9y1 ,ep4 iii4 #ba4 ',! greate/ epigrammati/ ( ! _w1 & "o ( its mo/ disagreeable lit]>y *>act]s4' --,m]rill4 ,,cornelius ,,nepos1 circ4 #ajj-bd ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,nepos4 ,nepos 0 probably born at ,tic9ium on ! ,r4 ,padus4 ,he inh]it$ an ample =tune1 & 0 !reby enabl$ to keep alo( f public life & to devote himself to lit]ature & to writ+ works ( an hi/orical nature4 ,9 e>li] life he 0 "o ( ! circle ( ,catullus1 :o d$icat$ a collection ( poems to him 7,catull4 ,c4 i473 ',to :om am ,i to give my da9ty1 new-born little volume8 ,to y1 ,cornelius4' ,he 0 also a fri5d & contempor>y ( ,cic]o1 & aft] ,cic]o's dea? 7#dc ,b4,c47 0 "o ( ! *ief fri5ds ( ,atticus4 #b4 ,works4 ,( 8 num]\s writ+s on hi/ory1 *ronology1 & gramm> we possess only a fragm5t ( 8 ,de ,viris ,illu/ribus 7orig9ally 9 sixte5 ,books71 a collection ( ,roman & =eign biographies4 ,( ?is "w !re is extant "o complete section1 ,de ,excell5tibus ,ducibus ,ext]>um ,g5tium1 & two lives1 ^? ( ,atticus & ,cato ! ,y\ng]1 f 8 ,de ,hi/oricis ,lat9is4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,nepos is a mo/ untru/wor?y hi/orian1 & 8 "w possesses little indep5d5t value4 ,b 8 /yle is cle>1 elegant1 & lively1 & he did mu* to make ,greek le>n+ popul> among 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,,publius ,,ovidius ,,naso1 #dc ,b4,c4-#ah ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ovid4 ,ovid's own writ+s 7espec4 ,tr4 ,,iv4 x47 supply ne>ly all ! in=mation we possess reg>d+ 8 life4 ,he 0 born at ,sulmo1 a t[n 9 ! cold1 moi/ hills ( ! ,peligni1 "o ( ! ,sab9e clans1 situat$ ne> ,corf9ium1 & ab\t n9ety miles ,e4 ( ,rome4 ,he 0 ( an anci5t eque/rian family1 & toge!r ) 8 eld] bro!r receiv$ a c>eful education at ,rome1 & /udi$ also at ,a!ns4 ,he 0 tra9$ = ! ,b>1 b 9 spite ( 8 fa!r's remon/rances pref]r$ poetry to public life4 ',an easy =tune1 a brilliant wit1 an inexhau/ible memory1 & an unfail+ social tact soon made him a prom95t figure 9 society2 & 8 g5u9e love ( lit]ature & admiration = g5ius made him ! fri5d ( ! :ole contempor>y _w ( lett]s4' --,mackail4 ,up to 8 fiftie? ye> =tune smil$ /eadily ^u ,ovid3 8 works 7 univ]sally popul>1 & he enjoy$ ! fav\r & patronage ( ! ,emp]or himself4 ,b t[>ds ! end ( #h ,a4,d4 an imp]ial edict ord]$ him to leave ,rome on a nam$ day & take up 8 resid5ce at ! small b>b>\s t[n ( ,tomi1 on ! ,black ,sea1 at ! extreme outpo/s ( civilisation4 ,augu/us prov$ deaf to all entreaties to recall him1 ,tib]ius rema9$ alike inexorable1 & ,ovid di$ ( a brok5 he>t at ! ago ( sixty1 9 ! t5? ye> ( 8 bani%m5t4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,amores1 9 ?ree ,books1 poems 9 elegiac v]se1 ne>ly all on ,cor9na1 :o 0 probably no real p]son1 b only a "n ar\nd :i* ,ovid gr\p$ 8 own fancies1 & wrote z ! poet ( a fa%ionable1 pleasure-lov+ society4 ,! ,mors ,psittaci is pleas+ & ! ,mors ,tibulli is a noble tribute to a bro!r poet4 7#b7 ,h]oides1 tw5ty lett]s 9 elegiac v]se1 feign$ to h be5 writt5 by ladies or *iefs ( ! h]oic age to ! abs5t objects ( _! love 7#ae-bj are 9 pairs1 e4g4 ,p>is to ,hel5 & ,hel5 to ,p>is1 & are probably spuri\s74 ',! ,lett]s #a-ad are ?or\ghly mod]n3 !y express ! feel+s & speak ! language ( ref9$ wom5 9 a ref9$ age1 & all exhibit an artificiality bo? 9 ! sub/ance & ! mann] ( _! plead+4' --,sell>4 7#c7 ,ars ,amatoria1 9 elegiac v]se 9 ?ree ,books4 ,?is is an ironical =m ( didactic poetry 9 :i* ,ovid tea*es ! art ( ly+ q z mu* z ! art ( lov+4 7#d7 ,rem$ia ,amoris1 9 elegiac v]se1 :ile pr(ess+ to be a recantation ( ! ,ars ,amatoria1 %[s1 if possible1 a worse ta/e4 7#e7 ,metamorphoses1 9 hexamet] v]se 9 fifte5 ,books1 conta9+ v]sions ( leg5ds on trans=mations 7mutatae =mae7 f ,*aos d[n to ,caes>'s trans=mation into a />4 ,9 "s respects ?is is 8 greate/ poem3 ,ovid himself makes = x z /rong a claim to immortality z ,horace does = 8 ,odes3 ,quaque patet domitis ,romana pot5tia t]ris1 ,ore leg> populi p]que omnia saecula fama1 ,siquid hab5t v]i vatum praesagia1 vivam4 ,met4 ,,xv4 #hgg-;end4 ',! attractiv5ess ( ?is "w lies 9 its descriptions2 b ! attempt to dive/ x ( ! "* ( a diction>y ( my?ology by int]weav+ /ories1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 is only p>tially successful4' --,tyrrell4 7#f7 ,fa/i1 9 elegiac v]se 9 six ,books1 a poetical cal5d> ( ! ,roman ye>4 ,ea* mon? has a ,book allott$ to x1 & ,ovid probably sket*$ out ,books vii-xii1 b 8 exile made x impossible = him to complete ! "w4 ,x conta9s mu* valuable in=mation on ,roman cu/oms & "s exquisitely told /ories 7e4g4 ! ,rape ( ,pros]p9e71 b leaves ! impression ( be+ an ef=t to produce on ! read] ! effect ( a patriotism :i* ! writ] did n feel4 7#g7 ,poems ,writt5 9 ,exile4 7i7 ,tri/ia1 9 elegiac v]se 9 five ,books3 lett]s to ,augu/us1 to ,ovid's wife 7= :om he _h a deep affection7 & to fri5ds1 pray+ = p>don or = a place ( exile ne>] ,rome4 7ii7 ,epi/ulae ex ,ponto3 simil> to ! ,tri/ia4 ',^! poems are a melan*oly record ( flagg+ vitality & fail+ p[]s4' --,mackail4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,! real importance ( ,ovid 9 lit]ature & 8 gift to po/]ity lay 9 ! new & vivid life :i* he imp>t$ to ! fables ( ,greek my?ology4 ',no o!r classical poet has furni%$ m ideas ?an ,ovid to ! ,italian poets & pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 & to our own poets--f ,*auc] to ,pope1 :o1 l ,ovid1 ',lisp$ 9 numb]s1 = ! numb]s came4' ,,aulus ,,p]sius ,,flaccus1 #cd-fb ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,p]sius4 ,he 0 born at ,volat]rae 9 ,etruria1 & 0 ! son ( a ,roman knight ( weal? & rank4 ,at twelve ye>s ( age ,p]sius 0 remov$ to ,rome1 :]e he plac$ himself "u ! guidance ( ! ,/oic ,cornutus1 :o rema9$ 8 close fri5d to ! end ( 8 %ort life4 ,p]sius 7,sat4 v47 t\*+ly describes 8 resid5ce ) ,cornutus1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is belov$ tea*] 9 m\ld+ 8 "*3 ,p>s tua sit1 ,cornute1 animae1 tibi1 dulcis amice1 ,o/5disse iuvat3 ',my delight is to %[ y1 ,cornutus1 h[ l>ge a %>e ( my inmo/ be+ is y\rs1 my belov$ fri5d4'--,c4 ,he 0 ne>ly relat$ to ,arria1 daught] ( t 'true wife' :o taught h] husb& ,paetus h[ to die 7,m>t4 ,i4 xiii42 ,pl9y ,epi/4 i4 #af74 ,9 ! consi/5t life ( ,?rasea 7! husb& ( ,arria71 :o 0 a ,cato 9 ju/ice & m ?an a ,cato 9 goodness1 ,p]sius _h a noble example to foll[4 ,s dur+ ! %ort span ( 8 life ! poet liv$ & work$1 a man ( maid5ly mode/y1 an excell5t son1 bro!r1 & nephew1 ( frugal & mod]ate habits4 #b4 ,works4 ,saturae1 six ,satires 9 hexamet] v]se4 ,! fir/1 devot$ to an attack ^u ! lit]>y /yle ( ! day1 is ! only real ,satire3 ! o!r five are declamations or dogmas ( ! ,/oic sy/em 7e4g4 ,sat4 ii41 on "r & wrong pray]s to ! gods71 int]sp]s$ ) dramatic sc5es4 ,x 0 to ,lucilius t ,p]sius ow$ ! impulse t made him a writ] ( ,satire1 b 8 obligations to ,horace are p>am\nt4 ',he 0 :at w\ld be call$ a plagi>i/1 b probably no writ] ev] borr[$ s mu* & yet left on ! m9d s decid$ an impression ( orig9ality4 ,:]e he draws f 8 own exp]i5ce1 8 portraits h an imag9ative tru?1 m9utely accurate yet highly ideal1 :i* w\ld entitle !m to a di/+ui%$ place 9 any portrait gall]y4' --,nettle%ip4 #c4 ,/yle4 ',! involv$ & obscure /yle ( mu* ( 8 "w is ! /yle :i* 8 ta/e leads him to assume = satiric purposes4 ,he feels t a cle>1 /raight=w>d1 ev]yday mann] ( spee* w\ld n suit a subject ov] :i* ! gods !mselves might hesitate :e!r to laugh or weep4 ,z ! poet ( ,/oicism1 us+ ! v words ( ,v]gil1 he calls ^u a b5ight$ race to acqua9t itself ) ! causes ( ?+s3 to an inquiry into ! purpose ( man's be+1 ! art ( skilful driv+ 9 ! *>iot-race ( life1 & ! orda9$ position ( ea* individual 9 ! social sy/em4' --,nettle%ip4 ',p]sius is ! sole in/ance among ,roman writ]s ( a philosoph] ^: life 0 9 accordance ) ! doctr9es he pr(ess$4' --,cruttwell4 ,multum et v]ae gloriae quamvis uno libro ,p]sius m]uit4 --,qu9t4 ,in/4 ,orat4 ,x4 i4 #id4 ,,petronius ,,arbit]1 obiit #ff ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,petronius4 ,he is probably ! ,petronius ( ^: life & "* ,tacitus has giv5 u a brilliant sket* 9 ! ,annals1 xvi4 #ah4 #ai4 ',8 days 7 pass$1' says ,tacitus1 '9 sleep1 8 nights 9 ! duties or pleasures ( life3 :]e o!rs toil$ = fame he _h l\ng$ into x4 ,yet1 z gov]nor ( ,bi?ynia1 & aft]w>ds z consul1 he %[$ himself a vigor\s & capable adm9i/rator2 !n relaps+ into ! habit or assum+ ! mask ( vice1 he 0 adopt$ z ,elegantiae ,arbit] 7! au?ority on ta/e7 into ! small circle ( ,n]o's intimate companions4 ,no luxury 0 *>m+ or ref9$ till ,petronius _h giv5 x 8 approval1 & ! jeal\sy ( ,tigell9us 0 r\s$ aga9/ a rival & ma/] 9 ! sci5ce ( pleasure4' ,petronius anticipat$ 8 inevitable fate by committ+ suicide4 #b4 ,works4 ,satirae 7or ,satiricon71 a "*-novel1 (t5 call$1 f its c5tral & mo/ ent]ta9+ incid5t1 ,! ,supp] ( ,trimal*io4 ',?is is ! description ( a ,*ri/mas d9n]-p>ty giv5 by a sort ( ,gold5 ,du/man & 8 wife1 p ( l[ bir? & little education1 :o _h come into an enorm\s =tune4 ,! d9n] itself1 & ! conv]sation on lit]ature & art t goes on at ! d9n]-table1 are conceiv$ 9 a _s ( ! wilde/ hum\r4' --,mackail4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! ,satiricon = u is ! glimpse :i* x af=ds ( ev]yday mann]s & conv]sation "u ! ,empire among all ord]s ( society1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/4 ,,pha$rus 7temp4 ,augu/us to ,n]o74 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pha$rus4 ,! ,lat9 ,fabuli/1 ( :om we "k no?+ except :at may be ga!r$ or inf]r$ f 8 fables4 ,he 0 orig9ally a slave1 & 0 born 9 ,?race1 possibly 9 ! di/rict ( ,pi]ia4 ,he 0 br\ght to ,rome at an e>ly age1 & !re became acqua9t$ ) ,roman lit]ature4 ,8 patron appe>s to h be5 ,augu/us1 :o gave him 8 fre$om4 ,aft] publi%+ two books ( fables he incurr$ ! res5tm5t ( ,augu/us & 0 imprison$4 ,?is 0 due probably to ! bold outspok5ness ( _m ( 8 fables4 ,he surviv$ ! attacks made on him1 & ,book ,v 0 writt5 9 8 old age4 #b4 ,works4 ,fables1 9 five ,books1 writt5 9 iambic s5>ii1 l ^? ( ,t]5ce & ,publius ,syrus4 ,! full title ( 8 "w is ,pha$ri ,augu/i lib]ti fabul>um ,aesopi>um libri4 ',pha$rus con/antly plumes himself on 8 sup]iority to 8 model ,aesop1 b 8 animals h n ! lifelike reality ( ^? ( ! latt]4 ,) ,pha$rus ! animals are m]e lay-figures3 ! moral comes fir/1 & !n he atta*es an animal to x4' --,tyrrell4 ',! *ief int]e/ ( ! ,fables lies 9 ! fact t !y =m ! la/ survival ( ! urbanus s]mo 7! spee* ( ,t]5ce7 9 ,lat9 poetry4' --,mackail4 ',pha$rus is ! only important writ] dur+ ! half-c5tury ( lit]>y d>kness betwe5 ! ,gold5 & ! ,silv] ,age4' --,tyrrell4 ,t4 ,,maccius ,,plautus1 circ4 #bed-ahd ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,plautus4 ,plautus 0 born 9 ! little ,umbrian t[n ( ,s>s9a1 ( free b poor p>5ts4 ,he came to ,rome & made a small =tune z a /age-c>p5t]1 b lo/ x by ra% inve/m5t4 ,he 0 !n r$uc$ to work+ = "s ye>s 9 a corn-mill1 dur+ :i* "t he wrote plays1 & cont9u$ to d s until 8 dea?4 #b4 ,works4 ,com$ies4 ,ab\t #acj plays 7 curr5t "u ! "n ( ,plautus1 b only #ba 7,fabulae ,v>ronianae7 71 z ,v>ro tells u1 univ]sally admitt$ to be g5u9e4 ,( ^!1 all except "o are extant4 ,?\gh 8 com$ies are ma9ly free v]sions ( ,greek orig9als--( ,philemon1 ,diphilus & ,m5&]1 ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,com$y #cbj-bej ,b4,c4--! *>act]s 9 !m act1 speak1 & joke l g5u9e ,romans1 & he !reby secur$ ! sympatliy ( 8 audi5ce m completely ?an ,t]5ce c\ld ev] h done4 ',9 po9t ( language 8 plays =m "o ( ! mo/ important docum5ts = ! hi/ory ( ! ,lat9 language4 ,9 ! fre$om ) :i* he uses1 )\t vulg>is+1 popul> modes ( spee*1 he has no equal among ,lat9 writ]s4' --,sell>4 ,= ,horace's unfav\rable judgm5t ( ,plautus see ,epi/4 ,i4 i4 #agj-agf1 & ,a4 ,p4 #bgj-bgb2 ,cic]o's criticism is m j3 ,duplex omn9o e/ ioc&i g5us3 unum illib]ale petulans flagitiosum obsc5um 7vulg>1 spiteful1 %ameful1 co>se71 alt]um elegans urbanum +5iosum facetum 79 good ta/e1 graci\s1 clev]1 witty74 ,quo g5]e non modo ,plautus no/] et ,atticorum antiqua como$ia 7i4e4 ( ,ari/ophanes71 s$ etiam philosophorum ,socraticorum libri ref]ti sunt4 --,de ,(f4 ,i4 civ4 ,,gaius ,,pl9ius ,,secundus1 #bc-gi ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pl9y ,,! ,,eld]4 ,born at ,comum 7,como7 9 ! middle ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 ,pl9y pass$ 8 life 9 high public employm5ts1 bo? milit>y & civil1 :i* took him successively ov] ne>ly all ! prov9ces ( ! ,empire4 ,he _h always felt a /rong int]e/ 9 sci5ce1 & he us$ 8 milit>y position to secure in=mation t o!rwise might h be5 h>d to obta94 ,vespasian 7#gj-gh ,a4,d471 ) :om he 0 on t]ms ( close intimacy1 made him admiral ( ! fleet /ation$ at ,mis5um4 ,x 0 :ile "h t news 0 br\ght him ( ! memorable eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #gi ,a4,d4 ',9 8 zeal = sci5tific inve/igation he set sail = ! spot 9 a man-(-w>1 & l+]+ too ne> ! zone ( ! eruption 0 suffocat$ by ! ra9 ( hot a%es4 ,! acc\nt ( 8 dea?1 giv5 by 8 nephew1 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 9 a lett] to ! hi/orian ,tacitus 7,ep4 vi4 #af71 is "o ( ! be/ kn[n passages 9 ! classics4' --,mackail4 #b4 ,works4 ,a ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 ?irty-sev5 ,books1 is ,pl9y's only extant "w4 7,= 8 num]\s o!r writ+s see ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ,ep4 iii4 #e47 ',x is a priceless /oreh\se ( in=mation on e bran* ( natural sci5ce z kn[n to ! anci5t _w4' --,mackail4 ,8 "w has be5 call$ ! fir/ popul> encyclop$ia ( natural sci5ce4 ,pl9ius ,aetatis ,suae ,doctissimus4 --,gellius4 ,c4 ,,pl9ius ,,caecilius ,,secundus1 #fb-aac ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pl9y ,,! ,,y\ng]4 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] 0 ! son ( ,c4 ,caecilius & ( ,pl9ia1 ! si/] ( ! eld] ,pl9y4 ,he 0 born at ,comum 7,como71 also ! bir?place ( 8 celebrat$ uncle4 ,8 fa!r di$ :5 he 0 eight ye>s old1 & he 0 plac$ "u ! c>e ( a gu>dian1 ,v]g9ius ,rufus1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,romans ( ! day1 s9ce he _h held ! cr[n )9 8 grasp & _h decl9$ to we> x1 #fh ,a4,d4 ,v]g9ius 0 n mu* ( a /ud5t1 b ,pl9y le>n$ f him high ideals ( duty & noble ?\ghts ab\t ! ,rome ( e>li] days1 & nev] lo/ 8 unb\nd$ admiration & respect = 8 gu>dian 7,ep4 ii4 #a74 ,"u 8 uncle's wat*ful c>e he receiv$ ! be/ education ,rome c\ld give1 & /udi$ rhetoric "u ! great ,qu9tilian4 ,8 ba*elor uncle on 8 dea? 9 #gi left him 8 heir1 adopt+ him 9 8 w4 ,gift$ ) weal?1 en?usiasm1 ta/e = publicity1 & a wide circle ( influ5tial fri5ds1 ,pl9y c\ld n be cont5t ) ! c>e] ( a simple eques4 ,accord+ly he began ! c\rse ( (fice t l$ to ! ,s5ate & ! ,consul%ip1 & f9ally 9 #aaa ,a4,d4 0 appo9t$ by ,trajan gov]nor ( ,bi?ynia1 :]e he dis*>g$ 8 duties ) skill & ability4 ,8 s]vice seems to h be5 t]m9at$ only ) 8 dea?4 #b4 ,works4 ,epi/ulae1 ,lett]s 9 n9e ,books1 to :i* is add$ ,pl9y's correspond5ce ) ,trajan dur+ 8 gov]nor%ip ( ,bi?ynia4 ,^! & 8 ,panegyricus1 9 praise ( ,trajan1 are 8 only extant works4 ,x is on 8 ,lett]s t ,pl9y's fame n[ re/s1 & bo? 9 tone & /yle !y are a monum5t t does him hon\r4 ,9 _m cases !y 7 writt5 = publication1 & ?us c nev] h ! unique & surpass+ int]e/ t belongs to ^? ( ,cic]o1 b !y give a v>i$ & int]e/+ picture ( ! "t4 ',9 ! ,lett]s ! "* ( ! writ]1 its virtues & its weakness1 is ?r\gh\t unmi/akeable4 ,pl9y1 ! patriotic citiz51--,pl9y1 ! munific5t patron1--,pl9y1 ! em95t man ( lett]s1--,pl9y1 ! affectionate husb& & humane ma/]1--,pl9y1 ! man ( pr9ciple1 is 9 8 v>i\s phases ! real subject ( ! :ole collection4' --,mackail4 ',pl9y is an almo/ p]fect type ( a ref9$ pagan g5tleman4' --,cruttwell4 ,,sextus ,,prop]tius1 circ4 #ej-ae ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,prop]tius4 ,( 8 life little or no?+ is kn[n1 except :at is record$ by himself4 ,he 0 an ,umbrian by bir?1 & probably a native ( ,asisium 7,assisi71 a t[n on ! ,w4 slope ( ! ,ap5n9es1 n f> f ,p]usia4 ,l ,v]gil & ,tibullus1 he lo/ 8 family prop]ty 9 ! confiscation ( l&s by ! ,triumvirs 9 #db ,b4,c42 b 8 "m's ef=ts secur$ = him a good education1 to complete :i* %e br\ght him to ,rome4 ,he ent]$ on a c\rse ( tra9+ = ! ,b>1 b ab&on$ x 9 fav\r ( poetry 7,,iv4 i4 #aca-d74 ,mox ubi bulla rudi dimissa e/ aurea collo1 ,matris et ante deos lib]a sumpta toga1 ,tum tibi pauca suo de c>m9e dictat ,apollo ,et vetat insano v]ba ton>e =o4 ,8 e>lie/ poems 7,book ,i1 ,cyn?ia71 publi%$ at ! age ( ab\t tw5ty1 br\ght him into notice & ga9$ him admission to ! lit]>y circle ( ,maec5as4 ,he liv$ 9 close intimacy ) ,v]gil1 ,ovid1 & mo/ ( 8 o!r lit]>y contempor>ies1 ) ! rem>kable exception ( ,horace1 to :om ! s5sitive vanity & passionate mann] ( ! "y elegiac poet 7 alike di/a/eful4 ,he di$ "y1 be=e he 0 ?irty-five1 ab\t #ae ,b4,c4 #b4 ,works4 ,elegies1 9 f\r ,books4 7,"s editors divide ,book ,,ii into two ,books1 ,el4 #a-i ,book ,,ii1 & ,el4 #aj-cd ,book ,,iii1 s t ,,iii & ,,iv ( ! ,,mss4 & ( ,po/gate become ,,iv & ,v47 ,books ,i & ,,ii are ne>ly all poems on ,cyn?ia4 ,book ,,iii conta9s1 besides poems on ,cyn?ia1 !mes deal+ ) fri5d%ip 7,el4 #g4 #ab4 #bb7 & ev5ts ( national int]e/ 7,el4 #d4 #aa4 #ah74 ,! poet /ruggles to emancipate himself f ! ?raldom ( ,cyn?ia & to accompli% "w m wor?y ( 8 g5ius4 ,book ,,iv conta9s poems on ,roman antiquities 7,el4 #b4 #d4 #i4 #aj71 writt5 at ! sugge/ion ( ,maec5as1 ! paean on ! great victory at ,actium 7,el4 #f71 & ! noble/ ( 8 elegiacs1 ! ,elegy on ,cornelia 7,el4 #aa74 #c4 ,/yle4 ,! aim ( ,prop]tius 0 to be ! ,roman ,callima*us3 ,umbria ,romani patria ,callima*i 7,,iv4 i4 #fd74 ,! flexibility & ela/icity ( rhy?m ( ! f9e/ ,greek elegiacs he made 8 own4 ,! p5tamet]1 in/ead ( be+ a weak] e*o ( ! hexamet]1 is ! /rong] l9e ( ! two1 & has a weighti] movem5t4 ,9 ,book ,i he ends ! p5tamet] freely ) words ( ?ree1 f\r1 & five syllables1 & we f9d long cont9u\s passages 9 :i* !re is sc>cely any pause3 e4g4 9 ,i4 xx4 #cc-cg3 ,hic erat ,argan?i ,pege sub v]tice montis ,grata domus ,nymphis umida ,?ynias91 ,quam supra nullae p5debant debita curae ,roscida des]tis poma sub arboribus1 ,et circum irriguo surgebant lilia prato ,c&ida purpureis mixta papav]ibus4 ',9 "s respects bo? ,tibullus & ,ovid may claim ! advantage ov] ,prop]tius3 ,tibullus = ref9$ simplicity1 = natural grace & exquisit5ess ( t\*2 ,ovid = ! te*nical m]its ( execution1 = transp>5cy ( con/ruction1 = smoo?ness & poli% ( expression4 ,b 9 all ! high] qualities ( a poet ,prop]tius is z mu* _! sup]ior4' --,po/gate4 ,,aurelius ,,prud5tius ,,clem5s1 #cdh-;circ4 #daj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,prud5tius4 ,prud5tius 7z he tells u 9 ! brief metrical autobiography prefix$ to 8 poems7 0 born 9 ! ,n4 ( ,spa91 &1 l s _m ( ! ,roman poets1 began 8 public life z an advocate4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds appo9t$ by ,!odosius 7#cgi-cie ,a4,d47 judge ov] a di/rict 9 ,spa94 ,8 active & successful dis*>ge ( ?is (fice induc$ ,!odosius 7or ,honorius1 #cie-dbc ,a4,d47 to promote him to "s po/ ( hon\r ab\t ! ,emp]or's p]son4 ,8 lat] ye>s he devot$ to ! composition ( sacr$ poetry1 & publi%$ 8 collect$ works #dje ,a4,d41 aft] :i* date we "k no m ( 8 hi/ory4 #b4 ,works4 ,8 be/ kn[n works are 8 ,ca!m]9a1 a s]ies ( poems on ! ,*ri/ian's day & life1 ( :i* ! mo/ graceful & pa!tic is ! ,fun]al ,hymn1 e4g4 ,iam mae/a quiesce qu]ella1 ,lacrimas susp5dite matres1 ,nullus sua pignora plangat1 ,mors haec rep>atio vitae e/1 & 8 ,p]i/ephanon 7p]i /ephann lib]7 9 praise ( ,*ri/ian m>tyrs4 ',^! repres5t ! mo/ sub/antial addition to ,lat9 lyrical poetry s9ce ,horace4' --,mackail4 ,we also h 8 ,contra ,symma*um 9 two ,books ( indiff]5t hexamet] v]se1 9 :i* he combats ,symma*us 7,consul #cia ,a4,d471 ! la/ *ampion ( ! old fai?1 & claims ! victories ( ! ,*ri/ian ,/ili*o z triumphs alike ( ,rome & ( ! ,cross4 ',prud5tius has 8 di/9ct place & (fice 9 ! field ( ,lat9 lit]ature1 z ! *ief au?or :o bridg$ ! gulf betwe5 pagan poetry & ,*ri/ian hymnology4' --,nor? ,p9d]4 ,,m>cus ,,fabius ,,qu9tilianus1 circ4 #ce-ie ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,qu9tilian4 ,qu9tilian is ! la/ & p]haps ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( t s*ool ( ,spani% writ]s 7,m>tial1 ! two ,s5ecas1 & ,lucan7 :i* play$ s important a "p 9 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,born at ,calagurris1 a small t[n on ! ,upp] ,ebro1 he 0 educat$ at ,rome1 & aft]w>ds return$ to 8 native t[n z a tea*] ( rhetoric4 ,!re he made ! acqua9tance ( ! proconsul ,galba 7#fh-i71 & 0 br\ght back by him to ,rome 9 #fh ,a4,d41 :]e = tw5ty ye>s he enjoy$ ! highe/ reputation z a tea*] ( eloqu5ce4 ,among 8 pupils 7 numb]$ ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] & ! two sons ( ,flavius ,clem5s1 gr&-nephews ( ,domitian1 de/9$ = 8 successors4 ,9 #gi ,a4,d4 he 0 appo9t$ by ,vespasian pr(essor ( rhetoric1 ! fir/ tea*] :o receiv$ a regul> sal>y f ! imp]ial ex*equ]4 ,domitian 7#ha-if ,a4,d47 conf]r$ ^u him an honor>y consul%ip1 & ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 an hon\r$ retirem5t1 :i* he devot$ to record+ = ! b5efit ( po/]ity 8 unrivall$ exp]i5ce z a tea*] ( rhetoric4 #b4 ,works4 ,in/itutio ,oratoria1 ! ,tra9+ ( an ,orator1 9 twelve ,books4 ,?is great "w sums up ! tea*+ & criticism ( 8 life1 & gives u ! complete tra9+ ( an orator1 />t+ ) him 9 *ildhood & lead+ him on to p]fection4 ,?us3-- ,book ,i gives a sket* ( ! elem5t>y tra9+ ( ! *ild f ! "t he leaves ! nurs]y4 ,qu9tilian rightly atta*es ! greate/ importance to e>ly impressions4 ,book ,,ii deals ) ! g5]al pr9ciples & scope ( ! art ( oratory1 & cont9ues ! discussion ( ! aims & me?ods ( education 9 its lat] /ages4 ,books ,,iii-,,vii are occupi$ ) an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ! matt] ( oratory1 & are highly te*nical4 ',n[ t ! =mal /udy ( ! art ( rhetoric has ceas$ to be a "p ( ! high] education ^! ,books h lo/ _! g5]al int]e/4' --,mackail4 ,books ,,viii-,,xi treat ( ! mann] 7/yle7 ( oratory4 ,9 ,book ,x1 cap4 i1 9 ! c\rse ( an enum]ation ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors likely to be mo/ useful to an orator1 ,qu9tilian gives u a ma/]ly sket* ( ,lat9 lit]ature1 '9 language s c>eful & s *oice t _m ( 8 brief phrases h rema9$ ! f9al words on ! au?ors1 bo? 9 prose & v]se1 :om he m5tions 9 8 rapid survey4' --,mackail4 ,book ,,xii treats ( ! moral qualifications ( a great speak]4 ,! good orator mu/ be a good man4 ',qu9tilian ) admirable cle>ness insi/s on ! great tru? t bad education is responsible = bad life1 & expresses ) equal pla9ness ! complem5t>y tru? t education1 f ! cradle upw>ds1 is some?+ :i* acts on ! :ole intellectual & moral nature1 & t its object is ! production ( ! good man4' --,mackail4 #c4 ,/yle4 ,! /yle ( ,qu9tilian is modell$ on t ( ,cic]o1 :om he is nev] tir$ ( prais+1 & is int5d$ to be a return to ! usages ( ! be/ p]iod4 ,9 spite ( "s faults *>act]i/ic ( ! ,silv] ,age 7e4g4 8 excessive use ( anti!sis7 '= ord9>y use x w\ld be difficult to "n a mann] t comb9es s well ! ,cic]onian dignity ) ! ri* col\r & high f9i% add$ to ,lat9 prose by ! writ]s ( ! e>li] empire4' --,mackail4 ,= ! dea? ( 8 son1 ag$ t51 a boy ( great promise1 = ^: in/ruction he wrote ! "w1 see ,preface to ,book ,,vi4 ,qu9tiliane1 vagae mod]ator summe iuv5tae1 ,gloria ,romanae1 ,qu9tiliane1 togae4 ,m>t4 ,,ii4 xc4 #a-b4 ,nihil 9 /udiis p>vum e/4 ,cito scrib5do non fit ut b5e scribatur1 b5e scrib5do fit ut cito4 --,qu9tilian4 ,,gaius ,,sallu/ius ,,crispus1 #hf-ce ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sallu/4 ,a memb] ( a plebeian family1 ,sallu/ 0 born #hf ,b4,c4 at ,amit]num1 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,sab9es4 ,z tribune ( ! p 9 #eb ,b4,c4 he took an active "p 9 oppos+ ,milo 7,cic]o's cli5t7 & ! ,pompeian p>ty 9 g5]al4 ,9 #dh ,b4,c4 he comm&$ a legion 9 ,illyria )\t di/9ction1 & next ye> ,caes> s5t him to treat ) ! mut9\s legions 9 ,campania1 :]e he n>r[ly escap$ assass9ation4 ,he aft]w>ds foll[$ ,caes> to ,africa1 & app>5tly did good s]vice !re1 = he 0 appo9t$ 9 #df ! fir/ gov]nor ( ! newly =m$ prov9ce ( ,numidia4 ,9 #de he return$ to ,rome a v ri* man1 & built himself a magnific5t palace1 surr\nd$ by pleasure gr\nds 7! fam\s ,g>d5s ( ,sallu/1 9 ! valley betwe5 ! ,quir9al & ! ,p9cius71 :i* 9 aft] ye>s emp]ors pref]r$ to ! palace ( ! ,caes>s4 ,aft] ,caes>'s dea? ,sallu/ retir$ f public life1 & x is to ! leisure & /udy ( ^! t5 ye>s t we owe ! works t h made him fam\s4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,de ,catil9ae ,coniuratione 7or ,bellum ,catil9ae71 a monograph on ! fam\s conspiracy1 9 :i* ,sallu/ writes v l>gely f direct p]sonal k ( m5 & ev5ts4 7#b7 ,bellum ,iugur?9um 7#aaa-ajf ,b4,c47 ,! writ+ ( ?is monograph involv$ wide inquiry & mu* prep>ation4 7#c7 ,hi/oriae1 9 five books1 deal+ ) ! ev5ts f #gh ,b4,c4 7dea? ( ,sulla7 to #fg ,b4,c41 ( :i* only a few fragm5ts are extant4 #c4 ,/yle4 ',sallu/ aim$ at mak+ hi/orical writ+ a bran* ( lit]ature4 ,he felt t no?+ _h yet be5 done by any ,roman writ] :i* w\ld /& beside ,?ucydides4 ,x 0 8 ambition to supply ! want4 ,t c\ld only be done by (f]+ z complete a contra/ to ! t$i\s annali/ z possible1 & ,sallu/ neglect$ no means ( giv+ v>iety to 8 "w4 ,f ,?ucydides he probably borr[$ ! idea ( 8 introductions1 ! imag9>y spee*es & ! "* portraits2 f ,cato ! picturesque descriptions ( ! sc5es ( hi/orical ev5ts & ! e?nographical digressions4' --,cook4 ',! /yle ( ,sallu/ is *>act]is$ by ! use ( old words & =ms 7especially 9 ! spee*es74 ,he makes use ( allit]ation1 ext5sively employs ! ,hi/oric ,inf9itive1 & %[s a p>tiality = conv]sational expressions :i* f a lit]>y po9t ( view are ar*aic4 ,8 abrupt unp]iodic /yle ( writ+ 7r\gh p]iods )\t p>ticles ( connexion7 has won = ,sallu/ 8 reputation = brevity4 ,8 /yle is1 h[ev]1 ! expression ( ! writ]'s "*1 direct1 incisive1 emphatic1 & outspok52 to h be5 a model = ,tacitus is no slight m]it4' --,cook4 ,nec m9us noto ,sallu/ius epigrammate incessitur3 ',et v]ba antiqui multum furate ,catonis1 ,crispe1 ,iugur?9ae conditor hi/oriae4' ,qu9t4 ,,viii4 iii4 #bi4 ',! la/ ( ! ,cic]onians1 ,sallu/ is also 9 a s5se ! fir/ ( ! imp]ial prose-writ]s4' --,mackail4 ,primus ,romana ,crispus 9 ,hi/oria 7,m>t4 ,,xiv4 cxci47 ,l4 ,,annaeus ,,s5eca ,,! ,,y\ng]1 circ4 #d ,b4,c4-#fe ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,s5eca4 ,! son ( ,s5eca ! ,eld]1 ! fam\s rhetorician1 0 born at ,corduba 7,cordova71 9 ,spa91 & br\ght to ,rome by 8 p>5ts at an e>ly age4 ,8 life 0 "o ( s+ul>ly dramatic contra/s & vicissitudes4 ,"u 8 "m ,helvia's wat*ful c>e he receiv$ ! be/ education ,rome c\ld give4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 "m's family he pass$ into ! ,s5ate ?r\gh ! quae/or%ip1 & 8 successes at ! b> awak5$ ! jeal\sy ( ,caligula 7#cg-da ,a4,d47 ,by 8 fa!r's advice he retir$ = a "t & sp5t 8 days 9 philosophy4 ,on ! accession ( ,claudius 7#da-ed ,a4,d47 he 0 bani%$ to ,corsica at ! in/ance ( ! ,empress ,messal9a1 probably because he 0 suspect$ ( belong+ to ! faction ( ,agripp9a1 ! "m ( ,n]o4 ,aft] eight ye>s he 0 recall$ 7#di ,a4,d47 by ! influ5ce ( ,agripp9a 7n[ ! wife ( ,claudius71 & appo9t$ tutor to h] son ,n]o1 !n a boy ( t54 ,:5 ,n]o became emp]or1 at ! age ( sev5te5 7#ed ,a4,d471 ,s5eca1 9 conjunction ) 8 fri5d ,burrus1 ! prefect ( ! praetorian gu>ds1 became practically ! adm9i/rator ( ! ,empire4 ',! mild & enlight5$ adm9i/ration ( ! e>li] ye>s ( ! new reign1 ! fam\s qu9qu5nium ,n]onis1 may inde$ be l>gely ascrib$ to ,s5eca's influ5ce2 b ?is influ5ce 0 bas$ on an excessive indulg5ce ( ,n]o's caprices1 :i* soon work$ out its own puni%m5t4' --,mackail4 ,8 connivance at ! murd] ( ,agripp9a 7#ei ,a4,d47 0 ! dea?-bl[ to 8 influ5ce = good1 & ! dea? ( ,burrus 7#fc ,a4,d47 01 z ,tacitus says 7,ann4 xiv4 #eb71 'a bl[ to ,s5eca's p[]1 = virtue _h n ! same /r5g? :5 "o ( its *ampions1 s to speak1 0 remov$1 & ,n]o began to lean on worse advis]s4' ,s5eca resolv$ to retire1 & entreat$ ,n]o to receive back ! weal? he _h s lavi%ly be/[$4 ,! ,emp]or1 b5t on v5geance1 refus$ ! pr(f]$ gift1 & ,s5eca knew t 8 doom 0 seal$4 ,9 ! ye> #fe1 on ! pretext ( complicity 9 ! conspiracy ( ,piso1 he 0 comm&$ to commit suicide1 & ,tacitus 7,ann4 xv4 #fa-fc7 has %[n 8 love = ,s5eca1 9 spite ( all 8 faults1 by ! tribute he pays to ! con/ancy ( 8 dea?4 #b4 ,works4 ,8 *ief works are3-- 7#a7 ,dialogorum ,libri ,,xii1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are ! ,de ,ira & ! ,consolatio to 8 "m ,helvia1 :om he t5d]ly lov$4 7#b7 ,de ,clem5tia1 9 ?ree ,books1 address$ to ,n]o1 writt5 9 #ee-f ,a4,d41 to %[ ! public :at sort ( in/ruction ,s5eca _h giv5 8 pupil1 & :at sort ( ,emp]or !y _h to expect4 7#c7 ,de ,b5eficiis1 9 sev5 ,books4 ,s5eca proves t a tyrant's b5efits are n k9dnesses1 & sets =? 8 views on ! giv+ & receiv+ ( b5efits4 7#d7 ,epi/ulae morales ad ,lucilium4 #abd lett]s are extant1 & =m ! mo/ important & mo/ pleas+ ( 8 works4 7#e7 ,trag$ies4 ,n9e are extant1 d]iv$ f plays by ,sophocles & ,euripides4 ,! only extant ,lat9 trag$ies4 ',z a moral writ] ,s5eca /&s des]v$ly high4 ,?\gh infect$ ) ! rhetorical vices ( ! age 8 treatises are full ( /rik+ & (t5 gorge\s eloqu5ce1 & 9 _! comb9ation ( high ?\ght ) deep feel+ h r>ely1 if at all1 be5 surpass$4' --,mackail4 ',s5eca is a lam5table in/ance ( v>iance betwe5 precept & example4' --,cruttwell4 ,,silius ,,italicus1 circ4 #be-ajj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,silius4 ,a lett] ( ,pl9y 7iii4 #g7 is ! *ief s\rce ( our k ( ! life ( ,silius4 ,pl9y tells u t ,silius _h ris5 by act+ z a delator 7in=m]7 "u ,n]o1 :o made him consul #fh ,a4,d4 ,he goes on to say ',he _h ga9$ mu* cr$it by 8 proconsul%ip 9 ,asia 7"u ,vespasian1 circ4 #gg ,a4,d471 & _h s9ce by an hon\rable leisure wip$ out ! blot :i* /a9$ ! activity ( 8 =m] ye>s4' ,m>tial also1 :o has ! effront]y to speak ( him z a comb9$ ,v]gil & ,cic]o1 tells u ( 8 luxuri\s & le>n$ retirem5t 9 ,campania1 & ( 8 rev]5ce = 8 ma/] ,v]gil1 '^: bir?day he kept m religi\sly ?an 8 own4' ,accord+ to ,m>tial 7xi4 #di7 ! tomb ( ,v]gil _h be5 practically =gott51 & 0 9 ! possession ( "s poor man :5 ,silius b\ght ! plot ( gr\nd on :i* x /ood3 ,iam prope des]tos c9]es et sancta ,m>onis ,nom9a qui col]et1 paup] et unus erat4 ,silius optatae succurr]e c5suit umbrae1 ,silius et vatem1 non m9or ipse1 colit4 #b4 ,works4 ,! ,punica1 an ,epic poem 9 sev5te5 ,books1 on ! ,second ,punic ,w>1 closes ) ,scipio's triumph1 aft] ! ,battle ( ,zama1 #bjb ,b4,c4 ,silius closely foll[$ ! hi/ory z told by ,livy1 & )\t any inv5tive or con/ructive p[] ( 8 own copies1 ) ta/eless p$antry1 ,hom] & ,v]gil4 ',he _c p]ceive t ! div9e int]v5tions :i* are admissible 9 ! qu>rel ( ,a5eas & ,turnus are ludicr\s :5 import$ into ! /ruggle betwe5 ,scipio & ,hannibal4 ,:o c help res5t+ ! unreality :5 at ,saguntum ,jupit] guides an arr[ into ,hannibal's body1 :i* ,juno imm$iately )draws1 or :51 at ,cannae1 ,aeolus yields to ! pray] ( ,juno & bl9ds ! ,romans by a :irlw9d ( du/8'--,cruttwell4 ,! ,punica is valuable = its hi/orical accuracy1 b x is "o ( ! longe/ & "o ( ! wor/ ,epic poems ev] writt54 ,scribebat c>m9a maiore cura quam +5io4 ,pl9y1 ,epi/4 iii4 #g4 ,p4 ,,pap9ius ,,/atius1 circ4 #fj-ajj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,/atius4 ,/atius 0 born at ,naples1 b e>ly remov$ to ,rome1 :]e he 0 c>efully educat$ & sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life4 ,8 fa!r 0 a s*ol>1 rhetorician1 & poet ( "s di/9ction1 & act$ = a "t z tutor to ,domitian4 ,/atius _h ?us access to ! ,c\rt1 & repaid ! patronage ( ,domitian by incessant & %ameless flatt]y4 ,aft] ! completion ( 8 ,!bais he retir$ to ,naples1 :i* 0 ende>$ to him by its associations ) ,v]gil1 & !re satisfi$ 8 real love ( nature4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,! ,!bais1 an ,epic poem 9 twelve ,books1 on ! /rife betwe5 ! bro!rs ,eteocles & ,polynices1 & ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,!bes to ! dea? ( ,creon4 ,! ,!baid became v fam\s3 ,juv5al 7,sat4 vii4 #hb-d7 tells u ,curritur ad vocem iucundam et c>m5 amicae ,!baidos1 laetam cum fecit ,/atius urbem promisitque diem 7i4e4 = a public recitation ( 8 poem74 ',its smoo? v]sification1 copi\s diction1 & su/a9$ elegance made x a sort ( canon ( poetical te*nique4 ,among mu* t$i\s rhetoric & cumbr\s my?ology !re is en\gh imag9ation & pa?os to make ! poem int]e/+ & ev5 *>m+4' --,mackail4 7#b7 ,! ,silvae1 9 five ,books1 are occasional poems1 descriptive & lyrical1 on miscellane\s subjects4 ,^! may well be consid]$ 8 ma/]piece4 ',g5u9e poetry1' says ,niebuhr1 'impr9t$ ) ! "* ( ! true poet1 & con/itut+ "s ( ! mo/ graceful productions ( ,roman lit]ature4' ,among ! be/ kn[n are ! t\*+ poem to 8 wife ,claudia 7iii4 #e71 ! m>riage song to 8 bro!r-poet ,arruntius ,/ella 7i4 #b71 ! ,propempticon ,maecio ,cel]i 7iii4 #b71 ! ,epic$ion 7fun]al song7 on ! dea? ( 8 adopt$ son 7v4 #e71 & ! %ort poem 7v4 #d7 on ,sleep4 ,! greate/ poet ( ! ,decl9e4 ,,gaius ,,suetonius ,,tranquillus1 circ4 #ge-afj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,suetonius4 ,! little we "k ( 8 life is *iefly ga!r$ f ! ,lett]s ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 & f scatt]$ allusions 9 8 own works4 ,! son ( an (fic] ( ! ,?irte5? ,legion1 ,suetonius 9 e>ly life practis$ z an advocate1 & subsequ5tly became "o ( ,hadrian's private secret>ies 7magi/] epi/ul>um71 b 0 dismiss$ f (fice 9 #aba ,a4,d4 ,aft] 8 retirem5t f ! s]vice ( ! ,c\rt he devot$ ! re/ ( 8 long life to lit]>y rese>* & compilation1 & publi%$ a numb] ( works on a great v>iety ( subjects1 s t he became fam\s z ! ,v>ro ( ! imp]ial p]iod4 #b4 ,works4 ,8 extant works are3 7#a7 ,de ,vita ,caes>um1 ! ,lives ( ! ,twelve ,caes>s1 9 eight ,books 7,i-,,vi ,julius-,n]o2 ,,vii ,galba1 ,o?o1 & ,vitellius2 ,,viii ,vespasian1 ,titus1 & ,domitian74 ,?is is 8 mo/ int]e/+ & mo/ valuable "w4 ,8 ,lives are n works ( art3 he is simply a ga!r] ( facts1 collect$ f good s\rces ) consid]able c>e & judgm5t4 ',he foll[s out ) absolute fai?fulness 8 own !ory1 :i* makes x necess>y to omit no possible detail t c ?r[ light ^u ! p]sonality ( 8 subject4' --,peck4 7#b7 ,de ,viris ,illu/ribus1 a hi/ory ( ,lat9 lit]ature up to 8 day4 ,! great] "p ( ! section ,de grammaticis et rhetoribus is extant1 z well z ! ,lives ( ,t]5ce1 ,horace1 & ,lucan 7p>tly71 f ! section ,de poetis1 & fragm5ts ( ! ,life ( ,pl9y ! ,eld] f ! section ,de hi/oricis4 ,extracts made f ?is "w by ,j]ome 7circ4 #djj ,a4,d47 9 8 ,lat9 v]sion ( ,eusebius' ,*ronicles are ! s\rce f :i* mu* ( our in=mation z to ,lat9 au?ors is d]iv$4 ',suetonius is t]se1 & 9 t respect he resembles ,tacitus2 he is deeply int]e/+1 & !re he %[s "s lik5ess to ,livy2 b 8 /yle is "o ( 8 own creation4 ,8 *ief desire is to pres5t ! facts /ripp$ ( any comm5t :atev]1 gr\p$ 9 su* a way z to produce _! own effect )\t ! adv5titi\s aid ( rhetoric2 & !n to leave ! read] to 8 own conclusions4' --,peck4 ,probissimus1 hone/issimus1 eruditissimus vir4 ,pl9y1 ,epi/4 ad ,trai4 #id4 ,,publilius ,,syrus1 circ4 #de ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,syrus4 ,all we "k ( him is t he 0 an enfran*is$ ,syrian slave1 a native ( ,antio*1 & wrote = ! /age mimes 7f>ces7 :i* 7 p]=m$ ) great applause4 ,mime-writ+ 0 also practis$ at ?is "t by ! ,knight ,lab]ius1 & ,caes> is said to h patronis$ ^! writ]s 9 ! hope ( elevat+ _! art4 #b4 ,works4 ,s5t5tiae 7,maxims74 ,we possess #fig l9es f 8 mimes 7unconnect$ & alphabetically arrang$71 a collection made 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 & mu* us$ 9 s*ools4 ,z prov]bs ( worldly wisdom1 & admirable examples ( ! t]se vig\r ( ,roman philosophy1 !y are widely kn[n1 e4g4 ,cuivis pote/ accid]e quod cuiquam pote/4 ,,cornelius ,,tacitus1 circ4 #ed-abj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,tacitus4 ,! p]sonal hi/ory ( ,tacitus is kn[n to u only f allusions 9 8 own works1 & f ! lett]s ( 8 fri5d ! y\ng] ,pl9y4 ,he 0 born e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,n]o1 probably 9 ,rome2 8 education1 political c>e]1 & m>riage into ! di/+ui%$ family ( ,agricola prove t he 0 a man ( weal? & position4 ,he /udi$ rhetoric "u ! be/ ma/]s 7possibly "u ,qu9tilian71 & _h1 z ,pl9y tells u 7,epi/4 ,,ii4 i4 #f71 a great reputation z a speak]4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh ! usual /ages ( an (ficial c>e] & 0 appo9t$ consul suffectus "u ,trajan1 #ih ,a4,d41 :5 he 0 a little ov] =ty4 ,f #hi to #ic ,a4,d4 he 0 abs5t f ,rome1 probably 9 "s prov9cial comm&1 & dur+ ^! ye>s he may h acquir$ "s p]sonal k ( ! ,g]man peoples4 ,9 #ajj ,a4,d4 he 0 associat$ ) ,pl9y 9 ! prosecution = extortion ( ,m>ius ,priscus1 proconsul ( ,africa1 ( :om ,juv5al says 7,sat4 viii4 #abj73 ,cum t5ues nup] ,m>ius disc9x]it ,afros4 ,s9ce ,m>ius has s lately /ripp$ to _! girdles 7i4e4 ?or\ghly plund]$7 ! ne$y ,africans4 ,f ?is date ,tacitus seems to h devot$ himself entirely to lit]>y pursuits & to h liv$ to or beyond ! end ( ,trajan's reign1 #aaf ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,dialogus de ,oratoribus1 an inquiry into ! causes ( ! decay ( oratory1 8 e>lie/ extant "w4 ,9 ! /yle ( ?is "w ! influ5ce ( ,qu9tilian & ,cic]o is /rongly se54 7#b7 ,de ,vita et ,moribus ,iulii ,agricolae lib]1 an acc\nt ( ! life ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 p>ticul>ly ( 8 c>e] 9 ,brita91 publi%$ %ortly aft] ! accession ( ,trajan1 #ih ,a4,d4 ',! ,sallu/ian epo* ( ,tacitus f9ds its expression 9 ! ,agricola & ,g]mania4' --,teuffel4 ,! ,agricola is p]haps ! mo/ beautiful biography 9 anci5t lit]ature4 7#c7 ,! ,g]mania1 or ,conc]n+ ! ,geography1 ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 & ! ,tribes ( ,g]many1 publi%$ 9 #ih or #ii4 ',! motive = its publication 0 app>5tly ! press+ importance1 9 ,tacitus' op9ion1 ( ! ,g]man "q1 & ! necessity = vigor\s action to secure ! safety ( ! ,roman ,empire aga9/ ! dang]s ) :i*4 x 0 ?reat5$ f ,g]man /r5g?4' --,/eph5son4 ',! ,g]mania is an ine/imable treasury ( facts & g5]alisations1 & ( ! g5]al fai?fulness ( ! outl9e we h no d\bt4' --,/ubbs4 7#d7 ,hi/oriae1 consi/+ orig9ally ( f\rte5 ,books1 is a n>rative ( ! ev5ts ( ! reigns ( ,galba1 ,o?o1 ,vitellius1 ,vespasian1 ,titus1 & ,domitian1 #fi-if ,a4,d4 ,only ,books ,i-,,iv & ! fir/ half ( ,book ,v are extant1 & give ! hi/ory ( #fi & mo/ ( #gj ,a4,d4 ',! /yle ( ! ,hi/oriae /ill reta9s "s traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,cic]o3 x has n yet be5 press$ tight into ! %ort s5t5tiae :i* 7 its f9al & mo/ *>act]i/ic developm5t1 b %[s 9 a m>k$ degree ! influ5ce ( ,v]gil4' --,cruttwell4 ,9 ! ,hi/oriae1 z ,tacitus himself says1 '! secret ( ! imp]ial sy/em 0 divulg$--t an emp]or c\ld be made else:]e ?an at ,rome'2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! imp]ial sy/em 0 a milit>y & n a civil in/itution4 7#e7 ,! ,annales1 ab excessu divi ,augu/i1 9 sixte5 ,books1 conta9+ ! hi/ory ( ! reigns ( ,tib]ius1 ,caligula1 ,claudius1 ,n]o1 #ad-fh ,a4,d4 ,!re are extant only ,books ,i-,,iv1 p>ts ( ,v & ,,vi1 & ,,xi-,,xvi4 ',! old criticism1 trac+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! /yle ( ,tacitus to poetic col\r+ 7almo/ :olly ,v]gilian7 & to ! /udy ( brevity & ( v>iety1 is well f\nd$4 ,!y may be expla9$ by ! fact t he 0 ! mo/ f9i%$ plead] ( an age :i* requir$ above all t its orators %\ld be t]se1 brilliant1 & /rik+1 & by 8 own pa9ful consci\sness ( ! dull monotony & repulsive sadness ( great "p ( 8 subject1 :i* ne$$ ! help ( e sort ( v>iety to /imulate ! flagg+ int]e/ ( ! read]4' --,furneaux4 ,8 aim z an hi/orian is be/ giv5 9 8 own words3 ',i hold x ! *ief (fice ( hi/ory to rescue virtue f oblivion1 & to hold out ! reprobation ( po/]ity z a t]ror to evil words & de$s' 7,ann4 iii4 #fe74 ,! greate/ ( ,roman hi/orians4 ,,publius ,,t]5tius ,,af]1 circ4 #ahe-aei ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life ,sid5ote3 ,,t]5ce4 ,t]5ce 0 born probably at ,c>?age1 rea*$ ,rome z a slave-boy1 & pass$ !re into ! possession ( a ri* & educat$ ,s5ator1 ,p4 ,t]5tius ,lucanus1 by :om he 0 educat$ & manumitt$1 tak+ f him ! "n ( ,publius ,t]5tius ! ,african4 ',a small lit]>y circle ( ! ,roman ari/ocracy admitt$ "y ,t]5ce to _! intimate companion%ip2 & soon he 0 widely kn[n z mak+ a ?ird 9 ! fri5d%ip ( ,gaius ,laelius ) ! fir/ citiz5 ( ! ,republic1 ! y\ng] ,scipio ,africanus4 ,six plays _h be5 subject$ to ! criticism ( ?is in=mal academy ( lett]s & produc$ on ! /age1 :5 ,t]5ce und]took a prolong$ visit to ,greece = ! purpose ( fur!r /udy4 ,he di$ ( fev] 9 ! next ye>1 #aei ,b4,c41 at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-six4' --,mackail4 #b4 ,works4 ,com$ies4--,all ! six plays writt5 & exhibit$ at ,rome by ,t]5ce are extant4 ,!y are ! ,&ria 7exhibit$ #aff ,b4,c41 :5 ! poet 0 only eighte5 ye>s ( age71 ! ,heauton ,timor\m5os1 ,eunu*us1 ,phormio1 ,hecyra1 ,adelphoe4 ',) ,t]5ce ,roman lit]ature takes a new dep>ture4 ,! ,scipionic circle believ$ t ! be/ way to create a national ,lat9 lit]ature 0 to deviate z little z possible1 9 _s1 =m1 & sub/ance1 f ! works ( ,greek g5ius4 ,! task :i* await$ ,t]5ce 0 ! complete ,hell5is+ ( ,roman com$y3 accord+ly 8 aim 0 to give a true picture ( ,greek life & mann]s 9 ! pure/ ,lat9 /yle4 ,he 0 n a popul> poet1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,plautus 0 popul>3 he has none ( ! purely ,roman *>act]i/ics ( ,plautus 9 s5tim5t1 allusion1 or /yle2 none ( 8 extravagance1 & none ( 8 vig\r & orig9ality4' --,sell>4 ,t]5ce is1 accord+ly1 9 sub/ance & =m1 z ,caes> /yles him1 a dimidiatus ,m5&] 7halv$ ,m5&]73 ,tu quoque1 tu 9 summis1 o dimidiate ,m5&]1 ,pon]is1 et m]ito1 puri s]monis amator4 ,a ,roman only 9 language1 b z puri s]monis amator wor?y to be rank$ by ! side ( ,caes> himself & ! pure/ ,lat9 au?ors4 ,,albius ,,tibullus1 circ4 #ed-ai ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,tibullus4 ,tibullus 0 a ,roman eques1 & 0 probably born at ,p$um1 a ,lat9 t[n j at ! foot ( ! ,ap5n9es1 & a few miles nor? ( ,pra5e/e1 :]e 8 fa!r possess$ an ample e/ate4 ,mu* ( 8 inh]it$ prop]ty 0 lo/2 & x is possible t1 l ,v]gil1 ,horace1 & ,prop]tius1 he 0 a victim to ! confiscations ( ! ,triumvirs 9 #db ,b4,c4 ,he1 h[ev]1 reta9$ or recov]$ en\gh to af=d him a mode/ compet5ce4 ,9 #ca-cj ,b4,c4 he s]v$ on ! /aff ( 8 life-long fri5d & patron ,m4 ,val]ius ,messalla1 ! em95t g5]al & /atesman1 n less di/+ui%$ 9 lit]ature ?an 9 politics4 ,! re/ ( 8 %ort life ! poet sp5t on 8 ance/ral f>m at ,p$um1 amid ! c\ntry sc5es & employm5ts cong5ial to 8 nature & habits4 #b4 ,works4 ,elegies1 9 f\r ,books 7or ?ree1 ,po/gate74 ,tibullus publi%$ 9 8 lifetime two ,books ( elegiac poems3 aft] 8 dea? a ?ird volume 0 publi%$1 conta9+ a few ( 8 own poems1 toge!r ) poems by o!r memb]s ( ! lit]>y circle ( ,messalla4 ,books ,i & ,,ii consi/ ma9ly ( poems address$ to ,delia & to ,nemesis 7cf4 ,ov4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ix4 #ca-cb73 ,sic ,nemesis longum1 sic ,delia nom5 habebunt2 ,alt]a cura rec5s1 alt]a primus amor4 ,& to ,messalla1 e4g4 ,el4 ,i4 vii4 #ee-f3 ,at tibi succrescat proles1 quae facta p>5tis ,augeat et circa /et v5]&a s5em4 #c4 ,/yle4 ',tibullus is pre-em95tly ,roman 9 8 g5ius & poetry4 ,he is ! natural poet ( w>m1 t5d]1 & simple feel+4 ,nei!r ,greek my?ology nor ,alex&r9e le>n+ _h any attractions = 8 purely ,italian g5ius4 ,8 language may be limit$ 9 range & v>iety1 b x is t]se1 cle>1 simple1 & popul>4 ,8 con/ructions are pla9 & direct4' --,nor? ,p9d]4 ',to ,tibullus belongs ! di/9ction ( hav+ giv5 arti/ic p]fection to ! ,roman elegy4' --,sell>4 ,elegia quoque ,graecos provocamus1 cuius mihi t]sus atque elegans maxime videtur auctor ,tibullus4 ',9 elegy also we rival ! ,greeks1 ( :i* ,tibullus appe>s to me ! pure/ & f9e/ repres5tative4' --,qu9t4 ,in/4 ,or4 ,x4 i4 #ic4 ',tibullus might be succ9ctly & p]haps n unju/ly describ$ z a ,v]gil )\t ! g5ius4' --,mackail4 ',tibullus & ,v]gil are alike 9 _! human affection & _! piety1 9 _! capacity ( t5d] & self-=getful love1 9 _! delight 9 ! lab\rs ( ! field & _! sympa?y ) ! h]dsman & ! objects ( 8 c>e4' --,sell>4 ,quid voveat dulci nutricula maius alumno1 ,qui sap]e et f>i possit quae s5tiat1 et cui ,gratia1 fama valetudo cont+at abunde1 ,et mundus victus1 non defici5te crum5a6 ,horace to ,tibullus1 ,epi/4 ,i4 iv4 #h-aa4 ,si tam5 e nobis aliquid nisi nom5 et umbra ,re/at1 9 ,elysia valle ,tibullus erit4 4 4 4 4 4 ,ossa quieta1 precor1 tuta requiescite 9 urna1 ,et sit humus c9]i non on]osa tuo4 ,ovid1 ,am4 ,,iii4 ix4 #ei-fj1 #fg-h4 ,c4 ,,val]ius ,,flaccus1 fl4 #gj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,val]ius ,,flaccus4 ,he liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,vespasian 7#gj-gh ,a4,d471 to :om he d$icat$ 8 poem1 9 :i* he ref]s to ,vespasian's exploits 9 ,brita9 & to ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ,titus1 #gj ,a4,d4 ,!re are also ref]5ces to ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #gi ,a4,d4 ,qu9tilian is ! only ,roman writ] :o m5tions him 7,x4 i4 #ij73 ,multum 9 ,val]io ,flacco nup] amisimus1 :i* %[s t he mu/ h di$ circ4 #ij ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 ,! ,argonautica1 an ,hexamet] poem 9 eight ,books1 app>5tly unf9i%$4 ,! poem is 9 "p a translation1 9 "p a free imitation ( ! ,alex&r9e epic ( ,apollonius ,rhodius 7#bbb-aha ,b4,c47 ',8 descriptive p[]1 p>ticul>ly %[n 9 t\*es ( natural sc5]y1 8 pure diction & correct /yle h incl9$ "s critics to set ,val]ius ,flaccus above 8 ,greek model4' --,nor? ,p9d]4 ,! rhetorical treatm5t ( ! subject1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod ( ! decl9e1 is1 h[ev]1 too prom95t ?r\gh\t 8 "w4 ,bo? 8 rhy?m & language are closely modell$ on ,v]gil4 ,,val]ius ,,maximus1 fl4 #bf ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,val]ius ,,maximus4 ,all t we "k ( him is t he visit$ ,asia 9 company ) ,sextus ,pompeius 7! fri5d ( ,ovid & ( ,g]manicus71 circ4 #bg-cj ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 ,facta et ,dicta ,memorabilia1 9 n9e ,books4 ,ea* ,book is divid$ into *apt]s on sep>ate subjects 7e4g4 ,de ,sev]itate1 ,de ,v]ecundia1 ,de ,con/antia71 "u ea* ( :i* he gives illu/rations f ,roman hi/ory & f ! hi/ory ( o!r nations1 9 ord] to %[ ! native sup]iority 7z he ?9ks7 ( ,romans to =eign]s1 & especially to ,greeks4 ,z an hi/orian he is mo/ untru/wor?y1 b !re are _m gaps 9 ,roman hi/ory 7e4g4 ow+ to ! lo/ books ( ,livy7 :i* he helps to supply4 ,8 /yle %[s all ! faults ( 8 age & rhetorical tra9+2 8 "w 0 probably int5d$ to be a commonplace-book = /ud5ts & tea*]s ( rhetoric4 ,m4 ,,t]5tius ,,v>ro1 #aaf-bg ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,v>ro4 ,born at ,reate1 9 ! ,sab9e t]ritory1 :i* 0 ! nurse ( all manly virtues1 ,v>ro 0 br\ght up 9 ! good old-fa%ion$ way4 ',= me :5 a boy1' he says1 '!re suffic$ a s+le r\gh coat & a s+le "u-g>m5t1 %oes )\t /ock+s1 a horse )\t a saddle4' ,bold1 frank1 & s>ca/ic1 he _h all ! qualities ( ! c\ntry g5tleman ( ! be/ days ( ! ,republic4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 p]sonal val\r he obta9$ 9 ! w> ) ! ,pirates1 #fg ,b4,c41 :]e he comm&$ a division ( ! fleet1 ! naval cr[n4 ,9 politics he belong$1 z 0 natural1 to ! con/itutional p>ty1 & bore an hon\rable & en]getic "p 9 its do+s & suff]+s4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> he s]v$ z ! legatus ( ,pompeius 9 comm& ( ,fur!r ,spa91 b 0 compell$ to surr5d] 8 =ces to ,caes>1 #fi ,b4,c4 ,:5 ! cause ( ! ,republic 0 lo/ ,caes>1 :o knew ,v>ro's wor?1 employ$ him 9 sup]9t5d+ ! collection & arrangem5t ( ! great libr>y at ,rome design$ = public use4 ,aft] ,caes>'s dea? ,v>ro 0 expos$ to ! p]secution ( ,antonius1 ^: drunk5 revels & excesses at ,v>ro's villa at ,cas9um are vividly describ$ by ,cic]o 7,phil4 ii4 #ajc sqq47 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 _m fri5ds ,v>ro obta9$ ! protection ( ,octavianus1 & 0 enabl$ to live at ,rome 9 peace until 8 dea?1 #bg ,b4,c41 9 8 n9etie? ye>4 #b4 ,works4 ,( all ! works ( ,v>ro1 embrac+ almo/ all bran*es ( k & lit]ature1 only two h come d[n to u3 7#a7 ,! ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 9 ?ree ,books1 9 ! =m ( a dialogue1 writt5 9 8 eightie? ye>4 ,x 0 a subject ( :i* he _h a ?or\gh practical k1 & is ! mo/ important ( all ! treatises ^u anci5t agriculture n[ extant4 ,book ,i treats ( agriculture2 ,book ,,ii ( /ock-rais+2 ,book ,,iii ( p\ltry1 game1 & fi%4 7#b7 ,de ,l+ua ,lat9a1 9 tw5ty-five ,books1 ( :i* only ,v-,x h be5 pres]v$4 ,^! conta9 mu* valuable in=mation n f\nd else:]e1 b ,v>ro's notions ( etymology are extremely crude4 ,( 8 o!r works1 we h mu* cause to regret ! loss ( 8 ,antiquities ( ,?+s ,human & ,div9e1 ! /&>d "w on ! religi\s & secul> antiquities ( ,rome d[n to ! "t ( ,augu/us1 & 8 ,imag9es1 biographical sket*es1 ) portraits1 ( sev5 hundr$ fam\s ,greeks & ,romans1 ! fir/ in/ance 9 hi/ory ( ! publication ( an illu/rat$ book4 ',v>ro belongs to ! g5u9e type ( old ,roman1 improv$ b n alt]$ by ,greek le>n+1 ) 8 he>t fix$ 9 ! pa/1 deeply cons]vative ( ev]y?+ national1 & ev5 9 8 /yle ( spee* prote/+ aga9/ ! innovations ( ! day4' --,cruttwell4 ,omnium facile acutissimus1 et s9e ulla dubitatione doctissimus4 --,cic]o4 ,/udiosum r]um tantum docet1 quantum /udiosum v]borum ,cic]o delectat4 --,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus1 circ4 #ai ,b4,c4-#ca ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sid5ote3 ,,velleius ,,pat]culus4 ,all we "k ( him is d]iv$ f 8 own pages4 ,he desc5d$ f a di/+ui%$ family 9 ,campania1 & 8 fa!r 0 a ,praefectus equitum4 ,he accompani$ ,c4 ,caes>1 ! gr&son ( ,augu/us1 on 8 mission to ! ,ea/1 & 0 pres5t at ! int]view ) ! ,p>?ian k+4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds1 #d ,a4,d41 he s]v$ "u ,tib]ius 9 ,g]many z ,praefectus equitum4 ,= ! next eight ye>s ,pat]culus s]v$ "u ,tib]ius 9 ,pannonia & ,dalmatia4 ,tib]ius' /]l+ qualities z a soldi] ga9$ him ! fri5d%ip ( _m ( 8 (fic]s1 & ,velleius by 8 en]gy & ability secur$ t ( ,tib]ius 9 return4 ,! la/ circum/ance ( 8 life t he records is ! election to ! praetor%ip ( 8 bro!r & himself z c&idates ( ,caes> 7,tib]ius7 9 #ad ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 ,! ,hi/oria ,romana 9 two ,books4 ,! beg9n+ ( ,book ,i is lo/2 *apt]s #a-h 9 our text are occupi$ ) a rapid survey ( univ]sal hi/ory1 especially ( ! ,ea/ & ( ,greece4 ,*apt] #h breaks (f at ! rape ( ! ,sab9e wom51 & !re is a great gap 9 ! text be=e we rea* 9 c4 #i ! defeat ( ,p]seus at ,pydna 9 #afh ,b4,c4 ,*apt]s #i-ac c>ry ! n>rative d[n to ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age & ,cor9? 9 #adf ,b4,c4 ,book ,,ii cont9ues ! hi/ory & ends at ! dea? ( ,livia #bg ,a4,d4 ',! pret5ti\sness ( 8 /yle is p>tly due to ! decl9+ ta/e ( ! p]iod1 p>tly to an idea ( 8 own t he c\ld write 9 ! mann] ( ,sallu/4 ,x alt]nates betwe5 a sort ( lab\r$ sprightl9ess & a c>eless1 conv]sational mann] full ( endless p>5!ses4 ,yet ,velleius has two real m]its3 ! eye ( a tra9$ soldi] = "*1 & an unaffect$1 if n a v intellig5t1 int]e/ 9 lit]ature4' --,mackail4 ,p4 ,,v]gilius ,,m>o1 #gj-ai ,b4,c4 #a4 ,important ,ev5ts 9 ,v]gil's ,life1 & ,*ief ,works4 ,sid5ote3 ,,v]gil4 ,b4,c4 #gj4 ,born at ,&es1 ne> ,mantua4 #fe4 ,bir? ( ,horace4 #ee4 ,assumes ! ,toga ,virilis at ,cremona4 ,dea? ( ,lucretius4 #ec4 ,/udies philosophy at ,rome "u ! ,epicurean ,siron4 #db4 ,eclogues ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,v1 & p]haps ,,vi1 writt54 #da4 ,suff]s confiscation ( 8 e/ate4 ,takes refuge 9 ,siron's villa4 ,e/ates re/or$ by ,octavianus ?r\gh ,pollio4 ,eclogue ,i4 #dj4 ,v]gil evict$ a second "t4 ,eclogues ,,iv1 ,,vi1 ,,ix4 ,becomes a memb] ( ! lit]>y circle ( ,maec5as4 #ci4 ,eclogues ,,viii & ,x4 #ch4 ,introduces ,horace to ,maec5as4 #cg4 ,beg9s ! ,georgics at ! sugge/ion ( ,maec5as4 #bi4 ,complet$ ,georgics read to ,octavianus4 ,a5eid begun4 #bg4 ,augu/us ,emp]or4 #bf4 ,bani%m5t & dea? ( 8 fri5d ,gallus4 #be4 ,m>riage ( ,m>cellus to ,julia1 daught] ( ,augu/us4 #bc4 ,dea? ( ,m>cellus3 ,a5eid1 ,book ,,vi1 read to ! ,imp]ial family4 #ai4 ,j\rney ( ,v]gil to ,greece3 is tak5 ill1 dies at ,brundusium1 & is buri$ at ,naples3 ,mantua me g5uit1 ,calabri rapu]e1 t5et nunc ,p>!nope3 cec9i pascua1 rura1 duces4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,bucolica 7,pa/oral ,poems71 t5 ,eclogues 7select$ pieces71 writt5 #db-ci ,b4,c4 ,^! are closely modell$ on ,!ocritus1 & h all ! weaknesses ( imitative poetry4 ',! ,eclogues ( ,v]gil h less ( consi/5cy b m ( purpose ?an ! ,idylls ( ,!ocritus4 ,!y are an advocacy ( ! *>m ( sc5]y & ! pleasures ( ! c\ntry address$ to a luxuri\s & artificial society ( dwell]s 9 a t[n4' --,my]s4 7#b7 ,georgica1 9 f\r ,books1 writt5 #cg-cj ,b4,c41 at ! sugge/ion ( ,maec5as1 '! ,home ,m9i/] ( ,augu/us1 & public patron ( art & lett]s 9 ! int]e/ ( ! new gov]nm5t4' --,mackail4 ',! details ( 8 subject ,v]gil draws ma9ly f 8 ,greek pr$ecessors1 ,hesiod1 ,x5ophon1 ,aratus1 & ,nic&]1 b x is to ,lucretius he is *iefly indebt$4 ,! language ( ,lucretius1 s bold1 s g5ial1 s p[]ful1 & 9 its way s p]fect1 is e*o$ a ?\s& times 9 ! ,georgics4' --,nettle%ip4 ,book ,i treats ( agriculture1 ,book ,,ii ( ! cultivation ( trees1 ,book ,,iii ( dome/ic animals1 ,book ,,iv ( bees 7includ+ ! ,my? ( ,ari/aeus1 ll4 #cae-eeh74 ,! purpose ( ! ,georgics is to ennoble ! annual r\nd ( lab\r 9 :i* ! rural life 0 pass$ & to help ! policy ( ,augu/us by induc+ ! p to g back to ! l&4 ',! motto ( ! ,georgics might well be said to be ,ora et labora4' --,tyrrell4 ',! ,georgics repres5t ! art ( ,v]gil 9 its matur$ p]fection1 & 9 m]e te*nical f9i% are ! mo/ p]fect "w ( ,lat9 lit]ature4' --,mackail4 7#c7 ,! ,a5eid1 9 twelve ,books1 writt5 #bi-ai ,b4,c4 ,! *oice ( ! subject 0 influ5c$ by ! wi% ( ,augu/us to e/abli% ! leg5d>y tradition ( ! connection ( ! g5s ,iulia ) ,a5eas ?r\gh 8 son ,iulus1 & by ,v]gil's own desire to write an epic on ! greatness ( ,rome1 9 ! mann] ( ,hom]4 ,?us '! c5tre ( ! my?ical backgr\nd 0 naturally ,a5eas1 z ,augu/us 0 ! c5tre ( ! pres5t magnific5ce ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,we surpass all o!r nations1 says ,cic]o 7,de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #h71 9 hold+ fa/ ! belief t all ?+s are ord]$ by a ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,! !me ( ! ,a5eid is ! build+ up ( ! ,roman ,empire "u ?is ,provid5ce4 ,a5eas is ! son ( a goddess1 & 8 life ! work+ out ( ! div9e decrees4' --,nettle%ip4 ,tu reg]e imp]io populos1 ,romane1 mem5to2 ,hae tibi erunt artes2 pacisque impon]e morem4 ,a54 vi4 #hea-b4 ',at a v]se f ! ,a5eid1 ! sun goes back = u on ! dial2 our boyhood is recreat$1 & returns to u = a mom5t l a visitant f a happy dreaml&4' --,tyrrell4 ',9 m]ely te*nical quality ! supremacy ( ,v]gil's art has nev] be5 disput$4 ,! ,lat9 ,hexamet]1 ! /atelie/ measure ev] m\ld$ by ! lips ( man1 0 br\ght by him to a p]fection :i* made any fur!r developm5t impossible4' --,mackail4 ',z ,hom] among ! ,greeks1 s ,v]gil among our own au?ors w be/ head ! li/2 he is beyond d\bt ! second epic poet ( ei!r nation4' --,qu9t4 ,x4 i4 #he4 ',! *a/e/ poet & royale/1 ,v]gilius ,m>o1 t to ! memory ( man is kn[n4' --,bacon4 ,,app5dix ,,vii4 ,,note ,! foll[+ ,*ronological ,outl9es ( ,roman ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature are int5d$ to illu/rate ! passages select$ = translation4 ,important ev5ts & writ]s 9 contempor>y ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature are add$1 9 ord] to emphasise ! comp>ative me?od ( treat+ ,hi/ory4 ,! names ( ^? ,lat9 au?ors f ^: works passages h be5 select$ are pr9t$ 9 capitals 9 ! ,lit]ature ,column4 ,a full] outl9e ( ! ,imp]ial ,p]iod w be giv5 9 a lat] volume4 ,,p]iods ,,( ,,lat9 ,,lit]ature4 ,,p]iod ,i4 ,! ,gr[? ( ,lat9 ,lit]ature #bej-hj ,b4,c4 ,,p]iod ,,ii4 ,! ,gold5 ,age ( ,lat9 ,lit]ature #hj ,b4,c4-#ad ,a4,d4 ,,p]iod ,,iii4 ,! ,silv] ,age ( ,lat9 ,lit]ature #ad-aag ,a4,d4 ,,p]iod ,,iv4 ,! ,lat] ,empire f #aag ,a4,d4 ,,*ronological ,,outl9es ,,( ,,roman ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,lit]ature ---------------------------------------- ,b4,c4 ,,rome4 ,,o!r ,,nations4 ,b4,c4 ,,lit]ature4 ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- ,,"p ,i4--,,regal ,,p]iod1 #gec-eji ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- ,f\ndation ( ,c>?age #hgh ,amos c4 #gfj #gec ,f\ndation ( ,rome ,rise ( ,cor9? #gde ,isaiah c4 #gbj #gec-gaf ,,romulus4 ,roman ,s5ate ( #bjj4 ,spolia opima 7#a7 ,captivity ( ,israel #gba ,hesiod c4 #gjj #gaf-fgc ,,numa ,,pompilius4 ,religi\s ,in/itutions ,c>5tum f\nd$ #gjh #fgc-fdj ,,tullus ,,ho/ilius4 ,de/ruction ( ,alba ,de/ruction ( ,s5na*]ib's ho/ #gja ,tyrtaeus 7,sp>ta7 c4 #fhj ,leg5d ( ,horatii & ,curiatii ,cyr5e f\nd$ #fda ,ar*ilo*us4 #fej #fdj-faf ,,ancus ,,m>tius4 ,conque/ ( ,lat9 ,t[ns ,josiah's re=mation #fbe ,j]emiah c4 #fbe ,o/ia1 fir/ m>itime colony ,p]i&]1 tyrant ( ,cor9? #fbe-ehe #faf-egh ,,t>qu9ius ,,priscus4 ,public ,works3 ! ,circus ,maximus1 ,cloaca ,maxima1 & ,temple ( ,jupit] ,draco1 ! law-giv] at ,a!ns #fba ,alcaeus ,sappho #fjj ,solon ,massilia f\nd$ #fjj #egh-ecd ,,s]vius ,,tullius4 ,! ,c5sus1 basis ( ,comitia ,c5turiata4 ,! ,s]vian ,wall includes ! ,quir9al1 ,vim9al & ,esquil9e hills1 i4e4 ,rome ( ,republican times4 ,captivity ( ,judah #fjf-ecf ,solon at ,a!ns #eid ,?ales #eij ,peisi/ratus at ,a!ns #efj-ebg ,ezekiel #ehe ,croesus 9 ,lydia #efj-edf ,aesop c4 #egj #ecd-eji ,,t>qu9ius ,,sup]bus4 ,conque/ ( ,gabii4 ,tyranny lead+ to expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s & abolition ( ! mon>*y ,cyrus ent]s ,babylon #ech ,!ognis #edj ,return ( ,jews "u ,z]ubbabel #ecf ,py?agoras #ecj ,expulsion ( ,peisi/ratidae #eaj ,anacreon #ecj ---------------------------------------- ,,"p ,,ii4--,,e>ly ,,republic1 #eji-cff ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #eji ,two ,consuls 7,praetors7 fir/ appo9t$ ,d>ius ,hy/aspes #eba-dhf ,aes*ylus #ebe-def ,lex ,val]ia e/abli%es "r ( appeal ,p9d> #eah-;c4 #ddc #ejg ,rome tak5 by ,etruscans "u ,pors5a ,ionian ,revolt #eja-dic ,h]acleitus #ejj #dih ,lat9 ,w>4 ,dictator fir/ appo9t$4 ,miltiades at ,a!ns #dic-dhi ,simonides 7,ceos7 #dij ,battle ( ,lake ,regillus ,ionians defeat$ at ,lade #did #did ,fir/ ,session ( ! ,plebs4 ,tribuni ,plebis ,battle ( ,m>a?on #dij #dhi ,volscian ,w> 7,coriolanus7 ,ari/ides & ,!mi/ocles #dij-dgj ,p>m5ides #dij #dhf-e ,agr>ian ,law4 ,spurius ,cassius put to dea? ,x]xes #dhe-dfe ,bac*ylides #dgj #dgg ,de/ruction ( ! ,fabii at ,crem]a ,!rmopylae4 ,salamis4 ,him]a #dhj ,anaxagoras #dfj #deh ,w> ) ,aequians--,battle ( ,mt4 ,algidus ,plataea 7,pausanians74 ,mycale #dgi ,sophocles #dif-djf ,c9c9natus ,dictator ,hi]o ,i at ,syracuse #dgh-dfg ,euripides #dhj-djf #dea ,fir/ ,decemvirate4 ,t5 ,tables ,p]icles at ,a!ns #dfi-dbi ,h]odotus c4 #dhd-dbe #dej ,second ,decemvirate4 ,two new ,tables4 7,appius ,claudius7 ,cimon at ,a!ns #dff-ddi ,phidias 7,p>!non7 #ddh #ddh ,second ,secession ( ! ,plebs1 result+ 9 ! ,val]io-,horatian ,laws ,a!nian defeat at ,coronea #ddg ,emp$ocles #dde ,ezra & ,nehemiah c4 #ddd #dde ,milit>y tribunes ) consul> p[] appo9t$ ,a!nian colony to ,?urii #ddd ,era ( ! ,sophi/s #ddj 7,gorgias1 ,protagoras7 #ddc ,c5sors fir/ appo9t$ #dci ,spurius ,maelius kill$ #dcg ,w> ) ,etruscans4 ,cossus w9s ,spolia opima 7#b7 ,w> ( ,cor9? & ,corcyra #dce ,antiphon c4 #dhj-daa #dbd ,capua tak5 by ! ,samnites ,peloponnesian ,w> #dca-dje ,?ucydides c4 #dga-djb ,sphact]ia 7,demo/h5es1 ,cleon7 #dbe ,zeuxis ,p>rhasius pa9t]s c4 #dbj ,alcibiades at ,a!ns #dbd-djd ,syracusan ,exp$ition #dae-dac ,lysias c4 #dde-cgh #djf-cif ,w> ) ,veii4 ,camillus ,dictator ,battle ( ,aegospotami #dje ,ari/ophanes c4 #dej-che #djf ,roman soldi]s fir/ receive pay ,lys&] ent]s ,a!ns #djd ,crat9us #ddi ,critias & ,?irty ,tyrants #djd ,eupolis #dbi ,democracy re/or$ 7,?rasybulus7 #djc #cij ,invasion ( ! ,gauls4 ,battle ( ! ,allia ,artax]xes ,,ii #dje-cei ,burn+ ( ,rome 7,br5nus7 ,exp$ition ( ,cyrus ! ,y\ng] 7,! ,anabasis ( ,x5ophon7 #dja ,manlius ,capitol9us4 ,camillus ,p>5s ,patriae ,x5ophon c4 #dcj-cee ,hi/ory bas$ on docum5ts beg9s ,socrates condemn$ #cii ,socrates #dfh-cii #chi ,rome rebuilt ,dionysius ,i ( ,syracuse1 ,w>s ( ,syracuse & ,c>?age #dje-cfh ,plato #dbj-cdh ,isocrates #dcf-cch #cgf-cff ,! ,lic9ian ,laws ,pelopidas & ,epam9ondas 7,!bes7 #cgh-cfb ,isaeus #dbj-cdh ,supremacy ( ,!bes 7,leuctra7 #cga ,fir/ ,plebeian ,consul ,dea? ( ,epam9ondas 7,mant9ea7 #cfb ,fir/ ,praetor 7,judge7 appo9t$ ---------------------------------------- ,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,italy1 #cff-bff ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #cfa ,second ,invasion ( ! ,gauls ,dionysius ,,ii ( ,syracuse #cfh-cdc ,diog5es 7,cynic7 c4 #dai-cbd ,leg5d ( ,manlius ,torquatus ,battle ( ,mant9ea #cfb ,ludi ,sc5ici at ,rome #cfe #cef ,c4 ,m>cius ,rutilus1 ,fir/ ,plebeian ,dictator ,philip ( ,mac$on #cei-ccf #cdi ,w> ) ,gauls4 ,leg5d ( ,m4 ,val]ius ,corvus ,dion at ,syracuse #ceg-cec ,praxiteles 7sculptor7 fl4 #cfj #cdh ,treaty ( ,rome ) ,c>?age ,olyn?us tak5 by ,philip #cdh ,aes*9es #chi-cad #cdc-cda ,fir/ ,samnite ,w> ,demo/h5es #chd-cbb ,battle ( ,mt4 ,gaurus 7,m4 ,val]ius ,corvus7 ,ari/otle #chd-cbb #cdj-cch ,! ,lat9 ,w>4 ,devotion ( ,decius ,mus ,i4 ,battle ( ,*a]onea #cch ,apelles 7pa9t]7 #ccf ,battle ( ,mt4 ,vesuvius #cci ,leges ,publiliae4 ,supremacy ( ,comitia ,tributa ,alex&] ! ,great #ccf-cbc #cbf-cjd ,second ,samnite ,w> 7,c4 ,pontius7 ,battle ( ,issus #ccc ,m5&] #cdd-bib #cba ,caud9e ,=ks4 ,! ,yoke ,f\ndation ( ,alex&ria #ccb #caa ,appius ,claudius1 ,c5sor4 ,! ,via ,appia ,battle ( ,arbela #cca #caa-cji ,etruscan ,w>4 ,fir/ ,battle at ,lake ,vadimo ,alex&]'s ,successors ,battle ( ,ipsus 7#cja7 #cbc-cja #cje ,battle ( ,bovianum #bih-bij ,?ird ,samnite ,w> ,ptolemy ,i 7,sot]7 #cbc-bhe ,euclid fl4 #cjj ,aga?ocles at ,syracuse #cag-bhi ,!ophra/us c4 #chd-bgg #bie ,battle ( ,s5t9um4 ,devotion ( ,decius ,mus ,,ii4 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes #cjh-bhc ,z5o1 ! ,/oic c4 #cff-bfd #bhg ,la/ ,secession ( ! ,plebs ,rhodes p[]ful #cjj-bjj ,epicurus #cda-bgj #bhg ,lex ,hort5sia4 ,legislative p[] ( ,comitia ,tributa f9ally e/abli%$ ,political di/9ction betwe5 ! ,patricians & ,plebeians n[ at an end ,aetolian ,league #bhd-afg ,!ocritus fl4 #bhj #bhc ,r5ew$ ,etruscan & ,gallic ,w> ,a*aean ,league #bhj-adf ,bion & ,mos*us fl4 #bgj ,second ,battle at ,lake ,vadimo #bha-bge ,w> ) ,t>5t9es & ,pyrrhus #bhj ,battle ( ,h]aclea4 ,victory ( ! phalanx ,gauls 9 ,greece #bhj-bgh #bgi ,battle ( ,asculum4 ,fabricius ! ,j ,ptolemy ,,ii 7,philadelphus7 #bhe-bdg ,septuag9t c4 #bgg #bgh ,rome & ,c>?age alli$ #bgg ,pyrrhus ma/]s ne>ly all ,sicily #bge ,battle ne> ,b5ev5tum 7,m'4 ,curius ,d5tatus7 ,pyrrhus returns to ,epirus #bgc ,treaty ( ,rome ) ,egypt4 ,recognition ( ,rome z "o ( ! great p[]s ,aratus 7a/ronom]7 fl4 #bgj #bgb ,pyrrhus kill$ at ,argos4 ,surr5d] ( ,t>5tum #bff ,all ,italy 7s\? ( ! ,ap5n9es7 ,roman ---------------------------------------- ,,"p ,,iv4--,,! ,,conte/ ,,) ,,c>?age1 #bfd-bjb ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #bfd-bda ,fir/ ,punic ,w> #bfc ,hi]o ( ,syracuse jo9s ,rome ,hi]o ( ,syracuse #bfi-bai #bfa ,romans build a fleet #bfj ,naval victory ( ,duilius ne> ,mylae ,aratus1 ,g5]al ( ,a*aean ,league #bde ,callima*us fl4 #bfj ,columna ,ro/rata #bef ,naval victory ( ,regulus at ,ecnomus ---------------------------------------- ,,lat9 ,,lit]ature4 ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- ,,prose4 ---------------------------------------- ,,v]se4 ---------------------------------------- ,,p]iod ,i4--,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,lat9 ,,lit]ature1 #bej-hj ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #bee ,regulus defeat$ by ,xan?ippus ( ,sp>ta #bej ,roman victory at ,panormus 7,metellus7 #bdi ,c>?ag9ian victory at ,drepana 7,claudius7 #bdh-bda ,hamilc> ,b>ca 9 ,sicily ,ptolemy ,,iii 7,eu]getes7 #bdg-bbb #bda ,victory ( ,lutatius (f ! ,aegates ,insulae ,peace ) ,c>?age ,sicily made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#a7 ,livius ,&ronicus 7fl4 #bdj7 #bda-bch ,w> ( ,c>?age ) h] ,m]c5>ies ,corsica & ,s>d9ia made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#b7 ,naevius 7fl4 #bce7 #bcf-bbh ,hamilc> 9 ,spa94 ,hannibal's oa? #bcj-bbi ,illyrian ,w>4 7,que5 ,teuta7 ,a!ns jo9s ,a*aean ,league #bbi #bbh ,cor9? admits ! ,romans to ! ,i/hmian ,games ,roman ,embassy to ,greece #bbh ,hasdrubal succe$s ,hamilc> 9 ,spa9 ,f\nds ,new ,c>?age4 ,! ,ib]us 7,ebro7 fix$ z ! ,c>?ag9ian b\nd>y #bbe-bbc ,gallic ris+ 7,boii & ,insubres7 ,re=ms ( ,cleom5es at ,sp>ta #bbf-e ,great victory ne> ,telamon #bbb ,victory ov] ! ,insubres at ,cla/idium ,aratus & ,antigonus take ,sp>ta #bba ,m4 ,m>cellus w9s ! spolia opima 7#c7 ,subjugation ( ,gaul s\? ( ! ,alps ,antio*us ! ,great 7,syria7 #bbd-ahg #bba ,hannibal succe$s ,hasdrubal 9 ,spa9 #bai ,hannibal takes ,saguntum 7ally ( ,rome7 ,ptolemy ,,iv 7,philopator7 #bbb-bje #bah-bjb ,second ,punic ,w> ,philip ,v 7,mac$on7 #bba-agi ,,plautus 7#bed-ahd7 #bah ,hannibal crosses ! ,alps ,battles ( ! ,tic9us & ,trebia #bag ,battle ( ,lake ,trasim5e4 ,dea? ( ,flam9ius ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus1 ,dictator ,philip alli$ ) ,hannibal #baf ,fabius ,pictor 7fl4 #baf7 ,,ennius 7#bci-afi7 #baf ,battle ( ,cannae4 ,dea? ( ,paulus #baf-baa ,revolt ( ,capua #bae ,m>cellus saves ,nola ,fir/ ,mac$onian ,w> #bad-bje #bad-bab ,siege & ,capture ( ,syracuse by ,m>cellus ,dea? ( ,ar*im$es #bab #bab ,p4 ,cn4 ,scipio defeat$ by ,hasdrubal ,loss ( ,spa9 s\? ( ! ,ebro ,hannibal seizes ,t>5tum #baa-bjf ,p4 ,cornelius ,scipio 7,africanus ,maior7 9 ,spa9 ,rome alli$ ) ,aetolians #baa #baj ,scipio surprises ,new ,c>?age #bjh ,hasdrubal 7son ( ,hamilc>7 eludes ,scipio & crosses ! ,pyr5ees to jo9 ,hannibal ,philopoem51 ,g5]al ( ,a*aean ,league #bjh-ahc #bjg ,defeat & ,dea? ( ,hasdrubal at ! ,metaurus 7,n]o7 #bjd ,scipio goes to ,africa3 blockades ,utica ,peace ( ,rome ) ,philip #bje #bjc ,hannibal recall$3 leaves ,italy #bjb ,battle ( ,zama4 ,peace made ---------------------------------------- ,,"p ,v4--,,=mation ,,( ,,empire ,,beyond ,,italy1 #bjj-ahc ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #bjj-aif ,second ,mac$onian ,w> #aig ,battle ( ,cynoscephalae 7,flam9ius7 #aif ,proclamation ( ! ,fre$om ( ,greece #aie ,hannibal takes refuge ) ,antio*us ,cato 7#bcd-adi7 #bjj-aia ,w> ) ,insubrian & ,boian ,gauls ,gallia ,cisalp9a a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#c7 ,antio*us 9 ,greece #aib #aia-aij ,w> ) ,antio*us ( ,syria #aia ,battle ( ,!rmopylae 7,cato7 #aij ,battle ( ,magnesia4 7,l4 ,scipio & ,domitius7 ,hannibal ) ,prusias1 ,k+ ( ,bi?ynia #aij-ahc ,,pacuvius 7#bbj-acb7 #ahd ,c5sor%ip ( ,cato #ahc ,dea?s ( ,hannibal1 ,scipio & ,philopoem5 #agi ,t4 ,sempronius ,grac*us 9 ,spa9 ,w> ( ,antio*us & ,egypt #agb-afh #aga-afh ,?ird ,mac$onian ,w> 7,p]seus7 #afh ,battle ( ,pydna 7,aemilius ,paulus7 ,judas ,maccabaeus 7a treaty ) ,rome1 #afa7 #aff-afa ,,t]5ce 7#ahe-aei7 ,egypt accepts ! protectorate ( ,rome #adi-adf ,?ird ,punic ,w> 7,scipio ,africanus ,m9or7 ,de/ruction ( ,c>?age ,,lucilius 7#ahj-ajc7 #adh-adf ,w> ) ,&riscus 7! pseudo-,philip7 & ! ,a*aeans4 ,de/ruction ( ,cor9? 7,mummius7 #adh ,mac$onia made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#d7 ,illyricum made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#e7 #adi-adj ,w> ) ,viria?us1 ! ,lusitanian ,h]o ,judaea free f ,syrian control 7,simon ,maccabaeus7 #adb #adc-acc ,numant9e ,w> #acc ,de/ruction ( ,numantia 7,scipio ,africanus ,m9or7 ,accius 7c4 #agj-ij7 ,roman ,prov9ce 9 ,spa9 7#g7 ,a*aia made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#h7 #acc ,attalus ,,iii bequea?s ! ,k+dom ( ,p]gamum to ,rome4 ,?is becomes ! ,roman ,prov9ce ( ,asia 7#i7 ---------------------------------------- ,,"p ,,vi4--,,p]iod ,,( ,,civil ,,/rife ,,9 ,,italy1 ,,etc4 #acc-dd ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #acc-aba ,attempt$ re=ms 7,leges ,semproniae7 ( ! ,grac*i #acc ,agr>ian ,law ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us ,john ,hyrcanus subdues ,idumea & ,sam>ia #abi ,murd] ( ,tib4 ,grac*us 7,p4 ,scipio ,nasica7 ,fir/ civil blood%$ 9 ,rome #aca ,two plebeian ,consuls 7! fir/ "t7 #abi ,dea? ( ,scipio ,africanus ,m9or 7,c>bo suspect$7 #abc-b ,tribunate ( ,c4 ,grac*us ,roman ,colony s5t to ,c>?age #abc #aba ,dea? ( ,c4 ,grac*us ,conque/ ( ,s4 ,gaul4 ,prov9ce ( ,n>bon5sis 7#aj7 ,mi?ridates 7,pontus7 #abj-fc ,afranius 7fl4 #ajj7 #aah ,dea? ( ,micipsa1 ,k+ ( ,numidia #aaa-ajf ,! ,jugur?9e ,w> 7,metellus1 ,m>ius1 ,sulla7 ,conque/s ( ,mi?ridates on ! ,black ,sea #aab-aaj #ajf ,jugur?a betray$ to ,sulla #aje ,! ,cimbrians defeat ! ,romans at ,arausio #ajb ,m>ius defeats ,teutones at ,aquae ,sextiae #aja ,m>ius 7) ,catulus7 defeats ,cimbri at ,v]cellae #ajj ,m>ius ,consul a six? "t ,sulla on ! ,euphrates #ib #ia ,tribunate ( ,m4 ,livius ,drusus #ia-ha ,! ,social or ,m>sic ,w> ,tigranes 7,arm5ia7 #ie-fj #ij ,lex ,iulia1 grant+ ! civitas to ! ,italian ,/ates n 9 rebellion #hi ,battle ( ,asculum #hh-hf ,fir/ ,civil ,w> 7betwe5 ,m>ius & ,sulla7 ---------------------------------------- ,,p]iod ,,ii4--,,! ,,gold5 ,,age ,,( ,,lat9 ,,lit]ature1 #hj ,b4,c4-#ad ,a4,d4 ---------------------------------------- #hh ,sulla occupies ,rome4 ,fir/ invasion ( ,rome by a ,roman army #hg-hd ,c9nan revolution4 ,m>ius' reign ( t]ror #hh-hd ,fir/ ,mi?ridatic ,w>4 7,sulla7 #hh ,massacre ( ,romans 9 ,asia #hf ,victory at ,*a]onea4 ,sulla takes ,a!ns ,dea? ( ,m>ius #he ,victory at ,or*om5us ,tigranes at w> ) ,rome #hf-he ,,lucretius 7#ig-ec7 #hd ,peace ( ,d>danus ) ,mi?ridates #hc-hb ,second ,civil ,w> 7betwe5 ,m>ius & ,sulla7 #hb ,dea? ( ! y\ng] ,m>ius4 ,sulla ,felix #hc-ha ,! ,sullan ,proscriptions ,second ,mi?ridatic ,w> 7,mur5a7 ,pompeius 9 ,africa3 triumphs z an ,eques #ha #ha-gi ,sulla ,dictator4 ,leges ,corneliae #hj ,cilicia made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#aa7 #gh ,dea? ( ,sulla #gh-gb ,w> ) ,s]torius 9 ,spa9 7,pompeius7 ,ph>isees supreme 9 ,judaea #gh ,sis5na 7fl4 #gh7 #ge ,mi?ridates 9 alliance ) ,s]torius #gd ,bi?ynia made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#ab7 ,nicom$es leaves ,bi?ynia to ,rome #ge ,,v>ro 7#aaf-bg7 #gb ,betrayal & murd] ( ,s]torius #gc-ga ,w> ) ,sp>tacus & 8 gladiators #ga ,dea? ( ,sp>tacus 7,crassus & ,pompeius7 #gd-fc ,?ird ,mi?ridatic ,w> 7,lucullus1 ,pompeius7 #gb ,victory ( ,cabira 7,pontus74 ,lucullus re=ms ! prov9ce ( ,asia 7h5ce unpopul> ) ,equites7 ,,catullus 7#hd-ed7 #gj ,fir/ ,consul%ip ( ,pompeius & ,crassus ,ov]?r[ ( ! ,sullan ,con/itution #fi ,victory at ,tigranoc]ta 7capital ( ,arm5ia7 ,,nepos 7#ajj-bd7 #fg ,mut9y ( ,lucullus' soldi]s4 ,mi?ridates recov]s ,pontus ,rome int]f]es 9 ,pale/9e #fe ,,sallu/ 7#hf-cd7 ,lex ,gab9ia4 ,pompeius de/roys ! ,pirates #ff ,lex ,manilia4 ,lucullus sup]s$$ by ,pompeius ,victory ( ,nicopolis 7,arm5ia74 ,peace ) ,tigranes ,,cic]o 7#ajf-dc7 #fd ,syria made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#ac7 #fc ,pompeius takes ,j]usalem ,dea? 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( ,agricola 7fa!r-9-law ( ,tacitus7 ,,qu9tilian 7c4 #ce-ie7 #if-ih ,,n]va ,,front9us 7c4 #da-ajc7 ,,/atius 7ob4 #ie7 #ih-aaf ,,trajan ,greate/ ext5t ( ,roman ,empire ,,tacitus 7c4 #ee-abj7 ,,pl9y ,,ii4 7#fa-aac7 ,,silius 7#be-aja7 ,,m>tial 7c4 #dj-ajb7 #aag-ach ,,hadrian ,hadrian's wall #aba ,,florus 7fl4 #acg7 ,,juv5al 7c4 #ee-ach7 #ach-afj ,,anton9us ,,pius ,,suetonius 7c4 #ge-afj7 ,,ju/9us 7c4 #aej7 #afa-ahj ,,m>cus ,,aurelius ,wall ( ,anton9e #adj ,a4 ,,gellius 7fl4 #afi7 ---------------------------------------- ,,p]iod ,,iv4--,,! ,,lat] ,,empire1 ,,f #aag ,a4,d4 ---------------------------------------- #bgd-ccg ,,con/ant9e ,,! ,,great ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea #cbe ,,nemesianus 7fl4 #bhd7 ,,t]4 ,,maurus 7c4 #cjj7 ,,ausonius 7fl4 #cgi7 #cie-adec ,byzant9e ,empire ,romans leave ,brita9 #dji-dbj #djh-daj ,al>ic ! ,go? at ,rome 7,/ili*o7 ,h5gi/ & ,horsa 7,k5t7 #ddi ,,eutropius 7fl4 #cge7 ,,claudian 7fl4 #djj7 #dea ,attila ! ,hun defeat$ at ,*alons ,con/ant9ople tak5 by ,turks #adec #dee ,g5s]ic ! ,v&al at ,rome ,augu/9e 7#ced-dcj7 ,,prud5tius 7fl4 #djd7 #dgf ,odoac] at ,rome4 ,we/]n ,empire ends ,rutilius 7fl4 #daf7 ,,index ,! numb]s ref] to pages ?r\gh\t4 ,ablative ,absolute1 #ab1 #eh ,aegates ,insulae1 battle (f1 #aad ,alban ,lake1 its rise1 #gi ,alesia1 siege (1 #bjb ,allia1 battle ( !1 #ha1 #hb ,analysis1 help ?r\gh1 #f1 #bc1 #dg ,&riscus1 w> )1 #aef ,antio*us1 8 ov]?r[1 #adi ,antonius1 attack$ by ,cic]o1 #bcj2 causes ! murd] ( ,cic]o1 #bcj1 #bcb ,appius ,claudius1 8 spee* aga9/ peace ) ,pyrrhus1 #ajb ,aquae ,sextiae1 ,teutones annihilat$ at1 #afd ,ar*elaus1 defeat$ at ,*a]onea1 #agb2 at ,or*om5us1 #agc ,ar*im$es1 8 eng9e]+ skill1 #acg2 ! ,tomb ( ,ar*im$es1 #ed ,arp9um1 bir?place ( ,cic]o & ,m>ius1 #afc ,asculum 7,apulia71 battle (1 #ajc ,asculum 7,pic5um71 outbreak ( ,social ,w> at1 #ajh2 battle ne>1 #afi ,b5ev5tum1 battle ne>1 #ajc ,bovianum1 battle (1 #ih ,caes>1 p]sonal appe>ance & physical p[]s1 #ahf2 captur$ by pirates1 /udies oratory at ,rhodes1 #ahg2 curule a$ile1 propraetor1 #aib2 fir/ triumvirate1 consul1 #aie2 campaigns 9 ,gaul & ,brita91 #aif-bjb2 civil w> ) ,pompeius1 #bji-bbd2 d9es ) ,cic]o1 #bbe2 8 dea?1 #bbf2 8 "*1 #bbg-bbi2 life (1 #bic-bif ,camillus1 capture ( ,veii1 #hj2 deliv]s ,rome f ! ,gauls1 #he2 /ays migration to ,veii1 #hf ,capua1 ! revolt & puni%m5t (1 #acc1 #acd ,c>rhae1 battle (1 #bjf1 #bjg ,c>?age1 its f\ndation1 #aji2 ! build+ (1 #aaj2 w>s betwe5 ,rome &1 #ajh-adf2 de/ruction (1 #aee ,cassivellaunus1 submission (1 to ,caes>1 #aii ,catil9e1 8 conspiracy1 #aic2 8 end1 #aid ,cato ,major1 8 "*1 #aea1 #aeb2 life (1 #bif ,cato ,utic5sis1 8 "*1 #bbd2 8 dea?1 #bbc ,caud9e ,=ks1 ! ,romans entrapp$ & s5t "u ! yoke1 #ie1 #if ,*a]onea1 battle (1 #agb ,cic]o1 8 fir/ & only campaign1 #afi2 impea*es ,v]res1 #ahh2 spee* aga9/ ,catil9e1 #aic2 8 bani%m5t & return1 #bjc1 #bjd2 8 recantation1 #bje2 gov]nor ( ,cilicia1 #bjh2 spee* aga9/ ,antonius1 #bcj2 8 dea?1 #bcb2 8 "*1 #bca1 #bcc2 life (1 #big-cjj ,c9c9natus1 call$ f ! pl\gh1 #gd ,claudius ,pul*]1 8 defeat (f ,drepana1 #aac ,cognates1 #d1 #e1 #dd1 #de1 #bfg-h ,coll9e ,gate1 battle at !1 #agd ,comp\nd ,words1 #c-e ,conjunctions1 #bgd-f ,cor9?1 de/ruction (1 #aef ,coriolanus & 8 "m ,veturia1 #gb ,corvus1 ,m4 ,val]ius1 h]o ( ,mt4 ,gaurus1 #ia ,cossus1 ,a4 ,cornelius1 w9s spolia opima1 #gg ,crassus1 memb] ( ,fir/ ,triumvirate1 #aie2 8 defeat at ,c>rhae1 #bjf1 #bjg ,crem]a 7,riv]71 ,fabii de/roy$ at !1 #gc ,cynoscephalae1 battle (1 #adg ,d>danus1 peace (1 #agc ,decius ,magius1 8 defiance ( ,hannibal1 #acc ,decius ,mus 7! eld]71 8 self-sacrifice at battle ( ,mt4 ,vesuvius1 #ib ,decius ,mus 7! y\ng]71 8 self-sacrifice at battle ( ,s5t9um1 #ii ,d5tatus1 ,m'4 ,curius1 an old-"t ,roman1 #aje ,drepana1 battle (f1 #aac ,drusus1 ,m4 ,livius1 8 tribune%ip1 #afg ,duilius1 8 naval victory ne> ,mylae1 #aab ,dyrra*ium1 ,caes>'s l9es ( circumvallation1 #baf2 plan (1 opposite #baf ,elissa 7,dido71 f\ndress ( ,c>?age1 #aji ,engli% ,d]ivatives1 help ?r\gh1 #a1 #b1 #ba1 #bi1 #cj ,fabii1 de/ruction (1 #gc ,fabius ,maximus ,cunctator1 8 "*1 #abg2 & 8 ,ma/] ( ! ,horse1 #abh ,fabricius ! ,j1 #aja ,flam99us proclaims ! fre$om ( ,greece1 #adh ,flam9ius1 8 defeat at ,lake ,trasim5e1 #abd-abf2 8 dea?1 #abf ,floralia1 orig9 (1 #hh ,fr5* ,d]ivatives1 help ?r\gh1 #b1 #c1 #bi1 #cj ,gaurus 7,m\nt71 battle (1 #ia ,g]govia1 siege (1 #bja ,grac*i1 ,!1 #afj1 #afa ,hannibal1 8 oa?1 #aae2 8 "*1 #aaf1 #aag2 lays siege to ,saguntum1 #aah2 8 dream & its int]pretation1 #aai2 8 m>* f ,spa9 to ,italy1 #abj-abb2 8 victory at ! ,trebia1 #abc2 at ,lake ,trasim5e1 #abd-abf2 at ,cannae1 #abi1 #acj2 ! advice ( ,mah>bal1 #aca2 at ,capua1 #acc1 #acd2 leaves ,italy1 #add2 8 ov]?r[ at ,zama1 #ade1 #adf2 8 dea?1 #aej ,hasdrubal1 8 defeat & dea? at ! ,metaurus1 #adc ,h]aclea1 battle (1 #ajj ,horatius ,cocles1 8 def5ce ( ! ,sublician bridge1 #fg1 #fh ,jugur?a1 8 betrayal1 #afb ,lepidus1 ,m4 ,aemilius1 spee* aga9/ ,sulla1 #agh ,l]ida1 campaign r\nd1 #bac ,liciuius1 fir/ plebeian consul1 #hg ,lucullus1 "* & e>ly c>e]1 #aha2 8 weal?1 #ahb2 surnam$ ,ponticus1 #ahd ,lutatius1 8 victory (f ! ,aegates ,insulae1 #aad ,magnesia1 battle (1 #adi ,mah>bal urges ,hannibal to advance on ,rome1 #aca ,manlius ,capitol9us1 8 fate1 #hd ,manilus1 ,l41 & 8 son ,torquatus1 #hi ,m>cellus saves ,nola f ,hannibal1 #ace2 8 lam5t ov] ,syracuse1 #ach2 8 dea?1 #aci ,m>ius1 ,cic]o on1 #afc2 annihilates ,teutones at ,aquae ,sextiae1 #afd2 sev5 times consul1 #afe2 outliv$ 8 fame1 #afe ,m>ius ! ,y\ng]1 dea? (1 #age ,massilia1 siege (1 #bad ,m55ius ,agrippa1 h>angues ! ,plebs1 #ga ,metaphors1 #ac1 #ad ,metaurus1 ,n]o's m>* to !1 #adb2 battle ( !1 #adc ,mi?ridates1 8 y\? & e>ly tra9+1 #aga2 8 prep>ations = conque/1 #aga ,mucius 7,scaevola71 loss ( 8 "r h&1 #fi ,mummius ,a*aicus de/roys ,cor9?1 #aef ,mylae1 naval battle ne>1 #aab ,n]o1 8 m>* to ! ,metaurus1 #adb2 8 victory ov] ,hasdrubal1 #adc ,n]vii1 ,!1 ov]?r[n by ,caes>1 #aif ,numantia de/roy$1 #aeh ,numa ,pompilius1 #fb ,ord] ( words 9 ,lat91 #i1 #aj ,papirius ,cursor & 8 ,ma/] ( ! ,horse1 #id ,p>allelism1 use (1 9 ,ovid1 #bg ,p>ataxis1 use (1 9 ,ovid1 #bf ,p>ticiples1 h[ to translate1 #aa1 #ab ,passive 9 ,engli% = ,lat9 ,active1 #aa ,paulus ,l4 ,aemilius1 8 victory at ,pydna1 #aec1 #aed ,p]iod1 !1 #g-i ,p]seus1 ,k+ ( ,mac$on1 8 ov]?r[1 #aec1 #aed ,ph>salus1 battle (1 #bag-bai2 plan (1 opposite #bah ,philip1 ,k+ ( ,mac$on1 8 ov]?r[1 #adg ,philopoem51 dea? (1 #aej ,phrases = ,lat9 ,prose ,composition1 #de ,pompeius1 "* & c>e] to #ff ,b4,c41 #ahe2 campaign aga9/ ! pirates & ,mi?ridates1 #ahi-aia2 coalition ) ,caes>1 #aie2 civil w> ) ,caes>1 #bji-bbb2 dream on ! eve ( ,ph>salus1 #bag2 ill-advis$ at ,ph>salus1 #bah2 8 dea?1 #bbj2 ,cato's eulogy on1 #bba2 8 grave1 #bbb ,pors5na1 ,l>s1 attack ^u ,rome1 #fg-fi ,prefixes1 #d1 #bb1 #bgg-bha ,punctuation a help to translation1 #f ,pydna1 battle (1 #aec1 #aed ,pyrrhus1 8 aims1 #ajj2 defeats ! ,romans at ,h]aclea1 #ajj2 victori\s at ,asculum b r\t$ ne> ,b5ev5tum1 #ajc2 8 dea? & eulogy1 #ajd ,regillus1 ,lake1 battle (1 #gj ,regulus1 8 embassy1 #aaa ,res1 diff]5t mean+s (1 #aa1 #cc-cd1 #da ,rome1 position (1 #fe ,romulus1 ! pass+ (1 #fa ,rutilius1 defeat & dea? (1 #afi ,sacriportus1 battle (1 #agd ,saguntum1 siege (1 #aah ,scansion & ,metre1 a help to translation1 #f ,scipio ,major1 prev5ts ,nobles f ab&on+ ,italy1 #aca2 8 "*1 #adj2 takes ,new ,c>?age1 #ada2 8 victory at ,zama1 #ade1 #adf2 8 dea?1 #aej ,scipio ,m9or1 de/roys ,c>?age1 #ace2 ,numantia1 #aeh ,s5t9um1 battle (1 #ii ,s]torius1 & 8 ,fawn1 #agi2 8 c>e] & dea?1 #ahj ,sp>tacus1 w> )1 #ahc ,/yle1 helps to1 #ac1 #ad ,suffixes1 #d1 #bhb-bhf ,sulla1 8 "* & be>+1 #agj2 8 proscriptions1 #age2 8 brilliant tactics at ,*a]onea1 #agb2 capture ( ,a!ns & ! ,piraeus1 #agc2 victory at ,or*om5us1 #agc2 concludes peace ) ,mi?ridates1 #agc2 defeats ,m>ians at ,sacriportus1 #agd2 & at battle ( ! ,coll9e ,gate1 #agd2 surnam$ ,felix1 #age2 dictator1 abdication & dea?1 #agf2 8 legislation1 #agg ,syracuse1 description (1 #acf2 siege & fall (1 #acg1 #ach ,t>5tum1 ,horace 9 praise (1 #ajf ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1 pur*ase ( ! ,sibyll9e books1 #fc ,t>qu9ius1 ,sextus1 at ,gabii1 #fd ,teutones1 annihilat$ at ,aquae ,sextiae1 #afd ,!rmopylae1 battle (1 #adi ,translation1 helps to1 #e-ab ,trasim5e1 battle (1 #abd-abf ,trebia1 battle at1 #abc ,veii1 conque/ (1 #hj ,v5eti1 naval battle )1 #aig ,v]c+etorix1 ,gallic ris+ "u1 #bjj2 8 la/ fight1 #bjb ,v]g9ia1 ! consequ5ces ( h] dea?1 #gf ,v]res1 prosecut$ by ,cic]o1 #ahh ,vesuvius1 ,m\nt1 battle (1 #ib1 #ic ,viria?us1 w> )1 #aeg ,vocabul>y1 helps to1 #a-e ,v[el *anges ( ,v]bs1 #c-d ,zama1 battle (1 #ade1 #adf ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,,london ,,& ,,eton4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,=mat ( ,e-,text ,9 ,app5dixes ,i-,,iv1 boldface m>kup ( ,lat9 words & ^w elem5ts 0 omitt$ = readability4 ,engli% translations reta9 _! italic m>kup4 ,9 ! ,demon/rations1 s5t5ce breaks 7 m>k$ ) 9 ! body text correspond+ to ,roman num]als 9 ! m>g94 ,^! num]als are %[n betwe5 pair$ l9es z ,,iv1 or 9 braces ,,iv :5 ! l9es 7 n us$4 ,int]nal ref]5ces us+ page numb]s are supplem5t$ 9 d\ble brackets z ,selection ,c#ag or ,introduction #f 7#b74 ,l9e ,numb]s ,read+ passages 7 pr9t$ ) m>g9al l9e numb]s />t+ f #a at ! top ( ea* page4 ,a page might conta9 "o or m selections1 b read+s nev] cross$ page breaks4 ,l9e numb]s h be5 v>i\sly h&l$3 ,all m>k+s ( l9e #a 7 omitt$4 ,9 ! six ,demon/rations1 l9e numb]s are n us$ 9 ! explanatory text1 s !y 7 omitt$4 ,9 ! ,miscellane\s ,passages1 :i* h no l95otes1 l9e numb]s 7 omitt$ 9 all prose & 9 ! %ort] v]se selections4 ,9 prose passages label$ ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 l9e numb]s by multiples ( #e 7 pr9t$ 9 ! m>g94 ,!y are %[n "h 9 braces )9 ! body text4 ,:]e a ^w 0 split at l9e break1 ! numb] comes aft] ! complete ^w4 ,9 v]se passages1 l9es h be5 r5umb]$ to mat* ! actual l9e numb]s z cit$ 9 ! text4 ,selections f ! ,hallam edition ( ,ovid's ,fa/i 7see bel[7 are numb]$ f #a )9 ea* passage4 ,any cross-ref]5ces conta9+ l9e numb]s h be5 correspond+ly *ang$4 ,! ,hallam ,edition ( ,ovid's ,fa/i ,?is expurgat$ edition 0 produc$ 9 #ahhb = ! use ( boys at ,h>r[4 ,hallam's ,preface says3 ,i h cut out all passages unfit = a boy to read1 & r5umb]$ all ! l9es 9 text & ref]5ces1 & x seem$ be/ n to put ! old numb]+ side by side ) ! new1 except 9 ! ,grammatical ,app5dices4 ,x has be5 necess>y to alt] ! text1 ?\gh v slightly1 9 ab\t six places4 ,9 "s books1 cuts are sub/antial3 ii4 #gja-gaj 7read+ ,d#e;,b1 page #fd7 is #edc-eeb 9 ,hallam4 ,= ?is e-text1 ! orig9al l9e numb] is %[n 9 d\ble brackets aft] ! cit$ ,hallam numb]2 :5 ! orig9al numb] 0 us$1 ! ,hallam numb] is %[n 9 ! same way4 ,errata 7not$ by transcrib]7 ,,cont5ts #adi ,a4 444 ,front9us1 ,/rat4 ii4 #d ii4 #d4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,au?ors ,livy1 #cb1 #dj 444 #bdf1 #bfe #bfe1 ,,introduction ,satan exalt$ sat4' f9al ' miss+ #ac4 ,additional ,h9ts4 f9al 4 miss+ ,,demon/rations ,i3 ,table 444 subsidio misit4 4 miss+ ,,ii3 ev5 al?\gh text un*ang$ ,,iii3 ,p4 ,corn4 ,sulla1 ! ,praetor1 f9al comma miss+ dimidia ,rtm$-1 mid- middle mid-1 ,,vi3 cyl9dro a cyl9d]1 kul9dros4 4 = 1 ,footnote #ai3 ,also ! bir?place ( ,m>ius4 ,cf4 p4 #afc4 p 7= page7 invisible ,,translation ,,passages ,d#i ,l95ote #bd4 444 ,plung$ headlong 9 ! tide4 --,macaulay mismat*$ close quote at end ,d#bc;,b ,l95ote #bj 444 ,cf4 ! ,saxon ,*ronicle4 f9al 4 miss+ ,d#bd ,l95ote #bc4 #cb ,d#cj ,l95ote #aa4 444 spectator1 umpire4 f9al 4 miss+ ,d#cc;,a ,l95ote #d4 cui1 i4e4 f9al 4 miss+ ,d#dc ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,! ,,t>5t9es ,,& ,,pyrrhus4 7#c74 clos+ 7 miss+ ,c#ai ,footnote #cb3 ,see p4 #abd1 l4 #b1 note4 p1 #abd ,c#bd;,b ,p>allel ,passage4 1 = 4 ,c#bg;,b ,l95ote #ai4 444 ,cf4 our 'comm]cial travell]s4' clos+ ' miss+ ,c#bh ,context4 ,! plebs 9 ,nola 444 extrane\s op5 quote at ',!444 ,c#ca ,l95ote #bb4 =mis 444 l9e numb] miss+ ,c#dc ,l95ote #ah4 444 79 c>c]e1 l4 #ai7 l4 #bc ,b#f ,audi]atque pav5s3 ,fas haec cont+]e non e/ ' = 444 vanum depone furorem4 clos+ miss+ ,b#i;,a ,l95ote #g4 444 ! solemn fe/ival fe/vial ,b#ag;,b ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #gg4 ,,seutonius ,b#cf ,l95ote #ba4 #ai ,b#dj ,caes> ,9 ,brita94 pr9t$ z if note to 7nonexi/5t7 l9e #bd ,b#df ,l95ote #ai-bj4 ut imp]i 444 extremum spell+ un*ang$3 body text has imp]ii ,b#ea qui si improbasset syllable im cross$ out by h&3 read+s ( ?is passage include bo? probasset & 97im-7probasset ,b#fc ,cato ,utic5sis4 444 ',victrix causa 444 ,catoni4' --,w4 ,f4 op5+ ' miss+ ,,miscellane\s ,,passages ,,s5eca1 ,m$ea #ibj4 passage is m (t5 numb]$ #ica ,,/atius1 ,silvae1 ,,iii4 ii4 #a-bj1 #db-ec1 #fa-ff4 ,,ii4 ii4 ,,p]sius1 ,sat4 v4 #ai-be1 #cj-dj4 text %[n z pr9t$3 passage quot$ is ll4 #cj-dj ,,&rom$a 7#b7 ,b4 4 miss+ ,tibullus3 ,bir?day ,wi%es4 ,b4 f9al 4 miss+ ,trimal*io's ,supp] ,b4 'quod dix]o 444 ,numquid alius scit hanc condituram vitreorum8 ,vide modo4 ,po/quam negavit1 iussit illum ,caes> decoll>i2 quia enim1 si scitum esset1 aurum pro luto hab]emus4' z pr9t$3 'quod dix]o 444 ',numquid alius scit hanc condituram vitreorum8' ,vide modo4 ,po/quam negavit1 iussit illum ,caes> decoll>i2 quia enim1 si scitum esset1 aurum pro luto hab]emus4 ,,m>tialis ,,apophoreta 7#b74 ,,ix ,catella ,gallicana4 1 = 4 ,,app5dixes ,v ,,livy1 xxii4 #f3 ',en' inquit 'hic 444 fo$e civium dabo4 clos+ ' miss+ ,,vi ,sallu/3 ,8 /yle is1 h[ev] ',8 /yle ,,app5dix ,,vii 7,*ronological ,outl9es7 ,c>?ag9ian victory at ,drepana ,ca?ag9ian #adi-adf ,b4,c43 ,de/ruction ( ,c>?age #adh ,b4,c43 ,mac$onia made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#d7 ,illyricum made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#e7 #acc ,b4,c43 ,roman ,prov9ce 9 ,spa9 7#g7 ,a*aia made a ,roman ,prov9ce 7#h7 ,prov9ce #f is miss+4 ,by ?is text's numb]+1 ,africa 7#adf ,,bc7 %\ld h be5 #d1 ) ,mac$onia & ,illyricum z #e & #f4 ,wall ( ,anton9e text un*ang$ ,text %[n 9 braces is conjectural4 ,9 ! pr9t$ book1 ! rightmo/ "p ( "s pages 0 lo/ 9 ! gutt]4 ,,romulus4 ,roman ,s5ate ( #bjj4 ,spolia opima 7#a7 ,,s]vius ,,tullius4 ,! ,c5sus1 basis ( ,comitia ,c5turiata4 ,! ,s]vian ,wall includes ! ,quir9al 444 ,,t>qu9ius ,,sup]bus4 ,conque/ ( ,gabii4 ,tyranny lead+ to expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s & abolition ( ! mon>*y ,two new ,tables4 7,appius ,claudius7 444 result+ 9 ! ,val]io-,horatian ,laws ,,index ,mummius ,a*aicus de/roys ,cor9?1 #aef 1 miss+