,preservation ,department ,digital ,library7 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the real 7,unicode_/,,utf-#h7 version of the file4 ,greek--usually in word derivations--has been transliterated and shown between marks4 ,vowels with macron 7long mark7 have a circumflex accent instead4 ,vowels with breve 7short mark1 not common7 have been unpacked and shown in brackets1 as is long y3 -y 7,a 7,e 444 7a 7e 7i 7-i anceps vowel1 either long or short ,the root and therefore 7three dots7 symbols are shown as ,rt and therefore4 ,reversed ,c is ,c 7in the numeral ,,ci,c ,m74 ,except for ,linenotes1 ,footnotes and the symbols noted above1 all single brackets are in the original4 ,double brackets and braces were added by the transcriber4 ,in some passages1 individual letters or syllables within a word were printed in boldface4 ,these are shown with braces as facio4 ,elsewhere1 boldface is shown with marks4 ,other aspects of formatting1 including line numbers1 are detailed at the end of the e-text4 ,,helps ,,to ,,latin ,,translation ,,at ,,sight by the ,,rev4 ,,edmund ,,luce ,with an ,introductory ,note by the ,,rev4 ,,the ,,hon4 ,e4 ,,lyttelton1 ,m4,a4 ,headmaster of ,eton ',tu regere imperio populos1 ,romane1 memento2 ,hae tibi'erunt artes2 pacisque imponere morem4 ,parcere subiectis1 et debellare superbos4' ,,vergil1 ,aeneid1 vi4 #hea #c ',fecisti patriam diversis gentibus unam1 ,profuit iniustis te dominante capi4 ,dumque offers victis proprii consortia iuris1 ,urbem fecisti quod prius orbis erat4' ,,rutilius1 i4 #fc-f ,,eton ,,college ,,spottiswoode ,,co41 ,,limited #aijh ,all rights reserved ,,introductory ,,note ,whatever controversies may be astir as to the precise objects of a classical training1 it will hardly be disputed that if that teaching has been successful the pupils will sooner or later be able to make out an ordinary passage of 'unseen' ,latin or ,greek4 ,it is a test to which the purely linguistic teacher must obviously defer3 while the master1 who aims at imparting knowledge of the subject-matter must acknowledge1 if his boys flounder helplessly in unprepared extracts1 that they could have learnt about ancient life better through translations4 ,in1 addition to the value of unseen translation1 as a test of teaching it constitutes an admirable thinking exercise4 ,but so numerous are the various books of extracts already published that ,i should have seen nothing to be gained from the appearance of a new one like the present volume were it not1 as far as ,i know1 different in two important respects from others4 ,it contains six ,demonstrations of how sentences are to be attacked3 and further1 the passages are chosen so that if a boy works through the book he can hardly fail to gain some outline knowledge of ,roman ,republican history4 ,as to the ,demonstrations1 their value will be evident if it is realised that failure in this sort of translation means failure to analyse3 to split up1 separate1 distinguish the component parts of an apparently jumbled but really ordered sentence4 ,a beginner must learn to trust the solvent with which we supply him2 and the way to induce him to trust it is to show it to him at work4 ,that is what a ,demonstration will do if only the learner will give it a fair chance4 ,in regard to the historical teaching contained in the extracts1 there can be little doubt that the present tendency of classical teaching is towards emphasising the subject-matter as well as the language4 ,it is felt that as training in political principles the reading of ,greek and ,roman authors offers unique advantages1 such as many ,english boys can appreciate1 who are deaf to the literary appeal4 ,the choice therefore of historical extracts in chronological order is an attempt to recognise both the two great aims of classical teaching at once4 ,at any rate there is no reason to suppose that the linguistic exercise is in any way impaired by being combined with a little history4 ,i should like to direct attention also to the notes given on the extracts1 and the purpose they are meant to serve4 ,if no notes had been given some of the passages which are important or interesting historically would have been found too difficult for the boys for whom they are intended4 ,moreover1 most of the notes concern the historical aspect of the extract to which they belong1 and are part of the scheme by which the subject-matter of the passage is emphasised4 ,although the passages themselves are not strictly graduated1 the help given in translation becomes less and less as the boy goes through the book2 and it is obvious that those extracts which illustrate the later periods of ,roman ,history will be found more difficult than the legends and stories which belong to an earlier age4 ,in cases where no help at all is desired1 the ,miscellaneous ,passages 7which are without notes7 may be used4 ,e4 ,,lyttelton4 ,,eton3 ,april #aijh4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,the aim of the present book is to help boys to translate at sight4 ,of the many books of unseen translation in general use few exhibit continuity of plan as regards the subject-matter1 or give any help beyond a short heading4 ,the average boy1 unequal to the task before him1 is forced to draw largely upon his own invention1 and the master1 in correcting written unseens1 has seldom leisure to do more than mark mistakes--a method of correction almost useless to the boy1 unless accompanied by full and careful explanation when the written work is given back4 ,now that less time is available for ,latin and ,greek1 new methods of teaching them must be adopted if they are to hold their own in our public schools4 ,when ,lord ,dufferin could say1 ',i am quite determined1 so far as care and forethought can prevent it1 that the ten best years of my boy's life shall not be spent 7as mine were7 in nominally learning two dead languages without being able to translate an ordinary paragraph from either without the aid of a dictionary2' and ,dr4 ,reid could write1 ',it is not too much to say that a large number of boys pass through our schools without ever dreaming that an ancient writer could pen three consecutive sentences with a connected meaning3 chaos is felt to be natural to ancient literature3 no search is made for sense1 and the ,latin or ,greek book is looked upon as a more or less fortuitous concourse of words2' when ,dr4 ,rouse can assert1 ',the public schoolboy at nineteen is unable to read a simple ,latin or ,greek book with ease1 or to express a simple series of thoughts without atrocious blunders3 he has learnt from his classics neither accuracy nor love of beauty and truth'--it is obvious that1 for the average boy1 the system of perfunctorily prepared set-books and dashed-off unseens is a failure4 ,the experience of every teacher who is also an examiner1 and who has had to deal with public schoolboys1 will confirm this2 but during twenty-five years' teaching and examining of boys in almost every stage1 ,i have found that translation at sight1 taught upon the plan of this book1 not only produces a good result1 but teaches a boy how to grapple with the bare text of a ,latin author better than the habitual practice of translating at sight without any help at all4 ,if the average boy is to be taught how to translate1 his interest must be awakened and sustained1 and the standard of routine work made as high as possible4 ,the clever boys are1 as a rule1 well provided for2 but1 even for them1 the methods of this book have been found to be the shortest road to accuracy and style in translation4 ,moreover by this means they have gained a firsthand acquaintance with ,latin literature and the sources of ,roman history4 ,it is impossible here to enter into 'the question of the close and striking correspondence between the history1 the literature1 and the language of ,rome4 ,it was not until the history of ,rome threw its mantle over her poetry that the dignity of the poet was recognised and acknowledged4 4 4 4 ,in the same way the life of the ,roman people is closely bound up with the prose records1 and the phenomena of the ,roman ,empire lend a human interest to all representative ,roman writers4'#a ,considerations of this kind form a sufficient justification of the method here adopted of employing the historical records of ,rome as a basis of teaching4 ,in this book the ,introduction 7pp4 #a-ad7 is written to teach a boy how to arrive at the meanings of words 7,helps to ,vocabulary1 pp4 #a-e72 how to find out the thought of a sentence through analysis and a knowledge of the order of words in ,latin 7,helps to-,translation1 pp4 #e-ab72 how to reproduce in good ,english the exact meaning and characteristics of his author 7,helps to ,style1 pp4 #ac-ad74 ,in the ,demonstrations 7pp4 #ae-eh7 the boy is taught to notice all allusions that give him a clue to the sense of the passage1 to grapple with the difficulties of construction1 to break up sentences1 and to distinguish between the principal and the subordinate thoughts both in prose and verse4 ,the ,passages have been carefully selected1 and contain accounts of nearly all the important events and illustrious men of the period of history to which they belong4 ,they are chronologically arranged and divided into six periods1 covering ,roman history from ,b4,c4 #gec to ,b4,c4 #dd1 leaving the ,augustan and subsequent period to be dealt with in a second volume4 ,the translation help given in the notes is carefully graduated4 ,the notes to ,parts ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 7marked ,d1 pp4 #fj-ajg7 are thus intended to help younger boys to deal with passages which would in some cases be too difficult for them2 less help in translation is given in ,parts ,,iv4 and ,v4 7marked ,c1 pp4 #ajh-aei72 while the notes to ,part ,,vi4 7marked ,b1 pp4 #afj-bcf7 are mainly concerned with historical explanation1 illustration1 or allusion4 ,the ,miscellaneous ,passages 7pp4 #bch-bga71 chosen for me by my brother-in-law1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,goodhart 7,assistant ,master at ,eton ,college71 are added to provide occasional passages in which no help is given4 ,it is hoped that these1 which deal with subjects of general interest1 and include a somewhat wide range of authors1 may give variety to the book1 and supply more verse passages than the historical character of the rest would admit4 ,for the sake of variety1 or to economise time1 some of the passages may be translated viva voce at the discretion of the master4 ,the ,appendices 7pp4 #bgd-cfc7 may be referred to when a boy finds himself in doubt about the value of a ,conjunction 7,i471 the force of a ,prefix 7,,ii471 the meaning of a ,suffix 7,,iii471 the ,life and ,times of his ,author 7,,vi471 or the historical significance of a date 7,,vii474 ,in ,appendix ,v4 a ,demonstration is given to show how a boy1 after sufficient practice in translation by the help of analysis1 may to some extent learn to think in ,latin1 and so to follow the ,latin order in arriving at the thought4 ,the important question of what maps should accompany the book will be best solved by providing each boy with a copy of ,murray's ,small ,classical ,atlas1 edited by ,g4 ,b4 ,grundy1 which will be found to be admirably adapted to the purpose4 ,by the kindness of ,mr4 ,john ,murray1 two plans 7,dyrrachium and ,pharsalus71 not at present included in the ,atlas1 have been specially drawn to illustrate passages on pp4 #baf and #bah1 and are placed opposite the text4 ,as far as possible ,i have acknowledged my indebtedness to the ,editors whose editions of the classics have been consulted4 ,for the historical explanations ,i am under special obligation to the histories of ,ihne and ,mommsen1 to the ',life of ,cicero' by the ,master of ,balliol1 and to the ',life of ,caesar' by ,mr4 ,warde ,fowler4 ,i have also to thank ,messrs4 ,macmillan for allowing me to quote from ,dr4 ,potts' ',aids to ,latin ,prose1' and from ,professor ,postgate's ,sermo ,latinus4 ,for the prose passages the best texts have been consulted1 while for ,livy1 ,weissenborn's text edited by ,mller 7#aijf7 has been followed throughout4 ,as regards the verse passages1 the text adopted is1 wherever possible1 that of ,professor ,postgate's recension of the ,corpus ,poetarum ,latinorum4 ,for the ,short ,lives ,i have found useful ',the ,student's ,companion to ,latin ,authors' 7,middleton and ,mills71 but ,i owe much more to the works of ,teuffel1 ,cruttwell1 ,sellar1 ,tyrrell1 and ,mackail4 ,the ,head ,master of ,eton1 besides expressing his approval of the book1 has kindly offered to write an ,introductory ,note4 ,he has also given me an exceptional opportunity of testing more than half the historical passages by allowing them to be used in proof1 until the book was ready1 for the weekly unseen translation in the three blocks of fifth form1 represented by the letters1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,the criticisms and suggestions made by ,classical ,masters at ,eton1 who have used the passages week by week1 have been very valuable1 and1 in particular1 my thanks are due to ,mr4 ,impey1 ,mr4 ,tatham1 ,mr4 ,macnaghten1 ,mr4 ,wells1 and ,mr4 ,ramsay4 ,my thanks are also due to the ,lower ,master1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,rawlins1 for kindly reading the ,,ms4 of the ,introduction1 ,demonstrations1 and ,appendices ,i4-,,iv41 and for giving me the benefit of his wide experience4 ,to my brother-in-law1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,goodhart1 ,i owe it that ,i undertook to write the book2 without his advice it would never have seen the light1 and he has given me most valuable help and encouragement at every stage4 ,as regards the choice of type and style of printing1 ,i owe a special debt of thanks to ,mr4 ,w4 ,hacklett 7manager of ,messrs4 ,spottiswoode's ,eton branch71 whose unceasing care and attention has been invaluable in seeing the book through the press4 ,i must also acknowledge the patience and skill of ,messrs4 ,spottiswoode's ,london staff in carrying out the many alterations which ,i have found to be inseparable from the task of bringing each passage and its notes into the compass of a single page4 ,in conclusion ,i should like to say that it has been my aim throughout to adhere to what is best in ,roman literature1 and to omit passages the choice of which can only be justified by regarding their literary form apart from their moral value4 ,latin literature contains so much that is at once excellent in style and noble in thought that it seems a grave mistake to exalt the one at the expense of the other4 ,maxima debetur puero reverentia4 ,,edmund ,,luce4 ,,windsor3 ,april #aijh4 ,footnote #a3 ,the late ,professor ,goodhart4 ,,contents ,,page ,introductory ,note v ,editor's ,preface vii ,list ,of ,passages ,for ,translation xv ,index ,of ,authors xxiii ,,introduction4 ,,how ,,to ,,translate ,,at ,,sight #a-ad ,i4 ,helps to ,,vocabulary #a-e ,,ii4 ,helps to ,,translation #e-ab ,,iii4 ,helps to ,,style #ac-ad ,,demonstrations ,,in ,,unseen ,,translation #ae-eh ,,passages ,,for ,,translation ,,at ,,sight #ei-bcf 7#a7 ,illustrating ,roman ,history4-- ,part ,i4--,regal ,period1 ,b4,c4 #gec-eji #fj-ff ,part ,,ii4--,early ,republic1 ,b4,c4 #eji-cff #fg-hh ,part ,,iii4--,the ,conquest of ,italy1 ,b4,c4 #cff-bff #hi-ajg ,part ,,iv4--,contest with ,carthage1 ,b4,c4 #bfd-bjb #ajh-adf ,part ,v4--,formation of ,empire beyond ,italy1 in ,europe and ,africa1 ,b4,c4 #bjj-acc #adg-aei ,part ,,vi4--,period of ,civil ,strife in ,italy1 and ,foreign ,wars1 ending in ,revolution1 ,b4,c4 #acc-dd #afj-bcf 7#b7 ,miscellaneous ,passages #bcg-bga ,,appendices3-- ,i4 ,list of ,important ,conjunctions #bgd-bgf ,,ii4 ,list of ,important ,prefixes #bgg-bha ,,iii4 ,list of ,important ,suffixes #bhb-bhf ,,iv4 ,groups of ,cognate ,words #bhg-bhh ,v4 ,how to ,think in ,latin #bhi-bib ,,vi4 ,short ,lives of ,roman ,authors #bic-cde ,,vii4 ,chronological ,outlines of ,roman ,history and ,literature #cdg-cfc ,,index #cfe-cfh ,,plan ,,of ,,dyrrachium opposite page #baf ,,plan ,,of ,,pharsalus #bah ,,list ,,of ,,passages ,,for ,,translation4 ,,demonstrations4 ,,page #af ,fierce encounter with the ,germans ,caesar1 ,b4 ,g4 i4 #eb #bd ,the ,music of ,arion ,ovid1 ,fasti ii4 #hc #cb ,a rash promise rashly believed ,livy xxv4 #ai #dj ,rashness justly punished ,livy xxv4 #ai #dh ,the ,happy ,life ,vergil1 ,georg4 ii4 #dij #ed ,the ,tomb of ,archimedes ,cicero1 ,tusc4 v4 #bc4 #fd ,part ,i4--,the ,regal ,period1 #gec-eji ,b4,c4 #fj ,the ,vision of ,anchises ,vergil1 ,aen4 vi4 #ggg #fa ,a4 ,the ,passing of ,romulus ,livy i4 #af ,b4 ,the ,mystery explained ,ovid1 ,fasti ii4 #cgi #fb ,a4 ,the ,gate of ,janus ,livy i4 #ai ,b4 ,vergil1 ,aen4 vii4 #fjg #fc ,the ,sibylline ,books ,a4 ,gellius i4 #ai #fd ,a4 ,sextus ,tarquinius at ,gabii ,livy i4 #ed ,b4 ,the ,fall of ,gabii ,ovid1 ,fasti ii4 #edc #fe ,the ,position of ,rome ,cicero1 de ,rep4 ii4 #c #ff ,the ,praise of ,italy ,vergil1 ,georg4 ii4 #acf ,part ,,ii4--,the ,early ,republic1 #eji-cff ,b4,c4 #fg ,a4 ,horatius ,vergil1 ,aen4 viii4 #fdf ,b4 ,livy ii4 #aj #fh ,horatius ,livy ii4 #aj #fi ,a4 ,mucius ,scaevola ,livy ii4 #ab ,b4 ,martial1 i4 #ba #gj ,battle of ,lake ,regillus ,livy ii4 #bj #ga ,tribunes of the ,people ,livy ii4 #cb #gb ,coriolanus ,livy ii4 #dj #gc ,destruction of the ,fabii ,ovid1 ,fasti ii4 #age #gd ,a4 ,cincinnatus ,florus i4 #aa4 #ab ,b4 ',in the brave days of old' ,ovid1 ,fasti iii4 #gbi #ge ,the ,decemvirate4 ,,xii4 ,tables ,livy iii4 #cb1 #cd #gf ,verginia's ,death not in vain ,livy iii4 #di #gg ,cossus wins the ,spolia ,opima ,livy iv4 #ai #gh ,first ,pay given to ,citizen ,soldiers ,livy iv4 #ei #gi ,a4 ,lament over ,veii ,propertius v4 #aj4 #bg ,b4 ,the ,rise of the ,alban ,lake ,cicero1 de ,div4 i4 #dd4 #ajj #hj ,the ,conquest of ,veii ,livy v4 #ba #ha ,the ,battle of the ,allia ,livy v4 #ch #hb ,a4 ,the ,battle of the ,allia ,livy v4 #ch ,b4 ,july #ahth1 a ,dies ,nefastus ,lucan1 ,phars4 vii4 #djg #hc ,roman ,dignity and ,courage ,livy v4 #da #hd ,a4 ,manlius ,capitolinus and the ,sacred ,geese ,verg4 ,aen4 viii4 #feb ,b4 ,the ,fate of ,manlius ,val4 ,max4 vi4 de ,sev4 #he ,camillus1 ,parens ,patriae ,livy v4 #di #hf ,a4 ,migration to ,veii abandoned ,livy v4 #ee ,b4 ,juno forbids ,rebuilding of ,troy ,horace1 ,od4 iii4 #c4 #eg #hg ,first ,plebeian ,consul ,livy vi4 #ce #hh ,origin of the ,floralia ,ovid1 ,fasti v4 #bcg ,part ,,iii4--,the ,conquest of ,italy1 #cff-bff ,b4,c4 #hi ,manlius and his son ,torquatus ,cicero1 de ,off4 iii4 #aab #ij ,an ,important ,epoch ,livy vii4 #bi #ia ,battle of ,mt4 ,gaurus4 ,m4 ,valerius ,corvus ,livy vii4 #cc #ib ,a4 ,self-sacrifice of ,decius ,mus ,propertius1 iii4 #aa4 #fc ,b4 ,the ,dream of the ,consuls ,val4 ,max4 i4 de ,somn4 #ic ,the ,battle of ,mt4 ,vesuvius ,livy viii4 #aj #id ,the ,dictator and his ,master of the ,horse ,livy viii4 #cj #ie ,the ,caudine ,forks ,livy ix4 #b #if ,the ,yoke ,livy ix4 #e #ig ,rome repudiates the ,treaty ,cicero1 de ,off4 iii4 #aji #ih ,battle of ,bovianum ,livy ix4 #dd #ii ,battle of ,sentinum ,livy x4 #bh #ajj ,aims of ,pyrrhus4 ,battle of ,heraclea ,justinus xviii4 #a #aja ,fabricius the ,just ,cicero1 de ,off4 iii4 #hf #ajb ,appius the ,blind ,cicero1 de ,sen4 #af1 #cg #ajc ,a4 ,the ,battle of ,asculum ,florus i4 #ah4 #i ,b4 ,the ,battle near ,beneventum ,florus i4 #ah4 #aa #ajd ,in ,praise of ,pyrrhus ,justinus xxv4 #e #aje ,a4 ,manius ,curius ,dentatus ,cicero1 de ,sen4 #ee ,b4 ,juvenal xi4 #gh ,c4 ,horace1 ,od4 i4 #ab4 #da #ajf ,in ,praise of ,tarentum ,horace1 ,od4 ii4 #f4 #i #ajg ,the ,praise of ,italy ,vergil1 ,georg4 ii4 #aee ,part ,,iv4--,the ,contest with ,carthage1 #bfd-bjb ,b4,c4 #ajh ,the ,vision of ,anchises ,vergil1 ,aen4 vi4 #hcf #aji ,the ,foundation of ,carthage ,justinus1 xviii4 #e #aaj ,aeneas views the ,building of ,carthage ,vergil1 ,aen4 i4 #dai #aaa ,regulus1 a ,roman ,martyr ,cicero1 de ,off4 iii4 #ii #aab ,a4 ,naval ,victory near ,mylae 7,adapted7 ,b4 ,honour conferred on ,duilius ,cicero1 de ,sen4 #dd #aac ,carthaginian ,victory off ,drepana ,cicero1 ,n4 ,d4 ii4 #c4 #g #aad ,a4 ,lutatius' ,victory off ,aegates ,insulae ,nepos1 ,hamilcar i4 ,b4 ,sil4 ,ital4 vi4 #fec #aae ,a4 ,importance of ,second ,punic ,war ,livy xxi4 #a ,b4 ,oath of the ,boy ,hannibal ,livy xxi4 #a #aaf ',the paths of glory lead but to the grave' ,juvenal x4 #adg #aag ,character of ,hannibal ,livy xxi4 #d #aah ,the ,siege of ,saguntum ,livy xxi4 #g #aai ,a4 ,the ,dream of ,hannibal ,cicero1 de ,div4 i4 #bd4 #di ,b4 ,the ,interpretation ,sil4 ,ital4 iii4 #aih #abj ,from the ,pyrenees to the ,rhone ,livy xxi4 #bh #aba ,from the ,rhone to ,italy ,livy xxi4 #cj #abb ,the ,descent of the ,alps ,livy xxi4 #cf #abc ,a4 ,the ,battle at the ,trebia ,frontinus1 ,strat4 ii4 #e4 #bc ,b4 ,the ,river bars the ,retreat ,sil4 ,ital4 iv4 #egj #abd ,the ,battle of ,lake ,trasimene ,livy xxii4 #d #abe ,livy xxii4 #e #abf ,the ,death of ,flaminius ,sil4 ,ital4 v4 #fdd #abg ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus ,cunctator ,cicero1 de ,sen4 #aj #abh ,fabius and his ,master of the ,horse ,livy xxii4 #bi #abi ,cannae4 ,destruction of the ,roman ,infantry ,livy xxii4 #dg #acj ,cannae4 ',paulus animae magnae prodigus' ,livy xxii4 #di #aca ,a4 ,maharbal urges ,hannibal to march on ,rome ,livy xxii4 #ea ,b4 ,scipio forbids ,nobles ,frontinus1 to abandon ,italy ,strat4 iv4 #g4 #ci #acb ,a4 ,rome's ,heroes ,horace1 ,od4 i4 #ab4 #cg ,b4 ,the ,dream of ,propertius ,propertius iii4 #c4 #a #acc ,a4 ,capua aspires to rival ,rome ,horace1 ,epod4 xvi4 #a ,b4 ,decius ,magius defies ,hannibal ,livy xxiii4 #aj #acd ,a4 ',capua became ,hannibal's ,cannae' ,florus ii4 #f4 #ba ,b4 ,the ,punishment of ,rebel ,capua ,livy xxvi4 #af #ace ,marcellus at ,nola ,livy xxiii4 #af #acf ,cicero's ,description of ,syracuse ,cicero1 in ,verr4 ii4 #d4 #aag #acg ,engineering ,skill of ,archimedes ,livy xxiv4 #cd #ach ,marcellus laments over ,syracuse ,livy xxv4 #bd #aci ,the ,death of ,marcellus ,livy xxvii4 #bg #adj ,character of ,scipio ,africanus ,maior ,livy xxvi4 #ai #ada ,scipio takes ,new ,carthage ,livy xxvi4 #de #adb ,nero's ,march to the ,metaurus ,livy xxvii4 #dc #adc ,the ,metaurus ,horace1 ,od4 iv4 #d4 #bi #add ,hannibal leaves ,italy ,livy xxx4 #ai #ade ,zama4 ,before the ,battle ,livy xxx4 #ca #adf ,zama4 ,the ,order of ,battle ,frontinus1 ,strat4 ii4 #c4 #af ,part ,v4--,formation of ,empire beyond ,italy1 in ,europe and ,africa1 #bjj-acc ,b4,c4 #adg ,battle of ,cynoscephalae ,livy xxxiii4 #i #adh ,flamininus proclaims ,freedom of ,greece ,livy xxxiii4 #cb #adi ,a4 ,battle of ,thermopylae ,frontinus1 ,strat4 ii4 #d4 ,b4 ,battle of ,magnesia ,florus i4 #bd #aej ,deaths of ,three ,great ,men ,livy xxxix4 #ea #aea ,m4 ,porcius ,cato ,nepos1 ,cato ii4 #aeb ,horace1 ,od4 ii4 #ae #aec ,pydna 7,aemilius ,paulus7 ,livy xliv4 #da #aed ,livy xliv4 #da #aee ,destruction of ,carthage ,florus ii4 #ae4 #aa #aef ,destruction of ,corinth ,vell4 ,paterc4 i4 #ac #aeg ,the ,lusitanian ,hannibal ,florus ii4 #ag4 #ac #aeh ,destruction of ,numantia ,florus ii4 #ah4 #aa #aei ,rome the ,invincible ,horace1 ,od4 iv4 #d4 #di ,part ,,vi4--,civil ,strife in ,italy1 and ,foreign ,wars1 ending in ,revolution1 #acc-dd ,b4,c4 #afj ,the ,gracchi ,sallust1 ,iug4 #db #afa ,a4 ,on the ,death of ,tiberius ,gracchus ,cicero1 de ,off4 i4 #gf ,b4 ,on ,lex ,frumentaria of ,c4 ,gracchus ,cicero1 ,tusc4 iii4 #bj4 #dh ,c4 ,on ,c4 ,gracchus as an ,orator ,cicero1 ,brutus #abe #afb ,the ,betrayal of ,jugurtha ,sallust1 ,iug4 #aac #afc ,a4 ,arpinum4 ,birthplace of ,cicero and ,marius ,juvenal viii4 #bcg ,b4 ,cicero on ,marius ,cicero1 ,marius #afd ,teutones annihilated at ,aquae ,sextiae ,florus iii4 #c #afe ,a4 ,marius' ,flight from ,sulla ,lucan1 ,phars4 ii4 #fg ,b4 ,marius outlived his fame ,juvenal x4 #bgh #aff ,cicero on ,civil ,strife ,cicero1 in ,cat4 iii4 #aj #afg ,tribunate of ,m4 ,livius ,drusus ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #ac #afh ,a4 ,outbreak of the ,social ,war at ,asculum ,florus iii4 #ah4 #c ,b4 ,the ,sabellian father's advice to his sons ,juvenal xiv4 #agi #afi ,a4 ,defeat and ,death of ,rutilius ,ovid1 ,fasti vi4 #efc ,b4 ,the ,lex ,plautia ,papiria ,cicero1 pro ,arch4 iv4 #g ,c4 ,cicero's first and only ,campaign ,cicero1 ,phil4 xii4 #aa4 #bg ,d4 ,the ,battle near ,asculum ,florus iii4 #ah4 #ad #agj ,sulla's ,character and ,bearing ,sallust1 ,iug4 #ie #aga ,a4 ,mithridates' ,youth and ,early ,training ,justinus xxxvii4 #b ,b4 ,his ,preparations for ,conquest ,justinus xxxvii4 #c4 #d #agb ,the ,battle of ,chaeronea ,frontinus1 ,strat4 ii4 #c4 #ag #agc ,a4 ,capture of ,athens and the ,piraeus ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #bc ,b4 ,battle of ,orchomenus ,frontinus1 ,strat4 ii4 #h4 #ab ,c4 ,peace of ,dardanus ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #bc #agd ,a4 ,battles of ,sacriportus and the ,colline ,gate ,lucan1 ,phars4 ii4 #acd ,b4 ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #bg #age ,a4 ,death of the ,younger ,marius4 ,sulla ,felix ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #bg ,b4 ,the ,sullan ,proscriptions ,lucan1 ,phars4 ii4 #agf ,a4 ,sulla appointed ,dictator ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #bh ,b4 ,sulla lays down his ,dictatorship ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #gg ,c4 ,death of ,sulla ,val4 ,max4 ix4 #c4 #h #agg ,a4 ,limitation of ,tribune's ,right of ,veto ,cicero1 de ,leg4 iii4 #i4 #bb ,b4 ,abolition of ,corn ,distributions ,sallust1 ,hist41 ,or4 ,m4 ,lep4 ,c4 ,judicial ,functions restored to ,senators ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #cb ,d4 ,a ,sumptuary ,law ,a4 ,gellius ii4 #bd4 #aa #agh ,speech of ,lepidus against ,sulla ,sallust1 ,hist41 ,or4 ,m4 ,lep4 #agi ,sertorius and his ,fawn ,a4 ,gellius1 xv4 #bb #ahj ,a4 ,a ,new ,hannibal ,florus iii4 #bb4 #b ,b4 ,the ,death of ,sertorius ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #cj #aha ,lucullus' ,character and ,early ,career ,cicero1 ,acad4 ii4 #a #ahb ,a4 ,a ,soldier of ,lucullus ,horace1 ,ep4 ii4 #b4 #bf ,b4 ,the ,wealth of ,lucullus ,horace1 ,ep4 i4 #f4 #dj #ahc ,spartacus and his ,gladiators ,florus iii4 #bj4 #c #ahd ,lucullus ,ponticus ,cicero1 pro ,l4 ,man4 #bj #ahe ,pompeius' ,character and ,career ,cicero1 pro ,l4 ,man4 #bi #ahf ,the ,man ,caesar ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #de #ahg ,caesar and the ,pirates ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #d #ahh ,a ,roman ,citizen maltreated ,cicero1 in ,verr4 ii4 #e4 #fb #ahi ,the ,lex ,gabinia ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #ca #aij ,pompeius clears the ,seas of ,pirates ,cicero1 pro ,l4 ,man4 #cd #aia ,pompeius subdues ,mithridates and ,tigranes ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #cg #aib ,a4 ,caesar ,curule ,aedile ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #aj ,b4 ,caesar ,propraetor in ,further ,spain ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #ah #aic ,cicero declaims against ,catiline ,cicero1 in ,cat4 i4 #a #aid ,the ,end of ,catiline ,sallust1 ,cat4 #fa #aie ,caesar forms ,first ,triumvirate ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #dd #aif ',that day he overcame the ,nervii' ,caesar1 ,b4 ,g4 ii4 #be #aig ,naval ,battle with the ,veneti ,caesar1 ,b4 ,g4 iii4 #ad #aih ,caesar's ,bridge across the ,rhine ,caesar1 ,b4 ,g4 iv4 #ag #aii ,cassivellaunus ,caesar1 ,b4 ,g4 v4 #ai #bjj ,the ,gallic uprising4 ,vercingetorix ,caesar1 ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #ad #bja ,siege of ,gergovia ,caesar1 ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #ej #bjb ,siege of ,alesia ,caesar1 ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #hd #bjc ,cicero's ,banishment ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #de #bjd ,cicero's ,return ,cicero1 ad ,att4 iv4 #a #bje ,in ,praise of ,caesar ,cicero1 de ,prov4 ,cons4 #cc #bjf ',quem deus vult perdere1 prius dementat' ,florus iii4 #aa4 #a #bjg ,carrhae3 after the ,battle ,lucan1 ,phars4 i4 #ih ,horace1 ,od4 iii4 #e4 #e ,ovid1 ,fasti vi4 #dfe #bjh ,cicero's humane ,administration ,cicero1 ad ,att4 v4 #ba #baa ,caesar crosses the ,rubicon ,lucan1 ,phars4 i4 #bac #bab ,caesar's defence before the ,senate ,caesar1 ,b4 ,c4 i4 #cb #bac ,the ,campaign round ,lerida ,lucan1 ,phars4 iv4 #afg #bad ,a4 ,siege of ,massilia ,lucan1 ,phars4 iii4 #chh ,b4 ,caesar1 ,b4 ,c4 ii4 #ad #bae ,the ,death of ,curio ,lucan1 ,phars4 iv4 #gii #baf ,dyrrachium ,caesar1 ,b4 ,c4 iii4 #dg #bag ,eve of ,pharsalus4 ,pompeius' ,dream ,lucan1 ,phars4 vii4 #g #bah ,pompeius ill-advised at ,pharsalus ,caesar1 ,b4 ,c4 iii4 #ib #bai ,a4 ,pharsalus and ,cannae compared ,lucan1 ,phars4 vii4 #cig ,b4 ,battlefields of ,pharsalus and ,philippi ,vergil1 ,georg4 i4 #dhi #bbj ,how ,pompeius died ,caesar1 ,b4 ,c4 iii4 #ajc #bba ,cato's ,eulogy on ,pompeius ,lucan1 ,phars4 ix4 #aij #bbb ,the ,grave of ,pompeius ,lucan1 ,phars4 viii4 #ghi #bbc ',atrox ,animus ,catonis' ,a4 ,pollio1 ,b4 ,afr4 #hh #bbd ,a4 ,cato ,uticensis ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #ce ,b4 ,lucan1 ,phars4 ii4 #cgd #bbe ,caesar dines with ,cicero ,cicero1 ad ,att4 xiii4 #eb #bbf ,the ,death of ,caesar ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #hb #bbg ,a4 ,in ,praise of ,caesar ,cicero1 ,phil4 ii4 #de ,b4 ,lucan1 ,phars4 i4 #adc ,c4 ,apotheosis of ,caesar ,suetonius1 ,iul4 #hh #bcj ,a4 ,peroration of ,second ,philippic ,cicero1 ,phil4 ii4 #df ,b4 ,on the ,murder of ,cicero ,martial1 iii4 #ff #bca ,a4 ,cicero as ,orator and ,poet ,juvenal x4 #aad ,b4 ,cicero as ,advocate ,catullus xlix4 #bcb ,the ,death of ,cicero ,livy1 fr4 #bcc ,a4 ,in ,praise of ,cicero ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #ff ,b4 ,livy fr4 #bcd ,laus ,italiae ,propertius iii4 #bb #bce ,laus ,romae ,claudian1 de ,cons4 ,stil4 iii4 #aej #bcf ',quod cuncti gens una sumus' ,prudentius1 c4 ,symm4 ii4 #ehc ,miscellaneous ,passages4 #bch ,a4 ,propempticon ,vergilio ,horace1 ,od4 i4 #c ,b4 ,horace1 ,od4 i4 #c #bci ,a4 ,propempticon ,maecio ,celeri ,statius1 ,sil4 ii4 #b4 #a ,b4 ,statius1 ,sil4 ii4 #b4 #db #bdj ,a4 ,seneca ,seneca1 ,ep4 xv4 #h ,b4 ,seneca1 ,medea #ibj #bda ,a4 ,criticism of ,poets ,horace1 ,ep4 ii4 #a4 #ej ,b4 ,terence ,caesar1 ap4 ,sueton4 ,c4 ,ovid on his ,contemporaries ,ovid1 ,tr4 iv4 #aj4 #da #bdb ,a4 ,a ,storm at ,sea ,ovid1 ,tr4 i4 #b4 #ai ,b4 ,the ,passing of ,romulus ,ovid1 ,fasti ii4 #dic ,c4 ,thunder and ,hail ,pacuvius ap4 ,cic4 ,d4 ,the ,argo in a ,gale ,val4 ,fl4 ,arg4 viii4 #cbh #bdc ,a4 ,lesbia's ,sparrow ,catullus iii4 ,b4 ',my ,parrot1 an obtrusive bird' ,statius1 ,sil4 ii4 #d ,c4 ,the ,lap-dog and its ,portrait ,martial i4 #aji #bdd ,a4 ,the ,roman ,satirists ,quintilian x4 #a4 #ic ,b4 ,a ,criticism of ,lucilius ,horace1 ,sat4 i4 #d4 #a ,c4 ,why ,juvenal wrote ,satire ,juvenal i4 #ai ,d4 ,juvenal's ,subject ,juvenal i4 #ha #bde ,a4 ,virtue defined ,lucilius1 fr4 ,b4 ,poor men of mighty deeds ,juvenal xi4 #ij ,c4 ,persius in praise of his ,tutor ,persius v4 #ai #bdf ,a4 ,objections to a permanent ,theatre ,livy1 ,epit4 #dh ,b4 ,scenic ,arrangements ,suetonius ap4 ,serv4 ,c4 ,the ,awnings ,lucretius iv4 #ge ,d4 ,the ,law of ,otho ,livy1 ,epit4 #ii ,e4 ,usurpers of ,equestrian ,privileges ,horace1 ,epod4 iv4 #aa #bdg ,a4 ,the ,web of ,fate ,catullus lxiv4 #caa ,b4 ,the ,skill of ,arachne ,ovid1 ,met4 vi4 #ai ,c4 ,the ,pastime of ,circe ,vergil1 ,aen4 vii4 #aj #bdh ,a4 ,the ,monster approaches ,andromeda ,ovid1 ,met4 iv4 #fga ,b4 ,how ,perseus won his ,bride ,ovid1 ,met4 iv4 #gba #bdi ,a4 ,andromeda ,manilius1 ,astr4 v4 #efg ,b4 ,the ,death of the ,monster ,manilius1 ,astr4 v4 #eie #bej ,a4 ,the ,school of ,flavius ,horace1 ,sat4 i4 #f4 #ga ,b4 ,ovid at ,school ,ovid4 ,tr4 iv4 #aj4 #ae ,c4 ,the ,schoolmaster's ,life ,juvenal vii4 #bbb ,d4 ,early ,school ,martial xiv4 #bbc ,e4 ,homogeneous ,divisions ,quintilian i4 #b4 #bc ,f4 ,plagosus ,orbilius ,martial ix4 #fh4 #a #bea ,a4 ,books ,ovid1 ,tr4 i4 #a4 #a ,b4 ,tibullus iii4 #a4 #i ,c4 ,martial i4 #b #beb ,a4 ,arethusa ,ovid1 ,met4 v4 #ehe ,b4 ,ovid1 ,met4 v4 #fad #bec ,a4 ,hylas ,propertius i4 #bj4 #ag ,b4 ,val4 ,fl4 ,arg4 iii4 #eha #bed ,the ,portmanteau ,fish ,plautus1 ,rud4 iv4 #c4 #eh #bee ,a4 ',humani nihil a me alienum puto' ,terence1 ,haut4 i4 #a4 #ae ,b4 ,cicero on ,terence ,suetonius1 vit4 ,ter4 #cd ,c4 ,defence of ,contaminatio ,terence1 ,haut4 prol4 #af #bef ,a4 ,the ,song of the ,nightingale ,pliny1 ,h4 ,n4 x4 #ha ,b4 ,a ,corinthian ,statuette ,pliny1 ,ep4 iii4 #f #beg ,a4 ,helps to ,style ,pliny1 ,ep4 vii4 #i ,b4 ,importance of ,concentration ,quintilian1 ,inst4 ,or4 x4 #c4 #bh #beh ,a4 ,de ,simonide ,phaedrus iv4 #bc ,b4 ,mons ,parturiens ,phaedrus iv4 #bd ,c4 ,truth will out ,phaedrus1 ,app4 #bb #bei ,a4 ,the ,golden ,age ,tibullus i4 #c4 #ce ,b4 ,birthday ,wishes ,tibullus ii4 #b #bfj ,a4 ,on the delights of ,hunting with a ,note-book ,pliny1 ,ep4 i4 #f ,b4 ,oenone ,paridi ,ovid1 ,her4 v4 #ag ,c4 ,the ,hunting ,party ,vergil1 ,aen4 iv4 #abi #bfa ,a4 ,a ,roman ,day ,martial iv4 #h ,b4 ,the ,simple ,life ,horace1 ,sat4 i4 #f4 #aaj #bfb ,a4 ,in ,praise of ,agricola ,tacitus1 ,agr4 #df ,b4 ,britain3 its ,climate and ,products ,tacitus1 ,agr4 #ab #bfc ,a4 ,trimalchio's ,supper ,petronius #ej ,b4 ,petronius #ea #bfd ,i4 ,pronunciation3 ,h ,quintilian i4 #e4 #bj ,h ,catullus lxxxiv4 ,,ii4 ,a ,street ,cry ,cicero1 ,div4 ii4 #dj4 #hd ,,iii4 ,k1 ,q1 ,c ,ter4 ,maurus ,,iv4 ,u ,plautus1 ,men4 #eee #bfe ,i4 ,proverbial ,expressions ,caesar1 ,b4 ,c4 ii4 #bg ,,ii4 ,cicero1 ,phil4 xii4 #e ,,iii4 ,horace1 ,ep4 i4 #b4 #dj ,,iv4 ,juvenal ii4 #hc ,v4 ,livy xxi4 #aj ,,vi4 ,lucretius ii4 #gi ,,vii4 ,martial i4 #cb ,,viii4 ,plautus1 ,bacch4 i4 #b4 #cf ,,ix4 ,terence1 ,eun4 prol4 #da ,x4 ,terence1 ,ph4 ii4 #d4 #ad ,,xi4 ,pub4 ,syrus ,,xii4 ,seneca1 de ,brev4 ,vit4 i4 #b ,,xiii4 ,tacitus1 ,agr4 #cj ,,xiv4 ,varro1 de ,re ,rust4 iii4 #a ,,xv4 ,vergil1 ,aen4 vi4 #ie ,,xvi4 ,vergil1 ,aen4 i4 #dfa #bff ,a4 ',whom the gods love die young' ,quintilian1 ,inst4 ,or4 vi4 #a4 #i ,b4 ,servius ,sulpicius to ,cicero4 ,cicero1 ad ,fam4 iv4 #e #bfg ,a4 ,catullus at his ,brother's ,grave ,catullus ci4 ,b4 ,to ,calvus on his ,wife's ,death ,catullus xcvi4 ,c4 ,cornelia's ,plea to her ,husband ,propertius iv4 #aa4 #a ,d4 ,mors ,tibulii ,ovid1 ,am4 iii4 #i #bfh ,apophoreta ,martial #bfi ,martial #bgj ,epitaphs and ,inscriptions4 ,i4 ,on ,naevius ,naevius ,,ii4 ,on ,ennius ,ennius ,,iii4 ,on ,pacuvius ,pacuvius ,,iv4 ,on ,plautus ,plautus ,v4 ,on ,tibullus ,domitius ,marsus ,,vi4 ,in tumulo hominis felicis ,ausonius1 ,epit4 #cf ,,vii4 ,thermopylae ,cicero1 ,tusc4 i4 #db4 #aja #bga ,epilogue4 ,a4 ,horace ,horace1 ,od4 iii4 #cj ,b4 ,ovid ,ovid1 ,met4 xv4 #hga ,c4 ,martial ,martial iv4 #hi ,,index ,,of ,,authors ,asinius ,pollio1 #bbc ,aulus ,gellius1 #fc1 #agg1 #agi ,ausonius1 #bgj ,caesar1 #af1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bab1 #bad1 #baf1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bda1 #bfe ,catullus1 #bca1 #bdc1 #bdg1 #bfd1 #bfg ,cicero1 #ed1 #fe1 #gi1 #hi1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aai1 #abg1 #acf1 #afa1 #afc1 #aff1 #afi1 #agg1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aic1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bcj1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bgj ,claudian1 #bce ,domitius ,marsus1 #bgj ,ennius1 #bgj ,florus1 #gd1 #ajc1 #acd1 #adi1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afd1 #afh1 #afi1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #bjf ,frontinus1 #abc1 #aca1 #adf1 #adi1 #agb1 #agc ,horace1 #hf1 #aje1 #ajf1 #acb1 #acc1 #adc1 #aeb1 #aei1 #ahb1 #bjg1 #bch1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bfa1 #bfe1 #bga ,justinus1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aga ,juvenal1 #aje1 #aaf1 #afc1 #afe1 #afh1 #bca1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bfe ,livy1 #cb1 #dj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #ij1 #ia1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ih1 #ii1 #aae1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abd1 #abe1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #adg1 #adh1 #aej1 #aec1 #aed1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bdf1 #bfe ,lucan1 #hb1 #afe1 #agd1 #age1 #bjg1 #baa1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae1 #bag1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbg ,lucilius1 #bde ,lucretius1 #bdf1 #bfe ,manilius1 #bdi ,martial1 #fi1 #bcj1 #bdc1 #bej1 #bea1 #bfa1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bga ,naevius1 #bgj ,nepos1 #aad1 #aea ,ovid1 #bd1 #fa1 #fd1 #gc1 #gd1 #hh1 #afi1 #bjg1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bej1 #bea1 #beb1 #bfj1 #bfg1 #bga ,pacuvius1 #bdb1 #bgj ,persius1 #bde ,petronius1 #bfc ,phaedrus1 #beh ,plautus1 #bed1 #bfd1 #bfe ,pliny the ,elder1 #bef ,pliny the ,younger1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfj ,propertius1 #gi1 #ib1 #acb1 #bcd1 #bec1 #bfg ,prudentius1 #bcf ,publilius ,syrus1 #bfe ,quintilian1 #bdd1 #bej1 #beg1 #bfd1 #bff ,sallust1 #afj1 #afb1 #agj1 #agg1 #agh1 #aid ,seneca1 #bdj1 #bfe ,silius ,italicus1 #aad1 #aai1 #abc1 #abf ,statius1 #bci1 #bdc ,suetonius1 #agf1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aib1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bdf1 #bee ,tacitus1 #bfb1 #bfe ,terence1 #bee1 #bfe ,terentianus ,maurus1 #bfd ,tibullus1 #bea1 #bei ,valerius ,flaccus1 #bdb1 #bec ,valerius ,maximus1 #hd1 #ib1 #agf ,varro1 #bfe ,velleius ,paterculus1 #aef1 #afg1 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahj1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aie1 #bjc1 #bbd1 #bcc ,vergil1 #dh1 #fj1 #fb1 #ff1 #fg1 #hd1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #bai1 #bdg1 #bfj1 #bfe ,,introduction #a4 ,heading4--,the selections in this book are in most cases intelligible apart from their context4 ,in cases where this is not so1 you will find it a valuable exercise to endeavour to arrive at the context for yourself4 ,in all cases1 however1 you should pay attention to the ,heading1 which will give you a useful clue to the meaning of the passage1 #b4 ,author4--,when you see the author's name1 try to remember what you know about him4 ,for example1 ,livy1 the historian of ,rome and friend of ,augustus1 the contemporary of ,vergil and ,ovid4 ,the short ,lives1 pp4 #bic-cde1 will tell you the chief facts about the authors from whom the selections are taken1 and will give you a brief summary of their chief works4 ,also1 if you refer to ,appendix ,,vii41 pp4 #cdg-cfc1 you will gain some idea of the time in which the authors lived and of their contemporaries4 #c4 ,read the ,passage through1 carefully4--,as you read-- 7#a7 ,notice all allusions and key-words that may help you to the sense of the passage4 7#b7 ,pay special attention to the opening sentence4 ,in translating a passage much depends on getting the first sentence right4 7#c7 ,notice especially the connectives which introduce sentences and clauses marked off by commas4 ,in this way you will be able to distinguish between a ,principal ,sentence and a ,subordinate ,clause4 7,for ,list of ,conjunctions see ,appendix ,i4 pp4 #bgd-bgf47 ,,helps ,,to ,,vocabulary4 #d4 ,through ,english ,derivatives4--,english derivatives1 if used in the proper way1 may give you valuable help in inferring meanings4 ,the reason why you must generally not translate the ,latin word by the derived ,english word is that1 as you probably know1 many ,english derivatives have come from ,latin words which had wholly or in part lost their earlier classical meaning1 or from ,latin words not found at all in classical ,latin4 ,yet in such cases the ,english word may be far from useless4 ,you must take care to let it suggest to you the original or root-meaning1 leaving the correct meaning of the ,latin1 whether the same as the ,english word or not1 to be determined by the context4 ,for example1 s-cr-us does not mean secure1 but 7like secure in ,shakespeare and ,milton7 care-less4 ',this happy night the ,frenchmen are secure1 ,having all day caroused and banqueted4' ,,shakespeare1 ,hen4 ,,vi4 ,part #a4 ,,ii4 i4 #aa4 ,in-crd-ib-il-is1 on the other hand1 often cannot be better translated than by incredible1 and im-plc-bilis by implacable4 ,notice1 too1 how often in the case of verbs the supine stem will suggest to you the meaning of the ,latin through some ,english derivative1 which the present stem conceals4 ,for example3-- pingo pictum picture suggests to paint4 caveo cautum caution beware4 colo cultum culture till4 fallo falsum false deceive4 #e4 ,through ,french ,derivatives4--,sometimes1 when you cannot think of an ,english derivative1 a ,french word that you know will help you to the meaning of the ,latin4 ,for example3-- ,l4 ,f4 pontem pont suggests bridge4 gustum got taste4 prtum pr meadow4 tlem tel such4 b7ib7ere boire to drink4 ,but1 in order to make ,french derivatives a real help to you1 you must know something of the origin of the ,french language and of the chief rules that govern the pronunciation 7and therefore the spelling7 of ,french4 ,without going too much into detail1 it may help you to remember that-- 7#a7 ,french has taken many words from colloquial ,latin1 which in the days of ,cicero was very different from classical ,latin4 ,for example3-- ,literary ,latin4 ,popular ,latin4 ,french4 equus caballus cheval horse4 pugna batalia bataille battle4 os bucca bouche mouth4 7#b7 ,unaccented syllables are usually dropped4 ,for example3-- crv-um cerf stag4 bonittem bont goodness4 7#c7 ,the general tendency of ,french is towards smoothness and contraction4 ,for example3-- ,l4 ,f4 bestiam bte beast4 fact-um fait deed4 spiss-um pais thick4 coll-um cou neck4 ,in fact1 bearing in mind the caution given you1 it is an excellent rule to try to think out the meaning of the ,latin by the help of ,english and ,french derivatives4 #f4 ,compound ,words4--,when you come to a word which you cannot translate1 and in regard to which ,english and ,french derivatives do not help you1 break up the word1 if a compound1 into its simple elements of ,prefix1 ,stem1 ,suffix4 ,then from the meaning of its root or stem and from the force of the prefix and suffix1 and by the help of the context1 try to arrive at an ,english word to suit the sense4 ,in order to be able to do this you should have some knowledge of-- 7#a7 ,a few simple rules for the vowel changes of verbs in composition4 ,thus3 a before two consonants 7except ng7 often changes to e4 ,e4g4 sacr-o1 con-secr-o2 damn-o1 con-demn-o4 a before one consonant and before ng often changes to i4 ,e4g4 fac-io1 ef-fic-io2 c7ad-o1 ac-cid-o2 tang-o1 con-ting-o4 ,but gr7ad-ior1 ag-gr7ed-ior4 a before l and another consonant changes to u4 ,e4g4 salt-are1 in-sult-are4 7e changes to 7i 7but not e before two consonants7 and ae to i4 ,e4g4 ten-ere1 ob-tin-ere2 quaer-ere1 in-quir-ere4 au changes to u4 ,e4g4 claud-ere1 in-clud-ere4 7#b7 ,prefixes3--,to help you to detach the prefix more readily1 notice these simple euphonic changes1 all of which result in making the pronunciation smoother and easier4 ,thus3-- 7i47 ,the last consonant of a ,latin prefix is often made the same as1 or similar to1 the first consonant of the stem4 ,e4g4 ad-fero affero2 ob-pono op-pono2 com7cum7-tendo con-tendo4 7ii47 ,the final consonant of a prefix is often dropped before two consonants4 ,e4g4 ad-scendo a-scendo4 ,notice also that the prepositional prefixes to verbs express different ideas in different combinations4 ,thus1 sometimes the prefix has a somewhat literal prepositional force4 ,e4g4 per-currere to run through4 ,but sometimes an intensive force4 ,e4g4 per-terrere to thoroughly frighten4 ,in all such cases you must be partly guided by the context4 7,for ,list of ,important ,prefixes1 see ,appendix ,,ii4 pp4 #bgg--bha47 7#c7 ,suffixes 7other than grammatical inflexions74 ,a knowledge of the most important suffixes will often help you to the correct meaning of a ,latin word1 the root of which is familiar to you4 ,thus from the ,rtag drive1 move1 we have-- by addition of -tor 7 agent or doer of an action71 actor a doer1 agent4 -men 7 acts or results of acts71 agmen a course1 line of march1 c4 -ilis 7 belonging to1 able to71 agilis easily moved1 agile4 -ito 7 forcible or repeated action71 agito put in action1 agitate4 7,for ,list of ,important ,suffixes1 see ,appendix ,,iii4 pp4 #bhb--bhf47 7#d7 ,cognates1 that is1 words related in meaning through a common root4 ,you will find it very useful to make for yourself lists of cognate words4 ,thus from the ,rtgna1 gno know1 we have-- gna-rus knowing4 i-gnarus 7 in gnarus7 ignorant4 nos-co 7 gno-sco7 to get a knowledge of4 i-gno-sco not to know1 pardon4 no-bilis 7 gno-bilis7 that can be known1 famous1 noble4 no-men 7 gno-men7 a name4 ,to group together in this manner words of common origin and words closely associated in meaning is one of the best ways in which you can increase your vocabulary4 7,for additional ,examples of ,cognates1 see ,appendix ,,iv4 pp4 #bhg-h47 ,,helps ,,to ,,translation4 ,you have now read the passage through carefully1 and thought out the vocabulary to the best of your ability4 ,begin then to translate the opening sentence1 and pay great attention to these #g4 ,general ,rules4--7#a7 ,underline the ,principal ,verb1 ,subject 7if expressed71 and ,object 7if any74 7#b7 ,if the sentence contains only one finite verb1 all you have to do is to group round ,subject1 or ,verb1 or ,object the words and phrases that belong to each of the three4 7#c7 ,translate the sentence literally4 ,do this mentally1 without writing it down4 7#d7 ,then write down the best translation you can4 ,for example3-- ,at ,,germani celeriter1 consuetudine sua phalange facta1 ,,impetus gladiorum ,,exceperunt4 ,but the ,germans quickly formed into a phalanx1 as was their custom1 and received the attacks of the swords 7i4e4 of the ,romans with drawn swords74 7#e7 ,if the sentence contains one or more subordinate clauses1 consider each subordinate clause as if it were bracketed off separately1 and then deal with each clause as if it were a principal sentence1 finding out its ,subject1 ,verb1 ,object1 and adding to each its enlargements4 ,then return to the sentence as a whole1 and group round its ,subject1 ,predicate1 and ,object the various subordinate clauses which belong to each4 #h4 ,help through ,analysis4--,very often analysis will help you to find out the proper relation of the subordinate clauses to the three parts of the ,principal ,sentence4 ,you need not always analyse on paper1 but do it always in your mind4 ,you will find an example of a simple method of analysis at the close of ,demonstrations ,i and ,,iv1 pp4 #bc1 #dg4 ,when analysing1 notice carefully that3-- 7#a7 ,an enlargement of a ,noun may be 7a7 ,an adjective ,,tertiam aciem4 7b7 ,a noun in apposition ,publius ,crassus ,,adulescens4 7c7 ,a dependent genitive impetus ,,gladiorum4 7d7 ,a participle or participial nostris ,,laborantibus4 phrase 7e7 ,an adjectival clause ,publius ,crassus ,,qui ,,equitatui ,,praeerat4 7#b7 ,an enlargement of a ,verb may be 7a7 ,an adverb ,,celeriter exceperunt4 7b7 ,a prepositional phrase ,,ex ,,consuetudine ,,sua exceperunt4 7c7 ,an ablative absolute ,,phalange ,,facta exceperunt4 7d7 ,an adverbial clause ,,id ,,cum ,,animadvertisset1 ,publius ,crassus misit4 #i4 ,help through ,punctuation4--,though only the full-stop was used by the ancients1 the punctuation marks which are now used in all printed texts should be carefully noticed1 especially in translating long and involved sentences4 ,thus in ,demonstrations ,,iii and ,,iv notice how the subordinate clauses are for the most part enclosed in commas4 #aj4 ,help through ,scansion and ,metre4--,a knowledge of this is indispensable in translating verse4 ,to scan the lines will help you to determine the grammatical force of a word1 and a knowledge of metre will enable you to grasp the poet's meaning as conveyed by the position which he assigns to the various words1 and the varying emphasis which results from variation of metre4 ,for example3-- 7#a7 ,a grammatical help4--,you know that final -a is short in nom4 and voc4 sing4 #ast ,decl41 and in neut4 plural1 and is long in abl4 sing4 #ast ,decl4 and #bnd ,imperat4 #ast ,conj4 ,thus in ,demonstration ,,ii 7p4 #bd7 you can easily determine the grammatical form of finals in -a4 ,in ,sentence ,,iv agn7a1 in ,,vi cerv7a1 in ,,viii iunct7a columb7a1 in ,,ix ,cynthi7a are all short and nom4 sing4 ,in ,sentence ,v umbr un are long and abl4 sing4 in agreement4 7#b7 ,a help to the poet's meaning4--,the more you know of the principles of scansion1 the better able you will be to understand and appreciate the skill with which a great poet varies his metre and chooses his words4 #aa4 ,help through a ,study of the ,period in ,latin4--,one great difference between ,english and ,latin ,prose is that1 while modern ,english is to a great extent a language of short1 detached sentences1 ,latin expresses the sense by the passage as a whole1 and holds the climax in suspense until the delivery of the last word4 ',this mode of expression is called a ,,period 7a circu7itus or amb7itus verborum71 because the reader1 in order to collect together the words of the ,principal ,sentence1 must make a circuit1 so to say1 round the inserted clauses1'#b ',latin possesses what ,english does not1 a mode of expression by means of which1 round one main idea are grouped all its accessory ideas1 and there is thus formed a single harmonious whole1 called the ,,period4'#c ,footnote #b3 ,potts1 ,hints1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #c3 ,postgate1 ,sermo ,latinus1 p4 #de4 ,a ,,period then is a sentence containing only one main idea 7the ,principal ,sentence7 and several ,subordinate ,clauses4 ,the ,periodic style is generally used for ,history and ,description1 and is best seen in ,cicero and ,livy4 ,the following is a good example of the ,,period in ,latin3-- #d,,volsci exiguam spem in armis1 alia undique abscissa1 cum tentassent1 praeter cetera adversa loco quoque iniquo ad pugnam congressi1 iniquiore ad fugam1 cum ab omni parte caederentur1 ad preces a certamine versi1 dedito imperatore traditisque armis1 sub iugum missi1 cum singulis vestimentis ignominiae cladisque pleni ,,dimittuntur4 ,the ,,volscians found that now they were severed from every other hope1 there was but little in prolonging the conflict4 ,in addition to other disadvantages they had engaged on a spot ill-adapted for fighting and worse for flight4 ,cut to pieces on every side they abandoned the contest and cried for quarter4 ,after surrendering their commander and delivering up their arms1 they passed under the yoke1 and with one garment each ,,were ,,sent to their homes covered with disgrace and defeat4 ,footnote #d3 ,potts1 ,hints1 p4 #he4 ,notice here that 7#a7 ,there is only one main idea1 that of the ignominious return of the ,volscians to their homes4 7#b7 ,the rest describes the attendant circumstances of the surrender and of the causes that led to it4 7#c7 ,in ,english we should translate by at least four separate sentences4 7#d7 ,the ,latin contains only forty-eight words1 while the ,english contains eighty-one4 ,professor ,postgate 7',sermo ,latinus1' p4 #de7 gives the following example of the way in which a ,latin ,,period may be built up3-- ,,balbus vir optimus1 dux clrissimus et multis mihi beneficiis carus1 rogitantibus ,arvernis ut populi ,romani miesttem ostentret suque simul imperi monumentum eis relinqueret1 ,m,,rum latercium1 vginti pedes ltum1 sexginta altitdine et ita in immensum porrectum ut vix tuis ipse oculis crderes tantum esse1 ndum aliis persuderes1 non sine adverso suo rmore ut qui principtum adfectaret ,,aedificavit4 ,,balbus1 an excellent man and most distinguished commander1 who had endeared himself to me by numerous kindnesses1 was requested by the ,arverni to make a display of the power and greatness of ,rome1 and at the same time to leave behind him a memorial of his own government4 ,he accordingly ,,built a ,,wall of bricks1 twenty feet wide1 sixty high1 and extending to such a prodigious length that you could hardly trust your own eyes that it was so large1 still less induce others to believe it4 ,but he did not escape the malign rumour that he had designs upon the imperial crown4 ,here1 as in the previous example1 7#a7 ,there is only one main idea1 ,,balbus ,,murum ,,aedificavit4 7#b7 ,the rest consists of-- 7a7 ,enlargements of ,,balbus--vir optimus 444 carus2 placed1 therefore1 directly after ,,balbus4 7b7 ,enlargements of ,,murum--latercium 444 persuaderes2 placed1 therefore1 directly after ,,murum4 7c7 ,enlargements of ,,aedificavit rogitantibus 444 relinqueret the cause of the building of the wall4 7murum7 non sine 444 adfectaret the attendant circumstances of the building of the wall2 placed1 therefore1 before ,,aedificavit4 7#c7 ,in ,english we must translate by at least three separate sentences1 and1 where necessary1 translate participles as finite verbs1 and change dependent clauses into independent sentences4 ,it has been well said3 ',an ,english sentence does not often exhibit the structure of the ,period4 ,it was imitated1 sometimes with great skill and beauty1 by many of the earlier writers of ,english prose2 but its effect is better seen in poetry1 as in the following passage3-- ,high on a throne of royal state1 which far ,outshone the wealth of ,ormuz and of ,ind1 ,or where the gorgeous ,east with richest hand ,showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold1 ,satan exalted sat4' ,,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 ii4 #a-e4 #ab4 ,help through a ,knowledge of the ,order of ,words in ,latin4--,if you study the examples already given of the ,period you will see that the ,order of ,words in ,english differs very much from the ,order of ,words in ,latin4 ,dr4 ,abbott writes as follows3 ',the main difference between ,english and ,latin is that in ,english the meaning depends mainly on the order of words1 and the emphasis mainly on the voice1 while in ,latin the meaning depends almost entirely on the inflexions1 and the emphasis upon the order4' ,thus1 if we take the ,english sentence1 ,caesar conquered the ,gauls1 we cannot invert the order of ,caesar and ,gauls without entirely changing the meaning4 ,in ,latin1 however1 we may write 7since each ,latin word has its own proper inflexion1 serving almost as a label7 ,caesar vicit ,gallos3 ,gallos ,caesar vicit3 ,caesar ,gallos vicit1 without any change of meaning except that of shifting the emphasis from one word to another4 ,the usual order of words in a ,latin ,prose ,sentence may be said to be 7#a7 ,particles1 or phrases of connection 7with some exceptions1 e4g4 vero1 autem1 quidem1 enim1 which stand second74 7#b7 ,subject4 7#c7 ,words1 phrases1 clauses1 as enlargements of ,subject4 7#d7 ,adverbial enlargements of ,predicate 7though an ,ablative ,absolute must generally stand first74 7#e7 ,indirect ,object 7if any7 and its enlargements4 7#f7 ,direct ,object 7if any7 and its enlargements4 7#g7 ,the ,principal ,verb4 ,to take a simple example3-- #e,,livius1 imperator fortissimus1 quamquam adventus hostium non ubi oportuit nuntiatus est1 ,,periculum illa sua in rebus dubiis audacia facile ,,evasit4 ,,livius1 a most excellent commander1 although the enemy's arrival was not reported when it should have been1 easily ,,escaped the ,,danger by his well-known daring in perilous positions4 ,footnote #e3 ,postgate1 ,sermo ,latinus1 p4 #ch4 ,to take another example3-- #f;,archimedis ,,ego quaestor ignoratum ab ,syracusanis1 cum esse omnino negarent1 saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis1 ,,indagavi ,,sepulcrum4 ,when ,i was ,quaestor1 ,i ,,was ,,able ,,to ,,trace ,,out the ,,tomb of ,archimedes1 overgrown and hedged in with brambles and brushwood4 ,the ,syracusans knew nothing of it1 and denied its existence4 ,footnote #f3 ,demonstration ,,vi4 ,sent4 #a4 p4 #ee4 ,notice here the following special points of order3-- 7#a7 ,the two most important positions in the sentence are the beginning and the end4 7#b7 ,special emphasis is expressed by placing a word in an unusual or prominent position4 ,e4g4 here1 the unusual position of ,archimedis and sepulcrum4 7#c7 ,in the middle of the sentence the arrangement is such that the words most closely connected in meaning stand nearest together4 ,e4g4 here1 ignoratum 444 dumetis is all logically connected with the object sepulcrum1 which for the sake of emphasis is put in an unusual position at the end of the sentence4 #ac4 ,additional ,hints4--7#a7 ,remember that ,latin is often concrete where ,english is abstract4 ,e4g4-- ingeniosi 7men of genius7 genius4 eruditi 7learned men7 learning4 docti viri summo ingenio praediti1 saepe invidia opprimuntur4 ,the most exalted genius is frequently overborne by envy4 omnes immemorem benefici oderunt4 ,the world regards ingratitude with hatred4 7#b7 ,the same ,latin word may stand for different ,english words4 ,take1 for example1 the various uses of the word ,,res in the following passage of ,livy1 xlv4 #ai3-- #g,ut ,,res docuit 4 4 4 animo gestienti ,,rebus secundis 4 4 4 speculator ,,rerum quae a fratre agerentur 4 4 4 ,,rem prope prolapsam restituit 4 4 4 aliis alia regna crevisse ,,rebus dicendo4 ,as the ,,fact showed 4 4 4 spirits running riot from ,,prosperity 4 4 4 to watch the ,,course pursued by his brother 4 4 4 he restored what was almost a lost ,,cause 4 4 4 by saying that kingdoms grow by various ,,means4 ,footnote #g3 ,postgate1 ,sermo ,latinus1 p4 #cd4 ,in translating ,,res1 avoid at all costs the word ,,thing1 or ,,things1 and let the context guide you to the appropriate ,english word4 7#c7 ,you may often translate a ,latin ,active by an ,english ,passive4 ,latin prefers the ,active because it is more direct and vivid4 ,for example3-- ,liberas aedes coniurati sumpserunt4 ,an empty house had been occupied by the conspirators4 7#d7 ,use great care in translating ,latin ,participles1 and make clear in your translation the relation of the participial enlargements to the action of the main ,verb4 ,for example3-- concessive3 ,romani1 non ,,rogati1 auxilium offerunt4 ,the ,romans1 though they were not asked1 offer help4 final3 ,fortuna superbos interdum ,,ruitura levat4 ,fortune sometimes raises the proud1 only to dash them down4 causal3 ,s4 ,ahala ,sp4 ,maelium regnum ,,appetentem interemit4 ,s4 ,ahala killed ,sp4 ,maelius for aiming at the royal power4 ,notice also3-- ,pontem captum incendit ,he took and burned the bridge4 ,nescio quem prope adstantem interrogavi4 ,i questioned someone who was standing by4 ,haec dixit moriens ,he said this while dying4 ,nuntiata clades ,the news of the disaster4 7#e7 ,in translating1 try to bring out the exact force of the ,ablative ,absolute1 by which a ,latin writer shows the time or circumstances of the action expressed by the ,predicate4 ,the ,ablative ,absolute is an adverbial enlargement of the ,predicate1 and is not grammatically dependent on any word in the sentence4 ,it is1 therefore1 called absolutus 7i4e4 freed from or unconnected74 ,it should very seldom be translated literally4 ,your best plan will be to consider carefully what the ,ablative ,absolute seems to suggest about the action of the ,principal ,verb4 ,for example3-- ,capta ,troia1 ,graeci domum redierunt4 ,the ,greeks returned home after the capture of ,troy4 ,regnante ,romulo1 ,roma urbs erat parva4 ,when ,romulus was reigning1 ,rome was a small city4 ,exercitu collecto in hostes contenderunt4 ,they collected an army and marched against the enemy4 ,nondum hieme confecta in fines ,nerviorum contendit4 ,though the winter was not yet over1 he hastened to the territory of the ,nervii4 ,tum salutato hostium duce1 ad suos conversus1 subditis equo calcaribus1 ,germanorum ordines praetervectus est1 neque expectatis legatis1 nec respondente ullo4 ,thereupon1 after saluting the enemy's general1 he turned to his companions1 and setting spurs to his horse1 rode past the ranks of the ,germans1 without either waiting for his staff1 or receiving an answer from anyone4 ,,helps ,,to ,,style4 ,though ,style cannot perhaps be taught1 it can certainly be formed and improved4 ,there are several ways of improving your ,style4 ,for example3-- #ad4 ,through the ,best ,english ,literature4--,read good ,literature1 the best ,english ,authors in prose and verse4 ,you will know something1 perhaps1 of ,shakespeare and ,scott1 of ,macaulay and ,tennyson4 ,though you may not be able to attack the complete works of any great author1 you ought not to have any difficulty in finding good books of selections from the ,english ,classics4 #ae4 ,through good ,translations4--,study a few good ,english ,versions of passages from the best ,latin writers4 ,you may often have a good version of the passage you translate read to you in your ,division after your mistakes have been pointed out to you1 and to this you should pay great attention4 ,you will thus learn eventually to suit your style to the ,author you are translating1 while at the same time you render the passage closely and accurately4 #af4 ,be ,clear4--,remember that the first characteristic of a good style is clearness--that is1 to say what you mean and to mean what you say4 ,quintilian1 the great critic1 says that the aim of the translator should be1 not that the reader may understand if he will1 but that he must understand whether he will or not4 ,the more you read the greatest ,authors the more you will see that1 as ,coleridge says1 'there is a reason assignable not only for every word1 but for the position of every word4' #ag4 ,be ,simple4--,with clearness goes simplicity--that is1 use no word you do not understand1 avoid fine epithets1 and do not choose a phrase for its sound alone1 but for its sense4 #ah4 ,avoid ,paraphrase4--,you are asked to translate1 not to give a mere general idea of the sense4 ,what you have to do is to think out the exact meaning of every word in the sentence1 and to express this in as good and correct ,english as you can4 #ai4 ,pay attention to ,metaphors4--,the subject of ,metaphor is of great importance in good translation4 ,you will find that every language possesses its own special ,metaphors in addition to those which are common to most ,european languages4 ,as you become familiar with ,latin ,authors you must try to distinguish the ,metaphors common to ,english and ,latin and those belonging only to ,english or to ,latin4 ,for example3-- 7#a7 ,metaphors identical in ,latin and ,english-- ,progreditur res publica naturali quodam itinere et cursu4 ,the ,state advances in a natural path and progress4 7#b7 ,metaphors differing in ,latin and ,english-- cedant arma togae let the sword yield to the pen4 ardet acerrime coniuratio the conspiracy is at its height4 rex factus est he ascended the throne4 conticuit he held his peace4 #bj4 ,careful ,translation a ,help to ,style4--,in conclusion4 ,nothing will help your style more than to do your translations as well as you possibly can1 and to avoid repeating the same mistakes4 ,the ,latins themselves knew the value of translation as a help to style4 ,for example1 ,pliny the ,younger says3-- ',as useful as anything is the practice of translating either your ,greek into ,latin or your ,latin into ,greek4 ,by practising this you will acquire propriety and dignity of expression1 an abundant choice of the beauties of style1 power in description1 and gain in the imitation of the best models a facility of creating such models for yourself4 ,besides1 what may escape you when you read1 cannot escape you when you translate4' ,,demonstrations in ,,unseen ,,translation ,,note ,the use of a personal mode of address in the following ,demonstrations is explained by the fact that they are written primarily for the use of boys4 ,it is hoped1 however1 that they may be found useful to masters also1 and that the fulness with which each passage is treated may supply some helpful suggestions4 ,,demonstration ,i4 ,fierce encounter with the ,germans4 7a7 ,reiectis pilis cominus gladiis pugnatum est4 ,,ii ,at ,germani celeriter1 ex consuetudine sua1 phalange facta1 impetus gladiorum exceperunt4 ,,iii ,reperti sunt complures nostri milites1 qui in phalangas insilirent1 et scuta manibus revellerent1 et desuper vulnerarent4 ,,iv ,cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset1 a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant4 ,v ,id cum animadvertisset ,publius ,crassus adulescens1 qui equitatui praeerat1 quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur1 tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit4 ,,vi ,ita proelium restitutum est4 ,,caesar4 ,fierce encounter with the ,germans4 7b7 ,reiectis pilis cominus gladiis pugnatum est4 ,,ii ,at ,germani celeriter1 ex consuetudine sua1 phalange facta1 impetus gladiorum exceperunt4 ,,iii ,reperti sunt complures nostri milites qui in phalangas insilirent1 et scuta manibus revellerent1 et desuper vulnerarent4 ,,iv ,cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in ,,iv fugam conversa esset1 a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant4 ,v ,id cum animadvertisset ,publius ,crassus adulescens1 qui equitatui praeerat1 quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur1 tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit4 ,,vi ,ita proelium restitutum est4 ,,caesar4 ,,demonstration ,i4 ,,caesar1 ,b4 ,g4 i4 #eb4 ,reiectis pilis 444 restitutum est4 ,heading and ,author4--,this tells you enough for working purposes1 even if you do not remember the outline facts of ,caesar's campaign against ,ariovistus1 the chief of the ,germans1 called in by the ,gauls in their domestic quarrels1 who conquered and ruled them until he was himself crushed by the ,romans4 ,read through the passage carefully4--,as you do this1 notice all allusions and key-words that help you to the sense of the passage1 e4g4 ,germani1 nostri milites1 ,publius ,crassus4 ,the general sense of the passage should now be so plain 7i4e4 an incident in a battle between the ,germans and the ,romans7 that you may begin to translate sentence by sentence4 ,i4 ,reiectis pilis cominus gladiis pugnatum est4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- ,reiectis re iacio throw back or away4 ,the context will tell you which is the better meaning for re-4 ,notice the force of all prefixes in composition1 whether separate or inseparable as here4 ,for re-1 see pp4 #bhj1 #bha4 ,appendix ,,ii4,,ii3 ,separable ,particles pilis the plum1 the distinctively ,roman missile weapon4 cominus comminus3 i4e4 con 7 cum7 manus hand to hand4 ,n4,b4--,in composition a often becomes i1 cf4 iacio1 re-icio2 and cf4 e-minus at a distance4 7ii47 ,translation4-- ,,pugnatum ,,est4 ,the only finite verb in the sentence1 and the principal one4 ,the form shows you it is a so-called impersonal verb1 and therefore the subject must be sought from the verb itself in connection with the context4 ,here1 clearly1 you must translate the battle was fought4 cominus tells us how1 i4e4 hand to hand4 reiectis pilis4 ,you will recognise this as an ablative absolute phrase4 ,but do not translate this literally their javelins having been thrown away1 for this is not ,english4 ,let the principal verb and the sense generally guide you to the force of the phrase4 ,thus you can see here that the ,roman soldiers had no use for their javelins1 and so threw them away as a useless encumbrance4 7,the context tells us that the ,roman soldiers had no time to hurl their javelins against the foe47 ,you can now translate the whole sentence--7and so7 the ,romans threw away their javelins and fought hand to hand with swords4 ,,ii4 ,at ,germani celeriter1 ex consuetudine sua1 phalange facta1 impetus gladiorum exceperunt4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- ex consuetudine sua according to their custom4 ,you will probably have met with consuetudo1 or consuesco1 or suesco4 ,our own word custom comes from it through the ,french coutume4 ,for this use of ex cf4 ex sententia1 ex voluntate4 phalange phalanx4 ,if you learn ,greek1 you will readily think of the famous ,macedonian phalanx4 impetus attacks in peto 7 aim at74 ,cf4 our impetus1 impetuous4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence contains only one finite verb1 the principal one4 ,,exceperunt 7they7 received4 ,who received8 ,clearly ,,germani the ,germans4 ,received what8 ,,impetus the attacks4 impets must be ,acc4 ,plur4 ,all you now have to do is to assign to their proper places the words and phrases that remain4 ,of these #a4 celeriter #b4 ex consuetudine sua #c4 phalange facta modify the action of exceperunt1 telling us when and how they received1 and #d4 gladiorum belongs to impets4 ,now translate the whole sentence4 ,but the ,germans quickly formed into a phalanx1 as was their custom1 and received the attacks of the swords 7i4e4 of the ,romans with drawn swords74 ,,iii4 ,reperti sunt complures nostri milites1 qui in phalangas insilirent1 et scuta manibus revellerent1 et desuper vulnerarent4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- insilirent in salio leap-on4 ,and cf4 our insult4 ,notice the usual phonetic change of vowel from a to i4 7,english derivatives will often help you to the meaning of a ,latin word1 though1 for reasons that are explained to you in the ,introduction1 pp4 #a1 #b1 #d1 you must let them lead you up to the root-meaning of the ,latin word rather than to an exact translation47 revellerent re vello pluck-away4 ,if you forget the meaning of vello1 the supine vulsum through some ,english derivative--e4g4 re-vulsion1 con-vulsion--will probably help you to the root-meaning4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence contains four finite verbs4 ,as you read it through1 underline the principal verb1 clearly ,,reperti ,,sunt1 and bracket qui to vulnerarent4 ,you cannot doubt which verbs to include in your bracket1 for qui1 which is a subordinate conjunction as well as a relative pronoun1 serves as a sure signpost4 ,also revellerent and vulnerarent are joined by et--et to insilirent1 so your bracket includes all from qui to vulnerarent4 ,the commas in the passage will often help you to the beginning and end of a subordinate clause4 ,now begin with the principal verb ,,reperti ,,sunt and its subject complures nostri ,,milites1 many of our soldiers were found4 qui 444 vulnerarent4 ,this subordinate clause describes1 just as an adjective does1 the character of these complures nostri1 so that qui tales ut--i4e4 brave enough to leap upon the phalanxes1 and pluck away the shields 7of the ,germans7 and wound them from above4 ,,iv4 ,cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset1 a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- 7acies line of battle4 ,rtac sharp 7cf4 cer71 perhaps thought of as the edge of a sword4 cornu horn2 so1 figuratively1 the wing of an army4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence contains three finite verbs4 ,underline ,,premebant1 clearly the principal verb1 and bracket cum to conversa esset4 ,here the signpost is the subordinate conjunction cum4 ,next find the subject of premebant3 obviously no word from a dextro to aciem can be the subject2 it is implied in premebant--i4e4 they1 which as context shows ,germani4 ,now find the object nostram aciem our line4 ,thus you have as the backbone of the whole sentence3-- ,they 7the ,germans7 were pressing our line4 ,all the rest of the sentence will now take its proper place1 as in some way modifying the action of premebant4 ,thus3-- cum 444 conversa esset tells us when they were pressing4 a dextro cornu where vehementer how multitudine suorum how or why ,n4,b4--suorum1 reflexive1 must be identical with the subject of premebant4 ,now translate ,though,when the enemy's line had been routed and put to flight on their left wing1 on their right wing1 owing to their great numbers1 they were pressing hard upon our line4 ,v4 ,id cum animadvertisset ,publius ,crassus adulescens1 qui equitatui praeerat1 quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur1 tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- animadvertisset animum ad verto to turn the mind to1 to observe4 adulescens here like our junior1 to distinguish him from his father1 ,marcus ,crassus the triumvir4 expeditior more free 7ex pes foot-free2 so impeditus hampered1 hindered74 versabantur--7verso frequent4 of verto7 turn this way and that2 so verso-r dep4 turn oneself1 engage in1 be1 according to the context4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence is more involved1 'periodic'#h in style4 ,you will see on p4 #bc how much help can be given by a more detailed analysis4 ,demonstration ,i3 ,table ,footnote #h3 ,see ,introduction1 pp4 #g-i1 #aa4 ,introduction #aa4 ,help through a ,study of the ,period in ,latin4 ,now1 as before1 bracket the subordinate clauses thus3-- #a4 ,id 444 adulescens #b4 qui 444 praeerat #c4 quod 444 versabantur and then the only principal verb is ,,misit4 ,underline this4 ,next underline the principal subject1 clearly ,p4 ,,crassus1 which is also the subject of clause #a4 ,then1 outside the brackets1 the only possible object is ,,aciem3 underline this4 ,now analyse1 as on p4 #bc4 ,demonstration ,i3 ,table 7a7 ,write down ,,crassus1 ,,misit1 ,,aciem4 7b7 ,place alongside these their proper enlargements4 7c7 ,if necessary1 analyse separately all subordinate clauses--e4g4 ,a#a1 ,a#b1 ,a#c in example on p4 #bc4 ,you should now be able to translate without any difficulty2 only take care to arrange the enlargements so as to make the best sense and the best ,english4 ,thus3 ,when ,publius ,crassus the younger1 who was in command of the cavalry1 had observed this1 he sent the third line to the help of our men who were hard pressed1 as he was more free to act than those who were engaged in action4 ,,vi4 ,ita proelium restitutum est4 ,in this way the battle was restored4 ,final ,hints4 ,remember that one passage mastered is worth a great many hurriedly translated4 ,so before you leave this passage notice carefully in the ,i4 ,vocabulary4-- 7i47 ,any words that are quite new to you4 ,look them out in the dictionary1 and notice their derivation and use2 if you do not do this you will find the same word new to you the next time you meet with it4 7ii47 ,english ,derivatives4--,as you have seen1 these will often help you to the root-meaning of a word4 ,thus3-- reiectis reject1 throw away insilirent insult1 jump on and in the case of verbs1 as these two examples show1 derivatives are most easily found from the supine stem4 ,n4,b4--,this must be done very carefully1 because many such ,english derivatives have come from ,latin words after they had wholly1 or in part1 lost their classical meaning1 or from ,latin words not found at all in classical ,latin4 ,a great many other ,english words are derived from the ,latin of this passage--e4g4 pugnacious1 7with7 celerity1 fact1 except1 military1 manual1 super-sede1 vulnerable1 hostile1 sinister1 uni-corn1 and many others4 7iii47 ,prefixes4--,notice especially the force of prepositions and inseparable particles in composition1 e4g43-- re- in re-iectis1 re-vellerent1 restitutum4 in- in impetus1 insilirent4 ex- in exceperunt1 expeditior4 7iv47 ,simple ,phonetic ,changes in ,composition1 e4g43-- a to i in insilirent1 cominus 7con manus74 7v47 ,groups of ,related ,words4 ,thus acies ,rtac sharp1 is related to 7ac-er1 sharp2 7ac-ervus1 a heap2 7ac-utus1 sharp1 c4 expeditior ,rtped tread1 go1 is related to pes1 a foot2 impedio entangle2 impedimentum hindrance1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,historical and other ,allusions4-- 7i47 ,read a summary of ,caesar's campaign against ,ariovistus4 7ii47 ,terms relating to ,war4--,thus notice3-- pilum1 the distinctively ,roman infantry weapon1 and see a good illustration4 phalanx2 cf4 the ,roman testudo4 tertiam aciem--i4e4 the line of reserves1 kept for just such emergencies4 ,read1 if necessary1 some short account of the triplex acies1 the usual ,roman order of battle4 ,,iii4 ,some ,authorities4-- 7i47 ,caesar1 ,allen and ,greenough1 published by ,ginn ,co4 7an admirable edition74 7ii47 ,froude's ,caesar1 p4 #ej4 7iii47 ,mommsen's ,history of ,rome1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bie4 7iv47 ,napoleon's ,caesar1 vol4 ii4 cap4 #d1 and vol4 ii4 p4 #dje4 ,,demonstration ,i4 ,,caesar1 ,b4 ,g4 i4 #eb3 ',reiectis pilis 444 restitutum est4' ,,sentence ,kind of ,sentence ,,connective ,,subject ,simple ,enlarged ,,predicate ,simple ,enlarged ,,object ,simple ,enlarged ,a4 ,id cum animadvertisset ,publius ,crassus adulescens1 qui equitatui praeerat1 quod expeditior rat quam hi ui inter aciem versabantur1 tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit4 ,,principal 7complex7 ,,crassus #a4 ,publius #b4 adulescens #c4 qui 444 praeerat ,,misit #a4 ,id cum 444 adulescens 7 when7 #b4 quod 444 versabantur 7 why7 #c4 laborantibus 444 subsidio 7 how7 ,,aciem tertiam ,a#a4 ,id cum animadvertisset ,publius ,crassus adulescens ,subordinate adverbial to ,,misit in ,a cum ,crassus ,publius animadvertisset -- id -- ,a#b4 qui equitatui praeerat ,subordinate adjectival to ,,crassus in ,a qui qui 7 ,crassus7 -- praeerat equitatui -- -- ,a#c4 quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur ,subordinate adverbial to ,,misit in ,a quod 7,crassus7 -- erat expeditior quam 444 hi versabantur -- -- ,,demonstration ,,ii4 ,the ,music of ,arion4 7a7 ,quod mare non novit1 quae nescit ,ariona tellus8 ,i ,carmine currentes ille tenebat aquas4 ,,ii ,saepe1 sequens agnam1 lupus est a voce retentus2 ,,iii ,saepe avidum fugiens restitit agna lupum2 ,,iv #d ,saepe canes leporesque umbra cubuere sub una1 ,v ,et stetit in saxo proxima cerva leae3 ,,vi ,et sine lite loquax cum ,palladis alite cornix ,,vii ,sedit1 et accipitri iuncta columba fuit4 ,,viii #h ,cynthia saepe tuis fertur1 vocalis ,arion1 ,,ix ,tamquam fraternis obstupuisse modis4 #aj ,,ovid4 ,the ,music of ,arion4 7b7 ,quod mare non novit1 quae nescit ,ariona tellus8 ,i ,carmine currentes ille tenebat aquas4 ,,ii ,saepe1 sequens agnam1 lupus est a voce retentus2 ,,iii ,saepe avidum fugiens restitit agna lupum2 ,,iv #d ,saepe canes leporesque umbra cubuere sub una1 ,v ,et stetit in saxo proxima cerva leae3 ,,vi ,et sine lite loquax cum ,palladis alite cornix ,,vii ,sedit1 et accipitri iuncta columba fuit4 ,,viii #h ,cynthia saepe tuis fertur1 vocalis ,arion1 ,,ix ,tamquam fraternis obstupuisse modis4 #aj ,,ovid4 ,,demonstration ,,ii4 ,,ovid1 ,fasti ii4 #hc-ib 7,hallam's ,edition74 ,heading and ,author4--,the heading will probably suggest to you the well-known story of ,arion and the ,dolphin1 and the name of the author1 ,ovid1 will lead you to expect a beautiful version of the legend4 ,read the ,passage carefully4--,as you read1 notice all allusions that help you to the sense of the passage4 ,thus the first line 7which you can no doubt translate at once7 tells of the fame of ,arion1 and the succeeding lines describe the charm of his music4 ,the ,form of the ,passage3 ,elegiac ,verse4--,scan#i as you read1 and mark the quantity in the verse of all finals in -a4 ,you will see the value of this1 as you translate4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,introduction1 pp4 #f1 #g1 #aj4 ,introduction #aj4 ,help through ,scansion and ,metre ,you can now begin to translate1 taking one complete sentence at a time4 ,i4 ,quod mare non nvit1 quae nescit 7,ar7on7a tells8 7i47 ,vocabulary4--,you will know all the words here1 but observe nvit knows1 not knew1 for nvi means ,i have become acquainted with1 ,i have learned1 and therefore ,i know2 and notice also the important cognates from the ,rtgno-1 gn-1 -gna1 -gno1 gi-gn-sk ,i learn to know1 cf4 our know1 ken1 can1 con--no-os 7mind71 -gna-rus know-ing2 no-sco 7 gno-sco74 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence contains no subordinates2 the two finite verbs1 nvit1 nescit1 are both principal4 ,next1 the form of the sentence1 with the question-mark at the end1 shows that mare must be the subject of nvit1 and tellus of nescit4 77,ar7on7a cannot be nominative1 for the suffix -a is the usual ,greek #crd decl4 ,acc4 ,sing41 where ,latin has -em47 ,also quod and quae are clearly interrogative and adjectival2 so translate3-- ,what sea does not know1 what land is ignorant of ,arion8 ,n4,b4--,try to render this line a little more poetically4 ,,ii4 ,carmine currentes ille tenbat aqus4 7i47 ,vocabulary4--,you will know all these simple words4 7ii47 ,translation4--,here again there are no subordinates4 ,the principal verb is tenebat1 the subject ille1 and the object aquas2 so translate3-- ,he used to stay the running waters by his song4 ,n4,b4--,notice force of ,imperfect in tenebat4 ,,iii4 ,saepe1 sequens agnam1 lupus est a voce retentus2 7i47 ,vocabulary4--,all you need notice here is the force of re- in retentus held back1 cf4 our re-tain4 7ii47 ,translation4--,before you translate1 notice ,ovid's frequent use of parataxis1 i4e4 placing one thought side by side with another thought1 without any connective1 even although one thought is1 in sense1 clearly subordinate to another4 ,this is one of the ways in which all great poets heighten the effect of what they say1 and many examples of it are to be found in ,ovid's best elegiac verse4 ,as you look through this passage you will find3 7a7 ,lines #a1 #b1 #c1 #d each form a complete sentence4 7b7 ,in the whole passage there is not one subordinate conjunction4 7c7 ,the only expressed connective is the simplest link-word et4 ,the principal verb is retentus est1 the subject lupus4 ,sequens agnam describes lupus1 and saepe and a voce tell us when and why the wolf was stayed4 ,often has the wolf in pursuit of the lamb been stayed at the sound4 7,for this use of a or ab to express origin or source cf4 ,ovid1 ,fasti1 v4 #fee ,v4 #gji3 ,pectora traiectus ,lynceo ,castor ab ense47 ,,iv4 ,saepe avidum f7ugiens restitit agn7a lupum4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- ,restitit stood still2 re si-st-o1 i4e4 from ,rtsta-1 strengthened by reduplication2 cf4 hi-st-mi4 ,contrast carefully meaning of re-sto1 stand firm or be left4 7ii47 ,translation4--,again a very simple sentence4 ,the principal verb is restitit1 the subject agn7a2 fugiens avidum lupum enlarges the subject 7agna1 and saepe tells us when the lamb stood still4 ,often has the lamb1 when fleeing from the hungry wolf1 stood still 7stopped short in its flight74 ,n4,b4--,notice the parallelism in this couplet1 where the parallel lines express the same idea4 ,this is a characteristic feature of ,hebrew poetry1 e4g43 ',seek ye the ,lord while ,he may be found3 ,call ye upon ,him while ,he is near4' ,is4 lv4 #f4 and is frequently employed by ,ovid4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,e4g43 ,plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita1 ,et stetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides4 ,amores ii4 #f4 #ac-ad4 ,v4 ,saepe c7anes lep7oresque umbr c7ubure sub un4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- ,lep7ores hares4 ,as this is closely connected by -que with c7anes1 you are not likely to confuse it with l7epor 7lepos2 cf4 lamp7 a charm1 grace4 ,cubuere lay down4 ,cp4 -cumbo in composition1 and our recumbent1 succumb1 and cub-icle4 7ii47 ,translation4--,another simple sentence about which there can be no doubt4 ,the metre shows that umbr must be taken with sub un3-- ,often have the dogs and the hares reclined beneath the same shade4 ,,vi4 ,et stetit in saxo proxim7a cerv7a leae4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- ,leae lioness4 ,lea 7poetical form of leaena7 suggests leo4 7ii47 ,translation4--,the metre shows proxim7a must be taken with cerv7a4 ,but to translate the nearest stag 7hind7 makes nonsense1 and renders leae untranslatable1 while the hind very close to the lioness makes good sense4 ,and the hind has stood still on the crag close beside the lioness4 ,,vii4 ,et s7ine lte l7oquax cum ,palladis lite cornix sdit4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- ,lte strife4 ,to litigate contest in law 7lit agere7 may help you to the root-meaning4 ,loquax talkative1 clearly connected with l7oq-uor1 and loq-uacious4 ,alite a bird1 lit4 winged2 cf4 l-a1 a wing4 ,cornix a crow1 probably from ,rtkar2 cf4 our croak1 and korax1 cor-vus1 a raven4 ,palladis4 ,you have no doubt heard of ,pallas ,athn1 the virgin goddess of war and of wisdom4 7ii47 ,translation4--,the force of the illustration lies in the strong contrast between the chattering1 tale-bearing crow and the wise1 silent owl sacred to the goddess of wisdom4 ,two such opposites1 under the spell of ,arion's music1 forget to quarrel1 though for the time in close company4 ,and the chattering crow has without strife sat in company with the bird of ,pallas4 ,,viii4 ,et accipitri iunct7a c7olumb7a fuit4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- ,accipitri hawk 7a general name for birds of prey71 probably from ,rtpet-1 pet- move quickly2 cf4 pet-omai fly about2 p7et-o fall upon1 attack1 seek4 ,so accipiter ac p7et-1 swift flying2 cf4 kupteros swift-winged4 7ii47 ,translation4--,the metre shows that columb7a and iunct7a must be taken together3-- ,and the dove has-been-joined-to 7has consorted with7 the hawk4 ,,ix4 ,cynthia saepe tuis fertur1 vcalis 7,arn1 ,tamquam fraternis obst7upuisse m7odis4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- ,cynthia ,diana 7,artemis71 so called from ,mt4 ,cynthus1 in ,delos1 where she and ,apollo were born4 ,fertur is said1 asserted2 cf4 f7erunt they say4 ,vcalis tuneful1 clearly from same root as vox1 v7oc-o1 c41 of our vocal4 ,for change of quantity cf4 rex1 rgis1 from r7ego4 ,obst7upuisse to have been spell-bound2 st7up-eo1 st7up-idus1 and our stupefy1 stupid will suggest the root-meaning4#aa ,m7odis measures1 especially of verse1 or1 as here1 of music4 ,footnote #aa3 ,notice this word1 which is often employed to express the ideas of entrnce1 enthrall1 strike dumb1 amaze4 7ii47 ,translation4--,you will remember that ,apollo1 the god who brings back light and sunshine in spring1 is also the god of music and of poetry4 ,ovid skilfully implies that ,arion's playing was so beautiful that even ,diana1 ,apollo's own sister1 mistakes ,arion's playing for her brother's4 ,this sentence takes up a whole couplet1 but is in form quite simple4 ,thus fertur is the incomplete predicate1 and obstupuisse saepe tuis modis tamquam fraternis completes the predicate1 i4e4 tells us all that is said of the subject ,cynthia4 ,vcalis 7,aron is clearly vocative1 or nominative of address4 ,o tuneful ,arion1 often is ,cynthia said to have been spell-bound by thy strains1 as by those of her brother 7,apollo74 ,final ,suggestions4 ,you have now learnt how to translate this passage1 but you must do more before you can master it4 ,thus in these simple but beautiful lines notice3-- 7i47 ,vocabulary4--,this is easy and familiar1 but even if you know the meaning of the words study their cognates--i4e4 related words--as pointed out to you in the vocabulary1 e4g4 under nvit1 p4 #be1 sentence ,i4 ,demonstration ,,ii4ii 7ii47 ,english ,derivatives4--,remember that often1 where you cannot think of an ,english derivative1 some very familiar ,french word will help you to the root-meaning of the ,latin4 ,thus3-- ,latin4 ,french4 ,english4 ,carmine ,charme ,charm 7,song7 ,agnam ,agneau ,lamb ,lupus ,loup ,wolf ,cerva ,cerf ,stag 7,hind7 and notice that where the ,english word1 e4g4 charm1 differs in spelling from the ,latin1 it is because it comes to us through a ,french channel4 ,cf4 feat from ,fr4 fait ,l4 factum4 7iii47 ,allusions and ,parallel ,passages4--,in verse these are often numerous and important4 ,poetry is naturally full of imagery1 and borrows from many sources4 ,thus1 for ll4 #a-h1 compare ,hor4 ,od4 ,i4 xii4 #e3 ',aut in umbrosis ,heliconis oris 4 4 4 4 ,arte materna rapidos morantem ,fluminum lapsus 4 4 4' and ,verg4 ,g4 iv4 #eaj3 ',mulcentem tigris et agentem carmine quercus4' ,shakesp4 ,hen4 ,,viii4 ,,iii4 i43 ',orpheus with his lute made trees1 ,and the mountain-tops that freeze1 ,bow themselves when he did sing'2 or read ,tennyson's poem ',amphion4' ,lines #e1 #f4--;,cf4 ,isaiah xi4 #f3 ',the wolf also shall dwell with the lamb1 and the leopard shall lie down with the kid2 and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together2 and a little child shall lead them4' 7iv47 ,hints for ,verses4--,ovid is the acknowledged master of elegiac verse4 ,therefore1 whenever you have a passage of his elegiacs to translate1 you should1 if possible1 learn it by heart4 7,the ,arion story as told by ,ovid is well worth a place in any collection of ,ediscenda47 ,if you cannot do this1 notice useful phrases and turns of expression1 e4g43-- ,line #a4--;,a question1 instead of a bare statement1 where no answer is expected4 ,cf4 ',quod crimen dicis praeter amasse meum8' 7,dido to ,aeneas1 ,ov4 ,her4 vii4 #afd47 ,lines #c1 #d4--,parataxis and repetition of idea4 ,line #i4--,vocalis ,arion1 apostrophe4 ,line #b4--,simplicity2 alliteration4 7v47 ,the ,poem as ,literature4--,ovid here depicts in language purposely exaggerated the power of music over the hearts of men1 and even over nature1 animate and inanimate4 ,this gives point to the strong contrast in the lines which follow1 where greed dominates all the feelings4 ,shakespeare refers to the love of music as a test of character3-- ',the man that hath no music in himself1 ,nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds1 ,is fit for treasons1 stratagems1 and spoils4' ,,demonstration ,,iii4 ,,part ,i4 ,a rash promise rashly believed4 ,hannibali alia in his locis bene gerendae rei fortuna oblata est4 ,i ,m4 ,centenius fuit cognomine ,paenula1 insignis inter primipili centuriones et magnitudine corporis et animo4 ,,ii ,is perfunctus militia1 per ,p4 ,cornelium ,sullam praetorem in senatum introductus1 petit a ,patribus1 uti sibi quinque milia militum darentur3 ,,iii se peritum et hostis et regionum1 brevi operae pretium facturum et1 quibus artibus ad id locorum nostri et duces et exercitus capti forent1 iis adversus inventorem usurum4 ,,iv ,id non promissum magis stolide1 quam stolide creditum1 tamquam eaedem militares et imperatoriae artes essent6 ,v ,data pro quinque octo milia militum2 pars dimidia cives1 pars socii4 ,,vi ,et ipse aliquantum voluntariorum in itinere ex agris concivit1 ac prope duplicato exercitu in ,lucanos pervenit1 ubi ,hannibal1 nequiquam secutus ,claudium1 substiterat4 ,,vii ,,livy4 ,a rash promise rashly believed4 ,hannibali alia in his locis bene gerendae rei fortuna oblata est4 ,i ,m4 ,centenius fuit cognomine ,paenula1 insignis inter primipili centuriones et magnitudine corporis et animo4 ,,ii ,is perfunctus militia1 per ,p4 ,cornelium ,sullam praetorem in senatum introductus1 petit a ,patribus1 uti sibi quinque milia militum darentur4 ,,iii ,centenius dixit se peritum et hostis et regionum1 brevi operae pretium facturum3 et1 quibus artibus ad id locorum nostri et duces et exercitus capti forent1 iis adversus inventorem usurum4 ,,iv ,id non promissum magis stolide1 quam stolide creditum3 tamquam eaedem militares et imperatoriae artes essent6 ,v ,data pro quinque octo milia militum2 ,,vi pars dimidia cives1 pars socii4 ,et ipse aliquantum voluntariorum in itinere ex agris concivit1 ac prope duplicato exercitu1 in ,lucanos pervenit1 ubi ,hannibal1 nequiquam secutus ,claudium1 substiterat4 ,,livy4 ,,demonstration ,,iii4 ,,livy1 xxv4 #ai4 ,read the passage through carefully4 ,as you read-- 7i47 ,make all the use you can of your previous knowledge of ,history1 ,geography1 and ,antiquities4 ,thus1 ,hannibali suggests an episode in the ,second ,punic ,war4 ,m4 ,centenius is clearly the unfortunate subject of the episode4 in ,lucanos 444 substiterat helps to fix the date as later than ,cannae1 #baf ,b4,c4 7ii47 ,observe carefully all phrases that will require special care in translating--e4g4 bene gerendae rei--inter primipili centuriones--perfunctus militia--operae pretium--ad id locorum4 ,you will now have a sufficient general idea of the form and general sense of the passage1 and may begin to translate sentence by sentence4 ,i4 ,hannibali alia in his locis bene gerendae rei fortuna oblata est4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- oblata1 cf4 ob-lation an offering and of-fer4 7ii47 ,translation4-- oblata est shows that the subject must be fortuna1 with which alia must agree1 and gerendae rei is dependent genitive4 ,so you may at once translate literally ,another fortune 7chance7 of carrying-on the matter well in these parts was offered to ,hannibal4 ,but you must not be satisfied with this1 for though literally correct it is neither good ,history nor good ,english4 ,so render3 ,in this district ,hannibal had another chance presented to him of achieving a success4 ,here notice especially the use of the word res1#ab a remarkable example of the tendency of ,roman writers to employ the ordinary and simple vocabulary wherever possible instead of inventing a new word4 ,as a writer well says1 ',res is1 so to say1 a blank cheque1 to be filled up from the context to the requisite amount of meaning4' ,cf4 ',consilium erat quo fortuna rem daret1 eo inclinare vires1' where res victory4 ,footnote #ab3 ,cf4 ,introduction1 p4 #aa4 ,introduction #ac 7#b7 ,,ii4 ,m4 ,centenius fuit cognomine ,paenula1 insignis inter primipili centuriones et magnitudine corporis et animo4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- primipili the chief centurion of the triarii 7the third1 veteran line of the legion71 the primipilus1 or primus pilus4 ,so ,livy vii4 #da1 'primus centurio erat1 quem nunc 7centurionem7 primi pili appellant4' cognomine1 i4e4 co-nomen1 a name added to the nomen1 a title1 epithet1 e4g43 ,publius the distinctive praenomen4 ,scipio nomen1 designating his gens4 ,africanus cognomen4 7ii47 ,translation4--,the form of this sentence is quite simple4 ,the subject is ,m4 ,centenius1 with which insignis agrees4 ,there was a certain ,m4 ,centenius1 by surname ,penula1 distinguished among the first-rank 7or chief7 centurions 7of the ,triarii7 both for his great bodily size and courage4 ,,iii4 ,is perfunctus militia1 per ,p4 ,cornelium ,sullam praetorem in senatum introductus1 petit a ,patribus1 uti sibi quinque milia militum darentur4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- perfunctus1 cf4 function1 and notice force of per discharge completely4 7ii47 ,translation4--,the principal verb is clearly petit1 and is is the only possible subject 7 ,centenius71 with which introductus agrees4 ,there is one subordinate clause1 introduced by ut1 telling us the object of his request4 ,translate1 first literally1 ,he having discharged completely his military service1 being introduced into the ,senate by ,p4 ,c4 ,sulla1 the ,praetor1 asks the ,fathers that #ejjj soldiers should be given him4 ,now improve this3 get rid at all costs of the having and being1 which are not ,english1 and change the asks into the past tense of narration4 ,thus3-- ,after he had completed his term of service1 and had been introduced to the ,senate by ,p4 ,corn4 ,sulla1 the ,praetor1 he petitioned the ,fathers that #ejjj soldiers should be given him4 ,,iv4 ,se peritum et hostis et regionum1 brevi operae pretium facturum3 et1 quibus artibus ad id locorum nostri et duces et exercitus capti forent1 iis adversus inventorem usurum4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- peritum1 cf4 ex-peri-enced4 ,rtpar-1 per-1 pierce1 go through2 so1 ex-per-ior1 per-iculum1 in sense of a trial4 operae pretium lit4 'what will pay for the trouble1' i4e4 worth while1 i4e4 worth the time 7or labour7 spent upon it4 artibus--ars4 ,rtar fit1 join skill in joining something1 skill in producing2 so1 artist1 artisan1 artifice1 etc4 ad id locorum#ac to that point of time4 ,the ideas of place and time readily interchange2 so1 in loco at the right place or time4 ,footnote #ac3 ,cf4 ,sallust1 ,jugurtha1 #fc ,tamen is ad id locorum talis vir ,such was his character up to this time4 7ii47 ,translation4--,the form of the sentence shows that it is reported speech1 and not the actual words of the speaker ,centenius1 who is still the principal subject1 and dixit1 understood1 the principal verb1 and se peritum 444 usurum the object of dixit4 ,you should now be able to translate without any difficulty1 and the logical common-sense rules for the conversion of ,or4 ,recta into ,or4 ,obliqua explain the mood of the verb capti forent in the subordinate clause introduced by quibus4 ,literally3 ,centenius said that he1 experienced in both the enemy and the districts1 would soon make it worth 7their7 while3 and that he would use against their inventor those arts by which up to that time both our leaders and our armies had been overcome4 ,notice that the long relative clause quibus artibus 444 forent is in ,latin placed before the antecedent iis4 ,you will readily see that this must be improved in several points4 ,thus3-- 7a7 ,use ,oratio ,recta--more graphic and better suited to our idiom4 7b7 arts4 ,change this to some more suitable military term--e4g4 tactics4 ,he was well acquainted 7he said7 both with the enemy and the country1 and would shortly make it worth their while1 and would employ against their originator those very tactics by which both our leaders and our armies had up to that time been baffled4 ,v4 ,id non promissum magis stolide1 quam stolide creditum3 tamquam eaedem militares et imperatoriae artes essent6 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- stolide1 cf4 stolid dull1 foolish4 7ii47 ,translation4--,the finite copula est is1 as often1 omitted2 the two principal verbs are promissum 7est7 and creditum 7est7 linked by the comparative particles magis--quam1 and the subject is id2 tamquam--essent6 is a subordinate clause modifying the two principal verbs1 and expressing contemptuous wonder4 ,cf4 'tamquam clausa sit ,asia1 sic nihil perfertur ad nos4' ,you can now translate ,literally3 ,that was promised not more foolishly than it was foolishly believed1 just as if the arts of a soldier and of a general were the same4 ,here you can make several improvements2 avoid the repetition of foolishly1 and use a better term than arts1 and perhaps break up the sentence into two short ones4 ,thus3-- ,the folly of the promise was not greater than that of the credit it received4 ,just as though the qualities of a soldier and of a general were the same6 ,,vi4 ,data pro quinque octo milia militum2 pars dimidia cives1 pars socii4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- dimidia ,rtmed-1 mid- middle1 so dimidius dis medius4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence is very simple3 notice that here1 too1 sunt and erant are omitted4 ,eight thousand soldiers were given him instead of five3 half were citizens1 half allies4 ,,vii4 ,et ipse aliquantum voluntariorum in itinere ex agris concivit1 ac prope duplicate exercitu1 in ,lucanos pervenit1 ubi ,hannibal1 nequiquam secutus ,claudium1 substiterat4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- aliquantum considerable1 used in the neuter as a noun1 with a partitive genitive voluntariorum4 ,cf4 use of satis1 parum1 etc4 concivit raised1 lit4 roused1 stirred up4 ,cf4 ci-eo1 and our ex-cite1 in-cite4 substiterat had halted4 si-st-o is only a form of sto strengthened by reduplication 7cf4 histmi7 with a causal force4 ,cf4 restitit1 p4 #bg1 sentence iv4 ,demonstration ,,ii3iv 7ii47 ,translation4--,the principal subject is clearly ipse2 there are two principal verbs1 concivit and pervenit1 coupled by ac1 and one subordinate clause1 ubi 444 substiterat1 introduced by ubi1 and modifying pervenit4 ,the sense is so clear that you may translate at once into good ,english3-- ,moreover he himself raised a considerable number of volunteers in the country during his march2 and so1 with his numbers nearly doubled1 he reached ,lucania1 where ,hannibal1 after his fruitless chase of ,claudius1 had halted4 ,the following version was shown up by a boy of fifteen in a recent scholarship examination3 ',hannibal in carrying on his successful campaign met with some different luck in this district4 ,marcus ,centenius1 whose cognomen was ,penula1 was famous among the centurions of the first rank for his huge limbs and great courage4 ,this man1 after having accomplished his years of military training1 on being introduced into the ,senate by the ,prtor ,p4 ,cornelius ,sulla1 requested the ,patricians to give him #ejjj soldiers4 ,he said that he was well acquainted both with the enemy's tactics and the district round about1 and in a short time would convert the engagement into a prize for the ,state3 moreover1 he added1 ,i will employ the same tactics against the enemy as those by which our generals and troops have been captured in these parts4 ,this was faithfully believed as it was faithfully promised3 the tactics of the soldiers and of the commanders were so much alike6 ,he received #hjjj men instead of #ejjj3 half of them were ,roman citizens1 half allies3 moreover he himself got some volunteers while on the march in the country districts and so almost doubled his army3 he thus reached the territory of the ,lucani1 where ,hannibal after a fruitless pursuit after ,claudius1 had taken up his position4' ,this version is neither bad nor good4 ,the style is1 on the whole fair1 knowledge of vocabulary very fair1 and the rendering generally accurate4 ,it will1 however1 be of use to you as an object lesson3 so notice carefully the following points3-- ,i4 ,style4 ,sentence ,,iv4-- 7i47 ,the ,oratio ,obliqua of the original he renders partly as ,reported ,speech and partly as ,oratio ,recta4 ,this is1 of course1 to be avoided4 ,contrast the rendering given under ,sentence ,,iv4 ,sentence ,,iii4-- 7ii47 ,is perfunctus 444 darentur4 ,he uses too many participles4 ,contrast version under ,sentence ,,iii4 ,sentences ,,vi41 ,,vii4-- 7iii47 ,he translates data pro quinque 444 substiterat by one long sentence1 instead of breaking it up into two at least4 ,,ii4 ,vocabulary4 ,sentence ,,iv4-- ,se peritum 444 usurum4 ,he confuses pretium with praemium1 operae with rei publicae 7874 ,he should have been familiar with the phrase operae pretium4 inventorem he renders by enemy2 perhaps a careless mistake1 as if the word were inimicum 7which after all does not hostem74 ,sentence ,v4-- stolide he renders by faithfully4 ,a moment's thought given to the ,english word stolid should have put him on the right track4 ,sentence ,,vii4-- concivit he renders by got1 vague and inappropriate4 ,he fails to bring out the root-meaning of cieo to stir up4 ,,iii4 ,construction4 ,sentence ,i4-- ,this is very bad4 ,analysis would at once have shown him that the logical order of the sentence was ,alia fortuna bene gerendae rei oblata est ,hannibali in his locis1 though he might not see that in his locis must be closely connected with oblata est4 ,sentence ,,iv4-- brevi operae pretium facturum4 ,very bad3 due probably to not carefully weighing the meaning of each word4 ,you will now see that a strict attention to analysis and to the root-meanings of words really familiar would have enabled this candidate to send up a good version4 ,,demonstration ,,iv4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,rashness justly punished4 ,haud dubia res est1 quippe inter ,hannibalem ducem et centurionem2 exercitusque1 alterum vincendo veteranum1 alterum novum totum1 magna ex parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem4 ,i ,ut conspecta inter se agmina sunt1 et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam1 extemplo instructae acies4 ,,ii ,pugnatum tamen1 ut in nulla pari re1 duas amplius horas1 concitata et1 donec dux stetisset1 ,romana acie4 ,,iii ,postquam is non pro vetere fama solum1 sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris1 si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset1 obiectans se hostium telis cecidit1 fusa extemplo est ,romana acies4 ,,iv ,sed adeo ne fugae quidem iter patuit omnibus viis ab equite insessis1 ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint1 ceteri passim alii alia peste absumpti sint4 ,v ,,livy4 ,rashness justly punished4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the braces around the ,postquam444 clause are in the original4 ,haud dubia res est1 quippe inter ,hannibalem ducem et centurionem2 exercitusque1 alterum vincendo veteranum1 alterum novum totum1 magna ex parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem4 ,i ,ut conspecta inter se agmina sunt1 et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam1 extemplo instructae acies4 ,,ii ,pugnatum tamen1 ut in nulla pari re1 duas amplius horas1 concitata et1 donec dux stetisset1 ,romana acie4 ,,iii ,postquam is non pro vetere fama solum1 sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris1 si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset1 obiectans se hostium telis cecidit1 fusa extemplo est ,romana acies4 ,,iv ,sed adeo ne fugae quidem iter patuit omnibus viis ab equite insessis1 ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint1 ceteri passim alii alia peste absumpti sint4 ,v ,,livy4 ,,demonstration ,,iv4 ,,livy1 xxv4 #ai4 ,read through the ,passage carefully4--,the context will be familiar to you1 as this piece is a continuation of ,demonstration ,,iii2 but1 none the less1 read the passage through very carefully4 ,notice1 for example1 the use of quippe1 the various uses and meanings of ut1 alterum 444 alterum1 alii alia4 ,you can now begin to translate4 ,i4 ,haud dubia res est1 quippe inter ,hannibalem ducem et centurionem2 exercitusque1 alterum vincendo veteranum1 alterum novum totum1 magna ex parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- quippe qui pe4 pe a form of que 7cf4 nempe nam-pe indeed7 since of course4 alterum 7comparative of al-ius71 cf4 alter1 alternate1 either1 other4 ,in distributive clauses1 alter--alter the one1 the other4 tumultuarium 7cf4 tumultus71 used of troops brought hurriedly together2 so1 disorderly4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence is quite simple1 consisting of one main statement1 ,haud dubia res est1 and an explanatory subordinate statement of fact introduced by quippe4 ,notice that the influence of inter extends over the whole of the subordinate clause4 ,literally3 ',the affair was not doubtful1 since1 of course1 it was between ,hannibal as general and a centurion1 and between armies1 the one grown old in victory1 the other wholly new1 and for the most part also hurriedly raised and half-armed4' ,there are several points in which this rendering must be improved4 ,thus3-- 7a7 ,affair for res is too vague4 ,you will remember what was said about res in ,sentence ,i4 of ,part ,i4 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 7b7 ,you must try to express more strongly the contrast in generalship between ,hannibal and a mere centurion4 ,thus3-- ',the result was not doubtful1 considering that the contest was between a general such as ,hannibal and a 7mere7 centurion2 and between two armies1 the one grown old in victory1 the other consisting entirely of raw recruits1 and for the most part undrilled and half-armed4' ,,ii4 ,ut conspecta inter se agmina sunt1 et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam1 extemplo instructae acies4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- neuter ne uter 7uter eu-ter or quo-ter-us comparative in form of quis71 neither of two4 detrectavit declined 7de traho1 draw-off74 extemplo immediately4 ,ex templum 7dimin4 tempulum74 templum ,rttem cut2 cf4 temn prop4 a section4 ,so 7a7 a space marked out1 a consecrated place1 a temple4 7b7 a portion of time2 cf4 extempore4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence again is quite simple 7in form very similar to ,sentence ,i471 consisting of one main statement1 extemplo instructae acies1 and an introductory subordinate statement of time introduced by ut when4 ',when the armies came in sight of each other1 and neither side declined battle1 the ranks were at once drawn up in fighting order4' #ad;,,iii4 ,pugnatum tamen1 ut in nulla pari re1 duas amplius horas1 concitata et1 donec dux stetisset1 ,romana acie4 ,footnote #ad3 ,weissenborn and ,mller read3--,pugnatum tamen1 ut in nulla pari re1 diu3 duas amplius horas constitit pugna spe concitante1 donec dux stetit1 ,romanam aciem4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- concitata stirred-up1 roused4 con ci-eo2 cf4 ex-cite1 incite1 c7i-tus put in motion1 swift1 c4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence is not quite so simple and needs care4 ,notice-- 7a7 ,pugnatum 7est74 ,the ,impersonal ,pass4 serves as the principal subject and predicate4 7b7 ut in nulla pari re4 ut is here not a conjunction but a relative adverb of manner1 referring the assertion pugnatum duas amplius horas to the particular circumstance--i4e4 of a battle fought under very unequal conditions4 ,this use of ut considering occurs frequently--e4g4 consultissimus vir ut in illa quisquam esse aetate poterat 7,livy74 ,cf4 also p4 #abd1 l4 #ai4 ,selection ,c#ag1 ut in re trepida 7c7 concitata ,romana acie is clearly ablative absolute4 ,to make quite sure that you understand the logical connection of the thought conveyed by this sentence1 you may consult the detailed analysis on page #dg4 ,in spite of its being such an unequal match1 the battle was maintained for more than two hours2 the ,roman army 7as well as et the enemy's7 being roused 7to great exertions7 so long as their leader survived4 ,,iv4 ,postquam is non pro vetere fama solum1 sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris1 si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset1 obiectans se hostium telis cecidit1 fusa extemplo est ,romana acies4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- dedecoris of dis-grace1 for de in composition separation1 and so removal of the fundamental idea4 ,cf4 un-1 dis-1 e4g4 dis-par un-equal4 contractae brought on1 caused4 con traho bring about1 cause4 7ii47 ,translation4--,the meaning of this sentence should be quite plain to you if you notice carefully that 7a7 the principal verb is fusa est1 and the principal subject ,romana acies1 and 7b7 that ,postquam 444 cecidit is a subordinate clause of time modifying the action of the principal verb fusa est4 ,it would perhaps be well to translate at first literally3-- ,after that he1 not only out of regard for 7pro7 his old fame1 but also from fear of future disgrace1 if he should survive a disaster brought about by his own rashness1 exposing himself to the weapons of the enemy fell1 the ,roman army was at once routed4 ,you will see that this rendering1 though verbally correct1 is not ,english1 and must be considerably altered before it can be called a good translation4 ,thus3-- 7a7 ,it is too long4 ,you can remedy this by taking postquam 444 cecidit as one complete sentence1 and fusa 444 acies as another4 7b7 ,exposing himself4 ,better exposed himself to 444 and4 ,notice here the strictly accurate use of the ,pres4 participle in ,latin4 7c7 'future' may be omitted1 as tautological#ae in ,english4 ,cf4 our inexact idiom 'he promised to come' 7,lat4 'that he would come'74 ,footnote #ae3 i4e4 needless repetition 7tauto legein to say the same thing74 ,at last1 both for the sake of his old renown and from the fear of disgrace should he survive a disaster brought on by his own rashness1 he threw himself among the enemy's darts and was slain4 ,the ,roman army was routed in a moment4 --,church and ,b4 ,v4 ,sed adeo ne fugae quidem iter patuit omnibus viis ab equite insessis1 ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint1 ceteri passim alii alia peste absumpti sint4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- p7atuit was open4 ,cf4 p7ate-facio to make open2 p7at-ulus open1 spread out2 p7at-era a broad1 flat dish4 ,english1 patent4 insessis occupied2 in sed-eo sit upon--so1 occupy4 passim hither and thither1 far and wide1 formed from passus 7pando71 expand4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence resembles in form ,sentence ,,iv41 with one principal verb patuit1 and a principal subject iter1 and a subordinate clause of result1 ut 444 absumpti sint1 modifying the action of the principal verb patuit4 ,you may conveniently break up this sentence into two1 by beginning a new sentence with ,ceteri4 ,thus3-- ,so completely closed against them was every chance of escape1 all the roads being beset by cavalry1 that out of so numerous a host hardly a thousand escaped4 ,the rest perished as they fled1 some by one death and some by another4 ,before laying aside these two passages1 you should pay attention to the following points3-- 7i47 ,vocabulary4--,besides carefully noticing new words1 try to form groups of cognates 7i4e4 related words74 ,one of the best ways to enlarge your vocabulary is to group together words of common origin1 and to add to each1 where you can1 derivative and cognate ,english words4 ,to take a few examples from this passage3-- ,word4 ,meaning4 ,english ,derivative4 ,,alius another 7of many74 ali-enus that belong to another alien1 alienate4 ali-quot some1 several aliquot 7parts74 al-ter other of two alter1 alternate4 ali-bi elsewhere alibi4 etc4 ,,senatus the ,council ,senate4 of the ,elders sen-ex old sen-ior older senior1 sire1 sir4 sen-ile belonging to old people sen-ile4 sen-ectus old age4 etc4 ,,iter 7i-tiner7 a going itin-erant4 amb-it-io a going round1 ambition4 canvassing comes a comrade4 a ,count 7cum eo7 7,fr4 ,comte74 in-it-ium a going in1 a beginning initial4 sed-it-io a going apart1 sedition sedition4 etc4 7ii47 ,useful ,phrases for ,latin ,prose4--,you should try gradually to put together your own phrase-book4 ,you will find this much more useful to you than any ready-made collection4 ,a good and simple plan is to have a special note-book for this purpose4 ,mark in the text as you read useful phrases1 and in your note-book write the ,latin on the right-hand page and a good idiomatic rendering on the left4 ,for example1 from this passage you might collect the following3-- ,english4 ,latin4 ,a chance of achieving a success4 fortuna bene gerendae rei4 ,after completing his term of service4 perfunctus militia4 ,would make it worth their while4 operae pretium facturum4 ,up to that time4 ad id locorum4 ,the result was not doubtful4 haud dubia res est4 ,though the fight was so unequal4 ut in nulla pari re4 ,some by one death and some by another4 alii alia peste4 7iii47 ,,hannibal4--,read some good short estimate of ,hannibal as a patriot1 statesman1 and soldier--such as may be found in ,mommsen's or ,ihne's ,history of ,rome4 ,if you have time1 you will find much to interest you in the ,hannibal 7',heroes of the ,nations'7 by ,o',connor ,morris4 ,,demonstration ,,iv4 ,,sentence ,kind of ,sentence ,,connective ,,subject ,simple ,enlarged ,,predicate ,simple ,enlarged ,,object ,simple ,enlarged ,sentence ,,iii4 ,pugnatum tamen1 ut in nulla pari re1 duas amplius horas2 concitata et1 donec dux stetisset1 ,romana acie4 ,complex tamen 7,,the ,,battle7 ,,pugnatum 7,,est7 #a4 duas amplius horas 7time7 #b4 ut in nulla pari re 7manner7 #c4 concitata 444 ,romana acie 7manner7 ,sentence ,,iv4 ,a4 ,postquam is non pro vetere fama solum1 sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris1 si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset1 obiectans se hostium telis cecidit1 fusa extemplo est ,romana acies4 ,complex ,postquam ,,acies ,romana ,,fusa ,,est #a4 extemplo 7time7 #b4 ,postquam is 444 cecidit 7time7 ,a#a4 ,postquam is 444 cecidit ,subordinate adv4 to ,,fusa ,,est in ,a ,postquam is non pro vetere 444 ,,obiectans telis cecidit ,a#b4 si sua 444 superesset ,subordinate adv4 to ,,obiectans in ,a#a si 7he7 superesset cladi sua temeritate contractae ,,demonstration ,v4 ,the ,happy ,life4 7a7 ,felix1 qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas1 ,i ,atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum ,subiecit pedibus1 strepitumque ,acherontis avari6 ,fortunatus et ille1 deos qui novit agrestes1 ,,ii ,panaque1 ,silvanumque senem1 ,nymphasque sorores6 #e ,illum non populi fasces1 non purpura regum ,,iii ,flexit et infidos agitans discordia fratres1 ,aut coniurato descendens ,dacus ab ,histro1 ,non res ,romanae1 perituraque regna2 neque ille ,,iv ,aut doluit miserans inopem aut invidit habenti4 #aj ,,vergil4 ,the ,happy ,life4 7b7 ,felix1 7qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas1 ,i ,atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum ,subiecit pedibus1 strepitumque ,acherontis avari67 ,fortunatus et ille1 7deos qui novit agrestes1 ,,ii ,panaque1 ,silvanumque senem1 ,nymphasque sorores67 #e ,illum non populi fasces1 non purpura regum ,,iii ,flexit et infidos agitans discordia fratres1 ,aut coniurato descendens ,dacus ab ,histro1 ,non res ,romanae1 perituraque regna2 neque ille ,,iv ,aut doluit miserans inopem aut invidit habenti4 #aj ,,vergil4 ,,demonstration ,v4 ,,vergil1 ,georg4 ii4 #dij-dii4 ,read the ,passage carefully4--,notice as you read the many allusions and key-words in the passage1 e4g4 ,acherontis1 ,pana1 ,silvanum1 ,nymphas1 ,dacus ab ,istro1 res ,romanae1 rerum causas1 and populi fasces4 ,these1 taken in connection with the main predicates felix1 fortunatus1 non flexit1 neque doluit1 aut invidit1 will readily suggest to you the main thought of the passage3-- ,happy is ,nature's bard who knows and fears not3 happy he too who knows the gods of the country4 ,he is not distressed by ambition1 nor wars1 nor pain1 nor envy4 ,i4 ,felix1 qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas1 ,atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum ,subiecit pedibus1 strepitumque ,acherontis avari6 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- inexorabile relentless2 lit4 that cannot be moved by entreaty4 in 7not7 ex 7easily7 orabilis 7entreated74 ,for oro cf4 s mouth2 orator speaker2 oratio speech4 fatum fate1 i4e4 of death1 as the common lot of all men1 the decree of nature4 fatum that which is said1 espec4 prophetically4 ,rtfa1 pha4 ,cf4 for 7f-ri71 speak2 f-ma1 report2 f-bula1 a story2 in-fans1 that cannot speak2 f-cundus1 eloquent4 strepitum roar2 lit4 a wild1 confused noise1 din of any kind2 cf4 obstreperous4 ,acherontis ,acheron 7a7 a river in the ,lower ,world2 7b7 the ,lower ,world itself4 ,perh4 ,acheron ho achea rhen the stream of woe2 cf4 ,kkutos ,cocytus1 river of wailing4 7ii47 ,translation4-- ,you cannot be in doubt about the principal subject and predicate4 ,felix is the only word outside the subordinate clause from qui 444 avari4 ,the sense1 too1 of these lines is clear1 so you may translate at once2 but you must take special care to use dignified and appropriate language3-- ,happy the man who has availed to know the causes of things1 and so trampled under foot all fears and fate's relentless decree1 and the roar of insatiate ,acheron4 ,,ii4 ,fortunatus et ille1 deos qui novit agrestes1 ,panaque1 ,silvanumque senem1 ,nymphasque sorores6 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- agrestes of the country2 cf4 ager 7agros71 agrarius1 agrarian2 peragro 7per ager71 travel over4 ,perhaps to be traced to the same root as ag-o drive1 ager and agros being so named a pecore agendo 7cf4 ,germ4 trift pasturage1 treiben drive74 ,silvanum ,silvanus ,latin god of fields and woods 7silva71 sylvan4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence closely resembles in form ,sentence ,i1 ,ille ,fortunatus being the principal subject and predicate4 ,he too is blest who knows the gods of the country1 ,pan1 and old ,silvanus1 and the sisterhood of the ,nymphs4 ,,iii4 ,illum non populi fasces1 non purpura regum ,flexit1 et infidos agitans discordia fratres2 ,aut coniurato descendens ,dacus ab ,histro1 ,non res ,romanae1 perituraque regna2 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- fasces fasces1 i4e4 honours2 populi1 i4e4 conferred by the people4 fascis a bundle1 espec4 of wood4 fasces the lictors' rods 7rods axe in certain cases7 carried before the highest magistrates1 as an emblem of authority4 purpura1 i4e4 the purple robe worn by kings and magistrates4 ,cf4 #af',purpura ,pompeium summi velabit honoris4' ,,ov4 ,ex ,ponto ,,iv4 iv4 #be4 ,footnote #af3 ',the purple 7the insignia7 of the highest office shall clothe ,pompeius4' agitans driving1 i4e4 moving1 impelling4 discordia discord4 ,notice force of dis- separation1 negation2 cf4 dis-crimen1 dis-par4 coniurato united by oath1 sworn confederate4 ,dacus1 the ,dacians1 akin to the ,thracians1 ,n4 of ,danube1 conquered by ,trajan4 ,cf4 modern ,roumanians4 ,histro the ,lower ,danube4 7ii47 ,translation4--,you will see there is only one principal verb1 flexit 7or flexerunt71 with several principal subjects1 fasces1 purpura1 discordia1 res ,romanae1 perituraque regna1 and no subordinate clauses4 ,you may therefore translate at once3-- 7a7 ,him fasces of the people or purple of kings sway not1 not maddening discord among treacherous brethren1 nor the ,dacians swarming down from the leagued ,danube1 not the ,roman ,state1 or realms destined to decay2 ,,or 7b7 ,he is not 7#a7 moved by honours that the people confer1 or the purple of empire1 or civil feuds1 that make 7#b7 brothers swerve from brothers' duty2 or the ,dacian coming down from the ,hister1 his sworn 7#b7 ally2 no1 nor by the great ,roman ,state and the death-throes of subject kingdoms4 ,n4,b4--7b7 is superior to 7a7 in-- 7#a7 the use of ,passive for ,active2 7#b7 the predicative use of agitans1 infidos1 coniurato4 ,,iv4 neque ille ,aut doluit miserans inopem1 aut invidit habenti4 7i47 ,vocabulary4--,you will probably know the meanings of the words in this sentence4 ,thus the meaning of-- doluit is suggested by dolor4 miserans miser4 ,cf4 miser-able4 inopem in ops4 ,cf4 op-ulent4 invidit invidia4 ,cf4 envy4 7ii47 ,translation4--,you have here two principal verbs1 doluit1 invidit1 joined by aut1 and a principal subject ille4 ,notice that inopem must be the object of the participle miserans1 and that habenti is used as a noun4 ,he never felt the pang of pity for the poor1 or of envy for the rich4 ,copy of a rendering shown up by a boy of fifteen in a recent scholarship examination3-- ',happy is the man who is able to discern the reason of things1 and controls under his feet all changes and inexorable destiny1 and the groaning of greedy ,acheron6 ,i ,blessed also is he who knows the rustic gods1 ,pan and old ,silvanus1 and those sisters1 the nymphs6 ,,ii ,he is not moved by the people's axes1 nor by the regal purple1 nor by discord that rouses brothers to distrust each other4 ,he is not moved by ,dacus1 coming down from the sacred ,danube1 nor by the affairs of ,rome1 and the realms about to perish4 ,,iii ,he neither grieves for nor pities the helpless1 nor does he envy the rich4' ,,iv ,the above version is fair1 but notice the following points3-- ,sentence ,i4-- is able 444 and controls4 ,the connection in thought is not shown3 ',he is happy because he knows and therefore fears not4' groaning--i4e4 gemitum2 strepitum roar1 din4 ,sentence ,,iii4-- by the people's axes4 ,this suggests quite a wrong idea2 contrast the version1 'by the honours that the people confer4' sacred4 ,this is quite wrong4 con-iurato allied by oath4 the affairs of ,rome4 ,a very weak1 and inadequate rendering4 ,sentence ,,iv4-- grieves for nor pities4 ,this quite obscures the point4 ,vergil says that a country life1 with its absence of poverty1 so commonly met with in a town1 saves a man from the necessity of feeling a pang of pity for the poor4 ,before you put aside this passage1 try to avail yourself of some of the following suggestions4 ,thus3-- ,i4 ,for the ,poet ,vergil#ag 7#gj ,b4,c4-#ai ,b4,c474--,the chief facts of his life and the subject of his great poems are clearly and shortly given in the ,student's ,companion to ,latin ,authors 7a useful and convenient book of reference74 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ,short ,lives1 p4 #cdc4 ,appendix ,,vi ,,ii4 ,for the ,georgics1 ,poems on ,husbandry4 7,the passage for translation is taken from ,georgic ,,ii4 lines #dij-dii47 ,see-- 7i47 ,student's ,companion to ,latin ,authors1 pp4 #aeg-h4 7ii47 ,nettleship's ,vergil1 pp4 #cg-de4 7iii47 ,sellar's ,vergil1 pp4 #agd-aih4 ,notice especially the political purpose of the ,georgics--to help the policy of ,augustus1 which aimed at checking the depopulation of the country districts4 ,compare the alarming migration from the country to the towns in ,england at the present day4 ,,iii4 ,relation of ,lucretius to the ,georgics4 7i47 ,sellar's ,vergil1 pp4 #aii-bdc4 7ii47 ,munro's ,lucretius1 ,notes on ,book i4 line #gh1 and ,book iii4 line #ddi4 ,notice in this connection the opening lines of the passage1 ,felix qui potuit 444 ,acherontis avari1 which may be summarised as follows3 ',happy he who knows the laws of ,nature1 and has therefore ceased to fear natural phenomena and has learnt to despise the fabled terrors of ,hades4' ,munro says3 ',i feel that by his ,felix qui ,vergil does mean a poet-philosopher1 who can only be ,lucretius4' ,cf4 also ,lucretius1 iii4 #a-cj4 ,his address to ,epicurus4 ,for the thought1 cf4 ,wordsworth's ,happy ,warrior-- ',he therefore does not stoop1 nor lie in wait ,for wealth1 or honours1 or for worldly state4' ,,demonstration ,,vi4 ,the ,tomb of ,archimedes4 7a7 ,archimedis ego quaestor ignoratum ab ,syracusanis1 cum esse omnino negarent1 saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis1 indagavi sepulcrum4 ,,ii ,tenebam enim quosdam senariolos1 quos in eius monumento esse inscriptos acceperam3 qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro4 ,,iii ,ego autem1 cum omnia collustrarem oculis--est enim ad portas ,agragantinas magna frequentia sepulcrorum--animadverti columellam non multum e dumis eminentem1 in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri4 ,,iv ,atque ego statim ,syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitrari esse quod quaererem4 ,v ,immissi cum falcibus multi purgarunt locum4 ,,vi ,quo cum patefactus esset aditus1 accessimus3 ,,vii apparebat in sepulcro epigramma1 exesis posterioribus partibus versiculorum1 dimidiatis fere4 ,,cicero4 ,the ,tomb of ,archimedes4 7b7 ,i ,archimedis ego quaestor ignoratum ab ,syracusanis1 cum esse omnino negarent1 saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis1 indagavi sepulcrum4 ,,ii ,tenebam enim quosdam senariolos1 quos in eius monumento esse inscriptos acceperam3 qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro4 ,,iii ,ego autem1 cum omnia collustrarem oculis--est enim ad portas ,agragantinas magna frequentia sepulcrorum--animadverti columellam non multum e dumis eminentem1 in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri4 ,,iv ,atque ego statim ,syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitrari esse quod quaererem4 ,v ,immissi cum falcibus multi purgarunt locum4 ,,vi ,quo cum patefactus esset aditus1 accessimus3 ,,vii apparebat in sepulcro epigramma1 exesis posterioribus partibus versiculorum1 dimidiatis fere4 ,,cicero4 ,,demonstration ,,vi4 ,,cicero1 ,tusc4 v4 #bc4 #fd4 ,read the ,passage through carefully4--,as you read you will notice many allusions and key-words1 e4g4 ,archimedes1 ego quaestor1 ,syracusanis1 sepulcrum1 etc4 ,these1 taken in connection with the heading and the author1 will suggest to you the main subject of the passage--the finding of the ,tomb of ,archimedes by ,cicero4 ,i4 ,archimedis ego quaestor ignoratum ab ,syracusanis1 cum esse omnino negarent1 saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis1 indagavi sepulcrum4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- ,quaestor 7contr4 from quaestor--quaero71 i4e4 investigator1 originally two main functions3-- 7a7 ,the preparation of evidence in public prosecutions 7this about #bdj ,b4,c4 transferred to the ,tribunes74 7b7 ,treasurers of ,state4 ,of these the ,quaestores urbani stayed at ,rome1 while the ,quaestores provinciales or militares acted as financial assistants to the ,consuls or ,praetors for the provinces4 saeptum hedged in2 saepes a hedge1 fence4 vepribus with bramble-bushes4 dumetis with brushwood4 indagavi ,i traced out4 ,a metaphor from hunting4 ,cf4 ',dum trepidant alae1 saltusque indagine cingunt4' ,verg4 ,aen4 iv4 #aba4 ',while the scouts 7beaters7 are all busy1 and are encircling the coverts with nets4' 7ii47 ,translation4--,the form of the sentence is quite simple4 ,the principal verb is indagavi1 with subject ego quaestor1 and object sepulcrum4 ,from ignoratum 444 dumetis describes sepulcrum1 and the subordinate clause cum 444 negarent emphasises ignoratum a ,syracusanis4 ,you may now translate 7a7 literally3 ,i1 when ,quaestor1 traced out the tomb of ,archimedes1 not known of by the ,syracusans1 for they said it was not there at all1 hedged in on all sides and covered with brambles and brushwood4 7b7 ,a better rendering3 ,when ,i was ,quaestor ,i was able to trace the tomb of ,archimedes1 overgrown and hedged in with brambles and brushwood4 ,the ,syracusans knew nothing of it1 and entirely denied its existence4 ,notice here the improvement made by breaking up the one long sentence into two4 ,,ii4 ,tenebam enim quosdam senariolos1 quos in eius monumento esse inscriptos acceperam3 qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- senariolos some lines1 i4e4 of poetry--dimin4 of senarius 7seni7 consisting of six each1 especially of the iambic senarii4 sphaeram a sphere1 globe--sphaira4 cylindro a cylinder1 kulindros4 7ii47 ,translation4--,the only principal verb is clearly tenebam 7with subject contained in the verb71 and the principal object senariolos 7sc4 versus74 ,from quos 444 cylindro we have two subordinate adjectival clauses enlarging senariolos4 ,the fact is1 ,i remembered some iambic lines which ,i had been told were inscribed on his monument1 and which set forth that his tomb was surmounted by a sphere and a cylinder4 ,,iii4 ,ego autem1 cum omnia collustrarem oculis--est enim ad portas ,agragantinas magna frequentia sepulcrorum--animadverti columellam non multum e dumis eminentem1 in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- collustrarem ,i was surveying on all sides2 con 7cum7 lustro4 lustro1 perhaps akin to luc-eo1 lu-men2 so1 il-lustris lighted up1 illustrious4 frequentia a large number2 cf4 frequens1 ,rtphrak1 farc2 cf4 phrag-ma a fence1 farc-io pack close together2 so1 con-fer-tus crowded1 freq-uens repeated1 frequent4 columellam a small column1 dimin4 of columen1 ,rtcel2 cf4 cel-sus lofty2 cf4 ex-cello1 col-umen 7 cul-men7 the summit2 cf4 culminate4 7ii47 ,translation4--,this sentence is apparently not quite so simple1 but if you carefully bracket the subordinate clauses you will see that the only principal verb is animadverti1 with subject ego and object columellam4 ,notice next that-- 7a7 cum 444 oculis modifies the principal verb animadverti and is an adverbial clause of time4 7b7 ,the parenthetical clause est enim 444 sepulcrorum explains collustrarem4 7c7 in qua 444 cylindri is an adjectival clause enlarging columellam4 ,you may now translate into your best ,english1 following closely the thought and the order of the ,latin3-- ,well1 as ,i was surveying the whole place 7there is a large number of tombs at#ah the ,agrigentine gate7 ,i perceived a small column just showing above the undergrowth1 on which appeared the figure of a sphere and a cylinder4 ,footnote #ah3 ,var4 lect4 ad portas ,achradinas4 ,,iv4 ,atque ego statim ,syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitrari esse1 quod quaererem4 7i47 ,vocabulary4--,the words of this sentence present no difficulty4 7ii47 ,translation4--,with the practice you have now had1 you may translate at once2 but notice carefully that-- 7a7 the parenthetical clause erant 444 mecum enlarges ,syracusanis2 and 7b7 quod quaererem describes illud ipsum4 ,so ,i immediately said to the ,syracusans who were with me 7some people of importance7 that ,i thought that was the very thing ,i was looking for4 ,v4 ,immissi cum falcibus multi purgarunt locum4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- falcibus with bill-hooks2 falx perh4 akin to flect-o bend1 from its shape4 ,cf4 falcon 7from its hooked claws74 purgarunt cleared2 purgo1 contr4 from pur-igo purum ago purge4 ,cf4 pur-us4 7ii47 ,translation4-- ,some men sent in with bill-hooks cleared out the space4 ,,vi4 ,quo cum patefactus esset aditus1 accessimus4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- patefactus laid open3 pateo facio4 ,cf4 patent4 7ii47 ,translation4-- ,as soon as the way was open1 we went up to it4 ,,vii4 ,apparebat in sepulcro epigramma1 exesis posterioribus partibus versiculorum1 dimidiatis fere4 7i47 ,vocabulary4-- epigramma inscription4 ,cf4 epi-gram4 exesis lit4 'eaten out'2 ex edo4 ,cf4 ed-ible4 dimidiatis halved dis medius1 i4e4 divided into halves4 7ii47 ,translation4--,there was the inscription on the tomb3 the latter part of each line was gone1 nearly half the verse4 ,note4--,notice here the rendering of the ,lat4 abl4 absol41 an idiom foreign to our language except for example in the so-called nom4 absol4 of ,milton4 ,cf4 ,introduction1 p4 #ab 7#e74 ,introduction #ac 7#e7 ,cicero adds the following reflection3--',ita nobilissima ,graeciae civitas1 quondam vero etiam doctissima1 sui civis unius acutissimi monumentum ignorasset1 nisi ab hoimine ,arpinate didicisset4' ,thus it was that one of the most renowned of ,greek cities1 and in ancient times one of the most enlightened1 would have remained ignorant of the monument of the greatest genius it ever produced1 if it had not learnt it from a man born at ,arpinum4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,also the birthplace of ,marius4 ,cf4 p4 #afc4 ,selection ,b#d ,some ,suggestions and ,authorities4 ,before you leave this passage1 try to notice some of the following points1 and if possible consult some of these authorities3-- 7i47 ,read 7e4g4 in ,church and ,brodribb's translation7 ,livy's account of the siege of ,syracuse by ,marcellus1 #bad-bab ,b4,c41 ,book xxiv4 cap4 #cd2 ,book xxv4 caps4 #bc-ca4 7ii47 ,freeman's ,history of ,sicily4 ,notice especially the admirable plan of ,syracuse illustrating the siege by ,nicias4 ,or ,sicily--',story of the ,nations' ,series4 7iii47 ,some good ,life of ,archimedes4 ,the ,encyclopaedia ,britannica supplies a good short life and refers to ,cicero's finding the ,tomb of ,archimedes1 and to the still extant work of ,archimedes on the ,sphere and the ,cylinder4 7iv47 ,for ,cicero's ,quaestorship in ,sicily1 #ge ,b4,c41 consult some ,life of ,cicero1 e4g4 ,forsyth's1 pp4 #ch-eh1 where reference is made to this incident4 7v47 ,for the ,tusculanae ,disputationes 7conversations between ,cicero and a friend at his ,tusculan villa1 the subject of which is the chief essentials of happiness7 consult the admirable introduction to the edition by ,t4 ,w4 ,dougan1 ,camb4 ,press4 ,,passages ,,for ,,translation ,,at ,,sight ,,regal ,,period1 #gec-eji ,b4,c4 ,d#a ,the ,vision of ,anchises4--,the ,kings that are to be4 ,quin et avo comitem sese ,mavortius addet ,romulus1 ,assaraci quem sanguinis ,ilia mater ,educet4 ,viden' ut geminae stant vertice cristae1 ,et pater ipse suo superum iam signat honore8 #ghj ,en huius1 nate1 auspiciis illa incluta ,roma ,imperium terris1 animos aequabit ,olympo1 ,septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces1 ,felix prole virum4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae ,sacra ferens8 ,nosco crines incanaque menta ,regis ,romani2 primam qui legibus urbem #haj ,fundabit1 ,curibus parvis et paupere terra ,missus in imperium magnum4 ,cui deinde subibit1 ,otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit ,tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis ,agmina4 ,quem iuxta sequitur iactantior ,ancus1 #hae ,nunc quoque iam nimium gaudens popularibus auris4 ,vis et ,tarquinios reges animamque superbam ,ultoris ,bruti fascesque videre receptos8 ,,vergil1 ,aen4 vi4 #ggg-ghd1 #hjh-hah4 ,linenotes3 #ggg4 ,avo grandsire1 i4e4 ,numitor1 the father of the ,vestal ,rhea or ,ilia4 ,mavortius child of ,mavors1 old and poetic name for ,mars4 #ggh4 ,assaraci3 ,king of ,phrygia and grandfather of ,anchises4 #ggi4 geminae cristae4 ,the double-crested helm1 a distinction of ,mars4 #ghj4 superum for the world above1 i4e4 as a god4 ,acc4 ,sing4 #hjh4 ille ,numa ,pompilius 7#gaf-fgc ,b4,c471 a native of ,cures 7#haa7 in ,sabine country1 whom the ,romans regarded as the founder 7fundabit1 #haa7 of their religious and legal institutions4 #hac4 qui ,tullus ,hostilius 7#fgc-fdj ,b4,c471 a man of war1 destroyed ,alba4 resides sluggish1 lazy 7re sedeo74 #hae4 ,ancus ,martius 7#fdj-faf ,b4,c471 conqueror of the ,latins4 #hag4 ,tarquinios reges 7i47 ,tarquinius ,priscus 7#faf-egh ,b4,c47 of ,tarquinii in ,etruria2 7ii47 ,tarquinius ,superbus 7#ecd-eji ,b4,c471 expelled by ,brutus4 ,vergil omits ,servius ,tullius 7#egh-ecd ,b4,c474 #hag-hah4 animamque 444 receptos4 ,brutus1 nephew of ,t4 ,superbus1 roused ,rome to expel the ,tarquins and found the ,republic3 and thus the fasces 7the sign of power7 were recovered 7receptos7 by the people4 --,sidgwick4 ,d#b ,,romulus1 #gec-gaf ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,the ,passing of ,romulus4 ,his immortalibus editis operibus cum ad exercitum recensendum contionem in campo ad ,caprae paludem haberet1 subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam denso regem operuit nimbo1 ut conspectum eius contioni abstulerit2 nec #e deinde in terris ,romulus fuit4 ,romana pubes1 sedato tandem pavore1 postquam ex tam turbido die serena et tranquilla lux rediit1 ubi vacuam sedem regiam vidit1 etsi satis credebat patribus1 qui proxumi steterant1 sublimem raptum procella1 tamen velut #aj orbitatis metu icta maestum aliquamdiu silentium obtinuit4 ,deinde a paucis initio facto deum deo natum1 regem parentemque urbis ,romanae salvere universi ,romulum iubent2 pacem precibus exposcunt1 uti volens propitius suam semper sospitet progeniem4 #ae ,,livy1 i4 #af4 ,linenotes3 #b-c4 ad ,caprae paludem near the ,goat's pool4 #d4 operuit enveloped 7ob pario get for1 put upon1 cover71 cf4 opposite a-per-io get from1 uncover4 #e4 abstulerit auferret4 ,the event is regarded simply as past1 without reference to other past events4 #e-f4 nec deinde 444 fuit1 cf4 ',quirinus ,martis equis ,acheronta fugit4' ,hor4 ,od4 iii4 #c4 #ae4 #g4 sdato settled1 calmed4 ,sd-o cause to sit1 cf4 sd-es1 and our seat1 settle4 #aa4 orbitatis of orphanhood2 cf4 orb-us bereaved1 and our orphan4 #ae4 volens propitius1 an ellipse of et1 cf4 optimus maximus4 sospitet he may keep safe1 preserve1 cf4 sospes safe4 ,b4 ,the ,mystery explained4 ,pulcher et humano maior trabeaque decorus ,romulus in media visus adesse via1 ,et dixisse simul3 ',prohibe lugere ,quirites1 ,nec violent lacrimis numina nostra suis4 #d ,tura ferant placentque novum pia turba ,quirinum1 ,et patrias artes militiamque colant4' ,,ovid1 ,fasti1 ii4 #cgi-chd4 ,h4 ,,ii4 #ejc-ejh ,linenotes3 #a-f4 ,romulus appears as a god to ,proculus ,julius1 an honourable man1 bidding him tell his people not to mourn for him1 but to worship him as ,quirinus1 and practise valour and all warlike virtues4 #a4 trabea in the 7striped7 robe of state4 #c-e4 ,quirites 7cf4 ,quirinus the deified ,romulus7 lit4 spearmen4 ,connected with ,cures and curis 7,sabine word for a spear71 used of ,roman citizens as opposed to ,roman soldiers4 ,d#c ,,numa ,,pompilius1 #gaf-fgc ,b4,c4 ,the ,gate of ,janus1 open in war but shut in peace4 ,a4 ,qui regno ita potitus urbem novam1 conditam vi et armis1 iure eam legibusque ac moribus de integro condere parat4 ,quibus cum inter bella adsuescere videret non posse1 quippe efferari militia animos1 mitigandum ferocem populum armorum #e desuetudine ratus ,ianum ad infimum ,argiletum indicem pacis bellique fecit1 apertus ut in armis esse civitatem1 clausus pacatos circa omnes populos significaret4 ,,livy1 i4 #ai4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,qui ,numa ,pompilius1 the second king of ,rome4 #d-e4 quippe 444 animos since 7he thought that7 men's tempers were made savage 7brutalised7 by warfare4 efferari orat4 obl4 part of ,numa's thoughts4 #f4 desuetudine by disuse1 i4e4 by a cessation from the use of4 ,cf4 de-docre unteach4 ,ianum 444 ,argiletum 7a temple of7 ,janus at the foot of the ,argiletum1 a slope to the ,n4,e4 of the ,forum4 7,prob4 the clayey ground1 from argilla white clay47 #h4 clausus4 ,it was closed for a short time1 circ4 #bch ,b4,c41 and again by ,augustus #bi-be ,b4,c4 ,b4 ,sunt geminae ,belli portae1 sic nomine dicunt1 ,religione sacrae et saevi formidine ,martis3 ,centum aerei claudunt vectes aeternaque ferri ,robora1 nec custos absistit limine ,ianus4 #faj ,has1 ubi certa sedet patribus sententia pugnae1 ,ipse ,quirinali trabea cinctuque ,gabino ,insignis reserat stridentia limina ,consul2 ,ipse vocat pugnas2 sequitur tum cetera pubes1 ,aereaque adsensu conspirant cornua rauco4 ,,vergil1 ,aen4 vii4 #fjg-fae4 ,linenotes3 #fji4 vectes bolts or bars1 prob4 from ,rtveh carry4 ,cf4 vect-gal4 #fab4 ,quir4 trabea in the state robe of ,romulus1 i4e4 the striped robe of state1 purple1 with white stripes across4 cinctu ,gabino with the ,gabine girdle1 formed by girding the toga tight round the body by one of its loose ends4 #fac4 reserat un-bars4 ,for s7ero join1 cf4 our series4 ,parallel ,passages4 ,ovid1 ,f4 i4 #aae-acb4 ,cf4 ,hor4 ,od4 iv4 #ae4 #i4 ,verg4 ,aen4 i4 #bic-d4 ,numa ,pompilius4 ',the name of ,numa is significant1 and denotes an organiser or lawgiver4 7,for ,numa cf4 numerus1 nummus1 nomos47 ,as ,romulus was the founder of the ,state and of political and military order1 so the legend regards ,numa as the founder of the national religion4' --,ihne4 ,d#d ,,tarquinius ,,superbus1 #ecd-eji ,b4,c4 ,the ,purchase of the ,sibylline ,books4 ,in antiquis annalibus memoria super libris ,sibyllinis haec prodita est4 ,anus hospita atque incognita ad ,tarquinium ,superbum regem adiit1 novem libros ferens1 quos esse dicebat divina oracula3 eos velle venundare4 ,tarquinius pretium percontatus #e est3 mulier nimium immensum poposcit4 ,rex1 quasi anus aetate desiperet1 derisit4 ,tum illa foculum coram eo cum igne apposuit1 et tres libros ex novem deussit2 et1 ecquid reliquos sex eodem pretio emere vellet1 regem interrogavit4 ,sed enim #aj ,tarquinius id multo risit magis dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare4 ,mulier ibidem statim tres libros alios exussit2 atque id ipsum denuo placide interrogavit1 an tres reliquos eodem pretio emat4 ,tarquinius ore iam serio1 atque attentiore animo fit2 eam #ae constantiam confidentiamque non insuper habendam intelligit3 libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio1 quam quod erat petitum pro omnibus4 4 4 4 ,libri tres in sacrarium conditi ,sibyllini appellati4 ,ad eos1 quasi ad oraculum1 quindecimviri #bj adeunt1 cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt4 ,,aulus ,,gellius 7fl4 #adc ,a4,d471 i4 #ai4 ,linenotes3 #a1 #b4 libris ,sibyllinis1 i4e4 a collection of prophecies uttered by the legendary prophetess who lived at ,cumae1 near ,naples4 #e4 venundare to sell4 ,cf4 ven-eo 7 venum eo71 ven-do1 and our vendor4 #ab4 delirare to be out of her mind4 ,lit4 to make a crooked furrow in ploughing2 de lira 7a furrow74 #ai4 sacrarium the place for the keeping of holy things1 i4e4 the ,capitol4 ,the original ,sibylline ,books were burnt in the fire on the ,capitol1 #hb ,b4,c41 but a fresh collection was made by ,augustus1 and deposited in the temple of ,apollo on the ,palatine4 #bj4 quindecimviri 7sacris faciundis71 i4e4 a college of priests who had charge of the ,sibylline ,books4 ,parallel ,passages4 ,verg4 ,aen4 vi41 espec4 ll4 #db-aja1 for the ,cumaean ,sibyl4 ,the ,sibylline ,books4 ',there existed also ,etruscan libri fatales 7,books of ,fate71 and these1 together with the ,sibylline ,books1 were kept in the ,temple of ,capitoline ,jupiter4 ,nothing seemed more natural than to suppose that ,tarquin1 who built that temple1 purchased also the sacred books of the ,sibyl4' --,ihne4 ,d#e ,,tarquinius ,,superbus1 #ecd-eji ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,sextus ,tarquinius at ,gabii4 ,inde in consilia publica adhiberi4 4 4 4 ,ita cum sensim ad rebellandum primores ,gabinorum incitaret1 ipse cum promptissimis iuvenum praedatum atque in expeditiones iret1 et dictis factisque omnibus ad fallendum instructis vana accresceret fides1 dux ad #e ultimum belli legitur4 ,ibi cum inscia multitudine1 quid ageretur1 proelia parva inter ,romam ,gabiosque fierent1 quibus plerumque ,gabina res superior esset1 tum certatim summi infimique ,gabinorum ,sex4 ,tarquinium dono deum sibi missum ducem credere4 #aj ,apud milites vero obeundo pericula ac labores pariter1 praedam munifice largiendo tanta caritate esse1 ut non pater ,tarquinius potentior ,bomae quam filius ,gabiis esset4 ,,livy1 i4 #ed4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,inde1 i4e4 after the tale he told of his father's cruelty had gained credit with the men of ,gabii4 adhiberi he was admitted4 ,historic ,infin4 #b4 ad rebellandum to renew the war4 #d-e4 ad fallendum instructis were framed to deceive4 #h4 ,gabina res the cause of ,gabii4 ,for res cf4 p4 #aa 7#b74 ,introduction #ac 7#b7 #aa4 obeundo pariter by facing alike 444 ,b4 ,the ,sequel3 the ,fall of ,gabii4 ,iamque potens misso genitorem appellat amico1 ,perdendi ,gabios quod sibi monstret iter4 ,hortus odoratis suberat cultissimus herbis1 ,sectus humum rivo lene sonantis aquae4 #d ,illic ,tarquinius mandata latentia nati ,accipit1 et virga lilia summa metit4 ,nuntius ut rediit1 decussaque lilia dixit1 ,filius ',agnosco iussa parentis' ait4 #h ,nec mora3 principibus caesis ex urbe ,gabina1 ,traduntur ducibus moenia nuda suis4 ,,ovid1 ,fasti1 ii4 #edc-eeb4 ,h4 ,,ii4 #gja-gaj ,linenotes3 #a4 genitorem appellat 444 he calls on his father 7to tell him7 444 #f4 virga with a switch4 summa the tallest4 #aj4 ducibus suis1 abl41 after nuda deprived of4 ,reference4 ,hor4 ,ep4 ii4 #a4 #bc-bg4 ,horace refers to the treaty made by ,tarquinius with ,gabii4 ,historic ,parallel4 ,compare the extraordinary self-sacrifice of ,zp7yrus1 which enabled him to betray ,babylon to his master ,darius4 ,herod1 iii4 #aec-aeh4 ,d#f ,the ,position of ,rome1 the future ,mistress of the ,world4 ,urbi autem locum ,romulus incredibili opportunitate delegit4 ,neque enim ad mare admovit--quod ei fuit illa manu copiisque facillimum1 ut in agrum ,rutulorum ,aboriginumve procederet1 aut in ostio ,tiberino1 quem in locum multis post annis rex #e ,ancus coloniam deduxit1 urbem ipse conderet1--sed hoc vir excellenti providentia sensit ac vidit1 non esse opportunissimos situs maritimos urbibus eis quae ad spem diuturnitatis conderentur atque imperi4 ,itaque urbem perennis amnis et aequabilis et #aj in mare late influentis posuit in ripa1 quo posset urbs et accipere ex mari1 quo egeret1 et reddere1 quo redundaret3 ut mihi iam tum divinasse ille videatur1 hanc urbem sedem aliquando et domum summo esse imperio praebituram3 nam hanc rerum tantam #ae potentiam non ferme facilius alia in parte ,italiae posita urbs tenere potuisset4 ,urbis autem ipsius is est tractus ductusque muri cum ,romuli tum etiam reliquorum regum sapientia definitus ex omni parte arduis praeruptisque montibus4 ,locumque delegit #bj et fontibus abundantem et in regione pestilenti salubrem4 ,,cicero1 ,de ,rep4 ii4 #c4 #e1 #f 7selected74 ,linenotes3 #c-f4 quod ei fuit 444 lit4 which he might very easily have done with that band 7of men7 and those forces1 so that 444 #d4 ,rutulorum4 ,s4 of ,rome4 ,turnus their ,king4 ,capital1 ,ardea4 #f4 coloniam1 i4e4 ,ostia1 the harbour of ,rome and chief naval station4 #g-h4 non esse opportunissimos1 e4g4 as exposed to sudden attacks1 and likely to contain a too large foreign element4 #ab-ac4 quo redundaret its own superabundance4 #ag-ah4 is tractus ductusque the plan and direction4 #ai4 definitus bounded4 #bj4 arduis praeruptisque montibus4 ',the amphitheatre of seven hills which encloses the meadows 7afterwards the ,campus ,martius7 in the bend of the ,tiber1 varying from #abj to #ahj feet above the stream1 offered heights sufficiently elevated and abrupt for fortification1 yet without difficulties for the builder or cultivator4' ,n4,b4--,in this passage be careful to translate ,cicero's long1 periodic sentences by two or more separate sentences in ,english4 ,the ,position of ,rome4 ',there was no place better fitted for an emporium of the ,tiber and sea traffic1 and for a maritime frontier fortress than ,rome4 ,it combined the advantages of a strong position and of immediate vicinity to the river4' ,mommsen4 ,d#g ,,the ,,praise ,,of ,,italy4 ',salve1 magna parens frugum1 ,saturnia tellus4' ,sed neque ,medorum silvae ditissima terra1 ,nec pulcher ,ganges atque auro turbidus ,hermus ,laudibus ,italiae certent1 non ,bactra1 neque ,indi ,totaque turiferis ,panchaia pinguis harenis4 ,haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem #adj ,invertere satis immanis dentibus hydri1 ,nec galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis2 ,sed gravidae fruges et ,bacchi ,massicus umor ,implevere2 tenent oleae armentaque laeta4 ,hinc bellator equus campo sese arduus infert2 #ade ,hinc albi1 ,clitumne1 greges1 et maxima taurus ,victima1 saepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro1 ,romanos ad templa deum duxere triumphos4 ,hic ver assiduum atque alienis mensibus aestas2 ,bis gravidae pecudes1 bis pomis utilis arbor4 #aej ,at rabidae tigres absunt et saeva leonum ,semina1 nec miseros fallunt aconita legentes1 ,nec rapit immensos orbis per humum1 neque tanto ,squameus in spiram tractu se colligit anguis4 ,,vergil1 ,georg4 ii1 #acf-aed4 ,linenotes3 #acf4 silvae ditissima most rich in forests4 --,sidgwick4 #acg4 ,hermus1 auriferous river of ,lydia1 cf4 the ,r4 ,pactolus4 #ach4 ,bactra1 modern ,balk1 ,n4 of ,afghanistan4 #aci4 ,panchaia1 i4e4 ,arabia1 the ,eldorado of the ,old ,world4 #ada4 satis 444 hydri where the enormous dragon's teeth were sown4 hydri 7hudros71 lit4 a water-snake4 #adc4 ,massicus umor ,massic juice1 i4e4 of ,mt4 ,massicus in ,n4,w4 ,campania1 famous for its wine1 espec4 the ,falernian4 #add4 implevere 7sc4 haec loca7 fill it all4 #adf4 ,clitumne4 ,r4 of ,umbria1 famous for its white cattle4#bj #adf-adh4 ,white cattle were required for the sacrifices of the ,triumphs4 #adi4 alienis mensibus in months not her own1 i4e4 in months properly belonging to winter4 #aej4 bis gravidae pecudes twice the cattle give increase1 ,conington4 #aea1 #aeb4 saeva leonum semina the fierce lion-brood4 --,mackail4 aconita1 a deadly poison--monkshood4 #aec1 #aed4 neque--anguis nor with so vast a sweep gather himself into a coil1 i4e4 the snakes in ,italy are not so large as elsewhere4 ,r4 ,clitumnus4 ,compare ,pliny's beautiful letter 7viii4 #h7 describing its source4 ,footnote #bj3 ,cf4 the ,chillingham ',wild ,cattle4' ,,early ,,republic1 #eji-cff ,b4,c4 ,d#h ,,etruscan ,,invasion ,,under ,,porsena1 #ejg ,b4,c4 7#a7 ',how well ,horatius kept the ,bridge ,in the brave days of old4' ,a4 ,nec non ,tarquinium eiectum ,porsenna iubebat ,accipere1 ingentique urbem obsidione premebat2 ,aeneadae in ferrum pro libertate ruebant4 ,illum indignanti similem1 similemque minanti ,aspiceres1 pontem auderet quia vellere ,cocles1 #fej ,et fluvium vinclis innaret ,cloelia ruptis4 ,,vergil1 ,aen4 viii4 #fdf-fea4 ,venus brings ,aeneas his new armour3 he gazes at the shield whereon were wrought scenes of the story of ,rome to be4 ,linenotes3 #fdf4 ,porsenna4 ',lars ,porsena of ,clusium ,by the nine gods he swore ,that the great house of ,tarquin ,should suffer wrong no more4' --,macaulay4 #fdh4 in ferrum ruebant were flinging themselves on the sword4 --,c4 #fea4 ,cloelia1 a ,roman hostage1 who escaped by swimming the ,tiber4 ,b4 ,pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit1 ni unus vir fuisset1 ,horatius ,cocles4 4 4 4 ,qui positus forte in statione pontis1 cum captum repentino impetu ,ianiculum atque inde citatos decurrere hostes vidisset1 #aj trepidamque turbam suorum arma ordinesque relinquere1 reprehensans singulos1 obsistens obtestansque deum et hominum fidem testabatur nequiquam deserto praesidio eos fugere2 si transitum pontem a tergo reliquissent1 iam plus hostium in ,palatio #ae ,capitolioque quam in ,ianiculo fore4 ,itaque monere1 praedicere1 ut pontem ferro1 igni1 quacunque vi possint1 interrumpant2 se impetum hostium1 quantum corpore uno posset obsisti1 excepturum4 ,vadit inde in primum aditum pontis1 insignisque inter #bj conspecta cedentium pugnae terga1 obversis cominus ad ineundum proelium armis1 ipso miraculo audaciae obstupefecit hostes4 ,,livy1 ii4 #aj4 ,linenotes3 #g4 ,pons sublicius the pile-bridge1 built by ,ancus ,marcius to connect ,rome proper with the ,janiculum-hill1 or ridge4 #h4 ,cocles the one-eyed1 from loss of an eye in battle4 #aj4 citatos at full speed4 ,adj4 use of participle2 cf4 citato equo4 #aa4 trepidamque turbam panic-stricken and in disorder4 #ab4 reprehensans seizing them by the arm one after another4 #ad-ae4 si transitum 444 reliquissent if they left the bridge free for the enemy to cross by4 transitum noun1 in appos4 to pontem4 #ba-bb4 obversis armis as he faced about4 ,d#i ,,etruscan ,,invasion ,,under ,,porsena1 #ejg ,b4,c4 7#b7 ',how well ,horatius kept the ,bridge ,in the brave days of old4' ,duos tamen cum eo pudor tenuit1 ,sp4 ,larcium ac ,t4 ,herminium1 ambos claros genere factisque4 ,cum his primam periculi procellam et quod tumultuosissimum pugnae erat1 parumper sustinuit2 deinde eos quoque ipsos1 exigua parte pontis relicta1 revocantibus1 #e qui rescindebant1 cedere in tutum coegit4 ,circumferens inde truces minaciter oculos ad proceres ,etruscorum nunc singulos provocare1 nunc increpare omnes3 servitia regum superborum1 suae libertatis immemores alienam oppugnatum venire4 #aj ,cunctati aliquamdiu sunt1 dum alius alium1 ut proelium incipiant1 circumspectant4 ,pudor deinde commovit aciem1 et clamore sublato undique in unum hostem tela coniciunt4 ,quae cum in obiecto cuncta scuto haesissent1 neque ille minus obstinatus ingenti #ae pontem obtineret gradu1 iam impetu conabantur detrudere virum1 cum simul fragor rupti pontis1 simul clamor ,romanorum alacritate perfecti operis sublatus1 pavore subito impetum sustinuit4 ,tum ,cocles ',tiberine pater1' inquit1 'te sancte precor1 haec arma #bj et hunc militem propitio flumine accipias4' ,ita sic armatus in ,tiberim desiluit1 multisque superincidentibus telis incolumis ad suos tranavit1 rem ausus plus famae habituram ad posteros quam fidei4 ,,livy1 ii4 #aj4 ,linenotes3 #g4 ad proceres on the chiefs4 ,for pr7ocer cf4 procrus tall4 #h-i4 provocare 444 increpare4 ,historic ,infinitives ,indic4 #i4 servitia the slaves servos4 ,abstract for concrete1 freq4 in ,livy4 ,cf4 ,hor4 ,od4 ii4 #h4 #ah4 7servitus servi47 #ad4 obiecto presented1 i4e4 to the enemy4 #ae-af4 ingenti gradu with mighty 7heroic7 stand4 ,cf4 'firm as a rock4' #ah4 alacritate perfecti operis from joy at the completion of the work4 #bd4 plus famae 444 fidei destined to win more fame than credit with posterity4 ',oh ,tiber6 father ,tiber6 ,to whom the ,romans pray1 ,a ,roman's life1 a ,roman's arms1 ,take thou in charge this day6' ,so he spake1 and speaking sheathed ,the good sword by his side1 ,and with his harness on his back1 ,plunged headlong in the tide4 --,macaulay4 ,d#aj ,,etruscan ,,invasion ,,under ,,porsena1 #ejg ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,how ,c4 ,mucius lost his ,hand1 but won a ,name4 ,a4 ,obsidio erat nihilo minus et frumenti cum summa caritate inopia1 sedendoque expugnaturum se urbem spem ,porsena habebat1 cum ,c4 ,mucius1 adulescens nobilis1 444 primo sua sponte penetrare in hostium castra constituit2 dein metuens1 ne1 si consulum #e iniussu et ignaris omnibus iret1 forte deprehensus a custodibus ,romanis retraheretur ut transfuga1 fortuna tum urbis crimen affirmante1 senatum adit4 ',transire ,tiberim1' inquit1 'patres1 et intrare1 si possim1 castra hostium volo1 non praedo nec populationum #aj in vicem ultor2 maius1 si di iuvant1 in animo est facinus4' ,approbant patres2 abdito intra vestem ferro proficiscitur4 ,ubi eo venit1 in confertissima turba prope regium tribunal constitit4 ,,livy1 ii4 #ab4 ,linenotes3 #a4 cum summa caritate involving 7cum7 a very high price4 #b4 sedendo by sitting down before1 of a besieging army4 #c4 ,mucius4 ,from this incident surnamed ,scaevola the left-handed4 ,after his time1 a frequent surname in the ,gens ,mucia4 #g-h4 fortun 444 affirmante 7a charge which7 the present condition of the city would confirm 7substantiate74 #aj-aa4 non praedo 444 ultor not to plunder nor to retaliate on 7lit4 'an avenger in turn on'7 our plunderers4 ,b4 ,cum peteret regem decepta satellite dextra ,ingessit sacris se peritura focis4 ,sed tam saeva pius miracula non tulit hostis ,et raptum flammis iussit abire virum4 ,urere quam potuit contempto ,mucius igne1 #e ,hanc spectare manum ,porsena non potuit4 ,maior deceptae fama est et gloria dextrae3 ,si non errasset1 fecerat illa minus4 ,,martial1 ,ep4 ,i4 xxi4 ,linenotes3 #a4 s7atellite the attendant1 i4e4 the scribe or secretary of ,porsena4 #b4 ingessit thrust into 7in gero74 #c4 tam saeva miracula such a miracle of stern fortitude4 --,s4 pius feeling1 as opposed to unnatural4 #g-h4 i4e4 to have killed ,porsena would have been less glorious than to display such heroism4 --,stephenson4 ,porsena4 ,livy tells us that ,mucius1 in gratitude for the magnanimity of ,porsena1 revealed to him that #cjj ,roman youths had sworn to attempt the same deed that he had undertaken4 ,whereupon ,porsena feared to distress the ,romans any longer1 and made peace with them4 ,d#aa ,,latin ,,war4 ,,battle ,,of ,,lake ,,regillus1 #dih ,b4,c4 ,the ,dictator and his ,master of the ,horse4 ,ibi alia inter proceres coorta pugna4 ,imperator ,latinus1 ubi cohortem exulum a dictatore ,romano prope circumventam vidit1 ex subsidiariis manipulos aliquot in primam aciem secum rapit4 ,hos agmine venientes ,t4 ,herminius legatus conspicatus1 interque #e eos insignem veste armisque ,mamilium noscitans1 tanto vi maiore1 quam paulo ante magister equitum1 cum hostium duce proelium iniit1 ut et uno ictu transfixum per latus occiderit ,mamilium1 et ipse inter spoliandum corpus hostis veruto percussus1 #aj cum victor in castra esset relatus1 inter primam curationem exspiraverit4 ,tum ad equites dictator advolat obtestans1 ut fesso iam pedite descendant ex equis et pugnam capessant4 ,dicto paruere2 desiliunt ex equis1 provolant in primum1 et pro antesignanis #ae parmas obiciunt4 ,recipit extemplo animum pedestris acies1 postquam iuventutis proceres aequato genere pugnae secum partem periculi sustinentes vidit4 ,tum demum impulsi ,latini1 perculsaque inclinavit acies4 #bj ,,livy1 ii4 #bj4 ,linenotes3 #a4 inter proceres4 ,the ,battle of ,lake ,regillus was1 in the main1 a ,homeric battle of single combats between the opposing chiefs4 #a-b4 ,imperator ,latinus1 i4e4 ,mamilius of ,tusculum1 son-in-law of ,tarquin4 #e4 ,t4 ,herminius1 one of 'the dauntless ,three1' who kept the bridge4 #g4 magister equitum1 i4e4 ,t4 ,aebutius4 ,the ,master of the ,horse1 the second in command1 was nominated by the ,dictator4 #aj4 veruto with a javelin1 cf4 veru a spit4 #aa-ab4 inter primam curationem at the first attempt to dress his wound4 --,rawlins4 #ac4 dictator1 i4e4 ,aulus ,postumius4 ,the ,dictator 7magister populi master of the army7 was appointed by one of the two ,consuls 7 colleagues7 in a time of national danger to avoid the possible want of unity between the two consuls in time of war4 #ae4 in primum in primam aciem4 antesignanis1 i4e4 the first line fighting in front of the standards4 #ag4 iuventutis proceres the young noblemen1 i4e4 the cavalry are not only the younger men 7in ,livy often iuvenes7 but also patricians4 ,reference4 ,macaulay1 ,the ,battle of ,lake ,regillus4 ,d#ab ,,first ,,secession ,,of ,,the ,,plebs1 #did ,b4,c4 ,the ,fable of the ,belly and the ,members4 ,tribunes of the ,people4 ,pavor ingens in urbe1 metuque mutuo suspensa erant omnia4 4 4 4 ,placuit igitur oratorem ad plebem mitti ,menenium ,agrippam1 facundum virum et1 quod inde oriundus erat1 plebi carum4 ,is intromissus in castra prisco illo dicendi et horrido modo nihil #e aliud quam hoc narrasse fertur3 ,tempore1 quo in homine non1 ut nunc1 omnia in unum consentientia1 sed singulis membris suum cuique consilium1 suus sermo fuerit1 indignatas reliquas partes sua cura1 suo labore ac ministerio ventri omnia quaeri1 ventrem in #aj medio quietum nihil aliud quam datis voluptatibus frui2 conspirasse inde1 ne manus ad os cibum ferrent1 nec os acciperet datum1 nec dentes conficerent4 ,hac ira dum ventrem fame domare vellent1 ipsa una membra totumque corpus ad extremam tabem #ae venisse4 ,inde apparuisse ventris quoque haud segne ministerium esse1 nec magis ali quam alere eum1 reddentem in omnes corporis partes hunc1 quo vivimus vigemusque1 divisum pariter in venas1 maturum confecto cibo sanguinem4 ,comparando hinc1 quam #bj intestina corporis seditio similis esset irae plebis in patres1 flexisse mentes hominum4 ,agi deinde de concordia coeptum concessumque in condiciones1 ut plebi sui magistratus essent sacrosancti1 quibus auxili latio adversus consules esset1 neve cui patrum capere #be eum magistratum liceret4 ,ita tribuni plebei creati duo1 ,c4 ,licinius et ,l4 ,albinus4 ,,livy1 ii4 #cb1 #cc4 ,linenotes3 #a-b4 ,pavor ingens 444 omnia4 ,one of the ,roman armies 7mainly recruited from ,plebeians7 refused to obey orders1 entrenched itself on ,mons ,sacer1 and threatened to secede from ,rome altogether4 #b4 oratorem 7i4e4 legatum7 spokesman1 charged with a verbal message4 #d4 inde1 i4e4 from the ,plebs4 #aj-aa4 ventrem 444 quietum whereas the belly resting calmly in their midst4 --,rawlins4 #ac4 conficerent grind1 and so aid digestion4 ,cf4 confecto l4 #bj4 #ai-bj4 maturum confecto cibo brought to perfection only when the food is digested4 --,r4 #bd4 sacrosancti consecrated and inviolable4 #bd-be4 quibus 444 esset1 i4e4 as official protectors of the ,plebs1 by their right of veto on the official actions of all other magistrates4 ,for the ,fable1 cf4 ,seneca de ,ira ii4 #ca1 and #a ,corinthians1 xii4 #ab-bg4 ,d#ac ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,volscians1 #dic ,b4,c4 ,veturia and her son ,coriolanus4 ,coriolanus prope ut amens consternatus ab sede sua cum ferret matri obviae complexum1 mulier in iram ex precibus versa ',sine1 priusquam complexum accipio1 sciam' inquit1 'ad hostem an ad filium venerim1 captiva mater-ne in castris tuis sim4 ,in #e hoc me longa vita et infelix senecta traxit1 ut exulem te1 deinde hostem viderem8 ,potuisti populari hanc terram1 quae te genuit atque aluit8 ,non tibi1 quamvis infesto animo et minaci perveneras1 ingredienti fines ira cecidit8 ,non1 cum in conspectu #aj ,roma fuit1 succurrit3 ,intra illa moenia domus ac penates mei sunt1 mater1 coniunx liberique8 ,ergo ego nisi peperissem1 ,roma non oppugnaretur2 nisi filium haberem1 libera in libera patria mortua essem4' 444 ,uxor deinde ac liberi amplexi1 fletusque ab #ae omni turba mulierum ortus et conploratio sui patriaeque fregere tandem virum4 ,complexus inde suos dimittit2 ipse retro ab urbe castra movit4 ,abductis deinde legionibus ex agro ,romano invidia rei oppressum perisse tradunt alii alio leto4 #bj ,,livy1 ii4 #dj4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,coriolanus4 ,gaius ,marcius received the cognomen of ,coriolanus for his bravery at the capture of the ,volscian town of ,corioli 7,s4,e4 of ,rome74 ,after this1 in a time of famine at ,rome1 ,c4 advised that the corn obtained elsewhere should not be distributed1 unless the ,plebeians would give up their ,tribunes4 ,for this he was impeached and went into voluntary exile among the ,volsci4 consternatus in strong emotion--lit4 'stretched on the ground4' #g4 potuisti had you the heart to--question indicated by tone of the voice4 #aj-aa4 non 444 succurrit did it not occur to you8 #ai-bj4 invidia rei oppressum overwhelmed by the unpopularity of his action4 #bj4 alii alio leto1 e4g4 i4 by a voluntary death2 ii4 put to death by the ,volscians2 iii4 lived to old age in exile4 ,references4 ,cic4 ,brutus x4 7compared to ,themistocles74 ,plutarch1 ,coriolanus4 ',the germ from which the whole legend sprang is the story of the filial love of ,coriolanus1 and of the great authority exercised in olden times by ,roman matrons over their sons and husbands4' ,ihne4 ,shakespeare1 ,coriolanus1 ,v4 iii4 ,d#ad ,,war ,,with ,,veii1 #dhc-dgd ,b4,c4 ,the ,destruction of the ,fabii at the ,cremera1 #dgg ,b4,c4 ,campus erat1 campi claudebant ultima colles ,silvaque montanas occulere apta feras4 ,in medio paucos armentaque rara relinquunt1 ,cetera virgultis abdita turba latet4 #d ,ecce velut torrens undis pluvialibus auctus ,aut nive1 quae ,zephyro victa tepente fluit1 ,per sata perque vias fertur1 nec1 ut ante solebat1 ,riparum clausas margine finit aquas3 #h ,sic ,fabii vallem latis discursibus implent1 ,quodque vident sternunt1 nec metus alter inest4 ,quo ruitis1 generosa domus8 male creditis hosti3 ,simplex nobilitas1 perfida tela cave4 #ab ,fraude perit virtus4 ,in apertos undique campos ,prosiliunt hostes1 et latus omne tenent4 ,quid faciant panci contra tot millia fortes8 ,quidve1 quod in misero tempore restet1 adest8 #af ,sicut aper longe silvis ,laurentibus actus ,fulmineo celeres dissipat ore canes1 ,mox tamen ipse perit3 sic non moriuntur inulti ,vulneraque alterna dantque feruntque manu4 #bj ,una dies ,fabios ad bellum miserat omnes2 ,ad bellum missos perdidit una dies4 ,,ovid1 ,fasti1 ii4 #age-aif1 ,h4 ,,ii4 #bae-bcf ,context4 ,to protect their territory from the constant raids of the ,veientines1 the noble house of the ,fabii offered to undertake the war themselves4 ,the consul ,kaeso ,fabius marched out of the city at the head of his clan1 followed by the blessings and good wishes of the admiring people4 ,he erected a fortified camp near the ,r4 ,cremera 7a tributary of the ,tiber71 and from this spot plundered ,veientine territory4 ,linenotes3 #a4 campus4 ',ovid here paints from fancy3 there are1 however1 deep hollows admirably calculated to conceal an ambushed foe4' --,ramsay4 #i4 discursibus runnings to and fro1 of soldiers dispersing to plunder4 #aj4 metus alter fear of a second enemy1 i4e4 of one in ambush4 #ag4 silvis ,laurentibus4 ,laurentum on the coast of ,latium between ,ostia and ,ardea4 ,wild boars are still found in the swampy thickets4 #ah4 ,fulmineo ore with flashing tusk4 --,hallam4 ,parallel ,passage4 ,livy1 ii4 #dh1 #di4 ',the story probably came from the ,chronicles of the ,fabian ,clan1 perhaps through ,fabius ,pictor1 the first ,roman annalist4' ,rawlins1 ,cf4 ,ihne1 vol4 i4 cap4 vi4 ,d#ae ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,aequians1 #deh ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,cincinnatus called from the ,plough4 ,sed ,aequos praecipue ,quinctius ,cincinnatus domuit1 ille dictator ab aratro1 qui obsessa et paene iam capta ,l4 ,minuci consulis castra egregia victoria recuperavit4 ,medium erat tempus forte sementis1 cum patricium virum innixum aratro suo lictor in #e ipso opere deprehendit4 ,inde in aciem profectus1 ne quid a rustici operis imitatione cessaret1 more pecudum victos sub iugum misit4 ,sic expeditione finita redit ad boves rursus triumphalis agricola4 ,intra quindecim dies coeptum peractumque bellum1 #aj prorsus ut festinasse1 dictator ad relictum opus videretur4 ,,florus1 ,i4 xi4 #ab-ae4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,aequos1 mountaineers 7closely allied to the ,sabines7 who lived in the mountains forming the ,e4 boundary of ,latium4 ,cincinnatus4 ',the true type of primeval virtue1 abstinence1 and patriotism4' --,ihne4 #b-d4 qui 444 recuperavit4 ,the ,aequian general1 ,gracchus ,cloelius1 had defeated the consul1 ,l4 ,minucius1 and blockaded him in his camp on ,mt4 ,algidus1 the ,e4 spur of the ,alban range4 ,cincinnatus makes a wonderful night march from ,rome of #bj miles1 blockades in turn the investing ,aequian force1 and compels an unconditional surrender4 #d4 sementis of the seed-time4 ,formed from semen1 cf4 sero4 ,b4 ',in the brave days of old4' ,restat1 ut inveniam1 quare toga libera detur ,lucifero pueris1 candide ,bacche1 tuo4 #b 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,an quia1 cum colerent prisci studiosius agros1 ,et patrio faceret rure senator opus1 #d ,et caperet fasces a curvo consul aratro1 ,nec crimen duras esset habere manus1 ,rusticus ad ludos populus veniebat in urbem3 ,sed dis1 non studiis1 ille dabatur honor4 #h ,,ovid1 ,fasti1 iii4 #gbi-gdb1 ,h4 ,,iii4 #gga-ghd ,linenotes3 #a4 toga libera 7or virilis71 the man's dress of unornamented white wool4 ,lbera 7lber71 free from the restraints of boyhood4 #b4 lucifero lit4 morning-star4 ,here poet4 for die4 #e4 consul1 e4g4 ,cincinnatus1 who was called to be ,dictator4 #h4 sed 444 honor1 i4e4 in 'the good old days' worship1 not amusement1 was the chief object of the visit to ,rome4 #c-h4 ,ovid says one reason why the toga libera was assumed at the ,liberalia 7the ,feast of ,bacchus--the vintage1 festival7 was because it was the most crowded festival of the year4 ,references4 ,livy1 iii4 #bf-bh4 ,ihne1 vol4 i4 cap4 v4 ,d#af ,,the ,,decemvirate4 ,,the ,,twelve ,,tables1 #dea-ddi ,b4,c4 ,iam redierant legati cum ,atticis legibus4 ,eo intentius instabant tribuni1 ut tandem scribendarum legum initium fieret4 ,placet creari decemviros sine provocatione1 et ne quis eo anno alius magistratus esset 444 ,tum legibus condendis opera dabatur2 #e ingentique hominum expectatione propositis decem tabulis populum ad contionem advocaverunt et1 quod bonum1 faustum felixque rei publicae1 ipsis liberisque eorum esset1 ire et legere leges propositas iussere4 ,se1 quantum decem hominum ingeniis provideri #aj potuerit1 omnibus1 summis infimisque1 iura aequasse2 plus pollere multorum ingenia consiliaque4 ,versarent in animis secum unamquamque rem1 agitarent deinde sermonibus atque in medium1 quid in quaque re plus minusve esset1 conferrent4 4 4 4 ,cum ad #ae rumores hominum de unoquoque legum capite editos satis correctae viderentur1 centuriatis comitiis decem tabularum leges perlatae sunt1 qui nunc quoque in hoc immenso aliarum super alias acervatarum legum cumulo1 fons omnis publici privatique #bj est iuris4 ,,livy1 iii4 #cb1 #cd4 ,linenotes3 #a4 cum ,atticis legibus1 i4e4 with a copy of the ,laws of ,solon 7the great ,athenian ,lawgiver1 #eid ,b4,c474 #a-c4 ,eo intentius 444 fieret1 because up to this time the knowledge of law and its interpretation was confined to the ,patricians 7cf4 the ,scribes of the ,n4,t474 ,this could only be remedied by writng the laws down and making them public4 #c-d4 sine provocatione without appeal4 ,lit4 'challenging4' #d-e4 ne quis 444 esset4 ,the ,decemvirs were to supersede temporarily both ,consuls and ,tribunes4 #ad-ae4 quid 444 conferrent ',should point out in the interest of all 7lit4 should contribute to the public good7 any faults of excess or defect in the several articles4' --,stephenson4 #ae-ag4 ad rumores hominum in accordance with 7ad7 public opinion4 #ag4 centuriatis comitiis4 ,servius ,tullius divided the people into five classes1 according to the value of their property4 ,the people 7,patricians and ,plebeians alike7 voted by centuries2 but as #ih centuries 7and therefore #ih votes7 were allotted to the richest class and only #ie to the other four classes1 the influence of wealth was decisive in the elections4 ,parallel ,passages4 ,cic4 ,de ,republica ii4 #cc-cg1 and ,de ,legibus ii4 #bc4 ,the ,twelve ,tables4 ',they were essentially only a written embodiment of the existing public and private law4' --,mommsen4 ,cf4 ,magna ,carta4 ,d#ag ,,second ,,secession ,,of ,,the ,,plebs1 #ddh ,b4,c4 ,the ,death of ,verginia not in vain4 ,concitatur multitudo partim atrocitate sceleris1 partim spe per occasionem repetendae libertatis4 ,in contionem ,appius escendit2 sequuntur ,horatius ,valeriusque4 ,eos contio audit2 decemviro obstrepitur4 ,iam pro imperio ,valerius discedere a privato #e lictores iubebat1 cum fractis animis ,appius vitae metuens in domum se propinquam foro insciis adversariis capite obvoluto recipit4 ,m4 ,duillius deinde tribunus plebis plebem rogavit plebesque scivit1 qui plebem sine tribunis reliquisset quique magistratum #aj sine provocatione creasset1 tergo ac capite puniretur4 ,haec omnia ut invitis1 ita non adversantibus patriciis transacta1 quia nondum in quemquam unum saeviebatur4 ,fundata deinde et potestate tribunicia et plebis libertate tum tribuni aggredi singulos tutum #ae maturumque iam rati accusatorem primum ,verginium et ,appium reum deligunt4 ,spe incisa1 priusquam prodicta dies adesset1 ,appius mortem sibi conscivit4 ,m4 ,claudius assertor ,verginiae1 die dicta damnatus ipso remittente ,verginio ultimam poenam #bj dimissus ,tibur exulatum abiit2 manesque ,verginiae1 mortuae quam vivae felicioris1 per tot domos ad petendas poenas vagati nullo relicto sonte tandem quieverunt4 ,,livy1 iii4 #di1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh 7sel47 ,context4 ,verginius1 seeing no way of saving his daughter from disgrace and dishonour at the hands of ,appius ,claudius1 killed her before the judgment-seat of the tyrant and before the eyes of the people4 ,linenotes3 #b4 per occasionem by such a favourable opportunity4 --,rawlins4 #c4 ,in contionem to the rostra 7the platform for speakers74 #c-d4 ,horatius ,valeriusque4 ,the first ,consuls after the abolition of the ,decemvirate in #ddi ,b4,c4 #e4 pro imperio1 i4e4 usurping the authority of a magistrate4 #i4 plebesque scivit 7scisco7 and the people approved 7i4e4 voted for7 it4 #aa4 provocatione right of appeal4 #ah4 prodicta adjourned1 from the first hearing4 --,r4 #ai4 assertor ,v4 who claimed ,v4 as his slave4 ,results of the ,secession4 ',the ,valerian ,laws1 by the second of which it was ordained that in criminal trials1 when the life of a citizen was at stake1 the sentence of the ,consul should be subject to an appeal to the people4 ,this ,valerian ,law of ,appeal was the ,roman ,habeas ,corpus ,act4' --,ihne4 ,d#ah ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,etruscans ,,of ,,fidenae ,,and ,,veii4 ,cossus wins the ,spolia ,opima1 #dcg ,b4,c4 ,erat tum inter equites tribunus militum ,a4 ,cornelius ,cossus1 eximia pulchritudine corporis1 animo ac viribus par memorque generis1 quod amplissimum acceptum maius auctiusque reliquit posteris4 ,is cum ad impetum ,tolumni1 quacumque se intendisset1 #e trepidantes ,romanas videret turmas insignemque eum regio habitu volitantem tota acie cognosset1 ',hicine est' inquit 'ruptor foederis humani violatorque gentium iuris8 ,iam ego hanc mactatam victimam1 si modo sancti quicquam in terris esse di #aj volunt1 legatorum manibus dabo4' ,calcaribus subditis infesta cuspide in unum fertur hostem2 quem cum ictum equo deiecisset1 confestim et ipse hasta innixus se in pedes excepit4 ,adsurgentem ibi regem umbone resupinat repetitumque saepius cuspide #ae ad terram affixit4 ,tum exsangui detracta spolia1 caputque abscisum victor spiculo gerens terrore caesi regis hostes perfudit4 ,ita equitum quoque fusa acies1 quae una fecerat anceps certamen4 ,dictator legionibus fugatis instat et ad castra compulsos #bj caedit4 ,,livy1 iv4 #ai4 ,linenotes3 #c4 par equally distinguished by1 equal1 that is1 to his beauty4 --,s4 #e4 ,tolumni ,lars ,tolumnius1 ,king of the ,veientos1 in alliance with ,fidenae 7about #e miles ,n4,e4 of ,rome74 quacumque se intendisset wherever he directed his charge4 #h-aa4 ,hicine 444 manibus dabo4 ,fidenae had frequently been colonised by ,rome1 and had as frequently revolted4 ,when the ,romans sent four ambassadors to ,fidenae to demand satisfaction for this last revolt1 the people of ,fidenae murdered them4 ,tolumnius is associated with their crime4 #ab4 infesta cuspide with couched lance4 #ac-ad4 hasta 444 excepit with the help of his spear leapt to the ground4 ,lit4 'resting on his spear caught himself on his feet4' --,stephenson4 #ae4 umbone resupinat he throws him back with the boss of his shield4 repetitum piercing him again and again4 --,s4 #ai4 ,dictator ,mamercus ,aemilius1 a man of energy and ability4 ,the spolia opima 7spoils of honour7 were the arms taken on the field of battle by the victorious from the vanquished general4 ,they were won on only three occasions3-- i4 by ,romulus1 ii4 by ,cossus1 iii4 by ,marcellus 7the ,conqueror of ,syracuse71 who in his first consulship1 #bbb ,b4,c41 slew with his own hand ,viridomarus1 ,king of the ,insubrian ,gauls4 ,cf4 ,prop4 ,v4 x4 ,d#ai ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,veii1 #dje-cif ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,first ,pay given to ,citizen ,soldiers1 #djf ,b4,c4 ,additum deinde omnium maxime tempestivo principum in multitudinem munere1 ut ante mentionem ullam plebis tribunorumve decerneret senatus1 ut stipendium miles de publico acciperet1 cum ante id tempus de suo quisque functus eo munere esset4 #e ,nihil acceptum umquam a plebe tanto gaudio traditur4 ,concursum itaque ad curiam esse prensatasque exeuntium manus et patres vere appellatos1 effectum esse fatentibus1 ut nemo pro tam munifica patria1 donec quicquam virium superesset1 corpori #aj aut sanguini suo parceret4 ,cum commoditas iuvaret1 rem familiarem saltem acquiescere eo tempore1 quo corpus addictum atque operatum rei publicae esset1 tum quod ultro sibi oblatum esset1 non a tribunis plebis agitatum1 non suis sermonibus efflagitatum1 #ae id efficiebat multiplex gaudium cumulatioremque gratiam rei4 4 4 4 ,et lege perlata de indicendo ,veientibus bello exercitum magna ex parte voluntarium novi tribuni militum consulari potestate ,veios duxere4 #bj ,,livy1 iv4 #ei1 #fj4 ,linenotes3 #a4 tempestivo seasonable 7timely71 in view of the coming struggle with ,veii1 and the necessity for winter campaigns4 #b4 munere4 ,livy tells us 7cap4 #fj7 that the ,senate did not provide the pay as a present1 but simply paid punctually their proper share of the war-tax 7tributum7 in accordance with their assessment 7cum senatus summa fide ex censu contulisset74 #d4 de publico out of the ,public ,treasury4 #i4 fatentibus while men admitted4 --,r4 #aa-ab4 ,cum 444 acquiescere ,while the comfortable thought 7commoditas lit4 advantage7 pleased them 7namely7 that their private property at least was undisturbed-- i4e4 that they paid no war-tax while they were in the field4 --,rawlins4 #ab-ac4 quo corpus 444 esset when they were impressed 7devoted to7 and actively employed in the public service4 --,s4 addictus1 properly of an insolvent debtor made over to his creditor a bondman4 #af-ag4 id 444 gratiam rei in apposition to quod 444 efflagitatum4 #ai4 tribuni 444 potestate4 ,military tribunes with consular power instead of ,consuls were elected occasionally from #ddd to #cfg ,b4,c4 #bj4 ,veios4 ,the capture of ,veii by ,camillus 7#cif ,b4,c471 in consequence of the introduction of military pay1 was enormously important to ,rome4 ,reference4 ,ihne1 ,hist4 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdc-d4 ,d#bj ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,veii1 #dje-cif ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ,lament over ,veii4 ,heu1 ,veii veteres1 et vos tum regna fuistis1 ,et vestro posita est aurea sella foro3 ,nunc intra muros pastoris bucina lenti ,cantat1 et in vestris ossibus arva metunt4 #cj ,,propertius1 ,,iv4 7,v47 x4 #bg-cj4 ,linenotes3 #bg4 ,veii 7,isola ,farnese7 on ,r4 ,cremera1 about #ab miles ,n4,w4 of ,rome4 #bh4 aurea sella1 i4e4 the official seat of the ,king4 ,cf4 the ,sella ,curulis at ,rome1 introduced from ,etruria4 #bi4 bucina horn4 #cj4 et 444 metunt and reapers gather the harvests from fields 7metunt arva7 enriched by the bones of your buried heroes 7in ossibus vestris74 ,b4 ,the ,rise of the ,alban ,lake4 ,quid1 quod in annalibus habemus1 ,veienti #e bello1 cum lacus ,albanus praeter modum crevisset1 ,veientem quemdam ad nos hominem nobilem profugisse1 eumque dixisse1 ex fatis1 quae ,veientes scripta haberent1 ,veios capi non posse1 dum lacus is redundaret3 et1 si lacus emissus lapsu et cursu suo ad #aj mare profluxisset1 perniciosum populo ,romano3 sin autem ita esset eductus1 ut ad mare pervenire non posset1 tum salutare nostris fore8 ,ex quo illa admirabilis a maioribus ,albanae aquae facta deductio est4 ,cum autem ,veientes bello fessi legatos ad #ae senatum misissent1 tum ex his quidam dixisse dicitur1 non omnia illum transfugam ausum esse senatu dicere3 in iisdem enim fatis scriptum ,veientes habere1 ',fore ut brevi a ,gallis ,roma caperetur3' quod quidem sexennio post ,veios captos esse factum #bj videmus4 ,,cicero1 de ,divinatione1 ,i4 xliv4 #ajj4 ,linenotes3 #e4 in annalibus1 e4g4 in ,livy1 v4 #ae4 #f4 crevisset1 perh4 partly due to the excessive snows of the preceding winter1 #cig ,b4,c4 #g4 profugisse4 ,livy says he was treacherously made prisoner4 #h-i4 ex fatis 444 haberent1 i4e4 the ,etruscan ,libri fatales1 ,books of fate1 cf4 the ,libri ,sibyllini the ,roman ,books of fate4 #aj4 lapsu et cursu suo in its natural course and stream4 #ad4 deductio draining 7lit4 a leading off74 ,the tunnel then cut still carries off the superfluous waters of the lake4 #bj4 sexennio post six years after1 i4e4 #cij ,b4,c4 ,for the #aj years' siege of ,veii1 cf4 the ,trojan ,war4 ,reference4 ,plutarch1 ,camillus1 iii4-v4 ,livy1 v4 #ae4 ,d#ba ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,veii1 #dje-cif ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,the ,conquest of ,veii4 ,veientes ignari se iam a suis vatibus1 iam ab externis oraculis proditos1 iam in partem praedae suae vocatos deos1 alios votis ex urbe sua evocatos hostium templa novasque sedes spectare1 seque ultimum illum diem agere1 nihil minus timentes #e quam subrutis cuniculo moenibus arcem iam plenam hostium esse1 in muros pro se quisque armati discurrunt mirantes1 quidnam id esset1 quod1 cum tot per dies nemo se ab stationibus ,romanus movisset1 tum velut repentino icti furore improvidi currerent ad #aj muros4 4 4 4 ,cuniculus delectis militibus eo tempore plenus in aedem ,iunonis1 quae in ,veientana arce erat1 armatos repente edidit1 et pars aversos in muris invadunt hostes1 pars claustra portarum revellunt1 pars1 cum ex tectis saxa tegulaeque a mulieribus ac #ae servitiis iacerentur1 inferunt ignes4 ,clamor omnia variis terrentium ac paventium vocibus mixto mulierum ac puerorum ploratu complet4 ,momento temporis deiectis ex muro undique armatis patefactisque portis cum alii agmine irruerent1 alii #bj desertos scanderent muros1 urbs hostibus impletur2 omnibus locis pugnatur2 deinde multa iam edita caede senescit pugna1 et dictator praecones edicere iubet1 ut ab inermi abstineatur4 ,,livy1 ,v4 #ba4 ,linenotes3 #a4 a suis vatibus1 i4e4 by the captured ,etruscan soothsayer 7haruspex74 #a-b4 ab externis oraculis1 i4e4 by the ,delphic ,oracle4 #b-c4 iam in partem 444 7alios7 deos4 ,camillus had vowed to give to ,apollo the tenth part of the spoils of ,veii4 #c-d4 alios 444 spectare1 i4e4 ,juno4 ',it was a ,roman practice to invite the patron deity of a place or country to leave it1 and to promise a more honourable worship at ,rome4' --,whibley4 #e-f4 subrutis cunculo undermined4 ,camillus had a tunnel 7cuniculum--rabbit-burrow1 cf4 cony7 cut from the ,roman camp under the wall to the ,temple of ,juno on the citadel of ,veii4 #g4 discurrunt run every man to his post1 cf4 ad arma discurritur4 #ae4 tgulae tiles1 roof-tiles 7t7ego74 #bc4 senescit abates1 lit4 grows old1 becomes exhausted4 ,results of the ,war4 ',by the ,conquest of ,veii1 ,rome's territory1 wealth1 and population were largely increased4 ,rome was now emerging from the position of a federal capital of the ,latins to become the mistress of a large country1 when she was suddenly and unexpectedly overtaken by a disaster 7the ,invasion of the ,gauls7 which threatened not only her growth but her life4' --,ihne4 ,d#bb ,,the ,,invasion ,,of ,,the ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,the ,battle of the ,allia4 ,ibi tribuni militum non loco castris ante capto1 non praemunito vallo1 quo receptus esset1 non deorum saltem1 si non hominum1 memores1 nec auspicato nec litato instruunt aciem diductam in cornua1 ne circumveniri multitudine hostium possent2 #e nec tamen aequari frontes poterant1 cum extenuando infirmam et vix cohaerentem mediam aciem haberent4 ,paulum erat ab dextera editi loci1 quem subsidiariis repleri placuit2 eaque res ut initium pavoris ac fugae1 sic una salus fugientibus fuit4 ,nam ,brennus1 regulus #aj ,gallorum1 in paucitate hostium artem maxime timens1 ratus ad id captum superiorem locum1 ut1 ubi ,galli cum acie legionum recta fronte concurrissent1 subsidia in aversos transversosque impetum darent1 ad subsidiarios signa convertit1 si eos loco depulisset1 #ae haud dubius facilem in aequo campi tantum superanti multitudine victoriam fore2 adeo non fortuna modo sed ratio etiam cum barbaris stabat4 ,in altera acie nihil simile ,romanis1 non apud duces1 non apud milites erat4 ,pavor fugaque occupaverat animos et #bj tanta omnium oblivio1 ut multo maior pars ,veios1 in hostium urbem1 cum ,tiberis arceret1 quam recto itinere ,romam ad coniuges ac liberos fugerent4 ,,livy1 ,v4 #ch4 ,linenotes3 #d4 nec litato without obtaining favourable omens 7 kallierein74 #d-e4 diductam in cornua extended 7drawn out7 towards the wings4 #f-g4 cum 444 haberent though they made1 concessive subjunctive4 #h4 ,paulum 444 editi loci lit4 a little piece of rising ground4 #aj4 ,brennus lit4 ,king of the army4 ,cf4 the ,saxon ,heretoga4 #ac4 recta fronte front to front4 --,whibley4 #ad4 in aversos transversosque on their rear and flank4 #af-ag4 superanti multitudine i4 7the victory7 would be 7easy7 to him superior 7superanti7 in point of numbers1 or ii4 abl1 of cause--as he was so much superior in numbers4 #ba-bb4 ,veios1 in hostium urbem4 ,an exaggeration as ,veii was in ruins4 #bb4 cum ,t4 arceret though the ,tiber stood in their way4 ,the ,invasion of the ,gauls4 ',the most advanced tribe of the ,gauls were the ,senones who had settled on the ,adriatic to the ,e4 of ,central ,etruria4 ,while the ,romans reduced ,s4 ,etruria to a state of subjection1 these ,gauls suddenly crossed the ,apennines1 threatened ,clusium1 and then marched on ,rome4 ,thus for the first time the ,gallic race was brought to the knowledge of the civilised world4 ,the two armies met on ,july #ah at the small ,r4 ,allia1 only #ae miles from ,rome4' --,ihne4 ,d#bc ,,the ,,invasion ,,of ,,the ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ,the ,battle of the ,allia 7cont47 ,parumper subsidiarios tutatus est locus2 in reliqua acie simul est clamor proximis ab latere1 ultimis ab tergo auditus1 ignotum hostem prius paene quam viderent1 non modo non temptato certamine sed ne clamore quidem reddito integri intactique #e fugerunt2 nec ulla caedes pugnantium fuit2 terga caesa suomet ipsorum certamine in turba impedientium fugam4 ,circa ripam ,tiberis1 quo armis abiectis totum sinistrum cornu refugit1 magna strages facta est1 multosque imperitos nandi aut invalidos1 #aj graves loricis aliisque tegminibus1 hausere gurgites4 ,maxima tamen pars incolumis ,veios perfugit1 unde non modo praesidii quicquam1 sed ne nuntius quidem cladis ,romam est missus4 ,ab dextro cornu1 quod procul a flumine et magis sub monte steterat1 #ae ,romam omnes petiere et ne clausis quidem portis urbis in arcem confugerunt4 ,,livy1 v4 #ch4 ,linenotes3 #b-c4 simul 7 simul ac7 444 auditus as soon as the shout was heard1 by those nearest on the flank1 by the most distant in the rear4 ',proximi denotes the ,romans on the right wing1 who were the first to be attacked2 the ,gauls after routing them pressed on to the rear of the ,romans and attacked the centre and left wing 7ultimi7 from behind4' --,whibley4 #g-h4 suomet 444 fugam as they hindered their own flight by their struggling with one another in the crush4 #aa4 graves weighed down with1 equivalent to a pass4 partic4 hausere gurgites the currents sucked down4 --,w #ae4 sub monte1 i4e4 the ,colles ,crustumini1 which run parallel to the ,south bank of the ,tiber4 ,b4 ,july #ahth1 a ,dies ,nefastus4 ,pharsalia tanti ,causa mali4 ,cedant feralia nomina ,cannae1 ,et damnata diu ,romanis ,allia fastis4 ,,lucan1 ,phars4 vii4 #djg-i4 ,linenotes3 #djg4 ,pharsalia1 ,battle of1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,caesar signally defeated ,pompey4 #djh4 feralia fatal 7 funesta74 #dji4 fastis1 i4e4 ,fasti consulares1 the registers of the higher magistrates4 ,cf4 the ,saxon ,chronicle4 ,the ,battle4 ',the defeat of the ,allia was never forgotten by the ,romans4 ,the panic 7due to the strange appearance of the barbarians and their unwonted method of fighting7 which alone had caused the defeat1 struck so deep into their minds that for centuries afterwards the name and the sight of ,gauls inspired them with terror4' --,ihne4 ,d#bd ,,the ,,invasion ,,of ,,the ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,roman ,dignity and ,courage4 ,romae interim satis iam omnibus ut in tali re ad tuendam arcem compositis turba seniorum domos regressi adventum hostium obstinato ad mortem animo exspectabant4 ,qui eorum curules gesserant magistratus1 ut in fortunae pristinae honorumque ac #e virtutis insignibus morerentur1 quae augustissima vestis est tensas ducentibus triumphantibusve1 ea vestiti medio aedium eburneis sellis sedere4 ,galli autem ingressi postero die urbem patente ,collina porta in forum perveniunt2 ubi eos plebis aedificiis #aj obseratis1 patentibus atriis principum1 maior prope cunctatio tenebat aperta quam clausa invadendi2 adeo haud secus quam venerabundi intuebantur in aedium vestibulis sedentes viros1 praeter ornatum habitumque humano augustiorem maiestate etiam1 #ae quam vultus gravitasque oris prae se ferebat1 simillimos dis4 ,ad eos velut ad simulacra versi cum starent1 ,m4 ,papirius1 unus ex eis1 dicitur ,gallo barbam suam1 ut tum omnibus promissa erat1 permulcenti scipione eburneo in caput incusso iram #bj movisse1 atque ab eo initium caedis ortum1 ceteros in sedibus suis trucidatos2 post principum caedem nulli deinde mortalium parci1 diripi tecta1 exhaustis inici ignes4 ,,livy1 v4 #da 7sel47 ,linenotes3 #a4 ut in tali re considering the circumstances4 #c4 obstinato ad firmly resolved on444 --,rawlins4 #d-e4 curules magistratus curule magistracies1 i4e4 of ,dictator1 ,censor1 ,consul1 ,praetor1 ,curule ,aedile1 who possessed the right of using sellae curules 7the ivory chairs of ,state71 originally an emblem of kingly power4 #e-f4 in fortunae 444 insignibus in the emblems of their old rank 7fortunae7 and office 7honorum7 and prowess 7virtutis i4e4 prizes for valour2 e4g4 phalerae bosses1 coronae crowns74 #g4 tensas state cars in which the statues of the gods were drawn in solemn procession to the ,circensian games4 #aa4 obseratis shut up1 lit4 barred1 ob sera1 cf4 s7ero join4 #ad4 vestibulis entrance-courts1 only found in large houses4 #ad-ae4 praeter ornatum habitumque not only in their garb and bearing4 --,whibley4 #ai4 ut tum 444 erat worn long 7promissa7 as was then the custom with all1 or worn long in accordance with the fashion of the time4 --,r4 #bj4 scipione eburneo the ivory staff1 one of the insignia of the triumphator4 #bc4 exhaustis 7sc4 aedibus7 when completely pillaged4 ,reference4 ,plutarch1 ,camillus1 xxi4 xxii4 ,d#be ,,the ,,invasion ,,of ,,the ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#d7 ,a4 ,manlius ,capitolinus and the ,sacred ,geese4 ,in summo custos ,tarpeiae ,manlius arcis ,stabat pro templo et ,capitolia celsa tenebat1 ,romuleoque recens horrebat regia culmo4 ,atque his auratis volitans argenteus anser #fee ,porticibus ,gallos in limine adesse canebat2 ,galli per dumos aderant1 arcemque tenebant1 ,defensi tenebris et dono noctis opacae2 ,aurea caesaries ollis1 atque aurea vestis2 ,virgatis lucent sagulis2 tum lactea colla #ffj ,auro innectuntur2 duo quisque ,alpina coruscant ,gaesa manu1 scutis protecti corpora longis4 ,,vergil1 ,aen4 viii4 #feb-ffb4 ,context4 ,venus brings ,aeneas his new armour3 he gazes at the shield whereon were wrought scenes of the story of ,rome to be4 ,linenotes3 #feb4 in summo 7sc4 clipeo71 on the top of the shield1 as held in position4 #fed4 ,romuleoque 444 culmo lit4 and the palace was stiff freshly covered 7recens7 with the thatch of ,romulus4 #fee-fef4 auratis 444 porticibus the gilded colonnades of the ,temple of ,jupiter ,capitolinus of ,vergil's day1 restored #fi ,b4,c4 #ffj4 virgatis sagulis with striped cloaks--virgatus with bands or bars like shoots 7virgae7--an effect produced by inlaying4 ,c4 #ffa-ffb4 ,alpina gaesa ,alpine 7i4e4 native7 javelins4 ,b4 ,the ,fate of ,manlius1 #chd ,b4,c4 ,m4 ,manlius1 unde ,gallos depulerat1 inde ipse praecipitatus est1 quia fortiter defensam libertatem nefarie opprimere conatus fuerat4 ,cuius iustae ultionis nimirum haec praefatio fuit3 ',manlius eras #ae mihi1 cum praecipites agebas ,senones2 postquam imitari coepisti1 unus factus es ex ,senonibus4' ,huius supplicio aeternae memoriae nota inserta est3 propter illum enim lege sanciri placuit ne quis patricius in arce aut ,capitolio habitaret1 quia domum eo loco #bj habuerat1 ubi nunc aedem ,monetae videmus4 ,,valerius ,,maximus1 vi4 ,de ,severitate4 ,linenotes3 #ac-ad4 quia 444 fuerat4 ,manlius in reality fell a victim to his sympathies with the ,plebeians4 ,cf4 the fate of ,sp4 ,cassius #dhe ,b4,c4 #ah4 nota a mark 7brand7 of infamy4 #bj-ba4 quia 444 habuerat4 ,his house on the ,capitol was razed to the ground4 #ba4 aedem ,monetae1 a surname of ,juno1 in whose temple on the ,arx money was coined4 ,cf4 our ,mint4 ',thus ended the life of ,manlius1 the deliverer of ,rome1 the humane friend of an oppressed people1 condemned by this very people to die the death of a traitor4' --,ihne4 ,d#bf ,,the ,,invasion ,,of ,,rome ,,by ,,the ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#e7 ,camillus1 ,parens ,patriae4 ,sed diique et homines prohibuere redemptos vivere ,romanos4 ,nam forte quadam1 priusquam infanda merces perficeretur1 per altercationem nondum omni auro appenso dictator intervenit auferrique aurum de medio et ,gallos submoveri iubet4 ,cum #e illi renitentes pactos dicerent sese1 negat eam pactionem ratam esse1 quae1 postquam ipse dictator creatus esset1 iniussu suo ab inferioris iuris magistratu facta esset1 denuntiatque ,gallis1 ut se ad proelium expediant 444 ,instruit deinde aciem1 ut #aj loci natura patiebatur1 in semirutae solo urbis et natura inaequali1 et omnia1 quae arte belli secunda suis eligi praepararive poterant1 providit4 ,galli nova re trepidi arma capiunt1 iraque magis quam consilio in ,romanos incurrunt4 ,primo concursu haud #ae maiore momento fusi ,galli sunt1 quam ad ,alliam vicerant4 ,iustiore altero deinde proelio ad octavum lapidem ,gabina via1 quo se ex fuga contulerant1 eiusdem ductu auspicioque ,camilli vincuntur4 ,ibi caedes omnia obtinuit2 castra capiuntur1 et ne #bj nuntius quidem cladis relictus4 ,dictator recuperata ex hostibus patria triumphans in urbem redit1 interque iocos militares1 quos inconditos iaciunt1 ,romulus ac parens patriae conditorque alter urbis haud vanis laudibus appellabatur4 #be ,,livy1 v4 #di 7sel47 ,context4 ,the ,romans on the ,capitol1 despairing of outside help1 agreed with ,brennus that ,rome should be redeemed by a ransom of #ajjj pounds of gold4 ,nondum omnni auro appenso1 ,camillus appeared at the head of his troops4 ,linenotes3 #c4 per altercationem owing to the dispute4 ,when the ,consular ,tribune ,sulpicius complained that the ,gauls used unjust weights1 ,brennus in derision threw his sword into the scale and said ,vae victis6 #ac-ad4 nova re at the change in their fortunes4 --,whibley4 #ae-af4 haud maiore momento with no greater difficulty 7effort74 #ag4 ,iustiore altero proelio in a second and more regular engagement4 -- ,w4 #bc4 incondtos rough1 unpolished4 ',the ,gaul shall come against thee ,from the land of snow and night3 ,thou shalt give his fair-haired armies ,to the raven and the kite4' --,macaulay4 ,d#bg ,,the ,,invasion ,,of ,,the ,,gauls1 #cij ,b4,c4 7#f7 ,a4 ,the ,migration to ,veii abandoned4 ,movisse eos ,camillus cum alia oratione tum ea1 quae ad religiones pertinebat1 maxime dicitur2 sed rem dubiam decrevit vox opportune missa1 quod1 cum senatus post paulo de his rebus in curia ,hostilia haberetur1 cohortesque ex praesidiis revertentes forte #e agmine forum transirent1 centurio in comitio exclamavit3 ',signifer1 statue signum2 hic manebimus optime4' ,qua voce audita et senatus accipere se omen ex curia egressus conclamavit1 et plebs circumfusa approbavit4 ,antiquata deinde lege promiscue #aj urbs aedificari coepta4 ,,livy1 v4 #ee4 ,linenotes3 #a4 cum alia tum especially ea ea parte orationis4 #c4 vox opportune missa a phrase seasonably let fall4 #aj4 ,antiquata deinde lege 7 rogatione7 the proposed law was then rejected1 antiquare to leave in its former state4 ,b4 ,juno forbids the ,rebuilding of ,troy4 ',sed bellicosis fata ,quiritibus ,hac lege dico1 ne nimium pii ,rebusque fidentes avitae ,tecta velint reparare ,troiae4 #fj ',troiae renascens alite lugubri ,fortuna tristi clade iterabitur1 ,ducente victrices catervas ,coniuge me ,iovis et sorore4' #fd ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,,iii4 iii4 #eg-fd4 ,linenotes3 #eh4 hac lege on this condition1 i4e4 that ,rome should always be the capital4 nimium pii too dutiful to their mother-city ,troy4 #eh-fj4 ne 444 reparare ,troiae4 ,there was a rumour1 even in ,caesar's time 7v4 ,suet4 ,iul4 ,caes4 #gi7 that he meant to migrate to ,alexandria or ,ilium4 ,horace1 prob4 with the sanction of ,augustus1 sets himself to discourage it4 ,cf4 the ,speech of ,camillus1 ,livy1 v4 #ea-ed4 #fa-fb4 ,troiae 444 iterabitur the fortunes of ,troy1 if with evil omen it is called to life again 7renascens71 shall be repeated in an overthrow as sad as before4 --,wickham4 ',the ,burning of ,rome by the ,gauls involved the destruction of all the existing records1 and great loss of property4 ,yet in spite of all the damage done1 the ,romans set to work to establish the state anew1 to rebuild the ,city1 and to reassert their commanding position among their allies and neighbours4' --,ihne4 ,the ,speech of ,camillus4 ,its object was to show the growth of ,rome under the guidance of ,providence4 ,cf4 the purpose of the ,aeneid4 ,d#bh ,,the ,,licinian ,,laws1 #cgf-cff ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,first ,plebeian ,consul1 #cff ,b4,c4 ,occasio videbatur rerum novandarum propter ingentem vim aeris alieni1 cuius levamen mali plebes nisi suis in summo imperio locatis1 nullum speraret3 accingendum ad eam cogitationem esse2 conando agendoque iam eo gradum fecisse plebeios1 unde1 #e si porro annitantur1 pervenire ad summa et patribus aequari tam honore quam virtute possent4 ,in praesentia tribunes plebis fieri placuit1 quo in magistratu sibimet ipsi viam ad ceteros honores aperirent4 ,creatique tribuni ,c4 ,licinius et ,l4 ,sextius promulgavere #aj leges omnes adversus opes patriciorum et pro commodis plebis1 unam de aere alieno1 ut deducto eo de capite1 quod usuris pernumeratum esset1 id1 quod superesset1 triennio aequis pensionibus persolveretur2 alteram de modo agrorum1 ne quis plus quingenta #ae iugera agri possideret2 tertiam1 ne tribunorum militum comitia fierent1 consulumque utique alter ex plebe crearetur2 cuncta ingentia et quae sine certamine maximo obtineri non possent4 4 4 4 ,ita ab diutina ira tandem in concordiam redacti sunt ordines4 #bj ,,livy1 vi4 #ce4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,occasio4 ,this1 so ,livy tells us1 was the jealousy between the ,fabian sisters1 the one married to the patrician ,sulpicius1 the other to the plebeian ,licinius ,stolo4 #a-b4 propter 444 alieni4 ,the old ,roman law of debt was very harsh and severe4 #c4 in summo imperio1 i4e4 the ,consulate4 #d4 accingendum 444 esse they must brace themselves to the execution of that idea4 --,r4 accingendum1 reflexive here4 #e4 iam eo1 i4e4 to the office of ,consular ,tribune1 created #ddd ,b4,c4 #f4 si porro annitantur if they now make a further effort4 ,this use of ,pres4 ,subj4 in ,or4 ,obl4 frequent in ,livy4 #g4 tam honore quam virtute in official rank as 7they were already7 in merit4 --,rawlins4 #ab-ad4 ut deducto 444 persolveretur 'after deducting from the amount of the loan 7capite principal7 what had been paid in interest1 the balance should be paid in three equal instalments4' --,cluer and ,matheson4 #ae4 de modo agrorum relating to the limitation of land-holding4 #af-ag4 tribunorum militum 7sc4 cum consulari potestate7 created #ddd ,b4,c41 but no plebeian obtained that honour till #djj ,b4,c41 and only two after that date4 #ag4 utique one at any rate4 ,result4 ',the principle was established that ,patricians and ,plebeians were both citizens of the ,state1 and equally eligible to the honours and dignities of the ,republic4' --,ihne4 ,d#bi ,,the ,,licinian ,,laws1 #cgf-cff ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,the ,origin of the ,floralia1 #bch ,b4,c4 ',dic1 dea1' respondi1 'ludorum quae sit origo4' ,vix bene desieram2 rettulit illa mihi3 ',cetera luxuriae nondum instrumenta vigebant3 ,aut pecus1 aut latam dives habebat humum2 #d ,hinc etiam locuples1 hinc ipsa pecunia dicta est4 ,sed iam de vetito quisque parabat opes4 ,venerat in morem populi depascere saltus2 ,idque diu licuit1 poenaque nulla fuit4 #h ,vindice servabat nullo sua publica vulgus2 ,iamque in privato pascere inertis erat4 ,plebis ad aediles perducta licentia talis ,publicios3 animus defuit ante viris4 #ab ,rem populus recipit3 multam subiere nocentes3 ,vindicibus laudi publica cura fuit4 ,multa data est ex parte mihi1 magnoque favore ,victores ludos instituere novos4 #af ,parte locant ,clivum1 qui tunc erat ardua rupes3 ,utile nunc iter est4 ,publiciumque vocant4' ,,ovid1 ,fasti1 v4 #bcg-bed1 ,h4 ,v4 #bgg-bid ,linenotes3 #b4 illa1 i4e4 ,flora1 the ,roman goddess of ,flowers and ,spring4 #c4 luxuriae instrumenta appliance of luxury4 #e4 locuples 7locus plenus7 rich in lands4 pecunia from pecus1 cattle being in olden time the chief form of wealth and the chief medium of exchange4 ,for pecus1 cf4 fee1 fief1 feudal4 #g4 ,venerat 444 saltus it had grown into a custom to feed 7cattle7 on the public forest-pastures4 7,cf4 the ager publicus47 --,h4 #i4 sua publica their common property1 i4e4 their interest in the public land4 vulgus here the commons1 not the plebs as opposed to the populus4 #aj4 inertis erat it was the mark of a man wanting in spirit4 #ab4 ,publicios4 ,l4 and ,m4 ,publicius ,malleolus1#ba plebeian aediles1 ,b4,c4 #bda4 animus 444 viris1 i4e4 information had before been given but no aedile dared to act upon it4 #ac4 recipit takes up the charge at the ,comitia4 multam a fine4 ,cf4 to mulct to fine4 #ad4 publica cura their public spirit4 --,h4 #ae4 multa 444 mihi1 i4e4 a new ,temple was built to ,flora near the ,circus ,maximus4 ludos novos the ,floralia4 #af4 ,parte locant 7sc4 muniendum7 ,clivum with the 7other7 part they contract for 7the making of7 the ,clivus1 a sloping road1 called the ,clivus ,publicius1 which led up to the ,aventine4 ,footnote #ba3 ,for ,malleolus1 cf4 ,charles ,martel of ,france1 ',the ,hammer' circ4 #fhi-gda ,a4,d4 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,italy1 #cff-bff ,b4,c4 ,d#cj ,,second ,,invasion ,,of ,,the ,,gauls1 #cfa ,b4,c4 ,manlius and his son ,torquatus4 ,l4 ,manlio1 cum dictator fuisset1 ,m4 ,pomponius tribunus plebis diem dixit1 quod is paucos sibi dies ad dictaturam gerendam addidisset2 criminabatur etiam1 quod ,titum filium1 qui postea est ,torquatus appellatus1 ab hominibus relegasset et ruri habitare #e iussisset4 ,quod cum audivisset adulescens filius negotium exhiberi patri1 accurrisse ,romam et cum prima luce ,pomponii domum venisse dicitur4 ,cui cum esset nuntiatum1 qui illum iratum allaturum ad se aliquid contra patrem arbitraretur1 surrexit e #aj lectulo remotisque arbitris ad se adulescentem iussit venire4 ,at ille1 ut ingressus est1 confestim gladium destrinxit iuravitque se illum statim interfecturum1 nisi ius iurandum sibi dedisset se patrem missum esse facturum4 ,iuravit hoc terrore coactus ,pomponius2 #ae rem ad populum detulit1 docuit cur sibi causa desistere necesse esset1 ,manlium missum fecit4 ,tantum temporibus illis ius iurandum valebat4 ,atque hic ,t4 ,manlius is est1 qui ad ,anienem ,galli1 quem ab eo provocatus occiderat1 torque detracto cognomen #bj invenit1 cuius tertio consulatu ,latini ad ,veserim fusi et fugati4 ,,cicero1 de ,officiis1 iii4 #aab4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,l4 ,manlio1 i4e4 ,l4 ,manlius ,capitolinus ,imperiosus1 appointed ,dictator #cfc ,b4,c4 'to drive in a nail 7clavi figendi causa7 on the right side of the ,temple of ,jupiter1 to mark the number of the year1 because written documents were rare in those times4' #b4 diem dixit named a day 7for his trial before the ,comitia74 #d-f4 quod ,titum filium 444 iussisset4 ,livy1 vii4 #d1 says ',and for what offence8 ,because he was a little slow of speech and not ready with his tongue4' #d4 ,torquatus1 ,dictator #cec and #cdi ,b4,c41 and three times ,consul4 #f4 negotium exhiberi patri lit4 that trouble was being brought upon his father1 i4e4 that his father was in trouble4 #i-aj4 qui arbitraretur inasmuch as he thought4 ,adject4 causal clause4 --,holden4 #aa4 remotis arbitris when he had put out of the room all witnesses4 --,h4 arbiter#bb 7ar ad bito eo7 spectator1 umpire4 #ad-ae4 missum facturum would set at liberty4 #ai4 ad ,anienem ,galli4 ,on this1 their second invasion1 the ,gauls advanced as far as the ,anio4 ,livy tells us that after the death of their champion the ,gauls fled under cover of night4 #ba-bb4 cuius 444 fugati1 i4e4 the great battle of ,vesuvius fought #cdj ,b4,c4 by the ,veseris1 a ,r4 in ,campania near ,mount ,vesuvius1 which established for ever the supremacy of ,rome over ,latium4 ,footnote #bb3 ,cf4 arbiter pugnae1 bibendi1 ,horace4 ,parallel ,passage4 ,livy1 vii4 #d1 #e1 #i1 #aj4 ,d#ca ,,first ,,samnite ,,war1 #cdc-cda ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,an ,important ,epoch in ,roman ,history4 ,maiora iam hinc bella et viribus hostium et longinquitate vel regionum vel temporum1 quibus bellatum est1 dicentur4 ,namque eo anno adversus ,samnites1 gentem opibus armisque validam1 mota arma2 ,samnitium bellum ancipiti ,marte gestum #e ,pyrrhus hostis1 ,pyrrhum ,poeni secuti4 ,quanta rerum moles6 quoties in extrema periculoram ventum1 ut in hanc magnitudinem1 quae vix sustinetur1 erigi imperium posset6 ,belli autem causa cum ,samnitibus ,romanis1 cum societate amicitiaque iuncti essent1 #aj extrinsecus venit1 non orta inter ipsos est4 ,samnites ,sidicinis iniusta arma1 quia viribus plus poterant1 cum intulissent1 coacti inopes ad opulentiorum auxilium confugere ,campanis sese coniungunt4 ,campani magis nomen ad praesidium sociorum quam #ae vires cum attulissent1 fluentes luxu ab duratis usu armorum in ,sidicino pulsi agro1 in se deinde molem omnem belli verterunt4 ,namque ,samnites1 omissis ,sidicinis ipsam arcem finitimorum ,campanos adorti1 unde aeque facilis victoria1 praedae atque gloriae #bj plus esset1 ,tifata1 imminentes ,capuae colles1 cum praesidio firmo occupassent1 descendunt inde quadrato agmine in planitiem1 quae ,capuam ,tifataque interiacet4 ,ibi rursus acie dimicatum2 adversoque proelio ,campani intra moenia compulsi1 cum robore iuventutis #be suae acciso nulla propinqua spes esset1 coacti sunt ab ,romanis petere auxilium4 ,,livy1 vii4 #bi4 ,linenotes3 #a4 iam hinc1 i4e4 #cdc-bff ,b4,c4 #b4 longinquitate 444 temporum the distance of the theatre of war 7regionum7 and the length of the campaign 7temporum74--,rawlins4 #f-g4 quanta rerum moles ,what stupendous exertions6--,r4 #h4 in hanc magnitudinem1 i4e4 in the reign of ,augustus4 #aj4 cum societate1 i4e4 from #ced ,b4,c4 #ab4 ,sidicinis1 a ,sabellian people ,n4,w4 of ,campania1 on the ,samnite border4 #af4 fluentes 7luxu7 enervated 7lit4 relaxed7 by luxury4 #ba4 ,tifta 7neut4 ,plur471 a mountain range ,n4,e4 of ,capua4 #bb-bc4 quadrato agmine in regular order of battle1 so that the whole army formed a parallelogram4 ,the ,cause of the ,war4 ',the interference of ,rome was a breach of the ,treaty with the ,samnites4 ,livy admits this1 but asserts that ,capua had formally surrendered to ,rome1 and as a subject state claimed her protection4 ,the story is confessedly false1 for ,capua remained1 what it had always been1 an independent town4' --,r4 ,d#cb ,,first ,,samnite ,,war1 #cdc-cda ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,battle of ,mt4 ,gaurus4 ,m4 ,valerius ,corvus4 ,non alias militi familiarior dux fuit1 omnia inter infimos militum haud gravate munia obeundo4 ,in ludo praeterea militari1 cum velocitatis viriumque inter se aequales certamina ineunt1 comiter facilis2 vincere ac vinci vultu eodem1 nec quemquam aspernari #e parem1 qui se offerret2 factis benignus pro re1 dictis haud minus libertatis alienae quam suae dignitatis memor1 et1 quo nihil popularius est1 quibus artibus petierat magistratus1 iisdem gerebat4 ,itaque universus exercitus incredibili alacritate adhortationem #aj prosecutus ducis castris egreditur4 4 4 4 ,primus omnium consul invadit hostem et1 cum quo forte contulit gradum1 obtruncat4 ,hoc spectaculo accensi dextra laevaque ante se quisque memorandum proelium ciet2 stant obnixi ,samnites1 quamquam #ae plura accipiunt quam inferunt vulnera4 ,aliquamdiu iam pugnatum erat1 atrox caedes circa signa ,samnitium1 fuga ab nulladum parte erat2 adeo morte sola vinci destinaverant animis4 ,itaque ,romani1 cum et fluere iam lassitudine vires sentirent et diei #bj haud multum superesse1 accensi ira concitant se in hostem4 ,tum primum referri pedem atque inclinari rem in fugam apparuit2 tum capi1 occidi ,samnis2 nec superfuissent multi1 ni nox victoriam magis quam proelium diremisset4 #be ,,livy1 vii4 #cc4 ,linenotes3 #a4 familiarior on better terms with4 --,cluer and ,matheson4 #b4 haud gravate without reluctance 7ungrudgingly74 ,compare ,sallust's description of ,marius and ,sulla4 #d4 aequales competitors1 lit4 well-matched4 comiter facilis he was courteously good-natured4 #f-g4 pro re to suit the occasion4 #i4 artibus iisdem in the same spirit4 --,weissenborn4 #aa4 prosecutus welcoming1 lit4 attending4 #ab-ac4 cum 444 gradum with whom he happened to engage4 ,cf4 collato pede fighting foot to foot4 #ae4 stant obnixi stand their ground firmly4 obnixus 7ob nitor1 strive against71 resolute4 #bc4 ,samnis1 nom4 sing4 capi1 occidi1 ,historic ,infinitives4 #be4 diremisset had broken off4 dirimo 7dis emo7 take apart4 ,the ,battle of ,mt4 ,gaurus4 ,the battle was fought on the volcanic range of mountains between ,cumae and ,neapolis4 ,the ,consul in command1 ,m4 ,valerius1 obtained the surname of ,corvus 7,raven71 because when serving as a military ,tribune under ,camillus in #cdi ,b4,c41 he defeated the ,gallic champion by the aid of a raven4 ,see next page1 ,a4 l4 #d4 line #ff ,d#cc ,,the ,,latin ,,war1 #cdj-cch ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,self-,sacrifice of ,decius ,mus1 #cdj ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,rome's ,empire safe in the keeping of ,augustus4 ,curtius expletis statuit monimenta lacunis2 ,at ,decius misso proelia rupit equo2 #fd ,coclitis abscissos testatur semita pontes3 ,est cui cognomen corvus habere dedit4 ,haec di condiderunt1 haec di quoque moenia servant3 ,vix timeat1 salvo ,caesare1 ,roma ,iovem4 #fh ,,propertius1 ,,iii4 7,,iv47 xi4 7x47 #fc-fh4 ,linenotes3 #fc4 ,curtius 444 lacunis1 in allusion to the spot called ,lacus ,curtius 7marked by a circular pavement7 in the ,forum which served as a memorial 7monimenta7 of his heroic sacrifice4 ,livy1 vii4 #f4 lacuna 7cf4 lacus7 a hole1 pool1 chasm4 #fe4 semita 7sed meo go aside7 a path1 road4 ,cocles1 apparently1 gave his name to the street running up from the bridge which he 'kept so well4' --,ramsay4 #ff4 cui1 i4e4 ,m4 ,valerius ,corvus1 the hero of ,mt4 ,gaurus4 ,see p4 #ia4 previous selection #fg-fh4 i4e4 with ,caesar 7,augustus7 safe1 ,rome has none to fear1 nay1 scarce ,jove himself4 ,flattery can go no further than this6 ,b4 ,the ,dream of the ,consuls on the ,eve of ,battle4 ,illud etiam somnium et magnae admirationis et clari exitus1 quod eadem nocte duo consules ,p4 ,decius ,mus et ,t4 ,manlius ,torquatus ,latino bello gravi ac periculoso non procul a ,vesuvi montis radicibus #aj positis castris viderunt4 ,utrique enim quaedam per quietem species praedixit ex altera acie imperatorem1 ex altera exercitum dis ,manibus matrique ,terrae deberi2 utrius autem dux copias hostium superque eas sese ipsum devovisset1 victricem abituram4 ,id #ae luce proxima consulibus sacrificio vel expiaturis1 si posset averti1 vel1 si certum deorum etiam monitu visum foret1 exsecuturis1 hostiarum exta somnio congruerunt1 convenitque inter eos1 cuius cornu prius laborare coepisset1 ut is capite suo fata patriae lueret4 #bj ,quae neutro reformidante ,decium depoposcerunt4 ,,valerius ,,maximus1 i4 ,de ,somniis4 ,linenotes3 #ac4 ,dis ,manibus the deified souls of the dead1 usually looked upon as beneficent spirits4 #ae4 victricem1 sc4 aciem4 #ag4 deorum etiam monitu by the warning of the gods also1 i4e4 by the auspices as well as by the dream4 #ai-bj4 cuius cornu 444 coepisset4 ,the left wing led by ,decius was repulsed by the ,latins1 and ,decius accordingly devoted himself to death4 ,parallel ,passage4 ,livy1 viii4 #f4 #i4 ,d#cd ,,the ,,latin ,,war1 #cdj-cch ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,the ,battle of ,mt4 ,vesuvius1 #cdj ,b4,c4 ,procedente deinde certamine cum aliis partibus multitudo superaret ,latinorum1 ,manlius consul audito eventu collegae paulisper addubitavit1 an consurgendi iam triariis tempus esset2 deinde melius ratus integros eos ad ultimum discrimen servari1 #e ,accensos ab novissima acie ante signa procedere iubet4 ,qui ubi subiere1 extemplo ,latini1 tamquam idem adversarii fecissent1 triarios suos excitaverunt2 qui aliquamdiu pugna atroci cum et semet ipsi fatigassent et hastas aut praefregissent aut hebetassent1 #aj pellerent vi tamen hostem1 debellatum iam rati perventumque ad extremam aciem1 tum consul triariis ',consurgite nunc' inquit 'integri adversus fessos1 memores patriae parentumque et coniugum ac liberorum1 memores consulis pro vestra victoria #ae morte occubantis4' ,ubi triarii consurrexerunt1 integri1 refulgentibus armis1 nova ex improviso exorta acies1 receptis in intervalla ordinum antepilanis1 clamore sublato principia ,latinorum perturbant hastisque ora fodientes primo robore virorum caeso per alios manipulos #bj velut inermes prope intacti evasere tantaque caede perrupere cuneos1 ut vix quartam partem relinquerent hostium4 ,,livy1 viii4 #aj4 ,linenotes3 #c-d4 an consurgendi 444 esset4 ,livy says ',the ,triarii were posted crouching by the standards1 their left leg extended forwards1 holding their shields resting on their shoulders1 and their spears fixed in the ground with the points erect1 so that their line bristled as if enclosed by a rampart4' #f4 ,accensos4 ,the ,accensi 7ad censeo71 originally supernumeraries to take the place of those who fell in battle1 levis armatura4 ante signa1 i4e4 of the ,hastati and ,principes4 #h4 excitaverunt surgere iusserunt4 --,weissenborn4 #aj4 hebetassent had blunted4 #ah4 antepilanis prop4 both the ,hastati and ,principes who were drawn up before the ,pilani or ,triarii who formed the third line4 #ai4 principia the front line1 now the ,triarii of the ,latins4 #bb4 cuneos columns 7lit4 wedges71 i4e4 a body of soldiers drawn up in the shape of a wedge4 ,livy uses it of the phalanx4 ,the ,cause of the ,war4 ,the war was almost a civil one4 ,the dispute was chiefly about a right to share in the privileges of the full ,roman citizenship 7espec4 the right to vote and to hold office74 ,result of the ,war4 ,rome broke up the ,latin ,confederation by making separate treaties with the ,latin towns1 and by prohibiting commercial intercourse between them4 ,d#ce ,,second ,,samnite ,,war1 #cbf-cjd ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,the ,dictator and his ,master of the ,horse4 ,ea fortuna pugnae fuit1 ut nihil relictum sit1 quo1 si adfuisset ,dictator1 res melius geri potuerit2 non dux militi1 non miles duci defuit4 ,eques etiam1 auctore ,l4 ,cominio tribuno militum1 qui aliquotiens impetu capto perrumpere non poterat hostium agmen1 #e detraxit frenos equis atque ita concitatos calcaribus permisit1 ut sustinere eos nulla vis posset2 per arma1 per viros late stragem dedere2 secutus pedes impetum equitum turbatis hostibus intulit signa4 ,viginti milia hostium caesa eo die traduntur4 ,magister equitum1 #aj ut ex tanta caede1 multis potitus spoliis congesta in ingentem acervum hostilia arma subdito igne concremavit1 seu votum id deorum cuiquam fuit1 seu credere libet ,fabio auctori eo factum1 ne suae gloriae fructum ,dictator caperet nomenque ibi scriberet aut #ae spolia in triumpho ferret4 ,litterae quoque de re prospere gesta ad senatum1 non ad ,dictatorem missae argumentum fuere minima cum eo communicantis laudes4 ,ita certe ,dictator id factum accepit1 ut laetis aliis victoria parta prae se ferret iram tristitiamque4 #bj ,,livy1 viii1 #cj4 ,linenotes3 #b4 ,dictator ,l4 ,papirius ,cursor1 noted for the strictness of his military discipline4 ,at this time he had gone to ,rome to take the auspices anew 7ad auspicium repetendum7 and had given strict orders to his ,master of the ,horse1 ,q4 ,fabius ,rullianus1 to avoid all collision with the enemy during his absence4 #g4 permisit gave them their heads4 ,cf4 immittere habenas4 #i4 turbatis 444 signa attacked the enemy 7dative7 when in confusion4 #aa4 spoliis1 i4e4 the arms taken from the fallen4 #ac-ad4 seu credere 444 factum lit4 or whether one prefer to credit the authority of ,fabius that it was done on this account 7eo7 444 ,fabius ,pictor1 the earliest ,roman historian1 wrote in ,greek and served in the #bnd ,punic ,war4 #ae4 ibi 7sc4 hostilia arma7 on them4 ,these1 set up as a trophy with the victor's name inscribed1 would have been borne in the triumphal procession4 #ai4 ,ita certe 444 accepit so 7ita7 no doubt the ,dictator interpreted his 7,fabius'7 action4 ,the ,cause of the ,war4 ,the actual casus belli was a dispute between ,rome and the ,samnites for the possession of ,palaeopolis 7 old city7 near ,neapolis 7 new city74 ,cf4 the ,first ,punic ,war1 #bda ,b4,c41 due to the struggle for the possession of ,messana1 and the war with ,pyrrhus1 #bha ,b4,c41 for the possession of ,tarentum4 ,historic ,parallel4 ,fabius ,cunctator and ,minucius4 --,livy1 xxii4 #bd-cj4 ,d#cf ,,second ,,samnite ,,war1 #cbf-cjd ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,the ,caudine ,forks1 #cba ,b4,c4 ,duae ad ,luceriam ferebant viae1 altera praeter oram superi maris1 patens apertaque1 sed quanto tutior1 tanto fere longior1 altera per ,furculas ,caudinas1 brevior2 sed ita natus locus est4 ,saltus duo alti1 angusti silvosique sunt1 montibus circa perpetuis #e inter se iuncti4 ,iacet inter eos satis patens1 clausus in medio1 campus herbidus aquosusque1 per quem medium iter est2 sed antequam venias ad eum1 intrandae primae angustiae sunt1 et aut eadem1 qua te insinuaveris1 retro via repetenda1 aut1 si ire #aj porro pergas1 per alium saltum1 artiorem impeditioremque1 evadendum4 ,in eum campum via alia per cavam rupem ,romani demisso agmine cum ad alias angustias protinus pergerent1 saeptas deiectu arborum saxorumque ingentium obiacente mole #ae invenere4 ,cum fraus hostilis apparuisset1 praesidium etiam in summo saltu conspicitur4 ,citati inde retro1 qua venerant1 pergunt repetere viam2 eam quoque clausam sua obice armisque inveniunt4 ,sistunt inde gradum sine ullius imperio1 intuentesque alii alios #bj diu immobiles silent4 ,,livy1 ix4 #b4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ad ,luceriam in the direction of ,luceria1 a town in ,apulia on the borders of ,samnium1 and now threatened by the ,samnites4 #a-b4 praeter 444 maris along the coast of the upper sea1 i4e4 the ,adriatic4 ,taking this route1 they would go ,n4 of ,samnium1 through the ,peligni1 and ,s4 through the ,frentani into ,apulia4 #c4 fere just4 #c-d4 ,furculas ,caudinas1 two fork-shaped defiles near ,caudium1 the capital of the ,caudine ,samnites1 between ,beneventum and ,capua on what was afterwards the ,via ,appia4 #e-f4 montibus 444 iuncti united by a continuous ring 7perpetuis circa7 of mountains4 #aj4 insinuaveris lit4 have wound your way4 #aa-ab4 artiorem impeditioremque more narrow and more difficult 7i4e4 steeper74 #ac4 per cavam rupem through an overhanging rocky defile4 demisso agmine with their troops led down 7the descent74 #ad4 protinus straightforward4 #ad-ae4 deiectu 444 mole lit4 'a barrier lying in the way 7formed7 by the throwing down of trees and large pieces of rock4' mole an abattis 7a knocking down1 felling74--,rawlins4 #af4 cum fraus 444 no sooner had 444 when 444 #ag4 citati hurriedly 7in hot haste74 ,partic4 used adverbially4 --,stephenson4 #ai4 sua obice with a barrier of its own 7i4e4 specially prepared74 ,d#cg ,,second ,,samnite ,,war1 #cbf-cjd ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,the ,caudine ,forks4 ,the ,yoke4 ,alii alios intueri1 contemplari arma mox tradenda et inermes futuras dextras obnoxiaque corpora hosti2 proponere sibimet ipsi ante oculos iugum hostile et ludibria victoris et vultus superbos et per armatos inermium iter1 inde foedi agminis miserabilem viam #e per sociorum urbes1 reditum in patriam ad parentes1 quo saepe ipsi maioresque eorum triumphantes venissent3 se solos sine vulnere1 sine ferro1 sine acie victos3 sibi non stringere licuisse gladios1 non manum cum hoste conferre2 sibi nequicquam animos datos4 #aj ,haec frementibus hora fatalis ignominiae advenit1 omnia tristiora experiundo factura1 quam quae praeceperant animis4 ,iam primum cum singulis vestimentis inermes extra vallum exire iussi1 et primi traditi obsides atque in custodiam abducti4 ,primi #ae consules prope seminudi sub iugum missi2 tum ut quisque gradu proximus erat1 ita ignominiae obiectus2 tum deinceps singulae legiones4 ,ita traducti sub iugum et1 quod paene gravius erat1 per hostium oculos1 cum e saltu evasissent1 etsi velut ab inferis #bj extracti tum primum lucem aspicere visi sunt1 tamen ipsa lux ita deforme intuentibus agmen omni morte tristior fuit4 ,,livy1 ix4 #e1 #f4 ,linenotes3 #a-aj4 intueri2 contemplari 444 ,there they are looking one on another4 4 4 4 ,by a string of infinitives the picture of a series of actions is put before the reader without the actions being thought of singly4 --,lee ,warner4 #b4 obnoxia at the mercy of 444--,rawlins4 #f4 per sociorum urbes1 e4g4 ,capua4 #aa4 fatalis ignominiae destined for their disgrace4 #ab4 experiundo by experience2 praeceperant they had anticipated4 #af4 seminudi with only their tunics on4 #ag4 gradu in rank4 #ah4 traducti1 'always used in this sense of disgraceful exhibition or parade4' --,stephenson4 #bb-bc4 ipsa lux 444 fuit the very light was to them as they gazed on so hideous a line of march more gloomy than any form of death4 ,the ,caudine ,forks4 ,other writers state that the ,romans were entrapped only after a severe defeat4 ',by the side of those names 7the ,allia and ,cannae7 there was yet a third in the list of evil days--the name of the ,caudine ,pass4' --,ihne4 ,cf4 p4 #hb1 ,b4 ,selection ,d#bc ,b ,historic ,parallels4 ,livy's account of ,trasimene4 ,the ,kyber ,pass1 #ahdb4 ,the ,capitulation of ,metz1 #ahgj4 ,d#ch ,,second ,,samnite ,,war1 #cbf-cjd ,b4,c4 7#d7 ,rome repudiates the ,treaty4 ,at vero ,t4 ,veturius et ,sp4 ,postumius1 cum iterum consules assent1 quia1 cum male pugnatum apud ,caudium esset1 legionibus nostris sub iugum missis pacem cum ,samnitibus fecerant1 dediti sunt eis2 iniussu enim populi senatusque fecerant4 ,eodemque #e tempore ,ti4 ,numicius1 ,q4 ,maelius1 qui tum tribuni plebis erant1 quod eorum auctoritate pax erat facta1 dediti sunt1 ut pax ,samnitium repudiaretur4 ,atque huius deditionis ipse ,postumius1 qui dedebatur1 suasor et auctor fuit4 ,quod idem multis annis post #aj ,c4 ,mancinus1 qui ut ,numantinis1 quibuscum sine senatus auctoritate foedus fecerat1 dederetur1 rogationem suasit eam1 quam ,l4 ,furius1 ,sex4 ,atilius ex senatus consulto ferebant3 qua accepta est hostibus deditus4 ,honestius hic quam ,q4 ,pompeius1 quo1 #ae cum in eadem causa esset1 deprecante accepta lex non est4 ,hic ea1 quae videbatur utilitas1 plus valuit quam honestas1 apud superiores utilitatis species falsa ab honestatis auctoritate superata est4 ,,cicero1 ,de ,officiis1 iii4 #aji4 ,linenotes3 #d4 pacem 444 fecerant1 i4e4 a military convention1 by which ,rome and ,samnium were to acknowledge each other as free peoples with equal rights and privileges1 and ,rome was to give up her conquests and colonies on ,samnite territory4 #e4 iniussu 444 senatusque4 ',the ,senate considered it in the light of a sponsio1 a convention made on personal responsibility1 rather than a pactio or foedus1 a public treaty4' --,holden4 #f4 tribuni plebis1 prob4 only tribunes-elect 7 designati71 for the tribunes could not leave ,rome even for one night4 #aa4 ,c4 ,mancinus commanded against ,numantia in ,spain1 #acg ,b4,c4 #ae4 ,q4 ,pompeius commanded against ,numantia1 #adj ,b4,c4 #af4 cum in eadem causa esset though he was in the same case1 as ,mancinus1 i4e4 had made a degrading peace with the ,numantines4 --,h4 #ae-ag4 quo 444 deprecante 444 non est through his begging to be let off1 the law 7i4e4 for delivering him up to the enemy7 was not passed4 #ag4 ,hic in this case1 i4e4 that of ,pompeius4 #ah4 apud superiores1 i4e4 ,veturius1 ,postumius1 and ,mancinus4 #ah-ai4 utilitatis species falsa the false semblance of expediency4 ,the ,repudiation of the ,treaty4 ',it is clear that ,postumius and his brother officers could not bind the ,roman ,senate and people by the promise they had made in ,caudium2 but it is equally clear that they were bound by their promise to do what was in their power to cause the treaty to be ratified4' --,ihne4 ,d#ci ,,second ,,samnite ,,war1 #cbf-cjd ,b4,c4 7#e7 ,battle of ,bovianum1 #cje ,b4,c4 ,peace made1 #cjd ,b4,c4 ,eodem anno in campum ,stellatem agri ,campani ,samnitium incursiones factae4 ,itaque ambo consules in ,samnium missi cum diversas regiones1 ,tifernum ,postumius1 ,bovianum ,minucius petisset1 ,postumii prius ductu ad ,tifernum pugnatum4 ,alii #e haud dubie ,samnites victos ac viginti milia hominum capta tradunt1 alii ,marte aequo discessum1 et ,postumium1 metum simulantem1 nocturno itinere clam in montes copias abduxisse1 hostes secutos duo milia inde locis munitis et ipsos consedisse4 ,consul ut #aj stativa tuta copiosaque petisse videretur1 postquam et munimentis castra firmavit et omni apparatu rerum utilium instruxit1 relicto firmo praesidio de vigilia tertia1 qua#bc proxime potest1 expeditas legiones ad collegam1 et ipsum adversus alios sedentem1 ducit4 #ae ,ibi auctore ,postumio ,minucius cum hostibus signa confert1 et1 cum anceps proelium in multum diei processisset1 tum ,postumius integris legionibus defessam iam aciem hostium improviso invadit4 ,itaque cum lassitudo ac vulnera fugam quoque praepedissent1 #bj occidione occisi hostes1 signa unum et viginti capta4 ,,livy1 ix4 #dd4 ,footnote #bc3 qua duci proxime potest4 --,w4 and ,m4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,in campum ,stellatem4 ,stellas1 a part of the ,campanian plain1 ,n4 of ,mt4 ,tifata 7,e4 of ,capua74 #d4 ,tifernum1 ,e4 of ,bovianum on the ,r4 ,tifernus4 ,postumius 444 ,minucius1 ,consuls #cje ,b4,c4 ,bovianum1 in ,samnium1 ,w4 of ,luceria 7in ,apulia74 #aa4 stativa tuta safe quarters4 ,cf4 stativa castra a stationary camp4 #ae4 et ipsum 444 sedentem also lying encamped 7sedentem7 in the face of another army4 --,stephenson4 #bj4 praepedissent hampered1 lit4 to entangle the feet 7prae pes74 #ba4 occidione occisi4 ,this has the force of a superlative by the repetition1 a common idiom in ,oriental#bd languages4 --,s4 ,footnote #bd3 ,e4g4 in ,hebrew1 ,delivering ,i will deliver ,i will surely deliver4 ,results of the ,second ,samnite ,war4 ,roman influence became supreme in ,campania and ,apulia1 and the ,samnites were confined to their own mountains4 ,in #cjd ,b4,c4 the ,romans renewed their ancient ,treaty with the ,samnites 7as ,livy tells us7 by which they were left in possession of their independence4 ,why the ,romans conquered4 7#a7 ,their conduct of the war was more systematic4 7#b7 ,by their plan of fortified colonies 7e4g4 ,cales1 ,fregellae1 ,luceria7 they retained their hold on the conquered territory4 7#c7 ,the diplomatic skill of the ,senate secured the friendship of the neighbours of the ,samnites 7e4g4 the ,apulians and ,lucanians74 ,d#dj ,,third ,,samnite ,,war1 #bih-bij ,b4,c4 ,battle of ,sentinum1 #bie ,b4,c4 ',novum pugnae genus4' ,ferocior ,decius et aetate et vigore animi quantumcunque virium habuit certamine primo effudit4 ,et quia lentior videbatur pedestris pugna1 equitatum in pugnam concitat et ipse fortissimae iuvenum turmae immixtus orat proceres iuventutis1 in hostem #e ut secum impetum faciant3 duplicem illorum gloriam fore1 si ab laevo cornu et ab equite victoria incipiat4 ,bis avertere ,gallicum equitatum2 iterum longius evectos et iam inter media peditum agmina proelium cientes novum pugnae conterruit genus3 essedis #aj carrisque superstans armatus hostis ingenti sonitu equorum rotarumque advenit et insolitos eius tumultus ,romanorum conterruit eqnos4 ,ita victorem equitatum velut lymphaticus pavor dissipat2 sternit inde ruentes equos virosque improvida fuga1 #ae turbata hinc etiam signa legionum multique impetu equorum ac vehiculorum raptorum per agmen obtriti antesignani2 et insecuta1 simul territos hostes vidit1 ,gallica acies nullum spatium respirandi recipiendique se dedit4 #bj ,,livy1 x4 #bh4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,decius4 ,p4 ,decius ,mus1 ,consul with ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus ,rullianus1 commanded the left wing at the ,battle of ,sentinum1 where he was opposed to the ,gauls1 and when his troops began to give way before the ,gaulish chariots 7essedae7 he1 like his father at the ,battle of ,vesuvius1 #cdj ,b4,c41 devoted#be himself with the hostile army 'to the gods of earth and of the grave4' #e4 proceres iuventutis the flower of the young men4 #h4 avertere 7 se avertere7 to retire 7lit4 turn away74 #aj4 essedis war-chariots1 on two wheels1 open in front1 but closed behind1 and drawn by two horses2 used also by the ,britons4 #ad4 lymphaticus mad1 frenzied4 #af4 turbata 444 signa legionum the ranks of the legions were thrown into disorder4 ,signa is frequently used of military movement1 as the most noticeable feature in an army4 ,footnote #be3 ,cf4 pp4 #ib1 #ic4 ,the ,cause of the ,third ,samnite ,war4 ,the democratic party among the ,lucanians made overtures to the ,samnites4 ,the ,romans peremptorily ordered the ,samnites not to interfere in ,lucania1 an arrogant command which the ,samnites declined to obey1 and war broke out anew4 ,results of the ,war4 ,after an obstinate struggle peace was concluded in #bij ,b4,c41 the ,samnites retaining their independence4 ,d#da ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,tarentines ,,and ,,pyrrhus1 #bha-bge ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,the ,aims of ,pyrrhus4 ,battle of ,heraclea1 #bhj ,b4,c4 ,pyrrhus rex ,epiri cum iterata ,tarentinorum legatione additis ,samnitium et ,lucanorum precibus1 fatigaretur1 non tam supplicum precibus quam spe invadendi ,italiae imperii inductus venturum se cum exercitu pollicetur4 ,in quam rem inclinatum semel #e animum praecipitem agere coeperant exempla maiorum1 ne aut inferior patruo suo ,alexandro videretur1 quo defensore idem ,tarentini adversus ,bruttios usi fuerant1 aut minores animos magno ,alexandro habuisse1 qui tam longa a domo militia ,orientem subegerat4 #aj ,igitur relicto custode regni ,ptolemaeo filio annos xv nato exercitum in portu ,tarentino exponit4 ,cuius audito adventu consul ,romanus ,valerius ,laevinus festinans1 ut prius cum eo congrederetur1 quam auxilia sociorum convenirent1 exercitum in #ae aciem educit4 ,nec rex1 tametsi numero militum inferior esset1 certamini moram fecit4 ,sed ,romanos vincentes iam inusitata ante elephantorum forma stupere primo1 mox cedere proelio coegit1 victoresque iam nova ,macedonum repente monstra vicerunt4 #bj ,nec hostibus incruenta victoria fuit4 ,nam et ,pyrrhus ipse graviter vulneratus est1 et magna pars militum eius caesa1 maioremque gloriam eius victoriae quam laetitiam habuit4 ,,justinus1 xviii4 #a4 ,linenotes3 #a4 iterata legatione by a second embassy4 #c4 fatigaretur was importuned4 #c-d4 non tam 444 inductus4 ,pyrrhus aimed at founding a western ,grecian ,empire in ,italy and ,sicily4 #g-i4 patruo suo ,alexandro 444 fuerant4 ,alexander of ,epirus had almost succeeded in uniting the whole of ,magna ,graecia 7#ccb-cbf ,b4,c47 when he was cut off by the hand of an assassin4 #i4 magno ,alexandro4 ,pyrrhus was acknowledged to be the first general of the school of ,alexander1 and ,hannibal 7so ,plutarch tells us7 considered him the greatest military genius4 #ah4 inusitata ante 444 forma the unfamiliar appearance of4 #bb-bc4 magna pars militum4 ,pyrrhus is said to have lost #djjj men1 'a serious matter to him in a foreign country1 where he could not easily replace the loss of his tried old warriors4' --,ihne4 ,cause of the ,war4 ,by #bhb ,b4,c4 ,rome had taken possession of ,magna ,graecia1 with the exception of ,tarentum4 ,in #bhb ,b4,c4 7in defiance of the treaty of #cja ,b4,c47 a ,roman fleet appeared before the ,harbour of ,tarentum4 ,a naval battle ensued in which the ,tarentines were victorious1 and the war began4 ,d#db ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,tarentines ,,and ,,pyrrhus4 7#b7 ,fabricius the ,just4 ,honesty before ,expediency4 ,cum rex ,pyrrhus populo ,romano bellum ultro intulisset1 cumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac potenti1 perfuga ab eo venit in castra ,fabricii eique est pollicitus1 si praemium sibi proposuisset1 se1 ut clam venisset1 sic clam in ,pyrrhi #e castra rediturum et eum veneno necaturum4 ,hunc ,fabricius reducendum curavit ad ,pyrrhum idque eius factum laudatum a senatu est4 ,atqui1 si speciem utilitatis opinionemque quaerimus1 magnum illud bellum perfuga unus et gravem adversarium imperi #aj sustulisset1 sed magnum dedecus et flagitium1 quicum laudis certamen fuisset1 eum non virtute sed scelere superatum4 ,utrum igitur utilius vel ,fabricio1 qui talis in hac urbe qualis ,aristides ,athenis fuit1 vel senatui nostro1 qui numquam utilitatem a dignitate #ae seiunxit1 armis cum hoste certare an venenis8 ,si gloriae causa imperium expetendum est1 scelus absit1 in quo non potest esse gloria3 sin ipsae opes expetuntur quoquo modo1 non poterunt utiles esse cum infamia4 #bj ,,cicero1 ,de ,officiis1 iii4 #hf1 #hg4 ,linenotes3 #a-b4 bellum ultro intulisset had begun an aggressive 7ultro7 war4 ultro lit4 to a place beyond1 hence beyond expectation1 unprovoked4 #b4 de imperio uter imperaret4 --,holden4 #c4 perfuga a deserter4 ,aulus ,gellius says the traitor was ,nicias1 a friend of ,pyrrhus2 ,florus and ,eutropius1 a physician of ,pyrrhus4 #h4 atqui and yet1 a more emphatic at4 #h-i4 speciem utilitatis opinionemque 7sc4 utilitatis7 the semblance and 7popular7 opinion of expediency4 --,h4 #aa-ac4 sed magnum 444 superatum but it would have been a lasting disgrace and scandal for a general1 with whom the struggle lay for glory1 to have been overcome by an act of wickedness and not by valour4 --,h4 #ad4 ,aristides ,athenis4 ,aristides the ,just4 ',sans ,peur et sans ,reproche4' #ai4 quoquo modo in any way4 ,cf4 quacumque ratione4 --,h4 ,parallel ,passage4 ,eutropius ii4 #g4 #h4 #ad3 ,tum ,pyrrhus admiratus eum dixisse fertur3 ',ille est ,fabricius1 qui difficilius ab honestate quam sol a cursu suo averti potest4' ,fabricius1 like ,cincinnatus and ,m'4 ,curius ,dentatus1 is the representative of the purity and honesty of the good old times4 ,d#dc ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,tarentines ,,and ,,pyrrhus4 7#c7 ,appius the ,blind1 #bhj ,b4,c4 ,ad ,appi ,claudi senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset2 tamen is1 cum sententia senatus inclinaret ad pacem cum ,pyrrho foedusque faciendum1 non dubitavit dicere illa1 quae versibus persecutus est ,ennius3 #e ,quo vobis mentes1 rectae quae stare solebant ,antehac1 dementis sese flexere viai8 ceteraque gravissime1 notum enim vobis carmen est1 et tamen ipsius ,appi exstat oratio4 ,atque haec ille egit septemdecim annis post alterum consulatum1 #aj cum inter duos consulatus anni decem interfuissent censorque ante superiorem consulatum fuisset1 ex quo intelligitur ,pyrrhi bello grandem sane fuisse4 4 4 4 ,quattuor robustos filios1 quinque filias1 tantam domum1 tantas clientelas ,appius regebat et caecus #ae et senex2 intentum enim animum tamquam arcum habebat nec languescens succumbebat senectuti4 ,tenebat non modo auctoritatem1 sed etiam imperium in suos3 metuebant servi1 verebantur liberi1 carum omnes habebant2 vigebat in illo animus #bj patrius et disciplina4 ,,cicero1 ,de ,senectute1 #af1 #cg4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,appi ,claudi4 ,this was the ,appius ,claudius whose ,censorship1 #cab ,b4,c41 was famous for his great public works1 the ,via ,appia1 the great ,south road of ,rome1 and the ,aqua ,appia1 an aqueduct which brought water to ,rome a distance of eight miles2 and also for his measure 7corresponding to a ,parliamentary ,reform ,bill7 admitting freedmen as full citizens by enrolling them in ,tribes4 #b-i4 tamen is 444 exstat oratio4 ,when the ,senate was about to yield to the persuasive eloquence of ,cineas1 the envoy of ,pyrrhus1 he had himself led into the ,senate-house to make the speech which turned the scale against the invader4 #d4 versibus persecutus est has followed out in the lines4 ,j4 ,s4 ,r4 #g4 viai 7 viae old genit47 i4 quo viae1 cf4 ubi terrarum1 or ii4 sese flexere viae1 a ,greek genitive4 #i-aj4 haec ille egit he made this speech4 #ad-ae4 tantam 444 clientelas a large household1 a large number of dependents2 clientelas clientes4 #af4 intentum 7in tendo7 on the stretch4 ,cf4 opposite remissus4 #ai-ba4 metuebant 444 disciplina his slaves feared him1 his children stood in awe of him1 yet all held him dear2 in him ancestral spirit and principles 7disciplina7 were strong4 --,j4 ,s4 ,reid4 ,the ,speech of ,appius ,claudius4 ,for the substance of the ,speech1 see ,plutarch1 ,pyrrhus1 xi4 ,d#dd ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,tarentines ,,and ,,pyrrhus4 7#d7 ,a4 ,the ,battle of ,asculum1 #bgi ,b4,c4 ,in ,apulia deinde apud ,asculum melius dimicatum est ,curio ,fabricioque consulibus4 ,iam quippe terror#bf beluarum exoleverat1 et ,gaius ,numicius quartae legionis hastatus unius proboscide abscisa mori posse beluas ostenderat4 ,itaque in ipsas pila congesta sunt #e et in turres vibratae faces tota hostium agmina ardentibus ruinis operuerunt4 ,nec alius cladi finis fuit quam nox dirimeret1 postremusque fugientium rex ipse a satellitibus umero saucius in armis suis referretur4 #aj ,footnote #bf3 ,cf4 p4 #ajj1 ll4 #ag-bj4 ,selection ,d#da3 inusitata 444 elephantorum forma ,linenotes3 #a4 ,asculum1 a town in ,apulia on the borders of ,samnium1 between ,beneventum and ,canusium4 #c4 exoleverat had grown less 7lit4 had grown out of use74 #f4 in turres vibratae faces firebrands hurled against their towers4 #h4 dirimeret separated 7the combatants74 ,b4 ,the ,battle near ,beneventum1 #bge ,b4,c4 ,lucaniae suprema pugna sub ,arusinis1 quos vocant1 campis ducibus isdem quibus superius2 sed tum tota victoria4 ,exitum1 quem datura virtus fuit1 casus dedit4 ,nam provectis in primam aciem rursus elephantis unum ex his pullum adacti in caput teli #ae gravis ictus avertit2 qui cum per stragem suorum recurrens stridore quereretur1 mater agnovit et quasi vindicaret exsiluit1 tum omnia circa quasi hostilia gravi mole permiscuit4 ,ac sic eaedem ferae1 quae primam victoriam abstulerunt1 secundam parem #bj fecerunt1 tertiam sine controversia tradiderunt4 ,,florus1 ,i4 xviii4 #i-ac4 ,linenotes3 #aa-ab4 ,lucaniae 444 campis4 ,the ,battle was fought near ,beneventum 7orig4 ,male-ventum1 perhaps from male ventus on account of its unwholesome air7 in ,samnium on the ,via ,appia1 ,e4 of ,capua4 #ae-af4 unum ex his 444 avertit the heavy stroke of a weapon driven home 7adacti7 into the head of a young elephant 7pullum7 made it turn aside4 #ai4 gravi mole with her unwieldy bulk4 ,the ,battle of ,asculum4 ,it is clear that ,pyrrhus was again victorious1 but the ,romans were able to retire into their fortified camp1 and so lost fewer men than at ,heraclea4 ,the ,battle of ,beneventum4 ,pyrrhus1 in his attempt to storm the entrenched camp of ,curius ,dentatus1 was obliged to fight on unfavourable ground4 ,the result was a total defeat1 and no choice was left him but to give up the unequal contest4 ,d#de ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,tarentines ,,and ,,pyrrhus4 7#e7 ,death of ,pyrrhus1 #bgb ,b4,c4 ,in praise of a great ,general4 ,repulsus ab ,spartanis ,pyrrhus ,argos petit3 ibi1 dum ,antigonum in urbe clausum expugnare conatur1 inter confertissimos violentissime dimicans1 saxo de muris ictus occiditur4 ,caput eius ,antigono refertur1 qui victoria mitius usus filium eius ,helenum #e cum ,epirotis sibi deditum in regnum remisit1 eique insepulti patris ossa in patriam referenda tradidit4 ,satis constans inter omnes auctores fama est1 nullum nec eius nec superioris aetatis regem comparandum ,pyrrho fuisse1 raroque non inter reges #aj tantum1 verum etiam inter illustres viros1 aut vitae sanctioris aut iustitiae probatioris visum fuisse3 scientiam certe rei militaris in illo viro tantam fuisse1 ut cum adversus ,lysimachum1 ,demetrium1 ,antigonum1 tantos reges1 bella gesserit1 invictus #ae semper fuerit3 ,illyriorum quoque1 ,siculorum ,romanorumque et ,carthaginiensium bellis numquam inferior1 plerumque etiam victor exstiterit2 qui patriam certe suam angustam ignobilemque fama rerum gestarum et claritate nominis sui toto orbe #bj illustrem reddiderit4 ,,justinus1 xxv4 #e4 ,linenotes3 #a-d4 ,repulsus ab ,spartanis 444 occiditur4 ,at the invitation of ,cleonymus1 who had been excluded from the throne of ,sparta1 ,pyrrhus undertook and failed in a desperate attack on the city4 ,he then turned against ,argos1 to wrest it from ,antigonus ,gonatas of ,macedonia1 and was hit by a tile thrown from a roof by a woman4#bg ,as he lay helpless on the ground he was recognised and murdered4 #h4 ,satis constans fama a tolerably unanimous opinion4 #ab4 iustitiae probatioris of more eminent 7lit4 tested7 justice4 #ad4 ,lysimachum1 one of ,alexander's generals4 ,about #bhf ,b4,c4 ,king of ,macedonia and ,asia ,minor4 ,demetrium1 surnamed ,poliorcetes 7stormer of cities71 son of ,antigonus1 ,king of ,asia 7one of ,alexander's generals74 #af-ag4 ,siculorum bellis4 ,during the years #bhj-bgf ,b4,c4 ,pyrrhus made himself master of all ,sicily with the exception of the ,carthaginian stronghold of ,lilybaeum4 ,footnote #bg3 ,cf4 the death of ,abimelech before ,thebez1 ,judges ix4 #ec4 ,character of ,pyrrhus4 ',he was not only one of the ablest generals and princes1 but amiable also as a man1 and worthy of our sympathy and respect4' --,ihne4 ,why he failed4 ',from lack of accurate information he wholly underestimated the power of ,rome4 ,here was the great error in his calculation1 an error for which he can hardly be held responsible4' --,ihne4 ,reference4 ,plutarch1 ,pyrrhus4 ,d#df ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,tarentines ,,and ,,pyrrhus4 7#f7 ,manius ,curius ,dentatus1 an old-time ,roman4 ,a4 ,possum persequi permulta oblectamenta rerum rusticarum1 sed ea ipsa quae dixi sentio fuisse longiora4 ,ignoscetis autem1 nam et studio rerum rusticarum provectus sum1 et senectus est natura loquacior1 ne ab omnibus eam vitiis videar vindicare4 #e ,ergo in hac vita ,m'4 ,curius1 cum de ,samnitibus1 de ,sabinis1 de ,pyrrho triumphavisset1 consumpsit extremum tempus aetatis2 cuius quidem ego villam contemplans1 abest enim non longe a me1 admirari satis non possum vel hominis ipsius continentiam #aj vel temporum disciplinam4 ,curio ad focum sedenti magnum auri pondus ,samnites cum attulissent1 repudiati sunt3 non enim aurum habere praeclarum sibi videri dixit1 sed eis qui haberent aurum imperare4 ,,cicero1 ,de ,senectute1 #ee-ef4 ,context4 ,the speaker is ,cato the ,censor1 #ahd ,b4,c41 the founder of ,latin ,prose1 whose manual of ,agriculture1 de ,re ,rustica1 is still extant4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,possum persequi ,i might follow out4 oblectamenta amusements 7cf4 de-lecto1 delight74 #d4 provectus sum ,i have been carried away4 --,j4 ,s4 ,reid4 #h4 extremum tempus aetatis the closing season of his life4 #i4 a me 7 a mea villa7 from my country-house4 #aa4 disciplinam morals 7lit4 teaching74 #aa-ac4 ,after the close of the war ,curius had become patronus of the ,samnites1 and they were bringing the customary offering of clientes4--,j4 ,s4 ,r4 ,b4 ,curius parvo quae legerat horto ,ipse focis brevibus ponebat holuscula4 ,,juvenal1 xi4 #gh-gi4 ,linenotes3 #gh-gi4 ,plutarch1 ,cato #b1 tells the story4 ,curius was one of ,milton's ',men so poor who could do mighty things4' --,duff4 #gi4 holuscula 7dimin4 of h7olus7 small herbs or vegetables4 ,c4 ,hunc et incomptis ,curium capillis ,utilem bello tulit et ,camillum ,saeva paupertas et avitus apto ,cum lare fundus4 #dd ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,i4 xii4 #da-dd4 ,linenotes3 #da4 ,hunc ,fabricius4 #dc4 paupertas frugality1 not poverty 7 egestas74 #dc-dd4 apto cum lare with its cottage home to match 7apto74 --,w4 ',hurrah6 for ,manius ,curius ,the bravest son of ,rome1 ,thrice in utmost need sent forth1 ,thrice drawn in triumph home4' --,macaulay4 ,d#dg ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,tarentines ,,and ,,pyrrhus4 7#g7 ,in ,praise of ,tarentum4 ,unde si ,parcae prohibent iniquae1 ,dulce pelltis ovibus ,galaesi ,flumen et regnata petam ,laconi ,rura ,phalantho4 #ab ,ille terrarum mihi praeter omnes ,angulus ridt1 ubi non ,hymetto ,mella decedunt viridique certat ,baca ,venafro1 #af ,ver ubi longum tepidasque praebet ,iuppiter brumas et amicus ,aulon ,fertili ,baccho minimum ,falernis ,invidet uvis4 #bj ,ille te mecum locus et beatae ,postulant arces1 ibi tu calentem ,debita sparges lacrima favillam ,vatis amici4 #bd ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,,ii4 vi4 #i-;end4 ,subject4 ',septimius1 my dear friend who would accompany me to the ends of the earth1 let me spend the close of my life at ,tibur 7,tivoli71 or if not there1 then at ,tarentum4 ,let us go there together1 and live there till ,i die4' --,wickham4 ,linenotes3 #i4 unde from this place1 i4e4 from ,tibur4 #aj4 dulce pellitis ovibus dear to the skin-clad 7pellitis7 sheep1 so clad to keep their fleeces clean4 --,gow4 #aj-aa4 ,galaesi flumen1 flows into the ,gulf of ,tarentum1 near the city4 #ab4 ,phalantho1 an exile from ,sparta1 founded ,tarentum1 #gjh ,b4,c4 #ac1 #ba1 #bb4 ,ille 7#ac7 444 ille 7#ba7 444 ibi 7#bb7 ,tarentum1 emphatic guiding words4 ,cf4 te mecum 7#ba7 444 tu amici 7#bb1 #bd7 ,septimius and ,horace4 #ad-ae4 ubi non 444 decedunt where the honey does not give way to 7is not inferior to7 that of ,hymettus4 #ae-af4 viridi ,venafro with the green 7olive-groves of7 ,venafrum 7,n4 of ,campania74 #af4 ,baca the olive1 the noblest of berries4 --,gow4 #ah4 ,aulon 7the grapes of7 ,aulon1 a hill and valley near ,tarentum4 #ai4 ,fertili who makes the vines fertile4 #bb-bd4 ibi tu 444 vatis amici4 ',there when life shall end1 ,your tear shall dew my yet warm pyre1 ,your bard and friend4' --,conington4 ,reference4 ,polybius1 x4 #a4 ,in #bgb ,b4,c4 ,milo with his garrison of ,epirots marched out of ,tarentum with all the honours of war4 ,rome now ruled supreme over the whole of ,italy from ,ariminum in the ,north to the ,sicilian ,straits4 ,d#dh ,,the ,,praise ,,of ,,italy4 ',salve1 magna parens frugum1 ,saturnia tellus1 ,magna virum4' ,adde tot egregias urbes operumque laborem1 #aee ,tot congesta manu praeruptis oppida saxis1 ,fluminaque antiquos subterlabentia muros4 ,an mare1 quod supra1 memorem1 quodque alluit infra8 ,anne lacus tantos8 ,te1 ,lari maxime1 teque1 ,fluctibus et fremitu adsurgens ,benace marino8 #afj 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,haec eadem argenti rivos aerisque metalla #afe ,ostendit venis atque auro plurima fluxit4 ,haec genus acre virum1 ,marsos pubemque ,sabellam1 ,adsuetumque malo ,ligurem1 ,volscosque verutos ,extulit3 haec ,decios1 ,marios1 magnosque ,camillos1 ,scipiadas duros bello1 et te1 maxime ,caesar1 #agj ,qui nunc extremis ,asiae iam victor in oris ,imbellem avertis ,romanis arcibus ,indum4 ,salve1 magna parens frugum1 ,saturnia tellus1 ,magna virum3 tibi res antiquae laudis et artis ,ingredior1 sanctos ausus recludere fontes1 #age ,ascraeumque cano ,romana per oppida carmen4 ,,vergil1 ,georg4 ii4 #aee-agf4 ,linenotes3 #aeh4 mare quod supra alluit the mare superum the ,adriatic4 mare quod infra alluit the mare inferum the ,tuscan or ,tyrrhenian 7,turrhnos ,tuscan7 sea4 #aei4 ,lari ,lake ,larius 7 ,como71 ,n4 of ,milan4 #afj4 ,benace ,lake ,benacus 7 ,garda71 ,w4 of ,verona4 fremitu marino with roar as of the sea4 #afh4 adsuetum malo trained in hardship4 --,mackail4 ,volscosque verutos and the ,volscian spearmen 7light infantry74 verutos armed with the verutum 7or veru lit4 a spit71 a javelin4 #agj4 ,scipiadas1 ,greek patronymic form ,lat4 ,scp7ins4 maxime ,caesar ,augustus4 #agb-agc4 ,after ,actium1 #ca ,b4,c41 ,augustus spent more than a year in reducing and settling the ,east 7imbellem ,indum7 whose forces had been wielded by ,antony4 --,sidgwick4 #agc4 ,saturnia tellus1 in allusion to ,saturn's reign in ,latium in the age of gold4 #agd-age4 tibi res 444 fontes for thee ,i enter on themes of ancient glory and skill 7i4e4 in agriculture7 and dare to unseal 7recludere7 the sacred springs2 res laudis1 the theme of the ,aeneid1 res artis1 of the ,georgics4 #agf4 ,ascraeum carmen the song of ,ascra1 i4e4 the ,georgics1 because ,hesiod 7author of ,works and ,days to which ,vergil is much indebted7 was born at ,ascra1 near ,helicon1 in ,boeotia4 --,s4 ,,contest ,,with ,,carthage1 #bfd-bjb ,b4,c4 ,c#a ,the ,vision of ,anchises4--,rome's ,heroes4 ',ille triumphata ,capitolia ad alta ,corintho ,victor aget currum1 caesis insignis ,achivis4 ,eruet ille ,argos ,agamemnoniasque ,mycenas1 ,ipsumque ,aeaciden1 genus armipotentis ,achilli1 ,ultus avos ,troiae1 templa et temerata ,minervae4 #hdj ,quis te1 magne ,cato1 tacitum1 aut te1 ,cosse1 relinquat8 ,quis ,gracchi genus1 aut geminos1 duo fulmina belli1 ,scipiadas1 cladem ,libyae1 parvoque potentem ,fabricium1 vel te sulco1 ,serrane1 serentem8 ,quo fessum rapitis1 ,fabii8 ,tu ,maximus ille es1 #hde ,unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem4' 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ',aspice1 ut insignis spoliis ,marcellus opimis #hee ,ingreditur1 victorque viros supereminet omnes6 ,hic rem ,romanam1 magno turbante tumultu1 ,sistet1 eques sternet ,poenos ,gallumque rebellem1 ,tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta ,quirino4' ,,vergil1 ,aen4 vi4 #hcf-hdf1 #hee-hei4 ,linenotes3 #hcf4 ,ille ,l4 ,mummius ,achaicus1 destroyed ,corinth1 #adf ,b4,c4 #hch4 ,ille ,l4 ,aemilius ,paullus1 crushed ,perseus 7 ,aeaciden l4 #hci7 at ,pydna1 #afh ,b4,c4 #hda4 ,cosse ,cornelius ,cossus1 won ,spolia ,opima a second time1 #dbh ,b4,c4 #hdb4 ,gracchi genus1 e4g4 7i47 ,tib4 ,sempronius ,gracchus1 twice ,consul #bae1 #bab ,b4,c41 in #bnd ,punic ,war2 7ii47 ,t4 ,s4 ,g4 distinguished in ,spain2 7iii47 the two great ,tribunes1 ,tiberius and ,gaius4 #hdc4 ,scipiadas 7i47 ,scipio ,africanus ,maior1 victor at ,zama1 #bjb ,b4,c42 7ii47 ,scipio ,africanus ,minor1 destroyed ,carthage1 #adf ,b4,c4 #hdd4 ,fabricium1 ,consul #bhb and #bgh ,b4,c4 in war with ,pyrrhus4 ,proof against bribes4 ,serrane ,regulus1 victor at ,ecnomus1 #bef ,b4,c41 a prisoner1 #bee ,b4,c4 ,true to his word4 #hde4 ,maximus ,q4 ,fabius ,m4 ,cunctator1 ,dictator after ,cannae4 ,the ,shield of ,rome4 #hdf4 ,from the ,annals of ,ennius 7#bci-afi ,b4,c471 often quoted4 #hee4 ,marcellus1 five times ,consul4 ,took ,syracuse #bab ,b4,c4 ,the ,sword of ,rome4 #heg4 magno 444 tumultu when a great upheaving shakes it4 --,page4 ,tumultus 7as ,cic4 tells us7 is specially used of a rising in ,italy or in ,gaul1 as it was close to ,italy4 7,elsewhere bellum47 #heh4 ,sistet1 444 sternet4 ,notice the antithesis and alliteration 7assonance74 ,the ,vision of ,anchises is the imperishable record of the national life1 where the poet 'sums up in lines like bars of gold the hero-roll of the ,eternal ,city4' --,myers4 ,c#b ,,first ,,punic ,,war1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,the ,foundation of ,carthage1 #hgh ,b4,c4 ,pygmalion1 cognita sororis fuga1 cum impio bello fugientem persequi pararet1 aegre precibus matris deorumque minis victus quievit4 4 4 4 ,itaque ,elissa delata in ,africae sinum incolas eius loci adventu peregrinorum mutuarumque rerum commercio #e gaudentes in amicitiam sollicitat4 ,dein empto loco1 qui corio bovis tegi posset1 in quo fessos longa navigatione socios1 quoad proficisceretur1 reficere posset1 corium in tenuissimas partes secari iubet atque ita maius loci spatium1 quam petierat1 occupat3 unde #aj postea ei loco ,byrsae nomen fuit4 ,confluentibus deinde vicinis locorum1 qui spe lucri multa hospitibus venalia inferebant1 sedesque ibi statuentibus ex frequentia hominum velut instar civitatis effectum4 est4 4 4 4 ,itaque consentientibus omnibus ,carthago #ae conditur1 statuto annuo vectigali pro solo urbis4 ,in primis fundamentis caput bubulum inventum est1 quod auspicium fructuosae quidem1 sed laboriosae perpetuoque servae urbis fuit2 propter quod in alium locum urbs translata4 ,ibi quoque equi caput repertum1 #bj bellicosum potentemque populum futurum significans1 urbi auspicatam sedem dedit4 ,tunc ad opinionem novae urbis concurrentibus gentibus brevi et populus et civitas magna facta4 ,,justinus1 xviii4 #e4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,pygmalion1 ,king of ,tyre1 murdered ,sychaeus1 husband of ,elissa 7,dido74 #d4 sinum ,gulf of ,tunis4 7,see ,murray's ,classical ,atlas47 #e4 peregrinorum of strangers4 per ager4 ,cf4 pilgrim4 ,fr4 plerin4 mutuarum rerum commercio barter4 #aa4 ,byrsae1 i4e41 later1 the ,citadel quarter1 as if from bursa a hide1 prob4 corrupted from ,phoen4 ,bozra 7 a fort74 ,so ,carthage ,kirjath 7city72 cp4 ,kirjath-,arba 7,hebron71 and ,hannibal 7 ,hanniel7 the grace of ,baal4 #ad4 velut instar c4 as if the semblance of a state2 cf4 'instar montis equus1' ,verg4 --,post4 #ag4 bubulum of an ox1 adj4 from bos4 #bb4 auspicatam auspicious1 in active sense4 ,parallel ,passages4 ,verg4 ,aen4 i4 #ccf-cfh1 #dah-dch1 and ,aen4 iv4 #ba-bb4 ,references4 ,bosworth ,smith1 ,carthage and the ,carthaginians4 --,ihne1 ,hist4 of ,rome1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #c-ba4 ,c#c ,,first ,,punic ,,war1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,aeneas views the ,building of ,carthage1 circ4 #hgh ,b4,c4 ,iamque ascendebant collem1 qui plurimus urbi ,imminet adversasque aspectat desuper arces4 #dbj ,miratur molem ,aeneas1 magalia quondam1 ,miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum4 ,instant ardentes ,tyrii pars ducere muros ,molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa1 ,pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco2 #dbe ,iura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum2 ,hic portus alii effodiunt2 hinc lata theatris ,fundamenta locant alii1 immanesque columnas ,rupibus excidunt1 scaenis decora alta futuris4 ,qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura #dcj ,exercet sub sole labor1 cum gentis adultos ,educunt fetus1 aut cum lquentia mella ,stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas1 ,aut onera accipiunt venientum1 aut agmine facto ,ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent3 #dce ,fervet opus1 redolentque thymo fragrantia mella4 ',o fortunati1 quorum iam moenia surgunt6' ,aeneas ait1 et fastigia suspicit urbis4 ,,vergil1 ,aen4 i4 #dai-dch4 ,linenotes3 #dai4 plurimus in huge mass1 with the predicate imminet4 #dba4 magalia huts1 a ,carthaginian 7,phoenician7 word4 ,cf4 megaron4 #dbb4 strata viarum stratas vias the paved roads4 --,sidgwick4 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbe4 ducere 444 moliri 444 subvolvere 444 optare 444 concludere1 dependent on the idea of eagerness or striving in instant4--,s4 #dbf4 ,vergil is thinking1 as often1 of ,roman institutions1 and not of what was appropriate to heroic times4 ,cf4 ,aen4 i4 #ejg-h4 #dcj-dcf4 ,this simile is a reproduction of ,georg4 iv4 #afb-afi4 ,cf4 ,milton1 ,par4 ,lost1 i4 #gfh3 ',as bees ,in springtime1 when the sun with ,taurus rides1 ,pour forth their populous youth about the hive4' #dcb4 lquentia liquid1 from lquor1 dep4 ,elsewhere ,vergil uses l7iquens from l7iqueo4 #dcc4 ,stipant pack1 the notion of pushing and tightness being given in the very sound of the heavy overhanging spondees in this line4 --,s4 #dce4 ,ignavum 444 arcent drive the drones1 a slothful herd1 from the enclosure4 ,notice the order4 --,page4 #dcg4 ',the want of a city is the key-note of the ,aeneid4' --,conington4 ,c#d ,,first ,,punic ,,war1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,a ,roman ,martyr4 ,country before ,expediency4 ,m4 ,atilius ,regulus1 cum consul iterum in ,africa ex insidiis captus esset duce ,xanthippo ,lacedaemonio1 iuratus missus est ad senatum1 ut1 nisi redditi essent ,poenis captivi nobiles quidam1 rediret ipse ,carthaginem4 ,is cum ,romam venisset1 utilitatis #e speciem videbat1 sed eam1 ut res declarat1 falsam iudicavit3 quae erat talis3 manere in patria1 esse domui suae cum uxore1 cum liberis1 quam calamitatem accepisset in bello1 communem fortunae bellicae iudicantem tenere consularis dignitatis #aj gradum4 4 4 4 ,itaque quid fecit8 ,in senatum venit1 mandata exposuit1 sententiam ne diceret recusavit3 quam diu iure iurando hostium teneretur1 non esse se senatorem4 4 4 4 ,cuius cum valuisset auctoritas1 captivi retenti sunt1 ipse ,carthaginem #ae rediit neque eum caritas patriae retinuit nec suorum1 4 4 4 ',at stulte1 qui non modo non censuerit captivos remittendos1 verum etiam dissuaserit4' ,quo modo stulte8 etiamne1 si reipublicae conducebat8 potest autem1 quod inutile reipublicae sit1 id cuiquam #bj civi utile esse8 ,,cicero1 ,de ,officiis1 iii4 #ii1 #ajj4 ,linenotes3 #a4 consul4 ,regulus was ,consul #bfa and #bef ,b4,c41 and ,proconsul in ,africa #bee ,b4,c41 when he was defeated and taken prisoner by ,xanthippus4 #f4 speciem the specious 7plausible7 appearance 7semblance74 #ab1 #ac4 sententiam 444 recusavit declined to give his own opinion on the case4 #ac4 iure iurando 7sc4 dato7 by the oath sworn to his enemies4 #ag4 ',at stulte' 7sc4 fecit7 ',but1 it may he said1 he acted like a fool4' #ai4 etiamne 7sc4 stulte fecit7 ,what1 how did he act like a fool1 if 444--,holden4 #bj1 #ba4 potest autem 444 utile esse4 ,cf4 ,ho t polei ouk esti blaberon oude ton politn blaptei that which is not harmful 7blaberon inutile7 to the ,state is not harmful to the citizen4 ,parallel ,passages4 ,polybius1 i4 #ca-cf 7he makes no mention of the embassy of ,regulus72 ,pliny1 ,ep4 vii4 #b 7interesting letter on the death of ,regulus72 and espec4 ,hor4 ,od4 ,,iii4 v4 #ac-;end4 ',with counsel thus1 ne'er else aread advised1 ,he nerved the ,fathers' weak intent1 ,and1 girt by friends that mourn'd him1 sped ,into illustrious banishment4' --,c4 ,c#e ,,first ,,punic ,,war1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,first ,roman ,naval ,victory near ,mylae1 #bfj ,b4,c4 ,c4 ,duilius1 primo ,punico bello a ,romanis dux contra ,carthaginienses missus1 cum videret eos multum mari valere1 classem magis validam quam decoram aedificavit1 et manus ferreas1 quas corvos vocabant1 instituit4 ,his1 quas ante pugnam hostes #e valde deriserant1 in pugna ipsa ad ,liparas insulas commissa naves hostium comprehendit1 easque partim cepit1 partim demersit4 ,dux classis ,punicae ,carthaginem fugit1 et ex senatu quaesivit quid faceret4 ,omnibus ut pugnaret succlamantibus3 #aj ',feci1' inquit1 'et victus sum4' ,sic poenam crucis effugit1 nam hac poena dux1 re male gesta1 apud ,poenos afficiebatur4 ,duilius autem victor primum triumphum maritimum ,romae egit1 et ad memoriam victoriae columna rostrata in foro posita est4 #ae 7,adapted7 ,cf4 ,,florus1 ,i4 xviii4 #g-aj4 ,linenotes3 #d4 corvos crows 7the korakes of ,polybius71 boarding-bridges4 ,a broad movable ladder1 fastened to the foremast1 and held in position by a rope4 ,when the rope was let go1 the iron hook at the upper end of the ladder penetrated the deck of an enemy's ship4 #f4 ad ,liparas insulas ,aeoliae ,insulae 7,lipari ,islands71 ,n4,e4 of ,sicily4 ,mylae was on a promontory ,s4,e4 of these ,islands4 #h4 ,dux1 i4e4 ,hannibal1 the defender of ,agrigentum #bfb ,b4,c4 ,b4 ,unique honour conferred on ,duilius4 ,c4 ,duilium1 qui ,poenos classe primus devicerat1 redeuntem a cena senem saepe videbam puer2 delectabatur cereo funali et tibicine1 quae sibi nullo exemplo privatus sumpserat3 tantum licentiae dabat gloria4 #bj ,,cicero1 ,de ,senectute1 xiii4 #dd4 ,linenotes3 #ah4 cereo funali1#bh i4e4 torchlight4 nullo exemplo without any precedent4 #ah-ai4 sibi 444 sumpserat4 ,cicero is wrong3 more probably the honour was conferred on ,duilius by a vote of the ,comitia ,tributa4 #ai4 dabat excused2 lit4 granted1 allowed4 -- ,j4 ,s4 ,reid4 ,footnote #bh3 ,the funale was a torch composed of twigs twisted into a rope 7funis7 and dipped in pitch or oil4 --,j4 ,s4 ,r4 ,references4 ,polybius1 i4 #bb1 for a description of the corvi1 korakes4 ,sir ,andrew ,barton 7,percy's ,reliques74 ,lord ,howard says3-- ',were twenty shippes1 and he but one1 ,i swear by kirke and bower and hall1 ,he would overcome them every one ,if once his beames they do down fall4' ,c#f ,,first ,,punic ,,war1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,carthaginian ,victory off ,drepana1 #bdi ,b4,c4 ,rashness of ,claudius4 ,praedictiones vero et praesensiones rerum futurarum quid aliud declarant nisi hominibus ea ostendi1 monstrari1 portendi1 praedici8 ,ex quo illa ostenta1 monstra1 portenta1 prodigia dicuntur4 ,quod si ea ficta credimus licentia fabularum1 ,mopsum1 ,tiresiam1 #e ,amphiaraum1 ,calchantem1 ,helenum1 quos tamen augures ne ipsae quidem fabulae adscivissent1 si res omnino repudiaret1 ne domesticis quidem exemplis docti numen deorum conprobabimus8 ,nihil nos ,p4 ,claudi bello ,punico primo temeritas movebit1 qui #aj etiam per iocum deos irridens1 cum cavea literati pulli non pascerentur1 mergi eos in aquam iussit1 ut biberent1 quoniam esse nollent8 ,qui risus1 classe devicta1 multas ipsi lacrimas1 magnam populo ,romano cladem attulit4 ,quid8 ,collega eius ,iunius #ae eodem bello nonne tempestate classem amisit1 cum auspiciis non paruisset8 ,itaque ,claudius a populo condemnatus est1 ,iunius necem sibi ipse conscivit4 ,,cicero1 ,de ,nat4 ,deorum1 ,,ii4 #c4 #g-h4 ,linenotes3 #c4 ostenta 444 dicuntur are called in ,latin 'ostenta1' 'monstra1' etc4 --,walford4 #d4 prodigium for prodicium pro ,rtdic- deik- point out4 #e4 ,mopsum1 etc4 all those stories about ,mopsus1 etc41 in apposition to ea3 poetical construction4 ,mopsum1 the prophet who accompanied the ,argonauts4 ,tiresiam1 the blind prophet of ,thebes4 #f4 ,amphiaraum1 the seer of ,argos4 ,one of the ,seven against ,thebes4 ,helenus1 son of ,priam4 ,a seer of the ,iliad and the ,aeneid4 #aj4 ,p4 ,claudi temeritas4 ,p4 ,cl4 ,pulcher 7son of ,appius ,claudius1 the blind ,censor7 defeated by ,adherbal off ,drepana 7,n4,w4 corner of ,sicily1 between ,eryx and ,lilybaeum74 #ae4 ,iunius4 ,l4 ,j4 ,pullus1 consul #bdi ,b4,c4 ,his fleet was destroyed by a storm off ,pachynus 7,c4 ,passaro7 the same year4 ,parallel ,passage4 ,florus ii4 #b says that ',claudius was overthrown1 not by the enemy1 but by the gods themselves1 whose auspices he had despised4' ,the ,defeat off ,drepana4 ',the reason of the defeat lay in the superiority of the ,carthaginian admiral and seamen1 and the inexperience of ,claudius and of his crews1 consisting mainly of landsmen who knew nothing of the sea4 ,this disaster and the destruction of the fleet of ,junius crowned the series of misfortunes which befell the ,romans in the year #bdi ,b4,c41 the most dismal time of the whole war4' --,ihne4 ,c#g ,,first ,,punic ,,war1 #bfd-bda ,b4,c4 ,victory of ,lutatius off the ,aegates ,insulae1 #bda ,b4,c4 ,peace with ,carthage4 ,a4 ,interim ,carthaginienses classe apud insulas ,aegates a ,c4 ,lutatio1 consule ,romanorum1 superati statuerunt belli facere finem1 eamque rem arbitrio permiserunt ,hamilcaris4 ,ille1 etsi flagrabat bellandi cupiditate1 tamen paci serviendum putavit1 quod #e patriam1 exhaustam sumptibus1 diutius calamitates belli ferre non posse intellegebat1 sed ita1 ut statim mente agitaret1 si paulum modo res essent refectae1 bellum renovare ,romanosque armis persequi1 donicum aut virtute vicissent aut victi manus dedissent4 #aj ,,corn4 ,,nepos1 ,hamilcar1 i4 ,linenotes3 #a4 apud insulas ,aegates1 the ,goat ,islands1 off the ,w4 ,coast of ,sicily1 between ,drepana and ,lilybaeum 7,marsala74 #c4 statuerunt belli facere finem4 ,this victory led to the close of the ,first ,punic ,war4 #e4 paci serviendum to devote himself to 7obtaining7 peace4 #i4 donicum 7 donec71 lit4 'at the time of day when ----' #aj4 virtute vicissent they 7the ,romans7 should have conquered by 7superior7 prowess4 ,b4 ,hic dum stagnosi spectat templumque domosque ,literni ductor1 varia splendentia cernit ,pictura belli patribus monumenta prioris #fee ,exhausti3 nam porticibus signata manebant1 ,quis inerat longus rerum et spectabilis ordo4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,addiderant geminas medio consurgere fluctu ,aegates3 lacerae circum fragmenta videres #fhe ,classis et effusos fluitare in gurgite ,poenos4 ,possessor pelagi pronaque ,lutatius aura ,captivas puppes ad litora victor agebat4 ,,silius ,,italicus1 vi4 #fec-feg1 #fhd-fhh4 ,linenotes3 #fec-fed4 stagnosi ,literni4 ,town and ,river on the coast of ,campania1 ,n4 of ,cumae4 ,the ,river flows through a marsh ,literna palus4 #fed4 ductor ,hannibal4 #fed-feg4 ,silius 7who closely imitates ,vergil7 makes ,hannibal view the sculptured memorials of the ,first ,punic ,war1 just as ,aeneas sees carved the tale of ,troy4 ,verg4 ,aen4 i4 #dde-dic4 ,parallel ,passage4 ,polybius1 i4 caps4 #ei-fc4 ,terms of ,peace4 ,carthage engaged to evacuate ,sicily2 not to make war upon ,hiero of ,syracuse2 to give up all ,roman prisoners without ransom1 and to pay #bbjj talents in twenty years4 ,sicily the first ,roman ,province4 ,c#h ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,great ,importance of the ,second ,punic ,war4 ,in parte operis mei licet mihi praefari bellum maxime omnium memorabile1 quae unquam gesta sint1 me scripturum1 quod ,hannibale duce ,carthaginienses cum populo ,romano gessere4 ,nam neque validiores opibus ullae inter se civitates gentesque contulerunt #e arma1 neque his ipsis tantum unquam virium aut roboris fuit1 et haud ignotas belli artes inter sese1 sed expertas primo ,punico conferebant bello1 et adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque ,mars fuit1 ut propius periculum fuerint1 qui vicerunt4 ,odiis etiam prope #aj maioribus certarunt quam viribus1 ,romanis indignantibus quod victoribus victi ultro inferrent arma1 ,poenis1 quod superbe avareque crederent imperitatum victis esse4 ,linenotes3 #c4 ,hannibale duce4 ,polybius called the war of which ,hannibal was the life and soul the ',hannibalian ,war4' #f4 his ipsis1 sc4 ,romanis ,poenisque1 with validiores4 #f-g4 virium aut roboris offensive or defensive strength4 --,r4 #h4 expertas tested1 in a passive sense4 #i4 ut propius 444 vicerunt1 e4g4 after ,cannae1 #baf ,b4,c4 #ab4 ultro inferrent arma should presume to attack4 --,dimsdale4 #ac4 ,poenis1 sc4 indignantibus4 superbe avareque4 ',when the war of the mercenaries broke out in ,africa 7#bda-bch ,b4,c47 ,rome availed herself of the distress of ,carthage to extort the cession of ,sardinia1 and raised the war indemnity by #abjj talents4' --,ihne4 ,b4 ,the ,oath of the ,boy ,hannibal4 ,fama est etiam1 ,hannibalem annorum ferme #ae novem1 pueriliter blandientem patri ,hamilcari1 ut duceretur in ,hispaniam1 cum1 perfecto ,africo bello1 exercitum eo traiecturus sacrificaret1 altaribus admotum1 tactis sacris1 iure iurando adactum1 se1 cum primum posset1 hostem fore populo ,romano4 #bj ,,livy1 xxi4 #a4 ,linenotes3 #af4 blandientem coaxingly entreating4 --,d4 #ag4 perfecto ,africo bello1 i4e4 between ,carthage and her mutinous mercenaries1 #bda-bcg ,b4,c4 ,parallel ,passage4 ,for ,hannibal's ,oath1 ,livy xxxv4 #ai4 ,importance of the ,war4 ',it was a struggle for existence1 for supremacy or destruction4 ,it was to decide whether the ,graeco-,roman civilisation of the ,west or the ,semitic 7,carthaginian7 civilisation of the ,east was to be established in ,europe1 and to determine its history for all future time4' --,ihne4 ,c#i ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ',the paths of glory lead but to the grave4' ,expende ,hannibalem3 quot libras in duce summo #adg ,invenies8 4 4 4 4 ,additur imperiis ,hispania1 ,pyrenaeum #aea ,transilit4 ,opposuit natura ,alpemque nivemque3 ,diducit scopulos et montem rumpit aceto4 ,iam tenet ,italiam1 tamen ultra pergere tendit3 ',actum1' inquit1 'nihil est1 nisi ,poeno milite portas #aee ,frangimus et media vexillum pono ,subura4' ,o qualis facies et quali digna tabella1 ,cum ,gaetula ducem portaret belua luscum6 ,exitus ergo quis est8 ,o gloria6 vincitur idem ,nempe et in exilium praeceps fugit1 atque ibi magnus #afj ,mirandusque cliens sedet ad praetoria regis1 ,donec ,bithyno libeat vigilare tyranno4 ,finem animae1 quae res humanas miscuit olim1 ,non gladii1 non saxa dabunt1 nec tela1 sed ille ,cannarum vindex et tanti sanguinis ultor1 #afe ,anulus4 ,i1 demens1 et saevas curre per ,alpes1 ,ut pueris placeas et declamatio fias4 ,,juvenal1 ,sat4 x4 #adg-afg4 ,linenotes3 #adg-adh4 ,expende 444 invenies if you lay 7lit4 'weigh'7 ,hannibal in the scale1 how many pounds will you find in the greatest of commanders8 --,duff4 ,cf4 ,ov4 ,met4 xii4 #fae3 ,iam cinis est3 et de tam magno restat ,achille ,nescio quid parvam quod non bene compleat urnam4 #aef4 media ,subura1 i4e4 in the heart of ,rome4 ,the ,subura was one of the busiest and most populous quarters of ,rome4 #aeg4 ,o qualis facies 444 tabella what a sight and how fit for caricature6 lit4 'worthy of what a picture' i4e4 how ridiculous a picture it would have made4 --,hardy4 #aeh4 luscum one-eyed4 ,hannibal lost an eye from disease1 while marching through the country flooded by the ,arno1 #bag ,b4,c4 #afj4 in exilium1 i4e4 first to ,antiochus of ,syria1 and then to ,prusias of ,bithynia4 #aff4 anulus4 ,hannibal took poison which he carried about in a ring 7anulus7 #ahc ,b4,c41 aged #gf4 #afg4 ut 444 fias to suit the taste of schoolboys1 and become the subject of their speeches4 --,duff4 ,for the thought1 cf4 ,shak4 ,ham4 ,v4 i4 #bcb3 ,imperious ,caesar1 dead and turned to clay1 ,might stop a hole to keep the wind away3 ,o1 that that earth1 which kept the world in awe ,should patch a wall to expel the winter's flaw6 ,c#aj ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,character of ,hannibal4 ,nunquam ingenium idem ad res diversissimas1 parendum atque imperandum1 habilius fuit4 ,itaque haud facile discerneres1 utrum imperatori an exercitui carior esset2 neque ,hasdrubal alium quemquam praeficere malle1 ubi quid fortiter ac strenue agendum #e esset1 neque milites alio duce plus confidere aut audere4 ,plurimum audaciae ad pericula capessenda1 plurimum consilii inter ipsa pericula erat4 ,nullo labore aut corpus fatigari aut animus vinci poterat4 ,caloris ac frigoris patientia par2 cibi potionisque #aj desiderio naturali1 non voluptate modus finitus2 vigiliarum somnique nec die nec nocte discriminata tempora3 id1 quod gerendis rebus superesset1 quieti datum2 ea neque molli strato neque silentio accersita2 multi saepe militari sagulo opertum humi iacentem #ae inter custodias stationesque militum conspexerunt4 ,vestitus nihil inter aequales excellens2 arma atque equi conspiciebantur4 ,equitum peditumque idem longe primus erat2 princeps in proelium ibat1 ultimus conserto proelio excedebat4 ,has tantas viri virtutes #bj ingentia vitia aequabant1 inhumana crudelitas1 perfidia plus quam ,punica1 nihil veri1 nihil sancti1 nullus deum metus1 nullum ius iurandum1 nulla religio4 ,,livy1 xxi4 #d4 ,linenotes3 #b4 habilius better adapted1 lit4 'more easily handled'2 cf4 our handy4 #g4 ad pericula capessenda in incurring peril4 #ab4 discriminata regulated1 lit4 'divided off'2 cf4 dis-cerno1 dis-crimen4 #ad4 accersita 7 arcessita7 wooed4 #ae4 sagulo in his military cloak3 diminutive of sagum4 #ba4 inhumana crudelitas4 ,polybius says that many of his alleged cruelties were to be set down to his namesake ,h4 ,monomachus4 #ba-bc4 perfidia plus quam ,punica4 ',this does not seem to have been anything worse than a consummate adroitness in laying traps for his enemies4' --,church and ,brodribb4 ,cf4 ',perfidious ,albion4' #bc4 nulla religio no scruples1 i4e4 no force binding 7re ligare7 or restraining from wrong-doing1 no conscience4 ,parallel ,passages4 ,livy xxvi4 #da of ,scipio ,africanus ,minor--,sallust ,cat4 #e of ,catiline--,polybius ix4 #bb-bf 7important74 ',bitterly as the ,romans hated1 reviled1 and persecuted ,carthage1 the most deadly poison of their hatred they poured upon ,hannibal2 they did not hesitate to blacken his memory by the most revolting accusations4' --,ihne4 ,c#aa ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,the ,siege of ,saguntum1 #bai ,b4,c4 ,angulus muri erat in planiorem patentioremque quam cetera circa vallem vergens2 adversus eum vineas agere instituit1 per quas aries moenibus admoveri posset4 ,sed ut locus procul muro satis aequus agendis vineis fuit1 ita haudquaquam prospere1 #e postquam ad effectum operis ventum est1 coeptis succedebat4 ,et turris ingens imminebat1 et murus1 ut in suspecto loco1 supra ceterae modum altitudinis emunitus erat1 et iuventus delecta1 ubi plurimum periculi ac timoris ostendebatur1 ibi vi maiore obsistebant4 #aj ,ac primo missilibus summovere hostem nec quicquam satis tutum munientibus pati2 deinde iam non pro moenibus modo atque turri tela micare1 sed ad erumpendum etiam in stationes operaque hostium animus erat2 quibus tumultuariis certaminibus #ae haud ferme plures ,saguntini cadebant quam ,poeni4 ,ut vero ,hannibal ipse1 dum murum incautius subit1 adversum femur tragula graviter ictus cecidit1 tanta circa fuga ac trepidatio fuit1 ut non multum abesset1 quin opera ac vineae desererentur4 #bj ,,livy1 xxi4 #g4 ,linenotes3 #b4 quam cetera 7sc4 loca7 circa than the neighbouring country4 #d-e4 ut 444 ita lit4 as 444 so1 i4e4 although 444 yet 444 #f4 postquam 444 ventum est when they came to attack the wall in earnest4 ,effectum 7verbal noun in us7 the completion of the work1 i4e4 the bringing up of the ram4 --,dimsdale4 #h4 ut in suspecto loco as 7was natural7 in a suspected 7i4e4 weak7 spot4 --,capes4 #aa-ab4 nec quicquam 444 pati they allowed those engaged on the works no sort of safety1 lit4 not 7even7 moderate safety4 --,d4 #ah4 adversum femur in the front of the thigh4 ,,saguntum 7,murviedro muri veteres7 in ,hispania ,tarraconensis 7about #bj miles ,s4 of ,valencia7 was supposed to have been founded by ,greek colonists from ,zacynthos 7,zante74 ,in #bbf ,b4,c4 ,rome made an alliance with ,saguntum and ,hasdrubal was informed of the fact4 ,hannibal attacked the city ostensibly on the ground of its having molested subject-allies of ,carthage1 but really because he was unwilling to leave a strong city in his rear1 and wished to obtain funds4 ,after an eight months' siege and a heroic defence1 characteristic of ,spanish towns1 it was taken by storm #bai ,b4,c4 ,nec pavet hic populus 7,massilia7 pro libertate subire ,obsessum ,poeno gessit quod ,marte ,saguntum4 ,,lucan1 ,phars4 iii4 #cdi-ej4 ,cf4 also ,juv4 ,sat4 xv4 #aac-ad1 and the siege of ,saragossa1 #ahjh ,a4,d4 ,c#ab ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,the ,dream of ,hannibal4 ,hannibalem ,coelius scribit1 cum cepisset ,saguntum1 visum esse in somnis a ,iove in deorum concilium vocari2 quo cum venisset1 ,iovem imperasse ut ,italiae bellum inferret1 ducemque ei unum e concilio datum3 quo illum utentem cum exercitu progredi #e coepisse2 tum ei ducem illum praecepisse ne respiceret2 illum autem id diutius facere non potuisse elatumque cupiditate respexisse3 tum visam belluam vastam et immanem1 circumplicatam serpentibus1 quacunque incederet1 omnia arbusta1 virgulta1 tecta #aj pervertere4 ,,cicero1 ,de ,divinatione1 i4 #bd1 #di4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,coelius1 i4e4 ,l4 ,coelius ,antipater 7a contemporary of ,c4 ,gracchus #abc ,b4,c471 wrote ,annales1 which contained a valuable account of the ,second ,punic ,war4 ,livy borrows largely from his narrative4 #g4 id 444 non potuisse4 ,cf4 ,livy 'temperare oculis nequivisse he could not restrain his eyes4' #h4 cupiditate from curiosity4 ,cf4 ,livy 'cura ingeni humani with the natural curiosity of the human mind4' #h-aa4 visam belluam 444 pervertere he thought he saw a monster overthrowing4 ,b4 ,the ,interpretation--,vastitatem esse ,italiae4 ,hoc trepidus monstro 444 ardua quae sit1 #aih444bjj ,scitatur1 pestis1 terrasque urgentia membra ,quo ferat et quosnam populos deposcat hiatu4 ,cui gelidis almae ,cyllenes editus antris3 ',bella vides optata tibi3 te maxima bella1 ,te strages nemorum1 te moto turbida caelo #bje ,tempestas1 caedesque virum1 magnaeque ruinae ,idaei generis1 lacrimosaque fata sequuntur4 ,quantus per campos populatis montibus actus ,contorquet silvas squalenti tergore serpens1 ,et late umectat terras spumante veneno3 #baj ,tantus1 perdomitis decurrens ,alpibus atro ,involves bello ,italiam1 tantoque fragore ,eruta convulsis prosternes oppida muris4' ,,silius ,,italicus1 iii4 #aih-bac4 ,linenotes3 #bjb4 hiatu with its wide-open mouth4 #bjc4 ,cyllenes1 i4e4 ,mt4 ,cyllene 7,zyria71 the highest point in the ,peloponnesus1 on the borders of ,arcadia and ,achaia1 where ,hermes is said to have been born3 hence styled ,cyllenius4 #bji4 tergore tergo4 poet4 and post-,augustian4 ,parallel ,passage4 ,livy xxi4 #bb1 and cf4 ,polybius iii4 #dg4 ,c#ac ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,from the ,pyrenees to the ,rhone4 ,passage of the ,elephants4 ,elephantorum traiciendorum varia consilia fuisse credo1 certe variat memoria actae rei4 4 4 4 ,ceterum magis constat ratibus traiectos esse elephantos4 ,ratem unam ducentos longam pedes quinquaginta latam a terra in amnem porrexerunt1 quam1 ne #e secunda aqua deferretur1 pluribus validis retinaculis parte superiore ripae religatam pontis in modum humo iniecta constraverunt1 ut beluae audacter velut per solum ingrederentur4 ,altera ratis aeque lata1 longa pedes centum1 ad traiciendum flumen apta1 #aj huic copulata est2 tum elephanti per stabilem ratem tamquam viam praegredientibus feminis acti ubi in minorem applicatam transgressi sunt1 extemplo resolutis1 quibus leviter annexa erat1 vinculis ab actuariis aliquot navibus ad alteram ripam pertrahitur4 ,ita #ae primis expositis alii deinde repetiti ac traiecti sunt4 ,nihil sane trepidabant1 donec continenti velut ponte agerentur2 primus erat pavor1 cum soluta ab ceteris rate in altum raperentur4 ,ibi urgentes inter se cedentibus extremis ab aqua trepidationis aliquantum #bj edebant1 donec quietem ipse timor circumspectantibus aquam fecisset4 ,excidere etiam saevientes quidam in flumen2 sed pondere ipso stabilis deiectis rectoribus quaerendis pedetemptim vadis in terram evasere4 #be ,,livy1 xxi4 #bh4 ,linenotes3 #b4 variat 444 rei the accounts of what was done differ4 --,dimsdale4 #g4 parte superiore 444 pontis fastened to the upper part of the bank1 i4e4 to the bank at a point higher up stream4 --,d4 #i4 per solum on firm ground4 #ad4 ab actuariis by some light craft1 lit4 ',easily moved' 7ago74 #ag-ah4 donec 444 agerentur ,so long as they were being driven on what seemed a bridge connected with the land4 --,c4 and ,b4 ,agebantur would be more usual1 but agerentur may give the reason of nihil trepidabant4 ,cf4 donec--fecisset ll4 #ba-bb4 #ai4 in altum into mid stream1 usu4 of the ,sea4 --,d4 inter se one on another1 alii alios4 #bd4 quaerendis pedetemptim vadis feeling their way into shallow water4 pedetemptim step by step1 lit4 'stretching out the feet' 7pes tendo74 ,cf4 paulatim1 sensim4 ,reference4 ,polybius1 iii4 #df4 ,both ,polybius and ,livy thought that elephants could not swim4 ,c#ad ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,from the ,rhone to ,italy4 ,hannibal encourages his ,soldiers4 ,itaque ,hannibal1 postquam ipsi sententia stetit pergere ire atque ,italiam petere1 advocata contione varie militum versat animos castigando adhortandoque3 mirari se1 quinam pectora semper impavida repens terror invaserit4 4 4 4 ,alpes quidem habitari1 coli1 #e gignere atque alere animantes2 pervias fauces esse exercitibus4 ,eos ipsos1 quos cernant1 legatos non pinnis sublime elatos ,alpes transgressos4 ,ne maiores quidem eorum indigenas1 sed advenas ,italiae cultores has ipsas ,alpes ingentibus saepe agminibus cum #aj liberis ac coniugibus migrantium modo tuto transmisisse4 ,militi quidem armato nihil secum praeter instrumenta belli portanti quid invium aut inexsuperabile esse8 ,saguntum ut caperetur1 quid per octo menses periculi1 quid laboris exhaustum esse6 #ae ,romam1 caput orbis terrarum1 petentibus quicquam adeo asperum atque arduum videri1 quod inceptum moretur8 ,cepisse quondam ,gallos ea1 quae adiri posse ,poenus desperet4 ,proinde aut cederent animo atque virtute genti per eos dies totiens ab se victae1 #bj aut itineris finem sperent campum interiacentem ,tiberi ac moenibus ,romanis4 ,,livy1 xxi4 #cj4 ,linenotes3 #b-c4 varie 444 versat works on their minds by different methods1 i4e4 castigando adhortandoque4--,dimsdale4 #d-e4 repens terror4 ,livy says that ,h4's soldiers dreaded the ,romans 7victorious in the #ast ,punic ,war71 but still more the exaggerated and unknown terrors of the ,alps4 #g4 ,eos ipsos legatos1 i4e4 of the ,boii 7,insubrian ,gauls71 long settled in ,gallia ,cisalpina 7round ,mediolanum ,milan74 #i4 advenas ,italiae cultores foreign settlers in ,italy4 advenas adj4 here4 --,d4 #aa4 migrantium modo as immigrants4 #af4 ,romam caput orbis4 ,a rhetorical exaggeration1 for ,rome was not yet mistress even of all ,italy 7e4g4 the ,boii not subdued until #aia ,b4,c474 #ah4 ,cepisse ,gallos4 ,the ,gauls sacked ,rome #cij ,b4,c4 #bj4 genti 444 victae1 e4g4 at the ,passage of the ,rhone4 #ba4 campum1 i4e4 the ,campus ,martius1 ,n4,w4 of ,rome1 where the ,tiber makes a wide curve4 ,for the thought cf4 p4 #aaf1 ll4 #g1 #h4 ,selection ,c#i1 lines #aee1 #aef ,the ,speeches of ,livy4 ',he does not intend in them to reproduce the substance of words actually spoken1 or even to imitate the tone of the time in which the speech is laid4 ,he uses them as a vivid and dramatic method of portraying character and motive4' --,mackail4 ,c#ae ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,from the ,rhone to ,italy4 ,the ,descent of the ,alps4 ,natura locus iam ante praeceps recenti lapsu terrae in pedum mille admodum altitudinem abruptus erat4 4 4 4 ,tandem nequiquam iumentis atque hominibus fatigatis castra in iugo posita1 aegerrime ad id ipsum loco purgato3 tantum nivis fodiendum atque #e egerendum fuit4 ,inde ad rupem muniendam1 per quam unam via esse poterat1 milites ducti1 cum caedendum esset saxum1 arboribus circa immanibus deiectis detruncatisque struem ingentem lignorum faciunt1 eamque1 cum et vis venti apta faciendo igni #aj coorta esset1 succendunt ardentiaque saxa infuso aceto putrefaciunt4 ,ita torridam incendio rupem ferro pandunt1 molliuntque anfractibus modicis clivos1 ut non iumenta solum sed elephanti etiam deduci possent4 ,quadriduum circa rupem consumptum #ae iumentis prope fame absumptis2 nuda enim fere cacumina sunt1 et1 si quid est pabuli1 obruunt nives4 ,inferiora valles apricosque quosdam colles habent rivosque prope silvas et iam humano cultu digniora loca4 ,ibi iumenta in pabulum missa1 et quies #bj muniendo fessis hominibus data4 ,triduo inde ad planum descensum iam et locis mollioribus et accolarum ingeniis4 ,,livy1 xxi4 #cf1 #cg4 ,context4 ,at a short distance from the summit of the ,pass 7prob4 the ,little ,st4 ,bernard7 ,hannibal finds his passage barred by a break in the road1 caused by a landslip or avalanche4 ,linenotes3 #b-c4 in pedum 444 abruptus erat4 ,polybius says that the precipice at the side of the road 7leaving only a narrow ledge7 extended for about #ajjj ft4 in length4 ,livy in mistake converts this into #ajjj ft4 in depth4 #c-d4 ,tandem 444 fatigatis1 i4e4 after ,h4's attempt to pass by a side-way over a glacier failed4 #d4 in iugo1 i4e4 on the higher level where the road was broken away4 #f4 ad rupem muniendam to cut a way through the rock4 ,munire 7cf4 moenia7 lit4 'to wall1' 'to build4' ,so munire viam to make a road4 ,hannibal widened the narrow ledge of road by making a sort of terrace4 #i4 detruncatis trimmed1 7lit4 'lopped off'71 i4e4 cleared of branches4 #aa-ab4 infuso aceto4 ,limestone rock might be softened by vinegar1 which the posca1 the soldiers' regular drink of vinegar and water1 would supply4 ,polybius does not mention this4 #ac-ad4 molliuntque 444 clivos relieve the steepness of the descent by gently-sloping zigzag paths4 ,anfractus1 from ambi frango4 ,references4 ,polybius1 iii4 #ed-ef2 ,ihne1 i4 #aga-agi4 ,c#af ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,the ,battle at the ,r4 ,trebia1 #bah ,b4,c4 ,hannibal1 cum ad ,trebiam in conspectu haberet ,semproni ,longi consulis castra1 medio amne interfluente1 saevissima hieme ,magonem et electos in insidiis posuit4 ,deinde ,numidas equites ad eliciendam ,semproni credulitatem adequitare vallo eius #e iussit1 quibus praeceperat1 ut ad primum nostrorum incursum per nota refugerent vada4 ,hos consul et adortus temere et secutus ieiunum exercitum in maximo frigore transitu fluminis rigefecit3 mox torpore et inedia adfectis ,hannibal suum militem #aj opposuit1 quem ad id ignibus oleoque et cibo foverat2 nec defuit partibus ,mago1 quin terga hostium in hoc ordinatus caederet4 ,,frontinus1 ,strategemata1 ii4 #e4 #bc4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ad ,trebiam1 a small tributary ,s4 of the ,padus1 which it joins #b miles ,w4 of ,placentia 7,piacenza74 #b4 castra4 ,ti4 ,sempronius ,longus1 with his army from ,sicily1 effected a junction with his colleague1 ,scipio1 in his fortified camp on the ,w4 or left bank of the ,trebia4 #h-i4 ieiunum 444 rigefecit1 i4e4 ,sempronius made stiff 7rigefecit7 with wading breast-high across the icy river his men faint with hunger 7ieiunum74 #aa4 oleoque1 i4e4 ut mollirent artus to make their limbs supple4 #ab-ac4 nec defuit 444 caederet4 ,the ,romans kept their ground with the utmost courage till ,mago burst out from his ambush and attacked them in rear4 ,b4 ,the ,river bars the ,retreat4 ,et iam1 dispersis ,romana per agmina signis1 #egj ,palantes agit1 ad ripas1 miserabile6 ,poenus ,impellens trepidos1 fluvioque immergere certat4 ,tum ,trebia infausto nova proelia gurgite fessis ,incohat1 ac precibus ,iunonis suscitat undas4 ,haurit subsidens fugientum corpora tellus1 #ege ,infidaque soli frustrata voragine sorbet4 ,nec niti lentoque datur convellere limo ,mersa pedum penitus vestigia3 labe tenaci ,haerent devincti gressus1 resolutaque ripa ,implicat aut caeca prosternit fraude paludis4 #ehj ,,silius ,,italicus1 iv4 #egj-ehj4 ,linenotes3 #egd4 precibus 444 undas4 ,the poet1 in his imitation of ,vergil1 makes ,juno the devoted ally of ,hannibal4 #egf4 soli frustrata prevented from reaching firm ground4 #egg4 lento sticky4 #egi4 resoluta crumbling4 ,references4 ,livy1 xxi4 #eb-ef2 ,ihne1 ii4 #ahg-aia4 ,c#ag ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,the ,battle of ,lake ,trasimene1 #bag ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,flaminius cum pridie solis occasu ad lacum pervenisset1 inexplorato postero die vixdum satis certa luce angustiis superatis1 postquam in patentiorem campum pandi agmen coepit1 id tantum hostium1 quod ex adverso erat1 conspexit2 ab tergo ac super #e caput haud#bi detectae insidiae4 ,poenus ubi1 id quod petierat1 clausum lacu ac montibus et circumfusum suis copiis habuit hostem1 signum omnibus dat simul invadendi4 ,qui ubi1 qua cuique proximum fuit1 decucurrerunt1 eo magis ,romanis subita atque improvisa #aj res fuit1 quod orta ex lacu nebula campo quam montibus densior sederat1 agminaque hostium ex pluribus collibus ipsa inter se satis conspecta eoque magis pariter decucurrerant4 ,romanus clamore prius undique orto1 quam satis cerneret1 se circumventum #ae esse sensit1 et ante in frontem lateraque pugnari coeptum est1 quam satis instrueretur acies aut expediri arma stringique gladii possent4 ,consul perculsis omnibus ipse satis1 ut#cj in re trepida1 impavidus turbatos ordines1 vertente se quoque ad dissonos #bj clamores1 instruit1 ut tempus locusque patitur1 et1 quacunque adire audirique potest1 adhortatur ac stare ac pugnare iubet4 #be ,,livy1 xxii4 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #bi3 ,var4 lect4 decepere4 ,footnote #cj3 ,for this qualifying use of ut cf4 p4 #db1 iii4 7b7 and p4 #hc line #a4 ,demonstration ,,iv4iii and ,selection ,d#bd ,linenotes3 #a4 ,flaminius 7,gaius71 the chief of the popular party at ,rome4 ,consul #bbc ,b4,c41 conquered the ,insubrian ,gauls1 ,censor #bbj ,b4,c4 ,connected ,picenum with ,rome by the ,via ,flaminia4 ,consul 7a second time7 #bag ,b4,c41 defeated and killed at ,trasimene4 #b4 inexplorato without reconnoitring4 ',this word expresses the whole blame attaching to ,flaminius1 and it is great4' --,dimsdale4 #d4 pandi 7 se pandere7 to deploy4 #ac4 ipsa 444 conspecta were sufficiently visible to each other4 #ae4 prius quam satis cerneret before he could clearly distinguish anything4 --,d4 #ai4 ut in re trepida considering the confusion of the moment4 --,d4 ,the ,scene of the ,battle4 ,at the ,n4,w4 end of the ,lake the mountains of ,cortona come right down to the lake1 but a little further ,e4 the pass expands and forms between the mountains and the lake a narrow plain from to #a miles in width and about #d miles in length4 ,at the ,e4 end of the plain the mountains again close down upon the lake4 ,here ,hannibal encamped with his ,africans and ,spaniards2 posted his light-armed troops behind the crests of the hills which bounded the plain on the ,n41 and his cavalry at the entrance to the pass on the ,w4 to cut off the ,roman retreat4 ,c#ah ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,the ,battle of ,lake ,trasimene1 #bag ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,ceterum prae strepitu ac tumultu nec consilium nec imperium accipi poterat1 tantumque aberat1 ut sua signa atque ordines et locum noscerent1 ut vix ad arma capienda aptandaque pugnae competeret animus1 opprimerenturque quidam onerati magis iis #e quam tecti4 ,et erat in tanta caligine maior usus aurium quam oculorum4 ,ad gemitus vulneratorum ictusque corporum aut armorum et mixtos strepentium#ca paventiumque clamores circumferebant ora oculosque4 ,alii fugientes pugnantium globo illati #aj haerebant2 alios redeuntes in pugnam avertebat fugientium agmen4 ,deinde1 ubi in omnes partes nequiquam impetus capti1 et ab lateribus montes ac lacus1 a fronte et ab tergo hostium acies claudebant1 apparuitque nullam nisi in dextera ferroque salutis #ae spem esse1 tum sibi quisque dux adhortatorque factus ad rem gerendam et nova de integro exorta pugna est1 non illa ordinata per principes hastatosque ac triarios1 nec ut pro signis antesignani1 post signa alia pugnaret acies2 fors conglobabat et animus suus #bj cuique ante aut post pugnandi ordinem dabat2 tantusque fuit ardor animorum1 adeo intentus pugnae animus1 ut eum motum terrae1 qui multarum urbium ,italiae magnas partes prostravit1 nemo pugnantium senserit4 #be ,,livy1 xxii4 #e4 ,footnote #ca3 ,var4 lect4 terrentium of those causing fear4 ,linenotes3 #d4 ad arma capienda aptandaque to seize and put on for the battle their arms4 --,dimsdale4 #e4 onerati3 i4e4 most were cut down in their full marching equipment4 #h-i4 mixtos 444 clamores the mingled shouts of noisy triumph 7strepentium7 or dismay4 #aj4 pugnantium 444 haerebant rushed upon a knot 7globo7 of combatants1 and became entangled with it4 --,jebb4 #ad4 a fronte1 i4e4 by ,hannibal's ,african and ,spanish infantry4 ab tergo1 i4e4 by ,hannibal's cavalry and the ,gauls4 #ah-ai4 non illa 444 triarios not in that well-known 7illa7 mode of fighting 7sc4 pugna7 arranged according to4 4 4 4 ,livy refers to the old mode of formation 7said to have been introduced by ,camillus7 of i4 hastati1 of young men1 ii4 principes1 of men at their prime1 iii4 triarii1 of middle-aged men4 ,references3 ,polybius1 iii4 #hb-hd2 ,ihne1 ,hist4 vol1 i4 pp4 #bjd-aj4 ,c#ai ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,the ,battle of ,lake ,trasimene1 #bag ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,the ,death of ,flaminius4 ,dumque ea commemorat densosque obit obvius hostes1 ,advolat ora ferus mentemque ,ducarius4 ,acri #fde ,nomen erat gentile viro1 fusisque catervis ,boiorum quondam patriis1 antiqua gerebat ,vulnera barbaricae mentis1 noscensque superbi ,victoris vultus1 ',tune1 inquit1 maximus ille ,boiorum terror8 libet hoc cognoscere telo1 #fej ,corporis an tanti manet de vulnere sanguis4 ,nec vos poeniteat1 populares1 fortibus umbris ,hoc mactare caput3 nostros hic curribus egit ,insistens victos alta ad ,capitolia patres4 ,ultrix hora vocat4' ,pariter tunc undique fusis #fee ,obruitur telis1 nimboque mente per auras ,contectus nulli dextra iactare reliquit ,flaminium cecidisse sua4 ,nec pugna perempto ,ulterior ductore fuit2 namque agmine denso ,primores iuvenum1 laeva ob discrimina ,martis #ffj ,infensi superis dextrisque1 et cernere ,poenum ,victorem plus morte rati1 super ocius omnes ,membra ducis stratosque artus certamine magno ,telaque corporaque et non fausto ,marte cruentas ,iniecere manus4 ,sic densi caedis acervo #ffe ,ceu tumulo1 texere virum4 ,,silius ,,italicus1 v4 #fdd-fff4 ,linenotes3 #fdd4 ,dum 444 hostes1 i4e4 after ,flaminius' vain attempt to rally and form his men1 and his consequent resolve to atone for his fault 7inexplorato#cb angustiis superatis7 with his life4 #fdf4 ,ducarius--,livy1 'an ,insubrian 7,lombard7 trooper4' #fea4 mnet will flow4 ,cf4 emanate4 #feb4 populares fellow-countrymen1 but of ,romans usu4 civis4 #feh-fff4 ,livy says more simply ',he 7,ducarius7 was trying to despoil the corpse1 when some veterans screened it with their shields4' #ffj4 laeva unfavourable1 lit4 'on the left side4' ,cf4 sinister4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see p4 #abd1 l4 #b1 note4 ,selection ,c#ag1 inexplorato ,parallel ,passages4--,livy1 xxii4 #f2 ,polyb4 iii4 #hd4 ,character of ,flaminius4 ',the party feelings which have so coloured the language of the ancient writers 7e4g4 ,livy1 ,polybius7 respecting him need not be shared by a modern historian4 ,flaminius was indeed an unequal antagonist to ,hannibal2 but1 in his previous life1 as ,consul and as ,censor1 he had served his country well2 and if the defile of ,trasimene witnessed his rashness1 it also contains his honourable grave4' ,arnold1 ,hist4 ,rome1 iii4 #aaj4 ,c#bj ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,quintus ,fabus ,maximus ,cunctator4 ,ego ,q4 ,maximum1 eum qui ,tarentum recepit1 senem adulescens ita dilexi1 ut aequalem4 ,erat enim in illo viro comitate condita gravitas1 nec senectus mores mutaverat4 4 4 4 ,hic et bella gerebat ut adulescens1 cum plane grandis esset1 et ,hannibalem #e iuveniliter exsultantem patientia sua molliebat2 de quo praeclare familiaris noster ,ennius3 ,unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem2 ,noenum rumores ponebat ante salutem2 ,ergo plusque magisque viri nunc gloria claret4 #aj ,nec vero in armis praestantior quam in toga2 qui consul iterum1 ,sp4 ,carvilio collega quiescente1 ,c4 ,flaminio tribuno plebis1 quoad potuit1 restitit agrum ,picentem et ,gallicum viritim contra senatus auctoritatem dividenti4 4 4 4 ,multa in eo viro praeclara #ae cognovi1 sed nihil admirabilius quam quo modo ille mortem fili tulit1 clari viri et consularis4 ,est in manibus laudatio1 quam eum legimus1 quem philosophum non contemnimus8 ,nec vero ille in luce modo atque in oculis civium magnus1 sed intus #bj domique praestantior4 ,,cicero1 ,de ,senectute1 #aj-ab4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,ego1 i4e4 ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 the famous ,censor of #ahd ,b4,c4 eum qui ,tarentum recepit4 ,tarentum was betrayed to ,hannibal #bab ,b4,c4 and recovered by ,fabius #bji ,b4,c4 #b-c4 ,erat 444 gravitas that hero possessed dignity tempered by courtesy4 --,j4 ,s4 ,r4 condita 7condio7 lit4 seasoned4 #e4 grandis1 sc4 natu4 ,he was consul for a first time in #bcc ,b4,c4 #f4 iuveniliter4 ,hannibal was #bi when he crossed the ,alps4 exsultantem wildly roaming1 of a horse galloping at will4 #g4 noster ,ennius1 circ4 #bci-afi ,b4,c41 famous espec4 for his ,annales in ,hexameter verse4 ,he was the first ,latin writer to use this metre4 #i4 ,noenum 7ne oinum not one thing7 non4 ,cf4 nihil ne hilum not a whit1 nothing4 #ab-ad4 ,flaminius1 when tribune #bcb ,b4,c41 by a vote of the ,comitia ,tributa 7i4e4 by a plebiscitum7 and against the expressed wish of the ,senate 7contra senatus auctoritatem7 carried an agrarian law for the division of public land in ,picenum amongst ,roman citizens4 #ah4 laudatio1 sc4 funebris1 the funeral speech4 #ai-bj4 in luce 444 civium in public and under the gaze of his fellow-countrymen4 --,j4 ,s4 ,r4 ,references4 ,polybius1 iii4 #hi1 #ij2 ,livy1 xxii4 #ab2 ,plutarch1 ,fabius1 vi4 ,c#ba ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,fabius and his ,master of the ,horse1 #bag ,b4,c4 ,ita per variam fortunam diei maiore parte exacta cum in castra reditum esset1 ,minucius convocatis militibus ',saepe ego' inquit 'audivi1 milites1 eum primum esse virum1 qui ipse consulat1 quid in rem sit1 secundum eum1 qui bene monenti oboediat2 qui #e nec ipse consulere nec alteri parere sciat1 eum extremi ingenii esse4 ,nobis quoniam prima animi ingeniique negata sors est1 secundam ac mediam teneamus et1 dum imperare discimus1 parere prudenti in animum inducamus4 ,castra cum ,fabio iungamus2 ad praetorium #aj eius signa cum tulerimus1 ubi ego eum parentem appellavero1 quod beneficio erga nos ac maiestate eius dignum est1 vos1 milites1 eos1 quorum vos modo arma ac dexterae texerunt1 patronos salutabitis1 et1 si nihil aliud1 gratorum certe nobis #ae animorum gloriam dies hic dederit4' ,signo dato conclamatur inde1 ut colligantur vasa4 ,profecti et agmine incedentes ad dictatoris castra in admirationem et ipsum et omnes1 qui circa erant1 converterunt4 #bj ,,livy1 xxii4 #bi1 #cj4 ,context4 ,fabius' policy of 'masterly inactivity' had become so unpopular at ,rome that the command of the army was divided between ,fabius and ,minucius1 who risked a battle1 and was only saved from a destruction as complete as that of the ,trebia by the timely aid of ,fabius4 ,minucius publicly and fully atones for his rashness4 ,linenotes3 #d4 consulat can give counsel--so consulere l4 #f4 #f-g4 extremi ingenii has the meanest capacity4 gen4 of quality4 #g-h4 prima 444 sors est the highest rank in the scale of spirit and intellect4 --,dimsdale4 #ad4 patronos as the authors of your freedom4 ,patronus legal title used by a freed slave 7libertus7 of his former master4 ,the soldiers of ,minucius are to think of themselves as liberti1 owing their freedom to those of ,fabius1 who are thus their patroni4 #ag4 ut colligantur vasa1 i4e4 impedimenta4 ,cf4 signa movere4 ,fabius ,cunctator4 ',fabius had to create a new army1 to accustom it to war1 and to inspire it with courage4 ,he did this skilfully and persistently1 and thus he rendered the most essential service that any general could at that time render to the ,state4 ,it was probably at this time that the ,senate voted him a crown of grass 7corona graminea71 the highest distinction which was awarded to a general who had saved a besieged town4' --,ihne4 ,c#bb ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,,cannae1 #bah ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,the ,destruction of the ,roman ,infantry4 ,sub equestris finem certaminis coorta est peditum pugna1 primo et viribus et animis par1 dum constabant ordines ,gallis ,hispanisque2 tandem ,romani1 diu ac saepe conisi1 obliqua fronte acieque densa impulere hostium cuneum nimis tenuem eoque parum #e validum a cetera prominentem acie4 ,impulsis deinde ac trepide referentibus pedem institere ac tenore uno per praeceps pavore fugientium agmen in mediam primum aciem illati1 postremo nullo resistente ad subsidia ,afrorum pervenerunt1 qui utrimque reductis #aj alis constiterant media1 qua ,galli ,hispanique steterant1 aliquantum prominente acie4 ,qui cuneus ut pulsus aequavit frontem primum1 dein cedendo etiam sinum in medio dedit1 ,afri circa iam cornua fecerant irruentibusque incaute in medium ,romanis circumdedere #ae alas2 mox cornua extendendo clausere et ab tergo hostis4 ,hinc ,romani1 defuncti nequiquam proelio uno1 omissis ,gallis ,hispanisque1 quorum terga ceciderant1 adversus ,afros integram pugnam ineunt non tantum eo iniquam1 quod inclusi adversus #bj circumfusos1 sed etiam quod fessi cum recentibus ac vegetis pugnabant4 ,,livy1 xxii4 #dg4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,sub 444 certaminis1 i4e4 at the close of 7sub7 the first stage in the battle1 in which the ,roman cavalry were defeated4 #b-c4 constabant 444 ,hispanisque4 ,these formed ,hannibal's centre1 the convex of his semicircular formation of his infantry1 with the ,african troops on the horns of the semicircle to the right and left1 but at some distance behind4 #d4 obliqua fronte1 perh4 concave1 so as to surround the projecting part of the enemy's line 7a cetera prominentem acie74 #e4 cuneum3 here the convex formation of the ,gauls and ,spaniards4 #h-i4 in mediam aciem the centre of the line1 i4e4 of the ,gauls and ,spaniards1 who were intended to engage with the ,romans first4 #aj4 subsidia reserves1 i4e4 the ,africans1 on the right and left4 #ad-af4 ,afri circa 444 alas4 ,hannibal's formation is now reversed4#cc ,the horns 7cornua7 of the semicircle 7the ,africans7 are now advanced1 and outflanked 7circumdedere alas7 the ,romans1 who rushed heedlessly into the intervening space 7in medium1 i4e4 the concave part of ,h4's line formed by the retirement of the ,gauls and ,spaniards74 #ba-bb4 recentibus ac vegetis fresh in body and mind4 ,footnote #cc3 i4e4 the ,africans now formed the horns of a crescent in relation to their centre1 while it formed the concave part of the crescent4 --,d4 ,results of the ,battle4 ,hannibal becomes master of ,magna ,graecia1 and the ,romans lose 7including #bc1jjj taken prisoners7 about #gj1jjj men4 ,c#bc ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,,cannae1 #baf ,b4,c4 7#b7 ',paulus animae magnae prodigus4' ,cn4 ,lentulus tribunus militum cum praetervehens equo sedentem in saxo cruore oppletum consulem vidisset1 ',l4 ,aemili' inquit1 'quem unum insontem culpae cladis hodiernae dei respicere debent1 cape hunc equum1 dum et tibi virium aliquid superest1 #e et comes ego te tollere possum ac protegere4 ,ne funestam hanc pugnam morte consulis feceris2 etiam sine hoc lacrimarum satis luctusque est4' ,ad ea consul3 ',tu quidem1 ,cn4 ,corneli1 macte virtute esto2 sed cave frustra miserando exiguum tempus e #aj manibus hostium evadendi absumas4 ,abi1 nuntia publice patribus1 urbem ,romanam muniant ac1 priusquam victor hostis advenit1 praesidiis firment2 privatim ,q4 ,fabio ,l4 ,aemilium praeceptorum eius memorem et vixisse adhuc et mori4 ,memet in hac #ae strage militum meorum patere exspirare1 ne aut reus iterum e consulatu sim aut accusator oollegae existam1 ut alieno crimine innocentiam meam protegam4' ,haec eos agentes prius turba fugientium civium1 deinde hostes oppressere2 consulem ignorantes1 #bj quis esset1 obruere telis1 ,lentulum inter tumultum arripuit equus4 ,tum undique effuse fugiunt4 ,,livy1 xxii4 #di4 ,linenotes3 #a4 praetervehens equo riding by4 praetervehor used here as a deponent4 --,dimsdale4 #b4 oppletum 7 perfusum7 covered 7lit4 filled up71 or drenched4 #d4 respicere to look on with favour4 --,d4 #i4 macte virtute esto lit4 go on and prosper in your courage4 mactus i4 magis auctus increased1 glorified1 or more prob4 ii4 old partic4 of obsolete mago 7 augeo71 from ,rtmak1 e4g4 in mak-ar4 ,vocative used as nominative4 #ad4 praeceptorum4 ,his self-sacrifice was not in vain4 ,the tactics of ,fabius were again adopted after his death4 #ae4 et vixisse adhuc et mori died as he had ever lived4 --,d4 #ag4 reus iterum e consulatu a second time to stand on my defence in consequence of my consulship1 i4e4 on a charge that grew out of his acts as ,consul 7#bai ,b4,c47 with ,m4 ,livius ,salinator of misappropriation of the spoils at the close of the ,illyrian ,war4 #ah-ai4 ut 444 protegam4 ,the two ,consuls had the chief command of the army on alternate days4 ,varro was in command at ,cannae4 ',the overthrow of ,cannae was so complete that every other nation but the ,romans would have given up the idea of further resistance4' --,ihne4 ,c#bd ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,,cannae1 #baf ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,a4 ,maharbal urges ,hannibal to march on ,rome4 ,hannibali victori cum ceteri circumfusi gratularentur suaderentque1 ut tanto perfunctus bello diei quod reliquum esset noctisque insequentis quietem et ipse sibi sumeret et fessis daret militibus1 ,maharbal praefectus equitum1 minime cessandum ratus1 ',immo #e ut1 quid hac pugna sit actum1 scias1 die quinto' inquit 'victor in ,capitolio epulaberis4 ,sequere3 cum equite1 ut prius venisse quam venturum sciant1 praecedam4' ,hannibali nimis laeta res est visa maiorque1 quam ut eam statim capere animo posset4 ,itaque voluntatem #aj se laudare ,maharbalis ait2 ad consilium pensandum temporis opus esse4 ,tum ,maharbal3 ',non omnia nimirum eidem di dedere2 vincere scis1 ,hannibal1 victoria uti nescis4' ,mora eius diei satis creditur saluti fuisse urbi atque imperio4 #ae ,,livy1 xxii4 #ea4 ,linenotes3 #b-d4 diei 444 sumeret he should take what remained of that day and the following night for rest4 --,church and ,brodribb4 #h4 venisse1 sc4 te1 suggested by sequere4 --,dimsdale4 #i4 res the idea1 i4e4 of such a rapid termination to the war4 --,d4 ,hannibal was too far off 7#aa days' march7 to take ,rome by storm4 ,its population contained as many soldiers as his army1 and the city was strongly fortified by its situation and by art4 ,b4 ,scipio forbids the ,nobles to abandon ,italy4 ,post ,cannensem cladem perculsis ita ,romanorum animis1 ut pars magna reliquiarum nobilissimis auctoribus deserendae ,italiae iniret consilium1 ,p4 ,scipio adulescens admodum impetu facto1 in eo ipso in quo talia agitabantur coetu pronuntiavit manu se #bj sua interfecturum1 nisi qui iurasset non esse sibi mentem destituendae rei publicae3 cumque ipse se primus religione tali obligasset1 stricto gladio mortem uni ex proximis minatus1 nisi acciperet sacramentum1 illum metu1 ceteros etiam exemplo coegit ad iurandum4 #be ,,frontinus1 ,strat4 iv4 #g4 #ci4 ,linenote3 #ah4 ,p4 ,scipio adulescens1 i4e4 ,p4 ,corn4 ,scipio ,africanns ,maior1 fatalis dux huiusce belli1 the predestined champion in this war4 ,parallel ,passage4 ,livy1 xxii4 #ec1 and cf4 ,livy1 v4 #ej-ee1 where ,camillus dissuades the commons from migrating to ,veii4 ,c#be ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,rome's ,heroes4 ,regulum et ,scauros animaeque magnae ,prodigum ,paulum superante ,poeno ,gratus insigni referam ,camena ,fabriciumque4 #dj ,hunc et incomptis ,curium capillis ,utilem bello tulit et ,camillum ,saeva paupertas et avitus apto ,cum lare fundus4 #dd ,crescit occulto velut arbor aevo ,fama ,marcelli2 micat inter omnes ,iulium sidus velut inter ignes ,luna minores4 #dh ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,i4 xii4 #cg-dh4 ,linenotes3 #cg4 ,scauros#cd 7 ,scaurum7 such men as ,scaurus4 ,censor1 #ajj ,b4,c4 #dj4 ,fabricium1 who despised the bribes of ,pyrrhus4 ,censor #bge ,b4,c4 ,see p4 #aja1 ,fabricius the ,just4 ,selection ,d#db #dc-dd4 apto cum lare with homestead to match4 --,gow4 ,footnote #cd3 ,cf4 in ,french1 ,les ,vergiles4 ,b4 ,the ,dream of ,propertius4 ,visus eram molli recubans ,heliconis in umbra1 ,bellerophontei qua fluit umor equi1 ,reges1 ,alba1 tuos et regum facta tuorum1 ,tantum operis1 nervis hiscere posse meis2 #d ,parvaque tam magnis admoram fontibus ora1 ,unde pater sitiens ,ennius ante bibit1 ,et cecini ,curios fratres et ,horatia pila1 ,regiaque ,aemilia vecta tropaea rate1 #h ,victricesque moras ,fabii pugnamque sinistram ,cannensem et versos ad pia vota deos1 ,hannibalemque ,lares ,romana sede fugantes1 ,anseris et tutum voce fuisse ,iovem4 #ab ,,propertius1 ,,iii4 7,,iv47 iii4 7ii47 #a-ab4 ,subject3--,propertius had tremblingly touched the mighty fount with his lips 7l4 #e73 he dreamed that he essayed1 in consequence1 to follow the example of ,ennius4 ,linenotes3 #b4 i4e4 the ,spring of ,pirene near ,corinth1 where ,pegasus was caught by ,bellerophon4 ,its waters possessed inspiring properties4 #d4 nervis 444 meis that ,i had strength to gasp forth4 --,ramsay4 #g4 ,curios ,curiatios4 ,horatia pila3 see pp4 #fg-fh4 ,selections ,d#h1 ,d#i #h4 ,aemilia1 i4e4 of ,l4 ,aemilius ,paullus 7son of the hero of ,cannae71 victor at ,pydna #afh ,b4,c4 over ,perseus of ,macedon4 #aj4 versos 444 deos1 i4e4 the solemn ordinances decreed by ,fabius1 ,dictator after ,trasimene1 to which the gods turned a ready ear 7versos74 #ab4 fuisse1 dependent on cecini l4 #ai4 ,iovem1 i4e4 ,iovis ,capitolini templum4 ,see p4 #hd4 ,selection ,d#be ,c#bf ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,the ,revolt of ,capua1 #baf-baa ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,a4 ,capua aspires to rival ,rome4 ,altera iam teritur bellis civilibus aetas1 ,suis et ipsa ,roma viribus ruit4 ,quam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere ,marsi1 ,minacis aut ,etrusca ,porsenae manus1 #d ,aemula nec virtus ,capuae nec ,spartacus acer ,novisque rebus infidelis ,allobrox1 ,nec fera caerulea domuit ,germania pube ,parentibusque abominatus ,hannibal3 #h ,impia perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas1 ,ferisque rursus occupabitur solum4 ,,horace1 ,epod4 xvi4 #a-aj4 ,linenotes3 #e4 ,aemula virtus ,capuae4 ,in #baf ,b4,c4 ,capua was1 after ,rome1 the richest and most powerful city in ,italy4 ,as the result of ,cannae she aspired to dominion over ,italy4 ,spartacus acer1 leader of the ,servile ,war1 #gc-ga ,b4,c4 #f4 novis rebus infidelis faithless to revolution1 because they assisted in betraying ,catiline's plot #fc ,b4,c4--,wickham4 #i4 impia 444 aetas we an impious generation whose blood is foredoomed 7i4e4 there is a curse on us7 shall destroy 7,rome74 ,b4 ,decius ,magius defies ,hannibal4 ,egressus curia ,hannibal in templo magistratuum consedit1 comprehendique ,decium ,magium atque ante pedes destitutum causam dicere iussit4 ,qui cum manente ferocia animi negaret lege foederis id cogi posse1 tum iniectae catenae1 ducique ante lictorem #ae in castra est iussus4 ,quoad capite aperto est ductus1 contionabundus incessit ad circumfusam undique multitudinem vociferans3 ',habetis libertatem1 ,campani1 quam petistis3 foro medio1 luce clara1 videntibus vobis nulli ,campanorum secundus vinctus ad mortem #bj rapior4 ,quid violentius capta ,capua fieret8 ,ite obviam ,hannibali1 exornate urbem diemque adventus eius consecrate1 ut hunc triumphum de cive vestro spectetis4' ,,livy1 xxiii4 #aj4 ,context4 ,after the ,revolt of ,capua1 when ,hannibal made a public entry into the city1 the whole population1 with the exception of ,decius ,magius and his son1 poured out to meet him4 ,linenotes3 #aa4 in templo magistratuum on the magistrates' bench1 7or tribunal74 #ab4 ,decium ,magium1 one of the few ,capuan nobles faithful to ,rome4 #ad-ae4 negaret 444 posse urged that by the terms of the treaty 7i4e4 between the ,capuans and ,h47 this could not be insisted on4 --,church and ,brodribb4 ,c#bg ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,the ,revolt of ,capua1 #baf-baa ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ',capua1' it is said1 'became ,hannibal's ,cannae4' ,cum victoria ,hannibal posset uti1 frui maluit relictaque ,roma ,campaniam ,tarentumque peragrare1 ubi mox et ipse et exercitus ardor elanguit adeo ut vere dictum sit ,capuam ,hannibali ,cannas fuisse4 ,si quidem invictum ,alpibus1 indomitum armis ,campani--quis #e crederet8--soles et tepentes fontibus ,baiae subegerunt4 ,,florus1 ,,ii4 vi4 #ba-bb4 ,linenotes3 #b4 ,campaniam ,tarentumque1 once the two most fertile districts in ,italy4 #d4 ,capuam 444 fuisse4 ,ihne says3 ',whatever may have been the pleasures and indulgences of ,hannibal's troops in ,capua1 their military qualities cannot have suffered by them1 as the subsequent history of the war sufficiently demonstrates4' #g-h4 tepentes fontibus ,baiae1 on a small bay west of ,naples and opposite ,puteoli1 abounded in warm mineral springs4 ,b4 ,the ,punishment of ,rebel ,capua1 #baa ,b4,c4 ,ad septuaginta principes senatus interfecti1 trecenti ferme nobiles ,campani in carcerem conditi2 alii per sociorum ,latini nominis urbes in custodias #aj dati variis casibus interierunt2 multitudo alia civium ,campanorum venum data4 ,de urbe agroque reliqua consultatio fuit1 quibusdam delendam censentibus urbem praevalidam1 propinquam1 inimicam4 ,ceterum praesens utilitas vicit2 nam propter agrum1 quem #ae omni fertilitate terrae satis constabat primum in ,italia esse1 urbs servata est1 ut esset aliqua aratorum sedes4 ,urbi frequentandae multitudo incolarum libertinorumque et institorum opificumque retenta2 ager omnis et tecta publica populi ,romani facta4 #bj ,,livy1 xxvi4 #af4 ,linenotes3 #aj4 sociorum ,latini nominis sociorum ac ,latini nominis1 which includes all the ,italian allies4 ',the ,nomen ,latinum were the members of the old ,latin league whose rights were reduced in #cch ,b4,c4 after the ,latin ,war4' --,rawlins4 #ac4 delendam4 ,cf4 ,cato's ,delenda est ,carthago4 #ae-ag4 agrum 444 in ,italia esse4 ,cf4 ,verg4 ,georg4 ii4 #bbd-e3 ',such is the tilth of wealthy ,capua and the coast that borders the ,vesuvian ridge4' --,mackail4 #ah4 frequentandae for the purpose of peopling4 #ai4 institorum pedlars or dealers4 ,cf4 our 'commercial travellers'4 #bj4 publica 444 facta confiscated4 ',this ager publicus was leased by the censors to farmers 7aratores7 who paid rent 7vectigal7 for it4' --,r4 ,c#bh ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,marcellus at ,nola1 #baf ,b4,c4 ,ad tres portas in hostes versas ,marcellus tripertito exercitum instruxit4 4 4 4 ,ita instructi intra portas stabant4 ,hannibali sub signis1 id quod per aliquot dies fecerat1 ad multum diei in acie stanti primo miraculo esse1 quod nec exercitus ,romanus #e porta egrederetur nec armatus quisquam in muris essent4 ,ratus deinde1 prodita colloquia esse1 metuque resides factos1 partem militum in castra remittit iussos propere apparatum omnem oppugnandae urbis in primam aciem afferre1 satis fidens1 si cunctantibus #aj instaret1 tumultum aliquem in urbe plebem moturam4 ,dum in sua quisque ministeria discursu trepidat ad prima signa succeditque ad muros acies1 patefacta repente porta ,marcellus signa canere clamoremque tolli ac pedites primum1 deinde equites1 quanto #ae maximo possent impetu1 in hostem erumpere iubet4 ,satis terroris tumultusque in aciem mediam intulerant1 cum duabus circa portis ,p4 ,valerius ,flaccus et ,c4 ,aurelius in cornua hostium erupere4 4 4 4 ,ingens victoria eo die res ac nescio an maxima illo bello gesta #bj est2 non vinci enim ab ,hannibale tunc diffcilius fuit quam postea vincere4 ,,livy1 xxiii4 #af4 ,context4 ,the plebs in ,nola 7as in ,capua7 was in favour of joining ,hannibal1 and it was with difficulty that the nobles 7who here1 as elsewhere1 favoured ,rome7 delayed the decision1 thus gaining time to inform ,marcellus1 who was then stationed at ,casilinum1 of the danger of a revolt4 ,marcellus immediately hastened to ,nola1 and occupied the town with a strong garrison4 ,linenotes3 #c-e4 ,hannibali 444 primo miraculo esse ,hannibal1 who 444 had his troops under arms till a late hour1 was first of all astonished that4 --,church and ,brodribb4 #g4 colloquia esse1 i4e4 his communications 7colloquia7 with the ,carthaginian party in ,nola4 #h4 res7ides inactive1 lit4 that remains sitting 7re sedeo74 #aj4 si cunctantibus instaret if he met hesitation with prompt action4 --,church and ,brodribb4 ,lit4 if he pressed upon those hesitating4 #ab4 in sua 444 ministeria to their several posts4 #ai-ba4 ,ingens 444 gesta est a great victory1 the greatest1 perhaps throughout the war1 was achieved that day4 ,nola1 an important town in ,campania1 ,s4,e4 of ,capua4 ,it remained faithful to the ,romans1 even after ,cannae1 when the other ,campanian towns revolted to ,hannibal4 ,marcellus at ,nola4 ',it was the merit of ,marcellus that he saved ,nola from being taken4' --,ihne4 ,c#bi ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,cicero's ,description of ,syracuse4 ,urbem ,syracusas maximam esse ,graecarum urbium pulcherrimamque omnium saepe audistis1 ,est1 indices1 ita1 ut dicitur3 nam et situ est cum munito1 tum ex omni aditu vel terra vel mari praeclaro ad aspectum3 et portus habet prope in aedificatione #e aspectuque urbis inclusos3 qui cum diversos inter se aditus habeant1 in exitu coniunguntur et confluunt4 ,eorum coniunctione pars oppidi1 quae appellatur ,insula1 mari disiuncta angusto1 ponte rursum adiungitur et continetur4 ,ea tanta est urbs1 ut ex #aj quattuor urbibus maximis constare dicatur3 quarum una est ea1 quam dixi1 ,insula3 quae duobus portubus cincta1 in utriusque portus ostium aditumque proiecta est3 in qua domus est1 quae ,hieronis regis fuit1 qua praetores uti solent4 ,altera autem est urbs #ae ,syracusis1 cui nomen ,achradina est3 in qua forum maximum1 pulcherrimae porticus1 ornatissimum prytaneum1 amplissima est curia1 templumque egregium ,iovis ,olympii4 ,tertia est urbs1 quae1 quod in ea parte ,fortunae fanum antiquum fuit1 #bj ,tycha nominata est1 in qua et gymnasium amplissimum est et complures aedes sacrae3 coliturque ea pars et habitatur frequentissime4 ,quarta autem est urbs1 quae quia postrema coaedificata est1 ,neapolis nominatur3 quam ad summam theatrum est maximum4 #be ,,cicero1 ,in ,verrem1 ii4 #d4 #aag-aai4 ,linenotes3 #e-f4 prope 444 inclusos1 a special feature of ,syracuse1 because many ancient cities were built at some distance from the sea1 with a harbour detached from them 7e4g4 ,ostia1 the port of ,rome71 though sometimes joined by long walls1 as at ,athens4 #g4 in exitu at their outlet1 i4e4 the narrow channel between ,ortygia 7 ,insula7 and the mainland which connected the two harbours4 #i4 disiuncta separated from the rest 7dis--74 #ab4 ,insula1 i4e4 ,ortygia1 the only part now inhabited4 #ad4 ,hieronis regis1 ,king of ,syracuse1 #bgj-baf ,b4,c41 distinguished by his military ability and the wise policy of his reign4 ,from #bfc ,b4,c4 till his death1 the faithful friend and ally of ,rome4 #af4 ,achradina1 the mainland ,n4 of ,ortygia4 ,at the time of the famous siege of ,syracuse by the ,athenians1 #dae-dac ,b4,c41 the city consisted only of ,ortygia and ,achradina4 #ah4 prytaneum town-hall 7prutaneion the presidents' hall74 #be4 theatrum est maximum1 capable of holding #be1jjj people4 ,of all the buildings described by ,cicero as existing in ,neapolis1 the ,theatre alone remains4 ,reference4 ,freeman's ,history of ,sicily4 ,c#cj ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,engineering ,skill of ,archimedes4 ,adversus hunc navalem apparatum ,archimedes variae magnitudinis tormenta in muria disposuit4 ,in eas1 quae procul erant1 naves saxa ingenti pondere emittebat1 propiores levioribus eoque magis crebris petebat telis2 postremo1 ut sui vulnere intacti tela #e in hostem ingererent1 murum ab imo ad summum crebris cubitalibus fere cavis aperuit1 per quae cava pars sagittis pars scorpionibus modicis ex occulto petebant hostem4 ,quae propius quaedam subibant naves1 quo interiores ictibus tormentorum essent1 in #aj eas tollenone super murum eminente ferrea manus1 firmae catenae illigata1 cum iniecta prorae esset gravique libramento plumbi recelleret ad solum1 suspensa prora navem in puppim statuebat2 dein remissa subito velut ex muro cadentem navem cum #ae ingenti trepidatione nautarum ita undae affligebat1 ut1 etiam si recta reciderat1 aliquantum aquae acciperet1 ,ita maritima oppugnatio est elusa omnisque spes eo versa1 ut totis viribus terra aggrederentur4 ,sed ea quoque pars eodem omni apparatu tormehtorum instructa #bj erat ,hieronis impensis curaque per multos annos1 ,archimedis unica arte4 ,,livy1 xxiv1 #cd4 ,linenotes3 #a4 adversus 444 apparatum1 i4e4 to oppose the elaborate naval attack by ,marcellus on the seaward defences of ,achradina4 #g4 cubitalibus fere cavis with holes 7fr4 cavum noun7 about #a feet square1 cubitalibus 7cubitum7 a cubit long4 ,polybius has a palm long1 about #c inches4 ,this is more probable4 #h4 scorpionibus crossbows or manuballistae4 #aj4 quo interiores 444 essent so as to be too close in to be hit by 7intertores ictibus7 the engines4 #aj-ab4 in eas 7sc4 proras7 iniecta on their bows was dropped 444 #aa4 tollenone from a swing beam1 supported at the centre of gravity by a strong fixed fulcrum4 #ab-ac4 cum 7ferrea manus7 gravique 444 ad solum lit4 when 7the grappling-iron7 swung back 7recelleret7 to the ground by a heavyweight of lead4 ',this is incorrect2 it was not the grappling-iron1 but the other 7inland7 end of the lever which was brought down to the ground4' --,rawlins4 #ae4 remissa 7sc4 ferrea manus7 the grappling-hook was 7then7 suddenly let go4 #af4 ita undae affligebat was dashed with such violence on the disturbed water 7undae74 ,cause of the ,war4 ,soon after the death of ,hiero in #baf ,b4,c41 his whole family was murdered1 and the supreme power in ,syracuse fell into the hands of the two brothers1 ,hippocrates and ,epicydes1 ,hannibal's agents4 ,c#ca ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,marcellus laments over ,syracuse4 ,marcellus ut moenia ingressus ex superioribus locis urbem omnium ferme ilia tempestate pulcherrimam subiectam oculis vidit1 illacrimasse dicitur partim gaudio tantae perpetratae rei1 partim vetusta gloria urbis4 ,atheniensium classes demersae et duo #e ingentes exercitus cum duobus clarissimis ducibus deleti occurrebant et tot bella cum ,carthaginiensibus tanto cum discrimine gesta1 tot tam opulenti tyranni regesque1 praeter ceteros ,hiero cum recentissimae memoriae rex1 tum ante omnia1 quae virtus ei fortunaque #aj sua dederat1 beneficiis in populum ,romanum insignis4 ,ea cum universa occurrerent animo subiretque cogitatio1 iam illa momento horae arsura omnia et ad cineres reditura1 priusquam signa ,achradinam admoveret1 praemittit ,syracusanos1 #ae qui intra praesidia ,romana fuerant1 ut alloquio leni impellerent hostes ad dedendam urbem4 4 4 4 ,achradina diripienda militi data est4 ,cum multa irae1 multa avaritiae foeda exempla ederentur1 ,archimeden memoriae proditum est in tanto tumultu1 quantum #bj pavor captae urbis in discursu diripientium militum ciere poterat1 intentum formis1 quas in pulvere descripserat1 ab ignaro milite1 quis esset1 interfectum2 aegre id ,marcellum tulisse sepulturaeque curam habitam1 et propinquis etiam inquisitis honori praesidioque #be nomen ac memoriam eius fuisse4 ,,livy1 xxv4 #bd1 #ca4 ,linenotes3 #a-b4 ex superioribus locis1 i4e4 from the heights of ,epipolae1 which he had taken by a night attack1 when the ,syracusans were celebrating a three days' festival of ,artemis4 #f4 ducibus1 e4g4 ,lamachus1 ,eurymedon1 ,demosthenes4 #g-h4 tot bella 444 gesta1 e4g4 at ,himera1 #dhj ,b4,c41 on the same day as ,salamis4 #h-i4 tot tam 444 regesque1 e4g4 ,gelo1 #dhe ,b4,c42 ,dionysius the ,elder1 #djf ,b4,c42 ,hiero ,,ii41 the friend and ally of ,rome1 ,king of ,syracuse1 #bgj-baf ,b4,c4 #h4 tyranni1 i4e4 absolute rulers1 despots1 with reference rather to the irregular way in which the power was gained1 than the way in which it was exercised4 #af4 qui 444 fuerant1 i4e4 ,syracusan deserters who kept up communication with the republican 7pro-,roman7 party in ,syracuse4 #bb4 formis diagrams4 #bd4 sepulturae4 ,cf4 ,demonstration ,,vi1 page #ed4 ,the ,treatment of ,syracuse4 ,it would have been the undying glory of ,marcellus if1 on obtaining possession1 he had shielded the unhappy city from further miseries4 ,the art-treasures of ,syracuse were sent to ,rome1 a precedent afterwards followed4 ,c#cb ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,the ,death of ,marcellus1 #bjh ,b4,c4 ,exiguum campi ante castra erat2 inde in collem aperta undique et conspecta ferebat via4 ,numidis speculator1 nequaquam in spem tantae rei positus1 sed si quos vagos pabuli aut lignorum causa longius a castris progressos possent excipere1 signum dat1 ut #e pariter ab suis quisque latebris exorerentur4 ,non ante apparuere1 quibus obviis ab iugo ipso consurgendum erat1 quam circumiere1 qui ab tergo intercluderent viam4 ,tum undique omnes exorti et clamore sublato impetum fecere4 ,cum in ea valle #aj consules essent1 ut neque evadere possent in iugum occupatum ab hoste nec receptum ab tergo circumventi haberent1 extrahi tamen diutius certamen potuisset1 ni coepta ab ,etruscis fuga pavorem ceteris #ae iniecisset4 ,non tamen omisere pugnam deserti ab ,etruscis ,fregellani1 donec integri consules hortando ipsique ex parte pugnando rem sustinebant2 sed postquam vulneratos ambo consules1 ,marcellum etiam transfixum lancea prolabentem ex equo moribundum #bj videre1 tum et ipsi--perpauci autem supererant--cum ,crispino consule duobus iaculis ieto et ,marcello adolescente saucio et ipso effugerunt4 ,,livy1 xxvii4 #bg4 ,context4 ,marcellus was ,consul for a fifth time in #bjh ,b4,c4 ,after the attempt to retake ,locri 7,s4,e4 of ,bruttium7 was frustrated by ,hannibal1 ,marcellus and his colleague ,crispinus faced ,h4 near ,venusia in ,apulia4 ,hannibal hoped to bring on a decisive action1 but ,marcellus adopted ,fabian tactics1 and himself headed a cavalry reconnaissance to explore the country between the ,roman and the ,carthaginian camps4 ,linenotes3 #b-c4 ,numidis speculator4 ,a wooded hill lay between the two camps3 ,h4 had posted here in ambush some ,numidian horsemen4 #d-e4 si quos possent excipere on the chance of their being able to intercept4 --,stephenson4 #f-h4 ,non ante 444 circumiere those who were to spring on the enemy 7lit4 those to whom it was necessary to rise in a mass confronting the enemy obviis7 from the hill itself did not show themselves until a detachment had made their way round 7circumiere74--,s4 #aj4 valle a hollow1 i4e4 a depression on the ,roman side of the hill4 #af4 ,fregellani4 ,fregellae1 a town of the ,volsci1 on the ,via ,latina between ,rome and ,campania1 colonised #cbh ,b4,c4 #ag4 ipsique ex parte pugnando taking their share in fighting4 --,s4 ,character of ,marcellus4 ',he was a brave soldier1 a firm intrepid patriot1 and an unflinching enemy of the enemies of ,rome1 but as a general no match for ,hannibal4' --,ihne4 ,c#cc ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,character of ,scipio ,africanus ,maior4 ,fuit enim ,scipio non veris tantum virtutibus mirabilis1 sed arte quoque quadam ab iuventa in ostentationem earum compositus1 pleraque apud multitudinem aut ut per nocturnas visa species aut velut divinitus mente monita agens1 sive et ipse capti #e quadam superstitione animi1 sive ut imperia consiliaque velut sorte oraculi missa sine cunctatione exsequerentur4 ,ad hoc iam inde ab initio praeparans animos1 ex quo togam virilem sumpsit1 nullo die prius ullam publicam privatamque rem egit1 quam #aj in ,capitolium iret1 ingressusque aedem consideret et plerumque solus in secreto ibi tempus tereret4 ,hic mos1 quem per omnem vitam servabat1 seu consulto seu temere vulgatae opinioni fidem apud quosdam fecit1 stirpis eum divinae virum esse4 ,multa alia #ae eiusdem generis1 alia vera1 alia assimulata1 admirationis humanae in eo iuvene excesserant modum2 quibus freta tunc civitas aetati haudquaquam maturae tantam rerum molem tantumque imperium permisit4 ,,livy1 xxvi4 #ai4 ,linenotes3 #b-c4 in ostentationem earum compositus he made a study 7compositus7 of displaying them1 implying artificiality4 --,r4 #c-e4 pleraque 444 agens in most of his dealings 7pleraque agens7 with the mob 7representing his plans7 as inspired 7visa7 by visions in the night or as matters of inspiration 7divinitus mente monita74 #g4 sorte by an oracular response 7which was often written on a little tablet or lot1 sors74 #aa4 aedem1 i4e4 the cella 7chapel1 the part enclosed within the four side-walls7 of the ,temple of ,jupiter ,capitolinus4 #ac-ad4 seu consulto seu temere vulgatae whether designedly or undesignedly spread abroad4 #ag4 humanae which one has for a mere man4 --,rawlins4 #ai4 tantam rerum molem so stupendous a task4 --,r4 ,in #bab or #baa ,b4,c4 the two brothers1 ,publius and ,gnaeus ,scipio1 were totally defeated by ,hasdrubal and fell at the head of their troops4 ,scipio1 son of this ,p4 ,scipio1 was in #baj ,b4,c4 sent to ,spain1 at the age of #bg1 as proconsul in command of a reinforcement of #aa1jjj men4 ,character of ,scipio4 ',he was a man far above the average of his contemporaries1 and possessed a greatness of mind which could not fail to rivet attention4 ,he differed from the majority of generals by not only daring to conceive bold plans1 but by contriving to carry them out4' --,ihne4 ,c#cd ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,scipio takes ,new ,carthage1 #baj ,b4,c4 ,scipio ipse1 ut ei nuntiatum est aestum decedere1 quod per piscatores ,tarraconenses nunc levibus cymbis1 nunc1 ubi eae siderent1 vadis pervagatos stagnum compertum habebat1 facilem pedibus ad murum transitum dari1 eo secum armatos quingentos #e duxit4 ,ubi urbem sine certamine intravere1 pergunt inde1 quanto maximo cursu poterant1 ad eam portam1 circa quam omne contractum certamen erat4 ,in quod adeo intenti omnium non animi solum fuere1 sed etiam oculi auresque pugnantium spectantiumque #aj et adhortantium pugnantes1 ut nemo ante ab tergo senserit captam urbem1 quam tela in aversos inciderunt et utrimque ancipitem hostem habebant4 ,tunc turbatis defensoribus metu et moenia capta1 et porta intus forisque pariter refringi coepta2 et mox #ae caedendo confectis ac distractis1 ne iter impediretur1 foribus armati impetum fecerunt4 4 4 4 ,quoad dedita arx est1 caedes tota urbe passim factae1 nec ulli puberum qui obvius fuit parcebatur2 tum signo dato caedibus finis factus2 ad praedam victores versi1 #bj quae ingens omnis generis fuit4 ,,livy1 xxvi4 #de1 #df 7sel47 ,linenotes3 #c4 vadis pervagatos stagnum made their way through the pool by wading 7vadis74 #h4 contractum concentrated 7confined74 #ac4 ancipitem double1 twofold1 on two opposite sides4 #ae4 intus forisque both within and without4 foris1 adv4 7an abl4 form from an obsolete nom4 fora7 out of doors1 without4 ,cf4 foras out through the doors1 forth4 #af-ag4 caedendo 444 distractis foribus when the doors were destroyed and broken up by blows4 ,carthago ,nova 7,carthagena7 was founded by ,hasdrubal 7the uncle of ,hannibal7 #bdc ,b4,c4 ,the city is situated on a promontory running out into the sea1 and possesses one of the finest harbours in the world1 protected by an island as by a natural breakwater4 ,but it had a weak side1 and this had been betrayed by fishermen to ,scipio4 ,during ebb-tide the water of the shallow pool ,w4 of the town fell so much that it was fordable and the bottom was firm4 ,of this ,scipio took advantage4 ,he first made a feint attack on the ,n4 wall and then led #ejj men across the ford1 who scaled the ,w4 wall and opened the nearest gate from the inside4 ,result of its ,capture4 ',new ,carthage1 the key of ,spain1 the basis of operations against ,italy1 and the ,carthaginian arsenal1 was taken1 thus determining the issue of the ,spanish ,war4' --,ihne4 ,c#ce ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,nero's famous ,march to the ,metaurus1 #bjg ,b4,c4 ,praemissi 7nuntii7 per agrum ,larinatem ,marrucinum ,frentanum ,praetutianum1 qua exercitum ducturus erat1 ut omnes ex agris urbibusque commeatus paratos militi ad vescendum in viam deferrent1 equos iumentaque alia producerent1 ut #e vehiculorum fessis copia esset4 ,ipse de toto exercitu civium sociorumque quod roboris erat delegit1 sex milia peditum1 mille equites4 4 4 4 ,et hercule per instructa omnia ordinibus virorum mulierumque undique ex agris effusorum1 inter vota ac preces et #aj laudes ibant3 illos praesidia rei publicae1 vindices urbis ,romanae imperiique appellabant2 in illorum armis dextrisque suam liberorumque suorum salutem ac libertatem repositam esse4 ,deos omnes deasque precabantur1 ut illis faustum iter1 felix pugna1 matura #ae ex hostibus victoria esset1 damnarenturque ipsi votorum1 quae pro iis suscepissent1 ut1 quem ad modum nunc solliciti prosequerentur eos1 ita paucos post dies laeti ovantibus victoria obviam irent4 ,invitare inde pro se quisque et offerre et fatigare #bj precibus1 ut quae ipsis iumentisque usui essent1 ab se potissimum sumerent2 benigne omnia cumulata dare4 ,modestia certare milites1 ne quid ultra usum necessarium sumerent2 nihil morari1 nec abscedere ab signis nec subsistere nisi cibum capientes3 diem #be ac noctem ire2 vix quod satis ad naturale desiderium corporum esset1 quieti dare4 ,,livy1 xxvii4 #dc1 #de 7sel47 ,context4 ,nero1 on hearing from the captured ,numidian horsemen of ,hasdrubal's march and plans--to meet ,hannibal in ,umbria and then to march on ,narnia and ,rome--with #fjjj picked foot and #ajjj horse withdrew secretly from his camp before ,hannibal at ,canusium1 and by a forced march joined his colleague ,livius at the ,metaurus4 ,linenotes3 #a-b4 ,larinatem1 etc41 districts lying between ,apulia and ,umbria1 but not given in their geographical order4 #ae4 faustum 7for favostus1 fav-eo7 that which is done under the blessing of the gods3 felix that which succeeds in consequence of having this blessing upon it4 --,stephenson4 #af-ag4 damnarentur 444 votorum condemned 7to pay7 their vows4 ,cf4 ,verg4 ,voti reus bound to my vow1 i4e4 bound to fulfilment4 #bc4 ,modestia certare 7sc4 cum iis7 444 sumerent the soldiers were as moderate as they were pressing1 refusing to take anything 444--,s4 ',nero showed a resolution and a strategic ability which far surpassed the average qualifications of ,roman generals4' --,ihne4 ,c#cf ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,the ,metaurus1 #bjg ,b4,c4 ,fortes creantur fortibus et bonis2 ,est in iuvencis1 est in equis patrum ,virtus1 neque imbellem feroces ,progenerant aquilae columbam2 #cb ,doctrina sed vim promovet insitam1 ,rectique cultus pectora roborant2 ,utcumque defecere mores1 ,indecorant bene nata culpae4 #cf ,quid debeas1 o ,roma1 ,neronibus1 ,testis ,metaurum flumen et ,hasdrubal ,devictus et pulcher fugatis ,ille dies ,latio tenebris1 #dj ,qui primus alma risit adorea1 ,dirus per urbes ,afer ut ,italas ,ceu flamma per taedas vel ,eurus ,per ,siculas equitavit undas4 #dd ,post hoc secundis usque laboribus ,romana pubes crevit1 et impio ,vastata ,poenorum tumultu ,fana deos habuere rectos4 #dh ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,,iv4 iv4 #bi-dh4 ,linenotes3 #bi-cf4 ,the thought is3 ',it is true that scions of a good stock must be good in men as well as in animals1 but yet education 7doctrina training l4 #cc7 brings out the innate force4' #bi4 fortibus et bonis4 ,for the combined epithets cf4 kalos kagathos4 #cf4 ,indecorant 444 culpae faults disfigure 7indecorant dedecorant7 scions of an honourable stock 7bene nata74 #cg4 ,neronibus1 e4g4 ,m4 ,claudius ,nero 7the hero of ,metaurus71 and the brothers ,drusus and ,tiberius 7afterwards ,emperor71 stepsons of ,augustus4 #da4 alma adorea with kindly 7refreshing7 success4 #dc4 ceu flamma per taedas like fire through a pine-forest4 --,w4 #dd4 equitavit galloped1 careered1 used of ,hannibal1 and1 by zeugma1 with flamma and ,eurus4 #df-dg4 impio tumultu by the sacrilegious invasion 7or riot1 outrage71 possibly with reference to ,livy's story 7xxvi4 #aa7 of the plundering of the ,temple of ,feronia4 #dh4 rectos upright1 i4e4 of the images supposed to have been thrown down by ,hannibal1 and not set on their pedestals again4 ,results of the ,battle4 ',the war in ,italy was to all appearances finished1 and it was on the ,metaurus that the ,romans conquered ,spain4' --,ihne4 ,when ,hannibal recognised the head of his brother ,hasdrubal1 he foresaw the doom of ,carthage3-- ',lost1 lost is all3 ,a nation's hope1 a nation's name1 ,they died with dying ,hasdrubal4' --,c4 7,hor4 ,od4 ,,iv4 iv4 #gj-gc74 ,c#cg ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,hannibal leaves ,italy1 #bjc ,b4,c4 ,nihil certe ultra rei in ,italia ab ,hannibale gestum4 ,nam ad eum quoque legati ab ,carthagine vocantes in ,africam eis forte diebus1 quibus ad ,magonem1 venerunt4 ,frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans dicitur legatorum verba audisse4 #e ,postquam edita sunt mandata1 ',iam non perplexe1' inquit1 'sed palam revocant1 qui vetando supplementum et pecuniam mitti iam pridem trahebant4 ,vicit ergo ,hannibalem non populus ,romanus totiens caesus fugatusque1 sed senatus ,carthaginiensis #aj obtrectatione atque invidia2 neque hac deformitate reditus mei tam ,p4 ,scipio exsultabit atque efferet sese quam ,hanno1 qui domum nostram1 quando alia re non potuit1 ruina ,carthaginis oppressit4' ,iam hoc ipsum praesagiens animo praeparaverat #ae ante naves4 ,itaque inutili militum turba praesidii specie in oppida ,bruttii agri1 quae pauca magis metu quam fide continebantur1 dimissa1 quod roboris in exercitu erat in ,africam transvexit4 ,raro quemquam alium1 patriam exilii causa relinquentem1 #bj tam maestum abisse ferunt quam ,hannibalem1 hostium terra excedentem4 ,,livy1 xxx4 #ai1 #bj4 ,context4 ,scipio 7#bjd ,b4,c47 landed in ,africa and won such decisive victories over the ,carthaginians under ,hasdrubal1 the son of ,gisco1 that ii was necessary in #bjc ,b4,c4 to recall both ,mago and ,hannibal4 ,linenotes3 #c-d4 ad ,magonem4 ,mago1 ,h4's youngest brother1 had in #bje ,b4,c4 been despatched from ,carthage with considerable reinforcements for ,h4 ,he took ,genoa1 again roused the ,gauls against ,rome1 and in #bjc ,b4,c4 fought an indecisive action with the ,romans4 ,mago was severely wounded1 and died at sea before he reached ,africa4 #f4 ,iam non perplexe now in no veiled manner 7lit4 not obscurely74 #h4 iam pridem trahebant began long ago to try to pull me back4 --,rawlins4 #aa4 obtrectatione by disparagement4 #ac4 ,hanno1 the leader of the aristocratic 7peace7 party at ,carthage1 and the persistent opponent of ,hamilcar ,barca and his sons4 ,hannibal's ,speech4 ll4 #f-ae4 ,this is purely imaginary and illustrates the bitter hatred of the ,romans for ,h4 ,they alleged that ,h4 was personally responsible for the war1 and that he undertook it for selfish and party ends4 ,also that ,carthage1 unable to prevent the war1 withheld supplies and reinforcements4 ,ihne says ',the whole course of the war is a sufficient refutation of these charges4' ,c#ch ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,zama1 #bjb ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,before the ,battle4 ,ita infecta pace ex colloquio ad suos cum se recepissent1 frustra verba praelata renuntiant3 armis decernendum esse habendamque eam fortunam1 quam dei dedissent4 ,in castra ut est ventum1 pronuntiant ambo1 arma expedirent milites animosque ad #e supremum certamen1 non in unum diem sed in perpetuum1 si felicitas adesset1 victores4 ,roma an ,carthago iura gentibus daret1 ante crastinam noctem scituros2 neque enim ,africam aut ,italiam1 sed orbem terrarum victoriae praemium fore2 par #aj periculum praemio1 quibus adversa pugnae fortuna fuisset4 ,nam neque ,romanis effugium ullum patebat in aliena ignotaque terra et ,carthagini supremo auxilio effuso adesse videbatur praesens excidium4 ,ad hoc discrimen procedunt postero die duorum #ae opulentissimorum populorum duo longe clarissimi duces1 duo fortissimi exercitus1 multa ante parta decora aut cumulaturi eo die aut eversuri4 ,anceps igitur spes et metus miscebant animos2 contemplantibus modo suam modo hostium aciem1 cum non oculis #bj magis quam ratione pensarent vires1 simul laeta simul tristia obversabantur4 ,,livy1 xxx4 #ca1 #cb4 ,linenotes3 #a-b4 ,ita infecta pace 444 renuntiant1 referring to ,livy's picturesque account of the personal interview between ,scipio and ,hannibal1 and the fruitless negotiations for peace4 #g-aj4 ,roma an ,carthago 444 praemium fore4 ',by the victory of ,zama it was decided that the states of the ancient world should be welded into one great empire1 and that this empire should be founded by ,rome and not by ,carthage4' --,ihne4 #ad4 effuso dispersed1 i4e4 defeated4 #ae4 discrimen decisive point1 decision4 #ah4 aut cumulaturi aut eversuri either to augment 7lit4 heap up7 or overthrow4 #ba4 pensarent vires they estimated 7weighed7 their strength4 ,the ,battle of ,zama4 ',here1 too1 the elephants proved disastrous to their own side4 ,some ran down the spaces between the ,roman maniples 7see ,c #ci1 ,b4 note71 and were of no further use2 while others1 driven aside by the ,roman skirmishers1 threw ,h4's ,carthaginian cavalry into such disorder that they were unable to resist the attack of ,scipio's horse4 ,the first ,roman line threw ,h4's mercenaries back upon their reserves of the second line1 and in the confusion that ensued ,scipio advanced with his second and third lines4 ,the combat raged long and fiercely until ,scipio's ,roman and ,numidian cavalry1 returning from their pursuit of ,h4's horse1 fell upon the enemy's rear and decided the battle4' --,ihne4 ,c#ci ,,second ,,punic ,,war1 #bah-bjb ,b4,c4 ,zama1 #bjb ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,the ,order of ,battle4 ,a4 ,hannibal adversus ,scipionem1 post elephantos lxxx1 qui in prima fronte positi hostium turbarent aciem1 auxiliares ,gallos et ,ligures et ,baliares ,maurosque posuit1 ut neque fugere possent ,poenis a tergo stantibus et hostem oppositi1 si non infestarent1 #e at certe fatigarent3 tum suis et ,macedonibus1 qui iam fessos ,romanos integri exciperent1 in secunda acie collocatis1 novissimos ,italicos constituit1 quorum et timebat fidem et segnitiam verebatur1 quoniam plerosque eorum ab ,italia invitos extraxerat4 #aj ,hannibal's ,army4 ,it consisted broadly of five classes3 #a4 ,his veteran army of ,italy1 on which he could thoroughly rely1 partly ,carthaginian1 partly ,italian 7mostly ,bruttians74 ,these he placed in his third line4 #b4 ,a newly raised force of ,carthaginian and ,libyan militia4 ,these he placed in his second line4 #c4 ,mercenaries1 consisting of ,moors1 ,gauls1 ,ligurians1 the ,balearic contingent1 and the ,spaniards4 ,these he placed in his first line4 #d4 ,carthaginian and ,numidian cavalry4 ,these he placed on his wings4 #e4 #hj elephants4 ,these he placed on his front1 to open the attack4 ,b4 ,scipio adversus hanc formam robur legionis triplici acie in fronte ordinatum per hastatos et principes et triarios opposuit3 nec continuas construxit cohortes1 sed manipulis inter se distantibus spatium dedit1 per quod elephanti ab hostibus acti #ae facile transmitti sine perturbatione ordinum possent4 ,ea ipsa intervalla expeditis velitibus implevit1 ne interluceret acies1 dato his praecepto1 ut ad impetum elephantorum vel retro vel in latera concederent4 ,equitatum deinde in cornua divisit et dextro ,romanis #bj equitibus ,laelium1 sinistro ,numidis ,masinissam praeposuit3 quae tam prudens ordinatio non dubie causa victoriae fuit4 ,,frontinus1 ,strategemata1 ii4 #c4 #af4 ,scipio's order of battle4 ,instead of drawing up his manipuli like the black squares of a chessboard--the usual order1 so that1 in advancing1 the manipuli of the three lines could form one unbroken line--he placed them one behind the other1 like the rounds of a ladder1 so as to leave spaces in the lines1 through which the elephants might pass without trampling down or throwing into confusion the infantry battalions1 e4g43 not but 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,formation ,,of ,,empire ,,beyond ,,italy4 ,c#dj ,,second ,,macedonian ,,war1 #bjj-aif ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,battle of ,cynoscephalae1 #aig ,b4,c4 ,non dubia res fuit2 extemplo terga vertere ,macedones1 terrore primo bestiarum aversi4 ,et ceteri quidem hos pulsos sequebantur2 unus e tribunis militum1 ex tempore capto consilio1 cum viginti signorum militibus1 relicta ea parte suorum1 quae #e haud dubie vincebat1 brevi circuitu dextrum cornu hostium aversum invadit4 ,nullam aciem ab tergo adortus non turbasset2 ceterum ad communem omnium in tali re trepidationem accessit1 quod phalanx ,macedonum1 gravis atque immobilis1 nec #aj circumagere se poterat1 nec hoc1 qui a fronte1 paulo ante pedem referentes1 tunc ultro territis instabant1 patiebantur4 ,ad hoc loco etiam premebantur1 quia iugum1 ex quo pugnaverant1 dum per proclive pulsos insequuntur1 tradiderant hosti ad terga sua circumducto4 #ae ,paulisper in medio caesi1 deinde omissis plerique armis capessunt fugam4 ,philippus cum paucis peditum equitumque primo tumulum altiorem inter ceteros cepit1 ut specularetur1 quae in laeva parte suorum fortuna esset2 deinde1 postquam fugam #bj effusam animadvertit et omnia circa iuga signis atque armis fulgere1 tum et ipse acie excessit4 ,,livy1 xxxiii4 #i1 #aj4 ,context4 ,philip ,v1 ,king of ,macedon1 had made a treaty with ,hannibal in #bae ,b4,c41 and provoked the first ,macedonian ,war 7#bad-bje ,b4,c47 by an attack on ,apollonia in ,illyria1 and the capture of the port of ,oricum in ,epirus4 ,the ,romans now resolved to make ,philip suffer for the trouble he had caused them by interfering in the war with ,hannibal4 ,a casus belli was soon found in the ,athenian ,embassy to ,rome 7#bja ,b4,c47 asking for help against ,philip4 ,linenotes3 #c-d4 unus 444 militum4 ,ihne says ',he seized the favourable opportunity to shape the battle which had begun without plan into a brilliant victory for ,rome4' #e4 signorum 7 manipulorum7 companies1 i4e4 with some #cejj men4 #ac4 loco premebantur they 7i4e4 the phalanx7 began to feel the disadvantage of position4 --,rawlins4 #af4 in medio caesi cut down from both sides4 --,r4 ,cynoscephalae 7,dog's ,heads71 a low chain of hills between ,pherae and ,scotussa in ,thessaly4 ,results of the ,battle4 ',the ,romans lost only #gjj men4 ,that was the price paid for a victory which laid the ,monarchy of ,alexander the ,great in the dust4' --,ihne4 ,terms of ,peace1 #aif ,b4,c4 ,macedonia to remain an independent state1 but1 like ,carthage1 to lose all her foreign possessions1 and to be sunk to the level of a vassal state4 ,c#da ,,second ,,macedonian ,,war1 #bjj-aif ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,flamininus proclaims the ,freedom of ,greece1 #aif ,b4,c4 ,isthmiorum statum ludicrum aderat1 semper quidem et alias frequens cum propter spectaculi studium insitum genti1 quo certamina omnis generis artium viriumque et pernicitatis visuntur1 tum quia propter opportunitatem loci1 per duo diversa maria #e omnium rerum usus ministrantis humano generi1 concilium ,asiae ,graeciaeque is mercatus erat2 tum vero non ad solitos modo usus undique convenerant1 sed exspectatione erecti1 qui deinde status futurus ,graeciae1 quae sua fortuna esset4 ,ad spectaculum #aj consederant1 et praeco cum tubicine1 ut mos est1 in mediam aream1 unde sollemni carmine ludicrum indici solet1 processit et1 tuba silentio facto1 ita pronuntiat3 ',senatus ,romanus et ,t4 ,quinctius imperator1 ,philippo rege ,macedonibusque devictis1 #ae liberos1 immunes1 suis legibus esse iubet ,corinthios1 ,phocenses1 ,locrensesque omnes et insulam ,euboeam et ,magnetas1 ,thessalos1 ,perrhaebos1 ,achaeos ,phthiotas4' 444 ,esse aliquam in terris gentem1 quae sua impensa1 suo labore ac periculo bella gerat pro #bj libertate aliorum4 ,una voce praeconis liberatas omnes ,graeciae atque ,asiae urbes2 hoc spe concipere audacis animi fuisse1 ad effectum adducere et virtutis et fortunae ingentis4 ,,livy1 xxxiii4 #cb1 #cc 7sel47 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,isthmiorum statum ludicrum time fixed 7statum7 for the ,isthmian ,games 7celebrated at ,corinth every two years74 #c-d4 quo certamina 444 visuntur which makes them go to see contests of every kind of artistic performance 7artium7 and of feats of strength and agility4 --,rawlins4 #g4 concilium is mercatus erat 444 that gathering was the general rendezvous 7mercatus7 of 444 mercatus i4 trade1 or mart2 ii4 a festival assemblage 7panguris74 #aa4 in mediam aream into the centre of the open space 7of the stadium74 #ag4 ,locrensesque omnes1 i4e4 ,e4 ,w4 ,locris4 #ah4 ,perrhaebos1 ,n4 of ,thessaly4 ,achaeos ,phthiotas the ,achaeans who inhabited ,phthiotis 7,s4,e4 of ,thessaly74 #ai-bd4 ,esse aliquam 444 ingentis3 in these words the ,greeks express their astonishment and gratitude at the greatness of the boon conferred upon them4 ,the ,freedom of ,greece4 ',the ,greeks believed with a childlike simplicity that the ,romans really cared for their freedom1 and that they had crossed the sea with no other object than to deliver ,greece from a foreign yoke4 4 4 4 ,flamininus was a skilful diplomatist1 and particularly qualified to sift and settle the affairs of ,greece2 for he understood the ,greek character1 and was not inaccessible1 like so many other ,romans1 to ,greek views and opinions4' --,ihne4 ,c#db ,,war ,,with ,,antiochus ,,of ,,syria1 #aia-aij ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,battle of ,thermopylae1 #aia ,b4,c4 ,victory due to ,cato4 ,acilius ,glabrio consul adversus ,antiochi regis aciem1 quam is in ,achaia pro angustiis ,thermopylarum direxerat1 iniquitatibus loci non irritus tantum1 sed cum iactura qnoque repulsus esset1 nisi circummissus ab eo ,porcius ,cato1 qui tum1 iam #e consularis1 tribunus militum a populo factus in exercitu erat1 deiectis iugis ,callidromi mentis ,aetolis1 qui praesidio ea tenebant1 super imminentem castris regiis collem a tergo subitus apparuisset3 quo facto perturbatis ,antiochi copiis utrimque irrupere ,romani #aj et fusis fugatisque castra ceperunt4 ,,frontinus1 ,strategemata1 ii4 #d4 #d4 ,context4 ,in #aib ,b4,c4 ,antiochus the ,great1 king of ,syria1 accepted the invitation of the ,aetolians1 who1 since the ,peace of #aif ,b4,c41 had been snubbed by the ,romans1 to come to liberate ,greece from the tyranny of ,rome4 ,b4 ,battle of ,magnesia1 #aij ,b4,c4 ,tum consule ,scipione1 cui frater1 ille modo victor ,carthaginis ,africanus1 aderat voluntaria legatione1 debellari regem placet4 ,et iam toto cesserat mari1 sed nos imus ulterius4 ,maeandrum #ae ad amnem montemque ,sipylum castra ponuntur4 ,hic rex1 incredibile dictu quibus auxiliis1 quibus copiis1 consederat4 ,trecenta milia peditum1 equitum falcatorumque curruum non minor numerus4 ,elephantis ad hoc immensae magnitudinis1 auro purpura #bj argento et suo ebore fulgentibus aciem utrimque vallaverat4 ,sed haec omnia praepedita magnitudine sua1 ad hoc imbre1 qui subito superfusus mira felicitate ,persicos arcus corruperat4 ,primum trepidatio1 mox fuga1 deinde triumphus fuerunt4 #be ,,florus1 i4 #bd4 #ad-ah4 ,context4 ,in #aij ,b4,c4 ,lucius ,scipio was appointed to carry the war into ,asia4 ,scipio ,africanus1 who accompanied his brother as ,chief of ,staff1 fell ill at ,elaea1 the port of ,pergamum4 ,his place was taken by ,cn4 ,domitius1 an experienced officer4 ,linenotes3 #ad-ae4 ,et iam toto cesserat mari1 as the result of the decisive defeat1 in #aij ,b4,c41 of the ,syrian fleet off ,myonnesus4 #ae-af4 ,maeandrum 444 ponuntur4 ,the battle was fought near ,magnesia 7,n4,w4 of ,lydia7 at the foot of ,mt4 ,sipylus4 ,parallel ,passage4 ,livy1 xxxvii4 #ci-dd1 ',the ,battle of ,magnesia decided the fate of the ,syrian ,empire1 as the battles of ,zama and ,cynoscephalae had decided the fate of ,carthage and ,macedonia4' --,ihne4 ,c#dc ,deaths of ,three ,great ,men1 #ahc ,b4,c4 ,hannibal1 postquam est nuntiatum milites regios in vestibulo esse1 postico fugere conatus1 ut id quoque occursu militum obsaeptum sensit et omnia circa clausa custodiis dispositis esse1 venenum1 quod multo ante praeparatum ad tales habebat casus1 #e poposcit4 ',liberemus1' inquit1 'diuturna cura populum ,romanum1 quando mortem senis exspectare longum censent4 ,nec magnam nec memorabilem ex inermi proditoque ,flamininus victoriam feret4' ,exsecratus deinde in caput regnumque #aj ,prusiae1 et hospitales deos violatae ab eo fidei testes invocans1 poculum exhausit4 4 4 4 ,trium clarissimorum suae cuiusque gentis virorum non tempore magis congruente comparabilis mors videtur esse1 quam quod nemo eorum satis dignum splendore #ae vitae exitum habuit4 ,nam primum omnes non in patrio solo mortui nec sepulti sunt4 ,veneno absumpti ,hannibal et ,philopoemen2 exsul ,hannibal1 proditus ab hospite1 captus ,philopoemen in carcere et in vinculis exspiravit4 ,scipio etsi non exsul neque #bj damnatus1 die tamen dicta1 ad quam non adfuerat reus1 absens citatus1 voluntarium non sibimet ipse solum sed etiam funeri suo exsilium indixit4 ,,livy1 xxxix1 #ea1 #eb 7sel47 ,context4 ,after ,zama ,hannibal held the highest office 7,suffete ,l4 praetura7 at ,carthage1 and effected useful democratic reforms4 ,however1 his political enemies denounced him to ,rome as making plans for a new war1 and in #aie ,b4,c4 he was forced to flee from ,carthage and took refuge with ,antiochus4 ,after ,magnesia1 ,h4 found for seven years a safe asylum with ,prusias1 king of ,bithynia2 but the ,romans could not be at ease so long as ,h4 lived1 and ,flamininus the ,liberator of ,greece undertook the inglorious quest of demanding the surrender of ,hannibal4 ,linenotes3 #ac-ae4 non tempore magis congruente quam not so much in coincidence of 7congruente1 lit4 agreeing with7 date as4 --,r4 #ah4 ,philopoemen1 the heroic chief of the ,achaean ,league1 was taken prisoner by ,dinocrates1 imprisoned in a dungeon at ,messene 7in carcere1 l4 #ai71 and compelled to drink poison4 #bj-bc4 ,scipio was accused1 at the instigation of ,cato1 by the tribune ,naevius 7#ahe ,b4,c47 of having been bribed by ,antiochus to procure for him favourable conditions of peace4 ,too proud to defend himself against such a charge1 ,scipio retired to his country-seat at ,liternum1 where by a voluntary act he consigned both himself and his grave to exile 7voluntarium 444 indixit74 ',ingrata patria1 ne ossa quidem mea habes4' ,epitaph of ,scipio1 written by himself4 ,c#dd ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 #bcd-adi ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,at ,cato1 censor cum ,l4 ,valerio ,flacco1 severe praefuit ei potestati4 ,nam et in complures nobiles animadvertit et multas res novas in edictum addidit1 qua re luxuria reprimeretur1 quae iam tum incipiebat pullulare4 ,circiter annos octoginta1 usque ad extremam #e aetatem ab adolescentia1 rei publicae causa suscipere inimicitias non destitit4 ,a multis tentatus non modo nullum detrimentum existimationis fecit1 sed1 quoad vixit1 virtutum laude crevit4 ,in omnibus rebus singulari fuit industria3 nam #aj et agricola sollers et peritus iuris consultus et magnus imperator et probabilis orator et cupidissimus litterarum fuit4 ,quarum studium etsi senior arripuerat1 tamen tantum progressum fecit1 ut non facile reperiri posset neque de ,graecis neque de #ae ,italicis rebus1 quod ei fuerit incognitum4 ,ab adulescentia confecit orationes4 ,senex historias scribere instituit4 ,earum sunt libri vii4 ,primus continet res gestas regum populi ,romani1 secundus et tertius unde quaeque civitas orta sit ,italica1 ob quam rem omnes #bj ,origines videtur appellasse4 ,,nepos1 ,cato1 ii41 iii4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,censor1 #ahd ,b4,c41 with ,l4 ,valerius ,flaccus1 his great friend and patron1 by whom he was introduced to political life4 #c4 in edictum4 ,the ,censors1 on their entrance upon office1 issued a proclamation or edict1 setting forth the principles upon which they intended to act4 ,cato set forth in his edict that he intended to use his power for the suppression of luxury4 #e4 pullulare to spread1 increase2 lit4 to put forth1 of plants and animals4 ,cf4 pull-us 7our pullet71 pu-er1 plos 7 a foal74 octoginta4 ,this is an exaggeration4 ,he was only eighty-five when he died #adi ,b4,c4 #f-g4 rei publicae 444 non destitit4 ,seneca says3 ,scipio cum hostibus nostris bellum1 ,cato cum moribus gessit4 #g-i4 ,cato was accused no less than #dd times1 but each time acquitted4 #aa4 iuris consultus lawyer4 #ab4 magnus imperator1 e4g4 in the #bnd ,punic ,war1 and the decisive victory at ,thermopylae 7#aia ,b4,c47 was mainly due to ,cato4 probabilis orator a tolerable1 acceptable orator4 ,oscar ,browning4 #ag-ba4 ,his two great works were his treatise ,de ,re ,rustica 7or ,de ,agri ,cultura71 the earliest extant work in ,latin prose1 and his ,origines1 or accounts of the rise and growth of the ,italian nation1 the earliest history in ,latin prose4 ',it was ,cato's great merit that he asserted the rights of his native language for literary prose composition4' --,ihne4 ,cato the ,censor4 ',he deserves our highest respect for the defiant and manly spirit that animated him in his untiring contest with the vices of the age4' --,ihne4 ,c#de ,m4 ,porcius ,cato4 7#b7 ,iam pauca aratro iugera regiae ,moles relinquent1 undique latius ,extenta visentur ,lucrino ,stagna lacu platanusque caelebs #d ,evincet ulmos3 tum violaria et ,myrtus et omnis copia narium ,spargent olivetis odorem ,fertilibus domino priori2 #h ,tum spissa ramis laurea fervidos ,excludet ictus4 ,non ita ,romuli ,praescriptum et intonsi ,catonis ,auspiciis veterumque norma4 #ab ,privatus illis census erat brevis1 ,commune magnum3 nulla decempedis ,metata privatis opacam ,porticus excipiebat ,arcton4 #af ,nec fortuitum spernere caespitem ,leges sinebant1 oppida publico ,sumptu iubentes et deorum ,templa novo decorare saxo4 #bj ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,,ii4 xv4 ,argument4 ',our palaces and fish-ponds and ornamental gardens are supplanting the cultivation of corn and vines and olives4 ,this is not the spirit of ,romulus or of ,cato4 ,their rule was private thrift1 public magnificence2 private houses of turf1 public buildings and temples of hewn stone4' --,w4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,iam presently4 #a-b4 regiae moles princely piles4 moles1 lit4 masses1 of huge buildings4 #b-d4 undique 444 lacu and fish-ponds 7stagna7 of wider extent than the ,l4 lake will be sights to see 7visentur74--,wickham4 #d4 platanus caelebs the bachelor plane1 so called because vines were not wedded to it 7i4e4 trained upon it74--,gow4 #f4 omnis copia narium all that is sweet to smell4 ,lit4 all the fulness of the nostrils4 #aj4 ictus 7sc4 solis74 ,the point is that formerly trees were stripped to admit the sun to the vines and olives3 nowadays the sun is excluded4 --,gow4 #aa4 intonsi 7 antiqui7 old-fashioned4 ,cf4 ,cic4's use of barbatus4 #ac4 census erat brevis list of property was short4 #ad4 commune 7 to koinon7 the common 7public7 stock4 #ad-ae4 decempedis metata privatis measured with ten-foot rods for private owners4 ,in old days the portics were always publicae4 #ag4 fortuitum caespitem the chance-cut 7handy7 turf4 #bj4 novo saxo with fresh-hewn stone1 i4e4 hewn on purpose4 --,w4 ,parallel ,passages4 ,livy xxxix4 #f4 #dj4 #da2 ,sallust1 ,catiline #ab1 #ac4 ',cato saw the greatness of ,rome in the olden time1 and he endeavoured without success to bring this old time back4' --,ihne4 ,c#df ,,third ,,macedonian ,,war1 #aga-afh ,b4,c4 ,pydna 7,aemilius ,paulus71 #afh ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,movebat imperii maiestas1 gloria viri1 ante omnia aetas1 quod maior sexaginta annis iuvenum munia in parte praecipua laboris periculique capessebat4 ,intervallum1 quod inter caetratos at phalanges erat1 implevit legio1 atque aciem hostium interrupit4 ,a #e tergo caetratis erat1 frontem adversus clipeatos habebat3 chalcaspides appellabantur4 ,secundam legionem ,l4 ,albinus consularis ducere adversus leucaspidem phalangem iussus2 ea media acies hostium fuit4 ,in dextrum cornu1 unde circa fluvium #aj commissum proclium erat1 elephantos inducit et alas sociorum2 et hinc primum fuga ,macedonum est orta4 ,nam sicut pleraque nova commenta mortalium in verbis vim habent1 experiendo1 cum agi1 non quemadmodum agatur edisseri oportet1 sine ullo #ae effectu evanescunt1 ita tum elephantorum impetum sustinere non poterant1 et commenta ,macedonum nomen tantum sine usu fuerunt4 ,elephantorum impetum subsecuti sunt socii nominis ,latini1 pepuleruntque laevum cornu4 #bj ,,livy1 xliv4 #da4 ,context4 ,perseus1 son of ,philip1 became ,king of ,macedonia on the death of his father in #agi ,b4,c4 ,he did all he could to prepare for the inevitable struggle with ,rome by strengthening ,macedonia1 posing as the ,liberator of ,greece1 and forming marriage alliances with ,seleucus of ,syria 7the successor of ,antiochus71 and ,prusias of ,bithynia4 ,in #agd ,b4,c41 the ,romans were informed that ,perseus was secretly negotiating with ,carthage1 and after fruitless embassies war was declared4 ,the ,senate1 after three years of unsuccessful warfare 7#aga-afh ,b4,c471 appointed ,l4 ,aemilius ,paulus 7son of the hero who died at ,cannae7 to the supreme command in ,macedonia4 ,linenotes3 #d4 caetratos ,targeteers1 armed with the small round shield4 #e-g4 ,a tergo 444 habebat 7sc4 legio prima7 the 7first7 ,legion thus took the ,targeteers in the rear1 while it faced towards the ,shieldmen4 --,rawlins4 #f4 clipeatos ,shieldmen1 armed with the large round shield4 #g4 chalcaspides ,brazen ,shields1 ,right ,division of phalanx4 #i4 leucaspidem ,white ,shields1 ,left ,division of phalanx4 #aj4 in dextrum cornu 7sc4 ,romanum71 i4e4 nearest to the sea4 #ac-ae4 commenta 444 oportet lit4 the contrivances of men1 though in theory 7in verbis7 they had some importance 7vim7 yet upon trial 7experiendo7 when there is need of action and not of discussion 7edisseri7 how to act4 4 4 4 #ag4 commenta ,macedonum4 ,perh4 with reference to ,perseus' contrivances 7e4g4 by the use of dummy elephants7 to prepare his men and horses to make a stand against real elephants4 ,c#dg ,,third ,,macedonian ,,war1 #aga-afh ,b4,c4 ,pydna 7,aemilius ,paulus71 #afh ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,in medio secunda legio immissa dissipavit phalangem2 neque ulla evidentior causa victoriae fuit1 quam quod multa passim proelia erant1 quae fluctuantem turbarunt primo1 deinde disiecerunt phalangem1 cuius confertae et intentis horrentes #e hastis intolerabiles vires sunt2 si carptim aggrediendo circumagere immobilem longitudine et gravitate hastam cogas1 confusa strue implicantur3 si vero aut ab latere aut ab tergo aliquid tumultus increpuit1 ruinae modo turbantur4 ,sicut tum adversus catervatim #aj incurrentes ,romanos et interrupta multifariam acie obviam ire cogebantur1 et ,romani1 quacumque data intervalla essent1 insinuabant ordines suos4 4 4 4 ,diu phalanx a fronte1 a lateribus1 ab tergo caesa est2 postremo1 qui ex hostium manibus elapsi erant1 #ae inermes ad mare fugientes1 quidam aquam etiam ingressi1 manus ad eos1 qui in classe erant tendentes1 suppliciter vitam orabant2 et cum scaphas concurrere undique ab navibus cernerent1 ad excipiendos sese venire rati1 ut caperent potius quam occiderent1 #bj longius in aquam1 quidam etiam natantes1 progressi sunt4 ,sed cum hostiliter e scaphis caederentur1 retro1 qui poterant1 nando repetentes terram1 in aliam foediorem pestem incidebant4 ,elephanti enim1 ab rectoribus ad litus acti1 exeuntes obterebant #be elidebantque4 ,,livy1 xliv4 #da1 #db4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,in medio 444 immissa ,on the centre the second legion charged 7immissa71 i4e4 into the interstices of the phalanx1 which was not preserving its usual close order4 --,rawlins4 #d-f4 fluctuantem 444 vires sunt first demoralised the phalanx so as to make it waver1 7fluctuantem71 and then shattered it4 ,its 7aggressive7 force1 so long as it keeps close order and bristles with couched 7intentis7 spears1 is irresistible 7intolerabiles74 #f4 carptim aggrediendo by repeated harassing attacks4 #aj4 ruinae modo in hopeless confusion4 --,r4 #ag4 classe4 ,the ,roman fleet under ,octavius was co-operating with the army4 ,results of the ,battle4 ,perseus was captured1 and his kingdom was divided into four independent parts4 ,the ,macedonian phalanx had fought its last great battle4 ,character of ,paulus4 ',he was a model of the ,roman of the best time4 ,he was not1 like his contemporary ,cato1 a onesided worshipper of everything old2 but he was a ,conservative in the best sense of the word1 anxious to preserve old institutions1 but at the same time to improve them4' --,ihne4 ,c#dh ,,third ,,punic ,,war1 #adi-adf ,b4,c4 ,destruction of ,carthage1 #adf ,b4,c4 ,manilio deinde consule terra marique fervebat obsidio4 ,operti portus1 nudatus est primus et sequens1 iam et tertius murus1 cum tamen ,byrsa1 quod nomen arci fuit1 quasi altera civitas resistebat4 ,quamvis profligato urbis excidio tamen fatale ,africae nomen #e ,scipionum videbatur4 ,igitur in alium ,scipionem conversa respublica finem belli reposcebat4 ,sed quem ad modum maxime mortiferi morsus solent esse morientium bestiarum1 sic plus negoti fuit cum semiruta ,carthagine quam cum integra4 ,compulsis #aj in unam arcem hostibus portum quoque mari ,romanus obstruxerat4 ,illi alterum sibi portum ab alia urbis parte foderunt1 nec ut fugerent2 sed qua nemo illos nec evadere posse credebat1 inde quasi enata subito classis erupit1 cum interim iam diebus1 #ae iam noctibus nova aliqua moles1 nova machina1 nova perditorum hominum manus quasi ex obruto incendio subita de cineribus flamma prodibat4 ,deploratis novissime rebus triginta sex milia virorum se dederunt quod minus credas--duce ,hasdrubale4 #bj ,,florus1 ,,ii4 xv4 #aa-ag 7sel474 ,context4 ,an ,embassy was sent from ,rome in #aeg ,b4,c4 to inquire into the affairs of ,africa4 ,among its members was ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 who1 astonished and alarmed at the flourishing condition of ,carthage1 returned to ,rome with the firm conviction that ,carthage must be destroyed--delenda est ,carthago4 ,a pretext was soon found in the war 7#aea ,b4,c47 between ,carthage and ,masinissa1 ,king of ,numidia1 the ally of ,rome4 ,though the ,carthaginians surrendered all their arms and munitions of war1 ,rome declared that they would have to leave their city and settle ten miles from the sea4 ,the ,carthaginians resolved to die rather than give up the sacred soil of their country4 ,linenotes3 #e4 profligato almost finished4 #f4 in alium ,scipionem1 i4e4 ,p4 ,corn4 ,scipio ,aemilianus ,africanus ,minor1 the younger son of ,aemilius ,paulus 7of ,pydna7 and adopted by ,p4 ,scipio1 the son of the conqueror of ,hannibal4 #ab4 alterum portum1 i4e4 they pierced the narrow strip of land separating the round naval port 7,cothon7 from the sea4 #ah4 deploratis was looked upon as lost1 lit4 wept for bitterly4 #bj4 duce ,hasdrubale3 ',hasdrubal seems to have deserved the name of the last ,carthaginian in the best sense of the word1 as a representative of the intensity of the strength1 endurance1 and patriotism of his race4' --,ihne4 ',the plough was drawn over the site of destroyed ,carthage1 and a solemn curse was pronounced against anyone who should ever undertake to build a new town on that spot4' --,ihne4 ,africa made a ,roman ,province4 ,c#di ,,war ,,with ,,andriscus ,,and ,,the ,,achaeans1 #adh-adf ,b4,c4 ,destruction of ,corinth 7,l4 ,mummius ,achaicus71 #adf ,b4,c4 ,eodem anno1 quo ,carthago concidit1 ,l4 ,mummius ,corinthum post annos ,,dcccclii1 quam ab ,alete ,hippotis filio erat condita1 funditus eruit4 ,uterque imperator devictae a se gentis nomine honoratus1 alter ,africanus1 alter appellatus est ,achaicus2 nec #e quisquam ex novis hominibus prior ,mummio cognomen virtute partum vindicavit4 ,diversi imperatoribus mores1 diversa fuere studia3 quippe ,scipio tam elegans liberalium studiorum omnisque doctrinae et auctor et admirator fuit1 ut ,polybium ,panaetiumque1 #aj praecellentes ingenio viros1 domi militiaeque secum habuerit4 ,neque enim quisquam hoc ,scipione elegantius intervalla negotiorum otio dispunxit semperque aut belli aut pacis serviit artibus3 semper inter arma ac studia versatus aut corpus periculis #ae aut animum disciplinis exercuit4 ,mummius tam rudis fuit1 ut capta ,corintho cum maximorum artificum perfectas manibus tabulas ac statuas in ,italiam portandas locaret1 iuberet praedici conducentibus1 si eas perdidissent1 novas eos reddituros4 #bj ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 i4 #ac4 ,context4 ,in #adi ,b4,c4 an adventurer named ,andriscus claimed to be ,philip1 the son of ,perseus1 and mastered ,macedonia and part of ,thessaly4 ,he totally defeated the praetor ,juventius1 but in #adh ,b4,c4 his army was routed and himself taken prisoner by ,q4 ,caecilius ,metellus4 ,the ,romans1 no longer needing the help of ,greek troops1 determined to break up the ,achaean ,league4 ,a last desperate struggle for freedom ensued1 but the ,greeks were easily defeated 7#adf ,b4,c47 by ,l4 ,mummius on the ,isthmus1 and ,corinth itself was plundered and destroyed4 ,linenotes3 #b-c4 quam 444 condita4 ,aletes1 son of ,hippotes and a descendant of ,heracles1 is said to have taken possession of ,corinth by the help of the oracle of ,zeus at ,dodona1 and therefore named the city ,dios ,korinthos4 #aj4 ,panaetium1 a native of ,rhodes and a celebrated ,stoic philosopher1 settled in ,rome1 where he became the intimate friend of ,laelius and ,scipio ,africanus ,minor4 #ac4 dispunxit he devoted1 gave up 7lit4 marked off74 #ai4 locaret he hired 7lit4 place out1 i4e4 give out on contract74 conducentibus to the contractors4 ,the ,destruction of ,corinth4 ',the flames which consumed ,miletus 7destroyed by the ,persians #did ,b4,c47 and ,athens 7burnt by ,xerxes #dhj ,b4,c47 were the signal for the great rising of the people1 the dawn of a magnificent day of ,greek splendour3 after the fall of ,corinth came the long dark night4' --,ihne4 ,macedonia made a ,roman ,province4 ,greece placed under the control of the ,roman governor of ,macedonia4 ,c#ej ,,war ,,with ,,viriathus ,,in ,,spain1 #adi-adj ,b4,c4 ,the ,lusitanian ,hannibal4 ,sed tota certaminum moles cum ,lusitanis fuit et ,numantinis4 ,quippe solis gentium ,hispaniae duces contigerunt4 ,lusitanos ,viriathus erexit1 vir calliditatis acerrimae4 ,qui ex venatore latro1 ex latrone subito dux atque imperator et1 si fortuna #e cessisset1 ,hispaniae ,romulus1 non contentus libertatem suorum defendere1 per quattuordecim annos omnia citra ultraque ,hiberum et ,tagum igni ferroque populatus1 castra etiam praetoria et praesidia aggressus ,claudium ,unimanum paene ad internecionem #aj exercitus cecidit et insignia trabeis et fascibus nostris quae ceperat in montibus suis tropaea fixit4 ,tandem eum iam ,fabius ,maximus consul oppresserat2 sed a successore ,popilio violata victoria est4 ,quippe qui conficiendae rei cupidus1 fractum ducem et extrema #ae deditionis agitantem per fraudem et insidias et domesticos percussores aggressus hanc hosti gloriam dedit ut videretur aliter vinci non posse4 ,,florus1 ,,ii4 xvii4 #ac-ag 7sel474 ,context4 ,after the defeat of ,perseus 7#afh ,b4,c47 and before the outbreak of the third ,punic ,war 7#adi ,b4,c47 a suitable opportunity seemed to present itself to ,rome for continuing the interrupted conquest of ,spain2 but 'for eight long years ,viriathus1 although a barbarian and of humble origin1 defied the armies of ,rome1 and thereby secured for himself a position in history almost equal to that of ,hannibal and ,mithridates4' ,ihne4 ,linenotes3 #a4 cum ,lusitanis4 ,the ,lusitani 7,s4 of the ,r4 ,tagus mod4 ,portugal1 and part of ,estremadura and ,toledo7 were not finally subdued till after the capture of ,numantia by ,scipio in #acc ,b4,c4 #f4 cessisset 7 concessisset7 had permitted4 #aj-ab4 ,claudium ,unimanum 444 fixit1 i4e4 in #adg ,b4,c4 ',the captured fasces of the lictors were exhibited1 with other trophies 7e4g4 trabeis1 l4 #aa71 far and wide on the ,spanish mountains4' --,ihne4 #ac4 ,fabius ,maximus consul1 i4e4 ,quintus ,fabius ,maximus ,servilianus1 who allowed himself to be decoyed into an ambush #ada ,b4,c41 and was compelled to grant an honourable peace1 which ,rome soon found a pretext for breaking4 #ag4 percussores assassins1 lit4 strikers 7per cutio quatio74 ,cf4 the fate of ,sertorius1 #gb ,b4,c4 ,the ,war with ,viriathus4 ',it was sad and disgraceful for the ,roman arms1 but in a far higher degree for ,roman morals4 ,it sowed1 moreover1 the seeds of the ,numantine ,war1 in which both the warlike ability and the moral virtues of the ,roman nation appear more deteriorated than even in the war with ,viriathus4' --,ihne4 ,c#ea ,,numantine ,,war1 #adc-acc ,b4,c4 ,destruction of ,numantia1 #acc ,b4,c4 ,tanti esse exercitum quanti imperatorem vere proditum est4 ,sic redacto in disciplinam milite a ,scipione commissa acies1 quodque nemo visurum se umquam speraverat1 factum ut fugientes ,numantinos quisquam videret4 ,dedere etiam se volebant1 #e si toleranda viris imperarentur4 ,cum fossa atque lorica quattuorque castris circumdatos fames premeret1 a duce orantes proelium1 ut tamquam viros occideret1 ubi non impetrabant1 placuit eruptio4 ,sic conserta manu plurimi occisi1 et cum urgueret #aj fames1 novissime consilium fugae sedit2 sed hoc quoque ruptis equorum cingulis uxores ademere1 summo scelere per amorem4 ,itaque deplorato exitu in ultimam rabiem furoremque conversi1 postremo ,rhoecogene duce se suos patriam ferro veneno #ae subiecto igne undique peregerunt4 ,macte fortissimam et meo iudicio beatissimam in ipsis malis civitatem6 ,asseruit cum fide socios1 populum orbis terrarum viribus fultum sua manu aetate tam longa sustinuit4 ,novissime maximo duce oppressa civitas nullum de #bj se gaudium hosti reliquit4 ,unus enim vir ,numantinus non fuit qui in catenis duceretur2 praeda1 ut de pauperrimis1 nulla3 arma ipsa cremaverunt4 ,triumphus fuit tantum de nomine4 ,,florus1 ,,ii4 xviii4 #aa-ag 7sel474 ,context4 ,in #adc ,b4,c4 the ,celtiberians 7of ,middle ,spain71 encouraged by the successes of the ,lusitanians1 took up arms once more4 ,their most important town was ,numantia1 situated near the sources of the ,r4 ,durius 7,douro71 strongly fortified by nature and by art4 ,consul after consul failed to take it1 until in #acd ,b4,c4 ,scipio ,africanus ,minor1 the conqueror of ,carthage1 was sent out to ,spain to reduce the stubborn city4 ,linenotes3 #b-c4 ,sic redacto 444 a ,scipione4 ',scipio's first task1 when he arrived in ,spain1 was to accustom the army which he found there1 once more to ,roman discipline4 ,luxury and indulgence were rife1 and cowardice--the most unroman of all vices--had begun to creep in4' --,ihne4 #g4 lorica a breastwork1 serving as a screen4 ,usu4 a cuirass4 #aa4 sedit was decided on1 lit4 settled4 #af4 ,macte a blessing on or hail to thee4 ,mactus prob4 from ,rtmak1 e4g4 in mak-ar blessed1 but cf4 mag-nus4 #ah4 ,asseruit it protected4 assero 7ad sero7 lit4 join-to4 ,destruction of ,numantia4 ,scipio1 of his own accord1 razed the town to the ground1 and received the added surname of ,numantinus4 ,roman ,province in ,spain4 ,c#eb ,rome the ,invincible4 ,dixitque tandem perfidus ,hannibal3 ',cervi1 luporum praeda rapacium1 ,sectamur ultro1 quos opimus ,fallere et effugere est triumphus4 #eb ,gens1 quae cremato fortis ab ,ilio ,iactata ,tuscis aequoribus sacra ,natosque maturosque patres ,pertulit ,ausonias ad urbes1 #ef ,duris ut ilex tonsa bipennibus ,nigrae feraci frondis in ,algido1 ,per damna1 per caedes ab ipso ,ducit opes animumque ferro #fj ,non ,hydra secto corpore firmior ,vinci dolentem crevit in ,herculem1 ,monstrumve submisere ,colchi ,maius ,echioniaeve ,thebae4 #fd ,merses profundo3 pulchrior evenit2 ,luctere3 multa proruet integrum ,cum laude victorem geretque ,proelia coniugibus loquenda4' #fh ,,horace1 ,odes1 ,,iv4 iv4 #di-fh4 ,linenotes3 #ea4 ultro aggressively1 needlessly4 --,wickham4 #ea-eb4 opimus triumphus a rare 7lit4 rich1 noble7 triumph4 ,cf4 spolia opima4 #ec-ef4 ',this stanza is a rsum of the story of the ,aeneid4' --,w4 #ec4 gens 7sc4 illa71 i4e4 the ,roman stock4 #eg-fj4 ',the idea of this stanza is that their very calamities only gave them fresh heart and vigour4 ,they rise like the ,phoenix from its pyre4' --,w4 #eh4 frondis with feraci4 ,cf4 fertilis frugum4 #ei-fj4 ab ipso 444 ferro from the very edge of the steel itself1 the holm-oak 7 the ,roman stock7 draws fresh power and spirit4 #fa-fb4 ,cf4 the saying of ,pyrrhus1 recorded by ,floras i4 #ah1 ',i see that ,i was born under the constellation of ,hercules1 since so many heads of enemies1 that were cut off1 arise upon me afresh out of their own blood1 as if from the ,lernaean serpent4' #fc-fd4 i4e4 of the armed warriors which sprang from the dragon's teeth sown by ,jason at ,colchis or by ,cadmus at ,thebes4 #fc4 submisere produced1 raised4 #fd4 ,echioniae ,thebae4 ,echion was one of the five survivors of the ,spartoi 7sown men74 ,he helped ,cadmus to found ,thebes4 #fe4 ,merses 7 si mersaris7 plunge it if you will4 evenit it emerges 7comes forth74 #ff-fg4 multa cum laude amid loud applause1 of a feat in a wrestling match4 --,w4 #fh4 coniugibus i4 by ,roman wives or ii4 by ,carthaginian widows4 ,so ,conington1 ',whose story widow'd wives shall tell4' ,,civil ,,strife ,,in ,,italy1 ,,and ,,foreign ,,wars1 ,,ending ,,in ,,revolution #acc-dd ,b4,c4 ,b#a ,,the ,,gracchi4 ,nam postquam ,tiberius et ,c4 ,gracchus1 quorum maiores ,punico atque aliis bellis multum rei publicae addiderant1 vindicare plebem in libertatem et paucorum celera patefacere coepere1 nobilitas noxia atque eo perculsa1 modo per socios et nomen ,latinum1 #e interdum per equites ,romanos1 quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat1 ,gracchorum actionibus obviam ierat1 et primo ,tiberium1 dein paucos post annos eadem ingredientem ,gaium1 tribunum alterum1 alterum triumvirum coloniis deducendis1 cum ,m4 #aj ,fulvio ,flacco ferro necaverat4 ,et sane ,gracchis cupidine victoriae haud satis moderatus animus fuit4 ,sed bono vinci satius est quam malo more iniuriam vincere4 ,igitur ea victoria nobilitas ex lubidine sua usa multos mortales ferro aut fuga exstinxit plusque #ae in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addidit4 ,quae res plerumque magnas civitates pessum dedit1 dum alteri alteros vincere quovis modo et victos acerbius ulcisci volunt4 ,,sallust1 ,jugurtha1 #db4 ,linenotes3 #a-c4 quorum maiores 444 addiderant1 e4g4 their grandfather ,p4 ,scipio ,africanus ,maior1 and their father ,tib4 ,sempronius ,gracchus 7in ,spain and ,sardinia74 #c-d4 paucorum scelera 444 coepere4 7i7 ,tib4 ,gracchus by his ,agrarian ,law tried to counteract the selfish land-grabbing of the ruling class 7in excess of the #ejj iugera limit of the ,licinian ,laws1 #cfg ,b4,c474 7ii7 ,c4 ,gracchus exposed the corrupt ,senatorian ,courts1 transferred their judicial power to the ,equites1 and carried the ,sempronian ,law1 'one of the cornerstones of individual liberty4' #e4 per socios 444 ,latinum1 by working on ,roman jealousy against the ,italians1 for whom equality was claimed4 #f4 spes societatis1 i4e4 the hope of sharing with the nobility in office1 and in provincial appointments4 #aj4 triumvirum c4 d41 one of the three ,commissioners for establishing ,colonies of ,roman citizens on the ager publicus4 #aa4 ,fulvio ,flacco1 slain with ,c4 ,gracchus1 #aba ,b4,c4 #ag4 pessum dedit has destroyed4 pessum 7prob47 pedis versum towards the feet1 to the ground1 cf4 pessum ire4 ,the aim of the ,gracchi4 ',their object was to reduce the excessive power of the nobility1 and to make the sovereignty of the people1 which had become merely nominal1 a reality4' --,ihne4 ,their political mistake4 ',their error consisted in the belief that such a change was possible by returning to the simple forms of the old ,comitia4 ,they overlooked the necessity of remodelling the ,roman people itself by giving the popular assemblies a form which would in reality make them represent the people4' --,ihne4 ,b#b ,,cicero ,,on ,,the ,,gracchi4 ,a4 ,on the ,death of ,tiberius ,gracchus1 #acc ,b4,c4 ,nec plus ,africanus1 singularis et vir et imperator1 in exscindenda ,numantia rei publicae profuit quam eodem tempore ,p4 ,nasica privatus1 cum ,ti4 ,gracchum interemit4 ,de ,off4 i4 #gf4 ,linenotes3 #b4 ,numantia1 destroyed by ,p4 ,scipio ,africanus ,minor ,numantinus1 #acc ,b4,c4 #c4 ,p4 ,nasca1 a partisan leader of the ,senate4 privatus not in office4 ,cicero speaks very differently of the ,gracchi when it suits his purpose1 e4g4 in de lege agraria1 ii4 #aj1 duos 7,gracchos7 clarissimos1 ingeniosissimos1 amantissimos plebei ,romanae viros 444 quorum consiliis1 sapientia1 legibus multas esse video partes constitutas4 ,b4 ,on the ,lex ,frumentaria of ,c4 ,gracchus1 #abc ,b4,c4 ,et quidem ,c4 ,gracchus1 cum largitiones maximas #e fecisset et effudisset aerarium1 verbis tamen defendebat aerarium4 ,quid verba audiam1 cum facta videam8 ,l4 ,piso ille ,frugi semper contra legem frumentariam dixerat4 ,is lege lata consularis ad frumentum accipiendum venerat4 ,animum advertit #aj ,gracchus in contione ,pisonem stantem3 quaerit audiente populo ,romano qui sibi constet1 cum ea lege frumentum petat1 quam dissuaserit4 ',nolim' inquit 'mea bona1 ,gracche1 tibi viritim dividere libeat1 sed si facias1 partem petam4' ,parumne declaravit vir #ae gravis et sapiens lege ,sempronia patrimonium publicum dissipari8 ,lege orationes ,gracchi1 patronum aerari esse dices4 ,tusc4 ,disput4 iii4 #bj1 #dh4 ,linenotes3 #h4 ,l4 ,piso ille ,frugi ,l4 ,calpurnius ,piso ,frugi 7the man of worth71 a convinced and honourable opponent of ,c4 ,gracchus4 #h-i4 legem frumentariam1 by which corn was sold to ,roman citizens at about half the market price4 ',one of the worst measures ever proposed by a well-meaning statesman4' --,ihne4 #ab4 qui how1 old abl4 of qui4 ,c4 ,on ,c4 ,gracchus as an ,orator4 ,sed ecce in manibus vir et praestantissimo ingenio et flagranti studio et doctus a puero1 ,c4 ,gracchus4 ,noli enim putare quemquam4 ,brute1 pleniorem et uberiorem ad dicendum fuisse4 ,brutus1 #abe4 ,linenote3 #bj4 doctus a puero4 ,,cornelia ,,mater ,,gracchorum 7inscribed upon her statue erected by the ,roman people71 the daughter of the ,conqueror of ,zama1 was mainly responsible for their training and education2 so ,cic4 ,brut4 #ajd ,fuit ,tib4 ,gracchus diligentia matris a puero doctus et ,graecis literis eruditus4 ',from her they had received that sensitive nature and that sympathy with the weak and suffering1 which animated their political action4' --,ihne4 ,b#c ,,the ,,jugurthine ,,war1 #aaa-ajf ,b4,c4 ,the ,betrayal of ,jugurtha1 #ajf ,b4,c4 ,postea1 tempore et loco constituto1 in colloquium uti de pace veniretur1 ,bocchus ,sullam modo1 modo ,iugurthae legatum appellare1 benigne habere1 idem ambobus polliceri4 ,illi pariter laeti ac spei bonae pleni esse4 ,sed nocte ea1 quae proxuma fuit ante #e diem colloquio decretum1 ,maurus1 adhibitis amicis ac statim immutata voluntate remotis1 dicitur secum ipse multa agitavisse1 voltu et oculis pariter atque animo varius3 quae scilicet tacente ipso occulta pectoris patefecisse4 ,tamen postremo ,sullam accersi #aj iubet et ex illius sententia ,numidae insidias tendit4 ,deinde ubi dies advenit et ei nuntiatum est ,iugurtham haud procul abesse1 cum paucis amicis et quaestore nostro quasi obvius honoris causa procedit in tumulum facillumum visu insidiantibus4 ,eodem #ae ,numida cum plerisque necessariis suis inermis1 uti dictum erat1 accedit2 ac statim signo dato undique simul ex insidiis invaditur4 ,ceteri obtruncati1 ,iugurtha ,suilae vinctus traditur et ab eo ad ,marium deductus est4 #bj ,,sallust1 ,jugurtha1 #aac4 ,linenotes3 #b4 ,bocchus1 ,king of ,mauretania1 and father-in-law of ,jugurtha1 coveted the ,west of ,numidia1 and was ready to accept it either from the ,romans or from ,jugurtha1 as the price of his alliance4 ,sullam1 appointed ,quaestor #ajg ,b4,c4 by ,marius1 who superseded ,metellus in the conduct of the ,jugurthine ,war4 #i4 quae scilicet 444 patefecisse1 i4e4 the external signs of his irresolution1--the calling and then dismissing his people 7adhibitis 444 remotis1 ll4 #f1 #g71 and the changes of his countenance 7voltu 444 varius1 ll4 #h1 #i74 ,scilicet is here used with the ,infinitive patefecisse1 the verbal sense of the word 7 scire licet7 being prominent4 #aj4 accersi 7 arcessiri71 frequent in ,sallust4 #af4 necessariis 7necesse7 friends4 ,cf4 anankaioi 7anank74 #ai4 ,iugurtha ,sullae 444 traditur4 ,sulla is said to have been so proud of this stratagem that he had the scene engraved upon a signet-ring1 an act of vainglory which estranged ,marius from him4 7,plutarch1 ,sulla1 #c47 ,jugurtha4 ',having resisted the whole power of the great ,republic for six years1 having kept his ground against the best generals of the time1 against a ,metellus1 a ,marius1 and a ,sulla1 he was deluded by treacherous promises of peace and betrayed by his own ally and father-in-law4' --,ihne4 ,b#d ,a4 ,arpinum--,birthplace of ,cicero and ,marius4 ,hic novus ,arpinas1 ignobilis et modo ,romae #bcg ,municipalis eques1 galeatum ponit ubique ,praesidium attonitis et in omni monte laborat4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,sed ,roma parentem1 #bdc ,roma patrem patriae ,ciceronem libera dixit4 ,arpinas alius ,volscorum in monte solebat #bde ,poscere mercedes alieno lassus aratro1 ,nodosam post haec frangebat vertice vitem1 ,si lentus pigra muniret castra dolabra2 ,hic tamen et ,cimbros et summa pericula rerum ,excipit et solus trepidantem protegit urbem4 #bej ,,juvenal1 ,sat4 viii4 #bcg-bci1 #bdc-bej4 ,linenotes3 #bci4 in omni monte1 i4e4 in every part of ,rome1 on each of the seven hills4 #bdd4 patrem patriae3 under the ,empire the title pater patriae became a formal one1 always accorded to the new ,emperor4 libera while yet free1 emphatic4 ,the ,state was no longer free when ,augustus received this title1 #b ,b4,c4--,duff4 #bdg4 frangebat vertice vitem he had the vine-switch 7rattan7 broken on his head1 i4e4 served as a common soldier4 --,d4 #bdh4 dolabra half-hatchet for cutting stakes1 and half-pickaxe for digging the fossa4 ,for dolabra1 cf4 ,dolabella4 #bdi4 ,cimbros1 annihilated by ,marius and ,catulus near ,vercellae1 #aja ,b4,c4 #bej4 ,excipit faced 7lit4 is ready to receive72 metaphor from field-sports4 --,d4 ,b4 ,from a poem by ,cicero on his fellow-townsman ,marius4 ,hic ,iovis altisoni subito pinnata satelles ,arboris e trunco serpentis saucia morsu ,surrigit ipsa feris transfigens unguibus anguem ,semianimum et varia graviter cervice micantem4 #d 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,hanc ubi praepetibus pennis lapsuque volantem ,conspexit ,marius1 divini numinis augur1 ,faustaque signa suae laudis reditusque notavit1 ,partibus intonuit caeli pater ipse sinistris3 ,sic aquilae clarum firmavit ,iuppiter omen4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,iovis pinnata satelles1 i4e4 the ,eagle4 ,cf4 ,pindar1 ,pyth4 i4 #f3 heudei d' ana skapt 7 skptr7 ,dios aietos1 and sleeps on the staff of ,zeus his eagle4 #c4 ,surrigit 7 surgit7 raises up2 very rare in this sense4 ,the v4l4 ,sbigit 7for s7ubigit7 carries aloft4 ,compare ,plutarch's story of the eagle's nest1 with seven young ones in it1 which fell into the lap of ,marius when a boy1 predicting 7so the diviners said7 that ,marius would be seven times ,consul4 ,b#e ,the ,annihilation of the ,teutones at ,aquae ,sextiae1 #ajb ,b4,c4 ,cimbri et ,teutones ab extremis ,germaniae profugi1 cum terras eorum inundasset ,oceanus1 novas sedes toto orbe quaerebant1 exclusique et ,gallia et ,hispania cum in ,italiam demigrarent1 misere legatos in castra ,silani1 inde ad ,senatum #e petentes ut populus ,martius aliquid sibi terrae daret4 ,sed quas daret terras populus ,romanus1 agrariis legibus inter se dimicaturus8 ,repulsi igitur1 quod nequiverant precibus1 armis petere coeperunt4 ,sed nec primum impetum barbarorum ,silanus1 nec #aj secundum ,mallius1 nec tertium ,caepio sustinere potuerunt3 omnes fugati1 exuti castris4 ,actum erat1 nisi ,marius illi saeculo contigisset4 4 4 4 ,ille mira statim velocitate occupatis compendiis praevenit hostem1 prioresque ,teutones sub ipsis ,alpium radicibus #ae adsecutus in loco quem ,aquas ,sextias vocant1 proelio oppressit4 ,vallem fluviumque medium hostes tenebant1 et nostris aquarum nulla erat copia4 ,consultone id egerit imperator an errorem in consilium verterit1 dubium2 certe necessitate acta virtus #bj victoriae causa fuit4 ,nam flagitante aquam exercitu1 ',si viri estis' inquit1 'en1 illic habetis4' ,itaque tanto ardore pugnatum est1 ea caedes hostium fuit ut victor ,romanus cruento flumine non plus aquae biberit quam sanguinis barbarorum4 #be ,,florus1 ,,iii4 iii4 #a-i 7sel74 ,linenotes3 #e4 ,silani ,m4 ,junius ,silanus1 defeated by ,cimbri1 #aji ,b4,c4 #aa4 ,mallius--,caepio1 defeated by ,cimbrians at ,arausio1 on the ,rhone1 #aje ,b4,c4 ,plutarch1 ,lucullus #bg1 says3 ',the #fth ,oct41 on which day the battle was fought1 was marked in the calendar as a black day1 like the fatal day of the ,allia1 #cij ,b4,c4' #ab4 ,actum erat1 sc4 de republica4 #ad4 compendiis short ways2 cf4 our compendium an abridgement4 #af4 ,aquas ,sextias1 founded by ,sextius ,calvinus #abb ,b4,c4 ,aix1 #ah miles ,n4 of ,marseilles4 #bc4 caedes hostium4 #aej1jjj 7,vell47 and #bjj1jjj 7,liv4 ,ep4 lxviii474 ',by the great victories of ,aquae ,sextiae and of ,vercellae 7over the ,cimbri1 #aja ,b4,c471 the movement of the ,german races southward was for the present stopped4 ,rome was saved1 and the saviour of ,rome was ,marius1 the champion of the people4' --,ihne4 ,parallel ,passages4 ,propert4 ,,iv4 iii4 #da-dd2 ,livy ,ep4 lxviii4 ,references4 ,plutarch1 ,marius1 #ae4 ,ihne1 ,hist4 ,rome1 vol4 v4 pp4 #ih-aje4 ,b#f ,,marius1 #aeg-hf ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,his ,flight from ,sulla3 ,consul for the #gth time4 ,atque aliquis magno quaerens exempla timori1 ',non alios1' inquit1 'motus tum fata parabant1 ,cum post ,teutonicos victor ,libycosque triumphos ,exsul limosa ,marius caput abdidit ulva4 #gj ,stagna avidi texere soli laxaeque paludes ,depositum1 ,fortuna1 tuum3 mox vincula ferri ,exedere senem longusque in carcere paedor4 ,consul et eversa felix moriturus in urbe ,poenas ante dabat scelerum4 ,mors ipsa refugit #ge ,saepe virum1 frustraque hosti concessa potestas4 ,sanguinis invisi3 primo qui caedis in ictu#ce ,deriguit ferrumque manu torpente remisit2 ,viderat immensum tenebroso in carcere lumen ,terribilesque deos scelerum ,mariumque futurum #hj ,audieratque pavens3 ,fas haec contingere non est ,colla tibi3 debet multas his legibus aevi ,ante suam mortes3 vanum depone furorem4 ,si libet ulcisci deletae funera gentis1 ,hunc1 ,cimbri1 servate senem4' #he ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 ii4 #fg-he4 ,footnote #ce3 ,postgate1 actu4 ,linenotes3 #fg4 exempla timori precedents to hear out his fears4 --,haskins4 #gj4 ,exsul4 #hh-g ,b4,c4 ,for details see ,plut4 ,marius1 caps4 #ch-dj4 #gb4 ,fortuna1 i4e4 the evil destiny of ,rome1 protecting him because the gods were angry with ,rome4 ,cf4 #af-ag debet 444 mortes4 #gc4 in carcere1 i4e4 at ,minturnae1 ,s4,e4 of ,latium4 ,there were extensive marshes in the neighbourhood4 paedor filth4 #hb4 legibus aevi the laws that govern time fatis4 --,h4 ,b4 ,marius outlived his fame4 ,quid illo cive tulisset ,natura in terris1 quid ,roma beatius umquam1 ,si circumducto captivorum agmine et omni #bhj ,bellorum pompa animam exhalasset opimam1 ,cum de ,teutonico vellet descendere curru8 ,,juvenal1 ,sat4 x4 #bgh-bhb4 ,marius outlived his powers and his reputation4 ',had he now died1 he would have gone down to posterity as one of the greatest men of his people1 as a second ,romulus or ,camillus1 unstained with any blood save that of foreign foes4' --,ihne4 ,parallel ,passages4 ,ov4 ,p4 ,ep4 iv4 #c4 #de-dh2 ,juv4 x4 #bgf-bgh4 ,references4 ,plut4 ,marius1 caps4 #ch-;end4 ,ihne1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ccf-g1 vol4 v4 pp4 #aaa-ab4 ,b#g ,cicero on ,civil ,strife4 ,etenim recordamini1 ,quirites1 omnes civiles dissensiones1 non solum eas quas audistis1 sed et has quas vosmetipsi meministis atque vidistis4 ,l4 ,sulla ,p4 ,sulpicium oppressit3 ex ,urbe eiecit ,c4 ,marium1 custodem huius urbis1 multosque fortes viros partim #e eiecit ex civitate1 partim interemit4 ,cn4 ,octavius consul armis ex ,urbe collegam suum expulit3 omnis his locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit4 ,superavit postea ,cinna cum ,mario3 tum vero1 clarissimis viris interfectis1 lumina civitatis #aj exstincta sunt4 ,ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem postea ,sulla3 ne dici quidem opus est1 quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate reipublicae4 4 4 4 ,atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones1 quae non ad delendam1 sed ad commutandam rempublicam #ae pertinebant--non illi nullam esse rempublicam1 sed in ea quae esset se esse principes1 neque hanc urbem conflagrare1 sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt--eius modi fuerunt1 ut non reconciliatione concordiae1 sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint4 #bj ,,cicero1 ,in ,cat4 iii4 #aj4 ,linenotes3 #d4 ,p4 ,sulpicium1 distinguished orator1 bought over by ,marius4 ,as ,tribunus ,plebis #hh ,b4,c4 carried the ,leges ,sulpiciae4 #f4 ,cn4 ,octavius1 one of ,sulla's chief supporters4 ,consul #hg ,b4,c4 ,expelled his colleague ,cinna4 ,murdered in his curule chair4 #i-aa4 ,superavit 444 exstincta sunt1 i4e4 #hg-f ,b4,c4 ,the ,reign of ,terror4 ,marius ,consul for the #gth time4 ,cf4 ,vell4 ,pat4 ii4 #bb ',nihil illa victoria fuisset crudelius1 nisi mox ,sullana esset secuta4' #aj4 lumina civitatis1 e4g4 the ,consuls ,cn4 ,octavius and ,l4 ,merula2 ,q4 ,catulus1 the conqueror 7with ,marius7 in the ,cimbric ,war2 the orator ,m4 ,antonius2 the brothers ,l4 and ,c4 ,caesar4 #aa-ac4 ,the victims of the ,sullanian proscriptions4 ,cf4 ,vell4 ,pat4 ii4 #bh ',primus ille 7,sulla71 et utinam ultimus1 exemplum proscriptionis invenit4' ,parallel ,passages4 ,horace1 ,epodes vii4 and xvi4 #a-ad4 ,the ,sullanian ,proscriptions4 ,sulla was not like ,marius swayed by feelings of revenge alone4 ,his main object was the public good1 which in his conviction was to be realised by a return to the older institutions of the republic4 ,this he believed could be accomplished only by the utter annihilation of his opponents4 ,the ,proscriptions were not however intended to be an encouragement to indiscriminate murder1 but rather a barrier against the rage of over-zealous partisans4 ,b#h ,tribunate of ,m4 ,livius ,drusus1 #ia ,b4,c4 ,deinde interiectis paucis annis tribunatum iniit ,m4 ,livius ,drusus1 vir nobilissimus1 eloquentissimus1 sanetissimus1 meliore in omnia ingenio animoque quam fortuna usus4 ,qui cum senatui priscum restituere cuperet decus et indicia ab equitibus ad #e eum transferre ordinem 444 in eis ipsis1 quae pro senatu moliebatur1 senatum habuit adversarium non intellegentem1 si qua de plebis commodis ab eo agerentur1 veluti illiciendae multitudinis causa fieri1 ut minoribus perceptis maiora permitteret4 ,denique #aj ea fortuna ,drusi fuit1 ut malefacta collegarum quamvis optime ab ipso cogitatis senatus probaret magis4 4 4 4 ,tum conversus ,drusi animus1 quando bene incepta male cedebant1 ad dandam civitatem ,italiae3 quod cum moliens revertisset e foro1 immensa #ae illa et incondita1 quae eum semper comitabatur1 cinctus multitudine in area domus suae cultello percussus1 qui affixus lateri eius relictus est1 intra paucas horas decessit4 ,sed cum ultimum redderet spiritum1 intuens circumstantium macrentiumque #bj frequentiam1 effudit vocem convenientissimam conscientiae suae3 ecquandone1 inquit1 propinqui amicique1 similem mei civem habebit res publica8 ,hunc finem clarissimus iuvenis vitae habuit4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 ii4 #ac-ad4 ,linenotes3 #c-d4 ,drusus4 ',generous and free from all selfishness and meanness1 but without political experience1 adroitness and knowledge of men1 he aspired to a task which surpassed his strength4' --,ihne4 #d-f4 ,by the ,sempronian ,laws of ,c4 ,gracchus #abc ,b4,c4 exclusive judicial rights had been given to the ,equites1 as a counterpoise to the power of the ,senate4 ,the corruption of the ,equites 7as ,judices7 was flagrant1 and ,drusus proposed to transfer the judicial functions to a mixed body of #cjj ,senators and #cjj ,knights1 the selected ,knights to be included in the now attenuated ranks of the ,senate4 #ad4 ad dandam civitatem ,italiae4 ,the claims of the ,italians to the franchise were just and pressing1 but the overbearing pride and self-sufficiency of the ,roman citizens proved too strong4 ,parallel ,passages4 ,cic4 de ,oratore iii4 #a1 and pro ,cluent4 #ef1 #aec4 ,florus1 iii4 #ah4 ,reference4 ,ihne1 ,hist4 vol4 v4 pp4 #agf-ahi4 ',drusus was the ,mirabeau of the social revolution of ,rome1 and had his measures been carried ,rome might have been spared the most terrible of her civil wars4' ,b#i ,,the ,,social ,,or ,,marsic ,,war1 #ia-hh ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,a4 ,cause and ,outbreak of the ,war at ,asculum4 ,cum ius civitatis1 quam viribus auxerant1 socii iustissime postularent1 quam in spem eos cupidine dominationis ,drusus erexerat1 postquam ille domestico scelere oppressus est1 eadem fax1 quae illum cremavit1 socios in arma et in expugnationem urbis #e accendit4 4 4 4 ,primum fuit belli consilium ut in ,albano monte festo die ,latinarum ,iulius ,caesar et ,marcius ,philippus consules inter sacra et aras immolarentur4 ,postquam id nefas proditione discussum est1 ,asculo furor omnis erupit1 in ipsa quidem ludorum #aj frequentia trucidatis qui tum aderant ab urbe legatis4 ,hoc fuit impii belli sacramentum4 ,inde iam passim ab omni parte ,italiae duce et auctore belli discursante ,poppaedio diversa per populos et urbes signa cecinere4 #ae ,,florus1 ,,iii4 xviii4 #c-aj 7sel474 ,linenotes3 #b4 iustissime4 ',the final issue of the war confirmed the justice and the wisdom of the reforms planned by the ,gracchi and by ,livius ,drusus4' --,ihne4 #g4 ,latinarum1 sc4 ,feriarum1 the solemn festival conducted by the ,consuls on the ,alban ,mount4 #aj4 ,asculo4 ,asculum 7,ascoli71 chief town of ,picenum4 ,the opening and closing scene of the war4 ,b4 ,advice of the ,sabellian father to his sons4 ',vivite contenti casulis et collibus istis1 ,o pueri1' ,marsus dicebat et ,hernicus olim #ahj ,vestinusque senex1 'panem quaeramus aratro1 ,qui satis est mensis3 laudant hoc numina ruris1 ,quorum ope et auxilio gratae post munus aristae ,contingunt homini veteris fastidia quercus4 ,nil vetitum fecisse volet1 quem non pudet alto #ahe ,per glaciem perone tegi1 qui summovet ,euros ,pellibus inversis2 peregrina ignotaque nobis ,ad scelus atque nefas1 quaecumque est1 purpura ducit4' ,,juvenal1 ,sat4 xiv4 #agi-ahh4 ,linenotes3 #agi4 collibus istis1 i4e4 in the central mountain range of ,italy4 ,the ,federals chose ,corfinium 7,e4 of ,lake ,fucinus7 to be the ,italian rallying-point1 and the seat of a new ,state4 #ahj-aha4 ,marsus 444 ,hernicus 444 ,vestinus1 ,sabellian peoples noted for their bravery and simplicity2 the backbone of ,rome's army4 #ahb4 numina ruris1 e4g4 ,ceres1 ,liber and ,priapus4 #ahe-aif4 alto perone a high rustic boot of raw hide4 #ahg4 pellibus inversis skins with the hair turned inwards4 --,duff4 ,b#aj ,,the ,,social ,,or ,,marsic ,,war1 #ia-hh ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ,defeat and ,death of ,rutilius4 ,hanc tibi1 ',quo properas'1 memorant dixisse ',rutili8 ,luce mea ,marso consul ab hoste cades4' ,exitus accessit verbis1 flumenque ,toleni ,purpureum mixtis sanguine fluxit aquis4 #eff ,,ovid1 ,fasti1 vi4 #efc-eff4 ,hallam ,,vi4 #dhg-dij ,linenote3 #efc4 ,hanc1 sc4 ,leucothea1 goddess of the sea and of harbours4 ,rutili4 ,rutilius1 consul #ij ,b4,c41 defeated and slain at the ,r4 ,tolenus 7,turano7 by the ,marsian ,vettius ,scato4 ,b4 ,the ,lex ,plautia ,papiria of #hi ,b4,c4 ,data est civitas ,silvani lege et ,carbonis3 si qui #e foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuissent1 si tum1 cum lex ferebatur1 in ,italia domicilium habuissent et si sexaginta diebus apud praetorem essent professi4 ,,cicero1 pro ,archia1 #d1 #g4 ,linenotes3 #e4 lege1 i4e4 the ,lex ,plautia ,papiria of the tribines ,m4 ,plautius ,silvanus and ,c4 ,papirius ,carbo4 ,the ,lex ,julia of ,l4 ,julius ,caesar #ij ,b4,c41 granting the civitas to the ,latins and to all the other ,italian ,states not in rebellion1 had weakened the resistance4 ,the ,lex ,plautia ,papiria 'scattered among the ,italian ranks the seeds of discord and dissolution4' ,c4 ,cicero's first and only ,campaign4 ,memini colloquia et cum acerrimis hostibus et cum gravissime dissidentibus civibus4 ,cn4 ,pompeius1 #aj consul me praesente1 cum essem tiro in eius exercitu1 cum ,p4 ,vettio ,scatone1 duce ,marsorum1 inter bina castra collocutus est4 4 4 4 ,quem cum ,scato salutasset1 'quem te appellem8' inquit3 'voluntate hospitem1 necessitate hostem4' ,erat in colloquio aequitas3 #ae nullus timor1 nulla suberat suspicio2 mediocre etiam odium4 ,non enim1 ut eriperent nobis socii civitatem1 sed ut in eam reciperentur petebant4 ,,cicero1 ,phil4 xii4 #aa1 #bg4 ,d4 ,the battle near ,asculum1 and capture of the city4 ,strabo vero ,pompeius omnia flammis ferroque populatus non prius finem caedium fecit quam ,asculi #bj eversione manibus tot exercituum consulum direptarumque urbium dis litaretur4 ,,florus1 ,,iii4 xviii4 #ad4 ,linenote3 #bj4 ,asculi eversione4 ,the siege was memorable for the desperate patriotism of the besieged under their leader ,judacilius1 cf4 siege of ,saguntum4 ,reference4 ,ihne1 ,hist4 vol4 v4 pp4 #aij-bbj4 ,b#aa ,l4 ,,cornelius ,,sulla1 #ach-gh ,b4,c4 ,his ,character and ,bearing4 ,igitur ,sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit1 familia prope iam exstincta maiorum ignavia1 litteris ,graecis et ,latinis iuxta atque doctissimi eruditus1 animo ingenti1 cupidus voluptatum sed gloriae cupidior3 tamen ab negotiis numquam voluptas remorata2 #e facundus callidus et amicitia facilis1 ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingeni incredibilis1 multarum rerum ac maxumae pecuniae largitor4 ,atque illi1 felicissumo omnium ante civilem victoriam1 numquam super industriam fortuna fuit1 multique dubitavere fortior #aj an felicior esset4 ,nam postea quae fecerit1 incertum habeo pudeat an pigeat magis disserere4 ,igitur ,sulla1 uti supra dictum est1 postquam in ,africam atque in castra ,mari cum equitatu venit1 rudis antea et ignarus belli1 solertissumus omnium in paucis #ae tempestatibus factus est4 ,ad hoc milites benigne appellare1 multis rogantibus aliis per se ipse dare beneficia1 invitus accipere1 sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere1 ipse ab nullo repetere1 magis id laborare ut illi quam plurimi deberent1 ioca atque #bj seria cum humillumis agere1 in operibus in agmine atque ad vigilias multus adesse neque interim1 quod prava ambitio solet1 consulis aut cuiusquam boni famam laedere1 tantum modo neque consilio neque manu priorem alium pati1 plerosque antevenire4 #be ,,sallust1 ,jug4 #ie1 #if4 ,linenotes3 #a4 nobilis1 i4e4 of a patrician family which had held curule offices4 #a-b4 familia 444 exstincta4 ,the ,cornelii were a distinguished gens in early times and included #g patrician families 7e4g4 the ,lentuli and ,scipios74 ,of these the ,sullae were the least known4 #b-c4 litteris ,graecis 444 eruditus4 ,contrast the proud boast of ,marius3--',i have learnt no ,greek3 in the knowledge1 however1 which is far the most important for the ,state1 ,i am a master4' --,sall4 ,jug4 #he4 #i4 ante civilem victoriam1 i4e4 before #ha ,b4,c4 #aj-aa4 fortior an felicior4 ,sulla assumed the name ,felix on the death of the younger ,marius #hb ,b4,c4 ,cf4 ,plut4 ,sulla1 cap4 vi4 #aa-ab4 ,nam postea 444 disserere4 ,cf4 ,vell4 ,patere4 ,,ii4 xvii4 #b3 ',sulla vir qui neque ad finem victoriae satis laudari neque post victoriam abunde vituperari potest4' #bj4 illi more strictly sibi--'a negligence not unfrequent4' --,merivale4 #bb4 multus adesse frequently visited1 multus saepe4 ,for character of ,sulla cf4 ,plut4 ,sulla1 and ,mommsen1 iv4 pp4 #aci-adb3 ',one of the most marvellous characters in history4' ,b#ab ,,mithridates ,,the ,,great1 #acj-fc ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,his ,youth and ,early ,training4 ,huius futuram magnitudinem etiam caelestia ostenta praedixerant4 ,nam et eo1 quo genitus est1 anno1 et eo1 quo regnare primum coepit1 stella cometes per utrumque tempus ,,lxx diebus ita luxit1 ut caelum omne conflagrare videretur4 ,puer tutorum insidias #e passus est1 qui eum fero equo impositum equitare iacularique cogebant3 qui conatus cum eos fefellissent1 supra aetatem regente equum ,mithridate1 veneno eum appetivere4 ,veritus deinde1 ne inimici1 quod veneno non potuerant1 ferro peragerent1 venandi #aj studium finxit1 quo per septem annos neque urbano neque rustico tecto usus est1 sed per silvas vagatus1 diversis montium regionibus pernoctabat ignaris omnibus1 quibus esset locis2 adsuetus feras cursu aut fugere aut persequi1 cum quibusdam etiam viribus #ae congredi4 ,quibus rebus et insidias vitavit1 et corpus ad omnem virtutis patientiam duravit4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,huius4 ,mithridates 7,mithras ,persian sun-god7 'second only to ,hannibal in inextinguishable1 life-long hostility to ,rome1 as also in military genius4' ,ihne4 #e4 tutorum 7at the hands7 of his guardians4 ,cf4 tueor4 #ag4 ad omnem virtutis patientiam to all manly endurance4 ,b4 ,his ,preparations for ,conquest4 ,ad regni deinde administrationem cum accessisset1 statim non de regendo1 sed de augendo regno cogitavit4 ,itaque ,scythas invictos antea ingenti #bj felicitate perdomuit4 ,hieme deinde appetente1 non in convivio1 sed in campo1 nec in avocationibus1 nec inter sodales1 sed inter aequales1 aut equo aut cursu aut viribus contendebat4 ,exercitum quoque suum ad parem laboris patientiam cotidiana exercitatione #be durabat1 atque ita invictus ipse inexpugnabilem exercitum fecerat4 ,,justinus1 xxxvii4 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,linenotes3 #ai4 de augendo regno4 ,he subdued all the coast districts of the ,euxine1 ,east1 ,north and ,west1 as far as the ,hister 7,danube74 #bb4 avocationibus in diversions 7very rare74 #bd4 exercitum4 ,at the outbreak of the ,war with ,rome1 #hh ,b4,c41 he had collected a motley force of #bej1jjj foot and #dj1jjj horse4 ,mithridates4 ',with one blow he overthrew the ,roman dominion in ,asia1 carried the war into ,europe1 united almost the whole ,eastern world in an attack on the ,republic1 and resisted for #be years the first generals of his time1--a ,sulla1 a ,lucullus1 and a ,pompeius4' --,ihne4 ,historic ,parallels4 ,alexander1 ,hannibal1 ,peter the ,great4 ,b#ac ,,first ,,mithridatic ,,war1 #hh-hd ,b4,c4 7#a78 ,the ,battle of ,chaeronea1 #hf ,b4,c4 ,brilliant ,tactics of ,sulla4 ,archelaus adversus ,l4 ,sullam in fronte ad perturbandum hostem falcatas quadrigas locavit1 in secunda acie phalangem ,macedonicam1 in tertia ,romanorum more armatos auxiliares1 mixtis fugitivis ,italicae gentis1 quorum pervicaciae plurimum fidebat2 #e levem armaturam in ultimo statuit2 in utroque deinde latere equitatum1 cuius amplum numerum habebat1 circumeundi hostis causa posuit4 ,contra haec ,sulla fossas amplae latitudinis utroque latere duxit et capitibus earum castella communiit3 qua #aj ratione1 ne circuiretur ab hoste et peditum numero et maxime equitatu superante1 consecutus est4 ,triplicem deinde peditum aciem ordinavit relictis intervallis per quae levem armaturam et equitem1 quem in novissimo conlocaverat1 cum res exegisset1 emitteret4 #ae ,tum postsignanis qui in secunda acie erant imperavit ut densos numerososque palos firme in terram defigerent1 intraque eos appropinquantibus quadrigis antesignanorum aciem recepit3 tum demum sublato universorum clamore velites et levem armaturam #bj ingerere tela iussit4 ,quibus factis quadrigae hostium aut implicitae palis aut exterritae clamore telisque in suos conversae sunt turbaveruntque ,macedonum structuram3 qua cedente1 cum ,sulla instaret et ,archelaus equitem opposuisset1 ,romani equites #be subito emissi averterunt eos consummaverantque victoriam4 ,,frontinus1 ,strategemata1 ii4 #c4 #ag4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,archelaus 7and his brother ,neoptolemus7 'trained in the traditions and experience of ,greek and ,macedonian masters4' #b4 falcatas quadrigras4 ,archelaus had #fj of these chariots armed with scythes projecting4 ,cf4 ,livy xxxvii4 #da4 #e4 pervicaciae steadfastness 7per vic2 cf4 vinco74 #aa-ab4 qua ratione 444 consecutus est4 ,sulla had about #cj1jjj men 7#ae1jjj ,romans only7 against #abj1jjj4 #bc4 turbaverunt4 ',the war-chariots on this as on other occasions 7e4g4 at ,magnesia7 had not only proved a failure1 but had actually led to a partial disaster4' --,ihne4 ,cf4 use of war elephants1 e4g4 at ,beneventum #bge ,b4,c4 and at ,zama #bjb ,b4,c4 #bg4 victoriam4 ,it was a great victory1 but the results were trifling1 partly because ,sulla had no fleet1 and partly because his political enemies at ,rome were bent on crippling him4 ,historic ,parallel4 ,the ,battle of ,magnesia #aij ,b4,c4 ,b#ad ,,first ,,mithridatic ,,war1 #hh-hd ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ,capture of ,athens and the ,piraeus1 #hf ,b4,c4 ,sulla interim cum ,mithridatis praefectis circa ,athenas ita dimicavit1 ut et ,athenas reciperet et plurimo circa multiplices ,piraei portus munitiones labore expleto amplius ,,cc milia hostium interficeret nec minus multa caperet4 4 4 4 ,nam oppressi 7,athenienses7 #e ,mithridatis armis homines miserrimae condicionis cum ab inimicis tenerentur1 oppugnabantur ab amicis et animos extra moenia1 corpora necessitati servientes intra muros habebant4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 ii4 #bc4 ,linenotes3 #b4 ut ,athenas reciperet4 ,sulla reduced the city by starvation4 #c4 ,piraei portus4 ,this was strongly held by ,archelaus1 and was taken only after a most obstinate defence4 #g4 cum 444 tenerentur4 ,the contemptible adventurer ,aristion1 with his bodyguard of #bjjj men and the bribe of ,delos and its treasure1 had made himself master of ,athens4 ,b4 ,battle of ,orchomenus1 #he ,b4,c4 ,sulla restores the ,fight4 ,l4 ,sulla1 cedentibus iam legionibus exercitui #aj ,mithridatico ductu ,archelai1 stricto gladio in primam aciem procucurrit appellansque milites dixit1 si quis quaesisset1 ubi imperatorem reliquissent1 responderent pugnantem in ,boeotia3 cuius rei pudore universi eum secuti sunt4 #ae ,,frontinus1 ,strategemata1 ii4 #h4 #ab4 ,linenote3 #aj-ae4 ',the great victory at ,orchomenus was the turning-point in the ,war4' --,ihne4 ,c4 ,peace of ,dardanus4 ,end of the ,first ,mithridatic ,war1 #hd ,b4,c4 ,transgressus deinde in ,asiam ,sulla parentem ad omnia supplicemque ,mithridatem invenit1 quem multatum pecunia ac parte navium1 ,asia omnibusque aliis provinciis1 quas armis occupaverat1 decedere coegit1 captivos recepit1 in perfugas noxiosque #bj animadvertit1 paternis1 id est ,ponticis finibus contentum esse iussit4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 ii4 #bc4 ,linenote3 #af-bb4 ,the terms of peace were 7i7 ,restoration of all conquests1 7ii7 ,surrender of #hj ships and of all prisoners1 7iii7 ,indemnity of #cjjj talents4 ,florus says ',non fregit ea res ,ponticos1 sed incendit4' ,sulla was anxious to secure peace1 because his presence was needed at ,rome4 ,sulla's ,conduct of the ,war4 ',no previous general had shown so great a mastery of the art of war and such care and interest for the welfare of the ,state1 as distinguished from the success of a party4' --,ihne4 ,b#ae ,,second ,,civil ,,war1 #hc-hb ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,battles of ,sacriportus and the ,colline ,gate4 ,a4 ,iam quot apud ,sacri cecidere cadavera ,portum ,aut ,collina tulit stratas quot porta catervas1 #ace ,tum cum1 paene caput mundi rerumque potestas ,mutavit translata locum1 ,romanaque ,samnis ,ultra ,caudinas speravit volnera ,furcas4 ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 ii4 #acd-ach4 ,linenotes3 #acd4 apud ,sacriportum1 near ,praeneste1 where ,sulla totally defeated the ,marians1 under the younger ,marius1 #hb ,b4,c4 #ace4 ,collina ,porta1 i4e4 ,n4,e4 gate of ,rome near the ,collis ,quirinalis4 #acf4 paene1 with mutavit1 l4 #acg4 ,b4 ,at ,pontius ,telesinus1 dux ,samnitium1 vir animi bellique fortissimus penitusque ,romano nomini infestissimus1 contractis circiter ,,xl milibus fortissimae pertinacissimaeque in retinendis armis iuventutis ,kal4 ,novembribus ita ad portam ,collinam cum ,sulla #aj dimicavit1 ut ad summum discrimen et eum et rempublicam perduceret1 quae non maius periculum adiit ,hannibalis intra tertium miliarium conspicata castra1 quam eo die1 quo circumvolans ordines exercitus sui ,telesinus dictitansque adesse ,romanis ultimum #ae diem vociferabatur eruendam delendamque urbem1 adiciens numquam deluturos raptores ,italicae libertatis lupos1 nisi silva1 in quam refugere solerent1 esset excisa4 ,post primam demum horam noctis et ,romana acies respiravit et hostium cessit4 ,telesinus #bj postera die semianimis repertus est1 victoris magis quam morientis vultum praeferens1 cuius abscisum caput ferro figi gestarique circa ,praeneste ,sulla iussit4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 ii4 #bg4 ,linenotes3 #f4 ,pontius ,telesinus1 'a kinsman in name and temper of the hero of #cba ,b4,c4' #ab-ad4 quae 444 castra4 ',as ,hannibal had tried to relieve the closely pressed ,capua by a direct attack on ,rome1 ,pontius ,telesinus thought to draw off the besieging army from ,praeneste by threatening the ,capital4' --,ihne4 #bj4 ,romana acies respiravit4 ,sulla1 with the left wing1 was driven back by the ,samnites to the walls of ,rome1 but ,crassus with the right wing was completely victorious1 and to him the final victory was due4 ',the issue of the whole war1 at least on ,italian ground1 was decided by the battle of the ,colline ,gate4' --,ihne4 ,b#af ,,second ,,civil ,,war1 #hc-hb ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a4 ,death of the ,younger ,marius4 ,sulla ,felix4 ,tum demum desperatis rebus suis ,c4 ,marius adulescens per cuniculos1 qui miro opere fabricati in diversas agrorum partes fuerunt1 conatus erumpere1 cum foramine e terra emersisset1 a dispositis in id ipsum interemptus est4 4 4 4 ,de quo iuvene quid #e existimaverit ,sulla1 in promptu est2 occiso enim demum eo ,felicis nomen adsumpsit1 quod quidem usurpasset iustissime1 si eundem et vincendi et vivendi finem habuisset4 ,,vell4 ,,pat4 ii4 #bg4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,tum1 i4e4 after ,sulla's victory at the ,colline ,gate1 #hb ,b4,c4 ,c4 ,marius4 ',he possessed his father's martial spirit1 courage and unyielding perseverance4' --,ihne4 #b4 per cuniculos through subterranean passages4 ,b4 ,the ,sullan ,proscriptions4 ',sulla quoque immensis accessit cladibus ultor4 #aci ,ille quod exiguum restabat sanguinis urbi ,hausit3 dumque nimis iam putria membra recidit1 ,excessit medicina modum1 nimiumque secuta est1 ,qua morbi duxere1 manus4 4 4 4 #adc ,tum data libertas odiis1 resolutaque legum #ade ,frenis ira ruit4 ,non uni cuncta dabantur1 ,sed fecit sibi quisque nefas3 semel omnia victor ,iusserat 4 4 4 ,hisne ,salus rerum1 ,felix his ,sulla vocari1 #bba ,his meruit tumulum medio sibi tollere ,campo8 ,haec rursus patienda manent3 hoc ordine belli ,ibitur3 hic stabit civilibus exitus armis4' 4 4 4 4 ,sic maesta senectus #bcb ,praeteritique memor flebat metuensque futuri4 #bcc ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 ii4 #aci-adh1 #bba-bbd4 ,linenotes3 #aci4 ,sulla 444 ultor ,sulla too in his vengeance came to crown these fearful disasters4 --,haskins4 #ada-adc4 dumque 444 manus4 ,sulla is compared to a surgeon who in too great haste to remove the mortified flesh cuts away the sound flesh also4 #adf4 non uni 444 all crimes were not committed for one man's sake1 i4e4 to please ,sulla4 #bbc-bbd4 hoc ordine belli ibitur in this course of war events will move4 --,h4 i4e4 ,history will repeat itself4 #bcb4 sic maesta senectus4 ,an old man1 who had lived through the ,marian and ,sullan times1 predicts similar horrors of the ,civil ,war between ,caesar and ,pompey4 ,the ,proscriptions4 ',they were the product not of passion or thirst of blood1 but of a cool political calculation1 and the conviction of its inevitable necessity4' --,ihne4 ,b#ag ,a4 ,sulla appointed ,dictator1 #ha ,b4,c4 ,dictator creatus 7cuius honoris usurpatio per annos centum et viginti intermissa2 nam proximus post annum quam ,hannibal ,italia excesserat1 uti appareat populum ,romanum usum dictatoris haud metu desiderasse tali quo timuisset potestatem7 imperio1 #e quo priores ad vindicandum maximis periculis patriam usi erant1 eo in immodicae crudelitatis licentiam usus est4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 ii4 #bh4 ,linenotes3 #a-b4 cuius honoris 444 intermissa4 ,the last real ,dictator 7,m4 ,junius ,pera7 was appointed after ,cannae #baf ,b4,c4 #e-h4 imperio quo 444 usus est4 ',the ,dictator of the first age of the ,republic down to the ,punic ,wars had always a well-defined special duty to discharge in a given time4 ,sulla's task was of a general nature and all-comprehensive range1 and he had the most essential of all monarchical attributes1 which is the unlimited duration of office4' --,ihne4 ,b4 ,sulla lays down his ,dictatorship1 #gi ,b4,c4 ,nec minoris impotentiae voces propalam edebat1 ut ,titus ,ampius scribit1 ',nihil esse rempublicam1 #aj appellationem modo sine corpore ac specie4 ,sullam nescisse litteras1 qui dictaturam deposuerit4' ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #gg4 ,linenotes3 #i4 impotentiae arrogance 7lack of self-restraint74 #aj4 ,ampius4 ,titus ,ampius ,balbus1 a ,pompeian general4 #aa-ab4 ,sullam nescisse litteras 7i7 ,s4 had not profited by the teachings of ,history1 or 7ii7 ,s4 was without a liberal education4 ,c4 ,death of ,sulla1 #gh ,b4,c4 ,puteolis enim ardens indignatione1 quod ,granius1 princeps eius coloniae pecuniam a decurionibus ad refectionem ,capitolii promissam cunctantius daret1 #ae animi concitatione nimia atque immoderato vocis impetu convulso pectore1 spiritum cruore ac minis mixtum evomuit1 nec senio iam prolapsus1 utpote sexagesimum ingrediens annum1 sed alita miseriis reipublicae inpotentia furens4 ,igitur in dubio est #bj ,sullane prior an iracundia ,sullae sit extincta4 ,,valerius ,,maximus1 ix4 #c4 #h4 ,linenote3 #ac4 ,granius1 the chief magistrate of ,puteoli1 had kept back money destined for the building of the new temple of ,jupiter ,capitolinus4 ,the old one was destroyed by fire #hc ,b4,c4 ',it was ,sulla's great desire that his name should be recorded on the front of the new temple1 for it was to be the symbol of the ,republic1 restored as he fondly hoped by him to its pristine purity4' --,ihne4 ,b#ah ,,the ,,leges ,,corneliae1 #ha ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,limitation of the ,tribune's ,right of ,veto4 ,in ista quidem re vehementer ,sullam probo1 qui tribunis plebis sua lege iniuriae faciendae potestatem ademerit1 auxili ferendi reliquerit4 ,,cicero1 de ,legibus1 iii4 #i4 #bb4 ,linenotes3 #b4 iniuriae faciendae1 e4g4 by their abuse of the right of veto4 #c4 auxili ferendi4 ',sulla limited the office of tribune to the original functions for which it was established1 the legal protection of the people from the abuse of magisterial power4' --,ihne4 ,b4 ,abolition of ,corn ,distributions4 ,populus ,romanus1 paullo ante gentium moderator1 exutus imperio gloria iure1 agitandi inops despectusque ne servilia quidem alimenta relicua habet4 ,,sallust1 ,hist41 ,orat4 ,m4 ,lepidi4 ,linenotes3 #e4 agitandi inops 7i4e4 vitam sustentandi7 without means of livelihood4 #f4 servilia alimenta a slave's allowance of food4 ,sulla abolished the largesses of corn4 ,c4 ,restoration of ,judicial ,functions to the ,senators4 ,iudicandi munus quod ,c4 ,gracchus ereptum senatui ad ,equites1 ,sulla ab illis ad ,senatum transtulerat4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 ii4 #cb4 ,linenote3 #h-aj4 ,sulla filled up the gaps in the ,senate from the ranks of the ,equites1 and to the new ,senate thus constituted he entrusted the administration of justice4 ,d4 ,a ,sumptuary ,law1 ,limiting the ,expense of the ,table4 ,l4 ,sulla dictator1 cum plerique in patrimoniis amplis eluerentur et familiam pecuniamque suam prandiorum conviviorumque gurgitibus proluissent1 legem ad populam tulit1 qua cautum est1 ut ,kalendis1 ,idibus1 ,nonis diebusque ludorum et feriis quibusdam #ae sollemnibus sestertios trecenos in cenam insumere ius potestasque esset1 ceteris autem diebus omnibus non amplius tricenos4 ,,aulus ,,gellius1 ii4 #bd1 #aa4 ,linenote3 #ab4 eluerentur had squandered 7lit4 'washed away'74 ,leges ,corneliae4 ',sulla's legislation was an attempt to revive what was dead and gone4 ,the time had arrived when the old republican institutions could last no longer4 ,the transformation of the state into a monarchy was inevitable4' --,ihne4 ,the ,sultan ,constitution4 ,it had as little endurance as that of ,cromwell1 and was finally destroyed in #gj ,b4,c4 during the consulship of ,pompeius and ,crassus4 ,b#ai ,speech of ,lepidus against ,sulla1 #gh ,b4,c4 ,nam praeter satellites commaculatos quis eadem volt8 aut quis non omnia mutata praeter victorem8 ,scilicet milites1 quorum sanguine ,tarulae ,scyrtoque1 pessumis servorum1 divitiae partae sunt6 ,itaque maxumam mihi fiduciam parit victor exercitus1 cui #e per tot volnera et labores nihil praeter tyrannum quaesitum est4 ,nisi forte tribuniciam potestatem evorsum profecti sunt1 per arma conditam a maioribus suis1 utique iura et iudicia sibimet extorquerent1 egregia scilicet mercede1 cum relegati in paludes et #aj silvam contumeliam atque invidiam suam1 praemia penes paucos intellegerint4 ,quare igitur tanto agmine atque animis incedit8 ,quia secundae res mire sunt vitiis obtentui2 quibus labefactis1 quam formidatus est1 tam contemnetur2 nisi forte specie #ae concordiae et pacis1 quae sceleri et parricidio suo nomina indidit2 neque aliter rempublicam et belli finem ait1 nisi maneat expulsa agris plebes1 praeda civilis acerbissima1 ius iudiciumque omnium rerum penes se1 quod populi ,romani fuit4 ,quae si vobis #bj pax et concordia intelleguntur1 maxuma turbamenta reipublicae atque exitia probate1 annuite legibus impositis1 accipite otium cum servitio et tradite exemplum posteris ad populum ,romanum suimet sanguinis mercede circumveniundum4 #be ,,sallust1 ,hist1 ,orat4 ,m4 ,lepidi4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,nam1 sc4 ',his luck is not so great as he supposes1 for444' #g-h4 tribuniciam 444 evorsum1 i4e4 by the ,leges ,corneliae #ha ,b4,c4 #i4 iudicia4 ,sulla restored the judicial functions to the ,senate 7from the ,equites74 #aj4 relegati in paludes4 ,sulla established #abj1jjj soldiers in military colonies in different parts of ,italy1 but their roaming adventurous life had unfitted them for agricultural pursuits4 #ac-ad4 ,quia 444 obtentui because prosperity serves in a marvellous manner to cover a man's faults of character4 --,holden4 ,for obtentui cf4 draw a veil over4 #af4 parricidio treason4 #ah4 nisi 444 agris1 i4e4 ,sulla's confiscations of estates1 especially of those ,italians who had fought against him4 #bd-be4 ad p4 ,r4 circumveniundum for oppressing 7enslaving7 the people of ,rome4 ,m4 ,aemillus ,lepidus1 ,consul #gh ,b4,c41 a disappointed ,optimate1 jealous of ,sulla's power1 but without ,sulla's ability4 ,he posed as leader of the democratic party1 took up arms against the ,state1 but was defeated by ,q4 ,catulus at the ,milvian ,bridge1 #gg ,b4,c4 ,b#bj ,,war ,,with ,,sertorius ,,in ,,spain1 #gh-gb ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,sertorius and his ,fawn4 ,huic ,sertorio cerva alba eximiae pulchritudinis et vivacissimae celeritatis a ,lusitano quodam dono data est4 ,hanc sibi oblatam divinitus1 et instinctam ,dianae numine colloqui secum1 monereque1 et docere1 quae utilia factu essent1 persuadere omnibus instituit3 #e ac1 si quid durius videbatur1 quod imperandum militibus foret1 a cerva sese monitum tum praedicabat4 ,id cum dixerat1 universi1 tamquam si deo1 libentes parebant4 ,ea cerva quodam die1 cum incursio esset hostium nuntiata1 festinatione ac tumultu consternata #aj in fugam se proripuit1 atque in palude proxima delituit2 et postea requisita perisse credita est4 ,neque multis diebus post inventam esse cervam ,sertorio nuntiatur4 ,tum1 qui nuntiaverat1 iussit tacere3 ac1 ne cui palam diceret1 interminatus est3 #ae praecepitque1 ut eam postero die repente in eum locum1 in quo ipse cum amicis esset1 immitteret3 admissis deinde amicis postridie1 visum sibi esse ait in quiete cervam1 quae perisset1 ad se reverti1 et1 ut prius consueverat1 quod opus esset facto praedicare4 #bj ,tum servo1 quod imperaverat1 significat4 ,cerva emissa in cubiculum ,sertorii introrupit2 clamor factus et orta admiratio est3 eaque hominum barbarorum credulitas ,sertorio in magnis rebus magno usui fuit4 #be ,,gellius1 ,noctes ,atticae1 xv4 #bb4 ,linenotes3 #a4 alba a dull white as opp4 to ater dull black4 ,cf4 candidus shining white as opp4 to niger shining black4 #c4 instinctam fired1 animated4 #ae4 interminatus he forbade with threats4 inter minor1 freq4 in ,plautus and ,terence4 #bc-be4 ',sertorius did not disdain to turn to account the superstition of the ruder ,spanish tribes1 and to have his plans of war brought to him as commands of ,diana by the white fawn of the goddess4' --,m4 ,character of ,sertorius4 ',he was the only democratic 7,marian7 officer who knew how to prepare and to conduct war1 and the only democratic statesman who opposed the furious doings of his party with statesmanlike energy4 ,his ,spanish soldiers called him the new ,hannibal1 and not merely because he had1 like that hero1 lost an eye in war4 ,he in reality reminds us of the great ,phoenician by his equally cunning and courageous strategy1 and by the quickness of his ingenuity in turning to good account his victories and averting the consequences of his defeats4' --,m4 ,b#ba ,,war ,,with ,,sertorius ,,in ,,spain 7#b7 ,a4 ,a ,new ,hannibal4 ,sertorius1 exsul et profugus feralis illius tabulae1 vir summae quidem sed calamitosae virtutis1 malis suis maria terrasque permiscuit2 et iam ,africae1 iam ,balearibus insulis fortunam expertus usque in ,oceanum ,fortunatasque insulas penetravit consiliis1 #e tandem ,hispaniam armavit4 ,viro cum viris facile convenit4 ,nec alias magis apparuit ,hispani militis vigor quam ,romano duce4 ,quamquam ille non contentus ,hispania ad ,mithridatem quoque ,ponticosque respexit regemque classe iuvit4 ,et quid futurum #aj fuit satis tanto hosti1 cui uno imperatore resistere res ,romana non potuit8 ,additus ,metello ,gnaeus ,pompeius4 ,hi copias attrivere viri prope tota ,hispania persecuti4 ,diu et ancipiti semper acie pugnatum est2 nec tamen prius bello quam suorum scelere #ae et insidiis extinctus est4 ,,florus1 ,,iii4 xxii4 #b-f4 ,a4 ,linenotes3 #a4 feralis illius tabulae from that fatal list1 i4e4 ,sulla's list of proscribed ,marians #hb ,b4,c4 #i-aj4 ad ,mithridatem 444 iuvit4 ,in #ge ,b4,c4 he concluded a formal treaty of alliance with ,mithridates1 and sent him the propraetor ,m4 ,marius to lead his troops4 ,cf4 alliance between ,hannibal and ,philip4 #ad-ae4 ,diu et ancipiti semper acie pugnatum est1 e4g4 the defeat of ,pompey near ,lauro4 7,for a graphic account of the strategy by which the battle was won see ,frontinus1 ,strat4 ii4 #e47 ,b4 ,the ,death of ,sertorius4 ,m4 ,perpenna praetorius e proscriptis1 gentis clarioris quam animi1 ,sertorium inter cenam ,oscae interemit ,romanisque certam victoriam1 partibus suis excidium1 sibi turpissimam mortem pessimo #bj auctoravit facinore4 ,metellus et ,pompeius ex ,hispaniis triumphaverunt4 ,,vell4 ,,paterc4 ii4 #cj4 ,linenotes3 #ag4 ,m4 ,perpenna praetorius 7 ex-praetor71 with the remnant of the army of ,lepidus 7defeated by ,pompey in #gg ,b4,c47 joined ,sertorius in ,spain4 ,after serving under ,sertorius for some years1 through jealousy1 he brought about his leader's assassination4 #ba4 auctoravit he brought about4 ,more usu4 as auctorari to hire oneself out for some service1 e4g4 of gladiators4 ,the ,death of ,sertorius4 ',so ended one of the greatest men that ,rome had hitherto produced--a man who under more fortunate circumstances would perhaps have become the regenerator of his country4' --,m4 ,b#bb ,character and ,early ,career of ,lucullus4 ,magnum ingenium ,l4 ,luculli1 magnumque optimarum artium studium1 tum omnis liberalis et digna homine nobili ab eo percepta doctrina1 quibus temporibus florere in foro maxime potuit1 caruit omnino rebus urbanis4 ,ut enim admodum adolescens1 #e cum fratre pari pietate et industria praedito1 paternas inimicitias magna cum gloria est persecutus1 in ,asiam quaestor profectus1 ibi permultos annos admirabili quadam laude provinciae praefuit3 deinde absens factus aedilis1 continuo praetor3 licebat #aj enim celerius legis praemio3 post in ,africam3 inde ad consulatum3 quem ita gessit ut diligentiam admirarentur omnes1 ingenium cognoscerent4 ,post ad ,mithridaticum bellum missus a senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium quae de virtute eius erat1 sed #ae etiam gloriam superiorum4 ,idque eo fuit mirabilius1 quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur1 qui adolescentiam in forensi opera1 quaesturae diuturnum tempus1 ,murena bellum in ,ponto gerente1 in ,asiae pace consumpserat4 4 4 4 #bj ,in eodem tanta prudentia fuit in constituendis temperandisque civitatibus1 tanta aequitas1 ut hodie stet ,asia ,luculli institutis servandis et quasi vestigiis persequendis4 ,,cicero1 ,academica1 ii4 #a4 ,linenotes3 #a-c4 ingenium1 studium1 doctrina1 subjects of caruit4 #c-e4 quibus temporibus 444 urbanis all this was divorced 7caruit1 lit4 was cut off from7 from the business of the capital1 at the season when he might have had a specially brilliant career in the forum4 --,j4 ,s4 ,reid4 #f4 paternas inimicitias his father's quarrel4 ,the first appearance of ,lucullus in public life was as the accuser of the ,augur ,servilius who had procured the banishment of his father4 #g-i4 in ,asiam 444 praefuit1 i4e4 as ,sulla's quaestor in the first ,mithridatic ,war1 #hh-hd ,b4,c4 and then till #hj ,b4,c4 in charge of the province of ,asia 7 orig4 ,kingdom of ,pergamus1 ,n4,w4 part of ,asia ,minor74 #aa4 legis praemio owing to a privilege conveyed by statute4 ,j4 ,s4 ,r4 #ac-ad4 ad ,mithridaticum bellum1 i4e4 the #crd ,m4 ,war1 which he carried on for eight years 7#gd-ff ,b4,c47 with great success1 until superseded by ,pompeius in #ff ,b4,c4 #ai-bj4 ,murena 444 gerente4 ,lic4 ,murena1 anxious for distinction1 provoked the disastrous #bnd ,mithridatic ,war1 #hc-ha ,b4,c41 when by the peremptory orders of ,sulla the peace was renewed4 #bc4 stet 444 servandis persists in maintaining 7lit4 stands by7 the ordinances of ,l4--,j4 ,s4 ,r4 ,reference4 ,for ,character of ,lucullus1 see ,mommsen1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ccg-h4 ,cf4 also ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #cb4 ,b#bc ,a4 ,a ,soldier of ,lucullus4 ,luculli miles collecta viatica multis ,aerumnis1 lassus dum noctu stertit1 ad assem ,perdiderat2 post hoc vehemens lupus1 et sibi et hosti ,iratus pariter1 ieiunis dentibus acer1 ,praesidium regale loco deiecit1 ut aiunt1 #cj ,summe munito et multarum divite rerum4 ,clarus ob id factum donis ornatur honestis1 ,accipit et bis dena super sestertia nummum4 ,forte sub hoc tempus castellum evertere praetor ,nescio quod cupiens hortari coepit eundem #ce ,verbis1 quae timido quoque possent addere mentem3 ',i1 bone1 quo virtus tua te vocat1 i pede fausto1 ,grandia laturus meritorum praemia4 ,quid stas8' ,post haec ille catus1 quantumvis rusticus1 ',ibit1 ,ibit eo quo vis qui zonam perdidit1' inquit4 #dj ,,horace1 ,ep4 ,,ii4 ii4 #bf-dj4 ,linenotes3 #bf4 viatica savings 7cf4 prize-money74 viaticum originally travelling-money4 #bh4 vehemens lupus a very wolf in his fury4 ,cf4 ,vergil's simile for a forlorn hope--'lupi ceu ,raptores4' --,wickham4 #cb4 donis honestis gifts of honour--i4e4 the corona muralis1 the mural crown1 such as is worn by the goddess ,cybele4 #cc4 nummum 7 nummorum7 in hard cash4 #ci4 catus shrewd1 witty1 a ,sabine word1 acutus4 #ci-dj4 ,ibit 444 quo vis1 the original of ,juvenal's ad caelum1 iusseris1 ibit4 #dj4 zonam purse4 ,the zona here was a broad belt made double or hollow to carry money in4 ,b4 ,the ,wealth of ,lucullus4 ,chlamydes ,lucullus1 ut aiunt1 #dj ,si posset centum scaenae praebere rogatus1 ',qui possum tot8' ait2 'tamen et quaeram1 et quot habebo ,mittam'3 post paulo scribit sibi milia quinque ,esse domi chlamydum2 partem vel tolleret omnes4 #dd ,,horace1 ,ep4 ,i4 vi4 #dj-dd4 ,subject4 ,horace says ',i am like ,lucullus' soldier--when his pocket was empty he would volunteer for forlorn hopes2 when it was full again he would do so no more4 ,it was poverty that made me write verses4' --,w4 ,linenotes3 #dj4 ,chlamydes4 ,the ,chlamys was the light short mantle of the ,greeks1 here wanted for a pageant on the stage4 #dd4 tolleret4 ,the subj4 is the praetor or person giving the show4 --,w4 ,reference4 ,for the magnificence of his ,villas at ,tusculum and near ,neapolis1 see ,cicero ,de ,fin4 ii4 #ajg1 ,de ,leg4 iii4 #cj1 ,pliny1 ,n4 ,h4 ix4 #agj4 ,b#bd ,,war ,,with ,,spartacus1 #gc-ga ,b4,c4 ,spartacus and his ,gladiators4 ,spartacus1 ,crixus1 ,oenomaus effracto ,lentuli ludo cum triginta aut amplius eiusdem fortunae viris erupere ,capua2 servisque ad vexillum vocatis cum statim decem amplius milia coissent1 homines modo effugisse contenti iam et vindicari volebant4 #e ,prima sedes velut rabidis beluis mons ,vesuvius placuit4 ,ibi cum obsiderentur a ,clodio ,glabro1 per fauces cavi montis vitineis delapsi vinculis ad imas eius descendere radices et exitu inviso nihil tale opinantis ducis subito impetu castra rapuerunt4 ,adfluentibus #aj in diem copiis cum iam esset iustus exercitus1 e viminibus pecudumque tegumentis inconditos sibi clipeos et ferro ergastulorum recocto gladios ac tela fecerunt1 ,indo iam consulares quoque aggressus in ,appennino ,lentuli exercitum percecidit1 apud #ae ,mutinam ,gai ,cassi castra delevit4 ,tandem enim totis imperii viribus contra mirmillonem consurgunt1 pudoremque ,romanum ,marcus ,crassus asseruit3 a quo pulsi fugatique hostes in extrema ,italiae refugerunt4 ,ibi circa ,bruttium angulum clusi cum #bj fugam in ,siciliam pararent neque navigia suppeterent ratesque ex trabibus et dolia connexa virgultis rapidissimo freto frustra experirentur1 tandem eruptione facta dignam viris obiere mortem1 et quod sub gladiatore duce oportuit1 sine missione #be pugnatum est4 ,spartacus ipse in primo agmine fortissime dimicans quasi imperator occisus est4 ,,florus1 ,,iii4 xx4 #c-ad 7sel474 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,spartacus1 by birth a ,thracian1 who had served among the ,thracian auxiliaries in the ,roman army1 had deserted and become a chief of banditti4 ,he was taken prisoner and sold to a trainer of gladiators4 ,crixus1 ,oenomaus1 the slave-names of two ,celts4 #a-b4 effracto ludo broke out of the gladiators' school4 #h4 vitineis vinculis by means of ropes made of vine-branches4 #i4 inviso unknown1 lit4 unseen4 #ac4 ergastulorum from the slaves' work-houses4 #ag4 mirmillonem4 ,the ,mirmillones were a class of gladiators usually matched with the ,thraces or the retiarii 7net-fighters74 #ah4 ,marcus ,crassus1 the ,triumvir of #fj ,b4,c4 asseruit maintained4 ,cf4 our assert4 #ba4 in ,siciliam1 where the slaves had risen in #acc and #ajd ,b4,c41 and only waited an impulse to break out a third time4 #be4 sine missione without quarter4 ,cf4 missio the discharge from service of soldiers and gladiators4 ,b#be ,,the ,,third ,,mithridatic ,,war1 #gd-fc ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,lucullus ,ponticus4 ,quoniam de genere belli dixi1 nunc de magnitudine pauca dicam4 ,atque ut omnes intellegant me ,l4 ,lucullo tantum impertire laudis1 quantum forti viro et sapienti homini et magno imperatori debeatur1 dico eius adventu maximas ,mithridatis #e copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque instructas fuisse urbemque ,asiae clarissimam nobisque amicissimam1 ,cyzicenorum1 obsessam esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime1 quam ,l4 ,lucullus virtute1 assiduitate1 consilio summis #aj obsidionis periculis liberavit3 ab eodem imperatore classem magnam et ornatam1 quae ducibus ,sertorianis ad ,italiam studio inflammata raperetur1 superatam esse atque depressam2 magnas hostium praeterea copias multis proeliis esse deletas patefactumque #ae nostris legionibus esse ,pontum1 qui antea populo ,romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset2 ,sinopen atque ,amisum1 quibus in oppidis erant domicilia regis1 omnibus rebus ornatas atque refertas1 ceterasque urbes ,ponti et ,cappadociae permultas uno #bj aditu adventuque esse captas2 regem spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentes supplicem contulisse3 atque haec omnia salvis populi ,romani sociis atque integris vectigalibus esse gesta4 #be ,,cicero1 pro ,lege ,manilia1 #bj1 #ba4 ,linenotes3 #e-f4 maximas 444 fuisse4 ,m4 had #adj1jjj well-trained men1 ,roman officers sent by ,sertorius1 #af1jjj cavalry1 a war-fleet of #djj ships1 and abundance of stores4 #g-aa4 urbemque 444 liberavit4 ,the city of ,cyzicus stood on the ,s4 side of the island of the same name in the ,propontis 7,sea of ,marmora71 close to the shore of ,m-ysia1 to which it was joined by two bridges4 #ab-ad4 classem 444 depressam1 i4e4 probably the ,battle of ,tenedos #gc ,b4,c41 in which ,marcus ,marius and the ablest of the ,roman emigrants met their death1 and the whole ,aegean fleet of ,mithridates was annihilated4 #ae4 multis proeliis1 e4g4 of ,cabira1 #gb ,b4,c42 ,tigranocerta1 #fi ,b4,c4 #ah4 ,sinopen4 ,sinope1 on the ,w4 headland of the great bay of which the delta of the ,r4 ,halys forms the ,e4 headland1 was the birthplace and residence 7domicilia7 of ,m4 #bb4 ad alios reges1 e4g4 to his son-in-law1 ,tigranes of ,armenia4 #bc-bd4 salvis 444 vectigalibus1 i4e4 without ruining the provincial by forced contributions and requisitions4 ,reference4 ,for ,siege of ,cyzicus1 see ,mommsen1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #cbf-cbh2 ,frontinus1 ,strat4 ii4 #ac4 #f4 ,b#bf ,,cn4 ,,pompeius ,,magnus1 #ajf-dh ,b4,c4 ,his ,character1 and ,career to #ff ,b4,c4 ,iam vero virtuti ,cn4 ,pompei quae potest oratio par inveniri8 ,quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum1 aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre8 ,neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae1 quae vulgo esistimantur1 labor in #e negotiis1 fortitudo in periculis1 industria in agendo1 celeritas in conficiendo1 consilium in providendo1 quae tanta sunt in hoc uno1 quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus1 quos aut vidimus aut audivimus1 non fuerunt4 ,testis est ,italia1 quam ille ipse #aj victor ,l4 ,sulla huius virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam3 testis est ,sicilia1 quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore belli1 sed consilii celeritate explicavit3 testis est ,africa1 quae magnis oppressa hostium copiis eorum ipsorum sanguine #ae redundavit3 testis est ,gallia1 per quam legionibus nostris iter in ,hispaniam ,gallorum internecione patefactum est3 testis est ,hispania1 quae saepissime plurimos hostes ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit3 testis est iterum et saepius ,italia1 quae #bj cum servili bello taetro periculosoque premeretur1 ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit1 quod bellum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque imminutum est1 adventu sublatum ac sepultum3 testes nunc vero iam omnes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes4 #be ,,cicero1 pro ,lege ,manilia1 #bi-ca4 ,linenotes3 #aj-ab4 ,testis est ,italia 444 liberatam4 ,in #hc ,b4,c4 ,pompeius1 aged twenty-four1 raised three legions in ,picenum1 gained several advantages over the ,marian generals1 and was saluted by ,sulla as ,imperator4 #ab-ad4 testis est ,sicilia 444 explicavit4 ,in #hb ,b4,c4 ,pompeius1 sent as propraetor to ,sicily1 quickly took possession of the island for ,sulla4 #ad-af4 testis est ,africa 444 redundavit4 ,in #ha ,b4,c4 ,pompeius defeated at ,utica the ,marian ,ahenobarbus 7allied with ,hiarbas of ,numidia71 and was1 though a simple ,roman eques1 granted a triumph by ,sulla and saluted as ,magnus4 #af-ah4 testis est ,gallia 444 patefactum est4 ,in #gg ,b4,c41 on his way to ,spain as proconsul against ,sertorius1 he had to cut his way through the ,transalpine ,gauls1 and laid out a new and shorter road over the ,cottian ,alps4 #ba4 servili bello4 ,on his return from ,spain he cut to pieces the scattered remnants of the army of ,spartacus4 #ba-bc4 ab hoc 444 imminutum est4 ,cic4 assumes that the enemy was crippled even by the mere notion of sending for ,pompeius4 ,references4 ,plutarch1 ,pompeius2 ,vell4 ,paterc4 ii4 #bi4 ,b#bg ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caesar 7#a7 ,the ,man ,caesar4 ,fuisse traditur excelsa statura1 colore candido1 teretibus membris1 ore paulo pleniore1 nigris vegetisque oculis1 valetudine prospera2 nisi quod tempore extremo repente animo linqui atque etiam per somnum exterreri solebat4 ,armorum et equitandi #e peritissimus1 laboris ultra fidem patiens erat4 ,in agmine nonnunquam equo1 saepius pedibus anteibat1 capite detecto1 seu sol seu imber esset2 longissimas vias incredibili celeritate confecit4 ,in obeundis expeditionibus dubium cautior an audentior1 #aj exercitum neque per insidiosa itinera duxit umquam nisi perspeculatus locorum situs4 ,a ,brundisio ,dyrrachium inter oppositas classes hieme transmisit cessantibusque copiis1 quas subsequi iusserat1 cum ad accersendas frustra saepe misisset1 #ae novissime ipse clam noctu parvulum navigium solus obvoluto capite conscendit1 neque aut quis esset ante detexit aut gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est1 quam paene obrutus fluctibus4 ,ne religione quidem ulla a quoquam incepto absterritus #bj umquam vel retardatus est4 ,cum immolanti aufugisset hostia1 profectionem adversus ,scipionem et ,iubam non distulit4 ,prolapsus etiam in egressu navis1 verso ad melius omine ,teneo te1 inquit1 ,africa4 ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #de1 #eg-ei 7sel47 ,linenotes3 #d4 animo linqui he was subject to fainting-fits4 #h4 capite detecto1 so ,cyrus the ,younger and ,hannibal4 #i4 incredibili celeritate1 cf4 ,cic4 ,ep4 ad ,att4 viii4 #i hoc teras 7 prodigy7 horribili vigilantia1 celeritate1 diligentia est4 ,cf4 also ,napoleon the ,great4 #ad4 cessantibusque copiis and when the troops delayed their coming4 ,caesar did not then know that ,antonius had himself been attacked at ,brundisium by a ,pompeian fleet1 and had shown great skill in baffling it1 and forcing it to put to sea again4 ,once more ,antonius set sail with #d legions and #hjj horsemen1 and fortunately a strong ,s4 wind carried him safely to the port of ,lissus 7,n4 of ,dyrrachium74 #ah-ai4 gubernatorem 444 passus est4 ',quid times8 ,caesarem vehis6' was ,caesar's famous exhortation to the pilot4 7,florus47 #ba-bb4 ,cum 444 hostia3 if the victim even tugged at the rope when being led to sacrifice1 it was considered unfortunate1 and hence a long slack rope was used4 ,cf4 ,juv4 xii4 #e ,sed procul extensum petulans 7butting7 quatit hostia funem4 #bd4 ,according to ,frontinus his words were ',teneo te1 terra mater4' ,the man ,caesar4 ',we may picture him as a man the dignity of whose bodily presence was in due proportion to the greatness of his mental powers4' --,warde ,fowler4 ,b#bh ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caesar 7#b7 ,captured by ,pirates4 ,studies ,oratory at ,rhodes1 #gf-ge ,b4,c4 ,composita seditione civili ,cornelium ,dolabellam consularem et triumphalem repetundarum postulavit2 absolutoque ,rhodum secedere statuit1 et ad declinandam invidiam et ut per otium ac requiem ,apollonio ,moloni clarissimo tunc dicendi magistro #e operam daret4 ,huc dum hibernis iam mensibus traicit1 circa ,pharmacussam insulam a praedonibus captus est1 mansitque apud eos1 non sine summa indignatione1 prope quadraginta dies cum uno medico et cubicularis duobus4 ,nam comites servosque #aj ceteros initio statim ad expediendas pecunias1 quibus redimeretur1 dimiserat4 ,numeratis deinde quinquaginta talentis1 expositus in litore non distulit quin e vestigio classe deducta persequeretur abeuntis1 ac redactos in potestatem supplicio1 quod saepe illis #ae minatus inter iocum fuerat1 adficeret4 ,vastante regiones proximas ,mithridate ne desidere in discrimine sociorum videretur1 ab ,rhodio quo pertenderat1 transiit in ,asiam1 auxiliisque contractis et praefecto regis provincia expulso1 nutantes ac dubias civitates #bj retinuit in fide4 ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #d4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,composita seditione civili1 i4e4 after the abortive attempt of ,lepidus to make himself master of the state #gg ,b4,c4 ,c4 ,dolabellam1 impeached for illegal extortion during his government of ,macedonia4 ,repetundarum 7sc4 pecuniarum71 post-,aug4 for de repetundis 7pecuniis71 used i4 of money extorted by an official and to be returned1 ii4 of money extorted as a bribe4 ,caesar lost his case1 but succeeded in showing that ,sulla's senatorial judges were corrupt4 #d4 ,apollonio ,moloni1 the famous rhetorician1 whose pupil ,cicero was both at ,rome and at ,rhodes4 ,very possibly ,caesar took this step by the advice of ,cicero4 #g4 circa ,pharmacussam insulam3 ,s4,w4 of ,miletus 7 mod4 ,farmako74 #h-i4 non sine summa indignatione3 ,plutarch1 ,caes4 gives a picturesque account of his adventures as their prisoner4 #aj4 cubicularis 7cubiculum7 lit4 chamber-servants4 #aa4 pecunias 444 ,velleius says that ,caesar's ransom was paid out of public funds4 #ad4 e vestigio 7 statim7 immediately4 ,caesar at ,rhodes4 ',caesar1 from what we know of his taste and character1 could hardly have found the same delight as ,cicero in his studies at ,rhodes4 ,he nevertheless became one of the greatest orators of his day1 and according to some accounts1 second only to ,cicero4 ,it is characteristic of ,caesar1 but unfortunate for us1 that he never took any pains to collect and preserve his speeches4' --,warde ,fowler4 ,b#bi ,,cicero ,,prosecutes ,,verres1 #gj ,b4,c4 ,a ,roman ,citizen maltreated4 ,quid ego de ,p4 ,gavio1 ,consano municipe1 dicam1 indices8 ,aut qua vi vocis1 qua gravitate verborum1 quo dolore animi dicam8 ,quod crimen eius modi est ut1 cum primum ad me delatum est1 usurum me illo non putarem2 tametsi enim verissimum esse #e intellegebam1 tamen credibile fore non arbitrabar4 ,quid nunc agam8 ,rem in medio ponam3 quae tantum habet ipsa gravitatis ut neque mea1 quae nulla est1 neque cuiusquam ad inflammandos vestros animos eloquentia requiratur4 #aj ,caedebatur virgis in medio foro ,messanae civis ,romanus1 iudices2 cum interea nullus gemitus1 nulla vox alia illius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque plagarum audiebatur1 nisi haec1 ,civis ,romanus sum4 ,hac se commemoratione civitatis omnia verbera #ae depulsurum1 cruciatum a corpore deiecturum arbitrabatur4 ,is non modo hoc non perfecit ut virgarum vim deprecaretur1 sed cum imploraret saepius usurparetque nomen civitatis1 crux1 crux1 inquam1 infelici et aerumnoso comparabatur4 #bj ,o nomen dulce libertatis6 ,o ius eximium nostrae civitatis6 ,o lex ,porcia legesque ,semproniae6 ,o graviter desiderata et aliquando reddita plebi ,romanae tribunicia potestas6 ,hucine tandem omnia reciderunt ut civis ,romanus in provincia populi ,romani1 #be in oppido foederatorum1 ab eo qui beneficio populi ,romani fasces et secures haberet deligatus in foro virgis caederetur8 ,,cicero1 in ,verrem1 ii4 #e4 #fb4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,consano municipe a burgess of ,consa1 on the borders of ,lucania4 #bb4 ,lex ,porcia4 ,passed by ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 #aig ,b4,c41 forbade the execution or scourging of a ,roman citizen4 ,leges ,semproniae1 a code of laws passed by ,c4 ,sempronius ,gracchus1 #abc ,b4,c4 ,one of these declared it to be the sole right of the people to decide capital cases4 #bb-bd4 ,o graviter desiderata 444 potestas6 ,sulla 7,dictator #hb-gi ,b4,c47 took from the tribunes the right of proposing laws1 and left them only their original right of ,intercessio or veto4 ,in #gj ,b4,c4 ,pompeius1 who had formally accepted the democratic programme1 gave back to the tribunes the power to initiate legislation4 ,the ,orationes ,in ,verrem4 ,cicero1 as patronus of the ,sicilians1 undertook the prosecution of the ,senator ,c4 ,verres for his gross misconduct as governor of ,sicily1 #gc-ga ,b4,c4 ,b#cj ,,cn4 ,,pompeius ,,magnus1 #ajf-dh ,b4,c4 ,the ,lex ,gabinia1 #fg ,b4,c4 ,converterat ,cn4 ,pompei persona totum in se terrarum orbem et per omnia maior cive habebatur4 ,qui cum consul perquam laudabiliter iurasset se in nullam provinciam ex eo magistratu iturum idque servasset1 post biennium ,a4 ,gabinius tribunus #e legem tulit1 ut cum belli more1 non latrociniorum1 orbem classibus iam1 non furtivis expeditionibus1 piratae terrerent1 quasdamque etiam ,italiae urbis diripuissent1 ,cn4 ,pompeius ad eos opprimendos mitteretur essetque ei imperium aequum in omnibus #aj provinciis cum proconsulibus usque ad quinquagesimum miliarium a mari4 ,quo decreto paene totius terrarum orbis imperium uni viro deferebatur2 sed tamen idem hoc ante biennium in ,m4 ,antoni praetura decretum erat4 ,sed interdum persona ut exemplo #ae nocet1 ita invidiam auget aut levat3 in ,antonio homines aequo animo passi erant2 raro enim invidetur eorum honoribus1 quorum vis non timetur3 contra in iis homines extraordinaria reformidant1 qui ea suo arbitrio aut deposituri aut retenturi videntur #bj et modum in voluntate habent4 ,dissuadebant optimates1 sed consilia impetu victa sunt4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 ii4 #ca4 ,linenotes3 #c-e4 ,qui cum consul 444 servasset4 ,pompeius1 consul with ,crassus in #ga-gj ,b4,c41 thought it beneath his dignity to accept a consular province1 and waited in ,rome as a simple citizen until an opportunity should be offered him to play an extraordinary part4 #e4 ,a4 ,gabinius1 a client of ,pompeius1 a man ruined in finances and character1 but a dexterous negotiator1 a bold orator1 and a brave soldier4 ,in #eg ,b4,c4 did excellent service as proconsul of ,syria4 #f-i4 ut cum belli more 444 diripuissent4 ',for twenty years the sea had been rendered unsafe by these curses of human society4' ,the commerce of the whole ,mediterranean was in their power4 #ac-ae4 sed tamen 444 decretum erat4 ,in #gd ,b4,c4 ,m4 ,antonius1 son of the orator and father of the triumvir1 was entrusted by the ,senate with the task of clearing the seas from the corsairs4 ,in spite of his extensive powers1 the utter incapacity of ,antonius1 and the mismanagement of the ,senate1 caused the expedition to end in failure and disgrace4 ,result4 ',the ,gabinio-,manilian proposals terminated the struggle between the senate and the popular party1 which the ,sempronian laws 7#acc-abc ,b4,c47 had begun4 ,as the ,sempronian laws first constituted the revolutionary party into a political opposition1 the ,gabinio-,manilian first converted it from an opposition into a government4' --,m4 ,b#ca ,,cn4 ,,pompeius ,,magnus1 #ajf-dh ,b4,c4 ,pompeius clears the ,seas of ,pirates1 #fg ,b4,c4 ,quis enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendi quaestus studio tam brevi tempore tot loca adire1 tantos cursus conficere potuit1 quam celeriter ,cn4 ,pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navigavit8 ,qui nondum tempestivo ad navigandum mari ,siciliam #e adiit1 ,africam exploravit1 in ,sardiniam cum classe venit1 atque haec tria frumentaria subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque munivit4 ,inde cum se in ,italiam recepisset1 duabus ,hispaniis et ,gallia transalpina praesidiis ac navibus confirmata1 #aj missis item in oram ,illyrici maris et in ,achaiam omnemque ,graeciam navibus ,italiae duo maria maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit1 ipse autem1 ut ,brundisio profectus est1 undequinquagesimo die totam ad imperium populi ,romani #ae ,ciliciam adiunxit3 omnes1 qui ubique praedones fuerant1 partim capti interfectique sunt1 partim unius huius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt4 ,ita tantum bellum1 tam diuturnum1 tam longe lateque dispersum1 quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes #bj premebantur1 ,cn4 ,pompeius extrema hieme adparavit1 ineunte vere suscepit1 media aestate confecit4 ,,cicero1 pro ,lege ,manilia1 #cd1 #ce4 ,linenotes3 #d4 tanti belli impetus1 fig4 for an attacking fleet of such force1 which from its size would ordinarily sail slowly4 --,wilkins4 #e-h4 ,qui 444 munivit4 ,early in the year 7nondum tempestivo ad navigandum7 ,pompeius cleared of pirates the ,sicilian1 ,african1 and ,sardinian waters1 so re-establish the supply of grain from these provinces to ,italy4 #ad-ah4 undequagesimo 444 dediderunt4 ,the bold ,cilician seakings alone ventured to face the ,roman fleet in the offing of ,coracesium 7at the ,w4 frontier of ,cilicia71 but were completely defeated4 ,forty-nine days 7undequinquagesimo7 after ,pompeius had appeared in the ,eastern seas1 ,cilicia was subdued1 and the war at an end4 ',in all about #acjj piratical vessels are said to have been destroyed3 besides which the richly filled arsenals and magazines of the buccaneers were burnt4 ,of the pirates1 about #aj1jjj perished 7interfecti72 upwards of #bj1jjj fell alive 7partim capti--partim se dediderunt7 into the hands of the victor4' --,m4 #bb4 ineunte vere 444 confecit4 ',in the summer of #fg ,b4,c41 three months after the beginning of the campaign1 commerce resumed its wonted course1 and instead of the former famine abundance prevailed in ,italy4' --,m4 ,this was the first trial of rule centralised in a single hand1 and ,pompeius fully justified the confidence that was placed in him4 ,b#cb ,,the ,,third ,,mithridatic ,,war1 #gd-fc ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,pompeius subdues ,mithridates and ,tigranes4 ,pompeius interea memorabile adversus ,mithridaten1 qui post ,luculli profectionem magnas novi exercitus vires reparaverat1 bellum gessit4 ,at rex fusus fugatusque et omnibus exutus copiis ,armeniam ,tigranenque generum petit1 regem eius temporis1 #e nisi qua ,luculli armis erat infractus1 potentissimum4 ,simul itaque duos persecutus ,pompeius intravit ,armeniam4 ,prior filius ,tigranis1 sed discors patri1 pervenit ad ,pompeium3 mox ipse supplex et praesens se regnumque dicioni eius permisit1 #aj praefatus neminem alium neque ,romanum neque ullius gentis virum futurum fuisse1 cuius se societate commissurus foret1 quam ,pompeium2 non esse turpe ab eo vinci1 quem vincere esset nefas1 neque inhoneste aliquem summitti huic1 quem fortuna super #ae omnes extulisset4 ,servatus regi honos imperi1 sed multato ingenti pecunia1 quae omnis1 sicuti ,pompeio moris erat1 redacta in quaestoris potestatem ac publicis descripta litteris4 ,syria aliaeque1 quas occupaverat1 provinciae ereptae1 et aliae restitutae populo #bj ,romano1 aliae tum primum in eius potestatem redactae1 ut ,syria1 quae tum primum facta est stipendiaria4 ,finis imperi regi terminatus ,armenia4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 ii4 #cg4 ,context4 ,in #ff ,b4,c4 ,lucullus1 of whom ,mommsen says 'hardly any other ,roman general accomplished so much with so trifling means1' was superseded by ,pompeius4 ,by the ,lex ,manilia ,pompeius obtained1 in addition to the extensive powers conferred upon him by the ,lex ,gabinia #fg ,b4,c41 the military administration of ,asia as far as ,armenia4 ',never since ,rome stood had such power been united in the hands of a single man4' --,m4 ,linenotes3 #c-d4 rex fusus 444 copiis1 i4e4 in ,lesser ,armenia1 on ,s4 bank of ,r4 ,lycus1 where ,pompeius afterwards founded ,nicopolis4 #e4 ,tigranenque generum petit4 ,tigranes had married ,cleopatra1 the daughter of ,mithridates4 #ag-ai4 quae omnis 444 litteris1 i4e4 paid into the ,roman treasury4 ,cf4 ,lucan ix4 #aig ,immodicas possedit opes1 sed plura retentis ,intulit sc4 in aerarium4 ,the ,end of ,mithridates4 ,after his defeat at ,nicopolis the aged king took refuge in his ,northern capital of ,panticapaeum 7on the ,cimmerian ,bosporus74 ,here1 when all turned against him1 he took poison1 #fc ,b4,c4 ',in him a great enemy was borne to the tomb1 a greater than had ever yet withstood the ,romans in the indolent ,east4' --,m4 ,syria made a ,roman ,province1 #fe ,b4,c4 ,b#cc ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caesar 7#c7 ,a4 ,curule ,aedile1 #fe ,b4,c4 ,aedilis praeter comitium ac forum basilicasque etiam ,capitolium ornavit porticibus ad tempus exstructis1 in quibus abundante rerum copia pars apparatus exponeretur4 ,venationes autem ludosque et cum collega et separatim edidit1 quo factum est1 #e ut communium quoque impensarum solus gratiam caperet1 nec dissimularet collega eius ,marcus ,bibulus evenisse sibi quod ,polluci3 ut enim geminis fratribus aedes in foro constituta tantum ,castoris vocaretur1 ita suam ,caesarisque munificentiam unius ,caesaris #aj dici4 ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #aj4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,aedilis4 ,as curule-aedile ,caesar exceeded all previous expenditure4 ,this was meant to secure the favour of the democracy1 and gain the position of its leader1 which was in fact vacant2 for ,crassus was never popular1 and ,pompeius was absent in the ,east4 basilicas 7basilik sc4 oikia and stoa3 regia7 halls4 #b4 porticibus3 these acted as booths1 in a grand fair1 as we should say4 #d4 ,venationes1 here of the combats with wild beasts4 #g4 ,m4 ,bibulus1 also ,caesar's colleague in his first consulship1 #ei ,b4,c4 ,b4 ,propraetor in ,further ,spain1 #fa ,b4,c4 ,ex praetura ulteriorem sortitus ,hispaniam1 retinentes creditores interventu sponsorum removit1 ac neque more neque iure1 ante quam provinciae ornarentur1 profectus est2 pacataque provincia1 pari #ae festinatione1 non expectato successore1 ad triumphum simul consulatumque decessit4 ,sed cum1 edictis iam comitiis1 ratio eius haberi non posset nisi privatus introisset urbem1 et ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent1 coactus est triumphum1 #bj ne consulatu excluderetur1 dimittere4 ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #ah4 ,context4 ,in #fi ,b4,c4 ,caesar was elected to a ,quaestorship 7the lowest step in the ladder of official life7 and discharged his judicial duties in ,further ,spain with tact and industry4 ,linenotes3 #ac4 retinentes 444 removit freed himself from his creditors1 who were for detaining him1 by the help of sureties4 ,caesar is said to have borrowed from ,crassus #hcj talents4 #ad-ae4 ante quam provinciae ornarentur3 a regular phrase used of supplying the newly chosen magistrate with money1 arms1 attendants1 etc4 #ah4 ratio 444 posset his candidature could not be considered4 ,propraetor in ,f4 ,spain4 ',his governorship enabled him partly to rid himself of his debts partly to lay the foundation for his military repute4' --,m4 ,b#cd ,,the ,,conspiracy ,,of ,,catiline1 #fc ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,cicero declaims against the ,audacity of ,catiline4 ,quo usque tandem abutere1 ,catilina1 patientia nostra8 ,quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet8 ,quem ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia8 ,nihilne te nocturnum praesidium ,palati1 nihil urbis vigiliae1 nihil timor populi1 nihil concursus bonorum #e omnium1 nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus1 nihil horum ora voltusque moverunt8 ,patere tua consilia non sentis8 ,constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non vides8 ,quid proxima1 quid superiore nocte egeris1 #aj ubi fueris1 quos convocaveris1 quid consilii ceperis1 quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris8 ,o tempora6 ,o mores6 ,senatus haec intellegit2 consul videt3 hic tamen vivit4 ,vivit8 immo vero etiam in senatum venit3 fit publici consilii particeps2 notat at designat #ae oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum4 4 4 4 ,castra sunt in ,italia contra rem publicam in ,etruriae faucibus collocata3 crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus2 eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque #bj adeo in senatu videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem4 ,si te iam1 ,catilina1 eomprehendi1 si interfici iussero1 credo1 erit verendum mihi ne non hoc potius omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat4 #be ,,cicero1 in ,catilinam1 i4 #a1 #b1 #e4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,quo usque tandem abutere how long1 pray1 will you presume upon8 ,catiline had been declared hostis patriae1 and yet dared to appear in the ,senate4 #d4 praesidium ,palati3 in the case of any threatening danger the ,mons ,palatinus was occupied as one of the most important military points in the city4 #f-g4 senatus locus1 i4e4 the temple of ,jupiter ,stator1 on the ,n4 slope of the ,palatine1 chosen as the safest meeting-place1 and near ,cicero's house4 #ag-ah4 castra 444 collocata1 the camp of ,manlius 7one of the veteran centurions of ,sulla7 was planted at ,faesulae 7,fiesole71 a rocky fastness three miles ,n4,e4 of ,florence4 #ai4 imperatorem3 ironical1 as though ,catiline were the legally appointed general of the ,republic4 ,in ,l4 ,catilinam ,oratio i4 ',this splendid oration1 in its fiery vigour and mastery of invective1 is unsurpassed except by the ,second ,philippic4' --,cruttwell4 ,its effect on ,catiline4 ,tum ille furibundus 'quoniam quidem circumventus' inquit 'ab inimicis praeceps agor1 incendium meum ruina restinguam4' ,sall4 ,catil4 #ca4 ,that night ,catiline left ,rome for the camp of ,manlius4 ,b#ce ,,the ,,conspiracy ,,of ,,catiline1 #fc ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,the ,end of ,catiline4 ,sed confecto proelio tum vero cerneres1 quanta audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu ,catilinae4 ,nam fere1 quem quisque vivus pugnando locum ceperat1 eum1 amissa anima1 corpore tegebat4 ,pauci autem1 quos medios cohors praetoria disiecerat1 #e paulo divorsius1 sed omnes tamen advorsis volneribus conciderant4 ,catilina vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est1 paululum etiam spirans ferociamque animi1 quam habuerat vivus1 in voltu retinens4 ,postremo ex omni copia neque in #aj proelio neque in fuga quisquam civis ingenuus captus est4 ,ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae iuxta pepercerant4 ,neque tamen exercitus populi ,romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam adeptus erat2 nam strenuissumus quisque aut occiderat in proelio1 aut #ae graviter volneratus discesserat4 ,multi autem1 qui de castris visundi aut spoliandi gratia processerant1 volventes hostilia cadavera1 amicum alii1 pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant2 fuere item1 qui inimicos suos cognoscerent4 ,ita varie per omnem #bj exercitum laetitia1 maeror1 luctus atque gaudia agitabantur4 ,,sallust1 ,bellum ,catilinae1 #fa4 ,linenotes3 #e4 cohors praetoria3 a corps d'lite1 specially organised as a bodyguard of the general 7praetor praeitor1 prae eo71 dating from the time when the praetores was the older name of the consuls 7 colleagues74 #h4 etiam 7 adhuc7 still4 ,cf4 ,verg4 ,aen4 vi4 #dhe etiam currus etiam arma tenentem4 #aa4 civis ingenuus1 i4e4 a free citizen born of free citizens4 #ab4 ,ita cuncti 444 pepercerant so unsparing had they all been alike of their own and their opponents' lives4 --,pollard4 #ba4 laetitia joy manifested1 gaudia joy felt4 luctus grief shown by outward signs1 e4g4 by dress4 maeror grief shown by inward signs1 e4g4 by tears1 or a sad face4 ,the ,battle of ,pistoria 7,pistoia1 ,n4,w4 of ,faesulae74 ',catiline showed on this day that nature had destined him for no ordinary things1 and that he knew at once how to command and how to fight as a soldier4 ,at length ,petreius1 with his bodyguard1 broke the centre of the enemy1 and then attacked the two wings from within4 ,this decided the day4' --,m4 ,the character of ,catiline4 ',he was one of the most wicked men in that wicked age4 ,he possessed in a high degree the qualities which are required in the leader of a band of ruined and desperate men--the faculty of enjoying all pleasures and of bearing all privations1 courage1 military talent1 knowledge of men1 indomitable energy4' --,m4 ,cf4 ,sall4 ,catil4 #e4 ,b#cf ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caesar 7#d74 ,forms the ,first ,triumvirate3 ,consul1 #fj-ei ,b4,c4 ,hoc igitur consule inter eum et ,cn4 ,pompeium et ,m4 ,crassum inita potentiae societas1 quae urbi orbique terrarum nec minus diverso quoque tempore ipsis exitiabilis fuit4 ,hoc consilium sequendi ,pompeius causam habuerat1 ut tandem acta in #e transmarinis provinciis1 quibus1 ut praediximus1 multi obtrectabant1 per ,caesarem confirmarentur consulem1 ,caesar autem1 quod animadvertebat se cedendo ,pompei gloriae aucturum suam et invidia communis potentiae in illum relegata confirmaturum #aj vires suas1 ,crassus1 ut quem principatum solus adsequi non poterat1 auctoritate ,pompei1 viribus teneret ,caesaris4 ,adfinitas etiam inter ,caesarem ,pompeiumque contracta nuptiis1 quippe ,iuliam1 filiam ,c4 ,caesaris1 ,cn4 ,magnus duxit uxorem4 ,in #ae hoc consulatu ,caesar legem tulit1 ut ager ,campanus plebei divideretur1 suasore legis ,pompeio3 ita circiter ,,xx milia civium eo deducta et ius urbis restitutum post annos circiter ,,clii quam bello ,punico ab ,romanis ,capua in formam praefecturae #bj redacta erat4 ,bibulus1 collega ,caesaris1 cum actiones eius magis vellet impedire quam posset1 maiore parte anni domi se tenuit3 quo facto dum augere vult invidiam collegae1 auxit potentiam4 ,tum ,caesari decretae in quinquennium ,galliae4 #be ,,vell4 ,,pat4 ii4 #dd4 ,linenotes3 #a-b4 inter eum 444 societas1 the famous ,first ,triumvirate4 ',it was at first an expedient to secure1 as we should say1 a working majority for a vigorous democratic policy1 but the bitterness of its enemies transformed the coalition itself from an honourable union into the semblance of a three-headed tyranny4' --,warde ,fowler4 #d-g4 ,the ultra-senatorial party 7after ,pompeius' great act of renunciation1 when he dismissed his victorious veterans in #fb ,b4,c47 had checked and worried ,pompeius by refusing to ratify his arrangements in the ,east1 and by criticising and opposing his plans for rewarding his veterans4 ,thus they deliberately drove him once more into the arms of ,caesar and the democracy4 #aj4 relegata attributed1 imputed1 lit4 removed 7re lgo74 #ba4 ,bibulus1 collega ,caesaris3 cf4 ,suet4 ,divus ,iulius #bj3 ,non ,bibulo quicquam1 nuper sed ,caesare factum est3 ,nam ,bibulo fieri consule nil memini4 ,caesar's ,first ,consulship4 ,among his other acts was the famous ,lex ,iulia de pecuniis repetundis 7against official extortion in the provinces71 which won strong praise even from ,cicero himself4 ,b#cg ,,the ,,gallic ,,war1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#a7 ',that day he overcame the ,nervii1' #eg ,b4,c4 ,caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus1 ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum collatis duodecimae legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit--quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis1 #e signifero interfecto1 signo amisso1 reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis1 in his primipilo ,p4 ,sextio ,baculo1 fortissimo viro1 multis gravibusque volneribus confecto1 ut iam se sustinere non posset2 reliquos esse tardiores et nonnullos #aj ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac tela vitare1 hostes neque a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere et ab utroque latere instare1 et rem esse in angusto vidit neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset1 scuto ab novissimis #ae militi detracto1 quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat1 in primam aciem processit2 centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit1 quo facilius gladiis uti possent4 ,cuius adventu spe illata militibus ac #bj redintegrato animo1 cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam navare cuperet1 paulum hostium impetus tardatus est4 ,,caesar1 de ,b4 ,g4 ii4 #be4 ,context4 ,the ,nervii1 the bravest of the ,belgae1 surprised ,caesar's men while at work on their camp4 ,there was no time to think3 they took station where they could4 ,the #ith and #ajth legions on the left broke and pursued the enemy in front of them1 and the two legions in the centre stood firm4 ,but on the right there was a gap1 and the ,nervii were rapidly surrounding the two legions huddled together here1 and the fight threatened every moment to become a second ,cannae1 when ,caesar restored the fight4 ,labienus sent back the victorious #ajth1 who took the enemy in their rear1 and the cavalry completed the victory4 ,linenotes3 #ad-ae4 neque ullum 444 posset3 the rear guard1 the #acth and #adth legions1 had not yet come up4 #ah-ai4 signa 444 laxare to charge and 7thus7 open out the ranks4 #bb-bc4 operam navare to do their very best4 navo 7orig4 gnavo2 cf4 gnsk7 lit4 to make known1 to exhibit4 ,the ,battle of the ,sambre4 ,one of the most desperate that ,caesar ever fought4 ,the memory of it lived in ,caesar's mind so vividly that he seems to fight the battle over again as he describes it1 in language for him unusually strong and intense4 --,w4 ,f4 ,result of the ,battle1 the submission of ,north ,west ,gaul4 ,b#ch ,,the ,,gallic ,,war1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,naval ,battle with the ,veneti1 #ef ,b4,c4 ,una erat magno usui res praeparata a nostris1--falces praeacutae insertae affixaeque longuriis non absimili forma muralium falcium4 ,his cum funes qui antemnas ad malos destinabant comprehensi adductique essent1 navigio remis incitato praerumpebantur4 #e ,quibus abscisis antemnae necessario concidebant2 ut1 cum omnis ,gallicis spes in velis armamentisque consisteret1 his ereptis omnis usus navium uno tempore eriperetur4 ,reliquum erat certamen positum in virtute1 qua nostri milites facile #aj superabant atque eo magis1 quod in conspectu ,caesaris atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur1 ut nullum paulo fortius factum latere posset2 omnes enim colles ac loca superiora1 unde erat propinquus despectus in mare1 ab exercitu tenebantur4 ,disiectis1 ut diximus1 #ae antemnis1 cum singulas binae ac ternae naves circumsteterant1 milites summa vi transcendere in hostium naves contendebant4 ,quod postquam barbari fieri animadverterunt1 expugnatis compluribus navibus1 cum ei rei nullum reperiretur auxilium1 fuga #bj salutem petere contenderunt4 ,ac iam conversis in eam partem navibus quo ventus ferebat1 tanta subito malacia ac tranquillitas exstitit ut se ex loco movere non possent4 ,quae quidem res ad negotium conficiendum maxime fuit opportuna2 nam singulas #be nostri consectati expugnaverunt1 ut perpaucae ex omni numero noctis interventu ad terram pervenerint1 cum ab hora fere quarta usque ad solis occasum pugnaretur4 ,,caesar1 de ,b4 ,g4 iii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,context4 ,in the winter of #eg-f ,roman officers1 who came to levy requisitions of grain1 were detained by the ,veneti4 ,caesar's attack on their coast-towns failed to reduce them to submission3 so he determined to wait for his fleet4 ,this he entrusted to ,decimus ,brutus1 an able and devoted officer4 ,at first the ,roman galleys were powerless against the high-decked strong sailing-vessels of the ,veneti1 but the use of the murales falces1 and the opportune calm1 enabled ,brutus to annihilate their fleet4 ,linenotes3 #aa-ab4 quod 444 gerebatur4 ,napoleon 7,caesar1 vol4 ii4 p4 #f7 thinks that ,caesar was encamped on the heights of ,saint ,gildas overlooking ,quiberon ,bay4 #bc4 malacia a calm1 but malakia softness1 ,l4 mollities4 ,result of the ,victory--the surrender of the ,veneti and of all ,brittany4 ,the earliest historical naval battle fought on the ,atlantic ,ocean4--,m4 ,b#ci ,,the ,,gallic ,,war1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,caesar's ,bridge across the ,rhine1 #ee ,b4,c4 ,rationem pontis hanc instituit4 ,tigna bina sesquipedalia paulum ab imo praeacuta1 dimensa ad altitudinem fluminis1 intervallo pedum duorum inter se iungebat4 ,haec cum machinationibus immissa in flumen defixerat fistucisque adegerat--non sublicae #e modo derecte ad perpendiculum1 sed prone ac fastigate1 ut secundum naturam fluminis procumberent--eis item contraria duo ad eundem modum iuncta intervallo pedum quadragenum ab inferiore parte contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa statuebat4 #aj ,haec utraque insuper bipedalibus trabibus immissis1 quantum eorum tignorum iunctura distabat1 binis utrimque fibulis ab extrema parte distinebantur2 quibus disclusis atque in contrariam partem revinctis1 tanta erat operis firmitudo atque #ae ea rerum natura ut1 quo maior vis aquae se incitavisset1 hoc artius illigata tenerentur4 ,haec derecta materia iniecta contexebantur ac longuriis cratibusque consternebantur2 ac nihilo setius sublicae et ad inferiorem partem fluminis oblique agebantur1 quae #bj pro ariete subiectae et cum omni opere coniunctae vim fluminis exciperent2 et aliae item supra pontem mediocri spatio1 ut1 si arborum trunci sive naves deiciendi operis essent a barbaris immissae1 his defensoribus earum rerum vis minueretur1 neu ponti #be nocerent4 ,,caesar1 de ,b4 ,g4 iv4 #ag4 ,context4 ,the year #ee ,b4,c4 appears to have been marked by a general movement in the migration of the ,german tribes4 ,an advance1 consisting of two tribes1 the ,usipetes and ,tenctri1 crowded forward by the more powerful ,suevi1 crossed the ,lower ,rhine into ,n4 ,gaul4 ,caesar drove them back across the ,rhine1 bridged the river1 followed them up into their own territories1 and fully established the supremacy of the ,roman arms4 --,allen and ,greenough4 ,linenotes3 #e4 fistucisque adegerat and had driven them home 7ad-7 with rammers4 ,for ,plan of ,bridge see ,allen's ,caesar1 p4 #ajc4 #aa-ad4 ,haec 444 distinebantur these two sets were held apart by two-feet timbers laid on above1 equal 7in thickness7 to the interval left by the fastening of the piles 7quantum 444 distabat71 with a pair of ties 7fibulis7 at each end4 --,a4 ,g4 #ag-ah4 ,haec 444 contexebantur these 7i4e4 the framework of timber7 were covered over by boards 7materia7 laid lengthwise4 longuriis with long poles4 ,the ,bridge 7prob4 near ,bonn74 ',with extraordinary speed 7in ten days7 the bridge was completed4 ,it was a triumph of engineering and industry4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#dj ,,the ,,gallic ,,war1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#d7 ,cassivellaunus4 ,second ,invasion of ,britain1 #ed ,b4,c4 ,cassivellaunus1 omni deposita spe contentionis1 dimissis amplioribus copiis1 milibus circiter quattuor essedariorum relictis itinera nostra servabat3 paulumque ex via excedebat locisque impeditis ac silvestribus sese occultabat1 atque eis regionibus quibus #e nos iter facturos cognoverat pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat2 et cum equitatus noster liberius praedandi vastandique causa se in agros eiecerat1 omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat2 et magno cum periculo nostrorum #aj equitum cum eis confligebat atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat4 ,relinquebatur ut neque longius ab agmine legionum discedi ,caesar pateretur1 et tantum in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus noceretur quantum in labore atque itinere #ae legionarii milites efficere poterant4 4 4 4 ,cassivellaunus hoc proelio nuntiato1 tot detrimentis acceptis1 vastatis finibus1 maxime etiam permotus defectione civitatum1 legatos per ,atrebatem ,commium de deditione ad ,caesarem mittit4 #bj ,,caesar1 de ,b4 ,g4 v4 #ai1 #bb4 ,context4 ,the ,first ,invasion of ,britain 7#ee ,b4,c47 was only a visit of exploration2 but in the ,second ,invasion 7#ed ,b4,c47 ,caesar aimed at a partial conquest4 ,he had been hearing of ,britain ever since he came to ,gaul1 and knew it to be a refuge for his ,celtic enemies and a secret source of their strength4 ,he set sail from the ,portus ,ittius 7mod4 ,wissant1 some twelve miles ,w4 of ,calais7 and after drifting some way to the ,n4,e41 made his way to his former landing-place1 probably near ,romney4 ,some severe fighting followed1 till at length ,caesar crossed the ,thames 7apparently between ,kingston and ,brentford7 and entered the country of ,cassivellaunus1 who gave ,caesar much trouble by his guerilla tactics4 ,deserted by his allies1 ,cassivellaunus offered his submission1 which ,caesar gladly accepted4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,contentionis1 i4e4 of a general engagement with ,caesar4 #ab4 ,relinquebatur ut the consequence was that 444 #ag4 hoc proelio1 i4e4 the storming by ,caesar of his fortified camp1 perh4 ,st4 ,albans4 #ah-ai4 defectione civitatum1 espec4 of the ,trinobantes 7chief place ,camulodunum1 later ,colonia castrum ,colchester74 #ai4 ,commium1 ,caesar had made him ,king of the ,atrebates 7,n4,w4 ,gaul74 ,caesar ,in ,britain4 ',what he tells us of the geography and inhabitants of the ,island comprises almost all we know1 except from coins1 down to the time of its final conquest by ,clodius #ea ,a4,d4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#da ,,the ,,gallic ,,war1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#e7 ,the ,gallic uprising4 ,fabian tactics of ,vercingetorix1 #eb ,b4,c4 ,vercingetorix tot continuis incommodis acceptis suos ad concilium convocat4 ,docet 'longe alia ratione esse bellum gerendum atque antea gestum sit2 omnibus modis huic rei studendum ut pabulatione et commeatu ,romani prohibeantur3 id esse #e facile1 quod equitatu ipsi abundent et quod anni tempore subleventur2 pabulum secari non posse2 necessario dispersos hostes ex aedificiis petere2 hos omnes cotidie ab equitibus deleri posse4 ,praeterea1 salutis causa rei familiaris commoda neglegenda2 #aj vicos atque aedificia incendi oportere hoc spatio quoqueversus1 quo pabulandi causa adire posse videantur4 ,harum ipsis rerum copiam suppetere1 quod quorum in finibus bellum geratur eorum opibus subleventur3 ,romanos aut inopiam non laturos aut #ae magno cum periculo longius a castris processuros2 neque interesse ipsosne interficiant an impedimentis exuant1 quibus amissis bellum geri non possit4 ,praeterea1 oppida incendi oportere quae non munitione et loci natura ab omni sint periculo tuta2 ne #bj suis sint ad detrectandam militiam receptacula1 neu ,romanis proposita ad copiam commeatus praedamque tollendam4 ,haec si gravia aut acerba videantur1 multo illa gravius aestimari debere1 liberos1 coniuges in servitutem abstrahi1 ipsos interfici2 #be quae sit necesse accidere victis4' ,,caesar1 de ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #ad4 ,context4 ,on his return from ,britain1 ,caesar found the ,n4 ,gauls in open revolt4 ,the division of ,sabinus 7at ,aduatuca1 near ,lige7 was annihilated by ,ambiorix1 and ,caesar was only just in time to relieve ,q4 ,cicero at ,charleroi4 ,to prevent all further support to the ,gauls from the ,germans across the ,rhine1 ,caesar again made a military demonstration across the river1 and put an end to all the hopes of the ,germans of breaking through this boundary4 ,in the winter of #ec-b ,b4,c41 during his absence in ,cisalpine ,gaul1 a general uprising of the ,s4 and ,central ,gauls took place under the ,arvernian ,vercingetorix1 the hero of the whole ,gallic race4 ,linenotes3 #f-g4 anni tempore1 i4e4 scarcely yet spring1 when no crops could be got off the land4 #aa-ab4 hoc spatio quoqueversus1 quo so far in every direction as4 #ai4 oppida incendi3 only ,avaricum 7,bourges7 was to be spared4 #bb4 proposita offered to be captured by the ,romans4 ,the tactics of ,vercingetorix4 ',he adopted a system of warfare similar to that by which ,cassivellaunus had saved the ,celts of ,britain4' --,m4 ,b#db ,,the ,,gallic ,,war1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#f7 ,siege of ,gergovia4 ,petronius dies to save his men1 #eb ,b4,c4 ,cum acerrime comminus pugnaretur1 hostes loco et numero1 nostri virtute confiderent1 subito sunt ,aedui visi ab latere nostris aperto1 quos ,caesar ab dextra parte alio ascensu manus distinendae causa miserat4 ,hi similitudine armorum vehementer #e nostros perterruerunt4 ,eodem tempore ,l4 ,fabius centurio quique una murum ascenderant circumventi atque interfecti de muro praecipitabantur4 ,m4 ,petronius1 eiusdem legionis centurio1 cum portas excidere conatus esset1 a multitudine oppressus ac sibi desperans1 #aj multis iam volneribus acceptis1 manipularibus suis qui illum secuti erant1 ',quoniam1' inquit1 'me una vobiscum servare non possum1 vestrae quidem certe vitae prospiciam1 quos cupiditate gloriae adductus in periculum deduxi4 ,vos data facultate vobis consulite4' #ae ,simul in niedios hostes irrupit1 duobusque interfectis reliquos a porta paulum submovit4 ,conantibus auxiliari suis1 ',frustra1' inquit1 'meae vitae subvenire conamini1 quem iam sanguis viresque deficiunt4 ,proinde abite dum est facultas vosque ad #bj legionem recipite4' ,ita pugnans post paulum concidit ac suis saluti fuit4 ,,caesar1 de ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #ej4 ,context4 ,with a half-starved army ,caesar stormed ,avaricum after a most obstinate defence1 and then laid siege to the ,arvernian capital of ,gergovia1 in hope of destroying ,vercingetorix and ending the war4 ,as the town was too strong to be taken by storm1 he resolved to try a blockade1 but he failed1 as at ,dyrrachium in #di ,b4,c41 from want of sufficient troops4 ,a last desperate attack on the town was repulsed1 and ,caesar1 defeated for the first time1 was forced to raise the siege4 ,linenotes3 #c4 ab latere nostris aperto3 as a soldier carries his shield on the left arm1 leaving the sword hand free1 this 7right7 side is called latus apertum4--,compton4 #d4 manus distinendae causa for the purpose of diverting 7distinendae1 lit4 hold off7 the enemy's force4 #f4 perterruerunt3 this was all the more natural1 as the ,aeduan contingent was only awaiting the result of the blockade1 to openly join the insurgents4 #i4 excidere to cut away1 hew down1 i4e4 from within4 ,gergovia1 #d miles ,s4 of ,clermont4 ,this famous stronghold consists of a rectangular plateau nearly a mile in length1 and some #acjj feet above the plain through which the ,allier flows1 and descending steeply on all sides but one to the ground4 ,caesar's failure4 ',the fact was that chiefly owing to the nature of the ground and their own ardour1 ,caesar's men were not well in hand4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#dc ,,the ,,gallic ,,war1 #eh-ej ,b4,c4 7#g7 ,siege of ,alesia4 ,the ,last ,fight of ,vercingetorix1 #eb ,b4,c4 ,vercingetorix ex arce ,alesiae suos conspicatus ex oppido egreditur3 crates1 longurios1 musculos1 fasces1 reliquaque quae eruptionis causa paraverat profert4 ,pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis atque omnia temptantur2 quae minime visa pars firma est huc #e concurritur4 ,romanorum manus tantis munitionibus distinetur nec facile pluribus locis occurrit4 4 4 4 ,labienus1 postquam neque aggeres neque fossae vim hostium sustinere poterant1 coactis ,,xi cohortibus1 quas ex proximis praesidiis deductas fors obtulit1 #aj ,caesarem per nuntios facit certiorem quid faciendum existimet4 ,accelerat ,caesar ut proelio intersit4 ,eius adventu ex colore vestitus cognito 7quo insigni in proeliis uti consuerat71 turmisque equitum et cohortibus visis quas se sequi iusserat1 ut de locis #ae superioribus haec declivia et devexa cemebantur1 hostes proelium committunt4 ,utrimque clamore sublato excipit rursus ex vallo atque omnibus munitionibus clamor4 ,nostri omissis pilis gladiis rem gerunt4 ,repente post tergum equitatus cernitur3 #bj cohortes aliae appropinquant4 ,hostes terga vertunt2 fugientibus equites occurrunt3 fit magna caedes3 pauci ex tanto numero se incolumes in castra recipiunt4 ,,caesar1 de ,b4 ,g4 vii4 #hd1 #hg1 #hh4 ,context4 ,after his successful defence of ,gergovia1 ,vercingetorix allowed his judgment to be overruled1 and attacked ,caesar's army 7now united to the division of ,labienus7 on the march4 ,caesar shook off the enemy with the help of his ,german cavalry1 and turned their retreat into a rout4 ,v4 then threw himself with all his forces into ,alesia4 ,caesar constructed an inner line of investment and an outer line of defence1 and was thus able to wear out the besieged and beat back the relieving host of the ,gauls4 ,linenotes3 #a4 suos1 i4e4 the host 7some #bej1jjj7 of the relieving army of ,gauls4 #b4 musculos 7dimin4 of mus7 pent-houses or sheds4 #d4 omnibus locis1 i4e4 along the whole length of ,caesar's outer line of defence1 where it ran along the slope of ,mont ,ra1 to the ,n4,w4 of ,alesia4 ,this1 as the relieving ,gauls were quick to see1 was the weakest point of the whole line4 #ac4 ex colore vestitus1 i4e4 the purple or scarlet paludamentum4 ,vercingetorix4 ,the ,celtic officers delivered up ,v4 to ,caesar1 to be led in triumph five years later1 and beheaded as a traitor4 ,in #ahfe a statue was erected on the summit of ,alesia1 in honour of the heroic ,gaul4 ,the fall of ,alesia decided the fate of ,gaul4 ,b#dd ,,cicero ,,in ,,exile1 ,,march #eh ,b4,c4-,,august #eg ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,his ,banishment4 ,per idem tempus ,p4 ,clodius1 homo nobilis1 disertus1 audax1 quique dicendi neque faciendi ullum nisi quem vellet nosset modum1 malorum propositorum exsecutor acerrimus1 cum graves inimicitias cum ,m4 ,cicerone exerceret 7quid enim inter tam #e dissimilis amicum esse poterat87 et a patribus ad plebem transisset1 legem in tribunatu tulit1 qui civem ,romanum non damnatum interemisset1 ei aqua et igni interdiceretur3 cuius verbis etsi non nominabatur ,cicero1 tamen solus petebatur4 ,ita vir optime #aj meritus de re publica conservatae patriae pretium calamitatem exili tulit4 ,non caruerunt suspicione oppressi ,ciceronis ,caesar et ,pompeius4 ,hoc sibi contraxisse videbatur ,cicero1 quod inter xx viros dividendo agro ,campano esse noluisset4 ,idem intra #ae biennium sera ,cn4 ,pompei cura1 verum ut coepit intenta1 votisque ,italiae ac decretis senatus1 virtute atque actione ,anni ,milonis tribuni pl4 dignitati patriaeque restitutus est4 ,neque post ,numidici exilium ac reditum quisquam aut expulsus invidiosius #bj aut receptus est laetius3 cuius domus quam infeste a ,clodio disiecta erat1 tam speciose a senatu restituta est4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 ii4 #de4 ,linenotes3 #f-g4 a patribus 444 transisset4 ,when ,cicero refused to throw in his lot with the ,triumvirs1 ,publius ,clodius was 7by the aid of ,caesar as ,pontifex ,maximus7 hurriedly transferred from a patrician to a plebeian gens1 and then chosen a tribune of the people for the year #eh ,b4,c4 ,clodius was thus enabled to satisfy his private hatred of ,cicero1 and ,caesar was enabled to get rid of the man who persisted in opposing him4 #g-h4 qui 444 interemisset3 aimed at ,cicero for his share in the summary execution of the ,catilinarians #fc ,b4,c4 ,mommsen calls it a judicial murder4 ,undoubtedly the ,senate had not the power of sentencing citizens to death4 ,but ,cicero argues that the legal effect of the ,senatus consultum ultimum was to disenfranchise ,lentulus and his associates1 and to place them in the position of outlaws4 #ab-ac4 ,non caruerunt 444 ,pompeius3 ,caesar having in vain tried to win him over abandoned him to his fate1 and ,pompeius basely deserted him4 #ae4 dividendo agro ,campano1 i4e4 by ,caesar's ,agrarian ,law of #ei ,b4,c41 to provide for ,pompey's veterans4 #ah4 ,anni ,milonis3 the bravoes of ,milo protected from disturbance the voters engaged in sanctioning the decree for the recall of ,cicero4 #ai4 ,numidici1 i4e4 ,q4 ,caecilius ,metellus1 general against ,jugurtha1 superseded by ,marius and forced to retire to ,rhodes4 ,b#de ,,cicero ,,in ,,exile1 ,,march #eh ,b4,c4-,,august #eg ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,his ,return4 ,pr4 ,nonas ,sextiles ,dyrrachio sum profectus1 ipso illo die1 quo lex est lata de nobis2 ,brundisium veni ,nonis ,sextilibus3 ibi mihi ,tulliola mea fuit praesto natali suo ipso die1 qui casu idem natalis erat et ,brundisinae coloniae et tuae vicinae ,salutis2 quae #e res animadversa a multitudine summa ,brundisinorum gratulatione celebrata est4 ,ante diem vi ,idus ,sextiles cognovi1 cum ,brundisii essem1 litteris ,quinti1 mirifico studio omnium aetatum atque ordinum1 incredibili concursu ,italiae legem comitiis #aj centuriatis esse perlatam3 inde a ,brundisinis honestissimis ornatus iter ita feci1 ut undique ad me cum gratulatione legati convenerint4 ,ad urbem ita veni1 ut nemo ullius ordinis homo nomenclatori notus fuerit1 qui mihi obviam non venerit1 praeter eos #ae inimicos1 quibus id ipsum1 se inimicos esse1 non liceret aut dissimulare aut negare4 ,cum venissem ad portam ,capenam1 gradus templorum ab infima plebe completi erant1 a qua plausu maximo cum esset mihi gratulatio significata1 similis et frequentia #bj et plausus me usque ad ,capitolium celebravit1 in foroque et in ipso ,capitolio miranda multitudo fuit4 ,postridie in senatu1 qui fuit dies ,nonarum ,septembr41 senatui gratias egimus4 ,,cicero1 ,ep4 ad ,att4 iv4 #a4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,dyrrachio 7formerly ,epidamnus1 mod4 ,durazzo71 a town in ,illyria1 on a peninsula in the ,adriatic4 ,it was the usual port of landing and departure from and for ,brundisium 7distant about #ajj miles74 #c4 ,tulliola1 ,cicero's dearly-loved daughter ,tullia1 the only one of his family of whose conduct he never complains1 and his tender and sympathising companion in all his pursuits4 #d-e4 qui casu 444 coloniae4 ,brundisium was founded #bdd ,b4,c4 ,the ,via ,appia terminated here4 #e4 tuae vicinae ,salutis1 the ,temple of ,salus on the ,quirinal was near the house of ,atticus4 #i4 ,quinti 7sc4 ,ciceronis73 ,cicero's only brother1 a gallant soldier 7e4g4 as legatus to ,caesar in ,gaul71 but a man of violent temper4 ,proscribed by the ,triumvirs1 and put to death in #dc ,b4,c4 #aa-ab4 a ,brundisinis 444 ornatus having received attentions from the most respectable men of ,brundisium4 #ac4 legati deputations1 i4e4 from the various towns en route4 #ad4 nomenclatori 7 lit4 one who calls by name1 cf4 kal-e1 ,cal-endae73 a confidential slave who attended his master in canvassing1 and on similar occasions1 and told him the names of the people he met4 #ah4 ad portam ,capenam 7,porta ,s4 ,sebastiano71 by which the ,via ,appia led to ,capua4 ',cicero1 perhaps for effect1 followed the line of triumphal procession4' --,impey4 ,b#df ,,cicero',s ,,recantation1 #ef ,b4,c4 ,in praise of ,caesar4 ,itaque cum acerrimis nationibus et maximis ,germanorum et ,helvetiorum proeliis felicissime decertavit3 ceteras conterruit1 compulit1 domuit1 imperio populi ,romani parere assuefecit1 et quas regiones1 quasque gentes nullae nobis antea litterae1 #e nulla vox1 nulla fama notas fecerat1 has noster imperator nosterque exercitus et populi ,romani arma peragrarunt4 ,semitam tantum ,galliae tenebamus antea1 patres conscripti2 ceterae partes a gentibus aut inimicis huic imperio1 aut infidis1 aut #aj incognitis1 aut certe immanibus et barbaris et bellicosis tenebantur2 quas nationes1 nemo umquam fuit1 quin frangi domarique cuperet2 nemo sapienter de republica nostra cogitavit iam inde a principio huius imperi1 quin ,galliam maxime timendam huic #ae imperio putaret2 sed propter vim ac multitudinem gentium illarum numquam est antea cum omnibus dimicatum4 ,restitimus semper lacessiti4 ,nunc denique est perfectum1 ut imperii nostri terrarumque illarum idem esset extremum4 #bj ,,cicero1 de ,provinciis ,consularibus1 #cc4 ,linenotes3 #c4 compulit checked1 usu4 to constrain4 #e4 nullae litterae no book4 #h4 ,semitam tantum ,galliae it was but a strip of ,gaul4 --,w4 ,f4 ,semita 7se mi go aside1 cf4 meo1 trames7 lit4 a narrow way1 path4 #ac-ad4 nemo 444 cogitavit there never has been a prudent statesman4 --,w4 ,f4 #ag4 cum omnibus1 i4e4 with the ,gauls as a nation4 #ai-bj4 ut imperi 444 extremum1 i4e4 that our ,empire extends to the utmost limits of that land4 ,cicero's ,recantation 7palindia74 ,the time for the struggle between the ,senatorial party 7the ,optimates7 and the ,triumvirs1 weakened by their mutual jealousy1 seemed to have come4 ,accordingly ,cicero proposed in a full house to reconsider ,caesar's ,agrarian ,law 7of #ei ,b4,c47 for the allotment of lands in ,campania2 while ,domitius ,ahenobarbus 7candidate for next year's ,consulship7 openly declared his intention to propose ,caesar's recall4 ,caesar acted with his usual promptness1 and the ,conference at ,luca restored an understanding between the three regents4 ,pompeius then crossed to ,sardinia1 and informed ,q4 ,cicero that he would be held reponsible for any act of hostility on the part of his brother4 ,cicero had no choice but to submit1 and delivered in the ,senate his oration de ,provinciis ,consularibus1 a political manifesto on behalf of ,caesar and ,pompeius--the ,recantation alluded to in ,ep4 ad ,att4 iv4 #e1 and elaborately explained in ,ep4 ad ,fam4 i4 #i 7to ,lentulus ,spinther74 ,b#dg ,,carrhae1 #ec ,b4,c4 7#a7 ',quem deus vult perdere1 prius dementat4' ,dum ,gallos per ,caesarem in septentrione debellat1 ipse interim ad orientem grave volnus a ,parthis populus ,romanus accepit4 ,nec de fortuna queri possumus2 caret solacio clades4 ,adversis et dis et hominibus cupiditas consulis ,crassi1 dum ,parthico #e inhiat auro1 undecim strage legionum et ipsius capite multata est4 ,primum enim1 qui solus et subvehere commeatus et munire poterat a tergo1 relictus ,euphrates1 dum simulato transfugae cuidam ,mazzarae ,syro creditur4 ,tum in mediam camporum #aj vastitatem eodem duce ductus exercitus1 ut undique hosti exponeretur4 ,itaque vixdum venerat ,carrhas cum undique praefecti regis ,silaces et ,surenas ostendere signa auro sericisque vexillis vibrantia4 ,tunc sine mora circumfusi undique equitatus in #ae modum grandinis atque nimborum densa pariter tela fuderunt4 ,sic miserabili strage deletus exercitus4 ,ipse in colloquium sollicitatus signo dato vivus in hostium manus incidisset1 nisi tribunis reluctantibus fugam ducis barbari ferro occupassent4 ,filium #bj ducis paene in conspectu patris eisdem telis operuerunt4 ,reliquiae infelicis exercitus1 quo quemque rapuit fuga1 in ,armeniam ,ciliciam ,syriamque distractae vix nuntium cladis rettulerunt4 ,,florus1 ,,iii4 xi4 #a-aj 7sel47 ,context4 ,by the conference of the ,triumvirs at ,luca1 it was arranged to secure the succession of ,crassus to the government of ,syria1 in order to make war on the growing strength of the ,parthian ,empire beyond the ,euphrates4 ,consul with ,pompeius in #ee ,b4,c4 he set out for his province even before the expiration of his consulship 'eager to gather in the treasures of the ,east in addition to those of the ,west4' ,linenotes3 #g-ad4 ,primum enim 444 vibrantia4 ,the ,arab prince ,abgarus induced ,crassus to leave the ,euphrates1 and cross the great ,mesopotamian desert to the ,tigris4 ,when at length the enemy offered battle some #cj miles to the ,s4 of ,carrhae 7,harran1 not far from ,edessa71 by the side of the ,parthian vizier stood prince ,abgarus with his ,bedouins4 #ae-ag4 ,tunc sine mora 444 exercitus4 ,the ,roman weapons of close combat1 and the ,roman system of concentration yielded for the first time to cavalry and distant warfare 7the bow74 #bj-ba4 ,filium ducis3 his young and brave son ,publius1 who had served with the greatest distinction under ,caesar in ,gaul4 #bb4 ,reliquiae3 out of #dj1jjj ,roman legionaries1 who had crossed the ,euphrates1 not a fourth part returned3 #bj1jjj fell1 and #aj1jjj were taken prisoners4 ,carrhae4 ',the day of ,carrhae takes its place side by side with the days of the ,allia1 and of ,cannae4' --,m4 ,b#dh ,,carrhae1 #ec ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,after the ,battle4 ,a4 ,temporis angusti mansit concordia discors1 ,paxque fuit non sponte ducum2 nam sola futuri ,crassus erat belli medius mora4 ,qualiter undas #ajj ,qui secat et geminum gracilis mare separat ,isthmos ,nec patitur conferre fretum3 si terra recedat1 ,ionium ,aegaeo frangat mare3 sic1 ubi saeva ,arma ducum dirimens miserando funere ,crassus ,assyrias ,latio maculavit sanguine ,carrhas1 #aje ,parthica ,romanos solverunt damna furores4 ,plus illa vobis acie quam creditis actum est1 ,arsacidae3 bellum victis civile dedistis4 ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 i4 #ih-ajh4 ,linenotes3 #ih4 ,temporis 444 discors the short-lived concord endured1 but it was a jarring 7discors7 concord4 --,haskins4 #aja4 ,isthmos1 sc4 of ,corinth3 ,caesar planned to cut it1 and thus to secure a direct route by sea1 connecting ,italy and the ,east4 #ajb4 ,nec patitur 444 fretum and suffers it 7mare1 l4 #aja7 not to join its waters1 i4e4 the ,corinthian and ,saronic gulfs4 ,b4 ,milesne ,crassi coniuge barbara ,turpis maritus vixit1 et hostium 7,pro curia inversique mores67 ,consenuit socerorum in armis #h ,sub rege ,medo ,marsus et ,apulus1 ,anciliorum et nominis et togae ,oblitus aeternaeque ,vestae1 ,incolumi ,iove et urbe ,roma8 #ab ,,horace1 ,odes ,,iii4 v4 #e-ab4 ,nearly #aj1jjj ,roman prisoners were settled by the victors in the oasis of ,merv1 as bondsmen compelled after the ,parthian fashion to render military service 7in armis1 l4 #h74 ,linenotes3 #h4 ,consenuit3 ,carrhae 7#ec ,b4,c47 was fought #bf years before this ,ode was written 7#bg ,b4,c474 #aj-aa4 ,anciliorum1 aeternae ,vestae1 pledges of the immortality of ,rome4 #aj4 togae1 i4e4 the ,roman people1 the gens togata4 #ab4 ,iove1 ,jove's temple on the ,capitol4 ,c4 ,crassus ad ,euphraten aquilas natumque suosque ,perdidit1 et leto est ultimus ipse datus4 ,parthe1 quid exsultas8 dixit dea1 signa remittes1 ,quique necem ,crassi vindicet1 ultor erit4 #dfh ,,ovid1 ,fasti1 vi4 #dfe-dfh4 ,hallam ,,vi4 #cig-djj ,linenote3 #c-d4 ,during the last few months of his life1 ,caesar was occupied with the preparations for his expedition against the ,parthians4 ,in #cf ,b4,c4 ,antonius carried on a disastrous campaign against ,phraates1 ,king of ,parthia1 but in #bj ,b4,c4 ,augustus received from the ,king the ,eagles 7signa1 l4 #dfg7 and prisoners captured at ,carrhae4 ,b#di ,,cicero1 ,,governor ,,of ,,cilicia1 #ea-ej ,b4,c4 ,his humane ,administration4 ,ipse in ,asiam profectus sum ,tarso ,nonis ,ianuariis1 non mehercule dici potest1 qua admiratione ,ciliciae civitatum maximeque ,tarsensium2 postea vero quam ,taurum transgressus sum1 mirifica exspectatio ,asiae nostrarum dioecesium1 quae sex #e mensibus imperii mei nullas meas acceperat litteras1 numquam hospitem viderat4 ,illud autem tempus quotannis ante me fuerat in hoc quaestu2 civitates locupletes1 ne in hiberna milites reciperent1 magnas pecunias dabant1 ,cyprii talenta ,attica ,,cc1 qua ex #aj insula--non huperboliks1 sed verissime loquor--nummus nullus me obtinente erogabatur4 ,ob haec beneficia1 quibus illi obstupescunt1 nullos honores mihi nisi verborum decerni sino2 statuas1 fana1 tethrippa prohibeo1 nec sum in ulla re alia molestus #ae civitatibus1 sed fortasse tibi1 qui haec praedicem de me4 ,perifer1 si me amas2 tu enim me haec facere voluisti4 ,iter igitur ita per ,asiam feci1 ut etiam fames1 qua nihil miserius est1 quae tum erat in hac mea ,asia--messis enim nulla fuerat--1 mihi optanda #bj fuerit3 quacumque iter feci1 nulla vi1 nullo iudicio1 nulla contumelia auctoritate et cohortatione perfeci1 ut et ,graeci et cives ,romani1 qui frumentum compresserant1 magnum numerum populis pollicerentur4 ,,cicero1 ,ep4 ad ,atticum1 v4 #ba4 ,linenotes3 #a4 in ,asiam1 i4e4 to the districts ,n4 of the ,taurus range1 which belonged geographically to ,asia in the ,roman sense1 but were politically attached to ,cilicia4 --,watson4 ,tarso on the ,r4 ,cydnus1 about twelve miles above its mouth4 ,pompeius made ,tarsus the capital of the new province of ,cilicia1 #ff ,b4,c4 #f-g4 nullas meas 444 viderat had never received demands 7litteras7 from me1 never seen a man billeted on them4 ,the hospites soldiers or public officials4 #h4 fuerat in hoc quaestu had been devoted to gain in the following fashion4 --,tyrrell4 #i4 ne in hiberna milites reciperent3 ,mommsen says ',a town suffered nearly to the same extent when a ,roman army took up winter quarters in it as when an enemy took it by storm4' #ae4 tethrippa statues in chariots drawn by four horses4 #bj-ba4 mihi optanda fuerit3 i4e4 because it gave him the opportunity of showing the effect of his personal influence4 --,t4 #bc4 compresserant had stowed away2 lit4 kept back1 rare4 ,cicero as ,governor4 ,his administration seems to have been just1 considerate and popular4 ,for ,cicero's ,ideal of a ,roman ,governor1 see ,ep4 ad ,q4 ,f4 i4 #a 7,q4 ,cicero governed ,asia as ,propraetor #fb-eh ,b4,c47 ,,causes ,,of ,,the ,,civil ,,war4 ,nec quemquam iam ferre potest ,caesarve priorem ,pompeiusve parem4 --,,lucan4 #ef ,b4,c4 ,by the ,conference at ,luca it was arranged3-- 7i7 to give ,caesar a new term of five years' government in which to complete his work in ,gaul 7until ,march #a1 #di72 7ii7 to give ,pompeius the government of the two ,spains1 and ,crassus that of ,syria1 for five years also4 ,it was further agreed that ,pompeius and ,crassus should have the consulship for #ee ,b4,c4 #eb ,b4,c4 ,pompeius ,sole ,consul4 ,so things continued until #eb ,b4,c41 when the constant rioting 7,clodius v4 ,milo71 and utter lawlessness prevailing in ,rome gave ,pompeius his opportunity4 ,the ,senate in their distress caused ,pompeius to be nominated sole ,consul1 with supreme power to meet the crisis4 ,the death of ,julia in #ed and of ,crassus in #ec had removed the two strongest influences for peace1 and from #eb onwards the breach between ,pompeius and ,caesar began to widen4 ,during ,caesar's long absence from ,rome his opponents1 with ,cato at their head1 were waiting their chance to impeach him for numerous acts in his province1 as soon as he appeared in ,rome for the consular elections4 ,he would then be merely a private citizen1 and as such amenable to prosecution4 ,now ,caesar's proconsulship of ,gaul was to terminate on ,march #a1 #di1 and the consular elections would take place at the earliest in the following summer4 ,there would therefore be an interval between the two offices1 and ,caesar would be exposed to the utmost peril1 if he gave up province and army on ,march #a1 #di4 ,caesar had long foreseen this4 ,when the law was passed in #ee1 which added a fresh term of five years to his government1 ,pompeius seems to have inserted in it 7doubtless in accordance with a previous promise to ,caesar7 a clause prohibiting the discussion of a successor before ,march #a1 #ej4 ,caesar therefore could not be superseded except by the consuls of #di1 and these would not be able to succeed him 7as proconsuls7 till ,jan4 #a1 #dh4 ,he would thus be able to retain his army and government throughout the year #di4 ,caesar's canvass for the ,consulship4 ,as the law stood1 he would have to come in person to ,rome4 ,but early in #eb a decree was promulgated1 with the support of ,pompeius1 which relieved him from the necessity of canvassing in person4 ,caesar might now feel himself safe3 he would retain both army and provinces throughout #di1 and would not be forced to return to ,rome until he was safe from prosecution as ,consul4 ,lex ,pompeia de iure magistratuum4 ,but this did not suit ,caesar's enemies4 ,pompeius and the ,senate combined to alter the whole legal machinery for appointing provincial governors4 ,there was to be an interval of five years between a consulship and a proconsulship1 which would prevent ,caesar1 even if he were duly elected ,consul in #di1 from obtaining a fresh provincial governorship until five years from the end of #dh4 ,when the bill became law 7as it did in #ea7 there would be an interval of some years before any consuls would be qualified under it for provinces3 and to fill up the governorships during the interval1 the ,senate was authorised to appoint any person of consular rank who had not as yet proceeded to a proconsulship4 ,thus ,caesar's resignation both of his army and his province could be demanded on ,march #a1 #di4 #ej ,b4,c4 ,caesar's overtures for peace4 ,caesar let it be known to the ,senate through ,curio that he was willing to resign his army and provinces if ,pompeius would simultaneously do the same3 and the ,senate voted a resolution in this sense by a majority of #cgj to #bb4 ,the presiding ,consul1 ,gaius ,marcellus1 broke up the meeting in anger1 and with the two ,consuls elected for #di 7,claudius ,marcellus and ,lentulus ,crus7 requested ,pompeius to put himself at the head of the two legions stationed at ,capua and to call the ,italian militia to arms4 ,caesar had completely attained the object of devolving the initiative of ,civil ,war on his opponents4 ,he had1 while himself keeping on legal ground1 compelled ,pompeius to declare war1 and to declare it not as the representative of the legitimate authority1 but as general of a revolutionary minority of the ,senate1 which overawed the majority4 --,adapted from ,long1 ,mommsen1 and ,warde ,fowler4 ,b#ej ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#a7 ,caesar crosses the ,rubicon1 #di ,b4,c4 ,fonte cadit modico parvisque impellitur undis ,puniceus ,rubicon cum fervida canduit aestas1 ,perque imas serpit valles et ,gallica certus #bae ,limes ab ,ausoniis disterminat arva colonis4 ,tunc vires praebebat hiemps atque auxerat undas ,tertia iam gravido pluvialis ,cynthia cornu ,et madidis ,euri resolutae flatibus ,alpes4 ,primus in obliquum sonipes opponitur amnem #bbj ,excepturus aquas2 molli tum cetera rumpit ,turba vado faciles iam fracti fluminis undas4 ,caesar1 ut adversam superato gurgite ripam ,attigit ,hesperiae vetitis et constitit arvis1 ',hic' ait 'hic pacem temerataque iura relinquo2 #bbe ,te1 ,fortuna1 sequor2 procul hinc iam foedora sunto1 ,credidimus fatis1 utendum est iudice bello4' ,sic fatus noctis tenebris rapit agmina ductor ,impiger2 it torto ,balearis verbere fundae ,ocior et missa ,parthi post terga sagitta #bcj ,vicinumque minax invadit ,ariminum1 et ignes ,solis lucifero fugiebant astra relicto4 ,iamque dies primos belli visura tumultus ,exoritur2 seu sponte deum1 seu turbidus ,auster ,impulerat1 maestam tenuerunt nubila lucem4 #bce ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 i4 #bac-bce4 ,context4 ,on ,lentulus ,crus and ,claudius ,marcellus1 the ,consuls for #di ,b4,c41 must rest the immediate blame of the ,civil ,war4 ,on ,jan4 #ast ,caesar's tribune ,curio once more presented proposals from ,caesar1 which startle us by their marvellous moderation 7cf4 ,suet4 ,caesar1 #bi1 #cj71 but ,lentulus would not allow them to be considered4 ,on ,jan4 #gth the ,senatus consultum ultimum was decreed1 and a state of war declared4 ,caesar crossed the ,rubicon1 the narrow brook which separated his province from ,italy1 to pass which at the head of an army was high treason to the ,state4 --,w4 ,f4 ,linenotes3 #bad4 puniceus dark red3 ,rubicon1 as if from ruber4 #baf4 limes1 i4e4 until the time of ,augustus1 by whom ,italy was extended to the ,r4 ,varus1 the boundary between ,gallia ,narbonensis and ,italy4 #bah4 ,i4e4 prob4 the third night after the change of moon2 gravido surcharged with rain4 --,haskins4 #bai4 ,alpes mountains1 not the ,alps4 #bbe4 temerata1 i4e4 by ,pompeius and the senatorial party4 #bbi4 verbere the thong1 i4e4 of the sling 7fundae74 #bca4 ,ariminum 7,rimini71 at this period the frontier town of ,italy4 ,the ,passage of the ,rubicon4 ',when after nine years' absence he trod once more the soil of his native land1 he trod at the same time the path of revolution4 ,alea iacta est4' --,m4 ,b#ea ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,caesar defends himself before the ,senate1 ,april #di ,b4,c4 ,his rebus confectis ,caesar1 ut reliquum tempus a labore intermitteretur1 milites in proxima municipia deducit2 ipse ad urbem proficiscitur4 ,coacto senatu iniurias inimicorum commemorat4 ,docet se nullum extraordinarium honorem appetisse1 sed exspectato #e legitimo tempore consulatus eo fuisse contentum1 quod omnibus civibus pateret4 ,latum ab x tribunis plebis contradicentibus inimicis1 ,catone vero acerrime repugnante et pristina consuetudine dicendi mora dies extrahente1 ut sui ratio absentis haberetur1 ipso #aj consule ,pompeio2 qui si improbasset1 cur ferri passus esset8 qui si improbasset1 cur se uti populi beneficio prohibuisset8 ,patientiam proponit suam1 cum de exercitibus dimittendis ultro postulavisset2 in quo iacturam dignitatis atque honoris ipse facturus #ae esset4 ,acerbitatem inimicorum docet1 qui1 quod ab altero postularent1 in se recusarent atque omnia permisceri mallent1 quam imperium exercitusque dimittere4 ,iniuriam in eripiendis legionibus praedicat1 crudelitatem et insolentiam in circumscribendis #bj tribunis plebis2 condiciones a se latas1 expetita colloquia et denegata commemorat4 ,pro quibus rebus hortatur ac postulat1 ut rem publicam suscipiant atque una secum administrent4 ,,caesar1 de ,b4 ,c4 i4 #cb4 ,context4 ,after his passage of the ,rubicon1 ,caesar quickly made himself master of ,italy4 ,town after town opened its gates to him4 ,corfinium 7held in force by ,domitius for ,pompeius7 surrendered1 and the captured troops enlisted in his ranks4 ,an attempt to blockade ,pompeius in ,brundisium was skilfully foiled4 ,on the last day of ,march ,caesar arrived at ,rome4 ,the ,senate was legally summoned by the tribunes ,antonius and ,cassius1 and was invited to unite with him in carrying on the government4 ,linenotes3 #b4 municipia1 i4e4 ,brundisium1 ,tarentum1 ,hydruntum 7,otranto74 #aj4 ut sui 444 haberetur1 i4e4 allowing him to stand for the consulship in his absence4 #ae4 iacturam dignitatis sacrifice of prestige4 --,long4 #ai4 eripiendis legionibus1 i4e4 in #ej ,b4,c4 ,caesar was required to send home a legion he had borrowed of ,pompeius1 and contribute another himself1 ostensibly for the ,parthian ,war2 but the legions were detained by ,pompeius in ,italy1 and the ,parthian ,war was quietly dropped4 ,caesar in ,rome4 ,all ,caesar's acts after the crossing of the ,rubicon were entirely unconstitutional4 ,but when he told the senators that he was prepared to take the government on himself1 he was justified to himself by the past1 and to posterity by the result4 --,w4 ,f4 ,b#eb ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#c7 ,the ,campaign round ,lerida3 the ,soldiers fraternise1 #di ,b4,c4 ,dixit et ad montes tendentem praevenit hostem4 ,illic exiguo paulum distantia vallo ,castra locant4 ,postquam spatio languentia nullo ,mutua conspicuos habuerunt lumina voltus1 #agj ,et fratres natosque sues videre1 patresque2 ,deprensum est civile nefas4 ,tenuere parumper ,ora metu1 tantum nutu motoque salutant ,ense suos2 mox ut stimulis maioribus ardens ,rupit amor leges1 audet transcendere vallum #age ,miles1 in amplexus effusas tendere palmas4 ,hospitis ille ciet nomen1 vocat ille propinquum1 ,admonet hunc studiis consors puerilibus aetas2 ,nec ,romanus erat1 qui non agnoverat hostem4 #agi ,pax erat1 et miles castris permixtus utrisque #aif ,errabat2 duro concordes caespite mensas ,instituunt et permixto libamina ,baccho2 ,graminei luxere foci1 iunctoque cubili ,extrahit insomnes bellorum fabula noctes1 #bjj ,quo primum steterint campo1 qua lancea dextrum ,exierit4 ,dum quae gesserunt fortia iactant1 ,et dum multa negant1 quod solum fata petebant1 ,est miseris renovata fides1 atque omne futurum ,crevit amore nefas4 #bje ,,lucan1 iv4 #afg-agi1 #aif-bje4 ,context4 ,on leaving ,rome ,caesar set out for ,spain to encounter the veteran army of ,pompeius under his legati ,afranius and ,petreius4 ,if this were crushed1 he felt he would be free to take the offensive against ,pompeius in the ,east4 ,round ,lerida 7,ilerda7 on the ,r4 ,segres 7a tributary of the ,ebro7 he fought the most brilliant campaign of all his military life4 ,after severe losses and hardships1 ,caesar outmanoeuvred the ,pompeians1 cut them off from their base on the ,ebro1 and forced a surrender on most generous terms4 ,linenotes3 #afg4 ,dixit1 sc4 ,caesar4 ad montes1 i4e4 the rocky hills through which the retreating ,pompeians had to pass before they could reach the ,ebro valley4 ,caesar1 by a wonderful march1 outstrips 7praevenit7 them and blocks the way4 #afi4 spatio 7sc4 interposito7 languentia nullo not failing 7languentia7 owing to the distance1 i4e4 they were so near they could not fail to recognise one another4 --,haskins4 #agc4 metu1 i4e4 of their leaders4 #age4 ,rupit leges burst the bonds of discipline4 --,h4 #agh4 ,admonet 444 aetas one is reminded of his friend by the time passed together in boyhood's pursuits4 --,h4 #bjj4 ,extrahit whiles away4 ,result of the ,campaign4 ,the whole of the western half of the ,empire was now in ,caesar's power1 with the single exception of ,massilia4 ,b#ec ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#d7 ,siege of ,massilia4 ,a ,treacherous ,sortie1 #di ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,iam satis hoc ,graiae memorandum contigit urbi ,aeternumque decus1 quod non impulsa nec ipso ,strata metu tenuit flagrantis in omnia belli #cij ,praecipitem cursum1 raptisque a ,caesare cunctis ,vincitur una mora4 ,quantum est quod fata tenentur1 ,quodque virum toti properans imponere mundo ,hos perdit fortuna1 dies6 ,,lucan1 iii4 #chh-cid4 ,context4 ,caesar's appeal to the leading citizens to espouse his cause was at first successful1 but the arrival of ,domitius 7whom he had treated so generously at ,corfinium7 with a fleet caused the ,massiliots to change their mind4 ,unable to remain himself1 ,caesar entrusted the siege to ,trebonius1 supported by ,dec4 ,brutus with the fleet4 ,he has1 however1 left us a detailed account of their skill and energy1 and of the heroic defence of the citizens1 marred by a treacherous sortie under a truce4 ,he returned to receive its final submission1 and left the city unharmed1 as a tribute 'rather to its ancient renown than to any claim it had on himself4' ,linenotes3 #chi4 non impulsa not urged by others1 i4e4 by ,pompeius and his adherents4 ,but cf4 ,caesar1 de ,b4 ,c4 i4 #cd4 #cia4 raptis speedily won4 --,h4 ,b4 ,at hostes sine fide tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli quaerunt2 interiectisque aliquot diebus1 nostris languentibus atque animo remissis1 #aj subito meridiano tempore1 cum alius discessisset1 alius ex diutino labore in ipsis operibus quieti se dedisset1 arma vero omnia reposita contectaque essent1 portis se foras erumpunt1 secundo magnoque vento ignem operibus inferunt4 ,hunc sic distulit #ae ventus1 uti uno tempore agger1 plutei1 testudo1 turris1 tormenta flammam conciperent1 et prius haec omnia consumerentur1 quam quem ad modum accidisset animadverti posset4 ,nostri repentina fortuna permoti arma1 quae possunt1 arripiunt2 alii ex castris #bj sese incitant4 ,fit in hostes impetus eorum1 sed muro sagittis tormentisque fugientes persequi prohibentur4 ,illi sub murum se recipiunt1 ibique musculum turrimque latericiam libere incendunt4 ,ita multorum mensium labor hostium perfidia et vi #be tempestatis puncto temporis interiit4 ,,caesar1 de ,bello ,civili1 ii4 #ad4 ,linenotes3 #ac4 contecta3 i4e4 the shield kept in a leather casing4 #af4 plutei screens or mantlets of hurdles covered with raw hides4 #ag4 tormenta 7torqu mentum7 artillery1 engines for throwing missiles by twisted ropes2 e4g4 the ballista1 catapulta4 #bd4 musculum sapping-shed4 turrim latericiam brick tower4 #be4 multorum mensium1 i4e4 from ,may to ,august #di ,b4,c4 ,b#ed ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#e7 ',nothing in his life ,became him like the leaving it4' ,quid nunc rostra tibi prosunt turbata forumque ,unde tribunicia plebeius signifer arce #hjj ,arma dabas populis8 ,quid prodita iura senatus ,et gener atque socer bello concurrere iussi8 ,ante iaces quam dira duces ,pharsalia confert1 ,spectandumque tibi bellum civile negatum est4 #hjd ,libycas en nobile corpus #hji ,pascit aves nullo contectus ,curio busto4 #haj ,at tibi nos1 quando non proderit ista silere ,a quibus omne aevi senium sua fama repellit1 ,digna damus1 iuvenis1 meritae praeconia vitae4 ,haud alium tanta civem tulit indole ,roma1 ,aut cui plus leges deberent recta sequenti4 #hae ,perdita nunc urbi nocuerunt saecula1 postquam ,ambitus et luxus et opum metuenda facultas ,transverso mentem dubiam torrente tulerunt2 ,momentumque fuit mutatus ,curio rerum ,gallorum captus spoliis et ,caesaris auro4 #hbj ,ius licet in iugulos nostros sibi fecerit ense ,sulla potens ,mariusque ferox et ,cinna cruentus ,caesareaeque domus series2 cui tanta potestas ,concessa est8 ,emere omnes1 hic vendidit urbem4 ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 iv4 #gii-hjd1 #hji-;end4 ,context4 ,in #di ,b4,c4 ,curio was sent by ,caesar to wrest the corn-province of ,africa from the ,pompeians4 ,he won a signal success over ,varus 7allied with ,juba7 at ,utica1 but allowed himself to be surprised on the plain of the ,bagradas1 and1 when all was lost1 died sword in hand4 ,linenotes3 #hjj4 tribunicia arce from the citadel of the tribune1 i4e4 the inviolability of the office and the right of veto4 ,as tribune ,curio played an all-important part in the crisis of #ej ,b4,c4 #hja4 prodita iura senatus1 i4e4 of the right of the senators to appoint governors of the provinces4 --,haskins4 #hjb4 gener atque socer3 by the early death of ,julia 7#ed ,b4,c47--a beloved wife and daughter--the personal relation between ,pompeius and ,caesar was broken up4 #hab4 senium 7senex7 decay 7of lapse of time74 #hac4 digna 444 vitae such a panegyric 7praeconia7 as thy life deserves4 --,h4 #hae-hah4 ,as tribune ,curio for a time played the part of an independent republican1 till his talent induced ,caesar to buy him up4 #hai4 momentum 7 movi mentum7 rerum that which turned the scale of history4 --,h4 #hbd4 vendidit3 perh4 referred to by ,verg4 ,aen4 vi4 #fba-b3 ,vendidit hic auro patriam dominumque potentem ,imposuit2 fixit leges pretio atque refixit4 ,b#ee ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#f7 ,dyrrachium4 ,caesar's line of circumvallation1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,erat nova et inusitata belli ratio cum tot castellorum numero tantoque spatio et tantis munitionibus et toto obsidionis genere1 tum etiam reliquis rebus4 ,nam quicumque alterum obsidere conati sunt1 perculsos atque infirmos hostes adorti aut proelio superatos #e aut aliqua offensione permotos continuerunt1 cum ipsi numero equitum militumque praestarent2 causa autem obsidionis haec fere esse consuevit1 ut frumento hostes prohiberent4 ,at tum integras atque incolumes copias ,caesar inferiore militum #aj numero continebat1 cum illi omnium rerum copia abundarent2 cotidie enim magnus undique navium numerus conveniebat1 quae commeatum supportarent1 neque ullus flare ventus poterat1 quin aliqua ex parte secundum cursum haberent4 ,ipse autem consumptis #ae omnibus longe lateque frumentis summis erat in angustiis4 ,sed tamen haec singulari patientia milites ferebant4 ,recordabantur enim eadem se superiore anno in ,hispania perpessos labore et patientia maximum bellum confecisse1 meminerant ad #bj ,alesiam magnam se inopiam perpessos1 multo etiam maiorem ad ,avaricum maximarum se gentium victores discessisse4 ,,caesar1 de ,b4 ,c4 iii4 #dg4 ,context4 ,in ,jan4 7#dh ,b4,c47 ,caesar set sail from ,brundisium and landed safely in ,epirus4 ,after a junction with ,antonius1 who followed him from ,brundisium with reinforcements1 ,caesar established himself close to ,dyrrachium 7,durazzo71 the key of the whole military situation4 ,pompeius refused to fight1 and encamped on a hill close to the sea at ,petra1 a short distance ,s4 of ,dyrrachium1 where his fleets could bring him supplies4 ,caesar now determined to hem him in by a line of circumvallation4 ,linenotes3 #b4 tanto spatio3 eventually the whole circuit of circumvallation covered at the least #af miles3 to this was afterwards added1 just as before ,alesia1 an outer line of defence4 #f4 aut aliqua offensione permotos or demoralised by some other mishap 7offensione1 lit4 stumbling1 and so failure74 #ab-ae4 ,pompeius still had undisputed command of the sea4 ,caesar's lines broken4 ,pompeius was informed by ,celtic deserters that ,caesar had not yet secured by a cross wall the beach between his two chains of entrenchment on his left 7#bjj yards apart71 leaving it possible to land troops from the sea into the unprotected space4 ,troops were landed by night3 ,caesar's outer line of defence was carried1 and his lines broken through4 ',like ,wellington at ,burgos in #ahab1 ,caesar failed from want of a sufficient force4 ,in each case the only safe course was a retreat3 in each case the retreat was conducted with admirable skill4' --,w4 ,f4 ,illustration3 ,,dyrrachium4 ,to face p4 #baf4 ,b#ef ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#g7 ,the ,eve of ,pharsalus4 ,dream of ,pompeius4 ,at nox1 felicis ,magno pars ultima vitae1 ,sollicitos vana decepit imagine somnos4 ,nam ,pompeiani visus sibi sede theatri ,innumeram effigiem ,romanae cernere plebis1 #aj ,attollique suum laetis ad sidera nomen ,vocibus1 et plausu cuneos certare sonantes4 ,qualis erat populi facies clamorque faventis1 ,olim cum iuvenis primique aetata triumphi ,post domitas gentes quas torrens ambit ,hiberus1 #ae ,et quaecumque fugax ,sertorius impulit arma1 ,vespere pacato1 pura venerabilis aeque ,quam currus ornante toga1 plaudente senatu1 ,sedit adhuc ,romanus eques3 seu fine bonorum ,anxia venturis ad tempora laeta refugit1 #bj ,sive per ambages solitas contraria visis ,vaticinata quies magni tulit omina planctus1 ,seu vetito patrias ultra tibi cernere sedes ,sic ,romam fortuna dedit4 ,ne rumpite somnos4 ,castrorum vigiles1 nullas tuba verberet aures4 #be ,crastina dira quies et imagine maesta diurna ,undique funestas acies feret undique bellum4 ,unde pares somnos populi noctemque beatam8 ,o felix1 si te vel sic tua ,roma videret4 ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 vii4 #g-bi4 ,linenotes3 #i4 ,pompeiani theatri4 ,pompeius built the first stone theatre at ,rome1 near the ,campus ,martius1 capable of holding #dj1jjj people4 #aj4 ,innumeram 444 plebis the image of the countless ,roman people4 innumeram which belongs to plebis is transferred to effigiem4--,haskins4 #ad4 ,olim 444 triumphi1 i4e4 over ,africa #gi ,b4,c4 when only #bd1 and adhuc ,romanus eques 7l4 #ai74 ,it was not until #ga ,b4,c4 that he triumphed over ,spain1 after the murder of ,sertorius4 ,lucan confuses the two triumphs4 #af4 impulit set in motion 7lit4 drive forward74 #ag-ah4 pura venerabilis 444 toga no less worshipful in pure white gown than 7he would have been7 in that which usually adorns the car of triumph1 i4e4 the toga picta4 --,h4 #bj4 anxia 7sc4 quies7 his repose full of anxiety for the future4 --,h4 #ba-bb4 solitas 444 vaticinata foretelling the opposite of his visions i4e4 by the plausus of which he dreamed1 the planctus which was in store for him was foreshadowed4 --,h4 #be4 nullas at all4 ,cf4 ,cic4 ,ep43 nullus venit he never came4 #bf4 ,crastina 444 diurna to-morrow's night of horror haunted by the sad image of the day's events4 --,h4 #bi4 sic1 i4e4 in dreams4 ,the ,dream of ,pompeius4 ,macaulay says ',i hardly know an instance of so great an effect produced by means so simple4' ,b#eg ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#h7 ,pompeius ill-advised at ,pharsalus1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,inter duas acies tantum erat relictum spatii1 ut satis esset ad concursum utriusque exercitus4 ,sed ,pompeius suis praedixerat1 ut ,caesaris impetum exciperent neve se loco moverent aciemque eius distrahi paterentur2 idque admonitu ,c4 ,triarii #e fecisse dicebatur1 ut primus excursus visque militum infringeretur aciesque distenderetur atque in suis ordinibus dispositi dispersos adorirentur2 leviusque casura pila sperabat in loco retentis militibus1 quam si ipsi immissis telis occucurrissent1 simul fore1 ut #aj duplicato cursu ,caesaris milites exanimarentur et lassitudine conficerentur4 ,quod nobis quidem nulla ratione factum a ,pompeio videtur1 propterea quod est quaedam animi incitatio atque alacritas naturaliter innata omnibus1 quae studio pugnae incenditur4 #ae ,hanc non reprimere1 sed augere imperatores debent2 neque frustra antiquitus institutum est1 ut signa undique concinerent clamoremque universi tollerent3 quibus rebus et hostes terreri et suos incitari existimaverunt4 #bj ,,caesar1 de ,bello ,civili1 iii4 #ib4 ,context4 ,caesar made for ,apollonia1 where he left his wounded1 and then marched ,s4,e4 into ,thessaly1 where he joined ,domitius ,calvinus4 7,he had been sent with two legions ,e4 into ,macedonia1 to stop reinforcements for ,pompeius under ,scipio1 ,pompeius' father-in-law47 ,pompeius followed ,caesar1 and encamped on the slope of a hill facing ,caesar's position near ,pharsalus4 ,here he offered battle1 his better judgment overruled by the clamorous ,senators in his camp4 ,linenotes3 #d-e4 aciem 444 paterentur so as to allow their 7advancing7 line to become disorganised 7distrahi71 by the force of its onset4 #g4 in suis 444 dispositi by maintaining their proper distances4 ,scene of the ,fight4 ,the battle was fought near the town of ,pharsalus1 while the territory of the town was named ,pharsalia4 ,cf4 ,catull4 lxiv4 #cg3 ,pharsalum coeunt1 ,pharsalia late frequentant4 ,the ,battle4 ,pompeius had #dg1jjj infantry and #gjjj cavalry against ,caesar's #bb1jjj infantry and #ajjj cavalry4 ,pompeius stationed his cavalry and archers on his left1 and confidently expected to outflank his enemy's right4 ,but ,caesar1 foreseeing the defeat of his cavalry1 had stationed behind it in reserve #bjjj of his best legionaries4 ,when ,caesar's cavalry fell back outnumbered1 this reserve ran forward at the charge1 not discharging their pila1 but using them as spears1 and driving them against man and horse4 ,taken aback by so unusual an infantry attack1 the ,pompeian cavalry wavered and fled4 ,caesar's third line 7forming a rear-guard7 was now sent forward to support the two front lines1 and this decided the battle4 --,result4 ,submission of the ,east to ,caesar4 ,illustration3 ,,pharsalus4 ,to face p4 #bah4 ,b#eh ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#i7 ,a4 ,pharsalus and ,cannae compared4 ,non aetas haec carpsit edax monimentaque rerum ,putria destituit3 crimen civile videmus ,tot vacuas urbes4 ,generis quo turba redacta est ,humani8 ,toto populi qui nascimur orbe #djj ,nec muros implere viris nec possumus agros2 ,urbs nos una capit4 ,vincto fossore coluntur ,hesperiae segetes1 stat tectis putris avitis ,in nullos ruitura domus1 nulloque frequentem ,cive suo ,romam1 sed mundi faece repletam #dje ,cladis eo dedimus1 ne tanto in tempore bellum ,iam posset civile geri4 ,pharsalia tanti ,causa mali4 ,cedant feralia nomina ,cannae ,et damnata diu ,romanis ,allia fastis4 ,tempora signavit leviorum ,roma malorum3 #daj ,hunc voluit nescire diem4 ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 vii4 #cig-daa4 ,linenotes3 #cig-cih4 monimentaque 444 destituit and has abandoned to decay the monuments of the past4 --,haskins4 #djb4 vincto fossore by a chained digger 7delver71 in consequence of the dearth of free labour4 ,cf4 ,juv4 xi4 #hj squalidus in magna 444 compede fossor4 #djd4 in nullos ruitura ready to fall1 but on the heads of none4 --,h4 #dje4 faece dregs4 ,cf4 ,juv4 iii4 #fj1 #fa ,non possum ferre ,quirites ,graecam urbem 7a ,greek ,rome72 quamvis 7and yet7 quota portio 7how small a fraction7 faecis ,achaei8 #djf-djg4 ne tanto 444 geri lit4 so that during the long time since1 it is impossible to wage civil war1 i4e4 from the dearth of genuine ,roman soldiers4 #dji4 ,allia3 #cij ,b4,c4 ,cf4 ,vergil4 ,aeneid1 vii4 #gag quosque secans infaustum interluit ,allia nomen4 #daa4 nescire to ignore4 ,b4 ,the ,battlefields of ,pharsalus and ,philippi4 ,ergo inter sese paribus concurrere telis ,romanas acies iterum videre ,philippi2 #dij ,nec fuit indignum superis1 bis sanguine nostro ,emathiam et latos ,haemi pinguescere campos4 ,scilicet et tempus veniet1 cum finibus illis ,agricola1 incurvo terram molitus aratro1 ,exesa inveniet scabra robigine pila1 #die ,aut gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanes1 ,grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris4 ,,vergil1 ,georg4 i4 #dhi-dig4 ,linenotes3 #dhi4 ,ergo therefore1 in fulfilment of the terrible warnings at the death of ,caesar4 #dij4 iterum1 i4e4 at ,philippi #db ,b4,c42 the first time at ,pharsalus4 ,b#ei ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#aj7 ,how ,pompeius died1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,pompeius1 deposito adeundae ,syriae consilio1 et aeris magno pondere ad militarem usum in naves imposito1 duobusque milibus hominum armatis1 ,pelusium pervenit4 ,ibi casu rex erat ,ptolemaeus1 puer aetate1 magnis copiis cum sorore ,cleopatra #e bellum gerens1 quam paucis ante mensibus per suos propinquos atque amicos regno expulerat2 castraque ,cleopatrae non longo spatio ab eius castris distabant4 ,ad eum ,pompeius misit1 ut pro hospitio atque amicitia patris ,alexandria reciperetur atque illius opibus in #aj calamitate tegeretur4 ,sed1 qui ab eo missi erant1 confecto legationis officio1 liberius cum militibus regis colloqui coeperant eosque hortari1 ut suum officium ,pompeio praestarent1 neve eius fortunam despicerent4 ,his tunc cognitis rebus amici regis1 #ae qui propter aetatem eius in procuratione erant regni1 sive timore adducti1 ne ,pompeius ,alexandriam ,aegyptunique occuparet1 sive despecta eius fortuna1 iis1 qui erant ab eo missi1 palam liberaliter responderunt eumque ad regem venire iusserunt3 ipsi1 #bj clam consilio inito1 ,achillan1 praefectum regium1 singulari hominem audacia1 et ,l4 ,septimium1 tribunum militum1 ad interficiendum ,pompeium miserunt4 ,ab his liberaliter ipse appellatus naviculam parvulam conscendit cum paucis suis1 et ibi #be ab ,achilla et ,septimio interficitur4 ,,caesar1 de ,bello ,civili1 iii4 #ajc1 #ajd 7sel47 ,context4 ,after the battle of ,pharsalus1 ,pompeius1 closely pursued by ,caesar1 had thoughts of going to ,parthia and trying to form alliances there4 ,while in ,cyprus he heard that ,antioch 7in ,syria7 had declared for ,caesar and that the route to the ,parthians was no longer open4 ,so he altered his plan and sailed to ,egypt1 where a number of his old soldiers served in the ,egyptian army4 ,linenotes3 #d4 ,pelusium1 on the ,e4 side of the easternmost mouth of the ,nile4 #e4 cum sorore ,cleopatra4 ,by his father's will1 ,ptolemy ruled jointly with his sister for three years1 #ea-dh ,b4,c41 when he expelled her4 ,cleopatra raised an army in ,syria and invaded ,egypt4 ,the two armies were encamped opposite each other when ,pompeius landed to seek the help of ,ptolemy4 #ae4 amici regis1 e4g4 ,achillas1 l4 #ba1 and espec4 ,ptolemy's guardian ,pothinus1 the de facto ruler of ,egypt4 ',on the same day 7#bh ,sept47 on which he had triumphed over ,mithridates 7#fa ,b4,c47 ,pompeius died on the desert sands of the inhospitable ,casian shore by the hands of one of his old soldiers 7,septimius74'--,m4 ,b#fj ,,cn4 ,,pompeius ,,magnus1 #ajf-dh ,b4,c4 7#aa7 ,cato's ,eulogy on ,pompeius4 ',civis obit1' inquit1 'multum maioribus impar #aij ,nosse modum iuris sed in hoc tamen utilis aevo1 ,cui non ulla fuit iusti reverentia2 salva ,libertate potens1 et solus plebe parata ,privatus servire sibi1 rectorque senatus1 ,sed regnantis1 erat4 ,nil belli iure poposcit1 #aie ,quaeque dari voluit1 voluit sibi posse negari4 ,immodicas possedit opes1 sed plura retentis ,intulit3 invasit ferrum1 sed ponere norat2 ,praetulit arma togae1 sed pacem armatus amavit2 ,iuvit sumpta ducem1 iuvit dimissa potestas4 #bjj ,casta domus luxuque carens corruptaque numquam ,fortuna domini4 ,clarum et venerabile nomen ,gentibus1 et multum nostrae quod proderat urbi4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,o felix1 cui summa dies fuit obvia victo1 #bjh ,et cui quaerendos ,pharium scelus obtulit enses6 ,forsitan in soceri potuisses vivere regno4 ,scire mori sors prima viris sed proxima cogi4' #baa ,vocibus his maior1 quam si ,romana sonarent #bae ,rostra ducis laudes1 generosam venit ad umbram ,mortis honos4 ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 ix4 #aij-bag4 ,linenotes3 #aij-aia4 multum 444 iuris far inferior to our ancestors in recognising the due bounds of power4 --,haskins4 #aic4 solus 7sc4 ex proceribus7 444 servire sibi alone 7of the chief men of the ,state7 acting the private citizen when the populace were ready to be his slaves1 i4e4 acting unlike ,sulla or ,caesar4 --,h4 #aie4 sed regnantis4 ',pompeius came forward as the duly installed general of the ,senate against the ,imperator of the street1 once more to save his country4' --,m4 #aih4 ,intulit1 sc4 in aerarium4 ,cf4 ,shaksp4 ,jul4 ,c4 ,,iii4 ii4 7,mark ,antony of ,caesar7 ',he hath brought many captives home to ,rome ,whose ransoms did the general coffers fill4' ',caesar devoted the proceeds of the confiscations 7the property of defeated opponents7 entirely to the benefit of the ,state4' --,m4 #bjh4 cui summa dies 444 victo whom the day of death met when he was vanquished1 i4e4 without his having to seek it himself4 --,h4 #bji4 ,pharium ,egyptian1 lit4 of ,pharos 7 ,faro71 an island near ,alexandria1 famous for its lighthouse4 #baa4 ,one of ,lucan's famous sententiae 7gnmai1 maxims74 ,pompeius4 ',even in his own age he would have had a clearly defined and respectable position1 had he contented himself with being the general of the ,senate1 for which he was from the outset destined4' --,m4 ,b#fa ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#ab7 ,the ,grave of ,pompeius4 ,his ,roll of ,fame4 ,tunc ne levis aura retectos ,auferret cineres1 saxo compressit harenam3 #gij ,nautaque ne bustum religato fune moveret1 ,inscripsit sacrum semiusto stipite nomen3 ,,hic ,,situs ,,est ,,magnus4 4 4 4 ,quod si tam sacro dignaris nomine saxum1 #hjf ,adde actus tantos monimentaque maxima rerum1 ,adde truces ,lepidi motus ,alpinaque bella ,armaque ,sertori revocato consule victa1 ,et currus quos egit eques1 commercia tuta #haj ,gentibus et pavidos ,cilicas maris3 adde subactam ,barbariem gentesque vagas et quidquid in ,euro ,regnorum ,boreaque iacet4 ,die semper ab armis ,civilem repetisse togam1 ter curribus actis ,contentum patriae multos donasse triumphos4 #hae ,quis capit haec tumulus8 ,surgit miserabile bustum ,non ullis plenum titulis1 non ordine tanto ,fastorum1 solitumque legi super alta deorum ,culmina et exstructos spoliis hostilibus arcus ,haud procul est ima ,pompei nomen harena1 #hbj ,depressum tumulo1 quod non legat advena rectus1 ,quod nisi monstratum ,romanus transeat hospes4 ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 viii4 #ghi-gic1 #hjf-hbb4 ,subject4 ,cordus1 whom ,lucan calls infaustus ,magni comes 7or according to ,plutarch ,philippus the faithful freedman of ,pompeius71 finds the cast-up body of ,pompeius and gives it honourable burial4 ,linenotes3 #gic4 ,,hic ,,situs ,,est enthade keitai1 the regular inscription on a tombstone4 #hjh4 truces ,lepidi motus4 ,cf4 page #agh1 last note on page4 #hji4 revocato consule1 i4e4 ,metellus4 ,cf4 page #ahj1 ,a41 l4 #ab4 ,selection ,b#ba1 ,metello #haa4 pavidos ,cilicas maris the ,cilicians scared from the sea4 --,jebb4 ,pompeius effecit ut piratae timerent maria quibus ipsi ante grassabantur 7 they sailed at will74--,schol4 #hac-had4 dic semper 444 togam1 e4g4 after his triumph over ,spain #ga ,b4,c41 and over ,mithridates and the ,east in #fa ,b4,c4 #had-hae4 ter curribus 444 triumphos 7tell how7 content with thrice driving the 7triumphal7 car he made a present to his fatherland of many triumphs1 i4e4 he did not claim them when he might have done so4 #hag-hah4 ,non ordine tanto ,fastorum storied with no majestic annals4 --,jebb4 #hai4 arcus triumphal arches1 orig4 temporary structures of wood1 but under the ,empire built of marble1 e4g4 of ,septimius ,severus4 #hba4 ,depressum 444 rectus sunk low upon a tomb1 which the stranger cannot read without stooping 7rectus74--,haskins4 ,b#fb ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#ac7 ,atrox ,animus ,catonis1 #df ,b4,c4 ,complures interim ex fuga ,uticam perveniunt4 ,quos omnes ,cato convocatos una cum trecentis1 qui pecuniam ,scipioni ad bellum faciendum contulerant1 hortatur1 ut servitia manumitterent1 oppidumque defenderent4 ,quorum cum partem assentire1 partem #e animum mentemque perterritam atque in fugam destinatam habere intellexisset1 amplius de ea re agere destitit1 navesque eis attribuit1 ut in quas quisque partes vellet proficisceretur4 ,ipse1 omnibus rebus diligentissime constitutis1 liberis suis ,l4 ,caesari1 #aj qui tum ei pro quaestore fuerat1 commendatis et sine suspicione1 vultu atque sermone1 quo superiore tempore usus fuerat1 cum dormitum isset1 ferrum intro clam in cubiculum tulit1 atque ita se traiecit4 ,qui cum anima nondum exspirata concidisset1 et1 #ae impetu facto in cubiculum ex suspicione1 medicus familiaresque continere atque vulnus obligare coepissent1 ipse suis manibus vulnus crudelissime divellit1 atque animo praesenti se interemit4 ,,asinius ,,pollio1 de ,b4 ,africo1 #hh4 ,context4 ,after ,pharsalus and the flight of ,pompeius1 we finally part company with ,caesar as an author4 ,the ,bellum ,alexandrinum 7,caesar's perils in ,egypt and his settlement of the ,east #dh-dg ,b4,c471 the ,b4 ,africum 7,thapsus #df ,b4,c471 the ,b4 ,hispaniense 7,munda #de ,b4,c471 are the work of eyewitnesses and officers of his army4 ,after a delay of fifteen precious months ,caesar landed in ,africa 7,jan4 #df71 and by investing ,thapsus tempted ,scipio 7,pompeius' father-in-law7 to try to save the city by a battle4 ,his troops were quickly arranged as at ,pharsalus1 and by a single impetuous charge won a complete victory4 ,the slaughter was terrible3 the survivors fled to ,utica1 where ,cato in vain tried to organise a defence and to restore order1 and then in despair died by his own sword4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,uticam3 second in importance to ,carthage4 #ai4 animo praesenti deliberately4 ,after ,thapsus4 ',caesar left ,africa in ,june #df ,b4,c41 and celebrated a magnificent triumph1 not over ,roman citizens1 but over ,gauls and ,egyptians1 ,pharnaces and ,juba4 ,as ,dictator he remained in ,rome several months1 in which more permanently valuable work was done than was ever achieved in the same space of time1 unless it were by ,cromwell in #afec-d4 ,the senseless outbreak of the ,pompeian party in ,spain under ,labienus and the two sons of ,pompeius took him away from ,rome3 but the victory of ,munda 7#de ,b4,c47 closed the civil strife4 ,caesar returned to ,rome in ,september1 and six months more of life was all that was left to him4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#fc ,,civil ,,war1 #di-de ,b4,c4 7#ad7 ,cato ,uticensis1 #df ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,hic genitus proavo ,m4 ,catone1 principe illo familiae ,porciae1 homo ,virtuti simillimus et per omnia ingenio diis quam hominibus propior1 qui nunquam recte fecit1 ut facere videretur1 sed quia aliter facere non potuerat1 cuique id solum visum #e est rationem habere1 quod haberet iustitiae1 omnibus humanis vitiis immunis semper fortunam in sua potestate habuit4 ,,vell4 ,,paterc4 ii4 #ce4 ,linenote3 #a4 ,m4 ,catone1 the famous ,censor of #ahd ,b4,c4 principe founder4 ,b4 ,ut primum tolli feralia viderat arma1 ,intonsos rigidam in frontem descendere canos #cge ,passus erat maestamque genis increscere barbam3 ,uni quippe vacat studiis odiisque carenti ,humanum lugere genus 4 4 4 ,hi mores1 haec duri immota ,catonis #chj ,secta fuit1 servare modum finemque tenere ,naturamque sequi patriaeque impendere vitam ,nec sibi sed toti genitum se credere mundo4 ,huic epulae1 vicisse famem2 magnique penates1 ,summovisse hiemem tecto2 pretiosaque vestis1 #che ,hirtam membra super ,romani more ,quiritis ,induxisse togam 4 4 4 ,iustitiae cultor1 rigidi servator honesti1 #chi ,in commune bonus3 nullosque ,catonis in actus ,subrepsit partemque tulit sibi nata voluptas4 ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 ii4 #cgd-cia 7sel47 ,linenotes3 #cgg4 uni 7sc4 ,catoni71 as the only true representative of the wise man of the ,stoics4 --,haskins4 #cha4 secta 7sc4 via1 lit4 a beaten way7 here disciplina principles4 #cha-chc4 servare modum 444 mundo4 ,these expressions are ,stoic maxims4 ,lucan 7the nephew of ,seneca7 depicts the ,stoic idea of virtue in the character of ,cato4 #chb-chc4 patriaeque 444 mundo4 ,cato's aim is patriae impendere vitam4 ,his devotion to the service of humanity is complete2 it is his part toti genitum se credere mundo4 ,but this humanity includes ,rome in the first place1 the rest of the world in a quite secondary sense4 --,h4 #chf-chg4 hirtam togam a coarse 7lit4 hairy7 toga4 #chi4 honesti tou kalou4 ,cicero defines honestum as aut ipsa virtus1 aut res gesta virtute4 ,cato ,uticensis4 ',he was like ,caesar alone in this1 that he had clear political convictions and acted on them not only with consistency but with justice and humanity4 ,it is his vain faith and courage that alone lights up the dark hours of the falling ,commonwealth3-- ',victrix causa deis placuit1 sed victa ,catoni4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#fd ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caesar4 7#e7 ,caesar dines with ,cicero1 ,dec4 #ai1 #de ,b4,c4 ,o hospitem mihi tam gravem ametamelton6 fuit enim periucunde4 ,sed cum secundis ,saturnalibus ad ,philippum vesperi venisset1 villa ita completa militibus est1 ut vix triclinium1 ubi cenaturus ipse ,caesar esset1 vacaret2 quippe hominum ,,ci,c ,,ci,c4 #e ,sane sum commotus1 quid futurum esset postridie2 at mihi ,barba ,cassius subvenit3 custodes dedit4 ,castra in agro1 villa defensa est4 ,ille tertiis ,saturnalibus apud ,philippum ad h4 ,,vii1 nec quemquam admisit3 rationes opinor cum ,balbo4 ,inde ambulavit #aj in litore2 post h4 ,,viii in balneum2 unctus est1 accubuit4 ,et edit et bibit ades et iucunde1 opipare sane et apparate1 nec id solum1 sed bene cocto1 condito1 sermone bono et1 si quaeri'1 libenter4 #ae ,praeterea tribus tricliniis accepti hoi peri auton valde copiose4 ,libertis minus lautis servisque nihil defuit3 nam lautiores eleganter accepti4 ,quid multa8 homines visi sumus4 ,hospes tamen non is1 cui diceres3 'amabo te1 eodem ad me1 cum revertere'3 semel #bj satis est4 ,spoudaion ouden in sermone1 philologa multa4 ,quid quaeris8 delectatus est et libenter fuit4 ,puteolis se aiebat unum diem fore1 alterum ad ,baias4 ,habes hospitium sive epistathmeian1 odiosam mihi1 dixi1 non molestam4 #be ,,cicero1 ,ep4 ad ,att4 xiii4 #eb4 ,subject4 ,we here catch a glimpse of ,caesar as he really was4 ,he had spent a night near ,puteoli 7where ,cicero also had a villa7 with ,philippus1 the step-father of ,octavianus4 ,the ,dictator proposed a visit1 and ,cicero in this memorable letter describes to ,atticus what happened4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,o hospitem 444 ametamelton6 ,oh1 what a formidable guest to have had1 and yet ,i have had no reason to repent of it 7ametamelton74 #aj4 rationes 7sc4 conferebat7 444 ,balbo he was settling accounts with ,balbus1 ,i suppose4 ,l4 ,cornelius ,balbus1 a native of ,gades 7,cadiz71 was ,caesar's confidential secretary and faithful friend4 ,he was the first enfranchised foreigner who attained to the highest magistracy 7,consul #dj ,b4,c474 #ad-ae4 ',though the cook was good1 ',twas ,attic salt 7sermone bono7 that flavoured most the food4' --,jeans4 #ah-ai4 homines visi sumus ,i showed myself a man of taste1 i4e4 as host4 #ba4 ,spoudaion ouden lit4 nothing serious1 i4e4 nothing political4 philologa literary chat4 #bd-be4 epistathmeian billeting1 as ,caesar's offer to dine with ,cicero was equivalent to a command4 odiosam 444 molestam unwelcome1 though not disagreeable4 ,b#fe ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caesar4 7#f7 ,the ,death of ,caesar1 #dd ,b4,c4 ,assidentem conspirati specie officii circumsteterunt2 ilicoque ,cimber ,tillius1 qui primas partes susceperat1 quasi aliquid rogaturus propius accessit1 renuentique et gestu in aliud tempus differenti ab utroque umero togam apprehendit2 deinde clamantem3 #e ,ista quidem vis est1 alter e ,cascis aversum vulnerat1 paulum infra iugulum4 ,caesar ,cascae brachium arreptum graphio traiecit1 conatusque prosilire alio vulnere tardatus est2 utque animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti1 toga caput #aj obvolvit1 simul sinistra manu sinum ad ima crura deduxit1 quo honestius caderet etiam inferiore corporis parte velata4 ,atque ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est1 uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu sine voce edito2 etsi tradiderunt quidam #ae ,marco ,bruto irruenti dixisse3 ,kai su teknon2 ,exanimis1 diffugientibus cunctis1 aliquamdiu iacuit1 donec lecticae impositum1 dependente brachio1 tres servoli domum rettulerunt4 ,nec in tot vulneribus1 ut ,antistius medicus existimabat1 letale ullum #bj repertum est1 nisi quod secundo loco in pectore acceperat4 ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #hb4 ,context4 ,after his return from ,spain 7,sept4 #de ,b4,c471 ,caesar was busy with the reconstruction of the ,senate1 the completion of his vast buildings in ,rome1 and with other far-reaching projects4 ,but during these months the clouds of ill-will were gathering and threatening him on every side4 ,a conspiracy was formed1 of which ,c4 ,cassius1 'a lean and hungry man1' of a bitter and jealous disposition1 seems to have been the real instigator4 ,he persuaded ,brutus1 a student of life chiefly in books1 that liberty could only be gained by murder1 and at last it was resolved that the deed should be done on the ,ides 7#aeth7 of ,march4 ,linenotes3 #h4 graphio 7graphion scriptorium7 a writing-style4 #ab4 quo honestius caderet1 cf4 ,ovid1 ,fasti ii4 #hcc 7of ,lucretia73 ,hallam ,,ii4 #fge ,tunc quoque iam moriens ne non procumbat honeste ,respicit1 haec etiam cura cadentis erat4 #af4 ,kai su teknon2 there seems to be no authority for attributing the words ,et tu ,brute8 to ,caesar4 ,shakespeare found them in an earlier play4 ,the ,murder of ,caesar4 ',it is the most brutal and the most pathetic scene that profane history has to record2 it was1 as ,goethe has said1 the most senseless deed that ever was done4 ,it was wholly useless1 for it did not and could not save ,rome from monarchy4 ,the deed was done by a handful of men1 who1 pursuing a phantom liberty and following the lead of a personal hatred1 slew the one man who saw the truth of things4' --,w4 ,f4 ,b#ff ,,gaius ,,iulius ,,caesar4 7#g7 ',there may be many ,caesars ,ere such another ,julius4'--,cymbeline4 ,a4 ,fuit in illo ingenium1 ratio1 memoria1 litterae1 cura1 cogitatio1 diligentia2 res bello gesserat quamvis rei publicae calamitosas1 at tamen magnas2 multos annos regnare meditatus magno labore multis periculis quod cogitarat effecerat2 muneribus1 monumentis1 #e congiariis1 epulis multitudinem imperitam delenierat3 suos praemiis1 adversarios clementiae specie devinxerat4 ,,cicero1 ,philippica1 ii4 #de4 ,linenotes3 #d4 regnare meditatus4 ,for ,caesar monarchy meant the liberation of the ,empire4 #e4 muneribus 7sc4 gladiatoriis7 gladiatorial shows4 monumentis public buildings1 e4g4 his forum1 amphitheatre1 ,temple of ,venus ,genetrix1 and other public works begun 7e4g4 the ,curia ,iulia7 and planned4 #f4 congiariis 7sc4 donis71 orig4 a gift of wine 7a congius about #f pints71 then wine-money 7,ger4 ,trinkgeld71 and so of any largess4 #g-h4 clementiae specie4 ,cic4 himself refutes this ungrateful taunt in his pro ,marcello3 ,recte igitur unus invictus est1 a quo etiam ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta est4 ,b4 ,sed non in ,caesare tantum ,nomen erat nec fama ducis1 sed nescia virtus ,stare loco1 solusque pudor non vincere bello4 ,acer et indomitus1 quo spes quoque ira vocasset1 #ade ,ferre manum et numquam temerando parcere ferro4 ,successus urguere suos1 instare favori ,numinis1 impellens quidquid sibi summa petenti ,obstaret1 gaudensque viam fecisse ruina4 #aej ,,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 i4 #adc-aej4 ,linenotes3 #adc-add4 tantum nomen not a mere name alone1 in contrast to ,pompeius3--,stat magni nominis umbra4 -- ,haskins4 #adf4 temerando parcere ferro shrink from dyeing his sword 7in blood74--,h4 ,apotheosis of ,caesar4 ,c4 ,periit sexto et quinquagesimo aetatis anno atque in deorum numerum relatus est1 non ore modo decernentium sed et persuasione volgi4 ,si quidem ludis1 quos primos consecrato ei heres ,augustus edebat1 #bj stella crinita per septem continuos dies fulsit1 exoriens circa undecimam horam1 creditumque est animam esse ,caesaris in caelum recepti2 et hac de causa simulacro eius in vertice additur stella4 ,,suet4 ,div4 ,iul4 #hh4 ,linenotes3 #ba4 stella crinita 7 komts72 cf4 ,verg4 ,georg4 iv4 #dff-h3 ,ille 7 the sun7 etiam exstincto miseratus ,caesare ,romam ,cum caput obscura nitidum ferrugine 7 gloom7 texit1 ,impiaque aeternam timuerunt saecula noctem4 ',,facta ,,ducis ,,vivent1 ,,operosaque ,,gloria ,,rerum4' --,,ovid4 ',,the ,,hero',s ,,deeds ,,and ,,hard-,,won ,,fame ,,shall ,,live4' ,caesar was the sole creative genius produced by ,rome1 and the last produced by the ancient world1 which accordingly moved on in the path that he marked out for it until its sun went down4 ,whatever he undertook and achieved was pervaded and guided by the cool sobriety which constitutes the most marked peculiarity of his genius4 ,to this he owed the power of living energetically in the present1 undisturbed either by recollection or by expectation3 to this he owed the capacity of acting at any moment with collected vigour1 and of applying his whole genius even to the smallest and most incidental enterprise4 ,gifts such as these could not fail to produce a statesman4 ,caesar as a statesman4--,from early youth ,caesar was a statesman in the deepest sense of the term1 and his aim was the political1 military1 intellectual1 and moral regeneration of his own deeply decayed nation1 and of the still more deeply decayed ,hellenic nation intimately akin to his own4 ,according to his original plan1 he had proposed to reach his object1 like ,pericles and ,gaius ,gracchus1 without force of arms1 until1 reluctantly convinced of the necessity for a military support1 he1 when already forty years of age1 put himself at the head of an army4 ,his talent for organisation was marvellous4--,no statesman has ever compelled alliances1 no general has ever collected an army out of unyielding and refractory elements with such decision1 and kept them together with such firmness1 as ,caesar displayed in constraining and upholding his coalitions and his legions2 never did regent judge his instruments and assign each to the place appropriate for him with so accurate an eye4 ,he was monarch2 but he never played the king4--',i am no king1 but ,caesar4' ,even when absolute lord of ,rome1 he retained the deportment of the party-leader2 perfectly pliant and smooth1 easy and charming in conversation1 complaisant towards everyone1 it seemed as if he wished io be nothing but the first among his peers4 ,caesar ruled as king of ,rome for five years and a half1 not half as long as ,alexander3 in the intervals of seven great campaigns1 which allowed him to stay not more than fifteen months altogether in the capital of his empire1 he regulated the destinies of the world for the present and the future4 ,the outlines were laid down1 and thereby the new ,state was defined for all coming time3 the boundless future alone could complete the structure4 ,but precisely because the building was an endless one1 the master so long as he lived restlessly added stone to stone1 with always the same dexterity and always the same elasticity busy at work4 ,thus he worked and created as never did any man before or after him3 and as a worker and creator he still1 after well-nigh two thousand years1 lives in the memory of the nations--the first and withal unique ,imperator ,caesar4 ,,mommsen4 ,b#fg ,,cicero ,,and ,,antonius4 ,a4 ,peroration of the ,second ,philippic1 #dd ,b4,c4 ,respice1 quaeso1 aliquando rem publicam1 ,m4 ,antoni3 quibus ortus sis1 non quibuscum vivas considera3 mecum1 uti voles3 redi cum re publica in gratiam4 ,sed de te tu videris3 ego de me ipso profitebor4 ,defendi rem publicam adulescens1 non #e deseram senex3 contempsi ,catilinae gladios1 non pertimescam tuos4 ,quin etiam corpus libenter obtulerim1 si repraesentari morte mea libertas civitatis potest3 ut aliquando dolor populi ,romani pariat1 quod iam diu parturit4 ,etenim si abhinc #aj annos prope viginti hoc ipso in templo negavi posse mortem immaturam esse consulari1 quanto verius nunc negabo seni8 ,mihi vero1 patres conscripti1 iam etiam optanda mors est1 perfuncto rebus eis quas adeptus sum quasque gessi4 ,duo modo haec #ae opto3 unum1 ut moriens populum ,romanum liberum relinquam--hoc mihi maius ab dis immortalibus dari nihil potest1--alterum1 ut ita cuique eveniat ut de re publica quisque mereatur4 ,,cicero1 ,phil4 ii4 #df4 ,linenotes3 #b4 quibus ortus sis3 espec4 his grandfather ,m4 ,antonius1 the famous orator1 whom ,cicero held in great esteem4 #e4 adulescens1 i4e4 in #fc ,b4,c41 when he was in his #ddth year4 #h4 repraesentari be realised1 won now and here4 --,jebb4 #aa4 templo1 i4e4 ,concordiae4 ,cic4 refers to ,in ,catil4 iv4 ,the ,peroration4 ',such a passage speaks to us with a living impression of unity and directness which we acknowledge without question4 ,we admire and ask for nothing more4' --,nettleship4 ,b4 ,on the ,murder of ,cicero1 by order of ,antonius4 ,par scelus admisit ,phariis ,antonius armis3 ,abscidit voltus ensis uterque sacros4 ,illud1 laurigeros ageres cum laeta triumphos1 ,hoc tibi1 ,roma1 caput1 cum loquereris1 erat4 #d ,antoni tamen est peior quam causa ,pothini3 ,hic facinus domino praestitit1 ille sibi4 ,,martial1 ,epig4 ,,iii4 lxvi4 ,linenotes3 #a4 ,par ,phariis armis which matches 7that committed by7 the armed hand of an ,egyptian1 i4e4 ,pothinus 7the guardian of the young king7 who planned the murder of ,pompeius1 when he fled to ,egypt #dh ,b4,c4 sacros3 consecrated to ,rome from their public services4 #c-d4 ,illud caput ,pompeius4 hoc caput ,cicero4 ,cf4 ,epig4 v4 lxix3 ,quid gladium demens ,romana stringis in ora8 #f4 domino1 sc4 ,ptolemaeus1 ,king of ,egypt1 jointly with ,cleopatra4 ,b#fh ,,cicero4 ,a4 ,cicero as ,orator and ,poet4 ,eloquium ac famam ,demosthenis aut ,ciceronis ,incipit optare et totis ,quinquatribus optat #aae ,quisquis adhuc uno parcam colit asse ,minervam1 ,quem sequitur custos angustae vernula capsae4 ,eloquio sed uterque perit orator1 utrumque ,largus et exundans leto dedit ingenii fons4 ,ingenio manus est et cervix caesa1 nec umquam #abj ,sanguine causidici maduerunt rostra pusilli4 ',o fortunatam natam me consule ,romam'3 ,antoni gladios potuit contemnere1 si sic ,omnia dixisset4 ,ridenda poemata malo ,quam te1 conspicuae divina ,philippica famae1 #abe ,volveris a prima quae proxima4 ,,juvenal1 ,satires1 x4 #aad-abf4 ,linenotes3 #aad-aag4 ,boys at school long to be a ,demosthenes or a ,cicero4 #aae4 totis ,quinquatribus1 i4e4 during all the five days of the ,quinquatria1 an annual feast of ,minerva1 ,march #ai-bc3 it was always a holiday time at schools1 and the school year began at the close of it4 #aaf4 parcam ,minervam a cheap kind of learning1 and uno asse an entrance fee of one as4 ,but ,duff says as here stips1 i4e4 the boy's contribution to the goddess of wisdom1 who can make him wise1 and parcam 7 economical71 transferred from asse to ,minervam4 #aag4 vernula a little home-born slave1 capsa a circular box of beech-wood1 used for the transport of books4 #aba4 causidici pusilli of a petty pleader1 as opposed to orator4 #abb4 ,from ,cicero's poem de suo consulatu4 ,another line quoted in the #bnd ,philippic is ,cedant arma togae1 concedat laurea laudi4 #abd4 ,ridenda poemata malo1 i4e4 they are better as being safer4 ,juvenal himself refutes this argument3 ,summum crede nefas animam praeferre pudori ,et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas4 ,b4 ,cicero as ,advocate4 ,disertissime ,romuli nepotum1 ,quot sunt quotque fuere1 ,marce ,tulli1 ,quotque post aliis erunt in annis1 ,gratias tibi maximas ,catullus ,agit pessimus omnium poeta1 #e ,tanto pessimus omnium poeta ,quanto tu optimus omnium patronus4 ,,catullus1 xlix4 ,linenotes3 #b4 ,marce ,tulli3 the formal address suits the formal expression of thanks to a patronus 7 advocate74 #e4 pessimus omnium poeta3 the self-depreciation heightens the praise of the last line4 --,merrill4 ,b#fi ,,cicero4 ,his ,death1 by order of ,antonius1 #dc ,b4,c4 ,m4 ,cicero sub adventum triumvirorum urbe cesserat pro certo habens id quod erat1 non magis se ,antonio eripi quam ,caesari ,cassium et ,brutum posse3 primo in ,tusculanum fugerat1 inde transversis itineribus in ,formianum ut ab ,caieta navem #e conscensurus proficiscitur4 ,unde aliquoties in altum provectum cum modo venti adversi retulissent1 modo ipse iactationem navis caeco volvente fluctu pati non posset1 taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit1 regressusque ad superiorem villam1 quae paulo #aj plus mille passibus a mari abest1 'moriar1' inquit1 'in patria saepe servata4' ,satis constat servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad dimicandum2 ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati quod sors iniqua cogeret iussisse4 ,prominenti ex lectica praebentique #ae immotam cervicem caput praecisum est4 ,nec satis stolidae crudelitati militum fuit3 manus quoque scripsisse aliquid in ,antonium exprobrantes praeciderunt4 ,ita relatum caput ad ,antonium iussuque eius inter duas manus in rostris positum1 ubi #bj ille consul1 ubi saepe consularis1 ubi eo ipso anno adversus ,antonium quanta nulla umquam humana vox cum admiratione eloquentiae auditus fuerat3 vix attollentes prae lacrimis oculos homines intueri trucidati membra civis poterant4 ,vixit tres et sexaginta #be annos1 ut si vis afuisset1 ne immatura quidem mors videri possit4 ,,livy1 ,fr4 ap4 ,sen4 ,rh4 ,suas4 vii4 ,linenotes3 #a4 triumvirorum1 sc4 ,antonius1 ,octavianus1 and ,lepidus4 ,these three allies 7about the end of ,oct4 #dc ,b4,c47 held their famous meeting on an island in the ,r4 ,rhenus 7a tributary of the ,padus7 near ,bononia 7,bologna71 at which they constituted themselves a commission of three with absolute powers for five years4 ,this was followed by a proscription of their principal opponents1 of whom seventeen1 including ,cicero 7sacrificed to ,antonius71 were at once put to death4 #d4 in ,tusculanum1 i4e4 to his villa at ,tusculum1 richly adorned with pictures and statues4 #e4 in ,formianum1 i4e4 to his villa at ,formiae1 on the ,appian ,way1 in the innermost corner of the beautiful ,gulf of ,caieta 7,gata74 ,near this villa ,cicero was murdered4 ,the ,death of ,cicero4 ,cicero's work was over1 and the tragedy of his death was the natural outcome of his splendid failure4 ,the restoration of the ,commonwealth of the ,scipios was but a dream2 still it was a beautiful dream1 and ,cicero gave his life for it4 --,tyrrell4 ,b#gj ,in ,praise of ,cicero4 ,a4 ,nihil tamen egisti1 ,m4 ,antoni1 nihil1 inquam1 egisti mercedem caelestissimi oris et clarissimi capitis abscisi numerando1 auctoramentoque funebri ad conservatoris quondam rei publicae tantique consulis irritando necem4 ,rapuisti tum ,ciceroni lucem #e sollicitam et aetatem senilem et vitam miseriorem te principe quam sub te triumviro mortem1 famam vero gloriamque factorum atque dictorum adeo non abstulisti1 ut auxeris4 ,vivit vivetque per omnem saeculorum memoriam1 dumque hoc vel forte vel #aj providentia vel utcumque constitutum rerum naturae corpus1 quod ille paene solus ,romanorum animo vidit1 ingenio complexus est1 eloquentia illuminavit1 manebit incolume1 comitem aevi sui laudem ,ciceronis trahet omnisque posteritas illius in te scripta mirabitur1 #ae tuum in eum factum exsecrabitur citiusque e mundo genus hominum quam ,ciceronis memoria cedet4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 ii4 #ff4 ,linenotes3 #c-d4 auctoramentoque funebri irritando lit4 and by stimulating 7provoking7 by a fatal reward 7auctoramento7 the death4 4 4 4 #aj-ae4 dumque 444 trahet1 in reference to ,cicero's philosophical works1 in which ,cicero propounds no original scheme of philosophy1 claiming only that he renders the conclusions of ,greek thinkers accessible to his own countrymen4 ,b4 ,ingenium et operibus et praemiis operum felix2 ipse fortunae diu prosperae et in longo tenore felicitatis #bj magnis interim ictus vulneribus1 exilio1 ruina partium pro quibus steterat1 filiae exitu tam tristi tamque acerbo1 omnium adversorum nihil ut viro dignum erat tulit praeter mortem1 quae vere aestimanti minus indigna videri potuit1 quod a victore #be inimico nil crudelius passurus erat quam quod eiusdem fortunae compos victo fecisset4 ,si quis tamen virtutibus vitia pensaret1 vir magnus ac memorabilis fuit1 et in cuius laudes exsequendas ,cicerone laudatore opus fuerit4 #cj ,,livy1 ,fr4 ap4 ,sen4 ,linenote3 #ba-bb4 ruina 444 steterat1 i4e4 the restoration of the ,commonwealth of the ,scipios4 ,cicero4 ',it happened many years after that ,augustus once found one of his grandsons with a work of ,cicero's in his hands4 ,the boy was frightened1 and hid the book under his gown2 but ,caesar took it from him1 and1 standing there motionless1 he read through a great part of the book2 then he gave it back to the boy1 and said ,this was a great orator1 my child2 a great orator1 and a man who loved his country well4'--,plutarch1 ,cicero1 #di4 ,b#ga ,,laus ,,italiae4 ,si te forte iuvant ,helles ,athamantidos urbes1 ,nec desiderio1 ,tulle1 movere meo1 ,tu licet aspicias caelum omne ,atlanta gerentem1 ,sectaque ,persea ,phorcidos ora manu1 #h ,geryonis stabula et luctantum in pulvere signa ,herculis ,antaeique ,hesperidumque choros1 ,tuque tuo ,colchum propellas remige ,phasim1 ,peliacaeque trabis totum iter ipse legas1 #ab ,qua rudis ,argoa natat inter saxa columba ,in faciem prorae pinus adacta novae1 ,et siqua ,ortygii visenda est ora ,caystri1 ,et quae septenas temperat unda vias2 #af ,omnia ,romanae cedent miracula terrae2 ,natura his posuit1 quicquid ubique fuit4 ,armis apta magis tellus1 quam commoda noxae3 ,famam1 ,roma1 tuae non pudet historiae4 #bj ,nam quantum ferro1 tantum pietate potentes ,stamus3 victrices temperat illa manus4 ,hic ,anio ,tiburne fluis1 ,clitumnus ab ,umbro ,tramite1 et aeternum ,marcius umor opus1 #bd ,albanus lacus et foliis ,nemorensis abundans1 ,potaque ,pollucis lympha salubris equo4 #bf ,haec tibi1 ,tulle1 parens1 haec est pulcherrima sedes2 #ci ,hic tibi pro digna gente petendus honos2 ,hic tibi ad eloquium cives1 hic ampla nepotum ,spes et venturae coniugis aptus amor4 #db ,,propertius1 ,,iii4 7,,iv47 xxii4 #e-bf1 #ci-db4 ,subject4 ,go where thou wilt1 my ,tullus1 know that all the sights and marvels of all lands1 from ,west to ,east1 are outdone by those of thine own ,italy4 ,a truly famous land6 ,a land ever victorious1 ever merciful2 full of fair lakes and streams4 ,here1 ,tullus1 is thy true abode3 here seek a life of honour and a home4 ,linenotes3 #h4 ,phorcidos ora the head of ,medusa1 the daughter of ,phorcus4 #ae4 ,ortygii ,caystri4 ,ortygia1 an old name for ,ephesus1 near the mouth of the ,r4 ,cayster3 the haunt of quails 7,ortygia1 ortux74 #af4 temperat septenas vias moderates its seven channels1 of the delta of the ,nile4 --,ramsay4 #ai-bb4 ,cf4 ,verg4 ,aen4 vi4 #hec ,parcere subiectis et debellare superbos4 #ai4 commoda noxae disposed to harm4 --,north ,pinder4 #bd4 ,marcius umor1 i4e4 the aqueduct of ,q4 ,marcius ,rex2 built #ade ,b4,c4 #be4 ,the ,alban and ,arician ,lakes 7,nemorensis mod4 ,nemi7 are close together4 #bf4 i4e4 the well ,iuturna in the ,forum 7'the well that springs by ,vesta's fane'7 at which the ,dioscuri washed their horses after their hot ride from ,lake ,regillus4 #da4 ad eloquium cives citizens to hear and profit by your eloquence4 --,n4 ,p4 ,b#gb ,,laus ,,romae4 ,haec est in gremium victos quae sola recepit #aej ,humanumque genus communi nomine fovit ,matris1 non dominae ritu3 civesque vocavit ,quos domuit1 nexuque pio longinqua revinxit4 ,huius pacificis debemus moribus omnes ,quod veluti patriis regionibus utitur hospes3 #aee ,quod sedem mutare licet3 quod cernere ,thulen ,lusus1 et horrendos quondam penetrare recessus3 ,quod bibimus passim ,rhodanum1 potamus ,orontem2 ,quod cuncti gens una sumus4 ,nec terminus unquam ,romanae dicionis erit4 ,nam cetera regna #afj ,luxuries vitiis odiisque superbia vertit4 ,sic male sublimes fregit ,spartanus ,athenas ,atque idem ,thebas cecidit4 ,sic ,medus ademit ,assyrio1 ,medoque tulit moderamina ,perses3 ,subiecit ,macedo ,persen1 cessurus et ipse #afe ,romanis4 ,haec auguriis firmata ,sibyllae1 ,haec sacris animata ,numae3 huic fulmina vibrat ,iuppiter3 hanc tota ,tritonia ,gorgone velat4 ,arcanas huc ,vesta faces1 huc orgia ,bacchus ,transtulit1 et ,phrygios genetrix turrita leones4 #agj ,huc defensurus morbos ,epidaurius hospes ,reptavit placido tractu1 vectumque per undas ,insula ,paeonium texit ,tiberina draconem4 ,,claudian1 de ,consulatu ,stilichonis1 iii4 #aej-agc4 ,linenotes3 #aec4 nexuque 444 revinxit and has linked far places in a bond of love4 --,jebb4 #aef4 ,thulen3 cf4 ,vergil's ultima ,thule1 of the northernmost island known1 variously identified with the ,shetlands1 ,iceland1 or ,norway4 #aeh4 ,orontem3 the largest river of ,syria1 whence ,juvenal1 iii4 #fb1 uses it of the ,syrian people-- ,iam pridem ,syrus in ,tiberim defluxit ,orontes4 #aei4 ,quod cuncti 444 sumus that the whole earth is one people4 #afd4 moderamina the reins of power2 lit4 a means of managing4 #afh4 hanc tota 444 velat she it is above whom ,pallas spreads the whole shadow of the aegis 7tota ,gorgone74 ,cf4 ,verg4 ,aen4 viii4 #dce-h3 ,aegidaque horriferam1 turbatae ,palladis arma1 ,certatim squamis serpentum auroque polibant1 ,connexosque angues ipsamque in pectore divae ,gorgona1 desecto vertentem lumina collo4 #agj4 genetrix turrita1 i4e4 ,cybele1 the goddess of settled life4 #aga4 ,epidaurius hospes1 i4e4 ,asclepius 7,aesculapius71 who had a famous temple at ,epidaurus 7in ,argolis71 whence his worship was introduced into ,rome to avert a pestilence #bic ,b4,c4 #agb4 reptavit placido tractu came gently gliding on his voyage4 --,jebb4 --,for reptavit cf4 repo1 herp1 and our creep4 #agc4 ,paeonium draconem the serpent of the healer4 ,cf4 ,pain4 ,b#gc ',,quod ,,cuncti ,,gens ,,una ,,sumus4' --,,claudian4 ,vis dicam1 quae causa tuos1 ,romane1 labores ,in tantum extulerit1 quis gloria fotibus aucta ,sic cluat1 impositis ut mundum frenet habenis8 #ehe ,discordes linguis populos et dissona cultu ,regna volens sociare ,dens1 subiungier uni ,imperio1 quidquid tractabile moribus esset1 ,concordique iugo retinacula mollia ferre ,constituit1 quo corda hominum coniuncta teneret #eij ,relligionis amor3 nec enim fit copula ,christo ,digna1 nisi implicitas societ mens unica gentes4 #eib ,ius fecit commune pares et nomine eodem #fjh ,nexuit et domitos fraterna in vincla redegit4 ,vivitur omnigenis in partibus1 haud secus ac si ,cives congenitos concludat moenibus unis ,urbs patria atque omnes lare conciliemur avito4 #fab ,en ades omnipotens1 concordibus influe terris3 #fcd ,iam mundus te1 ,christe1 capit1 quem congrege nexu ,pax et ,roma tenent3 capita haec et culmina rerum ,esse iubes1 nec ,roma tibi sine pace probatur3 ,et pax ut placeat1 facit excellentia ,romae1 ,quae motus varios simul et dicione coercet ,et terrore premit4 #fdj ,,prudentius1 contra ,symmachum1 ii4 #ehc-fdj 7sel474 ,subject4 ,in a remarkable passage1 ,prudentius 7circ4 #djj ,a4,d47 views the victorious empire of ,rome as preparing the way for the coming of ,christ4 ,the triumphs of the ,romans were not1 he says1 the gifts of false gods1 grateful for sacrifices1 but were designed by ,providence to break down the barriers between the jarring nationalities of the world1 and familiarise them with a common yoke1 by way of disciplining them for a common ,christianity4 ,an universal peace is struck through sea and land1 and ,law1 ,art1 ,commerce1 and ,marriage constitute the world one city and one family4 ,thus the way was paved for the coming of ,christ by the unity of the empire and the civilisation of the individual subject4 --,north ,pinder4 ,linenotes3 #ehd4 fotibus 7cf4 fotum1 foveo7 cherishings1 supports1 post-classical4 #ehe4 sic cluat is so famed1 for cluo 7ante and post-class47 cf4 kleos4 #eij-eia4 quo 7sc4 iugo7 444 amor1 i4e4 hearts once knit together by a common yoke would best be held together by a common faith4 --,n4 ,p4 #fji4 fraterna in vincla in the bonds of brotherhood1 not those of slavery1 as domitos would naturally suggest4 #fcd4 concordibus now they are in harmony and peace1 emphatic4 #fce4 capit is fit to receive thee4 ,,miscellaneous ,,passages ,,propempticon ,,vergilio4#cf ,the ,perils of the ,deep4 ,a4 ,sic te diva potens ,cypri1 ,sic fratres ,helenae1 lucida sidera1 ,ventorumque regat pater ,obstrictis aliis praeter ,iapyga1 #d ,navis1 quae tibi creditum ,debes ,vergilium1 finibus ,atticis ,reddas incolumem precor ,et serves animae dimidium meae4 #h ,illi robur et aes triplex ,circa pectus erat1 qui fragilem truci ,commisit pelago ratem ,primus1 nec timuit praecipitem ,africum #ab ,decertantem ,aquilonibus ,nec tristes ,hyadas nec rabiem ,noti1 ,quo non arbiter ,hadriae ,maior1 tollere seu ponere vult freta4 #af ,quem mortis timuit gradum1 ,qui siccis oculis monstra natantia1 ,qui vidit mare turbidum et ,infames scopulos ,acroceraunia8 #bj ,nequiquam deus abscidit ,prudens ,oceano dissociabili ,terras1 si tamen impiae ,non tangenda rates transiliunt vada4 #bd ,footnote #cf3 ,a ',god-speed' to ,vergil's ship4 ',nought is there for man too high4' ,b4 ,audax omnia perpeti ,gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas3 ,audax ,iapeti genus ,ignem fraude mala gentibus intulit2 #bh ,post ignem aetheria domo ,subductum macies et nova febrium ,terris incubuit cohors ,semotique prius tarda necessitas #cb ,leti corripuit gradum4 ,expertus vacuum ,daedalus aera4 ,pinnis non homini datis2 ,perrupit ,acheronta ,herculeus labor4 #cf ,nil mortalibus arduist2 ,caelum ipsum petimus stultitia neque ,per nostrum patimur scelus ,iracunda ,iovem ponere fulmina4 #dj ,,horace1 ,od4 ,i4 iii4 ,,propempticon ,,maecio ,,celeri4 ,a ,prayer for his friend's safety4 ,a4 ,di1 quibus audaces amor est servare carinas ,saevaque ventosi mulcere pericula ponti1 ,sternite molle fretum placidumque advertite votis ,concilium1 et lenis non obstrepat unda precanti3 ,grande tuo rarumque damus1 ,neptune1 profundo #e ,depositum4 ,iuvenis dubio committitur alto ,maecius atque animae partem super aequora nostrae ,maiorem transferre parat4 ,proferte benigna ,sidera et antemnae gemino considite cornu1 ,oebalii fratres2 vobis pontusque polusque #aj ,luceat2 ,iliacae longe nimbosa sororis ,astra fugate1 precor1 totoque excludite caelo4 ,vos quoque caeruleum ponti1 ,nereides1 agmen ,quis honor ei regni cessit fortuna secundi1 ,dicere quae magni fas sit mihi sidera ponti1 #ae ,surgite de vitreis spumosae ,doridos antris ,baianosque sinus et feta tepentibus undis ,litora tranquillo certatim ambite natatu1 ,quaerentes ubi celsa ratis1 quam scandere gaudet ,nobilis ,ausoniae ,celer armipotentis alumnus4 4 4 4 #bj ,his ,prayer is heard4 ,man's audacity4 ,b4 ,et pater1 ,aeolio frangit qui carcere ventos #db ,cui varii flatus omnisque per aequora mundi ,spiritus atque hiemes nimbosaque nubila parent1 ,artius obiecto ,borean ,eurumque ,notumque #de ,monte premat3 soli ,zephyro sit copia caeli1 ,solus agat puppes summasque supernatet undas ,assiduus pelago2 donec tua turbine nullo ,laeta ,paraetoniis assignet carbasa ripis4 4 4 4 ,audimur4 ,vocat ipse ratem nautasque morantes #ej ,increpat4 ,ecce meum timido iam frigore pectus ,labitur et nequeo1 quamvis movet ominis horror1 ,claudere suspensos oculorum in margine fletus4 4 4 4 #ec ,quis rude et abscissum miseris animantibus aequor #fa ,fecit iter solidaeque pios telluris alumnos ,expulit in fluctus pelagoque immisit hianti ,audax ingenii8 nec enim temeraria virtus ,illa magis1 summae gelidum quae ,pelion ,ossae #fe ,iunxit anhelantemque iugis bis pressit ,olympum4 ,,statius1 ,silvae1 ,,ii4 ii4 #a-bj1 #db-ec1 #fa-ff4 ,,seneca4 ,for those 'qui corporis cura mentem obruerunt4' ,a4 ,stulta est enim1 mi ,lucili1 et minime conveniens litterato viro occupatio exercendi lacertos et dilatandi cervicem1 ac latera firmandi4 ,cum tibi feliciter sagina cesserit1 et tori creverint3 nec vires unquam opimi bovis1 nec pondus aequabis4 ,adice nunc1 quod maiore corporis sarcina animus eliditur1 et minus agilis est4 ,itaque1 quantum potes circumscribe corpus tuum1 et animo locum laxa4 ,multa sequuntur incommoda huic deditos curae4 ,primum exercitationes1 quarum labor spiritum exhaurit1 et inhabilem intentioni ac studiis acrioribus reddit2 deinde copia ciborum subtilitas animi impeditur4 ,accedunt pessimae notae1 mancipia in magisterium recepta1 homines inter oleum et vinum occupati3 quibus ad votum dies est actus1 si bene desudaverunt1 si in locum eius quod effluxit1 multum potionis altius ieiuno gutture regesserunt4 ,bibere et sudare1 vita cardiaci est4 ,sunt exercitationes et faciles et breves1 quae corpus et sine mora laxent1 et tempori parcant3 cuius praecipua ratio habenda est4 ,cursus1 et cum aliquo pondere manus motae1 et saltus1 vel ille qui corpus in altum levat1 vel ille qui in longum mittit1 vel ille 7ut ita dicam7 saliaris1 aut 7ut contumeliosius dicam7 fullonius4 ,quodlibet ex his elige1 usu fit facile4 ,neque ego te iubeo semper imminere libro1 aut pugillaribus4 ,dandum et aliquod intervallum animo3 ita tamen ut non resolvatur1 sed remittatur4 ,,seneca1 ,ep4 xv4 #h4 ',they needs must die4' ,b4 ,incognitum istud facinus1 ac dirum nefas ,a me quoque absit4 ,quod scelus miseri luent8 ,scelus est ,iason genitor1 et maius scelus ,medea mater4 ,occidant3 non sunt mei4 ,pereant8 mei sunt4 ,crimine et culpa carent4 ,sunt innocentes1 fateor3 et frater fuit4 ,quid1 anime1 titubas8 ora quid lacrimae rigant8 ,variamque nunc huc ira nunc illuc amor ,diducit8 anceps aestus incertam rapit4 ,,seneca1 ,medea1 #ibj4 ,,criticism ,,of ,,poets4 ,an ,estimate of early ,roman ,dramatists4 ,a4 ,ennius1 et sapiens et fortis et alter ,homerus1 #ej ,ut critici dicunt1 leviter curare videtur1 ,quo promissa cadant et somnia ,pythagorea4 ,naevius in manibus non est et mentibus haeret ,paene recens8 ,adeo sanctum est vetus omne poema4 ,ambigitur quotiens uter utro sit prior1 aufert #ee ,pacuvius docti famam senis1 ,accius alti1 ,dicitur ,afrani toga convenisse ,menandro1 ,plautus ad exemplar ,siculi properare ,epicharmi1 ,vincere ,caecilius gravitate1 ,terentius arte4 ,hos ediscit et hos arto stipata theatro #fj ,spectat ,roma potens1 habet hos numeratque poetas ,ad nostrum tempus ,livi scriptoris ab aevo4 ,,hor4 ,ep4 ,,ii4 i4 #ej-fb4 ',terntio non smilem dices qumpiam4' ,b4 ,tu quoque tu in summis1 o dimidiate ,menander1 ,poneris1 et merito1 puri sermonis amator4 ,lenibus atque utinam scriptis adiuncta foret vis1 ,comica ut aequato virtus polleret honore ,cum ,graecis neve hac despectus parte iaceres6 ,unum hoc maceror ac doleo tibi deesse1 ,terenti4 ,,caesar1 ap4 ,,sueton4 vit4 ,ter4 ,ovid on his ,contemporaries4 ,c4 ,temporis illius colui fovique poetas1 ,quotque aderant vates1 rebar adesse deos4 ,saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo1 ,quaeque nocet serpens1 quae iuvat herba1 ,macer4 #dd ,saepe suos solitus recitare ,propertius ignes1 ,iure sodalicio qui mihi iunctus erat4 ,ponticus heroo1 ,bassus quoque clarus iambis ,dulcia convictus membra fuere mei2 #dh ,et tenuit nostras numerosus ,horatius aures1 ,dum ferit ,ausonia carmina culta lyra4 ,vergilium vidi tantum3 nec amara ,tibullo ,tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae4 #eb ,successor fuit hic tibi1 ,galle1 ,propertius illi2 ,quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui3 ,utque ego maiores1 sic me coluere minores1 ,notaque non tarde facta ,thalia mea est4 #ef ,,ovid1 ,tr4 ,,iv4 x4 #da-ef4 ,cf4 ,,ovid1 ,am4 ,i4 xv4 #i-cj2 ,am4 ,,iii4 ix4 #ch-fh2 ,rem4 ,am4 #fe-chh2 ,,quint4 ,x4 i4 #he-ij4 ,,storms ,,by ,,sea ,,and ,,land4 ,ovid describes a ,storm at ,sea4 ,a4 ,me miserum1 quanti montes volvuntur aquarum6 ,iam iam tacturos sidera summa putes4 #bj ,quantae diducto subsidunt aequore valles6 ,iam iam tacturas ,tartara nigra putes4 ,quocumque aspicio1 nihil est nisi pontus et aer1 ,fluctibus hic tumidus1 nubibus ille minax4 #bd ,inter utrumque fremunt inmani murmure venti3 ,nescit1 cui domino pareat1 unda maris4 ,nam modo purpureo vires capit ,eurus ab ortu1 ,nunc ,zephyrus sero vespere missus adest1 #bh ,nunc sicca gelidus ,boreas bacchatur ab ,arcto1 ,nunc ,notus adversa proelia fronte gerit4 ,rector in incerto est nec quid fugiatve petatve ,invenit3 ambiguis ars stupet ipsa malis4 #cb ,,ovid1 ,tr4 ,i4 ii4 #ai-cb4 ,the passing of ,romulus4 ,b4 ,sol fugit1 et removent subeuntia nubila caelum1 ,et gravis effusis decidet imber aquis4 ,hinc tonat1 hinc missis abrumpitur ignibus aether1 ,fit fuga1 rex patriis astra petebat equis4 ,,ovid1 ,fast4 ii4 #dic-dif4 ,hallam ,,ii4 #cfi-cgb ,thunder and ,hail4 ,c4 nterea prope iam ccidente sle inhorresct mare1 ,tnebrae conduplicntur1 noctisque t nimbum occaect nigror1 ,flmma inter nubs coruscat1 calum tonitru cntremit1 ,grndo mixta imbri largifico sbita praecipitns cadit1 ndique omnes vnti erumpunt1 savi existunt trbines1 ,frvit aestu plagus4 ,,pacuvius ap4 ,,cic4 ,de ,div4 ,i4 xiv4 #bd4 ,the ,argo in a ,gale4 ,d4 ,tollitur atque intra ,minyas ,argoaque vela ,styrus adest3 vasto rursus desidit hiatu ,abrupta revolutus aqua4 ,iamque omnis in astra #ccj ,itque reditque ratis1 lapsoque reciproca fluctu ,descendit4 ,vorat hos vertex1 hos agmine toto ,gurges agit4 ,simul in voltus micat undique terror2 ,crebra ruina poli caelestia limina laxat4 ,,val4 ,,fl4 ,argon4 viii4 #cbh-ccd4 ,cf4 ,,verg4 ,aen4 i4 #ha-abc1 ,aen4 iv1 #afj-afh2 ,,stat4 ,theb4 i4 #ccf-cfc4 ,,pets ,,renowned ,,in ,,song4 ,lesbia's ,sparrow4 ,a4 ,lugete1 o ,veneres ,cupidinesque1 ,et quantumst hominum venustiorum4 ,passer mortuus est meae puellae1 ,passer1 deliciae meae puellae1 ,quem plus illa oculis suis amabat4 #e ,nam mellitus erat suamque norat ,ipsam tam bene quam puella matrem2 ,nec sese a gremio illius movebat1 ,sed circumsiliens modo huc modo illuc ,ad solam dominam usque pipiabat4 #aj ,qui nunc it per iter tenebricosum ,illuc1 unde negant redire quemquam4 ,at vobis male sit1 malae tenebrae ,orci1 quae omnia bella devoratis3 ,tam bellum mihi passerem abstulistis4 #ae ,vae factum male6 vae miselle passer6 ,tua nunc opera meae puellae ,flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli4 ,,catullus1 iii4 ',my ,parrot an obtrusive bird4' ,b4 ,psittace1 dux volucrum1 domini facunda voluptas1 ,humanae sollers imitator1 psittace1 linguae1 ,quis tua tam subito praeclusit murmura fato8 ,,statius1 ,silv4 ii4 #d ,the ,lap-dog and its ,portrait4 ,c4 ,issa est passere nequior ,catulli1 ,issa est purior osculo columbae1 ,issa est blandior omnibus puellis1 ,issa est carior ,indicis lapillis1 ,issa est deliciae catella ,publi4 #e ,hanc tu1 si queritur1 loqui putabis2 ,sentit tristitiamque gaudiumque4 ,collo nixa cubat capitque somnos1 ,ut suspiria nulla sentiantur4 ,hanc ne lux rapiat suprema totam1 #aj ,picta ,publius exprimit tabella1 ,in qua tam similem videbis ,issam1 ,ut sit tam similis sibi nec ipsa4 ,issam denique pone cum tabella3 ,aut utramque putabis esse veram1 #ae ,aut utramque putabis esse pictam4 ,,martial1 ,i4 cix4 ,cf4 ,,catull4 ii42 ,,ovid1 ,am4 ii4 #f4 ,,the ,,roman ,,satirists4 7#a7 ,a4 ,satura quidem tota nostra est1 in qua primus insignem laudem adeptus ,lucilius quosdam ita deditos sibi adhuc habet amatores1 ut eum non eiusdem modo operis auctoribus1 sed omnibus poetis praeferre non dubitent4 ,ego quantum ab illis tantum ab ,horatio dissentio1 qui ,lucilium fluere lutulentum et esse aliquid1 quod tollere possis1 putat4 ,nam et eruditio in eo mira et libertas atque inde acerbitas1 et abunde salis4 ,multum eo est tersior ac purus magis ,horatius1 et1 nisi labor eius amore1 praecipuus4 ,multum et verae gloriae1 quamvis uno libro1 ,persius meruit4 ,,quint4 ,x4 i4 #ic4 ,a ,criticism of ,lucilius4 ,b4 ,eupolis atque ,cratinus ,aristophanesque poetae ,atque alii1 quorum comoedia prisca virorum est1 ,siquis erat dignus describi1 quod malus ac fur1 ,quod moechus foret aut sicarius aut alioqui ,famosus1 multa cum libertate notabant4 #e ,hinc omnis pendet ,lucilius1 hosce secutus ,mutatis tantum pedibus numerisque1 facetus1 ,emunctae naris1 durus componere versus4 ,nam fuit hoc vitiosus3 in hora saepe ducentos1 ,ut magnum1 versus dictabat stans pede in uno2 #aj ,cum flueret lutulentus1 erat quod tollere velles2 ,garrulus atque piger scribendi ferre laborem4 ,,horace1 ,sat4 ,i4 iv4 #a-ab4 ,juvenal's ,reasons for ,writing ,satire4 ,c4 ,cur tamen hoc potius libeat decurrere campo1 #ai ,per quem magnus equos ,auruncae flexit alumnus1 ,si vacat ac placidi rationem admittitis1 edam4 #ba ,cum pars ,niliacae plebis1 cum verna ,canopi #bf ,crispinus ,tyrias umero revocante lacernas ,ventilet aestivum digitis sudantibus aurum ,nec sufferre queat maioris pondera gemmae1 ,difficile est saturam non scribere4 #cj ,,juvenal1 ,sat4 i4 #ai-ba1 #bf-cj4 ,his ,subject4 ,d4 ,ex quo ,deucalion1 nimbis tollentibus aequor1 #ha ,navigio montem ascendit sortesque poposcit1 ,paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa1 #hc ,quidquid agunt homines1 votum1 timor1 ira1 voluptas1 #he ,gaudia1 discursus1 nostri farrago libelli est4 #hf ,,juvenal1 ,sat4 i4 #ha-hf4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the omitted line 7#hd7 is ,et maribus nudas ostendit ,pyrrha puellas ,,the ,,roman ,,satirists4 7#b7 ,virtue defined4 ,a4 ,virtus1 ,albine1 est pretium persolvere verum ,quis in versamur1 quis vivimus rebus potesse3 ,virtus est homini scire id quo quaeque habeat res4 ,virtus scire homini rectum1 utile1 quid sit honestum2 ,quae bona1 quae mala item1 quid inutile1 turpe1 inhonestum2 #e ,virtus quaerendae finem rei scire modumque3 ,virtus divitiis pretium persolvere posse3 ,virtus1 id dare1 quod re ipsa debetur1 honori2 ,hostem esse atque inimicum hominum morumque malorum1 ,contra defensorem hominum morumque bonorum2 #aj ,hos magni facere1 his bene velle1 his vivere amicum2 ,commoda praeterea patriai prima putare1 ,deinde parentum1 tertia iam postremaque nostra4 ,,lucilius1 ,sat4 ,frag4 ',the names of men so poor ,who could do mighty deeds4' ,b4 ,cum tremerent autem ,fabios durumque ,catonem #ij ,et ,scauros et ,fabricium rigidique severos ,censoris mores etiam collega timeret1 ,nemo inter curas et seria duxit habendum ,qualis in ,oceani fluctu testudo nataret ,clarum ,troiugenis factura et nobile fulcrum1 #ie ,sed nudo latere et parvis frons aerea lectis ,vile coronati caput ostendebat aselli1 ,ad quod lascivi ludebant ruris alumni4 ,tales ergo cibi qualis domus atque supellex4 ,,juvenal1 ,sat4 xi4 #ij-ii4 ,persius in ,praise of his ,tutor1 ,cornutus4 ,c4 ,cum primum pavido custos mihi purpura cessit #cj ,bullaque succinctis ,laribus donata pependit2 ,cum blandi comites totaque inpune ,subura ,permisit sparsisse oculos iam candidus umbo1 ,cumque iter ambiguum est et vitae nescius error ,deducit trepidas ramosa in compita mentes1 #ce ,me tibi supposui4 ,teneros tu suscipis annos ,socratico1 ,cornute1 sinu2 tum fallere sollers ,apposita intortos extendit regula mores1 ,et premitur ratione animus vincique laborat ,artificemque tuo ducit sub pollice vultum4 #dj ,,persius1 ,sat4 v4 #ai-be1 #cj-dj4 ,,the ,,theatre4 ,objections to a ,permanent ,theatre1 #aea ,b4,c4 ,a4 ,cum locatum a censoribus theatrum exstrueretur1 ,p4 ,cornelio ,nasica auctore tamquam inutile et nociturum publicis moribus ex senatus consulto destructum est1 populusque aliquamdiu stans ludos spectavit4 ,,livy1 ,epit4 #dh4 ,scenic ,arrangements4 ,b4 ,apud maiores theatri gradus tantum fuerunt4 ,nam scena de lignotantum ad tempus fiebat1 unde hodieque permansit consuetudo1 ut componantur pegmata a ludorum theatralium editoribus4 ,scena autem1 quae fiebat1 aut versilis erat aut ductilis4 ,versilis tunc erat1 cum subito tota machinis quibusdam convertebantur1 et aliam picturae faciem ostendebat4 ,ductilis tunc1 cum tractis tabulatis hac atque illac species picturae nudabatur interior4 ,unde perite utrumque tetigit1 dicens1 ',versis discedat frontibus'3 singula singulis complectens sermonibus4 ,quod ,varro et ,suetonius commemorant4 ,,suet4 ap4 ,serv4 ,georg4 iii4 #bd4 ,the ,awnings4 ,c4 ,et vulgo faciunt id lutea russaque vela #ge ,et ferrugina1 cum magnis intenta theatris ,per malos volgata trabesque trementia flutant2 ,namque ibi consessam caveai subter et omnem ,scaenai speciem1 patrum coetumque decorum ,inficiunt coguntque suo fluitare colore4 #hj ,,lucretius1 iv4 #ge-hj4 ,the ,law of ,otho1 #fg ,b4,c4 ,d4 ,l4 ,roscius ,otho tribunus plebis legem tulit1 ut equitibus ,romanis in theatro quattuordecim gradus proximi adsignarentur4 ,,livy1 ,epit4 #ii4 ,usurpers of ,equestrian ,privileges4 ,e4 ',sectus flagellis hic triumviralibus ,praeconis ad fastidium ,arat ,falerni mille fundi iugera ,et ,appiam mannis terit #cj ,sedilibusque magnus in primis eques ,othone contempto sedet4' ,,horace1 ,epod4 iv4 #aa-af4 ,,spinning4 ,the ,parcae spin the ,web of ,fate4 ,a4 ,laeva colum molli lana retinebat amictum1 ,dextera tum leviter deducens fila supinis ,formabat digitis1 tum prono in pollice torquens ,libratum tereti versabat turbine fusum1 ,atque ita decerpens aequabat semper opus dens1 #cae ,laneaque aridulis haerebant morsa labellis1 ,quae prius in levi fuerant extantia filo3 ,ante pedes autem candentis mollia lanae ,vellera virgati custodibant calathisci4 ,haec tum clarisona pellentes vellera voce #cbj ,talia divino fuderunt carmine fata1 ,carmine perfidiae quod post nulla arguet aetas4 ',o decus eximium magnis virtutibus augens1 ,emathiae tutamen opis1 clarissime nato1 ,accipe1 quod laeta tibi pandunt luce sorores1 #cbe ,veridicum oraclum--sed vos quae fata secuntur ,currite ducentes subtemina1 currite fusi4' ,,catullus1 lxiv4 #caa-cbg4 ,the ,skill of ,arachne4 ,her ,contest with ,pallas4 ,b4 ,sive rudem primos lanam glomerabat in orbes1 ,seu digitis subigebat opus repetitaque longo #bj ,vellera mollibat nebulas aequantia tractu ,sive levi teretem versabat pollice fusum1 ,seu pingebat acu scires a ,pallade doctam4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,haud mora constituunt diversis partibus ambae ,et gracili geminas intendunt stamine telas4 ,tela iugo vincta est1 stamen secernit harundo1 #ee ,inseritur medium radiis subtemen acutis ,quod digiti expediunt1 atque inter stamina ductum ,percusso paviunt insecti pectine dentes4 ,utraque festinant cinctaeque ad pectora vestes ,bracchia docta movent1 studio fallente laborem4 #fj ,,ovid1 ,met4 vi4 #ai-bc1 #ec-fj4 ,the ,pastime of ,circe4 ,c4 ,proxima ,circaeae raduntur litora terrae #aj ,dives inaccessos ubi ,solis filia lucos ,assiduo resonat cantu1 tectisque superbis ,urit odoratam nocturna in lumina cedrum1 ,arguto tenues percurrens pectine telas4 ,,verg4 ,aen4 vii4 #aj-ad4 ,cf4 ,,ovid1 ,met4 iv4 #bbj-bbi2 ,fasti1 iii4 #hae-bj4 ,,iii4 #heg-hfb ,,andromeda4 7#a7 ,the ,approach of the ,monster4 ,a4 ,andromedan poenas immitis iusserat ,ammon4 #fga ,quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes ,vidit ,abantiades1 nisi quod levis aura capillos ,moverat et tepido manabant lumina fletu1 ,marmoreum ratus esset opus4 ,trahit inscius ignes #fge ,et stupet et visae correptus imagine formae ,paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas4 4 4 4 #fgg ,ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro #gjf ,sulcat aquas1 iuvenum sudantibus acta lacertis1 ,sic fera dimotis inpulsu pectoris undis ,tantum aberat scopulis1 quantum ,balearica torto ,funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli2 #gaj ,cum subito iuvenis pedibus tellure repulsa ,arduus in nubes abiit4 ,ut in aequore summo ,umbra viri visa est1 visam fera saevit in umbram4 ,utque ,iovis praepes1 vacuo cum vidit in arvo ,praebentem ,phoebo liventia terga draconem1 #gae ,occupat aversum1 neu saeva retorqueat ora1 ,squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues1 ,sic celeri missus praeceps per inane volatu ,terga ferae pressit dextroque frementis in armo ,inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo4 #gbj ,how ,perseus won his ,bride4 ,b4 ,vulnere laesa gravi modo se sublimis in auras ,attollit1 modo subdit aquis1 modo more ferocis ,versat apri1 quem turba canum circumsona terret4 ,ille avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis2 ,quaque patet1 nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis1 #gbe ,nunc laterum costas1 nunc qua tenuissima cauda ,desinit in piscem1 falcato vulnerat ense4 ,belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus ,ore vomit2 maduere graves adspergine pennae4 ,nec bibulis ultra ,perseus talaribus ausus #gcj ,credere1 conspexit scopulum1 qui vertice summo ,stantibus extat aquis1 operitur ab aequore moto4 ,nixus eo rupisque tenens iuga prima sinistra ,ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum4 ,litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum #gce ,inplevere domos2 gaudent generumque salutant ,auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur ,cassiope ,cepheusque pater1 resoluta catenis ,incedit virgo1 pretiumque et causa laboris4 ,,ovid1 ,met4 iv4 #fga-fgg1 #gjf-gbj1 #gba-gci4 ,,andromeda4 7#b7 ',from afar1 unknowing1 ,i marked thee1 ,shining1 a snow-white cross on the dark-green walls of the sea-cliff4' --,,kingsley4 ,a4 ,tandem ,gorgonei victorem ,persea monstri ,felix illa dies redeuntem ad litora duxit4 ,isque ubi pendentem vidit de rupe puellam1 ,deriguit facie1 quam non stupefecerat hostis2 #fgj ,vixque manu spolium tenuit2 victorque ,medusae ,victus in ,andromeda est4 ,iam cautibus invidet ipsis ,felicesque vocat1 teneant quae membra1 catenas4 ,et postquam poenae causam cognovit ab ipsa1 ,destinat in thalamos per bellum vadere ponti1 #fge ,altera si ,gorgo veniat1 non territus ira4 ,concitat aerios cursus flentesque parentes ,promissu vitae recreat pactusque maritam ,ad litus remeat4 ,gravidus nam surgere pontus ,coeperat1 et longo fugiebant agmine fluctus #fhj ,impellentis onus monstri4 ,caput eminet undis ,scindentis pelagusque movet4 ,circumsonat aequor ,dentibus1 inque ipso rapidum mare navigat ore4 ,the ,death of the ,monster4 ,b4 ,illa#cg subit contra versoque a gurgite frontem #eie ,erigit et tortis innitens orbibus alte ,emicat ac toto sublimis corpore fertur4 ,sed quantum illa subit semet iaculata profundo1 ,in tantum revolat laxumque per aethera ludit ,perseus et ceti subeuntis verberat ora4 #fjj ,nec cedit tamen illa viro1 sed saevit in auras ,morsibus1 et vani crepitant sine vulnere dentes2 ,efflat et in caelum pelagus mergitque volantem ,sanguineis undis pontumque extollit in astra4 ,spectabat pugnam pugnandi causa puella2 #fje ,iamque oblita sui1 metuit pro vindice tali ,suspirans1 animoque magis quam corpore pendet4 ,tandem confossis subsedit belua membris ,plena maris summasque iterum remeavit ad undas ,et magnum vasto contexit corpore pontum1 #faj ,tunc quoque terribilis nec virginis ore videnda4 ,perfundit liquido ,perseus in marmore corpus ,maior et ex undis ad cautes pervolat alto ,solvitque haerentem vinclis de rupe puellam ,desponsam pugna1 nupturam dote mariti4 #fae ,,manilius1 ,astronomica1 v4 #ffg-ehc1 #eie-fae4 ,footnote #cg3 illa belua4 ,,schools4 ,the ,school of ,flavius1 at ,venusia4 ,a4 ,causa fuit pater his1 qui macro pauper agello ,noluit in ,flavi ludum me mittere1 magni ,quo pueri magnis e centurionibus orti1 ,laevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto1 ,ibant octonos refererentes ,idibus aeris4 #ge ,,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 vi4 #ga-ge4 ,ovid and his ,brother educated at ,rome4 ,b4 ,protinus excolimur teneri1 curaque parentis ,imus ad insignes ,urbis ab arte viros4 #af ,frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo1 ,fortia verbosi natus ad arma fori4 ,at mihi iam puero caelestia sacra placebant1 ,inque suum furtim ,musa trahebat opus4 #bj ,,ovid1 ,tristia1 ,,iv4 x4 #ae-bj4 ,the ,schoolmaster's life a hard one4 ,c4 ,dummodo non pereat1 mediae quod noctis ab hora ,sedisti1 qua nemo faber1 qua nemo sederet1 ,qui docet obliquo lanam deducere ferro2 ,dummodo non pereat1 totidem olfecisse lucernas1 #bbe ,quot stabant pueri1 cum totus decolor esset ,flaccus1 et haereret nigro fuligo ,maroni4 ,,juvenal1 vii4 #bbb-bbg4 ,early ,school4 ,d4 ,surgite3 iam vendit pueris ientacula pistor1 ,cristataeque sonant undique lucis aves4 ,,martial1 ,,xiv4 ccxxiii4 ,homogeneous ,divisions4 ,e4 ,non inutilem scio servatum esse a praeceptoribus meis morem1 qui1 cum pueros in classes distribuerent1 ordinem discendi secundum vires ingeni dabant4 ,,quintil4 ,i4 ii4 #bc4 ,plagosus ,orbilius4 ,f4 ,quid tibi nobiscum est1 ludi scelerate magister1 ,invisum pueris virginibusque caput8 ,nondum cristati rupere silentia galli3 ,murmure iam saevo verberibusque tonas4 ,,martial1 ,,ix4 lxviii4 #a-d4 ,cf4 ,,juv4 x4 #aad-g2 ,,martial1 ,x4 lxii42 ,,hor4 ,ep4 ,,ii4 i4 #fi-ga4 ,,books4 ,a4 ,parve 7nec invideo7 sine me1 liber1 ibis in urbem3 ,ei mihi1 quod domino non licet ire tuo4 ,vade1 sed incultus1 qualem decet exsulis esse3 ,infelix habitum temporis huius habe4 #d ,nec te purpureo velent vaccinia fuco3 ,non est conveniens luctibus ille color3 ,nec titulus minio nec cedro charta notetur1 ,candida nec nigra cornua fronte geras4 #h ,felices ornent haec instrumenta libellos3 ,fortunae memorem te decet esse meae4 ,nec fragili geminae poliantur pumice frontes1 ,hirsutus sparsis ut videare comis4 #ab ,neve liturarum pudeat4 ,qui viderit illas ,de lacrimis factas sentiat esse meis4 ,vade1 liber1 verbisque meis loca grata saluta3 ,contingam certe quo licet illa pede4 #af ,,ovid1 ,trist4 ,i4 i4 #a-af4 ,b4 ,lutea sed niveum involvat membrana libellum1 ,pumex et canas tondeat ante comas ,summaque praetexat tenuis fastigia chartae ,indicet ut nomen littera facta meum1 #ab ,atque inter geminas pingantur cornua frontes3 ,sic etenim comptum mittere oportet opus4 ,,tibullus1 ,,iii4 i4 #i-ad4 ,c4 ,qui tecum cupis esse meos ubicumque libellos ,et comites longae quaeris habere viae1 ,hos eme1 quos artat brevibus membrana tabellis3 ,scrinia da magnis1 me manus una capit4 #d ,ne tamen ignores ubi sim venalis et erres ,urbe vagus tota1 me duce certus eris3 ,libertum docti ,lucensis quaere ,secundum ,limina post ,pacis ,palladiumque forum4 #h ,,martial1 ,i4 ii4 ,cf4 ,,hor4 ,epist4 ,i4 xx42 ,,catull4 xxii1 #d-h2 ,,statius1 ,silvae1 ,,iv4 ix4 ,,arethusa4 ',as an eagle pursuing ,a dove to its ruin ,down the streams of the cloudy wind4'--,,shelley4 ,a4 ,lassa revertebar 7memini7 ,stymphalide silva2 #ehe ,aestus erat1 magnumque labor geminaverat aestum4 ,invenio sine vertice aquas1 sine murmure euntes1 ,perspicuas ad humum1 per quas numerabilis alte ,calculus omnis erat1 quas tu vix ire putares4 4 4 4 #ehi ,nescioquod medio sensi sub gurgite murmur #eig ,territaque insisto propioris margine fontis4 ',quo properas ,arethusa8' suis ,alpheos ab undis1 ',quo properas8' iterum rauco mihi dixerat ore4 4 4 4 #fjj ,sic ego currebam1 sic me ferus ille premebat1 #fjd ,ut fugere accipitrem penna trepidante columbae1 ,ut solet accipiter trepidas urguere columbas4 ,usque sub ,orchomenon ,psophidaque ,cyllenenque ,maenaliosque sinus gelidumque ,erymanthon et ,elin ,currere sustinui2 nec me velocior ille4 ,sed tolerare diu cursus ego1 viribus inpar1 #faj ,non poteram2 longi patiens erat ille laboris4 ,per tamen et campos1 per opertos arbore montes1 ,saxa quoque et rupes et qua via nulla1 cucurri4 ',alpheum fama est huc ,elidis amnem ,occultas egisse vias subter mare1 qui nunc ,ore1 ,arethusa1 tuo ,siculis confunditur undis4' --,,vergil4 ,b4 ,sol erat a tergo3 vidi praecedere longam ,ante pedes umbram1 nisi si timor illa videbat1 #fae ,sed certe sonitusque pedum terrebat et ingens ,crinales vittas afflabat anhelitus oris4 ,fessa labore fugae 'fer opem1 deprendimur1' inquam1 ',armigerae1 ,diana1 tuae1 cui saepe dedisti ,ferre tuos arcus inclusaque tela pharetra4' #fbj ,mota dea est spissisque ferens e nubibus unam ,me super iniecit4 lustrat caligine tectam ,amnis et ignarus circum cava nubila quaerit4 ,bisque locum1 quo me dea texerat1 inscius ambit ,et bis 'io ,arethusa1 io ,arethusa' vocavit4 4 4 4 #fbe ,in latices mutor1 sed enim cognoscit amatas #fcf ,amnis aquas1 positoque viri1 quod sumpserat1 ore ,vertitur in proprias1 ut se mihi misceat1 undas4 ,delia rupit humum1 caecisque ego mersa cavernis ,advehor ,ortygiam1 quae me cognomine divae #fdj ,grata meae superas eduxit prima sub auras4 ,,ovid1 ,met4 v4 #ehf-fda 7sel474 ,,hylas ,hout men kallistos ,hulas makarn arithmeitai4 ,a4 ,namque ferunt olim ,pagasae navalibus ,argon ,egressam longe ,phasidis isse viam1 ,et iam praeteritis labentem ,athamantidos undis ,mysorum scopulis applicuisse ratem4 #bj ,hic manus heroum1 placidis ut constitit oris1 ,mollia composita litora fronde tegit4 ,at comes invicti iuvenis processerat ultra1 ,sacram sepositi quaerere fontis aquam4 #bd ,hanc circum irriguo surgebant lilia prato #cg ,candida purpureis mixta papaveribus4 ,quae modo decerpens tenero pueriliter ungui ,proposito florem praetulit officio1 #dj ,ex modo formosis incumbens nescius undis ,errorem blandis tardat imaginibus4 ,tandem haurire parat demissis flumina palmis ,innixus dextro plena trahens umero4 #dd ,cuius ut accensae ,hydriades candore puellae ,miratae solitos destituere choros4 ,prolapsum leviter facili traxere liquore3 ,tum sonitum rapto corpore fecit ,hylas4 #dh ,,propertius1 ,i4 xx4 #ag-bd1 #cg-dh4 ,litus ',hyla ,hyla' omne sonabat4 ,b4 ,continuo1 volucri ceu pectora tactus asilo ,emicuit ,calabria taurus per confraga saeptis ,obvia quaque ruens1 tali se concitat ardens ,in iuga senta fuga3 pavet omnis conscia late ,silva1 pavent montes1 luctu succensus acerbo #ehe ,quid struat ,alcides tantaque quid apparet ira4 ,ille1 velut refugi quem contigit improba ,mauri ,lancea sanguineus vasto leo murmure fertur1 ,frangit et absentem vacuis sub dentibus hostem1 ,sic furiis accensa gerens ,tirynthius ora #eij ,fertur et intento decurrit montibus arcu4 ,heu miserae quibus ille ferae1 quibus incidit usquam ,immeritis per lustra viris6 volat ordine nullo ,cuncta petens2 nunc ad ripas deiectaque saxis ,flumina1 nunc notas nemorum procurrit ad umbras4 #eie ,rursus ,hylan et rursus ,hylan per longa reclamat ,avia3 responsant silvae et vaga certat imago4 ,,valerius ,,flaccus1 ,argonautica1 iii4 #eha-eig4 ,cf4 ,,apollonius ,,rhodius1 ,argonautica1 i4 #abbd-abci4 ,,plautus4 ,the ,portmanteau ,fish4 7,,trachalio--,,gripus47 ,,tr4 ,quid ais1 impudens8 ,ausu's etiam comparare vidulum cum piscibus8 ,eadem tandem res videtur8 ,,gr4 ,in manu non est mea3 #fj ,ubi demisi rete atque hamum1 quidquid haesit extraho ,meum quod rete atque bami nancti sunt1 meum potissimumst4 ,,tr4 ,immo hercle haud est1 siquidem quod vas excepisti4 ,,gr4 ,philosophe6 ,,tr4 ,sed tu1 enunquam piscatorem vidisti1 venefice1 ,vidulum piscem cepisse aut protulisse ullum in forum8 #fe ,non enim tu hic quidem occupabis omnes quaestus quos voles3 ,et vitorem et piscatorem te esse1 impure1 postulas4 ,vel te mihi monstrare oportet piscis qui sit vidulus3 ,vel quod in mari non natumst neque habet squamas ne feras4 ,,gr4 ,quid tu8 nunquam audisti antehac vidulum esse piscem8 ,,tr4 ,scelus1 #gj ,nullus est4 ,,gr4 ,immost profecto3 ego qui sum piscator scio4 ,verum rare capitur3 nullus minus saepe ad terram venit4 ,,tr4 ,nil agis3 dare verba speras mihi te posse1 furcifer4 ,quo colorest8 ,,gr4 ,hoc colore capiuntur pauxilluli3 ,sunt alii puniceo corio1 magni autem1 atque atri4 ,,tr4 ,scio3 #ge ,tu hercle1 opino1 in vidulum piscem te convortes1 nisi caves3 ,fiet tibi puniceum corium1 postea atrum denuo4 ,rudens1 ,,iv4 iii4 #eh-gg4 ,,terence4 ',humani nil a me alienum puto4' 7,,chremes--,,menedemus47 ,a4 ,,ch4 ,numquam tam mane egredior neque tam vesperi #ae ,domum revortor1 quin te in fundo conspicer ,fodere aut arare aut aliquid ferre4 ,denique ,nullum remittis tempus neque te respicis4 ,haec non voluptati tibi esse satis certo scio4 ',enim1' dices1 'quantum hic operis fiat poenitet4' #bj ,quod in opere faciundo operae consumis tuae1 ,si sumas in illis exercendis1 plus agas4 ,,me4 ,chremes1 tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi1 ,aliena ut cures ea quae nil ad te attinent8 ,,ch4 ,homo sum3 humani nil a me alienum puto4 #be ,vel me monere hoc vel percontari puta3 ,rectumst1 ego ut faciam2 non est1 te ut deterream4 ,,me4 ,mihi sic est usus3 tibi ut opus factost1 face4 ,,ch4 ,an quoiquamst usus homini1 se ut cruciet8 ,,me4 ,mihi4 #cj ,,ch4 ,siquid laborist1 nollem3 sed quid istuc malist8 ,quaeso1 quid de te tantum commeruisti8 ,,me4 ,eheu4 ,,ch4 ,ne lacruma1 atque istuc1 quidquid est1 fac me ut sciam2 ,ne retice1 ne verere1 crede inquam mihi3 ,aut consolando aut consilio aut re iuvero4 #cd ,hautont4 ,i4 i4 #ae-cd4 ,cicero on ,terence4 ,b4 ',tu quoque1 qui solus lecto sermone1 ,terenti1 ,conversum expressumque ,latina voce ,menandrum ,in medium nobis sedatis vocibus effers1 ,quiddam come loquens1 atque omnia dulcia miscens4' ,,sueton4 ,vit4 ,ter4 p4 #cd4 ,terence defends his use of ',contaminatio4'#ch ,c4 ,nam quod rumores distulerunt malivoli ,multas contaminasse ,graecas1 dum facit ,paucas ,latinas3 factum id esse hic non negat1 ,neque se pigere et deinde facturum autumat4 ,habet bonorum exemplum1 quo exemplo sibi #bj ,licere id facere quod illi fecerunt putat4 ,hautont4 ,prol4 #af-ba4 ,footnote #ch3 ,contaminatio the blending of the parts of different comedies into one whole--e4g4 the ,andria of ,terence1 an adaptation of ,menander's ,andria and ,perinthia4 ,,pliny ,,the ,,elder4 ,the ,song of the ,nightingale4 ,a4 ,lusciniis diebus ac noctibus continuis xv garrulus sine intermissu cantus densante se frondium germine1 non in novissimum digna miratu ave4 ,primum tanta vox tam parvo in corpusculo1 tam pertinax spiritus2 deinde in una perfecta musica scientia3 modulatus editur sonus1 et nunc continuo spiritu trahitur in longum1 nunc variatur inflexo1 nunc distinguitur conciso1 copulatur intorto1 promittitur revocato1 infuscatur ex inopinato interdum et secum ipse murmurat1 plenus1 gravis1 acutus1 creber1 extentus1 ubi visum est1 vibrans1 summus1 medius1 imus2 breviterque omnia tam parvulis in faucibus quae tot exquisitis tibiarum tormentis ars hominum excogitavit1 ut non sit dubium hanc suavitatem praemonstratam efficaci auspicio1 cum in ore ,stesichori cecinit infantis4 ,ac ne quis dubitet artis esse1 plures singulis sunt cantus1 nec iidem omnibus1 sed sui cuique4 ,certant inter se1 palamque animosa contentio est3 victa morte finit saepe vitam1 spiritu prius deficiente quam captu4 ,meditantur iuveniores versusque quos imitentur accipiunt3 audit discipula intentione magna et reddit vicibusque reticent2 intelligitur emendatae correptio et in docente quaedam reprehensio4 ,hist4 ,nat4 x4 #ha4 ,,pliny ,,the ,,younger4 ,a ,corinthian ,statuette4 ,b4 ,ex hereditate1 quae mihi obvenit1 emi proxime ,corinthium signum1 modicum quidem1 sed festivum et expressum1 quantum ego sapio1 qui fortasse in omni re1 in hac certe perquam exiguum sapio3 hoc tamen signum ego quoque intellego4 ,est enim nudum1 nec aut vitia1 si qua sunt1 celat1 aut laudes parum ostentat4 ,effingit senem stantem3 ossa1 musculi1 nervi1 venae1 rugae etiam ut spirantis apparent3 rari et cedentes capilli1 lata frons1 contracta facies1 exile collum4 ,aes ipsum1 quantum verus color indicat1 vetus et antiquum4 ,talia denique omnia1 ut possint artificum oculos tenere1 delectare imperitorum4 ,quod me1 quamquam tirunculum1 solicitavit ad emendum4 ,emi autem1 non at haberem domi1 verum ut in patria nostri celebri loco ponerem2 ac potissimum in ,iovis templo4 ,videtur enim dignum templo1 dignum deo donum4 ,ep4 iii4 #f4 ,,methods ,,of ,,work4 ,helps to ,style4 ,a4 ,quaeris1 quemadmodum in secessu1 quo iam diu frueris1 putem te studere oportere4 ,utile in primis1 et multi praecipiunt1 vel ex ,graeco in ,latinum1 vel ex ,latino vertere in ,graecum3 quo genere exercitationis proprietas splendorque verborum1 copia figurarum1 vis explicandi1 praeterea imitatione optimorum similia inveniendi facultas paratur2 simul quae legentem fefellissent transferentem fugere non possunt4 ,intelligentia ex hoc et iudicium adquiritur4 ,nihil obfuerit1 quae legeris hactenus1 ut rem argumentumque teneas1 quasi aemulum scribere lectisque conferre1 ac sedulo pensitare quid tu1 quid ille commodius4 ,magna gratulatio1 si non nulla tu2 magnus pudor1 si cuncta ille melius4 ,licebit interdum et notissima eligere1 et certare cum electis4 ,poteris et1 quae dixeris1 post oblivionem retractare1 multa retinere1 plura transire1 alia interscribere1 alia rescribere4 ,laboriosum istud et taedio plenum sed difficultate ipsa fructuosum1 recalescere ex integro1 et resumere impetum fractum omissumque1 postremo nova velut membra peracto corpori intexere1 nec tamen priora turbare4 ,fas est et carmine remitti1 non dico continuo et longo 7id enim perfici nisi in otio non potest71 sed hoc arguto et brevi1 quod apte quantaslibet occupationes curasque distinguit4 ,,pliny ,,the ,,younger1 ,ep4 vii4 #i 7sel47 ,importance of ,concentration4 ,b4 ,sed silentium et secessus et undique liber animus ut sunt maxime optanda1 ita non semper possunt contingere1 ideoque non statim1 si quid obstrepet1 abiciendi codices erunt et deplorandus dies1 verum incommodis repugnandum et hic faciendus usus1 ut omnia quae impedient vincat intentio3 quam si tota mente in opus ipsum direxeris1 nihil eorum1 quae oculis vel auribus incursant1 ad animum perveniet4 ,an vero frequenter etiam fortuita hoc cogitatio praestat1 ut obvios non videamus et itinere deerremus2 non consequemur1 si et voluerimus8 ,non est indulgendum causis desidiae4 ,nam si nonnisi refecti1 nonnisi hilares1 nonnisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes studendum existimaverimus1 semper erit propter quod nobis ignoscamus4 ,,quintilian1 ,inst4 ,or4 ,x4 iii4 #bh4 ,,phaedrus4 ,de ,simonide4 ,a4 ,homo doctus in se semper divitias habet4 ,simonides1 qui scripsit egregium melos1 ,quo paupertatem sustineret facilius1 ,circum ire coepit urbes ,asiae nobiles1 ,mercede accepta laudem victorum canens4 #e ,hoc genere quaestus postquam locuples factus est1 ,revenire in patriam voluit cursu pelagio2 ,erat autem1 ut aiunt1 natus in ,chia insula4 ,ascendit navem1 quam tempestas horrida ,simul et vetustas medio dissolvit mari4 #aj ,hi zonas1 illi res pretiosas colligunt1 ,subsidium vitae4 ,quidam curiosior3 ',simonide1 tu ex opibus nil sumis tuis8' ',mecum1' inquit1 'mea sunt cuncta4'#ci ,tunc pauci enatant1 ,quia plures onere degravati perierant4 #ae ,praedones adsunt1 rapiunt quod quisque extulit1 ,nudos relinquunt4 ,forte ,clazomenae prope ,antiqua fuit urbs2 quam petierunt naufragi4 ,hic litterarum quidam studio deditus1 ,simondis qui saepe versus legerat #bj ,eratque absentis admirator maximus1 ,sermone ab ipso cognitum cupidissime ,ad se recepit2 veste1 nummis1 familia ,hominem exornavit4 ,ceteri tabulam suam ,portant rogantes victum4 ,quos casu obvios #be ,simonides ut vidit1 ',dixi' inquit 'mea ,mecum esse cuncta3 vos quod habuistis1 perit4' iv4 #bc4 ,footnote #ci3 ,cf4 ',omnia bona mea mecum sunt4' --,,seneca1 ,ep4 #i4 ,mons ,parturiens4 ,b4 ,mons parturibat1 gemitus immanes ciens1 ,eratque in terris maxima expectatio4 ,at ille murem peperit4 ,hoc scriptum est tibi1 ,qui1 magna cum minaris1 extricas nihil4 iv4 #bd4 ,nihil ita occultum esse quod non reveletur4 ,c4 ,pastor capellae cornu baculo fregerat3 ,rogare coepit1 ne se domino proderet 444 ',quamvis indigne laesa1 reticebo tamen2 ,sed res clamabit ipsa quid deliqueris4' ,appendix1 #bb4 ,,tibullus4 ,the ,golden ,age4 ,a4 ,quam bene ,saturno vivebant rege1 priusquam ,tellus in longas est patefacta vias6 #cf ,nondum caeruleas pinus contempserat undas1 ,effusum ventis praebueratque sinum1 ,nec vagus ignotis repetens compendia terris ,presserat externa navita merce ratem4 #dj ,illo non validus subiit iuga tempore taurus1 ,non domito frenos ore momordit equus1 ,non domus ulla fores habuit1 non fixus in agris ,qui regeret certis finibus arva1 lapis4 #dd ,ipsae mella dabant quercus1 ultroque ferebant ,obvia securis ubera lactis oves4 ,non acies1 non ira fuit1 non bella1 nec ensem ,immiti saevus duxerat arte faber4 #dh ,nunc ,iove sub domino caedes et vulnera semper1 ,nunc mare1 nunc leti mille repente viae4 ,i4 iii4 #ce-ej4 ,cf4 ,,catullus1 lxiv42 ,,vergil1 ,ecl4 iv4 ,birthday ,wishes4 ,b4 ,dicamus bona verba3 venit natalis ad aras3 ,quisquis ades1 lingua1 vir mulierque fave4 ,urantur pia tura focis1 urantur odores1 ,quos tener e terra divite mittit ,arabs4 #d ,ipse suos ,genius adsit visurus honores1 ,cui decorent sanctas mollia serta comas4 ,illius puro destillent tempora nardo1 ,atque satur libo sit madeatque mero1 #h ,adnuat et1 ,cornute1 tibi quodcumque rogabis4 ,en age1 quid cessas8 adnuit ille3 roga4 ,auguror1 uxoris fidos optabis amores2 ,iam reor hoc ipsos edidicisse deos4 #ab ,nec tibi malueris1 totum quaecumque per orbem ,fortis arat valido rusticus arva bove1 ,nec tibi1 gemmarum quidquid felicibus ,indis ,nascitur1 ,eoi qua maris unda rubet4 #af ,vota cadunt3 utinam strepitantibus advolet alis ,flavaque coniugio vincula portet ,amor1 ,vincula1 quae maneant semper1 dum tarda senectus ,inducat rugas inficiatque comas4 #bj ,hic veniat natalis avis prolemque ministret1 ,ludat et ante tuos turba novella pedes4 ,,ii4 ii4 ,cf4 ,,tibull4 ,i4 vii4 #di-ed2 ,,persius1 ii4 #a-d4 ,,hunting4 ,on the delights of hunting with a note-book4 ,a4 ,ridebis1 et licet rideas4 ,ego ille1 quem nosti apros tres1 et quidem pulcherrimos1 cepi4 ,ipse8 inquis4 ,ipse2 non tamen ut omnino ab inertia mea et quiete discederem4 ,ad retia sedebam3 erat in proximo1 non venabulum aut lancea1 sed stilus et pugillares4 ,meditabar aliquid enotabamque1 ut1 si manus vacuas1 plenas tamen ceras reportarem4 ,non est1 quod contemnas hoc studendi genus4 ,mirum est ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur4 ,iam undique silvae et solitudo1 ipsumque illud silentium1 quod venationi datur1 magna cogitationis incitamenta sunt4 ,proinde cum venabere1 licebit auctore me ut panarium et lagunculam sic etiam pugillares feras4 ,experieris non ,dianam magis montibus1 quam ,minervam inerrare4 ,vale4 ,,pliny1 ,ep4 i4 #f4 ,oenone ,paridi4 ,b4 ,quis tibi monstrabat saltus venatibus aptos ,et tegeret catulos qua fera rupe suos8 ,retia saepe comes maculis distincta tetendi2 ,saepi cites egi per iuga longa canes4 #bj ,,ovid1 ,her4 v4 #ag-bj4 ,the ,hunting ,party4 ,c4 ,oceanum interea surgens ,aurora reliquit4 ,it portis iubare exorto delecta iuventus2 #acj ,retia rara1 plagae1 lato venabula ferro1 ,massylique ruunt equites et odora canum vis4 ,reginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi ,poenorum exspectant1 ostroque insignis et auro ,stat sonipes ac frena ferox spumantia mandit4 #ace 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,postquam altos ventum in montes atque invia lustra ,ecce ferae1 saxi deiectae vertice1 caprae ,decurrere iugis2 alia de parte patentes ,transmittunt cursu campos atque agmina cervi ,pulverulenta fuga glomerant montisque relinquunt4 #aee ,at puer ,ascanius mediis in vallibus acri ,gaudet equo1 iamque hos cursu1 iam praeterit illos ,spumantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis ,optat aprum aut fulvum descendere monte leonem4 ,,verg4 ,aen4 iv4 #abi-ace1 #aea-aei4 ,,roman ,,day4 ,its ,duties and ,amusements4 ,a4 ,prima salutantes atque altera conterit hora2 ,exercet raucos tertia causidicos2 ,in quintam varies extendit ,roma labores2 ,sexta quies lassis2 septima finis erit2 #d ,sufficit in nonam nitidis octava palaestris2 ,imperat exstructos frangere nona toros2 ,hora libellorum decima est1 ,eupheme1 meorum1 ,temperat ambrosias cum tua cura dapes #h ,et bonus aetherio laxatur nectare ,caesar ,ingentique tenet pocula parca manu4 ,tunc admitte iocos3 gressu timet ire licenti ,ad matutinum nostra ,thalia ,iovem4 #ab ,,martial1 ,,iv4 viii4 ,the ,simple ,life4 ,how ,horace spent his day4 ,b4 ,hoc ego commodius quam tu praeclare senator1 #aaj ,milibus atque aliis vivo4 ,quacunque libido est ,incedo solus1 percontor quanti holus ac far1 ,fallacem circum vespertinumque pererro ,saepe forum1 adsisto divinis4 ,inde domum me ,ad porri et ciceris refero laganique catinum2 #aae ,cena ministratur pueris tribus1 et lapis albus ,pocula cum cyatho duo sustinet1 astat echinus ,vilis1 cum patera guttus1 ,campana supellex4 ,deinde eo dormitum1 non sollicitus1 mihi quod cras ,surgendum sit mane1 obeundus ,marsya1 qui se #abj ,voltum ferre negat ,noviorum posse minoris4 ,ad quartam iaceo2 post hanc vagor1 aut ego1 lecto ,aut scripto quod me tacitum iuvet1 unguor olivo1 ,non quo fraudatis immundus ,natta lucernis4 ,ast ubi me fessum sol acrior ire lavatum #abe ,admonuit1 fugio campum lusumque trigonem4 ,pransus non avide quantum interpellet inani ,ventre diem durare1 domesticus otior4 ,haec est ,vita solutorum misera ambitione gravique4 ,his me consolor victurum suavius1 ac si #acj ,quaestor avus pater atque meus patruusque fuisset4 ,,horace1 ,sat4 ,i4 vi4 #aaj-aca4 ,cf4 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 ix4 #bj2 ,lucr4 ii4 #ad-cc2 ,verg4 ,georg4 ii4 #deh-dgd2 ,hor4 ,od4 ,,iii1 i4 ,,tacitus4 ',lives of great men all remind us1 ,we can make our lives sublime4' ,a4 ,si quis piorum manibus locus1 si1 ut sapientibus placet1 non cum corpore extinguuntur magnae animae1 placide quiescas1 nosque domum tuam ab inferno desiderio et muliebribus lamentis ad contemplationem virtutum tuarum voces1 quas neque lugeri neque plangi fas est4 ,admiratione te potius et immortalibus laudibus et1 si natura suppeditet1 similitudine colamus3 is verus honos1 ea coniunctissimi cuiusque pietas4 ,id filiae quoque uxorique praeceperim1 sic patris1 sic mariti memoriam venerari1 ut omnia facta dictaque eius secum revolvant1 formamque ac figuram animi magis quam corporis complectantur1 non quia intercedendum putem imaginibus quae marmore aut aere finguntur1 sed1 ut vultus hominum1 ita simulacra vultus imbecilla ac mortalia sunt1 forma mentis aeterna1 quam tenere et exprimere non per alienam materiam et artem1 sed tuis ipse moribus possis4 ,quidquid ex ,agricola amavimus1 quidquid mirati sumus1 manet mansurumque est in animis hominum1 in aeternitate temporum1 in fama rerum2 nam multos veterum velut inglorios et ignobilis oblivio obruet3 ,agricola posteritati narratus et traditus superstes erit4 ,agricola #df4 ,the ,climate and ,products of ,britain4 ,b4 ,caelum crebris imbribus ac nebulis foedum2 asperitas frigorum abest4 ,dierum spatia ultra nostri orbis mensuram2 nox clara et extrema ,britanniae parte brevis1 ut finem atque initium lucis exiguo discrimine internoscas4 ,quod si nubes non officiunt1 aspici per noctem solis fulgorem1 nec occidere et exsurgere1 sed transire affirmant4 ,scilicet extrema et plana terrarum humili umbra non erigunt tenebras1 infraque caelum et sidera nox cadit4 ,solum praeter oleam vitemque et cetera calidioribus terris oriri sueta patiens frugum1 fecundum3 tarde mitescunt1 cito proveniunt2 eademque utriusque rei causa1 multus umor terrarum caelique4 ,fert ,britannia aurum et argentum et alia metalla1 pretium victoriae4 ,gignit et oceanus margarita1 sed subfusca ac liventia4 ,agricola #ab4 ,,trimalchio',s ,,supper4 ,le ,bourgeois ,gentilhomme4 ,an ,ignorant ,connoisseur4 ,a4 ,plausum post hoc automatum familia dedit1 et ',gaio feliciter6' conclamavit3 nec non cocus potione oneratus est1 et argentea corona poculumque in lance accepit ,corinthia4 ,quam cum ,agamemnon propius consideraret1 ait ,trimalchio3 ',solus sum1 qui vera ,corinthea habeam4' ,exspectabam1 ut pro reliqua insolentia diceret sibi vasa ,corintho afferri4 ,sed ille melius3 ',et forsitan1' inquit1 'quaeris1 quare solus ,corinthea vera possideam8 ,quia scilicet aerarius1 a quo emo1 ,corinthus vocatur2 quid est autem ,corintheum1 nisi quis ,corinthum habeat8 ,et ne me putetis nesapium esse1 valde bene scio1 unde primum ,corinthea nata sint4 ,cum ,ilium captum est1 ,hannibal1 homo vafer1 et magnus stelio1 omnes statuas aeneas1 et aureas1 et argenteas in unum rogum congessit1 et eas incendit2 factae sunt in unum aera miscellanea4 ,ita ex hac massa fabri sustulerunt1 et fecerunt catilla et paropsides et statuncula4 ,sic ,corinthea nata sunt1 ex omnibus in unum1 nec hoc1 nec illud4' ,,petronius ,,arbiter1 #ej4 ,the ,glass ,bowl1 and its ,maker4 ,b4 ',ignoscetis mihi1' inquit ,trimalchio1 'quod dixero3 ego malo mihi vitrea2 certe non olunt4 ,quod si non frangerentur1 mallem mihi1 quam aurum2 nunc autem vilia sunt4 ,fuit tamen faber1 qui fecit phialam vitream1 quae non frangebatur4 ,admissus ergo ,caesarem est cum suo munere2 deinde fecit se porrigere ,caesari1 et illam in pavimentum proiecit4 ,caesar non pote validius1 quam expavit4 ,at ille sustulit phialam de terra3 collisa erat1 tanquam vasum aeneum4 ,deinde marceolum de sinu protulit1 et phialam otio belle correxit4 ,hoc facto putabat se solium ,iovis tenere1 utique1 postquam illi dixit3 ,numquid alius scit hanc condituram vitreorum8 ,vide modo4 ,postquam negavit1 iussit illum ,caesar decollari2 quia enim1 si scitum esset1 aurum pro luto haberemus4' ,,petronius ,,arbiter1 #ea4 ,,pronunciation4#dj ,footnote #dj3 ,for further information see ,dr4 ,postgate's ,how to pronounce ,latin 7,bell ,sons74 ,h4 ,i4 ,diu deinde servatum ne consonantibus 7veteres7 adspirarent1 ut in ,graccis et in triumpis4 ,erupit brevi tempore nimius usus1 ut choronae1 chenturiones1 praechones adhuc quibusdam in inscriptionibus maneant1 qua de re ,catulli nobile epigramma est4 ,,quint4 i4 #e4 #bj4 ,chommoda dicebat1 si quando commoda vellet ,dicere1 et insidias ,arrius hinsidias1 ,et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum1 ,cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias4 ,credo1 sic mater1 sic liber avonculus eius1 ,sic maternus avos dixerat atque avia4 ,hoc misso in ,syriam requierant omnibus aures3 ,audibant eadem haec leviter et leviter1 ,nec sibi postilla metuebant talia verba1 ,cum subito adfertur nuntius horribilis1 ,ionios fluctus1 postquam illuc ,arrius isset1 ,iam non ,ionios esse1 sed ,hionios4 ,,catullus1 lxxxiv4 ,a ,street ,cry4 ,,ii4 ,cum ,m4 ,crassus exercitum ,brundisii imponeret1 quidam in portu1 caricas ,cauno advectas vendens1 ,cauneas6 clamitabat4 ,dicamus1 si placet1 monitum ab eo ,crassum1 caveret1 ne iret 7caue ne eas do not go73 non fuisse periturum1 si omini paruisset4 ,quae si suscipiamus1 pedis offensio nobis et abruptio corrigiae et sternutamenta erunt observanda4 ,,cicero1 ,div4 ii4 #dj4 #hd4 ,k4 ,q4 ,c4 ,,iii4 ,k perspicuum est littera quod vacare possit2 ,et ,q1 similis1 namque eadem vis in utraque est2 ,quia qui locus est primitus unde exoritur ,c1 ,quascunque deinceps libeat iugare voces1 ,mutare necesse est sonitum quidem supremum1 ,refert nihilum1 ,k prior an ,q siet an ,c4 ,,terentianus ,,maurus 7circ4 #cjj ,a4,d474 ,u4 ,,iv4 ,,me4 ,egon' dedi8 ,,pe4 ,tu tu1 istic1 inquam6 ,vin' adferri noctuam ,quae tu tu usque dicat tibi8 ,nam nos iam defessi sumus4 ,,plautus1 ,men4 #eec-f4 ,,proverbial ,,expressions4 ,i4 ,nam quae volumus et credimus libenter4 ,,caes4 ,b4 ,civ4 ii4 #bg4 ,,ii4 ,cuiusvis hominis est errare2 nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare4 ,posteriores enim cogitationes1 ut aiunt1 sapientiores solent esse4 ,,cic4 ,phil4 xii4 #e4 ,,iii4 ,dimidium facti qui coepit habet4 ,,hor4 ,ep4 ,i4 ii4 #dj4 ,,iv4 ,nemo repente fuit turpissimus4 ,,juv4 ,sat4 ii4 #hc4 ,v4 ,velut materiam igni praebentes4 ,,livy1 xxi4 #aj4 ,,vi4 ,et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt4 ,,lucr4 ii4 #gi4 ,,vii4 ,non amo te1 ,sabidi1 nec possum dicere quare3 ,hoc tantum possum dicere1 non amo te4 ,,martial1 ,ep4 ,i4 xxxii4 ,,viii4 quem di diligunt ,adulescens moritur4 ,,plaut4 ,bacch4 ,i4 ii4 #cf4 ,,ix4 ,nullumst iam dictum1 quod non sit dictum prius4 ,,terence1 ,eun4 ,prol4 #da4 ,x4 ,quot homines tot sententiae3 suus cuique mos4 ,,ter4 ,phormio1 ,,ii4 iv4 #ad4 ,,xi4 ,stultum facit fortuna1 quem vult pedere4 ,,pub4 ,,syrus4 ,,xii4 ,vita brevis est1 longa ars4 ,vita1 si scias uti1 longa est4 ,,sen4 de ,brevit4 vitae1 i4 #b4 ,,xiii4 ,omne ignotum pro magnifico4 ,,tac4 ,agric4 #cj4 ,,xiv4 ,divina natura dedit agros1 ars humana aedificavit urbes4 ,,varro1 de ,re ,rust4 iii4 #a4 ,,xv4 ,tu ne cede malis1 sed contra audentior ito ,quam tua te ,fortuna sinet4 ,,verg4 ,aen4 vi4 #ie4 ,,xvi4 4 4 4 4 ,sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi2 ,sunt lacrimae rerum1 et mentem mortalia tangunt4 ,,verg4 ,aen4 i4 #dfa-b4 ,,consolatio4 ',whom the gods love die young4' ,a4 ,una post haec ,quintiliani mei spe ac voluptate nitebar3 at poterat sufficere solatio4 ,non enim flosculos1 sicut prior1 sed iam decimum aetatis ingressus annum1 certos ac deformatos fructus ostenderat4 ,iuro per mala mea1 per infelicem conscientiam1 per illos manes1 numina mei doloris1 has me in illo vidisse virtutes ingeni1 non modo ad percipiendas disciplinas1 quo nihil praestantius cognovi plurima expertus studiique iam tum non coacti 7sciunt praeceptores71 sed probitatis1 pietatis1 humanitatis1 liberalitatis1 ut prorsus posset hinc esse tanti fulminis metus1 quod observatum fere est1 celerius occidere festinatam maturitatem3 et esse nescio quam quae spes tantas decerpat invidiam1 ne videlicet ultra1 quam homini datum est1 nostra provehantur4 ,etiam illa fortuita aderant omnia1 vocis iucunditas claritasque1 oris suavitas1 et in utracumque lingua1 tanquam ad eam demum natus esset1 expressa proprietas omnium litterarum4 ,sed haec spes adhuc3 illa maiora1 constantia1 gravitas1 contra dolores etiam ac metus robur4 ,nam quo ille animo1 qua medicorum admiratione1 mensium octo valetudinem tulit6 ut me in supremis consolatus est6 quam etiam deficiens1 iamque non #danoster1 ipsum illum alienatae mentis errorem circa solas literas habuit6 ,,quintilian1 ,inst4 ,or4 ,,vi4 i4 #i4 ,footnote #da3 ,cf4 ',invalidasque tibi tendens1 heu non tua1 palmas4' ,,verg4 ,g4 iv4 #dih4 ,servius ,sulpicius to ,cicero4 ,b4 ,quae res mihi non mediocrem consolationem attulerit1 volo tibi commemorare1 si forte eadem res tibi dolorem minuere possit4 #db;,ex ,asia rediens1 cum ab ,aegina ,megaram versus navigarem1 coepi regiones circumcirca prospicere4 ,post me erat ,aegina1 ante me ,megara1 dextra ,piraeeus1 sinistra ,corinthus3 quae oppida quodam tempore florentissima fuerunt1 nunc prostrata et diruta ante oculos iacent4 ,coepi egomet mecum sic cogitare3 ',hem6 nos homunculi indignamur1 si quis nostrum interiit aut occisus est1 quorum vita brevior esse debet1 cum uno loco tot oppidum cadavera proiecta iacent8 ,visne tu te1 ,servi1 cohibere et meminisse hominem te esse natum8' ,,cicero1 ,ep4 ad ,fam4 iv4 #e4 ,footnote #db3 ,cf4 ,byron1 ,childe ,harold1 iv4 #dd-e4 ,,elegies4 ,catullus at the ,grave of his ,brother4 ,a4 ,multas per gentes et multa per aequora vectus ,advenio has miseras1 frater1 ad inferias1 ,ut te postremo donarem munere mortis ,et mutam nequiquam alloquerer cinerem1 #d ,quandoquidem fortuna mihi tete abstulit ipsum1 ,heu miser indigne frater adempte mihi4 ,nunc tamen interea haec prisco quae more parentum ,tradita sunt tristes munera ad inferias1 #h ,accipe fraterno multum manantia fletu1 ,atque in perpetuum1 frater1 ave atque vale4 ,,catullus1 ci4 ,to ,calvus on the ,death of his ,wife4 ,b4 ,si quicquam muteis gratum acceptumve sepulcris ,accidere a nostro1 ,calve1 dolore potest1 ,cum desiderio veteres renovamus amores ,atque olim amissas flemus amicitias1 ,certe non tanto mors immatura dolori est ,quintiliae1 quantum gaudet amore tuo4 ,,catullus1 xcvi4 ,the ,plea of ,cornelia to her ,husband4 ,c4 ,desine1 ,paule1 meum lacrimis urgere sepulcrum3 ,panditur ad nullas ianua nigra preces4 ,cum semel infernas intrarunt funera leges1 ,obserat umbrosos lurida porta locos4 4 4 4 #d ,nunc tibi commendo communia pignora natos3 ,haec cura et cineri spirat inusta meo4 ,te ,lepide1 et te1 ,paule1 meum post fata levamen2 ,condita sunt vestro lumina nostra sinu4 #gf ,fungere maternis vicibus1 pater3 illa meorum ,omnis erit collo turba ferenda tuo4 ,oscula cum dederis tua flentibus1 adice matris3 ,tota domus coepit nunc onus esse tuum4 #hj ,,propertius1 ,,iv4 7,v47 xi4 #a-d1 #gc-hj4 ,mors ,tibulli4 ,d4 ,memnona si mater1 mater ploravit ,achillem1 ,et tangunt magnas tristia fata deas1 ,flebilis indignos1 ,elegia1 solve capillos3 ,a nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen erit6 ,ille tui vates operis1 tua fama1 ,tibullus ,ardet in exstructo corpus inane rogo4 ,,ovid1 ,am4 ,,iii4 ix4 7sel47 ,,martialis ,,apophoreta#dc 7#a74 ,footnote #dc3 ,apophoreta 7apophorta to be carried away71 ,christmas presents which were interchanged at the ,saturnalia4 ,lectori4 ,quo vis cumque loco potes hunc finire libellum3 ,versibus explicitumst omne duobus opus4 ,lemmata si quaeris cur sint adscripta1 docebo1 ,ut1 si malueris1 lemmata sola legas4 ,chartae ,epistulares4 ,i4 ,seu leviter noto seu caro missa sodali ,omnes ista solet charta vocare suos4 ,theca ,libraria4 ,,ii4 ,sortitus thecam calamis armare memento3 ,cetera nos dedimus1 tu leviora para4 ,umbella4 ,,iii4 ,accipe quae nimios vincant umbracula soles3 ,sit licet et ventus1 te tua vela tegent4 ,parazonium4 ,,iv4 ,militiae decus hoc gratique erit omen honoris1 ,arma tribunicium cingere digna latus4 ,falx4 ,v4 ,pax me certa ducis placidos curvavit in usus4 ,agricolae nunc sum1 militis ante fui4 ,scrinium4 ,,vi4 ,selectos nisi das mihi libellos1 ,admittam tineas trucesque blattas4 ,candelabrum ,corinthium4 ,,vii4 ,nomina candelae nobis antiqua dederunt4 ,non norat parcos uncta lucerna patres4 ,pila ,paganica4 ,,viii4 ,haec quae difficili turget paganica pluma1 ,folle minus laxast et minus arta pila4 ,pila ,trigonalis4 ,,ix4 ,si me mobilibus scis expulsare sinistris1 ,sum tua4 ,tu nescis8 rustice1 redde pilam4 ,follis4 ,x4 ,ite procul1 iuvenes3 mitis mihi convenit aetas3 ,folle decet pueros ludere1 folle senes4 ,vergilius in membranis4 ,i4 ,quam brevis immensum cepit membrana ,maronem6 ,ipsius vultus prima tabella gerit4 ,cicero in membranis4 ,,ii4 ,si comes ista tibi fuerit membrana1 putato ,carpere te longas cum ,cicerone vias4 ,monobyblos ,properti4 ,,iii4 ,cynthia1 facundi carmen iuvenale ,properti1 ,accepit famam2 non minus ipsa dedit4 ,titus ,livius in membranis4 ,,iv4 ,pellibus exiguis artatur ,livius ingens1 ,quem mea non totum bybliotheca capit4 ,sallustius4 ,v4 ,hic erit1 ut perhibent doctorum corda virorum1 ,primus ,romana ,crispus in historia4 ,lucanus4 ,,vi4 ,sunt quidam qui me dicunt non esse poetam3 ,sed qui me vendit bybliopola putat4 ,catullus4 ,,vii4 ,tantum magna suo debet ,verona ,catullo1 ,quantum parva suo ,mantua ,vergilio4 ,fistula4 ,,viii4 ,quid me corapactam ceris et harundine rides8 ,quae primum structa est fistula talis erat4 ,catella ,gallicana4 ,,ix4 ,delicias parvae si vis audire catellae ,narranti brevis est pagina tota mihi4 ,minerva argentea4 ,x4 ,dic mihi1 virgo ferox1 cum sit tibi cassis et hasta ,quare non habeas aegida4 ',caesar habet4' ,hercules fictilis4 ,,xi4 ,sum fragilis3 sed tu1 moneo1 ne sperne sigillum3 ,non pudet ,alciden nomen habere meum4 ,toga4 ,,xii4 ',romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam' ,ille facit1 magno qui dedit astra patri4 ,,epitaphs ,,and ,,inscriptions4 ,on ,naevius 7by himself74 ,i4 ',immortales mortales si foret fas flere ,flerent divae ,camenae ,naevium poetam2 ,itaque postquam est ,orci traditus thesauro ,obliti sunt ,romai loquier lingua ,latina4' ,on ,ennius 7by himself74 ,,ii4 ',aspicite1 o cives1 senis ,enni imaginis formam3 ,hic vestrum panxit maxima facta patrum4 ,nemo me lacrumis decoret nec funera fletu ,faxit4 ,cur8 ,volito vivas per ora virum4' ,on ,pacuvius 7by himself74 ,,iii4 ',adulescens1 tametsi properas1 te hoc saxum rogat1 ,ut sese aspicias1 deinde quod scriptum est1 legas4 ,hic sunt poetae ,pacuvi ,marci sita ,ossa4 ,hoc volebam nescius ne esses4 ,vale4' ,on ,plautus 7by himself74 ,,iv4 ',postquam est mortem aptus ,plautus1 ,comoedia luget1 ,scena est deserta1 ac dein ,risus1 ,ludus1 ,iocusque1 ,et ,numeri innumeri simul omnes collacrumarunt4' ,on ,tibullus4 ,v4 ',te quoque ,vergilio comitem non aequa1 ,tibulle1 ,mors iuvenem campos misit ad ,elysios1 ,ne foret aut elegis molles qui fleret amores ,aut caneret forti regia bella pede4' ,,domitius ,,marsus4 ,in tumulo hominis felicis4 ,,vi4 ',sparge mero cineres1 bene olentis et unguine nardi1 ,hospes1 et adde rosis balsama puniceis4 ,perpetuum mihi ver agit illacrimabilis urna ,et commutavi saecula1 non obii4 ,nulla mihi veteris perierunt gaudia vitae1 ,seu meminisse putes omnia1 sive nihil4' ,,ausonius1 ,epit4 #cf4 ,thermopylae4 ,,vii4 ' xein'1 angellein ,lakedaimoniois1 hoti tde ,keimetha1 tois keinn rhmasi peithomenoi4' ,,simonides of ,ceos4 ',dic1 hospes1 ,spartae1 nos te vidisse iacentes1 ,dum sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur4' ,transl4 by ,,cicero1 ,tusc4 i4 #db4 #aja4 ,,epilogue4 ,horace4 ,a4 ,exegi monumentum aere perennius ,regalique situ pyramidum altius1 ,quod non imber edax1 non ,aquilo impotens ,possit diruere aut innumerabilis ,annorum series et fuga temporum4 #e ,non omnis moriar1 multaque pars mei ,vitabit ,libitinam3 usque ego postera ,crescam laude recens1 dum ,capitolium ,scandet cum tacita virgine pontifex4 ,dicar1 qua violens obstrepit ,aufidus #aj ,et qua pauper aquae ,daunus agrestium ,regnavit populorum1 ex humili potens ,princeps ,aeolium carmen ad ,italos ,deduxisse modos4 ,sume superbiam ,quaesitam meritis et mihi ,delphica #ae ,lauro cinge volens1 ,melpomene1 comam4 ,,horace1 ,od4 ,,iii4 xxx4 ,ovid4 ,b4 ,iamque opus exegi1 quod nec ,iovis ira nec ignis ,nec poterit ferrum nec edax abolere vetustas4 ,cum volet1 illa dies1 quae nil nisi corporis huius ,ius habet1 incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi2 ,parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis #hge ,astra ferar nomenque erit indelebile nostrum4 ,quaque patet domitis ,romana potentia terris1 ,ore legar populi perque omnia saecula fama1 ,siquid habent veri vatum praesagia1 vivam4 ,,ovid1 ,met4 xv4 #hga-i4 ,martial4 ,c4 ,ohe1 iam satis est1 ohe1 libelle1 ,iam pervenimus usque ad umbilicos3 ,tu procedere adhuc et ire quaeris1 ,nec summa potes in schida teneri1 ,sic tamquam tibi res peracta non sit1 #e ,quae prima quoque pagina peracta est4 ,iam lector queriturque deficitque2 ,iam librarius hoc et ipse dicit ',ohe1 iam satis est1 ohe1 libelle4' ,,martial1 ,epig4 ,,iv4 lxxxix4 ,,appendices ,,pages ,i4 ,list of ,important ,conjunctions #bgd-bgf ,,ii4 ,list of ,important ,prefixes #bgg-bha ,,iii4 ,list of ,important ,suffixes #bhb-bhf ,,iv4 ,groups of ,cognate ,words #bhg-bhh ,v4 ,how to ,think in ,latin #bhi-bib ,,vi4 ,short ,lives of ,roman ,authors #bic-cde ,,vii4 ,chronological ,outlines of ,roman ,history and ,literature #cdg-cfc ,transcriber's ,note3 ,in ,appendixes ,i-,,iv1 most boldface markup has been omitted for readability4 ,in general1 ,latin words are unmarked1 while ,english translations are italicized4 ,,appendix ,i ,,list ,,of ,,important ,,conjunctions ,i4 ,,co-,,ordinate4--,these conjunctions join sentences of equal grammatical rank 7ordo71 that is1 each sentence is grammatically independent of the other4 ,they are generally divided into ,,five classes3-- 7#a7 ,,copulative 7link7 conjunctions are those which connect both the sentences and the meaning4 et1 -qu7e1 ac1 atque 444 and4 et 444 et1 -que 444 -que 7poet47 444 both 444 and4 7et7iam1 qu7oque 444 also4 ,divide et impera4 ,divide and control4 7#b7 ,,disjunctive conjunctions join together the sentence but they disjoin or separate from each other the thoughts conveyed4 aut 444 aut1 v7el 444 v7el 7v7e7 444 either 444 or4 s7ive 7seu7 444 seu 444 whether 444 or4 n7ec 7n7eque7 444 nec 7neque7 444 neither 444 nor4 aut vincemus aut moriemur4 ,we will either conquer or die4 7#c7 ,,adversative conjunctions oppose two statements to each other4 s7ed1 vrum1 vr1 ct7erum 444 but4 autem1 t7amen 444 however4 7at 444 but1 on the other hand4 ,ille quidem tardior3 tu autem ingeniosus1 sed in omni vita inconstans4 ,he is a little dull3 while you are clever1 but unstable in all your actions4 7#d7 ,,inferential4--,the statement of one sentence brings in 7infert7 or proves the other4 ,ergo1 7ig7itur1 7it7aque 444 therefore1 accordingly4 ',unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem3 ,ergo postque magisque viri nunc gloria claret4' ,,ennius4 7#e7 ,,causal4 nam1 namque1 7enim1 7et7enim 444 for4 qupropter1 qur1 qu7amobrem 444 wherefore4 ,ex43 'quamobrem1 ,quirites1 celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris3 nam multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt1 sed profecto iustiores nunquam4' ,,ii4 ,,subordinate4--,these conjunctions attach to a sentence or clause another clause which holds 7grammatically7 a lower or subordinate position1 qualifying the principal clause just as an adverb qualifies a verb4 ,thus in ',i will do this1 if you do1' the if clause is equivalent to the adverb conditionally4 ,they are generally divided into ,,eight classes3-- 7#a7 ,,final introduce a clause expressing a purpose4 7ut1 qu 444 that1 in order to4 n1 qum7inus 444 that not1 lest4 qui 444 who 7 ut is 44474 ,edo ut vivam4 ,ne ignavum te putemus1 fortiter pugna4 ,pauci mihi sunt quos mittam4 7#b7 ,,consecutive introduce a clause expressing a consequence or result4 7ut 444 so that1 so as to4 7ut nn1 qun 444 so as not to4 qui 444 who 7of such a kind as to44474 ,ex43 ,tam fortis adest nemo ut solus muros ascendat4 ,tam fortis est ut hostes non timeat4 ,dignus erat qui rex fieret4 7#c7 ,,temporal4 cum1 quand 444 when4 7ub7-i1 7ut 444 when1 as4 s7im7ul1 s7im7ul atque 7ac7 444 as soon as4 postquam 444 after that4 dum1 dnec1 qu7oad 444 until1 as long as1 while4 pr7ius 444 quam1 ant7e 444 quam 444 before that4 ,discedere prius noluit quam ducem vidisset4 ,pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit1 acie excessit4 7#d7 ,,conditional4 s1 n7is7-i 7n71 si non1 quod s 444 if1 unless1 if not1 but if4 m7od7o1 dumm7odo1 si m7odo 444 if only1 provided that4 dumm7odo n 7dum n1 m7odo n7 444 provided only not4 ,ne promiseris unquam nisi fidem praestare potes4 ,never promise if you cannot keep your word4 7#e7 ,,comparative ,,and ,,proportional4 ut1 ut1 scut1 v7elut 444 just as1 as4 tanquam1 qu7as7i 444 as if4 quo 444 7eo 444 the more 444 the more4 ,poenas dedit sicut meritus est4 ,e corpore velut e carcere1 evolat animus4 ,the soul flies forth from the prison-house of the body4 quo difficilius eo praeclarius4 7#f7 ,,concessive4 ets1 7et7iamsi1 t7ametsi 444 even if4 quamquam 444 although4 quamvs1 quaml7ibet 444 however much4 l7icet1 ut1 cum 444 though1 although4 ,cum liber esse posset1 servire maluit4 7#g7 ,,causal4 qu7i7a1 qu7od1 qu7on7iam1 quand 444 because4 cum 444 since4 propt7er7e 444 quod 444 for this reason 444 that4 quandqu7idem1 quippe 444 since indeed1 inasmuch as4 ,quae cum ita sint1 ab urbe discedam4 ,socrates accusatus est quod iuventutem corrumperet4 7#h7 ,,interrogative 7with dependent clauses74 cr1 trum 444 7an1 num 444 why1 whether 444 or1 if4 quemadm7odum1 ut 444 how4 7ub7-i1 quand 444 when4 ,caesar utrum iure caesus fuerit1 an nefarie necatus1 dubitari potest4 ,whether ,caesar was rightfully put to death1 or foully murdered1 is open to question4 ,,appendix ,,ii ,,list ,,of ,,important ,,prefixes ,i4 ,,prepositions4--,in these compounds the ,prepositions retain their original adverbial force4 ,a-1 ,,ab-1 ,,abs-1 away1 from 7of the starting-place7 7i7 separation4 abire go away4 abscdere go away4 v7ocare call away4 7ii7 consumption4 absmere take away1 consume4 7abti use up4 ,,ad-1 ,,ac-1 ,a-1 to 7of a person1 place1 or thing1 as the goal of motion74 7i7 to1 at 7local74 accdere approach4 adfri speak to4 7ii7 in addition4 acqurere get in addition4 ,,ante before 7of place and time74 antecdere come before4 anteferre prefer4 ,,circum around4 circumd7are surround4 circumdcere circumscrbere literally1 and with secondary meaning1 cheat4 circumv7enire ,,com-1 ,,con- 7,,cum71 ,,co-1 ,,col-1 ,,cor-1 together4 7i7 collectively4 conclmare shout together4 commiscre mix together4 7ii7 completely 7often apparently only pleonastic74 consectari follow persistently4 confirmare strengthen4 ,,de-1 down1 from4 7i7 down1 down off1 down to4 dec7idere fall down1 or off4 dev7enire come to4 7ii7 off1 away1 aside4 dcdere depart4 deflectere turn aside4 deterrre frighten4 7iii7 completely4 dep7op7ulari lay waste4 debellare bring a war to an end4 7iv7 un- 7negative74 desprare despair4 deesse be wanting4 ,e-1 ,,ex-1 ,,ec-1 ,,ef-1 out of4 7i7 out1 forth4 excdere go out4 effundere pour forth4 7ii7 throughout1 to the end1 thoroughly4 explre fill to the brim4 exposcere earnestly ask4 ,,in-1 ,,im-1 ,,ir-1 ,i-1 in1 on1 against4 7i7 in1 into1 on4 incldere shut in4 inc7idere fall on4 inv7idere look at 7with ill intent71envy4 7ii7 intensive1 almost pleonastic4 inc7ipere take up1 begin4 implre fill4 ,,inter between4 7i7 between1 among4 intercdere come between4 intell7egere pick among1 perceive4 7ii7 breaking a continuity4 intercldere shut off1 blockade4 interf7icere destroy 7lit4 put between74 ,,ob-1 ,,obs-1 ,,oc-1 ,,of-1 ,,op-1 ,o-1 against1 on account of4 7i7 over against1 before 7as an obstruction74 offendere strike against4 obl7oqui speak against4 7ii7 towards1 with the idea of favour or compliance4 oboedire hearken to4 obs7equi follow compliantly4 ,,per-1 through1 along4 7i7 through1 all over4 perrumpere break through4 persp7icre look through4 7ii7 thoroughly1 to completion4 perdiscere learn thoroughly4 perfungi go through a duty1 discharge4 permagnus very large4 ,,prae in front4 7i7 7of place7 before1 in front4 praef7icere put at the head of4 praeses 7s7edeo7 guardian4 7ii7 7of time7 before1 too soon4 praediscere learn beforehand4 praev7enire outstrip4 7iii7 before others1 in comparison1 greatly4 praecellens surpassing4 ,,pro-1 ,,prod-1 before1 in front of1 forth4 prod-ire come forth4 prov7idre look onwards or ahead4 ,,sub-1 ,,suf-1 ,,sum-1 ,,sup-1 ,,sur-1 ,,su-1 ,,sus-1 beneath1 under4 7i7 under4 sub7icere throw under1 subject4 suppr7imere press under1 suppress4 7ii7 up4 succingere gird up4 sust7inre hold up1 check4 7iii7 to the help of1 close to4 subv7enire come up to aid of4 7iv7 secretly4 subdcere withdraw secretly4 7v7 slightly4 subrdere laugh somewhat1 smile4 sublustris giving some light4 ,,super over1 upon4 7i7 over1 upon 7of place74 superpnere place upon or over4 7ii7 metaphorically4 speresse remain1 survive1 abound4 ,,trans-1 ,,tra-1 across4 7i7 across4 transgr7edi step across4 7ii7 a change or transference4 trdere hand over1 surrender4 7iii7 through to the end4 trans7igere complete a business4 ,,ii4 ,,separable ,,particles1 which do not appear as ,prepositions in ,latin4 ,,amb-1 ,,am-1 ,,an-1 around1 on both sides4 ambre go around1 canvass4 amplecti fold oneself round1 embrace4 ,,dis-1 ,,di-1 ,,dif-1 ,,dir-1 in twain4 7i7 asunder1 apart4 discdere part asunder1 depart4 discernere separate1 distinguish4 dmittere send in different directions4 7ii7 un- 7negative74 displ7icre displease4 diffdere distrust4 7iii7 exceedingly4 differtus crammed to bursting4 7iv7 individually1 separately4 dn7um7erare count up 7singly74 ,,in- 7cf4 an-1 a-7 ,,un-1 usually with adjectives4 ignoscere not to know1 forget1 pardon4 inn7ocens not guilty1 harmless4 ,,per- 7cf4 para7 in a sense of wrong or injury4 perdere destroy4 perf7idus faithless4 ,,red-1 ,,re-1 back4 7i7 back1 backwards4 r7ecumbere lie down4 r7eflectere bend back4 7ii7 in response1 or return4 reddere give in return4 7iii7 against1 behind4 r7epugnare fight against4 r7elinquere leave behind4 7iv7 again4 r7ef7icere make again1 repair4 r7ep7erire find again1 discover4 7v7 intensive action4 r7evellere pluck by the roots4 7vi7 un- 7negative74 r7efgere unfix4 ,,sed-1 ,,se-1 apart4 scernere sift away1 separate4 scdere go aside1 withdraw4 sd-7itio a going apart1 secession4 ,,appendix ,,iii ,,list ,,of ,,important ,,suffixes ,i4 ,,derivation ,,of ,,nouns4 7i47 ,,tor 7-,,sor71 ,m4 ,agent or doer of an action -,,trix1 ,f4 ac-tor doer1 formed from ,rtag do4 auc-tor maker ,rtaug increase4 vic-tor conqueror ,rtvic conquer4 pet-tor candidate ,rtpet seek4 ton-sor barber ,rttem cut4 7ii47 ,abstract ,nouns and ,names of ,actions4 -,,or1 -,,sus 7 -,,tus71 ,m4 -,s1 -,,ia 7-,,ies71 -,,tia 7-,,ties71 -,i1 -,,ti1 ,f4 -,t,s1 -,t,s1 -,t,d1 -,d1 -,g1 -,,nia1 -,,us1 -,,ium1 -,,itium1 -,,nium1 -,,lium1 -,,cinium1 ,n4 t7im-or fear formed from t7im-ere to fear4 sen-sus feeling sent-ire to feel4 sd-s seat s7ed-re to sit4 audc-ia boldness audax bold4 segn7it-ies laziness segnis lazy4 trist7i-tia sadness tristis sad4 l7eg-io a collecting l7eg-ere a legion to collect4 s7alt-tio a greeting salutare to greet4 b7on7i-tas goodness bonus good4 s7enec-ts age senex old4 magni-tudo greatness magnus great4 cup-d desire cupere to desire4 vert-go a turning vertere to turn4 giddiness p7ec-nia money 7chattels7 pecus cattle4 g7en-us race1 birth ,rtgen to be born4 ausp7ic-ium an omen auspex a soothsayer4 avis spicio gaud-ium joy gaudre to rejoice4 l7-atro-cinium robbery latro robber4 aux7i-lium help augre to increase4 7iii47 ,nouns denoting acts1 or means and results of acts4 -,m,,nia1 ,f42 -,,men1 -,,mentum1 -,m,,nium1 ,n4 qu7eri-monia complaint1 formed from qu7eri to complain4 ag-men line of march agere ,rtag to lead4 band m7on7u-mentum a memorial1 mon-re to remind4 n-men a name ,rtgno to know4 7iv47 ,nouns denoting means or instrument4 -,b7,u,,lum1 -,c7,u,,lum1 -,,brum1 -,,crum1 -,,trum1 ,n4 st-bulum stall formed from stare to stand4 v7eh7i-c7ulum wagon vehere to carry4 s7epul-crum tomb sepelre to bury4 7ar-trum plough arre to plough4 ,,ii4 ,,derivation ,,of ,,adjectives4 7i47 ,adjectives expressing diminution1 and used as ,diminutive ,nouns4 -7,u,,lus1 -7,o,,lus1 -,c7,u,,lus1 -,,ellus1 -,,illus4 rv-ulus a streamlet formed from rvus a brook4 fl7i-olus a little son filius a son4 mnus-culum a little gift munus a gift4 cdic-illi writing tablets codex a block of wood4 l7ib-ellus a little book l7iber a book4 7ii47 ,patronymics1 indicating descent or relationship4 -,,ades1 -7,i,,des1 -,,des1 -,,eus1 ,m4 -,,as1 -,,is1 -,,eis1 ,f4 ,atlanti-ads ,mercury formed from ,atlas4 ,atlant-id7es the ,pleiads ,t-yd-ds ,diomedes ,tydeus4 ,ciss-is ,hecuba ,cisseus4 7iii47 ,adjectives meaning full of1 prone to4 -,,sus1 -,,lens1 -,,lentus4 form-sus beautiful formed from forma beauty4 pesti-lens pestilent pestis plague4 v7i7o-lentus violent vis force4 7iv47 ,adjectives meaning provided with4 -,,tus1 -,,tus1 -,,tus1 -,,tus4 fnes-tus deadly formed from funus 7funer-7 death4 barb-tus bearded barba a beard4 turr-tus turreted turris a tower4 corn-tus horned cornu a horn4 7v47 ,adjectives meaning made of or belonging to1 or pertaining to4 -,,eus1 -7,i,,us1 -,,neus1 -,t7,i,,cus1 -,,lis1 -,,ris1 -,,lis1 -,,lis1 -,,nus1 -,,nus1 -,,nus1 -,,ensis1 -,,ter 7-,,tris71 -,,ester 7-,,estris71 -,t7,i,,mus1 -,,ernus1 -,,urnus1 -,,turnus 7-,,ternus74 aur-eus golden formed from aurum gold4 patr-ius paternal pater a father4 subterr-aneus subterranean sub terr underground4 d7omes-ticus domestic domus a house4 ntr-lis natural natura nature4 p7op7ul-aris fellow-countryman populus a people4 v7et7er-nus veteran vetus 7veter-7 old4 s7er-nus calm1 of serus late4 evening stillness dv-nus divine divus god4 f7or-ensis of the forum forum a market-place4 lac-teus milky lac 7lacti-7 milk4 subl-icius resting sublica a pile4 on piles p7alus-ter marshy pals a marsh4 silv-ester woody silva a wood4 fn7i-timus neighbouring finis a boundary4 ver-nus vernal vr spring4 d7i-urnus daily dies day4 di-turnus lasting di long 7time74 7vi47 ,adjectives expressing the action of the ,verb as a quality or tendency4 -,,ax1 -7,i,,dus1 -7,u,,lus1 -,,vus 7-,,uus1 -,,vus1 -,t,,vus74 pugn-ax pugnacious formed from pugnare to fight4 c7up-idus eager cupere to desire4 b7ib-ulus thirsty bibere to drink4 7of sand etc47 n7oc-uus hurtful nocre to hurt4 cap-tivus captive capere to take4 7vii47 ,adjectives expressing passive qualities but occasionally active4 -,,ilis1 -,b7,i,,lis1 -7,i,,us1 -,t,,lis4 fr7ag-ilis frail formed from frangere to break4 ,rtfrag n-bilis well known noscere to know4 ,rtgno ex7im-ius choice1 rare eximere take out4 tex-tilis woven texere to weave4 7viii47 ,adjectives originally gerundives4 -,,ndus1 -,,bundus1 -,,cundus4 s7ecu-ndus second 7the formed from sequi to follow4 following71 favourable m7or7i-bundus dying mori to die4 f-cundus eloquent fa-ri to speak4 ,,iii4 ,,nouns ,,with ,,adjective ,,suffixes4 -,,rius1 denotes person employed about anything4 argent-rius silversmith1 formed from argentum silver4 banker -,,rium1 denotes place of a thing4 aer-arium treasury formed from aes copper4 -,,le denotes stall of an animal4 b7ov-le cattle-stall formed from bs 7b7ov-7 ox4 7ov-le sheep-fold ovis sheep4 -,,tum denotes place where a tree or plant grows4 querc-tum oak-grove formed from quercus an oak4 ,,iv4 ,,derivation ,,of ,,verbs4 7i47 ,from ,nouns and ,adjectives4 st7im7ulo1 -re to goad1 formed from stimulus a goad4 incite n7ovo1 -re to renew novus new4 v7ig7ilo1 -re to watch vigil awake4 albeo1 -re to be white albus white4 m7etuo1 -ere to fear metus fear4 7acuo1 -ere to sharpen acus needle4 mlior1 -ri to toil moles mass4 custdio1 -re to guard custos 7custod-7 guardian4 7ii47 ,verbs from other ,verbs4 -,,sco denotes the beginning of an action4 7,third ,conjugation47 l7ab-sco begin to totter formed from labo totter4 mt-sco grow mild mtis mild4 -,,to1 -7,i,,to1 7rarely -,s71 -,,esso1 denote forcible or repeated action4 iac-to1 -7are hurl formed from iacio throw4 quas-so1 re shatter quatio shake4 f7ac-esso1 -7ere do facio do4 7with energy7 -,t7,u,,rio 7-,s7,u,,rio7 denotes longing or wishing4 par-turio1 -re to bring forth formed from pario produce bring forth4 -surio to be hungry edo 7 ed-turio7 to eat4 ,,appendix ,,iv ,,groups ,,of ,,related 7,,cognate7 ,,words ,rt,,ac sharp4 ,english derivative4 c-er sharp4 eager 7,f4 aigre74 7ac-erbus harsh1 cruel4 acerbity 7 harshness74 7ac-ervus a heap4 7ac-ies edge1 keen look4 ,fr4 acier 7 steel74 army in battle array4 7ac-idus sour4 acid4 7ac-uo to sharpen4 7ac-utus sharpened1 sharp4 acute 7,fr4 aigu74 7ac-umen a point1 acuteness4 acumen4 7ac-us a needle4 ,fr4 aiguille4 ,rt,,aug be active1 strong4 aug-eo increase4 aug-mentum an increase4 augment4 auc-tio a sale by increase of auction4 bids1 an auction auc-tor a maker1 producer4 author4 auc-toritas a producing1 authority4 authority4 aug-ustus majestic1 august4 august4 aux-ilium aid1 help4 auxiliary4 ,rt,,cap take hold of1 seize4 c7ap-io take hold of4 captive4 c7ap-ax capacious4 capacious4 c7ap-ulus handle1 hilt of a sword4 ac-c7ip-io take to1 receive4 accept4 7ad capio7 ex-c7ip-io take up4 exception4 7ex capio7 man-c7ip-ium property1 a slave4 emancipate4 7manus capio7 muni-c7ip-ium a free town4 municipal4 7munia capio7 prin-ceps first1 chief4 principal4 7primus capio7 prince4 ,rt,,gen-1 ,rt,,gna- beget1 become1 produce4 gi-gn-o to beget4 indigenous4 7 gi-g7en-o7 g7en-i-tor a father4 7pro7genitor4 gen-s clan1 house1 race4 gentile4 in-gens vast4 g7en-us birth1 race4 genus 7,fr4 genre74 in-g7en-ium innate quality1 character4 in-g7en-uus native1 free-born1 ingenuous4 frank4 in-g7en-iosus of good natural ingenious4 abilities4 pro-g7en-ies descent1 descendants4 progenitor4 g7en-er son-in-law4 g7en-ius the innate superior genius4 nature1 tutelary 7protecting7 deity4 indi-g7en-a nature4 indigenous4 g7en-ersus of noble birth1 generous4 noble-minded g7en-7ero to beget1 produce4 generate4 g7en-7etivus of or belonging to genitive4 birth1 genitive4 na-scor to be born4 native4 gna-scor n-tra nature4 nature4 n-tio birth1 a race4 nation4 ,,appendix ,v ,,how ,,to ,,think ,,in ,,latin ,flaminius atones for his rashness4#dd ,footnote #dd3 ,cf4 p4 #abf4 ,selection ,c#ai ,tres ferme horas pugnatum est et ubique atrociter2 circa consulem tamen acrior infestiorque pugna est4 ,eum et robora virorum sequebantur1 et ipse1 quacunque in parte premi ac laborare senserat suos1 impigre ferebat opem2 insignemque armis et hostes summa vi petebant #e et tuebantur cives1 donec ,insuber eques 7,ducario nomen erat7 facie quoque noscitans consulem1 ',en' inquit 'hic est' popularibus suis1 'qui legiones nostras cecidit agrosque et urbem est depopulatus4 ,iam ego hanc victimam manibus peremptorum foede civium dabo4' ,subditisque calcaribus #aj equo per confertissimam hostium turbam impetum facit1 obtruncatoque prius armigero1 qui se infesto venienti obviam obiecerat1 consulem lancea transfixit2 spoliare cupientem triarii obiectis scutis arcuere4 ,,livy1 xxii4 #f4 ,the heading and the author will at once suggest the stirring incident in the ,battle of ,lake ,trasimene1 when ,flaminius atoned for his rashness by his gallant example and death4 ,you have seen how ,analysis helps you to arrive at the main thought of the sentence1 and you are familiar with the principles that govern the order of words in ,latin1 and the important part played by the emphatic position of words4 ,so you may now try to think in ,latin2 that is1 to take the thought in the ,latin order1 without reference to analysis or the ,english order4 ,you will do well to follow closely this advice of experienced teachers3--',read every word as if it were the last on the page1 and you had to turn over without being able to turn back4 ,if1 however1 you are obliged to turn back1 begin again at the beginning of the sentence and proceed as before4 ,let each word of the ,latin suggest some conception gradually adding to and completing the meaning of the writer4 ,if the form of the word gives several possibilities1 hold them all in your mind1 so far as may be1 till something occurs in the progress of the sentence to settle the doubt4' #a4 ,tres ferme horas for nearly three hours4 ,this construction 7,acc4 of extent of time7 will be familiar to you4 ,notice the emphatic position of the phrase4 pugnatum est the battle was fought4 ,this use of the so-called impersonal passive is very frequent1 and is generally best translated by taking the root-idea of the verb as a subject4 et ubique atrociter and everywhere fiercely4 #b4 circa consulem tamen around the consul however4 acrior infestiorque pugna est the battle is more keen and more vehement4 ,this presents no difficulty2 acrior and infestior must qualify pugna1 which follows immediately4 #c4 eum him1 plainly consulem 7i4e4 ,flaminius71 for no one else has been mentioned4 ,notice the emphatic position of eum4 et robora virorum sequebantur both the strongest of his troops followed4 ,you may know that robur 7lit4 hard wood7 is often used of the toughest troops1 the flower of an army4 et ipse and himself1 i4e4 the consul 7,flaminius74 #c-d4 quacunque in parte in whatever part4 #d4 premi ac laborare senserat suos he had seen his men hard pressed and in distress4 ,no other meaning is possible1 nor does the order present any difficulty1 but notice the emphatic position of suos4 #d-e4 impigre ferebat opem actively he bore help4 #e4 insignemque armis and distinguished by his arms1 clearly referring to consulem 7l4 #b74 ,cf4 eum 7l4 #c74 et hostes summa vi petebant both the enemy with all their might attacked4 et might1 of course1 also 7cf4 et1 l4 #b71 but the second et which immediately follows determines the meaning both4 #f4 et tuebantur cives and his fellow-citizens 7,romans7 defended 7him74 donec ,insuber eques until an ,insubrian trooper4 donec may mean while1 but the context shows that until or at last is the right meaning here4 #f-g4 ,ducario nomen erat 7his7 name was ,ducarius1 i4e4 ei nomen erat ,ducario1 where ,ducario is possess4 dat4 in appos4 to ei understood4 ,it is1 however1 possible that the trooper's name was ,ducario1 but cf4 page #abf1 l4 #b4 ,selection ,c#ai1 line #fde #g4 facie quoque noscitans consulem by his face also 7i4e4 as well as by his armour7 recognising the consul4 #g-h4 ',en' inquit 'his est' popularibus suis ,see1 said he1 to his fellow-countrymen 7comrades71 this is the man4 #h4 qui legiones nostras cecdit who slaughtered our legions4 ,there is a slight difficulty here1 but a moment's thought will remove it4 ,it must be cecdit1 perf4 of caedo1 and not cec7idit1 perf4 of cado1 which is intransitive4 #h-i4 agrosque et urbem est depopulatus and laid waste our fields and our city4 #i-aj4 ,iam ego hanc victimam mnibus peremptorum foede civium dabo now ,i will give this victim to the shades of our countrymen foully slain4 ,mnibus cannot hands 7m7anibus71 for peremptorum civium1 which immediately follows1 fixes the right meaning4 #aj-aa4 subditisque calcaribus equo and putting spurs to his horse4 ,you will not attempt to translate this ,abl4 ,absol4 literally4 #aa-ab4 per confertissimam hostium turbam impetum facit through the closely packed crowd of the enemy he makes his charge4 #ab4 obtruncatoque prius armigero and first cut down the armour-bearer 7i4e4 of ,flaminius74 #ab-ac4 qui se infesto venienti obviam obiecerat who had thrown himself in the way of him advancing at the charge4 infesto venienti is clearly dative with obviam4 #ac4 consulem lancea transfixit ran the ,consul through with his lance4 #ac-ad4 spoliare cupientem 7him1 i4e4 ,ducarius7 wishing to spoil 7the consul74 #ad4 triarii obiectis scutis arcuere the triarii 7veterans7 thrusting their shields in the way kept off4 ,this passage is quite simple1 but it will serve to show you how you may with practice learn to take the thought in the ,latin order1 and to grasp the writer's meaning4 ,all that now remains for you to do is to write out a translation in good ,english1 using short coordinate sentences1 each complete in itself1 in place of the more involved structure of the original4 ,the following version by the late ,professor ,jebb will serve as a model3-- ,they fought for about three hours1 and everywhere with desperation4 ,around the consul1 however1 the fight was peculiarly keen and vehement4 ,he had the toughest troops with him2 and he himself1 whenever he saw that his men were hard pressed1 was indefatigable in coming to the rescue4 ,distinguished by his equipment1 he was a target for the enemy and a rallying-point for the ,romans4 ,at last a ,lombard trooper1 named ,ducario1 recognising the person as well as the guise of the consul1 cried out to his people1 ',here is the man who cut our legions to pieces and sacked our city--now ,i will give this victim to the shades of our murdered countrymen4' ,putting spurs to his horse1 he dashed through the thick of the foe4 ,first he cut down the armour-bearer1 who had thrown himself in the way of the onset4 ,then he drove his lance through the consul4 ,he was trying to despoil the corpse1 when some veterans screened it with their shields4 ,,appendix ,,vi ,,short ,,lives ,,of ,,roman ,,authors ,,decimus ,,magnus ,,ausonius1 #cji-cib ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,ausonius4 ,born at ,burdigala 7,bordeaux71 and carefully educated4 ,at the age of thirty appointed professor of rhetoric in his native ,university1 where he became so famous that he was appointed tutor to ,gratian1 son of the ,emperor ,valentinian 7#cfd-cge ,a4,d471 and was afterwards raised to the highest honours of the ,state 7,consul1 #cgi ,a4,d474 ,theodosius 7,emperor of the ,east1 #cgh-cie ,a4,d47 gave him leave to retire from court to his native country1 where he closed his days in an honoured literary retirement4 #b4 ,works4 ,a very voluminous writer both in prose and verse4 #a4 ,prose3 ,the only extant specimen is his ,gratiarum ,actio to ,gratianus for the ,consulship4 #b4 ,verse3 ,of this we have much3 it has little value as poetry1 but in point of contents and diction it is interesting and valuable4 ,some of his ,epigrammata and ,epitaphia are worth preserving1 but his claim to rank as a poet rests on his ,mosella1 a beautiful description of the ,r4 ,moselle1 which is worthy to be compared with ,pliny's description of the ,r4 ,clitumnus 7,ep4 viii4 #h74 ',in virtue of this poem ,ausonius ranks not merely as the last1 or all but the last1 of ,latin1 but as the first of ,french poets4' --,mackail4 ,,gaius ,,julius ,,caesar1 #ajb 7or #ajj87-dd ,b4,c4 #a4 ,important ,events in ,caesar's ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,caesar4 ,b4,c4 #ajb4 ,gaius ,julius ,caesar1 nephew of ,marius1 born ,july #abth4 #hc4 ,marries ,cornelia1 daughter of ,cinna1 the friend of ,marius4 #ha-gh4 ,served with distinction in ,asia4 #gf4 ,studies oratory at ,rhodes4 #fh4 ,begins his political career as ,quaestor1 partly at ,rome1 partly in ,spain4 #fe4 ,curule ,aedile4 ,incurs enormous debts by his splendid shows4 #fa4 ,propraetor in ,spain3 conquers ,lusitanians3 amasses wealth4 #fj4 ,coalition of ,pompeius1 ,caesar1 and ,crassus3 ,first ,triumvirate4 #ei4 ,consul4 ,the ,leges ,iuliae4 #eh-ej4 ,subjugation of ,gaul and two invasions of ,britain 7#ee and #ed74 #ef4 ,meeting of ,triumvirate at ,luca4 #ej4 ,the trouble with ,pompeius begins4 #di4 ,crosses the ,rubicon4 ,civil war with ,pompeius4 ,dictator a first time4 #dh4 ,pharsalus4 ,defeats ,pompeius4 ,dictator a second time4 #df4 ,thapsus4 ,defeats ,scipio1 ,sulla1 and ,afranius4 ,declared ,dictator for ten years4 #de4 ,munda4 ,defeats ,gn4 ,pompeius and ,labienus4 ,dictator and ,imperator for life4 #dd4 ,assassinated in the ,senate ,house on the ,ides of ,march4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,,the ,,de ,,bello ,,gallico4--,this work describes ,caesar's operations in ,gaul1 ,germany1 and ,britain during the years #eh-eb ,b4,c41 the events of each year occupying a separate ,book4 ,,book ,i4 ,b4,c4 #eh4 ,the ,helvetii and ,ariovistus the ,german defeated4 ,,ii4 #eg4 ,the ,nervii1 the bravest ,belgian tribe1 almost exterminated4 ,,iii4 #ef4 ,conquest of the coast tribes of ,brittany 7,veneti1 c47 and of the ,south-,west 7,aquitani74 ,,iv4 #ee4 ,inroad of ,germans into ,northern ,gaul repulsed4 ,caesar crosses the ,rhine a first time4 ,first invasion of ,britain4 ,v4 #ed4 ,second invasion of ,britain4 ,fresh risings of the ,gauls put down by ,labienus and ,q4 ,cicero4 ,,vi4 #ec4 ,caesar crosses the ,rhine a second time4 ,northern ,gaul reduced to peace4 ,,vii4 #eb4 ,uprising of the ,gauls under ,vercingetorix4 ,siege and capture of ,alesia4 ,surrender of ,vercingetorix4 ,he is taken in chains to ,rome1 to adorn ,caesar's triumph4 ,,viii4 #ea 7added by ,,hirtius74 ,final subjugation of ,gaul4 ,caesar's object was threefold3-- 7i7 ,to provide materials for professed historians4 7ii7 ,to justify the conquest he describes4 7iii7 ,to vindicate in the eyes of the world his opposition to the ,senate and the ,government4 7#b7 ,,de ,,bello ,,civili4--,this work1 in three ,books1 is similar in plan to the ,de ,bello ,gallico4 ,it describes the events of the ,civil ,war during the years #di-dh ,b4,c4 ,book ,,iii4 ends abruptly with the words3 ,haec initia belli ,alexandrini fuerunt4 ,,book ,i4 ,b4,c4 #di4 ,caesar crosses the ,rubicon4 ,follows ,pompeius to ,brundusium and conquers ,afranius in ,spain4 ,,ii4 #di4 ,caesar takes ,massilia4 ,submission of ,varro in ,further ,spain4 ,defeat and death of ,curio before ,utica4 ,,iii4 #dh4 ,caesar follows ,pompeius into ,illyria4 ,the lines of ,dyrrachium and the ,battle of ,pharsalus4 ,the beginning of the ,alexandrine ,war4 7#c7 ,,other ,,works4--,all ,caesar's other writings 7,speeches1 ,poems1 c47 have been lost1 with the exception of a few brief ,letters to ,cicero4 #c4 ,style4 ,remarkable for brevity1 directness1 and simplicity4 ,the simplest facts told in the simplest way4 ,ars est celare artem4 ',caesar's ,commentaries are worthy of all praise2 they are unadorned1 straightforward1 and elegant1 every ornament being stripped off as if it were a garment4' --,,cicero4 ,,marcus ,,porcius ,,cato1 #bcd-adi ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,cato4 ,for his military and political career1 his ,consulship 7#aie ,b4,c471 his famous ,censorship 7#ahd ,b4,c471 and his social reforms1 see some good history1 e4g4 ,mommsen1 vol1 iii4 #b4 ,works4 ,his chief works are3-- 7#a7 ,his treatise ,de ,re ,rustica or ,de ,agri ,cultura 7his only extant work74--,a series of terse and pointed directions following one on another1 somewhat in the manner of ,hesiod1 and interesting 'as showing the practical ,latin style1 and as giving the prose groundwork of ,vergil's stately and beautiful embroidery in the ,georgics4' --,mackail4 7#b7 ,the ,origines4--',the oldest historical work written in ,latin1 and the first important prose work in ,roman literature4' --,mommsen4 ,nepos1 ,cato1 #c1 summarises the contents of the seven books4 ,cato struggled all his life against ,greek influence in literature and in manners1 which he felt would be fatal to his ideal of a ,roman citizen4 ,in a letter to his son ,marcus he says ,quandoque ista gens suas litteras dabit1 omnia corrumpet4 ,he was famous for his homely wisdom1 which gained him the title of ,sapiens1 e4g4 ,rem tene3 verba sequentur--',take care of the sense3 the words will take care of themselves4' ,,gaius ,,valerius ,,catullus1 circ4 #hd-ed ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,catullus4 ,born at ,verona1 of a family of wealth and position1 as is seen from his having estates at ,sirmio3-- ,salve1 ,o venusta ,sirmio1 atque ero gaude 7,c4 #ca7 and near ,tibur3 ,o funde noster seu ,sabine seu ,tiburs 7,c4 #dd74 ,his father was an intimate friend of ,caesar4 ,he went to ,rome early1 where he spent the greater part of his short life1 ,romae vivimus3 illa domus1 ,illa mihi sedes1 illic mea carpitur aetas 7,c4 #fh71 with the exception of an official journey to ,bithynia1 #eg ,b4,c4 to better his fortunes3 cf4 ,iam ver egelidos refert tepores 444 ,linquantur ,phrygii1 ,catulle1 campi 7,c4 #df74 ,after a life of poetic culture and free social enjoyment he died at the early age of thirty1 'the young ,catullus1' hedera iuvenilia tempora cinctus 7,ovid1 ,am4 ,,iii4 ix4 #fa74 #b4 ,works4 #aaf poems written in various metres and on various subjects1 ,lyric1 ,elegiac1 ,epic4 ',the event which first revealed the full power of his genius1 and which made both the supreme happiness and supreme misery of his life1 was his love for ,lesbia 7,clodia74'--,sellar4 ',catullus is one of the great poets of the world1 not so much through vividness of imagination as through his singleness of nature1 his vivid impressibility1 and his keen perception4 ,he received the gifts of the passing hour so happily that to produce pure and lasting poetry it was enough for him to utter in natural words something of the fulness of his heart4 ,he says on every occasion exactly what he wanted to say1 in clear1 forcible1 spontaneous language4' --,sellar4 ',the most attractive feature in the character of ,catullus is the warmth of his affection4 ,if to love warmly1 constantly1 and unselfishly be the best title to the love of others1 few poets in any age or country deserve a kindlier place in the hearts of men than the young ,catullus4'--,sellar4 ,,marcus ,,tullius ,,cicero1 #ajf-dc ,b4,c4 #a4 ,important ,events in ,cicero's ,life1 and chief ,works4 ,sidenote3 ,,cicero4 ,b4,c4 #ajf4 ,born at ,arpinum4 ,birth of ,pompeius4 #ajb4 ,birth of ,quintus ,cicero1 and of ,caesar4 #ia4 ,assumes the toga virilis4 ,q4 ,mucius ,scaevola the augur becomes his tutor in civil law4 ,writes an heroic poem in praise of ,marius4 #hi4 ,serves his first and only campaign under ,pompeius ,strabo4 #hg4 ,studies ,rhetoric at ,rome under ,apollonius ,molo of ,rhodes4 #ha4 ,delivers his first speech 7causa privata7 ,pro ,p4 ,quinctio4 #hj4 ,delivers his first speech 7causa publica7 ,pro ,s4 ,roscio ,amerino4 #gi-g4 ,studies at ,athens and ,rhodes4 ,marries ,terentia4 #ge-d4 ,quaestor at ,lilybaeum in ,sicily4 #gj4 ,the six speeches ,in ,c4 ,verrem4 #fi4 ,curule ,aedile4 ,the ,pro ,caecina4 #fh4 ,date of the earliest extant letter4 #fg4 ,praetor4 ,the ,lex ,gabinia4 #ff4 ,the ,de ,imperio ,cn4 ,pompeii 7,pro ,lege ,manilia74 #fd4 ,birth of his son ,marcus4 ,marriage of ,tullia to ,c4 ,piso ,frugi4 #fc4 ,consul4 ,the four speeches ,in ,catilinam4 ,the ,pro ,murena4 #fb4 ,cicero hailed 'pater patriae4' ,the ,pro ,sulla and ,pro ,archia4 #fj4 ,poem ',de consulatu meo4' #ei4 ,the ,first ,triumvirate 7,caesar1 ,pompeius1 and ,crassus74 ,the ,pro ,valerio ,flacco4 #eh-g4 ,cicero in ,exile4 ,the four speeches ,post ,reditum4 #ef4 ,the ,pro ,sestio and ,de ,provinciis ,consularibus 7his recantation74 #ee4 ,the ,de ,oratore and ,de temporibus meis4 #eb4 ,the ,pro ,milone4 ,the ,de ,legibus3 the ,de ,republica4 #ea-ej4 ,proconsul of ,cilicia4 ,is granted a supplicatio4 #di4 ,joins ,pompeius at ,dyrrachium4 #dg4 ,becomes reconciled to ,caesar4 #df4 ,the ,brutus and ,orator4 #de4 ,death of ,tullia4 ,the ,de ,finibus and ,academics4 #dd4 ,the ,tusculanae ,disputationes3 the ,de ,natura ,deorum3 ,de ,divinatione3 ,de ,amicitia3 ,de ,senectute3 ,de ,officiis4 ,philippics i-iv4 #dc4 ,philippics v-xiv4 ,the ,second ,triumvirate 7,antonius1 ,octavianus1 and ,lepidus74 ,murder of ,cicero4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,speeches4--,we possess #eg speeches1 and fragments of about #bj more1 and we know of #cc others delivered by ,cicero4 ',as a speaker and orator ,cicero succeeded in gaining a place beside ,demosthenes4 ,his strongest point is his style2 there he is clear1 concise and apt1 perspicuous1 elegant and brilliant4 ,he commands all moods1 from playful jest to tragic pathos1 but is most successful in the imitation of conviction and feeling1 to which he gave increased impression by his fiery delivery4' --,teuffel4 ,quintilian says of him that his eloquence combined the power of ,demosthenes1 the copiousness of ,plato1 and the sweetness of ,isocrates4 7#b7 ,philosophical ,works4--,the chief are the ,de ,republica 7closed by the ,sommium ,sciponis73 the ,de ,legibus3 the ,de ,finibus ,bonorum et ,malorum3 the ,academics3 ,tusculan ,disputations with the ,de ,divinatione3 the ,de ,senectute and ,de ,amicitia3 ,de natura ,deorum1 and the ,de ,officiis4 ,as a philosopher ,cicero had no pretensions to originality4 ,he found the materials for most of these works in the writings of the ,greek philosophers4 ',i have to supply little but the words1' he writes1 'and for these ,i am never at a loss4' ,it was however no small achievement to mould the ,latin tongue to be a vehicle for ,greek philosophic thought1 and thus to render the conclusions of ,greek thinkers accessible to his own countrymen4 7#c7 ,rhetorical treatises4--,the chief are the ,de ,oratore 7in #c ,books71 perhaps the most finished example of the ,ciceronian style3 the ,brutus or ,de ,claris ,oratoribus1 and the ,orator 7or ,de optime ,genere ,dicendi74 7#d7 ,letters4--,besides #ggd letters written by ,cicero1 we have #ij addressed to him by friends4 ,the two largest collections of his ,letters are the ,epistulae ad ,atticum 7#fh-dc ,b4,c47 and the ,epistulae ad ,familiares 7#fb-dc ,b4,c474 ,these letters are of supreme importance for the history of ,cicero's time4 ',the quality which makes them most valuable is that they were not 7like the letters of ,pliny1 and ,seneca1 and ,madame de ,svign7 written to be published4 ,we see in them ,cicero as he was4 ,we behold him in his strength and in his weakness--the bold advocate1 and yet timid and vacillating statesman1 the fond husband1 the affectionate father1 the kind master1 the warm-hearted friend4' --,tyrrell4 ,the style of the ,letters is colloquial but thoroughly accurate4 ',the art of letter-writing suddenly rose in ,cicero's hands to its full perfection4' --,mackail4 7#e7 ,poems4--,the fragments we possess show that verse-writing came easily to him1 but he never could have been a great poet1 for he had not the divinus afflatus1 so finely expressed by ,ovid in the line ,est ,deus in nobis1 agitante calescimus illo4 ',cicero stands in prose like ,vergil in poetry1 as the bridge between the ancient and the modern world4 ,before his time ,latin prose was1 from a wide point of view1 but one among many local ancient dialects4 ,as it left his hands it had become a universal language1 one which had definitely superseded all others1 ,greek included1 as the type of civilised expression4' --,mackail4 ,,claudius ,,claudianus1 flor4 #djj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,claudian4 ,born probably at ,alexandria1 where he lived until1 in the year of the death of ,theodosius #cie ,a4,d41 he acquired the patronage of ,stilicho1 the great ,vandal general1 who1 as guardian of the young ,emperor ,honorius1 was practically ruler of the ,western ,empire4 ,he remained attached to the ,court at ,milan1 ,rome and ,ravenna1 and died soon after the downfall of his patron ,stilicho1 #djh ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 ,in his historical epics he derived his subjects from his own age1 praising his patrons ,stilicho 7,on the ,consulate of ,stilicho7 and ,honorius 7on the ,consulate of ,honorius71 and inveighing against ,rufinus and ,eutropius1 the rivals of ,stilicho4 ,of poems on other subjects1 'his three books of the unfinished ,rape of ,proserpine are among the finest examples of the purely literary epic4' --,mackail4 ',claudian is the last of the ,latin poets1 forming the transitional link between the ,classic and the ,gothic mode of thought4' --,coleridge4 #c4 ,style4 ',his faults belong almost as much to the age as to the writer4 ,in description he is too copious and detailed3 his poems abound with long speeches3 his parade of varied learning1 his partiality for abstruse mythology1 are just the natural defects of a lettered but uninspired epoch4' --,north ,pinder4 ,,quintus ,,ennius1 #bci-afi ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,ennius4 ,he was born at ,rudiae in ,calabria 7about #ai miles ,s4 of ,brundisium71 a meeting-place of three different languages1 that of common life 7,oscan1 cf4 ,opici71 that of culture and education 7,greek71 that of military service 7,latin74 ,here he lived for some twenty years1 availing himself of those means of education which at this time were denied to ,rome or ,latium4 ,we next hear of him serving as centurion in ,sardinia1 where he attracted the attention of ,cato1 then quaestor1 and accompanied him to ,rome1 #bjd ,b4,c4 ,here for some fifteen years he lived plainly1 supporting himself by teaching ,greek1 and making translations of ,greek plays for the ,roman stage1 and so won the friendship of the elder ,scipio4 ,in #ahi ,b4,c4 ,m4 ,fulvius ,nobilior took ,ennius with him in his campaign against the ,aetolians1 as a witness and herald of his deeds4 ,his son obtained for ,ennius the ,roman citizenship 7#ahd ,b4,c47 by giving him a grant of land at ,potentia in ,picenum4 ,nos sumus ,romani1 qui fuimus ante ,rudini4 ,the rest of his life was spent mainly at ,rome in cheerful simplicity and active literary work4 #b4 ,works4 ,the chief are3-- 7#a7 ,tragedies4--,mainly translations1 especially from ,euripides4 ,a few fragments only remain4 ',it was certainly due to ,ennius that ,roman ,tragedy was first raised to that pitch of popular favour which it enjoyed till the age of ,cicero4' --,sellar4 7#b7 ,annales4--,an ,epic ,hexameter poem1 in #ah books1 which dealt with the ,history of ,rome from the landing of ,aeneas in ,italy down to the ,third ,macedonian ,war 7,pydna1 #afh ,b4,c474 ,about #fjj lines are extant4 ',in his ,annals he unfolds a long gallery of national portraits4 ,his heroes are men of one common aim--the advancement of ,rome2 animated with one sentiment1 devotion to the ,state4 ,all that was purely personal in them seems merged in the traditional pictures which express only the fortitude1 dignity and sagacity of the ,republic4' --,sellar4 #c4 ,style4 ,for the first time ,ennius succeeded in moulding the ,latin language to the movement of the ,greek hexameter4 ,in spite of imperfections and roughness1 his ,annals remained the foremost and representative ,roman poem till ,vergil wrote the ,aeneid4 ,lucretius1 whom he influenced1 and to whom ,vergil owes so much1 says of him3 ,ennius ut noster cecinit1 qui primus amoeno ,detulit ex ,helicone perenni fronde coronam1 ,per gentes ,italas honinum quae clara clueret2 ',as sang our ,ennius1 the first who brought down from pleasant ,helicon a chaplet of unfading leaf1 the fame of which should ring out clear through the nations of ,italy4' ,and later1 ,quintilian1 ,x4 i4 #hh3 ',ennium sicut sacros vetustate lucos adoremus1 in quibus grandia et antiqua robora iam non tantam habent speciem quantam religionem3 ,let us venerate ,ennius like the groves1 sacred from their antiquity1 in which the great and ancient oak-trees are invested1 not so much with beauty1 as with sacred associations4' --,sellar4 ,,flavius ,,eutropius1 fl4 #cge ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,eutropius4 ,very little is known of his life4 ,he is said to have held the office of a secretary under ,contanstine the ,great 7ob4 #ccg ,a4,d471 and to have served under the ,emperor ,julian in his ill-fated expedition against the ,persians1 #cfc ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 ,his only extant work is his ,breviarium ,historiae ,romanae4--,a brief compendium of ,roman ,history in ten books from the foundation of the city to the accession of ,valens1 #cfd ,a4,d41 to whom it is inscribed4 #c4 ,style4 ,his work is a compilation made from the best authorities1 with good judgment and impartiality1 and in a simple style4 ,its brevity and practical arrangement made it very popular4 ,,florus1 circ4 #abj 7or #adj87 ,a4,d4 7temp4 ,hadrian74 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,florus4 ,l4 ,julius 7or ,annaeus7 ,florus lived at ,rome in the time of ,trajan or ,hadrian4 ,little else is known of his life4 #b4 ,works4 ,an ,epitome of the ,wars of ,livy1 in two ,books3-- ,book ,i4 treats of the good time of ,rome1 #gec-acc ,b4,c4 7the ,gracchi74 ,,ii4 treats of the decline of ,rome1 #acc-bi ,b4,c4 7,temple of ,janus closed74 #c4 ,style4 ,a pretentious and smartly written work abounding in mistakes1 contradictions1 and misrepresentations of historical truth4 ,it was1 however1 popular in the ,middle ,ages on account of its brevity and its rhetorical style4 ,florus is useful in giving us a short account of events in periods where we have no books of ,livy to guide us4 ,s4 ,,julius ,,frontinus1 circ4 #da-ajc ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,frontinus4 ,he was praetor urbanus #gj ,a4,d41 and in #ge succeeded ,cerealis as governor oi ,britain1 where1 as ,tacitus tells us1 he distinguished himself by the conquest of the ,silures3 sustinuit molem ,iulius ,frontinus1 vir magnus1 quantum licebat1 validamque et pugnacem ,siturum gentem armis subegit3 ',julius ,frontinus was equal to the burden1 a great man as far as greatness was then possible 7i4e4 under the jealous rule of ,domitian71 who subdued by his arms the powerful and warlike tribe of the ,silures4' ,in #ig he was nominated curator aquarum1 administrator of the aqueducts of ,rome3 the closing years of his life were passed in studious retirement at his villa on the ,bay of ,naples4 ,cf4 ,mart4 ,x4 lviii4 #b4 ,works4 ,two works of his are extant3-- 7#a7 ,de ,aquis ,urbis ,romae4--,a treatise on the ,roman water-supply1 published under ,trajan1 soon after the death of ,nerva1 #ig ,a4,d42 a complete and valuable account4 7#b7 ,strategemata4--,a manual of strategy1 in three books1 consisting of historical examples derived chiefly from ,sallust1 ,caesar1 and ,livy4 #c4 ,style4 ,simple and concise3 'he shuns the conceits of the period and goes back to the republican authors1 of whom 7and especially of ,caesar's ,commentaries7 his language strongly reminds us4' --,cruttwell4 ,as a mark of his unaffected modesty1 ,pliny 7,ep4 ix4 #ai7 tells us3 vetuit exstrui monimentum3 sed quibus verbis8 'impensa monimenta supervacua est3 memoria nostri durabit1 si vita meruimus4' ,,aulus ,,gellius1 circ4 #abc-age ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,gellius4 ,all that is known about his life is gathered from occasional hints in his own writings4 ,he seems to have spent his early years at ,rome1 studying under the most famous teachers1 first at ,rome and afterwards at ,athens1 and then to have returned to ,rome1 where he spent the remaining years of his life in literary pursuits and in the society of a large circle of friends4 #b4 ,works4 ,the ,noctes ,atticae 7so called because it was begun during the long nights of winter in a country house in ,attica7 in twenty books consists of numerous extracts from ,greek and ,roman writers on subjects connected with history1 philosophy1 philology1 natural science and antiquities1 illustrated by abundant criticisms and discussions4 ,it is1 in fact1 a commonplace book1 and the arrangement of the contents is merely casual1 following the course of his reading of ,greek and ,latin authors4 ,the work is1 however1 of special value to us from the very numerous quotations from ancient authors preserved by him alone4 #c4 ,style4 ,his language is sober but full of archaisms1 which he much affected 7he gives1 therefore1 no quotations from post-,augustan writers74 ,his style shows the defects of an age in which men had ceased to feel the full meaning of the words they used1 and strove to hide the triviality of a subject under obscure phrases and florid expression4 ,yet1 on the whole1 he is a very interesting writer1 and the last that can in any way be called classical4 ',vir elegantissimi eloquii et multae ac facundae scientiae4' --,st4 ,augustine1 #djj ,a4,d4 ,,quintus ,,horatius ,,flaccus1 #fe-h ,b4,c4 #a4 ,important ,events in the ,life of ,horace4 ,sidenote3 ,,horace4 ,b4,c4 #fe4 ,born at ,venusia 7,venosa7 on the confines of ,apulia and ,lucania4 #ec-df4 ,educated at ,rome under the famous plagosus ,orbilius4 #df-dd4 ,at the ,university of ,athens4 #dd-db4 ,served under ,brutus as tribunus militum3 fought at ,philippi4 #db-ci4 ,pardoned by ,octavianus and allowed to return to ,rome4 ,his poverty compelled him to write verses1 prob4 ,sat4 ,i1 ii4 iii4 iv41 and some ,epodes4 ,through these he obtained the notice of ,varius and ,vergil1 who became his fast friends and #ch4 introduced him to ,maecenas1 the trusted minister of ,augustus4 #ce4 ,satires1 ,book ,i published4 7,journey to ,brundisium described1 ,sat4 ,i4 v47 #cc4 ,maecenas bestowed upon him a ,sabine farm 7about #ae miles ,n4,e4 of ,tivoli74 ,for fullest description see ,epist4 ,i4 xvi4 #ca4 ,satires1 ,book ,,ii1 and ,epodes published4 #bc4 ,odes1 ,books ,i-,,iii published4 #bj4 ,epistles1 ,book ,i published4 #ag4 ,carmen ,saeculare written at the request of ,augustus for the ,ludi ,saeculares4 #ac4 ,odes1 ,book ,,iv published4 #ab4 ,epistles1 ,book ,,ii published4 #h4 ,died in the same year as his friend and patron ,maecenas4 #c4 ,works4 7#a7 ,odes1 in four books1 and ,epodes4--,the words of ,cicero 7pro ,archia #af7 best describe the abiding value of the four ,books of the ,odes--,adolescentiam alunt 7strengthen71 senectutem oblectant1 secundas res ornant1 adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent1 delectant domi1 non impediunt foris1 pernoctant nobiscum1 peregrinantur1 rusticantur4 ,in them we see a poet1 as ,quintilian says1 verbis felicissime audax--most happily daring in his use of words and endowed1 as ,petronius says1 with curiosa felicitas1 a subtle happiness of expression--'what oft was thought but ne'er so well express'd4' 7#b7 ,satires 7,sermones7 in two ,books4--,horace's chief model is ,lucilius1 whom he wished to adapt to the ,augustan age4 ,to touch on political topics was impossible2 ,horace employed satire to display his own individuality and his own views on various subjects4 ,book ,i 7his earliest effort7 is marred by faults in execution and is often wanting in good taste2 but in ,book ,,ii 'he uses the hexameter to exhibit the semi-dramatic form of easy dialogue1 with a perfection as complete as that of ,vergil in the stately and serious manner4 ,in reading these ,satires we all read our own minds and hearts4' --,mackail4 7#c7 ,the ,epistles 7,sermones7 in two ,books1 and ,ars ,poetica 7,ep4 ad ,pisones74--,these represent his most mature production4 ,as a poet ,horace now stood without a rival4 ,life was still full of vivid interest for him1 but years 7fallentis semita vitae7 had brought the philosophic mind4 ',to teach the true end and wise regulation of life1 and to act on character from within1 are the motives of the more formal and elaborate epistles4' --,sellar4 ,the ,ars ,poetica is a rsum of ,greek criticism on the drama4 #c4 ,style4 ',with the principal lyric metres1 the ,sapphic and ,alcaic1 ,horace had done what ,vergil had accomplished with the dactylic hexameter1 carried them to the highest point of which the foreign ,latin tongue was capable4' --,mackail4 ',as ,vergil is the most idealising exponent of what was of permanent and universal significance in the time1 ,horace is the most complete exponent of its actual life and movement4 ,he is at once the lyrical poet1 with heart and imagination responsive to the deeper meaning and lighter amusements of life1 and the satirist1 the moralist1 and the literary critic of the age4' --,sellar4 ,,justinus1 circ4 #aej ,a4,d4 7temp4 ,antoninus ,pius74 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,justinus4 ,we know nothing positively about him1 though probably he lived in the age of the ,antonines4 ,teuffel says ',considering his correct mode of thinking and the style of his preface1 we should not like to put him much later than ,florus1 who epitomised ,livy4' #b4 ,works4 ,epitoma ,historiarum ,philippicarum ,pompei ,trogi1 in forty-four ,books4--,an abridgment of the ,universal ,history of ,pompeius ,trogus 7temp4 ,livy74 ,the title ,historiae ,philippicae was given to it by ,trogus because its main object was to give the history of the ,macedonian monarchy1 with all its branches1 but he allowed himself1 like ,herodotus1 to indulge in such large digressions that it was regarded by many as a ,universal ,history4 ,it was arranged according to nations2 it began with ,ninus1 the ,nimrod of legend1 and was brought down to about #i ,a4,d4 #c4 ,style4 ,justinus 7as he tells us in his ,preface7 made it his business to form an attractive reading-book--breve veluti florum corpusculum feci 7an anthology7--and his chief merit is that he seems to have been a faithful abbreviator4 ,,decimus ,,junius ,,juvenalis1 #ee-ach ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,juvenal4 ,of ,juvenal's life very little is certainly known4 ,thirteen lives of him exist1 which are confused and contradictory in detail4 ,from the evidences of the ,satires we learn that he lived from early youth at ,rome1 but went for holidays to ,aquinum1 a town of the ,volscians 7where perhaps he was born in the reign of ,nero72 that he had a small farm at ,tibur1 and a house in ,rome1 where he entertained his friends in a modest way2 that he had been in ,egypt2 that he wrote ,satires late in life2 that he reached his eightieth year1 and lived into the reign of ,antoninus ,pius4 ,he complains frequently and bitterly of his poverty and of the hardships of a dependent's life4 ,in short1 the circumstances of his life were very similar to those of ,martial1 who speaks of ,juvenal as a very intimate friend4 ,the famous inscription at ,aquinum--which ,duff considers does not refer to the poet but to a wealthy kinsman of his--indicates that he had served in the army as commander of a ,dalmatian cohort1 and1 as one of the chief men of the town1 was superintendent of the civic worship paid to ,vespasian after his deification4 ,all the ,lives assert that ,juvenal was banished to ,egypt--,juvenal himself never alludes to this--for offence given to an actor who was high in favour with the reigning ,emperor 7,hadrian according to ,prof4 ,hardy71 and that he died in exile4 #b4 ,works4 ,saturae1 sixteen1 grouped in five ,books4 ,books ,i-,,iii 7,satires #a-i7 are sharply divided both in form and substance from ,books ,,iv-,v 7,satires #aj-af71 which are not satires at all1 but moral essays1 in the form of letters4 ,the first nine satires present a wonderfully vivid picture of the seamy side of life at ,rome at the end of the first century4 ,we must1 however1 read side by side with them the contemporary ,letters of ,pliny1 in which we find ourselves in a different world from that scourged by the satirist4 ',his chief literary qualities are his power of painting lifelike scenes1 and his command of brilliant epigrammatic phrase4' --,duff4 ,nothing1 for instance1 could surpass his picture of the fall of ,sejanus 7,sat4 x4 #ef-ig74 ,his power of coining phrases is seen in these sententiae3 nemo repente fuit turpissimus--expende ,hannibalem3 quot libras in duce summo invenies3 maxima debetur puero reverentia3 mens sana in corpora sano--which are familiar proverbs among educated men4 ,juvenal tells us that he takes all life1 all the world1 for his text3 ,quidquid agunt homines1 ,votum1 ,timor1 ,ira1 ,voluptas1 ,gaudia1 ,discursus1 nostri est farrago libelli 7the motley subject of my page74--,sat4 i4 #he-f4 ,,titus ,,livius ,,patavinus1 circ4 #ei ,b4,c4-#ag ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,livy4 ,livy was born at ,patavium 7,padua7 between the years #ei and #eg ,b4,c4 ,little is known of his life1 but his aristocratic sympathies1 as seen in his writings1 seem to suggest that he was of good family4 ,padua was a populous and busy place1 where opportunities for public speaking were abundant and the public life vigorous2 thus ,livy was early trained in eloquence1 and lived amid scenes of human activity4 ,about #cj ,b4,c4 he settled at ,rome1 where his literary talents secured the patronage and friendship of ,augustus4 ,but though a courtier he was no flatterer4 ',titus ,livius1' says ,tacitus 7,ann4 iv4 #cd71 'pre-eminently famous for eloquence and truthfulness1 extolled ,cn4 ,pompeius in such a panegyric that ,augustus called him ,pompeianus1 and yet this was no obstacle to their friendship4' ,he returned to his native town before his death1 #ag ,a4,d41 at the age of about #ge4 #b4 ,works4 ,history of ,rome 7,ab urbe condita ,libri71 a comprehensive account in #adb ,books of the whole ,history of ,rome from the foundation of the ,city to the death of ,drusus1 #i ,a4,d4 ,it is probable that he intended to continue his work in #aej ,books1 down to the death of ,augustus in #ad ,a4,d41 the point from which ,tacitus starts4 ,the number of ,books now extant is #ce1 about one fourth of the whole number1 but we possess summaries 7,periochae or ,argumenta7 of nearly the whole work4 ,the division of the ,history into decades 7sets of ten ,books71 though merely conventional1 is convenient4 ,according to this arrangement the ,books now extant are3 ,books ,i-,x1 #ged-bic ,b4,c41 to nearly the close of the ,third ,samnite ,war4 ,books ,,xxi-,,xxx1 #bai-bja ,b4,c41 the narrative of the ,second ,punic ,war4 ,books ,,xxxi-,,xlv1 #bja-afg ,b4,c41 describe the ,wars in ,greece and ,macedonia1 and end with the triumph of ,aemilius ,paulus after ,pydna1 #afh ,b4,c4 #c4 ,style4 ,his style is characterised by variety1 liveliness1 and picturesqueness4 ',as a master of style ,livy is in the first rank of historians4 ,he marks the highest point which the enlarged and enriched prose of the ,augustan age reached just before it began to fall into decadence4 4 4 4 ,the periodic structure of ,latin prose1 which had been developed by ,cicero1 is carried by him to an even greater complexity and used with a greater daring and freedom4 4 4 4 ,his imagination never fails to kindle at great actions2 it is he1 more than any other author1 who has impressed the great soldiers and statesmen of the ,republic on the imagination of the world4' --,mackail4 #d4 ,the ,speeches4 ',the spirit in which he writes ,history is well illustrated by the ,speeches4 ,these1 in a way1 set the tone of the whole work4 ,he does not affect in them to reproduce the substance of words actually spoken1 or even to imitate the colour of the time in which the speech is laid4 ,he uses them rather as a vivid and dramatic method of portraying character and motive4' --,mackail4 ',everything1' says ,quintilian 7,x4 i4 #aja71 'is perfectly adapted both to the circumstances and personages introduced4' #e4 ,the ,purpose of his ,history4 ,the first ten books of ,livy were being written about the same time as the ,aeneid2 both ,vergil and ,livy had the same patriotic purpose1 'to celebrate the growth1 in accordance with a divine dispensation1 of the ,roman ,empire and ,roman civilisation4' --,nettleship4 ,livy1 however1 brought into greater prominence the moral causes which contributed to the growth of the ,empire4 ,in his preface to ,book ,i1 #i1 he asks his readers to consider what have been the life and habits of the ,romans1 by aid of what men and by what talents at home and in the field their ,empire has been gained and extended4 ,only by virtue and manliness1 justice and piety1 was the dominion of the world achieved4 ',in ancient ,rome he sees his ideal realised1 and romanus hence signifies in his language all that is noble4 ,he thus involuntarily appears partial to ,rome1 and unjust to her enemies1 notably to the ,samnites and ,hannibal4' --,teuffel4 ',as the title of ,gesta ,populi ,romani was given to the ,aeneid on its appearance1 so the ,historiae ab ,urbe ,condita might be called1 with no less truth1 a funeral eulogy--consummatio totius vitae et quasi funebris laudatio 7,sen4 ,suas4 ,,vi4 #ba7--;delivered1 by the most loving and most eloquent of her sons1 over the grave of the great ,republic4' --,mackail4 ,m4 ,,annaeus ,,lucanus1 #ci-fe ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,lucan4 ,important ,events in the ,life of ,lucan4 ,a4,d4 #ci4 ,born at ,corduba 7,cordova7 on the ,r4 ,baetis 7,guadalquivir74 #dj4 ,his father migrates with his family to ,rome4 #ed-fh4 ,nero ,emperor4 #ee4 ,lucan under ,cornutus1 the tutor also of ,persius4 #eg-i4 ,at the ,university of ,athens4 #fj4 ,wins the favour of ,nero1 who begins to hate ,seneca4 #fa4 ,lucan quaestor3 famous as a reciter and pleader4 #fb4 ,disgrace of ,seneca4 ,pharsalia ,i4-,,iii4 published4 ,death of ,persius4 #fc4 ,marries ,polla ,argentaria1 a marriage of affection4 #fd4 ,nero1 from jealousy1 forbids ,lucan to publish poems or to recite them4 #fe4 ,pisonian conspiracy discovered4 ,lucan compelled to die4 ,lucan was a nephew of ,m4 ,annaeus ,novatus 7the ,gallio of ,acts xviii4 #ab-ag71 and of ,seneca1 the philosopher and tutor of ,nero4 ',rhetoric and ,stoic dogma were the staple of his mental training4 ,for a much-petted1 quick-witted youth1 plunged into such a society as that of ,rome in the first century ,a4,d41 hardly any training could be more mischievous4 ,puffed up with presumed merits and the applause of the lecture-room and the salon1 he became a shallow rhetorician1 devoted to phrase-making and tinsel ornament1 and ready to write and declaim on any subject in verse or prose at the shortest notice4' --,heitland4 ,silenced by ,nero1 in an enforced retirement--probably in the stately gardens spoken of by ,juvenal vii4 #gi-hj contentus fama iaceat ,lucanus in hortis ,marmoreis--,lucan may repose in his park adorned with statues and find fame enough--he brooded over his wrongs1 and despairing of any other way of restoration to public life1 joined the ill-fated conspiracy of ,piso4 #b4 ,works4 ,the ,pharsalia 7or ,de ,bello ,civili71 an epic poem in ten ,books1 from the beginning of the ,civil ,war down to the point where ,caesar is besieged in ,alexandria1 #di-dh ,b4,c4 ,his narrative thus runs parallel to ,caesar's ,de ,bello ,civili1 but it contains some valuable additional matter and gives a faithful picture of the feeling general among the nobility of the day4 #c4 ,style4 ',to ,lucan's rhetorical instincts and training1 and the influence of the recitations which ,juvenal ,sat4 iii4 tells us were so customary and such a nuisance in his day1 are due the great defects of the ,pharsalia4 ,we see the sacrifice of the whole to the parts1 neglect of the matter in an over-studious regard for the manner1 a self-conscious tone appealing rather to an audience than to a reader1 venting itself in apostrophes1 digressions1 hyperbole 7over-drawn description71 episodes and epigrams1 an unhappy laboriousness that strains itself to be first-rate for a moment1 but leaves the poem second-rate for ever4' --,heitland4 ,the general effect of ,lucan's verse is one of steady monotony1 due to a want of variety in the pauses and in the ending of lines1 and a too sparing use of elision1 by which ,vergil was able to regulate the movement of lines and make sound and sense agree4 ',in spite of its immaturity and bad taste the poem compels admiration by its elevation of thought and sustained brilliance of execution2 it contains passages of lofty thought and real beauty1 such as the dream of ,pompeius1 or the character which ,cato gives of ,pompeius1 and is full of quotations which have become household words2 such as1 ,in se magna ruunt--,stat magni nominis umbra--,nil actum reputans si quid superesset agendum 7a line which rivals ,caesar's energy74'--,mackail4 ,the brief and balanced judgment of ,quintilian 7,inst4 ,orat4 ,x4 i4 #ij7 sums up ,lucan in words which suggest at once his chief merits and defects as a poet3 ,lucanus ardens et concitatus et sententiis clarissimus et magis oratoribus quam poetis imitandus--,lucan has fire and point1 is very famous for his maxims1 and indeed is rather a model for orators than poets4 ,,gaius ,,lucilius1 circ4 #agj-ajc ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,lucilius4 ,lucilius was born in the ,latin town of ,suessa of the ,aurunci1 in ,campania1 of a well-to-do equestrian family4 ,velleius tells us that the sister of ,lucilius was grandmother to ,pompeius1 and that ,lucilius served in the cavalry under ,scipio in the ,numantine war1 #acd ,b4,c4 ,lucilius lived on very intimate terms with ,scipio ,africanus ,minor and ,laelius1 and died at ,naples 7#ajc ,b4,c471 where he was honoured with a public funeral4 #b4 ,works4 ,saturae in thirty ,books1 in various metres4 ,fragments only are extant4 ',after ,terence he is the most distinguished and the most important in his literary influence among the friends of ,scipio4 ,the form of literature which he invented and popularised1 that of familiar poetry1 was one which proved singularly suited to the ,latin genius4 ,he speaks of his own works under the name of ,sermones 7talks7--a name which was retained by his great successor and imitator ,horace2 but the peculiar combination of metrical form with wide range of subject and the pedestrian style of ordinary prose received in popular usage the name ,satura 7mixture74'--,mackail4 ,satura quidem tota nostra est1 in qua primus insignem laudem adeptus ,lucilius4 --,quint4 ,x4 i4 #ic4 ',the chief social vices which ,lucilius attacks are those which reappear in the pages of the later satirists4 ,they are the two extremes to which the ,roman temperament was most prone3 rapacity and meanness in gaining money1 vulgar ostentation and coarse sensuality in using it4' --,sellar4 ,juvenal says of him 7,sat4 i4 #afe-g73 ',when old ,lucilius seems to draw his sword and growls in burning ire1 the hearer blushes for shame1 his conscience is chilled for his offences1 and his heart faints for secret sins4' ,t4 ,,lucretius ,,carus1 circ4 #ii-ee ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,lucretius4 ,very little is known of his life4 ,the subiect of his poem prevented him from telling his own history as ,catullus1 ,horace1 and ,ovid have done1 and his contemporaries seldom refer to him4 ,the name ,lucretius suggests that he was descended from one of the most ancient patrician houses of ,rome1 famous in the early annals of the ,republic4 ,he was evidently a man of wealth and position1 but he deliberately chose the life of contemplation1 and lived apart from the ambitions and follies of his day4 ,donatus1 in his life of ,vergil1 tells us that ,lucretius died on the day on which ,vergil assumed the toga virilis1 ,oct4 #ae1 #ee ,b4,c4 #b4 ,works4 ,the ,de ,rerum ,natura1 a didactic poem in hexameter verse in six ,books4 ,the poem was left unfinished at his death1 and ,munro supports the tradition that ,cicero both corrected it and superintended its publication4 ,the object of the poem is to deliver men from the fear of death and the terrors of superstition by the new knowledge of ,nature3 ,hunc igitur terrorem animi tenebrasque necessest ,non radii solis neque lucida tela diei ,discutiant1 sed naturae species ratioque4 ,this terror of the soul1 therefore1 and this darkness must be dispelled1 not by the rays of the sun or the bright shafts of day1 but by the outward aspect and harmonious plan of nature4 --,s4 ,the source of these terrors is traced to the general ignorance of certain facts in ,nature--ignorance1 namely1 of the constitution and condition of our minds and bodies1 of the means by which the world came into existence and is still maintained1 and1 lastly1 of the causes of many natural phenomena4 ,thus3 ,books ,i and ,,ii uphold the principles of the ,atomic ,theory as held by ,epicurus 7fl4 #cjj ,b4,c474 ,book ,i states that the world consists of atoms and void4 ,at line #fid is stated the important doctrine that the evidence of the senses alone is to be believed--sensus1 unde omnia credita pendent1 the senses on which rests all our belief4 ,book ,,ii treats of the motions of atoms1 including the curious doctrine of the swerve1 which enables them to combine and makes freedom of will possible3 then of their shapes and arrangement4 ,book ,,iii shows the nature of mind 7animus7 and life 7anima7 to be material and therefore mortal4 ,therefore death is nothing to us3 ,nil igitur mors est ad nos neque pertinet hilum1 ,quandoquidem natura animi mortalis habetur4 ,death therefore to us is nothing1 concerns us not a jot1 ,since the nature of the mind is proved to be mortal4 --7,m47 ,book ,,iv gives ,lucretius' theory of vision and the nature of dreams and apparitions4 ,book ,v explains the origin of the heavens1 of the earth1 of vegetable and animal life upon it1 and the advance of human nature from a savage state to the arts and usages of civilisation4 ,book ,,vi describes and accounts for certain natural phenomena--thunderstorms1 tempests1 volcanoes1 earthquakes1 and the like4 ,it concludes with a theory of disease1 illustrated by a fine description of the plague at ,athens4 ,professor ,tyrrell says3 ',it is interesting to point to places in which ,lucretius or his predecessors had really anticipated modern scientific research4 ,thus ,lucretius recognises that in a vacuum every body1 no matter what its weight1 falls with equal swiftness2 the circulation of the sap in the vegetable world is known to him1 and he describes falling stars1 aerolites1 etc41 as the unused material of the universe4' ,the great truth that matter is not destroyed but only changes its form is very clearly stated by ,lucretius1 and his account 7,book ,v7 of the beginnings of life upon the earth1 the evolution of man1 and the progress of human society is interesting and valuable4 #c4 ,style4 ',notwithstanding the antique tinge 7e4g4 his use of archaism1 assonance1 and alliteration7 which for poetical ends he has given to his poem1 the best judges have always looked upon it as one of the purest models of the ,latin idiom in the age of its greatest perfection4' --,munro4 ',the language of ,lucretius1 so bold1 so genial1 so powerful1 and in its way so perfect4' --,nettleship4 ,carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura ,lucreti1 ,exitio terras cum dabit una dies4 --,ovid4 ,am4 ,i4 xv4 #bc4 ',but till this cosmic order everywhere ,shattered into one earthquake in one day ,cracks all to pieces 444 till that hour ,my golden work shall stand4' --,tennyson1 ,lucretius4 ,,marcus ,,manilius1 fl4 #ab ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,manilius4 ,nothing is known of his life4 ,that he was not of ,roman birth 7perhaps a native of ,n4 ,africa7 is probable from the foreign colouring of his language at the outset1 which in the later books becomes more smooth and fluent from increased practice4 #b4 ,works4 ,the ,astronomica in five ,books of hexameter verse4 ,the poem should rather be called ,astrology1 as ,astronomy is treated only in ,book ,i4 ,he is proud of being the first writer on this subject in ,latin literature4 ,a close study of ,lucretius is obvious from several passages3 he often imitates ,vergil1 and in the legends 7e4g4 of ,perseus and ,andromeda7 ,ovid4 #c4 ,style4 ,he is not a great poet2 but he is a writer of real power both in thought and style4 ,in his introductions to each ,book1 and in his digressions1 he shows sincere feeling and poetical ability4 ,m4 ,,valerius ,,martialis1 circ4 #dj-ajb ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,martial4 ,he was born at ,bilbilis in ,hispania ,tarraconensis 7,e4 ,spain71 a town situated on a rocky height overlooking the ,r4 ,salo3 ,municipes1 ,augusta mihi quos ,bilbilis acri ,monte creat1 rapidis quem ,salo cingit aquis4 ,x4 ciii4 #a-b4 ,his father gave him a good education1 and at the age of twenty-three 7#fc ,a4,d47 he went to ,rome4 ,after living there for thirty-five years1 patronised by ,titus and ,vespasian1 he returned to ,bilbilis soon after the accession of ,trajan 7#ih ,a4,d471 where he died circ4 #ajb ,a4,d4 ,at ,rome he for a time found powerful friends in his great countrymen of the house of ,seneca 7,lucan and ,seneca were then at the height of their fame71 and from #gi to #if 7temp4 ,trajan and ,domitian7 he received the patronage of the ,court1 and numbered among his friends ,pliny the ,younger1 ,quintilian1 ,juvenal1 ,valerius ,flaccus1 and ,silius ,italicus4 ,his complaints of his poverty are incessant4 ,it is true that he lived throughout the life of a dependent1 but it is probable that ,martial was a poor man who contrived to get through a good deal of money1 and who mistook for poverty a capacity for spending more than he could get4 #b4 ,works4 ,epigrammata in fourteen ,books 7,books ,,xiii and ,,xiv1 ,xenia and ,apophoreta1 are two collections of inscriptions for presents at the ,saturnalia72 also a ,liber ,spectaculorum on the opening of the grand ,flavian amphitheatre 7the ,coliseum7 begun by ,vespasian and completed by ,titus4 #c4 ,style4 ',martial did not create the epigram4 ,what he did was to differentiate the epigram and elaborate it4 ,adhering always to what he considered the true type of the literary epigram1 consisting of i4 the preface1 or description of the occasion of the epigram1 rousing the curiosity to know what the poet has to say about it2 and1 ii4 the explanation or commentary of the poet1 commonly called the point--he employed his vast resources of satire1 wit1 observation1 fancy1 and pathos to produce the greatest number of varieties of epigram that the type admits of4 4 4 4 ,what ,martial really stands convicted of on his own showing is of laughing at that which ought to have roused in him shame and indignation1 and of making literary capital out of other men's vices4' --,stephenson4 ,among his good points are his candour1 his love of nature1 and the loyalty of his friendships4 ,pliny says of him3 ,audio ,valerium ,martialem decessisse et moleste fero4 ,erat homo ingeniosus1 acutus1 acer1 et qui plurimum in scribendo et sltis haberet et fellis1 nec candoris minus--,i hear with regret that ,v4 ,martial is dead4 ,he was a man of talent1 acuteness1 and spirit3 with plenty of wit and gall1 and as sincere as he was witty4 --,pliny1 ,ep4 iii4 #ba4 ',the greatest epigrammatist of the world1 and one of its most disagreeable literary characters4' --,merrill4 ,,cornelius ,,nepos1 circ4 #ajj-bd ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,nepos4 ,nepos was probably born at ,ticinium on the ,r4 ,padus4 ,he inherited an ample fortune1 and was thereby enabled to keep aloof from public life and to devote himself to literature and to writing works of an historical nature4 ,in earlier life he was one of the circle of ,catullus1 who dedicated a collection of poems to him 7,catull4 ,c4 i473 ',to whom am ,i to give my dainty1 new-born little volume8 ,to you1 ,cornelius4' ,he was also a friend and contemporary of ,cicero1 and after ,cicero's death 7#dc ,b4,c47 was one of the chief friends of ,atticus4 #b4 ,works4 ,of his numerous writings on history1 chronology1 and grammar we possess only a fragment of his ,de ,viris ,illustribus 7originally in sixteen ,books71 a collection of ,roman and foreign biographies4 ,of this work there is extant one complete section1 ,de ,excellentibus ,ducibus ,exterarum ,gentium1 and two lives1 those of ,atticus and ,cato the ,younger1 from his ,de ,historicis ,latinis4 #c4 ,style4 ,nepos is a most untrustworthy historian1 and his work possesses little independent value4 ,but his style is clear1 elegant1 and lively1 and he did much to make ,greek learning popular among his fellow-citizens4 ,,publius ,,ovidius ,,naso1 #dc ,b4,c4-#ah ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,ovid4 ,ovid's own writings 7espec4 ,tr4 ,,iv4 x47 supply nearly all the information we possess regarding his life4 ,he was born at ,sulmo1 a town in the cold1 moist hills of the ,peligni1 one of the ,sabine clans1 situated near ,corfinium1 and about ninety miles ,e4 of ,rome4 ,he was of an ancient equestrian family1 and together with his elder brother received a careful education at ,rome1 and studied also at ,athens4 ,he was trained for the ,bar1 but in spite of his father's remonstrances preferred poetry to public life4 ',an easy fortune1 a brilliant wit1 an inexhaustible memory1 and an unfailing social tact soon made him a prominent figure in society2 and his genuine love of literature and admiration for genius made him the friend of the whole contemporary world of letters4' --,mackail4 ,up to his fiftieth year fortune smiled steadily upon ,ovid3 his works were universally popular1 and he enjoyed the favour and patronage of the ,emperor himself4 ,but towards the end of #h ,a4,d4 an imperial edict ordered him to leave ,rome on a named day and take up his residence at the small barbarous town of ,tomi1 on the ,black ,sea1 at the extreme outposts of civilisation4 ,augustus proved deaf to all entreaties to recall him1 ,tiberius remained alike inexorable1 and ,ovid died of a broken heart at the ago of sixty1 in the tenth year of his banishment4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,amores1 in three ,books1 poems in elegiac verse1 nearly all on ,corinna1 who was probably no real person1 but only a name around which ,ovid grouped his own fancies1 and wrote as the poet of a fashionable1 pleasure-loving society4 ,the ,mors ,psittaci is pleasing and the ,mors ,tibulli is a noble tribute to a brother poet4 7#b7 ,heroides1 twenty letters in elegiac verse1 feigned to have been written by ladies or chiefs of the heroic age to the absent objects of their love 7#ae-bj are in pairs1 e4g4 ,paris to ,helen and ,helen to ,paris1 and are probably spurious74 ',the ,letters #a-ad are thoroughly modern3 they express the feelings and speak the language of refined women in a refined age1 and all exhibit an artificiality both in the substance and the manner of their pleading4' --,sellar4 7#c7 ,ars ,amatoria1 in elegiac verse in three ,books4 ,this is an ironical form of didactic poetry in which ,ovid teaches the art of lying quite as much as the art of loving4 7#d7 ,remedia ,amoris1 in elegiac verse1 while professing to be a recantation of the ,ars ,amatoria1 shows1 if possible1 a worse taste4 7#e7 ,metamorphoses1 in hexameter verse in fifteen ,books1 containing versions of legends on transformations 7mutatae formae7 from ,chaos down to ,caesar's transformation into a star4 ,in some respects this is his greatest poem3 ,ovid himself makes for it as strong a claim to immortality as ,horace does for his ,odes3 ,quaque patet domitis ,romana potentia terris1 ,ore legar populi perque omnia saecula fama1 ,siquid habent veri vatum praesagia1 vivam4 ,met4 ,,xv4 #hgg-;end4 ',the attractiveness of this work lies in its descriptions2 but the attempt to divest it of the character of a dictionary of mythology by interweaving stories1 after the fashion of the ,arabian ,nights1 is only partially successful4' --,tyrrell4 7#f7 ,fasti1 in elegiac verse in six ,books1 a poetical calendar of the ,roman year4 ,each month has a ,book allotted to it1 and ,ovid probably sketched out ,books vii-xii1 but his exile made it impossible for him to complete the work4 ,it contains much valuable information on ,roman customs and some exquisitely told stories 7e4g4 the ,rape of ,proserpine71 but leaves the impression of being an effort to produce on the reader the effect of a patriotism which the writer did not feel4 7#g7 ,poems ,written in ,exile4 7i7 ,tristia1 in elegiac verse in five ,books3 letters to ,augustus1 to ,ovid's wife 7for whom he had a deep affection7 and to friends1 praying for pardon or for a place of exile nearer ,rome4 7ii7 ,epistulae ex ,ponto3 similar to the ,tristia4 ',these poems are a melancholy record of flagging vitality and failing powers4' --,mackail4 #c4 ,style4 ,the real importance of ,ovid in literature and his gift to posterity lay in the new and vivid life which he imparted to the fables of ,greek mythology4 ',no other classical poet has furnished more ideas than ,ovid to the ,italian poets and painters of the ,renaissance1 and to our own poets--from ,chaucer to ,pope1 who1 like ,ovid1 ',lisped in numbers1 for the numbers came4' ,,aulus ,,persius ,,flaccus1 #cd-fb ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,persius4 ,he was born at ,volaterrae in ,etruria1 and was the son of a ,roman knight of wealth and rank4 ,at twelve years of age ,persius was removed to ,rome1 where he placed himself under the guidance of the ,stoic ,cornutus1 who remained his close friend to the end of his short life4 ,persius 7,sat4 v47 touchingly describes his residence with ,cornutus1 and the influence of this beloved teacher in moulding his character3 ,pars tua sit1 ,cornute1 animae1 tibi1 dulcis amice1 ,ostendisse iuvat3 ',my delight is to show you1 ,cornutus1 how large a share of my inmost being is yours1 my beloved friend4'--,c4 ,he was nearly related to ,arria1 daughter of that 'true wife' who taught her husband ,paetus how to die 7,mart4 ,i4 xiii42 ,pliny ,epist4 i4 #af74 ,in the consistent life of ,thrasea 7the husband of ,arria71 who was a ,cato in justice and more than a ,cato in goodness1 ,persius had a noble example to follow4 ,so during the short span of his life the poet lived and worked1 a man of maidenly modesty1 an excellent son1 brother1 and nephew1 of frugal and moderate habits4 #b4 ,works4 ,saturae1 six ,satires in hexameter verse4 ,the first1 devoted to an attack upon the literary style of the day1 is the only real ,satire3 the other five are declamations or dogmas of the ,stoic system 7e4g4 ,sat4 ii41 on right and wrong prayers to the gods71 interspersed with dramatic scenes4 ,it was to ,lucilius that ,persius owed the impulse that made him a writer of ,satire1 but his obligations to ,horace are paramount4 ',he was what would be called a plagiarist1 but probably no writer ever borrowed so much and yet left on the mind so decided an impression of originality4 ,where he draws from his own experience1 his portraits have an imaginative truth1 minutely accurate yet highly ideal1 which would entitle them to a distinguished place in any portrait gallery4' --,nettleship4 #c4 ,style4 ',the involved and obscure style of much of his work is the style which his taste leads him to assume for satiric purposes4 ,he feels that a clear1 straightforward1 everyday manner of speech would not suit a subject over which the gods themselves might hesitate whether to laugh or weep4 ,as the poet of ,stoicism1 using the very words of ,vergil1 he calls upon a benighted race to acquaint itself with the causes of things3 to an inquiry into the purpose of man's being1 the art of skilful driving in the chariot-race of life1 and the ordained position of each individual in the social system4' --,nettleship4 ',persius is the sole instance among ,roman writers of a philosopher whose life was in accordance with the doctrines he professed4' --,cruttwell4 ,multum et verae gloriae quamvis uno libro ,persius meruit4 --,quint4 ,inst4 ,orat4 ,x4 i4 #id4 ,,petronius ,,arbiter1 obiit #ff ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,petronius4 ,he is probably the ,petronius of whose life and character ,tacitus has given us a brilliant sketch in the ,annals1 xvi4 #ah4 #ai4 ',his days were passed1' says ,tacitus1 'in sleep1 his nights in the duties or pleasures of life3 where others toiled for fame he had lounged into it4 ,yet1 as governor of ,bithynia1 and afterwards as consul1 he showed himself a vigorous and capable administrator2 then relapsing into the habit or assuming the mask of vice1 he was adopted as ,elegantiae ,arbiter 7the authority on taste7 into the small circle of ,nero's intimate companions4 ,no luxury was charming or refined till ,petronius had given it his approval1 and the jealousy of ,tigellinus was roused against a rival and master in the science of pleasure4' ,petronius anticipated his inevitable fate by committing suicide4 #b4 ,works4 ,satirae 7or ,satiricon71 a character-novel1 often called1 from its central and most entertaining incident1 ,the ,supper of ,trimalchio4 ',this is the description of a ,christmas dinner-party given by a sort of ,golden ,dustman and his wife1 people of low birth and little education1 who had come into an enormous fortune4 ,the dinner itself1 and the conversation on literature and art that goes on at the dinner-table1 are conceived in a spirit of the wildest humour4' --,mackail4 ,the chief interest of the ,satiricon for us is the glimpse which it affords of everyday manners and conversation under the ,empire among all orders of society1 from the highest to the lowest4 ,,phaedrus 7temp4 ,augustus to ,nero74 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,phaedrus4 ,the ,latin ,fabulist1 of whom we know nothing except what may be gathered or inferred from his fables4 ,he was originally a slave1 and was born in ,thrace1 possibly in the district of ,pieria4 ,he was brought to ,rome at an early age1 and there became acquainted with ,roman literature4 ,his patron appears to have been ,augustus1 who gave him his freedom4 ,after publishing two books of fables he incurred the resentment of ,augustus and was imprisoned4 ,this was due probably to the bold outspokenness of many of his fables4 ,he survived the attacks made on him1 and ,book ,v was written in his old age4 #b4 ,works4 ,fables1 in five ,books1 written in iambic senarii1 like those of ,terence and ,publius ,syrus4 ,the full title of his work is ,phaedri ,augusti liberti fabularum ,aesopiarum libri4 ',phaedrus constantly plumes himself on his superiority to his model ,aesop1 but his animals have not the lifelike reality of those of the latter4 ,with ,phaedrus the animals are mere lay-figures3 the moral comes first1 and then he attaches an animal to it4' --,tyrrell4 ',the chief interest of the ,fables lies in the fact that they form the last survival of the urbanus sermo 7the speech of ,terence7 in ,latin poetry4' --,mackail4 ',phaedrus is the only important writer during the half-century of literary darkness between the ,golden and the ,silver ,age4' --,tyrrell4 ,t4 ,,maccius ,,plautus1 circ4 #bed-ahd ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,plautus4 ,plautus was born in the little ,umbrian town of ,sarsina1 of free but poor parents4 ,he came to ,rome and made a small fortune as a stage-carpenter1 but lost it by rash investment4 ,he was then reduced to working for some years in a corn-mill1 during which time he wrote plays1 and continued to do so until his death4 #b4 ,works4 ,comedies4 ,about #acj plays were current under the name of ,plautus1 but only #ba 7,fabulae ,varronianae7 were1 as ,varro tells us1 universally admitted to be genuine4 ,of these1 all except one are extant4 ,though his comedies are mainly free versions of ,greek originals--of ,philemon1 ,diphilus and ,menander1 the writers of the ,new ,comedy #cbj-bej ,b4,c4--the characters in them act1 speak1 and joke like genuine ,romans1 and he thereby secured the sympatliy of his audience more completely than ,terence could ever have done4 ',in point of language his plays form one of the most important documents for the history of the ,latin language4 ,in the freedom with which he uses1 without vulgarising1 popular modes of speech1 he has no equal among ,latin writers4' --,sellar4 ,for ,horace's unfavourable judgment of ,plautus see ,epist4 ,i4 i4 #agj-agf1 and ,a4 ,p4 #bgj-bgb2 ,cicero's criticism is more just3 ,duplex omnino est iocandi genus3 unum illiberale petulans flagitiosum obscenum 7vulgar1 spiteful1 shameful1 coarse71 alterum elegans urbanum ingeniosum facetum 7in good taste1 gracious1 clever1 witty74 ,quo genere non modo ,plautus noster et ,atticorum antiqua comoedia 7i4e4 of ,aristophanes71 sed etiam philosophorum ,socraticorum libri referti sunt4 --,de ,off4 ,i4 civ4 ,,gaius ,,plinius ,,secundus1 #bc-gi ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,pliny ,,the ,,elder4 ,born at ,comum 7,como7 in the middle of the reign of ,tiberius1 ,pliny passed his life in high public employments1 both military and civil1 which took him successively over nearly all the provinces of the ,empire4 ,he had always felt a strong interest in science1 and he used his military position to secure information that otherwise might have been hard to obtain4 ,vespasian 7#gj-gh ,a4,d471 with whom he was on terms of close intimacy1 made him admiral of the fleet stationed at ,misenum4 ,it was while here that news was brought him of the memorable eruption of ,vesuvius in #gi ,a4,d4 ',in his zeal for scientific investigation he set sail for the spot in a man-of-war1 and lingering too near the zone of the eruption was suffocated by the rain of hot ashes4 ,the account of his death1 given by his nephew1 ,pliny the ,younger1 in a letter to the historian ,tacitus 7,ep4 vi4 #af71 is one of the best known passages in the classics4' --,mackail4 #b4 ,works4 ,a ,natural ,history1 in thirty-seven ,books1 is ,pliny's only extant work4 7,for his numerous other writings see ,pliny the ,younger1 ,ep4 iii4 #e47 ',it is a priceless storehouse of information on every branch of natural science as known to the ancient world4' --,mackail4 ,his work has been called the first popular encyclopedia of natural science4 ,plinius ,aetatis ,suae ,doctissimus4 --,gellius4 ,c4 ,,plinius ,,caecilius ,,secundus1 #fb-aac ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,pliny ,,the ,,younger4 ,pliny the ,younger was the son of ,c4 ,caecilius and of ,plinia1 the sister of the elder ,pliny4 ,he was born at ,comum 7,como71 also the birthplace of his celebrated uncle4 ,his father died when he was eight years old1 and he was placed under the care of a guardian1 ,verginius ,rufus1 one of the most distinguished ,romans of the day1 since he had held the crown within his grasp and had declined to wear it1 #fh ,a4,d4 ,verginius was not much of a student1 but ,pliny learned from him high ideals of duty and noble thoughts about the ,rome of earlier days1 and never lost his unbounded admiration and respect for his guardian 7,ep4 ii4 #a74 ,under his uncle's watchful care he received the best education ,rome could give1 and studied rhetoric under the great ,quintilian4 ,his bachelor uncle on his death in #gi left him his heir1 adopting him in his will4 ,gifted with wealth1 enthusiasm1 taste for publicity1 and a wide circle of influential friends1 ,pliny could not be content with the career of a simple eques4 ,accordingly he began the course of office that led to the ,senate and the ,consulship1 and finally in #aaa ,a4,d4 was appointed by ,trajan governor of ,bithynia1 where he discharged his duties with skill and ability4 ,his service seems to have been terminated only with his death4 #b4 ,works4 ,epistulae1 ,letters in nine ,books1 to which is added ,pliny's correspondence with ,trajan during his governorship of ,bithynia4 ,these and his ,panegyricus1 in praise of ,trajan1 are his only extant works4 ,it is on his ,letters that ,pliny's fame now rests1 and both in tone and style they are a monument that does him honour4 ,in many cases they were written for publication1 and thus can never have the unique and surpassing interest that belongs to those of ,cicero1 but they give a varied and interesting picture of the time4 ',in the ,letters the character of the writer1 its virtues and its weakness1 is throughout unmistakeable4 ,pliny1 the patriotic citizen1--,pliny1 the munificent patron1--,pliny1 the eminent man of letters1--,pliny1 the affectionate husband and humane master1--,pliny1 the man of principle1 is in his various phases the real subject of the whole collection4' --,mackail4 ',pliny is an almost perfect type of a refined pagan gentleman4' --,cruttwell4 ,,sextus ,,propertius1 circ4 #ej-ae ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,propertius4 ,of his life little or nothing is known1 except what is recorded by himself4 ,he was an ,umbrian by birth1 and probably a native of ,asisium 7,assisi71 a town on the ,w4 slope of the ,apennines1 not far from ,perusia4 ,like ,vergil and ,tibullus1 he lost his family property in the confiscation of lands by the ,triumvirs in #db ,b4,c42 but his mother's efforts secured for him a good education1 to complete which she brought him to ,rome4 ,he entered on a course of training for the ,bar1 but abandoned it in favour of poetry 7,,iv4 i4 #aca-d74 ,mox ubi bulla rudi dimissa est aurea collo1 ,matris et ante deos libera sumpta toga1 ,tum tibi pauca suo de carmine dictat ,apollo ,et vetat insano verba tonare foro4 ,his earliest poems 7,book ,i1 ,cynthia71 published at the age of about twenty1 brought him into notice and gained him admission to the literary circle of ,maecenas4 ,he lived in close intimacy with ,vergil1 ,ovid1 and most of his other literary contemporaries1 with the remarkable exception of ,horace1 to whom the sensitive vanity and passionate manner of the young elegiac poet were alike distasteful4 ,he died young1 before he was thirty-five1 about #ae ,b4,c4 #b4 ,works4 ,elegies1 in four ,books4 7,some editors divide ,book ,,ii into two ,books1 ,el4 #a-i ,book ,,ii1 and ,el4 #aj-cd ,book ,,iii1 so that ,,iii and ,,iv of the ,,mss4 and of ,postgate become ,,iv and ,v47 ,books ,i and ,,ii are nearly all poems on ,cynthia4 ,book ,,iii contains1 besides poems on ,cynthia1 themes dealing with friendship 7,el4 #g4 #ab4 #bb7 and events of national interest 7,el4 #d4 #aa4 #ah74 ,the poet struggles to emancipate himself from the thraldom of ,cynthia and to accomplish work more worthy of his genius4 ,book ,,iv contains poems on ,roman antiquities 7,el4 #b4 #d4 #i4 #aj71 written at the suggestion of ,maecenas1 the paean on the great victory at ,actium 7,el4 #f71 and the noblest of his elegiacs1 the ,elegy on ,cornelia 7,el4 #aa74 #c4 ,style4 ,the aim of ,propertius was to be the ,roman ,callimachus3 ,umbria ,romani patria ,callimachi 7,,iv4 i4 #fd74 ,the flexibility and elasticity of rhythm of the finest ,greek elegiacs he made his own4 ,the pentameter1 instead of being a weaker echo of the hexameter1 is the stronger line of the two1 and has a weightier movement4 ,in ,book ,i he ends the pentameter freely with words of three1 four1 and five syllables1 and we find long continuous passages in which there is scarcely any pause3 e4g4 in ,i4 xx4 #cc-cg3 ,hic erat ,arganthi ,pege sub vertice montis ,grata domus ,nymphis umida ,thyniasin1 ,quam supra nullae pendebant debita curae ,roscida desertis poma sub arboribus1 ,et circum irriguo surgebant lilia prato ,candida purpureis mixta papaveribus4 ',in some respects both ,tibullus and ,ovid may claim the advantage over ,propertius3 ,tibullus for refined simplicity1 for natural grace and exquisiteness of touch2 ,ovid for the technical merits of execution1 for transparency of construction1 for smoothness and polish of expression4 ,but in all the higher qualities of a poet ,propertius is as much their superior4' --,postgate4 ,,aurelius ,,prudentius ,,clemens1 #cdh-;circ4 #daj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,prudentius4 ,prudentius 7as he tells us in the brief metrical autobiography prefixed to his poems7 was born in the ,n4 of ,spain1 and1 like so many of the ,roman poets1 began his public life as an advocate4 ,he was afterwards appointed by ,theodosius 7#cgi-cie ,a4,d47 judge over a district in ,spain4 ,his active and successful discharge of this office induced ,theodosius 7or ,honorius1 #cie-dbc ,a4,d47 to promote him to some post of honour about the ,emperor's person4 ,his later years he devoted to the composition of sacred poetry1 and published his collected works #dje ,a4,d41 after which date we know no more of his history4 #b4 ,works4 ,his best known works are his ,cathemerina1 a series of poems on the ,christian's day and life1 of which the most graceful and pathetic is the ,funeral ,hymn1 e4g4 ,iam maesta quiesce querella1 ,lacrimas suspendite matres1 ,nullus sua pignora plangat1 ,mors haec reparatio vitae est1 and his ,peristephanon 7peri stephann liber7 in praise of ,christian martyrs4 ',these represent the most substantial addition to ,latin lyrical poetry since ,horace4' --,mackail4 ,we also have his ,contra ,symmachum in two ,books of indifferent hexameter verse1 in which he combats ,symmachus 7,consul #cia ,a4,d471 the last champion of the old faith1 and claims the victories of the ,christian ,stilicho as triumphs alike of ,rome and of the ,cross4 ',prudentius has his distinct place and office in the field of ,latin literature1 as the chief author who bridged the gulf between pagan poetry and ,christian hymnology4' --,north ,pinder4 ,,marcus ,,fabius ,,quintilianus1 circ4 #ce-ie ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,quintilian4 ,quintilian is the last and perhaps the most distinguished of that school of ,spanish writers 7,martial1 the two ,senecas1 and ,lucan7 which played so important a part in the literary history of the first century4 ,born at ,calagurris1 a small town on the ,upper ,ebro1 he was educated at ,rome1 and afterwards returned to his native town as a teacher of rhetoric4 ,there he made the acquaintance of the proconsul ,galba 7#fh-i71 and was brought back by him to ,rome in #fh ,a4,d41 where for twenty years he enjoyed the highest reputation as a teacher of eloquence4 ,among his pupils were numbered ,pliny the ,younger and the two sons of ,flavius ,clemens1 grand-nephews of ,domitian1 destined for his successors4 ,in #gi ,a4,d4 he was appointed by ,vespasian professor of rhetoric1 the first teacher who received a regular salary from the imperial exchequer4 ,domitian 7#ha-if ,a4,d47 conferred upon him an honorary consulship1 and the last ten years of his life were spent in an honoured retirement1 which he devoted to recording for the benefit of posterity his unrivalled experience as a teacher of rhetoric4 #b4 ,works4 ,institutio ,oratoria1 the ,training of an ,orator1 in twelve ,books4 ,this great work sums up the teaching and criticism of his life1 and gives us the complete training of an orator1 starting with him in childhood and leading him on to perfection4 ,thus3-- ,book ,i gives a sketch of the elementary training of the child from the time he leaves the nursery4 ,quintilian rightly attaches the greatest importance to early impressions4 ,book ,,ii deals with the general principles and scope of the art of oratory1 and continues the discussion of the aims and methods of education in its later stages4 ,books ,,iii-,,vii are occupied with an exhaustive treatment of the matter of oratory1 and are highly technical4 ',now that the formal study of the art of rhetoric has ceased to be a part of the higher education these ,books have lost their general interest4' --,mackail4 ,books ,,viii-,,xi treat of the manner 7style7 of oratory4 ,in ,book ,x1 cap4 i1 in the course of an enumeration of the ,greek and ,latin authors likely to be most useful to an orator1 ,quintilian gives us a masterly sketch of ,latin literature1 'in language so careful and so choice that many of his brief phrases have remained the final words on the authors1 both in prose and verse1 whom he mentions in his rapid survey4' --,mackail4 ,book ,,xii treats of the moral qualifications of a great speaker4 ,the good orator must be a good man4 ',quintilian with admirable clearness insists on the great truth that bad education is responsible for bad life1 and expresses with equal plainness the complementary truth that education1 from the cradle upwards1 is something which acts on the whole intellectual and moral nature1 and that its object is the production of the good man4' --,mackail4 #c4 ,style4 ,the style of ,quintilian is modelled on that of ,cicero1 whom he is never tired of praising1 and is intended to be a return to the usages of the best period4 ,in spite of some faults characteristic of the ,silver ,age 7e4g4 his excessive use of antithesis7 'for ordinary use it would be difficult to name a manner that combines so well the ,ciceronian dignity with the rich colour and high finish added to ,latin prose by the writers of the earlier empire4' --,mackail4 ,for the death of his son1 aged ten1 a boy of great promise1 for whose instruction he wrote the work1 see ,preface to ,book ,,vi4 ,quintiliane1 vagae moderator summe iuventae1 ,gloria ,romanae1 ,quintiliane1 togae4 ,mart4 ,,ii4 xc4 #a-b4 ,nihil in studiis parvum est4 ,cito scribendo non fit ut bene scribatur1 bene scribendo fit ut cito4 --,quintilian4 ,,gaius ,,sallustius ,,crispus1 #hf-ce ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,sallust4 ,a member of a plebeian family1 ,sallust was born #hf ,b4,c4 at ,amiternum1 in the country of the ,sabines4 ,as tribune of the people in #eb ,b4,c4 he took an active part in opposing ,milo 7,cicero's client7 and the ,pompeian party in general4 ,in #dh ,b4,c4 he commanded a legion in ,illyria without distinction1 and next year ,caesar sent him to treat with the mutinous legions in ,campania1 where he narrowly escaped assassination4 ,he afterwards followed ,caesar to ,africa1 and apparently did good service there1 for he was appointed in #df the first governor of the newly formed province of ,numidia4 ,in #de he returned to ,rome a very rich man1 and built himself a magnificent palace1 surrounded by pleasure grounds 7the famous ,gardens of ,sallust1 in the valley between the ,quirinal and the ,pincius71 which in after years emperors preferred to the palace of the ,caesars4 ,after ,caesar's death ,sallust retired from public life1 and it is to the leisure and study of these ten years that we owe the works that have made him famous4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,de ,catilinae ,coniuratione 7or ,bellum ,catilinae71 a monograph on the famous conspiracy1 in which ,sallust writes very largely from direct personal knowledge of men and events4 7#b7 ,bellum ,iugurthinum 7#aaa-ajf ,b4,c47 ,the writing of this monograph involved wide inquiry and much preparation4 7#c7 ,historiae1 in five books1 dealing with the events from #gh ,b4,c4 7death of ,sulla7 to #fg ,b4,c41 of which only a few fragments are extant4 #c4 ,style4 ',sallust aimed at making historical writing a branch of literature4 ,he felt that nothing had yet been done by any ,roman writer which would stand beside ,thucydides4 ,it was his ambition to supply the want4 ,that could only be done by offering as complete a contrast to the tedious annalist as possible1 and ,sallust neglected no means of giving variety to his work4 ,from ,thucydides he probably borrowed the idea of his introductions1 the imaginary speeches and the character portraits2 from ,cato the picturesque descriptions of the scenes of historical events and the ethnographical digressions4' --,cook4 ',the style of ,sallust is characterised by the use of old words and forms 7especially in the speeches74 ,he makes use of alliteration1 extensively employs the ,historic ,infinitive1 and shows a partiality for conversational expressions which from a literary point of view are archaic4 ,his abrupt unperiodic style of writing 7rough periods without particles of connexion7 has won for ,sallust his reputation for brevity4 ,his style is1 however1 the expression of the writer's character1 direct1 incisive1 emphatic1 and outspoken2 to have been a model for ,tacitus is no slight merit4' --,cook4 ,nec minus noto ,sallustius epigrammate incessitur3 ',et verba antiqui multum furate ,catonis1 ,crispe1 ,iugurthinae conditor historiae4' ,quint4 ,,viii4 iii4 #bi4 ',the last of the ,ciceronians1 ,sallust is also in a sense the first of the imperial prose-writers4' --,mackail4 ,primus ,romana ,crispus in ,historia 7,mart4 ,,xiv4 cxci47 ,l4 ,,annaeus ,,seneca ,,the ,,younger1 circ4 #d ,b4,c4-#fe ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,seneca4 ,the son of ,seneca the ,elder1 the famous rhetorician1 was born at ,corduba 7,cordova71 in ,spain1 and brought to ,rome by his parents at an early age4 ,his life was one of singularly dramatic contrasts and vicissitudes4 ,under his mother ,helvia's watchful care he received the best education ,rome could give4 ,through the influence of his mother's family he passed into the ,senate through the quaestorship1 and his successes at the bar awakened the jealousy of ,caligula 7#cg-da ,a4,d47 ,by his father's advice he retired for a time and spent his days in philosophy4 ,on the accession of ,claudius 7#da-ed ,a4,d47 he was banished to ,corsica at the instance of the ,empress ,messalina1 probably because he was suspected of belonging to the faction of ,agrippina1 the mother of ,nero4 ,after eight years he was recalled 7#di ,a4,d47 by the influence of ,agrippina 7now the wife of ,claudius71 and appointed tutor to her son ,nero1 then a boy of ten4 ,when ,nero became emperor1 at the age of seventeen 7#ed ,a4,d471 ,seneca1 in conjunction with his friend ,burrus1 the prefect of the praetorian guards1 became practically the administrator of the ,empire4 ',the mild and enlightened administration of the earlier years of the new reign1 the famous quinquennium ,neronis1 may indeed be largely ascribed to ,seneca's influence2 but this influence was based on an excessive indulgence of ,nero's caprices1 which soon worked out its own punishment4' --,mackail4 ,his connivance at the murder of ,agrippina 7#ei ,a4,d47 was the death-blow to his influence for good1 and the death of ,burrus 7#fc ,a4,d47 was1 as ,tacitus says 7,ann4 xiv4 #eb71 'a blow to ,seneca's power1 for virtue had not the same strength when one of its champions1 so to speak1 was removed1 and ,nero began to lean on worse advisers4' ,seneca resolved to retire1 and entreated ,nero to receive back the wealth he had so lavishly bestowed4 ,the ,emperor1 bent on vengeance1 refused the proffered gift1 and ,seneca knew that his doom was sealed4 ,in the year #fe1 on the pretext of complicity in the conspiracy of ,piso1 he was commanded to commit suicide1 and ,tacitus 7,ann4 xv4 #fa-fc7 has shown his love for ,seneca1 in spite of all his faults1 by the tribute he pays to the constancy of his death4 #b4 ,works4 ,his chief works are3-- 7#a7 ,dialogorum ,libri ,,xii1 of which the most important are the ,de ,ira and the ,consolatio to his mother ,helvia1 whom he tenderly loved4 7#b7 ,de ,clementia1 in three ,books1 addressed to ,nero1 written in #ee-f ,a4,d41 to show the public what sort of instruction ,seneca had given his pupil1 and what sort of ,emperor they had to expect4 7#c7 ,de ,beneficiis1 in seven ,books4 ,seneca proves that a tyrant's benefits are not kindnesses1 and sets forth his views on the giving and receiving of benefits4 7#d7 ,epistulae morales ad ,lucilium4 #abd letters are extant1 and form the most important and most pleasing of his works4 7#e7 ,tragedies4 ,nine are extant1 derived from plays by ,sophocles and ,euripides4 ,the only extant ,latin tragedies4 ',as a moral writer ,seneca stands deservedly high4 ,though infected with the rhetorical vices of the age his treatises are full of striking and often gorgeous eloquence1 and in their combination of high thought with deep feeling have rarely1 if at all1 been surpassed4' --,mackail4 ',seneca is a lamentable instance of variance between precept and example4' --,cruttwell4 ,,silius ,,italicus1 circ4 #be-ajj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,silius4 ,a letter of ,pliny 7iii4 #g7 is the chief source of our knowledge of the life of ,silius4 ,pliny tells us that ,silius had risen by acting as a delator 7informer7 under ,nero1 who made him consul #fh ,a4,d4 ,he goes on to say ',he had gained much credit by his proconsulship in ,asia 7under ,vespasian1 circ4 #gg ,a4,d471 and had since by an honourable leisure wiped out the blot which stained the activity of his former years4' ,martial also1 who has the effrontery to speak of him as a combined ,vergil and ,cicero1 tells us of his luxurious and learned retirement in ,campania1 and of his reverence for his master ,vergil1 'whose birthday he kept more religiously than his own4' ,according to ,martial 7xi4 #di7 the tomb of ,vergil had been practically forgotten1 and was in the possession of some poor man when ,silius bought the plot of ground on which it stood3 ,iam prope desertos cineres et sancta ,maronis ,nomina qui coleret1 pauper et unus erat4 ,silius optatae succurrere censuit umbrae1 ,silius et vatem1 non minor ipse1 colit4 #b4 ,works4 ,the ,punica1 an ,epic poem in seventeen ,books1 on the ,second ,punic ,war1 closes with ,scipio's triumph1 after the ,battle of ,zama1 #bjb ,b4,c4 ,silius closely followed the history as told by ,livy1 and without any inventive or constructive power of his own copies1 with tasteless pedantry1 ,homer and ,vergil4 ',he cannot perceive that the divine interventions which are admissible in the quarrel of ,aeneas and ,turnus are ludicrous when imported into the struggle between ,scipio and ,hannibal4 ,who can help resenting the unreality when at ,saguntum ,jupiter guides an arrow into ,hannibal's body1 which ,juno immediately withdraws1 or when1 at ,cannae1 ,aeolus yields to the prayer of ,juno and blinds the ,romans by a whirlwind of dust8'--,cruttwell4 ,the ,punica is valuable for its historical accuracy1 but it is one of the longest and one of the worst ,epic poems ever written4 ,scribebat carmina maiore cura quam ingenio4 ,pliny1 ,epist4 iii4 #g4 ,p4 ,,papinius ,,statius1 circ4 #fj-ajj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,statius4 ,statius was born at ,naples1 but early removed to ,rome1 where he was carefully educated and spent the greater part of his life4 ,his father was a scholar1 rhetorician1 and poet of some distinction1 and acted for a time as tutor to ,domitian4 ,statius had thus access to the ,court1 and repaid the patronage of ,domitian by incessant and shameless flattery4 ,after the completion of his ,thebais he retired to ,naples1 which was endeared to him by its associations with ,vergil1 and there satisfied his real love of nature4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,the ,thebais1 an ,epic poem in twelve ,books1 on the strife between the brothers ,eteocles and ,polynices1 and the subsequent history of ,thebes to the death of ,creon4 ,the ,thebaid became very famous3 ,juvenal 7,sat4 vii4 #hb-d7 tells us ,curritur ad vocem iucundam et carmen amicae ,thebaidos1 laetam cum fecit ,statius urbem promisitque diem 7i4e4 for a public recitation of his poem74 ',its smooth versification1 copious diction1 and sustained elegance made it a sort of canon of poetical technique4 ,among much tedious rhetoric and cumbrous mythology there is enough imagination and pathos to make the poem interesting and even charming4' --,mackail4 7#b7 ,the ,silvae1 in five ,books1 are occasional poems1 descriptive and lyrical1 on miscellaneous subjects4 ,these may well be considered his masterpiece4 ',genuine poetry1' says ,niebuhr1 'imprinted with the character of the true poet1 and constituting some of the most graceful productions of ,roman literature4' ,among the best known are the touching poem to his wife ,claudia 7iii4 #e71 the marriage song to his brother-poet ,arruntius ,stella 7i4 #b71 the ,propempticon ,maecio ,celeri 7iii4 #b71 the ,epicedion 7funeral song7 on the death of his adopted son 7v4 #e71 and the short poem 7v4 #d7 on ,sleep4 ,the greatest poet of the ,decline4 ,,gaius ,,suetonius ,,tranquillus1 circ4 #ge-afj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,suetonius4 ,the little we know of his life is chiefly gathered from the ,letters of ,pliny the ,younger1 and from scattered allusions in his own works4 ,the son of an officer of the ,thirteenth ,legion1 ,suetonius in early life practised as an advocate1 and subsequently became one of ,hadrian's private secretaries 7magister epistularum71 but was dismissed from office in #aba ,a4,d4 ,after his retirement from the service of the ,court he devoted the rest of his long life to literary research and compilation1 and published a number of works on a great variety of subjects1 so that he became famous as the ,varro of the imperial period4 #b4 ,works4 ,his extant works are3 7#a7 ,de ,vita ,caesarum1 the ,lives of the ,twelve ,caesars1 in eight ,books 7,i-,,vi ,julius-,nero2 ,,vii ,galba1 ,otho1 and ,vitellius2 ,,viii ,vespasian1 ,titus1 and ,domitian74 ,this is his most interesting and most valuable work4 ,his ,lives are not works of art3 he is simply a gatherer of facts1 collected from good sources with considerable care and judgment4 ',he follows out with absolute faithfulness his own theory1 which makes it necessary to omit no possible detail that can throw light upon the personality of his subject4' --,peck4 7#b7 ,de ,viris ,illustribus1 a history of ,latin literature up to his day4 ,the greater part of the section ,de grammaticis et rhetoribus is extant1 as well as the ,lives of ,terence1 ,horace1 and ,lucan 7partly71 from the section ,de poetis1 and fragments of the ,life of ,pliny the ,elder from the section ,de historicis4 ,extracts made from this work by ,jerome 7circ4 #djj ,a4,d47 in his ,latin version of ,eusebius' ,chronicles are the source from which much of our information as to ,latin authors is derived4 ',suetonius is terse1 and in that respect he resembles ,tacitus2 he is deeply interesting1 and there he shows some likeness to ,livy2 but his style is one of his own creation4 ,his chief desire is to present the facts stripped of any comment whatever1 grouped in such a way as to produce their own effect without the adventitious aid of rhetoric2 and then to leave the reader to his own conclusions4' --,peck4 ,probissimus1 honestissimus1 eruditissimus vir4 ,pliny1 ,epist4 ad ,trai4 #id4 ,,publilius ,,syrus1 circ4 #de ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,syrus4 ,all we know of him is that he was an enfranchised ,syrian slave1 a native of ,antioch1 and wrote for the stage mimes 7farces7 which were performed with great applause4 ,mime-writing was also practised at this time by the ,knight ,laberius1 and ,caesar is said to have patronised these writers in the hope of elevating their art4 #b4 ,works4 ,sententiae 7,maxims74 ,we possess #fig lines from his mimes 7unconnected and alphabetically arranged71 a collection made in the early ,middle ,ages1 and much used in schools4 ,as proverbs of worldly wisdom1 and admirable examples of the terse vigour of ,roman philosophy1 they are widely known1 e4g4 ,cuivis potest accidere quod cuiquam potest4 ,,cornelius ,,tacitus1 circ4 #ed-abj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,tacitus4 ,the personal history of ,tacitus is known to us only from allusions in his own works1 and from the letters of his friend the younger ,pliny4 ,he was born early in the reign of ,nero1 probably in ,rome2 his education1 political career1 and marriage into the distinguished family of ,agricola prove that he was a man of wealth and position4 ,he studied rhetoric under the best masters 7possibly under ,quintilian71 and had1 as ,pliny tells us 7,epist4 ,,ii4 i4 #f71 a great reputation as a speaker4 ,he passed through the usual stages of an official career and was appointed consul suffectus under ,trajan1 #ih ,a4,d41 when he was a little over forty4 ,from #hi to #ic ,a4,d4 he was absent from ,rome1 probably in some provincial command1 and during these years he may have acquired some personal knowledge of the ,german peoples4 ,in #ajj ,a4,d4 he was associated with ,pliny in the prosecution for extortion of ,marius ,priscus1 proconsul of ,africa1 of whom ,juvenal says 7,sat4 viii4 #abj73 ,cum tenues nuper ,marius discinxerit ,afros4 ,since ,marius has so lately stripped to their girdles 7i4e4 thoroughly plundered7 the needy ,africans4 ,from this date ,tacitus seems to have devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits and to have lived to or beyond the end of ,trajan's reign1 #aaf ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,dialogus de ,oratoribus1 an inquiry into the causes of the decay of oratory1 his earliest extant work4 ,in the style of this work the influence of ,quintilian and ,cicero is strongly seen4 7#b7 ,de ,vita et ,moribus ,iulii ,agricolae liber1 an account of the life of his father-in-law1 particularly of his career in ,britain1 published shortly after the accession of ,trajan1 #ih ,a4,d4 ',the ,sallustian epoch of ,tacitus finds its expression in the ,agricola and ,germania4' --,teuffel4 ,the ,agricola is perhaps the most beautiful biography in ancient literature4 7#c7 ,the ,germania1 or ,concerning the ,geography1 the ,manners and ,customs1 and the ,tribes of ,germany1 published in #ih or #ii4 ',the motive for its publication was apparently the pressing importance1 in ,tacitus' opinion1 of the ,german question1 and the necessity for vigorous action to secure the safety of the ,roman ,empire against the dangers with which4 it was threatened from ,german strength4' --,stephenson4 ',the ,germania is an inestimable treasury of facts and generalisations1 and of the general faithfulness of the outline we have no doubt4' --,stubbs4 7#d7 ,historiae1 consisting originally of fourteen ,books1 is a narrative of the events of the reigns of ,galba1 ,otho1 ,vitellius1 ,vespasian1 ,titus1 and ,domitian1 #fi-if ,a4,d4 ,only ,books ,i-,,iv and the first half of ,book ,v are extant1 and give the history of #fi and most of #gj ,a4,d4 ',the style of the ,historiae still retains some traces of the influence of ,cicero3 it has not yet been pressed tight into the short sententiae which were its final and most characteristic development1 but shows in a marked degree the influence of ,vergil4' --,cruttwell4 ,in the ,historiae1 as ,tacitus himself says1 'the secret of the imperial system was divulged--that an emperor could be made elsewhere than at ,rome'2 or1 in other words1 that the imperial system was a military and not a civil institution4 7#e7 ,the ,annales1 ab excessu divi ,augusti1 in sixteen ,books1 containing the history of the reigns of ,tiberius1 ,caligula1 ,claudius1 ,nero1 #ad-fh ,a4,d4 ,there are extant only ,books ,i-,,iv1 parts of ,v and ,,vi1 and ,,xi-,,xvi4 ',the old criticism1 tracing the characteristics of the style of ,tacitus to poetic colouring 7almost wholly ,vergilian7 and to the study of brevity and of variety1 is well founded4 ,they may be explained by the fact that he was the most finished pleader of an age which required above all that its orators should be terse1 brilliant1 and striking1 and by his own painful consciousness of the dull monotony and repulsive sadness of great part of his subject1 which needed the help of every sort of variety to stimulate the flagging interest of the reader4' --,furneaux4 ,his aim as an historian is best given in his own words3 ',i hold it the chief office of history to rescue virtue from oblivion1 and to hold out the reprobation of posterity as a terror to evil words and deeds' 7,ann4 iii4 #fe74 ,the greatest of ,roman historians4 ,,publius ,,terentius ,,afer1 circ4 #ahe-aei ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life ,sidenote3 ,,terence4 ,terence was born probably at ,carthage1 reached ,rome as a slave-boy1 and passed there into the possession of a rich and educated ,senator1 ,p4 ,terentius ,lucanus1 by whom he was educated and manumitted1 taking from him the name of ,publius ,terentius the ,african4 ',a small literary circle of the ,roman aristocracy admitted young ,terence to their intimate companionship2 and soon he was widely known as making a third in the friendship of ,gaius ,laelius with the first citizen of the ,republic1 the younger ,scipio ,africanus4 ,six plays had been subjected to the criticism of this informal academy of letters and produced on the stage1 when ,terence undertook a prolonged visit to ,greece for the purpose of further study4 ,he died of fever in the next year1 #aei ,b4,c41 at the early age of twenty-six4' --,mackail4 #b4 ,works4 ,comedies4--,all the six plays written and exhibited at ,rome by ,terence are extant4 ,they are the ,andria 7exhibited #aff ,b4,c41 when the poet was only eighteen years of age71 the ,heauton ,timoroumenos1 ,eunuchus1 ,phormio1 ,hecyra1 ,adelphoe4 ',with ,terence ,roman literature takes a new departure4 ,the ,scipionic circle believed that the best way to create a national ,latin literature was to deviate as little as possible1 in spirit1 form1 and substance1 from the works of ,greek genius4 ,the task which awaited ,terence was the complete ,hellenising of ,roman comedy3 accordingly his aim was to give a true picture of ,greek life and manners in the purest ,latin style4 ,he was not a popular poet1 in the sense in which ,plautus was popular3 he has none of the purely ,roman characteristics of ,plautus in sentiment1 allusion1 or style2 none of his extravagance1 and none of his vigour and originality4' --,sellar4 ,terence is1 accordingly1 in substance and form1 as ,caesar styles him1 a dimidiatus ,menander 7halved ,menander73 ,tu quoque1 tu in summis1 o dimidiate ,menander1 ,poneris1 et merito1 puri sermonis amator4 ,a ,roman only in language1 but as puri sermonis amator worthy to be ranked by the side of ,caesar himself and the purest ,latin authors4 ,,albius ,,tibullus1 circ4 #ed-ai ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,tibullus4 ,tibullus was a ,roman eques1 and was probably born at ,pedum1 a ,latin town just at the foot of the ,apennines1 and a few miles north of ,praeneste1 where his father possessed an ample estate4 ,much of his inherited property was lost2 and it is possible that1 like ,vergil1 ,horace1 and ,propertius1 he was a victim to the confiscations of the ,triumvirs in #db ,b4,c4 ,he1 however1 retained or recovered enough to afford him a modest competence4 ,in #ca-cj ,b4,c4 he served on the staff of his life-long friend and patron ,m4 ,valerius ,messalla1 the eminent general and statesman1 not less distinguished in literature than in politics4 ,the rest of his short life the poet spent on his ancestral farm at ,pedum1 amid the country scenes and employments congenial to his nature and habits4 #b4 ,works4 ,elegies1 in four ,books 7or three1 ,postgate74 ,tibullus published in his lifetime two ,books of elegiac poems3 after his death a third volume was published1 containing a few of his own poems1 together with poems by other members of the literary circle of ,messalla4 ,books ,i and ,,ii consist mainly of poems addressed to ,delia and to ,nemesis 7cf4 ,ov4 ,am4 ,,iii4 ix4 #ca-cb73 ,sic ,nemesis longum1 sic ,delia nomen habebunt2 ,altera cura recens1 altera primus amor4 ,and to ,messalla1 e4g4 ,el4 ,i4 vii4 #ee-f3 ,at tibi succrescat proles1 quae facta parentis ,augeat et circa stet veneranda senem4 #c4 ,style4 ',tibullus is pre-eminently ,roman in his genius and poetry4 ,he is the natural poet of warm1 tender1 and simple feeling4 ,neither ,greek mythology nor ,alexandrine learning had any attractions for his purely ,italian genius4 ,his language may be limited in range and variety1 but it is terse1 clear1 simple1 and popular4 ,his constructions are plain and direct4' --,north ,pinder4 ',to ,tibullus belongs the distinction of having given artistic perfection to the ,roman elegy4' --,sellar4 ,elegia quoque ,graecos provocamus1 cuius mihi tersus atque elegans maxime videtur auctor ,tibullus4 ',in elegy also we rival the ,greeks1 of which ,tibullus appears to me the purest and finest representative4' --,quint4 ,inst4 ,or4 ,x4 i4 #ic4 ',tibullus might be succinctly and perhaps not unjustly described as a ,vergil without the genius4' --,mackail4 ',tibullus and ,vergil are alike in their human affection and their piety1 in their capacity of tender and self-forgetful love1 in their delight in the labours of the field and their sympathy with the herdsman and the objects of his care4' --,sellar4 ,quid voveat dulci nutricula maius alumno1 ,qui sapere et fari possit quae sentiat1 et cui ,gratia1 fama valetudo contingat abunde1 ,et mundus victus1 non deficiente crumena6 ,horace to ,tibullus1 ,epist4 ,i4 iv4 #h-aa4 ,si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra ,restat1 in ,elysia valle ,tibullus erit4 4 4 4 4 4 ,ossa quieta1 precor1 tuta requiescite in urna1 ,et sit humus cineri non onerosa tuo4 ,ovid1 ,am4 ,,iii4 ix4 #ei-fj1 #fg-h4 ,c4 ,,valerius ,,flaccus1 fl4 #gj ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,valerius ,,flaccus4 ,he lived in the reign of ,vespasian 7#gj-gh ,a4,d471 to whom he dedicated his poem1 in which he refers to ,vespasian's exploits in ,britain and to the capture of ,jerusalem by ,titus1 #gj ,a4,d4 ,there are also references to the eruption of ,vesuvius in #gi ,a4,d4 ,quintilian is the only ,roman writer who mentions him 7,x4 i4 #ij73 ,multum in ,valerio ,flacco nuper amisimus1 which shows that he must have died circ4 #ij ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 ,the ,argonautica1 an ,hexameter poem in eight ,books1 apparently unfinished4 ,the poem is in part a translation1 in part a free imitation of the ,alexandrine epic of ,apollonius ,rhodius 7#bbb-aha ,b4,c47 ',his descriptive power1 particularly shown in touches of natural scenery1 his pure diction and correct style have inclined some critics to set ,valerius ,flaccus above his ,greek model4' --,north ,pinder4 ,the rhetorical treatment of the subject1 so characteristic of the period of the decline1 is1 however1 too prominent throughout his work4 ,both his rhythm and language are closely modelled on ,vergil4 ,,valerius ,,maximus1 fl4 #bf ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,valerius ,,maximus4 ,all that we know of him is that he visited ,asia in company with ,sextus ,pompeius 7the friend of ,ovid and of ,germanicus71 circ4 #bg-cj ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 ,facta et ,dicta ,memorabilia1 in nine ,books4 ,each ,book is divided into chapters on separate subjects 7e4g4 ,de ,severitate1 ,de ,verecundia1 ,de ,constantia71 under each of which he gives illustrations from ,roman history and from the history of other nations1 in order to show the native superiority 7as he thinks7 of ,romans to foreigners1 and especially to ,greeks4 ,as an historian he is most untrustworthy1 but there are many gaps in ,roman history 7e4g4 owing to the lost books of ,livy7 which he helps to supply4 ,his style shows all the faults of his age and rhetorical training2 his work was probably intended to be a commonplace-book for students and teachers of rhetoric4 ,m4 ,,terentius ,,varro1 #aaf-bg ,b4,c4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,varro4 ,born at ,reate1 in the ,sabine territory1 which was the nurse of all manly virtues1 ,varro was brought up in the good old-fashioned way4 ',for me when a boy1' he says1 'there sufficed a single rough coat and a single under-garment1 shoes without stockings1 a horse without a saddle4' ,bold1 frank1 and sarcastic1 he had all the qualities of the country gentleman of the best days of the ,republic4 ,on account of his personal valour he obtained in the war with the ,pirates1 #fg ,b4,c41 where he commanded a division of the fleet1 the naval crown4 ,in politics he belonged1 as was natural1 to the constitutional party1 and bore an honourable and energetic part in its doings and sufferings4 ,on the outbreak of the ,civil ,war he served as the legatus of ,pompeius in command of ,further ,spain1 but was compelled to surrender his forces to ,caesar1 #fi ,b4,c4 ,when the cause of the ,republic was lost ,caesar1 who knew ,varro's worth1 employed him in superintending the collection and arrangement of the great library at ,rome designed for public use4 ,after ,caesar's death ,varro was exposed to the persecution of ,antonius1 whose drunken revels and excesses at ,varro's villa at ,casinum are vividly described by ,cicero 7,phil4 ii4 #ajc sqq47 ,through the influence of his many friends ,varro obtained the protection of ,octavianus1 and was enabled to live at ,rome in peace until his death1 #bg ,b4,c41 in his ninetieth year4 #b4 ,works4 ,of all the works of ,varro1 embracing almost all branches of knowledge and literature1 only two have come down to us3 7#a7 ,the ,de ,re ,rustica1 in three ,books1 in the form of a dialogue1 written in his eightieth year4 ,it was a subject of which he had a thorough practical knowledge1 and is the most important of all the treatises upon ancient agriculture now extant4 ,book ,i treats of agriculture2 ,book ,,ii of stock-raising2 ,book ,,iii of poultry1 game1 and fish4 7#b7 ,de ,lingua ,latina1 in twenty-five ,books1 of which only ,v-,x have been preserved4 ,these contain much valuable information not found elsewhere1 but ,varro's notions of etymology are extremely crude4 ,of his other works1 we have much cause to regret the loss of his ,antiquities of ,things ,human and ,divine1 the standard work on the religious and secular antiquities of ,rome down to the time of ,augustus1 and his ,imagines1 biographical sketches1 with portraits1 of seven hundred famous ,greeks and ,romans1 the first instance in history of the publication of an illustrated book4 ',varro belongs to the genuine type of old ,roman1 improved but not altered by ,greek learning1 with his heart fixed in the past1 deeply conservative of everything national1 and even in his style of speech protesting against the innovations of the day4' --,cruttwell4 ,omnium facile acutissimus1 et sine ulla dubitatione doctissimus4 --,cicero4 ,studiosum rerum tantum docet1 quantum studiosum verborum ,cicero delectat4 --,st4 ,augustine4 ,,velleius ,,paterculus1 circ4 #ai ,b4,c4-#ca ,a4,d4 #a4 ,life4 ,sidenote3 ,,velleius ,,paterculus4 ,all we know of him is derived from his own pages4 ,he descended from a distinguished family in ,campania1 and his father was a ,praefectus equitum4 ,he accompanied ,c4 ,caesar1 the grandson of ,augustus1 on his mission to the ,east1 and was present at the interview with the ,parthian king4 ,two years afterwards1 #d ,a4,d41 he served under ,tiberius in ,germany as ,praefectus equitum4 ,for the next eight years ,paterculus served under ,tiberius in ,pannonia and ,dalmatia4 ,tiberius' sterling qualities as a soldier gained him the friendship of many of his officers1 and ,velleius by his energy and ability secured that of ,tiberius in return4 ,the last circumstance of his life that he records is the election to the praetorship of his brother and himself as candidates of ,caesar 7,tiberius7 in #ad ,a4,d4 #b4 ,works4 ,the ,historia ,romana in two ,books4 ,the beginning of ,book ,i is lost2 chapters #a-h in our text are occupied with a rapid survey of universal history1 especially of the ,east and of ,greece4 ,chapter #h breaks off at the rape of the ,sabine women1 and there is a great gap in the text before we reach in c4 #i the defeat of ,perseus at ,pydna in #afh ,b4,c4 ,chapters #i-ac carry the narrative down to the destruction of ,carthage and ,corinth in #adf ,b4,c4 ,book ,,ii continues the history and ends at the death of ,livia #bg ,a4,d4 ',the pretentiousness of his style is partly due to the declining taste of the period1 partly to an idea of his own that he could write in the manner of ,sallust4 ,it alternates between a sort of laboured sprightliness and a careless1 conversational manner full of endless parentheses4 ,yet ,velleius has two real merits3 the eye of a trained soldier for character1 and an unaffected1 if not a very intelligent1 interest in literature4' --,mackail4 ,p4 ,,vergilius ,,maro1 #gj-ai ,b4,c4 #a4 ,important ,events in ,vergil's ,life1 and ,chief ,works4 ,sidenote3 ,,vergil4 ,b4,c4 #gj4 ,born at ,andes1 near ,mantua4 #fe4 ,birth of ,horace4 #ee4 ,assumes the ,toga ,virilis at ,cremona4 ,death of ,lucretius4 #ec4 ,studies philosophy at ,rome under the ,epicurean ,siron4 #db4 ,eclogues ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,v1 and perhaps ,,vi1 written4 #da4 ,suffers confiscation of his estate4 ,takes refuge in ,siron's villa4 ,estates restored by ,octavianus through ,pollio4 ,eclogue ,i4 #dj4 ,vergil evicted a second time4 ,eclogues ,,iv1 ,,vi1 ,,ix4 ,becomes a member of the literary circle of ,maecenas4 #ci4 ,eclogues ,,viii and ,x4 #ch4 ,introduces ,horace to ,maecenas4 #cg4 ,begins the ,georgics at the suggestion of ,maecenas4 #bi4 ,completed ,georgics read to ,octavianus4 ,aeneid begun4 #bg4 ,augustus ,emperor4 #bf4 ,banishment and death of his friend ,gallus4 #be4 ,marriage of ,marcellus to ,julia1 daughter of ,augustus4 #bc4 ,death of ,marcellus3 ,aeneid1 ,book ,,vi1 read to the ,imperial family4 #ai4 ,journey of ,vergil to ,greece3 is taken ill1 dies at ,brundusium1 and is buried at ,naples3 ,mantua me genuit1 ,calabri rapuere1 tenet nunc ,parthenope3 cecini pascua1 rura1 duces4 #b4 ,works4 7#a7 ,bucolica 7,pastoral ,poems71 ten ,eclogues 7selected pieces71 written #db-ci ,b4,c4 ,these are closely modelled on ,theocritus1 and have all the weaknesses of imitative poetry4 ',the ,eclogues of ,vergil have less of consistency but more of purpose than the ,idylls of ,theocritus4 ,they are an advocacy of the charm of scenery and the pleasures of the country addressed to a luxurious and artificial society of dwellers in a town4' --,myers4 7#b7 ,georgica1 in four ,books1 written #cg-cj ,b4,c41 at the suggestion of ,maecenas1 'the ,home ,minister of ,augustus1 and public patron of art and letters in the interest of the new government4' --,mackail4 ',the details of his subject ,vergil draws mainly from his ,greek predecessors1 ,hesiod1 ,xenophon1 ,aratus1 and ,nicander1 but it is to ,lucretius he is chiefly indebted4 ,the language of ,lucretius1 so bold1 so genial1 so powerful1 and in its way so perfect1 is echoed a thousand times in the ,georgics4' --,nettleship4 ,book ,i treats of agriculture1 ,book ,,ii of the cultivation of trees1 ,book ,,iii of domestic animals1 ,book ,,iv of bees 7including the ,myth of ,aristaeus1 ll4 #cae-eeh74 ,the purpose of the ,georgics is to ennoble the annual round of labour in which the rural life was passed and to help the policy of ,augustus by inducing the people to go back to the land4 ',the motto of the ,georgics might well be said to be ,ora et labora4' --,tyrrell4 ',the ,georgics represent the art of ,vergil in its matured perfection1 and in mere technical finish are the most perfect work of ,latin literature4' --,mackail4 7#c7 ,the ,aeneid1 in twelve ,books1 written #bi-ai ,b4,c4 ,the choice of the subject was influenced by the wish of ,augustus to establish the legendary tradition of the connection of the gens ,iulia with ,aeneas through his son ,iulus1 and by ,vergil's own desire to write an epic on the greatness of ,rome1 in the manner of ,homer4 ,thus 'the centre of the mythical background was naturally ,aeneas1 as ,augustus was the centre of the present magnificence of the ,roman ,empire4 ,we surpass all other nations1 says ,cicero 7,de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #h71 in holding fast the belief that all things are ordered by a ,divine ,providence4 ,the theme of the ,aeneid is the building up of the ,roman ,empire under this ,providence4 ,aeneas is the son of a goddess1 and his life the working out of the divine decrees4' --,nettleship4 ,tu regere imperio populos1 ,romane1 memento2 ,hae tibi erunt artes2 pacisque imponere morem4 ,aen4 vi4 #hea-b4 ',at a verse from the ,aeneid1 the sun goes back for us on the dial2 our boyhood is recreated1 and returns to us for a moment like a visitant from a happy dreamland4' --,tyrrell4 ',in merely technical quality the supremacy of ,vergil's art has never been disputed4 ,the ,latin ,hexameter1 the stateliest measure ever moulded by the lips of man1 was brought by him to a perfection which made any further development impossible4' --,mackail4 ',as ,homer among the ,greeks1 so ,vergil among our own authors will best head the list2 he is beyond doubt the second epic poet of either nation4' --,quint4 ,x4 i4 #he4 ',the chastest poet and royalest1 ,vergilius ,maro1 that to the memory of man is known4' --,bacon4 ,,appendix ,,vii4 ,,note ,the following ,chronological ,outlines of ,roman ,history and ,literature are intended to illustrate the passages selected for translation4 ,important events and writers in contemporary ,history and ,literature are added1 in order to emphasise the comparative method of treating ,history4 ,the names of those ,latin authors from whose works passages have been selected are printed in capitals in the ,literature ,column4 ,a fuller outline of the ,imperial ,period will be given in a later volume4 ,,periods ,,of ,,latin ,,literature4 ,,period ,i4 ,the ,growth of ,latin ,literature #bej-hj ,b4,c4 ,,period ,,ii4 ,the ,golden ,age of ,latin ,literature #hj ,b4,c4-#ad ,a4,d4 ,,period ,,iii4 ,the ,silver ,age of ,latin ,literature #ad-aag ,a4,d4 ,,period ,,iv4 ,the ,later ,empire from #aag ,a4,d4 ,,chronological ,,outlines ,,of ,,roman ,,history ,,and ,,literature ---------------------------------------- ,b4,c4 ,,rome4 ,,other ,,nations4 ,b4,c4 ,,literature4 ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- ,,part ,i4--,,regal ,,period1 #gec-eji ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- ,foundation of ,carthage #hgh ,amos c4 #gfj #gec ,foundation of ,rome ,rise of ,corinth #gde ,isaiah c4 #gbj #gec-gaf ,,romulus4 ,roman ,senate of #bjj4 ,spolia opima 7#a7 ,captivity of ,israel #gba ,hesiod c4 #gjj #gaf-fgc ,,numa ,,pompilius4 ,religious ,institutions ,carentum founded #gjh #fgc-fdj ,,tullus ,,hostilius4 ,destruction of ,alba ,destruction of ,sennacherib's host #gja ,tyrtaeus 7,sparta7 c4 #fhj ,legend of ,horatii and ,curiatii ,cyrene founded #fda ,archilochus4 #fej #fdj-faf ,,ancus ,,martius4 ,conquest of ,latin ,towns ,josiah's reformation #fbe ,jeremiah c4 #fbe ,ostia1 first maritime colony ,periander1 tyrant of ,corinth #fbe-ehe #faf-egh ,,tarquinius ,,priscus4 ,public ,works3 the ,circus ,maximus1 ,cloaca ,maxima1 and ,temple of ,jupiter ,draco1 the law-giver at ,athens #fba ,alcaeus ,sappho #fjj ,solon ,massilia founded #fjj #egh-ecd ,,servius ,,tullius4 ,the ,census1 basis of ,comitia ,centuriata4 ,the ,servian ,wall includes the ,quirinal1 ,viminal and ,esquiline hills1 i4e4 ,rome of ,republican times4 ,captivity of ,judah #fjf-ecf ,solon at ,athens #eid ,thales #eij ,peisistratus at ,athens #efj-ebg ,ezekiel #ehe ,croesus in ,lydia #efj-edf ,aesop c4 #egj #ecd-eji ,,tarquinius ,,superbus4 ,conquest of ,gabii4 ,tyranny leading to expulsion of the ,tarquins and abolition of the monarchy ,cyrus enters ,babylon #ech ,theognis #edj ,return of ,jews under ,zerubbabel #ecf ,pythagoras #ecj ,expulsion of ,peisistratidae #eaj ,anacreon #ecj ---------------------------------------- ,,part ,,ii4--,,early ,,republic1 #eji-cff ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #eji ,two ,consuls 7,praetors7 first appointed ,darius ,hystaspes #eba-dhf ,aeschylus #ebe-def ,lex ,valeria establishes right of appeal ,pindar #eah-;c4 #ddc #ejg ,rome taken by ,etruscans under ,porsena ,ionian ,revolt #eja-dic ,heracleitus #ejj #dih ,latin ,war4 ,dictator first appointed4 ,miltiades at ,athens #dic-dhi ,simonides 7,ceos7 #dij ,battle of ,lake ,regillus ,ionians defeated at ,lade #did #did ,first ,session of the ,plebs4 ,tribuni ,plebis ,battle of ,marathon #dij #dhi ,volscian ,war 7,coriolanus7 ,aristides and ,themistocles #dij-dgj ,parmenides #dij #dhf-e ,agrarian ,law4 ,spurius ,cassius put to death ,xerxes #dhe-dfe ,bacchylides #dgj #dgg ,destruction of the ,fabii at ,cremera ,thermopylae4 ,salamis4 ,himera #dhj ,anaxagoras #dfj #deh ,war with ,aequians--,battle of ,mt4 ,algidus ,plataea 7,pausanians74 ,mycale #dgi ,sophocles #dif-djf ,cincinnatus ,dictator ,hiero ,i at ,syracuse #dgh-dfg ,euripides #dhj-djf #dea ,first ,decemvirate4 ,ten ,tables ,pericles at ,athens #dfi-dbi ,herodotus c4 #dhd-dbe #dej ,second ,decemvirate4 ,two new ,tables4 7,appius ,claudius7 ,cimon at ,athens #dff-ddi ,phidias 7,parthenon7 #ddh #ddh ,second ,secession of the ,plebs1 resulting in the ,valerio-,horatian ,laws ,athenian defeat at ,coronea #ddg ,empedocles #dde ,ezra and ,nehemiah c4 #ddd #dde ,military tribunes with consular power appointed ,athenian colony to ,thurii #ddd ,era of the ,sophists #ddj 7,gorgias1 ,protagoras7 #ddc ,censors first appointed #dci ,spurius ,maelius killed #dcg ,war with ,etruscans4 ,cossus wins ,spolia opima 7#b7 ,war of ,corinth and ,corcyra #dce ,antiphon c4 #dhj-daa #dbd ,capua taken by the ,samnites ,peloponnesian ,war #dca-dje ,thucydides c4 #dga-djb ,sphacteria 7,demosthenes1 ,cleon7 #dbe ,zeuxis ,parrhasius painters c4 #dbj ,alcibiades at ,athens #dbd-djd ,syracusan ,expedition #dae-dac ,lysias c4 #dde-cgh #djf-cif ,war with ,veii4 ,camillus ,dictator ,battle of ,aegospotami #dje ,aristophanes c4 #dej-che #djf ,roman soldiers first receive pay ,lysander enters ,athens #djd ,cratinus #ddi ,critias and ,thirty ,tyrants #djd ,eupolis #dbi ,democracy restored 7,thrasybulus7 #djc #cij ,invasion of the ,gauls4 ,battle of the ,allia ,artaxerxes ,,ii #dje-cei ,burning of ,rome 7,brennus7 ,expedition of ,cyrus the ,younger 7,the ,anabasis of ,xenophon7 #dja ,manlius ,capitolinus4 ,camillus ,parens ,patriae ,xenophon c4 #dcj-cee ,history based on documents begins ,socrates condemned #cii ,socrates #dfh-cii #chi ,rome rebuilt ,dionysius ,i of ,syracuse1 ,wars of ,syracuse and ,carthage #dje-cfh ,plato #dbj-cdh ,isocrates #dcf-cch #cgf-cff ,the ,licinian ,laws ,pelopidas and ,epaminondas 7,thebes7 #cgh-cfb ,isaeus #dbj-cdh ,supremacy of ,thebes 7,leuctra7 #cga ,first ,plebeian ,consul ,death of ,epaminondas 7,mantinea7 #cfb ,first ,praetor 7,judge7 appointed ---------------------------------------- ,,part ,,iii4--,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,italy1 #cff-bff ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #cfa ,second ,invasion of the ,gauls ,dionysius ,,ii of ,syracuse #cfh-cdc ,diogenes 7,cynic7 c4 #dai-cbd ,legend of ,manlius ,torquatus ,battle of ,mantinea #cfb ,ludi ,scenici at ,rome #cfe #cef ,c4 ,marcius ,rutilus1 ,first ,plebeian ,dictator ,philip of ,macedon #cei-ccf #cdi ,war with ,gauls4 ,legend of ,m4 ,valerius ,corvus ,dion at ,syracuse #ceg-cec ,praxiteles 7sculptor7 fl4 #cfj #cdh ,treaty of ,rome with ,carthage ,olynthus taken by ,philip #cdh ,aeschines #chi-cad #cdc-cda ,first ,samnite ,war ,demosthenes #chd-cbb ,battle of ,mt4 ,gaurus 7,m4 ,valerius ,corvus7 ,aristotle #chd-cbb #cdj-cch ,the ,latin ,war4 ,devotion of ,decius ,mus ,i4 ,battle of ,chaeronea #cch ,apelles 7painter7 #ccf ,battle of ,mt4 ,vesuvius #cci ,leges ,publiliae4 ,supremacy of ,comitia ,tributa ,alexander the ,great #ccf-cbc #cbf-cjd ,second ,samnite ,war 7,c4 ,pontius7 ,battle of ,issus #ccc ,menander #cdd-bib #cba ,caudine ,forks4 ,the ,yoke ,foundation of ,alexandria #ccb #caa ,appius ,claudius1 ,censor4 ,the ,via ,appia ,battle of ,arbela #cca #caa-cji ,etruscan ,war4 ,first ,battle at ,lake ,vadimo ,alexander's ,successors ,battle of ,ipsus 7#cja7 #cbc-cja #cje ,battle of ,bovianum #bih-bij ,third ,samnite ,war ,ptolemy ,i 7,soter7 #cbc-bhe ,euclid fl4 #cjj ,agathocles at ,syracuse #cag-bhi ,theophrastus c4 #chd-bgg #bie ,battle of ,sentinum4 ,devotion of ,decius ,mus ,,ii4 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes #cjh-bhc ,zeno1 the ,stoic c4 #cff-bfd #bhg ,last ,secession of the ,plebs ,rhodes powerful #cjj-bjj ,epicurus #cda-bgj #bhg ,lex ,hortensia4 ,legislative power of ,comitia ,tributa finally established ,political distinction between the ,patricians and ,plebeians now at an end ,aetolian ,league #bhd-afg ,theocritus fl4 #bhj #bhc ,renewed ,etruscan and ,gallic ,war ,achaean ,league #bhj-adf ,bion and ,moschus fl4 #bgj ,second ,battle at ,lake ,vadimo #bha-bge ,war with ,tarentines and ,pyrrhus #bhj ,battle of ,heraclea4 ,victory of the phalanx ,gauls in ,greece #bhj-bgh #bgi ,battle of ,asculum4 ,fabricius the ,just ,ptolemy ,,ii 7,philadelphus7 #bhe-bdg ,septuagint c4 #bgg #bgh ,rome and ,carthage allied #bgg ,pyrrhus masters nearly all ,sicily #bge ,battle near ,beneventum 7,m'4 ,curius ,dentatus7 ,pyrrhus returns to ,epirus #bgc ,treaty of ,rome with ,egypt4 ,recognition of ,rome as one of the great powers ,aratus 7astronomer7 fl4 #bgj #bgb ,pyrrhus killed at ,argos4 ,surrender of ,tarentum #bff ,all ,italy 7south of the ,apennines7 ,roman ---------------------------------------- ,,part ,,iv4--,,the ,,contest ,,with ,,carthage1 #bfd-bjb ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #bfd-bda ,first ,punic ,war #bfc ,hiero of ,syracuse joins ,rome ,hiero of ,syracuse #bfi-bai #bfa ,romans build a fleet #bfj ,naval victory of ,duilius near ,mylae ,aratus1 ,general of ,achaean ,league #bde ,callimachus fl4 #bfj ,columna ,rostrata #bef ,naval victory of ,regulus at ,ecnomus ---------------------------------------- ,,latin ,,literature4 ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- ,,prose4 ---------------------------------------- ,,verse4 ---------------------------------------- ,,period ,i4--,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,latin ,,literature1 #bej-hj ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #bee ,regulus defeated by ,xanthippus of ,sparta #bej ,roman victory at ,panormus 7,metellus7 #bdi ,carthaginian victory at ,drepana 7,claudius7 #bdh-bda ,hamilcar ,barca in ,sicily ,ptolemy ,,iii 7,euergetes7 #bdg-bbb #bda ,victory of ,lutatius off the ,aegates ,insulae ,peace with ,carthage ,sicily made a ,roman ,province 7#a7 ,livius ,andronicus 7fl4 #bdj7 #bda-bch ,war of ,carthage with her ,mercenaries ,corsica and ,sardinia made a ,roman ,province 7#b7 ,naevius 7fl4 #bce7 #bcf-bbh ,hamilcar in ,spain4 ,hannibal's oath #bcj-bbi ,illyrian ,war4 7,queen ,teuta7 ,athens joins ,achaean ,league #bbi #bbh ,corinth admits the ,romans to the ,isthmian ,games ,roman ,embassy to ,greece #bbh ,hasdrubal succeeds ,hamilcar in ,spain ,founds ,new ,carthage4 ,the ,iberus 7,ebro7 fixed as the ,carthaginian boundary #bbe-bbc ,gallic rising 7,boii and ,insubres7 ,reforms of ,cleomenes at ,sparta #bbf-e ,great victory near ,telamon #bbb ,victory over the ,insubres at ,clastidium ,aratus and ,antigonus take ,sparta #bba ,m4 ,marcellus wins the spolia opima 7#c7 ,subjugation of ,gaul south of the ,alps ,antiochus the ,great 7,syria7 #bbd-ahg #bba ,hannibal succeeds ,hasdrubal in ,spain #bai ,hannibal takes ,saguntum 7ally of ,rome7 ,ptolemy ,,iv 7,philopator7 #bbb-bje #bah-bjb ,second ,punic ,war ,philip ,v 7,macedon7 #bba-agi ,,plautus 7#bed-ahd7 #bah ,hannibal crosses the ,alps ,battles of the ,ticinus and ,trebia #bag ,battle of ,lake ,trasimene4 ,death of ,flaminius ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus1 ,dictator ,philip allied with ,hannibal #baf ,fabius ,pictor 7fl4 #baf7 ,,ennius 7#bci-afi7 #baf ,battle of ,cannae4 ,death of ,paulus #baf-baa ,revolt of ,capua #bae ,marcellus saves ,nola ,first ,macedonian ,war #bad-bje #bad-bab ,siege and ,capture of ,syracuse by ,marcellus ,death of ,archimedes #bab #bab ,p4 ,cn4 ,scipio defeated by ,hasdrubal ,loss of ,spain south of the ,ebro ,hannibal seizes ,tarentum #baa-bjf ,p4 ,cornelius ,scipio 7,africanus ,maior7 in ,spain ,rome allied with ,aetolians #baa #baj ,scipio surprises ,new ,carthage #bjh ,hasdrubal 7son of ,hamilcar7 eludes ,scipio and crosses the ,pyrenees to join ,hannibal ,philopoemen1 ,general of ,achaean ,league #bjh-ahc #bjg ,defeat and ,death of ,hasdrubal at the ,metaurus 7,nero7 #bjd ,scipio goes to ,africa3 blockades ,utica ,peace of ,rome with ,philip #bje #bjc ,hannibal recalled3 leaves ,italy #bjb ,battle of ,zama4 ,peace made ---------------------------------------- ,,part ,v4--,,formation ,,of ,,empire ,,beyond ,,italy1 #bjj-ahc ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #bjj-aif ,second ,macedonian ,war #aig ,battle of ,cynoscephalae 7,flaminius7 #aif ,proclamation of the ,freedom of ,greece #aie ,hannibal takes refuge with ,antiochus ,cato 7#bcd-adi7 #bjj-aia ,war with ,insubrian and ,boian ,gauls ,gallia ,cisalpina a ,roman ,province 7#c7 ,antiochus in ,greece #aib #aia-aij ,war with ,antiochus of ,syria #aia ,battle of ,thermopylae 7,cato7 #aij ,battle of ,magnesia4 7,l4 ,scipio and ,domitius7 ,hannibal with ,prusias1 ,king of ,bithynia #aij-ahc ,,pacuvius 7#bbj-acb7 #ahd ,censorship of ,cato #ahc ,deaths of ,hannibal1 ,scipio and ,philopoemen #agi ,t4 ,sempronius ,gracchus in ,spain ,war of ,antiochus and ,egypt #agb-afh #aga-afh ,third ,macedonian ,war 7,perseus7 #afh ,battle of ,pydna 7,aemilius ,paulus7 ,judas ,maccabaeus 7a treaty with ,rome1 #afa7 #aff-afa ,,terence 7#ahe-aei7 ,egypt accepts the protectorate of ,rome #adi-adf ,third ,punic ,war 7,scipio ,africanus ,minor7 ,destruction of ,carthage ,,lucilius 7#ahj-ajc7 #adh-adf ,war with ,andriscus 7the pseudo-,philip7 and the ,achaeans4 ,destruction of ,corinth 7,mummius7 #adh ,macedonia made a ,roman ,province 7#d7 ,illyricum made a ,roman ,province 7#e7 #adi-adj ,war with ,viriathus1 the ,lusitanian ,hero ,judaea free from ,syrian control 7,simon ,maccabaeus7 #adb #adc-acc ,numantine ,war #acc ,destruction of ,numantia 7,scipio ,africanus ,minor7 ,accius 7c4 #agj-ij7 ,roman ,province in ,spain 7#g7 ,achaia made a ,roman ,province 7#h7 #acc ,attalus ,,iii bequeaths the ,kingdom of ,pergamum to ,rome4 ,this becomes the ,roman ,province of ,asia 7#i7 ---------------------------------------- ,,part ,,vi4--,,period ,,of ,,civil ,,strife ,,in ,,italy1 ,,etc4 #acc-dd ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- #acc-aba ,attempted reforms 7,leges ,semproniae7 of the ,gracchi #acc ,agrarian ,law of ,tiberius ,gracchus ,john ,hyrcanus subdues ,idumea and ,samaria #abi ,murder of ,tib4 ,gracchus 7,p4 ,scipio ,nasica7 ,first civil bloodshed in ,rome #aca ,two plebeian ,consuls 7the first time7 #abi ,death of ,scipio ,africanus ,minor 7,carbo suspected7 #abc-b ,tribunate of ,c4 ,gracchus ,roman ,colony sent to ,carthage #abc #aba ,death of ,c4 ,gracchus ,conquest of ,s4 ,gaul4 ,province of ,narbonensis 7#aj7 ,mithridates 7,pontus7 #abj-fc ,afranius 7fl4 #ajj7 #aah ,death of ,micipsa1 ,king of ,numidia #aaa-ajf ,the ,jugurthine ,war 7,metellus1 ,marius1 ,sulla7 ,conquests of ,mithridates on the ,black ,sea #aab-aaj #ajf ,jugurtha betrayed to ,sulla #aje ,the ,cimbrians defeat the ,romans at ,arausio #ajb ,marius defeats ,teutones at ,aquae ,sextiae #aja ,marius 7with ,catulus7 defeats ,cimbri at ,vercellae #ajj ,marius ,consul a sixth time ,sulla on the ,euphrates #ib #ia ,tribunate of ,m4 ,livius ,drusus #ia-ha ,the ,social or ,marsic ,war ,tigranes 7,armenia7 #ie-fj #ij ,lex ,iulia1 granting the civitas to the ,italian ,states not in rebellion #hi ,battle of ,asculum #hh-hf ,first ,civil ,war 7between ,marius and ,sulla7 ---------------------------------------- ,,period ,,ii4--,,the ,,golden ,,age ,,of ,,latin ,,literature1 #hj ,b4,c4-#ad ,a4,d4 ---------------------------------------- #hh ,sulla occupies ,rome4 ,first invasion of ,rome by a ,roman army #hg-hd ,cinnan revolution4 ,marius' reign of terror #hh-hd ,first ,mithridatic ,war4 7,sulla7 #hh ,massacre of ,romans in ,asia #hf ,victory at ,chaeronea4 ,sulla takes ,athens ,death of ,marius #he ,victory at ,orchomenus ,tigranes at war with ,rome #hf-he ,,lucretius 7#ig-ec7 #hd ,peace of ,dardanus with ,mithridates #hc-hb ,second ,civil ,war 7between ,marius and ,sulla7 #hb ,death of the younger ,marius4 ,sulla ,felix #hc-ha ,the ,sullan ,proscriptions ,second ,mithridatic ,war 7,murena7 ,pompeius in ,africa3 triumphs as an ,eques #ha #ha-gi ,sulla ,dictator4 ,leges ,corneliae #hj ,cilicia made a ,roman ,province 7#aa7 #gh ,death of ,sulla #gh-gb ,war with ,sertorius in ,spain 7,pompeius7 ,pharisees supreme in ,judaea #gh ,sisenna 7fl4 #gh7 #ge ,mithridates in alliance with ,sertorius #gd ,bithynia made a ,roman ,province 7#ab7 ,nicomedes leaves ,bithynia to ,rome #ge ,,varro 7#aaf-bg7 #gb ,betrayal and murder of ,sertorius #gc-ga ,war with ,spartacus and his gladiators #ga ,death of ,spartacus 7,crassus and ,pompeius7 #gd-fc ,third ,mithridatic ,war 7,lucullus1 ,pompeius7 #gb ,victory of ,cabira 7,pontus74 ,lucullus reforms the province of ,asia 7hence unpopular with ,equites7 ,,catullus 7#hd-ed7 #gj ,first ,consulship of ,pompeius and ,crassus ,overthrow of the ,sullan ,constitution #fi ,victory at ,tigranocerta 7capital of ,armenia7 ,,nepos 7#ajj-bd7 #fg ,mutiny of ,lucullus' soldiers4 ,mithridates recovers ,pontus ,rome interferes in ,palestine #fe ,,sallust 7#hf-cd7 ,lex ,gabinia4 ,pompeius destroys the ,pirates #ff ,lex ,manilia4 ,lucullus superseded by ,pompeius ,victory of ,nicopolis 7,armenia74 ,peace with ,tigranes ,,cicero 7#ajf-dc7 #fd ,syria made a ,roman ,province 7#ac7 #fc ,pompeius takes ,jerusalem ,death of ,mithridates #fc ,cicero ,consul4 ,catiline's conspiracy crushed ,cicero saluted as ,pater ,patriae #fa ,pompeius' great ,triumph #fj ,first ,triumvirate 7,pompeius1 ,caesar1 ,crassus7 #ei ,caesar's first ,consulship4 ,the ,leges ,iuliae #eh-ej ,caesar in ,gaul 7in ,britain #ee and #ed ,b4,c47 ,gaul divided into three ,provinces 7#ad1 #ae1 #af7 ,,caesar 7#ajb-dd7 #eh-eg ,cicero's banishment and return ,a4 ,hirtius 7ob4 #dc7 #ef ,conference of the ,triumvirs at ,luca #ee ,second ,consulship of ,pompeius and ,crassus #ec ,disaster at ,carrhae4 ,death of ,crassus #eb ,pompeius sole ,consul till ,august #ast #ea-ej ,cicero ,governor of ,cilicia #di-de ,third ,civil ,war 7between ,caesar and ,pompeius7 #di ,caesar crosses the ,rubicon #di ,caesar's successful campaign round ,lerida 7,spain7 #di ,massilia surrenders to ,caesar #di ,defeat and death of ,curio in ,africa #dh ,caesar's unsuccessful investment of ,dyrrachium ,cleopatra #fi-cj #dh ,battle of ,pharsalus4 ,murder of ,pompeius #dg ,alexandrine ,war4 ,settlement of ,asia #df ,battle of ,thapsus4 ,death of ,cato #de ,caesar sole ,consul4 ,battle of ,munda 7,spain7 ,,pub4 ,,syrus 7fl4 #de7 #dd ,murder of ,caesar ---------------------------------------- ,,imperial ,,period4 ---------------------------------------- #dc ,second ,triumvirate 7,lepidus1 ,antonius1 ,octavianus7 ,herod the ,great in ,judaea #cg-d ,pollio 7fl4 #dj7 ,,vergil 7#gj-ai7 #db ,battle of ,philippi 7,brutus and ,cassius7 #ca ,battle of ,actium 7,antonius and ,cleopatra7 ,egypt a ,roman ,province 7#ag7 ,,horace 7#fe-h7 #bg ,b4,c4-#ad ,a4,d4 ,,octavianus ,,augustus ,,tibullus 7#ed-ai7 #bc ,death of ,marcellus ,,livy 7#ei ,b4,c4-#ah ,a4,d47 ,,propertius 7#di-ae7 #bj ,parthians restore standards ,,birth ,,of ,,christ ,b4,c4 #d ,,ovid 7#dc ,b4,c4-#ah ,a4,d47 ,a4,d4 #i ,destruction of army under ,varus 7,arminius7 ---------------------------------------- ,,period ,,iii4--,,the ,,silver ,,age1 #ad-aag ,a4,d4 ---------------------------------------- #ad-cg ,,tiberius #cg-da ,,caligula #da-ed ,,claudius ,pontius ,pilate in ,judaea #bf-cf ,v4 ,,paterculus 7fl4 #bj7 ,,manilius 7fl4 #ab7 #dc-ea ,conquest of ,britain ,,crucifixion #cj ,,val4 ,,maximus 7fl4 #bf7 ,,phaedrus 7fl4 #cj-dj7 ,boadicea in ,britain #fa ,,seneca 7#d ,b4,c4-#fe ,a4,d47 ,,persius 7#cd-fb7 #ed-fh ,,nero ,rome burnt #fd #fh-fi ,,galba1 ,,otho1 ,,vitellius ,,petronius 7ob4 #ff7 ,,lucan 7#ci-fe7 #gj-gh ,,vespasian4 7,colosseum built7 #gi-ha ,,titus ,titus destroys ,jerusalem #gj ,,pliny ,i4 7#bc-gi7 ,,val4 ,,flaccus 7ob4 #ij7 #gi ,eruption of ,vesuvius 7,herculaneum and ,pompeii7 #ha-if ,,domitian ,agricola subdues ,britain #gh-he #ic ,death of ,agricola 7father-in-law of ,tacitus7 ,,quintilian 7c4 #ce-ie7 #if-ih ,,nerva ,,frontinus 7c4 #da-ajc7 ,,statius 7ob4 #ie7 #ih-aaf ,,trajan ,greatest extent of ,roman ,empire ,,tacitus 7c4 #ee-abj7 ,,pliny ,,ii4 7#fa-aac7 ,,silius 7#be-aja7 ,,martial 7c4 #dj-ajb7 #aag-ach ,,hadrian ,hadrian's wall #aba ,,florus 7fl4 #acg7 ,,juvenal 7c4 #ee-ach7 #ach-afj ,,antoninus ,,pius ,,suetonius 7c4 #ge-afj7 ,,justinus 7c4 #aej7 #afa-ahj ,,marcus ,,aurelius ,wall of ,antonine #adj ,a4 ,,gellius 7fl4 #afi7 ---------------------------------------- ,,period ,,iv4--,,the ,,later ,,empire1 ,,from #aag ,a4,d4 ---------------------------------------- #bgd-ccg ,,constantine ,,the ,,great ,council of ,nicaea #cbe ,,nemesianus 7fl4 #bhd7 ,,ter4 ,,maurus 7c4 #cjj7 ,,ausonius 7fl4 #cgi7 #cie-adec ,byzantine ,empire ,romans leave ,britain #dji-dbj #djh-daj ,alaric the ,goth at ,rome 7,stilicho7 ,hengist and ,horsa 7,kent7 #ddi ,,eutropius 7fl4 #cge7 ,,claudian 7fl4 #djj7 #dea ,attila the ,hun defeated at ,chalons ,constantinople taken by ,turks #adec #dee ,genseric the ,vandal at ,rome ,augustine 7#ced-dcj7 ,,prudentius 7fl4 #djd7 #dgf ,odoacer at ,rome4 ,western ,empire ends ,rutilius 7fl4 #daf7 ,,index ,the numbers refer to pages throughout4 ,ablative ,absolute1 #ab1 #eh ,aegates ,insulae1 battle off1 #aad ,alban ,lake1 its rise1 #gi ,alesia1 siege of1 #bjb ,allia1 battle of the1 #ha1 #hb ,analysis1 help through1 #f1 #bc1 #dg ,andriscus1 war with1 #aef ,antiochus1 his overthrow1 #adi ,antonius1 attacked by ,cicero1 #bcj2 causes the murder of ,cicero1 #bcj1 #bcb ,appius ,claudius1 his speech against peace with ,pyrrhus1 #ajb ,aquae ,sextiae1 ,teutones annihilated at1 #afd ,archelaus1 defeated at ,chaeronea1 #agb2 at ,orchomenus1 #agc ,archimedes1 his engineering skill1 #acg2 the ,tomb of ,archimedes1 #ed ,arpinum1 birthplace of ,cicero and ,marius1 #afc ,asculum 7,apulia71 battle of1 #ajc ,asculum 7,picenum71 outbreak of ,social ,war at1 #ajh2 battle near1 #afi ,beneventum1 battle near1 #ajc ,bovianum1 battle of1 #ih ,caesar1 personal appearance and physical powers1 #ahf2 captured by pirates1 studies oratory at ,rhodes1 #ahg2 curule aedile1 propraetor1 #aib2 first triumvirate1 consul1 #aie2 campaigns in ,gaul and ,britain1 #aif-bjb2 civil war with ,pompeius1 #bji-bbd2 dines with ,cicero1 #bbe2 his death1 #bbf2 his character1 #bbg-bbi2 life of1 #bic-bif ,camillus1 capture of ,veii1 #hj2 delivers ,rome from the ,gauls1 #he2 stays migration to ,veii1 #hf ,capua1 the revolt and punishment of1 #acc1 #acd ,carrhae1 battle of1 #bjf1 #bjg ,carthage1 its foundation1 #aji2 the building of1 #aaj2 wars between ,rome and1 #ajh-adf2 destruction of1 #aee ,cassivellaunus1 submission of1 to ,caesar1 #aii ,catiline1 his conspiracy1 #aic2 his end1 #aid ,cato ,major1 his character1 #aea1 #aeb2 life of1 #bif ,cato ,uticensis1 his character1 #bbd2 his death1 #bbc ,caudine ,forks1 the ,romans entrapped and sent under the yoke1 #ie1 #if ,chaeronea1 battle of1 #agb ,cicero1 his first and only campaign1 #afi2 impeaches ,verres1 #ahh2 speech against ,catiline1 #aic2 his banishment and return1 #bjc1 #bjd2 his recantation1 #bje2 governor of ,cilicia1 #bjh2 speech against ,antonius1 #bcj2 his death1 #bcb2 his character1 #bca1 #bcc2 life of1 #big-cjj ,cincinnatus1 called from the plough1 #gd ,claudius ,pulcher1 his defeat off ,drepana1 #aac ,cognates1 #d1 #e1 #dd1 #de1 #bfg-h ,colline ,gate1 battle at the1 #agd ,compound ,words1 #c-e ,conjunctions1 #bgd-f ,corinth1 destruction of1 #aef ,coriolanus and his mother ,veturia1 #gb ,corvus1 ,m4 ,valerius1 hero of ,mt4 ,gaurus1 #ia ,cossus1 ,a4 ,cornelius1 wins spolia opima1 #gg ,crassus1 member of ,first ,triumvirate1 #aie2 his defeat at ,carrhae1 #bjf1 #bjg ,cremera 7,river71 ,fabii destroyed at the1 #gc ,cynoscephalae1 battle of1 #adg ,dardanus1 peace of1 #agc ,decius ,magius1 his defiance of ,hannibal1 #acc ,decius ,mus 7the elder71 his self-sacrifice at battle of ,mt4 ,vesuvius1 #ib ,decius ,mus 7the younger71 his self-sacrifice at battle of ,sentinum1 #ii ,dentatus1 ,m'4 ,curius1 an old-time ,roman1 #aje ,drepana1 battle off1 #aac ,drusus1 ,m4 ,livius1 his tribuneship1 #afg ,duilius1 his naval victory near ,mylae1 #aab ,dyrrachium1 ,caesar's lines of circumvallation1 #baf2 plan of1 opposite #baf ,elissa 7,dido71 foundress of ,carthage1 #aji ,english ,derivatives1 help through1 #a1 #b1 #ba1 #bi1 #cj ,fabii1 destruction of1 #gc ,fabius ,maximus ,cunctator1 his character1 #abg2 and his ,master of the ,horse1 #abh ,fabricius the ,just1 #aja ,flamininus proclaims the freedom of ,greece1 #adh ,flaminius1 his defeat at ,lake ,trasimene1 #abd-abf2 his death1 #abf ,floralia1 origin of1 #hh ,french ,derivatives1 help through1 #b1 #c1 #bi1 #cj ,gaurus 7,mount71 battle of1 #ia ,gergovia1 siege of1 #bja ,gracchi1 ,the1 #afj1 #afa ,hannibal1 his oath1 #aae2 his character1 #aaf1 #aag2 lays siege to ,saguntum1 #aah2 his dream and its interpretation1 #aai2 his march from ,spain to ,italy1 #abj-abb2 his victory at the ,trebia1 #abc2 at ,lake ,trasimene1 #abd-abf2 at ,cannae1 #abi1 #acj2 the advice of ,maharbal1 #aca2 at ,capua1 #acc1 #acd2 leaves ,italy1 #add2 his overthrow at ,zama1 #ade1 #adf2 his death1 #aej ,hasdrubal1 his defeat and death at the ,metaurus1 #adc ,heraclea1 battle of1 #ajj ,horatius ,cocles1 his defence of the ,sublician bridge1 #fg1 #fh ,jugurtha1 his betrayal1 #afb ,lepidus1 ,m4 ,aemilius1 speech against ,sulla1 #agh ,lerida1 campaign round1 #bac ,liciuius1 first plebeian consul1 #hg ,lucullus1 character and early career1 #aha2 his wealth1 #ahb2 surnamed ,ponticus1 #ahd ,lutatius1 his victory off the ,aegates ,insulae1 #aad ,magnesia1 battle of1 #adi ,maharbal urges ,hannibal to advance on ,rome1 #aca ,manlius ,capitolinus1 his fate1 #hd ,manilus1 ,l41 and his son ,torquatus1 #hi ,marcellus saves ,nola from ,hannibal1 #ace2 his lament over ,syracuse1 #ach2 his death1 #aci ,marius1 ,cicero on1 #afc2 annihilates ,teutones at ,aquae ,sextiae1 #afd2 seven times consul1 #afe2 outlived his fame1 #afe ,marius the ,younger1 death of1 #age ,massilia1 siege of1 #bad ,menenius ,agrippa1 harangues the ,plebs1 #ga ,metaphors1 #ac1 #ad ,metaurus1 ,nero's march to the1 #adb2 battle of the1 #adc ,mithridates1 his youth and early training1 #aga2 his preparations for conquest1 #aga ,mucius 7,scaevola71 loss of his right hand1 #fi ,mummius ,achaicus destroys ,corinth1 #aef ,mylae1 naval battle near1 #aab ,nero1 his march to the ,metaurus1 #adb2 his victory over ,hasdrubal1 #adc ,nervii1 ,the1 overthrown by ,caesar1 #aif ,numantia destroyed1 #aeh ,numa ,pompilius1 #fb ,order of words in ,latin1 #i1 #aj ,papirius ,cursor and his ,master of the ,horse1 #id ,parallelism1 use of1 in ,ovid1 #bg ,parataxis1 use of1 in ,ovid1 #bf ,participles1 how to translate1 #aa1 #ab ,passive in ,english for ,latin ,active1 #aa ,paulus ,l4 ,aemilius1 his victory at ,pydna1 #aec1 #aed ,period1 the1 #g-i ,perseus1 ,king of ,macedon1 his overthrow1 #aec1 #aed ,pharsalus1 battle of1 #bag-bai2 plan of1 opposite #bah ,philip1 ,king of ,macedon1 his overthrow1 #adg ,philopoemen1 death of1 #aej ,phrases for ,latin ,prose ,composition1 #de ,pompeius1 character and career to #ff ,b4,c41 #ahe2 campaign against the pirates and ,mithridates1 #ahi-aia2 coalition with ,caesar1 #aie2 civil war with ,caesar1 #bji-bbb2 dream on the eve of ,pharsalus1 #bag2 ill-advised at ,pharsalus1 #bah2 his death1 #bbj2 ,cato's eulogy on1 #bba2 his grave1 #bbb ,porsenna1 ,lars1 attack upon ,rome1 #fg-fi ,prefixes1 #d1 #bb1 #bgg-bha ,punctuation a help to translation1 #f ,pydna1 battle of1 #aec1 #aed ,pyrrhus1 his aims1 #ajj2 defeats the ,romans at ,heraclea1 #ajj2 victorious at ,asculum but routed near ,beneventum1 #ajc2 his death and eulogy1 #ajd ,regillus1 ,lake1 battle of1 #gj ,regulus1 his embassy1 #aaa ,res1 different meanings of1 #aa1 #cc-cd1 #da ,rome1 position of1 #fe ,romulus1 the passing of1 #fa ,rutilius1 defeat and death of1 #afi ,sacriportus1 battle of1 #agd ,saguntum1 siege of1 #aah ,scansion and ,metre1 a help to translation1 #f ,scipio ,major1 prevents ,nobles from abandoning ,italy1 #aca2 his character1 #adj2 takes ,new ,carthage1 #ada2 his victory at ,zama1 #ade1 #adf2 his death1 #aej ,scipio ,minor1 destroys ,carthage1 #ace2 ,numantia1 #aeh ,sentinum1 battle of1 #ii ,sertorius1 and his ,fawn1 #agi2 his career and death1 #ahj ,spartacus1 war with1 #ahc ,style1 helps to1 #ac1 #ad ,suffixes1 #d1 #bhb-bhf ,sulla1 his character and bearing1 #agj2 his proscriptions1 #age2 his brilliant tactics at ,chaeronea1 #agb2 capture of ,athens and the ,piraeus1 #agc2 victory at ,orchomenus1 #agc2 concludes peace with ,mithridates1 #agc2 defeats ,marians at ,sacriportus1 #agd2 and at battle of the ,colline ,gate1 #agd2 surnamed ,felix1 #age2 dictator1 abdication and death1 #agf2 his legislation1 #agg ,syracuse1 description of1 #acf2 siege and fall of1 #acg1 #ach ,tarentum1 ,horace in praise of1 #ajf ,tarquinius ,superbus1 purchase of the ,sibylline books1 #fc ,tarquinius1 ,sextus1 at ,gabii1 #fd ,teutones1 annihilated at ,aquae ,sextiae1 #afd ,thermopylae1 battle of1 #adi ,translation1 helps to1 #e-ab ,trasimene1 battle of1 #abd-abf ,trebia1 battle at1 #abc ,veii1 conquest of1 #hj ,veneti1 naval battle with1 #aig ,vercingetorix1 ,gallic rising under1 #bjj2 his last fight1 #bjb ,verginia1 the consequences of her death1 #gf ,verres1 prosecuted by ,cicero1 #ahh ,vesuvius1 ,mount1 battle of1 #ib1 #ic ,viriathus1 war with1 #aeg ,vocabulary1 helps to1 #a-e ,vowel changes of ,verbs1 #c-d ,zama1 battle of1 #ade1 #adf ,,printed ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,and ,,co4 ,,ltd4 ,,london ,,and ,,eton4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,format of ,e-,text ,in ,appendixes ,i-,,iv1 boldface markup of ,latin words and word elements was omitted for readability4 ,english translations retain their italic markup4 ,in the ,demonstrations1 sentence breaks were marked with in the body text corresponding to ,roman numerals in the margin4 ,these numerals are shown between paired lines as ,,iv1 or in braces ,,iv when the lines were not used4 ,internal references using page numbers are supplemented in double brackets as ,selection ,c#ag or ,introduction #f 7#b74 ,line ,numbers ,reading passages were printed with marginal line numbers starting from #a at the top of each page4 ,a page might contain one or more selections1 but readings never crossed page breaks4 ,line numbers have been variously handled3 ,all markings of line #a were omitted4 ,in the six ,demonstrations1 line numbers are not used in the explanatory text1 so they were omitted4 ,in the ,miscellaneous ,passages1 which have no linenotes1 line numbers were omitted in all prose and in the shorter verse selections4 ,in prose passages labeled ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 line numbers by multiples of #e were printed in the margin4 ,they are shown here in braces within the body text4 ,where a word was split at line break1 the number comes after the complete word4 ,in verse passages1 lines have been renumbered to match the actual line numbers as cited in the text4 ,selections from the ,hallam edition of ,ovid's ,fasti 7see below7 are numbered from #a within each passage4 ,any cross-references containing line numbers have been correspondingly changed4 ,the ,hallam ,edition of ,ovid's ,fasti ,this expurgated edition was produced in #ahhb for the use of boys at ,harrow4 ,hallam's ,preface says3 ,i have cut out all passages unfit for a boy to read1 and renumbered all the lines in text and references1 and it seemed best not to put the old numbering side by side with the new1 except in the ,grammatical ,appendices4 ,it has been necessary to alter the text1 though very slightly1 in about six places4 ,in some books1 cuts are substantial3 ii4 #gja-gaj 7reading ,d#e;,b1 page #fd7 is #edc-eeb in ,hallam4 ,for this e-text1 the original line number is shown in double brackets after the cited ,hallam number2 when the original number was used1 the ,hallam number is shown in the same way4 ,errata 7noted by transcriber7 ,,contents #adi ,a4 444 ,frontinus1 ,strat4 ii4 #d ii4 #d4 ,,list ,,of ,,authors ,livy1 #cb1 #dj 444 #bdf1 #bfe #bfe1 ,,introduction ,satan exalted sat4' final ' missing #ac4 ,additional ,hints4 final 4 missing ,,demonstrations ,i3 ,table 444 subsidio misit4 4 missing ,,ii3 even although text unchanged ,,iii3 ,p4 ,corn4 ,sulla1 the ,praetor1 final comma missing dimidia ,rtmed-1 mid- middle mid-1 ,,vi3 cylindro a cylinder1 kulindros4 4 for 1 ,footnote #ai3 ,also the birthplace of ,marius4 ,cf4 p4 #afc4 p 7for page7 invisible ,,translation ,,passages ,d#i ,linenote #bd4 444 ,plunged headlong in the tide4 --,macaulay mismatched close quote at end ,d#bc;,b ,linenote #bj 444 ,cf4 the ,saxon ,chronicle4 final 4 missing ,d#bd ,linenote #bc4 #cb ,d#cj ,linenote #aa4 444 spectator1 umpire4 final 4 missing ,d#cc;,a ,linenote #d4 cui1 i4e4 final 4 missing ,d#dc ,,the ,,war ,,with ,,the ,,tarentines ,,and ,,pyrrhus4 7#c74 closing 7 missing ,c#ai ,footnote #cb3 ,see p4 #abd1 l4 #b1 note4 p1 #abd ,c#bd;,b ,parallel ,passage4 1 for 4 ,c#bg;,b ,linenote #ai4 444 ,cf4 our 'commercial travellers4' closing ' missing ,c#bh ,context4 ,the plebs in ,nola 444 extraneous open quote at ',the444 ,c#ca ,linenote #bb4 formis 444 line number missing ,c#dc ,linenote #ah4 444 7in carcere1 l4 #ai7 l4 #bc ,b#f ,audieratque pavens3 ,fas haec contingere non est ' for 444 vanum depone furorem4 closing missing ,b#i;,a ,linenote #g4 444 the solemn festival festvial ,b#ag;,b ,,suetonius1 ,divus ,iulius1 #gg4 ,,seutonius ,b#cf ,linenote #ba4 #ai ,b#dj ,caesar ,in ,britain4 printed as if note to 7nonexistent7 line #bd ,b#df ,linenote #ai-bj4 ut imperi 444 extremum spelling unchanged3 body text has imperii ,b#ea qui si improbasset syllable im crossed out by hand3 readings of this passage include both probasset and in7im-7probasset ,b#fc ,cato ,uticensis4 444 ',victrix causa 444 ,catoni4' --,w4 ,f4 opening ' missing ,,miscellaneous ,,passages ,,seneca1 ,medea #ibj4 passage is more often numbered #ica ,,statius1 ,silvae1 ,,iii4 ii4 #a-bj1 #db-ec1 #fa-ff4 ,,ii4 ii4 ,,persius1 ,sat4 v4 #ai-be1 #cj-dj4 text shown as printed3 passage quoted is ll4 #cj-dj ,,andromeda 7#b7 ,b4 4 missing ,tibullus3 ,birthday ,wishes4 ,b4 final 4 missing ,trimalchio's ,supper ,b4 'quod dixero 444 ,numquid alius scit hanc condituram vitreorum8 ,vide modo4 ,postquam negavit1 iussit illum ,caesar decollari2 quia enim1 si scitum esset1 aurum pro luto haberemus4' as printed3 'quod dixero 444 ',numquid alius scit hanc condituram vitreorum8' ,vide modo4 ,postquam negavit1 iussit illum ,caesar decollari2 quia enim1 si scitum esset1 aurum pro luto haberemus4 ,,martialis ,,apophoreta 7#b74 ,,ix ,catella ,gallicana4 1 for 4 ,,appendixes ,v ,,livy1 xxii4 #f3 ',en' inquit 'hic 444 foede civium dabo4 closing ' missing ,,vi ,sallust3 ,his style is1 however ',his style ,,appendix ,,vii 7,chronological ,outlines7 ,carthaginian victory at ,drepana ,cathaginian #adi-adf ,b4,c43 ,destruction of ,carthage #adh ,b4,c43 ,macedonia made a ,roman ,province 7#d7 ,illyricum made a ,roman ,province 7#e7 #acc ,b4,c43 ,roman ,province in ,spain 7#g7 ,achaia made a ,roman ,province 7#h7 ,province #f is missing4 ,by this text's numbering1 ,africa 7#adf ,,bc7 should have been #d1 with ,macedonia and ,illyricum as #e and #f4 ,wall of ,antonine text unchanged ,text shown in braces is conjectural4 ,in the printed book1 the rightmost part of some pages was lost in the gutter4 ,,romulus4 ,roman ,senate of #bjj4 ,spolia opima 7#a7 ,,servius ,,tullius4 ,the ,census1 basis of ,comitia ,centuriata4 ,the ,servian ,wall includes the ,quirinal 444 ,,tarquinius ,,superbus4 ,conquest of ,gabii4 ,tyranny leading to expulsion of the ,tarquins and abolition of the monarchy ,two new ,tables4 7,appius ,claudius7 444 resulting in the ,valerio-,horatian ,laws ,,index ,mummius ,achaicus destroys ,corinth1 #aef 1 missing