de ,france 7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr7 ,transcriber's note3 ,a few typographical errors have been corrected3 they are listed at the end of the text4 ,the errata on pp4 #gj1 #aah1 #afb1 #caj1 #ceb1 #cfg #djg have been applied to the text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophical ,,transactions3 ,,giving ,,some ,,accompt ,,of ,,the ,,present ,undertakings1 ,studies1 and ,labours ,,of ,,the ,,ingenious ,,in ,,many ,,considerable ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,world ,vol ,i4 ,for ,anno #affe1 and #afff4 ,in the ,,savoy1 ,printed by ,t4 ,n4 for ,john ,martyn at the ,bell1 a little without ,temple-,bar1 and ,james ,allestry in ,duck-,lane1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,the ,royal ,society4 ,it will not become me1 to adde any ,attributes to a ,title1 which has a ,fulness of ,lustre from his ,majesties ,denomination4 ,in these ,rude ,collections1 which are onely the ,gleanings of my private diversions in broken hours1 it may appear1 that many ,minds and ,hands are in many places industriously employed1 under ,your ,countenance1 and by ,your ,example1 in the pursuit of those ,excellent ,ends1 which belong to ,your ,heroical ,undertakings4 ,some of these are but the ,intimations of large ,compilements4 ,and some ,eminent ,members of ,your ,society1 have obliged the ,learned ,world with ,incomparable ,volumes1 which are not herein mention'd1 because they were finisht1 and in great ,reputation abroad1 before ,i entred upon this ,taske4 ,and no small ,number are at present engaged for those weighty ,productions1 which require both ,time and ,assistance1 for their due ,maturity4 ,so that no man can from these ,glimpses of ,light take any just ,measure of ,your ,performances1 or of ,your ,prosecutions2 but every man may perhaps receive some benefit from these ,parcels1 which ,i guessed to be somewhat conformable to ,your ,design4 ,this is my ,solicitude1 ,that1 as ,i ought not to be unfaithful to those ,counsels you have committed to my ,trust1 so also that ,i may not altogether waste any minutes of the leasure you afford me4 ,and thus have ,i made the best use of some of them1 that ,i could devise2 ,to spread abroad ,encouragements1 ,inquiries1 ,directions1 and ,patterns1 that may animate1 and draw on ,universal ,assistances4 ,the ,great ,god prosper ,you in the ,noble ,engagement of ,dispersing the true ,lustre of his ,glorious ,works1 and the ,happy ,inventions of obliging ,men all over the ,world1 to the ,general ,benefit of ,mankind3 ,so wishes with real ,affections1 ,your humble and obedient ,servant ,,henry ,,oldenburg4 #a 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #a4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,march #f4 #affd_/e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,an ,introduction to this ,tract4 ,an ,accompt of the ,improvement of ,optick ,glasses at ,rome4 ,of the ,observation made in ,england1 of a ,spot in one of the ,belts of the ,planet ,jupiter4 ,of the motion of the late ,comet prdicted4 ,the ,heads of many ,new ,observations and ,experiments1 in order to an ,experimental ,history of ,cold2 together with some ,thermometrical ,discourses and ,experiments4 ,a ,relation of a very odd ,monstrous ,calf4 ,of a peculiar ,lead-,ore in ,germany1 very useful for ,essays4 ,of an ,hungarian ,bolus1 of the same effect with the ,bolus ,armenus4 ,of the ,new ,american ,whale-fishing about the ,bermudas4 ,a ,narative concerning the success of the ,pendulum-watches at ,sea for the ,longitudes2 and the ,grant of a ,patent thereupon4 ,a ,catalogue of the ,philosophical ,books publisht by ,monsieur de ,fermat1 ,counsellour at ,tholouse1 lately dead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,introduction4 ,whereas there is nothing more necessary for promoting the improvement of ,philosophical ,matters1 than the communicating to such1 as apply their ,studies and ,endeavours that way1 such things as are discovered or put in practise by others1 it is therefore thought fit to employ the ,press1 as the most proper way to gratifie those1 whose engagement in such ,studies1 and delight in the advancement of ,learning and profitable ,discoveries1 doth entitle them to the knowledge of what this ,kingdom1 or other parts of the ,world1 do1 from time to time1 afford1 as well #b of the progress of the ,studies1 ,labours1 and attempts of the ,curious and learned in things of this kind1 as of their compleat ,discoveries and performances3 ,to the end1 that such ,productions being clearly and truly communicated1 desires after solid and usefull knowledge may be further entertained1 ingenious ,endeavours and ,undertakings cherished1 and those1 addicted to and conversant in such matters1 may be invited and encouraged to search1 try1 and find out new things1 impart their knowledge to one another1 and contribute what they can to the ,grand design of improving ,natural knowledge1 and perfecting all ,philosophical ,arts1 and ,sciences4 ,all for the ,glory of ,god1 the ,honour and ,advantage of these ,kingdoms1 and the ,universal ,good of ,mankind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,accompt of the improvement of ,optick ,glasses4 ,there came lately from ,paris a ,relation1 concerning the ,improvement of ,optick ,glasses1 not long since attempted at ,rome by ,signor ,giuseppe ,campani1 and by him discoursed of1 in a ,book1 ,entituled1 ,ragguaglio di nuoue ,osservationi1 lately printed in the said ,city1 but not yet transmitted into these parts2 wherein these following particulars1 according to the ,intelligence1 which was sent hither1 are contained4 ,the ,first regardeth the excellency of the long ,telescopes1 made by the said ,campani1 who pretends to have found a way to work great ,optick ,glasses with a ,turne-tool1 without any ,mould3 ,and whereas hitherto it hath been found by ,experience1 that small ,glasses are in proportion better to see with1 upon the ,earth1 than the great ones2 that ,author affirms1 that his are equally good for the ,earth1 and for making ,observations in the ,heavens4 ,besides1 he useth three ,eye-,glasses for his great ,telescopes1 without finding any ,iris1 or such ,rain-bow colours1 as do usually appear in ordinary ,glasses1 and prove an impediment to ,observations4 ,the ,second1 concerns the ,circle of ,saturn1 in which he hath observed nothing1 but what confirms ,monsieur ,christian ,huygens de ,zulichem his ,systeme of that ,planet1 published by that worthy ,gentleman in the year1 #afei4 #c ,the ,third1 respects ,jupiter1 wherein ,campani affirms he hath observed by the goodness of his ,glasses1 certain protuberancies and inequalities1 much greater than those that have been seen therein hitherto4 ,he addeth1 that he is now observing1 whether those sallies in the said ,planet do not change their scituation1 which if they should be found to do1 he judgeth1 that ,jupiter might then be said to turn upon his ,axe2 which1 in his opinion1 would serve much to confirm the opinion of ,copernicus4 ,besides this1 he affirms1 he hath remarked in the ,belts of ,jupiter1 the shaddows of his satellites1 and followed them1 and at length seen them emerge out of his ,disk4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,spot in one of the ,belts of ,jupiter4 ,the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,hook did1 some moneths since1 intimate to a friend of his1 that he had1 with an excellent twelve foot ,telescope1 observed1 some days before1 he than spoke of it1 7videl4 on the ninth of ,may1 #affd1 about #i of the clock at night7 a small ,spot in the biggest of the #c obscurer ,belts of ,jupiter1 and that1 observing it from time to time1 he found1 that within #b hours after1 the said ,spot had moved from ,east to ,west1 about half the length of the ,diameter of ,jupiter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,motion of the late ,comet prdicted4 ,there was lately sent to one of the ,secretaries of the ,royal ,society a ,packet1 containing some ,copies of a ,printed ,paper1 ,entituled1 ,the ,ephemerides of the ,comet1 made by the same ,person1 that sent it1 called ,monsieur ,auzout1 a ,french ,gentleman of no ordinary ,merit and ,learning1 who desired1 that a couple of them might be recommended to the said ,society1 and one to their ,president1 and another to his ,highness ,prince ,rupert1 and the rest to some other ,persons1 nominated by him in a ,letter that accompanied this present1 and known abroad for their singular abilities and knowledge in ,philosophical ,matters4 ,the end of the ,communication of this ,paper was1 ,that1 the motion of the ,comet1 that hath lately appeared1 having been prdicted by the said ,monsieur #d ,auzout1 after he had seen it 7as himself affirms7 but #d or #e times3 the ,virtuosi of ,england1 among others1 might compare also their ,observations with his ,ephemerides1 either to confirm the ,hypothesis1 upon which the ,author had before hand calculated the way of this ,star1 or to undeceive him1 if he be in a mistake4 ,the said ,author ,dedicateth these his conceptions to the most ,christian ,king1 telling him1 that he presents ,him with a design1 which never yet was undertaken by any ,astronomer1 all the ,world having been hitherto perswaded1 that the motions of ,comets were so irregular1 that they could not be reduced to any ,laws1 and men having contented themselves1 to observe exactly the places1 through which they did pass2 but no man1 that he knows1 having been so bold as to venture to foretel the places1 through which they should pass1 and where they should cease to appear3 ,whereas he exhibites here the ,ephemerides1 determining day by day1 in what place of the ,heavens this ,comet shall be1 at what hour it shall be in its ,meridian1 and at what hour it shall set2 untill its too great remoteness1 or the approach of the ,sun1 hide it from our eyes4 ,descending to particulars1 he saith1 that this ,star1 being disengaged from the beams of the ,sun might have been observed1 if his conjectures be good1 ever since it hath been of #ag or #ah degrees ,southern ,latitude1 and that about the middle of ,november last1 and sooner1 unless it have been too small3 ,that however it hath been seen in ,holland ever since the #b;d4 of ,december last1 at which time1 according to his reckoning1 the ,diurnal motion of the ,comet should already amount to #ag or #ah minutes4 ,he finds1 that this ,star moveth just enough in the ,plan of a ,great ,circle1 which inclineth to the ,equinoctial about #cj degrees1 and to the ,ecliptick about #di;d4 or #di cutting the ,equator at about #de;d1 and the ,ecliptick at the #bh;d of ,aries1 or a little more4 ,he saith just enough1 because he thinks1 there may perhaps be some parallaxe1 which he wisheth could be determined4 ,hence1 7so he goes on7 every one who pleaseth1 may see1 in tracing the ,comet upon the ,globe1 through1 or by which ,stars it hath passed and shall pass2 adding1 that there will be neither cause to wonder1 that having descended to about #f4 deg4 beneath the ,tropick of ,capricorn1 he hath remounted afterwards1 and shall go #e on ascending so1 as to pass the quinoctial1 and perhaps proceed to #ae4 degrees ,northern ,declination1 if it do not disappear before that time1 by reason of its remoteness3 ,nor to believe1 that there have been two ,comets1 upon its being seen again the #ca4 of ,december2 since1 according to him1 it ought to have been so1 if it continue to move in a ,great ,circle4 ,having hereupon shewed1 how the motion is to be traced upon the ,globe1 he finds1 that1 according to his ,calculation1 this ,comet was to pass the ,tropick of ,capricorn about the #af of ,december1 and being entred into the ,sign of ,virgo on the #bj4 of the same month1 and having been in ,quadrat with the ,sun1 it should still descend1 until the #bf of ,december in the morning1 and then enter into ,leo2 that having entred1 the #bh4 of the same month1 into ,cancer1 and been1 a little after that time1 in its greatest ,inclination to the ,ecliptick1 vid in the #bh4 degree of ,leo1 it was to repass the ,southern ,tropick1 over against the little ,dogg1 on the #bi4 of ,december about #i or #aj of the clock in the morning1 after it had been opposite to the ,sun #b4 or #c4 hours before2 and that on the #bi4 of ,december in the evening it should be in ,gemini2 and at the very beginning of the ,new year1 enter into ,taurus4 ,after this1 our ,author finds1 that this ,comet1 according to his account1 should pass the quator1 on the #d4 of ,january before noon1 and that about #e4 or #f4 of the clock in the evening of that day it was to come into the jaw of the ,whale1 and the #i4 of the same1 at #f4 of the clock it should come close to the small ,star of the ,whale1 which is in its way1 a little below4 ,at length he finds that it was to enter into ,aries on the #ab4 of ,january1 and to cut the ,ecliptick on the #af4 of the same month about noon1 at which time it was to be again in ,quadrat with the ,sun1 whence drawing a little to above the ,northern ,line of ,pisces1 it should in his opinion cease to appear a little beyond that place1 without going as far as to the middle of ,aries1 if so be that its remoteness make it not disappear sooner4 ,he continueth1 and saith1 that this ,comet shall not arrive to the place over against the ,line of ,pisces till the #aj of ,february1 that then its ,diurnal motion shall not exceed #h minutes1 and not #e minutes about the #bj of the same month3 and that in the #f beginning of ,march1 if we see it so long1 the said motion shall not exceed #d minutes1 and so shall be still diminishing2 except the ,comet become ,retrograde1 which1 as very important1 he would have well observed2 as also1 whether its motion will be about the end more or less swift1 than he hath calculated it4 ,he subjoyneth1 that the greatest way1 which this ,star could make in #bd4 hours1 hath been #ac4 d4 #be'2 and in one houre1 about #cd'2 and thinking it probable1 that about the time1 when it made so much way1 it should be nearest to the ,earth1 he concludeth that its motion in #bd4 hours must be1 in its least distance from the ,earth1 as about #c4 to #ad1 or #a4 to #d-b_/c1 and that its motion in one hour was to be to the same least distance1 as about #a4 to #ajb-a_/g4 ,but that1 which he judgeth most remarkable1 is1 that he found by his ,calculation1 that the said least distance should be on the #bi4 of ,december1 when the ,comet was opposite to the ,sun2 which he does not know whether it may not serve to decide the grand ,question concerning the ,motion of the ,earth4 ,he taketh further notice1 that the ,tayl of the ,comet was to turn ,westward1 with a point to the ,north1 until the #bi4 of ,december1 at which time it was to be opposite to the ,sun1 and that then the said ,tayl was to look directly ,north2 but that1 after that time1 the ,tayl was to turn ,eastward1 and continue to do so1 until it disappear2 and that it shall draw a little towards the ,north1 until the #h4 or #aj4 of ,february1 at which time the ,tayl is to be parallel to the quator1 as if the ,comet be yet seen for some time after1 the ,tayl shall go a little lower towards the ,south1 but grow smaller4 ,he finds by his ,hypothesis1 that on the #b4 of ,december1 which is the first observation1 that he hath heard of1 this ,star was to be about #g4 times more remote from the ,earth1 than when it was in its ,perigeum2 and that it will be again in an equall remoteness from the ,earth1 on the #bg4 of ,january1 so that he is of opinion1 that in case this ,comet have not been seen before the #b4 of ,december1 it will not be seen any more after the #bg4 of ,january4 ,he wishes above all things1 that it might be very exactly observed1 at what ,angle the way of the ,comet cuts the quator1 and1 most of all1 the ,ecliptick1 that so it may be seen1 whether #g there hath not been some ,parallaxe in the ,circle of his ,motion2 as also1 that some observations could be had of its greatest descent beneath the ,tropick of ,capricorn in the more ,southern parts1 where he saith it would have been without ,refractions2 ,moreover of the ,time1 when it hath been in ,quadrat with the ,sun about the #bj of ,december2 and that also very exact ,observation might be made of the time of its being again in ,quadrat with the ,sun1 which1 according to him1 was to be ,january #af4 ,he wishes also1 that some in ,madagascar may have observed this ,star2 ,seeing that it began to appear over the middle of that ,island1 and passed twice over their heads2 he judgeth1 that they have seen it before us4 ,and he wisheth lastly1 that there were some intelligent person in ,guiana to observe it there1 seeing that within a few daies1 according to his reckoning1 it will pass over their ,heads1 and will not remove from thence but #h or #aj degrees ,northward1 where he saith1 it will disappear2 thinking it improbable1 that it can still appear1 after the ,sun shall have passed it4 ,this ,account beareth date of the #b4 ,january1 new stile1 #affe4 and the ,author thereof addeth this ,note1 ,that1 seeing it could not be printed nor distributed so soon as he desired1 he hath had the opportunity to verifie it by some ,observations1 from which he affirms he hath found no sensible difference2 or1 if there be1 that it proceeds only from thence1 that the ,stars have advanced1 since his ,globe was made4 ,he concludeth1 that if this continue1 and the first ,observations do likewise agree1 or that the differences do arrive within the ,times ghessed by him1 that he hopes1 he shall determine both the ,distance and the ,magnitude of this ,comet2 and that perhaps one may be enabled to decide the ,question of the ,motion of the ,earth4 ,in the interim1 he assureth1 that he hath not changed the least number in his ,calculations1 and that ,monsieur ,huygens1 and several ,french ,gentlemen1 to whom he saith1 he hath given them long since1 can bear him witness that he hath done so2 as also many other friends of his1 who saw upon his ,globe1 several daies before1 the way of the ,comet from day to day4 ,thus for the ,parisian ,account of the ,comet1 which is here inserted at large1 that the intelligent and curious in ,england may #h compare their ,observations therewith1 either to verifie these ,prdictions1 or to shew wherein they differ2 which is 7as was also hinted above7 the design of this ,philosophical ,prophet in dispersing his ,conceptions1 who declareth himself ready1 in case he be mistaken in his reckoning1 to learn another ,hypothesis1 to explicate these admirable appearances by4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,experimental ,history of ,cold4 ,there is in the ,press1 a ,new ,treatise1 entituled1 ,new ,observations and ,experiments in order to an ,experimental ,history of ,cold1 begun by that ,noble ,philosopher1 ,mr4 ,robert ,boyle1 and in great part already ,printed2 ,he did lately very obligingly present several ,copies of so much as was ,printed1 to the ,royal ,society1 with a desire that some of the ,members thereof might be engaged to peruse the ,book1 and select out of it for trial1 the hints of such ,experiments1 as the ,author there wisheth might be either yet made or prosecuted4 ,the ,heads thereof are1 #a4 ,experiments touching ,bodies capable of ,freezing others4 #b4 ,experiments and ,observations touching ,bodies ,disposed to be ,frozen4 #c4 ,experiments touching ,bodies1 ,indisposed to be ,frozen4 #d4 ,experiments and ,observations touching the ,degrees of ,cold in several ,bodies4 #e4 ,experiments touching the ,tendency of ,cold ,upwards or ,downwards4 #f4 ,experiments and ,observations touching the ,preservation and ,destruction of 7,eggs1 ,apples1 and other7 ,bodies by ,cold4 #g4 ,experiments touching the ,expansion of ,water and ,aqueous ,liquors by ,freezing4 #h4 ,experiments touching the ,contraction of ,liquors by ,cold4 #i4 ,experiments in ,consort1 touching the ,bubbles1 from which the ,levity of ,ice is supposed to proceed4 #aj4 ,experiments about the ,measure of the ,expansion and the ,contraction of ,liquors by ,cold4 #aa4 ,experiments touching the ,expansive ,force of ,freezing ,water4 #ab4 ,experiments touching a ,new way of estimating the #i ,expansive force of ,congelation1 and of highly compressing ,air without ,engines4 #ac4 ,experiments and ,observations touching the ,sphere of ,activity of ,cold4 #ad4 ,experiments touching differing ,mediums1 through which ,cold may be diffused4 #ae4 ,experiments and ,observations touching ,ice4 #af4 ,experiments and ,observations touching the duration of ,ice and ,snow1 and the destroying of them by the ,air1 and several ,liquors4 #ag4 ,considerations and ,experiments touching the ,primum ,frigidum4 #ah4 ,experiments and ,observations touching the ,coldness and ,temperature of the ,air4 #ai4 ,of the strange ,effects of ,cold4 #bj4 ,experiments touching the weight of ,bodies frozen and unfrozen4 #ba4 ,promiscuous ,experiments and ,observations concerning ,cold4 ,this ,treatise will be dispatched within a very short time1 and would have been so1 ere this1 if the extremity of the late ,frost had not stopt the ,press4 ,it will be accompanied with some ,discourses of the same ,author1 concerning ,new ,thermometrical ,experiments and ,thoughts1 as also1 with an ,exercitation about the ,doctrine of the ,antiperistasis3 ,in the former whereof is first proposed this ,paradox1 ,that not only our ,senses1 but common ,weather-glasses1 may mis-inform us about ,cold4 ,next1 there are contained in this part1 ,new ,observations about the deficiencies of ,weather-glasses1 together with some considerations touching the ,new or ,hermetrical ,thermometers4 ,lastly1 they deliver another ,paradox1 touching the cause of the ,condensation of the ,air1 and ,ascent of water by cold in common ,weather-glasses4 ,the latter piece of this part contains an ,examen of ,antiperistasis1 as it is wont to be taught and proved2 ,of all which there will1 perhaps1 a fuller account be given by the ,next4 #aj 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of a very odd ,monstrous ,calf4 ,by the same ,noble person was lately communicated to the ,royal ,society an account of a very ,odd ,monstrous ,birth1 produced at ,limmington in ,hampshire1 where a ,butcher1 having caused a ,cow 7which cast her ,calf the year before7 to be covered1 that she might the sooner be fatted1 killed her when fat1 and opening the ,womb1 which he found heavy to admiration1 saw in it a ,calf1 which had begun to have hair1 whose hinder ,leggs had no ,joynts1 and whose ,tongue was1 ,cerberus-like1 triple1 to each side of his ,mouth one1 and one in the midst3 ,between the ,fore-leggs and the ,hinder-leggs was a great ,stone1 on which the ,calf rid3 the ,sternum1 or that part of the ,breast1 where the ,ribs lye1 was also perfect ,stone2 and the ,stone1 on which it rid1 weighed twenty pounds and a half2 the outside of the ,stone was of ,grenish colour1 but some small parts being broken off1 it appeared a perfect ,free-stone4 ,the ,stone1 according to the ,letter of ,mr4 ,david ,thomas1 who sent this ,account to ,mr4 ,boyle1 is with ,doctor ,haughteyn of ,salisbury1 to whom he also referreth for further ,information4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of a peculiar ,lead-,ore of ,germany1 and the ,use thereof4 ,there was1 not long since1 sent hither out of ,germany from an inquisitive ,physician1 a ,list of several ,minerals and ,earths of that ,country1 and of ,hungary1 together with a ,specimen of each of them3 among which there was a kind of ,lead-,ore which is more considerable than all the rest1 because of its singular use for ,essays upon the ,coppell1 seeing that there is not any other ,mettal mixed with it4 ',tis found in the ,upper ,palatinate1 at a place called ,freyung1 and there are two sorts of it1 whereof one is a kind of ,crystalline ,stone1 and almost all good ,lead2 the other not so rich1 and more farinaceous4 ,by the information1 coming along with it1 they are fetcht1 not from under the ground1 but1 the ,mines of that place having lain long neglected1 by reason of the ,wars of ,germany and the increase of ,waters1 the people1 living #aa there-about take it from what these ,forefathers had thrown away1 and had lain long in the open ,air4 ,the use above mentioned being considerable1 the person1 who sent it1 hath been intreated1 to inform what quantities may be had of it1 if there should be occasion to send for some4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of an ,hungarian ,bolus1 of the same ,effect with the ,bolus ,armenus4 ,the same person gave notice also1 that1 besides the ,bolus ,armenus1 and the ,terra ,silesiaca1 there is an ,earth to be found in ,hungary about the ,river ,tockay1 thence called ,bolus ,tockaviensis1 having as good effects in ,physick1 as either of the former two1 and commended by experience in those parts1 as much as it is by ,sennertus out of ,crato1 for its goodness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the ,new ,american ,whale-fishing about the ,bermudas4 ,here follows a ,relation1 somewhat more divertising1 than the precedent ,accounts1 which is about the new ,whale fishing in the ,west-,indies about the ,bermudas1 as it was delivered by an understanding and hardy ,sea-man1 who affirmed he had been at the killing work himself4 ,his account1 as far as remembred1 was this2 that though hitherto all ,attempts of mastering the ,whales of those ,seas had been unsuccesful1 by reason of the extraordinary fierceness and swiftness of these monstrous ,animals2 yet the enterprise being lately renewed1 and such persons chosen and sent thither for the work1 as were resolved not to be baffled by a ,sea-monster1 they did prosper so far in this undertaking1 that1 having been out at ,sea1 near the said ,isle of ,bermudas1 seventeen times1 and fastned their ,weapons a dozen times1 they killed in these expeditions #b old ,female-,whales1 and #c ,cubs1 whereof one of the old ones1 from the head to the extremity of the ,tayl1 was #hh4 ,foot in length1 by measure2 its ,tayl being #bc4 ,foot broad1 the swimming ,finn #bf4 ,foot long1 and the ,gills three ,foot long3 having great bends underneath from the ,nose to the ,navil2 upon her after-part1 a ,finn on the back2 being within #ab paved 7this was the plain ,sea-man's phrase7 with fat1 like the ,cawl of a ,hog4 ,the other old one1 he said1 was some #fj4 ,foot long4 ,of the ,cubs1 one was #cc4 the other two1 much about #be or #bf4 ,foot long4 ,the shape of the ,fish1 he said1 was very sharp behind1 like the ridge of a house2 the head pretty bluff1 and full of bumps on both sides2 the back perfectly black1 and the belly white4 ,their celerity and force he affirmed to be wonderful1 insomuch that one of those ,creatures1 which he struck himself1 towed the boat wherein he was1 after him1 for the space of six or seven ,leagues1 in of an hours time4 ,being wounded1 he saith1 they make a hideous roaring1 at which1 all of that kind that are within hearing1 come towards that place1 where the ,animal is1 yet without striking1 or doing any harm to the wary4 ,he added1 that they struck one of a prodigious bigness1 and by guess of above #ajj foot long4 ,he is of opinion1 that this ,fish comes nearest to that sort of ,whales1 which they call the ,jubartes2 they are without teeth1 and longer than the ,greenland-,whales1 but not so thick4 ,he said further1 that they fed much upon ,grass1 growing at the bottom of the ,sea2 which1 he affirmed1 was seen by cutting up the great ,bag of ,maw1 wherein he had found in one of them about two or three ,hogsheads of a greenish grassy matter4 ,as to the quantity and nature of the ,oyl which they yield1 he thought1 that the largest sort of these ,whales might afford seven or eight ,tuns if well husbanded1 although they had lost much this first time1 for want of a good ,cooper2 having brought home but eleven ,tuns4 ,the ,cubbs1 by his relation1 do yield but little1 and that is but a kind of a ,jelly4 ,that which the old ones render1 doth candy like ,porks ,grease1 yet burneth very well4 ,he observed1 that the ,oyl of the ,blubber is as clear and fair as any ,whey3 but that which is boyled out of the ,lean1 interlarded1 becomes as hard as ,tallow1 spattering in the burning and that which is made of the ,cawl1 resembleth ,hoggs grease4 ,one1 but scarce credible1 quality of this ,oyl1 he affirms to be1 that though it be boiling1 yet one may run ones hand into it without scalding2 to which he adds1 that it hath a very healing #ac ,vertue for cuttings1 lameness1 c41 the part affected being anointed therewith4 ,one thing more he related1 not to be omitted1 which is1 that having told1 that the time of catching these ,fishes was from the beginning of ,march1 to the end of ,may1 after which time they appeared no more in that part of the ,sea3 he did1 when asked1 whither they then retired1 give this ,answer1 ,that it was thought1 they went into the ,weed-beds of the ,gulf of ,florida1 it having been observed1 that upon their ,fins and ,tails they have store of ,clams or ,barnacles1 upon which1 he said1 ,rock-weed or ,sea-tangle did grow a hand long2 many of them having been taken of them1 of the bigness of great ,oyster-shels1 and hung upon the ,governour of ,bermudas his ,pales4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,narrative concerning the success of ,pendulum-,watches at ,sea for the ,longitudes4 ,the ,relation lately made by ,major ,holmes1 concerning the success of the ,pendulum-,watches at ,sea 7two whereof were committed to his ,care and ,observation in his last voyage to ,guiny by some of our ,eminent ,virtuosi1 and ,grand ,promoters of ,navigation7 is as followeth2 ,the said ,major having left that ,coast1 and being come to the ,isle of ,st4 ,thomas under the ,line accompanied with four ,vessels1 having there adjusted his ,watches1 put to ,sea1 and sailed ,westward1 seven or eight hundred ,leagues1 without changing his course2 after which1 finding the ,wind favourable1 he steered towards the ,coast of ,africk1 ,north-,north-,east4 ,but having sailed upon that ,line a matter of two or three hundred ,leagues1 the ,masters of the other ,ships1 under his ,conduct1 apprehending that they should want ,water1 before they could reach that ,coast1 did propose to him to steer their ,course to the ,barbadoes1 to supply themselves with ,water there4 ,whereupon the said ,major1 having called the ,master and ,pilots together1 and caused them to produce their ,journals and ,calculations1 it was found1 that those ,pilots did differ in their reckonings from that of the ,major1 one of them eighty ,leagues1 another about an hundred1 and the third1 more2 but the ,major judging by his ,pendulum-,watches1 that they were only some thirty ,leagues distant from #ad the ,isle of ,fuego1 which is one of the ,isles of ,cape ,verde1 and that they might reach it next day1 and having a great confidence in the said ,watches1 resolved to steer their ,course thither1 and having given order so to do1 they got the very next day about ,noon a sight of the said ,isle of ,fuego1 finding themselves to sail directly upon it1 and so arrived at it that ,afternoon1 as he had said4 ,these ,watches having been first ,invented by the ,excellent ,monsieur ,christian ,hugens of ,zulichem1 and fitted to go at ,sea1 by the ,right ,honourable1 the ,earl of ,kincardin1 both ,fellows of the ,royal ,society1 are now brought by a ,new addition to a wonderful perfection4 ,the said ,monsieur ,hugens1 having been informed of the success of the ,experiment1 made by ,major ,holmes1 wrought to a friend at ,paris a ,letter to this effect2 ,major ,holmes at his return1 hath made a relation concerning the usefulness of ,pendulums1 which surpasseth my expectation3 ,i did not imagine that the ,watches of this first ,structure would succeed so well1 and ,i had reserved my main hopes for the ,new ones4 ,but seeing that those have already served so succesfully1 and that the other are yet more just and exact1 ,i have the more reason to believe1 that the ,invention of ,longitudes will come to its perfection4 ,in the mean time ,i shall tell you1 that the ,states did receive my ,proposition1 when ,i desired of them a ,patent for these new ,watches1 and the recompense set a-part for the invention in case of success2 and that without any difficulty they have granted my request1 commanding me to bring one of these ,watches into their ,assembly1 to explicate unto them the ,invention1 and the application thereof to the ,longitudes2 which ,i have done to their contentment4 ,i have this week published1 that the said ,watches shall be exposed to sale1 together with an ,information necessary to use them at ,sea3 and thus ,i have broken the ,ice4 ,the same ,objection1 that hath been made in your parts against the exactness of these ,pendulums1 hath also been made here2 to wit1 that though they should agree together1 they might fail both of them1 by reason that the ,air at one time might be thicker1 than at another4 ,but ,i have answered1 that this difference1 if there be any1 will not be at all perceived in the ,penduls1 seeing that the continuall ,observations1 made in ,winter from day to day1 until ,summer1 have shewed me that #ae they have alwaies agreed with the ,sun4 ,as to the ,printing of the ,figure of my ,new ,watch1 ,i shall defer that yet a while3 but it shall in time appear with all the ,demonstrations thereof1 together with a ,treatise of ,pendulums1 written by me some daies since1 which is of a very subtile ,speculation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,character1 lately published beyond the ,seas1 of an ,eminent person1 not long since dead at ,tholouse1 where he was a ,councellor of ,parliament4 ,it is the deservedly famous ,mounsieur de ,fermat1 who was1 7saith the ,author of the ,letter7 one of the most ,excellent ,men of this ,age1 a ,genius so universal1 and of so vast an extent1 that if very knowing and learned ,men had not given testimony of his extraordinary merit1 what with truth can be said of him1 would hardly be believed4 ,he entertained a constant correspondence with many of the most ,illustrious ,mathematicians of ,europe1 and did excel in all the parts of ,mathematical ,science3 a ,testimony whereof he hath left behind him in the following ,books4 ,a ,method for the ,quadrature of ,parabola's of all degrees4 ,a ,book ,de ,maximis ,minimis1 which serveth not only for the determination of ,problems of ,plains and ,solids1 but also for the invention of ,tangents and ,curve ,lines1 and of the ,centres of ,gravity in ,solids2 and likewise for ,numerical ,questions4 ,an ,introduction to the ,doctrine of ,plains and ,solids1 which is an ,analytical ,treatise1 concerning the solution of ,plains and ,solids1 which has been seen 7as the ,advertiser affirms7 before ,monsieur ,des ,cartes had publish'd any thing upon this ,subject4 ,a ,treatise ,de ,contactibus ,sphricis1 where he hath demonstrated in ,solids1 what ,mr4 ,viet1 ,master of ,requests1 had but demonstrated in ,plains4 ,another ,treatise1 wherein he establisheth and demonstrateth the two ,books of ,apollonius ,pergus1 of ,plains4 ,and a ,general ,method for the dimension of ,curve ,lines1 c4 ,besides1 having a perfect knowledge in ,antiquity1 he was consulted from all parts upon the difficulties that did emerg therein3 he hath explained abundance of obscure places1 that are #af found in the ,antients4 ,there have been lately printed some of his ,observations upon ,athenus2 and he that hath interpreted ,benedetto ,castelli1 of the ,measure of running waters1 hath thence inserted in his ,work a very handsome one upon an ,epistle of ,synesius1 which was so difficult1 that the ,jesuit ,petavius1 who hath commented upon this ,author1 acknowledges1 that he could not understand it4 ,he hath also made many ,observations upon ,theon of ,smyrne1 and upon other ,antient ,authors3 but most part of them are not found but scattered in his ,epistles1 because he did not write much upon these kinds of ,subjects1 but to satisfie the curiosity of his friends4 ,all these ,mathematical ,works1 and all these curious searches in ,antiquity1 did not hinder this great ,virtuoso from discharging the duties of his place with much assiduity1 and with so much ability1 that he hath had the reputation of one of the greatest ,civilians of his ,age4 ,but that1 which is most of all surprizing to many1 is1 that with all that strength of understanding1 which was requisite to make good these rare qualities1 lately mentioned1 he had so polite and delicate parts1 that he composed ,latin1 ,french1 and ,spanish ,verses with the same elegancy1 as if he had lived in the time of ,augustus1 and passed the greatest part of his life at the ,courts of ,france and ,spain4 ,more particulars will perhaps be mention'd of the ,works of this ,rare person1 when all things1 that he hath publish'd1 shall be recovered1 and when liberty shall be obtained of his ,worthy ,son1 to impart unto the ,world the rest of his ,writings1 hitherto unpublished4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london1 ,printed with ,licence1 ,by ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal-,society4 #ag 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #b4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,april #c4 #affe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,extract of a ,letter written from ,rome1 concerning the late ,comet1 and a ,new one4 ,extract of another ,letter from ,paris1 containing some ,reflections on the precedent ,roman ,letter4 ,an ,observation concerning some particulars1 further considerable in the ,monster1 that was ,mention'd in the first ,papers of these ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,extract of a ,letter written from ,venice1 concerning the ,mines of ,mercury in ,friuly4 ,some ,observations1 made in the ordering of ,silk-worms4 ,an ,account of ,mr4 ,hooks ,micrographia1 or the ,physiological descriptions of ,minute ,bodies1 made by ,magnifying ,glasses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,extract of a ,letter1 lately written from ,rome1 touching the late ,comet1 and a ,new one4 ,i ,cannot enough wonder at the strange agreement of the thoughts of that acute ,french ,gentleman1 ,monsieur ,auzout1 in the ,hypothesis of the ,comets motion1 with mine2 and particularly1 at that of the ,tables4 ,i have with the same method1 whereby ,i find the motion of this ,comet1 easily found the ,principle of that ,author's ,ephemerides1 which he then thought not fit to declare2 and 'tis this1 that this ,comet moves about the ,great ,dog1 in so great a ,circle1 that that portion1 which is #ah described1 is exceeding small in respect of the whole circumference thereof1 and hardly distinguishable by us from a streight line4 ,concerning the ,new ,comet you mention1 ,i saw it on the #aa4 of ,february1 about the #bd4 deg4 of ,aries1 with a ,northern latitude of #bd4 deg4 #dj4 min4 ,the cloudy weather hath not yet permitted me to see it in ,andromeda1 as others affirm to have done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,extract of a ,letter1 written from ,paris1 containing some ,reflections on part of the precedent ,roman ,letter4 ,as to the ,hypothesis of ,georg4 ,domenico ,cassini1 touching the motion of the ,comet about the ,great ,dog in a ,circle1 whose ,centre is in a streight line drawn from the ,earth through the said ,star1 ,i believe it will shortly be publish'd in print1 as a thought ,i lighted upon in discoursing with one of my ,friends1 who did maintain1 that it turned about a ,centre1 because that its ,perigee had been over against the ,great ,dog1 as ,i had noted in my ,ephemerides4 ,this particular ,i did long since declare to many of my acquaintance1 whereof some or other will certainly do me that right1 as to let the world know it by the ,press4 ,i have added an ,observation1 which ,i find not1 that ,signior ,cassini hath made1 viz4 that there was ground to think1 that the ,comet of #afeb4 was the same with the present1 seeing that besides the parity of the swiftness of its motion1 the ,perigee thereof was also over against the ,great ,dog1 if the ,observations extant thereof1 deceive not4 ,but1 to make it out1 what ground ,i had for these thoughts1 ,i said1 that if they were true1 the ,comet must needs acomplish its revolution from #aj4 to #ab4 years1 or thereabout4 ,but1 seeing it appears not by ,history1 that a ,comet hath been seen at those determinate distances of time1 nor that over against the ,perigee of all the other ,comets1 whereof particular observations are recorded1 are alwaies found ,stars of the first ,magnitude1 or such others1 as are very notable1 besides other reasons1 that might be alledged1 ,i shall not pursue this speculation2 but rather #ai suggest what ,i have taken notice of in my reflexions upon former ,comets1 which is1 that more of them enter inter our ,systeme by the sign of ,libra and about ,spica virginis1 than by all the other parts of the ,heavens4 ,for1 both the present ,comet1 and many others registred in ,history1 have entred that way1 and consequently passed out of it by the sign ,aries1 by which also many have entred4 ,i did found my ,hypothesis upon three ,observations only1 viz4 those of the #bb1 #bf1 and #ca4 of ,december4 ,nor have ,i done1 as some have fancied of me1 who having been able to observe the ,comet1 the #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 and #ca4 of ,december1 and to see the diminution of its motion1 have judged1 that ,i had only determined that diminution for the time to come1 conform to the augmentation thereof in time passed until the #bi4 of ,december4 ,for ,january #a4 7on which day ,i composed my ,ephemerides7 ,i knew not 7nor any person here7 that the motion of the ,comet did diminish2 but on the contrary1 most men believed1 it was not the same ,comet4 ,but ,signior ,cassini knows very well1 that that was not necessary1 seeing that two portions of a ,tangent being given1 and the ,angles answering thereunto1 'tis easie to find the position and magnitude of its ,circle4 ,the reason1 which ,i think the true one1 of the diminution of its ,motion in ,longitude1 and of its ,retrogradation1 by me conjectured in my ,ephemerides1 ,i began to be assured of1 ,febr4 #aj4 ,for until the sixth1 the ,comet had alwaies advanced1 as ,signior ,cassini also hath very well noted3 but after that day1 ,i found that it returned in augmenting alwaies its ,latitude4 ,and ,i have constantly observed it1 until ,march #h4 between many ,stars1 which must be the same with these mentioned by ,cassini1 whereof the number was so great1 that ,i think1 ,i saw of them ,march #f4 with one ,aperture of my ,glass1 more than #dj4 or #ej4 and especially1 above the head of ,aries2 but ,i did not particularly note the scituation of more than #ab4 or #ae2 amongst which ,i have observed the position of the ,comet since ,january #bh4 every day1 when the weather did permit1 viz4 ,january #bi4 ,february #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ag1 #ai1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg4 and ,march #f1 #bj #g1 #h4 ,i left it on ,march #h4 at the #ah4 of the ,horn of ,aries1 almost in the same latitude3 and ,i am apt to believe1 it will be ,eclipsed1 which ,i wish ,i may be able to observe this evening1 if it be not already passed4 ,if ,signior ,cassini hath observed it on those daies that ,i have1 he will be glad to find the conformity of our ,observations4 ,i shall only add1 that on ,february #c4 we were surprized1 to see the ,comet again much brighter than ordinary1 and with a considerable ,train4 ,some did believe1 that it approach'd again to us4 ,but having beheld it with a ,telescope1 ,i soon said1 that it was joyned with two small ,stars1 whereof one was pretty bright1 which ,i had already seen1 on ,february #bh4 and #bi4 ,and this conjunction gave the ,comet that brightness1 as it happens to most of the ,stars of the fifth and sixth magnitude1 where #b4 or #c4 or more are conjoyned1 which perhaps would shew but faintly single1 though by reason of their proximity to one another1 they appear but one ,star4 ,hence it was1 that ,i assured my friends here1 that the following daies we should no more see it so bright1 because ,i knew1 that there were none such small bright ,stars in the way1 which by my former observations ,i conjectured it was to move4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,observation imparted to the ,noble ,mr4 ,boyle1 by ,mr4 ,david ,thomas1 touching some particulars further considerable in the ,monster mentioned in the first ,papers of these ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,upon the strictest inquiry1 ,i find by one1 that saw the ,monstrous ,calf and stone1 within four hours after it was cut out of the ,cows belly1 that the ,breast of the ,calf was not stony 7as ,i wrote7 but that the skin of the ,breast and between the ,legs and of the ,neck 7which parts lay on the smaller end of the stone7 was very much thicker1 than on any other part1 and that the ,feet of the ,calf were so parted as to be like the ,claws of a ,dog4 ,the stone ,i have since seen2 it is bigger at one end #ba than the other2 of no plain ,superficies1 but full of little cavities4 ,the stone1 when broken1 is full of small peble stones of an ,ovall figure3 its colour is gray like free-stone1 but intermixt with veins of yellow and black4 ,a part of it ,i have begg'd of ,dr4 ,haughten for you1 which ,i have sent to ,oxford1 whither a more exact account will be conveyed by the same person4 99 99 99 99 99 ,extract of a ,letter1 lately written from ,venice by the ,learned ,doctor ,walter ,pope1 to the ,reverend ,dean of ,rippon1 ,doctor ,john ,wilkins1 concerning the ,mines of ,mercury in ,friuli2 and a way of producing ,wind by the fall of ,water4 ,the mines of ,mercury in ,friuli1 a ,territory belonging to the ,venetians1 are about a days ,journey and a half distant from ,goritia ,northwards1 at a place call'd ,idria1 scituated in a ,valley of the ,julian ,alps4 ,they have been1 as ,i am inform'd1 these #afj4 years in the possession of the ,emperor1 and all the ,inhabitants speak the ,sclavonian ,tongue4 ,in going thither1 we travell'd several hours in the best ,wood ,i ever saw before or since1 being very full of ,firrs1 ,oakes1 and ,beeches1 of an extraordinary thickness1 straitness1 and height4 ,the ,town is built1 as usually ,towns in the ,alps are1 all of wood1 the ,church only excepted1 and another ,house wherein the ,overseer liveth4 ,when ,i was there1 in ,august last1 the ,valley1 and the ,mountains too1 out of which the ,mercury was dug1 were of as pleasant a verdure1 as if it had been in the midst of ,spring1 which they there attribute to the moistness of the ,mercury2 how truly1 ,i dispute not4 ,that ,mine1 which we went into1 the best and greatest of them all1 was dedicated to ,saint ,barbara1 as the other ,mines are to other ,saints1 the depth of it was #abe4 paces1 every pace of that ,country being1 as they inform'd us1 more than #e of our ,feet4 ,there are two ways down to it2 the shortest perpendicular way is that1 whereby they bring up the ,mineral in great ,buckets1 and #bb by which oftentimes some of the workmen come up and down4 ,the other1 which is the usual way1 is at the beginning not difficult1 the descent not being much2 the greatest trouble is1 that in several places you cannot stand upright3 but this holds not long1 before you come to descend in earnest by perpendicular ,ladders1 where the weight of on's body is found very sensible4 ,at the end of each ,ladder1 there are boards a-cross1 where we may breath a little4 ,the ,ladders1 as we said1 are perpendicular1 but being imagined produced1 do not make one ,ladder1 but several parallel ones4 ,being at the bottom1 we saw no more than we saw before1 only the place1 whence the ,mineral came4 ,all the way down1 and the bottom1 where there are several lanes cut out in the ,mountain1 is lined and propt with great pieces of ,firr-trees1 as thick as they can be set4 ,they dig the ,mineral with ,pick-axes1 following the veins3 'tis for the most part hard as a stone1 but more weighty2 of a ,liver-colour1 or that of ,crocus ,metallorum4 ,i hope shortly to shew you some of it4 ,there is also some soft ,earth1 in which you plainly see the ,mercury in little particles4 ,besides this1 there are oftentimes found in the ,mines round stones like ,flints1 of several bignesses1 very like those ,globes of ,hair1 which ,i have often seen in ,england1 taken out of ,oxes bellies4 ,there are also several ,marcasites and stones1 which seem to have specks of ,gold in them1 but upon tryal they say1 they find none in them4 ,these round stones are some of them very ponderous1 and well impregnated with ,mercury2 others light1 having little or none in them4 ,the manner of getting the ,mercury is this3 ,they take of the ,earth1 brought up in ,buckets1 and put it into a ,sive1 whose bottom is made of wires at so great a distance1 that you may put your finger betwixt them3 'tis carried to a stream of running water1 and wash'd as long as any thing will pass through the ,sive4 ,that ,earth which passeth not1 is laid aside upon another heap3 that which passeth1 reserved in the hole1 ,g4 in ,fig4 #a4 and taken up again by the second ,man1 and so on1 to about ten or twelve sives proportionably less4 ,it often happens in the first hole1 where the second ,man takes up his #bc ,earth1 that there is ,mercury at the bottom2 but towards the farther end1 where the ,intervals of the wires are less1 'tis found in very great proportion4 ,the ,earth laid aside is pounded1 and the same operation repeated4 ,the fine small ,earth1 that remains after this1 and out of which they can wash no more ,mercury1 is put into ,iron retorts and stopt1 because it should not fall into the ,receivers1 to which they are luted4 ,the fire forces the ,mercury into the ,receivers3 the ,officer unluted several of them to shew us2 ,i observed in all of them1 that he first poured out perfect ,mercury1 and after that came a black dust1 which being wetted with water discover'd it self to be ,mercury1 as the other was4 ,they take the ,caput mortuum and pound it1 and renew the operation as long as they can get any ,mercury out of it4 ,this is the way of producing the ,mercury1 they call ,ordinary1 which exceeds that1 which is got by washing1 in a very great proportion1 as you will perceive by the account annext4 ,all the ,mercury got without the use of ,fire1 whether by washing1 or found in the ,mines 7for in the digging1 some little particles get together1 so that in some places you might take up two or three spoonfuls of pure ,mercury7 is call'd by them ,virgin ,mercury1 and esteem'd above the rest4 ,i inquir'd of the ,officer what vertue that had more1 than the other2 he told me that making an ,amalgama of ,gold and ,virgin ,mercury1 and putting it to the fire1 that ,mercury would carry away all the ,gold with it1 which common ,mercury would not do4 ,the ,engins1 employed in these ,mines1 are admirable2 the ,wheels1 the greatest that ever ,i saw in my life2 one would think as great as the matter would bear3 all moved by the dead force of the water1 brought thither in no chargeable ,aqueduct from a ,mountain1 #c ,miles distant3 the water pumpt from the bottom of the ,mine by #eb pumps1 #bf on a side1 is contrived to move other wheels1 for several other purposes4 ,the ,labourers work for a ,julio a day1 which is not above #f or #g pence1 and indure not long2 for1 although none stay #bd underground above #f hours2 all of them in time 7some later1 some sooner7 become paralitick1 and dye hectick4 ,we saw there a man1 who had not been in the ,mines for above half a year before1 so full of ,mercury1 that putting a piece of ,brass in his mouth1 or rubbing it in his fingers1 it immediately became white like ,silver3 ,i mean he did the same effect1 as if he had rubb'd ,mercury upon it1 and so paralitick1 that he could not with both his hands carry a ,glass1 half full of ,wine1 to his mouth without spilling it1 though he loved it too well to throw it away4 ,i have been since informed1 that here in ,venice1 those that work on the back-side of ,looking-glasses1 are also very subject to the ,palsey4 ,i did not observe1 that they had black ,teeth2 it may be therefore1 that we accuse ,mercury injustly for spoiling the ,teeth1 when given in ,venereal diseases4 ,i confess1 ,i did not think of it upon the place2 but1 black ,teeth being so very rare in this ,country1 ,i think ,i could not but have markt it1 had all theirs been so4 ,they use exceeding great quantity of ,wood1 in making and repairing the ,engins1 and in the ,furnaces 7whereof there are #af4 each of them carrying #bd4 ,retorts27 but principally in the ,mines1 which need continual reparation1 the ,fir-trees lasting but a small time under ground4 ,they convey their ,wood thus3 ,about four miles from the ,mines1 on the sides of two mountains1 they cut down the ,trees1 and draw them into the interjacent ,valley1 higher in the same ,valley1 so that the ,trees1 according to the descent of the water lye betwixt it and ,idria3 with vast charges and quantities of ,wood they made a ,lock or ,dam1 that suffers not any water to pass2 they expect afterwards till there be water enough to float these ,trees to ,idria2 for1 if there be not a spring1 7as generally there is17 ,rain1 or the melting of the ,snow1 in a short time1 afford so much water1 as is ready to run over the ,dam1 and which 7the ,flood-gates being open'd7 carries all the ,trees impetuously to ,idria1 where the ,bridge is built very strong1 and at very oblique ,angles to the stream1 on purpose to stop them1 and throw them on shore neer the ,mines4 #be ,those ,mines cost the ,emperour heretofore #gjjjj4 or #hjjjj4 ,florens yearly1 and yielded less ,mercury than at present1 although it costs him but #bhjjj4 ,florens now4 ,you may see what his ,imperial ,majesty gets by the following account1 of what ,mercury the ,mines of ,idria have produced these last three years4 #affa4 l4 ,ordinary ,mercury #aihdha ,virgin ,mercury #faid -------- #bjdfge -------- #affb4 l4 ,ordinary ,mercury #bbejff ,virgin ,mercury #ifab -------- #bcdfgh -------- #affc4 l4 ,ordinary ,mercury #bddaai ,virgin ,mercury #aahfb -------- #beeiha -------- ,there are alwaies at work #bhj persons1 according to the relation ,i received from a very civil person1 who informed me also of all the other particulars above mentioned1 whose name is ,achatio ,kappenjagger2 his ,office1 ,contra-scrivano per sua ,maest ,cesarea in ,idria del ,mercurio4 ,to give some light to this ,narrative1 take this ,diagramme3 ,f4 is the water1 ,c4 ,b4 a vessel1 into which it runs4 ,,dg4 ,,eh4 ,,fi4 are streams perpetually issuing from that vessel2 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 three sives1 the distance of whose wires at bottom lessen proportionably4 ,g4 the place1 wherein the ,earth1 that pass'd through the sive ,d4 is retained2 from whence 'tis taken by the second man2 and what passes through the sive ,e4 is retained in ,h4 and so of the rest4 ,k4 ,l4 ,m4 wast water1 which is so much impregnated with ,mercury1 that it cureth ,itches and sordid ,ulcers4 ,see ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration ,i will trespass a little more upon you1 in describing the contrivance of blowing the ,fire in the ,brassworks of ,tivoli neer ,rome 7it being new to me7 where the ,water blows the ,fire1 not by moving the ,bellows1 7which is common7 but by affording the ,wind4 ,see ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,where ,a4 is the #bf ,river1 ,b4 the ,fall of it1 ,c4 the ,tub into which it falls1 ,,lg4 a ,pipe1 ,g4 the orifice of the ,pipe1 or ,nose of the ,bellows1 ,,gk4 the ,hearth1 ,e4 a hole in the ,pipe1 ,f4 a stopper to that hole1 ,d4 a place under ground1 by which the water runs away4 ,stopping the hole ,e1 there is a perpetual strong wind1 issuing forth at ,g3 and ,g4 being stopt1 the wind comes out so vehemently at ,e1 that it will1 ,i believe1 make a ,ball play1 like that at ,frescati4 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,extract of a ,letter1 containing some ,observations1 made in the ordering of ,silk-worms1 communicated by that known ,vertuoso1 ,mr4 ,dudley ,palmer1 from the ingenuous ,mr4 ,edward ,digges4 ,i herewith offer to your ,society a small parcel of my ,virginian ,silk4 ,what ,i have observed in the ordering of ,silk-worms1 contrary to the received opinion1 is3 #a4 ,that ,i have kept leaves #bd4 hours after they are gathered1 and flung water upon them to keep them from withering2 yet when 7without wiping the leaves7 ,i fed the worms1 ,i observed1 they did as well as those fresh gathered4 #b4 ,i never observed1 that the smell of ,tobacco1 or smels that are rank1 did any waies annoy the worm4 #c4 ,our country of ,virginia is very much subject to ,thunders3 and it hath thundered exceedingly when ,i have had worms of all sorts1 some newly hatched2 some half way in their feeding2 others spinning their ,silk2 yet ,i found none of them concern'd in the ,thunder1 but kept to their business1 as if there had been no such thing4 #d4 ,i have made many bottoms of the ,brooms 7wherein hundreds of worms spun7 of ,holly2 and the prickles were so far from hurting them1 that even from those prickles they first began to make their bottoms4 ,i did hope with this to have given you assurance1 that by retarding the hatching of seed1 two crops of silk or more #bg might be made in a ,summer3 but my servants have been remiss in what was ordered1 ,i must crave your patience till next year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an account of ,micrographia1 or the ,physiological ,descriptions of ,minute ,bodies1 made by ,magnifying ,glasses4 ,the ,ingenious and knowing ,author of this ,treatise1 ,mr4 ,robert ,hook1 considering with himself1 of what importance a faithful ,history of ,nature is to the establishing of a solid ,systeme of ,natural ,philosophy1 and what advantage ,experimental and ,mechanical knowledge hath over the ,philosophy of discourse and disputation1 and making it1 upon that account1 his constant business to bring into that vast ,treasury what portion he can1 hath lately published a ,specimen of his abilities in this kind of study1 which certainly is very welcome to the ,learned and ,inquisitive world1 both for the ,new discoveries in ,nature1 and the ,new ,inventions of ,art4 ,as to the former1 the ,attentive ,reader of this ,book will find1 that there being hardly any thing so small1 as by the help of ,microscopes1 to escape our enquiry1 a new visible world is discovered by this means1 and the ,earth shews quite a new thing to us1 so that in every little particle of its matter1 we may now behold almost as great a variety of creatures1 as we were able before to reckon up in the whole ,universe it self4 ,here our ,author maketh it not improbable1 but that1 by these helps the subtilty of the composition of ,bodies1 the structure of their parts1 the various texture of their matter1 the instruments and manner of their inward motions1 and all the other appearances of things1 may be more fully discovered2 whence may emerge many admirable advantages towards the enlargement of the ,active and ,mechanick part of knowledge1 because we may perhaps be enabled to discern the secret #bh workings of ,nature1 almost in the same manner1 as we do those that are the productions of ,art1 and are managed by ,wheels1 and ,engines1 and ,springs1 that were devised by ,humane wit4 ,to this end1 he hath made a very curious ,survey of all kinds of bodies1 beginning with the ,point of a ,needle1 and proceeding to the ,microscopical view of the ,edges of ,rasors1 ,fine ,lawn1 ,tabby1 ,watered ,silks1 ,glass-canes1 ,glass-drops1 ,fiery ,sparks1 ,fantastical ,colours1 ,metalline ,colours1 the ,figures of ,sand1 ,gravel in ,urine1 ,diamonds in ,flints1 ,frozen ,figures1 the ,kettering ,stone1 ,charcoal1 ,wood and other ,bodies petrified1 the ,pores of ,cork1 and of other substances1 ,vegetables growing on blighted ,leaves1 ,blew mould and ,mushromes1 ,sponges1 and other ,fibrous ,bodies1 ,sea-weed1 the ,surfaces of some ,leaves1 the stinging points of a ,nettle1 ,cowage1 the ,beard of a wild ,oate1 the seed of the ,corn-violet1 as also of ,tyme1 ,poppy and ,purslane4 ,he continues to describe ,hair1 the scales of a ,soal1 the sting of a ,bee1 ,feathers in general1 and in particular those of ,peacocks2 the feet of ,flies2 and other ,insects2 the ,wings and ,head of a ,fly2 the ,teeth of a ,snail2 the ,eggs of ,silk-worms2 the ,blue ,fly2 a water ,insect2 the ,tufted ,gnat2 a ,white ,moth2 the ,shepheards-spider2 the ,hunting ,spider1 the ,ant2 the wandring ,mite2 the ,crab-like insect1 the ,book-worm1 the ,flea1 the ,louse1 ,mites1 ,vine mites4 ,he concludeth with taking occasion to discourse of two or three very considerable subjects1 viz4 ,the inflexion of the ,rays of ,lights in the ,air2 the ,fixt stars2 the ,moon4 ,in representing these particulars to the ,readers view1 the ,author hath not only given proof of his singular skil in delineating all sorts of ,bodies 7he having drawn all the ,schemes of these #fj ,microscopical objects with his own hand7 and of his extraordinary care of having them so curiously engraven by the ,masters of that ,art2 but he hath also suggested in the several reflexions1 made upon these ,objects1 such conjectures1 as are likely to excite and quicken the ,philosophical heads to very noble contemplations4 ,here are found inquiries concerning the ,propagation of ,light through #bi differing mediums2 concerning ,gravity1 concerning the ,roundness of ,fruits1 stones1 and divers artificial bodies2 concerning ,springiness and ,tenacity2 concerning the ,original of ,fountains2 concerning the dissolution of ,bodies into ,liquors2 concerning ,filtration1 and the ascent of ,juices in ,vegetables1 and the use of their ,pores4 ,here an attempt is made of solving the strange ,phnomena of ,glass-drops2 experiments are alleged to prove the ,expansion of ,glass by heat1 and the ,contraction of heated-,glass upon cooling2 ,des ,cartes his ,hypothesis of ,colours is examined3 the cause of ,colours1 most likely to the ,author1 is explained3 ,reasons are produced1 that ,reflection is not necessary to produce colours1 nor a double refraction3 some considerable ,hypotheses are offered1 for the explication of ,light by ,motion2 for the producing of all colours by ,refraction2 for reducing all sorts of colours to two only1 ,yellow and ,blew2 for making the ,air1 a dissolvent of all ,combustible ,bodies3 and for the explicating of all the regular figures of ,salt1 where he alleges many notable instances of the ,mathematicks of ,nature1 as having even in those things which we account vile1 rude course1 shewed abundance of curiosity and excellent ,geometry and ,mechanism4 ,and here he opens a large field for inquiries1 and proposeth ,models for prosecuting them1 #a4 ,by making a full collection of all the differing kinds of ,geometricall figur'd bodies2 #b4 ,by getting with them an exact ,history of their places where they are generated or found3 #c4 ,by making store of ,tryals in ,dissolutions and ,coagulations of several ,crystallizing ,salts3 #d4 ,by making trials on metalls1 ,minerals and ,stones1 by dissolving them in severall ,menstruums1 and ,crystallizing them1 to see what ,figures will arise from those several compositums3 #e4 ,by compounding coagulating several ,salts together into the same mass1 to observe the ,figure of that product3 #f4 ,by inquiring the closenes or rarity of the texture of those bodys by examining their gravity1 and their refraction1 c4 #g4 ,by examining what operations the fire hath upon several kinds of ,salts1 what changes it causes in their figures1 ,textures1 or #cj ,vertues4 #h4 ,by examining their manner of dissolution1 or acting upon those bodies dissoluble in them and the ,texture of those bodies before and after the process4 #i4 ,by considering1 by what and how many means1 such and such figures1 actions and effects could be produced1 and which of them might be the most likely1 c4 ,he goes on to offer his thoughts about the ,pores of bodies1 and a kind of ,valves in wood2 about spontaneous generation arising from the ,putrefaction of bodies2 about the nature of the ,vegetation of mold1 mushromes1 moss1 spunges2 to the last of which he scarce finds any ,body like it in texture4 ,he adds1 from the naturall contrivance1 that is found in the leaf of a ,nettle1 how the stinging pain is created1 and thence takes occasion to discourse of the poysoning of ,darts4 ,he subjoyns a curious description of the shape1 ,mechanism and use of the sting of a ,bee2 and shews the admirable ,providence of ,nature in the contrivance and fabrick of ,feathers for ,flying4 ,he delivers those particulars about the ,figure1 parts and use of the head1 feet1 and wings of a ,fly1 that are not common4 ,he observes the various wayes of the generations of ,insects1 and discourses handsomely of the means1 by which they seem to act so prudently4 ,he taketh notice of the ,mechanical reason of the ,spider's ,fabrick1 and maketh pretty ,observations on the hunting ,spider1 and other ,spiders and their ,webs4 ,and what he notes of a ,flea1 ,louse1 ,mites1 and ,vinegar-worms1 cannot but exceedingly please the curious ,reader4 ,having dispatched these ,matters1 the ,author offers his ,thoughts for the explicating of many ,phnomena of the ,air1 from the ,inflexion1 or from a ,multiplicate ,refraction of the rays of ,light within the ,body of the ,atmosphere1 and not from a ,refraction caused by any terminating superficies of the ,air above1 nor from any such exactly defin'd superficies within the body of the ,atmosphere2 which conclusion he grounds upon this1 that a medium1 whose parts are unequally dense1 and mov'd by various motions and transpositions as to one another1 will produce all these #ca visible effects upon the rays of ,light1 without any other coefficient cause3 and then1 that there is in the ,air or ,atmosphere1 such a variety in the constituent parts of it1 both as to their density and rarity1 and as to their divers mutations and positions one to another4 ,he concludeth with two ,celestial ,observations2 whereof the one imports1 what multitudes of ,stars are discoverable by the ,telescope1 and the variety of their magnitudes2 intimating with all1 that the longer the ,glasses are1 and the bigger apertures they will indure1 the more fit they are for these discoveries3 the other affords a description of a ,vale in the ,moon1 compared with that of ,hevelius and ,ricciolo2 where the ,reader will find several curious and pleasant ,annotations1 about the ,pits of the ,moon1 and the ,hills and ,coverings of the same2 as also about the variations in the ,moon1 and its gravitating principle1 together with the use1 that may be made of this ,instance of a gravity in the ,moon4 ,as to the ,inventions of ,art1 described in this ,book1 the curious ,reader will there find these following3 #a4 ,a ,baroscope1 or an ,instrument to shew all the ,minute ,variations in the ,pressure of the ,air2 by which he affirms1 that he finds1 that before and during the time of rainy weather1 the ,pressure of the ,air is less2 and in dry weather1 but especially when an ,easterly ,wind 7which having past over vast ,tracts of ,land1 is heavy with earthy particles7 blows1 it is much more1 though these changes be varied according to very odd ,laws4 #b4 ,a ,hygroscope1 or an ,instrument1 whereby the ,watery steams1 volatile in the ,air1 are discerned1 which the ,nose it self is not able to find4 ,which is by him fully described in the ,observation touching the ,beard of a wild ,oate1 by the means whereof this ,instrument is contrived4 #c4 ,an ,instrument for graduating ,thermometers1 to make them ,standards of ,heat and ,cold4 #d4 ,a ,new ,engine for ,grinding ,optick ,glasses1 by means of which he hopes1 that any ,spherical ,glasses1 of what length #cb soever1 may be speedily made3 which seems to him most easie1 because1 if it succeeds1 with one and the same ,tool may be ground an ,object ,glass of any length or breadth requisite1 and that with very little or no trouble in fitting the ,engine1 and without much skill in the ,grinder4 ,he thinks it very exact1 because to the very last stroke the ,glass does regulate and rectifie the ,tool to its exact ,figure2 and the longer or more the ,tool and ,glass are wrought together1 the more exact will both of them be of the desired ,figure4 ,he affirms further1 that the motions of the ,glass and ,tool do so cross each other1 that there is not one point of eithers surface1 but hath thousands of cross motions thwarting it1 so that there can be no kind of ,rings or ,gutters made1 either in the ,tool or ,glass4 #e4 ,a ,new ,instrument1 by which the ,refraction of all kinds of ,liquors may be exactly measured1 thereby to give the ,curious an opportunity of making ,trials of that kind1 to establish the ,laws of ,refraction1 to wit1 whether the ,sines of the ,angles of ,refraction are respectively proportionable to the ,sines of the ,angles of ,incidence3 ,this ,instrument being very proper to examine very accurately1 and with little trouble1 and in small quantities1 the ,refraction of any ,liquor1 not only for one inclination1 but for all2 whereby he is enabled to make accurate ,tables4 ,by the same also he affirms to have found it true1 that what proportion the ,sine of the ,angle of the one inclination has to the ,sine of its ,angle of ,refraction1 correspondent to it1 the same proportion have all the other ,sines of ,inclination to their respective ,sines of ,refractions4 ,lastly1 this ,author despairs not that there may be found many ,mechanical ,inventions1 to improve our ,senses of ,hearing1 ,smelling1 ,tasting1 ,touching1 as well as we have improved that of ,seeing by ,optick ,glasses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london1 ,printed with ,licence for ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society4 #cc 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #c4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,may #h4 #affe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,some ,observations and ,experiments upon ,may-dew4 ,the ,motion of the ,second ,comet predicted1 by the same person1 who predicted that of the former4 ,a ,relation of the ,advice1 given by a ,french ,gentleman1 touching the ,conjunction of the ,ocean and the ,mediterranean4 ,of the way of killing ,ratle-snakes1 used in ,virginia4 ,a ,relation of ,persons kill'd with ,subterraneous ,damps4 ,of the ,mineral of ,liege1 yielding both ,brimstone1 and ,vitriol1 and the way of extracting them out of it1 used at ,liege4 ,an ,account of ,mr4 ,boyle's ,experimental ,history of ,cold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,observations and ,experiments upon ,may-,dew4 ,that ingenious and inquisitive ,gentleman1 ,master ,thomas ,henshaw1 having had occasion to make use of a great quantity of ,may-dew1 did1 by several casual ,essayes on that ,subject1 make the following ,observations and ,tryals1 and present them to the ,royal ,society4 #cd ,that ,dew newly gathered and filtred through a clean ,linnen cloth1 though it be not very clear1 is of a yellowish ,colour1 somewhat approaching to that of ,urine4 ,that having endevoured to putrefy it by putting several proportions into ,glass bodies with blind heads1 and setting them in several heats1 as of dung1 and gentle baths1 he quite failed of his intention3 for heat1 though never so gentle1 did rather clarify1 and preserve it sweet1 though continued for two moneths together1 then cause any putrefaction or separation of parts4 ,that exposing of it to the ,sun for a whole ,summer in ,glasses1 that hold about two ,gallons1 with narrow mouths1 that might be stopp'd with ,cork1 the only considerable alteration1 he observed to be produced in it1 was1 that ,store of green stuff 7such as is seen in ,summer in ditches and standing waters7 floated on the top1 and in some places1 grew to the sides of the ,glass4 ,that putting four or five ,gallons of it into a half ,tub1 as they call it1 of ,wood1 and straining a ,canvas over it1 to keep out ,dust and ,insects1 and letting it stand in some shady room for three weeks or a month1 it did of itself putrefy and stink exceedingly1 and let fall to the bottom a black sediment like ,mudd4 ,that1 coming often to see1 what ,alterations appeared in the putrefaction1 ,he observed1 that at the beginning1 within twenty four hours1 a slimy film floated on the top of the water1 which after a while falling to the bottom1 there came another such film in its place4 ,that if ,dew were put into a long narrow ,vessel of ,glass1 such as formerly were used for ,receivers in distilling of ,aqua ,fortis1 the slime would rise to that height1 that ,he could take it off with a ,spoon2 and when he had put a pretty quantity of it into a drinking ,glass1 and that it had stood all night1 and the water dreined from it1 if ,he had turned it out of his hand1 it would stand upright in figure of the ,glass1 in substance like boyled white ,starch1 though something more transparent1 if his memory 7saith he7 fail him not4 ,that having once gotten a pretty quantity of this gelly1 and put it into a ,glass body and ,blind-head1 ,he set it into a gentle #ce ,bath with an intention to have putrefied it1 but after a few days ,he found1 the head had not been well luted on1 and that some moisture exhaling1 the gelly was grown almost dry1 and a large ,mushrom grown out of it within the ,glass4 ,it was of a loose watrish contexture1 such an one1 as he had seen growing out of rotten wood4 ,that having several ,tubs with good quantity of ,dew in them1 set to putrefy in the manner abovesaid1 and comming to pour out of one of them to make use of it1 ,he found in the water a great bunch1 bigger than his fist1 of those ,insects commonly called ,hog-lice or ,millepedes1 tangled together by their long tailes1 one of which came out of every one of their bodies1 about the bigness of a ,horsehair3 ,the ,insects did all live and move after they were taken out4 ,that emptying another ,tub1 whereon the ,sun1 it seems1 had used sometimes to shine1 and finding1 upon the straining it through a clean linnen cloth1 two or three spoonfulls of green stuff1 though not so thick nor so green as that above mentioned1 found in the ,glasses purposely exposed to the ,sun1 ,he put this green stuff in a ,glass1 and tyed a paper over it1 and coming some dayes after to view it1 ,he found the ,glass almost filled with an innumerable ,company of small ,flyes1 almost all wings1 such as are usually seen in great ,swarms in the ,aire in ,summer ,evenings4 ,that setting about a ,gallon of this ,dew 7which1 he saith1 if he misremember not1 had been first putrefied and strained7 in an open ,jarre-,glass with a wide mouth1 and leaving it for many weeks standing in a ,south-window1 on which the ,sun lay very much1 but the ,casements were kept close shut2 after some time coming to take account of his ,dew1 ,he found it very full of little ,insects with great ,heads and small tapering ,bodies1 somewhat resembling ,tadpoles1 but very much less4 ,these1 on his approach to the ,glass1 would sink down to the bottom1 as it were to hide themselves1 and upon his retreat wrigle themselves up to the top of the water again4 ,leaving it thus for some time longer1 ,he afterwards found the room very full of ,gnats1 though the ,door and ,windows were kept shut4 ,he adds1 that ,he did not at first suspect1 that those ,gnats had any #cf relation to the ,dew1 but after finding the ,gnats to be multiplied and the little watry ,animals to be much lessened in quantity1 and finding great numbers of their empty skins floating on the face of his ,dew1 ,he thought1 he had just reason to perswade himself1 the ,gnats were by a second ,birth produced of those little ,animals4 ,that vapouring away great quantities of his putrefied ,dew in ,glass ,basons1 and other ,earthen glased ,vessels1 ,he did at last obtain1 as he remembers1 above two pound of ,grayish ,earth1 which when he had washed with more of the same ,dew out of all his ,basons into one1 and vapoured to siccity1 lay in leaves one above another1 not unlike to some kind of brown ,paper1 but very friable4 ,that taking this ,earth out1 and after he had well ground it on a ,marble1 and given it a smart ,fire1 in a coated ,retort of ,glass1 it soon melted and became a ,cake in the bottom1 when it was cold1 and looked as if it had been ,salt and ,brimstone in a certain proportion melted together2 but1 as he remembers1 was not at all inflamable4 ,this ground again on a ,marble1 he saith1 did turn ,spring water of a reddish purple ,colour4 ,that by often calcining and filtring this ,earth1 ,he did at last extract about two ounces of a fine small white ,salt1 which1 looked on through a good ,microscope1 seemed to have ,sides and ,angles in the same number and figure1 as ,rochpeeter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,motion of the ,second ,comet predicted1 by the same ,gentleman1 who predicted that of the former4 ,monsieur ,auzout1 the same ,person1 that not long since communicated to the ,world his ,ephemerides touching the course of the former ,comet1 and recommended several ,copies of them to the ,royal ,society1 to compare their ,observations with his ,account1 and thereby1 either to verifie his ,predictions1 or to shew1 wherein they differ1 hath lately sent another ,ephemerides concerning the ,motion of the ,second ,comet1 to the same end1 that invited him to send the other4 #cg ,in that ,tract he observes1 first in ,general1 that this second ,comet is contrary to the precedent1 almost in all particulars3 seeing that the former moved very swift1 this1 pretty slow2 that against the ,order of the signs from ,east to ,west1 this1 following them1 from ,west to ,east3 that1 from ,south to ,north1 this1 from ,north to ,south1 as far as it hath been hitherto1 that we hear off1 observed3 that1 on the side opposite to the ,sun1 this1 on the same side3 that1 having been in its ,perigee at the time of its ,opposition1 this1 having been there1 out of the time of its ,conjunction3 where he taketh also notice1 that this ,comet differs in brightness from the other1 as well in its ,body1 which is far more vivid and distinct1 as in its ,train1 whose splendor is much greater1 since it may be seen even with great ,telescopes1 which were useless in the former1 by reason of its dimness4 ,after this he descends to particulars1 and informs us1 that he began to observe this ,comet ,april the second1 and continued for some days following1 and that as soon as he had made three or four ,observations1 he resolved to try again an ,ephemerides2 but that1 having no instruments exact enough1 and the ,comet being in a place1 destitute of ,stars1 and subject to ,refractions1 he feared to venture too much upon ,observations so neer one another1 since in such matters a perfect exactness is necessary1 and wished to see some precedent ,observations to direct him3 which having obtained1 he thereby verified what he had begun1 and resolved to carry on his intended ,ephemerides1 especially being urged by his ,friends1 and engaged by his former undertaking1 that so it might not be thought a meer hazard1 that made him hit in the former2 as also1 that he might try1 whether his ,method would succeed as well in slower1 as in swifter ,comets1 and in those1 that are neer the ,sun2 as in such as are opposite thereunto1 to the end1 that men might be advertised of the determination of its use1 if it could not serve but in certain particular ,cases4 ,he relateth therefore1 that he had finished this ,new ,ephemerides ,april the sixth1 and put it presently to the ,press2 in doing of which1 he hopes1 he hath not disobliged the ,publick3 seeing that1 though we should loose the sight of this ,star within a few days1 by reason of its approach to the ,sun1 yet having found1 #ch that it is always to rise before the ,sun1 and that we may again see it better1 when it shall rise betimes1 towards the end of ,may1 and in the beginning of ,june1 if the cleerness of the ,day-break hinder us not2 he thought it worth the while to try1 whether the truth of this ,ephemerides could be proved4 ,he affirms then1 that the ,line described by this ,star resembles hitherto a ,great ,circle1 as it is found in all other ,comets in the midst of their ,course4 ,he finds the said ,circle inclined to the ,ecliptick about #bf4 d4 #cj'4 and the ,nodes1 where it cuts it1 towards the beginning of ,gemini and ,sagittary2 that it declines from the ,equator about #bf4 d and cuts it towards the #aa4 d4 and consequently1 that its greatest ,latitude hath been towards ,pisces1 where it must have been ,march #bd4 and its greatest ,declination1 towards the #be d4 of the ,equator1 where it was to have been ,april #aa4 ,he puts it in its ,perigee ,march #bg4 about three of the ,clock in the ,afternoon1 when it was about the #ae degrees of ,pisces1 a little more ,westerly then ,marshab1 or the ,wing of ,pegasus1 and that it was to be in ,conjunction with the ,sun1 ,april #i4 ,where yet he noteth1 that according to another ,calculation1 the ,perigee was ,march #bg4 more towards ,night1 so that the ,comet advances a little more towards the ,east1 and retards towards the ,west2 which not being very sensible in the first days1 differs more about the end1 and in the beginning2 which he leaves to ,observation4 ,he calculateth1 that the greatest ,motion it could make in one day1 hath been #d4 d4 and #h'4 or #i'2 in one hour1 about #aj'4 and #be4 so that its ,diurnal ,motion is to its last distance from the ,earth a little more than as #a4 to #ad4 and its ,hourly ,motion1 as #a4 to #ccj4 ,he wonders1 that it hath not been seen sooner2 the first ,observations that he hath seen1 but made by others1 being of ,march #ag4 ,whereas he finds1 that it might have been seen since ,january1 at least in the ,months of ,february and ,march1 when it rose at #b of the ,clock and before3 because it is very likely1 that1 considering its bigness and brightness1 when it was towards its ,perigee1 it was visible1 since that towards the end of ,february it was not three times as much remote from the ,earth1 than when it was in its ,perigee1 and that towards the end of ,january it was not five times as much4 #ci ,in the interim1 saith he1 the other ,comet could be seen with the naked eye until ,january #ca4 when it was more than ten times further remote1 than in its ,perigee1 although it was not by far so bright1 nor its streamer shining as this hath appeared4 ,he wishes1 that all the changes that shall fall out in this ,comet1 might be exactly observ'd2 because of its not being swift1 and the ,motion of the ,earth very sensible1 unless the ,comet be extreamly remote1 we should find much more light from this1 than the former ,star1 about the ,grand ,question1 whether the ,earth moves or not2 this ,author having all along entertained himself with the hopes1 that the ,motion of ,comets would evince1 whether the ,earth did move or not2 and this very ,comet seemed to him to have by design appeared for that end1 if it had had more ,latitude1 and that consequently we might have seen it before ,day break4 ,he wishes also1 that1 if possible1 it may be accurately observed1 whether it will not a little decline from its great ,circle towards the ,south2 ,judging1 that some important truth may be thence deduced1 as well as if its motion retarded more1 than the place of its ,perigee 7which will be more exactly known when all the passed ,observations shall have been obtained7 and its greatest ,motion do require4 ,he fears only1 that it being then to rise at ,break of ,day1 exact ,observations cannot be made of it3 but he would1 at least have it sought with ,telescopes1 his ,ephemerides directing whereabout it is to be4 ,april #aj4 it was to be over against the point of the ,triangle1 and from thence more ,southerly by more than two degrees2 and ,april #aa4 over against the bright ,star of ,aries1 ,april #ag4 over against the ,stars of the ,fly1 a little more ,southerly1 and ,may #d it is to be over against the ,pleiades1 and about the fourth or fifth of the same ,month1 it is to be once more in ,conjunction with the ,sun2 after which time1 the ,sun will move from it ,eastward1 and leave it towards the ,west2 which will enable us to see it again at a better hour1 provided the cleerness of the ,day-break be no impediment to us4 ,he addeth1 that this ,star must have been the third time in ,conjunction with the ,sun1 about the time when it first began to appear3 and foresees1 that from all these particulars many considerable consequences may be deduced4 #dj ,it will cut the ,ecliptick about the end of ,july1 new ,style1 a little more ,eastwards than the ,eye of ,taurus2 at which time there will be no seeing of it1 except it be with a ,telescope4 ,it will be towards the ,end of ,april1 new style1 twice as far distant as it was in ,perigee1 thrice as far1 ,may the fourth1 four times1 ,may the eighteenth1 and five times1 ,june the first1 c4 ,he would not have ,men surprised1 that there have been two ,comets within so short a time2 seeing1 saith he1 there were four1 at least three1 in the ,year #afah4 and in other ,years there have been two and more at the same time4 ,what he adds about their signification1 we leave to ,astrologers to dispute it with him4 ,he concludeth with asking pardon1 if he have committed mistakes1 which he hopeth he shall obtain the sooner1 because of the small time he hath had for these calculations2 and he wishes that he could have made all the ,observations himself1 seeing that it is easie to fail1 when one must trust to the ,observations of others1 whereof we know not the exactness3 where he instanceth1 that according to his ,observations1 the way of the ,comet should go neerer the ,ecliptick than he hath marked it1 even without having any great regard to the ,refractions3 but since he would subject himself to others1 he hath made it pass a little higher1 which1 he saith1 was almost insensibly so1 in those few days that he was observing and writing1 but that this may perhaps become sensible hereafter2 which if it be so1 he affirms that it will cut the ,ecliptick and ,equator sooner1 than he hath marked it1 c4 ,however1 he thinks it convenient1 to have given aforehand a common ,notion of what will become of a ,comet1 to prepare men for all the ,changes that may fall out concerning it3 which he affirms he hath endeavoured to do2 the rest being easie to correct1 as soon as any good ,observations1 somewhat distant1 have been obtained1 considering1 that there need but two very exact ones1 a little distant when the ,star is not swift1 to trace its ,way2 although there must be at least three1 to find out all the rest4 ,but1 then would he have it considered1 that although his ,method should be very exact1 if there be not at hand ,instruments big enough1 and ,globes good enough to trust to1 nothing can be done perfectly in these kind of ,predictions4 #da 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation of the advice given by ,monsieur ,petit1 ,intendant of the ,fortifications of ,normandy1 touching the ,conjunction of the ,ocean and ,mediterranean4 ,this ,intelligent ,gentleman1 ,monsieur ,petit1 having been consulted with1 touching the ,conjunction of the ,ocean and ,mediterranean1 delivers first the ,proposition1 and then giveth his thoughts upon it4 ,the ,proposition is1 ,that there being about two ,leagues below ,castres in ,languedoc a ,rivolet1 called ,sor1 passing to ,revel1 there may by the means thereof be made a ,communication of the two ,seas1 by joyning the ,waters of this ,rivolet by a ,channel 7to be kept full all the year long7 with those of ,st4 ,papoul1 and others1 which fall into ,fresqueil 7another small ,river7 that runs into the ,aude below ,carcassone1 and go together to ,narbonne1 scituated upon the ,mediterranean4 ,having given the ,proposition1 he adds some particulars1 to illustrate the same1 before he declares his judgment upon it4 ,for he relateth1 that there is but one way1 after the division of the ,waters1 to pass to the ,mediterranean1 which is by a ,rivolet1 called ,fresqueil1 that is conjoyn'd with the ,aude3 ,but1 to pass to the ,ocean1 there are three2 ,one1 by ,riege1 entring into the ,caronne above ,tholouse2 the other1 by ,lers1 passing on the side1 and below the same ,town2 and the third1 by ,sor1 falling into the ,river ,agoust under ,castres1 afterwards into the ,tarne1 and thence to ,montauban1 and lastly into the ,garonne4 ,and that1 to compass this design1 all these ,rivers and ,rivolets are first to be made ,navigable unto their ,sluces2 that of ,aude and ,fresqueil for the ,mediterranean1 and one of the others1 such as shall be chosen1 for the ,ocean4 ,he addeth1 that1 as to the several ,ways passing to the ,ocean1 all of them commended as proper and convenient1 and the three ,countries concerned therein1 speaking every one for their advantage3 ,those of ,castres and #db ,montauban1 are for the ,river ,agoust2 those of ,tholouse1 for ,riege2 and the rest1 for ,lers4 ,now concerning his ,opinion upon this ,proposition1 he thinks1 that all that hath been represented touching this matter1 can signifie very little1 seeing that the main thing is wanting1 which is the assurance1 and certain and positive mensuration of the height and quantity of the ,waters1 necessary to fall into both the ,channels of the ,aude and ,caronne3 that there must be plenty of that1 to furnish at all times and alwayes the highest and first sluces1 since what once issues thence1 doth never enter again into them2 and after some ,boats are passed1 if there should not be a sufficient supply for those that come after2 either to go up1 or to go down1 all would stand dry1 and ,merchants and their commodities would stay long enough expecting the supply of ,rains1 to their great detriment4 ,he concludeth therefore1 that no knowing and discreet ,person is able1 in matters of this nature1 to give a positive answer1 without having before him a large and exact ,topographical ,map of those places1 and of the sources of all the ,rivolets1 that are to supply the ,water to the ,head of the pretended ,channel1 together with a full account of the survey and mensuration of all the places1 through which it is to pass2 of the ,nature of the ,ground1 whether it be stony1 sandy1 rocky1 c4 of the exact level of all the places1 where it is to be made1 and of the several risings and depressions thereof1 to be assured that the ,water may be conveyed to the greatest rising1 and to the highest ,sluce2 and lastly1 of the quantity1 that may be had at high1 middle1 and low ,water1 to have enough for all times2 that all these things being first made out1 'tis then time enough to judge of the possibility of the thing1 and to calculate the charges necessary for ,execution4 ,this ,artist having thus prudently waved this ,proposition1 diverts himself with reflecting upon several others of the like nature1 among which he insists chiefly upon two1 whereof one is that so much celebrated in ,egypt2 the other1 of ,germany4 ,and he is of ,opinion1 that the most important of all is that1 of conjoyning the ,red sea by the ,nile with the ,mediterranean1 which he looks upon as the most excellent conveniency to go into the ,east ,indies without doubling the ,cape of ,good ,hope2 and yet it #dc could not be executed by those great ,kings of ,egypt1 that raised so many stupendious ,pyramids2 although in his ,opinion the reasons alleged by ,historians to justifie them for having abandoned that undertaking are of no validity1 and that the ,red ,sea cannot be1 as they feared1 higher than the ,nile1 and therefore not indanger the inundation of ,egypt4 ,the other ,proposition was made to ,charles ,magna1 ,anno #gic4 for joyning the ,euxine ,sea and the ,ocean together1 by a ,channel1 which was begun for that end1 and designed to be #bjjj4 paces long and #ajj4 paces broad1 betwixt the ,river ,altmull1 falling into the ,danube above ,ratisbone1 and the ,river ,rott1 passing at ,nurenberg1 and thence running into the ,main1 and so into the ,rhine4 ,but yet this also proved abortive1 though there was great appearance of success at first4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the ,way of killing ,ratle-,snakes4 ,there being not long since occasion given at a meeting of the ,royal ,society to discourse of ,ratle ,snakes1 that worthy and inquisitive ,gentleman1 ,captain ,silas ,taylor1 related the manner1 how they were killed in ,virginia1 which he afterwards was pleased to give in writing1 attested by two credible persons in whose presence it was done2 which is1 as follows4 ,the ,wild ,penny-royal or ,ditany of ,virginia1 groweth streight up about one foot high1 with the leaves like ,penny-royal1 with little blue tufts at the joyning of the branches to the ,plant1 the colour of the ,leaves being a reddish green1 but the ,water distilled1 of the colour of ,brandy1 of a fair ,yellow3 the ,leaves of it bruised are very hot biting upon the ,tongue3 and of these1 so bruised1 they took some1 and having tyed them in the cleft of a long stick1 they held them to the ,nose of the ,ratle-,snake1 who by turning and wriggling laboured as much as she could to avoid it3 but she was killed with it1 in less than half an hours time1 and1 as was supposed1 by the scent thereof2 which was done ,anno #afeg4 in the ,month of ,july1 at which season1 they repute those creatures to be in the greatest vigour for their poison4 #dd 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation of ,persons killed with subterraneous ,damps4 ,this ,relation was likewise made to the ,royal ,society1 by that ,eminent ,virtuoso ,sir ,r4 ,moray1 who was pleased1 upon their desire1 to give it them in writing2 as followeth4 ,in a ,coal-pit1 belonging to the ,lord ,sinclair in ,scotland1 where the ,coal is some #ah or #bj foot thick1 and antiently wasted to a great depth3 ,the ,colliers1 some ,weeks agoe1 having wrought as deep as they could1 and being to remove into new ,rooms 7as they call them7 did1 by taking off1 as they retired1 part of the ,coal that was left as ,pillars to support the ,roof and ,earth over it1 so much weaken them1 that within a short space1 after they were gone out of the ,pitt1 the ,pillars falling1 the ,earth above them filled up the whole ,space1 where the ,colliers had lately wrought1 with its ruins4 ,the ,colliers being here-by out of work1 some of them adventured to work upon old remains of ,walls1 so near the old wastes1 that striking through the slender partition of the ,coal-wall1 that seperated between them and the place1 where they used to work1 they quickly perceived their ,errour1 and fearing to be stifled by the bad ,air1 that they knew1 possessed these old wastes1 in regard not onely of the ,damps1 which such wastes do usually afford1 but because there having for many years been a ,fire in those wastes1 that filled them with stifling fumes and vapors1 retired immediately and saved themselves from the eruptions of the ,damp4 ,but next day some seven or eight of them came no sooner so farr down the staires1 that led them to the place where they had been the day before1 as they intended1 but upon their stepping into the place1 where the ,air was infected1 they fell down dead1 as if they had been shott3 ,and there being amongst them one1 whose ,wife was informed he was stifled in that place1 she went down so far without inconvenience1 that seeing her ,husband near her1 ventured to go to him1 but being choaked by the ,damp1 as soon as she came near him1 she fell down dead by him4 #de ,this ,story of ,sir ,r4 ,moray affirmed to have received from the ,earl of ,weymes1 ,brother in ,law to the ,lord ,sinclair1 as it was written to him from ,scotland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the ,mineral of ,liege1 yeilding both ,brimstone and ,vitriol1 and the way of extracting them out of it1 used at ,liege4 ,the ,account of this ,mineral1 and of the way of extracting both ,brimstone and ,vitriol out of it1 was procured from ,liege1 by the lately mentioned ,sir ,robert ,moray and by him communicated to the ,royal ,society1 as follows4 ,the ,mineral1 out of which ,brimstone and ,vitriol are extracted1 is one and the same1 not much unlike ,lead ore1 having also oft times much ,lead mingled with it1 which is seperated from it by picking it out of the rest4 ,the ,mines resemble our ,english ,coal ,mines dugg according to the depth of the ,mineral1 #ae1 #bj1 or more fathoms1 as the ,vein leads the ,workmen1 or the subterranean waters will give them leave1 which in ,summer so overflow the ,mines1 that the upper waters1 by reason of the drought1 not sufficing to make the ,pumps goe1 the ,work ceases4 ,to make ,brimstone1 they break the ,stone or ,ore into small pieces1 which they put into ,crucibles made of ,earth1 five foot long1 square and ,pyramid-wise4 ,the ,entry is near a foot square4 ,these ,crucibles are laid sloaping1 eight undermost1 and seven above them1 as it were betwixt them1 that the ,fire may come at them all1 each having its particular ,furnace or ,oven4 ,the ,brimstone being dissolved by the violence of the heat1 drops out at the small end of the ,crucible1 and falls into a ,leaden-,trough or ,receptacle1 common to all the said ,crucibles1 through which there runs a continual ,rivolet of cold water1 conveyed thither by ,pipes for the cooling of the dissolved ,sulphur1 which is ordinarily four hours in melting4 ,this done1 the ,ashes are drawn out by a crooked ,iron1 and being put into an ,iron ,wheel barrow1 are carried out of the ,hutt1 and #df being laid in a heap1 are covered with other exiled or drained ,ashes1 the better to keep them warm2 which is reiterated1 as long as they make ,brimstone4 ,to make ,coperas or ,vitriol1 they take a quantity of the said ,ashes1 and throwing them into a square planked pit in the ,earth1 some four foot deep1 and eight foot square1 they cover the same with ordinary water1 and let it lye twenty four hours1 or until an ,egg will swim upon the liquor1 which is a sign1 that it is strong enough4 ,when they will boyl this1 they let it run through ,pipes into the ,kettles1 adding to it half as much ,mother-water1 which is that water1 that remains after boyling of the hardned ,coperas4 ,the ,kettles are made of ,lead1 #d foot high1 #f foot long1 and #c foot broad1 standing upon thick ,iron ,barrs or ,grates4 ,in these the ,liquor is boyled with a strong ,coal-fire1 twenty four hours or more1 according to the strength or weakness of the ,lee or ,water4 ,when it is come to a just consistence1 the fire is taken away1 and the boyled liquor suffered to cool somewhat1 and then it is tapp'd out of the said ,kettles1 through holes beneath in the sides of them1 and conveyed through wooden ,conduits into several ,receptacles1 three foot deep and four foot long 7made and ranged not unlike our ,tan-pits7 where it remains fourteen or fifteen dayes1 or so long till the ,coperas separate it self from the water1 and becomes icy and hard4 ,the remaining water is the above-mentioned ,mother-water2 and the elixed or drained ,ashes are the ,dregs1 or ,caput mortuum1 which the ,lee1 whereof the ,vitriol is made1 leaves behind it in the planked ,pits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a further ,account of ,mr4 ,boyle's ,experimental ,history of ,cold4 ,in the first ,papers of these ,philosophical ,transactions1 some promise was made of a fuller account1 to be given by the next1 of the ,experimental ,history of ,cold1 composed by the ,honourable ,mr4 ,robert ,boyle2 it being then supposed1 that this ,history would have been altogether printed off at the time of publishing the #dg ,second ,papers of these ,transactions2 but the ,press1 employed upon this ,treatise1 having been retarded somewhat longer than was ghessed1 the said promise could not be performed before this time3 wherein it now concerns the inquiring ,world to take notice1 that this subject1 as it hath hitherto bin almost totally neglected1 so it is now1 by this ,excellent ,author1 in such a manner handled1 and improved by near ,two hundred choice ,experiments and ,observations1 that certainly the ,curious and ,intelligent ,reader will in the perusal thereof find cause to admire both the ,fertility of a ,subject1 seemingly so barren1 and the ,author's ,abilities of improving the same to so high a ,degree4 ,but to take a short view of some of the particulars of this ,history1 and thereby to give occasion to ,philosophical men1 to take this ,subject more into their consideration1 than hitherto hath been done2 the ,ingenious ,readers will here see1 #a1 ,that not only all sorts of ,acid and ,alcalizate ,salts1 and ,spirits1 even ,spirit of ,wine1 but also ,sugar1 and ,sugar of ,lead mixed with ,snow1 are capable of freezing other ,bodies1 and upon what account they are so4 #b1 ,that among the ,substances capable of being frozen1 there are not only all gross sorts of ,saline ,bodies1 but such also as are freed from their grosser parts1 not excepting ,spirit of ,urine1 the ,lixivium of ,pot-ashes1 nor ,oyl of ,tartar1 per deliquium1 it self4 #c1 ,that many very spiritous liquors1 freed from their aqueous parts1 cannot be brought to freeze1 neither naturally1 nor artificially3 ,and here is occasionally mentioned a way of keeping ,moats unpassable in very cold ,countries1 recorded by ,olaus ,magnus4 #d1 ,what are the ways proper to estimate the greater or lesser ,coldness of ,bodies2 and by what means we can measure the intensness of ,cold produced by ,art1 beyond that1 which ,nature needs to employ for the freezing of ,water2 as also1 in what proportion water of a moderate degree of ,coldness will #dh be made to shrink by ,snow and ,salt1 before it begin by ,congelation to expand it self2 and then1 how to measure by the differing ,weight and ,density of the same portion of ,water1 what change was produced in it1 betwixt the hottest time of ,summer1 and first glaciating degree of ,cold1 and then the highest1 which our ,author could produce by ,art3 ,where an ,inquiry is annex'd1 whether the making of these kind of ,tryals with the waters of the particular ,rivers and ,seas1 men are to sail on1 may afford any useful estimate1 whether or not1 and how much1 ships may on those waters be safely loaden more in ,winter1 than in ,summer4 ,to which is added the way of making exact ,discoveries of the differing degrees of ,coldness in differing ,regions1 by such ,thermometers1 as are not subject to the alterations of the ,atmosphere's gravitation1 nor to be frozen4 #e4 ,whether1 in ,cold1 the diffusion from ,cold ,bodies be made more strongly downwards1 contrary to that of ,hot ,bodies3 ,where is delivered a way of freezing ,liquors without danger of breaking the ,vessel1 by making them begin to freeze at the bottom1 not the top4 #f4 ,whether that ,tradition be true1 that if frozen ,apples or ,eggs be thaw'd neer the ,fire1 they will be thereby spoil'd1 but if immersed in cold water1 the ,internal ,cold will be drawn out1 as is supposed1 by the ,external ,cold2 and the frozen ,bodies will be harmlesly thawed8 ,item1 ,whether ,iron1 or other ,metals1 ,glass1 ,stone1 ,cheese1 c4 expos'd to the freezing ,air1 or kept in ,snow1 or ,salt1 upon the immersing them in ,water will produce any ,ice8 ,item1 ,what use may be made of what happens in the different waies of thawing ,eggs and ,apples1 by applying the ,observation to other ,bodies1 and even to ,men1 dangerously nipp'd by excessive ,cold4 ,where is added not only a memorable ,relation1 how the whole ,body of a ,man was succesfully thawed and cased all over with ,ice1 by being handled1 as frozen ,eggs and ,apples are2 but also the ,luciferousness of such ,experiments1 as these3 and likewise1 what the effects of ,cold may be1 as to the ,conservation or ,destruction of the ,textures of ,bodies3 and in particular1 how ,meat and ,drink #di may be kept good1 in very ,cold ,countries1 by keeping it under ,water1 without glaciation8 as also1 how in extreme ,cold ,countries1 the ,bodies of ,dead ,men and other ,animals may be preserved very many years entire and unputrified8 ,and yet1 how such ,bodies1 when unfrozen1 will appear quite vitiated by the excessive ,cold8 ,where it is further inquired into1 whether some ,plants1 and other ,medicinal things1 that have specifique ,vertues1 will loose them by being throughly congealed and 7several wayes7 thawed8 ,and also1 whether frozen and thawed ,harts-horn will yield the same quantity and strength of ,salt and saline ,spirit1 as when unfrozen8 ,item1 ,whether the ,electrical faculty of ,amber1 and the ,attractive or ,directive ,virtue of ,loadstones will be either impaired1 or any wayes altered by intense ,cold8 ,this ,head is concluded by some considerable remarks touching the operation of ,cold upon ,bones1 ,steel1 ,brass1 ,wood1 ,bricks4 #g1 ,what ,bodies are expanded by being frozen1 and how that expansion is evinced8 ,and whether it is caused by the intrusion of ,air8 ,as also1 whether1 what is contained in icy bubbles1 is true and ,springy ,air1 or not4 #h1 ,what ,bodies they are1 that are contracted by ,cold2 and how that ,contraction is evinced8 ,where 'tis inquired1 whether ,chymical ,oyles will1 by ,congelation1 be like expressed ,oyls1 contracted1 or1 like aqueous ,liquors1 expanded8 #i1 ,what are the wayes of ,measuring the ,quantity of the ,expansion and ,contraction of ,liquors by ,cold8 ,and how the ,author's account of this matter agrees with what ,navigators into cold ,climats1 mention from experience1 touching pieces of ,ice as high as the ,masts of their ,ships1 and yet the ,depth of these pieces seems not at all answerable to what it may be supposed to be4 #aj1 ,how strong the ,expansion of freezing water is8 ,where are enumerated the several sorts of ,vessels1 which being filled #ej with water1 and exposed to the cold ,air1 do burst2 and where also the weight is expressed1 that will be removed by the expansive force of ,freezing8 ,whereunto an ,inquiry is subjoyned1 whence this prodigious force1 observed in water1 expanded by ,glaciation1 should proceed8 ,and whether this ,phnomenon may be solved1 either by the ,cartesian1 or ,epicurean ,hypothesis8 #aa1 ,what is the ,sphere of ,activity of ,cold1 or the ,space1 to whose extremities every way the ,action of a cold ,body is able to reach3 where the difficulty of determining these limits1 together with the causes thereof1 being with much circumspection mentioned1 it is observed1 that the ,sphere of ,activity of ,cold is exceeding narrow1 not only in comparison of that of ,heat in ,fire1 but in comparison of1 as it were1 the ,atmosphere of many odorous ,bodies2 and even in comparison of the ,sphere of ,activity of the more vigorous ,loadstones1 insomuch1 that the ,author hath doubted1 whether the ,sense could discern a ,cold ,body1 otherwise then by immediate ,contract4 ,where several ,experiments are delivered for the examining of this matter1 together with a curious relation of the way used in ,persia1 though a very hot ,climate1 to furnish their ,conservatories with solid pieces of ,ice of a considerable thickness3 ,to which is added an ,observation1 how far in ,earth and ,water the ,frost will pierce downwards1 and upon what accounts the deepness of the ,frost may vary4 ,after which1 the care is inculcated1 that must be had1 in examining1 whether ,cold may be diffused through all ,mediums indefinitely1 not to make the ,trials with ,mediums of two great thickness3 where it is made to appear1 that ,cold is able to operate through ,metalline ,vessels1 which is confirmed by a very pretty ,experiment of making ,icy ,cups to drink in1 whereof the way is accurately set down4 ,then are related the ,trials1 whether1 or how1 ,cold will be diffused through a ,medium1 that some would think a ,vacuum1 and which to others would seem much less disposed to assist the diffusion of ,cold1 than ,common ,air it self4 ,after which follows a curious ,experiment1 shewing whether a ,cold ,body can operate through #ea a ,medium actually hot1 and having its heat continually renewed by a fountain of heat4 #ab1 ,how to estimate the solidity of the ,body of ,ice1 or how strong is the mutual adhesion of its parts8 and whether differing ,degrees of ,cold may not vary the ,degree of the compactness of ,ice4 ,and our ,author having proceeded as far as he was able towards the bringing the strength of ,ice to some ,estimate by several experiments1 he communicateth the information1 he could get about this matter among the ,descriptions that are given us of cold ,regions3 and then he relateth out of ,sea-mens ,journals1 their ,observations touching the insipidness of resolved ,ice made of ,sea-water2 and the prodigious bigness of it1 extending even to the height of two hundred and forty ,foot above water1 and the length of above eight ,leagues4 ,to which he adds some promiscuous1 but very notable ,observations concerning ,ice1 not so readily reducible to the foregoing ,heads3 videlicet1 ,of the blew colour of ,rocky pieces of ,ice2 and the horrid noise made by the breaking of ,ice1 like that of ,thunder and ,earthquakes1 together with a ,consideration of the cause1 whence those loud ,ruptures may proceed4 #ac1 ,how ,ice and ,snow may be made to last long2 and what ,liquor dissolves ,ice sooner than others1 and in what proportion of quickness the ,solutions in the several ,liquors are made1 where occasion is offered to the ,author1 to examine1 whether ,motion will impart a heat to ,ice8 ,after which he relates an ,experiment of ,heating a ,cold ,liquor with ,ice1 made by himself in the presence of a great and ,learned ,nobleman1 and his ,lady1 who found the ,glass wherein the ,liquor was1 so hot that they could not endure to hold it in their ,hands4 ,next it is examined1 whether the effects of ,cold do continually depend upon the actual presence and influence of the manifest ,efficient causes1 as the ,light of the ,air depends upon the ,sun or ,fire1 or other ,luminous ,bodies4 ,to this is annexed an ,account of the ,italian way of making ,conservatories of ,ice and ,snow1 as the ,author had received it from that ,ingenious and ,polite ,gentleman1 ,master ,j4 ,evelyn4 #eb ,but want of time prohibiting the accomplishment of the intended account of this ,rich ,piece3 what remains1 must be referred to the next ,occasion4 ,it shall only be intimated for a ,conclusion1 that the ,author hath annexed to this ,treatise1 an ,examen of ,master ,hob's ,doctrine touching ,cold2 wherein the ,grand ,cause of ,cold and its ,effects is assigned to ,wind1 in so much that 'tis affirmed1 that almost any ,ventilation and stirring of the ,air doth refrigerate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london1 ,printed with ,licence1 ,by ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal-,society1 #affe #ec 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #d4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,june #e4 #affe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,a ,relation of some extraordinary ,tydes in the ,west ,isles of ,scotland1 by ,sr4 ,robert ,moray4 ,the judgment of ,monsieur ,auzout1 touching the ,apertures of ,object-glasses1 and their proportions in respect of the several lengths of ,telescopes2 together with a ,table thereof4 ,considerations of the same ,person upon ,mr4 ,hook's ,new ,engine for grinding of ,optick-glasses4 ,mr4 ,hook's ,thoughts thereupon4 ,of a means to illuminate an ,object in what proportion one pleaseth2 and of the distances1 that are requisite to burn ,bodies by the ,sun4 ,a further accompt by ,monsieur ,auzout of ,signior ,campani's ,book1 and ,performances about ,optick-,glasses4 ,campani's ,answer thereunto2 and ,mr4 ,auzout's ,animadversions upon that ,answer4 ,an accompt of ,mr4 ,lower's newly published ,vindication of ,dr4 ,willis's ,diatriba de ,febribus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation of some extraordinary ,tydes in the ,west-,isles of ,scotland1 as it was communicated by ,sr4 ,robert ,moray4 ,in that ,tract of ,isles1 on the ,west of ,scotland1 called by the ,inhabitants1 the ,long-,island1 as being about #ajj4 miles long from ,north to ,south1 there is a multitude of small ,islands1 situated in a ,fretum1 or ,frith1 that passes between the ,island of ,eust1 and the ,herris2 amongst which1 there is one called ,berneray1 some three miles long1 and #ed more than a mile broad1 the length running from ,east to ,west1 as the ,frith lyes4 ,at the ,east end of this ,island1 where ,i stayed some #af4 or #ag4 dayes1 ,i observed a very strange ,reciprocation of the ,flux and ,re-flux of the ,sea1 and heard of another1 no less remarkable4 ,upon the ,west side of the ,long ,island1 the ,tides1 which came from the ,south-west1 run along the ,coast1 ,northward2 so that during the ordinary course of the ,tides1 the ,flood runs ,east in the ,frith1 where ,berneray lyes1 and the ,ebb ,west4 ,and thus the ,sea ebbs and flows orderly1 some #d4 days before the full ,moon1 and change1 and as long after 7the ordinary ,spring-tides rising some #ad4 or #ae4 foot upright1 and all the rest proportionably1 as in other places74 ,but afterwards1 some #d4 days before the ,quarter-moons1 and as long after1 there is constantly a great and singular variation4 ,for then1 7a ,southerly ,moon making there the full ,sea7 the course of the ,tide being ,eastward1 when it begins to flow1 which is about #i of the ,clock1 not onely continues so till about #c in the afternoon1 that it be high water1 but1 after it begins to ebb1 the ,current runs on still ,eastward1 during the whole ,ebb2 so that it runs ,eastward #ab hours together1 that is1 all day long1 from about #i in the morning1 til about #i at night4 ,but then1 when the night-,tide begins to flow1 the ,current turns1 and runs ,westward all night1 during both ,floud ,ebb1 for some #ab4 hours more1 as it did ,eastward the day before4 ,and thus the ,reciprocations continue1 one ,floud and ,ebb1 running #ab hours ,eastward1 and another twelve hours ,westward1 till #d4 days before the ,new and ,full ,moon2 and then they resume their ordinary regular course as before1 running ,east1 during the six hours of ,floud1 and ,west1 during the six of ,ebb4 ,and this ,i observed curiously1 during my abode upon the place1 which was in the ,moneth of ,august1 as ,i remember4 ,but the ,gentleman1 to whom the ,island belongs at present1 and divers of his ,brothers and ,friends1 knowing and discreet persons1 and expert in all such parts of ,sea-matters1 as other ,islanders commonly are1 though ,i shrewdly suspected their skill in ,tides1 when ,i had not yet seen what they told me1 and ,i have now related of these irregular ,courses of the ,tides1 did most confidently assure me1 and so did every body ,i spake with #ee about it1 that there is yet another irregularity in the ,tides1 which never fails1 and is no less extraordinary1 than what ,i have been mentioning3 which is1 ,that1 whereas between the ,vernal and ,autumnal ,equinoxes1 that is1 for six ,moneths together1 the ,course of irregular ,tides about the ,quartermoons1 is1 to run all day1 that is1 twelve hours1 as from about #i to #i1 #aj to #aj c4 ,eastward1 and all night1 that is1 twelve hours more1 ,westward3 during the other six ,moneths1 from the ,autumnal to the ,vernal ,equinox1 the ,current runs all day ,westward1 and all ,night ,eastward4 ,of this1 though ,i had not the opportunity to be an ,eye-witness1 as of the other1 yet ,i do not at all doubt1 having received so credible ,information of it4 ,to penetrate into the ,causes of these strange ,reciprocations of the ,tides1 would require exact descriptions of the ,situation1 ,shape1 and ,extent of every piece of the adjacent ,coasts of ,eust and ,herris2 the ,rocks1 ,sands1 ,shelves1 ,promontorys1 ,bays1 ,lakes1 ,depths1 and other ,circumstances which ,i cannot now set down with any certainty1 or accurateness2 seeing1 they are to be found in no ,map1 neither had ,i any opportunity to survey them2 nor do they now occur to my ,memory1 as they did some years ago1 when upon occasion ,i ventured to make a ,map of this whole ,frith of ,berneray1 which not having copied1 ,i cannot adventure to beat it out again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monsieur ,auzout's ,judgment touching the ,apertures of ,object-,glasses1 and their ,proportions1 in respect of the several ,lengths of ,telescopes4 ,this ,author1 observing in a small ,french ,tract lately written by him to a ,countryman of his1 ,monsieur ,l' ,abbe ,charles2 ,that great ,optick ,glasses have almost never as great an ,aperture as the small ones1 in proportion to what they ,magnifie1 and that therefore they must be more dim2 takes occasion to inform #ef the ,reader1 that he hath found1 that the ,apertures1 which ,optick-,glasses can bear with distinctness1 are in about a subduplicate proportion to their ,lengths2 whereof he tells us he intends to give the reason and demonstration in his ,diopticks1 which he is now writing1 and intends to finish1 as soon as his ,health will permit4 ,in the mean time1 he presents the ,reader with a ,table of such ,apertures2 which is here exhibited to the ,consideration of the ,ingenious1 there being of this ,french ,book but one ,copy1 that is known1 in ,england4 ,a ,,table of the ,apertures of ,object-,glasses4 ,the ,points put to some of these ,numbers denote ,fractions4 ,lengths of ,for excellent ,for good ,for ordinary ,glasses4 ones4 ones4 ones4 ,feet1 ,inches4,inch1 ,lines4,inch1 ,lines4,inch1 ,lines4 #d #d4 #d #c #f #e4 #e #d #i #g #f #e #a #j #h4 #g #f ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a #f #i #h4 #g #b #j #aa #aj #h #b #fa #j #aa #i #c #ja #aa #j #aj ---------------------------------------- ------------ #c #fa #b4a #a #aa #d #ja #da #ba #j #d #fa #ea #ca 4 #e #ja #fa #da #a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #f #a #g4a #ea #b #g #a #ia #fa #c #h #a #aja #ha #d #i #a #aa4a #ia #e ---------------------------------------- ------------ #aj #b #aa #aja #f #ab #b #db #ja #h #ad #b #fb #ba #i4 #af #b #hb #da #aa4 #ah #b #ajb #fb #a #bj #c #jb #gb #b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #be #c #db #ajb #d4 #cj #c #hc #bb #g #ce #d #jc #d4b #aj #dj #d #cc #gc 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #de #d #fc #ajc #b4 #ej #d #id #jc #d4 #ee #e #jd #cc #f4 #fj #e #bd #fc #h4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #fe #e #dd #hc #aj #gj #e #gd #ajd 4 #ge #e #ie #jd #b4 #hj #e #aae #bd #e ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ij #f #de #fd #g4 #ajj #f #he #id #aj #abj #g #ef #ee #c #aej #h #jg #je #aa ---------------------------------------- ------------ #bjj #i #fh #jf #i #bej #aj #fi #bg #h4 #cjj #aa #faj #jh #e #cej #ab 99#f4aj #ii #j #djj #ac #daa #fi #h ---------------------------------------- ------------ #eg 99 99 99 99 99 ,considerations of ,monsieur ,auzout upon ,mr4 ,hook's ,new ,instrument for ,grinding of ,optick-,glasses4 ,in the above-mentioned ,french ,tract1 there are1 besides several other particulars1 to be represented in due place1 contained some ,considerations of ,monsieur ,auzout upon ,mr4 ,hook's ,new ,engine for grinding ,optick-,glasses4 ,where he premises in ,general his thoughts touching the working of ,great ,optick-,glasses1 and that by the help of a ,turn lathe2 affirming first of all1 that not only the ,engin is to be considered for giveing the ,figure1 but the ,matter also1 which ought to be brought to greater perfection1 than it hath been hitherto4 ,for1 he finds it not so easie 7as least1 where he is7 to procure ,great pieces of ,glass without ,veins1 and other faults1 nor to get such1 as are thick enough without ,blebbs2 which1 if they be not1 they will yield to the pressure and weight1 either when they are fitted to the ,cement1 or wrought4 ,secondly1 ,he finds it difficult to work these ,great ,glasses of the same thickness1 which yet is very necessary1 because1 that the least difference in ,figures so little convex1 can put the ,center out of the ,midle1 #b or #c ,inches2 and if they be wrought in ,moulds1 the length of time1 which is required to wear and to smooth them1 may spoil the best ,mould1 before they be finished4 ,besides1 that the strength of ,man is so limited1 that he is unable to work ,glasses beyond a certain bigness1 so as to finish and polish them all over so well1 as small ,glasses2 whereas yet1 the bigger they are1 the more compleat they ought to be3 ,and if any weight or ,engine be used to supply strength1 there is then danger of an unequal pressure1 and of wearing away the ,engine2 ,in the mean time1 the preciseness and delicateness is #eh greater than can easily be imagined4 ,wherefore he could never1 having some experience of this preciseness1 conceive1 that a ,turn-lathe1 wherein must be two different1 and in some manner contrary motions1 can move with that exactness and steddiness1 that is required1 especially1 for any considerable length of time4 ,having premised this1 he discourses upon ,mr4 ,hook his ,turne1 intimating first of all1 that he was impatient to know what kind of ,turne this was1 imagining1 that it had been tried1 and had succeeded1 as coming from a ,society that professeth1 they publish nothing but what hath been maturely examin'd4 ,but that he was much surprised when he saw the ,micrography of ,mr4 ,hook1 and found there1 that his ,engine was published upon a meer ,theory1 without having made any ,experiment1 though that might have been made with little charge and great speed2 expence of ,money and ,time being the onely thing1 that can excuse those who in matter of ,engines impart their inventions to the publick1 without having tried them1 to excite others to make trial thereof4 ,whereupon he proposes some difficulties1 to give the ,inventor occasion to find a way to remove them4 ,he affirms therefore1 that though it be true in the ,theory1 that a ,circle1 whose ,plain is inclined to the ,axis of the ,sphere by an ,angle1 whereof half the ,diameter is the ,sine1 and which touches the ,sphere in its ,pole1 will touch in all its parts a spherical ,surface1 that shall turn upon that ,axe4 ,but that it is true also1 that that must be but a ,mathematical ,circle1 and without ,breadth1 and which precisely touches the ,body in its middle3 ,whereas in the practice1 a ,circle capable to keep ,sand and ,putty1 must be of some breadth2 and he knows not whether we can find such a dexterity of keeping so much of it1 and for so long a time1 as needs1 upon the ,brim of a ,ring that is half an ,inch broad4 ,he adds1 that it is very difficult to contrive1 that the middle of the ,glass do always precisely answer to the ,brim of this ,ring1 seeing that the position of the ,glass does always change a little in respect of the ,ring1 in proportion as 'tis worn1 and as it must be pressed because of its inclination4 ,he believes it also very hard1 to give to the ,axis or to the ,mandril1 which holds the ,glass1 that little #ei ,inclination1 that would be necessary for great ,glasses1 and to make the two ,mandrils to have one and the same ,plain1 as is necessary4 ,and1 having done all this1 he persuades himself1 that it is exceedingly difficult1 if not impossible1 for two contrary motions1 where so many pieces are1 to rest for a long time steddy and firm1 as is requisite for the not swarving from it a hair's thickness1 since less than that can change all4 ,he goes on1 and1 seeing that this ,inventor speaks of ,glasses of a thousand1 ten thousand foot1 which he supposed not impossible to be made by this ,engine1 discourses of what is necessary for the making ,glasses of such bignesses2 which he believes this ,inventor may perhaps not have thought of4 ,wherefore he affirms1 that if the ,table1 made by himself for the ,apertures of ,glasses 7which is that1 that is above delivered7 be continued unto a thousand feet1 by taking always the ,subduplicate proportion of ,lengths1 it will be found1 that for pretty good ones1 the ,aperture must be of #ae4 ,inches2 for good ones1 more than #ah4 and for such as are excellent1 more than #ba4 ,inches3 whence it may be judged1 what piece of ,glass1 and of what thickness it must be1 to endure the working4 ,but he proceeds to speak of the ,inclination1 which the ,mandril must have upon the ,plain of the ,ring1 when the ,ring should have #aj4 or #ab ,inches2 and finds1 that it would make but #f or #g4 minutes of inclination1 and that a ,glass would have less ,convexity1 and consequently1 less difference from a ,glass perfectly plain1 than the #g4 or #h4 part of a ,line4 ,and then he leaveth it to be judged1 whether a ,glass of such a ,length being found1 we ought to hope1 that a ,turn can be firm enough to keep such a piece of ,glass in the same ,inclination1 so that a ,mandril do not recede some ,minutes from it3 and1 though even the ,glass could be fastned perfectly perpendicular to the ,mandril1 that those two ,mandrils could be put in one and the same ,plain1 that that little ,inclination1 which is requisite1 could be given1 and the ,mandril be continued to be pressed in that same ,inclination1 according as the ,glass is worn4 ,all which particulars1 he conceives to be very hard in the practice2 not to mention1 that the weight of the ,glass1 that should be inclined to the ,horizon1 as 'tis represented by ,mr4 ,hook1 would make it slide upon the ,cement1 and so #fj change the ,center2 and that the ,glass is not pressed at the same time by the ,ring but in one part on the side1 vid4 about a fourth2 and that the parts of the ,glass are not equally worn away1 c4 ,what then1 saith he1 would becom of a ,glass of #ajjjj feet1 which1 according to the said ,table1 would have more than four feet1 or four feet and nine inches1 or five feet1 seven inches ,aperture1 and of which the ,ring1 though it were two feet nine inches1 would have but one minut of ,inclination1 and the ,glass of #e feet ,aperture would have but #d minuts1 and the curvity of it would be less than the eight part of a ,line4 ,but1 saith he1 let us consider1 only a ,glass of #cjj foot1 to see1 what is to be hoped of that1 and to know at least the difficulty1 to be met with in making a ,glass only of that ,length4 ,a ,glass then of #cjj foot1 according to his ,table1 must have more than #h inches ,aperture1 which maketh but #af minuts of its ,circle1 and it should have more than #aa inches1 if it be an excellent one4 ,if ,mr4 ,hook 7adds he7 did use but his ,ring of #f inches1 which he would use from twelve to an hundred foot ,glass1 the ,inclination1 which the ,axis1 or ,mandril1 that bears his ,glass1 should have1 should be but #af minuts1 and the ,curvity of the ,glass would be less than the eighth part of a ,line1 and if he should use a bigger1 the ,inclination would be proportionable4 ,whence it may be judged 7continues he7 that we are yet very far from seeing ,animals c4 in the ,moon1 as ,monsieur ,des ,cartes gave hope1 and ,mr4 ,hook despairs not of4 ,for1 he believes by what he knows of ,telescopes1 that we are not to look for any above #cjj or #djj foot at most2 and he fears1 that neither ,matter nor ,art will go even so far4 ,when therefore 7saith he7 a ,glass of #cjj foot should bear an ,eye-glass of #f inches 7which would appear wonderful7 it would magnifie but #fjj4 times in ,diameter1 that is1 #cfjjjj times in ,surface3 but suppose1 that such could be made1 as would magnifie a #ajjj times in ,diameter1 and #ajjjjjj4 of times in ,surface1 admitting there were but #fjjjj leagues from the ,earth to the ,moon1 and that the smalness of the ,aperture of the ,glasses 7which yet would diminish the ,light more than #cf times7 and the obstacle of the ,air were not considered1 we should not #fa see the ,moon1 but as if we were a #ajj1 or at least1 #fj4 leagues distant from her without a ,glass4 ,he here wishes1 that those1 that promise to make us see ,animals and ,plants in the ,moon1 had thought on what our naked ,eyes can make us discern of such ,objects1 only at #aj or #ab leagues distance4 ,but this he would not have understood as a discouragement from searching with all care and earnestness after the means of making long ,telescopes1 or of facilitating the working thereof2 but only as an ,advertisement to those1 who light upon the ,theory of any ,engine1 not to expose it presently as possible and useful1 before they have tried it1 or if it have succeeded in small1 not to endeavour to persuade1 that it will also succeed in great4 ,as it may happen 7saith he7 that the ,engin of ,mr4 ,hook may1 by using all necessary precautions1 succeed in the making of ,eye-,glasses1 or small ,optick-,glasses1 but not in making great ones2 as we see1 that an instrument composed of two ,rulers1 wherewith are traced ,portions of ,circles1 succeeds well enough in small1 but when there is no more than half a ,line1 a quarter of a ,line1 or less convexity1 it will be no longer just at all1 as he tells us to have made the proof of it in ,circles drawn by the means of one of these ,instruments1 made by one of the best ,workmen in his time1 who1 whilst he lived1 esteemed them above price1 although they be not just2 as others and my self 7saith he7 have by tryal found1 when we endeavoured to make ,moulds by their means1 as those1 who by the like ,instrument laboured to trace portions of ,circles of #hj or #ajj foot1 c4 ,diameter1 can attest4 ,but1 notwithstanding all this1 he hath thought upon two or three things1 which he thinks may remedy some inconveniencies of ,mr4 ,hook his ,turn4 ,the first is1 to invert the ,glass1 and to put it under the ,ring1 that so not only the ,glass may be placed more ,horizontally1 and not slide upon the ,cement1 but that the ,sand also1 and the ,putty may stay upon the ,glass4 ,the other is1 that there must be two ,poppetheads1 into which the ,mandril must pass1 where the ,ring is to be fastned2 and the ,mandril must be perfectly ,cylindrical1 that so it may advance upon the ,glass as it wears away by the means of its weight1 or by the means of a spring1 pressing it1 without wrigling from one place to another1 as it would presently happen in the fashion1 #fb as the ,turn is composed4 ,for1 when the ,glasses do wear1 especially when they are very convex1 it cannot be otherwise1 but the ,mandril will play and wrigle1 before the ,scrue be made firm4 ,but he doubts1 whether all can be remedied1 which he leavs to the industry of ,mr4 ,hook1 considering what he saith in the ,preface of his ,micrography1 touching a ,method1 he knows1 of finding out as much in ,mechanicks1 as can be found in ,geometry by ,algebra4 ,besides this1 he taketh notice1 that most of those that medle with ,optick-,glasses1 give them not as much ,aperture1 nor charge them so deep as they ought4 ,and he instances in the ,telescope1 which ,his ,majesty of ,great ,britain presented the ,duke of ,orleans with1 videl4 that it did bear but #b inches1 and #i lines ,french1 for its greatest ,aperture1 though there be #e or #f lesser ,apertures1 of which it seems 7saith he7 the ,artificer would have those1 that use it1 serve themselves more ordinarily1 than of the greatest2 which conveys but almost half as many ,rays as it should do1 according to his ,calculation1 which is1 as #i to #af2 ,whereas1 according to his ,table of ,apertures1 an excellent #ce foot ,telescope should bear #d inches ,aperture in proportion to excellent small ones4 ,he notes also1 that the ,eye-glass of the said ,telescope1 composed of #b ,glasses1 hath no more effect1 when it is most charged1 than a ,glass of #d inches2 which makes it magnifie not a #ajj times4 ,and he finds by ,mr4 ,hook1 that he esteems a ,telescope made in ,london of #fj feet1 7which amount to about #eg feet of ,france1 the foot of ,france being to that of ,england as about #ae to #af7 because it can bear at least #c ,english inches ,aperture1 and that there are few of #cj feet1 that can bear more than #b inches1 7which is but #bb ,lines ,french7 although he 7,m4 ,auzout7 gives no less ,aperture than so1 to a #ae foot-,telescope1 and his of #ba feet hath ordinarily #b ,inches1 #d ,lines1 or #b inches1 #f ,lines ,aperture4 ,this ,discourse he ,concludeth with exhorting those1 that work ,optick-,glasses1 to endeavor to make them such1 that they may bear great ,apertures and deep ,eye-glasses2 seeing it is not the length that gives esteem to ,telescopes2 but on the contrary renders them less estimable1 by reason of the trouble #fc accompanying them1 if they perform no more1 than shorter ones4 ,where1 by the by1 he takes notice1 that he knows not yet1 what ,aperture ,signor ,campani gives to his ,glasses1 seeing he hath as yet signified nothing of it2 but that the small one1 sent by him to ,cardinal ,antonio1 hath no more ,aperture1 than ordinary ones ought to have4 ,he promises withall1 that he will explicate this way in his ,treatise of the usefulness of ,telescopes1 where he intends to assign the ,bigness of the ,diameter of all the ,planets1 and their proportion to that of the ,sun2 as also1 that of the ,stars1 which he esteems yet much less1 than all those have done1 that have written of it hitherto2 not believing1 that the ,great ,dog1 which appears to be the fairest ,star of the ,firmament1 hath #b ,seconds in ,diameter1 nor that those1 which are counted of the sixth ,magnitude1 have #bj thirds2 nor thinking1 that all the ,stars1 that are in the ,firmament1 do enlighten the ,earth as much as a ,luminous ,body of #bj seconds in ,diameter would do1 or1 because there is but one half of them at the same time above our ,horizon1 as a ,body of #ad seconds in ,diameter2 and as the #ahdcbth part of the ,sun would enlighten us1 or as the ,sun would do1 if we were #ad times more distant from it1 than ,saturn1 and #acg times further1 than the ,earth3 ,which1 he saith1 would not be credible1 if he did not endeavor to evince it both by ,experience and ,reason4 ,and he doubts not1 but that ,venus1 although she sends us no ,light but what is reflected1 does sometimes enlighten the ,earth more1 than all the ,stars together4 ,yet he would not have us imagine1 from what he hath spoken of the smallness of the ,stars1 that ,telescopes do not magnifie them by reason of their great distance1 as they do ,planets2 for this he judgeth a ,vulgar ,error1 to be renounced4 ,telescopes magnifie the ,stars 7saith he7 as much in proportion1 as they do all other ,bodies1 seeing that the demonstration of their magnifying is made even upon ,parallel rays1 which do suppose an infinite distance1 though the ,stars have none such3 ,and if the ,telescopes did not magnifie the ,stars1 how could they make us see some of the fiftieth1 and it may be some of the hundreth1 and twohundreth ,magnitude1 as they do1 and as they would shew yet much lesser ones1 if they did magnifie more8 #fd 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,hook's ,answer to ,monsieur ,auzout's ,considerations1 in a ,letter to the ,publisher of these ,transactions4 ,,sir1 ,together with my most hearty thanks for the favour you were pleased to do me1 in sending me an ,epitome of what had been by the ingenious ,monsieur ,auzout animadverted on a description1 ,i had made of an ,engine for grinding spherical ,glasses1 ,i thought my self obliged1 both for your satisfaction1 and my own ,vindication1 to return you my present thoughts upon those ,objections4 ,the chief of which seems to be against the very ,proposition it self3 ,for it appears1 that the ,objector is somewhat unsatisfied1 that ,i should propound a thing in ,theory1 without having first tried the ,practicableness of it4 ,but first1 ,i could wish that this worthy ,person had rectified my mistakes1 not by speculation1 but by experiments4 ,next1 ,i have this to answer1 that 7though ,i did not tell the ,reader so much1 to the end that he might have the more freedom to examine and judg of the contrivance1 yet7 it was not meer ,theory ,i propounded1 but somewhat of ,history and matter of ,fact3 ,for1 ,i had made trials1 as many as my leisure would permit1 not without some good success2 but not having time and opportunity enough to prosecute them1 ,i thought it would not be unacceptable to such1 as enjoyed both1 to have a description of a way altogether ,new1 and ,geometrically true1 and seemingly1 not unpracticable1 whereof they might make use1 or not1 as they should see reason4 ,but nothing surprised me so much1 as1 that he is pleased 7after he had declared it a fault1 to write this ,theory1 without having reduced it to practice7 to lay it1 as he seems to do1 in one place of his book1 p4 #bb upon the ,royal ,society4 ,truly1 ,sir1 ,i should think my self most injurious to that ,noble ,company1 had ,i not endeavoured1 even in the beginning of my ,book1 to prevent such a misconstruction4 ,and therefore ,i cannot but make this interpretation of what ,monsieur ,auzout saith in this particular1 that either he had not so #fe much of the ,language wherein ,i have written1 as to understand all what was said by me1 or1 that he had not read my ,dedication to the ,royal ,society1 which if he had done1 he would have found1 how careful ,i was1 that that ,illustrious ,society should not be prejudiced by my ,errors1 that could be so little advantaged by my ,actions4 ,and indeed1 for any man to look upon the matters published by their ,order or ,licence1 as if they were ,their ,sense1 and had ,their ,approbation1 as certain and true1 'tis extremely wide of their intentions1 seeing they1 in giving way to1 or encouraging such publications1 aim chiefly at this1 that ingenious conceptions1 and important philosophical matter of ,fact may be communicated to the learned and enquiring ,world1 thereby to excite the minds of men to the examination and improvement thereof4 ,but1 to return2 ,as to his ,objections against the ,matter1 ,i do find that they are no more against mine1 than any other way of ,grinding ,glasses2 nor is it more than ,i have taken notice of my self in this ,passage of the same ,paragraph1 of which sort are also those difficulties he raises about ,long ,glasses1 which are commonly known to such1 as are conversant in making them ,it would be convenient also 7these are my words7 and not very chargeable1 to have four or five several ,tools3 ,one1 c4 ,and1 if curiosity shall ever proceed so farr1 one for all lengths1 between #ajjj4 and #ajjjj4 foot long2 for indeed1 the ,principle is such1 that supposing the ,mandrils well made1 and of a good length1 and supposing great care be used in working and polishing them1 ,i see no reason1 but that a ,glass of #ajjj4 nay1 #ajjjj4 foot long may be made1 as well as one of #aj4 ,for1 the reason is the same1 supposing the ,mandrils and ,tools be made sufficiently strong1 so that they cannot bend2 and supposing also that the ,glass out of which they are wrought1 be capable of so great a regularity in its parts1 as to its ,refraction4 ,but next1 ,i must say that his ,objections to me1 seem not so considerable1 as perhaps he imagines them4 ,for1 as to the possibility of getting ,plates of ,glass thick and broad enough without veins1 ,i think that not now so difficult here in ,england1 where ,i believe is made as good1 if not much better ,glass for ,optical ,experiments1 than ever ,i saw come from ,venice4 ,next1 though it were better1 that the thickest part of a long ,object-,glass were exactly in the middle1 yet ,i can assure ,monsieur ,auzout1 that it may be a very #ff good one1 when it is an ,inch or two out of it4 ,and ,i have a good one by me at present1 of #cf4 foot1 that will bare an ,aperture1 if ,saturn or the ,moon in the twilight1 be look'd on with it1 of #c ,inches over1 and yet the thickest part of the ,glass is a great way out of the middle4 ,and ,i must take the liberty to doubt1 whether ever my ,animadversor saw a long ,glass1 that was otherwise2 as he might presently satisfie himself by a way ,i could shew him 7if he did not know it7 whereby the difference of the thickness of the sides might be found to the hundreth part of a ,line4 ,as to the exceeding exactness of the ,figure of ,long ,object-,glasses1 'tis not doubted1 but that it is a matter difficult enough to be attained any way3 but yet1 ,i think1 much easier by ,engine1 than by ,hand2 and of all ,engines1 ,i conceive1 none more plain and simple1 than that of a ,mandril4 ,and for making spherical ,glasses by an ,engine1 ,i am apt to think1 there hardly can be any way more plain1 and more exact1 than that which ,i have described2 wherein there is no other motion1 than that of two such ,mandrils1 which may be made of sufficient strength1 length1 and exactness1 to perform abundantly much more1 than ,i can believe possible to be done otherwise than by chance1 by a man's hands or strength unassisted by an ,engine1 the motion and strength being much more certain and regular4 ,i know very well1 that in making a #fj4 foot ,glass by the strength of the hand1 in the common way1 not one of ten that are wrought1 will happen to be good1 as ,i have been assured by ,mr4 ,reeves2 who1 ,i am apt to think1 was the first that made any good of that length4 ,for the ,figure of the ,tool in that way is presently vitiated by the working of the ,glass1 and without much gaging will not do any thing considerable4 ,besides1 the strength of a man's hands1 applied to it for the working and polishing of it1 is very unequal1 and the motions made1 are very irregular2 but in the way1 ,i have ventured to propose1 by ,mandrils1 the longer the ,glass and ,tool are wrought together1 the more exact they seem to be and if all things be ordered1 as they should be1 the very polishing of the ,glass1 does seem most of all rectifie the ,figure4 ,as to what he objects1 that the ,tool does only touch the ,glass in a ,mathematical ,circle2 that is true1 perhaps1 at first1 but before the ,glass is wrought down to its true ,figure1 the ,edge of the ,tool #fg will be worn or grownd away1 so as that a ,ring of an inch broad may be made to touch the ,spherical ,surface of the ,glass2 nay1 if it be necessary 7without much trouble1 especially in the grinding of longer ,glasses7 the whole ,concave ,surface of the ,tool may be made to touch a ,glass4 ,besides1 that as to the keeping a quantity of the same sand and ,powders of several finesses1 according as the glass wears1 the same is possible to be don1 as with the same ,sand wrought finer by working in the ,ordinary way4 ,the giving the ,inclination to the ,mandrils1 is not at all difficult2 though perhaps to determine the length exactly which the ,glass so made shall draw1 is not so easie3 ,but 'tis no matter1 what length the ,glass be off1 so it be made good1 whether #fj or #hj foot1 or the like4 ,nor is it so very difficult1 to lay them both in the same ,plain4 ,and to keep them steddy1 when once fix'd1 is most easie4 ,as to the ,calculation of the propriety of a ,glass of a thousand foot1 perhaps for that particular ,length1 ,i had not1 nor have as yet calculated1 that the ,convexity of one of eighteen inches broad1 will not be above a seventh part of a ,line4 ,but it does not thence follow1 that ,i had not considered the difficulties1 that would be in making of it4 ,for1 ,i must tell him1 that ,i can make a ,plano convex ,glass though its convexity be a smaler sphere than is usual for such a length to be an ,object-,glass of about #aej foot in ,length1 nay of #cjj foot1 and either longer or shorter1 without at all altering the convexity4 ,so that1 if he will by any ,contrivance he hath1 give me a ,plano-convex ,glass of #bj1 or #dj foot ,diameter1 without ,veins1 and truly wrought of that ,figure1 ,i will presently make a ,telescope with it1 that with a single ,ey-glass shall draw a thousand foot3 ,which ,invention1 ,i shall shortly discover1 there being1 ,i think1 nothing more easie and certain4 ,and if a ,plano-convex ,glass can be made of any ,sphere between twenty and fourty foot radius1 so as that both the ,convex and ,plain side of the ,glass be exactly polish'd of a true ,figure1 ,i will shortly shew1 how therewith may be made a ,telescope of any ,length1 supposing the ,glass free from all kind of ,veins1 or inequality of ,refraction4 ,as for the sliding of the ,glass upon the ,cement1 ,i see no reason at all for it1 at least in the ,cement1 ,i make use of1 having never observed any such accident in hard ,cement4 #fh ,and for the ,bearing of the ,ring against one side of the ,glass only at a time1 ,i cannot see1 why that should produce any inequality1 since all the sides of the ,glass have successively the same pressure4 ,his ratiocination concerning a ,glass of #cjj foot1 is much the same with the former1 about the difficulty of working a true surface of a convenient figure2 which how considerable both that and his ,conclusion thereupon 7videl4 ,that we are not to expect ,glasses of above #cjj or #djj foot long at most1 and that neither ,matter nor ,art will go so far7 is1 may be judged from what ,i have newly told you of making any ,object-,glass of any ,length4 ,and for his good wishes1 that those1 who promise to make him see ,plants or ,animals in the ,moon 7of which ,i know not any1 that has done so1 though perhaps there may be some1 notwithstanding his ,objections1 that do not yet think it impossible to be done7 had considered1 what a ,man is able to see with his bare ,eye at #fj ,leagues distance3 ,i cannot but return him my wishes1 that he would consider the difference between seeing a thing through the ,gross and ,vaporous ,air neer the ,earth1 and through the ,air over our heads3 ,which1 if he observe the ,moon in the ,horizon1 and neer the ,zenith with a ,telescope1 he will experimentally find2 and1 having done so1 he will perhaps not be so dissident in this matter4 ,concerning his ,advertisement to such1 as publish ,theories1 ,i find not1 that he hath made use of it in his own case4 ,for1 in his ,theory about ,apertures he seems to be very positive1 not at all doubting to rely upon it1 vid4 that the ,apertures must be thus and thus in great ,glasses1 because he had found them so or so in some small ones4 ,for his ,proposal of amendments of some inconveniencies in this way1 ,i return him my thanks2 but as to his first ,i believe1 that the matter may be conteined as wel in the ,concave ,tool1 as on the convex ,glass4 ,and as to that of #b ,poppet-heads ,i do not well understand it1 if differing from mine2 and the keeping of the ,tool upon the ,glass with a spring or weight1 must quickly spoyl the whole2 since1 if either of the ,mandrils will easily yield backwards1 the regularity of all will be spoiled3 and as to the wrigling and playing of the ,mandril1 ,i do not at all apprehend it4 #fi ,his ,theory of ,apertures1 though he seems to think it very authentick1 yet to me it seems not so cleer4 ,for1 the same ,glass will endure greater or lesser ,apertures1 according to the lesser or greater ,light of the ,object3 ,if it be for the looking on the ,sun or ,venus1 or for seeing the ,diameters of the ,fix'd ,stars1 then smaller ,apertures do better2 if for the ,moon in the daylight1 or on ,saturn1 or ,jupiter1 or ,mars1 then the largest4 ,thus ,i have often made use of a #ab foot-,glass to look on ,saturn with an ,aperture of almost #c inches1 and with a single ,eye-glass of #b inches double convex3 but1 when with the same ,glass ,i looked on the ,sun or ,venus1 ,i used both a smaller ,aperture1 and shallower ,charge4 ,and though ,m4 ,auzout seems to find fault with the ,english ,glass of #cf foot1 that had an ,aperture of but #b inches ,french2 as also1 with a #fj foot ,tube1 used but with an ,aperture of #c inches2 yet ,i do not find1 that he hath seen ,glasses of that length1 that would bear greater ,apertures1 and 'tis not impossible1 but his ,theory of ,apertures may fail in longer ,glasses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of a means to illuminate an ,object in what proportion one pleaseth2 and of the ,distances requisite to burn ,bodies by the ,sun4 ,one of the means used by ,m4 ,auzout to enlighten an ,object1 in what proportion one pleaseth1 is by some great ,object-,glass1 by him called a ,planetary one1 because that by it he shews the difference of ,light1 which all the ,planets receive from the ,sun1 by making use of several ,apertures1 proportionate to their distance from the ,sun1 provided that for every #i foot draught1 or thereabout1 one inch of ,aperture be given for the ,earth4 ,doing this1 one sees 7saith he7 that the ,light which ,mercury receives1 is far enough from being able to burn ,bodies1 and yet that the same ,light is great enough in ,saturn to see cleer there1 seeing that 7to him7 it appears greater in ,saturn1 than it doth upon our ,earth1 when it is overcast with ,clouds3 ,which 7he adds7 would scarce be believed1 if by means of this ,glass it did not sensibly appear so2 ,whereof he promises to discourse more fully in his #gj ,treatise of the usefulness of great ,optick-,glasses1 where he also intends to deliver several ,experiments1 by him made1 #a4 ,touching the quantity of ,light1 which a ,body1 that is #aj1 #ae and #bj times1 c4 remoter than ,saturn1 would yet receive from the ,sun4 #b4 ,touching the quantity of ,light1 by which the ,earth is illuminated even in the ,eclipses of the ,sun1 in proportion of their bigness4 #c4 ,touching the quantity of ,light1 which is necessary to burn ,bodies3 he having found1 that not abating the ,light1 which is reflected by the ,surfaces of the ,glass 7whereof he confesseth1 he doth not yet exactly know the quantity7 there would be necessary about #ej times as much ,light1 as we have here1 for the burning of ,black ,bodies2 and neer #i times more for the burning of ,white ,bodies1 than for the burning of ,black ones3 and so observing the immediate proportions between these two1 for burning bodies of other ,colors4 ,whence 7he tells us7 he hath drawn some consequences1 touching the distance1 at which we may hope1 to burn ,bodies here1 by the means of great ,glasses and great ,looking-glasses4 ,so that 7saith he7 we must yet be seven times neerer the ,sun1 than we are1 to be in danger of being burned by it4 ,where he mentions1 that having given ,instructions to certain persons1 gon to travel in ,hot ,countries1 he hath among other particulars recommended to them1 to try by means of great ,burning-glasses1 with how much less ,aperture they will burn there1 than here1 to know from thence1 whether there by more ,light there than here1 and how much2 since this perhaps may be the only means of trying it1 supposing1 the same matters be used3 although the difference of the ,air already heated1 both in hot ,countries1 and in the ,planets1 that are neerer than we1 may alter1 if not the quantity of ,light1 at least that of the ,heat1 found there4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a further ,account1 touching ,signor ,campani's ,book and ,performances about ,optick-glasses4 ,in the above-mentioned ,french ,tract there is also conteined ,m4 ,auzout's ,opinion of what he had found ,new in the ,treatise of ,signor ,campani1 which was spoken of in the first ,papers of these ,transactions1 concerning both the ,effect of the ,telescopes1 contrived after a peculiar way by the said ,campani at ,rome1 and #ga his ,new ,observations of ,saturn and ,jupiter1 made by means thereof4 ,first therefore1 after that ,m ,auzout had raised some scruple against the ,contrivance of ,signor ,campani for making ,great ,optick-,glasses without ,moulds1 by the means of a ,turn-lath1 he examines the ,observations1 made with such ,glasses3 ,where1 having commended ,campani's sincerity in relating what he thought to have seen in ,saturn1 without accomodating it to ,m4 ,hugens's ,hypothesis1 he affirms1 that supposing1 there be a ,ring about ,saturn1 ,signor ,campani could not see in all those different times1 that he observed it1 the same ,appearances1 which he notes to have actually seen4 ,for1 having seen it sometimes in ,trine ,aspect with the ,sun1 and ,oriental2 sometimes1 in the same ,aspect1 but ,occidental2 sometimes in ,sextil ,aspect1 and ,occidental2 at another time1 again in ,trine1 and ,oriental1 this ,author cannot conceive1 how ,saturn could in all these different times have no difference in its ,phasis1 or keep always the same ,shadow2 seeing that1 according to the ,hypothesis of the ,ring1 when it was ,oriental1 it must cast the ,shadow upon the left side of the ,ring beneath1 without casting any on the right side3 and when it was ,occidental1 it could not but cast it on the right side beneath1 and nothing of it on the other4 ,concerning the ,shadow above1 which ,campani affirms to be made by the ,ring upon the ,body of ,saturn1 ,m4 ,auzout judges1 that there could be no such ,phnomenon1 by reason of its ,northern ,latitude at the times1 wherein the ,observations were made1 vid4 in ,april #affc2 in the midst of ,august1 and the beginning of ,october1 next following1 and in ,april #affd1 except it were in ,october1 and the ,shadow strong enough to become visible4 ,but as to the ,shadow below1 he agrees with ,campani1 that it does appear1 yet not as he notes it1 seeing that it must be sometimes on the one side1 sometimes on the other2 and towards the ,quadrat with the ,sun it must appear biggest1 as indeed he affirms to have seen it himself this year1 insomuch that sometimes it seemed to him1 that it covered the whole ,ring1 and that the ,shadow1 joyning with the obscure space between both1 did interrupt the circumference of the ,ring2 but beholding it at other times in a cleer ,sky1 and when there was no ,trepidation of the ,air1 #gb he thought1 that he saw also the ,light continued from without1 although very slender4 ,but he acknowledges1 that he could never yet precisely determine1 by how much the largeness of the ,ring was bigger than the ,diameter of ,saturn's ,body4 ,as for the proportion of the ,length to the ,breadth1 he affirms1 to have alwaies estimated it to be two and a half1 or very neer so2 and to have found in his ,observations1 that in ,january last1 one time1 the length of ,saturn was #ab ,lines1 and the breadth #e4 ,another time1 the length was #ab4 ,lines1 and the breadth #d4 and this by a peculiar method of his own4 ,but yet he acknowleges also1 that sometimes he hath estimated it as #g4 to #c4 and at other times as #ac4 to #e4 and that if there do not happen a change in the magnitude of the ,ring 7as it is not likely there does7 that must needs proceed from the ,constitution of the air1 or of the ,glass's having more or less ,aperture1 or from the difficulty of making an exact estimate of their proportions4 ,however it is not much wide 7saith he7 of two and a half1 although ,campani make the length of the ,ring but double to its breadth4 ,monsieur ,auzout believes1 that he was one of the first that have well observed this shadow of ,saturn's ,body upon its ,rings which he affirms happened two years since2 when1 observing in ,july1 for the first time1 with a ,telescope of #ba4 and then another of #bg4 foot1 he perceived1 that the ,angle of the obscure space on the right side beneath1 was bigger and wider1 than the three other ,angles1 and that some interruption appear'd there1 between the ,ring1 and the ,body of ,saturn2 of which he saith to have given notice from that time to all his friends1 and in particular1 as soon as conveniently he could1 to ,monsieur ,hugens4 ,he confesseth1 that he hath not had the opportunity of observing ,saturn in his ,oriental ,quadrat2 yet he doubts not1 but that the shadow appears on the ,left-side1 considering1 that the ,existence of the ,ring can be no longer doubted of1 after so many ,observations of the shadow cast by ,saturn's ,body upon it1 according as it must happen1 following that ,hypothesis2 there being no reason1 why it should cast the said shadow on one side1 and not on the other4 ,concerning the ,observation of ,jupiter and its satellites1 the famous ,astronomer of ,bononia1 ,cassinus1 having #gc published1 that on the #cj4 day of ,july1 #affd4 at #b of the clock in the morning1 he had observ'd1 with ,campani's ,glasses1 that there passed through the broad obscure ,belt of ,jupiter two obscurer spots1 by him esteemed to be the shadows of the ,satellites1 moving between ,jupiter the ,sun1 and eclipsing him1 and emerging from the ,occidental ,brim thereof3 ,this ,authour did first conceive1 that they were not shadows1 but some ,sallies1 or ,prominencies in that ,belt2 which he was induced to believe1 because he perceived not1 that that ,prominency1 which he there saw1 was so black1 nor so round as ,cassini had represented his spots2 wherefore1 seeing it but little differing in colour1 from the ,belt1 and so not judging it round1 because it did stand only about half its diameter out of the ,belt1 he persuaded himself1 that it was rather a ,sally1 or ,prominency of the ,belt1 than a round shadow1 as that of a ,satellite of ,jupiter must have bin4 ,but having been since informed of all the ,observations made by ,cassini and ,campani1 with the ,new ,glasses1 and seen his ,figure1 he candidly and publickly wisheth1 that he had not spoken of that ,sally1 or ,prominency2 advowing that he can doubt no longer1 but that it was the shadow of the ,satellit between ,jupiter and the ,sun1 having seen the other emerge1 as soon as with a #bj4 foot ,glass he made the ,observation1 and having not perceiv'd these shadows with a #ab4 foot ,glass3 ,but although he grants that they did ghess better than he1 yet he doth it with this proviso1 vid4 in case they made that ,observation on of ,july #cj4 not with their #cf4 but #ab4 or #ag4 foot ,telescope4 ,if it be wondred at1 that ,monsieur ,auzout did not see this shadow move1 he allegeth his indisposition for making long ,observations1 and addeth1 that it may be much more wondred at1 that neither ,campani nor himself did see upon the obscure ,belt the ,bodies of the ,satellites1 as parts more ,luminous than the ,belt4 ,for 7saith he7 although the ,latitude was ,meridional1 it being no more than of #i4 or #aj4 minutes1 the ,body of the ,satellites should1 thinks he1 pass between us and the ,belt1 especially according to ,campani1 who maketh the ,belt so large1 and puts the shadows farr enough within the same4 ,this maketh him conclude1 that either they have not observed well enough1 or that the motion of the ,satellites doth not exactly follow the ,belts1 and is inclin'd unto them4 ,whereupon he resolves1 that when he shall know that they are to pass between ,jupiter and us1 and to be over against the ,belt1 that #gd then he will observe1 whether he can see them appear upon the ,belt1 as upon a darker ground1 especially1 the third of them1 which is sensibly greater1 and more ,luminous1 than the rest4 ,he hopeth also1 that in time1 the shadow of ,saturns ,moon will be seen upon ,saturn1 although we are yet some years to stay for it1 and to prepare also for better ,glasses4 ,from this rare ,observation1 he inferrs the ,proportion of the ,diameter of the ,satellites to that of ,jupiter2 and judgeth1 that no longer doubt can be made of the turning of these #d4 ,satellites1 or ,moons about ,jupiter1 as our ,moon turns about the ,earth1 and after the same way as the rest of the ,celestial ,bodies of our ,systeme do move3 whence also a strong conjecture may be made1 that ,saturns ,moon turns likewise about ,saturn4 ,hence he also taketh occasion to intimate1 that we need not scruple to conclude1 that if these two ,planets have ,moons wheeling about them1 as our ,earth hath one that moves about it1 the conformity of these ,moons with our ,moon1 does prove the conformity of our ,earth with those ,planets1 which carrying away their ,moons with themselves1 do turn about the ,sun1 and very probably make their ,moons turn about them in turning themselves about their ,axis2 and also1 that there is no cause to invent perplex'd and incredible ,hypotheses1 for the receding from this ,analogie since 7saith he7 if this be truth1 the ,prohibitions of publishing this doctrine1 which formerly were caused by the offence of ,novelty1 will be laid aside1 as one of the most zealous ,doctors of the contrary ,opinion hath given cause to hope1 witness ,eustachius de ,divinis1 in his ,tract against ,monsieur ,hugen's ,systeme of ,saturn1 p4 #di4 where we are inform'd1 that that learned ,jesuit1 ,p4 ,fabry1 ,penitentiary of ,s ,peter in ,rome1 speaks to this purpose3 ,ex vestris1 iisque ,coryphis non semel qusitum est1 utrum aliquam haberent demonstrationem pro ,terr motu adstruendo4 ,nunquam ausi sunt id asserere ,nul igitur obstat quin loca illa in sensu literali ,ecclesia intelligat1 intelligenda esse declaret1 quamdiu nulla demonstratione contrarium evincitur2 qu si forte aliquando a vobis excogitetur 7quod vix crediderim7 in hoc casu nullo modo dubitabit ,ecclesia declarare1 loca illa in sensu figurato improprio intelligenda esse1 ut illud ,poet1 ,terrque ,urbesque recedunt4 ,it hath been more than once asked of your ,chieftains1 whether they had a ,demonstration for asserting the motion of the ,earth8 ,they durst never yet affirm they had2 wherefore nothing hinders1 but that the ,church may understand those ,scripture-places1 that speak of this matter1 in a literal sence1 and declare they should be so understood1 as long as the contrary is not evinced by any demonstration2 #ge which1 if perhaps it should be found out by you 7which ,i can hardly believe it wil7 in this case the ,church will not at all scruple to declare1 that these places are to be understood in a figurative and improper sence1 according to that of the ,poet1 ,terrque ,urbesque recedunt4 ,whence this ,author concludes1 that the said ,jesuite assuring us that the inquisition hath not absolutely declared1 that those ,scripture-places are to be understood literally1 seeing that the ,church may make a contrary declaration1 no man ought to scruple to follow the ,hypothesis of the ,earths motion1 but only forbear to maintain it in publick1 till the prohibition be called in4 ,but to return to the matter in hand1 this ,author1 upon all these observations and relations of ,cassini and ,campani1 doth find no reason to doubt any more of the excellency of the ,glass used by them1 above his2 except this difference may be imputed to that of the ,air1 or of the ,eys4 ,but yet he is rather inclined to ascribe it to the goodness of their ,glasses1 and that the rather1 because1 he would not be thought to have the vanity of magnifying his own2 of which1 yet he intimates by the by1 that he caused one to be wrought1 of #aej ,parisian feet2 which though it proved none of the best1 yet he despairs not to make good ones of that1 and of far greater ,length4 99 99 99 99 99 ,signor ,campani's ,answer3 and ,monsieur ,auzout's ,animadversions thereon4 ,the other part of this ,french ,tract1 conteining ,campani's ,answer1 and ,mr4 ,auzout his ,reflections thereon1 begins with the pretended ,shadows of the ,ring upon ,saturn1 and of ,saturn upon the ,ring4 ,concerning which1 the said ,campani declareth1 that he never believed them to be shadows1 made by the ,ring upon the ,disk of ,saturn1 or by the body of ,saturn upon the ,ring1 but the ,rimms of these bodies1 which being unequally ,luminous1 did shew these appearances4 ,in which ,explication1 forasmuch as it represents1 that the said ,campani meant to note only the ,inequality of the ,light1 which1 he saith1 his ,glasses did discover1 ,mr4 ,auzout does #gf so far acquiesce1 that he only wishes1 that his own ,glasses would shew him those differences4 ,next to the ,objection1 made by ,monsieur ,auzout1 against ,signor ,campani1 touching the ,proportion of the ,length of the ,ring to its breadth1 ,campani replyeth1 that the ,glasses of ,monsieur ,auzout1 shew not all the particulars1 that his do1 and therefore are unfit for determining the true ,figure and breadth of the apparent ,ellipsis of the ,ring4 ,to which ,m4 ,auzout rejoyns1 that he is displeased at his being destitute of better ,glasses1 but that it will be very hard for the future to convince ,campani touching the ,proportion of the ,ring1 seing that the breadth of the ,ellipsis is always diminishing1 although1 if the declination of the ,ring remains always the same1 one can at all times know1 which may have been its greatest breadth4 ,but he assures1 that the breadth of the ,ring is not the half of its length1 and that it doth not spread out so much beyond ,saturn's ,body1 as he hath alleged4 ,and withal desirs to know1 what can be answered by ,sig4 ,campani to ,m4 ,hugens1 who being persuaded1 that the ,declination of the ,ring is not above #bc deg4 #cj' having seen the ,ring to spread out above the ,body of ,saturn1 concludes1 in a ,letter to ,m4 ,auzout1 that the length of the ,ring is more than treble the ,diameter of ,saturn's body1 which1 according to ,campani1 is only as about #fg to #ca4 ,which difference yet dos not appear to ,m4 ,auzout to be so great2 but that ,m4 ,hugens perhaps will impute it to the ,optical reason1 which he 7,auzout7 hath alleged of the ,advance of the light upon the obscure space2 although he is of ,opinion1 he should not have concluded so great a ,length1 if he had not seen the ,breadth spread out more1 than he hath done3 for 7saith he7 if the ,length of the ,ring be to the body of ,saturn1 #b to #a4 and the ,inclination be #bc deg4 #cj' the ,ring will be just as large1 as the body1 without spreading out2 but if the ,ring be bigger1 it will a little spread out2 and if it were treble1 it must needs spread out the half of its breadth1 which hath not so appeared to him4 ,further1 to ,m4 ,auzout's change of ,opinion1 and believing1 that the ,advance or ,sally1 seen by him in ,jupiter1 was the ,shadow of one of his ,moons1 ,campani declares1 that he would not have him guilty of that change3 ,whereupon ,m4 ,auzout wonders1 why ,campani then hath not marked it in his ,figure2 and would #gg gladly know1 whether that ,sally be more easie to discover1 than the ,shadows of the ,satellites1 which ,campani believs1 ,auzout hath not seen2 and whether he be assured1 that those obscure parts1 which he there distinguishes1 do not change3 for if they should not change1 then ,jupiter would not turn about his ,axis1 which yet1 he saith1 it doth1 according to the ,observation made by ,mr4 ,hook1 ,may #i #affd4 inserted in the first papers of these ,transactions4 ,the full ,discovery of which particular also he makes to be a part of ,cassini's and ,campani's work1 seeing that they so distinctly see the inequalities in the ,belts1 and see also sometimes other ,spots besides the ,shadows of the ,satellites3 where he exhorts all the ,curious1 that have the conveniency of observing1 to endeavor the discovery of a matter of that importance1 which would prove one of the greatest ,analogies for the ,earth's ,motion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of ,mr4 ,richard ,lower's newly published ,vindication of ,doctor ,willis's ,diatriba de ,febribus4 ,the ,title of this ,curious piece1 is ,diatrib ,thom ,willisii ,med4 ,doct4 ,profess4 ,oxon4 ,de ,febribus ,vindicatio1 ,authore ,richardo ,lower1 c4 ,in it are occasionally discussed many considerable ,medical and ,anatomical inquiries1 as1 ,whether a ,fever does consist in an ,effervescence of ,blood8 ,and if so1 of what kind8 ,whether there be a ,nervous and ,nutritious ,juice8 ,whether the office of sanguification belongs to the ,blood it self1 existing before those ,viscera 7at least7 that are commonly esteemed to be the ,organs of sanguification8 ,how ,nutrition is performed1 and the nourishing substance assimilated8 ,whether the ,blood affords both the ,matter for the structure of the ,body1 and such parts also1 as are fit for the nourishment of the same8 ,whether the ,pulse of the ,heart ceasing1 there remains yet a certain ,motion in the blood1 arguing1 that ,pulse and ,life do ultimately rest in the ,blood8 ,whether the ,umbilical ,vessels convey the blood of the ,mother to the ,child1 or whether the ,foetus be for the most part form'd and #gh acted by the circulating blood1 before the existence of the ,umbilical ,vessels1 or before the connecting of the ,foetus with the ,uterus8 ,a new ,experiment to prove that the ,chyle is not transmuted into ,blood by the ,liver4 ,a discourse of the ,nature of the ,blood1 and what difference there is between the ,venal and ,arterial blood1 and for what ,uses both the one and the other are particularly designed4 ,where it is considered1 what ,life is1 and whence the ,soul of ,brutes1 and its subsistence1 and operations do depend4 ,it is also inquired into1 what the uses of the ,lungs are in hot ,animals8 ,and many other such material disquisitions are to be found in this small1 but very ,ingenious and ,learned ,treatise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,note touching a ,relation1 inserted in the last ,transactions4 ,in the ,experiment of killing ,ratle-,snakes1 mentioned in the last of the precedent ,papers 7wherein1 by a mistake1 these words1 ,the way1 were put for ,a way1 or ,an ,experiment7 it should have been added1 that the ,gentleman there mention'd1 did affirm1 that1 in those places1 where the ,wild ,penny-,royal or ,dittany grows1 no ,ratle-,snakes are observed to come4 99 99 99 99 99 ,errata4 ,pag4 #ei4 line #aa4 read1 bignesses1 l4 #bj4 r4 endure1 for1 resist4 l4 #cj4 r4 those1 for1 these4 l4 #ca4 r4 ,plain1 for1 place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london1 ,printed with ,licence1 ,by ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal-,society1 at the ,bell in ,st4 ,pauls ,church-,yard4 #affe4 #gi 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #e4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,july #c4 #affe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,an ,account1 how ,adits and ,mines are wrought at ,liege without ,air-shafts1 communicated by ,sir ,robert ,moray4 ,a way to break easily and speedily the hardest ,rocks2 imparted by the same ,person1 as he received it from ,monsieur ,du ,son the ,inventor4 ,observables upon a ,monstrous ,head4 ,observables in the ,body of the ,earl of ,belcarres1 sent out of ,scotland4 ,a ,relation of the designed ,progress to be made in the ,breeding of ,silk-worms1 and the ,making of ,silk1 in ,france4 ,enquiries touching ,agriculture1 for ,arable and ,meadows4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account1 how ,adits ,mines are wrought at ,liege without ,air-shafts1 communicated by ,sir ,robert ,moray4 ,it is well known to those conversant in ,mines1 that there is nothing of greater inconvenience in the working or driving1 as they call it1 of ,mines or ,adits under ground1 for carrying away of ,water1 or such ,minerals as the ,mine affords1 than the ,damp1 want1 and impurity of ,air1 that #hj occur1 when such ,adits are wrought or driven inward upon a ,level1 or near it1 #bj1 #cj1 or #dj4 fathom1 more or less4 ,aswel because of the expence of money1 as of time also1 in the ,ordinary way of preventing or remedying those inconveniences2 which is1 by letting down shafts from the day 7as ,miners speak7 to meet with the ,adit2 by which means the ,air hath liberty to play through the whole work1 and so takes away bad vapours and furnishes good ,air for ,respiration4 ,the ,expence of which shafts1 in regard of their vast depth1 hardness of the ,rock1 drawing of water1 c4 doth sometimes equal1 yea exceed the ordinary charge of the whole ,adit4 ,amongst the ,expedients that have been devised to remedy this1 there is one practised in the ,coal-mines1 near the ,town of ,liege 7or ,luyck7 that seems preferable to all others for ,efficacy1 ,ease1 and ,cheapness3 the description whereof followeth4 ,at the mouth or entry of the ,adit there is a structure raised of ,brick1 like a ,chimney1 some #bh4 or #cj4 foot high in all3 at the bottom1 two opposite sides are 7or may be7 some #e foot broad2 and the other two1 #e4 foot3 the wall #a ,brick thick4 ,at the lower part of it1 is a hole1 some #i4 or #aj4 inches square1 for taking out of the ,ashes1 which when it is done1 this ,ash-hole is immediately stopt so close1 as ,air cannot possibly get in at any part of it4 ,then1 some #c4 foot above ground or more1 there is on that side1 that is next to the ,adit or ,pit1 a square hole of #h4 or #i4 inches every way1 by which the ,air enters to make the ,fire burn3 ,into this hole there is fixed a square ,tube or ,pipe of ,wood1 whereof the ,joints and ,chinks are so stopt with ,parchment pasted or glewed upon them1 that the ,air can no where get in to the ,pipe but at the end3 ,and this ,pipe is still lengthened1 as the ,adit or ,pit advanceth1 by fitting the new ,pipes so1 as one end is alwaies thrust into the other1 and the ,joints and ,chinks still carefully cemented and stopt as before4 ,so the ,pipe or ,tube being still carried on1 as near as is necessary1 to the wall or place1 where fresh ,air is requisite2 the ,fire within the ,chimney doth still attract #ha 7so to speak7 ,air through the ,tube1 without which it cannot burn1 which yet it will do1 as is obvious to conceive 7all ,illustrations and ,philosophical ,explications being here superfluous17 and so1 while the ,air is drawn by the fire from the farthest or most inward part of the ,mine or ,adit1 fresh ,air must needs come in from without to supply the place of the other1 which by its motion doth carry away with it all the ill vapors1 that breath out of the ground2 by which meanes the whole ,adit will be alwaies filled with fresh ,air1 so that men will there breath as surely as abroad1 and not only ,candles burn1 but ,fire1 when upon occasion there is use for it for breaking of the ,rock4 ,now that there may be no want of such fresh ,air1 the ,fire must alwaies be kept burning in the ,chimney1 or at least as frequently as is necessary3 ,for which purpose there must be two of the ,iron ,grates or ,chimneys1 that when any accident befals the one1 the other may be ready to be in its place1 the ,coals being first well kindled in it3 but when the fire is neer spent1 the ,chimney or ,grate being haled up to the dore1 is to be supplied with fresh fuel4 ,the ,figure of the ,fabrick1 ,chimney1 and all the parts thereof being hereunto annexed1 the rest will be easily understood4 ,illustration ,figure #a4 ,a4 ,the ,hole for taking out the ,ashes4 ,b4 ,the ,square-hole1 into which the ,tube or ,pipe for conveying the ,air is to be fixed4 ,c4 ,the ,border or ,ledge of ,brick or ,iron1 upon which the ,iron-grate or ,cradle1 that holds the burning ,coals1 is to rest1 the one being exactly fitted for the other4 ,d4 ,the ,hole where the ,cradle is set4 ,e4 ,the woodden ,tube1 through which the ,air is conveyed towards the ,cradle4 ,f4 ,the ,dore1 by which the ,grate and ,cradle is let in1 which is #hb to be set #h4 or #aj4 foot higher than the ,hole ,d4 and the ,shutter made of ,iron1 or ,wood that will not shrink1 that it may shut very close1 this ,dore being made large enough to receive the ,cradle with ease4 ,g4 ,the ,grate or ,cradle1 which is narrower below than above1 that the ,ashes may the more easily fall1 and the ,air excite the ,fire2 the bottom being barred as the sides4 ,h4 ,the ,border or ,ledge of the ,cradle1 that rests upon the ,ledge ,c4 ,i4 ,four ,chains of ,iron fastned to the four corners of the ,cradle1 for taking of it up1 and letting of it down4 ,k4 ,the ,chain of ,iron1 to which the other are fastned4 ,l4 ,the ,pulley of ,iron or ,brass1 through which the ,chain passeth4 ,m4 ,a ,hook1 on which the end of the ,chain is fastned by a ,ring1 the ,hook fixed being placed in the side of the ,dore4 ,n4 ,a ,barr of ,iron in the ,walls1 to which the ,pulley is fastned4 ,the higher the ,shaft of the ,chimney is1 the ,fire draws the ,air the better4 ,and this ,invention may be made use of in the ,pits or ,shafts1 that are ,perpendicular1 or any wise inclining towards it1 when there is want of fresh ,air at the bottom thereof1 or any molestation by unwholsom ,fumes or ,vapors3 99 99 99 99 99 ,a way to break easily and speedily the hardest ,rocks1 communicated by the same ,person1 as he received it from ,monsieur ,du ,son1 the ,inventor4 ,illustration ,though the invention of breaking with ease1 and dispatch1 hard ,rocks1 may be useful on several occasions1 the benefit is incomparably great1 that may thereby accrue to those1 who have ,adits or ,passages to cut through hard ,rocks1 for making passage for ,water to run out by1 in ,mines of ,lead1 ,tin1 or any other whatsoever2 these ,adits appearing to be the surest1 cheapest1 and most advantagious way imaginable1 for draining of the same4 #hc ,that which is here to be described1 was invented by one of the most ,excellent ,mechanicks in the ,world1 ,monsieur du ,son1 who lately put it in practice himself in ,germany1 at the desire of the ,elector of ,mentz4 ,the manner is1 as followeth4 ,the ,mine or ,adit is to be made seven or eight foot high1 which though it seem to make more work downwards1 yet will be found necessary for making the better dispatch by rendring the ,invention more effectual4 ,there is a ,tool or ,iron well steeled at the end1 which cuts the ,rock1 7of the shape shewed by ,fig4 #b4 here annexed17 #bj4 or #bb4 ,inches long or more1 and some #b ,inches ,diameter at the steeled end1 the rest being somewhat more slender4 ,the steeled end is so shaped1 as makes it most apt to pierce the ,rock1 the ,angles at that end being still to be made the more obtuse1 the harder the ,rock is4 ,this ,tool is to be first held by the hand1 in the place1 where the ,hole1 to be made for the use1 which shall here be shewed1 is to be placed2 that is1 in the middle between the sides of the ,rock1 that is to be cut1 but as near the bottom as may be4 ,the ,tool being placed1 is to be struck upon with an ,hammer1 the heavier the better1 either suspended by a ,shaft turning upon a ,pin1 or otherwise1 so as one man may manage the ,hammer1 while another holds the ,tool or ,piercer4 ,if it be hung in a ,frame1 or other convenient way1 he that manageth it hath no more to do1 but to pull it up at first as high as he can1 and let it fall again by its own weight1 the motion being so directed1 as to be sure to hit the ,piercer right4 ,after the stroke of the ,hammer1 he that holds the ,piercer1 is to turn it a little on its point2 so that the ,edges or ,angles at the point may all strike upon a new place2 and so it must still be shifted after every stroke1 by which means small ,chipps will at every stroke be broken off1 which must from time to time be taken out1 as need requires4 ,and thus the work must be continued1 till the ,hole be #ah4 or #bj4 ,inches deep1 the deeper the better4 ,this ,hole being made as deep as is required1 and kept as streight and smooth in the sides1 as is possible1 there is then a kind of double ,wedge to be made1 and #hd fitted exactly for it2 the shape whereof is to be seen in the annexed #c4 ,figure4 ,illustration ,this double ,wedge1 being #ab4 or #ac4 ,inches long1 each piece of it1 and so made1 as being placed in their due position they may make up a ,cylinder1 but ,diagonal-wise4 ,the two flat sides that are contiguous1 are to be greased or oyled1 that the one may slip the more easily upon the other2 and one of them1 which is to be uppermost1 having at the great end a hollow ,crease cut into it round about1 for fastening a ,cartridge1 full of ,gunpowder1 to it with a thred1 the round end of the ,wedge being pared as much as the thickness of the ,paper or ,pastboard1 that holds the ,powder1 needs to make the outside thereof even with the rest of the ,wedge4 ,this ,wedge must have an ,hole drilled through the longest side of it1 to be filled with priming ,powder1 for firing of the ,powder in the ,cartridge2 which needs have no more1 than half a pound of ,powder1 though upon occasion a greater quantity may be used1 as shall be found requisite4 ,then this ,wedge1 being first thrust into the ,hole with the ,cartridge1 the round side1 whether the ,priming-hole is1 being uppermost1 the other ,wedge is to be thrust in1 home to the due position1 care being taken1 that they fit the ,hole in the ,rock as exactly as may be4 ,then the end of the lower ,wedge being about an ,inch longer1 than that of the upper outwardly1 and flatned1 priming ,powder is to be laid upon it2 and a piece of burning ,match or ,thread dipt in ,brimstone or other such prepared combustible ,matter1 fastned to it1 that may burn so long before it fire the ,powder1 as he1 that orders it1 may have time enough to retire quite out the ,pit or ,adit1 having first placed a piece of ,wood or ,iron so1 as one end thereof1 being set against the end of the lower ,wedge1 and the other against the side-wall1 so as it cannot slip4 ,which being done1 and the ,man retired1 when the ,powder comes to take fire1 it will first drive out the uppermost ,wedge1 as far as it will go1 but the slaunting figure of it being so made1 as the farther it goes backward1 the thicker it grows1 till at the last it can go no farther1 then the #he fire tears the ,rock to get forth1 and so cracks and breaks it all about1 that at one time a vast deal of it will either be quite blown out1 or so crackt and broken1 as will make it easie to be remov'd3 ,and according to the effect of one such ,cartridge1 more may be afterwards made use of1 as hath been said4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observables upon a ,monstrous ,head4 ,illustration ,this was the ,head of a ,colt1 represented in the annexed ,figure #d4 first viewed by ,mr4 ,boyle1 who went into the ,stable where the ,colt lay1 and got the ,head hastily and rudely cut off1 the ,body thereof appearing to his ,eye compleately formed1 without any ,monstrosity to be taken notice of in it4 ,afterwards he caused it to be put into a ,vessel1 and covered with ,spirit of ,wine thereby chiefly intending1 to give good example1 together with a proof1 that by the help of the said ,spirit1 7which he hath recommended for such ,properties in one of his ,essays of the ,usefulness of ,natural ,philosophy7 the parts of ,animals1 and even ,monsters1 may in ,summer it self be preserved long enough to afford ,anatomists the opportunities of examining them4 ,the ,head being opened1 and examined1 it was found4 ,first1 ,that it had no sign of any ,nose in the usual place1 nor had it any1 in any other place of the ,head1 unless the double ,bag ,,cc1 that grew out of the midst of the forehead1 were some rudiment of it4 ,next1 ,that the two ,eyes were united into one ,double ,eye1 which was placed just in the middle of the ,brow1 the ,nose being wanting1 which should have separated them1 whereby the two ,eye-holes in the ,scull were united into one very large round hole1 into the midst of which1 from the ,brain1 entred one pretty large ,optik ,nerve1 at the end of which grew a great ,double ,eye2 that is1 that ,membrane1 called ,sclerotis1 which contained both1 was one and the same1 but seemed to have a ,seam1 #hf by which they were joined1 to go quite round it1 and the fore or pellucid part was distinctly separated into two ,cornea's by a white ,seam that divided them4 ,each ,cornea seemed to have its ,iris1 7or ,rain-bow-like ,circle7 and ,apertures or ,pupils distinct2 and upon opening the ,cornea1 there was found within it two ,balls1 or ,crystalline ,humours1 very well shaped2 but the other parts of it could not be so well distinguished1 because the eye had been much bruised by the handling1 and the inner parts confused and dislocated4 ,it had four ,eye-browes1 placed in the manner exprest in ,figure #d4 by a a1 b b2 a a representing the lower1 and b b1 the upper ,eye-lids4 ,lastly1 ,that just above the ,eyes1 as it were in the midst of the ,forehead1 was a very deep depression1 and out of the midst of that grew a kind of double ,purse or ,bagg1 ,c ,c1 containing little or nothing in it2 but to some it seemed to be a production of the matter designed for the ,nose1 but diverted by this ,monstrous ,conception2 perhaps the ,processus mammillares joyned into one1 and covered with a thin hairy skin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observables in the ,body of the ,earl of ,balcarres4 ,these following ,observations1 were a while since sent out of ,scotland by an ingenious person1 an ,eye-witness1 to ,sir ,robert ,moray4 #a4 ,that the ,belly of this ,nobleman being opened1 the ,omentum or ,net was found lean and small3 his ,liver very big2 the ,spleen big also1 filled with a black and thick humour4 ,his ,stomack and ,entralls all empty1 of a ,saffron-colour1 distended with wind only4 ,the ,bladder of ,gall swelled with a black humour3 ,the ,kidneys filled with a kind of grumous blood4 #b4 ,that in the ,thorax or ,chest1 the ,lobes of the ,lungs were all entire1 but of a bad colour2 on the left side somewhat black and blue1 and on the right1 whitish2 with a yellowish knob under one of the ,lobes4 #hg #c4 ,that the ,pericardium or the ,case of the ,heart being opened1 there appeared none of that water1 in which the ,heart uses to swim2 and the external ,surface of it1 from the ,base to the ,tipp1 was not smooth1 but very rough4 ,it being cut asunder1 a quantity of white and inspissate liquour run out1 and beneath the ,base1 between the right and left ,ventricle1 two stones were found1 whereof the one was as bigg as an ,almond1 the other1 two ,inches long and one broad1 having three ,auricles or crisped ,angles3 ,and in the ,orifice of the right ,ventricle1 there was a fleshy fattish ,matter4 #d4 ,that the whole ,body was bloudless1 thin1 and emaciated1 of a black and bluish ,colour4 #e4 ,the ,scull being opened1 both the ,cerebrum and ,cerebellum were bigg in proportion to the ,body2 and out of it run much more ,bloud1 than was seen in both the other ,regions together4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the designed ,progress to be made in the ,breeding of ,silkworms1 and the ,making of ,silk1 in ,france4 ,the ,french ,king ,henry the ,fourth1 having made a general ,establishment all over ,france1 of planting and propagating of ,mulberry-trees1 and ,breeding of ,silkworms1 in order to set up and entertain a ,silk-trade there2 and having prospered so well in that ,design1 that in many parts of his ,dominions great store of such ,trees were raised1 and ,multitudes of ,silk-works propagated1 to the great benefit of the ,french people1 forasmuch as it was a considerable beginning to avoid the transport of several ,millions abroad for buying of ,silks1 and withall an excellent means of well-imploying abundance of poor ,orphans and ,widows1 and many old1 lame1 and other indigent and helpless people2 ,the present ,french ,king1 hath lately revived and seconded that ,undertaking by giving express order that it should be promoted by all possible means1 and particularly in the ,metropolis of that ,kingdom1 and round about it2 and that for that end the whole way concerning that ,work and #hh ,trade should be fully and punctually communicated in ,print2 which hath also been executed by one ,monsieur ,isnard1 in a ,treatise published at ,paris1 in ,french1 ,intituled1 ,instructions for the ,planting of ,white ,mulberryes1 the ,breeding of ,silkworms1 and the ,ordering of ,silk in ,paris1 and the circumjacent ,places1 ,in which ,book1 the ,method being represented1 which that ,great ,prince ,henry ,,iv used in establishing the said ,work and ,trade1 together with the success thereof1 and the advantages thence derived to his ,subjects1 the ,author1 from his own ,experience1 and long ,practice1 delivers 7and seems to do it candidly7 all what belongs in this business in four main heads4 ,first1 he teaches the ,means of sowing1 planting1 and raising ,white ,mulberryes 7as the ,foundation of ,silkworks7 shewing how many several wayes that may be done4 ,secondly1 ,the ,breeding of ,silkworms1 the choosing of good ,eggs1 and their hatching1 as also the ,feeding of the ,worms1 and preserving them from sickness1 and ,curing them of it1 together with the way of making them spin to best advantage4 ,thirdly1 ,the manner of winding their ,silk from their ,bottoms1 adding the ,scheme of the ,instrument serving for that purpose4 ,fourthly1 ,the way of keeping ,silkworms ,eggs for the ensuing year4 ,through the whole ,book are scattered many not inconsiderable particulars1 though perhaps known to most4 ,the ,white ,mulberry ,tree1 as it is in other qualities preferable to the ,black1 so this ,author esteems it the best1 not only for the durableness of the wood1 and its large extent of usefulness in ,carpentry and ,joyners work2 but also for the fitness of its leaves 7besides their principal use for the food of ,silkworms7 to fatten ,sheep1 ,goats1 ,cowes1 and ,hoggs1 only by boyling and mingling them with ,bran4 ,the ,berryes themselves he commends as very excellent to fatten ,poultry1 and to make them lay ,eggs plentifully4 ,in the ,changes1 ,working1 and ,generation of this ,insect1 he is very curious to observe many things4 ,their ,metamorphoses1 as is known1 are four1 whereof the form of the one hath no conformity with any of the rest4 ,the first from an ,egge 7of the bigness of a ,mustard-seed1 and of a darkish ,gray ,colour1 when good7 to a ,worm or ,caterpillar1 but of a domestick1 noble1 and profitable kind1 ,black1 when it first comes #hi forth1 but growing white at last2 having #bd4 feet1 #h4 on each side of the body1 and #d4 besides1 close to each side of the head4 ,during this form1 they undergo constantly #d4 ,sicknesses1 in which they cast their ,skins1 each sickness lasting about #d4 days1 wherein they feed not at all2 but grow clearer1 shorter1 and thicker4 ,the second from a ,worm to an ,aurelia or ,chrysalis1 having the shape of a small ,plum1 whereunto it is transformed after its spinning time is past2 in which state it lies shut up1 in hot ,countries1 for #ad4 or #ae4 dayes2 in more temperate ones1 #ah4 or #bj4 without any ,food or ,air1 known to us4 ,during which time this ,insect leaves two ,coats1 both that of a ,worm1 whence 'tis changed into an ,aurelia1 and that of an ,aurelia1 whence it becomes a ,papilio or ,butterfly1 in the ,theca or ,case4 ,the third is1 from an ,aurelia to a ,butterfly1 coming out of the ,theca with a head1 leggs1 and horns2 for which passage it makes way by a whitish water1 it casts upon the ,silk1 which moistning1 and thereby in a manner putrefying it1 the new creature thrusts out its head through the sharp end of the ,case1 by a ,hole as big as its self4 ,there is found no ,excrement in the ,case1 but the two ,skins only1 just now mentioned4 ,before they begin to spin1 and about the latter end of their feeding1 they must1 saith the ,author1 be often changed1 and have ,air enough1 by opening the ,windows of the ,room1 they are in1 if it be not too ill ,weather2 else1 saith he1 the ,silk that is in their ,belly1 will cause so extraordinary a heat in them1 that it burns their gutts1 and sometimes bursts them2 and the same 7being a substance that resembleth ,gum or ,burgundy ,pitch7 will putrefy and turn into a yellowish matter4 ,he maketh the best marks of their maturity for spinning to be1 when they begin to quit their white ,colour1 their green and yellow ,circles1 and grow of the ,colour of ,flesh1 especially upon the tail2 having a kind of consistent softness shewing that they have something substantial in their ,stomachs4 ,as for their ,working1 he gives this account of it1 that the first day they make only a ,webb2 the second1 they form in this ,webb their ,cases1 and cover themselves all over with ,silk2 the third day1 they are no longer seen1 and the dayes following they thicken their ,cases1 alwayes by one end or thread1 which they #ij never break off1 themselves4 ,this1 he affirms1 they put out with so much quickness1 and draw it so subtle and so long1 that without an ,hyperbole1 the end or thread of every ,case may have two ,leagues in length4 ,he advertiseth1 that they must be by no means interrupted in their work1 to the end1 that all the ,silk1 they have in their bellyes1 may come out4 ,some eight dayes after they have finished their ,work1 as many of the best ,cases1 as are to serve for seed1 viz4 the first done the hardest1 the reddest and best coloured1 must be chosen1 and put a-part2 and all diligence is to be used to winde off the silk with as much speed1 as may be1 especially if the ,worms have nimbly dispatched their work4 ,here he spends a good part of his ,book1 in giving very particular ,instructions1 concerning the way of winding off the silk1 setting also down the form of the ,oven and ,instruments necessary for that work1 which is the painfullest and nicest of all the rest4 ,touching their ,generation1 he prescribeth that there be chosen as many male as female ,cases 7which are discerned by this1 that the males are more pointed at both ends of the ,cases1 and the females more obtuse on the ends1 and bigger-bellyed7 and that care be had1 that no ,cases be taken1 but such wherein the ,worms are heard rolling2 which done1 and they being come forth in the form of ,butterflies1 having four wings1 six feet1 two horns1 and two very black eyes1 and put in a convenient place1 the males fluttering with their wings1 will joyn and couple with the females1 after that these have first purged themselves of a kind of reddish humour by the fundament3 in which posture they are to be left from ,morning 7which is the ordinary time of their coming forth7 till evening1 and then the females are to be gently pulled away1 whereupon they will lay their eggs1 having first let fall by the ,fundament another humour1 esteemed to proceed from the seed of the males2 but the males are then thrown away as useless4 ,he advertiseth1 that if they be coupled longer than #i4 or #aj4 hours1 7which they will be1 and that sometimes for #bd4 hours together1 if they be let alone7 either the female will receive very great hurt by it1 or much seed will remain in her belly4 #ia ,the seed at first coming out is very white1 but within a day it becoms greenish1 then red1 at last by little and little gray1 which colour it retains alwaies1 the most coloured of an obscure gray1 being the best2 those grains which never quit their whiteness1 having no fecundity in them4 ,each female emits ordinarily some #cjj grains1 more or less1 some of them not being able to render them all1 and dying with them in their belly4 ,one ounce of seed will require an hundred pair of ,cases1 of as many ,males as ,females4 ,care must be taken1 that no ,rats1 ,mice1 ,ants1 or other ,vermin1 nor any ,hens1 or ,birds1 come near the ,seed1 they being very greedy to eat them4 ,this is the substance of what is contained in this ,french ,author1 published at ,paris on purpose to promote the ,making of ,silk there1 as well as it is practised already in other parts of that ,kingdom2 which is represented here1 to the end1 that from this occasion the design1 which the ,english ,nation once did entertain of the increasing of ,mulberry trees1 and the ,breeding of ,silk-worms1 for the ,making of ,silk within themselves1 may be renewed1 and that encouragement given by ,king ,james of ,glorious memory for that purpose 7witness that ,letter which he directed to the ,lords ,lievtenants of the several shires of ,england7 and seconded by his ,most ,excellent ,majesty1 that now is1 be made use of1 for the honour of ,england and ,virginia1 and the increase of wealth to the people thereof2 especially since there is cause of hope1 that a double ,silk harvest may be made in one ,summer in ,virginia1 without hindring in the least the ,tobacco-,trade of that ,countrey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,enquiries concerning ,agriculture4 ,whereas the ,royal ,society1 in prosecuting the ,improvements of ,natural knowledge1 have it in design1 to collect ,histories of ,nature and ,arts1 and for that purpose have already1 according to the several ,inclinations and ,studies of their ,members1 divided themselves into divers ,commitees1 to execute the said design3 ,those ,gentlemen1 which do constitute the ,commitee for considering of ,agriculture1 and the ,history and ,improvement thereof1 have begun their work with drawing up certain #ib ,heads of ,enquiries1 to be distributed to persons ,experienced in ,husbandry all over ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 for the procuring a faithful and solid information of the knowledge and practice already obtained and used in these ,kingdoms2 whereby1 besides the aid which by this means will be given to the general ,end of collecting the aforementioned ,history1 every place will be advantaged by the helps1 that are found in any1 and occasion ministred to consider1 what improvements may be further made in this whole matter4 ,now to the ,end1 that those ,enquiries may be the more universally known1 and those who are skilful in ,husbandry1 publickly invited to impart their knowledge herein1 for the common benefit of their ,countrey1 it hath been thought fit to publish the effect of them in ,print1 and withal to desire that what such persons shall think good from their own ,knowledge and ,experience to communicate hereupon1 they would be pleased to send it to the ,printers of the ,royal ,society1 to be delivered to either of the ,secretaries of same4 ,the ,enquiries follow4 #a4 ,for ,arable4 #a4 ,the several kinds of the soyls of ,england1 being supposed to be1 either ,sandy1 ,gravelly1 ,stony1 ,clayie1 ,chalky1 ,light mould1 ,heathy1 ,marish1 ,boggy1 ,fenny1 or ,cold weeping ,ground2 information is desired1 what kind of soyls your ,country doth most abound with1 and how each of them is prepared1 when employed for ,arable8 #b4 ,what peculiar preparations are made use of to these ,soyls for each kind of ,grain2 with what kind of ,manure they are prepared2 when1 how1 in what quantity the ,manure is laid on8 #c4 ,at what seasons and how often they are ploughed2 what kind of ,ploughs are used for several sorts of ,ground8 #d4 ,how long the several ,grounds are let lie fallow8 #e4 ,how1 and for what productions1 ,heathy ,grounds may be improved8 ,and who they are 7if there be any in your ,country7 that have reduced ,heaths into profitable ,lands8 #f4 ,what ground ,marle hath over head8 ,how deep generally it lieth from the surface8 ,what is the depth of the ,marle it self8 ,what the colour of it8 ,upon what grounds it is used8 #ic ,what time of the year it is to be laid on8 ,how many loads to an ,acre8 ,what ,grains ,marled ,land will bear1 and how many years together8 ,how such ,marled ,land is to be used afterwards1 c8 #g4 ,the kinds of ,grain or ,seed1 usual in ,england1 being supposed to be either ,wheat1 ,miscelane1 ,rye1 ,barley1 ,oats1 ,pease1 ,beans1 ,fitches1 ,buck-wheat1 ,hemp1 ,flax1 ,rape2 ,we desire to know1 what sorts of ,grains are sown in your ,country1 and how each of these is prepared for ,sowing8 ,whether by steeping1 and in what kind of ,liquor8 ,or by mixing it1 and with what8 #h4 ,there being many sorts of ,wheat1 as the ,white or ,red ,lammas1 the bearded ,kentish ,wheat1 the gray ,wheat1 the red or gray ,pollard1 the ,ducks-bill ,wheat1 the red-eared-bearded ,wheat1 c4 ,and so of ,oats1 as the common ,black1 ,blue1 ,naked1 ,bearded in ,north-wales3 and the like of ,barley1 ,pease1 ,beans1 c4 ,the ,enquiry is1 which of these grow in your ,country1 and in what ,soyl2 and which of them thrive best there2 and whether each of them require a peculiar ,tillage2 and how they differ in goodness8 #i4 ,what are the chief particulars observable in the choice of ,seed-,corn1 and all kinds of ,grain2 and what kinds of ,grain are most proper to succeed one another8 #aj4 ,what ,quantity of each kind is sown upon the ,statute-,acre8 ,and in what season of the ,moon and year 'tis sowed8 #aa4 ,with what instruments they do ,harrow1 ,clod and ,rowl1 and at what seasons8 #ab4 ,how much an ,acre of good ,corn1 well ordered1 generally useth to yield1 in very good1 in less good1 in the worst years8 #ac4 ,some of the common ,accidents and ,diseases befalling ,corn in the growth of it1 being ,meldew1 ,blasting1 ,smut2 what are conceived to be the ,causes thereof1 what the ,remedies8 #ad4 ,there being other ,annoyances1 the growing ,corn is exposed to1 as ,weeds1 ,worms1 ,flies1 ,birds1 ,mice1 ,moles1 c4 how they are remedied8 #ae4 ,upon what occasions they use to cut the young ,corn in the ,blade1 or to seed it2 and what are the benefits thereof8 #af4 ,what are the seasons and waies of ,reaping and ,ordering each sort of ,grain1 before it be carried off the ,ground8 #id #ag4 ,what are the several waies of preserving ,grain in the ,straw1 within and without doors1 from all kind of ,annoyance1 as ,mice1 ,heating1 ,rain1 c8 #ah4 ,what are the waies of separating the several sorts of ,grain from the ,straw1 and of dressing them8 #ai4 ,what are the waies of preserving any stores of separated ,grain1 from the ,annoyances they are obnoxious to8 #b4 ,for ,meadows4 #a4 ,how the above mentioned sorts of ,soyl are prepared1 when they are used for ,pasture or ,meadow8 #b4 ,the common ,annoyances of these ,pasture or ,meadow ,grounds being supposed to be1 either ,weeds1 ,moss1 ,sour-grass1 ,heath1 ,fern1 ,bushes1 ,bryars1 ,brambles1 ,broom1 ,rushes1 ,sedges1 ,gorse or ,furzes3 what are the ,remedies thereof8 #c4 ,what are the best waies of ,drayning ,marshes1 ,boggs1 ,fenns1 c8 #d4 ,what are the several kinds of ,grass1 and which are counted the best8 #e4 ,what are the chief circumstances observable in the ,cutting of ,grass2 and what in the making and preserving of ,hay8 #f4 ,what kind of ,grass is fittest to be preserved for ,winter feeding8 ,and what ,grass is best for ,sheep1 for ,cows1 ,oxen1 ,horses1 ,goats1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,advertisement4 ,the ,reader is hereby advertised1 that by reason of the present ,contagion in ,london1 which may unhappily cause an interruption aswel of ,correspondencies1 as of ,publick ,meetings1 the ,printing of these ,philosophical ,transactions may possibly for a while be intermitted2 though endeavours shall be used to continue them1 if it may be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london1 ,printed with ,licence1 by ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society1 at the ,bell in ,st4 ,pauls ,church-,yard4 #affe4 #ie 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #f4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monday1 ,november #f4 #affe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,an ,account of a not ordinary ,burning ,concave1 lately made at ,lyons1 and compared with several others made formerly4 ,of ,monsieur ,hevelius his promise of communicating to the ,world his ,invention of making ,optick ,glasses2 and of the hopes1 given by ,monsieur ,christian ,hugens of ,zulichem1 to perform something of the like nature2 as also of the ,expectations1 conceived of some ,persons in ,england1 to improve ,telescopes4 ,an intimation of a way of making more lively ,counterfeits of ,nature in ,wax1 then are extant in ,painting2 and of a new kind of ,maps in a low ,relievo1 or ,sculpture1 both practised in ,france4 ,some ,anatomical ,observations of ,milk found in ,veins instead of ,blood2 and of ,grass found in the ,wind-pipes of some ,animals4 ,of a place in ,england1 where1 without ,petrifying ,water1 ,wood is turned into ,stone4 ,of the nature of a certain ,stone1 found in the ,indies in the head of a ,serpent4 ,of the way1 used in the ,mogol's ,dominions1 to make ,salt-petre4 ,an ,account of ,hevelius his ,prodromus ,cometicus1 and of some ,animadversions made upon it by a ,french ,philosopher2 as also of the ,jesuit ,kircher's ,mundus ,subterraneus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of a not ordinary ,burning ,concave1 lately made at ,lyons1 and compared with several others made formerly4 ,an opportunity being presented to revive the publishing of these ,papers1 which for some ,moneths hath been #if discontinued by reason of the great ,mortality in ,london1 where they were begun to be ,printed2 it hath been thought fit to embrace the same1 and to make use thereof for the gratifying of the ,curious1 that have been pleased to think well of such ,communications3 ,to re-enter whereupon1 there offers it self1 first of all a ,relation of an uncommon ,burning-glass1 not long since made in ,france1 in the ,city of ,lyons1 by one called ,monsieur de ,vilette1 as it was sent to the ,publisher of these ,tracts1 in two ,letters1 whereof the one was in ,latine1 the other in ,french1 to this effect4 ,concerning the ,efficacy of ,monsieur de ,villete his ,burning ,glass1 all what the ,p4 ,bertet hath written of it1 is true4 ,we have seen the effects of it repeated over and over again1 in the ,morning1 at ,noon1 and in the ,afternoon1 alwaies performing very powerfully2 burning or melting any ,matter1 very few excepted4 ,the ,figure of it is round1 being thirty ,inches1 and somewhat better in ,diameter4 ,on one side it hath a ,frame of a ,circle of ,steel1 to the end that it may keep its just ,measure3 ',tis easie to remove it from place to place1 though it be above an hundred weight1 and 'tis easily put in all sorts of postures4 ,the burning ,point is distant from the ,centre of the ,glass1 about three ,feet4 ,the ,focus is about half a ,louys d'or large4 ,one may pass ones hand through it1 if it be done nimbly2 for if it stay there the time of a second ,minute1 there is danger of receiving much hurt4 ,green wood takes fire in it1 in an instant1 as do also many other ,bodies4 ,a small peice of ,pot-,iron was melted1 and ,seconds ready to drop down1 in #dj4 ,a ,silver ,peice of #ae ,pence was pierced1 in #bd4 ,a gross ,nail 7called le ,claude paisan7 was melted1 in #cj4 ,the end of a ,sword-blade of ,olinde1 was burn'd1 in #dc4 ,a ,brass ,counter was pierced1 in #jf4 ,a piece of red ,copper was melted ready to drop down1 in #db4 #ig ,a peice of a ,chamber ,quarry-stone was vitrified1 and put into a ,glass-drop1 in #de4 ,steel1 whereof ,watch-makers make their springs1 was found melted1 in #ji4 ,a ,mineral-,stone1 such as is used in ,harquebusses rovt1 was calcin'd and vitrified1 in #a4 just4 ,a peice of ,morter was vitrified1 in #eb4 ,in short1 there is hardly any ,body1 which is not destroyed by this ,fire4 ,if one would melt it by it any great quantity of ,mettal1 that would require much time1 the ,action of ,burning not being perform'd but within the bigness of the ,focus1 so that ordinarily none but small pieces are exposed to it4 ,one ,mounsieur de ,alibert buys it1 paying for it ,fifteen hundred ,livers4 ,since this ,information1 there were1 upon occasion given from thence1 upon the same subject1 further communicated from ,paris the following ,particulars4 ,i see by two of the ,letters1 that you incline to believe1 the ,glasses of ,maginus and ,septalius do approach to that of ,lyons3 ,but ,i can assure you1 they come very far short of it4 ,you may consult ,maginus his ,book1 where he describes his2 and there are some persons here that have seen one of his best1 which had but about twenty ,inches ,diameter2 so that this of ,lyons must perform at least twice as much4 ,as to ,septalius1 we expect the ,relations of it from ,intelligent and ,impartial men4 ,it cannot well be compared to that of ,lyons3 but in bigness2 and in this case1 if it have five ,palms 7as you say7 that would be about #c feet ,french1 and so it were a ,foot bigger1 which would make it half as much greater in surface3 ,but as to the ,effects1 seeing it burns so far off1 they cannot be very violent4 ,and ,i have heard one say1 that had seen it1 that it did not set ,wood on ,fire but after the time of saying a ,miserere4 ,you may judge of the difference of the ,effects1 since that of ,lyons gathers its ,beams together within the space of seven or eight ,lines2 #ih and that of ,septalius must scatter them in the compass of three ,inches4 ,some here do intend to make of them yea and bigger ones2 but we must stay till they be done1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of ,monsieur ,hevelius's ,promise of imparting to the ,world his ,invention of making ,optick ,glasses2 and of the hopes given by ,monsieur ,hugens of ,zulichem1 to perform something of the like nature2 as also of the ,expectations1 conceived of some ,ingenious ,persons in ,england to improve ,telescopes4 ,that eminent ,astronomer of ,dantzick1 ,monsieur ,hevelius1 writes to his ,correspondent in ,london1 as followeth3 ,what hath been done in the grinding of ,optick-glasses in your parts1 and how those beginnings1 mentioned by you formerly1 do continue and succeed1 ,i very much covet to hear1 ',tis now above ,ten ,years1 since ,i my self invented a peculiar way of grinding such ,glasses1 and reduced it also into practice2 by which 'tis easie1 without any considerable danger of failing1 to make and polish ,optick-glasses of any ,conick ,section1 and that 7which is most notable7 in any dish of any ,section of a ,sphere3 which ,invention ,i have as yet discovered to none1 my purpose being1 for the ,improvement of ,natural ,knowledge1 to describe the whole method thereof in my ,celestial ,machine1 and to propose it to the ,examination and ,judgment of the ,royal ,society2 not doubting at all1 but they will find the way true and practicable1 my self having already made several ,glasses by it1 which many ,learned ,men have seen and tryed4 ,monsieur ,hugens1 inquiring also in a ,letter1 newly written by him to a ,friend of his in ,england1 of the success of the attempts made by an ingenious ,english ,man for perfecting such ,glasses1 and urging the prosecution of the same1 #ii so as to shew by the effects the practicableness of the ,invention1 mentions thereupon1 ,that he intends very shortly to try something in that kind1 of the success whereof he declares to have good hopes4 ,monsieur du ,son1 that excellent ,mechanician1 doth also at this very present employ himself in ,london1 to bring ,telescopes to perfection1 by grinding ,glasses of a ,parabolical ,figure1 by the means whereof he hopes to enable the ,curious to discover more by a ,tube of one ,foot long1 or thereabouts1 furnished with ,glasses thus figured1 then can be done by any other ,tubes of very many times more that length3 ,the success hereof will 7'tis thought7 shortly appear4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,advertisement of a way of making more lively ,counterfeits of ,nature in ,wax1 then are extant in ,painting3 ,and of a new kind of ,maps in a low ,relievo4 ,both practised in ,france4 ,this was communicated by the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,john ,evelyn1 to whom it was sent from ,paris is a ,letter1 as followeth4 ,here is in our ,neighbourhood a ,french-man1 who makes more lively ,counterfeits of ,nature in ,wax1 then ever ,i yet saw in ,painting1 haveing an extraordinary address in modelling the ,figures1 and mixing the ,colours and ,shadows2 making the ,eyes so lively1 that they kill all things of this ,art ,i ever beheld2 ,he pretends to make a visit into ,england with some of his ,peices4 ,i have also seen a new kind of ,maps in low ,relievo1 or ,sculpture2 ,for example the ,isle of ,antibe1 upon a square of about eight ,foot1 made of ,boards1 with a ,frame like a ,picture3 ,there is represented the ,sea1 with ,ships and other ,vessels ,artificially made1 with their ,canons and ,tackle of ,wood fixed upon the surface1 after a new and most admirable manner4 ,the ,rocks about the ,island exactly form'd1 #ajj as they are upon the ,natural ,place2 and the ,island it self1 with all its ,inequalities1 and ,hills and ,dales2 the ,town1 the ,forts1 the little ,houses1 ,platform1 and ,canons mounted2 and even the ,gardens and ,platforms of ,trees1 with their green leaves standing upright1 at if they were growing in their ,natural ,colours3 in fine1 ,men1 ,beasts1 and whatever you may imagine to have any protuberancy above the level of the ,sea4 ,this new1 delightful1 and most instructive form of ,map1 or ,wooden ,country1 you are to look upon either ,horizontally1 or side-long1 and it affords equally a very pleasant object4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,anatomical ,observations of ,milk found in ,veins1 instead of ,blood2 and of ,grass1 found in the ,wind-pipes of some ,animals4 ,a curious ,person wrote not long since from ,paris1 that there they had1 in the house of a ,physitian1 newly open'd a ,mans ,vein1 wherein they found ,milk1 instead of ,blood4 ,this being imparted to ,mr4 ,boyle at ,oxford1 his ,answer was1 ,that the like ,observation about ,white ,blood1 had been made by a ,learned ,physitian of his acquaintance1 and the thing being by him look'd upon as remarkable1 he was desirous to have it very circumstantially from the said ,physitian himself1 before he would say more of it4 ,the next ,moneth may bring us in this ,account4 ,the other ,particular1 mention'd in the ,title of this ,head1 came in a ,letter sent also by ,mr4 ,boyle1 in these words3 ,i shall acquaint you1 ,that ,two very ,ingenious ,men1 ,dr4 ,clark1 and ,dr4 ,lower1 were pleased to give me an account of a pretty odd kind of ,observation3 ,one of them assuring me1 ,that he had several times1 in the ,lungs of ,sheep1 found considerable quantity of ,grass in the very ,branches of the ,aspera ,arteria3 ,and the other relating to me1 ,that a few ,weeks since1 he1 and a couple of #aja ,physitians1 were invited to look upon an ,ox1 that had for two or three daies almost continually held his ,neck streight up1 and was dead of a ,disease1 the owner could not conjecture at2 whereupon the parts belonging to the ,neck and ,throat1 being open'd1 they found1 to their wounder1 the ,aspera ,arteria in its very ,trunk all stuff'd with ,grass as if it had been thrust there by main force3 which gives us a just cause of marvelling and inquiring1 both how such a quantity of ,grass should get in there2 and how1 being there1 such an ,animal could live with it so long4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of a place in ,england1 where1 without petrifying ,water1 ,wood is turned into ,stone4 ,the same ,searcher of ,nature1 that was alledged in the immediately precedent ,observations1 did impart also the following1 in another ,letter from ,oxford1 where he saith1 ,i was a while since visited by a ,gentleman1 who tells me1 ,that he met with a place in these parts of ,england1 where1 though there be no petrifying ,spring 7for that ,i particularly asked7 ,wood is turned into ,stone in the ,sandy ,earth it self1 after a better manner then by any ,water ,i have yet seen3 ,for ,i had the ,curiosity to go to look upon peices of ,wood1 he brought thence1 and hope for the opportunity of making some tryals to examine the matter a little further1 then ,i have yet been able to do4 ,thus far that ,letter4 ,since which time1 ,he was pleased to give this further ,information of the same matter1 with a ,mantissa of some other ,particulars1 belonging to this ,subject1 in these ,words4 ,i was lately making some ,tryals with the ,petrifyed ,wood ,i told you off1 which ,i find to be a very odde substance1 wonderfully hard and fixed4 ,if ,i had opportunity to ,re-print the ,history of ,fluidity and ,firmness1 ,i could add divers things about ,stones1 that perhaps would not be disliked2 and ,i hope1 if ,god vouchsafe me a little leisure1 #ajb to insert several of them in fit places of that ,history1 against the next ,edition4 ,here is a certain ,stone1 that is thought to be ,petrifyed ,bone1 being in shap'd like a ,bone1 with the ,marrow taken out2 but with a fit ,menstruum1 ,i found that ,i could easily dissolve it1 like other soft ,stones3 and possibly it may prove as fit as ,osteocolla1 for the same ,medicinal uses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the nature of a certain ,stone1 found in the ,indies1 in the head of a ,serpent4 ,there was1 some while ago1 sent by ,sir ,philiberto ,vernatti1 from ,java major1 where he resides1 to ,sir ,robert ,moray1 for the ,repository of the ,royal ,society1 a certain ,stone1 affirmed by the presenter to be found in the ,head of a ,snake1 which laid upon any ,wound1 made by any venomous ,creature1 is said to stick to it1 and to draw away all ,poyson3 and then1 being put in ,milk1 to void its ,poyson therein1 and to make the ,milk turn blew2 in which manner it must be used1 till the ,wound be cleansed4 ,the like ,relations having been made1 by several others1 of such a ,stone1 and some also in this ,city affirming1 to have made the ,experiment with success1 it was thought worth while1 to inquire further into the truth of this ,matter3 since which time1 nothing hath been met with but an ,information1 delivered by that ,ingenious ,parisian1 ,monsieur ,thevenot1 in his second ,tome1 of the ,relations of divers considerable ,voyages1 whereof he lately presented some ,exemplars to his ,friends in ,england4 ,the ,book being in ,french1 and not common1 'tis conceived it will not be amiss to insert here the said ,information1 which is to this effect3 ,in the ,east ,indies and in the ,kingdom of ,quamsy in ,china1 there is found a ,stone in the ,head of a certain ,serpent 7which they call by a name signifying ,hairy ,serpents7 which heals the bitings of the same ,serpent1 that else would kill in #bd hours4 ,this ,stone is round1 white in the middle and about the #ajc edges blew or greenish4 ,being applyed to the ,wound1 it adheres to it of it self1 and falls not off1 but after it hath sucked the ,poyson1 then they wash it in ,milk1 wherein 'tis left awhile1 till it return to its natural condition4 ,it is a rare ,stone1 for if it be put the second time upon the ,wound1 and stick to it1 'tis a sign it had not suck'd all the ,venome during its first application1 but if it stick not1 'tis a mark that all the ,poyson was drawn out at first4 ,so far our ,french ,author3 wherein appears no considerable difference from the written ,relation before mentioned4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the way1 used in the ,mogol's ,dominions1 to make ,saltpetre4 ,this is delivered in the same ,book of ,monsieur ,thevenot1 and the manner of it having been inquired after1 by several curious ,persons1 to compare it with that which is used in ,europe1 'tis presum'd1 they will not be displeased to find it inserted here in ,english1 which is as followeth3 ,saltpetre is found in many places of the ,east-,indies1 but cheifly about ,agra1 and in the ,villages1 that heretofore have been numerously inhabited1 but are now deserted4 ,they draw it out of three sorts of ,earth1 black1 yellow1 and white3 the best is that which is drawn out of the black1 for it is free from common ,salt4 ,they work it in this manner3 ,they make two ,pits1 flat at the bottom1 like those wherein common ,salt is made2 one of them having much more compass than the other1 they fill that with ,earth1 upon which they let run ,water1 and by the feet of ,people they tread it1 and reduce it to the consistency of a ,pap1 and so they let it stand for two daies1 that the ,water may extract all the ,salt that is in the ,earth3 ,then they pass this ,water into another ,pit1 in which it christallizes into ,saltpetre1 ,they let it boil once or twice in a ,caldron1 according as they will have it whiter and purer4 ,whilest it is over the ,fire1 they scum it continually1 and fill it out into great ,earthen ,pots1 which #ajd hold each #be or #cj pounds1 and these they expose to clear ,nights2 and if there be any impurity remaining1 it will fall to the bottom3 ,afterwards they break the ,pots1 and dry the ,salt in the ,sun4 ,one might make vast quantities of ,saltpetre in these parts2 but the ,country people feeling that ,we buy of it1 and that the ,english begin to do the same1 they now sell us a ,maon of #f pounds for two ,rupias and a half1 which we had formerly for half that price4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an account of ,hevelius his ,prodromus ,cometicus1 together with some ,animadversions made upon it by a ,french ,philosopher4 ,this excellent ,dantiscan ,astronomer1 ,hevelius1 in his ,prodromus 7by him so call'd1 because it is as a ,harbinger to his ,cometography1 which hath already so far passed the ,press1 that of twelve ,books there are but three remaining to be ,printed7 gives an account of the ,observations he hath made of the ,first of the two late ,comets2 reserving those he hath made of the second1 for that great ,treatise1 where he also intends to deliver the ,matter of this first more particularly1 and more fully than he hath done here4 ,in this ,account he represents the ,rise1 ,place1 ,course1 ,swiftness1 ,faces and ,train of this ,comet1 interweaving his ,conceptions both about the ,region of ,comets in general 7whether in the ,air1 or the ther87 and the ,causes of their ,generation3 ,in the search of which latter1 he intimates to have received much assistance from his ,telescope4 ,he observes this ,comet not before ,decemb4 #d_/ad1 7though he conceives it might have been seen since ,novemb4 #bc st4 n47 he saw it no longer then ,feb4 #c_/ac3 though several others have seen it both sooner1 and later3 and though himself continued to look out for it till ,march #g4 st4 n4 but fruitlesly1 whereof he thinks the reason to have been its too great distance and tenuity4 #aje ,he finds1 its apparent ,motion was not made in a ,just great ,circle1 but deviated considerably from it2 and conceives1 that every ,comet falls to this deviation1 when this apparent ,motion grows slow1 and the ,star becomes ,stationary 7which1 as he saith1 it doth in respect of the ,ecliptick1 not its own ,orbite17 ,here he observes1 ,that from ,decemb4 #h_/ah1 to ,decem4 #cj4 ,jan4 #i4 its course was almost a great ,circle3 but that then it began to deflect from that ,circle towards the ,north2 so that afterwards1 with a very notable and conspicuous ,curvity1 it directed its course towards ,primam ,arietis3 ,of which deflection1 he ventures to assign the cause from the ,cometical ,matter1 the various position and the distance of the ,comet from the ,earth and the ,sun1 the annual ,motion of the ,earth1 and the impressed ,motion1 and the inclination of the discus of the ,cometical ,body4 ,he is pretty positive1 that without the annual ,motion of the ,earth1 no rational ,account can be given of any ,comet1 but that all is involved with perplexities1 and deform'd by absurdities4 ,he inquires1 since all ,comets have the peculiar ,ingenite ,motion1 what kind of ,line it is1 they describe by that ,motion of their own8 whether circular1 or streight1 or curve1 or partly streight and partly curve8 ,and if curve1 whether regular or irregular8 if regular1 whether ,elliptick1 or ,parabolar1 or ,hyperbolical8 ,he answers1 ,that this ,motion is ,conical2 and judgeth1 that by the ,conick path all the ,phnomena of ,comets can1 without any inconveniency1 be ready solved2 even of that1 which 7by ,history7 in fifty daies1 passed through more then the #ab ,signs in the ,zodiack3 ,and of that1 which in two daies ran through eight ,signs3 and of another1 which in #dh daies posted through all the ,signs1 contra seriem4 ,which how it can be explicated upon the supposition of the ,earths standing still1 and upon the denying of the annual ,motion thereof1 he understands not at all4 #ajf ,he refers to his ,cometography these ,disquisitions3 whether all ,comets 7in their innate ,motion7 move equal spaces in equal ,times8 which is the swiftest1 and which the slowest ,motion they are capable of8 what the cause of this acceleration and retardation of their true ,motion8 ,he puts it out of doubt1 that they are in the ,sky it self1 producing reasons for it that are very considerable1 and alledging amongst others1 ,that the ,parallaxes doe clearly evince it1 which he finds far less in ,comets1 then in the ,moon1 yea then sometimes in the ,sun it self4 ,where he also represents1 ,that he hath deduced the ,horizontal ,parallax of this very ,comet from one onely ,observation1 made ,feb4 #d4 st4 n4 by which he found1 ,that then it was distant from the ,earth #ejjj ,semidiameters of the same1 or #dcjjjjj ,german miles4 ,from this distance from the earth1 he deduces1 ,that on that ,day when it was so remote from the ,earth1 its true ,diameter was #befj ,german miles1 which is three times bigger then the ,diameter of the ,earth1 and almost six times bigger then that of the ,moon1 whose ,diameter1 according to his ,theory1 is #ddb ,german miles4 ,he finds the ,matter of ,comets to be in the ther it self1 making the ther and the ,air to differ only in purity1 and esteeming1 ,that the ,planets do emit their ,exhalations1 and have their ,atmospheres like unto our ,earth4 ,where he affirms1 ,that the ,sun alone may cast out so much ,matter at any time in one year1 as that thence shall be produced not one or two ,comets1 equallizing the ,moon in ,diamiter1 but very many2 which if so1 what contribution may not be expected from the other ,planets8 ,of this ,cometical ,matter1 he thinks1 ,that first it is by little and little gathered together1 then coagulated and condensed1 and thereby reduced to a less ,diameter2 but then1 after a while it resolves again1 and grows dilute and pale1 and at last is dissipated4 ,and accordingly he affirms1 ,that he hath observed the ,head of this ,comet at first more confused1 thin and pale1 afterwards clearer and clearer4 #ajg ,he conceives1 ,that all ,comets do respect the ,sun as their ,king and ,centre1 as ,planets do1 making them a kind of ,spurious ,planets1 that emulate the true ones in their ,motion almost in all things4 ,the ,train1 he makes nothing else but the ,beams of the ,sun1 falling on the head of the ,comet1 and passing through the same1 refracted and reflected4 ,and amongst his ,observations and ,schemes of this ,comet1 there occurs one1 wherein the ,tail is curve1 so seen by him ,decemb4 #aa_/ba4 ,he assigns the causes why the ,trains do so much vary1 and shews also1 on what depends their length4 ,whether the same ,comet returns again1 as the ,spots in the ,sun8 and1 whether in the time of great ,conjunctions they are more easily generated8 and whether they can be certainly foretold8 with several other ,inquiries1 he refers for to his great ,book4 ,as to ,prognostications1 he somewhat complains1 ,that men do more inquire what ,comets signifie1 then what they are1 or how they are generated and moved2 professing himself to be of the mind of those that would have ,comets rather admired then feared2 there appearing indeed no cogent reason1 why the ,author of ,nature may not intend them rather as ,monitors of his ,glory and ,greatness1 then of his ,anger or ,displeasure2 especially seeing that some very diligent ,men 7among whom is ,gemma ,frisius7 take notice of as great a number of good as bad ,events1 consequent to ,comets4 ,seneca also relating1 ,that that ,comet which appeared in his time1 was so happy1 that it did ,cometis detrahere infamiam1 it cleared the credit of ,comets1 and made ,people have good thoughts of them4 ,having given some ,account of what may be look'd for in this ,prodromus1 it follows1 ,that some also should be rendred of the ,animadversions mention'd to have been made upon the same4 ,this was done by that ,parisian ,philosopher ,monsieur ,auzout1 in a ,letter of his to his ,country-man ,monsieur ,petit2 in which he strongly conceives1 ,that this #ajh ,prodromus contains some mistakes1 of which he chiefly singles out one1 as most considerable1 in ,hevelius's ,observation of ,feb4 #h_/ah1 and declares thereupon1 ,that he1 and several very intilligent ,astronomers of ,france and ,italy concurring with him therein1 7whereas ,m4 ,hevelius to him seems to stand single1 as to this particular7 found by their ,observations1 ,that this ,comet could not1 on that day of ,february1 be there where ,m4 ,hevelius placeth it1 viz4 ,in ,prima ,arietis2 unless it be said1 ,that it visited that ,star of ,aries on the #ah1 and returned thence the #aith1 into its ordinary course2 in which1 according to his1 and his several ,correspondents ,observations the ,comet on ,feb4 #ag4 was distant from that first ,star of ,aries at least #a degree and #ag minutes2 and on ,february #ai4 7he having missed1 as well as his other ,friends1 the ,observation on ,febr4 #ah7 was advanced in its way #ab or #ac minutes1 but yet distant from the said ,star some minutes above a whole degree1 and consequently far from having then passed it4 ,after which time ,m4 ,auzout affirms to have seen it as well as several others1 for many daies1 and that until ,march #g_/ag1 observing1 ,that about ,feb4 #bf4 or #bg1 when the ,comet was nearest to the often-mentioned first of ,aries1 it approached not nearer thereunto1 then the distance of #ej4 minutes4 ,this important ,difference between two very ,learned1 and very deserving ,persons1 being come to the knowledge of some of the ablest ,philosophers ,astronomers of ,england1 hath been by them thought worthy their ,examination3 and they being at this very present employed in the discussion thereof1 by comparing what hath been done and published by the ,dissenters1 and by confronting with them their own ,domestick ,observations1 are very likely to discern where the mistake lies2 and having discern'd it1 will certainly be found hightly impartial and ingenuous in giving their sense of the same4 #aji 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the ,mundus ,subterraneus of ,athanasius ,kircher4 ,this long expected ,subterraneous ,world1 is now come to light1 dedicated 7at least the ,exemplar1 that hath been perused by the ,publisher of these ,papers1 who hears1 ,that other ,copies bear ,dedication to other ,great ,princes7 both to the present ,pope1 as being esteemed by the author to have a part of his ,apostolical ,kingdom there2 and to the ,roman ,emperor now ,regent1 who indeed in his ,kingdom of ,hungary1 and in several ,provinces of ,germany1 hath very many and very considerable things1 worthy to be observed1 under ,ground4 ,to give the ,curious a taste of the ,contents of this ,volume1 and thereby to excite them to a farther search into the recesses of ,nature1 for the composure of a good ,natural ,history2 they may first take notice1 ,that the ,author1 having given an account in the ,preface1 what encouragement he received1 for writing this ,book1 from the opportunity of ,travelling with the ,cardinal of ,hassia into ,sicily 7in which ,voyage1 he saith1 ,he met with1 as it were1 an ,epitome of what may be observable in the ,subterraneous parts of the ,earth2 and in particular1 with an ,earth-quake of #ad daies duration1 very instructive to him concerning several great ,secrets of ,nature37 having ,i say1 thus ,prefaced1 he divided his ,work into #ab ,books1 wherein he affirms not only to have explicated the ,divine ,structure of the under-ground ,world1 and the wondrous distribution of the ,work-houses of ,nature1 and her ,majesty and ,riches therein2 but also to have opened the ,causes of her ,effects and ,productions2 whence1 by the ,marriage of ,nature and ,art1 a happy ,issue may follow for the use and benefit of ,humane ,life4 ,in the ,first ,book1 he considers the nature of the ,centre of the ,earth1 where he delivers several ,paradoxes touching the same1 and ,discourses of the ,motion of heavy ,bodies1 of ,pendulems1 of ,projectils4 #aaj ,in the second he treats of the ,fabrick of the ,terrestrial ,globe1 of the ,influences it receives from the ,coelestial ,bodies1 especially the ,sun and ,moon1 of both which ,luminaries he gives a ,scheme2 of the proportion of the ,earth to the ,sun and ,moon2 of the external conformation of the ,earth1 its ,mountains1 and their concatenations1 decrease and increase1 together with the strange transformation thereof4 ,further1 of the ,waters encompassing the ,earth1 and their various ,communications by hidden ,passages2 as also the heighth of ,mountains1 and of the depth of ,seas2 the dimension of the ,sicilian ,straights2 the ,magnetical ,constitution of the ,earth1 its ,heterogeneous ,nature1 ,interior ,frame1 ,laboratories1 ,caves1 ,channels1 c4 ,in the third3 ,of the ,nature of the ,ocean1 and the diversity of its ,motions2 of its general ,motion from the ,east to ,west1 ,currents2 ,reciprocations1 ,gulfs1 ,whirle-pools1 ,saltness1 c4 ,in the fourth3 ,of the ,nature of the ,subterraneous ,fire1 its necessity1 diffusiveness1 food1 prodigious ,effects through ignivomous ,mountains2 as also of the ,nature of ,air1 and ,winds1 their power and variety2 of the general ,wind1 how and whence generated2 of ,periodical and ,anniversary ,winds1 and their ,causes2 as also of the production of ,artificial ,winds1 for refreshment and other advantages4 ,to which he subjoyns a ,discourse1 tending to prove1 ,that all ,meteors owe their ,nativity to the ,fiers of the ,subterraneous ,world4 ,in the fifth3 ,of the ,original of ,springs1 ,rivers1 ,lakes2 various differences and qualities of ,waters1 and the marks where they are to be met with under ,ground2 of ,waters ,medical1 hot ,baths1 and their ,differences1 ,causes1 ,virtues2 together with the ,wonderful ,qualities and ,proprieties of some ,springs1 as to their ,colour1 ,taste1 ,smell1 ,weight1 ,salubrity1 ,flux and reflux1 ,petrifying power1 c4 ,in the sixth3 ,of the ,earth it self1 and the great variety contained in the ,womb thereof2 of the manifold ,productions #aaa made therein1 by the virtue of ,salt and its ,auxiliaries1 the differences whereof are largly discoursed of1 together with the way of extracting the same4 ,in particular of ,saltpetre1 its ,generation1 ,nature1 ,virtues2 of the way of making ,gunpowder1 and the various uses thereof1 as also the ,nature1 ,qualities1 ,preparation1 ,medicinal and other uses of ,alume and ,vitriol4 ,in the ,seventh3 ,of some ,fossils1 as ,sand1 ,gravel1 ,earths1 and their various ,differences1 ,qualities1 uses ,economical1 ,chymical1 ,medical3 together with the strange varieties changes happening in the ,earth1 and their causes2 as also the requisits to ,agriculture4 ,in the eight3 ,first1 of ,stones1 their ,origine1 ,concretion1 difference of ,colours2 and in particular1 of ,gems and their variety1 causes of generation1 transparency in some and colours in others2 as also of their various ,figures and ,pictures by ,nature framed both in common and precious ,stones1 with their ,causes4 ,secondly1 of the ,transformation of ,juices1 ,salts1 ,plants1 yea of ,beasts and ,men turn'd into ,stone3 together with the generation of ,bony ,substances under ground1 by many esteemed to be the ,bones of ,gyants2 and of ,horny ,substances1 taken for ,unicorns horns3 as also of ,fossile wood and ,coals1 ,thirdly1 of ,bituminous ,flowers1 lapis ,asbestos1 ,amber1 and its ,electrical virtue2 together with the way how ,insects1 little ,fishes1 and ,plants are ,intombed therein4 ,fourthly2 of ,subterraneous ,animals1 ,moles1 ,mice1 ,birds1 ,dragons2 where is also treated1 of those ,animals that are found in the midst of ,stones4 ,in the ninth2 ,first1 of ,poysons1 their primeval ,origine from ,minerals1 and their accidental ,generation in ,vegetable and ,animal ,bodies1 together with their differences2 where 'tis discoursed1 not only how ,poysons may be bred in ,men1 but also1 how the ,poyfons of some ,animals do infect and kill ,men2 and1 where the ,venom of ,vipers lodges1 and how mad ,dogs and ,tarantula's so communicate their ,poyson1 as that it exserts not its noxiousness1 till after some #aab time3 ,where also occasion is taken to discourse on the ,original of ,diseases1 and cure of ,poysonous ones4 ,secondly1 of the wonderful ,nature of ,sulphur1 ,antimony1 ,quick-silver1 their origine and qualities2 together with the productions of ,corals and ,pearls4 ,in the tenth3 ,first of ,metallurgy1 and the way how that unctuous ,body1 out of which mettals are produced1 is elaborated by ,nature1 and what therein are ,sulphur1 ,salt1 and ,mercury2 besides1 what it is that renders ,mettals fluid in the ,fire1 but not ,stones and ,vegetables1 c4 ,secondly1 of the ,requisits to a perfect knowledge of the ,metallick ,art1 and of the ,qualities of the ,mine-master2 then of the ,diseases of ,mine-men1 and their ,cure1 and the waies of purging the ,mines of the ,airs malignity2 as also of ,metallognomy1 or the signs of latent ,mettals1 and by what ,art they may be discovered4 ,thirdly1 several ,accounts sent to the ,author1 upon his ,inquiries by the ,mine-masters themselves1 or other cheif ,over-seers of the ,mine-works1 touching the variety1 nature and properties of ,minerals1 and the many ,accidents happening in ,mines1 particularly the ,hungarian ones at ,schemnitz1 and those of ,tyrol4 ,fourthly1 of several both ,hydraulick and ,wind-,engines1 to free the ,mines from ,water and noxious damps4 ,fiftly1 ,of the way of working ,mettals1 ,gold1 ,silver1 ,copper1 ,iron1 and particularly of the method used at ,potosi in ,peru1 of extracting the ,silver out of the ,mineral3 to which is added1 a ,discourse of ,salt-pits1 and the way of making ,salt4 ,in the eleventh1 ,first1 of ,alchimy1 its ,original and ,antiquity1 the ,vessels and ,instruments belonging thereunto4 ,secondly1 of the ,philosophers ,stone1 what is meant by it1 and whether by means thereof true ,gold can be produced8 ,and in general1 whether there be any such thing1 as a true and real ,transmutation of one ,mettal into another8 ,where are delivered the several ,processes of the reputed ,adepti1 ,raymund ,lulle1 ,azoth1 ,arnold de ,villanova1 ,paracelsus1 ,sendivogius1 c4 but all exploded as fals and deceitful4 ,thirdly1 #aac of the decisions in ,law concerning ,chimical ,gold1 true or fals4 ,fourthly1 what the celebrated ,philosophers ,stone was among the ,ancients1 and what they understood by the same8 ,in the twelfth3 ,first1 ,of the ,seminal ,principle of all things1 its origine1 nature and property2 of the way how ,nature proceeds in the ,generation of ,minerals1 ,vegetables1 ,animals2 of ,spontaneous ,generation2 of ,zeophyts1 ,insects of all sorts1 and particularly of the ,worms bred in ,men2 together with the causes why ,nature would produce such swarms of infinite sorts of ,insects4 ,secondly1 of the variety and differences of ,vegetables2 of the requisits to know the virtues of ,plants1 and of the several waies of ,engrafting4 ,thirdly1 of the ,art of ,distilling1 whereby ,nature is imitated1 as doing all her under-ground works1 in the ,opinion of this ,author1 by ,distillation4 ,fourthly1 of the ,laboratories of various ,arts1 in which1 according to ,natures pattern1 used in her ,subterraneous ,operations1 strange things may be performed3 where treating of ,chymical ,secrets1 the truth of the ,preparation of ,aurum potabile is discussed1 and the ,magisteries of ,gold1 ,silver1 ,iron1 ,tin1 ,copper and ,lead1 examined3 to which is subjoyned an ,appendix1 furnishing such ,rules1 whereby ,students in ,chymistry may be directed in their work1 and true ,operations distinguished from fals ones4 ,fiftly1 ,of ,metallostaticks1 where by the mixture of ,mettals and ,minerals may be certainly known2 together with a way of weighing the ,proportions of moist and dry1 existent in every ,compound1 as well ,vegetable and ,animal1 as ,mineral4 ,sixthly1 of ,glass-making1 where is treated of the ,nature of ,glass2 of the ,artificial ,production of all sorts of ,precious ,stones1 partly from the ,authors own ,experiments1 partly from the ,communication of his ,friends1 and the ,collection of the best ,writers upon that subject4 ,seventhly1 of ,fire-works1 where the ,invention and ,preparation of ,gunpowder is largely discoursed of1 and the waies of making ,squibs1 ,fires burning in ,water1 #aad and many others1 used in ,publick ,festivities1 are described4 ,eighthly1 of some ,mechanical ,arts1 as that of ,gold-smiths1 ,black smiths1 ,copper smiths1 ,wyre-drawers1 in the last whereof he resolves this ,problem2 a certain weight of ,mettal1 and the bigness of the hole1 through which the ,wyre is to be drawn1 being given1 to find into what length so much ,mettal can be spun out4 ,thus you have a view of this whole ,volume2 to which it may perhaps not be amiss to adde1 for a ,conclusion1 some of those ,particulars which are esteemed by the ,authour to out-shine the rest1 and are here and there inter-woven as such4 ,for example1 in the ,first ,part4 ,the use of ,pindules1 for knowing by their means the state of ones ,health1 from the different beatings of the ,pulse1 p4 #ea4 ,the ,chain of ,mountains1 so drawn over the ,earth1 that they make1 as it were1 an ,axis1 passing from ,pole to ,pole2 and several transverse ductus1 so cutting that ,axis1 as to make1 in a manner1 an ,equator and ,tropicks of ,mountains3 by which concatenation he imagines1 ,that the several parts of the ,earth are bound together for more firmness1 p4 #fi4 ,a ,relation of a strange ,diver1 by his continual converse in ,water1 so degenerated from himself1 ,that he was grown more like an ,amphibium1 than a man1 who1 by the command of a ,sicilian ,king1 went down to the bottom of ,charibdis1 and brought a remarkable account of the condition of that place1 p4 #ih4 ,a ,description of the ,origine of the ,nile1 as this ,author found it in a certain ,,ms4 of one of his own ,society1 called ,peter ,pais1 whom he affirms to have been an ,eye-witness1 and to have visited the ,head of the ,emperor of thiopia himself ,anno #afah4 which ,manuscript1 he saith1 was brought to ,rome1 out of ,africa1 by their ,procurator of ,india and thiopia1 p4 #gb4 #aae ,the ,communication of the ,seas with one another by ,subterraneous ,passages1 viz4 of the ,caspian1 with the ,pont ,euxin and the ,persian ,gulf2 of the ,mare ,mortuum1 with the ,mare ,rubrum1 and of this latter with the ,mediterranean2 as also of ,scylla with ,charybdis1 p4 #he4 #aja4 ,the ,subterraneous ,store-houses 7in all the four parts of the ,earth7 of ,water1 and ,fire1 and ,air2 together with their important ,uses1 p4 #aaa4 ,an account of the state of the ,earth about the ,poles1 how the ,waters are continually swallowed up by the ,northern1 and running along through the ,bowels of the ,earth1 do regurgitate at the ,southern ,pole1 p4 #aei4 ,a description of ,mount ,vesuvius and tna1 both visited by the ,author himself1 ,anno #afch4 their ,dimensions1 ,communication1 ,incendiums1 ,paths of ,fiery ,torrents cast out by them1 c4 as also of the ,vulcans in ,iceland and ,groenland1 and their ,correspondence and ,effects4 p4 #ahj4 ,an ,account of that famous and strange ,whirl-pool upon the ,coasts of ,norway3 commonly call'd ,the ,maelstrom2 which the ,author fancies to have ,communication1 by a ,subterraneous ,channel1 with another such ,whirl-pool in the ,bodnick ,bay2 by which commerce1 according to him1 the ,waters1 when1 upon their accumulation and crowding together in one of these places1 they are swallowed up by the ,gulf there1 carrying along with them whatsoever is in the way and lodging it in a certain receptacle at the bottom thereof1 are conveyed through the same under-ground ,channel to the other ,gulf2 where again1 upon the like flux and retumescence of ,waters1 they are absorbed1 and through the same ,channel do reciprocally run to the former ,gulf1 and meeting in their impetuous ,passage with the things formerly sunk down into the ,repository1 carry them aloft1 with themselves2 and cast them up again on the ,coast of ,norway1 p4 #adf4 ,a ,relation of strange ,earth-quakes1 p4 #bbj #aaf ,an ,enumeration of all the celebrated ,medical ,water1 and hot ,baths1 in all parts of the world1 p4 #bcf4 et seq4 ,in the ,second ,part1 some of his special ,observations1 are1 ,how ,stones are coloured and figured under ground1 p4 #ac4 #bd1 #be4 ,natures skill in ,painting of ,stones1 p4 #bb4 ,a whole ,natural ,alphabet represented upon ,stones1 and all sorts of ,geometrical ,figures1 naturally ,imprinted upon them1 p4 #bc4 ,the cause of the variety of ,colours in ,prismes1 and the ,authors severe ,judgment concerning those1 that hold them to be meerly ,phantastical1 pag4 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,where he also delivers an ,experiment1 by him counted wonderful1 exhibiting all sorts of ,colours by the means of ,mercury1 coagulated by the vapour of ,lead1 and put in a ,brass spoon upon burning ,coals4 ,the cause of the curious ,colours in ,birds1 p4 #ag4 ,the way of ,nature in the ,generation of ,diamonds1 p4 #ba4 ,a way of preparing such a ,liquor1 that shall sink into1 colour the whole ,body of ,marble1 so that a ,picture made on the surface thereof1 shall1 the stone being cut through1 appear also in the inmost part of the same1 p4 #dc4 ,a ,story of a whole ,village in ,africa turned into ,stone1 with all the people thereof1 p4 #ej4 ,an ,experiment1 representing the ,generation of the ,stone in the ,bladder1 p4 #eb4 ,an ,asbestin ,paper1 that shall last perpetually1 p4 #gd4 ,several ,relations of numerous ,societies of ,people living under ground1 and their ,oeconomy2 whereof a strange one is alledged to have been found in ,england1 attested by an ,english ,author1 p4 #ig1 #ih1 #ii4 ,a ,relation of a ,man that bred a ,serpent in his ,stomach1 which came from him of the length of one ,foot and a half1 affirmed by the ,author to have been seen by himself1 p4 #abf4 ,of whole ,forrests of ,coral at the bottom of the ,red ,sea1 p4 #aei4 #aag ,the vanity of ,virga ,divinatoria1 p4 #aha4 ,a peculiar way of washing out very small ,dust-gold1 p4 #aih4 ,of some extraordinary big pieces of perfect ,natural ,gold and ,silver1 p4 #bjc4 ,of a very rare ,mineral1 sent to the ,author out of the ,hungarian ,mines1 which had pure ,silver branching out into ,filaments1 and some splendid yellow parts1 which was pure ,gold1 and some dark parts1 which was ,silver mixed with ,gold1 #ahi4 ,salt the ,basis of all ,natural ,productions1 and the admirable variety of ,salts1 p4 #bii4 ,strange ,figures of ,plants1 p4 #cdh4 ,the way of producing ,plants2 p4 #dad4 ,in how much time a ,swallow can fly about the ,world1 p4 #daa1 c4 ,this may suffice1 to give occasion to the ,searchers of ,nature1 to examine this ,book1 and the ,observations and ,experiments contained therein1 together with the ,ratiocinations raised thereupon1 and to make severer and more minute ,inquiries and ,discussions of all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a farther account of an ,observation above-mentioned1 about ,white ,blood4 ,since the ,printing of the former ,sheet1 there is this farther account from the same hand4 ,mr4 ,boyle1 ,i have at length1 according to your desire1 received from the ,ingenious ,dr4 ,lower1 an account in writing of the ,observation about ,chyle found in the ,blood2 which though you may think strange1 agrees well with some ,experiments of his and mine1 not now to be mentioned4 ,the ,relation1 though short1 comprizing the main ,particulats of what he had more fully told me in ,discourse1 ,i shall give it you with little or no variation from his own words4 #aah ,a ,maid1 after eating a good ,break-fast1 about seven in the ,morning1 was let ,blood about eleven the same day in her ,foot2 the first ,blood was receiv'd in a ,porringer1 and within a little while it turn'd very white2 the last ,blood was received in a ,sawcer1 which turn'd white immediately1 like the white of a ,custard4 ,within five or six hours after1 he 7the ,physitian7 chanced to see both1 and that in the ,porringer was half ,blood and half ,chyle1 swimming upon it like a ,serum as white as ,milk1 and that in the ,sawcer all ,chyle without the least appearance of a drop of ,blood2 and when he heated them distinctly over a gentle fire1 they both harden'd3 ,as the white of an ,egge when 'tis heated1 or just as the ,serum of ,blood doth with heating1 but far more white4 ,this ,maid was then in good health1 and only let ,blood because she never had her ,courses1 yet of a very florid clear ,complexion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note4 ,the ,reader of these ,papers is desired1 that in those of ,numb4 #d4 pag4 #fj4 lin4 #aj4 he would be pleased to read eight1 instead of hundred3 this latter word having been put in by a great over-sight1 and without this ,correction1 injuring that ,author1 whose ,considerations are there related4 ,this ,advertisement should have been given in ,number #e4 but was omitted for haste4 99 99 99 99 99 ,imprimatur ,rob4 ,say1 ,vice-,cancel4 ,oxon4 ,oxford1 ,printed by ,leonard ,lichfield3 for ,richard ,davis4 #affe4 #aai 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #g4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monday1 ,decemb4 #d4 #affe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,monsieur de ,sons progress in working ,parabolar ,glasses4 ,some speculations of ,monsieur ,auzout concerning the changes1 likely to be discovered in the ,moon4 ,the instance of the same ,person to ,mr4 ,hook1 for communicating his ,contrivance of making with ,glasses of a few feet ,diameter1 ,telescopes drawing several hundred feet2 together with his ,offer of recompensing that secret with another1 which teaches1 ,how to measure with a ,telescope the ,distances of ,objects upon the ,earth4 ,the ,experiment of ,kircher1 of preparing a ,liquor1 that shall sink into1 and colour the whole ,body of ,marble1 delivered at length4 ,an ,intimation of a ,way found in ,europe1 to make good ,china-,dishes4 ,an ,account of an odd ,spring in ,westphalia1 together with an ,information touching ,salt-,springs2 and a way of straining ,salt-water4 ,of the ,rise and ,attempts of a way to conveigh ,liquors immediately into the ,mass of ,blood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of ,monsieur de ,sons ,progress in working ,parabolar ,glasses4 ,since what was mentioned in the immediately precedent ,tract1 touching ,monsieur de ,son's noble attempt of grinding ,glasses of a ,parabolical ,figure1 the ,publisher of these ,papers hath himself seen two ,eye-glasses of that shape1 about one inch a half deep1 and one inch and a quarter broad1 wrought by this ,eminent ,artist with a rare ,steel-instrument of his own contrivance and workmanship1 and by himself also polished to admiration4 ,and certainly it will be wondred at by those1 #abj who shall see these ,glasses1 how they could be truly wrought to such a ,figure1 with such a ,cavity2 yet more1 when they shall hear the ,author undertake to excavate other such ,eye-,glasses to above two inches1 and ,object-glasses of five inches ,diameter4 ,he hath likewise already begun his ,object-glasses for the mentioned two ,ocular ones1 of the same ,figure of about two inches ,diameter1 which are to be left all open1 yet without causing any colours4 ,of all which 'tis hoped1 that shortly a fuller and more particular accompt will be given4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monsieur ,auzout's ,speculations of the ,changes1 likely to be discovered in the ,earth and ,moon1 by their respective ,inhabitants4 ,this ,inquisitive ,philosopher in a letter of his1 lately written to his correspondent in ,london1 takes occasion to discourse of his considerations concerning those ,changes1 mentioned in the ,title1 as followes2 ,i have 7saith he7 sometimes thought upon the ,changes1 which 'tis likely1 the supposed ,inhabitants of the ,moon might discover in our ,earth1 to see1 whither reciprocally ,i could observe any such in the ,moon4 ,for example1 methinks1 that the ,earth would to the people of the ,moon appear to have a different face in the several seasons of the year2 and to have another appearance in ,winter1 when there is almost nothing green in a very great part of the ,earth2 when there are ,countries all covered with snow1 others1 all covered with water1 others1 all obscured with ,clouds1 and that for many weeks together3 ,another in ,spring1 when the ,forrests and ,fields are green4 ,another in ,summer1 when whole ,fields are yellow c4 ,me thinks1 ,i say1 that these changes are considerable enough in the force of the reflexions of ,light to be observed1 since we see so many differences of ,lights in the ,moon4 ,we have ,rivers considerable enough to be seen1 and they enter far enough #aba into the ,land1 and have a bredth capable to be observed4 ,there are ,fluxes in certain places1 that reach into large ,countries1 enough to make there some apparent change2 in some of our ,seas there float sometimes such bulky masses of ,ice1 that are far greater1 than the ,objects1 which we are assured1 we can see in the ,moon4 ,again1 we cut down whole ,forrests1 and drain ,marishes1 of an extent large enough to cause a notable alteration3 ,and men have made such works1 as have produced ,changes great enough to be perceived4 ,in many places also are ,vulcans1 that seem big enough to be distinguish't1 especially in the shadow3 ,and when ,fire lights upon ,forrests of great extent1 or upon ,towns1 it can hardly be doubted1 but these ,luminous ,objects would appear either in an ,ecclipse of the ,earth1 or when such parts of the ,earth are not illuminated by the ,sun4 ,but yet1 ,i know no man1 who hath observed such things in the ,moon2 and one may be rationally assured that no ,vulcans are there1 or that none of them burn at this time4 ,this it is 7so he goes on7 which all ,curious men1 that have good ,telescopes1 ought well to attend2 and ,i doubt not2 but1 if we had a very particular ,map of the ,moon1 as ,i had designed to make one with a ,topography1 as it were1 of all the considerable places therein1 that ,we or our ,posterity would find some changes in ,her4 ,and if the ,mapps of the ,moon of ,hevelius1 ,divini1 and ,riccioli are exact1 ,i can say1 that ,i have seen there some places considerable enough1 where they put parts that are clear1 whereas ,i there see dark ones4 ',tis true that if there be ,seas in the ,moon1 it can hardly fall out otherwise1 than it doth upon our ,earth1 where ,alluvium's are made in some places1 and the ,sea gains upon the ,land in others4 ,i say1 if those ,spots we see in the ,moon1 are ,seas1 as most believe them to be2 whereas ,i have many reasons1 that make me doubt1 whether they be so2 of which ,i shall speak elsewhere4 ,and ,i have sometimes thought1 whether it might not be1 that all the ,seas of the ,moon1 if there must be ,seas1 were on the side of the other ,hemisphere1 and that for this cause it might be that the ,moon turns not upon its ,axis1 as our ,earth1 #abb wherein the ,lands and ,seas are1 as it were1 ballanced3 ,that thence also may proceed the non-appearance of any ,clouds raised there1 or of any ,vapors considerable enough to be seen1 as there are raised upon this ,earth2 and that this absence of ,vapors is perhaps the cause1 that no ,crepuscle is there1 as it seems there is none1 my selfe at least not having hitherto been able to discerne any mark thereof3 ,for1 me thinks1 it is not to be doubted1 but that the reputed ,citizens of the ,moon might see our ,crepuscle1 since we see1 that the same is without comparison stronger1 than the ,light afforded us by the ,moon1 even when she is full2 for1 a little after ,sun-set1 when we receive no more than the first ,light of the ,sun1 the sky is far clearer1 than it is in the fairest night of the full ,moon4 ,mean while1 since we see in the ,moon1 when she is increasing or decreasing1 the ,light she receives from the ,earth1 we cannot doubt1 but that the ,people of the ,moon should likewise see in the ,earth that ,light1 wherewith the ,moon illuminates it1 with perhaps the difference1 there is betwixt their bigness4 ,much rather therefore should they see the ,light of the ,crepuscle1 being1 as we have said1 incomparably greater4 ,in the mean time we see not any faint ,light beyond the ,section of the ,light1 which is every where almost equaly strong1 and we there distinguish nothing at all1 not so much that cleerest part1 which is called ,aristarchus1 or ,porphyrites1 as ,i have often tryed2 although one may there see the ,light1 which the ,earth sends thither1 which is sometimes so strong1 that in the ,moon's decrease ,i have often distinctly seen all the parts of the ,moon1 that were not enlightned by the ,sun1 together with the difference of the clear parts1 and the ,spots1 so far as to be able to discern them all4 ,the ,shaddows also of all the ,cavities of the ,moon seem to be stronger1 than they would be1 if there were a ,second ,light4 ,for1 although a far off1 the shaddows of our ,bodies1 environed with ,light1 seem to ,us almost dark2 yet they doe not so appear so much1 as the ,shaddows of the ,moon doe2 and those that are upon the ,edge of the ,section1 #abc should not appear in the like manner4 ,but1 ,i will determine nothing of any of these things4 ,when ,i shall hereafter have made more frequent ,observations of the ,moon with my great ,telescopes1 in convenient time1 ,i shall then perhaps learn more of it1 than ,i know at present1 at least it will excite the ,curious to endeavor to make the like ,observations2 and it may be1 others1 that ,i have not thought of4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,instance of the same ,person to ,mr4 ,hook1 for communicating his ,contrivance of making1 with a ,glass of a ,sphere of #bj or #dj foot diameter1 a ,telescope drawing several hundred foot2 and his offer of recompensing that ,secret with another1 teaching ,to measure with a ,telescope the ,distances of ,objects upon the ,earth4 ,in ,numb4 #d4 ,of these ,papers1 pag4 #fg4 ,mr4 ,hook had intimated1 that he would shortly discover a way of his1 with a ,plane-convex ,glasse of a ,sphre of #bj4 or #dj4 feet ,diameter1 without ,veines1 and truly wrought of that ,figure1 to make a ,telescope1 that with a single ,eye-glass should draw #cjj1 #djj1 yea #ajjj feet1 without at all altering the ,convexity3 ,monsieur ,auzout returns this consideration1 and offer upon it1 which follows3 ,to perform 7saith he7 with a lesser ,object-glass the effect of a great ,telescope1 we must find out a way to make such an ,object-glass to receive as many ,rayes as one will1 without their being sensibly distant from one another2 to the end1 that by applying to it a stronger ,eye-glass1 there may be still ,beams enough to see the ,object1 and to obliterate the small specks and imperfections of the ,eye-glass4 ,and if ,mr4 ,hook hath this ,invention1 ,i esteem it one of the greatest1 that can be found in the matter of ,telescopes4 ,if he please to impart it to us1 we shall be obliged to him2 and #abd ,i wish1 ,i had a secret in ,opticks to encourage him to that communication4 ,if ,i did believe1 that this would be esteemed one1 ,to measure with a great ,telescope the distance of ,objects upon the ,earth2 which ,i have found long since1 and proposed to some by way of ,paradox2 ,locorum distantias ex unica statione1 absque ullo ,instrumento ,mathematico1 metiri2 ,i doe here promise to discover it to him1 with the necessary ,tables1 as soon as ,he shall have imparted his to me2 which ,i will use1 as he shall order me4 ,for1 although the ,practise doe not altogether answer the ,theory of my ,invention1 because that the length of the ,telescopes admits of some ,latitude2 yet one comes near enough1 and perhaps as ,just1 as by most of the wayes1 ordinarily used with ,instruments4 ,that1 which ,i am proposing1 ,i doubt not but ,m4 ,hook will soon understand1 and see the determination of all ,cases possible4 ,i shall only say1 that if we look upon the sole ,theory1 we make use of an ordinary ,telescope1 whereof the ,eye-glass is to be ,convexe3 for1 by putting the ,glasses at a little greater distance1 than they are1 proportionably to the distance for which it is to serve1 and by adding to it a new ,eye-glass1 the ,object will be seen distinct1 though obscure2 and if the ,eye-glass be ,convexe1 the ,object will appear erect4 ,they may be done two manner of ways2 either by leaving the ,telescope in its ordinary situation1 the ,object-glass before the ,eye-glass2 or by inverting it1 and putting this before that4 ,but if any will make use of two ,object-glasses1 whereof the ,focus's are known1 the distance of them will be known4 ,if it be supposed1 that the ,focus of the first be ,b4 and that of the second ,c1 and the distance given1 ,b #b;,d1 and that ,d minus ,c1 be equal to ,f2 for1 this distance will be equal to ,b ,c ,f - r,f - ,c4 ,and if you have the ,focus of the first ,object-glass1 equal to ,b1 the distance1 where you will put the second ,glass equal to ,b ,c ,d1 the focus of the #b;d ,glasse will be found equal to ,,cd_/,c,d4 ,and if you will that the ,object shall be magnified as much with these two ,glasses1 as it would be with a single one1 whereof the ,focus #abe should be of the distance given1 having the ,focus of the ,object-glass given equal to ,b1 and the distance to ,b ,d2 the distance between the first and the second ,glass will be equal to #b;,b #b;,,bd_/#b;,b ,d1 whence subducting ,b 7the ,focus of the ,object-glass given7 there remains ,,bd_/#b;,b ,d2 and if this sum be supposed equal to ,c1 we shall easily know1 by the preceding ,rule1 the ,focus of the second ,glass4 ,so far ,m4 ,auzout1 who1 ,i trust1 will receive due satisfaction to his desire1 as soon as the happy end of the present ,contagion shall give a beginning and life again to the ,studies and ,actions of our retired ,philosophers4 ,i shall onely here adde1 ,that the ,secret he mentions ,of measuring the distance of ,places by a ,telescope 7fitted for that purpose7 and from one ,station is a thing already known 7if ,i am not mis-informed7 to some ,members of our ,society2 who have been a good while since considering of it1 and have contrived ways for the doing of it3 ,whether the same with those of ,mr4 ,auzout1 ,i know not4 ,nor have ,i 7at the distance that ,i am now from them7 opportunity of particular ,information4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,experiment of a way of preparing a ,liquor1 that shall sink into1 and colour the whole ,body of ,marble1 causing a ,picture1 drawn on a surface1 to appear also in the inmost parts of the ,stone4 ,this ,experiment1 having been hinted at in the next foregoing ,papers1 out of the ,mundus ,subterraneus of ,athanasius ,kircher1 and several ,curious ,persons1 who either have not the leisure to read ,voluminous ,authors1 or are not readily skilled in that ,learned ,tongue wherein the said ,book is written1 being very desirous to have it transferred hither1 it was thought fit to comply with their desire herein4 ,the ,author therefore of the ,mundus1 c1 having seen #abf some stones reputed to be natural that had most lively ,pictures1 not only upon them1 but passing thorow their whole substance1 and thereupon finding an ,artist2 skilful to perform such rare workmanship1 did not only pronounce such stones to be artificial1 but when that ,artist was unwilling to communicate unto him his ,secret1 did joyn his study and endeavors with those of one ,albertus ,gunter a ,saxon1 to find it out themselves3 wherein having succeeded1 it seems1 they made the ,experiments which this ,industrious and communicative ,jesuit delivers in this manner3 ,the ,colours1 saith he1 are thus prepared2 ,i take of ,aqua fortis and ,aqua ,regis1 two ounces ana2 of ,sal ,armoniack one ounce2 of the best ,spirit of ,wine1 two drachms2 as much ,gold as can be had for nine ,julio's 7a ,julio being about six pence ,english7 of pure ,silver1 two drachmes4 ,these things being provided1 let the ,silver1 when calcined1 be put into a ,vial2 and having powred upon it the two drachmes of ,aqua fortis1 let it evaporate1 and you shall have a ,water yielding first a blew ,colour1 and afterwards a black4 ,likewise put the ,gold1 when calcin'd1 into a ,vial1 and having powred the ,aqua ,regis upon it1 set it by to evaporate3 then put the ,spirit of ,wine upon the ,sal ,armoniack1 leaving it also till it be evaporated2 and you will have a ,golden coloured ,water1 which will afford you divers ,colours4 ,and1 after this manner1 you may extract many ,tinctures of ,colours out of other ,mettals4 ,this done1 you may1 by the means of these two ,waters1 paint what ,picture you please upon white ,marble1 of the softer kind1 renewing the ,figure every day for several days with some fresh superadded ,liquor1 and you shall find in time1 that the ,picture hath penetrated the whole solidity of the ,stone1 so that cutting it into as many parts as you will1 it will always represent unto you the same ,figure on both sides4 ,so far he1 which how far it answers expectation1 is referred to the ,tryal of ,ingenious ,artists4 ,in the mean time there are not wanting ,experienced ,men that scruple the ,effect1 but #abg yet are far from pronouncing any thing positively against it1 so that they doe not discourage any that have conveniencies1 from trying4 ,but whether the way there mentioned will succeed1 or not1 according to expectation3 ,sure it is that a ,stone-cutter in ,oxford1 ,mr4 ,bird1 hath many years since found out a way of doing the same thing1 in effect1 that is here mentioned2 and hath practised it for many years4 ,that is1 he is able so to apply a colour to the outside of polished ,marble1 as that it shall sink a considerable depth into the body of the stone2 and there represent like figures or images as those are on the outside2 7deeper or shallower according as he continues the application1 a longer1 or lesser while47 ,of which kind there be divers pieces to be seen in ,oxford1 ,london1 and elsewhere4 ,and some of them being shewed to his ,majesty1 soon after his happy restauration1 they were broken in his presence1 and found to answer expectation4 ,and others may be dayly seen1 by any who is curious1 or desirous to see it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,intimation of a ,way1 found in ,europe to make ,china-dishes4 ,notice was lately given by an inquisitive ,parisian to a friend of his in ,london1 that by an ,acquaintance he had been informed1 that ,signor ,septalio1 a ,canon in ,millan1 had the ,secret of making as good ,porcelane as is made in ,china it self1 and transparent2 adding that he had seen him make some4 ,this as it deserves1 so it will be further inquired after1 if ,god permit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of an odd ,spring in ,westphalia1 together with an ,information touching ,salt-,springs and the straining of salt-water4 ,an observing ,gentleman did lately write out of ,germany1 that in ,westphalia in the ,diocess of ,paderborn1 is a ,spring1 which looses it self twice in #bd houres2 coming always1 after #f houres1 back again with a great noise1 and so forcibly1 as #abh to drive #c ,mills not far from its source4 ,the ,inhabitants call it the ,bolderborn1 as if you should say1 the ,boysterous ,spring4 ,the same ,person1 having mentioned the many ,salt-,springs in ,germany1 as those at ,lunenburg1 at ,hall in ,saxony1 at ,saltzwedel in ,brandenburger ,mark1 in ,tyrol1 c4 observes1 that no ,salt-water1 which contains any ,metal with it1 can well be sodden to ,salt in a ,vessel of the same ,metal1 which it self contains1 except ,vitriol in ,copper ,vessels4 ,he adds1 that1 to separate ,salt from ,salt-water1 without ,fire1 if you take a ,vessel of ,wax1 hollow within1 and every where tight2 and plunge it into the ,sea1 or into other ,salt-water1 there will be made such a separation1 that the vessel shall be full of sweet water1 the ,salt staying behind3 but1 though this water have no saltish taste1 yet1 he saith1 there will be found a ,salt in the ,essay1 which is the ,spirit of ,salt1 subtile enough with the water to penetrate the ,wax4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of the ,rise and ,attempts1 of a ,way to conveigh ,liquors immediately into the ,mass of ,blood4 ,whereas there have lately appeared in publick some ,books1 printed beyond the ,seas1 treating of the ,way of ,injecting liquors into ,veines2 in which ,books the ,original of the ,invention seems to be adscribed to others1 besides him1 to whom it really belongs2 ,it will surely not be thought amiss1 if something be said1 whereby the true ,inventor's right may beyond exception be asserted preserved2 ,to which end1 there will need no more1 than barely to represent the ,time when1 and the ,place where1 among whom it was first started and put to tryal4 ,to joyn all these circumstances together1 ',tis notorious1 that at least six years since 7a good while before it was heard off1 that any one did pretend to have so much as thought of it7 the ,learned and ,ingenious ,dr4 ,christopher ,wren did propose in the ,university of ,oxford 7where he now is the ,worthy ,savilian ,professor of ,astronomy1 and where very many ,curious ,persons are ready to #abi attest this relation7 to that ,noble ,benefactor to ,experimental ,philosophy1 ,mr4 ,robert ,boyle1 ,dr4 ,wilkins1 and other deserving ,persons1 ,that he thought1 he could easily contrive a ,way to conveigh any liquid thing immediately into the ,mass of ,blood2 videl3 ,by making ,ligatures on the ,veines1 and then opening them on the side of the ,ligature towards the ,heart1 and by putting into them slender ,syringes or ,quills1 fastened to ,bladders 7in the manner of ,clyster-pipes7 containing the matter to be injected2 performing that ,operation upon pretty big and lean doggs1 that the ,vessels might be large enough and easily accessible4 ,this ,proposition being made1 ,m4 ,boyle soon gave order for an ,apparatus1 to put it to ,experiment2 wherein at several times1 upon several ,doggs1 ,opium the ,infusion of ,crocus ,metallorum were injected into that part of the hind-legs of those ,animals1 whence the larger ,vessels1 that carry the ,blood1 are most easy to be taken hold of3 whereof the success was1 that the ,opium1 being soon circulated into the ,brain1 did within a short time stupify1 though not kill the ,dog2 but a large ,dose of the ,crocus ,metallorum1 made another ,dog vomit up ,life and all3 ,all which is more amply and circumstantially delivered by ,mr4 ,boyle in his ,excellent ,book of the ,usefulness of ,experimental ,philosophy1 ,part #b4 ,essay #b4 pag4 #ec4 #ed4 #ee4 ,where 'tis also mention'd1 that the fame of this ,invention and of the succeeding ,tryals being spread1 and particularly coming to the knowledge of a foreign ,ambassadour1 that was ,curious1 and then resided in ,london1 it was by him tryed with some ,crocus ,metallorum1 upon a ,malefactor1 that was an inferiour ,servant of his2 with this success1 that the ,fellow1 as soon as ever the ,injection began to be made1 did1 either really or craftily1 fall into a swoon2 whereby1 being unwilling to prosecute so hazardous an ,experiment1 they desisted1 without seeing any other effect of it1 save that it was told the ,ambassadour1 that it wrought once downwards with him3 ,since which time1 it hath been frequently practised both in ,oxford ,london2 as well before the ,royal ,society1 as elsewhere4 ,and particularly that ,learned #acj ,physitian1 ,dr4 ,timothy ,clerk1 hath made it part of his business1 to pursue those ,experiments with much industry1 great accurateness1 and considerable observations thereon2 which above two years since1 were by him produced and read before the ,royal ,society1 who thereupon desired him1 as one of their ,members1 to compleat1 what he had proposed to himself upon that subject1 and then to publish the same3 the ,effect whereof 'tis hoped1 will now shortly appear1 and not prove unwelcome to the ,curious4 ,some whereof1 though they may conceive1 that liquors thus injected into ,veines without preparation and digestion1 will make odde1 commotions in the ,blood1 disturb ,nature1 and cause strange ,symptoms in the ,body1 yet they have other thoughts on ,liquors1 that are prepared of such things1 as have passed the ,digestion of the ,stomach2 for example1 of ,spirit of ,urine1 of ,harts-horne1 of ,blood c4 ,and they hope likewise1 that besides the ,medical ,uses1 that may be made of this ,invention1 it may also serve for ,anatomical purposes1 by filling1 after this way1 the vessels of an ,animal as full1 as they can hold1 and by exceedingly distending them1 discover ,new ,vessels1 c3 ,but not now to enlarge upon the ,uses1 the ,reader may securely take this ,narrative1 as the naked real ,matter of ,fact1 whereby 'tis as clear1 as ,noon day 7both from the ,time1 and irrefragable ,testimony of very many considerable ,persons in that ,university1 who can jointly attest it2 as well as from that particular unquestionable one of ,mr4 ,boyle and his worthy ,company1 who were the first ,eye-witnesses of the ,tryals made17 that to ,oxford1 and in it1 to ,dr4 ,christopher ,wren1 this ,invention is due2 and consequently1 that all others1 who discourse or write of it1 doe either derive it from ,him1 or are fallen upon the same ,devise several years after ,him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,published with ,license4 ,oxford1 ,printed by ,a3 ,l3 ,lichfield1 for ,ric3 ,davis4 #affe4 #aca 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #h4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,januar4 #h4 #affe_/f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,an ,account of the ,tryals1 made in ,italy of ,campani's new ,optick ,glasses4 ,a further relation of the ,whale-fishing about the ,bermudas1 and upon the ,coast of ,new ,england1 and ,new ,netherland4 ,of a remarkable ,spring of ,paderborn in ,germany4 ,of some other uncommon ,springs at ,basel and in ,alsatia4 ,of the richest ,salt-springs in ,germany4 ,some ,observations of ,strange ,swarms of ,insects1 and the mischiefs done by them3 as also of the ,brooding of ,snakes and ,vipers4 ,observations of odd ,constitutions of humane ,bodies4 ,of a way1 used in ,italy1 of preserving ,ice and ,snow by ,chaffe4 ,directions for ,sea-men bound for far ,voyages1 drawn up by ,master ,rook1 late ,geometry ,professour of ,gresham ,colledge4 ,some ,observations of ,jupiter2 ,eclipsed by one of his ,satellites3 and of his ,conversion about his ,axis4 ,of some ,philosophical and ,curious ,books1 that are shortly to come abroad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of the ,tryalls1 made in ,italy of ,campani's new ,optick ,glasses4 ,an ,inquisitive ,parisian writes to his ,correspondent in ,london1 as follows2 ,we received lately news from ,rome1 from a very ,curious ,person of our acquaintance1 importing1 that ,campani hath had the advantage of ,divini4 ,the ,great ,duke of ,toskany1 and ,prince ,leopold1 his ,brother1 upon ,tryal1 made of both their ,glasses1 have found those of ,campani excel the other1 and with them they have been able1 easily to distinguish people #acb at #d ,leagues distance3 ,of which ,i intend you more particulars hereafter4 ,among them are expected the ,length of these ,telescopes1 and the ,largeness of the ,aperture of their ,object-glasses4 ,in the mean time1 the ,parabolical-glasses1 formerly mentioned to be in hand here at ,london1 are finishing with all possible care and industry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,further ,relation of the ,whale-fishing about the ,bermudas1 and on the ,coast of ,new-,england and ,new-,netherland4 ,the same ,person1 that communicated the particulars about the new ,whale-fishing near the ,bermudas1 mentioned in the first of these ,tracts1 gives this further ,information2 ,that there have been since taken by order of the ,bermudas ,company1 sixteen of those ,whales1 the ,oyle whereof1 to the quantity of #ej or #fj ,tuns arrived in ,ireland at ,limrick1 some few months agoe4 ,he adds1 that about two years since1 there stranded upon the ,coast of ,new-,england a dead ,whale1 of that sort1 which they call ,trumpo1 having ,teeth resembling those of a ,mill1 and its mouth at a good distance from1 and under the ,nose or ,trunk1 and several boxes or partitions in the ,nose1 like those of the ,tailes in ,lobsters2 and that that being open'd there run out of it a thin oily substance1 which would candy in time2 after which1 the remainder1 being a thick fatty substance1 was taken out of the same part1 with a scoope4 ,and this substance he affirmed to be the ,sperma ,ceti2 adding further1 that the ,blubber1 as they call it1 it self1 of the same sort of ,whales1 when stewed1 yields on the top a creamy substance1 which taken off1 and thrown upon white wine1 lets fall a dirty heterogeneous sediment1 but what remains aloft1 affords a ,sperma-,ceti-like matter4 #acc ,he concluded his relation with observing1 that these whales were to be met with1 between the ,coast of ,new-,england1 and ,new-,netherland1 where they might be caught eight or nine months in the year1 whereas those about the ,bermudas are to be found there only in the ,months of ,february1 ,march and ,april4 ,concerning the death of the ,whale1 which hath been related to have stranded upon ,new-,england1 it is not very improbable1 but1 7that ,fish having also more than one ,enemy1 whereof a small ,fish called the ,thresher is one1 who1 by ,mr4 ,terry's ,relation in his ,east-,indian ,voyage1 with his nimbleness vexes him as much1 as a ,bee does a great ,beast on the land2 and a certain horny ,fish another1 who runs its horn into the ,whal's belly7 it may have been kill'd by the latter of these two2 which kind of ,fish is known1 sometimes to run its horn into ,ships 7perhaps taking them for ,whales7 and there snapping it asunder2 as hapned not long since to an ,english ,vessel in the ,west-,indian ,seas2 the broken piece of that ,horn being by the ,master of that ship presented to the ,king1 and now kept in ,his ,majesties ,repository3 the like whereof befel a ,french ,vessel1 sailing towards the ,east-,indies1 according to the ,relation1 made by ,monsieur ,thevenot in his second ,tome of ,curious ,voyages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of a remarkable ,spring1 about ,paderborn in ,germany4 ,an inquiring ,gentleman of those parts writes to his ,friend in ,london1 as follows2 ,in this ,diocess of ,paderborn1 about #b leagues from that ,town1 is a treble ,spring call'd ,metborn1 which has three streams1 two wherof are not above one foot and a half distant from one another1 and yet of so differing qualities1 that whereas one of them is limpid1 blewish1 lukewarm1 bubling1 and holding ,sal-armoniack1 ,ochra1 ,iron1 ,vitriol1 #acd ,allum1 ,sulphur1 ,niter1 ,orpiment1 used against ,epilepsie1 bad ,spleens1 and the ,wormes2 the other is ,ice-cold1 turbid and whitish1 much stronger in tast1 and heavier than the former1 holding much ,orpiment1 ,salt1 ,iron1 ,niter1 and some ,sal-,armoniack1 ,allum and ,vitriol2 ,of this all ,birds1 observed to drink of it1 doe dye2 which ,i have also privately experimented by taking some of it home1 and giving it to ,hens1 after ,i had given them ,oates1 ,barly and ,bread-crums2 ,for1 soon after they had drunk of it1 they became giddy1 reeled1 and tumbled upon their backs1 with convulsion-fitts1 and so dyed with a great extention of their leggs4 ,giving them common-salt immediatly after they had drunk2 they dyed not so soon2 giving them vineger1 they dyed not at all1 but seven or eight days after were troubled with the ,pipp4 ,those that dyed1 being open'd1 their ,lungs were found quite shrivelled together4 ,yet some men1 that are troubled with ,worms1 taking a litle quantity of it1 and diluting it in common water1 have been observed by this means to kill the ,worms in their bellies1 so that a great number of worms come from them2 whereupon though they are sick1 yet they dye not4 ,as to the third stream1 that lyes lower than the other two1 about #bj paces distant from them1 it is of a greenish colour1 very clear1 and of a sowre sweet tast1 pleasing enough4 ,it hath about a middle weight between the other two2 whence wee guess1 that it is mixed of them both1 meeting there together3 to confirm which1 we have mixed equal quantities1 of those two1 with an addition of a litle common well-water1 and have found that they1 being stirred together and permitted to setle1 made just a water of the same colour and tast of this third stream4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of some other not-common ,springs at ,basel and in ,alsatia4 ,a ,curious ,person writes from those ,places in manner following2 #ace ,at ,basel the ,spring1 running in the ,gerbergasse 7or ,tanners-street7 from ,st4 ,leonard's ,hill1 is of a ,blewish colour1 and somewhat troubled1 holding ,copper1 ,bitumen1 and ,antimony1 about #c parts of the first1 one of the second1 and two of the last1 as has been examined by skilful ,persons4 ,our ,tanners do water their ,skins in it2 and being a well-tasted and wholesome ,water1 it is both much drunk1 and used to ,bath in4 ,it mingles with another ,spring water1 call'd the ,birsick1 and with it1 between the ,salt-tower and the ,rhine-gate runs into the ,rhine4 ,in the same ,town 7which abounds with ,spring-waters7 there are two1 among the rest1 called ,bandulph's-well1 and ,brun ,zum ,brunnen1 that are more observable then the other2 the former of them having a ,camphory and drying ,quality1 and used against ,hydropical ,distempers2 the latter containing some ,sulphur1 ,saltpeter and ,gold1 and being an excellent ,water to drink1 much used in the principal ,tavern of the ,city1 where the chief of the ,town do resort1 and near which it runs4 ,in ,alsatia in the ,valley1 called ,leberthal1 near ,geesbach 7an ancient ,mine-work7 there runs out of a ,cavern a foul1 fattish1 oily ,liquor1 which1 though the ,country-men of that place employ to the vile use of greasing their ,wheels1 instead of ordinary ,wheel-grease2 yet doth it afford an excellent ,balsom1 by taking a quantity of it1 and putting it in an ,earthen ,pot well luted1 that no steam may exhale2 and then with a gentle ,fire at first1 but a stronger afterwards1 boyling it for three hours together2 in which space it will boyl in a fourth part1 and an ,earthen ,matter1 like ,pitch1 will settle it self at the bottom3 but on the top thereof1 when cold1 there will swim a fatty ,substance1 like ,lyne-,oyl1 limped and somewhat yellowish1 which is to be decanted from the thick ,sediment1 and then gently distilled in an ,alembick in ,arena1 by which means1 there will come over two differing ,liquors1 one ,phlegmatick1 the other ,oily1 #acf which latter swimming on the ,phlegm1 is to be severed from it4 ,the ,phlegm is used as an excellent ,resister and ,curer of all the ,putrefactions of the ,lungs and ,liver1 and it heals all foul ,wounds and ,ulcers4 ,the ,oily part1 being diluted with double its quantity of distilled ,vineger1 and brought three times over the ,helm1 yields a rare ,balsom1 against all inward and outward ,corruptions1 stinking ,ulcers1 hereditary ,scurfs and ,scabs3 ',tis also much used against ,apoplexies1 ,palsies1 ,consumptions1 ,giddinesses1 and ,head-aches4 ,inwardly they take it with ,succory-water against all corruptions of the ,lungs4 ,it is a kind of ,petroleum1 and contains no other ,mineral ,juice1 but that of ,sulphur1 which seems to be thus distilled by ,nature under ground2 the distillation of an ,oyl out of ,sulphur by ,art1 being not so easie to perform4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the richest ,salt-,springs in ,germany4 ,an ,account having been desired of those two chief ,salt-,springs in ,germany1 at ,hall and ,lunenburg1 it was lately transmitted thus3 ,the ,salt-,springs at ,hall in ,saxony are four1 called ,gutiaar1 the ,dutch-,spring1 the ,mettritz1 and the ,hackel-dorn2 whereof the three first hold near the same proportion of ,salt2 the last hold less1 but yields the purest ,salt4 ,the three first hold about seven parts of ,salt1 three of ,marcasit1 and fourteen of water3 ,they are1 besides their ,oeconomical use1 employed ,medicinally to ,bath in1 and to draw a ,spirit out of it1 exhibited with good success against ,venom1 and the putrefaction of the ,lungs1 ,liver1 ,reins1 and the ,spleen4 ,the ,salt ,water at ,lunenburgh1 being more greenish then white1 and not very transparent1 is about the same nature and hold with that of ,hall4 ,it hath a mixture of ,lead with it1 whence also it will not be sod in ,leaden ,pans1 and if it held no ,lead at all1 it would not be so good1 that ,metal being judged to purifie the ,water3 whence also the ,salt of #acg ,lunenburg is preferred before all others1 that are made of ,salt ,springs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,observations of swarms of strange ,insects1 and the ,mischiefs done by them4 ,a great ,observer1 who hath lived long in ,new ,england1 did upon occasion1 relate to a ,friend of his in ,london1 where he lately was1 ,that some few ,years since there was such a swarm of a certain sort of ,insects in that ,english ,colony1 that for the space of of #bjj ,miles they poyson'd and destroyed all the ,trees of that ,country2 there being found innumerable little holes in the ground1 out of which those ,insects broke forth in the form of ,maggots1 which turned into ,flyes that had a kind of taile or sting1 which they struck into the ,tree1 and thereby envenomed and killed it4 ,the like ,plague is said to happen frequently in the ,country of the ,cosacks or ,ukrani1 where in dry ,summers they are infested with such swarms of ,locusts1 driven thither by an ,east1 or ,south-,east ,wind1 that they darken the ,air in the fairest weather1 and devour all the ,corn of that ,country2 laying their ,eggs in ,autumn1 and then dying2 but the ,eggs1 of which every one layeth two or three hundred1 hatching the next ,spring1 produce again such a number of ,locusts1 that then they do far more mischief than afore1 unless ,rains do fall1 which kill both ,eggs and the ,insects themselves1 or unless a strong ,north or ,north-,west ,wind arise1 which drives them into the ,euxin ,sea3 ,the ,hogs of that ,country loving these ,eggs1 devour also great quantities of them1 and thereby help to purge the ,land of them2 which is often so molested by this ,vermine1 that they enter into their ,houses and ,beds1 fall upon their ,tables and into their ,meat1 insomuch that they can hardly eat without taking down some of them2 in the ,night when they repose themselves upon the ground1 they cover it three1 or four ,inches thick1 and if a ,wheel pass #ach over them1 they emit a stench hardly to be endured3 ,all which1 and much more may be fully seen in the ,french ,description of the ,countries of ,poland1 made by ,monsieur de ,beauplan1 and by ,monsieur ,thevenot1 in his ,relation of the ,cosacks1 contained in the ,first part of his ,curious ,voyages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,observation touching the ,bodies of ,snakes and ,vipers4 ,several have taken notice1 that there is a difference between the brooding of ,snakes and ,vipers1 those laying their ,eggs in ,dung-hills1 by whose warmth they are hatched2 but these 7,vipers7 brooding their ,eggs within their ,bellies1 and bringing forth live ,vipers4 ,to which may be added1 ,that some affirm to have seen ,snakes lye upon their ,eggs1 as ,hens sit upon theirs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,observations of odde ,constitutions of ,bodies4 ,a very curious ,person1 studying ,physick at ,leyden1 to whom had been imparted those ,relations about a ,milky ,substance in ,veins1 heretofore alledged in ,numb4 #f4 returns1 by way of gratitude1 the following ,observations4 ,there was 7saith he7 not many ,years since1 in this ,country a ,student1 who being much addicted to the study of ,astronomy1 and spending very many ,nights in ,star-gazing1 had1 by the ,nocturnal wet and cold temper of the ,air1 in such a manner obstructed the pores of his skin1 that little or nothing exhaled from his ,body2 which appeared hence1 because that the shirt1 he had worn five or six weeks1 was then as white as if he had worn it but one day4 ,in the mean while he gathered a subcutaneous ,water1 of which yet he was afterwards well cured4 ,we have also 7saith the same7 seen here a young ,maid1 of about thirteen ,years of age1 which from the time that she was but six ,years old1 and began to be about her ,mother in #aci the ,kitchin1 would1 as often as she was bid to bring her ,salt1 or could else come at it1 fill her ,pockets therewith1 and eat it1 as other children doe ,sugar3 whence she was so dried up1 and grown so stiff1 that she could not stirre her limbs1 and was thereby starved to death4 ,that ,learned and ,observing ,doctor ,john ,beal1 upon the perusal of the forementioned ,numb4 #f4 was pleased to communicate this ,note3 ,to your ,observation1 of ,milk in ,veines1 ,i can add a ,phnomenon of some resemblance to it1 which ,i received above #bj years agoe from ,thomas ,day1 an ,apothecary in ,cambridg2 vid4 ,that himself let a man bloud in the arme1 by order of ,doctor ,eade1 a ,physitian there4 ,the mans bloud was white as ,milk1 as it run out of his arme1 it had a little dilute redness1 but immediately1 as it fell into the ,vessel1 it was presently white2 and it continued like drops of ,milk on the pavement1 where ever it fell4 ,the conjecture which the said ,physitian had of the cause of this appearance1 was1 that the ,patient had much fed on ,fish2 affirming withall1 that he had soon been a ,leper1 if not prevented by ,physick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a way of preserving ,ice and ,snow by ,chaffe4 ,the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,william ,ball did communicate the relation hereof1 as he had received it from his ,brother1 now residing at ,livorne1 as follows2 ,the ,snow1 or ,ice-houses are here commonly built on the side of a steep hill1 being only a deep hole in the ground1 by which meanes1 they easily make a passage out from the bottom of it1 to carry away all the water1 which1 if it should remain stagnating therein1 would melt the ,ice and ,snow3 but they thatch it with straw1 in the shape of a ,saucepan-cover1 that the rain may not come at it4 ,the sides 7supposing it dry7 they line not with any thing1 as is done in ,st4 ,jeames's ,park1 by reason of the moistness of the ground4 ,this ,pit they fill #adj full of ,snow or ,ice 7taking care that the ,ice be made of the purest water1 because they put it into their wine7 over-spreading first the bottom very well with ,chaffe2 by which ,i mean not any part of the straw1 but what remains upon the winnowing of the ,corn2 and ,i think1 they here use ,barley-chaffe4 ,this done1 they further1 as they put in the ,ice1 or the ,snow1 7which latter they ram down17 line it thick by the sides with such ,chaffe1 and afterwards cover it well with the same2 and in half a years lying so1 'tis found not to want above an eight part of what it weighed1 when first put in4 ,when ever they take it out into the ,aire1 they wrap it in this ,chaffe1 and it keeps to admiration4 ,the use of it in ,england would not be so much for cooling of drinks1 as 'tis here generally used2 but for cooling of fruits1 sweetmeats c4 ,so far this ,author4 ,the other usual way both in ,italy and other ,countries1 to conserve ,snow and ,ice with ,straw or ,reed1 is set down so punctually by ,mr4 ,boyle in his ,experimental ,history of ,cold1 pag4 #djh4 #dji4 that nothing is to be added4 ,it seems ,pliny could not pass by these ,conservatories1 and the cooling of drinks with ,ice1 without passing this severe1 though elegant and witty1 ,animadversion upon them3 ,hi ,nives1 illi glaciem potant1 poensque montium in voluptatem gul vertunt3 ,servatur algor stibus1 excogitatrque ut alienis mensibus nix algeat1 lib4 #ai4 cap4 #d4 ,but the ,epigrammatist sports with it thus2 ,non potare nivem1 sed aquam potare rigentem ,de nive1 commenta est ingeniosa sitis4 ,martial4 #ad4 ,ep4 #aag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,directions for ,sea-men1 bound for far ,voyages4 ,it being the ,design of the ,r4 ,society1 for the better attaining the ,end of their ,institution1 to study ,nature rather than ,books1 and from the ,observations1 made of the ,phnomena and ,effects she presents1 to compose such a #ada ,history of ,her1 as may hereafter serve to build a ,solid and ,useful ,philosophy upon2 ,they have from time to time given order to several of their ,members to draw up both ,inquiries of things ,observable in forrain ,countries1 and ,directions for the ,particulars1 they desire chiefly to be informed about4 ,and considering with themselves1 how much they may increase their ,philosophical stock by the advantage1 which ,england injoyes of making ,voyages into all parts of the ,world1 they formerly appointed that ,eminent ,mathematician and ,philosopher ,master ,rooke1 one of their ,fellowes1 and ,geometry ,professor of ,gresham ,colledge 7now deceased to the great detriment of the ,common-wealth of ,learning7 to think upon and set down some ,directions for ,sea-men going into the ,east ,west-,indies1 the better to capacitate them for making such observations abroad1 as may be pertinent and suitable for their purpose2 of which the said ,sea-men should be desired to keep an exact ,diary1 delivering at their return a fair ,copy thereof to the ,lord ,high ,admiral of ,england1 his ,royal ,highness the ,duke of ,york1 and another to ,trinity-house to be perused by the ,r4 ,society4 ,which ,catalogue of ,directions having been drawn up accordingly by the said ,mr4 ,rook1 and by him presented to those1 who appointed him to expedite such an one1 it was thought not to be unseasonable at this time to make it publique1 the more conveniently to furnish ,navigators with ,copies thereof4 ,they are such1 as follow2 #a4 ,to observe the ,declination of the ,compass1 or its ,variation from the ,meridian of the place1 frequently2 marking withal1 the ,latitude and ,longitude of the place1 wherever such ,observation is made1 as exactly as may be1 and setting down the ,method1 by which they made them4 #b4 ,to carry ,dipping ,needles with them1 and observe the ,inclination of the ,needle in like manner4 #c4 ,to remark carefully the ,ebbings and ,flowings of the ,sea1 in as many places as they can1 together with all the ,accidents1 #adb ,ordinary and ,extraordinary1 of the ,tides2 as1 their precise time of ,ebbing and ,flowing in ,rivers1 at ,promontories or ,capes2 which way their ,current runs1 what ,perpendicular distance there is between the highest ,tide and lowest ,ebb1 during the ,spring-,tides and ,neap-,tides2 what day of the ,moons age1 and at times of the year1 the highest and lowest ,tides fall out3 ,and all other considerable ,accidents1 they can observe in the ,tides1 cheifly neer ,ports1 and about ,ilands1 as in ,st4 ,helena's ,iland1 and the three ,rivers there1 at the ,bermodas c4 #d4 ,to make ,plotts and ,draughts of prospect of ,coasts1 ,promontories1 ,islands and ,ports1 marking the ,bearings and ,distances1 as neer as they can4 #e4 ,to sound and marke the ,depths of ,coasts and ,ports1 and such other places nere the shoar1 as they shall think fit4 #f4 ,to take notice of the ,nature of the ,ground at the bottom of the ,sea1 in all ,soundings1 whether it be ,clay1 ,sand1 ,rock1 c4 #g4 ,to keep a ,register of all changes of ,wind and ,weather at all houres1 by night and by day1 shewing the point the ,wind blows from1 whether strong or weak3 ,the ,rains1 ,hail1 ,snow and the like1 the precise times of their beginnings and continuance1 especiall ,hurricans and ,spouts2 but above all to take exact care to observe the ,trade-,winds1 about what degree of ,latitude and ,longitude they first begin1 where and when they cease1 or change1 or grow stronger or weaker1 and how much2 as near and exact as may be4 #h4 ,to observe and record all ,extraordinary ,meteors1 ,lightnings1 ,thunders1 ,ignes fatui1 ,comets1 c4 marking still the places and times of their appearing1 continuance4 c4 #i4 ,to carry with them good ,scales1 and ,glasse-,violls of a pint or so1 with very narrow mouths1 which are to be fill'd with ,sea-water in different degrees of ,latitude1 as often as #adc they please1 and the weight of the ,vial full of water taken exactly at every time1 and recorded1 marking withall the degree of ,latitude1 and the day of the ,month3 ,and that as well of water near the ,top2 as at a greater ,depth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,observations concerning ,jupiter4 ,of the shadow of one of his ,satellites seen1 by a ,telescope passing over the ,body of ,jupiter4 ,i have received an ,account from very good hands1 ,that on the #bfth4 of ,september last1 at half hour after seven of the ,clock1 was seen1 both in ,holland and in ,france 7by curious ,observers1 with very good ,telescopes7 the shadow of one of the ,satellites of ,jupiter1 passing over his ,body4 ,one of those small ,stars moving about his ,body 7which are therefore called his ,satellites7 coming between the ,sun and it1 made a small ,eclipse1 appearing in the ,face of ,jupiter as a little round black ,spot4 ,the ,particulars of those ,observations1 when they shall come to our ,hands1 we may 7if need be7 make them publik3 ,which ,observations1 as they are in themselves very remarkable1 and argue the ,excellency of the ,glasses by which they were discovered2 ,so are we1 in part1 beholding to ,monsieur ,cassini for them1 who giving notice before hand of such ,appearances to be expected1 gave occasion to those ,curious ,observers to look for them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of a permanent ,spot in ,jupiter3 by which is manifested the conversion of ,jupiter about his own ,axis4 ,besides that ,transient ,shadow last mentioned1 there hath been observed1 by ,monsieur ,cassini1 a permanent ,spot in the ,disque of ,jupiter2 by the help whereof1 he hath been able to observe1 not onely that ,jupiter turns about upon his own ,axis1 but also the ,time of such conversion2 which he #add estimates to be1 #i hours and #ef minutes4 ,for as ,kepler did before conjecture1 from the motion of the ,primitive ,planets about the ,sun as their ,center1 that the ,sun moved about its own ,axis1 but could not prove it1 till by ,galileo and ,shiner the ,spots in the ,sun were discovered2 so it hath been thought reasonable1 from the ,secundary ,planets moving about ,jupiter1 that ,jupiter is also moved about his ,axis2 yet1 till now1 it hath not been evinced by ,observation1 ,that it doth so move2 much less1 in what ,period of ,time4 ,and the like reason there is to judge so of ,saturn1 because of the ,secundary ,planet discovered by ,monsieur ,hugens de ,zulichem to move about it2 7though such motion be not yet evinced from ,observation37 as well as that of the ,earth1 from its ,attendant the ,moon4 ,whether the same may be also concluded of the other ,planets1 ,mars1 ,venus1 and ,mercury1 7about whom have not yet been observed any ,secondary ,planets to move17 is not so evident4 ,yet there may be somewhat of like probability in those4 ,not onely1 because it is possible they may have ,secundary ,planets about them1 though not yet discovered2 7,for1 we know1 it was long after those of ,jupiter1 before that about ,saturn was discovered2 and who knows1 what after times may discover about the rest87 ,but because the ,primary ,planets being all in like manner inlightned by the ,sun1 and 7in all likely hood7 moved by it2 it is likely that they be moved by the same ,laws and ,methods2 and therefore1 turn'd about their own ,axis1 as it is manifest that some of them are4 ,but1 as for the ,secundary ,planets1 as well those about ,jupiter1 as that about ,saturn2 it is most likely that they have no such ,rotation upon their ,axis4 ,not so much because1 by reason of their smalness1 no such thing hath been yet observed1 7or1 indeed1 could be1 though it were true27 ,but because they being ,analogical to our ,moon1 it is most likely that they are moved in like manner4 ,now1 though it be #ade true1 that there is some kind of ,libration of the ,moon's body1 so that we have not precisely just the same part of it looking towards us2 7as is evident by ,hevelius observations1 and others27 yet is there no ,revolution upon its ,axis2 the same part of it1 with very little alteration1 always respecting us1 as is to be seen in ,hevelius his ,tratise de ,motu ,lun ,libratorio1 and indeed1 by all those who have written particularly of the spots on the ,moon2 and is universally known to all that have with any curiosity viewed it with ,telescopes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of some ,philosophical and curious ,books1 that are shortly to come abroad4 #a4 ,of the ,origine of ,forms and ,qualities1 deduced from ,mechanical ,principles2 by the ,honorable ,robert ,boyle ,esq4 #b4 ,hydrostatical ,paradoxes1 by the same4 ,both in ,english4 #c4 ,a ,tract of the ,origine of the ,nile1 by ,monsieur ,isaac ,vossius1 opposed to that of ,monsieur de la ,chambre1 who is maintaining1 ,that ,niter is the principal cause of the ,inundation of that ,river4 #d4 ,a ,dissertation of ,vipers1 by ,signor ,redi1 an ,italian4 #e4 ,a ,discourse of the ,anatomy of a ,lyon1 by the same4 #f4 ,another1 ,de ,figuris ,salium1 by the same4 #g4 ,a ,narration of the ,establishment of the ,lyncei1 an ,italian ,academy1 and of their ,design and ,statutes3 the ,prince ,cesi being the ,head of them1 who did also intend to establish such ,philosophical ,societies in all parts of the ,world1 and particularly in ,africa and ,america1 to be by that means well informed of what considerable productions of ,nature were to be found in those parts4 ,the ,author yet ,anonymus4 #h4 ,to these ,i shall add1 a ,book newly ,printed in ,oxford 7and not yet dispersed7 being1 ,a ,catalogue of ,fixed ,stars with their ,longitudes1 ,latitudes1 and ,magnitudes1 according to the ,observations of ,uleg-,beig 7a ,king1 and famous ,astronomer1 who was ,great-,grand-childe to the famous #adf ,tamerlane1 and one of his ,successors in some of his ,kingdoms7 made at ,samarcand1 his cheief seat1 7for the year of the ,hegira #hda1 for the year of ,christ #adbg71 who not finding the ,tables of ,ptolemy to agree sufficiently with the ,heavens1 did with great diligence1 and expense1 make observations anew2 as ,tycho ,brahe hath since done4 ,it is a small part of a larger ,astronomical ,treatise of his1 whereof there be divers ,persian ,manuscript ,copies in ,oxford4 ,out of which this is ,translated and ,published1 both in ,persian and ,latine1 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,hyde1 now ,library ,keeper to the ,bodleyan ,library in ,oxford3 7with ,commentaries of his annexed37 ,like as another part of it hath formerly been by ,mr4 ,john ,graves4 ,and it were a desirable work that the whole were ,translated1 that we might be the better acquainted with what was the ,eastern ,astronomy at that time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,published with ,license4 ,oxford1 ,printed by ,a3 ,l3 ,lichfield1 for ,ric3 ,davis4 #afff4 #adg 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #i4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,feb4 #ab4 #affe_/f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,an ,apendix to the ,directions for ,seamen1 bound for far voyages4 ,of the judgment of some of the ,english ,astronomers1 touching the difference between two learned men1 about an ,observation made of the first of the two late ,comets4 ,of a ,correspondency1 to be procured1 for the finding out of the ,true distance of the ,sun and ,moon from the ,earth4 ,of an ,observation not long since made in ,england of ,saturn4 ,an ,account of some ,mercurial ,observations1 made with a ,barometer1 and their ,results4 ,some ,observations of ,vipers1 made by an ,italian ,philosopher4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,appendix to the ,directions for ,seamen1 bound for far ,voyages4 ,whereas it may be of good use1 both ,naval and ,philosophical1 to know1 both how to sound depths of the sea without a ,line1 and to fetch up water from any depth of the same2 the following waies have been contrived by ,mr4 ,hook to perform both2 7which should have been added to the lately printed ,directions for ,seamen1 if then it could have been conveniently done47 #adh ,illustration ,first1 for the sounding of depths without a ,cord1 consider ,figure #a1 and accordingly take a ,globe of ,firr1 or ,maple1 or other light ,wood1 as ,a3 let it be well secured by ,vernish1 ,pitch1 or otherwise1 from imbibing water2 then take a piece of ,lead or ,stone1 ,d1 considerably heavier then will sink the ,globe3 let there be a long ,wire-staple ,b1 in the ,ball ,a1 and a springing ,wire ,c1 with a bended end ,f1 and into the said staple1 press in with your fingers the springing ,wire on the bended end3 and on it hang the weight ,d1 by its ring ,e1 and so let ,globe and all sink gently into the water1 in the posture represented in the first ,figure1 to the bottom1 where the weight ,d touching first1 is thereby stopt2 but the ,ball1 being by the ,impetus1 it acquired in descending1 carried downwards a little after the weight is stopt1 suffers the springing wire to fly back1 and thereby sets it self at liberty to reascend4 ,and1 by observing the time of the ,ball's stay under water 7which may be done by a ,watch1 having minuts and seconds1 or by a good ,minut-glass1 or best of all1 by a ,pendulum vibrating seconds7 you will by this way1 with the help of some ,tables1 come to know any depth of the sea4 ,note1 that care must be had of proportioning the weight and shape of the ,lead1 to the bulk1 weight1 and figure of the ,globe1 after such a manner1 as upon experience shall be found most convenient4 ,in some of the ,tryals already made with this ,instrument1 the ,globe being of ,maple-wood1 well covered with ,pitch to hinder soaking in1 was #e-ac_/af inches in diameter1 and weighed #b pounds3 the ,lead of #d pounds weight1 was of a ,conical figure1 #aa4 inches long1 with the sharper end downwards1 #a-i_/af inches at the top1 and #a_/af at the bottom in diameter4 ,and in those ,experiments1 made in the ,thames1 in the depth of #ai4 foot water1 there passed between the ,immersion and ,emersion of the ,globe1 #f4 seconds of an hour2 and in the depth of #aj4 foot water1 there passed #c seconds or thereabout3 ,from many of which kind of ,experiments it will likely not be hard to finde #adi out a method to calculate1 what depth is to be concluded from any other time of the like ,globes stay under water4 ,illustration ,in the same ,tryals1 made with this ,instrument in the said ,river of ,thames1 it has been found1 that there is no difference in time1 between the submersions of the ,ball at the greatest depth1 when it rose two ,wherries length from the place where it was let fall 7being carried by the ,current of the ,tide7 and when it rose within a yard or so of the same place where it was let down4 ,the other ,instrument1 for ,fetching up water from the depth of the sea1 is 7as appears by ,figure #b47 a square woodden ,bucket ,c1 whose bottoms ,,ee1 are so contrived1 that as the weight ,a1 sinks the ,iron ,b1 7to which the ,bucket ,c1 is fastned by two handles ,,dd1 on the ends of which are the moveable bottoms or ,valves ,,ee17 and thereby draws down the ,bucket1 the resistance of the water keeps up the ,bucket in the posture ,c2 whereby the water hath1 all the while it is descending1 a clear passage through2 whereas1 as soon as the ,bucket is pulled upwards by the ,line ,f1 the resistance of the water to that motion beats the ,bucket downward1 and keeps it in the posture ,g1 whereby the ,included water is preserved from getting out1 and the ,ambient water kept from getting in4 ,by the advantage of which ,vessel1 it may be known1 whether sea water be ,salter at and towards the bottom1 then at or near the top3 ,likewise1 whether in some places of the sea1 any sweet water is to be found at the bottom2 the ,affirmative whereof is to be met with in the ,east ,indian ,voyages of the industrious ,john ,hugh ,van ,linsckoten1 who page #af of that ,book1 as 'tis ,englished1 records1 that in the ,persian ,gulph1 about the ,island ,barem1 or ,baharem1 they fetch up with certain ,vessels 7which he describes not7 water out of the sea1 from under the salt-water1 four or five fathom deep1 as sweet1 as any ,fountain water4 #aej 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the ,judgement of some of the ,english ,astronomers1 touching the difference between two learned men1 about an ,observation made of the ,first of the two late ,comets4 ,sidenote3 ,by ,telescopical ,stars are understood such1 as are not seen1 but by the help of a ,telescope4 ,whereas notice has been taken in ,num4 #f4 of these ,transactions1 that there was some difference between those two deservedly celebrated ,philosophers1 ,monsieur ,hevelius and ,monsieur ,auzout1 concerning an ,observation1 made by the former of them1 on the #h_/ah of ,february #affe4 that thereupon some ,eminent ,english ,astronomers1 considering the importance of the dispute1 had undertaken the examination thereof2 it will1 'tis conceived1 not be unacceptable to such1 as saw those ,papers1 to be informed1 what has been done and discerned by them in that matter4 ,they having therefore compared the ,printed ,writings of the two ,dissenters1 and withall consulted the observations made with ,telescopes at home1 by some of the most intelligent ,astronomers amongst them1 who have attentively observed the ,position of that ,comet to the ,telescopical stars1 that lay in its way2 ,do thereupon ,joyntly conclude1 that1 whatever that ,appearance was1 which was seen near the ,first ,star of ,aries1 by ,monsieur ,hevelius 7the truth of whose relation concerning the same1 they do in no wise question7 the said ,comet did not come neer that ,star in the left ,ear of ,aries1 where the said ,m4 ,hevelius supposes it to have passed1 but took its course neer the ,bright ,star in its ,left ,horn1 according to ,bayers ,tables4 ,and since that the ,observations of judicious both ,french1 ,italian1 ,dutch ,astronomers 7as many of them1 as are come to the knowledge of the ,english7 do in the main fully agree with theirs1 they do not at all doubt1 but that1 there being such an unanimous #aea consent in what has been just now declared1 the ,controversie being about ,matter of fact1 wherein ,authority1 ,number1 and ,reputation must cast the ,ballance1 ,mons4 ,hevelius1 who is as well known for his ,ingenuity1 as ,learning1 will joyn and acquiesce in that sentiment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of a correspondency1 to be procured1 for the ,finding out the ,true distance of the ,sun and ,moon from the ,earth1 by the ,paralax1 observed under 7or neer7 the same ,meridian4 ,seeing that the knowledge of this distance may prove of important ,use1 for the ,perfecting of ,astronomy1 and for the better establishing the doctrine of ,refractions1 it is in the thoughts of some very curious ,persons in ,england1 for the finding out the same1 to settle a ,correspondency with some others abroad1 that are understanding in ,astronomical matters1 and live in places farr distant in ,latitude1 and under 7or near7 the same ,meridian4 ,to perform which1 the following ,method is proposed to be observed2 viz4 ,that at certain times agreed on by two ,observatours1 making use of ,telescopes1 large1 good and well fitted for this purpose1 by a measuring rod1 placed within the ,eye glass at a convenient distance1 that it may be distinctly seen1 and serve for measuring small distances by minuts and seconds 7which is easie enough in large ,telescopes7 that1 ,i say1 each of such observers1 thus furnish't shall observe the visible way of the ,moon among the ,fixt ,stars1 7by taking her exact distance from any ,fixt ,starr1 that lyes in or very near her way1 together with the exact time of her so appearing7 and the then apparent ,diameter of her ,disk2 continuing these ,observations every time for two or three hours2 that so1 #aeb if possible1 two exact observations of her ,apparent place among the ,fixt ,stars being made1 at two places thus distant in ,latitude1 and as near as may be under the same ,meridian1 by these ,observators concurring at the same time1 her true and exact distance may be hence collected1 not onely for that time1 but at all other times1 by any single ,observator's viewing her with a ,telescope1 and measuring exactly her ,apparent ,diameter4 ,it were likewise desirable1 that as often as there happens any considerable ,eclipse of the ,sun1 that this also might be observed by them1 noting therein the exact measure of the greatest ,obscuration compared with the then ,apparent ,diameter of his ,disk4 ,for by this means1 after the distance of the ,moon hath been exactly found1 the distance of the ,sun will easily be deduced4 ,as for the time1 fittest for making ,observations of the ,moon1 that will be1 when she is about a ,quarter or somewhat less illuminated1 because then her light is not so bright1 but that with a good ,telescope she may be observ'd to pass close by1 and sometimes over several ,fixt ,stars2 which is about four or five days before or after her ,change3 ,or else at any other time1 when the ,moon passes near or over some of the bigger sort of ,fixt ,stars1 such as of the first or second ,magnitude2 which may be easily calculated and foreseen3 ,or best of all1 when there is any ,totall ,eclipse of the ,moon2 for then the smallest ,telescopical ,stars may be seen close adjoyning to the very body of the ,moon4 ,of all which particulars the two ,correspondents are to agree1 as soon as he1 that is to joyn abroad1 shall be found out2 whereupon they are mutually to communicate to each other1 what they shall have thus observed in each place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of an ,observation1 not long since made in ,england1 of ,saturn4 ,illustration ,this ,observation was made by ,mr4 ,william ,ball1 #aec accompanied by his brother1 ,dr4 ,ball1 ,october #ac4 #affe4 at six of the ,clock1 at ,mainhead near ,exeter in ,devonshire1 with a very good ,telescope near #ch foot long1 and a double ,eye-glass1 as the observer himself takes notice1 adding1 that he never saw that ,planet more distinct4 ,the observation is represented by ,figure #c4 concerning which1 the ,author saith in his letter to a friend1 as follows2 ,this appear'd to me the present figure of ,saturn1 somewhat otherwise1 than ,i expected1 thinking it would have been decreasing1 but ,i found it full as ever1 and a little hollow above and below4 ,whereupon the ,person1 to whom notice was sent hereof1 examining this shape1 hath by ,letters desired the worthy ,author of the ,systeme of this ,planet1 that he would now attentively consider the present ,figure of his ,anses or ,ring1 to see whether the appearance be to him1 as in this ,figure1 and consequently whether he there meets with nothing1 that may make him think1 that it is not one body of a ,circular ,figure1 that embraces his ,diske1 but two4 ,and to the end that other ,curious men1 in other places might be engaged1 to joyn their ,observations with him1 to see1 whether they can find the like appearance to that1 represented here1 especially such ,notches or ,hollownesses1 as at ,a and ,b1 it was thought fit to insert here the newly related ,account4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation of some ,mercurial ,observations1 and their ,results4 ,modern ,philosophers1 to avoyd ,circumlocutions1 call that ,instrument1 wherein a ,cylinder of ,quicksilver1 of between #bh4 and #ca4 ,inches in ,altitude1 is kept suspended after the manner of the ,torricellian ,experiment1 a ,barometer or ,baroscope1 first made publick by that ,noble ,searcher of ,nature1 ,mr4 ,boyle1 and imployed by ,him and others1 to detect all the minut variations in the ,pressure and weight of the ,air4 ,for the more #aed curious and nice distinguishing of which small changes1 ,mr4 ,hook in the ,preface to his ,micrography1 has described such an ,instrument with a ,wheel1 contrived by himself1 and1 by these two last years trials of it1 constantly found most exact for that purpose3 which being so accurate1 and not difficult to be made1 it were desirable1 that those who have a ,genius and opportunities of making ,observations of this kind1 would furnish themselves with such of these ,instruments1 as were exactly made and adjusted according to the ,method1 delivered in the newly mentioned place4 ,to say something of the ,observations1 made by this ,instrument1 and withal to excite studious ,naturalists to a sedulous prosecution of the same1 the ,reader may first take notice1 that the lately named ,mr4 ,boyle hath 7as himself not long since did intimate to the ,author of these ,tracts7 already made divers ,observations of this kind in the year #afei4 and #affj4 before any others were publick1 or by him so much as heard of2 though he has hitherto forborn to divulge them1 because of some other ,papers 7in whose ,company they were to appear7 which being hindred by other studies and employments1 he hath not as yet finished4 ,next1 that1 besides several others1 who1 since have had the curiosity of making such observations1 the ,worthy and ,inquisitive ,dr4 ,john ,beal1 is doing his part with much assiduity 7of which he hath by several ,letters acquainted his ,friends in ,london7 both by observing himself1 and by procuring many ,correspondents in several places in ,england for the same purpose2 judging it of great importance1 that ,observations of this kind be made in parts somewhat distant from one another1 that so from many of those1 accurately made and then compared1 it may be discovered1 whether the ,aire gravitates more in the parts of the ,earth lying more ,east or ,west1 ,north or ,south8 whether on such as lie neerer to the ,sea1 or further up into the ,mainland8 in hotter or colder weather8 whether in #aee high ,winds or ,calms8 whether in wet weather or dry8 whether most when a ,north1 or when a ,south1 when an ,east or a ,west wind blows8 and whether it keeps the same seasons of ,changes8 and whether the seasons and changes of the ,air and ,weather can be thereby discover'd1 and the now hidden causes of many other ,phnomena detected8 ,the said ,doctor is so much pleased with the discovery already made by the help of this ,instrument1 that he thinks it to be one of the most wonderful that ever was in the ,world1 if we speak of strangeness1 and just wonder1 and of ,philosophical importance1 separate from the interest of lucre4 ,for 7saith he in one of his ,letters7 who could ever expect1 that we men should find an ,art1 to weigh all the ,air that hangs over our heads1 in all the changes of it1 and1 as it were1 to weigh1 and to distinguish by weight1 the ,winds and the ,clouds8 ,or1 who did believe1 that by palpable evidence we should be able to prove1 the serenest ,air to be most heavy1 and the thickest ,air1 and when darkest ,clouds hang neerest to us1 ready to dissolve1 or dropping1 then to be lightest4 ,and though 7so he goes on7 we cannot yet reach to all the ,uses and ,applications of it1 yet we should be entertain'd for a while1 by the truly ,honourable ,mr4 ,boyle1 as the leading person herein1 upon the delight and wonder4 ,the ,magnet was known many hundreds of years before it was applied to find out ,new ,worlds4 ,to me 7saith he7 tis a wonderful delight1 that ,i have alwaies in my ,study before my eye such a ,curious ,ballance4 ,having thus in ,general expressed his thoughts about this ,invention1 and the singular pleasure1 he takes in the ,observations made therewith1 he descends to particulars1 and in several ,letters communicates them to his ,correspondent1 as follows3 ,sidenote3 ,the ,exclusion of all ,air is here necessary1 because ,air being subject to the operation of ,heat and ,cold1 if any of it remain in the ,barometer1 it will cause it to vary from shewing the true ,pressure of the ,air4 #a4 ,my ,wheel-barometer ,i could never fill so exactly with ,mercury as to exclude all ,air2 and therefore ,i trust more #aef to a ,mercurial ,cane1 and take all my ,notes from it4 ,this ,cane is but #ce4 ,inches long1 of a very slender ,cavity1 and thick ,glass4 ,this may easily be conveyed to any place1 for ,trials4 ,the ,vessel for the stagnating ,mercury1 into which the said ,cane is immersed1 is about two ,inches wide4 ,the ,mercury so well fill'd1 that for some daies it would not subside1 but hung to the top of the ,glass-cane4 ,i keep it in a ,closet pretty close1 #i4 foot high1 #h4 foot broad1 #ae4 foot long2 neer a ,window4 ,this ,i note1 because possibly the closeness of the room may hinder1 that it gives not the full of all ,changes1 as it might in a more passable ,air4 #b4 ,in all my ,observations from ,may #bh4 #affd to this present 7,december #i4 #affe47 the ,quicksilver never ascended but very little above #cj ,inches4 #c4 ,it ascended very seldom so high 7videl4 to #cj ,inches7 chiefly ,decemb4 #ac4 #affd4 the weather being fickle-fair1 ,evening4 #d4 ,i find by my ,calender of ,june #bb4 #affd4 at #e4 in the ,morning1 in a time of long setled fair weather1 that the ,mercury had ascended about half an ,inch higher then #cj3 but ,i fear some mistake1 because ,i then took no impression of wonder at it2 yet for #c4 or #d4 daies1 at that time it continued high1 in well-setled1 fair and warm weather2 most part above #cj4 ,inches4 ,so that ,i may note1 the ,mercury to rise as high in the hottest ,summer1 as in the coldest ,winter-weather4 ,sidenote3 ,perhaps this is from some included ,air4 #e4 ,yet surely ,i have noted it ascend a little higher for the ,coldness of the ,weather2 and very frequently1 both in #aeg ,winter and ,summer to be higher in the cold ,mornings and ,evenings1 then in the warmer ,mid-day4 #f4 ,generally in setled and fair weather both of ,winter and ,summer1 the ,mercury is higher1 than a little before or after1 or in ,rainy weather4 #g4 ,again1 generally it descended lower after ,rain1 than it was before ,rain4 ,sidenote3 ,it seems these were ,easterly winds4 #h4 ,generally also it falls in great winds2 and somewhat it seem'd to sink1 when ,i open'd a wide door to it1 to let in stormy winds2 yet ,i have found it to continue very high1 in a long stormy wind of #c4 or #d4 daies4 #i4 ,again1 generally it is higher in an ,east and ,north-wind4 7,cteris paribus7 than in a ,south and ,west-wind4 #aj4 ,i tryed several times1 by strong fumes and thick smoaks to alter the ,air in my ,closet2 but ,i cannot affirm1 that the ,mercury yielded any more1 then might be expected from some increase of heat4 ,such as have exact ,wheel-,barometers1 may try whether ,odors or ,fumes do alleviate the ,air4 #aa4 ,in this ,closet ,i have not in all this time found the extreamest changes of the ,quicksilver to amount to more1 than to #b1 or to #b-g_/h4 inches1 at most4 #ab4 ,very often ,i have found great changes in the ,air1 without any perceptible change in the ,barometer2 as in the dewy nights1 when the moisture descends in a great quantity1 and the thickness sometimes seems to hide the ,stars from us3 ,in the days foregoing1 and following1 the ,vapors have been #aeh drawn up so ,invisibly1 that the ,air and ,sky seem'd very clear all day long4 ,this ,i account a great change between ascending and descending ,dews and ,vapors 7which import ,levity and ,weight17 and between thick ,air and clear ,air3 which changes do sometimes continue in the ,alternative course of day and night1 for a week or fortnight together2 and yet the ,baroscope holding the same4 #ac4 ,sometimes 7,i say not often7 the ,baroscope yields not to other very great changes of the ,air4 ,as lately 7,december #ah47 an extraordinary bright and clear day2 and the next following quite darkened1 some ,rain and ,snow falling2 but the ,mercury the same3 so in high winds and calms the same4 #ad4 ,i do conceive1 that such as converse much ,sub dio1 and walk much abroad1 may find many particulars much more exactly1 then ,i1 who have no leisure for it1 can undertake4 ,to instance in one of many1 ,december #af4 last1 was a clear cold day1 very sharp and strong ,east wind1 the ,mercury very near #cj4 inches high1 about three in the afternoon1 ,i saw a large black cloud1 drawing near us from the ,east and ,south-,east1 with the ,east-wind4 ,the ,mercury changed not that day nor the day following2 the ,stars and most of the sky were very bright and clear till ,nine of the ,clock2 and then suddenly all the sky was darkned1 yet no change of weather happened2 ,december #ag4 the frost held1 and 'twas a clear day1 till about two of the clock in the afternoon2 and then many thick clouds appear'd low in the ,west2 yet no change of the weather here2 the ,wind1 ,frost1 and ,quick-silver1 the same1 ,december #ah4 the ,mercury fell almost of an inch1 and the sky and ,air so clear and bright and cold with an ,east-wind1 that ,i wondred what could cause the ,mercury to descend4 ,i ,expected1 it should have ascended1 as usually it does in such clear skys4 ,casually ,i sent my servant abroad1 and he discovered the remote ,hills1 about #bj4 miles off1 cover'd with #aei snow1 ,this seem'd to manifest1 that the ,air1 being discharged of the clouds by snow1 became lighter4 #ae4 ,i have seldom seen the change to be very great1 at any one time4 ,for1 though ,i do not now take a deliberate view of my ,notes1 yet ,i wonder'd once to see1 that in one day it subsided about of an inch4 #af4 ,of late ,i have altered my ,method upon the ,barometer1 observing it1 as it is before my ,eyes1 all day long1 and much of the night1 being watchful for the moments of every particular change1 to examine1 what cause in the ,air and ,heavens may appear for such changes4 ,and now my wonder is1 to see1 how slow it is1 it holding most between the nine and twentieth and thirtieth inch of late4 #ag4 ,i must now 7,january #ac4 #affe_/f7 tell you1 that the ,mercury stands at this time 7as it did also yesterday7 a quarter above #cj4 inches2 yet both days very dark and cloudy1 sometimes very thick and misty ,air2 which seldom falls out4 ,for1 for the most part1 ,i see it higher in clearest setled weather1 than in such cloudy and misty ,foggs4 ,this thick ,air and darkness hath lasted above a week2 lately more ,cold1 and ,east and ,north-,east wind4 ,sidenote3 ,this seems to be wished1 because the motion of the ,mercury may be more free in a wider ,cane4 ,thus far the ,notes of this ,observing ,divine2 of which ,mr4 ,boyle1 to whom they were also communicated1 entertains these thoughts1 that they seem to him very faithfully made1 and do for the main1 agree well enough with his observations1 as far as he remembers1 not having them1 it seems1 at that time1 when he wrote this1 at hand2 and though it be wished by him1 that the ,observer's ,glass-,cane had been somewhat bigger2 yet his diligence in fitting it so carefully1 or rather so skilfully1 as is above-mentioned1 is much by him commended4 #afj 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,observations of ,vipers4 ,a curious ,italian1 called ,francesco ,redi1 having lately had an opportunity1 by the great number of ,vipers1 brought to the ,grand ,duke of ,toscany for the composing of ,theriac or ,treacle1 to examine what is vulgarly delivered and believed concerning the ,poyson of those ,creatures1 hath1 7according to the account1 given of it in the ,french ,journal des ,scavans1 printed ,january #d4 #affe_/f7 performed his undertaking with much exactness1 and published in an ,italian tract1 not yet come into ,england1 these ,observations4 #a4 ,he hath observed1 that the poyson of ,vipers is neither in their ,teeth1 nor in their ,tayle1 nor in their ,gall3 but in the two ,vesicles or ,bladders1 which cover their teeth1 and which coming to be compressed1 when the ,vipers bite1 do emit a certain yellowish ,liquor1 that runs along the teeth and poysons the wound4 ,whereof he gives this proof1 that he hath rub'd the wounds of many ,animals with the ,gall of ,vipers1 and pricked them with their ,teeth1 and yet no considerable ill accident follow'd upon it1 but that as often as he rubbed the wounds with the said yellow ,liquor1 not one of them escaped4 #b4 ,whereas commonly it hath hitherto been believed1 that the poyson of ,vipers being swallowed1 was present death2 this ,author1 after many reiterated ,experiments1 is said to have observed1 that in ,vipers there is neither ,humour1 nor ,excrement1 nor any part1 not the ,gall it self1 that1 being taken into the ,body1 kills4 ,and he assures1 that he hath seen men eat1 and hath often made ,bruit ,animals swallow all that is esteem'd most poysonous in a ,viper1 yet without the least mischief to them4 ,whence he shews1 that it needs not so much to be wondred at1 that certain ,empiricks swallow the juyce of the #afa most venomous ,animals without receiving any harm thereby2 adding1 that1 which is ascribed to the vertue of their ,antidote1 ought to be attributed to the nature of those kinds of ,poysons1 which are no poysons1 when they are swallow'd1 7for which ,doctrine he also alledges ,celsus7 but onely when they are put into wounds4 ,which also has been noted by ,lucan1 who introduces ,cato thus speaking2 ,noxia serpentum est admisto sanguine pestis1 ,morsu virus habent1 fatum dente minantur2 ,pocula morte carent4 ,and what also some ,authors have affirm'd1 videl4 ,that it is mortal1 to eat of the ,flesh of creatures killed by ,vipers2 or to drink of the ,wine wherein ,vipers have been drowned2 or to suck the wounds that have been made by them1 is by this ,authour observed to be wide of truth4 ,for he assures1 that many persons have eaten ,pullets and ,pigeons1 bitten by ,vipers1 without finding any alteration from it in their health4 ,on the contrary1 he declares1 ,that it is a soveraign ,remedy against the biting of ,vipers1 to suck the wound2 alledging an ,experiment1 made upon a ,dog1 which he caused to be bitten by a ,viper at the nose1 who by licking his own wound saved his life4 ,which he confirms by the example of those people1 celebrated in ,history by the name of ,marsi and ,psilli1 whose ,employment it was1 to heal those1 that had been bitten by ,serpents1 by sucking their wounds4 #c4 ,he adds1 that although ,galen and many modern ,physitians do affirm1 that there is nothing1 which causeth so much thirst1 as ,vipers-flesh1 yet he hath experimented the contrary and knows divers persons1 who did eat the flesh of ,vipers at all their meals1 and yet did assure him1 they never were less dry1 then when they observed that kind of ,diet4 #d4 ,as for the ,salt of ,vipers1 whereof some ,chymists have #afb so great esteem1 he saith1 that it hath no ,purging vertue at all in it2 adding that even of ,all ,salts1 none hath more vertue than another1 as he pretends to have shew'd in an other ,book of his1 ,de natura salium2 which also hath not been yet transmitted into these parts4 #e4 ,he denies1 what ,aristotle assures1 and what ,galen saith to have often tryed1 that the ,spittle of a ,fasting person kills ,vipers2 and he laughs at many other particulars1 that have been delivered concerning the ,antipathy of ,vipers unto certain things2 and their manner of ,conception and ,generation1 and several other properties1 commonly ascribed to them2 which the alledged ,french ,author affirms to be refuted by so many experiments made by this ,italian ,philosopher1 that it seems to him1 there is no place left for doubting1 after so authentick a testimony4 99 99 99 99 99 ,advertisement4 ,the ,reader of these ,transactions is desired to correct these ,errata in ,number #h4 viz4 page4 #acb4 line penult4 read ,wine for ,lime2 and page #acc4 line #aj4 read ,thresher for ,trepher1 as some ,copies have it2 and page #acf4 line ult4 read purifie for putrifie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london1 ,printed for ,john ,martyn and ,james ,allestree1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society4 #afff4 #afc 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #aj4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,march #ab4 #affe_/f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,observations continued upon the ,barometer1 or ,ballance of the ,air4 ,a ,relation concerning the ,earth-quake neer ,oxford2 together with some ,observations of the sealed ,weatherglass and ,barometer thereupon by ,dr4 ,wallis4 ,a more full and particular ,account of those ,observations about ,jupiter1 that were mention'd in ,numb4 #h4 ,an ,account of some ,books1 lately publisht1 videl4 ,mr4 ,boyles ,hydrostatical ,paradoxes2 ,steno de ,musculis ,gladulis2 ,de ,graeff de ,natura ,usu ,succi ,pancreatici4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observations continued upon the ,barometer1 or rather ,ballance of the ,air4 ,these ,transactions being intended1 not only to be 7by parcels7 brief ,records of the ,emergent ,works and ,productions in the ,universe2 ,of the ,mysteries of ,nature of later discoveries2 ,and1 of the growth of ,useful ,inventions and ,arts2 but also1 and chiefly1 to sollicite in all parts mutuall ,ayds and ,collegiate endeavours for the farther advancement thereof3 ,we shall begin this ,second year of our ,publications in this kind 7in which1 for #c-moneths the ,printing-presses were interrrupted by the publick ,calamity7 with a few more particular ,observations upon the ,ballance of the ,air1 as they are most happily invented and directed by ,mr4 ,boyle2 and deserve to be prosecuted with care and diligence in all places4 ,but it is to be premised1 that the ,worthy person1 who was alledged as the ,author of the ,observations1 delivered of this kind in the last of these ,tracts 7,dr4 ,beale7 gives notice1 ,that #afd he did not pretend to exactness1 but only to excite the carefulness of others in the several distant places1 and chiefly such1 as can have the assistance of a ,wheel-ballance perfectly filled3 without both which aids he hopes not to obtain all the benefits and mysteries of this ,invention4 ,this being thus briefly intimated1 the ,account of the ,observations themselves1 as they were extracted out of a late ,letter of the same ,person1 are1 as followes3 ,sidenote3 ,hygroscopes are ,instruments1 to discover the degrees of ,moisture and ,drought of the ,air4 #a4 ,as ,i have fitted and filled the ,single ,cane1 ,i can say in the general1 ,that ,i have not yet found any such infallible ,prognostick of these changes of weather1 which do follow a long serenity1 or setled weather4 ,and perchance in brighter ,climats it may be constantly infallible4 ,in these ,northern ,islands1 the ,clouds are so short1 and narrow1 and by fickle changes are sometimes emptied upon us1 sometimes so neer1 as may make so little variation in the weight of the whole ,atmosphere of ,air1 as may sometimes deceive us1 or smother and hide from us the causes of fixedness1 or of changes4 ,i wish ,i could see a good ,calendar or ,journal taken in taken in ,tangier1 and in some of our ,northern and most ,southern parts of ,america4 ,i have store of ,hygroscopes of divers kinds2 and ,i do remark them1 and the sweatings of ,marble1 and as many other famed ,prognosticks1 as ,i can hear off2 but can find nothing so neerly indicative of the change of weather1 as this ,ballance4 ,those others are often changed by ,dews1 which do not at all alter the ,ballance1 nor alter the state of the weather3 ,and the open ,weather-glass is known to signifie nothing at certainty1 having a double obedience to two ,masters1 sometimes to the ,weight of the ,air1 sometimes to ,heat1 as the service is commanded4 #b4 ,and in further confirmation of this ,note1 ,i may adde to the former1 ,that in ,january last #affe_/f1 from the fourth1 and more especially from the seventh day1 for many daies it continued very dark1 so that all men expected daily great rain2 yet the ,mercury held very high1 neer to the greatest height2 ,and though in those daies sometimes thick mists arose1 and some small rain fell1 yet the ,quick-silver held at a great height3 which did indicate to me1 there could then be no great change of weather4 ,as the small rain fell1 it yeilded somewhat1 not much2 and that does more #afe confirm the indication4 ,and more lately1 in very dark daies1 ,i had the same confidence upon the same ground1 and ,i was not disappointed4 #c4 ,again1 if the ,mercury ascends to a good height after the fall of rain 7as sometimes1 but less often it does7 then ,i look for a setled serenity2 but if it proceeds after rain in a descending motion1 then ,i expect a continuance of broken and showry weather4 ,but in all1 as ,i only say1 ,for the most part1 so ,i dare not positively declare it an affirmative result1 but do refer it to the remarks of others4 ,and this may explicate the ,notes #f4 and #ad of ,num4 #i4 into more clearness4 #d4 ,that we find the ,weather and our ,bodies more chill1 cold1 and drooping1 when the ,mercury is lowest1 and the ,air lightest1 besides other causes1 ,i guess1 ,that as ,air is to us the breath of life1 as water is to ,fishes2 so1 when we are deprived of the usual measure of this our food1 'tis the same to us1 as when the water is drawn ebb from ,fishes4 ,but ,i would much rather be instructed by others1 then offer much in this kind4 #e4 ,the lowest descent of the ,mercury in all the time1 since ,i have observed it1 was ,octob4 #bf4 #affe4 in the ,evening1 when it was very near at #bg ,inches4 ,which ,i find thus circumstanced with the weather in my notes4 ,oct4 #be4 ,morning2 ,mercury at #bh ,inch4 ,great storms and much rain4 ,oct4 #bf4 ,morning2 ,merc4 at #bh4 winds quiet1 thick dark clouds4 ,oct4 #bf4 ,evening2 ,merc4 at #bg4 ,that day1 and some daies following1 the weather was variable1 frequent rain1 and as you see1 the ,mercury lower1 than usual4 #f4 ,over the place1 where this ,mercurial ,cane stands1 ,i have set a ,wind vane1 with purpose of exactness1 of a ,streamer in ,brass so large1 and pointing to a ,board indented in the ,margin1 that ,i can at a sure ,level upon the ,vane1 take every of the #cb4 points of the ,wind1 half points1 and quarter points1 at good distance4 ,otherwise we may find our guesses much deceived1 as the best guessers1 upon trial1 do acknowledge4 ,and this exactness may become the ,wheel-ballance1 which shews the minutest variations almost beyond imagination4 ,and thus any servant1 at the approach of a thick ,cloud1 or other ,meteor1 higher or lower1 or at the rising of a storm or fresh wind in the night1 or day1 may bring a report of the ,weight of the ,air1 as certainly and almost as #aff easily1 as of the ,sun from the ,dial in a ,sunshine4 ,it were good to have an ,index of ,winds1 that discover'd as well their ,ascent and ,descent1 as their ,side-coastings4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation concerning the late ,earthquake neer ,oxford2 together with some ,observations of the sealed ,weatherglass1 and the ,barometer both upon that ,phnomenon1 and in ,general4 ,this ,relation was communicated by the excellently learned ,dr4 ,wallis1 as follows3 ,on the #ai4 of ,january #affe4 ,stylo ,angli 7or ,jan4 #bi4 #afff4 stylo novo7 at divers places neer ,oxford1 was observed a small ,earthquake 7as at ,blechington1 ,stanton-,st4 ,johns1 ,bril1 c47 towards evening4 ,in ,oxford it self1 ,i doe not hear1 that it was observ'd to be an ,earthquake2 yet ,i remember about that time 7whether precisely then or not2 ,i cannot say7 ,i took notice of some kind of odde shaking or heaving ,i observed in my study1 but did impute it to the going of ,carts or ,coaches1 supposed to be not far off2 though yet ,i did take notice of it1 as a little differing from what is usual on such occasions2 7and wondered the more1 that ,i did not hear any37 ,but not knowing1 what else to refer it to1 ,i thought no more of it4 ,and the like account ,i have had from some others in ,oxford1 who yet did not think of an ,earth-quake2 it being a rare thing with us4 ,hearing afterwards of an ,earthquake observed by others2 ,i looked on my ,notes concerning my ,thermoscope and ,baroscope1 to see if any alteration considerable had then happened4 ,my ,thermoscope consists of a round large ,glass1 containing about half a pint or more2 from whence issues a long ,cylindrical neck of ,glass1 about two foot and a half in length1 and less than a quarter of an inch diameter2 which neck was hermetically sealed at the top1 to exclude communication with the ,external ,air2 but before the sealing of it1 the whole ,glass was filled with ,spirit of ,wine 7tinged with ,cochineel1 to make it the more discernable to the ,eye7 so warmed1 that it filled the whole content of the ,glass2 but afterwards1 as it cooled1 did so subside1 as to leave a void space in the upper part of the ,neck4 ,which ,instrument1 so prepared1 doth by the rising or falling of the tinged liquor in the neck 7consequent upon the expanding or contracting of the whole liquor contained in it and the ,ball below7 give a very nice account of the ,temperature of the ,air1 #afg as to ,heat or ,cold3 ,even so nice1 as that my being or not being in my ,study ,i find to vary its hight sometimes almost a quarter of an inch4 ,my ,baroscope1 ,i call another ,instrument for estimating the ,weight or ,pressure of the ,incumbent ,air1 consisting of a long ,glass-tube of about #d4 foot in length1 and about a quarter of an inch ,bore3 which tube 7hermetically sealed at the one end7 being filled with ,quicksilver 7according to the ,torricellian ,experiment7 is inverted1 so as to have the open end of it immersed in ,stagnant ,quicksilver1 contained in a larger ,glass under it1 exposed to the pressure of the outward ,air3 ,out of which open end 7after such immersion7 the ,quicksilver in the ,tube being suffered to run out1 as much as it will1 into the ,stagnant ,quicksilver1 in which that mouth or open end is immersed1 there is wont to remain 7as is commonly known to those acquainted with this ,experiment7 a ,cylinder of ,quicksilver suspended in the ,tube1 about #bh1 #bi1 or #cj4 inches high2 measuring from the surface of the ,stagnant ,quicksilver perpendicularly2 7but more or less1 within such limits1 according as the ,weight or ,pressure of the ,air incumbent on the ,external ,stagnant ,quicksilver exposed to it1 is greater or less37 leaving the upper part of the ,tube void4 7,both which ,instruments being the contrivance of the ,honourable ,robert ,boyle1 they are by him more particularly described in his ,physico-,mechanical ,experiments touching the ,air1 ,exper4 #ag4 and #ah4 and in his ,thermometrical ,discourses1 premised to his ,history of ,cold47 ,now1 according to both these ,instruments1 having kept a daily ,register of ,observations for more than a whole year 7saving when ,i have been for some short time absent from home7 ,i find my ,notes for that day to be these4 ,january4 ,thermoscope4,baroscope4 #affe_/f4 ,day4 ,hour4 inches4 inches4 #ai4 #h4 ,morn4 #ad-a_/af4 #bi-a_/b4 ,hard frost4 ,close4 #d4 ,even4 #ad-c_/h4 #bi-a_/d4 ,hard frost4 ,cloudy4 #i4 ,even4 #ad-c_/d4 #bi-c_/d4 ,rain4 ,wind #bj4 #h4 ,morn4 #ae-a_/d4 #bh-c_/d4 ,sunshine4 ,wind4 ,so that1 there being in the morning 7,january #ai47 a hard frost 7which began the day before about #d4 of the ,clock in the #afh afternoon 7,jan4 #ah47 and continued 7with us7 till about #e4 of the ,clock in the afternoon of that day1 ,jan #ai4 with some fierceness7 and the weather1 ,jan4 #ai4 being in the morning1 close2 and cloudy all the day1 with little of ,sun-shine2 the ,liquor in the ,thermoscope was very little raised1 by #d4 of the ,clock afternoon1 that is1 but #e_/af of an inch 7which1 had the ,sun shone1 would1 it's likely1 have been near an ,inch37 and after that time 7or somewhat before7 had there been no considerable change of weather1 it would upon the ,sun's setting have fallen 7and probably so it did1 till about #e4 of the ,clock1 though ,i took no ,observation in the interim47 ,but1 contrary to what would have been expected1 it was at #i4 of the ,clock at night1 higher by #a_/h of an inch1 than it had been at #d4 occasioned by the change of weather1 the ,frost suddenly breaking1 with us1 between #e4 and #f4 of the ,clock2 about which time also it began to rain1 and continued raining that ,evening and good part of the ,night4 ,and the next morning ,i found the ,liquor yet higher by half an inch1 vid4 #ae inches3 7by reason of the ,air that night being so much warmer1 than it had been the day before27 whereas commonly it is considerably lower in the morning1 than over night4 ,as to the ,baroscope1 for the ,weight or ,pressure of the ,air2 ,i find1 that for the #aa1 l#b1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 and #ag4 dayes1 the ,mercury in the ,tube1 was 7by the ballancing ,pressure of the incumbent ,air on the stagnant ,quicksilver1 exposed to it7 kept up to the height of near #cj4 ,inches above the surface of the ,external ,quicksilver1 7though with some little variation1 as #cj1 #bi-ae_/af1 #bi-g_/h1 #bi-ac_/af but never so low1 all that time1 as #bi27 which is the greatest height ,i have know it at1 7for ,i do not find that ,i have ever1 till then1 observed it to be1 in my ,glasses1 full #cj4 ,inches1 though it have been very near it37 the ,weather having been almost continually ,foggy1 or very thick ,mists1 all that time4 ,january #ah4 it came down to #bi1 in the forenoon2 and afternoon1 to #bi-aa_/af4 about the time the frost began3 ,and ,jan4 #ai4 it was1 at #h4 in the morning1 come down to #bi2 at #d4 in the afternoon1 to #bi4 ,but at #i4 in the evening 7when the ,earth quake had intervened7 it was risen half an inch1 vid4 to #bi4 ,and1 by the next morning1 fallen again a whole inch1 vid4 to #bh2 which fall ,i attribute 7at least in part7 to the rain that fell in the night4 ,this being what ,i observed out of my ,register of these ,instruments1 7which1 if ,i had then thought of an ,earthquake1 ,i #afi should have more nicely watched7 what ,i have further gathered from ,reports1 is to this purpose4 ,i hear1 it was observed at ,blechington1 above #e4 miles to the ,north of ,oxford1 and so along by ,bostol1 ,horton1 ,stanton-,st4 ,johns1 and so towards ,whately1 which is about #d4 miles ,eastward from ,oxford4 ,not at all these places at the same time1 but moving forward from ,blechington towards ,whately4 ,for it was at ,stanton about #f4 of the ,clock or later 7as ,i understand from ,mr4 ,boyle1 who was there at that time27 but had been at ,blechington a good while sooner4 ,and ,i am told1 that it was taken notice of by ,doctor ,holder 7a ,member of our ,society7 who was then at ,blechington1 to be observed by those in the further part of the ,garden1 some very discernable time before it was observed by those in the ,house2 creeping forward from the one place to the other4 ,what other places in the ,country it was observed at1 ,i have not been informed3 but at ,oxford 7which1 it seems1 was about the skirts of it7 it was so small1 as would have been hardly noted at all1 had not the notice1 taken of it abroad1 informed us of it4 ,upon this ,occasion1 it will not be unseasonable to give some ,general accounts of what ,i have in my ,thermoscope and ,baroscope observed4 ,my ,thermoscope1 being fitted somewhat at adventures1 ,i have found at the lowest to be somewhat more than #ab4 inches high1 in the fiercest time of the long ,frost in the beginning of the last year #affe4 and about #bg4 ,inches high1 at the highest1 in the hottest time of the last ,summer3 7which ,i mention1 that it may appear at what temperature in proportion1 the ,air was at the time above-mentioned47 ,but ,i must add withall1 that this standing so1 as never to be exposed to the ,sun1 but in a room1 that has a window only to the ,north1 it would have been raised much higher than #bg4 inches1 if it were put in the hot ,sun-shine in ,summer2 this1 as it is placed1 giving therefore an account onely of the ,temperature of the ,air in general1 not of the immediate heat of the ,sun-shine4 ,this ,instrument1 thus situated1 when it is about #ae4 inches1 or lower1 is for the most part hard frost2 but seldom a frost1 if higher than #af4 ,yet this ,i have often observed1 that the ,air by the ,thermoscope has appeared considerably colder 7and the liquor lower7 at sometimes when there is no ,frost1 than at some other times1 when the ,frost hath been considerably hard4 #agj ,in my ,baroscope1 ,i have never found the ,quicksilver higher than #cj4 inches1 nor lower than #bh4 7at least1 scarce discernably1 not #a_/af of an inch higher than that1 or lower than this27 which ,i mention1 not only to shew the limits1 within which ,i have observed mine to keep1 vid4 full #b inches1 but likewise as an ,estimate of the ,clearness of the ,quicksilver from ,air4 ,for1 though my ,quicksilver were with good care cleansed from the ,air2 yet ,i find that which ,mr4 ,boyle useth1 much better3 for1 comparing his with mine at the same times1 and both in ,oxford1 at no great distance2 ,i find his ,quicksilver to stand alwaies somewhat higher than mine 7sometimes neer a quarter of an ,inch27 which ,i know now how to give a more probable account off1 than that my ,quicksilver is either heavier than his2 or else1 that his is better cleansed from ,air1 7unless1 possibly1 the difference of the ,bore1 or other circumstances of the ,tube1 may cause the alteration2 mine being a taller ,tube1 and a bigger ,bore1 than his47 ,and upon like reason1 as his stands higher than mine2 so another less cleansed from ,air1 may at the same time be considerably lower1 and consequently under #bh4 ,inches at the lowest4 ,in thick foggy weather1 ,i find my ,quicksilver to rise2 which ,i adscribe to the heaviness of the ,vapours in the ,air4 ,and ,i have never found it higher1 than in the foggy weather above-mentioned4 ,in ,sunshiny weather it riseth also 7and commonly the clearer1 the more27 which1 ,i think1 may be imputed partly to the ,vapors raised by the ,sun1 and making the ,air heavier2 and partly to the ,heat1 increasing the ,elastick or ,springy power of the ,air4 ,which latter ,i the rather add1 because ,i have sometimes observed in ,sunshiny weather1 when there have come ,clouds for some considerable time 7suppose an hour or two7 the ,quicksilver has fallen2 and then1 upon the ,suns breaking out again1 it has risen as before4 ,in ,rainy weather1 it useth to fall 7of which the reason is obvious1 because the ,air is lightned1 by so much as falls37 ,in ,snowy weather1 likewise1 but not so much as in ,rain4 ,and sometimes ,i have observed it1 upon a ,hoar-frost1 falling in the night4 ,sidenote3 99 ,the ,author of these ,observations intends hereafter more particularly to observe1 from what points those ,winds blow1 that make the ,quicksilver thus subside4 ,for ,windy weather1 ,i find it generally to fall2 and that more universally1 and more discernably1 than upon ,rain3 7which ,i attribute to the ,winds moving the ,air collaterally1 and thereby not suffering it to press so much directly downwards3 the like of #aga which we see in swimming1 c47 ,and ,i have never found it lower than in high ,winds499 ,i have divers times1 upon discerning my ,quicksilver to fall without any visible cause at home1 looked abroad2 and found 7by the appearance of broken ,clouds1 or otherwise7 that it had rained not far off1 though not with us3 ,whereupon1 the ,air being then lightened1 our heavier ,air 7where it rained not7 may have1 in part1 discharged it self on that lighter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a more particular ,account of those ,observations about ,jupiter1 that were mentioned in ,numb4 #h4 ,since the publishing of ,numb4 #h4 of these ,transactions1 where1 among other particulars1 some short ,observations were set down touching both the shadow of one of ,jupiter's ,satellits1 passing over his ,body1 and that ,permanent ,spot1 which manifests the ,conversion of that ,planet about his own ,axis2 there is come to hand an ,extract of that ,letter1 which was written from ,rome1 about those ,discoveries1 containing an ample and particular ,relation of them1 as they were made by the ,learned ,cassini1 ,professor of ,astronomy in the ,university of ,bononia4 ,that ,extract1 as it is found in the ,french ,journal des ,scavans of ,febr4 #bb4 #afff4 we thus ,english4 ,monsieur ,cassini1 after he had discovered 7by the means of those ,excellent ,glasses of #ej4 palmes1 or #ce4 feet1 made by ,m4 ,campani7 the ,shadows1 cast by the #d ,moons or ,satellits of ,jupiter upon his ,diske1 when they happen to be between the ,sun and ,him2 after he had also distinguished their ,bodies upon the ,diske of ,jupiter2 made the last year some ,prdictions for the ,months of ,august and ,september1 noting the dayes and hours1 when the ,bodies of the said satellits and their ,shadows should appear upon ,jupiter1 to the end that the ,curious might be convinced of this matter by their own ,observations4 ,some of these ,prdictions have been verified not only at ,rome1 and in other places of ,italy1 but also at ,paris by ,m4 ,auzout1 the most ,celebrated and the most ,exact of our ,astronomers2 and in ,holland1 by ,m4 ,hugens4 ,and we can now doubt no longer1 of the rotation of the ,satellits about ,jupiter1 as the ,moon turns about the ,earth2 nor believe1 that ,jupiter or his ,attendants have any other ,light1 than that1 which they receive from the ,sun2 as some did #agb assure before these ,observations4 ,there remained to find by ,experience1 whether ,jupiter did turn about his ,axis1 as many believe1 that the ,earth turns about her's4 ,and although most ,astronomers had conjectur'd1 it did so1 either by this ,analogy1 or by other ,congruities1 yet it was much wish'd1 that we might be assured thereof by ,observations4 ,and this it is1 for which we are obliged to ,m4 ,cassini1 who1 having by the advantage of the same ,glasses discover'd several changes1 as well in the three obscure ,belts1 commonly seen in ,jupiter1 as in the rest of his ,diske1 and having also observed ,spots in the midst of that ,planet1 and sometimes ,brightnesses1 such as have bin formerly seen in the ,sun1 hath at length discover'd a ,permanent ,spot in the ,northern part of the most ,southern ,belt2 by the means whereof1 he hath concluded1 that ,jupiter turns about his ,axis in #i4 hours1 #ef4 minutes1 and makes #bi4 whole circumvolutions in #ab dayes #d4 minutes of ours1 and #cfj in #adi4 dayes4 ,for he has found1 that this ,spot was not caused by the ,shadow of any ,satellit1 as well by reason of its ,situation1 as because it appeared1 when there could be no ,shadow4 ,besides1 that its motion differed from that of the ,shadows1 which is almost equal1 as well towards the ,edges as towards the ,middle of ,jupiter3 ,whereas1 on the contrary1 this ,spot hath all the accidents1 that must happen to a thing1 which is upon the surface of a round ,body moving2 for example1 to move much more slowly towards the ,edges1 than towards the ,middle1 and to pass over that part1 which is in the middle of the ,diske1 equal to the half of the ,diameter1 in the sixth part of the time1 it takes to make the whole revolution3 he having seen this half pass'd over1 in #ii or #ajj minutes just1 as it must happen1 supposing the whole circumrotation is made in #i4 hours #ef4 minutes4 ,he hath not yet been able to determine the ,situation of the ,axis1 upon which this motion is made1 because the ,belts1 according to which it is made1 have for some years appeared streight1 though in the precedent years1 other ,astronomers have seen them a little crooked3 ,which sheweth1 that the ,axis of the diurnal motion of ,jupiter is a little inclined to the plain of the ,ecliptick4 ,but in time we may discover1 what certainty there is in this matter4 ,sidenote3 ,these ,tables are not yet sent over1 but1 'tis hoped1 will be1 ere long4 ,after this excellent ,discovery1 he hath calculated many ,tables1 whereof he gives the ,explication and ,use in the ,letters by him addressed to the ,abbot ,falconieri4 ,by the means of them1 one may know1 when this ,spot may be seen by us4 ,for1 having first #agc considered it in relation to the ,sun1 in respect whereof1 its motion is regular1 he considers the same in relation to the ,earth1 where ,we observe it2 and shews by the means of his ,tables1 what is to be added or subtracted1 to know1 at what time the said ,spot is to come into the middle of ,jupiter's ,diske1 according as he is ,oriental or ,occidental4 ,he hath also considered it in relation to an unmovable point1 which he has supposed to be the first point of ,aries1 because we thither refer here upon ,earth the beginning of all the ,celestial motions1 and there is the ,primum mobile1 that one would imagine1 if we were in ,jupiter1 as we do here imagine ,ours of #bd4 hours4 ,the ,discovery is one of the best1 that have been yet made in the ,heavens2 and those1 that hold the ,motion of the earth1 find in it a full ,analogy4 ,for1 ,jupiter turning about the ,sun1 does nevertheless turn about his ,axis2 and although he be much bigger than the ,earth1 he does nevertheless turn much more swiftly than it1 since he makes more than two ,turns1 and a third part1 for its one2 and carries with him #d4 ,moons1 as the ,earth does one4 ,this ,observation ought to excite all ,curious persons to endeavour the perfecting of ,optick ,glasses1 to the end that it may be discovered1 whether the other ,planets1 as ,mars1 ,venus and ,mercury1 about whom no ,moon hath as yet been discovered1 do yet turn about their ,axes1 and in how much time they do so2 especially ,mars1 in whom some ,spot is discover'd1 and ,venus1 wherein ,m4,burattini hath signified from ,poland1 he has observ'd ,inequalities1 as in the ,moon4 ,it will be worth while1 to watch for the seeing of ,jupiter again this ,spring1 that this happy ,observation may be confirmed in divers places1 and endeavours used to make new ones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of some ,books1 lately published4 ,i4 ,hydrostatical ,paradoxes1 made out by ,new ,experiments 7for the most part ,physical1 and ,easie7 by the ,honourable ,robert ,boyle4 ,this ,treatise1 promised in ,numb4 #h4 of these ,papers1 is now come forth3 ,and was occasioned by the perusal of the ,learned ,monsieur ,paschalls ,tract1 ,of the quilibrium of ,liquors1 and of the ,weight of the ,air3 ,of which two ,subjects1 the latter having been more clearly made out in ,england by ,experiments1 which could not be made by ,monsieur ,paschal and others1 that wanted the advantage of such ,engines and ,instruments1 as have here been frequently made use #agd off2 ,our ,noble ,author insists most upon giving us his thoughts of the former1 videl4 the quilibrium of ,liquors3 ,which ,discourse consisting partly of ,conclusions1 and partly of ,experiments1 the former seem to ,him to be almost all of them consonant to the ,principles and ,laws of the ,hydrostaticks2 but as for the latter1 the ,experimental proofs1 offered by ,m4 ,paschall for his ,opinions1 are by our ,author esteemed such1 that he confesses1 he hath no mind to make use of them3 for which he alledges more reasons than one2 which1 doubtless1 will appear very satisfactory to ,intelligent ,readers4 ,wherefore1 instead of the those ,paschalian ,experiments1 there is in this ,treatise deliver'd a far more ,expeditious way1 to make out1 not only most of the ,conclusions1 agreed on these two ,authors1 but others also1 that ,m ,paschall mentions not3 and that with so much more ease and clearness1 that persons1 but ordinarily versed in the common principles of ,hydrostaticks1 may readily apprehend1 what is deliver'd1 if they will but bring with them a due ,attention1 and ,minds disposed to prefer ,reason and ,experience to ,vulgar opinions and ,authors4 ,it not being our ,authors present ,task1 to deliver a ,body of ,hydrostaticks1 but only some ,paradoxes1 which he conceives to be proveable by his ,new way of making them out1 he delivers them in as many distinct ,propositions2 after each of which1 he endeavours1 in a ,proof1 or an ,explication1 to show1 both that it is true1 and why it ought to be so4 ,the ,paradoxes themselves 7after a premised ,postulatum7 are these3 #a4 ,that in ,water1 and other ,fluids1 the ,lower parts are pressed by the ,upper4 #b4 ,that a lighter ,fluid may gravitate or weigh upon a heavier4 #c4 ,that1 if a ,body1 contiguous to the ,water1 be altogether1 or in part1 lower than the highest level of the said ,water1 the lower part of the ,body will be pressed upward by the ,water1 that touches it beneath4 #d4 ,that in the ,ascension of ,water in ,pumps1 c4 there needs nothing to raise the ,water1 but a ,competent weight of an ,external ,fluid4 #e4 ,that the pressure of an ,external ,fluid is able to keep an ,heterogeneous ,liquor suspended at the same height in several ,pipes1 though these ,pipes be of very different ,diameters4 #age #f4 ,if a ,body be placed under ,water1 with its uppermost ,surface parallel to the ,horizon2 how much ,water soever there may be on this or that side above the ,body1 the direct pressure susteined by the ,body 7for we now consider not the ,lateral nor the ,recoyling pressure1 to which the ,body may be exposed1 if quite environed with ,water7 is no more1 than that of a ,column of water1 having ,horizontal ,superficies of the ,body for its ,basis1 and the ,perpendicular depth of the ,water for its height4 ,and so likewise1 ,if the ,water1 that leans upon the ,body1 be contained in ,pipes open at both ends1 the pressure of the ,water is to be estimated by the weight of a pillar of ,water1 whose ,basis is equal to the lower ,orifice of the ,pipe 7which we suppose to be parallel to the ,horizon7 and its height equal to a perpendicular1 reaching thence to the top of the ,water2 though the ,pipe be much inclined towards the ,horizon1 or though it be irregularly shap'd1 and much broader in some parts1 than the said ,orifice4 #g4 ,that a ,body1 immersed in a ,fluid1 sustains a ,lateral pressure from the ,fluid2 and that increased1 as the depth of the immersed ,body1 beneath the ,surface of the ,fluid1 increaseth4 #h4 ,that ,water may be made as well to depress a ,body lighter than it self1 as to buoy it up4 #i4 ,that1 whatever is said of ,positive ,levity1 a parcel of ,oyl lighter than ,water1 may be kept in ,water without ascending in it4 #aj4 ,that the cause of the ,ascension of ,water in ,syphons1 and of its flowing through them1 may be explicated without having a recourse to ,nature's abhorrency of a ,vacuum4 #aa4 ,that a ,solid ,body1 as ponderous as any yet known1 though near the ,top of the water it will sink by its own weight2 yet if it be placed at a greater depth1 than that of twenty times its own thickness2 it will not sink1 if its descent be not assisted by the weight of the incumbent ,water4 ,these are the ,paradoxes1 evinced by our ,authour with much evidence and exactness1 and very likely to invite ,ingenious men to cultivate and to make further disquisitions in so excellent a part of ,philosophy1 as are the ,hydrostaticks2 and ,art deserving great ,elogiums1 not only1 upon the account of the ,theorems and ,problems1 which are most of them pure and handsome productions of ,reason1 very delightful and divers of them surprising1 and besides1 much conducing to the clear explication and #agf thorow-understanding of many both familiar and abstruse ,phnomena of ,nature2 but also1 upon the score of its ,practical use1 since the ,propositions1 it teaches1 may be of great importance to ,navigation1 and to those that inquire into the ,magnitudes and ,gravities of ,bodies1 as also to them1 that deal in ,salt-works3 ,besides1 that the ,hydrostaticks may be made divers waies serviceable to ,chymists1 as the ,author intimates1 and intends to make manifest1 upon several occasions1 in his yet unpublisht part of the ,usefulness of ,natural and ,experimental ,philosophy4 ,these ,propositions are shut up by two important ,appendixes1 whereof the one contains an ,answer to seven ,objections by a late learned ,writer1 to evince1 that the upper parts of water press not upon the lower2 the other1 solves that difficult problem1 why ,urinators or ,divers1 and others1 who descend to the bottom of the ,sea1 are not oppressed with the weight of the incumbent water8 where1 among other solutions1 that is examined1 which occurs in a printed ,letter of ,monsieur des ,cartes1 but is found unsatisfactory4 ,,ii4 ,nicolai ,stenonis de ,musculis ,glandulis ,observationum ,specimen2 cum duabus ,epistolis ,anatomicis4 ,in the ,specimen it self1 the ,author1 having described in general1 both the ,structure and the ,function of the ,muscles1 applies that description to the ,heart1 to demonstrate that that is also a true ,muscle3 ,observing first1 that in the substance of the ,heart there appears nothing but ,arteries1 ,veins1 ,nerves1 ,fibres1 ,membrans2 and that that1 nothing else is found in a ,muscle2 affirming withall1 that which is commonly taught of the ,muscles1 and particularly of the ,heart's ,parenchyma1 as distinct from ,fibres1 is due1 not to the ,senses1 but the ,wit of ,anatomists3 so that he will not have the ,heart made up of a substance peculiar to it self1 nor considered as the principle of ,innate heat1 or of ,sanguification1 or of vital spirits4 ,he observes next1 that the ,heart performs the like operation with the ,muscles1 to wit1 to contract the ,flesh2 which action how it can have a different cause from that of the ,contraction made in the ,muscles1 where there is so great a parity and agreement in the ,vessels1 he sees not4 ,and as for the ,phnomena1 that occur1 of the ,motion of the ,heart1 he undertakes to explicate them all1 from the ,ductus or ,position of the ,fibres2 but refers for the performance of this undertaking to another ,treatise1 he intends to publish4 ,sidenote3 ,conglobate ,glanduls are called those1 that do consist1 as it were1 of one continued substance1 having an even superficies2 whereof there are many in the ,mesentery1 and in other places3 contra distinguisht to those1 that bear the name of ,conglomerate ,glanduls1 which are made up of several small ,kernels1 such as the ,pancreas1 the ,salivating ,glanduls1 c4 ,as to his ,observations about ,glanduls1 he affirms1 that he has been the ,first1 that has discover'd that ,vessel1 which by him is call'd #agg ,salivare ,exterius1 passing from the ,parotides 7or the two chief ,arteries that are on the right and left side neer the ,throat7 into the ,mouth1 and conveying the ,spittle3 ,where he also gives an account of several other ,vessels and ,glanduls1 some about the ,lips2 others under the ,tongue2 others in the ,pallate c4 ,to which he adds the ,vessels of the ,eye-lids1 which have their root in the ,glanduls that are about the ,eyes1 and serve for the shedding of ,tears4 ,he mentions also several things about the ,lymphatick vessels1 and is of opinion1 that the knowledge thereof may be much illustrated by that kind of ,glanduls that are called ,conglobat1 and by their true insertion into the veins2 the mistake of the latter whereof1 he conceives to have very much misled the ,noble ,ludovicus de ,bills1 notwithstanding his excellent method of dissection4 ,and here he observes first1 that all the ,lymphatick vessels have such a commerce with the ,glanduls1 that none of them is found in the body1 which either has not its origine from1 or is inserted into a ,glandule3 ,and then1 that ,glanduls are a kind of ,strainers1 so form'd1 that whilst the ,blood passes out of the ,arteries into the ,veins through the small ,capillary vessels1 the ,serous parts thereof1 being freed from the ,sanguineous1 are by vertue of the beat expell'd through fit pores into the ,capilaries of the ,lymphaticks1 the direction of the ,nerves concurring4 ,of the two annex'd ,epistles1 the ,first gives an account of the dissection of two ,raja's or ,skates1 and relates that the ,author found in the bellies of these ,fishes a ,haddock of #a span long1 and a ,sole1 a ,plaise1 and nine middle-sized ,sea crafishes2 whereof not only the three former had their flesh1 in the fishes stomack1 turn'd into a fluid1 and the ,gristles or ,bones into a soft substance1 but the ,crafishes had their shels comminuted into very small particles1 tinging here and there the ,chyle near the ,pylorus2 which he judges to be done not so much by the heat of the ,fishes stomack1 as by the help of some digesting juyce4 ,coming to the ,uterus of these ,fishes1 he takes occasion to examine1 with what ground several famous ,naturalists and ,anatomists have affirm'd1 that ,eggs are the uterus exposed or ejected out of the body of the ,animal4 ,taking a view of their ,heart1 he there finds but one ventricle1 and discourses of the difficulty arising from thence4 ,as for the ,lungs1 he saw no clearer footsteps of them in these1 than he had done in other ,fishes3 but within the mouth he trac'd several gaping fissures1 and found the recesses of the ,gills so form'd1 that the water taken in at the mouth1 being let out by these dores1 cannot by them re-enter1 by reason of a skin outwardly passing over every hole1 and covering it4 ,where he intimates1 that though ,fishes have not true ,lungs1 yet they want not a ,succedaneum thereto1 to wit1 the ,gills2 and if water may be to ,fishes1 what ,air is to terrestrial ,animals1 for ,respiration3 affecting1 that whereas nothing is so necessary for the conservation of ,animal life as a reciprocal ,access and ,recess of the ,ambient to the sanguineous vessels1 tis all one1 whether that be done by receiving the ,ambient within the body1 or by its gentle passing by the ,prominent vessels of the ,gills4 ,the other ,epistle1 contains some ,ingenious ,observations1 touching the way1 by which the ,chicken1 yet in the shell1 is nourish't1 videl4 not by the conveyance of the ,yolk into the ,liver by the ,umbilical vessels1 nor into the ,stomack by the #agh ,mouth1 but by a ,peculiar ductus1 by him described1 into the ,intestins1 where1 according to his alledged experience1 it is turn'd into ,chyle3 which he affirms1 he hath discover'd1 by taking an ,egge from under a brooding ,hen1 when the ,chicken was ready to break forth1 and when he was looking for the passage of the ,yolk1 out of its integument into the ,liver1 by finding it pass thence into the ,intestins1 as he found the ,white to do by the mouth into the belly4 ,whence he inclines to infer1 that1 since every ftus takes in at the mouth the liquor it swims in1 and since the ,chicken receives the white of the ,egge into the mouth1 and the yolk by the new discover'd ductus into the ,intestins1 it cannot be certainly made out1 that a part of the ,chyle is conveyed into the ,liver1 before it passes into the ,heart2 ,exhorting in the mean time the ,patrons of the ,liver1 that they would produce ,experiments to evince their ,ratiocinations4 ,,iii4 ,regneri de ,graeff1 de ,succi ,pancreatici ,natura usu1 ,exercitatio ,anatomico-medica4 ,in this ,tract1 the ,industrious ,author1 after he has enumerated the various opinions of ,anatomists concerning the use of that kernelly substance2 call'd ,pancreas 7in ,english1 the ,sweetbred7 endeavours to prove experimentally that this ,glandule was not form'd by ,nature1 to separate any ,excrementitious humor1 and to convey it into the ,intestins1 but to prepare an useful juyce out of the ,blood and ,animal ,spirits1 of a somewhat ,acid taste1 and to carry the same into the ,gut1 call'd ,duodenum1 to be there mixt with the ,aliment1 that has been in some degree already fermented in the ,stomack1 for a further fermentation1 to be produced by the conflux of the said acid ,pancreatick juyce and some ,bilious matter1 abounding with volatile ,salt1 causing an ,effervescence2 which done1 that juyce is1 together with the purer part of the nourishment1 carried into the ,milkie veins1 thence into the common receptacle of the ,chyle and ,lymphatick liquor1 and so through the ductus ,thoracicus into the right ,ventricle of the ,heart4 ,this ,assertion1 first advanced 7saith the ,author7 partly by ,gothofredus ,mobius1 partly by ,franciscus de le ,boe ,sylvius1 he undertakes to prove by experiments2 which1 indeed1 he has with much industry1 tried upon several ,animals1 to the end that he might collect some of this juyce of the ,pancreas for a taste3 which having at last obtained1 and found it somewhat acid1 he thereupon proceeds to deliver his opinion both of the constitution and quantity of this ,succus in healthy ,animals1 and the vices thereof1 in the unhealthy3 deriving most diseases partly from its too great ,acidity1 or from its saltness1 or harshness2 partly from its paucity or redundancy3 but especially1 endeavouring to reduce from thence1 as all intermittent ,feavers 7of all the ,phnomena whereof he ventures to assign the causes from this ,hypothesis7 so also the ,gout1 ,syncope's1 ,stranguries1 ,oppilations1 ,diarrhas1 ,dysenteries1 ,hysterical and ,colick passions1 c4 ,all which he concludes with mentioning the waies and remedies to cure the manifold peccancy of this juyce by ,evacuations and ,alterations4 ,this seeming to be a new as well as a considerable discovery1 it is hop'd1 that others will by this intimation be invited to prosecute the same by further experiments1 either to confirm what this ,author has started1 if true1 or to rectifie it1 if he be mistaken4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4 ,in ,fig4 #a4 of ,num4 #i of these ,tracts the ,graver hath placed the bended end of the ,springing ,wire ,c ,f1 above the ,wire-staple ,b1 between it and the ,ring ,e1 of the ,weight ,d2 whereas that end should have been so expressed1 as to pass under the ,wire-staple1 betwixt its two ,wires1 into the said ,ring4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london1 ,printed for ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society4 #afff4 #agi 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #aa4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,april4 #b4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,a ,confirmation of the former ,account1 touching the late ,earth-quake near ,oxford1 and the ,concomitants thereof1 by ,mr4 ,boyle4 ,some ,observations and ,directions about the ,barometer1 communicated by the same ,hand4 ,general ,heads for a ,natural ,history of a ,country1 small or great1 proposed by the same4 ,an ,extract of a ,letter1 written from ,holland1 about ,preserving ,ships from being ,worm-eaten4 ,an ,account of ,mr4 ,boyle's lately publish't ,tract1 entituled1 ,the ,origine of ,forms and ,qualities1 illustrated by ,considerations and ,experiments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,confirmation of the former ,account touching the late ,earth-quake near ,oxford1 and the ,concomitants thereof4 ,this ,confirmation came from the ,noble ,mr4 ,boyle in a ,letter1 to the ,publisher1 as followeth3 ,sidenote3 99 ,see ,num4 #aj4 ,phil4 ,transactions p4 #aff-aga2 at the time of the printing whereof1 this ,relation of ,mr4 ,boyle was not yet come to hand4 ,as to the ,earth-quake1 your curiosity about it makes me sorry1 that1 though ,i think1 ,i was the first1 that gave notice of it to several of the ,virtuosi at ,oxford2 yet the ,account1 that ,i can send you about it1 is not so much of the ,thing it self1 #ahj as of the ,changes of the ,air1 that accompanied it4 ,to inform you of which1 ,i must relate to you1 that riding one ,evening somewhat late betwixt ,oxford a ,lodging1 ,i have at a place1 #d miles distant from it1 the weather having been for a pretty while ,frosty1 ,i found the ,wind so very cold1 that it reduced me to put on some defensives against it1 which ,i never since1 nor1 if ,i forget not1 all the foregoing part of the ,winter was obliged to make use off4 ,my unwillingness to stay long in so troublesome a ,cold1 which continued very piercing1 till ,i had got half way home-ward1 did put me upon galloping at no very lasy rate2 and yet1 before ,i could get to my ,lodgings1 ,i found the ,wind turned1 and felt the ,rain falling2 which1 considering the shortness of the time1 and that this ,accident was preceded by a setled ,frost1 was surprising to me1 and induced me to mention it at my return1 as one of the greatest and suddainest ,alterations of ,air1 ,i have ever observ'd3 ,and what changes ,i found1 have been taken notice of in the ,gravity of the ,atmosphere at the same time by that ,accurate ,observer 99 ,dr4 ,wallis1 who then suspected nothing of what follow'd2 as ,i suppose1 he has ere this told you himself4 ,soon after1 by my guess about an hour1 there was a manifest ,trembling in the ,house where ,i was 7which stands high in comparison of ,oxford47 ,but it was not there so great1 but that ,i1 who chanced to have my thoughts busied enough on other matters1 than the weather1 should not have taken notice of it as an ,earth-quake1 but have imputed it to some other cause1 if one1 that you know1 whose hand is employed in this ,paper1 and begins to be a diligent observer of ,natural things1 had not advertis'd me of it2 as being taken notice of by him and the rest of the people of the ,house4 ,and soon after there hapned a brisk ,storm3 whereupon ,i sent to make inquiry at a place call'd ,brill1 which standing upon a much higher ground1 ,i supposed might be more obnoxious to the effects of the ,earth-quake 7of which1 had ,i had any suspition of it1 my having formerly been in one neer the ,lacus ,lemanus1 would have made me the more observant37 ,but the person ,i sent to1 being #aha disabled by sickness to come over to me 7which he promis'd to do1 as soon as he could7 writ me only a ,ticket1 whose substance was1 ,that the ,earth-quake was there much more considerable1 than where ,i lodged1 and that at a ,gentlemans house1 whom he names 7the most noted ,person1 it seems1 of the neighbourhood7 the ,house trembled very much1 so as to make the ,stones manifestly to move to and fro in the ,parlour1 to the great amazement and fright of all the ,family4 ,the ,hill1 whereon this ,brill stands1 ,i have observ'd to be very well stor'd with ,mineral substances of several kinds2 and from thence ,i have been inform'd by others1 that this ,earth-quake reach'd a good many miles2 but ,i have neither leasure1 nor inclination to entertain you with uncertain reports of the ,extent and other ,circumstances1 especially since a little further time an inquiry may enable me to give you a better warranted account4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,observations and ,directions about the ,barometer1 communicated by the same ,hand1 to the ,author of this ,tract4 ,these shall be set down1 as they came to hand in another ,letter2 videl4 ,sidenote3 99 ,see ,num4 #i4 of the ,phil4 ,transact4 p4 #aei the last paragraph4 ,as to the ,barometrical ,observations 7as for brevities sake ,i use to call them7 though you 99 guessed aright1 that1 when ,i saw those of the ,learned and ,inquisitive ,dr4 ,beale1 ,i had not ,mine by me1 7for ,i left them1 some years since1 in the hands of a ,virtuoso1 nor have ,i now the leasure to look after those ,papers27 yet since by the ,communication1 you have made publick1 'tis probable1 that divers ,ingenious men will be invited to attempt the like ,observations1 ,i shall 7notwithstanding my present haste7 mention to you some particulars1 which perhaps will not appear unseasonable1 that came into my mind upon the reading of what you have presented the ,curious4 ,sidenote3 99 ,some whereof have been since invited by the ,publisher1 to give their concurrence herein4 ,when ,i did1 as you may remember1 some years agoe1 publickly express and desire that some ,inquisitive men would #ahb make ,baroscopical ,observations in several parts of ,england 7if not in forrain ,countries 99 also27 and to assist them1 to do so1 presented some of my ,friends with the necessary ,instruments3 ,the declared reason of my desiring this ,correspondence was 7among other things7 that by comparing ,notes1 the ,extent of the ,atmospherical ,changes1 in point of ,weight1 might be the better estimated4 ,but not having hitherto received some account1 that ,i hoped for1 ,i shall now1 without staying for them1 intimate thus much to you3 ,that it will be very convenient1 that the ,observers take notice not only of the day1 but as near as they can1 of the ,houre wherein the height of the ,mercurial ,cylinder is observ'd3 ,for ,i have often found1 that within less than the compass of one day1 or perhaps half a day1 the ,altitude of it has so considerably vary'd1 as to make it in many cases difficult1 to conclude any thing certainly from ,observations1 that agree but in the day4 ,it will be requisite also1 that the ,observers give notice of the ,scituation of the place1 where their ,barometers stand1 not only1 because it will assist men to ,judge1 whether the ,instruments were duely perfected1 but principally1 because1 that though the ,baroscope be good 7nay1 because it is so7 the ,observations will much disagree1 even when the ,atmosphere is in the same state1 as to ,weight1 if one of the ,instruments stand in a considerably higher part of the ,countrey1 than the other4 ,to confirm both the foregoing admonitions1 ,i must now inform you1 that1 having in these parts two ,lodgings1 the one at ,oxford1 which you know stands in a bottom by the ,thames side1 and the other at a place four miles thence1 seated upon a moderate ,hill1 ,i found1 by comparing two ,baroscopes1 that ,i made1 the one at ,oxford1 the other at ,stanton ,st4 ,johns1 that1 though the former be very good1 and have been noted for such1 during some years1 and the latter was very carefully fill'd2 yet by reason1 that in the ,higher place1 the incumbent part of the ,atmosphere must be lighter1 than in the ,lower1 there is almost #ahc always between #b and #c ,eights of an ,inch difference betwixt them3 ,and having sometimes order'd my servants to take notice of the ,disparity1 and divers times carefully observ'd it my self1 when ,i pass'd to and fro between ,oxford and ,stanton1 ,i generally found1 that the ,oxford ,barometer and the other1 did1 as it were by common consent1 rise and fall together so1 as that in the former the ,mercury was usually #c_/h higher1 than in the latter4 ,which ,observations may teach us1 that the ,subterraneous steams1 which ascend into the ,air1 or the other ,causes of the varying ,weight of the ,atmosphere1 do1 many times1 and at least in some places1 uniformly enough affect the ,air to a greater height1 than1 till ,i had made this tryall1 ,i durst conclude4 ,but1 as most of the ,barometricall observations are subject to exception1 so ,i found the formerly mentioned to be4 ,for 7to omit lesser variations7 riding one evening from ,oxford to ,stanton1 and having1 before ,i took horse1 look't on the ,baroscope in the former of these #b4 places1 ,i was somewhat surprised1 to find at my comming to the latter1 that in places no farther distant1 and notwithstanding the shortness of the time 7which was but an hour and a half1 if so much7 the ,barometer at ,stanton was short of its usual distance from the other1 near a quarter of an ,inch1 though1 the weather being fair and calm1 there appear'd nothing of manifest change in the ,air1 to which ,i could adscribe so great a ,variation2 and though also1 since that time1 the ,mercury in the two ,instruments hath1 for the most part1 proceeded to rise and fall as before4 ,and these being the only ,observations1 ,i have yet met with1 wherein ,baroscopes1 at some ,distance of ,place1 and ,difference of ,height1 have been compar'd 7though ,i cannot now send you the ,reflexions1 ,i have else where made upon them27 as the opportunity ,i had to make them my self1 rendred them not unpleasant to me1 so perhaps the ,novelty will keep them from being unwelcome to you4 ,and ,i confess1 ,i have had some flying suspicions1 that the odd ,phnomena of the ,baroscope1 which have hitherto more pos'd1 than instructed us1 may in time1 if a #ahd competent number of ,correspondents do diligently prosecute the ,inquiries 7especially with ,baroscopes1 accommodated with ,mr4 ,hooks ingenious additions7 make men some ,luciferous discoveries1 that possibly we do not yet dream off4 ,sidenote3 99 ,this hath been inquired into1 and is found1 that several ,accurate and ,curious persons 7as the ,most ,noble ,president of the ,royal ,society1 the ,lord ,viscount ,brounker1 ,doctor ,beale1 ,mr4 ,hook c47 have observed the same4 ,i know not1 whether it will be worth while to add1 that since ,i was oblig'd to leave ,london1 ,i have been put upon so many lesser removes1 that ,i have not been able to make ,baroscopical ,observations with such a constancy1 as ,i have wished1 but1 as far as ,i remember1 the ,quick-silver has been for the most part1 so high1 as to invite me to take notice of it2 and to desire you to do me the favour to inquire among your correspondents whether they have observ'd the same thing4 99 ,for1 if they have1 this lasting 7though not uninterrupted7 ,altitude of the ,quick-silver1 happening1 when the ,seasons of the year have been extraordinary dry 7so much as to become a grievance1 and to dry up1 as one of the late ,gazettes informs us1 some springs near ,waymouth1 that used to run constantly7 it may be worth inquiry1 whether these obstinate ,droughts1 may not be cleaving of the ground too deep1 and making it also in some places more porous and as it were1 spungy1 give a more copious ,vent1 than is usual1 to subterraneal steams1 which adscending into the ,air1 increase the gravity of it4 ,the inducements ,i have to propose this inquiry1 ,i must not now stay to mention4 ,but perhaps1 if the ,observation holds1 it may prove not useless in reference to some ,diseases4 ,sidenote3 99 ,see ,number #i4 ,phil4 ,transact4 p4 #aeg4 #e4 #h #i4 where the ,word1 ,generally1 signifies no more1 than for the most part4 ,perhaps it will be needless to put you in mind of directing those ,virtuosi1 that may desire your ,instructions about ,baroscopes1 to set down in their ,diarys not only the day of the month1 and the hour of the day1 when the ,mercuries height is taken1 but 7in a distinct ,columne7 the weather1 especially the ,winds1 both as to the ,quarters1 whence they blow 7though that be not always so easy nor necessary17 and as to the ,violence or ,remisness1 wherewith they blow4 ,for1 though it be more difficult1 #ahe than one would think1 to settle any general rule about the rising and falling of the ,quick-silver2 yet in these parts one of those1 that seem to hold oftnest1 is1 99 that when high winds blow1 the ,mercury is the lower2 and yet that it self does sometimes fail3 ,for1 this very day 7,march #c47 though on that hill1 where ,i am1 the somewhat ,westerly ,winds have been blustering enough1 yet ever since morning the ,quick-silver has been rising1 and is now risen near #c_/h of an ,inch4 ,i had thoughts to add something about another kind of ,baroscope 7but inferiour to that in use7 whereof ,i have given some intimation in one of the ,prliminaries to the ,history of ,cold4 ,but you have already too much of a letter1 and my occasions1 c4 ,sidenote3 99 ,dr4 ,beale concurs with this ,observation1 when he saith1 in a late ,letter of ,march #ai4 to his ,correspondent in ,london2 ,by change of ,weather and ,wind1 the ,mercury is sunk more than an ,inch1 since ,i wrote to you on ,munday last4 ,march #ab4 ,this last night1 by ,rain and ,south wind1 'tis sunk half an ,inch4 ,so far that ,letter4 ,since which time1 another from the same ,noble ,observer intimates1 ,that1 as for that cause of the height of the ,quick-silver in ,droughts1 which by him is suspected to be the elevation of steams from the ,crust or ,superficial parts of the ,earth1 which by little and little may add to the ,weight of the ,atmosphere1 being not1 as in other seasons1 carried down from time to time by the falling ,rain1 it agrees not ill with what he has had since occasion to observe4 ,for1 whereas about ,march #abth1 at ,oxford1 ,the ,quick-silver was higher1 than1 for ought he knew1 had been yet observ'd in ,england1 viz4 above #e_/af above #cj4 ,inches1 upon the first considerable showers1 that have interrupted our long ,drought1 as he affirms1 he foretold divers hours before that the ,quick-silver would be very low1 7a blustering ,wind concurring with the ,rain7 so he found it at ,stanton to fall #c_/h beneath #bi4 ,inches499 #ahf 99 99 99 99 99 ,general ,heads for a ,natural ,history of a ,countrey1 ,great or ,small1 imparted likewise by ,mr4 ,boyle4 ,it having been already intimated 7,num4 #h of ,phil4 ,transact4 p4 #adj4 #ada47 that divers ,philosophers aime1 among other things1 at the ,composing of a good ,natural ,history1 to superstruct1 in time1 a ,solid and ,useful ,philosophy upon2 and it being of no slight importance1 to be furnisht with pertinent ,heads1 for the direction of ,inquirers2 that lately named ,benefactour to ,experimental ,philosophy1 has been pleased to communicate1 for the ends abovesaid1 the following ,articles1 which 7as himself did signifie7 belong to one of his ,essays of the unpublisht part of the ,usefulness of ,nat4 and ,experimen4 ,philosophy4 ,but first he premises1 that what follows1 is design'd only to point at the more ,general heads of ,inquiry1 which the proposer ignores not to be ,divers of them very comprehensive1 in so much1 that about some of the ,subordinate subjects1 perhaps too1 not the most fertile1 he has drawn up ,articles of inquisition about particulars1 that take up near as much room1 as what is here to be deliver'd of this matter4 ,the ,heads themselves follow2 ,the things1 to be observ'd in such a ,history1 may be variously 7and almost at pleasure7 divided3 ,as1 into ,supraterraneous1 ,terrestrial1 and ,subterraneous2 and otherwise3 but we will at present distinguish them into those things1 that respect the ,heavens1 or concern the ,air1 the ,water1 or the ,earth4 #a4 ,to the ,first sort of ,particulars1 belong the ,longitude and ,latitude of the ,place 7that being of moment in reference to the observations about the ,air c47 and consequently the length of the longest and shortest days and nights1 the ,climate1 parallels c4 what fixt starrs are and what not seen there3 ,what ,constellations 'tis said to be subject to8 ,whereunto may be added other ,astrological matters1 if they be thought worth mentioning4 #ahg #b4 ,about the ,air may be observ'd1 its ,temperature1 as to the first four ,qualities 7commonly so call'd7 and the ,measures of them3 its ,weight1 ,clearness1 ,refractive power3 its ,sublety or ,grossness3 its abounding with1 or wanting an ,esurine ,salt3 its variations according to the seasons of the year1 and the times of the day2 ,what duration the several kinds of ,weather usually have3 ,what ,meteors it is most or least wont to breed2 and in what order they are generated2 and how long they usually last3 ,especially1 what ,winds it is subject to2 whether any of them be stated and ordinary1 c4 ,what diseases are ,epidemical1 that are supposed to flow from the ,air3 ,what other diseases1 wherein that hath a share1 the ,countrey is subject to2 the ,plague and ,contagious sicknesses3 ,what is the usual salubrity or insalubrity of the ,air2 and with what ,constitutions it agrees better or worse1 than others4 #c4 ,about the ,water1 may be observ'd1 the ,sea1 its ,depth1 degree of ,saltness1 ,tydes1 ,currents1 c4 ,next1 ,rivers1 their ,bigness1 ,length1 ,course1 ,inundations1 ,goodness1 ,levity 7or their ,contraries7 of ,waters1 c4 ,then1 ,lakes1 ,ponds1 ,springs1 and especially ,mineral waters1 their ,kinds1 ,qualities1 ,vertues1 and how examined4 ,to the ,waters belong also ,fishes1 what kinds of them 7whether ,salt or ,fresh-water fish7 are to be found in the ,country2 their ,store1 ,bigness1 ,goodness1 ,seasons1 ,haunts1 ,peculiarities of any kind1 and the wayes of taking them1 especially those that are not purely ,mechanical4 #d4 ,in the ,earth1 may be observed1 #a4 ,it self4 #b4 ,its ,inhabitants1 and its ,productions1 and these ,external1 and ,internal4 ,first1 in the ,earth it self1 may be observ'd1 its dimensions1 scituation1 ,east1 ,west1 ,north1 and ,south3 its ,figure1 its ,plains1 and ,valleys1 and their ,extent2 its ,hills and ,mountains1 and the height of the tallest1 both in reference to the neighbouring ,valleys or ,plains1 and in reference to the ,level of the ,sea3 ,as #ahh also1 whether the ,mountains lye scattered1 or in ridges1 and whether those run ,north and ,south1 or ,east and ,west1 c4 ,what ,promontories1 fiery or smoaking ,hills1 c4 the ,country has1 or hath not3 ,whether the ,country be coherent1 or much broken into ,ilands4 ,what the ,magnetical ,declination is in several places1 and the ,variations of that ,declination in the same place 7and1 if either of those be very considerable1 then1 what circumstances may assist one to guess at the ,reason as ,subterraneal fires1 the ,vicinity of ,iron-mines1 c47 what the ,nature of the ,soyle is1 whether ,clays1 ,sandy1 c4 or good ,mould2 and what ,grains1 ,fruits1 and other ,vegetables1 do the most naturally agree with it3 ,as also1 by what particular ,arts and ,industries the ,inhabitants improve the ,advantages1 and remedy the ,inconveniences of their ,soyl3 ,what hidden qualities the ,soyl may have 7as that of ,ireland1 against ,venemous ,beasts1 c47 ,secondly1 above the ignobler ,productions of the ,earth1 there must be a careful account given of the ,inhabitants themselves1 both ,natives and ,strangers1 that have been long settled there3 ,and in particular1 their ,stature1 ,shape1 ,colour1 ,features1 ,strength1 ,agility1 ,beauty 7or the want of it7 ,complexions1 ,hair1 ,dyet1 ,inclinations1 and ,customs that seem not due to ,education4 ,as to their ,women 7besides the other things7 may be observed their ,fruitfulness or ,barrenness2 their hard or easy ,labour1 c4 ,and both in ,women and ,men must be taken notice of what diseases they are subject to1 and in these whether there be any symptome1 or any other ,circumstance1 that is unusual and remarkable4 ,as to the ,external ,productions of the ,earth1 the ,inquiries may be such as these3 ,what ,grasses1 ,grains1 ,herbs1 7,garden and ,wild7 ,flowers1 ,fruit-trees1 ,timber-trees 7especially any ,trees1 whose wood is considerable7 ,coppices1 ,groves1 ,woods1 ,forrests1 c4 the ,country has or wants3 ,what peculiarities are observable in any of them3 ,what ,soyles they most like or dislike2 and with what ,culture they thrive best4 ,what ,animals the ,country has or wants1 both as to wild ,beasts1 ,hawks1 and other ,birds of ,prey2 and as to ,poultrey1 and #ahi ,cattle of all sorts1 and particularly1 whether it have any ,animals1 that are not common1 or any thing1 that is peculiar in those1 that are so4 ,the ,internal ,productions or ,concealments of the ,earth are here understood to be1 the riches that ly hid under the ,ground1 and are not already referr'd to other ,inquiries4 ,among these ,subterraneal observations may be taken notice of1 what sorts of ,minerals of any kind they want1 as well as what they have2 ,then1 what ,quarries the ,country affords1 and the particular conditions both of the ,quarries and the ,stones3 ,as also1 how the ,beds of ,stone lye1 in reference to ,north and ,south1 c4 ,what ,clays and ,earths it affords1 as ,tobacco-pipe-clay1 ,marles1 ,fullers-earths1 ,earths for ,potters wares1 ,bolus's and other medicated ,earths3 ,what other ,minerals it yields1 as ,coals1 ,salt-,mines1 or ,salt-springs1 ,allom1 ,vitrial1 ,sulphur1 c4 ,what ,mettals the ,country yields2 and a description of the ,mines1 their number1 scituation1 depth1 signs1 waters1 damps1 quantities of ore1 goodness of ore1 extraneous things and ways of reducing their ores into ,mettals1 c4 ,to these ,general ,articles of inquiries 7saith their ,proposer7 should be added2 #a ,inquiries about ,traditions concerning all particular things1 relating to that ,country1 as either peculiar to it1 or at least1 uncommon elsewhere1 #b ,inquiries1 that require ,learning or ,skill in the ,answerer3 to which should be subjoyned ,proposals of ways1 to enable men to give ,answers to these more difficult inquiries4 ,thus far our ,author1 who1 as he has been pleased to impart these ,general 7but yet very ,comprehensive and greatly ,directive7 ,articles2 so1 'tis hoped from his own late intimation1 that he will shortly enlarge them with ,particular and ,subordinate ones4 ,these1 in the mean time1 were thought fit to be publisht1 that the ,inquisitive and ,curious1 might1 by such an ,assistance1 be invited not to delay their searches of matters1 that are so highly conducive to the improvement of ,true ,philosophy1 and the wellfare of ,mankind4 #aij 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,extract of a ,letter1 ,written from ,holland1 about ,preserving of ,ships from being ,worm-eaten4 ,this ,extract is borrowed from the ,french journal des ,scavans of ,febr4 #ae4 #afff4 and is here inserted1 to excite ,inventive heads here1 to overtake the ,proposer in ,holland4 ,the letter runs thus3 ,although you have visited our ,port 7,amsterdam7 ,i know not whether you have noted the ill condition1 our ships are in1 that return from the ,indies4 ,there is in those ,seas a kind of small worms1 that fasten themselves to the ,timber of the ships1 and so pierce them1 that they take water every where2 or if they do not altogether pierce them thorow1 they so weaken the wood1 that it is almost impossible to repair them4 ,we have at present a ,man here1 that pretends to have found an admirable secret to remedy this evil4 ,that1 which would render this secret the more important1 is1 that hitherto very many ways have been used to effect it1 but without success4 ,some have imployed ,deal1 ,hair and ,lime1 c4 and therewith lined their ships2 but1 besides that this does not altogether affright the worms1 it retards much the ship's ,course4 ,the ,portugals scorch their ships1 insomuch that in the quick works there is made a coaly crust of about an ,inch thick4 ,but as this is dangerous1 it happening not seldom1 that the whole vessel is burnt2 so the reason why worms eat not thorow ,portugal ships1 is conceived to be the exceeding hardness of the ,timber1 employed by them4 ,we expect with impatience the nature and effect of this ,proposition4 ,many have already ventur'd to give their thoughts concerning it4 ,some say1 there needs no more1 but to build ,ships of a harder kind of ,wood1 than the usual4 ,others having observed1 that these ,worms fasten not to a kind of wild ,indian ,pear-tree1 which is highly bitter1 do thereupon #aia suggest1 that the best ,expedient would be1 to find out a ,wood having that quality4 ,but certainly there being now no ,timber1 fit for ,ships1 that is not known1 'tis not likely that any will be found either more hard1 or more bitter1 than that1 which has been hitherto employed4 ,some do imagine1 that the ,proposer will1 by certain ,lixiviums1 give to the ordinary ,wood such a quality and bitterness1 as is found in the already mention'd ,indian ,pear-tree4 ,but this also will hardly succeed1 since it will be requisite not only to make ,lixiviums1 in great quantities at an easie rate1 and strong enough to penetrate the thick sides of a ,ship1 but also to make them durable enough1 not to be wash't out by the ,sea4 ,yet notwithstanding1 in these matters one ought to suspend on's judgement1 untill experience do shew1 what is to be believed of them4 ,so far the ,extract4 ,to which it may perhaps not be unseasonable to add1 that a very worthy person in ,london1 suggests the ,pitch1 drawn out of ,sea coles1 for a good ,remedy to scare away these noysome insects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of a ,book1 very lately publish't1 entituled1 ,the ,origine of ,forms and ,qualities1 illustrated by ,considerations and ,experiments1 by the ,honourable ,robert ,boyle4 ,this ,curious and ,excellent ,piece1 is a kind of ,introduction to the ,principles of the ,mechanical ,philosophy1 explicating1 by very ,considerable ,observations and ,experiments1 what may be1 according to such ,principles1 conceived of the ,nature and ,origine of ,qualities and ,forms2 the knowledge whereof1 either makes or supposes the ,fundamental and ,useful part of ,natural ,philosophy4 ,in doing of which1 the ,author1 to have his way the clearer1 writes rather for the ,corpuscularian ,philosophers 7as he is pleased to call them7 in ,general1 than any #aib ,party of them1 keeping himself thereby disengaged from adopting an ,hypothesis1 in which perhaps he is not so throughly satisfied1 and of which he does not conceive himself to be necessitated to make use here2 and accordingly forbearing to employ ,arguments1 that are either grounded on1 or suppose ,atoms1 or any ,innate ,motion belonging to them2 or that the ,essence of ,bodies consists in ,extension2 or that a ,vacuum is impossible2 or that there are such ,globuli ,clestes1 or such a ,materia ,subtilis1 as the ,cartesians imploy to explicate most of the ,phnomena of ,nature4 ,the ,treatise consisting of a ,speculative1 and an ,historical part1 the ,author1 with great modesty leaves the ,reader to judge2 ,whether in the ,first part he hath treated of the ,nature and ,origine of ,forms and ,qualities in a more ,comprehensive way1 than others2 ,whether he has by fit ,examples1 and other means1 rendred it more intelligible1 than they have done3 ,whether he has added any considerable number of ,notions and ,arguments towards the compleating and confirming of the proposed ,hypothesis3 ,whether he has with reason dismissed ,arguments unfit to be relied on2 and ,whether he has proposed some ,notions and ,arguments so warily1 as to keep them from being liable to ,exceptions and ,evasions1 whereto they were obnoxious1 as others have proposed them4 ,and1 as to the ,second and ,historical part1 he is enclin'd to believe that the ,reader will grant1 he hath done that part of ,physicks1 he is treating of1 some service1 by strengthning the doctrines of the ,new ,philosophy 7as 'tis call'd7 by such particular ,experiments1 whose ,nature and ,novelty will render them as well ,acceptable as ,instructive4 ,the summe of the ,hypothesis1 fully and clearly explicated in the ,first ,part1 is this2 ,that all ,bodies are made of one ,catholick matter1 common to them all1 and differ but in ,shape1 ,size1 ,motion or ,rest1 and ,texture of the small parts1 they consist off2 from which #aic ,affections of ,matter1 the ,qualites1 that difference particular ,bodies1 result3 whence it may be rationally concluded1 that one kind of ,bodies may be transmuted into another2 that being in effect no more1 than that one ,parcel of the ,universal ,matter1 wherein all ,bodies agree1 may have a ,texture produced in it1 like the ,texture of some other ,parcel of ,matter1 common to them both4 ,to this ,hypothesis1 is subjoin'd an ,examination of the ,scholastick opinion of ,substantial ,forms2 where the ,author1 first1 ,states the ,controversie2 next1 gives the ,principal reasons1 that move him to oppose that ,opinion2 then1 answers the ,main arguments employed to evince it2 further1 assigns both the ,first ,cause of ,forms 7,god27 and the ,grand ,second ,cause thereof 7,local ,motion37 and lastly1 proves the ,mechanical ,production of ,forms2 grounding his proof1 partly upon the ,manner1 by which such a ,convention of ,accidents1 as deserve to pass for a ,form1 may be produced2 as that the ,curious ,shapes of ,salts 7believed to be the admirablest ,effects and strongest ,proofs of ,substantial ,forms7 may be the ,results of ,texture2 ,art being able to produce ,vitriol1 as well as ,nature3 partly1 upon the possibility of ,reproducing ,bodies by skill1 that have been deprived of their reputed ,substantial ,forms3 ,where he alledges the ,redintegration of ,saltpetre1 successfully performed by himself2 though his ,attempts1 made upon the dissipation and re-union of ,amber1 ,allum1 ,sea-,salt1 and ,vitriol1 proved 7by reason of accidental hindrances rather1 than of any impossibility in the ,nature of the ,thing7 less successful4 ,in the ,second and ,historical ,part1 the ,author1 appealing to the ,testimony of ,nature1 to verifie his ,doctrine1 sets down1 both some ,observations1 of what ,nature does without being over-ruled by the power and skill of man2 and some ,experiments1 wherein ,nature is guided1 and as it were1 mastered by ,art4 ,the ,observations are four4 #a4 ,the ,first is taken from what happens in the ,hatching of #aid an ,egge2 out of the ,white whereof1 which is a substance ,similar1 insipid1 soft1 diaphanous1 colourless1 and readily dissoluble in cold water1 there is by the ,new and ,various contrivement of its small parts1 caused by the ,incubation of the ,hen1 an ,animal produced1 some of whose parts are opacous1 some red1 some yellow1 some white1 some fluid1 some consistent1 some solid and frangible1 others tough and flexible1 some well1 some ill-tasted1 some with springs1 some without springs1 c4 #b4 ,the ,second is fetcht from ,water1 which being fluid1 tastless1 inodorous1 diaphanous1 colourless1 volatile1 c4 may by a ,differing ,texture of its parts1 be brought to constitute ,bodies1 having qualities very distant from these1 as ,vegetables1 that have firmeness1 opacity1 odors1 tasts1 colours1 ,medicinal vertues2 yielding also a true ,oyle1 that refuses to mingle with ,water1 c4 #c4 ,the ,third1 from ,inoculation2 wherein1 a small ,bud is able to transmute all the sap1 that arrives at it1 as to make it constitute a ,fruit quite otherwise qualified1 then that1 which is the genuine production of the ,tree1 so that the same sap1 that in one part of the ,branch constitutes 7for ,instance7 a ,cluster of ,haws1 in another part of the same ,branch1 may make a ,pear4 ,where the ,author mentions divers other very considerable ,effects of ,inoculations1 and inserts several ,histories1 all countenancing his doctrine4 #d4 ,the ,fourth1 from ,putrified ,cheese2 wherein1 the rotten part1 by the alteration of its ,texture1 will differ from the ,sound1 in colour1 odor1 taste1 consistence1 vermination1 c4 ,the ,experiments are ten4 #a4 ,a ,solution of ,vitriol and ,camphire2 in which by a change of ,texture1 appear'd the ,production of a deep colour from a #aie white ,body1 and a clear ,liquor without any external heat3 ,the destruction of this ,colour1 by adding only some fair water3 ,the change of an ,odorous ,body1 as ,camphire1 into an ,inodorous1 by mixing it with a ,body1 that has scarce any sensible odour of its own3 ,the sudden restauration of the ,camphire to its native scent and other qualities1 by common water1 c4 #b4 ,sublimate1 distill'd from ,copper and ,silver1 which both did wholly loose their ,metalline forms1 and were melted into brittle lumps1 with colours quite differing from their own2 both apt to imbibe the moisture of the ,air1 c4 #c4 ,a solution of silver into ,luna ,cornea3 ,whereby the opacous1 malleable and hardly fusible ,body of ,silver1 was1 by the addition of a little spirit of salt1 reduced into ,chrystals1 differing from those of other ,mettals2 diaphanous also1 and brittle1 and far more easily fusible1 than ,silver2 wholly unlike either a ,salt or a ,mettal1 but very like to a piece of ,horn1 and withall insipid1 though the ,solution of ,silver1 be very bitter1 and the spirit of salt1 highly sowre1 c4 #d4 ,an ,anomalous ,salt2 7which the ,author had not1 it seems the liberty to teach the ,preparation off7 whose ,ingredients were purely ,saline1 and yet the ,compound1 made up only of salt1 sowre1 and strongly tasted ,bodies1 was rather really sweet1 than of any other taste 1 and when a little urged with heat1 its odour became stronger1 and more insupportable than that of ,aqua fortis1 distilled ,urine and even spirit of salt ,ammoniack2 but yet when these ,fumes settled again into salt1 their odour would again prove inoffensive1 if not pleasant c4 #e4 ,a ,sea-salt1 whence ,aqua fortis had been distilled3 ,where the ,liquor1 that came over1 proved an ,aqua ,regis3 the substance in the bottom1 had not onely a mild taste1 and #aif affected the ,pallat much more like salt-peter1 than ,common salt2 but was also very fusible1 and inflammable1 though produced of two un-inflammable bodies3 and the same substance1 consisting of ,acid salts1 by a certain way of the ,author1 produced a ,fixt salt4 #f4 ,oyle of ,vitriol poured upon a ,solution of ,bay-salt3 whence was abstracted a liquor1 that by the smell and ,taste appeared to be a spirit of salt4 ,in which operation1 the mixture1 by working a great change of ,texture1 did so alter the nature of the compounding ,bodies1 that the sea-salt1 though a considerably fixt ,body1 was distill'd over in a moderate ,fire of sand1 whilst the ,oyl of ,vitriol1 though no such gross salt1 was by the same operation so fixt1 as to stay behind3 ,besides that the same1 by a competent heat yeilded a substance1 though not insipid1 yet not at all of the taste of ,sea-salt1 or of any other pungent one1 much less having the highly corrosive acidity of oyl of ,vitriol1 c4 #g4 ,a dissolvent1 made by pouring a strong spirit of ,nitre on the rectified ,oyl of the ,butter of ,antimony1 and then distilling off all the liquor1 that would come over1 c4 ,this ,menstruum 7called by the ,author ,peracutum7 being put to highly refined ,gold1 destroyed its ,texture1 and produced1 after the method prescribed in the book1 a true ,silver1 as its whiteness in colour1 dissolublenes in ,aqua fortis1 and odious ,bitterness1 did manifest3 which change of a ,mettal1 commonly esteemed to be absolutely indestructible by ,art1 though it be far from being ,lucriferous1 is yet exceedingly ,instructive2 as is also the way1 the ,author here adds1 of ,volatilizing ,gold1 by the power of the same ,dissolvent4 #h4 ,aqua fortis1 concoagulated with differing ,bodies1 produced very differing ,concretes3 ,and the same ,numeral ,saline ,corpuscles1 that being associated with those of one ,mettal1 had already produced a ,body eminent in one ,taste1 did #aig afterwards1 being freed from that ,body1 compose a ,liquor of a very differing taste2 and after that too1 being combin'd with the parties of another ,mettal1 did with them constitute a ,body of a very eminent ,taste1 as opposite as any one can be to both the other ,tasts2 and yet these ,saline ,corpuscles1 being instead of this second ,mettal1 associated with such a one as that1 they are driven from1 did therewith exhibite again the first of the three mention'd ,tasts4 #i4 ,water transmuted into ,earth1 though the ,author saith of this ,transmutation1 that it was not so perfect1 as he wish'd1 and as he hopes to make it4 #aj4 ,a mixture of ,oyle of ,vitriol and ,spirit of ,wine4 ,these two ,liquors1 being of odd ,textures in reference to each other1 their conjunction and distillation made them exhibite these ,phnomena3 vid4 ,that1 whereas ,spirit of ,wine has no great1 nor good scent1 and moderately dephlegm'd ,oyl of ,vitriol is wont to be inodorous2 the ,spirit1 that first came over from their mixture1 had a scent not only very differing from ,spirit of ,wine1 but from all things else1 that the ,author ever smelt2 the ,odor being very fragrant pleasant1 and so subtle1 that in spight of the care taken in luting the ,glasses exactly together1 it would perfume the neighbouring parts of the ,laboratory1 and afterwards smell strongly at some distance from the ,viol1 wherein it was put1 though stopt with a close ,cork covered with two or three several ,bladders4 ,but1 after this volatile and odoriferous ,spirit was come over1 and had been follow'd by an ,acid ,spirit1 it was at last succeeded by a strongly stinking ,liquor1 c4 ,but ,manum de ,tabula3 the ,book it self will certainly give a satisfaction far beyond what here can be said of it4 #aih 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,new observations about the ,planet ,mars1 communicated since the ,printing of the former sheets4 ,there was very lately produced a ,paper1 containing some observations1 made by ,mr4 ,hook1 about the ,planet ,mars2 in the ,face whereof he affirmed to have discovered1 in the late months of ,february and ,march1 that there are several ,macul or ,spotted parts1 changing their place1 and not returning to the same ,position1 till the next ensuing night near about the same time4 ,whence it may be collected1 that ,mars 7as well as ,jupiter1 and the ,earth1 c47 does move about his own ,axis1 of which a fuller account will be given hereafter1 ,god permitting4 ,this short and hasty intimation of it1 is intended onely to invite others1 that have opportunity1 timely to make ,observations1 7either to confirm1 or rectify7 before ,mars gets out of sight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,printed with ,licence for ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society4 #afff4 #aii 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #ab4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,may #g4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,a way of ,preserving ,birds taken out of the ,egge1 and other small ,fetus's2 communicated by ,mr4 ,boyle4 ,an ,extract of a ,letter1 lately sent to ,sr4 ,robert ,moray out of ,virginia1 concerning an unusuall way of ,propagating ,mulberry-trees there1 for the better improvement of the ,silk-,work2 together with some other particulars1 tending to the good of that ,royall ,plantation4 ,a ,method1 by which a ,glass of a small ,plano-,convex ,sphere may be made to refract the ,rayes of ,light to a ,focus of a far greater distance1 than is usuall4 ,observations about ,shining ,worms in ,oysters4 ,observations of the ,effects of ,touch and ,friction4 ,some particulars1 communicated from forrain ,parts1 concerning the ,permanent ,spott in ,jupiter2 and a contest between two ,artists about ,optick-,glasses1 c4 ,an ,account of a ,book written by ,dr4 ,thomas ,sydenham1 entituled1 ,methodus ,curandi ,febres1 propriis ,observationibus superstructa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a way of preserving ,birds taken out of the ,egge1 and other small ,ftus's2 communicated by ,mr4 ,boyle4 ,this was imparted in a ,letter1 as follows2 ,sidenote3 99 ,in the ,usefulness of ,experimental ,philosophy4 ,the time of the year invites me to intimate to you1 that among the other ,uses of the ,experiment1 ,i long since presented the ,society1 of preserving ,whelps taken out of the ,dams womb1 and other ,ftus's1 or parts of them1 in ,spirit of ,wine2 ,i #bjj remember1 ,i did1 when ,i was sollicitous to observe the ,processe of ,nature in the ,formation of a ,chick1 open ,hens ,eggs1 some at such a day1 and some at other daies after the beginning of the ,incubation1 and carefully taking out the ,embryo's1 embalmed each of them in a distinct ,glass 7which is to be carefully stopt7 in ,spirit of ,wine3 ,which ,i did1 that so ,i might have them in readinesse1 to make on them1 at any time1 the ,observations1 ,i thought them capable of affording2 and to let my ,friends at other seasons of the year1 see1 both the differing appearances of the ,chick at the third1 fourth1 seventh1 fourteenth1 or other daies1 after the ,eggs had been sate on1 and 7especially7 some particulars not obvious in ,chickens1 that go about2 as the hanging of the ,gutts out of the ,abdomen1 c4 ,how long the tender ,embryo of the ,chick soon after the ,punctum saliens is discoverable1 and whilst the ,body seems but a little ,organized ,gelly1 and some while after ,that1 will be this way preserv'd1 without being too much shrivel'd up1 ,i was hindred by some mischances to satisfie my self3 but when the ,ftus's1 ,i took out1 were so perfectly formed as they were wont to be about the seventh day1 and after1 they so well retain'd their shape and bulk1 as to make me not repent of my curiosity3 ,and some of those1 which ,i did very early this ,spring1 ,i can yet shew you4 ,i know ,i have mention'd to you an easie application of what ,i1 some year since1 made publick enough2 but not finding it to have been yet made by any other1 and being perswaded by ,experience1 that it may be extended to other ,ftus's1 which this season 7the ,spring7 is time to make provision off1 ,i think the ,advertisement will not seem unseasonable to some of our ,friends2 though being now in haste1 and having in my thoughts divers particulars1 relating to this way of ,preserving ,birds taken out of the ,egge1 and other small ,ftus's1 ,i must content my self to have mention'd that1 which is ,essential1 leaving divers other things1 which a little practise may teach the ,curious1 unmention'd4 ,notwithstanding which1 ,i must not omit these two ,circumstances2 the one1 that when the ,chick was grown big1 before ,i took it out of the ,egge1 ,i have 7but not constantly7 #bja mingled with the ,spirit of ,wine1 a little ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniack1 made 7as ,i have elsewhere delivered7 99 by the help of ,quick-lime3 which ,spirit ,i choose1 because1 though it abounds in a ,salt not ,sowre1 but ,urinous1 yet ,i never observed it 7how strong soever ,i made it7 to coagulate ,spirit of ,wine4 ,the other circumstance is1 that ,i usually found it convenient1 to let the little ,animals1 ,i meant to imbalme1 lie for a little while in ordinary ,spirit of ,wine1 to wash off the looser filth1 that is wont to adhere to the ,chick1 when taken out of the ,egge2 and then1 having put either the same kind of ,spirit1 or better upon the same ,bird1 ,i suffer'd it to soak some hours 7perhaps some daies1 pro re nata7 therein1 that the ,liquor1 having drawn as it were what ,tincture it could1 the ,ftus being remov'd into more pure and well dephlegm'd ,spirit of ,wine1 might not discolour it1 but leave it almost as limpid1 as before it was put in4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,extract of a ,letter1 sent lately to ,sir ,robert ,moray out of ,virginia1 concerning an unusual way of propagating ,mulberry trees there1 for the better improvement of the ,silk-,work2 together with some other particulars1 tending to the good of that ,plantation4 ,i am disappointed at this time of some ,rarities of ,minerals1 ,mettals1 and ,stones2 but you may have them any other time1 as conveniently1 c4 ,i have planted here already ten thousand ,mulberry trees2 and hope1 within two or three years1 to reap good silk of them4 ,i have planted them in a way unusual here1 which advances them two or three years growth1 in respect of their being sown in seed3 ,and they are now1 at writing hereof all holding good1 although this has been a very long and bitter winter with us1 much longer and colder1 than ever ,i did find it in ,scotland or ,england4 ,i intend likewise to plant #bjb them all1 as if they were ,currants or ,goos-berries1 so thick as hedges2 whereby one man may gather as many of them1 as otherwise1 when they are planted in trees at distance1 four persons my do4 ,expedient is the benefit of this ,trade4 ,having discoursed of this new way to all here2 they are generally inclinable to it2 considering that the ,planting their ,trees1 as before1 at distance1 and letting them grow high1 has been the main obstruction of that work hitherto1 and the loss of their time and gain3 but being in hedges1 they will be always young tender plants2 and consequently will be easily cut in great quantities with a pair of ,garden ,sizzers4 ,but there may be suggested yet another1 and perhaps a better way2 which is1 to sowe some ,acres with ,mulberry seed1 and to cut it with a sith1 and ever to keep it under4 ,i have also bethought my self of a new way1 for a few hands to serve many ,worms1 and that more cleanly than before3 which also will be a means1 without more trouble or pains1 to separate unhealthy worms from healthful2 and by which a great many more may be kept in a room1 than otherwise upon shelves1 as is usual here4 ,besides this1 ,i have sown a little ,french ,barley and ,rice seed1 and am thinking on a way of un-husking them with expedition1 and so preparing them for the ,merchant1 as they use to be3 ,but if you can inform me1 how they are prepared1 you may save me some labour4 ,if ,i had any ,coffee in husks1 or any other vegetable commodity1 from the ,streights to try1 ,i would here make tryal with them4 ,its like1 that some of those ,merchants that are of your ,society1 and keep a ,correspondency there1 may assist in procuring them4 ,by the latter ships ,i intend to send you a ,new sort of sweet sented ,tobacco1 which ,i have not yet had time to improve4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,method1 by which a ,glass of a small ,plano-convex ,sphere may be made to refract the ,rayes of light to a ,focus of a far greater distance1 than is usual4 ,this is proposed by ,mr4 ,hook1 in consequence of what was #bjc mention'd from him in ,numb4 #d pag4 #fg1 of these ,transactions4 ,prepare 7saith he7 two ,glasses1 the one exactly flat on both sides1 the other flat on the one side1 and convex on the other1 of what ,sphere you please4 ,let the flat ,glass be a little broader than the other4 ,then let there be made a ,cell or ,ring of ,brass1 very exactly turn'd1 into which these two ,glasses may be so fastened with ,cement1 that the plain surfaces of them may lye exactly paralell1 and that the ,convex-side of the ,plano-convex-,glass may lye inward2 but so1 as not to touch the flat of the other ,glass4 ,these being cemented into the ,ring very closely about the edges1 by a small hole in the side of the ,brass-ring or ,cell1 fill the interposed space between these two with ,water1 ,oyl of ,turpentine1 ,spirit of ,wine1 ,saline ,liquors1 c2 then stop the hole with a screw3 and according to the differing refraction of the interposed ,liquors1 so shall the ,focus of the compound ,glass be longer or shorter4 ,but this 7adds the ,proposer7 ,i would only have look't upon1 as one instance of many 7for there may be others7 of the ,possibility of making a ,glass1 ground in a smaller ,sphere1 to constitute a ,telescope of a much greater length3 ,though 7not to raise too great exspectation7 ,i must add1 ,that of ,spherical object glasses1 those are the best1 which are made of the greatest ,sphere1 and whose substance hath the greatest refraction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observations about ,shining ,worms in ,oysters4 ,these ,observations occur in the ,french journal of ,april #ab4 #afff4 in two letters1 written by ,m4 ,auzout to ,m4 ,dela ,voye2 whereof the substance may be reduced to the following particulars4 #a4 ,that ,m4 ,dela ,voye having observed1 as he thought1 #bjd some shining ,worms in ,oysters2 ,m4 ,auzout1 being made acquainted with it1 did first conceive1 they were not ,worms 7unless they were crushed ones7 that shin'd1 as having not been able then to discern any parts of a ,worm2 but only some shining clammy moysture2 which appeared indeed like a little ,star of a blewish colour1 and stuck to the ,oyster-shell2 being drawn out1 shone in the ,air its whole length 7which was about four or five lines17 and when put upon the ,observers hand1 continued to shine there for some time4 #b4 ,that ,m4 ,auzout afterwards1 causing more than #bj4 douzen of ,oysters to be open'd at ,candle-light1 really saw1 in the dark1 such shining worms in them2 and those of three sorts4 ,one sort was whitish1 having #bd4 or #be4 feet on each side1 forked2 a black speck on one side of the head 7taken by him for a ,chrystallin7 the back like an ,eele1 stript off her skin4 ,the second1 red1 and resembling the common ,glow-worms1 found at ,land1 with folds upon their backs1 and feet like the former2 and with a nose like that of a dog1 and one eye in the head4 ,the third sort was speckled1 having a head like that of a ,sole1 with many tufts of whitish hair on the sides of it1 #c4 ,that1 besides these1 the ,observer saw some much bigger1 that were grayish1 with a big head1 and two horns on it1 like those of a ,snayl1 and with #g4 or #h4 whitish feet1 but these1 though kept by him in the night1 shin'd not4 #d4 ,that the two first sorts are made of a matter easily resoluble1 the least shaking or touch turning them in into a viscous and aqueous matter2 which falling from the shell1 stuck to the ,observers fingers1 and shone there for the space of #bj4 seconds3 and if any little part of this matter1 by strongly shaking the shell1 did fall to the ground1 it appear'd like a little piece of a flaming ,brimstone2 and when shaken off nimbly1 it became like a small shining ,line1 which was dissipated before it came to the ground4 #bje #e4 ,that this shining matter was of different colour2 some1 whitish1 some1 reddish2 but yet that they afforded both1 a light which appear'd a violet to his eye4 #f4 ,that it is very hard to examine these worms entire 7especially the white ones7 because that at the least touch they doe burst1 and resolve into a glutinous moysture2 whence also if it were not for their feet1 that are discover'd in their matter1 none would judge them to be ,worms4 #g4 ,that among those1 which he observed1 he saw two more firm1 than the rest1 which shone all over2 and when they fell from the ,oyster1 twinkled like a great star1 shining strongly1 and emitting rays of a violet-light by turns1 for the space1 7as touch't above7 of #bj4 seconds4 ,which ,scintillation the ,observer imputes to this1 that those worms being alive1 and sometimes raising their head1 sometimes their tayle1 like a ,carpe1 the light increased and lessened accordingly2 seeing that1 when they shone not1 he did1 viewing them by a ,candle1 find them dead4 #h4 ,that forcibly shaking the ,oyster-shells in the dark1 he sometimes saw the whole shell full of lights1 now and then as big as a fingers end2 and abundance of this clammy matter1 both red and white1 7which he judges to have been ,worms7 burst in their holes4 #i4 ,that in the shaking he saw all the ,communications of these little ,verminulous holes1 like to the hole of ,worms in ,wood4 #aj4 ,that in more than #bj douzen of ,oysters he shook no shell 7#aj4 or #ab4 excepted7 but it emitted light3 ,and found some of this light in sixteen of the ,oysters themselves4 #aa4 ,that this light occurs more frequently in big1 than small ,oysters2 in those that are pierced by the ,worm1 oftner1 than #bjf in those that are not1 and rather upon the ,convex-side1 than the other2 and more in fresh ones2 than in the stale4 #ab4 ,that having somewhat scaled the ,convex-side of the shell1 and discover'd the ,communication of the holes1 wherein the often-mention'd viscous moysture1 that has any form of insects1 is found2 he smelt a scent1 that was like the water of a squeesed ,oyster4 #ac4 ,that the ,worms give no light1 when irritated1 but if they do1 the light lasts but a very little time1 whereas that which appears in those1 that were not angred before1 continues a great while2 the ,observer affirming to have kept of it above #b hours4 ,so far the ,journal des ,scavans2 which intimates withal1 that if the ,observers had had better ,microscopes1 they could have better examin'd this matter4 ,but since the curious here in ,england are so well furnish with good ones1 'tis hoped1 that they will employ some of them for further and more minute ,observations of these ,worms2 it being a matter1 which1 joyned with other ,observations1 already made by some excellent persons here1 7especially ,mr4 ,boyle7 upon this subject of ,light1 may prove very luciferous to the doctrine of it1 so much yet in the dark4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,observations of the ,effects of ,touch and ,friction4 ,the ,operations and ,effects of ,touch and ,friction having been lately much taken notice off1 and being lookt upon by some1 as a great ,medical ,branch1 for the curing of many diseases and infirmities2 it will perhaps not be unseasonable to mention 7here also7 some ,observations relating thereunto2 which may give an occasion to others1 to consider this subject more1 than has been done heretofore1 and to make #bjg further ,observations and ,tryals concerning the power of the same4 ,and ,first1 the ,illustrious ,lord of ,verulam1 in his ,history of ,life and ,death1 ,histor4 #f4 4 #c4 observes1 ,that ,motion and ,warmth 7of which two1 ,friction consists7 draws forth1 into the parts1 ,new ,juyce and ,vigour4 ,and ,canon4 ,,xiii4 he affirms1 ,that ,frictions conduce much to ,longevity4 ,see the same1 ,connex4 ix4 4 #bf4 c4 ,secondly1 ,the ,honourable ,robert ,boyle1 in his ,usefulness of ,experimental ,philosophy1 sect #b4 ch4 #ae4 considering the ,body of a ,living man or any ,animal1 as an ,engine1 so composed1 that there is a conspiring communication betwixt its parts1 by vertue whereof a very slight impression of adventitious matter upon some one part1 may be able to work1 on some other distant part1 or perhaps on the whole ,engine1 a change far exceeding1 what the same adventitious matter could do upon a ,body not so contrived3 ,representing1 ,i say1 an ,animal in this manner1 and thence inferring1 how it may be alter'd for the better or worse by motions or impulses1 confessedly ,mechanicall1 observes1 ,how some are recover'd from swouning fits by pricking2 others grow faint and do vomit by the bare motion of a ,coach2 others fall into a troublesome sickness by the agitation of a ,ship1 and by the ,sea-air 7whence they recover by rest1 and by going a shore47 ,again1 how in our ,stables a ,horse well-curried is half-fed3 ,how some can tell by the ,milk of their ,asses1 whether that day they have been well curried or not3 ,arguing hence1 that if in ,milk the alteration is so considerable1 it should be so likewise in the ,blood1 or other ,juyces1 of which the ,blood is elaborated1 and consequently in divers of the principal parts of the ,body4 ,where also 7upon the authority of ,piso7 he refers the ,reader to the ,brasilian ,empiricks1 whose #bjh wild ,frictions1 as unskilfully as they order them1 do strange things1 both in preserving health1 and curing diseases2 curing ,cold and ,chronical ones by ,friction1 as they do ,acute ones1 by ,unction4 ,thirdly1 ,the learned ,dr4 ,john ,beale1 did not long since communicate by some ,letters2 ,first1 that he could make good proof of the curing or killing a very great and dangerous ,wen 7that had been very troublesome for two or three years17 by the application of a dead mans hand1 whence the ,patient felt such a cold stream pass to the ,heart1 that it did almost cause in him a fit of swouning4 ,secondly1 that1 upon his brothers knowledge1 a certain ,cook in a ,noble ,family of ,england 7wherein that brother of his then lived7 having been reproached for the ugliness of his ,warty hands1 and return'd for answer1 that he had tried many remedies1 but found none1 was bid by his ,lord1 to rub his hand with that of a dead man2 and that this ,lord dying soon after1 the ,cook made use both of his ,lords advise and hand1 and speedily found good effect4 7,which is also confirm'd by what ,mr4 ,boyle relates in his lately mentioned ,book1 of ,dr4 ,harvey's frequently succesfull triall1 of curing some ,tumors or ,excrescencies1 by holding on them such a ,hand47 ,here is ,friction or ,touch1 to mortifie ,wens1 to drive away swellings and ,excrescencies3 ,and why not to repell or dissipate ,spirits1 that may have a dangerous influence upon the ,brain1 or other parts2 as well as to call forth the retired ones into the habit of the ,body1 for ,invigoration8 ,thirdly1 that a ,gentleman1 who came lately out of ,ireland1 lay at his ,house1 and inform'd him of an aged ,knight there1 who having great pain in his feet1 insomuch that he was unable to use them1 suffered1 as he was going to bed1 a loving ,spaniell to lick his feet2 which was for the present very pleasing to him1 so that he used it mornings and evenings1 till he found the pain appeased1 and the use of his feet restored4 ,this1 saith #bji the ,relater1 was a gentle touch1 and transpiration2 for he found the ,spirits transpire with a pleasing ,kind of ,titillation4 ,fourthly1 that he can assure of an honest ,blacksmith1 who by his healing hand converted his ,barrs of ,iron into ,plates of ,silver2 and had this particular faculty1 that he caused ,vomitings by stroaking the ,stomack2 gave the ,stool by stroaking the ,belly2 appeased the ,gout1 and other paines1 by stroaking the parts affected4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some particulars1 communicated from forraign parts1 concerning the ,permanent ,spott in ,jupiter2 and a ,contest between two ,artists about ,optick ,glasses1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,see ,numb4 #a4 of these ,transactions2 by the date whereof it will appeare1 that that ,spot was observed in ,england1 a good while before any such thing was so much as heard of4 ,eustachio de ,divinis 7saith the ,informer17 has written a large ,letter1 wherein he pretends1 that the ,permanent ,spot in ,jupiter hath been first of all discovered with his ,glasses2 and that the ,p4 ,gotignies is the first that hath thence deduced the ,motion of ,jupiter about his ,axis2 and that ,signior ,cassini opposed it at first2 to whom the said ,gotignies wrote a letter of complaint thereupon4 ,the same ,eustachio pretends likewise1 that his great ,glasses excell those of ,campani2 and that in all the tryals1 made with them1 they have performed better2 and that ,campani was not willing to do1 what was necessary for well comparing the one with the other4 viz4 ,to put equall ,eye-glasses in them1 or to exchange the same ,glasses4 ,the said ,divini affirms also1 that he hath found a way to #baj know1 whether an ,object glass be good or not1 onely by looking upon it1 without trying4 ,this would be of good use1 especially if it should extend so far as to discerne the goodness of such a glass1 whilst it is yet on the ,cement4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of ,dr4 ,sydenham's ,book1 entituled1 ,methodus ,curandi ,febres1 ,propriis observationibus superstructa4 ,this ,book undertakes to deliver a more certain and more genuine ,method of curing ,feavers and ,agues1 than has obtained hitherto3 ,and it being premised1 ,first1 that a ,fever is ,natures ,engine1 she brings into the field1 to remove her enemy2 or her handmaid1 either for evacuating the impurities of the blood1 or for reducing it into a ,new ,state3 ,secondly1 that the true and genuine cure of this sickness consists in such a tempering of the ,commotion of the ,blood1 that it may neither exceed1 nor be too languide3 ,this1 ,i say1 being premised by the ,author1 he informs the ,reader2 ,in the ,first ,section1 of the different ,method1 to be employed in the cure of ,feavers1 not only in respect of the differing constitutions and ages of the patients1 but also in regard of the differing seasons of one and the same year1 and of the difference of one year from another4 ,as to the ,former1 he shews1 in what sorts of ,patients1 and at what time of the ,feaver1 ,phlebotomy1 or ,vomiting1 or both1 are to be used2 and when and where not3 ,in what space of time the ,depuration if nature be not disturbed or hindred in her work1 will be perform'd3 ,when ,purgatives are to be administred3 ,how that ,diarrhea's happen1 if the ,patient had in the #baa beginning of the ,feaver an inclination to vomit1 but no vomit was given2 and that those symptoms1 which commonly are imputed to a malignity1 do1 for the most part1 proceed from the ,relaxation of the tone of the ,bloud1 caused by ,medicines too refrigerating1 or by the unseasonable use of ,glisters in the declination of the disease4 ,as to the ,latter1 he observes1 that one of the chief causes1 rendring the ,cure of ,feavers so uncertain and unsuccessfull1 is1 that ,practitioners do accommodate their observations1 they take from the successful cure of some ,feavers in one season or the year1 or in some one year1 to that of all ,feavers in any season1 or in any year whatsoever4 ,and here he observes1 first1 how vigorous the blood is in the ,spring1 and how dispirited in ,autumn2 and thence regulates the letting of bloud1 and ,vomiting1 and the giving of ,glisters4 ,next1 how difficult it is1 to assign the cause of the difference between the ,feavers of ,several years2 and to prognosticate of the salubrity or insalubrity of the following part of the year3 where yet he insinuates1 that1 when ,insects do swarm extraordinarily1 and when ,feavers and ,agues 7especially ,quartans7 appear very early1 as about ,midsummer1 then ,autumn commonly proves very sickly4 ,lastly1 what method and ,cautions are to be used in the ,cure of ,epidemical ,feavers4 ,in the ,second ,section1 he treats of the ,symptoms1 accompanying ,continued ,feavers2 as ,phrensies1 ,pleurisies1 ,coughs1 ,hicoughs1 ,fluxes1 c4 ,shewing1 both whence they are caused1 and how they are to be cured3 ,where having inserted a considerable ,paragraph1 touching a certain ,symptomatical ,feaver in the ,spring1 to be cured like ,plurisies2 he mentions among many ,observables1 this1 as a chief one1 that ,laudanum1 or any other ,narcotick given against the ,phrensy1 in the beginning1 progress1 or height of a ,feaver1 does rather hurt1 than good1 but in the declination thereof1 is used with good success4 ,to all which he subjoins a particular #bab accompt of the ,iliac ,passion 7esteem'd by him to be sometimes a ,symptome also of ,feavers27 not only discoursing of its cause 7a preposterous inversion of the ,intestins1 proceeding either from ,obstruction1 or ,irritation17 but adding also a very plain way of ,curing the same2 and that not by the use of ,quick-silver or ,bullets 7by him judged to be frequently noxious7 but only by ,mint-water2 and the application of a ,whelp to the ,patients stomach2 to strengthen the same1 and to reduce it again to its natural motion4 ,in the ,third ,section1 he treats of ,intermittent ,feavers1 or of ,agues3 ,where he discourses of the times of the ,cold and ,hot fits1 and of that of the ,separation of the subdued aguish matter3 ,finds difficulty in giving a satisfactory accompt of the return of ,fits3 distinguishes ,agues into ,vernal and ,autumnal3 ,takes notice1 that as there are few ,continued ,feavers1 so generally there are only ,quotidians and ,tertians1 in the ,spring2 and only ,tertians and ,quartans in ,autumn2 ,of which having offered ,reasons1 that seem considerable1 he proceeds to his ,method of curing them2 and1 laying much weight upon the said difference1 he prescribes and urges different ways to be used in that cure3 ,interserting among other things these notes2 ,first1 that the ,period of ,fermentation in ,feavers1 both ,continued and ,intermittent1 is 7if left to ,natures own conduct1 and well regulated1 if need be1 by ,art7 perform'd in about #ccf4 hours or #ad dayes1 subducting in ,intermittent ones1 the hours of intermission1 and counting #e hours for every ,paroxism2 and imputing the excursion beyond that time to the disturbance given to nature by the error of ,practitioners4 ,secondly1 that whoever hath had a ,quartan formerly1 though many years be pass'd1 shall1 if he chance to have another1 be soon freed from it2 and that a ,physician knowing that1 may confidently predict this4 #bac ,in the ,fourth ,section1 the ,author1 in conformity to the ,custom of those that write of ,feavers1 discourses of the ,small-pox2 and ,first1 examining the cause of this sickness and its universality1 delivers his peculiar opinion of the bloud's endeavouring a ,renovation or a ,new ,texture 7once at least in a ,mans life7 and is inclin'd to preferr the same to the received doctrine of its malignity4 ,then1 having laid down1 for a foundation of the ,cure1 the two times1 of ,separation and ,expulsion1 he argues as well against too high an ,ebullition or too hasty a separation 7by a hot diet or high ,cordials7 as against too languid a one 7by ,blooding1 ,purges1 and ,cooling medicines47 ,the like he does to the ,time of ,expulsion1 forbidding both immoderate ,heat 7whereby ,nature's expelling operation is disturbed by a precipitated and too thick a crowd of the protruded pustuls17 and too much ,cooling1 whereby due ,expulsion is hindred4 ,in short1 he advises1 to permit ,nature to do her own work1 requiring nothing of the ,physician1 but to regulate her1 when she is exorbitant1 and to fortifie her1 when she is too weak4 ,he concludes all1 with delivering a ,model of the ,method1 he would use for his own only ,son1 if he should fall into this ,sickness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,advertisement4 ,whereas 'tis taken notice of1 that several persons perswade themselves1 that these ,philosophical ,transactions are publish't by the ,royal ,society1 notwithstanding many circumstances1 to be met with in the already publish't ones1 #bad that import the contrary2 ,the ,writer thereof hath thought fit1 expresly here to declare1 that that perswasion1 if there be any such indeed1 is a meer mistake2 and that he1 upon his ,private account 7as a ,well-wisher to the advancement of usefull knowledge1 and a ,furtherer thereof by such ,communications1 as he is capable to furnish by that ,philosophical ,correspondency1 which he entertains1 and hopes to enlarge7 hath begun and continues both the composure and publication thereof3 ,though he denies not1 but that1 having the honour and advantage of being a ,fellow of the said ,society1 he inserts at times some of the ,particulars that are presented to them2 to wit1 such as he knows he may mention without offending them1 or transgressing their ,orders2 tending only to administer occasion to others also1 to consider and carry them further1 or to ,observe or ,experiment the like1 according as the nature of such things may require4 99 99 99 99 99 ,printed with ,licence for ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society4 #afff4 #bae 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #ac4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,june #d4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,certain ,problems touching some ,points of ,navigation3 ,of a new ,contrivance of ,wheel-,barometer1 much easier to be prepar'd1 than others4 ,an account of ,four ,suns which lately appear'd in ,france2 and of two1 unusually posited1 ,rainbows1 seen in the same ,kingdom4 ,a ,relation of an ,accident1 by ,thunder and ,lightning1 in ,oxford4 ,an ,experiment1 to examine1 what ,figure or ,celerity of ,motion begetteth or increaseth ,light and ,flame4 ,some ,considerations touching a ,letter in the ,journal des ,scavans of ,may #bd4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,certain ,problems touching some ,points of ,navigation4 ,these ,problems are presented by the ,learned and ,industrious ,nicolaus ,mercator1 for the advancing of that ,excellent and ,beneficial ,science1 ,navigation1 as follows3 ,the line of ,artificial ,tangents1 or the ,logarithmical ,tangent-line1 beginning at #de deg4 and taking every half degree for a whole one1 is found to agree pretty near with the ,meridian-line of the ,sea-,charte2 they both growing1 as it were1 after the same ,proportion4 ,but the ,table of ,meridional degrees being calculated only to every ,sexagesimal minute of a degree1 shews some small difference from the said ,logarithmical ,tangent-line4 ,hence it may be doubted1 whether that difference do not arise from that little errour1 which is committed by calculating the ,table of ,meridional degrees only to every minute4 #baf ,mr4 ,oughtred in the ,,vi4 ,chap4 of his ,navigation1 annexed to the ,book1 entituled1 ,the ,circles of ,proportion1 and the ,horizontal ,instrument c4 mentions an ,artifice1 by himself discover'd1 by which it may be effected1 that the small ,parts of the ,meridian be not one minute 7which on the face of the ,earth answers to above an ,english ,mile7 but the hundred-thousanth1 or1 if need be1 the millioneth part of a minute1 scarce exceeding one fifteenth part of an ,inch3 ,which thing1 he saith1 he is able to perform in ,tables unto the ,radius #ajjjjjjj2 yet nothing at all differing either in their form or manner of working from those that are now commonly in use4 ,but which way this is to be done1 this ,author hath not made known to the ,publick4 ,and1 though such ,tables unto the ,radius #ajjjjjjj1 had been brought to light1 yet would they not be sufficient to prove the identity or sameness of the said two ,lines1 as to continue the comparison between them as far1 as the one of them1 videl4 the ,logarithmicall ,tangent-line1 is already calculated1 that is2 to ,ten places1 besides the ,charactoristick4 ,now therefore1 if a certain ,rule could be produced1 by which the ,agreement or ,disagreement of the said two ,lines might be shew'd1 not only to that ,extent of places1 to which that ,tangent ,line is already calculated1 but also to as many more1 as the same may be yet further extended unto1 in infinitum usque2 surely that rule would not only save us the labour of making ,tables unto the ,radius #ajjjjjjj2 but also the ,helix or ,spiral ,line of the ,ships ,course would be reduced to a more precise exactness1 than ever was pretended by ,him3 and this most ,noble and ,useful ,science 7as ,he justly calls it7 which is the ,bond of most disjunct ,countries1 and the ,consociation of ,nations farthest remote1 would attain its full lustre and perfection4 ,besides1 that the same ,rule would also discover a far easier way of making ,logarithmes1 than ever was practised or known2 and therefore might serve1 when ever there should be occasion1 to extend the ,logarithmes beyond that number of places1 that is already extant4 ,moreover such a rule would enable men to draw the ,meridian line geometrically1 that is1 without ,tables or ,scales3 which indeed #bag might also be done1 by setting of the ,secants of every whole or half degree1 if there were not this ,inconveniency in it 7which is not in my ,rule37 ,that a ,line composed of so many small parts1 would be subject to many errours1 especially in a small compass4 ,the same ,rule also will serve1 to find the ,course and ,distance between two ,places assigned1 as far1 as practice shall require it2 and that1 without any ,table of ,meridional parts1 and yet with as much ease and exactness4 ,and seeing all these things do depend on the solution of this ,question1 ,whether the ,artificial ,tangent-line be the true ,meridian-line8 ,it is therefore1 that ,i undertake1 by ,god's assistance1 to resolve the said ,question4 ,and to let the world know the readiness and confidence1 ,i have to make good this undertaking1 ,i am willing to lay a ,wager against any one or more persons that have a mind to engage1 for so much as another ,invention of mine 7which is of less subtlety1 but of far greater benefit to the publick7 may be worth to the ,inventor4 ,for1 the great advantage1 that all ,merchants1 ,mariners1 and consequently the ,common-wealth1 may receive from this other ,invention1 is1 in my judgment1 highly valuable2 seeing it will oftentimes make a ship sail1 though1 according to the common way of sailing1 the wind be quite contrary1 and yet as near to the place intended1 as if the wind had been favourable3 ,or1 if you will1 it will enable one to gain something in the intended way1 whether the wind be good or no 7except only when you go directly ,south or ,north7 but the advantage will be most1 where there is most need of it1 that is1 when the ,wind is contrary3 ,so that one may very often gain a fifth1 fourth1 third part1 or more of the intended voyage2 according as it is longer or shorter1 viz4 always more in a longer ,voyage1 where the gain is more considerable1 and more welcome2 not only by saving ,time1 but also ,victuals1 ,water1 ,fuel1 ,mens health1 and so much ,room in the ship4 ,all this1 which is here pretended1 the ,proposer is to make good by the ,verdict of some able ,men1 who also may give a guess1 what this latter ,invention may be worth to the owner3 ,and for so much1 and no more1 he will stand engaged against #bah any one or more ,persons1 that he will and shall resolve the ,question above-mention'd1 viz4 ,whether the ,artificial ,tangent-line be the true ,meridian-line1 yea or no8 ,and if he do not1 that then he will loose1 and transport to the other ,party the whole benefit of the last mentioned invention4 ,but if1 on the contrary1 he do prove or disprove the ,identity of the said two lines1 to the ,judgment of some able ,mathematicians1 ,that then so much money be paid him by the other ,party1 as the said ,invention was valued4 ,and1 whereas there are often ,wagers laid about things that concern the ,engagers little or nothing2 'tis thought1 that it would concern all ,merchants1 ,mariners1 and all ,lovers of the common good1 rather to lay wagers against one another about ,things of this nature1 where the ,gainer doth gain as well1 as if he had laid his wager about something else1 and the ,looser hath so far the benefit as well as the ,gaine1 ,that he seeth thereby promoted the thing1 that concerns them both alike4 ,now therefore1 to the end1 that the ,looser may have his benefit by it1 as well as the ,gainer1 it would not be amiss1 that the condition were made thus1 that the latter should grant the moity of his gain to the ,proposer2 that thereby he might be enabled to bring to light both those1 and some other useful inventions1 for the ,service of ,mankind4 ,and to manifest1 that it is not for his own interest only1 that the ,proposer mentions this2 he is willing to impart from that moity1 so received1 the full moity again to any other person within his ,majesty's ,dominions1 who shall first of all give notice of his ,undertaking to prove or disprove the said ,identity1 and perform it accordingly within the space of two ,months1 to be computed from the present ,date4 ,those that have a mind to engage1 may repair to the ,printers of these ,tracts1 where they may know further4 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,a new ,contrivance of ,wheel-,barometer1 much more easy to be prepared1 than that1 which is described in the ,micrography2 imparted by the ,author of that ,book4 ,this is only an easy way of applying an ,index to any ,common ,barascope1 whether the ,glass be only a ,single ,cane1 or have a round ,bolthead at the top4 ,and by the means thereof1 the #bai ,variation of the ,altitude of the ,mercurial ,cylinder1 which at most is hardly three ,inches1 may be made as distinguishable1 as if it were three ,foot1 or three ,yards1 or as much more1 as is desired4 ,the manner hereof is visible enough by ,figure ,i3 where ,a ,b ,c represents the ,tube1 which may be either ,blunt1 or with a ,head1 as ,a ,b ,c 7by which latter shape1 more room is allow'd for any remainder of ,air1 to expand the better47 ,this is to be filled with ,quick-silver1 and inverted as commonly2 but into a ,vessel of ,stagnant ,mercury1 made after the fashion of ,i ,k1 that is1 having its sides about #c or #d inches high1 and the ,cavity of it equally big both above and below2 and if it can be 7besides that part1 which is fill'd by the end of the ,mercurial ,tube1 that stands in it7 of equal capacity with the hollow of the ,cane about ,b3 ,for then the ,quicksilver rising as much in the hollow of ,i1 as it descends at ,b1 the difference of the height in the ,receiver ,i1 will be just half the usual difference1 ,and if the receiving ,vessel ,i ,k have a bigger ,cavity1 the difference will be less1 but if less1 the difference will be greater3 ,but1 whether the difference be hereby made bigger or less1 'tis no great matter1 since by the contrivance of the ,wheel and ,index 7which is more fully described in the ,preface to the ,micrography7 the least variation may be made as sensible as is desired1 by diminishing the bigness of the ,cylinder ,e1 and lengthening the ,index ,f ,g1 according to the ,proportion requisite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of ,four ,suns1 which very lately appear'd in ,france1 and of two ,raine-bows1 unusually posited1 seen in the same ,kingdom1 somewhat longer agoe4 ,these ,phnomena are thought worthy to be inserted here1 for the ,speculation of the ,curious in those ,kingdoms2 as they were publisht in the ,french ,journal des ,scavans1 of ,may #aj1 #afff4 viz4 ,the #ith of ,april of this present year1 about half an hour past nine1 there appear'd three ,circles in the ,sky4 ,one of them was very great1 a little interrupted1 and white every where1 without #bbj the mixture of any other colour4 ,it passed through the midst of the ,sun's ,disk1 and was parallel to the ,horizon4 ,its ,diameter was above a hundred degrees1 and its ,center not far from the ,zenith4 ,the ,second was much less and defective in some places1 having the ,colours of a ,rainbow1 especially in that part1 which was within the great ,circle4 ,it had the true ,sun for its ,center4 ,the ,third was less1 than the first1 but greater than the second2 it was not entire1 but only an ,arch or ,portion of a ,circle1 whose ,center was far distant from that of the ,sun1 and whose circumference did1 by its middle1 join to that of the least ,circle1 intersecting the greatest ,circle by its two extreams4 ,in this ,circle were discerned also the ,colours of a ,rainbow1 but they were not so strong1 as those of the ,second4 ,at the place1 where the circumference of this ,third ,circle did close with that of the ,second1 there was a great brightness of ,rainbow-,colours1 mixt together3 ,and at the two extremities1 where this ,second ,circle intersected the ,first1 appear'd two ,parhelia's or ,mock-suns2 which shone very bright1 but not so bright1 nor were so well defined1 as the true ,sun4 ,the ,false ,sun1 that was towards the ,south1 was bigger1 and far more luminous1 than that towards the ,east4 ,besides those two ,parhelia's1 which were on the two sides of the true ,sun1 in the intersection of the ,first and ,third ,circle1 there was also upon the ,first great ,circle1 a third ,mock-sun1 situated to the ,north1 which was less and less bright1 than the two others4 ,so that at the same time there were seen ,four ,suns in the ,heavens4 ,illustration ,illustration ,figure ,,ii4 will illustrate the ,position of this ,phnomenon4 ,a4 ,the ,zenith or the ,point ,vertical to the place of ,observation4 ,b4 ,the true ,sun4 ,s ,c ,h ,n4 ,the great ,circle1 altogether ,white1 almost parallel to the ,horizon1 which pass'd through the true ,sun's ,diske1 and upon which were the false ,suns4 ,d ,e ,b ,o4 ,a ,rain-bow about the ,sun1 forming an entire ,circle1 but interrupted in some places4 ,h ,d ,n4 ,a portion of a ,circle1 that was ,excentrick to the ,sun1 and greater than the ,circle ,d ,e ,b ,o1 which touch'd ,d ,e ,b ,o1 and was confounded with it in the point ,d4 #bba ,h ,n4 ,the two ,mock-,suns1 in the intersection of the ,semicircle ,h ,d ,n1 and the ,circle ,s ,c ,h ,n3 ,the midst of which two ,false-,suns was white and very luminous2 and their ,extremities towards ,d ,i were tinged with the ,colours of a ,rainbow4 ,the ,false ,sun1 mark'd ,n1 was fainter than that1 which is mark'd ,h4 ,c4 ,the ,mock-,sun1 all white1 and far less shining1 than the two others4 ,i4 ,a space very dark betwixt ,r4 and ,d4 ,sidenote3 99 ,those ,five ,suns1 that appear'd the #bi ,march1 ,a4 #afbi4 at ,rome1 between #b or #c of the ,clock1 in the afternoon1 were thus posited2 that the two of them1 which were in the intersection of two ,circles1 appear'd in that of a ,circle1 which passed through the ,sun's ,diske1 with another1 that was ,concentrick to the ,sun3 as may be seen in ,figure ,,iii4 borrow'd 7for the easier comparing them together7 out of ,des-,cartes his ,meteors1 cap4 ,x4 ,this ,appearance is look't upon as one of the notablest1 that can be seen1 by reason of the ,excentricity of the ,circle ,h ,d ,n1 and because that the ,parhelia 99 were not in the ,intersection of the ,circle ,d ,e ,b ,o with the great ,circle ,s ,c ,h ,n1 but in that of the ,semi-circle ,h ,d ,n4 ,as for the two odd ,rainbows2 they appear'd at ,chartres the #aj4 of ,august1 #affe4 about half an hour past six in the ,evening2 and did cross one another almost at right ,angles1 as may be seen by ,fig4 ,,iv4 ,illustration ,the ,rainbow1 which was opposite to the ,sun1 in the usual manner1 was more deeply colour'd1 than that1 which cross'd it2 though even the ,colours of the first ,iris were not so strong1 as they are now and then seen at other times4 ,the greatest height of the stronger ,rainbow1 was about #de4 degrees2 the feebler ,rainbow lost one of its ,legs1 by growing fainter1 about #bj degrees above the stronger2 and the ,leg below appear'd continued to the ,horizon4 ,these ,rainbows did not ,just decussate one another at right ,angles2 there was some #f or #g degrees difference4 ,the fainter1 seem'd to be a ,portion of a great ,circle2 and the stronger was but a ,portion of a small ,circle1 as usually4 ,the ,sun1 at their appearance1 was about #f degrees high above the ,horizon1 and towards the #ag ,azimuth of the ,west1 ,northward4 #bbb ,the ,observer1 ,m4 ,estienne1 notes1 that1 when he made this ,observation1 the ,river of ,chartres1 which runs very near from ,south to ,north1 was betwixt him and the ,rainbow2 and that he stood ,level with this ,river1 whence he was distant not above #aej paces3 which he adds1 that the ,curious may the better judge of this ,observation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation of an ,accident by ,thunder and ,lightning1 at ,oxford4 ,this was imparted by ,dr4 ,wallis in a ,letter1 written at ,oxford1 ,may #ab1 #afff4 to the ,publisher1 as follows3 ,i should scarce have given you so soon the trouble of another ,letter1 were it not for an ,accident which hapn'd here ,may #aj4 ,i had that afternoon1 about #d of the clock heard it thunder at some distance4 ,about #e of the clock the ,thunder coming nearer to us2 it began to rain1 and soon after 7the rain withal increasing7 the ,thunder grew very loud1 and frequent1 and with long ratling ,claps 7though not altogether so great1 as ,i have some other times heard37 and the ,lightning with flashes very bright 7notwithstanding the clear day-light7 and very frequent1 7when at the fastest1 scarce a full minute between one flash and another2 many times not so much1 but a second flash before the ,thunder of the former was heard37 ,the ,thunder for the most part began to be heard about #h or #aj second minutes after the flash2 as ,i observ'd for a great part of the time by my ,minute-,watch3 but once or twice ,i observ'd it to follow 7in a manner7 immediately upon it1 as it were in the same moment2 and the lightning extream red and fiery4 ,i do not use to be much apprehensive of ,thunder and ,lightning1 but ,i was at this time 7,i know not well1 why87 very apprehensive1 more than ordinary1 of mischief to be done by it1 for it seem'd to me to be very low and near us 7which made me so particular1 as to observe the distance of the flash by the noise7 and very frequent1 and bright1 so that1 had it been by night as it was by day1 it would have been very terrible4 ,and1 though ,i kept within doors1 yet ,i sensibly discover'd a stinking sulphureous smell in the ,air4 ,about #g of the clock it ended1 before which time ,i had news brought me of a ,sad ,accident upon the #bbc water at ,medley about a ,mile or somewhat more distant from hence4 ,two ,schollars of ,wadham-,colledge1 being alone in a ,boat 7without a ,water-man7 having newly thrust off from shore1 at ,medley1 to come homewards1 standing near the ,head of the ,boat1 were presently with a stroke of ,thunder or ,lightning1 both struck off out of the ,boat into the ,water1 the one of them stark dead1 in whom1 though presently taken out of the ,water 7having been by relation1 scarce a minute in it7 there was not discerned any appearance of life1 sense1 or motion3 the other was stuck fast in the ,mud 7with his ,feet downwards1 and his upper parts above water7 like a post not able to help himself out2 but1 besides a present stonying or numness1 had no other hurt2 but was for the present so disturb'd in his senses1 as that he knew not1 how he came there out of the ,boat1 nor could remember either ,thunder or ,lightning1 that did effect it3 and was very feeble and faint upon it2 which 7though presently put into a warm ,bed7 he had not thoroughly recover'd by the next ,night2 and whether since he have or no1 ,i know not4 ,others in another ,boat1 about #aj or #bj yards from these 7as by their description ,i estimate7 felt a disturbance and shaking in their ,boat1 and one of them had his ,chair struck from under him1 and thrown upon him2 but had no hurt4 ,those immediately made up to the others1 and 7some leaping into the ,water to them7 presently drew them either into the ,boat or on ,shore2 yet none of them saw these two fall into the ,water 7not looking that way7 but heard one of them cry out for help presently upon the stroke1 and smelt a strange stinking smell in the ,air2 which1 when ,i asked him1 that told it me1 what kind of stink8 he said1 like such a smell1 as is perceived upon the stricking of ,flints together4 ,he that was dead 7when by putting into a warm ,bed1 and rubbing1 and putting strong waters into his ,mouth1 c4 no life could be brought into him7 was the next morning brought to town2 where1 among the multitudes of others1 who came to see1 ,dr4 ,willis1 ,dr4 ,mellington1 ,dr4 ,lower1 and my self1 with some others1 went to view the ,corps3 where we found no wound at all in the skin1 the face and neck swart and black1 but not more1 than might be ordinary1 by the settling of the blood3 ,on the right side of the neck was a little blackish spot about an inch long1 and #bbd about a quarter of an inch broad at the broadest1 and was1 as if it had been sear'd with a hot iron2 and1 as ,i remember1 one somewhat bigger on the left side of the neck1 below the ,ear4 ,streight down the breast1 but towards the left side of it1 was a large place about three quarters of a ,foot in length1 and about two inches in breadth1 in some places more1 in some less1 which was burnt and hard1 like ,leather burnt with the fire1 of a deep blackish red ,colour1 not much unlike the scorch'd skin of a rosted ,pig4 ,and on the fore-part of the left ,shoulder such another spot about as big as a ,shilling2 but that in the neck was blacker and seem'd more sear'd4 ,from the top of the right shoulder1 sloping downwards towards that place in his ,breast1 was a narrow ,line of the like scorched skin2 as if somewhat had come in there at the neck1 and had run down to the breast1 and there spread broader4 ,the buttons of his ,doublet were most of them off2 which1 some thought might have been torn off with the blast1 getting in at the neck1 and then bursting its way out3 for which the greatest presumption was 7to me7 that1 besides #d or #e buttons wanting towards the bottom of the ,breast1 there were about half a dozen together clear off from the bottom of the collar downwards1 and ,i do not remember1 that the rest of the buttons seem to be near worn out1 but almost new4 ,the collar of his doublet just over the fore-part of the left shoulder was quit broken asunder1 cloth and stiffening1 streight downwards1 as if cut or chop'd asunder1 but with a ,blunt tool2 only the inward linnen or fustian lineing of it was whole1 by which1 and by the view of the ragged ,edges1 it seem'd manifest to me1 that it was by the stroak inward 7from without7 not outwards from within4 ,his ,hat was strangely torn1 not just on the ,crown1 but on the side of the hat1 and on the brim4 ,on the side of it was a great hole1 more than to put in ones fist through it3 some part of it being quite struck away1 and from thence divers gashes every way1 as if torn1 or cut with a ,dull tool1 and some of them of a good length1 almost quite to the edges of the brim4 ,and1 beside these1 one or two gashes more1 which did not communicate with the hole in the side4 ,this also ,i judged by a stroke inwards2 not so much from the view of the edges of those gashes 7from which there was scarce any judgement to be made either way7 but #bbe because the lining was not torn1 only ript off from the edge of the hat 7where it was sow'd on7 on that side1 where the hole was made4 ,but his hat not being found upon his head1 but at some distance from him1 it did not appear1 against what part of the head that hole was made4 ,upon the rest of his ,cloaths1 ,i do not know of any further effect1 nor did we smell any sulphurous scent about them3 which might be1 ,partly because it was now a good while after the time1 and ,partly by reason of their being presently drenched in the water into which he fell4 ,the night following1 the three ,doctors above mentioned1 and my self1 with some ,chirurgions 7besides a multitude of others7 were present at the opening of the head1 to see if any thing could be there discover'd2 but there appear'd no sign of contusion2 the brain full and in good order2 the nerves whole and sound1 the vessels of the brain pretty full of ,blood4 ,but nothing was by any of them discern'd to be at all amiss4 ,but it was by candle-light1 and they had not time to make very nice ,observations of it 7the ,body being to be buried by and by7 and the croud of ,people was a further hindrance4 ,but if any thing had been considerably out of order to the view1 it would surely have been by some of them discover'd4 ,some of them thought1 they discern'd a small fissure or crack in the skull2 and some who held it1 while it was sawing off1 said1 they felt it ,jarring in their hands1 and there seem'd to the eye something like it1 but it was so small1 as that by candle-light we could not agree it certainly so to be4 ,some of the ,hair on the right ,temple was manifestly singed1 or burnt2 and the lower part of that ,ear blacker1 than the parts about it1 but soft2 and it might be only the settling of the ,blood4 ,the upper part of the left shoulder1 and that side of the neck1 were also somewhat blacker than the rest of the ,body1 but whether it were by the blow1 which broke the collar1 and scorch'd the round red spot thereupon1 or only by settling of the ,blood1 ,i cannot say2 yet ,i think1 it might very well be1 that both on the head1 and on this side of the neck1 there might be a very great blow1 and a contusion upon it 7and seems to have been so1 by the tearing of the hat1 and breaking the collar1 if not also cracking of the skull7 and yet no sign of such contusion1 because dying so immediately1 there was not time for the ,blood to gather #bbf to the part and stagnate there 7which in bruises is the cause of blackness7 and it was but as if such a blow had been given on a ,body newly dead2 which does not use to cause such a symptom of a bruise1 after the ,blood ceases to circulate4 ,having done with1 the ,head1 they open'd the ,breast1 and found that burning to reach quite through the skin1 which was in those scorch'd places hard and horney1 and shrunk up1 so as it was not so thick as the soft skin about it3 but no appearance of any thing deeper than the skin2 the ,muscles not at all disorder'd or discolour'd 7perhaps1 upon the reason1 that was but now said of the ,head1 ,neck and ,shoulder74 ,having then taken off the ,sternum1 the ,lungs and ,heart appear'd all well1 and well-colour'd without any disorder4 ,this is the sum of what was observ'd2 only that the whole ,body was1 by night1 very much swell'd1 more than in the morning2 and smelt very strong and offensively3 ,which might be by the hotness of the weather1 and by the heat of the place occasion'd by the multitude of ,people4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,experiment to examine1 what ,figure1 and ,celerity of ,motion begetteth1 or encreaseth ,light and ,flame4 ,this was communicated by ,dr4 ,beale1 as follows2 ,may #e4 #affe4 fresh ,mackrels were boyl'd in ,water1 with salt and sweet herbs2 and1 when the ,water was perfectly cold1 the next morning1 the ,mackrels were left in the ,water for pickle4 ,may #f4 more fresh ,mackrels were boyl'd in like ,water2 and ,may #g4 both ,water and ,mackrels were put into the former ,water1 together with the former ,mackrels4 7,which circumstances ,i do particularize1 because1 whether1 the mixture of the pickle of several ages1 and a certain space of time1 or whatever else was necessary1 and wanting1 the trial did not succeed with like effect at other times74 ,but now on the next ,munday 7,may #h74 evening1 the ,cook stirring the ,water1 to take out some of the ,mackrels1 found the ,water at the first motion become very luminous1 and the ,fish shining through the ,water1 as adding much to the ,light1 which the water yielded4 ,the water by the mixture of ,salt and ,herbs1 #bbg in the boyling1 was of it self thick and rather blackish1 than of any other clear colour3 yet being stirr'd1 it shin'd1 and all the fish appear'd1 more brightly luminous in their own shapes4 ,wherever the drops of this water 7after it was stirr'd7 fell on the ,ground1 or ,benches1 they shin'd3 ,and the ,children took drops in their hands1 as broad as a penny1 running with them about the house1 and each drop1 both near and at distance1 seem'd by their shining as broad as a six pence1 or a shilling1 or broader4 ,the ,cook turn'd up the side of the ,fish1 which was lowest1 and thence came no shining3 and after the water was for some good time settled1 and fully at rest1 it did not shine at all4 ,on ,tuesday night 7,may #i74 we repeated the same ,trial1 and found the same effects4 ,the water1 till it was stirr'd1 gave no light1 but was thick and dark1 as we saw by day-light1 and by candle-light4 ,as soon as the ,cook's hand was thrust into the water1 it began to have a glimmering2 but being gently stirr'd by the hand moving round 7as the ,dairy-maid do to gather the ,curds for ,cheese7 it did so shine1 that they1 who look'd on it at some distance1 from the farther end of another room1 thought verily1 it was the shining of the ,moon through a ,window upon a ,vessel of ,milk2 and by brisker ,circulation it seem'd to flame4 ,the ,fish did then shine as well from the ,inside1 as the ,outside1 and chiefly from the ,throat1 and such places1 as seem'd a little broken in the boyling4 ,i took a piece that shin'd most1 and fitted it as well as ,i could devise in the night1 both to my great ,microscope1 and afterwards to my little one2 but ,i could discern no light by any of these ,glasses2 nor from any drops of the shining water1 when put into the ,glasses4 ,and ,may #aj4 in the brightest rayes of the ,sun1 ,i examin'd1 in my great ,microscope1 a small broken piece of the ,fish1 which shin'd most the night before4 ,we could find nothing on the surface of the ,fish very remarkable4 ,it seem'd whitish1 and in a manner dried1 with deep inequalities4 ,and others1 as well as my self1 thought1 we saw a stream1 rather darkish1 than luminous1 arising like a very small dust from the ,fish3 ,and rarely here and there1 a very small2 and almost imperceptible sparkle in the ,fish4 ,yet of these sparkles we are certain2 we numbered them1 and agreed in the number1 order and place4 ,of the steam ,i am not confident1 but do suspect our ,eyes in the #bbh bright ,sun1 or that it might be some dust in the ,aire4 ,the great ,microscope being fitted in the day-light for this piece of ,fish1 we examin'd it that night1 and it yielded no light at all1 either by the view of the ,glass1 or otherwise4 ,finding it dry1 ,i thought that the moisture of ,spittle1 and touching of it1 might cause it to shine3 and so it did1 though but a very little1 in a few small sparks1 which soon extinguish'd4 ,this we saw with the bare eye2 not in the ,glass4 ,the ,fish were not yet fetide1 nor insipid to the best discerning palats3 ,and ,i caused two ,fish to be kept for further ,tryal1 two or three days longer1 till they were fetide in very hot weather2 and then ,i expected more brightness1 but could find none1 either in the water1 by stirring it1 or in the ,fish1 taken out of the water4 ,and some ,trials ,i made afterwards with other boyl'd ,mackrels 7as is above said7 with like pickle1 but failed of the like success4 ,this season serves for many ,trials in this kind1 and by better ,microscopes1 or better ordered4 ,and in these ,vulgarities we may perhaps as well trace out the cause and nature of ,light1 as in ,jewels of greatest value1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,considerations touching a ,letter in the ,journal des ,scavans of ,may #bd4 #afff4 ,in ,num4 #i4 of these ,transactions were publish'd the ,schemes and ,descriptions of certain ,ways of ,sounding the ,depth of the ,sea without a ,line2 and of ,fetching up ,water from the bottom of it2 together with some ,experiments already made with the former of these two ,contrivances4 ,the ,author of the ,french ,journal des ,scavans found good1 to insert them both in his ,journal of ,may #c4 but in another of ,may #bd4 intimates1 that the said ,schemes and their ,descriptions are not very clear and intelligible 7he means1 that they were not well understood by ,french ,readers7 proposing also some ,difficulties1 relating to that ,subject1 and esteemed by him necessary to be satisfied1 before any use could be made of the said ,instruments4 ,upon this occasion1 the ,author of these ,tracts thinks fit1 here to represent1 #bbi ,first1 ,that ,englishmen and such others1 as are well versed in the ,english tongue1 find no difficulty in understanding the descriptions of these ,engines1 nor in apprehending their structure1 exhibited by the ,figures1 especially if notice be taken of the ,emendation1 expressed at the end of ,num4 #aj4 about the misgraving the ,bended end of the ,springing ,wire 7which it seems has not been noted in ,france1 tho' the said ,num4 #aj is known to have been seen there a pretty while before their ,journal of ,may #bd4 was publish'd74 ,and as for the particular of the ,bucket1 fetching water from the bottom of the ,sea1 both the ,figure and the annexed ,description thereof are so plain and clear1 that 'tis some wonder here1 that any difficulty of understanding them is pretended by any1 that hath but ordinary skill in ,cutts and the ,english language4 ,mean while1 that way1 which the ,french ,author recommends for this purpose as more simple1 ,videl4 a ,brass-,pump with double ,valves1 is not at all unknown in ,england1 nor has bin left untried there2 but was found inconvenient1 in respect that the ,valves in descending did not fully open1 and give the water a free passage through the ,cavity of the ,vessel1 nor in ascending shut so close1 as to hinder the water from coming in at the top3 ,whereas by the way proposed in ,num4 #i4 both is perform'd with great ease and security4 ,secondly1 ,whereas the ,french ,author is of opinion1 that 'tis unknown1 how much time a ,heavy ,body requires to sink in water1 according to a certain depth2 he may please to take notice1 that that hath been made out in ,england by frequent ,experiments2 by which1 several ,depths1 found by this ,method of sounding without a ,line1 were examin'd by trying them over again in the same place with a ,line1 after the common way4 ,and as to that ,qure of his1 ,whether a heavy ,body descends in the same ,proportion of swiftness in ,water1 that it would do in ,air8 ,the ,answer is1 that it does not2 but that1 after it is sunk one or two fathoms into the ,water1 it has there arrived to its greatest swiftness1 and keeps1 after that1 an equal degree of velocity2 the ,resistance of the water being then found equal to the ,endeavour of the heavy ,body downwards4 ,thirdly1 ,when the same ,author alledges that it must be known1 when a ,light ,body reascends from the bottom of the water to #bcj the top1 in what proportion of time and swiftness it rises4 ,he seems not to have considered1 that in this ,experiment1 the times of the descent and assent are both taken and computed together2 so that for this purpose1 there needs not that nicety1 he discourses of4 ,fourthly1 ,whereas it is further excepted1 ,that this way of ,sounding ,depths is no new ,invention2 ,the answer is ready1 that neither is it pretended to be so1 in the often quoted ,tract2 it being only intimated there1 that the manner of performing it1 as it is in that place represented and described1 is new4 ,lastly1 ,to rectifie the said ,author's mistake1 as if the instrument of fetching up ,water from the bottom of the ,sea1 were chiefly contriv'd1 to find out1 ,whether in some places of the ,sea any ,sweet ,water is to be met with at the bottom3 ,there will need no more1 than to direct him to the ,book it self ,num4 #i4 where p4 #adi4 towards the end1 the ,first use of this ,bucket is express'd to be1 to know the degrees of ,saltness of the ,water according to its nearness to the top or bottom2 or rather to know the constitution of the ,sea-water in several depths of several ,climates1 which is a matter1 much better to be found out by ,trial1 than ,discourse4 ,neither is it any where argued in that ,book 7as the ,french ,journal insinuates7 that1 because sweet water is found at the ,bottom of the ,sea of ,baharem1 therefore it must1 but only that it may1 be found so elsewhere4 ,and since the same ,journal admits1 that those ,sweet water-springs1 which yield the sweet water1 that is found at the said place1 have been formerly on the ,continent1 far enough from the ,sea1 which hath afterwards covered them4 ,it will be1 it is presumed1 lawful to ask1 ,why in many other places there may not be found the like8 ,and besides1 how we do know1 but that there may be in other parts1 ,eruptious of large ,springs at the bottom of the ,sea1 as well as there8 99 99 99 99 99 ,printed with ,licence for ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal-,society4 #afff4 #bca 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #ad4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,july #b4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,an ,account of a ,new kind of ,baroscope1 which may be call'd ,statical2 and of some ,advantages and ,conveniencies it hath above the ,mercurial2 communicated by ,mr4 ,boyle4 ,the ,particular ,observations of the ,planet ,mars1 formerly intimated to have been made by ,mr4 ,hook in ,february and ,march last4 ,some ,observations1 made in ,italy1 confirming the former2 and withall fixing the ,period of the said ,planet's ,revolution4 ,observations1 lately made at ,london1 of the ,planet ,jupiter3 as also of ,saturn4 ,a ,relation of a sad ,effect of ,thunder and ,lightning4 ,an ,account of some ,books1 lately publish'd2 videl4 ,the ,relations of divers ,curious ,voyages1 by ,mons4 ,thevenot3 ,a ,discourse about the ,cause of the ,inundation of the ,nile1 by ,mons4 de la ,chambre1 both ,french3 ,de ,principiis ,ratiocinatione ,geometrarum1 ,contra ,fastum ,professerum ,geometri1 by ,mr4 ,hobbes3 ,king ,salomons ,pourtraiture of ,old ,age1 by ,j4 ,smith1 ,m4 ,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of a ,new kind of ,baroscope1 which may be called ,statical2 and of some ,advantages and ,conveniencies it hath above the ,mercurial3 ,communicated1 some while since1 by the ,honourable ,robert ,boyle4 ,sidenote3 99 ,see ,num4 #aa4 p4 #ahe4 ,phil4 ,transactions4 ,as for the ,new kind of ,baroscopes1 which1 not long agoe1 99 ,i intimated to you1 that my haste would not permit me to give you an account off2 since your ,letters acquaint me1 that you still design a ,communicating to the #bcb ,curious as much ,information1 as may be1 in reference to ,baroscopes2 ,i shall venture to send you some ,account of what ,i did but name 7in my former ,letter7 to you4 ,sidenote3 99 ,the ,scales here meant were before competent ,eyewitnesses made to turn manifestly with the thousandth part of a grain4 ,though by a ,passage1 you may meet with in the #aith and #bjth ,pages of my ,thermometrical ,experiments and ,thoughts1 you may find1 that ,i did some years agoe think upon this ,new kind of ,baroscope2 yet the ,changes of the ,atmosphere's ,weight not happening to be then such1 as ,i wish'd1 and being unwilling to deprive my self of all other use of the exactest ,ballance 991 that ,i 7or perhaps any man7 ever had1 ,i confess to you1 that successive avocations put this attempt for two or three years out of my thoughts2 till afterwards returning to a place1 where ,i chanc'd to find two or three pairs of ,scales1 ,i had left there1 the sight of them brought it into my mind2 and though ,i were then unable to procure exacter1 yet my desire to make the ,experiment some amends for so long a neglect1 put me upon considering1 that if ,i provided a ,glass-buble1 more than ordinary large and light1 even such ,ballances1 as those1 might in some measure perform1 what ,i had tried with the strangely nice ones above-mention'd4 ,i caused then to be blown at the ,flame of a ,lamp some ,glass-bubles as large1 thin and light1 as ,i could then procure1 and choosing among them1 one1 that seem'd the least unfit for my turn1 ,i counterpoised it in a pair of ,scales1 that would loose their quilibrium with about the #cjth part of a ,grain1 and were suspended at a ,frame4 ,i placed both the ,ballance and the ,frame by a good ,baroscope1 from whence ,i might learn the present weight of the ,atmosphere4 ,then leaving these ,instruments together2 though the ,scales1 being no nicer than ,i have express'd1 were not able to shew me all the ,variations of the ,air's weight that appear'd in the ,mercurial ,baroscope1 yet they did what ,i expected1 by shewing me variations no greater1 than alter'd the height of ,quicksilver half a quarter of an ,inch1 and perhaps much smaller than those3 ,nor did ,i doubt1 that1 if ,i had had either tender ,scales1 or the means of supplying the experiment with convenient accommodations1 ,i should have #bcc discerned far smaller ,alterations of the ,weight of the ,air1 since ,i had the pleasure to see the ,buble sometimes in an quilibrium with the counterpoise2 sometimes1 when the ,atmosphere was high1 preponderate so manifestly1 that the ,scales being gently stirr'd1 the ,cock would play altogether on that side1 at which the ,buble was hung2 and at other times 7when the ,air was heavier7 that1 which was at the first but the ,counterpoise1 would preponderate1 and1 upon the motion or the ,ballance1 make the ,cock vibrate altogether on its side4 ,and this would continue sometimes many daies together1 if the ,air so long retain'd the same measure of gravity2 and then 7upon other changes7 the ,buble would regain an quilibrium1 or a preponderance2 so that ,i had oftentimes the satisfaction1 by looking first upon the ,statical ,baroscope 7as for distinctions sake it may be call'd7 to foretell1 whether in the ,mercurial ,baroscope the ,liquor were high or low4 ,which ,observations though they hold as well in ,winter1 and several times in ,summer 7for ,i was often absent during that season7 as the ,spring1 yet the frequency of their ,vicissitudes 7which perhaps was but accidental7 made them more pleasant in the latter of these seasons4 ,so that1 the matter of ,fact having been made out by variety of repeated ,observations1 and by sometimes comparing severall of those new ,baroscopes together1 ,i shall add some of those ,notes about this ,instrument1 which readily occur to my memory1 reserving the rest till another opportunity4 ,and ,first1 if the ground1 on which ,i went in framing this ,baroscope1 be demanded1 the answer in short may be2 #a4 ,that1 though the ,glass-buble1 and the ,glass-counterpoise1 at the time of their first being weigh'd1 be in the ,air1 wherein they both are weigh'd1 exactly of the same weight2 yet they are nothing near of the same bulk2 the ,buble1 by reason of its capacious cavity 7which contains nothing but ,air1 or something that weighs less than ,air7 being perhaps a hundred or two hundred times 7for ,i have not conveniency to measure them7 bigger than the ,metalline counterpoise4 #b4 ,that according to a ,hydrostatical ,law 7which you know ,i have lately had occasion to make out7 ,if two ,bodies of equal gravity1 but unequal bulk come to be weigh'd in another ,medium1 they will be no longer #bcd equiponderant2 but if the new ,medium be heavier1 the greater ,body1 as being lighter in ,specie1 will loose more of its weight1 than the lesser and more compact2 but if the new ,medium be lighter than the first1 then the bigger ,body will outweigh the lesser2 ,and this disparity1 arising from the change of ,medium's1 will be so much the greater1 by how much the greater inequality of bulk there is between the ,bodies formerly equiponderant4 #c4 ,that1 laying these two together1 ,i consider'd1 that 'twould be all one1 as to the effect to be produced1 whether the ,bodies were weighed in ,mediums of differing gravity1 or in the same ,medium1 in case its 7specifick7 gravity were considerably alter'd3 ,and consequently1 that since it appear'd by the ,baroscope1 that the weight of the ,air was sometimes heavier1 and sometimes lighter1 the alterations of it1 in point of gravity1 from the weight1 it was off at first counterpoising of the ,buble of it1 would unequally affect so large and hollow a ,body1 as the ,buble1 and so small and dense a one1 as a ,metallin weight3 ,and when the ,air by an increase of gravity should become a heavier ,medium1 than before1 it would buoy up the ,glass more than the ,counterpoise2 and if it grew lighter1 than it was at first1 would suffer the former to preponderate3 7,the ,illustrations and ,proof can scarce be added in few words2 but1 if it be desired1 ,i may1 ,god permitting1 send you them at my next leasure37 ,and though our ,english ,air be about a thousand times lighter1 than water1 the difference in weight of so little ,air1 as is but equal in bulk to a ,buble1 seem'd to give small hopes1 that it would be sensible upon a ,ballance2 yet1 by making the ,buble very large and light1 ,i supposed and found the ,event1 ,i have already related4 ,secondly1 ,the hermetically seal'd ,glass-buble1 ,i employed1 was of the bigness of a somewhat large ,orange1 and weigh'd about #a4 drachme and #aj4 grains4 ,but ,i thought it very possible1 if ,i had been better furnish'd with conveniencies 7wherein ,i afterwards found1 ,i was not mistaken7 to make 7among many1 that might be expected to miscarry7 some1 that might be preferable to this1 either for capacity or lightness1 or both2 especially if care be taken1 that they be not seal'd up1 whilst they are too hot4 ,for1 though one would think1 that it were #bce advantagious to rarify and drive out the ,air as much as is possible1 because in such seal'd ,bubles the ,air it self 7as ,i have elsewhere shewn7 has a weight2 yet this advantage countervails not the inconvenience of being obliged to increase the weight of the ,glass1 which when it includes highly rarified ,air1 if it be not somewhat strong1 will be broken by the pressure of the ,external ,air1 as ,i have sufficiently tryed4 ,thirdly1 ,i would have tryed1 whether the ,dryness and ,moisture of the ,air would in any measure have alter'd the weight of the ,buble1 as well as the ,variation of ,gravity produced in the ,atmosphere by other causes2 but the extraordinarily constant absence of ,fogs1 kept me from making ,observations of this kind2 save that one morning early1 being told of a mist1 ,i sent to see 7being my self in bed7 whether it made the ,air so heavy as to buoy up the ,buble2 but did not learn1 that that mist had any sensible operation on it4 ,fourthly1 ,by reason of the difficulties and casualties1 that may happen about the procuring and preserving such large and light ,bubles1 as ,i have been lately mentioning2 it may in some cases prove a convenience to be inform'd1 ,that ,i have sometimes1 instead of one sufficiently large ,buble1 made use of two1 that were smaller4 ,and1 though a single ,buble of competent bignes be much preferable1 by reason that a far less quantity and weight of ,glass is requisite to comprise an equal capacity1 when the ,glass is blown into a single ,buble1 than when it is divided into two2 yet ,i found1 that the employing of two instead of one1 did not so ill answer my exspectations1 but that they may for a need serve the turn instead of the other2 than which they are more easier to be procured2 ,and if the ,ballance be strong enough to bear so much ,glass1 without being injur'd3 by employing two or a greater number of large ,bubles1 the effect may be more conspicuous1 than if only a single ,buble 7though a very good one7 were employed4 ,this instrument may be much improved by divers ,accommodations1 ,as ,first1 ,there may be fitted to the ,ansa 7or ,checks of the ,ballance7 an ,arch 7of a ,circle7 divided into #ae4 or #bj4 deg4 7more or less1 according to the goodness of the ,ballance7 that the ,cock resting over against these ,divisions1 may readily #bcf and without ,calculation shew the quantity of the ,angle1 by which1 when the scales propend either way1 the ,cock declines from the ,perpendicular1 and the beam from its ,horizontall parallelism4 ,secondly1 ,those1 that will be so curious1 may1 instead of the ,ordinary ,counterpoise 7of ,brass7 employ one of ,gold1 or at least of ,lead1 whereof the latter being of equal weight with ,brass1 is much less in ,bulk1 and the former amounts not to half its bigness4 ,thirdly1 ,these parts of the ,ballance1 that may be made of ,copper or ,brass1 without any prejudice to the exactness1 will1 by being made of one of those ,mettals1 be less subject1 than ,steel1 7which yet1 if well hardned and polish'd1 may last good a great while7 to rust with long standing4 ,fourthly1 ,instead of the scales1 the ,buble may be hung at one end of the ,beam1 and only a ,counterpoise to it at the other1 that the ,beam may not be burthen'd with unnecessary weight4 ,fifthly1 ,the whole instrument1 if placed in a small ,frame1 like a square ,lanthorn with ,glass-windows1 and a hole at the top for the ,commerce of the internal and external ,air1 will be more free from dust1 and irregular agitations2 to the latter of which1 it will otherwise be sometimes incident4 ,sixthly1 ,this instrument being accommodated with a light ,wheele and an ,index 7such as have been applyed by the excellent ,dr4 ,chr4 ,wren to open ,weather glasses1 and by the ingenious ,mr4 ,hook to ,baroscopes7 may be made to shew much more minute variations1 than otherwise4 ,seventhly1 ,and the length of the ,beam1 and exquisitness of the ,ballance1 may easily1 without any of the foregoing helps 7and much more with them7 make the instrument far exacter1 than any of those1 ,i was reduced to employ4 ,and to these ,accommodations divers others may be suggested by a farther consideration of the nature of the thing1 and a longer practice4 ,though in some respects this ,statical ,baroscope be inferior to the ,mercurial2 yet in others it has its own advantages and conveniencies above it4 ,and #a3 ,it confirms ad oculum our former ,doctrine1 that the falling and rising of the ,mercury depends upon the varying weight of the ,atmosphere2 since in this ,baroscope it cannot #bcg be pretended1 that a ,fuga vacui1 or a ,funiculus1 is the cause of the changes1 we observe4 #b4 ,it shews1 that not only the ,air has weight1 but a more considerable one1 than some ,learned men1 who will allow me to have prov'd1 it has some weight1 will admit2 since even the variation of weight in so small a quantity of ,air1 as is but equal in bulk to an ,orange1 is manifestly discoverable upon such ,balances1 as are none of the nicest4 #c4 ,this ,statical ,baroscope will oftentimes be more parable1 than the other3 ,for many will finde it more easie1 to procure a good pair of ,gold-scales1 and a ,buble or two1 than a long ,cane seal'd1 a quantity of ,quick-silver1 and all the other requisits of the ,mercurial ,baroscope2 especially if we comprise the trouble and skill1 that is requisite to free the deserted part of the ,tube from ,air4 #d4 ,and whereas the difficulty of removing the ,mercurial ,instrument has kept men from so much as attempting to do it1 even to neighbouring places2 the ,essential parts of the ,scale-,baroscope 7for the ,frame is none of them7 may very easily in a little room be carried1 whither one will1 without the hazard of being spoil'd or injur'd4 #e4 ,there is not in ,statical ,baroscopes1 as in the other1 a danger of uncertainty1 as to the goodness of the ,instruments1 by reason1 that in these the ,air is1 in some more1 and in some less perfectly excluded2 whereas in those1 that consideration has no place4 7,and by the way1 ,i have sometimes1 upon this account1 been able to discover by our new ,baroscope1 that an esteem'd ,mercurial one1 to which ,i compared it1 was not well freed from ,air47 #f4 ,it being1 as ,i formerly intimated1 very possible to discover ,hydrostatically1 both the bigness of the ,buble1 and the ,contents of the cavity1 and the weight and dimensions of the ,glassie substance 7which together with the included ,air make up the ,buble17 much may be discover'd by this ,instrument1 as to the ,weight of the ,air1 absolute or respective4 ,for1 when the ,quick-silver in the ,mercurial ,baroscope is either very high1 or very low1 or at a middle station between its greatest and least height1 bringing the ,scale-,barometer to an exact quilibrium 7#a with very minute divisions of a ,graine17 you may1 by watchfully observing1 when the ,mercury is risen or faln just an inch1 or a fourth1 of half an inch c4 and putting in the like minute divisions of a ,grain to the lighter ,scale1 till you have again brought the ,ballance to an #bch exquisit quilibrium2 you may1 ,i say1 determine1 ,what known weight in the ,statical ,baroscope answers such determinate ,altitudes of the ascending and descending ,quick-silver in the ,mercurial4 ,and if the ,ballance be accommodated with a divided ,arch1 or a ,wheel and ,index1 these ,observations will assist you for the future to determine readily1 by seeing the inclination of the ,cock or the degree mark'd by the ,index1 what pollency the ,buble hath1 by the change of the ,atmospheres weight1 acquired or lost4 ,some ,observations of this nature ,i watchfully made1 sometimes putting in a #fdth4 sometimes a #cbth4 sometimes a #afth4 and sometimes heavier parts of a ,grain1 to the lighter ,scale4 ,but one1 that knew not1 for what uses those little papers were1 coming to a window1 where my ,baroscopes stood1 so unluckily shook them out of the ,scales1 and confounded them1 that he robb'd me of the opportunity of making the nice ,observations ,i intended1 though ,i had the satisfaction of seeing1 that they were to be made4 #g4 ,by this ,statical ,instrument we may be assisted to compare the ,mercurial ,baroscopes of several places 7though never so distant7 and to make some ,estimates of the ,gravities of the ,air therein4 ,as if1 for instance1 ,i have found by ,observation1 that the ,buble1 ,i employ1 7and one may have divers ,bubles of several sizes1 that the one may repaire any mischance1 that may happen to another7 weigh'd just a ,drachme1 when the ,mercurial ,cylinder was at the height of #bi inches 7which in some places ,i have found a moderate altitude27 and that the ,addition of the #afth part of a gr4 is requisite to keep the ,buble in an quilibrium1 when the ,mercury is risen an #hth1 or any determinate part of an inch above the former station3 ,when ,i come to another place1 where there is a ,mercurial ,barometer1 as well freed from ,air as mine 7for that must be supposed7 if taking out my ,scale instrument1 it appeare to weigh precisely a ,drachme1 and the ,mercury in the ,baroscope there stand at just #bi inches1 we may conclude the ,gravity of the ,atmosphere not to be sensibly unequal in both those two places1 though very distant4 ,and though there be no ,baroscope there1 yet if there be an additional weight1 as for instance1 the #afth part of a ,grain requisite to be added to the ,buble1 to bring the scales to an quilibrium1 it will appear that the ,air at this second place is1 at that time #bci so much heavier1 than the ,air of the former place was1 when the ,mercury stood at #bi inches4 ,but in making such comparisons1 we must not forget to consider the ,situation of the several places1 if we mean to make ,estimates not only of the weight of the ,atmosphere1 but of the weight and density of the ,air4 ,for1 though the ,scales wil shew 7as has been said7 whether there be a difference of weight in the ,atmosphere at the two places2 yet1 if one of them be in a ,vale or bottom1 and the other on the top or some elevated part of a ,hill1 it is not to be exspected1 that the ,atmosphere1 in this latter place1 should gravitate as much1 as the ,atmosphere in the former1 on which a longer ,pillar of ,air does lean or weigh4 ,and the mention1 ,i have made of the differing ,situation of ,places1 puts me in mind of something1 that may prove another use of our ,statical ,baroscope1 and which ,i had thoughts of making tryal off1 but was ,accidentally hindred from the opportunity of doing it4 ,namely1 that by exactly poysing the ,buble at the foot of a high ,steeple or ,hill1 and carrying it in its close ,frame to the top1 one may1 by the weight requisite to be added to ,counterpoise there to bring the ,beam to its ,horizontal position1 observe the difference of the weight of the ,air at the bottom1 and at the top2 and1 in case the ,hill be high enough1 at some intermediate ,stations4 ,but how far this may assist men1 to estimate the ,absolute or ,comparative height of ,mountains1 and other elevated ,places2 and what other ,uses the ,instrument may be put to1 when it is duly improved2 and the ,cautions1 that may be requisite in the several cases1 that shall be proposed1 ,i must leave to more leasure1 and farther ,consideration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,particulars of those ,observations of the ,planet ,mars1 formerly intimated to have been made at ,london in the ,months of ,february and ,march ,a4 #affe_/f4 ,to perform1 what was promised ,num4 #aa4 of these ,papers1 pag4 #aih2 'tis thought fit now to publish the ,particular ,observations1 concerning the spots in ,mars1 and their motion1 as they were made with a #cf foot ,telescope1 and produced in #bdj writing before the ,royal ,society1 the #bh ,march #afff4 by ,mr4 ,hook1 as follows2 ,having a great desire 7saith he7 to observe the ,body of ,mars1 whilst ,acronycal and ,retrograde 7having formerly with a ,glass of about #ab4 foot long1 observ'd some kind of ,spots in the ,face of it17 though it be not at present in the ,perihelium of its ,orbe1 but nearer its ,aphelium1 yet ,i found1 that the ,face of it1 when neer its ,opposition to the ,sun 7with a ,charge1 the #cf4 foot-glass1 ,i made use off1 would well bear7 appear'd very near as big1 as that of the ,moon to the naked eye2 which ,i found1 by comparing it with the ,full ,moon1 near adjoyning to it1 ,march #aj4 ,but such had been the ill disposition of the ,air for several nights1 that from more than #bj4 ,observations of it1 which ,i had made since its being ,retrograde1 ,i could find nothing of satisfaction1 though ,i often imagin'd1 ,i saw ,spots1 yet the ,inflective veins of the ,air 7if ,i may so call those parts1 which1 being interspers'd up and down in it1 have a greater or less ,refractive power1 than the ,air next adjoyning1 with which they are mixt7 did make it so confus'd and glaring1 that ,i could not conclude upon any thing4 ,on the third of ,march1 though the ,air were still bad enough yet ,i could see now and then the ,body of ,mars appearing of the form ,a3 which ,i presently described by a ,scheme2 and about #aj4 minutes after1 as exactly representing what ,i saw through the ,glass1 as ,i could1 ,i drew the ,scheme ,b4 ,this ,i was sufficiently satisfied 7by very often observing it through the ,tube1 and changing my ,eye into various positions1 that so there might be no kind of ,fallacy in it7 could be nothing else1 but some more ,dusky and ,spotted parts of the ,face of this ,planet4 ,march #aj4 finding the ,air very bad1 ,i made use of a very shallow ,eye-glass1 as finding nothing ,distinct with the greater ,charge2 and saw the appearance of it as in ,c1 which ,i imagin'd1 might be the ,representation of the former ,spots by a lesser charge4 ,about #c of the ,clock the same morning1 the ,air being very bad 7though to appearance exceeding clear1 and causing all the ,stars to twinckle1 and the minute ,stars to appear very thick7 the body seem'd like ,d2 which ,i still suppos'd to be #bda the ,representation of the same ,spots through a more confused and glaring ,air4 ,but observing ,march #ba4 ,i was surprised to find the ,air 7though not so clear1 as to the appearance of small ,stars7 so exceeding transparent1 and the ,face of ,mars so very well defined1 and round1 and distinct1 that ,i could manifestly see it of the shape in ,e4 about half an hour after ,nine at night4 ,the ,triangular spot on the right side 7as it was inverted by the ,telescope1 according to the appearances1 through with all the preceeding ,figures are drawn7 appear'd very black and distinct1 the other towards the left more dim2 but both of them sufficiently plain and defin'd4 ,about a quarter before #ab4 of the ,clock the same night1 ,i observ'd it again with the same ,glass1 and found the appearance exactly1 as in ,f2 which ,i imagin'd to shew me a ,motion of the former triangular spot3 ,but designing to observe it again about #c4 of the ,clock the same ,morning1 ,i was hindred by cloudy weather4 ,but ,march #bb4 about half an hour after #h4 at night1 finding the same ,spots in the same posture1 ,i concluded1 that the preceeding ,observation was only the appearance of the same ,spots at another height and thickness of the ,air3 ,and thought my self confirm'd in this ,opinion1 by finding them in much the same posture1 ,march #bc4 about half an hour after #i4 though the ,air was nothing so good as before4 ,and though ,i desired to make ,observations1 about #c4 of the ,clock those mornings2 yet something or other interven'd1 that hindred me1 till ,march #bh4 about #c of the ,clock1 the ,air being light 7in weight7 though moist and a little hazy2 when ,i plainly saw it1 to have the form1 represented in ,i2 which is not reconcileable with the other ,appearances1 unless we allow a ,turbinated motion of ,mars upon its ,center3 ,which1 if such there be1 from the ,observations made ,march #ba4 #bb4 and #bc4 we may guess it to be once or twice in about #bd4 hours unless it may have some kind of ,librating motion2 which seems not so likely4 ,now1 whether certainly so or not1 ,i shall endeavour1 as oft as ,i have opportunity1 further to observe4 ,illustration ,a particular direction to the ,figures mentioned in the precedent discourse4 ,a4 ,march #c;d4 #jj;h4 #bjm4 in the morning3 the ,air having many #bdb inflecting parts dispersed up and down in it2 by the ,wheel ,barometer1 heavy1 ,b4 ,another ,scheme1 which ,i drew from my ,observation1 about #aj4 minutes after1 the same morning4 ,both these were observed with a very deep ,eye-glass4 ,c4 ,march #aj;d4 #jj;h4 #bjm4 in the morning3 the ,air heavy and inflective4 ,use was made of a shallow or ordinary ,charge4 ,d4 ,march #aj;d4 #c;h4 #jjm in the ,morning2 the ,air very heavy and ,inflective1 which made it glare and radiate1 and be more confused1 than about #c4 hours before4 ,a shallow ,charge4 ,e4 ,march #ba;d4 #i;h4 post merid2 the ,air light 7in weight7 and clear1 without inflecting parts2 the ,face appear'd most distinctly of this ,forme4 ,a shallow ,charge4 ,f4 ,march #ba;d4 #aa;h4 post merid2 the ,air continuing very light and clear1 without inflecting vapours4 ,a shallow ,charge4 ,g4 ,march #bb;d4 #h;h4 post mer4 the ,air clear1 with few inflecting veins in it1 and indifferent light4 ,a shallow ,charge4 ,h4 ,march #bc;d4 #i;h4 post mer4 the ,air pretty light1 but moist1 and somewhat thick and hazy1 but seem'd to have but few veins1 or inflecting parts4 ,i4 ,march #bh;d4 #c;h4 p4 m4 much the same kind of ,air with that of ,march #bc2 light1 moist1 and a little hazy1 with some very few veins4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observations made in ,italy1 confirming the former1 and withall fixing the ,period of the ,revolution of ,mars4 ,these ,observations we shall summarily present the ,curious in these parts with1 as they were lately presented 7by ,letter from his ,excellency the ,ambassadour of ,venice1 now residing at the ,court of ,france7 to the ,royal ,society1 in some printed sheets of ,paper1 entituled1 ,,martis1 circa ,axem proprium ,revolubilis1 ,observationes1 ,,bononi ,,jo4 ,,dominico ,,cassino habit2 come to hand ,june #c4 #afff4 ,in these ,papers the ,excellent ,cassini affirms2 #a4 ,that with a ,telescope of #bd4 ,palmes1 or of about #af ,foot1 wrought after ,s4 ,campani's way1 he began to observe ,february #f4 #afff 7st4n47 in the morning1 and saw two dark ,spots in the first ,face of ,mars4 #bdc #b4 ,that with the same ,glass he observ'd ,febr4 #ad_/bd4 in the ,evening1 in the other ,face of this ,planet1 two other ,spots1 like those of the first1 but bigger4 #c4 ,that afterwards continuing the ,observations1 he found the ,spots of these two ,faces to turn by little and little from ,east to ,west1 and to return at last to the same situation1 wherein he had seen them first4 #d4 ,that ,s4 ,campani1 having also observ'd at ,rome with ,glasses of #ej4 ,palmes or about #ce ,foot1 likewise of his own contrivance1 had seen in the same ,planet the same ,phenomena4 #e4 ,that sometimes he hath seen1 during the same night1 the two ,faces of ,mars1 one1 in the ,evening1 the other in the ,morning4 #f4 ,that the ,motion of these ,spots in the inferior part of the apparent ,hemisphere of ,mars1 is made from ,east to ,west1 as that of all the other ,celestial ,bodies1 and is peform'd by ,parallels1 that decline much from the ,equator1 and little from the ,ecliptick4 #g4 ,that the ,spots return the next day to the same situation1 #dj4 minuts later1 than the day before2 so that in every #cf4 or #cg4 daies1 about the same hour1 they come again to the same place4 #h4 ,he promises shortly to give us the particular ,tables of this ,motion and of its ,inequalities1 together with the ,ephemerides themselves4 #i4 ,he represents1 that some other ,astronomers have also made at ,rome several ,observations of these ,spots of ,mars1 from ,march #ad_/bd4 to ,march #bj_/cj4 with ,glasses1 wrought by ,eustachio ,divini1 of #be4 and #de4 ,palmes2 ,which ,spots he makes little differing from his own1 of the first ,face2 as will by and by appear1 by the direction to the ,schemes4 #aj4 ,but he adds1 that those other ,roman ,astronomers1 that have observ'd with ,divini's ,glasses1 will have the ,conversion of ,mars to be performed1 not in #bd h1 #dj m4 7as he maintains it is7 but in about #ac h4 #aa4 ,and to evince1 that they are mistaken in these ,observations of theirs2 he alledges1 ,that they assure that the ,spots1 which they have seen in this ,planet1 7by an ,eustachian ,telescope7 the #bj_/cj of ,march1 were small1 very distant from one another1 remote from the middle of the ,disk1 and the ,oriental ,spot was less1 than the ,occidental 7as is represented by the ,fig4 ,o2 like that of the first ,face of ,mars47 whereas1 on the contrary1 #bdd ,he 7,cassini7 pretends to evidence by his ,observations1 made at the same time at ,bononia1 that1 the same day and hour1 those ,spots were very large1 neer one another1 in the midst of the ,disk1 the ,oriental bigger than the ,occidental 7as appears by ,fig4 ,p1 which is that of the second ,face of ,mars47 #ab4 ,besides1 he declares1 that those ,astronomers were too hasty1 in determining1 after #e or #f ,observations only1 in how much time ,mars finish's his ,revolution2 and denies it to be perform'd in #ac hours3 adding1 that1 though ,himself had observ'd for a much longer time1 than they2 yet he durst not for a great while define1 ,whether ,mars made but one ,turn in #bd hours #dj minuts or two2 and that all1 that he could1 for a long time affirm1 was onely this1 that after #bd h4 #dj m4 this ,planet appear'd in the same manner he did before4 #ac4 ,but since those first ,observations1 ,he affirms to have found cause to determine1 that the ,period of this ,conversion is made in the said space of #bd h4 #dj m2 and not oftner than once within that time2 ,alledging for proof2 #a4 ,that1 whereas ,febr4 #f4 7st4n47 he saw the ,spots of the first ,face of ,mars1 moving from eleven of the ,clock in the night1 until break of day1 they appear'd not afterwards in the ,evening after the rising of that ,planet 7witness several intelligent persons1 which he names1 that were present at the ,observations7 ,whence he infers1 that after #ab hours and #bj minuts1 the same ,spots did not come about2 since that the same1 which in the morning were seen in the middle1 upon the rising of ,mars2 after #ac or #ad hours1 might have appear'd neer the ,occidental ,limb4 ,but1 because he might be imposed upon by ,vapors1 whilst ,mars was yet so neer the ,horizon1 he gives this other determination1 vid4 #b4 ,whereas he saw the first ,face of ,mars the #f of ,february at #aa of the clock of the night following2 he did not see the same after #ah daies at the same hour2 as he ought to have done1 if the ,period were absolved in the space of #ab h4 #bj m4 ,illustration #c4 ,again1 whereas he saw ,febr4 #bd4 in the ,evening1 the other ,face of ,mars1 he could not see the same1 the #ac4 and #ae4 day of ,march1 to wit after #ag and #ai days2 as he should have done1 if the ,revolution were made in the newly mention'd time4 #d4 ,again1 whereas the #bg4 of ,march in the ,evening he saw #bde the second ,face of ,mars1 he could not see it the #ad4 and #af4 of ,april4 ,from all which ,observations he ,judges it to be evident1 that the ,period of this ,planets ,revolution is not perform'd in the space of #ab4 hours #bj1 minutes1 but in about #bd hours #dj minutes2 more exactly to be determin'd by comparing distant ,observations3 ,and that those who affirm the former1 must have been deceived by not well distinguishing the two ,faces1 but that having seen the second1 taken it for the first4 ,all which he concludes with this ,advertisement1 that1 when he defines the time of the ,revolution of ,mars1 he does not speak of its ,mean ,revolution1 but onely of that1 which he observ'd1 whilst ,mars was opposite to the ,sun2 which is the shortest of all4 ,the ,figures of the ,principal ,observations1 represented in the ,book here discoursed of1 may be seen in the annexed ,scheme2 videl4 ,k4 ,one of the ,faces of ,mars1 as ,s4 ,cassini observed it ,march #c4 7st4n47 #afff in the ,evening1 with a ,glass of #bd ,palmes4 ,l4 ,the other ,face1 as he saw it ,febr4 #ad_/bd in the ,evening4 ,m4 ,the first ,face1 as ,s4 ,campani saw at ,rome1 ,march #c4 #afff4 in the ,evening1 with a ,glass of #ej ,palmes4 ,n4 ,the second ,face1 as the same ,campani observed it ,march #ah_/bh4 in the ,evening4 ,o4 ,the figure of ,mars as it was seen at ,rome by a ,telescope of ,divini of #de ,palmes1 ,march #bj_/cj4 ,p4 ,the ,figure of the said ,planet1 as it was seen the same day and hour at ,bononia by ,cassini2 being that of the second ,face4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,observations lately made at ,london concerning the ,planet ,jupiter4 ,these1 as they were made1 so they were imparted1 by ,mr4 ,hook1 as follows3 ,illustration ,a4 #afff1 ,june #bf4 between #c4 and #d4 of the ,clock in the morning1 ,i observed the ,body of ,jupiter through a #fj foot-glass1 and found the apparent ,diameter of it through the ,tube1 to be somewhat more than #b4 degrees1 that is1 about four #bdf times as big1 as the ,diameter of the ,moon appears to the naked ,eye4 ,i saw the ,limb pretty round1 and very well defin'd without radiation4 ,the parts of the ,phasis of it had various degrees of ,light4 ,about a and f1 the ,north and ,south poles of it 7in the ,fig ,q47 'twas somewhat darker1 and by degrees it grew brighter towards b4 and e1 two ,belts or ,zones2 the one of which 7b7 was a small dark ,belt crossing the ,body ,southward2 ,adjoyning to which was a smal ,line of a somewhat lighter part2 and below that again1 ,southwards1 was the great black ,belt c4 ,between that1 and e1 the other smaller black ,belt1 was a pretty large and bright ,zone2 but the middle d1 was somewhat darker than the edges4 ,i perceiv'd about #c;h4 #aem4 near the middle of this1 a very dark round ,spot1 like that represented at g1 which was not to be perceiv'd about half an hour before3 ,and ,i observed it1 in about #aj4 minutes time to be gotten almost to d1 keeping equal distance from the ,satelles h1 which moved also ,westwardly1 and was joyn'd to the ,disk at i1 at #c;h4 #bem4 ,after which1 the ,air growing very hazy1 and 7as appeared by the ,baroscope7 very light also 7in weight7 ,i could not observe it3 ,so that it was sufficiently evident1 that this black ,spot was nothing else1 save the shadow of the ,satelles h1 ,eclipsing a part of the ,face of ,jupiter4 ,about two hours before1 ,i had observed a large darker spot in the bigger ,belt about k1 which in about an hour or little more 7for ,i did not exactly observe the time1 nor draw the ,figure of it7 moving ,westwards1 disappear'd4 ,about a week before1 ,i discover'd also1 together with a ,spot in the ,belt c1 another ,spot in the ,belt e1 which kept the same way and velocity with that of the ,belt c4 ,the other three ,satellites in the time of this ,eclipse1 made by the ,satelles1 were ,westwards of the ,body of ,jupiter2 appearing as bright through the ,tube1 as the ,body of ,jupiter did to the naked ,eye1 and ,i was able to see them longer through the ,tube1 after the day-light came on1 than ,i was able to see the ,body of ,jupiter with my naked eye4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a late ,observation about ,saturn made by the same4 ,illustration ,june #bi #afff4 between #aa4 and #ab4 at night ,i observed the ,body of ,saturn through a #fj4 foot ,telescope1 and found it #bdg exactly of the shape represented in the ,figure ,r4 ,the ,ring appear'd of a somewhat brighter ,light than the ,body2 and the black lines a a1 crossing the ,ring1 and b b crossing the ,body 7whether ,shadows or not1 ,i dispute not7 were plainly visible3 whence ,i could manifestly see1 that the ,souther-most part of the ,ring was on this side of the ,body1 and the ,northern part1 behind1 or covered by the ,body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation of a sad effect of ,thunder and ,lightning3 ,this ,relation was written by that worthy ,gentleman1 ,thomas ,neale ,esquire1 7the then ,high ,sheriff of the ,county of ,hampshire1 when this disaster hapned7 to a ,friend of his in ,london1 as follows2 ,on the #bd of ,january #affe_/f1 one ,mr4 ,brooks of ,hampshire1 going from ,winchester towards his house near ,andover in very bad ,weather1 was himself slain by ,lightning1 and the ,horse1 he rode on1 under him4 ,for about a mile from ,winchester he was found with his ,face beaten into the ground1 one leg in the stirrup1 the other in the ,horses mane2 his ,cloaths all burnt off his back1 not a piece as big as a handkerchief left intire1 and his hair and all his body singed4 ,with the force1 that struck him down1 his nose was beaten into his face1 and his ,chin into his ,breast2 where was a wound cut almost as low1 as to his ,navil2 and his cloaths being1 as aforesaid1 torn1 the pieces were so scatter'd and consum'd1 that not enough to fill the crown of a hat could be found4 ,his gloves were whole1 but his hands in them sing'd to the bone4 ,the hip-bone and shoulder of his ,horse burn't and bruised2 and his saddle torn in little pieces4 ,this was what appear'd to the ,coroners inquest1 and so is likely to be as near truth1 as any is to be had4 ,so far this ,letter3 ,which1 if it had come soon enough to the hands of the ,publisher1 would have been joyned to a like ,relation1 inserted in the next foregoing ,papers 7,num4 #ac47 of an accident hapn'd at a later time4 ,with both which may be compared the ,account1 formerly published in ,latin by the ,learned ,dr4 ,charleton1 concerning the ,boy1 that was #bdh ,thunder-struck near ,nantwich in ,cheshire2 the ,title of the ,book being ,anatome ,pueride ,clo tacti3 such ,relations1 when truly made1 well deserving to be carefully recorded for farther consideration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of some ,books lately publish't4 ,,relations ,,of ,,divers ,,curious ,,voyages1 by ,mons4 ,thevenot1 the third ,tome1 in ,french4 ,this ,book contains chiefly1 the ,ambassie of the ,dutch into ,china1 translated out of the ,dutch manuscript3 ,a ,geographical description of ,china1 translated out of a ,chinese ,author by ,martinius3 ,and the ,account1 which the ,directors of the ,dutch ,east-,india ,company made to the ,states ,general1 touching the state of affairs in the ,east-,indies1 when their late ,fleet parted from thence4 ,to touch some things of a ,geographical and ,philosophical nature1 contained therein1 we shall take notice2 #a4 ,how the ,kingdom of ,china is peopled2 there being according to the best computation 7which is there made with singular care7 above #eh millions of ,men1 not counting ,magistrates1 ,soldiers1 ,priests1 ,eunuchs1 ,women and ,children2 so that it may not be altogether strange1 if one should affirm1 there were #bjj millions of people1 of all sorts1 in that ,kingdom4 #b4 ,that ,catay is nothing else1 but the ,six ,northern ,provinces of ,china1 separated from the other ,nine1 by the great ,river ,,kiang2 and that the ,city ,cambalu is the same with that of ,peking2 the ,tartars1 who carry every three years their ,tribute to the ,emperor of ,china1 constantly calling the said ,provinces and ,city by those names of ,catay1 and ,cambalu4 #c4 ,that ,china is so well furnisht with ,rivers1 and cut ,channels1 that men may go from the most ,southern to the most ,northern part thereof by water1 except one daies journey2 as the ,dutch ,ambassadours did1 embarking at ,canton1 which is #bc;d4 #dhm4 ,northern ,latitude1 and landing at ,peking1 which is about #dj;d2 having only travell'd one daies journey over some ,mountains of the ,province ,kiamsi4 #d4 ,that the people of ,china are exceeding industrious #bdi ,husbandmen making1 among other waies of improving their soile1 great use of ,flouding4 #e4 ,that the ,physicians of ,china do cure ,sicknesses with much ease1 and in a short time3 ,that they have very ancient ,books of the nature and vertues of ,herbs1 ,trees and ,stones3 ,that their ,modern ,physicians 7as well as their ,ancient ones did7 write of the ,prognosticks1 ,causes1 ,effects1 c4 of ,diseases4 ,that their ,remedies consist for the most part of ,simples and ,decoctions1 ,cauteries1 ,frictions2 without the use of ,bloud letting3 ,that they have such an excellent skill and method in feeling the ,pulse1 that by the means thereof they discover even the most latent causes of ,diseases2 taking a good half hour1 when they visit a ,patient1 in feeling and examining his ,pulse3 ,that they prescribe much the use of ,the2 and the drinking alwayes warme1 whatever they drink3 ,to the custome of both which it's imputed1 that the inhabitants of ,china do spit very little1 nor are subject to the ,stone or ,gout3 ,that they prise highly the ,root ,ginseng1 as an extraordinary ,restorative and ,cordiall1 recovering frequently with it agonizing persons2 one pound of it being paid with #c pounds of silver4 ,as for their ,chymists1 7of which they have also good store7 they go beyond ours1 promising not only to make ,gold1 but to give ,immortality4 #f4 ,that their ,nobility is raised from ,learning and ,knowledge1 without regard to ,bloud or ,parentage1 excepting the ,royall ,family4 #g4 ,that in ,,chekian1 a maritime ,province1 whence is the shortest cut of ,china to ,japan1 is the best and plentifullest ,silk-trade in the world3 ,and that there every year the ,mulberries are cutt1 and kept down1 that they grow not into ,trees for the easier gathering of the ,leaves1 there being a double ,silk-harvest in that ,country1 as there is in severall other parts of the ,east-indies2 7both which there is hope1 will shortly be imitated in ,virginia47 #h4 ,that the way of making ,porcelane is this3 7,which is the rather inserted here1 because it agrees so well with an ,account1 we received a while since from a very ,curious and intelligent ,person of ,amsterdam47 ,there is in the ,province of ,nankin a ,town1 call'd #bej ,goesifols whence they draw the ,earth for ,porcelaine1 which is found between the ,rocks of ,mountains4 ,this ,earth they beat very small1 and stamp it to a very fine ,powder1 and then put it into ,tubs fill'd with water2 where the finest part sinks to the bottom4 ,afterwards 'tis kneaded in the form of small ,cubes1 of the weight of about #c4 ,catti 7a ,catti being #bj ,ounces47 ,these pieces thus wrought are sold to the people1 that commonly in great numbers fetch them1 coming from the ,town ,sintesimo 7otherwise ,jontiou7 in the ,province of ,kiansy1 being about #ej miles distant from ,wotsing1 neer the ,city ,,kiansy2 which people transport them to their homes1 and there bake them in this manner3 ,they heat their ,ovens well1 for the space of #ae daies successively1 and then keep them so close1 that no ,air may get in2 and after #ae other daies are pass'd1 they open the ,oven in the presence of an ,officer1 who takes every fifth vessel of each fashion for the service of the ,emperor3 ,which done1 the rest is sold to those of ,ucienien1 whence it is transported all over the ,country4 ,so that the ,earth is not prepared1 in ,nankin1 where 'tis found1 because the people of that ,province have not the skill of working it1 as the other above-mention'd2 who also alone have the ,art of coloring it1 which they keep as a great ,secret1 not teaching it to any1 but their ,children and next ,kindred4 #i4 ,that ,musk is nothing else1 but the ,testicles of a ,beast like a ,dear1 found in the ,province of ,honan2 and that1 when tis good and unmixt1 as it comes from the ,animal1 they sell it even in ,nankin and ,pekin1 for #cj4 or #ce4 ,teyls 7that is1 about so many ,crowns7 the ,catti4 ,many other curious informations might be borrow'd from this ,author1 concerning the ,customs1 ,studies1 ,exercises of the ,chinese2 of the number of the people of each ,province2 of the ,natural productions of the ,earth and ,rivers there2 of the ,structure and ,antiquity of their ,wall2 of the ,magnificence of their ,porcelain ,tower c42 but1 remitting for these things to the ,book it self1 we shal only add a piece of ,oeconomy1 used by the ,holland-,merchants in their ,commerce with ,china1 which is1 that they dry abundance of ,sage-leaves1 role them up1 and #bea prepare them like ,the1 and carrying it to ,china1 as a rare drogue1 get for one pound of it1 fourtimes as much ,the4 ,a ,,discourse ,,about ,,the ,,causes ,,of ,,the ,,inundation ,,of ,,the ,,nile1 in ,french4 ,the ,author of this ,book is ,monseiur dela ,chambre1 who being perswaded from several ,circumstances1 that accompany the ,overflowing of this ,river1 that it cannot proceed from ,rain1 ventures to assign for a ,cause of it1 and of all the other effects that happen at the time of its swelling1 the ,niter1 wherewith that water abounds4 ,the discourse having six parts1 the ,author endeavours to shew in the ,first1 that the ,waters of the ,nile are ,nitrous1 explicating the ,nature of ,salt1 and ,saltpeter1 and imputing the fertility of the ,earth1 as well us the fecundity of ,animals1 to ,salt4 ,where he shews1 that all things1 that serve to improve ,land1 are full of ,salt2 and that 'tis observ'd1 that grain steep'd in ,vrine1 before sowing1 rises sooner1 and becomes fuller and stronger1 than else4 ,adding1 that that1 which renders the ,seed of ,animals prolifick1 is1 that one of the ,spermatick veins hath its ,origine from the ,emulgent1 through which the ,nitrous and ,saline ,serosities1 that discharge themselves into the ,kidneys and ,bladder1 do pass4 ,in the ,second1 he examins1 what is ,fermentation1 and how 'tis perform'd2 affirming1 that1 what thrusts forth ,plants in the ,spring1 is1 that the ,earth being fermented by the ,niter1 it harbours1 the ,nitrous spirits insinuate themselves into their ,pores4 ,in the ,third he treats of all the ,circumstances1 observable in the ,inundation of the ,nile4 ',tis affirm'd1 that #c or #d days before that ,river begins to overflow1 all its water is troubled3 that then there falls a certain ,dew1 which hath a fermenting vertue1 and leavens a ,paste exposed to the ,air3 that the ,mud1 which has been drawn out of the water1 grows heavier1 when the overflowing begins1 then it was before1 and that by the increase of the weight of that ,mud1 they judge of the greatness of the approaching inundation4 ,the ,author pretends1 that #beb the ,niter1 which the ,nile is stored with1 is the cause of all these strange effects1 and of many others1 by him alledged4 ,for1 saith he1 when the ,nitre is heated by the heat of the ,sun1 it ferments1 and mingling with the water1 troubles it1 and swells it1 and makes it pass beyond its banks2 after the same manner1 as the ,spirits in new ,wine render it troubled1 and make it boyle in the vessel4 ,and it seems not likely to him1 that the ,mud1 found in the ,nile1 should come a far off2 for then it would at last so raise the banks of this ,river1 that it would not be able to overflow them any longer4 ,whereas 'tis more than #bjjj years1 that the banks thereof are not grown higher1 there being now requisite but #af4 cubits for overflowing the ,land1 no more than there was in the time of ,herodotus4 ,which shews1 saith he1 that this ,mud is nothing but a volatil ,niter1 which exhaling1 doth not increase the ,earth4 ,as for the gyptian ,dew1 and the increase of the weight of the ,mud1 he adscribes them to the same ,cause4 ,for the spirits of ,nitre abounding in the ,nile1 when raised into the ,air with the vapors1 that exhale continually from this ,river1 there is made out of their mixture1 a ,dew1 that refreshes the ,air1 makes sickness to cease1 and produces all those admirable effects1 that make the gyptians wish for it so passionately4 ,and the same spirits of ,niter1 being joyned to the ,paste1 and to the ,mud1 raise the one1 and augment the weight of the other4 ,that1 which ,mr4 ,buratini observes1 that at the time of this inundation1 the ,niter-pits of the neighboring places vomit out liquid ,niter1 and that one may see issue out of the ,earth abundance of ,chrystals of ,nitre1 is alledged to fortify this conjecture2 ,which is yet more confirm'd by the ,fertility1 communicated to the ,earth by the ,mud of this ,river4 ,for1 plants do grow there in such abundance1 that they would choak one another1 if it were not remedied by throwing ,sand upon the ,fields2 insomuch that the gyptians must take as much pains to spread ,sand to lessen the fatness of their ,land1 as other ,nations do1 to spread dung or other manure upon theirs to increase the fatness4 ,in the ,fourth and ,fifth1 the ,author undertakes to prove1 that all those strange effects cannot be attributed to ,rain or ,snow1 #bec and that the overflowing of the ,nile always happens at a certain day4 ,in the ,last1 he alledges some ,relations1 serving to confirm his ,opinion2 ,which are too long here to insist upon4 ,,de ,,principiis ,,et ,,ratiocinatione ,,geometrarum1 ,contra ,fastum ,professorum ,geometri2 ,authore ,thoma ,hobbes4 ,it seems1 that this ,author is angry with all ,geometricians1 but himself2 yea he plainly saith in the dedication of his ,book1 that he invades the whole ,nation of them2 and unwilling1 it seems1 to be call'd to an account for doing so2 ,he will acknowledge no judge of this ,age2 but is full of hopes1 that posterity will pronounce for him4 ,mean while he ventures to advance this ,dilemma2 ,eorum qui de iisdem rebus mecum aliquid ediderunt1 aut solus insanio ,ego1 aut solus non insanio2 tertium enim non est1 nisi 7quod dicet forte aliquis7 insaniamus omnes4 ,doubtless1 one of these will be granted him4 ,as to the ,book it self1 he professes1 that he doth not write it against ,geometry1 but ,geometers2 and that his design in it is1 to shew1 ,that there is no less uncertainty and falsity in the writings of ,mathematicians1 than there is in those of ,naturalists1 ,moralists1 c41 though he judges1 that ,physicks1 ,ethicks1 ,politicks1 if they were well demonstrated1 would be as certain as the ,mathematicks4 ,attacking the ,mathematical ,principles as they are found in ,books1 and withall some ,demonstrations1 he takes to task ,euclid himself1 instead of all1 as the ,master of all ,geometricians1 and with him his best interpreter1 ,clavius1 examining in the ,first place1 the ,principles of ,euclid3 ,secondly1 ,declaring false1 what is superstructed upon them1 whether by ,euclid1 or ,clavius1 or any ,geometer whatsoever that hath made use of those or other 7as he is pleased to entitle them7 false ,principles4 ,thirdly1 ,pretending1 that he means so to combat all1 both ,principles and ,demonstrations1 undertaken by him1 as that he will substitute better in their room1 least he should seem to undermine the ,science it selfe4 #bed ,the particulars1 which he undertakes to reform1 are1 ,punctum4 ,linea4 ,terminus4 ,linea ,recta4 ,superficies4 ,superficiei ,termini4 ,superficies ,plana1 ,angulus 7,where he is large upon the ,angulus ,contactus47 ,petitio prima ,elem4 #a4 ,euclidis4 ,ratio4 ,radix ,latus4 ,prop4 #af4 ,el4 #c4 ,dimensio ,circuli4 ,magnitudo ,circuli ,hugeniana4 ,sectio ,anguli4 ,ratio1 quam habet recta composita ex ,radio ,tangente #cj4 grad1 ad ,radium ipsum4 ,propos4 #dg4 ,elem4 #a4 ,demonstratio4 ,addita est ,appendix de ,mediis proportionalibus in genere4 ,,king ,,salomons ,,poutraiture ,,of ,,old ,,age2 by ,john ,smith1 ,m4,d4 ,this ,treatise being a ,philosophical ,discourse1 though upon a ,sacred ,theme1 may certainly claim a place among ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,not here to mention the many other learned ,notes1 this ,worthy ,author gives upon that ,hieroglyphical ,description of ,old ,age1 made by that ,royal ,pen-man of ,ecclesiastes1 cap4 #ab4 ,we shall onely take notice of that surprizingly ,ingenious one1 there to be met with1 concerning the ,antiquity of the ,doctrine of the ,blood's ,circulation3 ,king ,salomon1 who lived neer #bgjj years agoe1 using such expressions1 as may1 to a considering ,reader1 very probably denote the same ,doctrine1 which the ,sagacious ,dr4 ,harvey has of late years so happily brought to light1 and introduced into all the most ,ingenuous ,societies of ,learned men3 ,the ,pitcher1 mention'd in the quoted place1 being ,interpreted for the ,veines1 and the ,fountain for the ,right ,ventricle of the ,heart1 as the ,cistern for the ,left2 the ,wheele1 there spoken off1 manifestly importing a ,circulation1 made by the ,great ,artery with its ,branches1 the principal ,instrument thereof4 99 99 99 99 99 ,printed with ,licence for ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society4 #afff4 #bee 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #ae4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wednesday1 ,july #ah4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,a new ,experiment1 shewing1 ,how a considerable degree of ,cold may be suddenly produced without the help of ,snow1 ,ice1 ,haile1 ,wind1 or ,niter1 and that at any time of the year4 ,an ,account of two ,books1 lately printed in ,london2 whereof the one is entituled1 ,,euclidis ,,elementa ,,geometrica1 novo ordine ac ,methodo demonstrata2 the ,author ,anonymus4 ,the other1 ,,the ,,english ,,vine-,,yard ,,vindicated1 by ,,john ,,rose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a new ,frigorifick ,experiment shewing1 how a considerable degree of ,cold may be suddenly produced without the help of ,snow1 ,ice1 ,haile1 ,wind1 or ,niter1 and that at any time of the year4 ,this subject will it self1 'tis presumed1 without any other ,preamble1 speak the ,cause1 why this present ,paper is publish't at this 7unusual7 time of the ,month3 though1 by the by1 it may not be amiss to add on this occasion1 that the ,publisher of these ,tracts never meant so to confine himself to a ,set time1 as not to retain the ,liberty of taking any other1 when there is occasion4 ,and there being one given him1 before another ,month is come in1 he does without any scruple or delay comply therewith1 presenting the ,curious with an ,experiment which he thinks is both seasonable1 and will not be unwellcome to them2 furnish't out of the ,ample ,magazin of that ,philosophical ,benefactor1 the ,noble ,mr4 ,boyle2 ,concerning which1 thus much is further thought requisite to intimate on this occasion1 that it1 and some others of the same ,gentlemans1 that have been1 and may be1 mentioned in the ,transactions1 belong to certain ,treatises1 the ,author hath lying by him2 but that yet he denys not #bef to communicate them to his ,friends1 and to allow them to dispose thereof1 upon a hope1 that equitable ,readers will be ready to excuse1 if hereafter they should appear also in the ,treatises they belong to1 since he consents to this ,anticipation1 but to comply with those1 that think the imparting of real and practical ,experiments1 may do the ,publick some ,service1 by exciteing and assisting mens ,curiosity in the interim4 ,as for the ,experiment1 you saw the other day at my ,lodgings1 though it belongs to some ,papers about ,cold1 that 7you know7 could not be ,publish't1 when the rest of the ,history came forth1 and therefore was reserved for the next ,edition of that ,book2 yet the ,weather having been of late very hot1 and threatning to continue so1 ,i presume1 that to give you here in compliance with your ,curiosity an ,account of the ,main and ,practical part of the ,experiment1 may enable you to gratify not onely the ,curious among your ,friends1 but those of the ,delicate1 that are content to purchase a ,coolness of ,drinks at a somewhat chargeable rate4 ,you may remember1 that the ,spring before the last1 ,i shew'd you a particular ,account of a way1 wherein by a certain substance obtain'd from ,sal ,armoniack1 ,i could presently produce a considerable degree of ,cold1 and that with odd ,circumstances1 without the help of ,snow1 ,ice1 ,niter c4 ,but that ,experiment being difficult and costly enough1 and design'd to afford men ,information1 not ,accomodations1 ,i afterwards tryed1 what some more cheap and facile mixtures of likely ,bodies with ,sal ,armoniack would do towards the ,production of ,cold1 and afterwards ,i began to consider1 whether to that purpose alone 7for my first experiment was design'd to exhibite other ,phnomena too7 those mixtures might not without inconvenience be omitted3 and ,i was much confirm'd in my conjecture1 by an accident1 which was casually related to me by a very ,ingenious ,physician of my acquaintance1 but not to be repeated to you in few words1 though he complain'd1 he knew not what to make of it4 ,among the several ways1 by which ,i have made infrigidating ,mixtures with ,sal ,armoniack1 the most simple and facile is this2 ,take one pound of powder'd ,sal ,armoniack and about three ,pints 7or pounds7 of ,water1 put the ,salt into the ,liquor1 either altogether1 if your design be to produce an intense1 though #beg but a short coldness2 or at two1 three1 or four several times1 if you desire1 that the produced coldness should rather last somewhat longer than be so great4 ,stirre the powder in the ,liquor with a stick or whalebone 7or some other thing that will not be injur'd by the fretting ,brine1 that will be made7 to hasten the dissolution of the ,salt2 upon the quickness of which depends very much the intensity of the ,cold1 that will ensue upon this ,experiment4 ,for the clearing up whereof1 ,i shall annex the following particulars4 ,sidenote3 99 ,in the ,history of ,cold4 #a4 ,that a considerable degree of ,cold is really produced by this operation1 is very evident3 ,first to the touch2 ,secondly1 by this1 that if you make the ,experiment 7as for this reason ,i sometimes chuse to do7 in a ,glass-,body or a ,tankard1 you may observe1 that1 whilst the ,solution of the ,salt is making1 the outside of the ,metalline ,vessel will1 as high as the mixture reaches within1 be bedew'd 7if ,i may so speak7 with a multitude of little ,drops of ,water as ,i have 99 elsewhere shown that it happens1 when mixtures of ,snow and ,salt1 being put into ,glasses or other ,vessels1 the aqueous vapors that swim to and fro in the ,air1 and chance to glide along the sides of the ,vessels1 are by the coldness thereof condens'd into ,water4 ,and in our ,armoniack ,solution you may observe1 that if you wipe off the ,dew from any particular part of the outside of the ,vessel1 whilst the solution does yet vigorously goe on1 it will quickly collect fresh ,dew1 which may be sometimes copious enough to run down the sides of the ,vessel4 ,but ,thirdly1 the best and surest way of finding out the ,coldness of our ,mixture is that1 which ,i shew'd you by plunging into it a good seal'd ,weatherglass furnish't with tincted ,spirit of ,wine4 ,for the ,ball of this being put into our frigorifick mixture1 the ,crimson ,liquor will nimbly enough descend much lower1 than when it was kept either in the open ,air1 in common ,water1 of the same temper with that1 wherein the ,sal ,armoniack was put to dissolve4 ,and if you remove the ,glass out of our ,mixture into common water1 the tincted ,spirit will1 7as you may remember1 it did7 hastily enough reascend for a pretty while1 according to the greater or lesser time1 that it continued in the ,armoniack ,solution4 ,and this has succeeded with me1 when instead of removing the ,mixture into ,common ,water1 ,i removed it into water newly impregnated with ,salt-peter4 #beh #b4 ,the ,duration of the ,cold1 produc'd by this ,experiment1 depends upon several ,circumstances2 as ,first1 upon the ,season of the year1 and present temperature of the ,air2 ,for1 in ,summer and ,hot weather the ,cold will sooner decay and expire4 ,secondly1 upon the ,quantity of ,salt and ,water3 ,for1 if both these be great1 the effect will be as well more lasting1 as more considerable4 ,thirdly1 for ought ,i yet know1 we may here add the ,goodness ,fitness of the particular parcel of ,salt1 that is imploy'd2 for1 though it be hard to discern beforehand1 which will be the more1 and which the less proper2 yet some trials have tempted me to suspect1 that there may be a considerable disparity1 as to their fitness to produce ,cold1 betwixt parcels of ,salt1 that are without scruple look't upon as ,sal ,armoniack3 ,of which difference it were not perhaps very difficult to asign probable reasons from the ,nature of the ,ingredients of this compound ,concrete1 and the wayes of preparing it4 ,but the ,duration of the ,cold may be conceived to depend also4 ,fourthly1 upon the ,way of putting in the ,salt into the ,water4 ,for1 if you cast it in all at once1 the ,water will sooner acquire an intense degree of ,coldness1 but it will also the sooner return to its former temper2 ,whereas1 if you desire but an inferiour degree of that ,quality1 but that may last longer 7which wil usually be the most convenient for the ,cooling of ,drinks71 then you may put in the ,salt by little and little4 ,for1 keeping a long ,weather-glass for a good while in our impregnated ,mixture1 ,i often purposely try'd1 that1 when the tincted liquor subsided but slowly1 or was at a stand1 by putting in1 from time to time1 #b or #c4 spoonfuls of fresh ,salt1 and stirring the ,water to quicken the ,dissolution1 the ,spirit of ,wine would begin again to descend1 if it were at a stand or rising1 or subside much more swiftly than it did before4 ,and if you would lengthen the ,experiment1 it may not be amiss1 that part of the ,sal ,armoniack be but grosly beaten1 that it may be the longer in dissolving1 and consequently in ,cooling the ,water4 ,whilst there are dewy drops produced on the outside of the ,vessel1 'tis a sign1 that the ,cold within continues pretty strong2 for when it ceases1 these drops especially in warm weather1 will by degrees vanish4 ,but a surer way of measuring the duration of the ,cold1 is1 by removing from time to time the ,seal'd ,weather-glass out of the ,saline ,mixture into the same common ,water1 with part of which it was made4 ,and though it be not easie to determin any thing particularly about this matter2 yet it may somewhat assist you in your ,estimates1 to be inform'd1 ,that ,i have in the ,spring by a good ,weather-glass found a sensible adventitious ,cold made by a pound of ,sal ,armoniack at the utmost1 to last about #b or #c hours4 #c4 ,to cool ,drinks with this ,mixture1 you may put them in thin ,glasses1 the thinner the better2 which 7their orifices being stopp'd1 and still kept above the ,mixture7 may be moved to and fro in it1 and then be immediately pour'd out to be drunk3 ,though when in the ,glass1 ,i imployed1 was conveniently shap'd as1 like a ,sugar-loaf1 or with a long ,neck1 ,i found it not amiss to drink it out of that1 without pouring it into any other2 which can scarce be done without lessning the ,coolness4 ,the refrigeration1 if the ,glass viall be convenient1 is quickly perform'd3 ,and if one have a mind to cool his hands1 he may readily do it by applying them to the outside of the ,vessel1 that contains the refrigerating ,mixture2 by whose help1 pieces of ,chrystal1 or ,bullet for the cooling of #bei the ,mouths or ,hands of those patients1 to whom it may be allow'd1 may be potently cool'd1 and other such refreshments may be easily procur'd4 #d4 ,how far ,sal ,armoniack1 mingl'd with ,sand or ,earth1 and not dissolv'd1 but only moistn'd with a little ,water sprinkl'd on it1 will keep ,bottles of ,wine or other liquors more coole1 than the ,earth or that ,sand alone will do1 ,i have not yet had opportunity by sufficient trials fully to satisfie my self1 and therefore resign that ,enquiry to the ,curious4 #e4 ,for the cooling of ,air1 and ,liquors1 to adjust ,weather-glasses 7to be able to do which at all times of the year1 was one of the chief aimes1 that made me bethink my self of this ,experiment27 or to give a small quantity of ,beer c4 a moderate degree of coolness1 it will not be requisite1 to employ neer so much as a whole pound of ,sal ,armoniack at a time4 ,for1 you may easily observe by a seal'd ,weather-glass1 that a very few ounces1 well pouder'd and nimbly dissolv'd in about #d4 times the weight of ,water1 will serve well enough for many purposes4 #f4 ,and that you may the less1 scruple at this1 ,i shall tell you1 that even before and after ,midsummer1 ,i have found the ,cold producible by our ,experiment to be considerable and useful for refrigerating of ,drinks1 c4 but if the ,sal ,armoniack be of the fittest sort 7for ,i intimated above1 that ,i suspected1 'tis not equally good7 and if the season of the year do make no disadvantagious difference1 the degree of ,cold1 that may be produced by no more than one pound 7if not by less7 of ,sal ,armoniack1 may1 within its own ,sphere of ,activity1 be much more vehement1 than1 ,i presume1 you yet imagine1 and may afford us excellent ,standards to adjust seal'd ,weather glasses by2 and for several other purposes1 ,for ,i remember that in the ,spring1 about the end of ,march1 or beginning of ,april1 ,i was able with one pound of ,sal ,armoniack1 and a requisite proportion of ,water1 to produce a degree of ,cold much greater1 than was necessary the preceding ,winter1 to make it frosty ,weather abroad2 nay ,i was able to produce real ,ice in a space of time1 almost incredibly short4 ,to confirm which particulars1 because they will probably seem strange to you1 ,i will here annex the ,transcript of an entry1 that ,i find in a ,note book of the ,phnomena and success of one of those ,experiments1 as ,i then tryed it2 though ,i should be asham'd to expose to your perusal a thing so rudely pen'd2 if ,i did not hope1 you would consider1 that 'twas hastily written onely for my own ,remembrance4 ,and that you may not stop at any thing in the immediately annext ,note1 or the two1 that follow1 it will be requisite to premise this ,account of the seal'd ,thermoscope2 7which was a good one7 wherewith these ,observations were made2 ,that the length of the ,cylindrical pipe was #af4 ,inches2 the ,ball1 about the bigness of a somewhat large ,walnut1 and the ,cavity of the ,pipe by guess about an eight or ninth part of an inch ,diameter4 ,the ,first ,experiment is thus registered4 ,march the #bgth1 in the ,seal'd ,weather glass1 when first put into the ,water1 the tincted ,spirit rested at #h-e_/h inches2 being suffered to stay there a good while1 and now and then stirr'd to and fro in the ,water2 it descended at length a little beneath #g-e_/h inches2 then the ,sal ,armoniack being put in1 within about a quarter of an hour or a little more it descended to #b-aa_/af inches1 but before that time1 in half a #bfj quarter of an hour it began manifestly to freeze the vapours and drops of water on the outside of the ,glass4 ,and when the frigorifick power was arriv'd at the height1 ,i several times found1 that water1 thinly plac'd on the outside1 whilst the mixture within was nimbly stirr'd up and down1 would freeze in a quarter of a minute 7by a ,minute-watch47 ,at about of an hour after the infrigidating ,body was put in1 the ,thermoscope1 that had been taken out a while before1 and yet was risen but to the lowest freezing mark1 being again put in the liquor1 fell an inch beneath the mark4 ,at about #b houres from the first ,solution of the ,salt ,i found the tincted liquor to be in the midst between the freezing marks1 whereof the one was at #e inches 7at which height when the ,tincture rested1 it would usually be1 some1 though but a small1 frost abroad27 and the other at #d inches2 which was the height1 to which strong and durable ,frosts had reduced the liquor in the ,winter4 ,at #c hours after the beginning of the ,operation1 ,i found not the ,crimson liquor higher than the upper ,freezing mark newly mention'd2 after which1 it continued to rise very slowly for about an hour longer2 beyond which time ,i had not occasion to observe it4 ,thus far the ,note-book2 wherein there is mention made of a ,circumstance of some former ,experiments of the like kind1 which ,i remember was very conspicuous in this newly recited4 ,for1 the frigorifick mixture having been made in a ,glass body 7as they call it7 with a large and flattish bottom1 a quantity of water1 which ,i 7purposely7 spilt upon the ,table1 was by the operation of the mixture within the ,glass1 made to freeze1 and that strongly enough1 the bottom of the ,cucurbite to the ,table2 that stagnant liquor being turn'd into solid ice1 that continued a considerable while unthaw'd away1 and was in some places about the thickness of a half ,crown piece4 ,another ,observation1 made the same ,spring1 but less solemn1 as meant chiefly to shew the ,duration of ,cold in a high degree1 is recorded in these terms3 ,the first time1 the ,seal'd ,weather-glass was put in1 before it touch'd the common water1 it stood at #h-a_/h1 having been left there a considerable while1 and once or twice agitated the water1 the tincted liquor sunk but to #g-g_/h1 or at furthest1 #g-f_/h2 then the frigorifick liquor being put into the water with circumstances disadvantagious enough in 7about7 half a quarter of an hour the tincted liquor fell beneath #c1 and the ,thermoscope1 being taken out1 and then put in again1 an hour after the water had been first infrigidated subsided beneath #e inches1 and consequently within of an inch of the mark of the strongly freezing weather4 #g4 ,whereas the grand thing1 that is like to keep this ,experiment from being as generally ,useful1 as perhaps it will prove ,luciferous1 is the ,dearness of ,sal ,armoniack1 two things may be offered to lessen this ,inconvenience4 ,for first1 ,sal ,armoniack might be made much cheaper1 if instead of fetching it beyond-sea1 our ,country-men made it here at home2 7which it may easily be and ,i am ready to give you the ,receipt1 which is no great ,secret47 ,but next1 ,i considered1 that probably the infrigidating vertue of our mixture might depend upon the peculiar ,texture of the ,sal ,armoniack whereby1 whilest the ,water is dissolving it1 either some ,frigorifick particles are extricated and excited or 7rather7 some particles which did before more agitate the minute parts of the water1 are expell'd 7or invited out by the ambient ,bodies7 or #bfa come to be clogg'd in their motion3 ,whence it seem'd reasonable to expect that upon the ,reunion of the ,saline particles into such a ,body1 as they had constituted before1 the redintegrated ,sal ,armoniack having1 neer upon1 the same ,texture1 would1 upon its being redissolv'd1 produce the same1 or a not much inferior degree of ,coldness3 ,and hereupon1 though ,i well enough foresaw that an ,armoniack solution1 being boyl'd up in ,earthen vessels 7for ,glass ones are too chargeable7 would1 by piercing them1 both lose some of the more subtle parts1 and thereby somewhat impaire the texture of the rest2 yet ,i was not deceiv'd in ,expecting1 that the dry ,salt1 remaining in the pipkins1 being redissolv'd in a due proportion of water1 would very considerably infrigidate it2 as may further appear by the ,notes1 which for your greater satisfaction you will find here subjoyn'd1 as soon as ,i have told you1 that1 though for want of other vessels ,i was first reduc'd to make use of ,earthen ones1 and the rather1 because some ,metallin ,vessels will be injur'd by the dissolv'd ,sal ,armoniack1 if it be boyl'd in them2 yet ,i afterwards found some conveniencies in ,vessels of other ,mettall1 as of ,iron2 whereof you may command a further ,account4 ,march the #bith1 the ,thermoscope in the ,air was at #h-g_/h inches2 being put into a somewhat large evaporating glass1 fill'd with water1 it fell 7after it staid a pretty while1 and had been agitated in the liquor7 to #h4 inches3 then about half the ,salt1 or less1 that had been used twice before1 and felt much less cold than the water1 being put in and stirr'd about1 the tincted ,spirit subsided with a visible progress1 till it was faln manifestly beneath #d4 inches2 and then1 having caused some water to be freshly pump'd and brought in2 though the newly mention'd ,solution were mixt with it1 yet it presently made the ,spirit of ,wine manifestly to ascend in the ,instrument1 much faster1 than one would have expected1 c4 ,and this much may suffice for this time concerning our ,frigorifick ,experiment2 which ,i scarce doubt but the ,cartesians will lay hold on as very favourable to some of their ,tenents2 which you will easily believe1 it is not to the ,opinion1 ,i have elsewhere oppos'd1 of those ,modern ,philosophers1 that would have ,salt-petre to be the ,primum ,frigidum3 7though ,i found by trial1 that1 whilst 'tis actually dissolving1 it gives a much considerabler degree of ,cold1 than otherwise47 ,but about the ,reflexions1 that may be made on this ,experiment1 and the ,variations1 and ,improvements ,uses of it1 though ,i have divers things lying by me2 yet1 since you have seen several of them already1 and may command a sight of the rest1 ,i shall forbear the mention of them here1 not thinking it proper1 to swell the bulk of this ,letter with them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of two ,books lately printed in ,london4 ,i4 ,,euclidis ,,elementa ,,geometrica1 novo ordine ac methodo demonstrata4 ,in this compendious and pretty ,edition1 the ,anonymous ,author pretends to have rendred these ,elements more expeditious2 by bringing all together into one place1 what belongs to one and the same subject3 ,comprising #a4 what ,euclid hath said of ,lines1 ,streight1 ,intersecting one another1 and ,parallel4 #b4 ,what he hath demonstrated of a ,single ,triangle1 and of ,triangles ,compared one with another4 #c4 ,what of the ,circle1 and its ,properties4 #d4 ,what of ,proportions in ,triangles and other ,figures4 #e4 ,what of ,quadrats and ,rectangles1 made of ,lines diversly #bfb cut4 #f4 ,what of ,plane ,superficies's4 #g4 ,what of ,solids4 ,after which follow the ,problems4 ,the ,definitions are put to each ,chapter as need requireth4 ,the ,axioms1 because they are few1 and almost every where necessary1 are not thus distributed in ,chapters4 ,the ,postulata1 are not subjoyn'd to the ,axioms1 but reserv'd for the ,problems1 the ,author esteeming1 that they being practical ,principles1 had only place in ,problems4 ,this for the ,order3 ,as to the ,manner of ,demonstrating1 ,one and the same is observ'd in most ,propositions2 all with much brevity2 to the end1 that what is not of it self difficult1 may not be made so1 by multitude of ,words and ,letters4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,english ,,vine-,,yard ,,vindicated4 ,the ,author 7,mr4 ,john ,rose1 his ,majesties ,gardener at his ,royal ,garden in ,st4 ,james's7 makes it his business in this small ,tract 7a very thin ,pocket-book7 by a few short ,observations made by himself1 to direct ,englishmen in the ,choice of the ,fruit1 and the ,planting of ,vine-yards2 heretofore very frequently cultivated1 though of late almost quite neglected by them4 ,he discourses skilfully1 #a4 ,of the severall sorts of ,vines1 and what ,grapes are most sutable to the ,climate of ,england2 where he chiefly commends the small ,black-grape1 or ,cluster-grape2 the ,parsley-grape2 the ,white ,muscadine2 the ,frontiniack2 and a new ,white-grape1 with a red ,wood and a dark green ,leaf3 ,all these being early ripe fruit4 #b4 ,of the ,soyle1 and ,scituation of a ,vine-yard in ,england3 ,where1 as to the ,first1 he pitches upon a ,light ,soile1 having a bottom of ,chalk or ,gravel1 and given to ,brambles observing1 that no ,plant whatsoever is so connatural to the ,vine for ,soyl1 as the ,bramble4 ,as for the ,scituation he chooses that side or declivity of a ,hill1 that lies to the ,south or ,southwest2 and is favoured with other ,hills somewhat higher1 or ,woods on the ,north and ,east1 to break the rigour of those quarters4 ,this direction he thinks of that importance1 that he affirms1 that the discouragement of the ,culture of ,vines in ,england has only proceeded from men's misinformation on this material article of ,choice of ,soyle and ,scituation4 #c4 ,how to prepare the ,ground for the ,plantation1 vid4 by plowing up the ,swarth in ,july1 and by disposing the ,turf in small heaps1 and so burning them1 and spreading the ashes over the ,land2 care being taken1 that by heaping too much materials together1 the ,earth be not over-burnt by the excessive heat and fire1 which they require to reduce them to ashes4 ,what is added1 of the ,manner of planting the ,sets2 of ,dressing1 ,pruning1 and ,governing the ,plantation2 of the ,ordering and ,cultivating the ,vine-yard after the first four years1 till it needs renewing2 as also of the manner and time1 how and when to manure the ,vine-yard1 with ,compost1 will be better understood from the ,book it self1 than can be here described2 the ,author pretending1 that1 those few observations of his1 as the native production of his own ,experience1 being practised with care1 the ,vine-yards in ,england may be planted1 govern'd and perpetuated with undoubted success2 and offering withall to furnish those1 that have a desire to renew this ,culture1 and to store their grounds with ,sets and ,plants of all those sorts1 which he recommends2 he having a plentiful stock of them all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,printed with ,licence for ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society4 #afff4 #bfc 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #af4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,august #f4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,an essay of ,dr4 ,john ,wallis1 exhibiting his ,hypothesis about the ,flux and ,reflux of the ,sea1 taken from the consideration of the ,common ,center of ,gravity of the ,earth and ,moon2 together with an ,appendix of the same1 containing an ,answer to some ,objections1 made by severall ,persons against that ,hypothesis4 ,some ,animadversions of the same ,author upon ,master ,hobs's late ,book1 ,de ,principiis ,ratiocinatione ,geometrarum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,essay of ,dr4 ,john ,wallis1 exhibiting his ,hypothesis about the ,flux and ,reflux of the ,sea4 ,how abstruse a subject in ,philosophy1 the ,flux and ,reflux of the ,sea hath proved hitherto1 and how much the same hath in all ,ages perplexed the ,minds even of the best of ,naturalists1 when they have attempted to render an ,account of the ,cause thereof1 is needless here to represent4 ,it may perhaps be to more purpose1 to take notice1 that all the deficiencies1 found in the ,theories or ,hypotheses1 formerly invented for that ,end1 have not been able to deterre the ,ingenious of this ,age from making farther search into that ,matter3 ,among whom that ,eminent ,mathematician ,dr4 ,john ,wallis1 following his happy ,genius for advancing reall ,philosophy1 hath made it a part of his later ,inquiries and ,studies1 to contrive and deduce a certain ,hypothesis concerning that ,phnomenon1 taken #bfd from the ,consideration of the ,common ,center of ,gravity of the ,earth and ,moon1 ,this being by several ,learned ,men lookt upon1 as a very rational ,notion1 it was thought fit to offer it by the ,press to the ,publick1 that other ,intelligent ,persons also might the more conveniently and at their leisure examine the ,conjecture 7the ,author1 such is his ,modesty1 presenting it no otherwise7 and thereupon give in their sense1 and what ,difficulties may occur to them about it1 that so it may be either confirm'd or laid aside accordingly2 ,as the ,proposer himself expressly desires in the ,discourse1 we now1 without any more ,preamble1 are going to subjoyn1 as it was by him addressed1 by way of ,letter1 from ,oxford to ,mr4 ,boyle1 ,april #be4 #afff4 and afterwards communicated to the ,r4 ,society1 as follows3 ,you were earnest with me1 when you last went from hence1 that ,i would put in writing somewhat of that1 which at divers times1 these three or four years last past1 ,i have been discoursing with your self and others concerning the ,common ,center of ,gravity of the ,earth and ,moon1 in order to salving the ,phnomena as well of the ,seas ,ebbing and ,flowing2 as of some perplexities in ,astronomical ,observations of the ,places of the ,celestial ,bodies4 ,how much the ,world1 and the great ,bodies therein1 are manag'd according to the ,laws of ,motion1 and ,statick ,principles1 and with how much more of clearness and satisfaction1 many of the more abstruse ,phnomena have been salved on such ,principles1 within this last ,century of years1 than formerly they had been2 ,i need not discourse to you1 who are well versed in it4 ,for1 since that ,galilo and 7after him7 ,torricellio1 and others1 have applied ,mechanick ,principles to the salving of ,philosophical ,difficulties2 ,natural ,philosophy is well known to have been rendered more intelligible1 and to have made a much greater progress in less than an hundred years1 than before for many ages4 ,the ,seas ,ebbing and ,flowing1 hath so great a connexion with the ,moons motion1 that in a manner all ,philosophers 7whatever other ,causes they have joyned with it71 have attributed much of its cause to the ,moon1 which either by some occult quality1 #bfe or particular influence1 which it hath on moyst ,bodies1 or by some ,magnetick vertue1 drawing the water towards it1 7which should therefore make the ,water there highest1 where the ,moon is vertical7 or by its gravity and pressure downwards upon the ,terraqueous ,globe 7which would make it lowest where the ,moon is vertical7 or by whatever other means 7according to the several ,conjectures of inquisitive persons17 hath so great an influence on1 or at least a connexion with1 the ,sea's ,flux and ,reflux1 that it would seem very unreasonable1 to seclude the consideration of the ,moons motion from that of the ,sea3 ,the ,periods of ,tides 7to say nothing of the greatness of them near the ,new moon and ,full moon7 so constantly waiting on the ,moon's motion1 that it may be well presumed1 that either the one is governed by the other1 or at least both from some common cause4 ,but the first that ,i know of1 who took in the consideration of the ,earth's motion1 7,diurnal and ,annual7 was ,galilo2 who in his ,systeme of the ,world1 hath a particular discourse on this subject3 ,which1 from the first time ,i ever read it1 seemed to me so very rational1 that ,i could never be of other opinion1 but that the true ,account of this great ,phnomenon was to be referred to the ,earths motion1 as the ,principal cause of it3 ,yet that of the ,moon 7for the reasons above mentioned7 not to be excluded1 as to the determining the ,periods of ,tides1 and other circumstances concerning them4 ,and though it be manifest enough1 that ,galilo1 as to some particulars1 was mistaken in the account which there he gives of it2 yet that may be very well allowed1 without any blemish to so deserving a person1 or prejudice to the main ,hypothesis3 ,for that ,discourse is to be looked upon onely as an ,essay of the general ,hypothesis2 which as to particulars was to afterwards adjusted1 from a good ,general ,history of ,tides2 which it's manifest enough that he had not2 and which is in a great measure yet wanting4 ,for were the matter of ,fact well agreed on1 it is not likely1 that several ,hypotheses should so far differ1 as that one should make the ,water then and there at the ,highest1 where and when the other makes it at the ,lowest2 as when the ,moon is ,vertical to the place4 #bff ,and what ,i say of ,galilo1 ,i must in like manner desire to be understood of what ,i am now ready to say to you4 ,for ,i do not profess to be so well skilled in the ,history of ,tides1 as that ,i will undertake presently to accommodate my general ,hypothesis to the particular cases2 or that ,i will indeed undertake for the certainty of it1 but onely as an ,essay propose it to further consideration2 to stand or fall1 as it shall be found to answer matter of ,fact4 ,and truly had not your importunity 7which is to me a great ,command7 required me to do it1 ,i should not so easily have drawn up any thing about it1 till ,i had first satisfied my selfe1 how well the ,hypothesis would answer ,observation3 ,having for divers years neglected to do it1 waiting a time when ,i might be at leisure throughly to prosecute this design4 ,but there be two reasons1 by which you have prevailed with me1 at least to do something4 ,first1 because it is the common ,fate of the ,english1 that out of a modesty1 they forbear to publish their ,discoveries1 till prosecuted to some good degree of certainty and perfection2 yet are not so wary1 but that they discourse of them freely enough to one another1 and even to ,strangers upon occasion2 whereby others1 who are more hasty and venturous1 comming to hear of the notion1 presently publish something of it1 and would be reputed thereupon1 to be the first ,inventers thereof3 though even that little1 which they can then say of it1 be perhaps much less1 and more imperfect1 than what the true ,authors could have published long before1 and what they had really made known 7publikely enough1 though not in print7 to many others4 ,as is well known amongst us as to the business of the ,lymphatick ,vessels in ,anatomy2 the ,injection of ,liquors into the veins of ,living animals2 the ,exhibiting of a straight line equal to a crooked2 the spot in ,jupiter1 whence his motion about his own ,axis may be demonstrated2 and many other the like considerable ,inventions4 ,the other ,reason 7which1 with me1 is more really of weight1 though even the former be not cotemptible7 is1 because1 as ,i have been already for at least three or four years last past diverted from prosecuting the inquiry or perfecting the ,hypothesis1 as ,i had thoughts to do2 so ,i do not know1 but like ,emergencies may divert me longer2 and whether ,i shall ever so #bfg do it1 as to bring it to perfection1 ,i cannot determine4 ,and therefore1 if as to my self any thing should humanitus accidere2 yet possibly the notion may prove worth the preserving to be prosecuted by others1 if ,i do it not4 ,and therefore ,i shall1 at least to your self1 give some general account of my present imperfect and undigested thoughts4 ,i consider therefore1 that in the ,tides1 or the ,flux and ,reflux of the ,sea1 besides extraordinary ,extravagancies or ,irregularities1 whence great ,inundations or strangly high ,tides do follow1 7which yet perhaps may prove not to be so meerly accidental as they have been thought to be1 but might from the regular ,laws of ,motion1 if well considered1 be both well accounted for and even foretold27 ,there are these three notorious ,observations made of the ,reciprocation of ,tides4 ,first1 the ,diurnal ,reciprocation2 whereby twice in somewhat more than #bd4 hours1 we have a ,floud and an ,ebbe2 or a ,high-water and ,low-water4 ,secondly1 the ,menstrual2 whereby in one ,synodical period of the ,moon1 suppose from ,full-moon to ,full-moon1 the ,time of those ,diurnal ,vicissitudes doth move round through the whole compass of the ,greek3 ,nuchthmeron1 or ,natural day of twenty four hours3 ,as for instance1 if at the ,full-moon the full ,sea be at such or such a place just at ,noon1 it shall be the next day 7at the same place7 somewhat before ,one of the clock2 the day following1 between ,one and ,two2 and so onward1 till at the ,new moon it shall be at midnight2 7the other ,tide1 which in the ,full moon was at midnight1 now at the ,new-moon coming to be at noon27 ,and so forward till at the next ,full-moon1 the ,full sea shall 7at the same place7 come to be at ,noon again3 ,again1 ,that of the ,spring-tides and ,neap-tides 7as they are called27 about the ,full-moon and ,new-moon the ,tides are at the ,highest1 at the ,quadratures the ,tides are at the ,lowest3 ,and at the times intermediate1 proportionably4 ,thirdly1 the ,annual2 whereby it is observed1 that at sometimes of the year1 the ,spring-tides are yet much higher than the ,spring-tides at other times of the year3 ,which ,times are usually taken to be at the ,spring and ,autumne2 or the two quinoxes2 but ,i have reason to believe 7as well from my own ,observations1 for many years1 as of others who have been #bfh much concerned to heed it1 whereof more will be said by and by27 that we should rather assign the beginnings of ,february and ,november1 than the two quinoxes4 ,now in order to the giving account of these three ,periods1 according to the ,laws of ,motion and ,mechanick ,principles2 ,we shall first take for granted1 what is now adayes pretty commonly entertained by those1 who treat of such matters2 ,that a ,body in motion is apt to continue its motion1 and that in the same degree of celerity1 unless hindred by some contrary ,impediment2 7like as a ,body at rest1 to continue so1 unless by some sufficient mover1 put into motion37 ,and accordingly 7which daily experience testifies7 if on a ,board or ,table1 some loose incumbent weight1 be for some time moved1 have thereby contracted an ,impetus to motion at such a rate2 if that ,board or ,table chance by some external obstacle1 or otherwise1 to be stopped or considerably retarded in its motion1 the incumbent loose ,body will shoot forward upon it3 ,and contrarywise1 in case that ,board or ,table chance to be accelerated or put forward with a considerably greater speed than before1 the loose incumbent ,body1 7not having yet obtained an equal ,impetus with it7 will be left behind1 or seem to fly backward upon it4 ,or1 7which is ,galilo's instance17 if a broad ,vessel of ,water1 for some time evenly carried forward with the water in it1 chance to meet with a stop1 or to slack its motion1 the ,water will dash forward and rise higher at the fore part of the ,vessel3 ,and1 contrarywise1 if the ,vessel be suddenly put forward faster than before2 the ,water will dash backwards1 and rise at the hinder part of the ,vessel4 ,so that an ,acceleration or ,retardation of the ,vessel1 which carries it1 will cause a rising of the ,water in one part1 and a falling in another3 7which yet1 by its own weight1 will again be reduced to a ,level as it was before47 ,and consequently1 supposing the ,sea to be but as a loose ,body1 carried about with the ,earth1 but not so united with it1 as necessarily to receive the same degree of ,impetus with it1 as its fixed parts do3 ,the acceleration or retardation in the motion of this or that part of the ,earth1 will cause 7more or less1 according to the proportion of it7 such a dashing of the ,water1 or rising at one part1 with a ,falling at another1 as is that1 which we call the ,flux and ,reflux of the ,sea4 #bfi ,illustration ,now this premised1 ,we are next1 with him1 to suppose the ,earth carried about with a double motion2 ,the one ,annual1 as 7,fig4 #a47 in ,b ,e ,c the great ,orb1 in which the ,center of the ,earth ,b1 is supposed to move about the ,sun ,a4 ,the other ,diurnal1 whereby the whole moves upon its own ,axis1 and each point in its surface describes a ,circle1 as ,d ,e ,f ,g4 ,it is then manifest1 that if we suppose1 that the ,earth moved but by any one of these motions1 and that regularly1 7with an equal swiftness27 the ,water1 having once attained an equal ,impetus thereunto1 would still hold equal pace with it2 there being no occasion1 from the ,quickening or ,slackening of the ,earths motion1 7in that part where the ,water lyeth7 for the ,water thereon either to be cast ,forward or fall ,backward2 and thereby to accumulate on the other parts of the ,water3 ,but the true motion of each part of the ,earths surface being compounded of those two motions1 the ,annual and ,diurnal2 7the ,annual in ,b ,e ,c being1 as ,galilo there supposeth1 about three times as fast as a diurnal motion in a great ,circle1 as ,d ,e ,f27 while a ,point in the ,earths surface moves about its ,center ,b4 from ,g4 to ,d4 and ,e4 and at the same time1 its ,center ,b4 be carried forwards to ,c2 the true motion of that ,point forwards1 is made up of both those motions2 to wit1 of ,b to ,c1 and of ,g to ,e2 but while ,g moves by ,d to ,e1 ,e moves backward by ,f to ,g1 contrary to the motion of ,b to ,c2 so that the true motion of ,e1 is but the difference of ,b ,c1 and ,e ,g3 7for1 beside the motion of ,b above the ,center2 ,g4 is also put forward as much as from ,g to ,e2 and ,e put backward as much as from ,e to ,g37 so that the ,diurnal motion1 in that part of the ,earth1 which is next the ,sun1 as ,e ,f ,g1 doth abate the progress of the ,annual1 7and most of all at ,f27 and in the other part1 which is from the ,sun1 as ,g ,d ,e1 it doth increase it1 7and most of all at ,d47 that is1 in the day time there is abated1 in the night time is added to the ,annual motion1 about as much as is ,g ,e1 the ,earths ,diameter4 ,which would afford us a ,cause of two ,tides in twenty four hours2 the ,one upon the greatest ,acceleration of motion1 the ,other upon its greatest ,retardation4 ,and thus far ,galilo's ,discourse holds well enough2 ,but then #bgj in this it comes short2 that as it gives an ,account of two ,tides2 so those two ,tides are alwayes to be at ,f and ,d2 that is1 at ,noon and ,midnight2 whereas ,experience tells us1 that the ,time of ,tides1 moves in a moneths space through all the #bd4 hours4 ,of which he gives us no account4 ,for though he do take notice of a ,menstrual ,period2 yet he doth it onely as to the ,quantity of the ,tides2 greater or less2 not as to the ,time of the ,tides1 sooner or later4 ,sidenote3 99 ,vid4 ,riccioli ,almagest4 novum1 ,tom4 #a1 lib4 #d4 cap4 #aj4 n4 #aaa4 pag4 #baf4 #b4 ,to help this1 there is one 7,vid499 ,jo4 ,baptista ,balianus7 who makes the ,earth to be but a secondary ,planet2 and to move1 not directly about the ,sun1 but about the ,moon1 the ,moon meanwhile moving about the ,sun2 in like manner as we suppose the ,earth to move about the ,sun1 and the ,moon about it4 ,but this1 though it might furnish us with the foundation of a ,menstrual ,period of ,accelerations and ,retardations in the compound motion of several parts of the ,earths surface2 yet ,i am not at all inclined to admit this as a true ,hypothesis1 for divers ,reasons1 which if not demonstrative1 are yet so consonant to the general ,systeme of the ,world1 as that we have no good ground to disbelieve them4 ,for #a4 ,the ,earth being undeniably the greater ,body of the two 7whereof there is no doubt to be made7 it cannot be thought probable1 that this should be carried about by the ,moon1 lesser than it self3 ,the contrary being seen1 not onely in the ,sun1 which is bigger than any of the ,planets1 which it carryes about2 but in ,jupiter1 bigger than any of his ,satellites2 and ,saturne1 bigger than his4 #b4 ,as the ,sun by it's motion about it's own ,axis1 is with good reason judged to be the ,physical cause of the ,primary ,planets moving about it2 ,so there is the like reason to believe1 that ,jupiter and ,saturne moving about their ,axes1 are the ,physical cause of their ,satellites moving about them1 which motion of ,jupiter hath been of late discover'd1 by the help of a fixed ,spot discern'd in him2 and we have reason to believe the like of ,saturne3 ,whether ,venus and ,mercury 7about whom no ,satellites have been yet observed7 be likewise so moved2 we have not yet the like ground to determine3 ,but we have of ,mars2 from #bga the ,observations of ,mr4 ,hook made in ,february and ,march last1 and by him communicated to the ,royal ,society1 and since ,printed in the ,transactions1 published ,apr4 #b4 #afff4 consonant to the like observations of ,jupiter1 made by him in ,may4 #affd1 and since communicated to the same ,society2 and then published in the ,transactions1 of ,march4 #f4 then next following4 ,now that the ,earth hath such a motion about its own ,axis 7whereby it might be fitted to carry about the ,moon7 is evident by its ,diurnal motion4 ,and it seems as evident that the ,moon hath not2 because of the same side of the ,moon alwaies turned towards us2 which could not be1 if the ,moon carried the ,earth about3 ,unlesse we should say1 that it carries about the ,earth in just the same ,period1 in which it turnes upon its own ,axis3 ,which is contrary to that of the ,sun carrying about the ,planets3 the shortest of whose ,periods1 is yet longer than that of the ,suns moving about its own ,axis4 ,and the like of ,jupiter1 shorter than the ,period of any of his ,satellites2 if at least the ,period of his conversion about his ,axis1 lately said to be observed1 prove true4 7,of ,saturn we have not yet any ,period assigned2 but it's likely to be shorter1 than that of his ,satelles47 ,and therefore we have reason to believe1 not that by the ,moons motion about its ,axis the ,earth should be carried by a contemporary ,period 7whereby the same face of the ,moon should be ever towards us27 but that by the ,earths revolution about its ,axis in #bd4 hours1 the ,moon should be carried about it in about #bi4 dayes1 without any motion on its own ,axis3 ,and accordingly1 that the ,secondary ,planets about ,jupiter and ,saturn1 are not 7like their ,principals7 turned about their own ,axis4 ,and therefore ,i am not at all inclined to believe1 that the ,menstrual ,period of the ,tides with us1 is to be salved by such an ,hypothesis4 ,in stead of this1 that ,surmise of mine1 7for ,i dare not yet1 with confidence give it any better name17 of what ,i have spoken to you heretofore1 7and which hath occasioned this present account which ,i am now giving you17 is to this purpose4 ,the ,earth and ,moon being known to be ,bodies of so great connexion 7whether by any ,magnetick1 or what other ,tye1 ,i will not determine2 nor need ,i1 as to this purpose27 as that #bgb the motion of the one follows that of the other2 7,the ,moon observing the ,earth as the ,center of its periodick motion37 may well enough be looked upon as one ,body1 or rather one ,aggregate of ,bodies1 which have one common center of ,gravity2 which ,center 7according to the known ,laws of ,staticks7 is in a streight ,line connecting their respective ,centers1 so divided as that its parts be in reciprocal proportion to the ,gravities of the two ,bodies4 ,as for ,example2 ,suppose the ,magnitude 7and therefore probably1 the ,gravity7 of the ,moon to be about an ,one and fourtieth part of that of the ,earth2 7and thereabouts ,hevelius in his ,selenography page #bjc4 doth out of ,tycho1 estimate the proportion2 and an exact certainty is not necessary to our present businesse47 ,and the distance of the ,moons ,center from the ,center of the ,earth1 to be about fifty six ,semidiameters of the ,earth1 7as thereabouts he doth there estimate it1 in its middle distance2 and we need not be now very accurate in determining the numbers2 wherein ,astronomers are not yet very well agreed47 ,the distance of the ,common ,center of ,gravity of the two ,bodies1 will be from that of the ,earth1 about a two and fourtieth part of fifty six ,semidiameters2 that is1 about #ef_/db or #d_/c of a ,semidiameter2 that is about #a_/c of a ,semidiameter of the ,earth1 above its surface1 in the ,air1 directly between the ,earth and ,moon4 ,now supposing the ,earth and ,moon1 joyntly as one ,body1 carried about by the ,sun in the great ,orb of the ,annual motion2 this motion is to be estimated1 7according to the ,laws of ,staticks1 in other cases17 by the motion of the common ,center of ,gravity of both ,bodies4 ,for we use in ,staticks1 to estimate a ,body1 or ,aggregate of ,bodies1 to be moved upwards1 downwards1 or otherwise1 so much as its ,common ,center of ,gravity is so moved1 howsoever the parts may change places amongst themselves4 ,and accordingly1 the ,line of the ,annual motion1 7whether ,circular or ,elliptical2 of which ,i am not here to dispute17 will be described1 not by the ,center of the ,earth 7as we commonly estimate it1 making the ,earth a ,primary and the ,moon a ,secondary ,planet17 nor by the ,center of the ,moon1 7as they would do1 who make the ,moon the ,primary and the ,earth a #bgc ,secondary ,planet1 against which we were before disputing37 ,but by the ,common ,center of ,gravity of the ,bodies1 ,earth and ,moon1 as one ,aggregate4 ,sidenote3 ,see ,fig4 #b4 and #c4 ,now supposing ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e to be a part of the great ,orb of the ,annual motion1 described by the ,common ,center of ,gravity1 in so long time as from a ,full-,moon at ,a to the next ,new-,moon at ,e2 7which1 though an ,arch of a ,circle or ,ellipse1 whose ,center we suppose at a due distance below it2 yet being put about #a_/be of the whole1 may well enough be here represented by a streight ,line37 the ,center of the ,earth at ,t1 and that of the ,moon at ,l1 must each of them 7supposing their common ,center of ,gravity to keep the ,line ,a ,e7 be supposed to describe a ,periphery about that ,common ,center1 as the ,moon describes her ,line of ,menstrual motion 7,of which ,i have 7in the ,scheme7 onely drawn that of the ,earth2 as being sufficient to our present purpose2 parallel to which1 if need be1 we may suppose one described by the ,moon2 whose distance is also to be supposed much greater from ,t than in the figure is expressed1 or was necessary to expresse47 ,and in like manner ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i1 from that ,new moon at ,e1 to the next ,full-moon at ,i4 ,illustration ,from ,a to ,e 7from ,full moon to ,new moon17 ,t moves 7in its own ,epicycle7 upwards from the ,sun3 ,and from ,e to ,i1 7from ,new moon to ,full moon7 it moves downwards1 toward the ,sun4 ,again1 from ,c to ,g1 7from last quarter to the following first quarter17 it moves forwards according to the ,annual motion2 ,but from ,g forward to ,c1 7from the first ,quarter to the ensuing last ,quarter17 it moves contrary to the ,annual motion4 ,it is manifest therefore1 according to this ,hypothesis1 that from ,last quarter to ,first quarter 7from ,c to ,g1 while ,t is above the ,line of the ,annual motion7 its ,menstrual motion in its ,epicycle adds somewhat of ,acceleration to the ,annual motion1 and most of all at ,e1 the ,new-moon3 ,and from the first to the last quarter 7from ,g forward to ,c1 while ,t is below the ,line of the ,annual motion17 it abates of the ,annual motion2 and most of all at ,i1 or ,a the ,full-moon4 ,so that in pursuance of ,galilo's ,notion1 the ,menstrual #bgd adding to or detracting from the ,annual motion1 should either leave behinde1 or cast forward1 the loose waters incumbent on the ,earth1 7and thereby cause a ,tide1 or accumulation of ,waters7 and most of all at the ,full ,moon and ,new-moon1 where those ,accelerations or ,retardations are greatest4 ,now this ,menstrual motion1 if nothing else were superadded to the ,annual1 would give us two ,tides in a moneth1 and no more2 7the one upon the ,acceleration1 the other on the ,retardation27 at ,new moon and ,full-moon2 and two ,ebbs1 at the two ,quarters2 and in the ,intervals1 ,rising and ,falling water4 ,but the ,diurnal motion superadded1 doth the same to this ,menstrual1 which ,galilo supposeth it to do to the ,annual2 that is1 doth ,add to1 or ,subtract from1 the ,menstrual ,acceleration or ,retardation2 and so gives us ,tide upon ,tide4 ,illustration ,for in whatsoever part of its ,epicycle1 we suppose ,t to be2 yet because1 while by its ,menstrual motion the ,center moves in the ,circle ,l ,t ,n2 each point in its surface1 by its diurnal motion moves in the ,circle ,l ,m ,n3 whatever effect 7accelerative or tardative7 the ,menstrual would give1 that effect by the ,diurnal is increased in the parts ,l ,m ,n 7or rather l ,m n4 the ,semicircle7 and most of all at ,m3 but diminished in the parts ,n ,o ,l 7or rather n ,o l7 and most of all at ,o4 ,so that at ,m1 and ,o1 7that is when the ,moon is in the ,meridian below or above the ,horizon17 we are to have the ,diurnal ,tide or ,high-water1 occasioned by the greatest ,acceleration or ,retardation1 which the ,diurnal ,arch gives to that of the ,menstrual3 which seems to be the true cause of the ,daily ,tides4 ,and withall gives an account1 not onely why it should be every day2 but like wise1 why at such a time of the day2 and why this time should in a moneth run through the whole #bd hours2 viz4 because the ,moons coming to the ,meridian above and below the ,horizon1 7or as the ,seamen call it1 the ,moons ,southing1 and ,northing17 doth so3 ,as likewise of the ,spring tides and ,neap-tides4 ,for1 when it so happens1 that the ,menstrual and ,diurnal ,accelerations or ,retardations1 be coincident1 7as at ,new moons and ,full-moons they are17 the effect must needs be the greater4 ,and although 7which is not to be dissembled7 this happen #bge but to one of the two ,tides2 that is1 the ,night-tide at the ,new-moon 7when both motions do most of all ,accelerate17 and the ,day-tide at ,full-moon 7when both do most ,retard the ,annual motion27 ,yet1 this tide being thus raised by two concurrent causes2 though the next ,tide have not the same cause also1 the ,impetus contracted will have influence upon the next ,tide2 ,upon a like reason1 as a ,pendulum let fall from a higher ,arch1 will 7though there be no new cause to occasion it7 make the ,vibration on the other side 7beyond the ,perpendicular7 to be also greater3 ,or1 of water in a broad ,vessel1 if it be so jogged1 as to be cast forward to a good height above its ,levell1 will upon its recoyling1 by its own gravity1 7without any additional cause7 mount so much the higher on the hinder part4 ,but here also we are to take notice1 that though all parts of the ,earth by its ,diurnal motion do turn about its ,axis1 and describe parallel ,circles2 yet not equal ,circles2 but greater neer the quinoctial1 and lesser near the ,poles1 which may be a cause why the ,tides in some parts may be much greater than in others4 ,but this belongs to the particular considerations1 7of which we are not now giving an ,account37 not to the general ,hypothesis4 ,having thus endeavoured to give an account of the ,diurnal and ,menstrual ,periods of ,tides2 ,it remains that ,i endeavour the like as to the ,annual4 ,of which there is1 at least1 thus much agreed2 ,that1 at some times of the year1 the ,tides are noted to be much higher1 than at other times4 ,but here ,i have a double task2 ,first1 to rectify the ,observation2 and then1 to give an account of it4 ,as to the ,first2 ,it having been observed 7grosly7 that those high ,tides have used to happen about the ,spring and ,autumn2 it hath been generally taken for granted 7without any more nice observation7 that the two quinoxes are the proper times1 to which these ,annual high ,tides are to be referred2 ,and such causes sought for1 as might best sute with such a ,supposition4 ,but it is now1 the best part of twenty years1 since ,i have had frequent occasions to converse with some ,inhabitants of ,rumney-marsh in ,kent2 where the ,sea being kept out with great ,earthen walls1 that it do not at high water overflow the ,levell2 #bgf and the ,inhabitants livelyhood depending most on grazing1 or feeding ,sheep2 they are 7as you may believe they have reason to be7 very vigilant and observant1 at what times they are most in danger of having their ,lands drowned4 ,and ,i find them generally agreed1 by their constant ,observations1 7and ,experience dearly bought7 that their times of danger are about the beginning of ,february and of ,november2 that is1 at those ,spring ,tides which happen near those times2 to which they give the names of ,candlemass-stream and ,allhallond-stream2 ,and if they scape those ,spring-tides1 they apprehend themselves out of ,danger for the rest of the year4 ,and as for ,march and ,september 7the two quinoxes7 they are as little solicitous of them1 as of any other part of the year4 ,this1 ,i confess1 ,i much wondred at1 when ,i first heard it2 and suspected it to be but a mistake of him1 that first told me1 though he were indeed a person not likely so to be mistaken1 in a thing wherein he was so much concerned3 ,but ,i soon found1 that it was not onely his1 but a general observation of others too2 both there1 and elsewhere along the ,sea coast4 ,and though they did not pretend to know any reason of it1 7nor so much as to enquire after it27 ,yet none made doubt of it2 but would rather laugh at any that should talk of ,march and ,september1 as being the dangerous times4 ,and since that time1 ,i have my self very frequently observed 7both at ,london and elsewhere1 as ,i have had occasion71 that in those months of ,february and ,november1 7especially ,november71 the ,tides have run much higher1 than at other times3 ,though ,i confess1 ,i have not been so diligent to set down those ,observations1 as ,i should have done4 ,yet this ,i do particularly very well remember1 that in ,november #affj4 7the same year that his ,majesty returned7 having occasion to go by ,coach from the ,strand to ,westminster1 ,i found the ,water so high in the middle of ,king-street1 that it came up1 not onely to the ,boots1 but into the ,body of the ,coach2 and the ,pallace-yard 7all save a little place near the ,west-,end7 overflow'd2 as likewise the ,market-place2 and many other places2 and their ,cellars generally filled up with ,water4 ,and in ,november last1 #affe4 it may yet be very well remembred1 what very high ,tides there were1 not onely on the ,coasts of ,england1 7where much hurt was #bgg done by it7 but much more1 in ,holland1 where by reason of those ,inundations1 many ,villages and ,towns were overflow'd4 ,and though ,i cannot so particularly name other years1 yet ,i can very safely say1 that ,i very often observed ,tides strangely high about those times of the year4 ,this ,observation did for divers years cause me much to wonder1 not only because it is so contrary to the received opinion of the two quinoxes2 but because ,i could not think of any thing signal at those times of the year3 as being neither the two quinoxes1 nor the two ,solstices1 nor the ,sun's ,apogum and ,perigum3 7or ,earths ,aphelium and ,perihelium27 nor indeed1 at contrary times of the year1 which at least1 would seem to be expected4 ,from ,alhollandtide to ,candlemass being but three months2 and from thence to ,alhollandtide again nine months4 ,at length it came into my mind1 about four years since1 that though there do not about these times happen any single signal ,accident1 which might cast it on these times1 yet there is a compound of two that may do it2 ,which is the ,inequality of the ,natural day 7,i mean that of #bd4 hours1 from noon to noon7 arising at least from a double cause2 either of which singly would cast it upon other times1 but both joyntly on those4 ,it's commonly thought1 how unequal soever the length be of the ,artificial dayes as contradistinguished to nights1 yet that the ,natural ,days1 reckoning from noon to noon1 are all equal3 ,but ,astronomers know well1 that even these dayes are unequal4 ,for1 this ,natural ,day is measured not onely by one intire conversion of the quinoctial1 or #bd4 quinoctial hours1 7which is indeed taken to be performed in equal times17 but increases by so much1 as answers to that part of the ,sun's 7or ,earths17 ,annual motion as is performed in that time4 ,for1 when that part of the quinoctial1 which 7with the ,sun7 was the ,meridian yesterday at noon1 is come thither again to day1 it is not yet ,noon 7because the ,sun is not now at the place where yesterday he was1 but is gone forward about one degree1 more or less7 but we must stay till that place1 where the ,sun now is1 comes to the ,meridian before it be now ,noon4 ,now this ,additament 7above the #bd quinoctial hours1 or intire conversion of the quinoctial7 is upon a double account #bgh unequal4 ,first1 because the ,sun1 by reason of its ,apogum and ,perigum1 doth not at all times of the year dispatch in one day an equal ,arch of the ,ecliptick2 but greater ,arches neer the ,perigum1 which is about the middle of ,december2 and lesser neer the ,apogum1 which is about the middle of ,june3 ,as will appear sufficiently by the ,tables of the ,sun's ,annual motion4 ,secondly1 though the ,sun should in the ,ecliptick move alwaies at the same rate2 yet equal ,arches of the ,ecliptick do not in all parts of the ,zodiack answer to equal ,arches of the quinoctial1 by which we are to estimate time3 ,because some parts of it1 as about the two ,solsticial ,points1 lie nearer to a parallel position to the quinoctial1 than others1 as those about the two quinoctial points1 where the ,ecliptick and quinoctial do intersect2 whereupon an ,arch of the ,ecliptick1 neer the ,solsticial points answers to a greater ,arch of the quinoctial1 than an ,arch equal thereunto neer the quinoctial points3 ,as doth sufficiently appear by the ,tables of the ,suns right ,ascension4 ,according to the first of these causes1 we should have the longest natural daies in ,december1 and the shortest in ,june1 which if it did operate alone1 would give us at those times two ,annual ,high-waters4 ,according to the second cause1 if operating singly1 we should have the longest daies at the two ,solstices in ,june and ,december1 and the two shortest at the quinoxes in ,march and ,september2 which would at those times give occasion of four ,annual ,high-waters4 ,but the true ,inequality of the ,natural ,days1 arising from a ,complication of those two causes1 sometimes crossing and sometimes promoting each each other3 though we should find some increases or decreases of the ,natural daies at all those seasons answerable to the respective causes 7and perhaps of ,tides proportionably thereunto37 yet the longest and shortest natural daies absolutely of the whole year 7arising from this complication of ,causes7 are about those times of ,allhallontide and ,candlemas2 7or not far from them7 about which those ,annual ,high-tides are found to be3 ,as will appear by the ,tables of quation of ,natural daies4 ,and therefore ,i think1 we may with very good reason cast this ,annual ,period upon that cause1 or rather #bgi complication of causes4 ,for 7as we before shewed in the ,menstrual and ,diurnal7 there will1 by this inequality of ,natural daies1 arise a ,physical ,acceleration and ,retardation of the ,earths ,mean motion1 and accordingly a casting of the ,waters backward or forward2 either of which1 will cause an ,accumulation or ,high-water4 ',tis true1 that these longest and shortest daies1 do 7according to the ,tables1 some at least7 fall rather before1 than after ,alhallontide and ,candlemas 7to wit the ends of ,october and ,january27 but so do also 7sometimes7 those high ,tydes3 ,and it is not yet so well agreed amongst ,astronomers1 what are all the ,causes 7and in what degrees7 of the ,inequality of ,natural daies2 but that there be diversities among them1 about the true time3 ,and whether the introducing of this ,new ,motion of the ,earth in its ,epicycle about this ,common ,center of ,gravity1 ought not therein also to be accounted for1 ,i will not now determine3 ,having already said enough1 if not too much1 for the explaining of this general ,hypothesis1 leaving the particularities of it to be adjusted according to the true measures of the motions2 if the ,general ,hypothesis be found fit to be admitted4 ,yet this ,i must add1 7that ,i be not mistaken7 that whereas ,i cast the time of the daily ,tydes to be at all places1 when the ,moon is there in the ,meridian2 it must be understood of open ,seas1 where the water hath such free scope for its motions1 as if the whole ,globe of ,earth were equally covered with water3 ,well knowing1 that in ,bayes and ,in land-,channels1 the position of the ,banks and other like causes must needs make the times to be much different from what we suppose in the open ,seas3 ,and likewise1 that even in the ,open ,seas1 ,islands1 and ,currents1 ,gulfs and ,shallows1 may have some influence1 though not comparable to that of ,bays and ,channels4 ,and moreover1 though ,i think1 that ,seamen do commonly reckon the time of ,high-water in the ,open ,seas1 to be then1 when the ,moon is there in the ,meridian 7as this ,hypothesis would cast it37 ,yet ,i do not take my self to be so well furnished with a ,history of ,tides1 as to assure my self of it2 much less to accommodate it to particular places and cases4 ,having thus dispatched the main of what ,i had to say #bhj concerning the ,seas ,ebbing and ,flowing3 ,had ,i not been already too tedious1 ,i should now proceed to give a further reason1 why ,i do introduce this consideration of the ,common ,center of ,gravity in reference to ,astronomical ,accounts4 ,for indeed1 that which may possibly seem at first to be an ,objection against it1 is with me one reason for it4 ,it may be thought perhaps1 that if the ,earth should thus describe an ,epicycle about the ,common ,center of ,gravity1 it would 7by this its change of place7 disturbe the ,clestial motions2 and make the apparent places of the ,planets1 especially some of them1 different from what they would otherwise be4 ,for though so small a removal of the ,earth1 as the ,epicycle would cause 7especially if its ,semidiameter should not be above #a-a_/c of the ,earths ,semidiameter7 would scarce be sensible 7if at all7 to the remoter ,planets2 yet as to the nearer it might4 ,now though what ,galilo answers to a like ,objection in his ,hypothesis2 7that its possible there may be some small difference1 which ,astronomers have not yet been so accurate1 as to observe7 might here perhaps serve the turn2 ,yet my answer is much otherwise2 to wit1 that such difference hath been observed and hath very much puzzeled ,astronomers to give an account of4 ,about which you will find ,mr4 ,horrocks 7in some of his ,letters1 whereof ,i did formerly1 upon the ,command of the ,royal ,society1 make an ,extract7 was very much perplexed2 and was fain1 for want of other relief1 to have recourse to somewhat like ,keplers amicable ,fibres1 which did according to the several positions of the ,moon1 accelerate or retard the ,moon's motion2 which amicable ,fibres he had no affection to at all 7as there appears7 if he could any other waies give account of those little inequalities2 and would much rather 7,i doubt not7 have embraced this ,notion of the ,common ,center of ,gravity1 to salve the ,phnomenon1 had it come to his mind1 or been suggested to him4 ,and you find1 that other ,astronomers have been seen to bring in 7some upon one supposition1 some upon another7 some kind of ,menstrual quation1 to solve the inequalities of the ,moon's motion1 according to her ,synodical ,revolution1 or different ,aspects 7of ,new-moon1 ,full ,moon1 c47 beside what concerns her own ,periodical motion4 #bha ,for which1 this consideration of the ,common ,center of ,gravity of the ,earth and ,moon1 is so proper a remedy 7especially if it shall be found precisely to answer those ,phnomena1 which ,i have not ,examined1 but am very apt to believe7 that it is so far from being1 with me1 an ,objection against it1 that it is one of the reasons1 which make me inclinable to introduce it4 ,i must before ,i leave this1 add one ,consideration more1 ,that if we shall upon these ,considerations think it reasonable1 thus to consider the ,common ,center of ,gravity of the ,earth and ,moon2 it may as well be thought reasonable1 that the like ,consideration should be had of ,jupiter and his four ,satellites1 which according to the ,complication of their several motions1 will somewhat change the position of ,jupiter1 as to that ,common center of ,gravity of all these ,bodies2 which yet1 because of their smallness1 may chance to be so little1 as that1 at this distance1 the change of his apparent place may not be discernable4 ,and what is said of ,jupiter1 is in the like manner to be understood of ,saturne and his ,satelles1 discovered by ,hugenius3 ,for all these ,satellites are to their ,principals1 as so many ,moons to the ,earth4 ,and ,i do very well remember1 in the ,letters forecited1 ,mr4 ,horrocks expresseth some such little inequalities in ,saturnes motion1 of which he could not imagine what account to give1 as if 7to use his ,expression7 this crabbed ,old ,saturn had despised his ,youth4 ,which1 for ought ,i know1 might well enough have been accounted for1 if at that time the ,satelles of ,saturn had been discovered1 and that ,mr4 ,horrocks had thought of such a notion as the ,common ,center of ,gravity of ,saturn and his ,companion1 to be considerable1 as to the guiding of his motion4 ,you have now1 in obedience to your ,commands1 an ,account of my thoughts1 as to this matter1 though yet immature and unpolished3 ,what use you will please to make of them1 ,i shall leave to your prudence1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,,appendix1 written by way of ,letter to the ,publisher2 ,being an answer to some ,objections1 made by several ,persons1 to the precedent ,discourse4 ,i ,received yours2 and am very well contented1 that objections be made against my ,hypothesis concerning ,tydes3 being #bhb proposed but as a conjecture to be examined2 and1 upon that ,examination1 rectified1 if there be occasion2 or rejected1 if it will not hold water4 #a4 ,to the first objection of those you mention2 ,that it appears not how two ,bodies1 that have no tye1 can have one common ,center of ,gravity3 that is 7for so ,i understand the intendment of the objection7 can act or be acted in the same manner1 as if they were connected3 ,i shall onely answer1 that it is harder to shew ,how they have1 than ,that they have it4 ,that the ,load-stone and ,iron have somewhat equivalent to a ,tye2 though we see it not1 yet by the effects we know4 ,and it would be easy to shew1 that two ,load-stones1 at once applyed1 in different positions1 to the same ,needle1 at some convenient distance1 will draw it1 not to point directly to either of them1 but to some point between both2 which point is1 as to those two1 the common ,center of ,attraction2 and it is the same1 as if some one ,load-stone were in that point4 ,yet have these two ,load stones no connection or tye1 though a ,common ,center of ,virtue according to which they joyntly act4 ,and as to the present case1 ,how the ,earth and ,moon are connected2 ,i will not now undertake to shew 7nor is it necessary to my purpose27 but1 ,that there is somewhat1 that doth connect them1 7as much as what connects the ,load-stone1 and the ,iron1 which it draws17 is past doubt to those1 who allow them to be carryed about by the ,sun1 as one ,aggregate or ,body1 whose parts keep a respective position to one another3 ,like as ,jupiter with his four ,satellites1 and ,saturn with his one4 ,some ,tye there is1 that makes those ,satellites attend their ,lords1 and move in a ,body2 though we do not ,see that ,tye2 nor ,hear the ,words of ,command4 ,and so here4 #b4 ,to the second objection2 ,that1 at ,chatham and in the ,thames1 the ,annual ,spring-tydes1 happen about the quinoxes2 not 7as this ,hypothesis doth suppose elsewhere to have been observed7 about the beginning of ,february and ,november4 ,if their meaning be1 that ,annual ,high ,tydes1 do then happen1 and then onely3 ,if this prove true1 it will ease me of half my work4 ,for it is then easily answered1 that it depends upon the ,obliquity of the ,zodiack2 the parts of the quinoctial answering to equal parts of the #bhc ,zodiack1 being neer the ,solstitial points greatest1 and near the quinoctial points least of all4 ,but beside this ,annual ,vicissitude of the quinoxes1 not to say1 of the #d4 ,cardinal ,points 7which my ,hypothesis doth allow and assert27 ,i believe it will be found1 that there is another ,annual vicissitude answering to the ,suns ,apogum and ,perigum4 ,and that the greatest ,tydes of all1 will be found to be upon a result of these two causes ,cooperating3 which 7as doth the ,inequality of ,natural dayes1 depending on these same causes7 will light nearer the times1 ,i mention4 ,to what is said to be observed at ,chatham and in the ,thames1 contrary to that ,i allege as observed in ,rumney marsh3 ,i must at present ,greek3 apechein1 and refer to a melius inquirendum4 ,if those who object this contrary observation1 shall1 after this notice1 find1 upon new ,observations heedfully taken1 that the ,spring-tydes in ,february and ,november1 are not so high1 as those in ,march and ,september2 ,i shall then think the objection very considerable4 ,but ,i do very well remember1 that ,i have seen in ,november1 very high ,tydes at ,london1 as well as in ,rumney ,marsh4 ,and1 the time is not yet so far past1 but that it may be remembered 7by your self or others then in ,london7 whether in ,november last when the ,tydes were so high at ,dover1 at ,deal1 at ,margate1 and all along the ,coast from thence to ,rumney ,marsh1 as to do in some of those places much hurt1 7and1 in ,holland1 much more27 whether1 ,i say1 there were not also at the same time1 at ,london1 7upon the ,thames7 very high ,tydes4 ,but a good ,diary of the ,height and time both of ,high-water1 and ,low-water1 for a year or two together1 even at ,chatham1 or ,greenwich2 but rather at some place in the open ,sea1 or at the ,lands end in ,cornwal1 or on the ,west parts of ,ireland2 or at ,st4 ,hellens1 or the ,bermodas1 c4 would do more to the resolving of this point1 than any verbal discourse without it4 #c4 ,to the third ,objection1 ,that supposing the ,earth and ,moon to move about a ,common center of gravity2 if that the highest ,tydes be at the ,new-moon1 when the moon being nearest to the ,sun1 the ,earth is farthest from it1 and its compound motion at the swiftest2 and that the ,tydes abate as the ,earth approacheth nearer2 till it comes into the supposed ,circle of her ,annual motion3 ,it may be demanded1 why do they not still abate as the ,earth comes yet nearer to the ,sun2 and the #bhd swiftnesse of its compound motion still slackens8 ,and so1 why have we not ,spring tides at the ,new ,moon 7when the motion is swiftest7 and ,neap tides at ,full ,moon 7when the motion is slowest7 but ,spring tides at both8 ,the answer 7if observed7 is already given in my ,hypothesis it self4 ,because the effect is indifferently to follow1 either upon a suddain ,acceleration1 or a suddain ,retardation4 7,like as a loose thing1 lying on a moving body2 if the body be thrust suddainly forward1 that loose thing is cast back1 or rather left behind1 not having yet obtained an equal impetus with that of the body1 on which it lyes2 but if stopped1 or notably retarded1 that loose incumbent is thrown forward1 by its formerly contracted impetus not yet qualified or accomodated to the slowness of the ,body1 on which it lyes47 ,now both of these happening1 the one at the ,new ,moon1 the other at the ,full ,moon1 do cause high ,tides at both4 #d4 ,to the fourth ,objection1 ,that the highest ,tydes are not at all places1 about the ,new ,moon and ,full ,moon2 and particularly1 that1 in some places of the ,east ,indies1 the ,highest ,tydes are at the ,quadratures3 ,i must first answer in general2 ,that as to the particular varieties of ,tydes in several parts of the ,world1 ,i cannot pretend to give a satisfactory account1 for want of a competent ,history of ,tydes1 c4 ,because 7as is intimated in what ,i wrote in the general7 the various positions of ,chanels1 ,bays1 ,promontories1 ,gulfs1 ,shallows1 ,currents1 ,trade-winds1 c4 must needs make an innumerable variety of ,accidents in particular places1 of which no satisfactory account is to be given from the general ,hypothesis 7though never so true7 without a due consideration of all those4 ,which is a task too great for me to undertake1 being so ill furnished with materials for it4 ,and then as to the particular instance of some places in the ,east ,indies1 where the highest ,tydes are at the ,quadratures3 ,i suppose1 it may be chiefly intended of those about ,cambaia1 and ,pegu4 ,at which places1 beside that they are situate at the inmost parts of ,vast ,bayes1 or ,gulfs 7as they are called7 they have also vast ,in-draughts of some hundred ,miles within ,land2 which when the ,tydes are out1 do lye 7in a manner7 quite dry3 ,and may therefore very well be supposed to participate the effect of the ,menstrual ,tydes many dayes after the #bhe cause of them happens in the open ,sea1 upon a like ground as in ,straights and narrow ,channels the ,diurnall ,tydes happen some hours later than in the ,ocean4 ,and a like account must be given of particular accidents in other places1 from the particular situation of those places1 as ,bays1 ,chanels1 ,currents1 c4 #e4 ,to the #e4 ,objection1 ,that the ,spring-,tydes happen not1 with us1 just at the ,full and ,change1 but two or three daies after4 ,i should with the more confidence attempt an ,answer1 were ,i certain1 whether it be so in the ,open ,seas1 or onely in our ,channels4 ,for the ,answers will not be the same in both cases4 ,if onely in our ,channels1 where the ,tydes find a large in-draught2 but not in the ,open ,seas3 we must seek the reason of it from the particular position of these places4 ,but if it be so generally in the wide ,open ,seas3 ,we must then seek a reason of it from the general ,hypothesis4 ,and1 till ,i know the matter of ,fact1 ,i know not well1 which to offer at2 lest whilst ,i attempt to salve one1 ,i should fall foul of the other4 ,i know that ,marriners use to speak of ,spring-,tydes at the ,new and ,full of the ,moon2 though ,i have still had a suspition that it might be some daies after1 as well in the open ,seas1 as in our narrower ,channels2 7and therefore ,i have chosen to say1 in my ,papers1 ,about the ,new and ,full1 rather than ,at the ,new and ,full2 and even when ,i do say ,at1 ,i intend it in that laxer sense in which ,i suppose the ,marriners are to be understood1 for ,neer that time37 ,of which suspition you will find some intimations even in my first ,papers3 ,but this though ,i can admit2 yet1 because ,i was not sure of it1 ,i durst not build upon it4 ,the truth is1 the ,flux and ,reflux of water in a vessel1 by reason of the jogging of it1 though it follow thereupon2 yet is1 for the most part1 discernable some time after4 ,for there must1 upon that jog1 be some time for ,motion1 before the ,accumulation can have made a ,tyde4 ,and so ,i do not know but that we must allow it in all the ,periods4 ,for as the menstrual ,high ,tyde1 is not 7at least with us7 till some ,daies after the ,full and ,change2 so is the ,diurnal ,high water1 about as many ,hours1 after the ,moons comming to ,south2 7,i mean1 ,at ,sea3 for in ,chanels it varies to all ,hours1 according as they are neerer or further from the open ,sea37 ,and the ,annual ,high-,tydes of ,november and ,february2 somewhat later than #bhf 7what ,i conjecture to be from the same causes7 the greatest ,inequalities of the natural ,days1 happening in ,january and ,october4 ,but this though ,i can admit1 yet 7till ,i am sure of the matter of ,fact7 ,i do not build upon4 ,and since it hath hitherto been the custome to speak with that laxness of expression2 assigning the times of ,new-moon1 ,full-moon1 and ,quadratures1 with the ,moons comming to ,south1 for1 what is neer those times3 ,i did not think myself obliged in my conjectural ,hypothesis 7while it is yet but a ,candidate7 to speak more nicely4 ,if the ,hypothesis for the maine of it be found ,rational2 the ,niceties of it are to be adjusted1 in time1 from particular ,observation4 ,having thus given you some ,answers to the ,objections you signifie to have been made by several persons to my ,hypothesis1 and that in the same order your ,paper presents them to me2 ,i shall next give you some account of the two ,books1 which you advised me to consult2 so far as seems necessary to this business2 ,which1 upon your intimation1 ,i have since perused1 though before ,i had not4 ,and first1 as to that of ,isaac ,vossius1 ,de motu ,marium ,ventorum2 ,though ,i do not concur with him in his ,hypothesis2 ,that all the ,great motions of the ,seas1 c4 should arise onely from so small a warming of the water as to raise it 7where most of all7 not a ,foot in perpendicular1 7as in his #abth ,chapter47 ,or that there is no other connexion between the ,moons motion1 and the ,tydes menstrual period1 than a casual ,synchronism 7which seems to be the doctrine of his #afth and #ahth ,chapters27 ,beside many other things in his ,philosophy1 which ,i cannot allow3 ,yet ,i am well enough pleased with what is ,historical in it1 of the matter of ,fact3 ,especially if ,i may be secure1 that he is therein accurate and candid1 not wresting the ,phnomena to his own purpose4 ,but ,i find nothing in it1 which doth induce me to vary from my ,hypothesis4 ,for1 granting his ,historicals to be all true2 the account of the constant ,current of the ,sea ,westward1 and of the constant ,eastern ,blasts1 c4 within the ,tropicks1 is much more plausibly1 and 7,i suppose7 truly rendered by ,galilo long since1 from the ,earths ,diurnal motion3 7which1 neare the quator1 describing a greater ,circle1 than nearer the #bhg ,poles1 makes the ,current to be there more conspicuous and swift1 and consequently1 the ,eddy1 or recurrent motion1 nearer the ,poles1 where this is1 more remiss37 than can easily be rendered by so small a ,tumor1 as he supposeth4 ,not to adde2 that his account of the ,progressive motion1 which he fansieth to follow upon this ,tumefaction1 and by ,acceleration to grow to so great a height near the ,shoar 7as in ,chap4 #ac4 and #ad47 is a ,notion1 which seems to me too extravagant to be salved by any laws of ,staticks4 ,and that of the ,moons motion onely ,synchronizing with the ,tydes1 casually1 without any ,physical connexion2 ,i can very hardly assent to4 ,for it can hardly be imagined1 that any such constant ,synchronisme should be in ,nature2 but where1 either the one is the cause of the other1 or both depend upon some ,common cause4 ,and where we see so fair a foundation for a ,physical connection4 ,i am not prone to ascribe it to an ,independent ,sychronism4 ,in sum2 ,his ,history doth well enough agree with my ,hypothesis2 and ,i think1 the ,phnomena are much better salved by mine1 than his4 ,and then as to ,gassendus1 in his discourse ,de stu ,maris2 ,i find him1 after the relating of many other ,opinions concerning the ,cause of it1 inclining to that of ,galilo1 ascribing it to the ,acceleration ,retardation of the ,earths motion1 compounded of the ,annual and ,diurnal2 ,and moreover attempting to give an account of the ,menstrual ,periods from the ,earths carrying the ,moon about it self1 as ,jupiter doth his ,satellites2 which together with them is carryed about by the ,sun1 as one ,aggregate2 7and that the ,earth with its ,moon is to be supposed in like manner to be carried about by the ,sun1 as one ,aggregate1 cannot be reasonably doubted1 by those who entertain the ,copernican ,hypothesis1 and do allow the same of ,jupiter and his ,satellites47 ,but though he would thus have the ,earth and ,moon looked upon as two parts of the same moved ,aggregate1 yet he doth still suppose 7as ,galilo had done before him7 that the line of the ,mean ,motion of this ,aggregate 7or1 as he calls1 motus quabilis et veluti medius7 is described by the ,center of the ,earth 7about which ,center he supposeth both its own revolution to be made1 and an ,epicycle described by the ,moons motion27 not by another ,point1 distinct from the ,centers of both1 about which1 as the #bhh common ,center of ,gravity1 as well that of the ,earth1 as that of the ,moon1 are to describe several ,epicycles4 ,and1 for that ,reason fails of giving any clear account of this ,menstrual ,period4 7,and in like manner1 he proposeth the ,consideration as well of the ,earths ,aphelium and ,perihelium as of the quinoctial and ,solstitial ,points1 in order to the finding a ,reason of the ,annual ,vicissitudes2 but doth not fix upon any thing1 in which himself can ,acquiesce3 ,and therefore leaves it in medio as he found it47 ,it had been more agreeable to the ,laws of ,staticks1 if he had1 7as ,i do17 so considered the ,earth and ,moon as two parts of the same movable1 7not so1 as he doth1 aliam in ,centro et sequentem prcise revolutionem axis1 aliam remotius ac velut in circumferentia1 but17 so1 as to make neither of them the ,center1 but both out of it1 describing ,epicycles about it3 ,like as1 when a long stick thrown in the ,air1 whose one end is heavyer than the other1 is whirled about1 so as that the ,end1 which did first fly foremost1 becomes hindmost2 the proper line of motion of this whole ,body is not that1 which is described by either ,end1 but that1 which is described by a middle point between them2 about which point each end1 in whirling1 describes an ,epicycle4 ,and indeed1 in the present case1 it is not the ,epicycle described by the ,moon1 but that1 described by the ,earth1 which gives the ,menstrual ,vicissitudes of motion to the ,water2 which would1 as to this1 be the same1 if the ,earth so move1 whether there were any ,moon to move or not2 nor would the ,moons ,motion1 supposing the ,earth to hold on its own course1 any whit concern the motion of the ,water4 ,illustration ,but now1 7after all our ,physical1 or ,statical ,considerations7 the clearest ,evidence for this ,hypothesis 7if it can be had7 will be from ,celestial ,observations4 ,as for instance2 7see ,fig4 #e47 ,supposing the ,sun at ,s2 the ,earths place in its ,annual ,orb at ,t2 and ,mars 7in opposition to the ,sun1 or near it7 at ,m3 ,from whence ,mars should appear in the ,zodiack at gamma1 and will at ,full moon be seen there to be2 the ,moon being at ,c and the ,earth at c2 7and the like at the ,new-moon47 ,but if the ,moon be in the ,first quarter at ,a1 and the ,earth at a3 ,mars will be seen1 not at gamma1 but at alpha2 too slow3 ,and when the ,moon is at ,b1 and the ,earth at b1 ,mars will be seen at beta2 yet too slow3 till at the #bhi ,full-moon1 the ,moon at ,c1 the ,earth at c1 ,mars will be seen at gamma1 its true place1 as if the ,earth were at ,t4 ,but then1 after the ,full1 the ,moon at ,d1 the ,earth at d2 ,mars will be seen1 not at gamma1 but at delta1 too forward3 and yet more1 when the ,moon 7at the last ,quarter7 is at ,e1 the ,earth at e1 and ,mars seen at epsilon4 ,if therefore ,mars 7when in opposition to the ,sun7 be found 7all other allowances being made7 somewhat too backward before the ,full moon1 and somewhat too forward after the ,full-moon1 7and most of all1 at the ,quadratures37 it will be the best confirmation of the ,hypothesis4 7,the like may be fitted to ,mars in other positions1 mutatis mutandis2 and so for the other ,planets47 ,but this proof1 is of like nature as that of the ,parallaxis of the ,earths ,annual ,orb to prove the ,copernican ,hypothesis4 ,if it can be observed1 it proves the ,affirmative2 but if it cannot be observed1 it doth not convince the ,negative1 but only proves that the ,semidiameter of the ,earths ,epicycle is so small as not to make any discernable ,parallax4 ,and indeed1 ,i doubt1 that will be the issue4 ,for the ,semidiameter of this ,epicycle1 being little more than the ,semidiameter of the ,earth it self1 or about #a-a_/c thereof 7as is conjectured1 in the ,hypothesis1 from the ,magnitudes and ,distances of the ,earth and ,moon compared27 and there having not as yet been observed any discernable ,parallax of ,mars1 even in his neerest position to the ,earth2 it is very suspicious1 that here it may prove so too4 ,and whether any of the other ,planets will be more favourable in this point1 ,i cannot say4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,animadversions of ,dr4 ,wallis1 upon ,mr4 ,hobs's late ,book1 ,de ,principiis ,ratiocinatione ,geometrarum4 ,these were communicated by way of ,letter1 written in ,oxford1 ,july #bd4 #afff4 to an ,acquaintance of the ,author1 as follows3 ,since ,i saw you last1 ,i have read over ,mr4 ,hobs's ,book ,contra ,geometras 7or ,de ,principiis ,ratiocinatione ,geometrarum7 which you then shewed me4 ,a ,new ,book of ,old matter3 ,containing but a ,repetition of what he had before told us1 more than once2 and which hath been ,answered long agoe4 ,in which1 though there be ,faults enough to offer ample #bij matter for a large ,confutation2 yet ,i am scarce inclined to believe1 that any will bestow so much pains upon it4 ,for1 if that be true1 which 7in his ,preface7 he saith of himself1 ,aut solus insanio ,ego1 aut solus non insanio3 it would either be ,needless1 or to no ,purpose4 ,for1 by his own confession1 ,all others1 if they be not mad themselves1 ought to think ,him so3 ,and therefore1 as to ,them a ,confutation would be needless2 who1 its like1 are well enough satisfied already3 at least out of danger of being seduced4 ,and1 as to himself1 it would be to no purpose4 ,for1 if ,he be the ,mad man1 it is not to be hoped that he will be convinced by ,reason3 ,or1 if ,all ,we be so2 we are in no capacity to attempt it4 ,but there is yet another ,reason1 why ,i think it not to need a ,confutation4 ,because what is in it1 hath been sufficiently confuted already2 7and1 so ,effectually2 as that he professeth himself not to ,hope1 that ,this ,age is like to give sentence for him2 what ever ,nondum imbuta ,posteritas may do47 ,nor doth there appear any ,reason1 why he should again ,repeat it1 unless he can hope1 ,that1 what was at first ,false1 may by oft ,repeating1 become ,true4 ,i shall therefore1 instead of a large ,answer1 onely give you a brief ,account1 what is in it2 1 where it hath been already ,answered4 ,the chief of what he hath to say1 in his first #aj ,chapters1 against ,euclids ,definitions1 amounts but to this1 ,that he thinks1 ,euclide ought to have allowed his ,point some ,bigness2 his ,line1 some ,breadth2 and his ,surface1 some ,thickness4 ,but where in his ,dialogues1 pag4 #aea1 #aeb4 he solemnly undertakes to ,demonstrate it2 7for it is there1 his #dath ,proposition37 his ,demonstration amounts to no more but this2 ,that1 unless a ,line be allowed some ,latitude2 it is not possible that his ,quadratures can be ,true4 ,for finding himself reduced to these inconveniences2 #a4 ,that his ,geometrical ,constructions1 would not consist with ,arithmetical calculations1 nor with what ,archimedes and others have long since demonstrated3 #b4 ,that the ,arch of a ,circle must be allowed to be sometimes ,shorter than its ,chord1 and sometimes longer than its ,tangent3 #c4 ,that the same ,straight ,line must be allowed1 at one place onely to ,touch1 and at another place to ,cut the same ,circle3 7with others of like nature27 ,he findes it necessary1 that these things may not seem ,absurd1 to allow his ,lines some ,breadth1 7that so1 as he speaks1 ,while a ,straight ,line with its ,out-side doth at one place #bia ,touch the ,circle1 it may with its ,in-side at another place ,cut it1 c47 ,but ,i shou'd sooner take this to be a ,confutation of ,his ,quadratures1 than a demonstration of the ,breadth of a 7,mathematical7 ,line4 ,of which1 see my ,hobbius ,heauton-timorumenus1 from pag4 #aad4 to p4 #aai4 ,and what he now ,adds1 being to this purpose2 ,that though ,euclid's ,greek3 ,smeion1 which we translate1 a ,point1 be not indeed ,nomen ,quanti2 yet cannot this be actually represented by any thing1 but what will have some ,magnitude2 nor can a ,painter1 no not ,apelles himself1 draw a ,line so small1 but that it will have some ,breadth2 nor can ,thread be spun so ,fine1 but that it will have some ,bigness2 7pag4 #b1 #c1 #ai1 #ba47 is nothing to the ,business2 ,for ,euclide doth not speak either of such ,points1 or of such ,lines4 ,he should rather have considered of his own ,expedient1 pag4 #aa4 ,that1 when one of his 7broad7 ,lines1 passing through one of his 7great7 ,points1 is supposed to cut another ,line proposed1 into two equal parts2 we are to understand1 the ,middle of the breadth of that ,line1 passing through the middle of that ,point1 to distinguish the ,line given into two equal parts4 ,and he should then have considered further1 that ,euclide1 by a ,line1 means no more than what ,mr4 ,hobs would call the middle of the breadth of his2 and ,euclide's ,point1 is but the ,middle of ,mr4 ,hobs's4 ,and then1 for the same reason1 that ,mr4 ,hobs's ,middle must be said to have no ,magnitude2 7,for else1 not the whole ,middle1 but the ,middle of the ,middle1 will be in the ,middle3 ,and1 the ,whole will not be equal to its ,two ,halves2 but ,bigger than ,both1 by so much as the ,middle comes to37 ,euclide's ,lines must as well be said to have no ,breadth2 and his ,points no ,bigness4 ,in like manner1 ,when ,euclide and others do make the ,terme or ,end of a ,line1 a ,point3 ,if this ,point have ,parts or ,greatness1 then not the ,point1 but the ,outer-,half of this ,point ends the ,line1 7for1 that the ,inner-,half of that ,point is not at the ,end1 is manifest1 because the ,outer-,half is beyond it37 ,and again1 if that ,outer ,half have ,parts also2 not this1 but the ,outer part of it1 and again the ,outer part of that ,outer part1 7and so in infinitum47 ,so that1 as long as ,any thing of ,line remains1 we are not yet at the ,end3 ,and consequently1 if we must have passed the whole ,length1 before we be at the ,end2 then that ,end 7or ,punctum terminans7 has nothing of ,length2 7for1 when the whole ,length is past1 there is nothing of it left47 ,and if ,mr4 ,hobs tells us 7as pag4 #c47 that this #bib ,end is not ,punctum1 but only ,signum 7which he does allow non esse nomen ,quanti7 even this will serve our turn well enough4 ,euclid's ,greek3 ,smeion1 which some ,interpreters render by ,signum1 others have thought fit 7with ,tully7 to call ,punctum3 ,but if ,mr4 ,hobs like not that name1 we will not contend about it4 ,let it be ,punctum1 or let it be ,signum 7or1 if he please1 he may call it ,vexillum47 ,but then he is to remember1 that this is only a ,controversie in ,grammar1 not in ,mathematicks3 ,and his ,book should have been intitled ,contra ,grammaticos1 not1 ,contra ,geometras4 ,nor is it ,euclide1 but ,cicero1 that is concern'd1 in rendring the ,greek ,greek3 ,smeion by the ,latine ,punctum1 not by ,mr4 ,hobs's ,signum4 ,the ,mathematician is equally content with either word4 ,what he saith here1 ,chap4 #h4 #ai4 7and in his fifth ,dial4 p4 #aje4 c47 concerning the ,angle of ,contact2 amounts but to thus much1 ,that1 by the ,angle of ,contact1 he doth not mean either what ,euclide calls an ,angle1 or any thing of that kind2 7and therefore says nothing to the purpose of what was in controversie between ,clavius and ,peletarius1 when he says1 that ,an ,angle of ,contact hath some magnitude37 ,but1 that by the ,angle of ,contact1 he understands the ,crookedness of the ,arch2 and in saying1 the ,angle of ,contact hath some magnitude1 his meaning is1 that the ,arch of a ,circle hath some crookedness1 or1 is a crooked line3 and that1 of equal ,arches1 ,that is the more crooked1 whose chord is shortest3 which ,i think none will deny2 7for who ever doubted1 but that a circular ,arch is crooked8 or1 that1 of such ,arches1 equal in length1 ,that is the more crooked1 whose ends by bowing are brought nearest together87 ,but1 why the ,crookedness of an ,arch1 should be called an ,angle of ,contact1 ,i know no other reason1 but1 because ,mr4 ,hobs loves to call that ,chalk1 which others call ,cheese4 ,of this see my ,hobbius ,heauton-timorumenus1 from pag4 #hh4 to p4 #ajj4 ,what he saith here of ,rations or ,proportions1 and their ,calculus2 for #h4 ,chapters together1 7,chap4 #aa4 c17 is but the same for substance1 what he had formerly said in his #dth4 ,dialogue1 and elsewhere4 ,to which you may see a full ,answer1 in my ,hobbius ,heauton-tim4 from pag4 #di4 to p4 #hh4 which ,i need not here repeat4 ,onely 7as a ,specimen of ,mr4 ,hobs's ,candour1 in ,falsifications7 you may by the way observe1 how he deals a ,demonstration of ,mr4 ,rook's1 in confutation of ,mr4 ,hobs's ,duplication of the ,cube4 ,which when he had repeated1 pag4 #dc4 ,he doth then 7that it might seem absurd7 change those words1 quales #bic quatuor cubis ,,dv2 7pag4 #dc4 line #cc47 into these 7p4 #dd4 l4 #e47 qualia quatuor ,lineis1 nempe quadruplus ,recta ,,dv3 ,and would thence perswade you1 that ,mr4 ,rook had assigned a ,solide1 equal to a ,line4 ,but ,mr4 ,rook's ,demonstration was clear enough without ,mr4 ,hobse's ,comment4 ,nor do ,i know any ,mathematician 7unless you take ,mr4 ,hobs to be one7 who thinks that a ,line multiplyed by a ,number will make a ,square2 7what ever ,mr4 ,hobs is pleased to teach us47 ,but1 ,that a ,number multiplyed by a ,number1 may make a ,square ,number2 and1 ,that a ,line drawn into a ,line may make a ,square ,figure1 ,mr4 ,hobs 7if he were1 what he would be thought to be7 might have known before now4 ,or1 7if he had not before known it7 he might have learned1 7by what ,i shew him upon a like occasion1 in my ,hob4 ,heaut4 pag4 #adb4 #adc4 #add47 ,how to understand that language1 without an ,absurdity4 ,just in the same manner he doth1 in the next page1 deal with ,clavius1 for having given us his words1 pag4 #de l4 #c4 #d4 ,dico hanc ,lineam ,perpendicularem extra circulum cadere 7because neither intra ,circulum1 nor in ,peripherea27 ,he doth1 when he would shew an errour1 first make one1 by falsifying his word1 line #ae4 where instead of ,lineam ,perpendicularem1 he substitutes ,punctum ,a4 ,as if ,euclide or ,clavius had denyed the ,point ,a4 7the utmost point of the ,radius17 to be in the ,circumference3 ,or1 as if ,mr4 ,hobs1 by proving the ,point ,a4 to be in the ,circumference1 had thereby proved1 that the ,perpendicular ,tangent ,a ,e had also lyen in the ,circumference of the ,circle4 ,but this is a ,trade1 which ,mr4 ,hobs doth drive so often1 as if he were as well faulty in his ,morals1 as in his ,mathematicks4 ,the ,quadrature of a ,circle1 which here he gives us1 ,chap4 #bj4 #ba4 #bc4 is one of those ,twelve of his1 which in my ,hobbius ,heauton-timorumenus 7from pag4 #ajd4 to pag4 #aai7 are already confuted3 ,and is the ,ninth in order 7as ,i there rank them7 which is particularly considered1 pag4 #ajf4 #ajg4 #ajh4 ,i call it ,one1 because he takes it so to be2 though it might as well be called ,two4 ,for1 as there1 so here1 it consisteth of ,two branches1 which are ,both false2 and each overthrow the other4 ,for if the ,arch of a ,quadrant be equal to the ,aggregate of the ,semidiameter and of the ,tangent of #cj4 ,degrees1 7as he would ,here have it1 in ,chap4 #bj4 and ,there1 in the close of ,prop4 #bg27 ,then is it not equal to that ,line1 ,whose ,square is equal to ,ten squares of the ,semiradius1 7as1 ,there1 he would have it1 in ,prop4 #bh4 and1 ,here1 in ,chap4 #bc47 ,and if it be equal to ,this1 then not to ,that4 ,for ,this1 and ,that1 are not equal3 ,as ,i then demonstrated2 and need not now repeat it4 ,the grand ,fault of his ,demonstration 7,chap4 #bj47 wherewith he would now ,new vamp his old false quadrature1 lyes in those ,words ,page #di4 line #cj1 #ca4 ,quod ,impossibile est nisi ba transeat per c4 which is no impossibility at all4 ,for though he first bid us draw the ,line ,r c1 and afterwards the ,line ,r d2 ,yet1 ,because he hath no where proved 7nor is it true7 that these two are the same ,line2 7that is1 that the point d lyes in the ,line ,r c1 or that ,r c passeth through d37 ,his proving that ,r d cuts off from ab a ,line equal to the ,sine of ,r c1 doth not prove1 that ab passeth through c3 ,for this it may well do though ab lye under c4 7vid4 in case d lye beyond the line ,r c4 that is1 further from ,a37 ,and therefore1 unless he first prove 7which he cannot do7 that ,a c 7 a sixth part of ,a ,d7 doth just reach to the line ,r c and no further1 he only proves #bid that a sixth part of ab is equal to the ,sine of ,b c4 ,but1 whether it lye above it1 or below it1 or 7as ,mr4 ,hobs would have it7 just upon it2 this argument doth not conclude4 7,and therefore ,hugenius's assertion1 which ,mr4 ,hobs1 ,chap4 #ba4 would have give way to this ,demonstration1 doth1 notwithstanding this1 remain safe enough47 ,his demonstration of ,chap4 #bc4 7where he would prove1 that the aggregate of the ,radius and of the ,tangent of #cj4 ,degrees is equal to a ,line1 whose square is equal to #aj ,squares of the ,semiradius27 is confuted not only by me1 7in the place forecited1 where this is proved to be impossible27 but by himself also1 in this same ,chap4 pag4 #ei4 7where he proves sufficiently and doth confesse1 that this demonstration1 and the #dg4 ,prop4 of the first of ,euclide1 cannot be both true47 ,but1 7which is worst of all27 whether ,euclid's ,proposition be ,false or ,true1 his demonstration must needs be ,false4 for he is in this ,dilemma3 ,if that ,proposition be ,true1 his demonstration is ,false1 for he grants that they cannot be both ,true1 page #ei line #ba4 #bb4 ,and again1 if that ,proposition be ,false1 his ,demonstration is so too2 for ,this depends upon ,that1 page #ee4 line #bb4 and therefore must fall with it4 ,but the ,fault is obvious in ,his ,demonstration 7not in ,euclid's ,proposition37 the grand ,fault of it 7though there are more7 lyes in those words1 page #ef4 line #bf4 ,erit ergo ,m ,o minus quam ,m ,r ,where1 instead of minus1 he should have said majus4 ,and when he hath mended that ,error1 he will find1 that the major in page #ef4 line penult1 will very well agree with majorem in page #eg4 line #d 7where the ,printer hath already mended the ,fault to his hand7 and then the ,falsum ergo will vanish4 ,his ,section of an ,angle in ratione data1 ,chap4 #bb hath no other foundation1 than his supposed ,quadrature of ,chap4 #bj4 ,and therefore1 that being false1 this must fall with it4 ,it is just the same with that of his #f4 ,dialogue1 ,prop4 #df4 which 7besides that it wants a foundation7 how absurd it is1 ,i have already shewed1 in my ,hobbius ,heauton-timor4 page #aai4 #abj4 ,his ,appendix1 wherein he undertakes to shew a ,method of finding any number of mean ,proportionals1 between two ,lines given3 ,depends upon the supposed ,truth of his #bb4 ,chapter2 about ,dividing an ,arch in any proportion given3 7,as himself professeth3 and as is evident by the ,construction2 which supposeth such a ,section47 ,and therefore1 that failing1 this falls with it4 ,and yet this is other wise faulty1 though that should be supposed ,true4 ,for1 ,in the first ,demonstration2 page #fg4 line #ab4 ,producta ,l f incidet in ,i2 is not proved1 nor doth it follow from his ,quoniam igitur4 ,in the second ,demonstration2 page #fh4 line #cd4 #ce4 ,recta ,l f incidit in x2 is not proved2 nor doth it follow from his ,quare4 ,in his third ,demonstration2 page #ga3 line #g4 ,producta ,y ,p transibit per ,m2 is said gratis2 nor is any proof offered for it4 ,and so this whole structure falls to the ground4 ,and withall1 the ,prop4 #dg4 ,el4 #a doth still stand fast 7which he tells us1 page #ei1 #fa1 #gh4 must have ,fallen1 if his ,demonstrations had stood37 ,and so1 ,geometry and ,arithmetick do still agree1 which 7he tells us1 page #gh3 line #aj47 had otherwise been at odds4 ,and this 7though much more might have been said17 is as much as need to be said against that ,piece4 99 99 99 99 99 ,printed with ,licence for ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society4 #bie 99 99 99 99 99 ,num4 #ag4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,septemb4 #i4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,observations made in several places 7at ,london1 ,madrid and ,paris17 of the late ,eclipse of the ,sun1 which hapned ,june #bb4 #afff4 ,some ,enquiries and ,directions1 concerning ,tides1 proposed by ,dr4 ,wallis4 ,considerations and ,enquiries touching the same ,argument1 suggested by ,sir ,robert ,moray4 ,an ,account of several ,books lately publish't3 ,vid4 #a4 ,johannis ,hevelii ,descriptio ,comet1 ,a4 #affe4 exorti2 una cum ,mantissa ,prodromi ,cometici4 #b4 ,isaacus ,vossius de ,nili aliorum ,fluminum ,origine4 #c4 ,le ,discernement du ,corps de l',ame1 par ,monsieur de ,cordemoy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observations made in several places1 ,of the late ,eclipse of the ,sun1 which hapned on the #bb of ,june1 #afff4 ,the ,observations that were made at ,london by ,mr4 ,willughby1 ,dr4 ,pope1 ,mr4 ,hook1 and ,mr4 ,philips1 are these3 ,the ,eclipse began at #e;h4 #dc' h4 ' #c_/aa diam4 at #f4 #jj #e dig4 at #g4 #jf #d digits at #f4 #jg #d dig4 at #g4 #ac ,it was #e dig4 at #f4 #ac #c dig4 at #g4 #bj darkned1 #f dig4 at #f4 #ba #b dig4 at #g4 #bf #g dig4 at #f4 #ci #a dig4 at #g4 #cb #f dig4 at #f4 #eg #j dig4 at #g4 #cg ,its ,duration hence appears to have been one hour and #ed m4 ,its greatest ,obscurity somewhat more than #g4 digits4 ,about the middle1 between the ,perpendicular and ,westward ,horizontal ,radius the ,sun1 viewing it through ,mr4 ,boyle's #fj4 foot-,telescope1 there was perceived a little of the ,limb of the ,moon without the ,diske of the ,sun3 which seemed to some of the ,observers to come from some shining ,atmosphere about the ,body either of the ,sun or ,moon4 ,they affirm to have observ'd the ,figure of this ,eclipse1 and measured the #bif ,digits1 by casting the ,figure through a #e foot ,telescope1 on an extended paper1 fix't at a certain distance from the ,eye-glasse1 and having a round figure2 all whose ,diameters were divided1 by #f ,concentrick ,circles1 into #ab ,digits4 ,the ,observations made at ,madrid by a ,noble ,member of the ,royal ,society1 ,his ,excellence the ,earle of ,sandwich1 as they were sent to the ,right ,honourable1 the ,lord ,vice-,count ,brounker1 are these2 ,the ,eclipse began at ,madrid about #e of the ,clock in the morning1 at #e h4 #ae'1 the ,suns ,altitude was #f deg4 #ee'4 ,the ,middle of it was at #f h4 #b'1 the ,suns ,altitude1 #ae4 deg4 #e'4 ,the ,end was exactly at #g h4 #e'2 the ,suns ,altitude1 #be4 deg4 #bd'4 ,the ,duration1 #b;h4 #d'4 #cg4 ,parts of the ,suns diameter remained light4 #fc4 ,parts of the same were darkened4 ,the ,observations made at ,paris by ,monsieur ,payen1 assisted by several ,astronomers1 as they were printed in ,french1 and addressed to ,monsieur de ,montmor1 are these2 ,the ,eclipse began there1 at #e h4 #dd'4 #eb4 mane4 ,it ended at #g h4 #dc'4 #f4 ,so that its whole ,duration was #a h4 #eh'4 #ad4 ,the greatest ,obscuration they assign to have been #g4 dig4 #ej4 m4 but they adde1 that it seem'd to have been greater by #c minuts2 which ,m4 ,payen imputes to a particular motion of libration of the ,suns ,globe1 which entertain'd that ,luminary in the same ,phasis for the space of #h4 min4 and some seconds1 as if it had been stopped in the midst of its ,course2 rather than to a tremulous ,motion of the ,atmosphere1 as ,scheiner would have it4 ,they intimate that they took the time of each ,phasis from half digit to half digit1 as well by a ,pendulum1 as by the ,altitudes of the ,suns ,center above the ,horizon1 corrected by the ,verticall ,paralaxes and stivall ,refractions1 by which they judged1 that though the ,time by the ,pendulum may be sufficient for ,mechanicall ,operations1 yet 'tis not exact enough for establishing the ,grounds of true ,astronomy4 ,they further conceive that the apparent ,diameters were almost equal2 seeing that in the ,phasis of #f4 ,digits1 the ,circumference of the ,moons disk passed through the ,center of that of the ,sun1 so as that two ,lines drawn through the two ,horns of the ,sun1 made with the ,common ,semi-diameter two ,equilateral ,triangles4 ,next1 they affirm1 ,that there was so great a ,variation in the ,parallaxes1 by reason as well of the ,refractions of the ,air1 which environs the ,earth1 as of the ,alteration of the ,air1 which encompasses the ,moon1 that the ,horns of the ,sun1 there formed by the ,shaddow of the ,moon1 appeared in all kinds of ,figures2 ,sometimes inclined to the ,vertical1 sometimes ,perpendicular to the ,horizon1 and at last ,parallel2 the ,convexe part respecting the ,heaven1 and the ,concave1 the ,horizon4 ,by the crossing 7so they go on7 of the #big ,horns with the ,angles of ,inclination1 it will be easie to those1 that have exactly observed them1 and that are skill'd in the higher ,astronomical ,calculations1 to compute the true ,place of the ,moon in her ,orbite1 that so it may be compared with that of the ,tables1 and with that1 which has been observ'd in other places1 for the more precise determinating of the ,difference of ,meridians 7that being the way1 esteem'd by ,kepler the most certain7 and for making a good ,judgment of the defect or exactnesse of the ,celestial ,tables4 ,then they observe1 ,that the ,beginning and the ,middle of this ,eclipse hapned to be in the ,north ,eastern ,hemisphere1 and the ,end1 in the ,south-,eastern4 ,the first ,contact 7as 'twere7 of the two ,disks was observ'd in the ,superior ,limb of the ,suns ,disk in respect to the ,vertical ,line1 and in the ,inferior in respect to the ,ecliptick3 ,but the ,middle1 and the ,end were seen in the ,superior ,limb1 in respect both to the ,vertical and the ,ecliptick3 ,and 7what to this ,author seems extraordinary7 both the ,beginning and the ,end of this ,eclipse hapned to be in the ,oriental part of the ,suns ,disk4 ,lastly1 they take notice1 that by their ,observations it appears1 that there is but little exactness in all the ,astronomical ,tables1 predicting the ,quantity1 ,beginning and ,duration of this ,eclipse2 ,those of ,lansbergius importing1 ,that the ,obscuration should be of #aj4 dig4 #dh'2 those of ,ricciolo1 of #i4 dig4 #a'2 and those of ,kepler1 of #g4 dig4 #cj'4 #af3 ,again1 that the ,duration should be of #b;h4 #b'4 ,lastly1 ,the ,beginning did anticipate the ,ricciolan ,tables by #e minuts1 the ,end by #bc2 and the ,middle1 almost by #aa4 ,in the mean time the ,author notes1 that the ,rudolphin ,tables come nearest to the ,truth2 and withal assures the ,reader of the goodnesse of the ,instruments employed in his ,observations1 and of the singular care1 he1 together with his skilful ,assistants1 took in making them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,inquiries and ,directions concerning ,tides1 proposed by ,dr4 ,wallis1 for the proving1 or disproving of his lately publish't ,discourse concerning them4 ,the ,inquisitive ,dr4 ,wallis1 having in his lately printed ,hypothesis of ,tides intimated1 that he had reason to believe1 that the ,annual ,spring-tides happen to be rather about the beginnings of ,febr4 and ,nov4 than the two quinoxes1 doth in a late ,letter to the ,publisher1 written from ,oxford in ,aug4 last1 desire1 that some understanding ,persons at ,london1 or ,greenwich1 but rather nearer the ,sea1 or upon the ,sea-shore1 would make particular ,observation of all the ,spring-,tides 7,new-,moon and ,full-,moon7 between this and the ,end of ,november2 and take account of the ,hour1 and of the ,perpendicular height3 that we may see1 whether those in ,september1 or those of ,november be highest3 ,and it were not amiss1 the ,low waters were observed too4 ,which may be easily done by a mark made upon any standing ,post in the ,water1 by any #bih ,water-man1 or other understanding ,person1 who dwells by the ,water-side4 ,it would also deserve 7thinks he7 to be inquired into1 whether1 when the ,tides be highest1 the ,ebbs be ever lowest1 contra2 7which is generally affirmed1 and almost put out of question7 or rather 7which sutes best with this ,hypothesis7 whether1 when the ,tides are highest1 both in the ,annual and ,menstrual ,periods1 the ,low waters be not also highest2 and at ,neap ,tides1 the ,ebbes also very low4 ,he adds1 that he should expect1 that the ,spring ,tides now coming1 and those at the beginning of ,september1 should not be so high1 as those at the middle of ,september2 and then lower again at the beginning of ,october1 and after that1 higher at the middle of ,october1 and higher yet about the beginning of ,november 7at the usual times of ,spring-tides after the ,new and ,full47 99 99 99 99 99 ,considerations and ,enquiries concerning ,tides1 by ,sir ,robert ,moray2 likewise for a further search into ,dr4 ,wallis's newly publish't ,hypothesis4 ,in regard that the ,high and ,low waters are observed to increase1 and decrease regularly at several seasons1 according to the ,moons age1 so as1 about the ,new and ,full ,moon1 or within two or three daies after1 in the ,western parts of ,europe1 the ,tides are at the highest1 and about the ,quarter-,moons1 at the lowest1 7the former call'd ,spring-tides1 the other ,neap-tides27 and that according to the height and excesses of the ,tides1 the ,ebbes in opposition are answerable to them1 the heighest ,tide having the lowest ,ebbe1 and the lowest ,ebbe1 the highest ,tide2 the ,tides from the ,quarter to the highest ,spring-tide increasing in a certain proportion2 and from the ,spring tide to the ,quarter-tide decreasing in like proportion1 as is supposed3 ,and also the ,ebbes rising and falling constantly after the same manner3 ,it is wished1 that it may be inquired1 in what proportion these ,increases and ,decreases1 ,risings and ,fallings happen to be in regard of one another8 ,and 'tis supposed1 upon some ,observations1 made in fit places1 by the above-mentioned ,gentleman1 though1 7as himself acknowledges7 not thoroughly and exactly performed1 that the ,increase of the ,tides is made in the ,proportion of ,sines2 the first ,increase exceeding the lowest in a small proportion2 the next in a greater2 the third greater than that2 and so on to the mid-most1 whereof the excess is greatest1 diminishing again from that1 to the highest ,spring-,tide2 so as the proportions1 before and after the ,middle1 do greatly answer one another1 or seem to do so4 ,and likewise1 from the highest ,spring-tide1 to the lowest ,neap-tide1 the ,decreases seem to keep the like proportions2 the ,ebbes rising and falling in like manner and in like proportions4 ,all which is supposed to fall out1 when no ,wind or other ,accident causes an alteration4 #bii ,and whereas 'tis observed1 that upon the main ,sea-shore the ,current of the ,ebbings and ,flowings is sometimes swifter1 and sometimes slacker1 than at others1 so as in the beginning of the ,floud the ,tide moves faster but in a small degree1 increasing its swiftness constantly till towards the ,middle of the ,floud2 and then decreasing in velocity again from the ,middle till to the top of the ,high water2 it is supposed1 that in ,equal spaces of ,time1 the ,increase and ,decrease of velocity1 and consequently the degrees of the ,risings and ,fallings of the same1 in ,equal spaces of time1 are performed according to the ,proportion of ,sines4 ,but 'tis withall conceived1 that the said ,proportion cannot hold exactly and precisely1 in regard of the ,inequalities1 that fall out in the ,periods of the ,tides1 which are commonly observed and believed to follow certain ,positions of the ,moon in regard of the ,equinox1 which are known not to keep a precise and constant ,course3 so that1 there not intervening equal portions of ,time between one ,new ,moon and another1 the ,moons return to the same ,meridian1 cannot be alwaies perform'd in the same ,time2 and consequently there must be a like ,variation of the ,tides in the ,velocity1 and in the ,risings and ,fallings of the ,tides1 as to equal spaces of time4 ,and the ,tides from ,new-moon to ,new-moon being not alwaies the same in number1 as sometimes but #eg1 sometimes #eh1 and sometimes #ei1 7without any certain order of succession7 is another evidence of the difficulty of reducing this to any great exactness4 ,yet1 because 'tis worth while1 to learn as much of it1 as may be1 the ,proposer and many others do desire1 ,that ,observations be constantly made of all these ,particulars for some ,months1 and1 if it may be1 years together4 ,and because such ,observations will be the more easily and exactly made1 where the ,tides rise highest1 it is presumed1 that a fit ,apparatus being made for the purpose1 they may be made about ,bristol or ,cheap-stow1 best of any places in ,england1 because the ,tides are said thereabout to rise to ten or twelve fathoms2 as upon the coast of ,britanny in ,france1 they do to thirteen and fourteen4 ,in order to which1 this following ,apparatus is proposed to be made use of4 ,in some convenient place upon a ,wall1 ,rock1 or ,bridge1 c4 let there be an ,observatory standing1 as neer as may be to the brink of the ,sea1 or upon some wall2 and if it cannot be well placed just where the ,low water is1 there may be a ,channel cut from the ,low water to the bottom of the ,wall1 ,rock1 c4 ,the ,observatory is to be raised above the ,high water #ah4 or #bj4 foot2 and a ,pump1 of any reasonable dimension1 placed perpendicularly by the ,wall1 reaching above the ,high water as high as conveniently may be4 ,upon the top of the ,pump a ,pulley is to be fastned1 for letting down into the ,pump a piece of floating wood1 which1 as the water comes in1 may rise and fall with it4 ,and because the rising and falling of the water amounts to #fj4 or #gj4 foot1 the ,counterpoise of the weight1 that goes into the ,pump1 is to hang upon as many ,pulleys1 as may serve to make it rise fall within the space1 by which the height of the ,pump exceeds the height of the ,water4 ,and because by #cjj this means the ,counterpoise will rise and fall slower2 and consequently by less proportions1 than the weight it self1 the first ,pulley may have upon it a ,wheele or two1 to turn ,indexes at any proportion required1 so as to give the minute parts of the motion1 and degrees of risings and fallings4 ,all which is to be observed by ,pendulum-watches1 that have ,minutes and ,seconds1 with ,checks1 according to ,mr4 ,hugens's way4 ,and because if the ,hole1 by which the water is let into the ,pump1 be as large as the ,bore of the ,pump it self1 the weight that is raised by the water1 will rise and fall with an ,undulalation1 according to the inequality of the ,sea's ,surface1 'twill therefore be fit1 that the ,hole1 by which the water enters1 be less than half as bigg as the ,bore of the ,pump2 any inconvenience that may follow thereupon1 as to the ,periods and ,stations of the ,floud and ,ebb1 not being considerable4 ,and to the end1 that it may appear the better2 what are the particular ,observations1 desired to be made1 near ,bristol or ,cheap-stow bridg1 it was thought not amiss1 to set them down distinctly by themselves4 #a4 ,the degrees of the ,rising and ,falling of the water every quarter of an hour 7or as often as conveniently may be7 from the ,periods of the ,tides and ,ebbs2 to be observed night and day1 for #b or #c months4 #b4 ,the degrees of the velocity of the ,motion of the ,water every quarter of an hour for some whole ,tides together2 to be observed by a second ,pendul-watch3 and a logg fastened to a line of some #ej fathoms1 wound about a wheel4 #c4 ,the exact measures of the ,heights of every utmost ,high-water and ,low-water1 from one ,spring-tide to another1 for some ,months or rather ,years4 #d4 ,the exact ,heights of ,spring-tides and ,spring-,ebbs for some ,years together4 #e4 ,the ,position of the ,wind at every observation of the ,tides2 and the times of its ,changes2 and the degrees of its ,strength4 #f4 ,the ,state of the ,weather1 as to ,rain1 ,hail1 ,mist1 ,haziness1 c1 and the times of its ,changes4 #g4 ,at the times of observation of the ,tides1 the height of the ,thermometer2 the height of the ,baroscope2 the height of the ,hygroscope2 the ,age of the ,moon1 and her ,azimuths2 and her place in all respects2 ,and lastly the ,sun's place2 all these to minutes4 ,and it would be convenient1 to keep ,journal ,tables1 for all these ,observations1 each answering to its day of the ,month4 ,for the ,apparatus of all these observations1 there will be particularly necessary4 ,a good ,pendulum-watch4 ,a ,vane shewing ,azimuths to minute parts4 ,an ,intrument to measure the ,strength of the ,winde4 ,a large and good needle shewing ,azimuths to degrees4 #cja ,thermometers1 ,barometers1 ,hygroscopes4 ,these ,observations being thought very considerable as well as curious1 'tis hoped1 that those who have conveniency1 will give encouragement and assistance for the making of them2 and withall oblige the publick by imparting1 what they shall have observed of this kind3 ,the ,publisher intending1 that when ever such observations shall be communicated to him1 he will give notice of it to the publick1 and take care of the improvement thereof to the best use and advantage4 ,a ,pattern of the ,table1 proposed to be made for observing the ,tides1 is intended to be published the next opportunity1 ,god permitting4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of ,several ,books lately published ,i4 ,johannis ,hevelii ,,descriptio ,,comet1 ,anno r ,christian ,,mdclxv4 exorti2 un cum ,,mantissa ,prodromi ,cometici1 ,observationes omnes prioris ,,comet ,,mdcliv1 ex iisque genuinum motum accurat deductum1 cum ,notis ,animadversionibus1 exhibens4 ,this ,book 7as the ,title it self intimates7 undertakes two things4 ,first1 ,to give an ,account of the ,second of the two late ,comets1 which appeared1 when the other was scarce extinct2 ,concerning which1 the ,author doth1 from the ,observations made by himself with a ,sextant of #f foot1 and divided into minutes and seconds1 assign both its true place 7as well in respect of the ,ecliptick as the quator7 and its proper motion2 ,adding a fair ,delineation of its ,course1 together with the genuine ,representations of its ,head and ,train1 in each day of its apparition2 and subjoyning a ,general ,description and ,discourse of some of the more notable ,phenomena thereof4 ,it was first seen at ,dantzick by the ,watchmen1 the #eth of ,april st4 n4 #affe4 and then observed by the ,author from ,april #f1 about #a of the ,clock in the morning1 till ,april #bj at #c4 in the morning4 ,during which time1 it went with a reasonable velocity2 making #df deg4 in its ,orb1 according to the ,order of the ,signs1 moving from the ,breast of ,pegasus1 towards the ,head of ,andromeda1 and the ,left ,horn of ,aries2 having1 as 'tis presumed1 taken its rise from above ,sagittary1 and run through the ,breast of ,antinous1 under ,aquila and the ,dolphin1 to the said ,pegasus2 and so on1 as is already expressed4 ,the ,head of it is in the ,book described of a ,colour like that of ,jupiter1 all along much brighter than that of the former ,comet1 though of a somewhat less magnitude2 having in its middle onely one round1 but very bright and big ,kernel or ,speck1 resplendent like ,gold1 and encompassed with another more dilute and seemingly uniform matter3 its ,tail being at first1 about #ag4 deg4 and afterwards #bj4 and sometimes #be deg4 long1 and divaricated towards the ,end4 ,next1 it is observed1 that though this ,star did afterwards slacken its pace1 yet it retained the vividness of its ,colour1 both of the ,head and ,train2 the ,head especially1 keeping at the time as well of the last observations1 as of the #cjb first1 the brightness of its single kernel1 though the environing more dilute matter were then almost all lost2 it being1 according to the ,author1 more and more attenuated1 and grown narrow1 the nearer the ,star approached to the ,sun4 ,thirdly1 'tis noted1 ,that this ,comet did very much digress from the ,hypothesis1 delivered by ,m4 ,auzout1 in regard that1 whereas according to that ,hypothesis1 this ,star should not arrive to the ,ecliptick till after the space of #c months1 it arrived there the #bh of ,april4 ,and then1 that its first ,conjunction with the ,sun hapned between the #ai and #bj of ,april1 and the second1 the last of ,april1 not 7as ,m4 ,auzout1 would have it7 the #ae of ,may4 ,so that he concludes1 that this ,comet never came down to the ,pleiads and the ,eye of ,taurus1 as the ,hypothesis of ,m4 ,auzout requires1 but that from ,april #bj4 it did immediately take its course towards the ,ecliptick1 deflecting every day more and more from the ,section of a ,great ,circle1 to the ,lucida of ,aries1 arriving at the ,ecliptick the last of ,april1 about the #hth or #ajth deg4 of ,taurus2 not in ,july about the #hth of ,gemini1 and the ,eye of ,taurus4 ,fourthly1 ,he intimates1 that if this ,comet had appeared some weeks sooner1 it would have confronted the former ,comet1 being yet in its vigour and of a conspicuous bigness1 in the same place1 where that was1 viz4 the ,head of ,aries4 ,fifthly1 ,he observes1 that this ,star in progress of time became ,retrograde1 whence it came to pass1 that in the ,months of ,june and ,july it did not appear again before the ,rising of the ,sun1 though the ,sun left it far behind3 whereas1 if it had proceeded toward the ,eye of ,taurus1 it would have appeared again in the morning4 ,sixthly1 ,he maintains1 that this ,comet was not the same with the former2 which he thinks may be demonstrated1 onely by a due ,delineation of both their ,course upon the ,globe2 where he saith it to be evident1 that the former could never come to the ,head of ,pegasus1 as moving already in ,february in a streight ,course about the ,head of ,aries2 ,besides1 that the former went in the very beginning in a ,retrograde motion2 but this perpetually in a direct one3 that1 about the end1 very slow1 its ,head lessning and growing dark2 this swift enough1 with its head conspicuous and bright4 ,to which he adds1 that the whole ,course of the former was made under a quite different ,angle of the ,orbite and ,ecliptick1 and a different ,motion of the ,nodes from the latter3 ,as also that their ,faces differed very much from one another2 the first exhibiting all along a matter1 which as to its density and rarity1 altered from day to day exceedingly1 whereas the second retained 7to the ,authors admiration1 who affirms1 never to have observed the like7 all the time he saw it1 one and the same round1 dense and bright ,speck or ,kernel4 ,all which he concludes #a1 ,with an ,intimation of his sense concerning two other ,comets1 pretended to have been lately seen1 ,one at ,rome1 about the #cjc ,girdle of ,andromeda1 in the ,months of ,february and ,march1 #affd4 the other in ,germany in ,capricorne1 about ,saturne in the head of ,sagittary1 during the ,months of ,september and ,october1 #affe4 #bly1 ,with an ,advertisement of what he has done in that important ,work for the ,advancement of ,astronomy1 the due ,restitution of the ,fixt ,stars1 vid4 ,that he has almost finish't it2 himself alone1 without trusting to any other mans labour1 that was not directed by him4 ,the ,second ,part of this ,book 7the ,mantissa to the ,prodromus ,cometicus7 endeavours to justifie the ,authors ,observations touching the former ,comet1 excepted against by ,m4 ,auzout1 in several particulars2 as #a4 ,that it had not pass'd to the ,first1 but ,second ,star in ,aries1 and had mov'd in quite another ,line1 than ,he had described4 #b4 ,that its proper motion about the end of ,january and the beginning of ,february1 #affe4 had not been rightly assigned4 #c4 ,that the ,bignesse of its ,diameter had not been truly delivered2 ,nor #d4 ,the ,faces of its ,head in due manner represented4 ,to all which the ,author endeavors to answer3 #a4 ,by delivering all his ,observations of that ,comet1 thereby to shew1 what care and diligence he had used1 particularly to make out1 how great its ,diurnal motion had been2 in what proportion1 and how far1 it decreased1 and where and in what degree it increased again3 ,which being1 as he conceives1 duly and exactly deduced1 and demonstrated1 he esteems it afterwards to be easie for every one1 versed in these matters1 certainly to collect and to judge1 what way the ,comet1 after it became invisible to the naked ,eye1 and could be no longer observed with ,sextants and ,quadrants1 had taken1 and what ,line it had described4 #b1 ,by subjecting all those ,observations1 with great diligence and labour1 to a rigid ,calculus1 thereby to obtain1 for every day1 the ,longitudes1 ,latitudes1 ,right ,ascensions1 ,declinations1 ,proper motion1 ,angle of the ,ecliptick and the quator1 and the ,nodes of that ,comet2 for the construction of an ,ephemerides of its whole ,motion4 ,from all which he pretends to prove1 that he has not erred in his ,observation of ,february #ah1 nor been prepossest by any ,hypothesis1 nor deluded by any ,fixt ,star1 as ,m4 ,auzout thinketh2 but that near the ,first ,star of ,aries there then appear'd a ,phnomenon1 most like to that ,comet1 that was seen some dayes before1 if compared with the ,observations make thereof ,febr4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,though he will not hitherto positively determine1 whether that ,phnomenon1 which appear'd to him ,february #ah4 was #cjd indeed that very ,comet1 which he saw with his naked ,eye1 and observed with his ,geometrical ,instruments1 the said #ab1 #ac1 and #ad4 dayes of ,february2 or whether it was another1 and whether he had lost that ,comet1 which moved towards the ,second ,star in ,aries3 but leaves it to the ,learned ,world1 and particularly to the ,royal ,society1 after they shall have well examined and considered all his ,observations1 and the ,calculus raised therefrom1 to judge of this1 and the other particulars in controversie4 ,,ii4 ,isaacus ,vossius de ,,nili et ,,aliorum ,,fluminum ,,origine4 ,it was ,numb4 #ad4 of these ,transactions1 that gave an account of the ,cause of the ,inundation of the ,nile1 as it was rendred by ,monsieur de la ,chambre3 ,this is to give you another1 not only of the ,inundation1 but also of the ,origine of that1 and of other ,rivers1 as it is delivered by ,monsieur ,isaac ,vossius1 who undertakes in this ,book to shew2 #a4 ,that those ,subterraneous ,channels1 through which several ,philosophers teach1 that the ,sea discharges it self into the ,rivers1 are not only imaginary1 but useless1 in regard 'tis impossible for the water to rise from the ,subterraneous places up to the ,mountains1 where commonly the ,sources of ,rivers are4 #b4 ,he explicates1 why1 if a ,pipe be put into a ,bason full of ,water1 the water is seen more raised in the ,pipe1 than in the ,bason1 and rises higher according as the ,pipe is narrower2 ,on the contrary1 if the same ,pipe be put into a ,bason full of ,quicksilver1 the ,quicksilver stayes lower in the ,pipe1 than in the ,bason4 ,the reason1 which he renders hereof1 is1 ,that as the ,water sticks easily to all it touches1 it is sustain'd by the sides of the narrow ,pipe wherein it is included3 ,and indeed1 if the ,pipe be quite drawn out of the ,water1 the ,water doth not all fall out1 but so much of it remains1 as the sides of the ,pipe could sustaine3 ,whence it is1 that the ,water which is kept up by the ,walls of the ,tube1 weighing no longer upon that which is in the ,bason1 is thrust upwards1 and keeps it self raised above its ,levell2 but the ,quicksilver not adhering so easily1 as ,water1 to ,bodies it touches1 is not sustained by the sides of the ,tube1 and so mounts not above its ,levell1 but rather descends below it1 because the ,pipe1 which is streight1 hinders the endeavor that is in the ,mercury to rise to its ,level4 ,he adds1 that this ,observation makes nothing for the ,explication of the ,origine of ,rivers2 because1 though it be true1 that the ,water #cje by this means rises above its ,levell1 yet it does never run out at the top of the ,pipe4 ,having said this1 he answers to the other ,arguments1 commonly alledged to maintain this ,opinion4 #c4 ,he pretends1 that all ,rivers proceed from a ,colluvies or ,rendevous of ,rain-waters1 and that1 as the ,water1 that falls upon ,hills1 gathers more easily together1 than that which falls in ,plaines1 therefore it is1 that ,rivers ordinarily take their ,source from ,hills4 ,thence also comes it 7saies he7 that there are more ,rivers1 than ,torrents1 in the ,temperate ,zones2 and1 on the contrary1 more ,torrents1 than ,rivers1 in the ,torrid ,zone3 ,for1 as in hot ,climats the ,mountains are far higher1 the ,water1 that descends from them with impetuosity1 runs away in a little while1 and formes such ,collections of ,water1 as soon dry up1 but in cold ,climats1 the ,waters do not run away but slowly1 and are renew'd and recruited by ,rain1 before they are quite dryed up2 because the ,hills are there lower1 and so the ,bed of ,rivers hath lesse declivity4 ,having thus discoursed of ,rivers in ,general1 he treats of the ,nile in particular2 and there #a4 ,observes1 ,that the ,order of the ,seasons of the ,year is quite inverted under the ,torrid ,zone4 ,for1 whereas it should be then ,summer1 when the ,sun is near2 and ,winter1 when the ,sun is farther off3 ,under the ,torrid ,zone 'tis never lesse hot1 than when the ,sun is nearest2 nor more hot1 than when the ,sun is farthest off3 ,so that to the people that live between the quinoctial and the ,tropicks1 ,summer begins about ,christmass1 and their ,winter1 about ,st4 ,johns day4 ,the reason whereof is1 7saith he7 that when the ,sun is directly over their ,heads1 it raises abundance of vapors1 and draws them so high1 that they are presently converted into ,water by the coldnesse of the ,air2 whence it comes to passe1 that then it rains continually1 which does refresh the ,air2 but when the ,sun is farther off1 there falls no more rain1 and so the ,heat becomes insupportable4 #b4 ,he proves by many recent ,relations1 that the ,sources of the ,nile are on this side of the quinoctial in thiopia1 of which he gives a very accurate ,mappe1 correcting many faults which ,geographers are wont to commit in the ,description of the ,kingdom of the ,abyssins1 which they believe to be much greater than indeed it is4 #cjf #c4 ,this supposed1 he easily gives an account1 why the ,nile yearly overflows about the end of ,june3 ,for1 as at that time there falls much rain in thiopia1 it must needs be1 that the ,nile1 whose source is in that ,country1 should then overflow1 when those rains begin1 and subside1 when they cease4 ,there are besides1 in this ,book1 two other ,tracts4 ,in the first1 ,m4 ,vossins endeavours to maintain the ,doctrine1 he had deliver'd in his ,book ,de ,lumine1 and to shew1 that the ,soul of ,animals is nothing but ,fire1 that there are no invisible ,atoms2 nor so much as any ,pores1 even in the ,skin of man4 ,here he treats also of ,refractions1 and alledges the ,examples of several persons1 who have then seen the ,sun by the means of ,refraction1 when really ,he was under the ,horizon4 ,in the second1 ,he discourses of some points of the ,mechanicks2 and relates among other things1 that the ,arrows and battering ,rams 7,aries7 of the ,antients did as much execution1 as our ,muskets and ,canons2 and then1 that the ,vehemence of the percussion depends as much upon the ,length of the percutient ,body1 as upon the velocity of the ,motion4 ,he adds1 that the ,length of a ,canon ought not to exceed #ac foot1 and that a greater length is not onely useless1 but hinders also the effect of the ,gun1 not because the ,bullet is thrown out of the ,gun1 before all the powder is fired 7as some believe27 but because the ,bullet is then beaten back into the ,gun by the ,air1 re-entring into it with impetuosity1 when the flame is extinct4 ,,iii4 ,,le ,,discernement ,,du ,,corps ,,et ,,de ,l',,ame1 par ,m4 de ,cordemoy4 ,this ,french ,treatise 7but very lately come to the ,publisher's hands7 examines the different ,operations of the ,soul and ,body1 and the ,secret of their ,union1 pretending to discover to every one1 what he is1 and what is transacting within him4 ,it consists of six ,discourses4 ,sidenote3 99 ,it sounds hard1 ,to say1 ,an extended substance is indivisible4 #a4 ,in the first1 the ,author examines the ,notions1 we have in general of ,bodies and ,matter2 of ,quantity2 of ,qualities2 of ,place2 of ,rest2 of ,motion2 of ,vacuity2 of ,forms3 to shew what is to be understood by these ,terms1 which cause all the perplexity that is in the ordinary ,physicks4 ,he begins with taking notice1 that hitherto ,philosophers have had no distinct notions of ,bodies and ,matter1 from the want whereof he conceives1 that almost all the ,errors in ,common ,physiology have #cjg sprung4 ,to rectify which1 he defines ,bodies to be 99 ,extended ,substances1 and ,matter an ,aggregate of ,bodies4 ,whence he inferrs1 that ,bodies are ,indivisible and ,matter divisible2 a ,body being nothing but one and the same substance1 whose different extremities are inseparable1 because they are the extremities of one and the same ,extension1 and1 in a word1 of one and the same ,substance2 but ,matter being nothing but an ,association or ,collection of ,bodies1 'tis evident1 7saith he7 it must be divisible4 ,this doctrine he so much insists upon1 that he conceives1 ,nature cannot subsist1 if a ,body in the sence he takes it1 be divisible2 and that ,motion and ,rest cannot be explicated without it4 ,as for ,quantity1 he makes that to be nothing but ,more or ,less ,bodies2 not allowing1 that each ,body should be a ,quantity1 though it be a part of ,quantity2 no more than an ,unite is a ,number1 though it make part of a ,number3 so that ,quantity and ,extension are two distinct things with him1 the first belonging properly to ,matter1 the last to a ,body4 ,touching ,vacuity1 he conceives1 that the ,bodies1 which compose a mass1 are not every where so near one another1 as not to leave some interval in several places4 ,neither does he think it necessary1 that those intervals should be fill'd up2 nor unconceivable1 that there should be no ,body between two ,bodies2 which touch not one another4 ,and when 'tis said1 that those intervals cannot be conceived without ,extension1 and that consequently there are ,bodies that replenish them1 he frankly pronounces that not to be true2 and affirms1 that though it may be said1 that between two ,bodies1 which touch not one another1 other ,bodies may be placed of so or so many feet1 c3 yet ought it not to be inferred1 that therefore they are there1 but onely1 that they are thus placed1 that there may be put between them so many ,bodies1 as joyned together would compose an ,extension of so many feet4 ,so that one conceives onely1 that ,bodies may be placed there1 but not that they are there3 and as we can have an ,idea of many ,bodies1 though none of them be in being2 so we can conceive1 that some ,bodies may be put between others1 where really there are none4 ,and when 'tis alledged1 that if all the ,bodies1 that fill a vessel full1 were destroyed1 the sides of the vessel would be closed together2 ,he professes1 he understands not that ratiocination1 nor can conceive1 what one ,body does to the subsistence of another1 more than to sustain themselves mutually1 when they are thrust by the neighbouring ones3 and therefore sees not1 why the sides of the vessel should close1 if nothing did thrust them together2 but understands clearly1 that two ,bodies may well subsist so far from one another1 that one might place a great many ,bodies between them1 or none at all1 and yet they neither approach to1 not recoil from one another4 #cjh #b4 ,in the ,second1 he examines the ,changes1 which he knows in ,matter1 and makes it his business to explicate all those that respect ,quantity1 ,qualities and ,forms1 by ,local ,motion1 esteeming that needs no other4 #c4 ,in the third1 he explains the ,motion of ,artificial ,engins1 and that of ,natural ones1 by one and the same ,cause2 endeavouring among other things to shew1 that the ,body of an ,animal is moved after the same manner with a ,watch4 ,that cause of motion he makes the ,materia ,subtilis2 and the finer or subtiler that is1 the better and fitter he conceives it to be to preserve ,motion4 #d4 ,in the ,fourth1 he teaches1 that though ,experience seems to evince1 that the ,soul moves the ,body1 and that one ,body moves an other2 yet there is nothing but ,god1 that can produce any notion in the ,world1 and all other ,agents1 which we believe to be the ,cause of this or that ,motion1 are no more but the ,occasion thereof4 ,in doing this1 he advances certain ,axioms1 and ,conclusions1 which are in short1 a4 ,the ,axioms3 ,that no substance has that of it self1 which it can loose1 without ceasing to be1 what it is3 ,that every body may loose of its motion1 till it have no more left1 without ceasing to be a ,body3 ,that we cannot conceive but two sorts of substances1 vid4 a ,spirit 7or ,that which thinketh7 and a ,body1 wherefore they must be considered as the ,causes of all1 that happens1 and what cannot proceed from the one1 must necessarily be adscribed to the other3 ,that to ,move1 or to cause motion1 is an ,action3 ,that an ,action cannot be continued but by the ,agent1 who began it4 b4 ,the ,conclusions3 ,that no ,body hath ,motion of it self3 ,that the ,first ,mover of ,bodies not a ,body3 ,that it cannot be but a ,spirit1 that is the ,first ,mover3 ,that it cannot be but the same ,spirit1 who has begun to move ,bodies1 that continues to move4 ,in the ,fifth1 ,he treats of the ,union of the ,body and ,soul1 and the manner1 how they act one upon the other2 and esteems it not more difficult to conceive the ,action of ,spirits upon ,bodies1 and of ,bodies upon ,spirits1 than to conceive the ,action of ,bodies upon ,bodies3 the cause of the great difficulty in understanding the two former1 arising 7according to him7 from thence1 that we will conceive the one by the other1 not considering1 that every thing acting according to its own nature1 we shall never know the action of one ,agent1 if we will examine it by the notions we have of another1 that is of a quite differing nature4 ,here he notes1 that the ,action of ,bodies upon ,bodies is not #cji more known to us2 than that of ,spirits upon ,bodies1 or of ,bodies upon ,spirits2 and yet most men admire nothing but this1 believing to know the other2 whereas he ,judges1 that all things being well examin'd1 the ,action of ,bodies upon ,bodies is no more conceivable1 than that of ,spirits upon ,bodies4 ,mean while the opinion of the ,authour touching this subject1 is1 ,that the union of ,soul and ,body consists onely in this1 that certain motions of the ,body are followed by certain ,cogitations of the ,soul1 and1 on the contrary1 that certain ,thoughts of the ,soul are follow'd by certain ,motions of the ,body4 ,and1 having supposed1 that ,bodies are said to act upon one another1 when they cause some change suitable to ,extension2 and ,spirits to act upon one another1 when they cause some change suitable to a ,thought2 he infers1 that when a ,body acts upon a ,spirit1 that cannot be by causing any change of motion1 of figure1 or parts1 as having none of all these2 nor when a ,spirit acts upon a ,body1 that cannot be by producing any change of ,thought1 as having none3 ,but1 when this ,body1 or its motion1 or figure1 or other thing1 depending upon its nature1 can be perceived by a ,spirit1 so as1 upon that occasion1 this ,spirit has thoughts1 it had not before1 it may be said1 that the ,body has acted upon this ,spirit1 for as much as it has caused all the change in it1 whereof it was capable according to its nature4 ,in the ,sixth1 ,after he hath shew'd1 what is to be understood by what we call ,soul1 and by what we call ,body1 he labours to make it out1 that we are much more assured of the ,existence of the ,soul1 than of that of the ,body1 which he conceives he can prove from hence1 that we cannot doubt1 that we think1 because even doubting is thinking2 but one may doubt1 whether one has a body1 for several reasons1 which he alledges1 and thinks so cogent1 that he concludes1 it is not evident to him by the light of reason1 that he has a ,body4 ,but supposing1 there be ,bodies1 he examines1 what are the ,operations1 that belong to the ,soul1 and what those1 that belong to the ,body2 and lastly1 what those1 that result from the ,union of both3 ,and then explains1 how all those operations are perform'd1 and particularly1 ,sensation2 where he shews1 that the ,nerves1 holding at one end to the ,brain1 whereof they are but ,allongations1 and being at the other end extended to the extremities of the ,body2 when an ,object comes to touch those exterior ends of the ,nerves1 the interior ones in the ,brain are presently shaken2 and cause different sensations according to the diversitie of ,nerves1 and the differing manner1 in which they are shaken4 ,and to shew1 that 'tis this shaking1 that causes ,sensation1 he notes1 that if any thing shakes the interior parts of the ,nerves1 though the object be absent1 the ,soul has presently the same #caj sensations1 as it would have1 if it were present4 ,as1 if one should knock on's head forcibly against a wall1 the shaking1 which the blow gives to the ,brain1 moving the interior extremities of the ,nerve1 which causes the sensation of ,light1 the ,soul has the same sensation1 which it would have1 if it saw a thousand ,candles3 ,on the contrary1 if the interior extremities of the nerves are not shaken1 though the object be present1 it causes no sensation2 whence it comes1 that if a strong ,ligature be made upon the middle of the ,arm1 and the hand be then prickt1 no pain is felt1 because the shaking of the nerves that are pricked1 being stopped by the ,ligature1 cannot reach to the extremities of the ,nerves1 that are within the ,brain4 99 99 99 99 99 ,advertisement4 ,the following ,errata1 left by the ,press in ,num4 #af1 the ,reader is desired thus to correct4 ,page #bfi4 lin #bg4 read1 motion of ,b above the ,center2 ,g4 is also1 with a ,semi-colon after the word ,center4 p4 #bgd4 l4 #ac1 r4 it to do to the4 p4 #bgg4 l4 #bd4 r4 natural days4 p4 #bha4 l4 #af4 r4 of his4 ib4 l4 #bg4 r4 a notion4 p4 #bic4 l4 #d4 r4 enough without4 ib4 l4 #dc4 r4 to the ,sine of4 p4 #bid4 l4 #a4 r4 to the ,sine of4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london1 ,printed for ,john ,martin and ,james ,alestry1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society4 #afff4 #caa 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #ah4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,october #bb4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,patterns of the ,tables proposed to be made for ,observing of ,tides2 promised in the next foregoing ,transactions4 ,other ,inquiries touching the ,sea4 ,some ,considerations touching the ,parenchymous parts of the ,body4 ,observables concerning ,petrification4 ,a ,relation from ,paris1 of a kind of ,worms1 that eat out ,stones4 ,some promiscuous ,observations made in ,somersetshire4 ,a ,problem for finding the ,year of the ,julian ,period1 by a new and very easie ,method4 ,an ,account of some ,books1 not long since publish'd1 which are1 #a4 ,tentamina ,physico-,theologica de ,deo1 ,authore ,samuele ,parkero4 #b4 ,honorati ,fabri ,tractatus duo2 ,prior1 de ,plantis et de ,generatione ,animalium2 ,posterior1 de ,homine4 #c4 ,relation du ,voyage de l',evesque de ,beryte1 par la ,turquie1 la ,perse1 les ,indes1 c4 per ,monsieur de ,bourges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,patterns of the ,tables proposed to be made for ,observing of ,tides1 promised in the next foregoing ,transactions2 by ,sir ,rob4 ,moray4 ,in performance of what was promised in the last of these ,papers for ,observing the ,tides1 here are subjoyned ,patterns of the ,tables there mentioned2 ,one1 for marking the precise ,time of the ,high waters and ,low-waters during one ,month2 that is1 between ,new and ,new ,moon1 or ,full and ,full ,moon4 ,the other1 for marking the ,degrees of the ,risings and ,fallings of the ,water in ,equal spaces of ,time1 and the ,velocity of its motion at several heights3 ,the ,degrees of ,heat and ,cold1 c4 ,the ,times1 assigned in the first1 to the ,high waters and ,lowest ,ebbs1 are taken out of ,mr4 ,wing's ,almanack1 for this present year #afff1 as he calculates them for the ,month of ,september for ,london ,bridge4 ,only1 whereas he takes notice but of one ,high-water for every day1 ,here are set #cab down the ,times of the other1 and the two ,ebbs intervening1 by subdividing the ,differences1 he assignes between two ,tides1 equally amongst them4 ,in all which1 though there may be ,errors1 that is not to be considered1 seeing the ,dissein is to ,correct and ,state the ,times of the ,tides exactly by ,experiments1 after this method4 ,mr4 ,wing states the ,high waters to fall out at ,london-,bridge constantly1 when the ,moon is #df4 deg4 #cj4 min4 to the ,west-ward of the ,meridian4 ,for the ,times1 he marks for them1 are made up by adding every day #c4 hours1 #f minutes1 to those in his ,table for knowing the ,time of the ,moons coming to the ,south4 ,the ,first ,table consists of two ,parts1 and each part of four ,columns4 ,the first part marks the ,tides and ,ebbs from the day of the ,new-,moon to its ,full3 ,the other1 from the ,full to the next ,new4 ,the first ,column in both parts hath the day of the ,month and ,week2 ,m4 standing every where for ,morning and ,a4 for ,afternoon4 ,the third column hath the ,character of the day of the ,week prefixt to the ,hour and ,minute of the ,high-water1 and answering to the day of the ,month4 ,the last ,column hath the same for the time of ,low-water1 varying the ,character of the day1 as often as the low-water falls out more early than the ,high-water4 ,in this ,example between the said ,new ,moons there falls out in all just #eg4 periods of the ,tide or ,flowing water1 and #eh4 of the ,ebb or ,low water2 which numbers vary according to the ,intervals of the ,moons changes1 but with what constancy and exactness1 is to be inquired after3 ,which whosoever undertakes to do1 may keep such a ,table1 as is here proposed1 in a ,book by it self4 ,the other ,table doth in #i4 ,columns comprehend the particular ,observations of the ,degrees of the ,rising and falling of the ,tides1 and the other things specified at the ,tops of them3 ,the first ,column marking the ,hour and ,minut common to all the several ,observations4 ,each hour is divided in #c4 equal ,parts1 that number of ,observations being only pitch't upon by way of ,example3 ,the numbers may else be varied at pleasure1 when other more frequent ,observations are thought fit to be made1 or when they prove too frequent and laborious2 though the most frequent are most desirable1 till competent information of all particulars be attained4 ,the ,rising of the ,tide from ,low-water to the highest pitcht of the full ,sea1 is here supposed to be #fj4 foot3 ,and the ,degrees of its rising every #bj4 ,minuts1 to be in the ,proportion of ,sines1 ,the whole time of ,flowing supposed to be #f4 hours4 ,but this ,example will serve for marking the ,spaces of the ,increasing or ,rising1 as well as of the falling of the water1 in order to the investigation of their ,proportions to one another1 when the ,duration of the ,tide exceeds #f4 hours by any number of minuts1 as well as for just #f4 hours2 seeing they may be easily collected from any ,number of ,observations2 their precise ,time and that of the ,duration of the waters ,rising and ,falling 7that is1 the just interval between the ,high-,water and ,low-water7 being known3 ,this ,calculation by ,sines1 being only set down as a ,conjecture1 flowing from ,observations of the ,motion of the water in its ,rising and ,falling1 #cac which seems to observe this or some such like ,proportion2 which is supposed still to hold in all ,tides1 be the ,duration what it will2 the ,increase still continuing proportionably till the very midle of the ,hight and ,duration1 and ,decreasing afterwards in the same manner3 ,which whether it be so indeed or not1 is that1 which is desired to be known4 ,there is the like ,proportion here supposed to be in the different degrees of the ,velocity of the ,current of the ,water after ,equal spaces of ,times1 as in its ,rising and ,falling3 ,and so it is markt in the ,third ,column4 ,but because the true ,velocity of the ,current of the ,water1 raised above the ,levell #def_/ajjj of a foot1 is unknown1 it is by way of ,supposition set at ,ten feet in one ,minute of an ,hour1 which being once stated1 the rest distant from each other by the space of #bj4 ,minutes of an ,hour1 are set down according to the same ,proportions of ,sines before suggested4 ,it being supposed1 that of the ,velocity of the ,current of the ,tide1 after it hath flowed #bj minuts of an hour1 be such1 as a ,log of ,wood placed in the ,water will move #aj foot in the space of one minute of time1 at the middle of the ,tide it will in the like space of ,time move #aad f4 #bgf_/ajjj1 and so proportionably at other times3 ,which1 howsoever these ,proportions shall be found by ,experiments to fall out1 may be not unworthy of the pains and charges requisite to acquire the knowledge of it4 ,for1 besides the satisfaction it may afford upon other accounts1 it may possibly be of no small use to those1 who need an exact reckoning of their ,ships running1 when the ,velocity of the ,current of the ,tide may be necessary to be known2 lest through the defect of the knowledge of that1 especially when it is reckoned less than indeed it is1 the ,ship be thrown in the night upon ,shores1 ,rocks or ,sands1 when they reckon themselves to be far from them4 ,the ,numbers in the #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 and #h4 ,columns are set down at random1 only for ,examples sake2 there being no difficulty in the apprehension of it1 and imitating of it in setting down the true ,hights and ,variations of the ,thermometer1 ,baroscope1 c4 ,the ,use whereof is so vulgarly known1 that there needs no further ,direction concerning them4 ,but if any person who would make these ,experiments1 do not know the fabrick or use of any of the ,instruments requisite for some of these ,observations1 nor where to have them1 he may address himself to ,mr4 ,shortgrave1 one of the ,operators of the ,royal ,society1 lodged in ,gresham ,colledge1 from whom he will receive full satisfaction about these things4 ,but the labour employed in the ,observations of the ,heat1 ,cold1 c4 required to be taken notice of in order to the ,ends proposed in the former ,tract1 and others that may be of no less delight than advantage1 will be much retrenched1 when ,dr4 ,christopher ,wren puts in practice1 what he some years ago proposed to the ,royal ,society concerning an ,engine with a ,clockwork1 which may perform these ,observations in the last enumerate ,columns1 without being toucht or lookt after but once or twice a day4 ,the ,tables themselves follow1 #cad ,a ,perpendicular ,line divided into ,signes1 supposed to be the ,periods of the ,risings and ,fallings of the ,tides1 as is in the other ,table represented4 ,illustration #afff4 ,age of ,time of ,high water4 ,time of ,low water4 ,sept4 the moon ho4mi4 ,day4 ,hour4 ,min4 ,day4 ,hour4 ,min4 ,mo4 #c4 ,new ,mo4 #b4 #eg4 ,morn4 ,mo4 #i4 #h4 ,morn4 #h4ch'4 #c4 #ai4 ,aftern4 #i4 #cj4 ,aftern4 ,tu4 #d4 ,tu4 #c4 #da4 ,m4 ,tu4 #i4 #ea ,m4 #d4 #b4 ,a4 #aj4 #ab ,a4 ,we4 #e4 ,we4 #d4 #bc4 ,m4 ,we4 #aj4 #cc ,m4 #d4 #dc ,a4 #aj4 #ec ,a4 ,th4 #f4 ,th4 #e4 #d4 ,m4 ,th4 #aa4 #ad ,m4 #e4 #be4 ,a4 #aa4 #ce ,a4 ,fr4 #g4 ,fr4 #e4 #df4 ,m4 ,fr4 #aa4 #ef ,m4 #f4 #g4 ,a4 ,sa4 #j4 #ag ,m4 ,sa4 #h4 ,sa4 #f4 #bh4 ,m4 #j4 #ci ,a4 #f4 #ea4 ,a4 ,su4 #a4 #b ,m4 ,su4 #i4 ,su4 #g4 #ad4 ,m4 #a4 #bc ,a4 #g4 #cg4 ,a4 ,mo4 #a4 #dh ,m4 ,mo4 #aj4 ,mo4 #h4 #j4 ,m4 #b4 #ac4 ,a4 #h4 #bf4 ,a4 ,tu4 #b4 #ci4 ,m4 ,tu4 #aa4 #a4 ,qu4 ,tu4 #h4 #eb4 ,m4 #c4 #e4 ,a4 #aj ,a4 #i4 #ah4 ,a4 ,we4 #c4 #ca4 ,m4 ,mo4 #ab4 ,mo4 #i4 #dd4 ,m4 #c4 #eg ,a4 #aj4 #aa ,a4 ,th4 #d4 #be ,m4 ,th4 #ac4 ,th4 #aj4 #ci4 ,m4 #d4 #ec4 ,a4 #aa4 #g4 ,a4 ,fr4 #e4 #ba4 ,m4 ,fr4 #ad4 ,fr4 #aa4 #ce4 ,m4 #e4 #di4 ,a4 ,sa4 #ae4 ,sa4 #j4 #c4 ,m4 ,sa4 #f4 #ag4 ,m4 #j4 #ca4 ,a4 #f4 #de4 ,a4 ,su4 #af4 ,su4 #j4 #ei4 ,m4 ,su4 #g4 #ac4 ,m4 #a4 #bg4 ,a4 #g4 #da4 ,a4 ,mo4 #ag4 ,mo4 #a4 #ee4 ,m4 ,mo4 #h4 #i4 ,m4 #b4 #bc4 ,a4 #h4 #cf ,a4 ,tu4 #ah4 ,full4 ,tu4 #b4 #ej ,m4 ,tu4 #i4 #d ,m4 #aa4aj'4 #c4 #ai4 ,a4 #i4 #ca ,a4 ,we4 #ai4 ,we4 #c4 #de4 ,m4 ,we4 #i4 #eh ,m4 #d4 #aa4 ,a4 #aj4 #be ,a4 ,th4 #bj4 ,th4 #d4 #ci4 ,m4 ,th4 #aj4 #eb ,m4 #e4 #f4 ,a4 #aa4 #bj4 ,a4 ,fr4 #ba4 ,fr4 #e4 #cd4 ,m4 ,fr4 #aa4 #dh4 ,m4 #f4 #b4 ,a4 #j4 #af4 ,a4 ,sa4 #bb4 ,sa4 #f4 #cj4 ,m4 ,sa4 #j4 #dd4 ,a4 #f4 #eh4 ,a4 ,su4 #a4 #ab ,m4 ,su4 #bc4 ,su4 #g4 #bg4 ,m4 #a4 #da ,a4 #g4 #cf4 ,a4 ,mo4 #b4 #aj ,m4 ,mo4 #bd4 ,mo4 #h4 #bd ,m4 #b4 #ch ,a4 #h4 #ec4 ,a4 ,tu4 #c4 #f ,m4 ,tu4 #be4 ,tu4 #i4 #bj ,m4 #c4 #cd ,a4 #i4 #dh4 ,a4 ,we4 #d4 #a ,m4 ,we4 #bf4 last ,q ,we4 #aj4 #ae ,m4 #d4 #bi ,a4 #c4aa' #aj4 #dc4 ,a4 ,th4 #d4 #ef ,m4 ,th4 #bg4 ,th4 #aa4 #aj4 ,m4 #e4 #bc ,a4 #aa4 #cg4 ,a4 ,fr4 #e4 #dh4 ,m4 ,fr4 #bh4 ,fr4 #aa4 #ei4 ,m4 #f4 #aj4 ,a4 ,sa4 #bi4 ,sa4 #j4 #ba4 ,m4 ,sa4 #f4 #cb4 ,m4 #j4 #dc4 ,a4 #f4 #ed4 ,a4 ,su4 #cj4 ,su4 #a4 #e4 ,m4 ,su4 #g4 #af4 ,m4 ,octob4 #a4 #bg4 ,a4 #g4 #ch4 ,a4 ,mo4 #a4 ,mo4 #a4 #di4 ,m4 ,mo4 #g4 #ei4 ,m4 #b4 #i4 ,a4 #h4 #ai4 ,a4 ,tu4 #b4 ,tu4 #b4 #bi4 ,m4 ,tu4 #h4 #ci4 ,m4 ,new4 #b4 #di4 ,a4 #h4 #ei4 ,a4 ,we4 #c4 #a4ch' ,we4 #c4 #i4 ,m4 ,we4 #i4 #ai4 ,m4 #afff4 ,rising1 and ,thermo- ,hygro- ,sept4 #c4 fall of ,tides metre scope ,hour4 ,m4 ,foot _/#ajjj ,inch _/#aj ,inch _/#aj ,velocity of ,baro- ,azimuth4 ,force the ,current scope of the ,wind ,foot _/#ajjj ,inch _/#aj deg4 deg4 #jj1 #jjj4 #j1 #jjj4 ,weather ,,xii4 #jj4 #jj1 #jjj4 #f4 #g4 #bh4 #a4 #c4 #d4 ,s4 to ,w4 #ej4 #c4 #j1 #def4 ,rain great #bj4 #aj1 #jjj4 #f4 #g4 #bh4 #a4 #c4 #d4 ,s4 to ,w4 #eg4 #c4 #a1 #cec4 ,rain great #dj4 #cf1 #bej4 #f4 #h4 #bh4 #a4 #c4 #d4 ,s4 to ,w4 #fj4 #c4 #b1 #baa4 ,rain small ,i4 #jj4 #dh1 #ehg4 #f4 #h4 #bh4 #a4 #c4 #c4 ,s4 ,w4 #de4 #d4 #c1 #jjj4 ,rain small #bj4 #ff1 #feh4 #f4 #h4 #bh4 #a4 #c4 #b4 ,s4 ,w4 #cj4 #d4 #c1 #fif4 ,rain very small #dj4 #ha1 #jec4 #f4 #i4 #bh4 #b4 #c4 #a4 ,s4 ,w4 #cf4 #d4 #d1 #bhd4 ,fair but cloudy ,,ii4 #jj4 #ic1 #bhi4 #f4 #i4 #bh4 #b4 #c4 #j4 ,s4 ,w4 #ci4 #e4 #d1 #gdj4 ,fair and warm #bj4 #ajc1 #bhi4 #f4 #h4 #bh4 #a4 #b4 #g4 ,s4 ,w4 #db4 #e4 #e1 #jdi4 ,warm and cloudy #dj4 #aaj1 #gbd4 #f4 #h4 #bh4 #b4 #b4 #c4 ,s4 ,w4 #ai4 #f4 #e1 #baa4 ,sunshine ,,iii4 #jj4 #aad1 #bgf4 #f4 #h4 #bh4 #b4 #b4 #j4 ,s4 ,w4 #fj4 #e4 #e1 #baa4 ,sunshine and clear #bj4 #aaj1 #gbd4 #f4 #g4 #bh4 #c4 #b4 #a4 ,s4 ,w4 #gc4 #e4 #e1 #jdi4 ,sun clouded #dj4 #ajc1 #bhi4 #f4 #g4 #bh4 #c4 #b4 #j4 ,s4 ,w4 #ij4 #f4 #d1 #gdj4 ,cloudy ,,iiii4 #jj4 #ic1 #bhi4 #f4 #f4 #bh4 #c4 #b4 #a4 ,s4 ,w4 #ij4 #f4 #d1 #bhd4 ,hazy about the ,horiz4 #bj4 #ha1 #jec4 #f4 #f4 #bh4 #d4 #b4 #c4 ,n4 ,w4 #hg4 #f4 #c1 #fif4 ,misty #dj4 #ff1 #feh4 #f4 #e4 #bh4 #d4 #b4 #c4 ,n4 ,w4 #gj4 #g4 #c1 #jjj4 ,misty ,v4 #jj4 #dh1 #dhg4 #f4 #d4 #bh4 #d4 #b4 #c4 ,n4 ,w4 #ei4 #g4 #b1 #baa4 ,clearing up #bj4 #cf1 #bej4 #f4 #b4 #bh4 #e4 #b4 #c4 ,n4 ,w4 #ej4 #f4 #a1 #cec4 ,clear #dj4 #aj1 #jjj4 #f4 #a4 #bh4 #e4 #b4 #a4 ,n4 ,w4 #fj4 #e4 #j1 #def4 ,sunshine ,,vi4 #jj4 #jj1 #jjj4 #f4 #j4 #bh4 #e4 #b4 #j4 ,n4 ,w4 #fj4 #d4 #j1 #jjj4 ,sunshine #cae 99 99 99 99 99 ,other ,inquiries ,concerning the ,sea4 ,the ,publisher of these ,tracts1 knowing that the ,honorable ,robert ,boyle had not left unconsidered the ,natural ,history of the ,sea1 of which ,subject the late1 and these present ,papers1 have entertained the ,reader as to the ,observables of its ,flux and ,reflux2 ,he was on this occasion instant1 with that ,gentleman to impart to him1 for publication1 these ,heads of ,inquiries1 he had drawn up1 touching that ,subject3 ,which having obtained 7though the ,author desires1 they may be lookt upon as unfinisht7 he thus subjoyns4 ,what is the ,proportion of ,salt1 that is in the ,water of differing ,seas2 ,and whether in the same ,sea it be always the same8 ,and if it be not1 how much it differs8 ,sidenote3 99 ,this last ,clause containing difficult ,quaere and that may seem something odd1 ,mr4 ,boyl thinks fit to note1 ,that having recommended this matter1 among others1 to a learned ,physician1 that was sailing into ,america1 and furnished him with a small ,hydrostaticall ,instrument1 to observe from time to time the ,differences of ,gravity he might meet with2 ,this account was returned him1 ,that he found by the ,glass1 the ,sea-water to increase in weight1 the nearer he came to the ,line1 till he arrived at a certain ,degree of ,latitude2 as he remembers1 it was about the #cjth2 after which1 the ,water seemed to retain the same specifick gravity1 till he came to the ,barbadoes1 or ,jamaica4 ,what is the ,gravity of ,sea-waters in reference to ,fresh ,waters and to one another3 ,whether it vary not in ,summer and ,winter1 and on other ,scores8 ,and whether in the same ,season its ,gravity proceed only from the greater or lesser ,proportion of ,salt1 that is in it1 and not sometimes from other ,causes8 ,and what are the differing ,gravities of the ,sea-water1 according to the ,climats4 99 ,what are the ,odors1 ,colours and ,tasts1 observable in ,sea-water8 ,what is the depth of the sea in several places1 and the ,order of its increase and ,decrements8 ,and whether the ,bottom of the ,sea does always rise towards the ,shore1 unless accidentally interrupted8 ,of the ,bottom of the ,sea1 and how it differs from the ,surface of the ,earth1 in reference to the ,soyl1 and evenness or ,roughness of the ,superficies1 ,and the ,stones1 ,minerals and ,vegetables to be found there8 ,what the ,figuration of the ,seas from ,north to ,south1 and from ,east to ,west1 and in the several ,hemispheres and ,climats8 ,what communication there is of ,seas by ,streights and ,subterraneal ,conveyances8 ,of the ,motion of the ,sea by ,winds1 and how far ,storms reach downwards towards the ,bottom of the ,sea8 ,sidenote3 99 ,the particulars whereof 7saith the ,author7 are here omitted2 ,sir ,robert ,moray and ,dr4 ,wallis having by there more accurate inquiries about ,tides made them needless4 ,of the grand ,motions of the ,bulk or ,body of the ,sea2 especially of the ,tides 992 ,their ,history as to their ,nature and ,differences4 #caf ,what power the ,sea hath to produce or hasten ,putrefaction in some ,bodies1 and to preserve others2 as ,wood1 ,cables1 and others that are sunk under it8 ,of the ,power ascribed to the ,sea to eject ,dead ,bodies1 ,succinum1 ,ambergris8 ,of the shining of the ,sea in the night8 ,what are the ,medical vertues of the ,sea1 especially against ,hydrophobia8 ,what is its vertue to ,manure ,land8 ,and what are the ,plants1 that thrive best with ,sea-water4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,considerations concerning the ,parenchymous parts of the ,body4 ,these were communicated by the inquisitive ,m4 ,edmund ,king at the ,instance of the ,publisher1 as follows2 ,the ,parenchymous parts of the ,body1 are by ,anatomists generally supposed to be in very many places wholly void of ,vessels2 designed chiefly to fill up ,cavities and interstices between the ,vessels1 and to boulster up the same1 and to convey them through the parts4 ,but having many years endeavoured to excarnate several parts of the ,body1 viz4 the ,liver1 ,lungs1 ,spleen1 ,kidneys1 c4 7not to name the ,placenta ,uteri1 which seems to be ,parenchymous too27 and being very desirous to make a ,scheme of the ,vessels of any of these1 what ever they were1 ,i fixt upon2 ,i found1 notwithstanding all my care to preserve the ,vessels1 when ,i was freeing them1 as heedfully as ,i could1 from the supposed ,parenchyma1 that in every breach1 ,i made1 either with my fingers or otherwise1 all my endeavors were destructive to my purpose3 and that1 upon examination of those bits1 much of which is called ,parenchyma1 ,i met in them more ,vessels1 than ,i had preserved in the parts whence they came3 ,and though the portion were never so small1 yet my bare eye could make this discovery2 much more could ,i1 when assisted by a ,microscope1 perceive1 ,i had destroyed more ,vessels than preserved1 in despite of the exactest care1 ,i was capable to use4 ,and being not a little concern'd1 that ,i should undertake to preserve the ,vessels by such a ,cause1 as ,i saw plainly to be their definition 7were the part never so big1 or never so small7 ,i was both confounded and tired4 ,for ,i saw 7and so must any1 that will attempt this work7 in my endeavouring to preserve one ,vessel of a traceable magnitude1 ,i spoiled an infinite number of others less discernable1 which were as truly ,vessels1 as the other1 differing only in size and figure 7as to appearance47 ,then reviewing what mischief ,i had done in every place1 quite through the whole ,tract of my ,fingers1 ,knife1 c4 ,i begin to think with my self1 ,that it was not impossible for these parts to consist wholly of ,vessels curiously wrought and interwoven 7probably for more ,uses1 than is yet known27 ,and the #cag consideration1 which came into my mind1 of a piece of fine ,cloth 7which consists of so many several minute ,hairs1 call'd ,wool7 was no discouragement to this opinion4 ,yet ,i durst not be presumptuous as to indulge my self too much in it2 much less to venter presently to speak of such a thing1 which seem'd to contradict so many ,learned ,men's belief4 ,but being restless1 till ,i might receive more satisfaction in the thing1 ,i iterated experiments over and over2 some of which prov'd so successful to my apprehension1 that ,i was encouraged in the year #affc4 and #affd to discourse of it to several very worthy ,persons1 as ,mr4 ,boyl1 ,sir ,william ,petty1 ,dr4 ,williams1 ,dr4 ,lenthal1 ,dr4 ,jaspar ,needham1 ,dr4 ,samson1 7who afterwards sent me a ,letter from ,france1 intimating the acquaintance he had made with the learned ,steno1 who hath since published something of the same ,discovery7 ,mr4 ,daniel ,cox1 and ,dr4 ,samuel ,parker1 c1 who doubtless cannot but remember1 that then ,i related to them1 ,i found much cause to believe1 that that substance commonly called ,parenchyma1 was in most1 if not in all its ,parenchymous parts1 full of ,vessels2 however it had been imagin'd by all1 ,i could ever meet with1 to consist in great part of a substance1 in many places void of ,vessels1 designed for such uses1 as are above mentioned4 ,against which ,i have now further to alledge1 #a4 ,that ,i observe in a piece of ,musculous flesh 7so call'd7 either raw1 rosted1 or boiled1 c4 that if ,i so far extend it as to make it to be seen through1 ,i can 7assisting my ,eye7 perceive it full of ,vessels placed as thick as is possible to be imagin'd1 7the fat if there be any1 being first removed7 there appearing then nothing but vessels1 yet so as with a ,microscope may be seen through1 when they are extended4 #b4 ,that1 if any one1 as he is at dinner1 take a piece of flesh1 and begin either at the head or tail of a ,muscle1 he may divide it in infinitum all along from head to tail1 without breaking any thing of that1 called ,flesh1 only these transverse ,fibres1 that seem to stitch them together1 and 7as ,i am apt to think7 pass through the very ,bodies of the smallest of them1 and quite through the whole ,muscle up the ,cutaneous porosities2 so that there is not one of these small ducts1 that run per longitudinem1 but 'tis furnisht with a sufficient number of outlets1 when need requires1 though too minute to suffer any alimentary juice to pass transversly 7in a living ,body7 or any other liquor1 when the ,body is dead and cold4 ,but to wave their use at present1 and to return to what ,i was saying4 ,compress between the fingers this bit of flesh1 and you shall find the ,juice1 especially if the ,meat be ,hot1 to go before your fingers toward either end you please2 but if you compress both ends1 you shall see it swell into the middle2 and again1 if you press the middle1 it will run out at both ends4 ,but further1 suppose a piece of flesh1 called ,parenchyma1 as big1 or as little as you please1 in any part of the ,body1 and let me prick it with a ,needle1 where you shall appoint2 if you feel it1 ,i presume you will acknowledge1 a ,nerve1 or a ,fibrilla1 related to it1 is touch'd2 ,if you feel it not1 ,i am sure some liquor either sanguineous or other1 will follow the ,needle2 ,and from whence can that come1 but out of ,vessels8 unless #cah accidentally1 as by a ,contusion1 c41 it be extravased1 in which case my ,argument will not be injured1 because the part is depraved1 whereas ,i speak of the parts1 as they are in their natural ,state4 ,to confirm and illustrate all which1 ,i desire1 that the following familiar ,observations may be considered3 #a4 ,if a ,horse1 fat and fair to look on1 without a hollow to be seen between his ,muscles1 be rid extreme hard1 and into a great sweat1 and then kept one day without water or moist meat1 you shall see him took so thin in many places as in the musculous parts1 that you will hardly believe it to be the same ,horse1 especially if he be 7as the ,phrase is among ,horse-masters7 a ,nash or ,wash-,horse4 ,the cause of which thinness will easily be granted to be only an exhaustion of ,juice1 expended out of the ,blood1 which did stuff out these ,vessels4 ,and whoever1 that is used to ride hard1 shall observe1 how thick this foul ,horse breaths1 and at what a rate he will reek and sweat1 will not much wonder at the alteration4 ,but if the ,horse be a hardy one1 and used to be hard ridden1 then you will see1 that one days rest1 and his belly full of good meat and drink1 will in one day or two almost restore him to his former plight1 the food being within that short space of time so distributed1 that all the ,vessels will be replenish'd again1 as before4 ,and the cleaner the ,horse is1 the sooner recruited1 and the less sign of hard riding will appear4 ,this seems to shew the facility1 with which the ,juice1 called ,blood1 passeth2 ,which surely1 if there were such a thing as a ,parenchyma might by several accidents 7not difficult to mention7 be so deprav'd in several parts of it1 that it might lose its receptive faculty2 than which it may be thought to have none of greater use1 being supposed to be without ,vessels4 #b4 ,discoursing sometimes with ,grasiers in the ,country1 about the ,pasture of ,cattle1 ,i have been informed by them1 that1 if they buy any ,old ,beasts1 ,oxen1 or ,cows to feed1 they choose rather those that are as poor as can be1 so they be sound2 because that1 if they are pretty well in flesh1 what they then add to them by a good pasture1 though it make them both look and sell well1 yet it will not make them eat so well1 their flesh proving hard and very tough3 ,which some may suppose to be the age of ,parenchyma2 and so it is of that so called4 ,but if those ,beasts be old and extremely poor1 then they feed very kindly1 and will be not only very fat but spend well1 like young ones1 and eat very tender4 ,of which ,i take the reason 7excluding a ,parenchyma now7 to be this4 ,when an ,oxe or a ,cow is grown old1 and in an indifferent plight as to his flesh 7for so it is called7 all those ,vessels having been kept at that size for the most part1 have contracted a tenseness and firmness1 and their fibers less extensive1 nor so fitted for the reception of more unctuous particles to relaxe them2 and that additional unctuous matter1 which occasions fatness1 is forced to seek new quarter any where 7often remote from ,muscles7 where it can be with least difficulty received2 sometimes to one place1 sometimes to #cai another1 as may be seen in ,shambles4 ,whereas1 if there were such a thing as a ,parenchyma1 that certainly would1 like a hungry ,sponge1 immediately swell up in several parts1 7which without much difficulty might be discover'd in the dissection7 and more eminently1 where it should find the pores most potent3 ,and in the dissection of such ,muscles it would be very strange1 not to find some1 if not many1 pieces of them in various shapes1 to the great inconvenience of the parts1 in which they are seated3 ,which yet ,i confess ,i could never find in any ,muscle unless it were where there had been a ,contusion1 or an ,impostume1 or the like4 ,but according to my opinion of the ,parenchymous parts1 the reason1 why the ,flesh of a very lean ,ox or ,cow1 that hath got new ,flesh in a good pasture1 eats tenderer1 seems to be this3 ,that in a very lean ,beast the ,vessels designed for admitting and distributing the nourishing ,juice1 are so near contracted1 and lye so close together2 that1 when once they are relax'd2 by fresh and unctuous nourishment1 they extend every way in all extensive parts1 until in a short time the whole ,creature is1 as it were1 created a new1 having got new flesh upon old bones4 ,and the necessity of extreme extension makes all those parts1 that are1 as has been said1 for the admission of nourishment1 so thin and fine1 that it will make the lean ,beast1 put into a rich pasture1 eat young and tender3 ,whereas one of the same ,age1 that never was very poor1 fed in the same pasture1 shall eat hard and tough4 #c4 ,it has been observed1 that ,corpulent ,persons in some ,diseases1 that seize on them1 do fall away to wonder1 not only in the ,wast1 but in the ,arms1 ,legs1 and ,thighs2 and the very ,calves of the ,legs have been observed so flaccid and loose1 that one might wrap the skin about the bones4 ,the reason whereof1 according to the opinion deliver'd1 may be easily rendred to be1 ,a great ,consumption of the ,stock of ,liquors1 that in ,health kept the ,vessels turgid2 ,which ,vessels ,i suppose to make up those ,muscles4 ,but when the ,pores are obstructed1 that the nourishment is hindred 7which then also uses to be but sparingly administred7 and sweats1 either spontaneous1 or forced1 are large1 there must needs be a great expence of those ,liquors1 the supply being but inconsiderable3 which cannot but contract all these ducts of all sorts nearer together1 and make them much less in themselves1 meerly from ,exhaustion3 ,or1 if there should be no sweats1 the internal ,heat spends the spirits1 and dries up the ,liquors2 the consequence whereof may reasonably be presumed to be this ,flaccidity of parts1 and great and sudden ,change1 made in them2 not that there is need of any ,parenchyma to fill up these ,muscles considering what hath been said4 ,mean while1 ,i humbly conceive1 that if it be in any part of a ,muscle1 their ,ingenuity1 that plead for it1 will put them upon some experiments1 to bring it to ,ocular ,demonstration1 either in ,living or ,dead ,muscle1 any kind of flesh1 raw1 rosted1 boyl'd1 or in what they can best make it out4 ,and when ,i shall be convinc'd of an ,errour in what ,i have discoursed1 ,i shall beg pardon for giving the ,occasion of the trouble of that ,experiment1 which shall prove a #cbj ,parenchyma in any ,muscle2 and think my time well spent in receiving a full satisfaction of the ungroundedness of my opinion2 and readily submit to the ,author1 with a grateful acknowledgement of my ,obligation to any one that shall rectifie me in my mistake1 if it be one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observables touching ,petrification4 ,though much hath been already said and written of ,petrification1 yet 'tis conceived1 that all that comes so far short of a competent stock for the composing of a perfect ,history of ,petrification1 that the incompleatness thereof ought to awaken the more diligent attention of the ,curious1 and to call in their aid for ,additions1 thereby so to encrease and to complete the ,materials for that work1 that it may the better serve to clear and make out the ,cause of that ,transmutation4 ,and that the rather1 because if it lay in the power of humane ,skill 7by the knowledge of ,nature's works7 to raise ,petrification1 or to allay1 or prevent it1 or to order and direct it 7which perchance in time might be attained the said way7 much use might be made of this ,art2 especially if it could be made applicable to hinder the ,generation of the ,stone and ,gravel in humane ,bodies1 or to dissolve the ,stone1 where 'tis formed2 besides other valuable ,uses1 that might be excogitated4 ,upon this ,consideration1 care is1 and further will be taken in these ,papers1 to record1 among other ,observables of ,nature1 what shall be communicated of this kind of ,change4 ,in ,num4 #a4 #b4 and #e4 several ,relations have been made belonging to this ,argument4 ,much of it1 together with considerable ,reflections may be seen in ,mr4 ,boyle's ,essay of ,firmness3 ,in ,helmont de ,lithiase1 where1 among other remarques1 is recited the ,testimony of ,parus of a ,petrified ,child seen at ,paris1 and by the ,owner used for a ,whetstone3 ,in ,densingius's ,historia ,infantis in ,abdomine inventi1 in duritiem lapideam conversi3 ,in ,mr4 ,hook's ,micrography1 and in others4 ,to omit now1 what has been related 7but perhaps not well enough attested7 by ,authors1 concerning the stupendious ,petrifications of whole ,companies of ,men1 and ,troops of ,cattle2 by ,aventinus1 lib4 #g4 ,annal4 ,bojorum2 by ,purchas in his ,pilgrimage p4 #daf4 in fol4 printed at ,london #afad1 and1 7of a ,troop of ,spanish ,horsemen7 by ,jos4 ,acosta lib4 #c4 c4 #i4 ,to all which1 the curious ,dr4 ,beale now adds a ,narrative of a ,stone1 not long since taken out of the ,womb of a ,woman of his neighbourhood neer ,trent in ,somersetshire1 by incision1 and afterwards perfectly cured1 though she had born the ,stone with extreme torments for4 #h4 or #i4 years4 ,the operation he relates to have been made in ,easter last2 after which time1 he affirms to have seen the ,stone1 and weigh'd it in ,gold ,scales1 where it wanted somewhat of four ,ounces1 but had lost of the weight1 it formerly had1 #cba being very light for a ,stone of that ,bulk4 ,he further describes to be of a whitish colour1 lighter than ,ash-colour2 perchance 7saith he7 not unlike to that recited out of ,scaliger by ,mr4 ,boyle in his ,essay of ,firmness pag4 #bch4 qui aris contactis postea in gypseam tum speciem tum firmitatem concreverat4 ,it had no deep asperities1 and had somewhat of an ,oval figure1 but less at one end1 than a ,hen-,egge1 and bigger and blunter at the other end1 than a ,goose egge4 ,this ,stone1 7so he concludes7 is intended for the ,royal ,society1 with the ,testimony of the ,chirurgion1 that perform'd the ,operation1 and other ,witnesses of special credit2 where also will be annexed the manner of ,operation4 ,it appears by this last clause 7to add that on this occasion7 that this ,well-wisher to the ,improvement of all usefull knowledge1 has taken notice of that considerable ,collection of ,curiosities1 lately presented to the lately nam'd ,society for their ,repository1 by the ,publick-minded ,gentleman ,mr4 ,daniel ,colwall1 a very worthy and useful ,member of that ,body3 ,to which ,repository whatsoever is presented as rare and curious1 will be with great care1 together with the ,donors names and their ,beneficence recorded1 and the things preserved for ,after-ages1 7probably much better and safer1 than in their own private ,cabinets27 and in progress of ,time will be employed for considerable ,philosophical and ,usefull purposes2 of which perhaps more largely in another place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation of a kind of ,worms that eat out ,stones4 ,this is taken out of a ,letter1 written by one ,m4 de la ,voye to ,m4 ,auzout1 to be found in the #cb4 ,journal des ,scavans2 as follows4 ,in a great and very ancient ,wall of ,free-,stone in the ,benedictins ,abby at ,caen in ,normandy1 facing ,southward1 there are to be found many ,stones so eaten by ,worms1 that one may run his hand into most of the ,cavities which are variously fashion'd1 like the ,stones1 which ,i have seen wrought with so much ,art in the ,louvre3 ,in these cavities there is abundance of live-,worms1 their excrement1 and of that ,stone-dust1 they eat4 ,between many of the ,cavities there remain but leaves1 as it were1 of ,stone1 very thin1 which part them4 ,i have taken some of these living ,worms1 which ,i found in the eaten ,stone1 and put them into a ,box with several bits of the ,stone2 leaving them there together for the space of eight days2 and then opening the ,box1 the ,stone seem'd to me eaten so sensibly1 that ,i could no longer doubt of it1 ,i send you the ,box and the ,stones in it1 together with the living ,worms3 and to satisfie your ,curiosity1 ,i shall relate to you1 what ,i have observed of them both with and without a ,microscope4 #cbb ,these ,worms are inclosed in a ,shell1 which is grayish and of the bigness of a ,barly-corn1 sharper at one end1 than the other4 ,by the means of an excellent ,microscope ,i have observ'd1 that 'tis all overspread with little ,stones and little greenish ,eggs2 and that there is at the sharpest end a little hole by which these ,creatures cast out their excrement1 and at the other end1 a somewhat bigger hole1 through which they put out their heads and fasten themselves to the ,stones1 they gnaw4 ,they are not so shut up1 but that sometimes they come out1 and walk abroad4 ,they are all black1 about two ,lines of an inch long and three quarters of a ,line large4 ,their ,body is distinguish't into several plyes1 and near their head they have three feet on each side1 which have but two ,joynts resembling those of a ,lowse4 ,when they move1 their ,body is commonly upwards1 with their mouth against the ,stone4 ,they have a big head1 somewhat flat1 and even1 of the colour of a ,tortoise-,shell1 braunish1 with some small white hair4 ,their mouth is also big2 where may be seen four kinds of ,jaw-bones1 lying crossewise1 which they move continually1 opening and shutting them like a pair of ,compasses1 with four branches4 ,the ,jaws on both sides of the mouth are all black1 the nether ,jaw hath a point like the ,sting of a ,bee1 but uniform4 ,they draw threds out of their mouth with their fore-feet1 using that point to range them1 and to form their ,shells of them4 ,they have ,ten ,eyes1 very black and round1 which appear to be bigger than a ,pins head4 ,there are five of them on each side of the head1 standing after this manner1 ,illustration ,but besides these ,worms1 ,i have found1 that ,mortar is eaten by an infinite number of small ,creatures1 of the bigness of ,chees-,mites4 ,these have but two ,eyes1 and are blackish4 ,they have four feet on each side pretty long4 ,the point of their ,muzzle is very sharp1 as that of a ,spider4 ,i send you but one of them1 though ,i had abundance1 but they are dead and lost4 ,it may be1 you'l find some at ,paris1 seeing that in the old ,mortar betwixt ,stones1 that is found in ,walls made with rubbish1 there is great store of them1 together with great plenty of their little ,eggs4 ,i have not yet examined1 whether these be those1 that in the surfaces of all the ,stones1 where they are met with1 make little round holes1 and small traces and impressions1 which make them look like ,worm-eaten ,wood4 ,but 'tis probable1 they are such4 ,it should be observed1 whether these ,worms do not take ,wings1 and all the other appearances of ,caterpillars2 and whether they are not to be found in plaister that is full of holes1 in ,bricks1 in ,greety ,stones1 and in ,rocks4 ,you may observe more of them in ,walls exposed to the ,south1 than in others2 and that the ,worms1 that eat the ,stone1 live longer1 then those1 #cbc that eat the ,mortar1 which keep not above eight days alive4 ,i have observed all their parts with a very good ,microscope1 without which1 and a great deal of attention1 'tis difficult to see them well4 ,i have seen other very old ,walls altogether eaten1 as those of the ,temple at ,paris1 where ,i could find no ,worms1 but the ,cavities were full of ,shells of various kinds1 diversly figur'd and turn'd3 all which ,i believe to be little ,animals petrified4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some promiscuous ,observations1 made in ,somerset shire1 and imparted by the above-mentioned ,dr4 ,beale4 ,his words are these1 in a ,letter to the ,publisher1 of the #bd4 ,septemb4 #afff at ,yeovill in ,somersetshire2 ,i have two or three remarks1 perhaps not unworthy to be recorded for further application in like cases of time and place #a4 ,in the ,moores from hence towards ,bridgewater1 in the extreme drought1 we have endured this ,summer1 some lengths of pasture grew much sooner whithered and parched1 than the other pasture4 ,and this ,parched part seem'd to bear the length and shape 7in gross7 of ,trees4 ,they digg'd1 and found1 in the place1 ,oakes indeed1 as black as ,ebony4 ,and hence they have been instructed to find and take up many hundreds of ,oakes1 as a neighbour of good credit assures me4 ,this advertisement may be instructive for other parts1 as ,kent1 ,essex1 ,lincoln1 c4 ,sidenote3 99 ,this had somewhat of a ,vitriolate taste4 ,but the ,experiment being made with greater quantities of this water1 which questionless will be done1 the nature and kind of it may be better known4 #b4 ,my ,cosen ,philips of ,montague has in his pastures of ,socke1 about three miles off1 a large ,pool1 to which ,pigeons resort2 but the ,cattle will not drink of it1 no not in the extream want of water in this drought4 ,to the taste it is not only brackish1 but hath other loathsome tasts4 ,in a ,venice-glass it looked greenish and clear1 just like the most greenish ,cider as soon as it is perfectly clarified4 ,i boyl'd a ,pint of it in a ,posnet of ,bell-,mettall 7commonly used to preserve ,sweatmeats37 suddenly it yeilded a thick froth1 whence ,i scumm'd half a score ,spoonfulls2 of which the inclosed is a part1 99 ,suffering the water to be boyl'd all away1 it left much of the same on the sides and bottom of the ,posnet4 #c4 ,from ,lamport1 towards ,bridge water1 ,eeles are so cheap in the frosts of ,winter1 that they vend them for little4 ,their abundance is from hence1 that as the people walk1 in the frosty ,mornings1 on the banks of river1 they discern1 towards the edges of the banks1 some parts not hoar1 as the rest1 but green2 where searching the holes of the banks they find heaps of ,eeles4 #cbd 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,problem for finding the ,year of the ,julian ,period by a new and very easie ,method4 ,this occurs in the ,journal des ,scavans no4 #if4 as it had been proposed communicated to the ,learned ,jesuit ,,de ,,billy4 viz4 ,multiply the ,solar ,cycle by #dhde4 and the ,lunar1 by #dbjj4 and that of the ,indiction1 by #fiaf4 ,then divide the ,sum of the ,products by #gihj4 which is the ,julian ,period3 ,the ,remainder of the ,division1 without having regard to the ,quotient1 shall be the year required after4 ,e4 g4 ,let the ,cycle of the ,sun be #c2 of the ,moon #d2 and of the ,indiction1 #e4 ,multiply #c4 by #dhde1 and you have #adece2 and #d4 by #dbjj4 comes #afhjj2 and #e4 by #fiaf4 comes #cdehj4 ,the ,sum of the products is #feiae1 which being divided by #gihj4 gives #h4 for the ,quotient1 and the number #bjge4 which remains1 is the ,year of the ,julian ,period4 ,some learned ,mathematicians of ,paris1 to whom the said ,p4 de ,billy1 did propose this ,problem1 have found the ,demonstration thereof2 as the same ,journal intimates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of some ,books1 not long since published4 ,i4 ,,tentamina ,,physico-,,theologica ,,de ,,deo1 ,sive ,,theologia ,,scholastica1 ad ,normam ,nov ,reformat ,philosophi concinnata1 duobus libris comprehensa4 ,quorum altero1 de ,dei existentia adversus ,atheos ,epicureos ex ipsorummet ,principiis disputatur2 altero1 de ejusdem ,essentia ,attributis2 prim secundum ,theologiam ,ethnicam1 ubi explicatur1 ,quantum hactenus ,alii in ,gentilium sententiis1 de summi ,numinis ,natura eruendis1 hallucinati fuerint2 deinde secundum ,theologiam ,christianam3 ,et quid de ,divina ,essentia ac ,attributis statuendum sit1 diceretur4 ,quibus postrem accedit specialis ,dissertatio de ,primo ,numinis ,attributo1 ,,ternitate4 ,authore ,samule ,parkero1 ,a4 ,m4 ,this ,treatise1 published the last year1 would sooner have been taken notice of in these ,tracts1 had it not escaped the ,publishers view till of late1 when he1 upon serious perusal1 found it very worthy the recommending it to all sorts of persons2 and particularly to those who either please themselves with that fond opinion1 ,that ,philosophy is the ,apprentiship of ,atheisme2 or hearken to the aspersions1 that are generally laid upon the ,reformation of ,philosophy4 ,this excellent piece removes both these2 and being joyned and compared with the truly ,noble ,mr4 ,boyle's ,considerations in his ,first part of the #cbe ,usefulness of ,experimental-,natural ,philosophy1 will strongly evince1 ,how ,much that ,philosophy1 which searches out the real ,productions of ,nature 7the true ,works of ,god7 does manifest the ,divine ,glory more1 than the ,notionals of the ,gentiles4 ,this ,author 7now a ,fellow of the ,royal ,society7 delivers his ,matter in two ,books4 ,lib4 #a4 ,cap4 #a4 ,atheists are disappointed of the ,authority of ,epicurus1 and of other ,antient ,philosophers1 for their gross ,atheisme4 ,cap4 #b4 ,the beautiful ,frame of the ,world evinceth the ,architectonical ,author and ,governor4 ,cap4 #c4 ,the admirable ,contrivance in the ,structure of ,mankind1 and of ,animals1 does more conspicuously shew the ,deity4 ,cap4 #d4 ,the ,atheist caught in his own ,net1 or convinced by the true force of his own ,arguments4 ,cap4 #e4 ,the ,arguments devised against ,atheists by ,des ,cartes1 and drawn from the ,idea's of our ,mind1 examin'd and found imperfect and invalid4 ,lib4 #b4 ,cap4 #a4 ,the opinions of the ,gentiles concerning ,god1 unduly applied to the ,deity1 which we worship3 but properly to be understood by them of the ,sun1 or of the ,soul of the ,world4 ,cap4 #b4 ,more expresly proved1 that the ,antient ,philosophers conceived1 the ,soul of the ,world to be ,god4 ,cap4 #c4 ,the ,historical ,theology of the ,gentiles for the most part is unduly applyed or accommodated to the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,cap4 #d4 ,the ,divine ,substance1 ,immensity1 ,incomprehensibility1 ,invisibility1 explicated1 as far as our weak reason does teach4 ,cap4 #e4 ,the ,divine ,perfections1 and other ,attributes and ,affections1 how far explicable4 ,cap4 #f4 ,the ,eternity of ,god1 how apprehended4 ,these are in short the ,heads of the ,book1 which is yet but in ,latin4 ,it were to be wisht1 the ,author would make it speak his own lively ,english4 ,,ii4 ,,honorati ,,fabri ,soc4 ,jesu ,theologi1 ,tractatus duo2 quorum ,prior est de ,plantis de ,generatione ,animalium2 ,posterior de ,homine4 ,as the ,matter of this ,book is considerable1 so is the order and dependence of all its parts excellent2 in regard that all the ,propositions are ranged according to a ,geometrical method1 and so well disposed1 that the latter do always suppose the former1 and seem to depend all of them upon certain evident principles1 whence they flow by a natural consequence4 ,this ,volume contains two ,treatises4 ,the ,first is divided into #e4 ,books4 ,in the four first1 he treats of ,plants1 and distributes them into three ,classes2 some growing in the ,earth1 as ,trees2 others1 growing upon ,plants1 as ,mosse2 and a third sort growing upon ,animals1 as ,hair1 ,horns1 and ,feathers4 ,he examins and considers the #cbf ,parts of all these ,plants and their ,use1 the manner1 how they are produced1 and nourished2 and their different ,qualities4 ,he discourses also of ,bread1 ,wine1 ,oyle1 and the other ,mixtures1 that are made of ,plants4 ,in the ,fifth ,book1 he treats of the ,generation of ,animals1 where he delivers many curious matters1 explicating in a very easie and familiar way that ,argument1 which hath always been lookt upon1 as one of the obscurest in ,natural ,philosophy4 ,the ,second ,treatise consists of #g4 ,books2 wherein the ,author considers1 what appertains to ,man4 ,he discourses first1 of ,digestion1 of the ,circulation of the ,bloud1 and of the ,use of the principal parts of the ,humane ,body4 ,next1 he treats of the ,senses1 ,external and ,internal2 of all the ,motions of the ,body1 both ,natural and ,voluntary1 of the sensitive ,appetite1 and the ,passions2 ,thence he proceeds to the ,temperaments1 ,habits1 ,instinct1 ,sleep1 ,sickness1 c4 ,lastly1 passing to the ,rational ,soul1 he endeavours to demonstrate the ,immortality thereof1 and to explain also the ,manner1 how it worketh upon the ,body1 and is united with the ,body2 where he omits not to reason of all the ,powers of the ,soul1 of ,liberty1 and of the ,operations of the ,understanding and ,will4 ,in general1 the ,author makes it his study1 for the explicating of the most perplext ,difficulties1 to shew1 that ,nature works not but by very simple and easie wayes4 ,in particular he intersperses several curious remarks4 ,e4g4 ,he teaches how to make ,perspectives1 that magnifie ,objects1 without ,glass2 telling us1 that when an ,object is look't upon through a small hole1 it appears much greater than it is2 and that therefore1 if instead of ,glasses one did cast before ones eyes two ,plates having little holes in them1 it would furnish us with a new kind of ,perspectives1 more commodious than those of ,glasses1 which spoil the ,sight by reason of the refraction of the ,rayes1 caused thereby4 ,again1 ,he renders the cause of that common1 but surprising1 effect of ,painters1 drawing certain ,pourtraictures1 which seem to look directly upon all their ,beholders1 on what side soever they place themselves3 ,videl4 ,that in those ,pictures1 the ,nose it a little turned to one side1 and the eyes to the other4 ,whence it comes1 that such pictures seem to look to the right side1 because the ,eyes are indeed turned that way2 but they appear also to look to the left1 because the point of the ,nose is turned that way1 and the ,table1 whereon the ,picture is drawn1 being flat the ,looker on perceives not1 that the ,eyes are turned th'other way2 which he would do1 if the ,eyes of the ,pourtrait were convex3 ,whence it comes1 that no ,figure can be made embossed1 which looks every way4 ,the art1 which he teaches of making ,parsley shoot out of the ground in a few hours1 is this4 ,infuse the seed of it in ,vinegar2 and having sown it in good ground cast on it a good quantity of the ,ashes of ,bean-,cods1 and sprinkle it with ,spirit of ,wine1 and then cover it with some linnen4 ,he mentions also2 that if you calcine ,earth1 and then water it well1 it will #cbg produce a great variety of different ,herbs1 and that the ,ashes of ,corn burnt1 being sown1 have sometimes produced other ,corn4 ,to add that by the by1 this ,author is not so addicted to ,aristotle1 as to be on his side1 when he thinks ,truth is not4 ,he hath emancipated himself considerably from the ,scholastick way of ,philosophing4 ,he dares maintain1 that the ,vegetative and ,sensitive ,souls are not ,substantial ,forms2 and that it is with ,plants and ,animals1 as with ,artificial things1 the ,form whereof results from the ,union and ,disposition of the parts4 ,according to this ,hypothesis he explicates all the ,operations of ,plants and ,animals1 without having any recourse to the ,soul4 ,he avers also1 that there are no ,species ,intentionales1 and no ,habitudes1 and that the ,animal ,spirits1 which ,philosophers commonly believe to be necessary for all the ,operations of ,life1 are useless4 ,it might also be observed out of this ,author1 what he discourses of the ,generation of ,animals by ,putrefaction2 of the ,cause of intermittent ,feavers1 and of the ,animal ,instinct1 and of many other particulars2 were it not better to refer the curious to the ,book it self4 ,,iii4 ,,relation ,,du ,,voyage de l' ,evesque de ,beryte1 par la ,turquie1 la ,perse1 les ,indes1 c4 jusques au ,royaume de ,siam1 autres lieux2 par ,m4 de ,bourges1 ,prestre c4 ,this ,author imploying his ,pen chiefly1 according to his design1 to give an ,accompt of the ,success1 the ,undertakers of this ,voyage had1 in propagating the ,christian ,faith in the remoter parts of the ,world1 and relating on that occasion1 ,what number of ,churches they have founded in ,cochin1 ,china1 and the ,kingdom of ,tonquin1 7in which latter alone he affirms1 that there are more than three hundred thousand ,christians27 being ,i say principally intent upon that ,subject1 he seems not to have made many ,philosophical observations in those places4 ,mean while he does good service to those that have occasion to travel into the ,east-,indies mostly by ,land1 by describing the passage1 they took thither2 which was1 ,that they embarqued at ,marseilles1 in ,september1 the most convenient and favourable season for that ,voyage2 whence ,ships do ordinarily pass every ,month from ,syria1 reckoning one ,month for the time of ,sayling1 to ,alexandretta4 ,thence to ,aleppo1 counting one ,month more for the ,stay1 to be made there to meet the ,caravane for ,babylon1 and six weeks more for the march from ,aleppo to ,babylon1 where a fortnight will pass before an opportunity happen to embarque upon the ,tyger for ,balsora2 which ,journey will require a fortnight more3 ,and about this time it will be about the end of ,january4 ,thence is always conveniency to pass from ,congo1 #d days ,journey from ,comoron or ,gombroun1 to which latter part there is also frequent occasion to pass by ,sea from ,balsora1 which will take up some #ae or #af4 days ,sail4 ,there 7vid4 at ,comoron7 you will every year meet with ,english1 ,portugal1 ,dutch1 and ,moorish ,vessels1 from ,surat1 from ,october till the end of ,april1 for they are obliged to be at ,surate1 before the end of ,may1 because all the ports of those #cbh ,indies are shut the #d4 ensuing months1 by reason of the danger of that ,sea4 ,but besides this ,direction1 the ,book is not quite destitute of ,natural ,observations4 ,it relates1 #a4 ,how ,diamonds are found and separated in ,golconda2 ,they take of the ,earth1 held to be proper to form them1 which is reddish1 and distinguish'd with white veins1 and full of flints and hard lumps4 ,then they put near the places1 which they will digge1 a close and even ,earth2 and to it they carry those ,earths1 they have digg'd out of the ,mine1 and gently spread it abroad1 and leave it exposed to the ,sun for two days4 ,then being dryed enough they beat it1 and sifting this ,earth1 they find the ,diamonds in ashes of ,flints1 in which ,nature hath set them4 ,here he adds1 that the ,king of that ,country farms out these ,diamond-,mines for #fjjjjj4 ,crowns per annum1 reserving to himself the right of all the ,diamonds1 that exceed ten ,carats in weight4 ,there are ,diamonds1 that mount to #ce4 and #dj4 ,carats4 ,and this is the great ,treasure of that ,prince4 #b4 ,that the most esteemed fruit in those parts2 the ,durion 7of the bigness and shape of an ordinary ,melon7 has a very unpleasing and uneven untollerable smell1 like to that of a rotten ,apple4 #c4 ,that ,rice prospers most in waterish grounds2 and that the fields1 where it grows best1 resembles rather to ,marshes1 than to any ploughed ,soyle3 ,yea1 that that ,grain has the force1 though #f4 or #g4 foot water stand over it1 to shoot its ,stalk above it2 and that the ,stem1 which bears it1 rises and grows proportionably to the height of the water1 that drowns the field4 #d4 ,that the way of keeping ones self harmless from a wild ,elephant1 when he runs directly upon one1 is1 to hold something to him2 as a ,hat1 a ,coat1 a piece of ,linnen1 which he seises on with his ,trunk2 and playes with it1 as if he were pleased with this apparent homage1 done to him2 and so passes on4 ,if he be in a rage1 that then the only remedy is1 to turn incessantly behind him to the left side1 in regard that naturally 7saith this ,author7 he never turns himself that way1 but to the right3 ,and the time1 there is to turn1 because of the ,beasts unweildiness1 affords leisure enough to climbe up some high ,tree1 or to mount some steep ground3 all which if it fail1 by holding always his tail1 and turning with him1 the ,animal will be tired1 and give opportunity to escape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london1 ,printed by ,t4 ,r4 for ,john ,martin1 ,printer to the ,royal ,society1 and are to be sold at the ,bell a little without ,temple-,bar4 #cbi 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #ai4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,november #ai4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,an ,addition to the ,instances of ,petrification1 formerly enumerated4 ,articles of ,inquiries concerning ,mines2 as1 to the neighbouring ,country about them2 the ,soyl where they are2 the ,signes of them2 the ,structure and other particulars belonging to the ,mines themselves2 the ,nature and ,circumstances of ,ore2 and the ,reduction of ,ore into ,metal4 ,promiscuous ,inquiries formerly recommended to ,monsieur ,heuelius1 particularly about ,cold2 together with his own1 and his ,correspondents ,answer to some of them4 ,the success of the ,experiment of ,transfusing the ,blood of one ,animal into another4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,addition to the ,instances of ,petrification1 enumerated in the last of these ,papers4 ,this ,instance was some while since communicated to the ,royal ,society by that ,ingenious ,gentleman ,mr4 ,philip ,packer1 a worthy ,member of that ,body2 in these words2 ,on a ,bank in a ,close of ,mr4 ,purefoy1 neer his house1 call'd ,wadley1 a mile from ,farrington in ,berks1 there grows an ,elme1 which hath now lost the top1 and is grown hollow1 containing neer a ,tun of ,timber4 ,from the ,but of the same ,tree1 one of the spreading ,clawes having been formerly cut off with an ,axe1 that part of the ,but1 from whence the same was sever'd1 being about #a foot above ground1 and inward within the trunk #ccj of the ,tree1 hath contracted a petrfied ,crust1 about the thickness of a shilling1 all over the woody part within the ,bark2 the ,marks of the ,axe also remaining very conspicuous1 with this petrified crust upon it4 ,by what means it should thus happen1 cannot well be conceived1 in regard there is no water neer it2 the part1 above the ground and out of the weather2 the ,tree yet growing3 unless being cut at some season1 when the sap was flowing1 the owsing of the sap might become petrified by the ,air1 and the ,tree grow rotten and hollow inward since that time2 which how long since1 is not known4 ,a piece of that part cut1 was presented1 together with this ,account1 to the said ,society1 for their ,repository4 99 99 99 99 99 ,articles of ,inquiries touching ,mines4 ,what the ,honourable ,robert ,boyle gave the ,reader cause to hope for1 in ,numb4 #aa4 when he was pleased to impart those ,general ,heads for a ,natural ,history of a ,country1 there publish'd2 ,he is not un-mindful to perform1 by enlarging them as occasion serves1 with ,particular and ,subordinate ,inquiries4 ,here he gratifies the ,curious with a considerable ,set of ,inquiries about ,mines3 which though unfinish'd1 yet the ,publisher1 was instant to obtain their present ,publication1 to the end1 that he might the more conveniently recommend them to several ,forreigners of his ,acquaintance1 now ready to return to their several ,countryes1 which he understands to abound in ,mines2 and from the ,curious ,inhabitants whereof1 he expects to receive a good ,accompt upon some at least of these ,inquiries2 which also by several of them have been earnestly desired1 as ,instructions1 to direct them1 what ,particulars to inquire after upon this ,subject4 ,these ,quries are reduced by the ,author to six ,heads3 ,the first1 ,the neighbouring ,country about the ,mines4 ,the second1 ,the ,soyl where the ,mines are4 ,the third1 ,the ,signs of ,mines4 ,the fourth1 ,the ,structure and other particulars belonging to the ,mines themselves4 ,the fifth1 ,the ,nature and ,circumstances of the ,ore4 ,the sixth1 the ,reduction of the ,ore into ,metal4 #cca ,,qu,,ries ,about the first ,title4 #a4 ,whether the ,country be ,mountainous1 ,plain1 or distinguish'd with ,vales8 ,and in case it be mountainous1 what kind of ,hills they are2 whether high1 or low1 or indifferently elevated8 ,whether almost equal or very un-equal in height8 ,whether fruitful or barren2 cold or temperate2 rocky or not2 hollow or solid8 ,whether they run in ridges1 or seem confusedly placed2 and1 if the former1 what way the ridges run1 ,north and ,south1 c4 ,and whether they run any thing parallel to one another8 #b4 ,whether the ,country be barren or fruitful8 ,and1 if any way fruitful1 what it produces1 and what it most abounds with8 #c4 ,what ,cattle it nourishes1 and whether they have any such thing peculiar in point of bigness1 colour1 shape1 longvity1 fitness or unfitness to make good meat1 c4 as may be rather adscribed to the peculiar nature of the place1 than to the barrenness of the ,soyl1 or other manifest causes8 #d4 ,whether the ,natives1 and other ,inhabitants1 live longer or shorter than ordinary8 ,whether they live more or less healthy8 ,whether they be subject to any ,epidemical ,diseases1 that may very probably be imputed to the ,mines2 and what these ,diseases are2 and what ,remedies are found successful8 #e4 ,whether the ,country be1 or be not furnish'd with ,rivers1 ,brooks1 ,springs1 and other ,waters2 and how these waters are conditioned8 #f4 ,whether the ,air be dry or moist2 hot or cold2 clear or foggy2 thick or thin2 heavy or light2 and especially1 whether the ,weather be more or less variable than ordinarily2 or whether it be subject to great and sudden changes1 that may probably be imputed to the ,mineral and ,subterraneous ,steams2 and what they are8 #ccb ,about the second ,title4 #g4 ,whether the ,soyle that is neer the ,surface of the ,earth1 be ,stony2 and1 if it be1 what kind of ,stones it abounds with8 ,whether it be ,clayie1 ,marley1 ,chalkye1 c4 ,and1 if it be of several kinds1 how many they are2 and by what properties they are distinguish'd8 ,about the third ,title4 #h4 ,by what ,signs they know or guess1 that there is a ,mine in such a place8 #i4 ,these ,signs are either upon the ,surface of the ,earth1 or beneath it4 ,to the former belong these ,quries4 #aj4 ,whether the ,ground be made barren by ,metalline or ,mineral ,effluviums8 #aa4 ,whether it be observed1 that ,trees and other greater ,plants seem to have their tops burnt1 or other leaves or outsides discoloured8 or whether there be any ,plants1 that do affect to grow over such ,mines2 and whether it have been tryed1 that other ,plants1 that would prosper in the adjacent places1 will not be made to grow and thrive there8 #ab4 ,whether the ,stones and ,pebles1 that are wash'd by the ,brooks1 ,springs1 or other ,waters1 have any colour'd substance left upon them2 and if they have1 of what colour1 weight1 c4 these adherences are8 #ac4 ,whether the ,waters of the place proposed1 do by their tast1 smell1 ponderousness1 c4 disclose themselves to contain ,minerals8 ,and1 if they do1 what ,minerals they or their residences1 when they are evapourated away1 do appear to abound with1 or to participate of8 #ad4 ,whether ,snow will not lye1 or ,frost continue so long1 or ,dew be generated or stay upon the ground in the place proposed1 as on other neighbouring grounds8 #ae4 ,whether the ,dew that falls on that ground1 will discolour white ,linnen or ,woollen-,cloths1 spred overnight on the #ccc surface of the ground1 and employed to collect the ,dew8 ,and whether the ,rain that falls there1 and may be supposed to come thither from elsewhere1 will discolour such ,clothes1 or afford any residence of a ,mineral ,nature8 #af4 ,whether the ,place be more than ordinarily subject to ,thunder and ,lightning1 and to sudden ,storms or ,earthquakes2 as likewise to ,nocturnal ,lights and fiery ,meteors4 #ag4 ,whether ,mists use to rise from ,grounds stored with ,minerals8 ,what is observable in them1 and what ,minerals they signify1 and may be supposed to be produced by8 #ah4 ,whether the ,virgula ,divinatoria be used to find out the ,veins of proposed ,mines2 and1 if it be1 with what success8 #ai4 ,what other ,signs above ground afford probability of ,mines1 or ,direction for following a ,vein over ,hills1 ,valleys1 ,lakes1 ,rivers1 c4 ,the second sort of ,signs belonging to these ,quries1 are such as follow4 #bj4 ,whether there be any ,clayes1 ,marles1 or other ,mineral ,earths1 yellow or liquid matters1 that usually give notice of the ,ore8 ,and if there be more than one1 how and at what depths they are wont to lye respectively8 ,of what thickness and consistence they are2 and in what ,order the ,diggers meet with them8 #ba4 ,whether there be any ,stones or ,marchasites to be found neer1 or not very far from the surface of the ground1 by which one may have ground to expect a ,mine8 ,as is often observed in the ,tin-,mines of ,cornwall1 over which such kind of ,stones are divers times found lying above ground8 #bb4 ,whether all ,stones of that kind do equally signify that ,mine8 ,and1 if not1 how the significant ,stones are to be known1 as by ,colour1 ,bigness1 ,shape1 ,weight1 ,depth under ground1 c4 #bc4 ,whether there be any ,earths of peculiar kinds1 as to ,colour1 ,consistence1 c4 that indicate a ,mine beneath or near them2 and1 if there be1 what they are1 and what is their consecution1 if they have any8 #bd4 ,whether ,heat or ,damps give any assurance or a probability of finding a ,mine8 #ccd #be4 ,whether ,water of any kind1 met with in ,digging1 especially at this or that depth1 do betoken a ,mine8 #bf4 ,whether there be any ,signs of the neerness of the ,mine1 and what they are8 #bg4 ,whether there be any ,signs of ones having miss'd the ,mine1 either by being past above1 or beneath1 or having left it on either hand2 and what they are8 #bh4 ,whether there be any ,signs not only of the distinct and determinate kind of ,metals or ,minerals2 but of the ,plenty and ,goodness of the ,vein2 and what they are8 #bi4 ,whether there be any ,signs of the depth of the ,vein beneath the surface of the ,earth2 and what they are8 #cj4 ,whether there be any proper or peculiar ,signs1 that show it to be hopeless1 or at least unlikely1 to find a ,vein in the place where it is digg'd for2 and what those are8 ,about the fourth ,title4 #ca4 ,what is the depth of the ,shaft or ,groove 7which though named in the singular ,number2 the ,questions about it are generally applicable7 till you come at the ,vein or ,ore8 #cb4 ,whether the ,vein run or lye ,horizontal1 or dippe8 ,and if it dippe1 what inclination it hath1 how deep the lowest part lies2 and consequently how much deeper than the uppermost8 ,as also1 what it's ,flexures1 if it have any1 are8 ,and whether it runs directly ,north or ,south1 ,east or ,west2 or seem rather to have a ,casual tendency1 than any determinate one by ,nature8 and how far it reaches in all8 #cc4 ,what is the ,wideness of the ,groove at the ,top1 and elsewhere8 ,whether the ,groove be perpendicular or crooked2 and if crooked1 after what manner1 and with what distance it winds8 #cd4 ,how the ,groove is supported8 ,what are the kinds1 length1 bigness1 and way of placing the ,timber1 ,poles1 c4 that are employed to support it8 ,and how long the ,wood will last1 without being spoyled with the subterraneous fumes and waters8 and what wood lasts longest8 #cce #ce4 ,what ,air-shaft belongs to the ,mine8 ,whether it be single1 or more than ,one8 ,of what breadth the ,air-shaft is at the ,orifice8 ,whether it be convenient enough1 or not8 ,how neer it is placed to the ,groove2 and in what position8 ,and if there be several ,air-shafts1 what their ,distances and scituation are in reference to the ,groove1 and to each other8 ,or how ,air is supplied1 if there be no ,air-shafts8 #cf4 ,whether they meet with any ,waters in the ,mine8 ,and1 if they do1 how copious they are2 at what depths they occur2 how they are qualified2 and what way they ,spring1 c4 #cg4 ,whether they are constant or temporary8 whether they increase or diminish notably in ,summer or ,winter1 or at any other time of the year2 and if they do1 at what season that is2 how long it is wont to last2 and the proportions of ,increase and ,decrease8 #ch4 ,what ,expedients and ,engines are employed to free the ,mines from ,water8 ,the materials1 the parts1 the bigness1 the shapes1 the coaptation2 and1 in short1 the whole structure1 number1 and way of applying the ,instruments1 that are made use off to free the ,mines from ,water8 #ci4 ,what are the ,conditions1 ,number1 c4 of the ,adits8 #dj4 ,whether the ,mine be troubled with ,damps1 and of what kind they are8 whether they come often or seldom at any set time1 or altogether irregularly8 what ,signs fore-run them8 what mischief they do8 what remedies are the most successfully imployed against them1 aswell in reference to the ,cleering of the ,mine1 as to the ,preservation and ,recovery of the ,workmen8 #da4 ,what ,methods the ,mine-men use in following the ,vein1 and tracing their passages under ground 7which they call ,plumming and ,dyalling7 according to the several exigencies8 ,and whether they employ the ,instruments1 made with the help of the ,load-stone1 the same way that is usual2 and if not1 wherein they differ in the use of the same ,instruments2 or what ,instruments they substitute in their place8 #db4 ,what ways they take to secure themselves from the uncertainty1 incident to the guidance of ,magnetick ,needles from the ,iron-,stone or ,ore1 that they may meet with under ground8 #ccf 7of which yet perhaps there is not so great danger1 as one may imagine2 as far as ,i could find by a ,trial1 ,i purposely made in a ,groove1 where ,i was sure1 there wanted not ,iron-,ore47 ,and what other wayes may be used to direct ,miners without the help of a ,load-stone8 #dc4 ,how the ,miners deal with the ,rocks and ,sparrs1 they often meet with1 before they come at the ,ore8 ,whether they use ,fire to soften1 calcine1 or crack them8 ,how they employ it1 and with what measure of success8 #dd4 ,what wayes and cautions they use1 to free the ,mine and secure the ,work-men from the inconveniencies and danger accruing from the use of much fire in it8 #de4 ,what ,instruments they use to break the ,rock c8 ,and how those ,instruments are conducive2 and how long they last8 #df4 ,how the ,mine-men work2 whether naked or cloathed8 ,and what ,lights they use to work by2 what materials they are made of1 what measure of light they give2 how long they last2 and by what wayes they are kept burning in that thick and foggy air8 #dg4 ,how ,veins are follow'd1 lost1 and recover'd8 ,and how several ,miners work on the same ,vein8 ,and what is the best way of getting all the ,ore in a ,vein1 and most conveniently8 #dh4 ,how they convey out their ,ore1 and other things1 that are to be carried out of the ,mine8 ,whether they do it in ,baskets drawn up by ,ropes1 or upon ,mens backs2 and if this last-named way2 what kind of ,vessels they use for matter1 shape1 and capacity8 ,and whether the ,work-men deliver them one to another2 or the same ,work-men carry them all the way8 ,and whether the ,diggers descend and ascend by ,ladders of ,wood1 or of ,ropes1 c4 ,about the ,fifth ,title4 #di4 ,whether the ,ore runs in a ,vein2 or lie dispers'd in scatter'd pieces2 or be divided partly into a ,vein1 and partly into loose masses2 or like a ,wall between two ,rocks1 as it were in a ,cleft2 or be interspers'd in the firm ,rock1 like speckled ,marble8 ,or be found in ,grains like ,sand or ,gravel2 as store #ccg of excellent ,tin is said to be found in some parts of ,cornwall at the ,sides and in the ,channels of running ,waters1 which they call 4442 or whether the ,ore be of a softer consistence1 like ,earth or ,lome1 as there is ,lead-ore in ,ireland holding store of ,silver1 and ,iron-ore in the ,north parts of ,scotland and elsewhere8 ,and what is observable in it as to ,weight1 ,colour1 ,mixture1 c8 #ej4 ,whether any part of the ,metal be found in the ,mine perfect and complete8 7,as ,i have had presented me good valuable ,copper1 and pieces of perfect ,lead1 that were taken up1 the one at ,jamaica1 and the other by an acquaintance of mine1 that took them out of the ground himself in ,new ,england47 #ea4 ,whether the ,mine affords any parcels of ,metal1 that seem to grow like ,plants 7as ,i have sometimes seen ,silver growing1 as it seemed1 out of ,stone1 or ,sparre almost like blades of ,grass2 as also great ,grains of a ,metal1 which appear'd to me1 and which those1 that tryed some of it1 affirmed to be ,gold1 abounding in a stony lump1 that seem'd to consist chiefly of a peculiar kind of ,sparre47 #eb4 ,whether the ,vein lie near1 or much beneath the surface of the ,earth1 and at what depth8 #ec4 ,whether the ,vein have or have not any particular ,concomitants1 or ,coats 7if ,i may so call them27 and1 if any1 what they are1 and in what order they lie8 7,as the ,veins of ,lead-ore1 with us1 have frequently annnext to them a ,substance call'd ,sparre1 and next to that another1 call'd ,caulk47 #ed4 ,whether 7besides these ,coats7 the ,vein have belonging to it any other ,heterogeneous substance8 7,as in ,tin-mines we often find that yellow substance1 which they call ,mundick47 #ee4 ,what are the principal ,qualities of these ,extraneous substances8 7,as that ,sparre is white1 but transparent1 almost like course ,crystall1 heavy1 britle1 easily divisible into flakes1 c4 ,caulk is of a different texture1 white1 opacous1 and like a ,stone1 but much more ponderous4 ,mundick ,i have had of a fine golden colour2 but1 though it be affirm'd to hold no ,metal2 yet ,i found it in weight1 and otherwise1 to differ from ,marchasites2 and the ,mine-men think it of a poisonous nature47 #cch #ef4 ,whether the ,vein be inclosed every way in its ,coats2 or whether it only lye between them8 #eg4 ,whether the ,vein be every way of an uniform breadth1 and thickness2 and1 if it be1 what these ,dimensions are2 and if not1 in what places it varies1 and in what measures8 7,the like ,questions are to be made concerning the sparre1 ,caulk1 and other ,teguments or mixtures of the ,ore87 #eh4 ,whether the ,vein be un-interrupted1 or in some places broken off2 and whether it be abruptly1 or not2 and whether it be by ,vales1 ,brooks1 ,gullets1 c8 #ei4 ,how wide the ,interruptions are8 what ,signs1 whereby to find the ,vein again8 whether the ulteriour part or division of the ,vein be of the same ,nature1 and hold on in the same ,course1 as to its tendency upwards or downwards1 or ,horizontally1 ,norward1 ,southward1 c4 with the ,vein1 from which it is cut off8 #fj4 ,whether1 in case the last end of the ,vein be found1 it terminate abruptly1 or else end in some peculiar kind of ,rock or ,earth1 which does1 as it were1 close or ,seal it up1 without leaving any crack or cranny1 or otherwise8 ,and whether the terminating part of the ,vein tend upwards1 downwards1 or neither8 ,and whether in the places1 where the ,vein is interrupted1 there be any peculiar ,stone or ,earth1 that does1 as it were1 seal up the ,extremity of it8 #fa4 ,whether it be observed2 that the ,ore in ,tract of time may be brought to afford any ,silver or ,gold1 which it doth not afford1 or more than it would afford1 if it were not so ripe8 ,and whether it have been found1 that the ,metalline part of the ,vein grows so1 that some part of the ,mine will afford ,ore or ,metal in tract of time1 that did not so before8 ,and whether to this ,maturation of the ,mine1 the being exposed to the free ,air be necessary2 or1 whether at least it conduce to the ,acceleration of it2 or otherwise8 #fb4 ,whether all the ,ore1 contained in the ,mine1 be of the self-same nature and goodness2 and1 if not1 what are the differing kinds2 and how to be discriminated and estimated8 #fc4 ,what is the fineness and goodness of the ,ore1 by which the ,mine is wont to be estimated8 ,and what are the marks and #cci characters1 that distinguish one sort from another8 #fd4 ,what proportion of ,metal it affords8 7,as in our ,iron-mines 'tis observed1 that about three ,tuns of ,iron-stone will afford one ,tun of ,metal3 ,and ,i have had ,lead-,ore1 which an ,ingenious man1 to whom ,i recommended such ,tryals1 affirm'd to me to afford three parts in four of good ,lead47 #fe4 ,whether the ,ore be pure in its kind from other ,metals1 and1 if not1 of what ,metals it participates2 and in what proportion8 ,which is especially to be ,inquired into1 in case the ,mine be of a base metal1 that holds a noble metal3 7,as ,i have known it observ'd1 that ,lead-,ore1 that is poor in its own metal2 affords more ,silver1 than other2 and ,i remember1 that the ,ore lately mention'd1 being rich in ,lead1 scarce afforded us upon the ,cuppel1 an ,atome of ,silver4 ,and ,matthesius informs us1 that a little ,gold is not unfrequently found in ,iron-,ore4 ,and ,i have by me some ,gold1 that never endur'd the ,fire1 taken out of a ,lump of ,tin-,ore47 ,about the sixth ,title4 #ff4 ,what are the mechanick and prvious ,operations1 as ,beating1 ,grinding1 ,washing1 c4 that are used to separate the ,ore from the ,heterogeneous ,bodies1 and prepare it for the ,fire8 ,or whether the ,ore requires no such preparation8 7as it often happens in ,lead1 and sometimes in ,iron1 c47 #fg4 ,whether ,mercury be made use off1 to extract the nobler from the baser metals8 7as is their practice in ,peru1 and other parts of the ,west-,indies47 #fh4 ,whether the leaving the ,ore expos'd to the open ,air and ,rain for a good while1 be used as a ,prparative8 7as ,i have seen done in ,iron-stone47 #fi4 ,whether the ,burning and ,beating of the ,ore be used to prepare it for the ,furnace8 7as is practised in ,iron1 and almost always in ,copper37 ,and1 in case they use it more than once1 how often they do it2 7for1 ,copper-,ore is in some places washed #h4 or #aj4 times1 and in others1 #ab4 or #ad47 and with what circumstances2 as1 how long the ,ignition lasts at a time1 whether the ,ore be suffer'd to cool of it self1 or be quench'd8 whether it be washed betwixt each ,ignition8 #gj4 ,what ,flux-powders1 and other ways they have to try #cdj and examine the goodness of the ,ore in small quantities8 #ga4 ,whether1 when they work in great1 they use to melt the ,ore with any ,flux or ,additaments1 or only by the force of the ,fire1 or in any way between both8 7,as throwing in of ,charcoals when they melt ,iron-stone does not only serve to feed the ,fire1 but perhaps by the ,alchaly of its ,ashes to promote the fusior3 so ,lime-stone1 c47 #gb4 ,what kind of ,furnaces they use1 to melt the ,ore in8 ,whether they be all of one sort and bigness1 or of differing8 #gc4 ,what are1 the ,situation1 ,materials1 ,dimensions1 ,shape1 ,bigness1 and in short what is the whole structure and ,contrivance of the ,furnace8 ,if there be any thing peculiar and remarkable8 ,what ,tools are used in ,smelting1 their ,figures1 use1 c4 ,and the whole manner of working8 #gd4 ,what kinds of ,fewel1 and what quantities of it1 are wont to be employed in the ,furnace1 within the compass of a day1 or week8 ,how much is put in at a time8 ,how often it is renewed8 ,and how much ,ore in a determinate time1 as a week or a day1 is wont to be reduced to ,metal8 #ge4 ,in case an ,additament be employed1 what that is1 and in what proportion it is added8 ,whether it be mingled with the ,ore1 before that be put into the ,fire1 or cast in afterwards2 and1 if so1 at what time1 c8 #gh4 ,whether the ,ore be melted by a ,wind1 excited by the ,fire it self2 as in ,wind-ovens8 ,ore by the course of ,waters8 ,or acuated by the blast of ,bellows2 and1 if so1 whether these ,bellows be mov'd by a ,wheel1 turn'd by ,water running under it1 or falling on it8 ,and what are1 the ,dimensions1 ,situation1 c4 of the ,bellows8 #gi4 ,what contrivance they have1 to let or take out the ,metal1 that is in fusion2 and cast it into ,barrs1 ,sows1 ,pigs1 c8 #hj4 ,what ,clay1 ,sand1 or ,mould they let it run or pour it through8 ,and after what manner they refrigerate it8 #hl4 ,whether or no they do1 either to facilitate the fusion1 or to obtain the more or better ,metal1 mingle differing sorts or degrees of ,ore of the same metal8 7,as in some places 'tis usual1 to mingle poor and rich ,ore2 and at ,mendip they mix two or more of these differing kinds of ,lead-ore that they call ,frim-ore1 ,steel-ore1 ,potern-ore1 c47 #cda #hb4 ,whether or no1 having once brought the ,ore to fusion1 they melt all the ,metal it self1 to have it the more pure8 ,and1 if they do1 with what circumstances they make the fusion8 #hc4 ,whether they have any ,signs1 whereby to know whether the ,fusion have been well or ill perform'd2 and the ,metal have obtain'd the perfection1 to be expected from such ,ore1 melted in such a ,furnace8 #hd4 ,whether they observe any great difference in the goodness of the ,metal1 that first melts1 from that of the rest of the ,metal which comes afterwards in the same or another operation8 ,and whether the ,rule holds constantly8 7,for1 though they observe in ,tin-,mines1 the best ,metal comes first1 yet in the works of an ,industrious friend of mine1 he informs me1 that the best ,metal comes last47 #he4 ,whether the produced ,metal be all of the same goodness8 ,and if it be1 how good it is in reference to the ,metal of other ,mines1 or other parts of the same ,mine or ,vein8 ,and if it be not1 what differences are observ'd between the produced portions of ,metal2 and what disparity that amounts to in the price8 #hf4 ,what are the ,wayes of distinguishing them1 and estimating their goodness8 #hg4 ,whether they do any thing to the ,metal1 after it is once brought to ,fusion1 and1 if need be1 melt it over again1 to give it a melioration8 7,as when ,iron is refined1 and turn'd into ,steel27 ,and what distinct ,furnaces1 and peculiar ,ways of ordering the ,metals are employ'd to effect this improvement8 ,with a full description of them and the ,tools in all ,circumstances1 observ'd in the refining of ,metals4 #hh4 ,whether in those places1 where the ,metal is melted1 there be not elevated some ,corpuscles1 that stick to the upper parts of the ,furnace1 or ,building8 ,and1 if there be1 whether they be barely fuliginous and recrementitious exhalations1 or1 at least in part1 ,metallin ,flowers8 7,as in the ,cornish ,tin-mines1 after some years they usually destroy the thatch'd ,houses1 where the ,ore hath been melted1 to get the stuff1 that adhears to the insides of the ,roofs1 out of which they melt store of excellent ,tin47 #hi4 ,whether the ,metal1 being brought to fusion1 affords #cdb any ,recrements8 7,as ,iron-stone affords store of a dark ,glass or ,slagg7 ,and1 if it do1 what those ,recrements are8 ,how they are separated from the ,metal2 and to what ,uses they are employed8 #ij4 ,whether1 after the ,metal has been once melted1 the remaining part of the ,ore being exposed to the ,air1 will in tract of time be impregnated1 or ripen'd1 so as to afford more ,metal8 7,for1 this is affirm'd to me of the ,cornish ,tin-,ore2 and what remained after the fusion of ,iron-ore in the ,forest of ,dean1 is so rich in ,metal1 that a ,tenant of mine in ,ireland1 though he had on the ,land1 he held from me1 an ,iron-,mine1 found it less profit to work it1 than to send cross the ,sea to the ,forest of ,dean for this already us'd ,ore1 which having lain for some ages1 since it was thrown aside in great heaps expos'd to the ,air1 he affirm'd to yield as well great great store of ,iron1 as very good3 though ,i somewhat doubt1 whether this be totally to be ascribed to the ,aire1 and length of time2 or to the leaving of ,metal in the ,slaggs in old times1 before great ,furnaces were in use47 99 99 99 99 99 ,promiscuous ,inquiries about ,mines1 from the same ,author4 #a4 ,whether the ,territorie1 that bears the ,mine1 abounds with no other ,kind of ,mineral in some distinct part of it8 7,as in ,kent near ,tunbridge1 one part of the ,country which is ,hilly1 abounds all along with ,iron-,mines2 the other1 which is also ,hilly1 and divided from it but by a small ,valley1 abounds exceedingly 7as the ,diggers and ,inhabitants told me upon the place7 in ,quarry's1 which the ,metallin-,country wants1 but is quite destitute of ,iron-stone4 ,and so at ,mendip1 in one part of the ,hill1 ,i saw store of ,lead-,mines1 containing several ,kinds of ,ore of that ,metal2 another part of the ,hill ,i found to be full of ,cole-pits1 which had some ,marchasites1 but no ,metal2 and in another place1 ,iron-ore1 and mixt ,ores1 which yet they did not think fit to work47 #b4 ,whether the ,air appear to be really cold in ,summer1 #cdc and hot in ,winter at the bottom of the ,mines1 by surer proofs than the ,testimony of our ,touch8 #c4 ,whether they ever meet with places and ,stones actually very hot1 as ,matthesius relates8 ,and whether that spring not from the quenching of ,marchasites8 #d4 ,whether they find in the ,mines any ,mineral ,gelly1 such as the ,german ,naturalists call ,ghur8 ,and whether in process of time it will harden into a metal1 or ,mineral ,concretion8 #e4 ,what are the ,laws1 ,constitutions1 and ,customs1 ,oeconomical1 ,political1 ,ethical1 that are receiv'd and practis'd among the ,mine-men8 #f4 ,whether the ,diggers do ever really meet with any subterraneous ,demons2 and if they do1 in what shape and manner they appear2 what they portend2 and what they do1 c8 #g4 ,whether they observe in the ,trees and other ,plants1 growing over or neer the ,mine1 not only1 7as hath been already intimated7 that the ,leaves are any whit gilded or silver'd by the ascending ,mineral ,exhalations1 but also1 that the ,trees or other ,plants are more solid and ponderous8 ,and if they have not also some discernable ,metalline or ,mineral ,concretes1 to be met within the small ,cavities and ,pores of their substance8 #h4 ,whether there be not ,springs1 and also greater ,streams of ,water neer the ,mine1 that rise1 and run their whole course under ground1 without ever appearing above it8 #i4 ,whether the ,subterraneous ,springs do rise with any wind or determinate change of weather8 #aj4 ,how much heavier the ,atmosphere is at the bottom of the ,mine1 than at the top8 ,and whether ,damps considerably increase the weight of it8 #aa4 ,whether they find any strange substances in the ,mines1 as ,vessels1 ,anchors1 ,fishes inclos'd in ,sparr or ,metal1 c48 #cdd 99 99 99 99 99 ,promiscuous ,inquiries1 chiefly about ,cold1 formerly sent and recommended to ,monsieur ,heuelius2 together with his ,answer return'd to some of them4 ,a considerable piece of the grand ,design of the ,modern ,experimental ,philosophers being1 to procure and accumulate ,materials for a good ,natural ,history1 whence to raise in progress of time a solid ,structure of ,philosophy2 all possible ,endevours are used in ,england1 to send abroad and recommend to as many of ,forreign parts1 as there is opportunity1 ,directions for searching into the ,operations of ,nature1 and for observing what occurs therein1 aswell as in ,mechanical operations and practices4 ,several ,heads of that kind have been already publish'd for this purpose in several of the former ,tracts2 to which1 as we have added1 in this1 the ,quries about ,mines1 so we shall subjoyn those1 that were not long since committed to the care of that ,excellent ,promoter of ,astronomy and ,philosophy1 ,monsieur ,heuelius1 ,consul of ,dantzick2 who demonstrates so much zeal for the advancement of real knowledge1 that he not only improves and promotes it by his own ,studies1 but labours also to incite others to do the like2 having already warmed many of the ,northern ,climate1 particularly ,poland1 ,prusse1 ,livonia1 ,sweden and ,denmark1 into a disposition to be studious and active in inquiring after such particulars concerning ,philosophy1 as are recommended from hence1 and rendred them1 very willing to employ themselves in things of that nature4 ,the ,inquiries sent to ,dantzick1 are these2 #a4 ,what ,signior ,burattini 7an ,italian ,gentleman1 ,master of the ,mint to the ,king of ,poland1 and reputed a great ,master in the ,mechanicks7 hath perform'd in ,diopticks8 ,whether at present he employs himself1 as is related1 in grinding a ,telescope of #abj foot long8 ,and1 if so1 what way he means to make use #cde of1 commodiously to handle a ,tube of that length8 #b4 ,whether the same have the ,art 7as has been written from ,paris7 to make such ,glass1 as is not at all inferiour to ,venice-glass1 and exceeds any plate of ,glass1 hitherto made there1 twice or thrice in bigness8 #c4 ,what is the way of making ,pot-ashes in ,poland8 #d4 ,what is to be observed about ,succinum or ,amber8 whether it be an ,exsudation of the ,sea8 whether it be seen to float upon the surface of the ,sea8 whether it be soft1 when 'tis first cast on shore8 ,at what season of the year1 and in what manner 'tis taken up1 c8 #e4 ,what is to be observ'd in the ,digging of ,sal ,gemm in ,poland8 what is the ,depth of the ,mines1 stored with this ,salt8 what their distance from the ,sea1 c8 #f4 ,what truth there is in that ,relation concerning ,swallows being found in ,winter under waters congealed1 and reviving1 if they be fish'd and held to the fire8 #g4 ,whether there be in the ,bodnick ,bay a ,whirl-pool1 as is related to be in the ,sea of ,norway1 which is commonly call'd the ,maal-stroom8 ,and whether there be any ,signs1 that speak the communication of those ,gulphs by subterraneous passages2 as the ,jesuit ,kircher affirms in his ,mundus ,subterraneus ,t4 #a4 p4 #adf8 #h4 ,to what depth the ,cold in those parts peirces the ,earth and ,water8 #i4 ,whether their ,watches go slower by the intense cold8 #aj4 ,whether their ,oyls in hard frosts are turn'd into true1 that is1 hard and britle1 ,ice8 #aa4 ,whether they can freeze there a strong ,brine of ,bay-,salt2 and a strong ,decoction of ,sal ,gemm1 or ,soot2 or a strong ,solution of ,salt of ,tartar1 or of ,sugar of ,lead8 #ab4 ,whether they can congeal meer ,blood1 all the serous part thereof being sever'd8 ,item1 ,canary ,wine2 the ,lixiviums of ,soap-boylers1 and such as are prepared of other ,salts2 as also1 the ,spirits extracted out of ,salts1 as ,spirit of ,vitriol1 ,nitre1 c8 #ac4 ,whether an intense and lasting ,frost makes any alteration in ,quick-silver1 exposed very shallow in a flat ,vessel4 #ad4 ,whether the ,purgative virtue of ,catharticks be increased or lessened1 or even totally destroy'd by a strong and continued ,cold8 #cdf #ae4 ,whether ,harts-horn thaw'd1 and such like substances1 using the same method of ,distilling1 yield the same quantity of ,liquor1 which they use to yield1 when not frozen8 #af4 ,what ,cold operates in the ,fermentation of ,liquors8 #ag4 ,whether ,birds and ,wilde ,beasts grow white there in ,winter1 and recover their native colour in ,summer8 #ah4 ,whether ,colours may be concentred by a sharp cold8 ,e4g4 ,a strong ,decoction of ,cocheneel in a fit ,glass8 #ai4 ,whether the ,electrical virtue of ,amber1 and the ,attractive and ,directive force of the ,magnet1 be changed by a vehement ,cold8 #bj4 ,whether pieces of ,iron and ,steel1 even thick ones1 be made britle by intense frosts2 and therefore ,smiths are obliged for prevention1 to give their ,iron and ,steel-tools a softer temper8 #ba4 ,whether accurate ,observations evince1 that all ,fishes dye in frozen ,waters1 if the ,ice be not broken8 ,where it is to be diligently inquired into1 whether the ,cold it self1 or the want of changing or ventilating the water1 or the privation of ,air1 be the cause of the death of ,fishes8 #bb4 ,whether any ,physicians or ,anatomists have inquired1 by freezing to death some ,animals 7as ,rabits1 ,pullets1 ,dogs1 ,cats1 c47 after what manner it is1 that ,intense ,cold kills men8 whether they have found any ,ice in the ,inner parts2 and if so1 in which of them2 ,whether in the ,ventricles of the ,brain and ,heart2 and in the greater ,vessels8 ,these were the ,queries recommended about a ,twelve-month ago4 ,monsieur ,heuelius in a late ,letter of his1 accompanied with several papers from others1 returns this ,accompt4 ,the ,inquiries you proposed to me1 ,i did impart to several of my ,learned friends3 ,but hitherto ,i have attained an ,answer but to few particulars4 ,among the rest you'l find a ,letter of the ,learned ,johannes ,schefferus1 ,professor in the ,swedish ,university at ,vpsall1 wherein he discourses handsomly of several things1 being ready to entertain a ,literary ,commerce with you about such matters4 ,touching ,amber1 ,i am almost of the same mind with him1 that it is a kind of ,fossil ,pitch or ,bitumen1 seeing it is not only found on the ,shore of the ,borussian ,sea1 but also digg'd up in subterraneous places1 some ,german miles distant from the #cdg and that not only in ,sandy1 but also in other ,hills of firmer ,earth2 of which ,i have seen my self pretty big pieces4 ,concerning ,swallows1 ,i have frequently heard ,fisher-men affirm1 that they have here often fish'd them out of the ,lakes1 in the ,winter2 but ,i never have seen it my self4 ,whilst ,i am writing this1 ,i receive ,letters out of ,denmark1 advertising me1 that those two ,learned men1 ,thomas and ,erasmus ,bartholin1 do intend shortly to answer the same ,quries4 ,next ,winter1 if ,god vouchsafe me life and health1 ,i purpose to make a ,journey to ,konigs-berg1 where ,i hope to learn many things1 especially about ,amber4 ,thus far in answer to those ,inquiries for the present4 ,to this he subjoyns other things1 no less fit to be communicated to the ,curious1 in these words2 ,the ,books you have sent me over sea1 ,i have not yet received3 ,i wish1 they were all translated into ,latin2 for ,i have not ,english enough1 to understand all particulars perfectly4 ,for the rest1 you have obliged me1 by communicating the ,observations of the last ,eclipse of the ,sun1 aswell those made in ,england1 as those of ,paris and ,madrid4 ,that ,i may requite you in some measure1 ,i send you my ,observations both of that1 and the ,moons last ,eclipse4 ,in the ,sun's ,eclipse1 this is chiefly observable1 ,that the ,semidiameter of the ,moon from the very beginning1 to about #e4 or #f4 digits of the increasing ,phasis was much less than the ,rudolphin ,account imports4 ,for it was then almost equal to the ,semidiameter of the ,sun3 but1 after the greatest ,obscuration1 when ,i again contemplated the ,moons ,semidiameter1 ,i found it #h or #i bigger than that of the ,sun2 so that the ,semidiameter of the ,moon was not always1 during this ,eclipse1 constant to it self4 ,it will therefore be worth while1 to be hereafter more diligent and curious in this particular1 and accurately to observe in the ,phasis of each ,digit the ,proportion of the ,semidiameters of both ,luminaries2 to the end1 that first it may be made manifest1 ,whether in all the ,eclipses of the ,sun1 or in some only1 that variation happens2 next1 that the ,causes of such a ,phnomenon may be diligently inquired into4 ,of this ,variation1 the ,excellent ,ismael ,bullialdus hath also observed something at ,paris4 ,for he has written to me1 ,that in the same ,eclipse the ,semidiam4 of the ,sun to the ,semid4 of the ,moon was1 as #af'4 #i4 to #af'4 #bb2 but that in another #cdh ,phasis of #f digits1 the ,semidiameters appear'd equal4 ,these my ,observations1 if you think them worthy1 you may communicate to other ,mathematicians4 ,the last year #affe4 ,july #bg4 7st4 n47 the ,tables did also indicate an ,eclipse of the ,moon3 but though the ,sky here was very cleer1 yet the ,moon was not at all obscured by the true shadow1 but entred only a little into the ,penumbra1 wherein it continued #ej'4 ,the beginning of its touching the ,penumbra did then almost happen1 when ,aquila was elevated #cf #ah'2 which is an ,example worthy to be noted4 ,i have many ,observations of the ,eclipses of former years by me1 which ,i could not yet make publick1 by reason of the multitude of my business1 which do almost over-whelm me4 ,the ,eclipse of the ,moon of this ,year #afff4 ,june #af4 7st4 n47 was observed from a ,hill neer my ,garden1 to the end1 that we might see both together the ,suns setting1 and the ,moon rising4 ,but ,i was disappointed of my hopes3 ,for very thick ,exhalations1 besieging the ,horizon1 where the ,moon was to rise1 unto #b4 #cj'1 hindred me from seeing the ,moon rise1 in the ,article of the setting of the ,sun4 ,wherefore the first ,phasis of #a4 dig4 #de'4 did not appear but in the ,moons ,altitude of #b4 #cj'2 when the greatest ,obscuration was already past4 ,the ,end fell out hor4 #i4 #bg'4 about #abh from the ,zenith ,westward4 ,sidenote3 99 ,a ,letter1 written since from ,paris1 advertises1 that some of the ,curious there have received one of these ,glasses of ,sr4 ,burattini1 and do esteem it to be good without mentioning the ,dimension of it3 which yet is look'd for by the next4 ,i am very glad to understand1 that you have so good ,telescopes1 as to make such considerable ,observations in ,jupiter and ,mars1 as you have lately done in ,england4 ,i have no leasure now1 by reason of the ,observations of the ,fixt ,stars1 which ,i now almost constantly am employ'd about1 to do any thing in the advancing of ,telescopes4 ,i am obliged to finish the ,catalogue of the ,fixt ,stars2 having mean while the contentment to find1 that many excellent persons labour about the ,improvement of ,optick ,glasses4 ,if ,i could get a good one of those of #fj4 foot1 you mention1 at a reasonable rate1 you would oblige me in sending me one2 perhaps may ,i be so happy1 as to make likewise some good discovery or other1 by the help thereof4 ,in the mean time1 let me know1 ,i pray1 the ,dimensions of those ,glasses1 and how they are to be managed4 ,the ingenious ,burattini has not yet finisht his ,telescope2 as soon #cdi as he hath1 ,i shall acquaint you with it4 99 ,before ,i conclude1 ,i must give notice to the ,lovers of ,astronomy1 that on the #bd4 of ,september 7st4 n7 of this year1 ,i have observ'd that ,new ,star in ,pectore ,cygni 7which from the year #affb4 untill this time hath been almost altogether hid7 not only with my naked ,eye1 like a ,star of the sixth or seventh ,magnitude1 but also with a very great ,sextant4 ,it is still in the very same place of the ,heavens1 where it was formerly from ,a4 #afja4 to almost #affb4 ,for1 its ,distance from ,scheat ,pegasi hath been by me found #ce4 #ea'4 #bj4 and from ,marcab1 #dc4 #aj'4 #ej2 which ,distances 7as ,i have found in my ,journal7 are altogether equal to those1 which ,i observ'd ,a4 #afeh4 the #a4 of ,november4 ,for the ,distance from ,scheat at that time was #ce4 #ea'4 #bj4 and from ,marcab1 #dc4 #aj'4 #be3 where that former from ,scheat exactly answers to the recent2 and that from ,marcab1 'tis true1 differs in a very few ,seconds1 but that disparity is of no moment1 since it only proceeded from thence1 that this ,new ,star is not yet so distinctly to be seen1 as at that time1 when it was of the third ,magnitude4 ,it is therefore certain1 that it is the self same ,star1 which ,kepler did first see ,a4 #afja4 and continued untill ,a4 #affb4 ,but whether in time it will grow bigger and bigger1 or be lost again1 time will shew4 ,he that will observe this ,star1 must take care1 lest he mistake those three more ,southern ones1 of the ,sixth ,magnitude1 and now in a manner somewhat brighter 7though not extant on the ,globe7 than the ,new ,star in ,collo ,cygni4 ,the highest of those three1 is distant from ,scheat ,pegasi #cf4 #be'4 #de2 the middlemost from the same1 #cg4 #be'4 #bj4 and the lowest1 #ch4 #d'4 #cj4 ,farewell1 and assure the ,most ,illustrious ,royal ,society of my humblest ,services4 ,so far ,monsieur ,heuelius1 whose accurate ,calcul4 of the ,solar ,eclipses ,duration1 ,quantity1 c4 is intended to be fully represented the next ,month1 since it could not be conveniently done this time4 ,the annexed ,papers follow4 ,one is from ,monsieur ,joh4 ,schefferus1 to this purpose4 #a4 ,that he is confident1 the ,royal ,society of ,england will do much good for the advancement of usefull ,knowledge4 #cej #b4 ,that he conceives ,amber to be a kind of ,fossil ,pitch1 whole ,veins lie at the bottom of the ,sea2 believing that it is hardned in tract of time1 and by the motion of the ,sea cast on shore3 ,he adds1 that hitherto it hath been believed1 not to be found but in ,borussia2 but he assures1 that it is also found in ,sueden1 on the shores of the ,isle ,biork1 in the ,lake ,melero1 whose water is sweet4 ,of this1 he saith1 he hath a fine piece by him1 two inches large and thick1 presented him by one1 that himself with his own hands had gathered it and several other pieces1 on the shore of the said ,island2 affirming withall from the mouth of a ,shepherd of that place1 that it is thrown out by a strong ,wind1 bearing upon the shore4 #c4 ,that it is most certain1 that ,swallows sink themselves towards ,autumne into ,lakes1 no otherwise than ,frogs2 and that many have assured him of it1 who had seen them drawn out with a ,net together with ,fishes1 and put to the fire1 and thereby revived4 #d4 ,that 'tis also very true1 that many ,animals there grow white in ,winter1 and recover their own ,colour in ,summer4 ,that himself hath seen and had ,hares1 which about the beginning of ,winter and ,spring were half white1 and half of their native colour3 that in the midst of winter he never saw any but all white4 ,that ,foxes also are white in ,winter2 and ,squirrels grayish1 mixt of dark and white colour4 #e4 ,that 'tis known there generally1 that ,fishes are killed1 by reason of the ,ice not being broken3 but first1 in ponds only or narrow ,lakes2 next1 in such ,lakes only1 where the ,ice is pretty thick2 for1 where 'tis thin1 they dye not so easily4 ,lastly1 that those ,fishes that lie in slimy or clayie ground1 dye not so soon as others4 ,but1 he adds1 that even in great ,lakes1 when 'tis a very bitter ,frost1 ,ice is wont to be broken1 either by the force of the ,waves1 or of the ,imprisoned ,vapors1 raised by the agitation of the ,water1 and then bursting out with an impetuosity2 witness the noise made by the rupture of the ,ice through the whole length of such ,lakes1 which he affirms to be not less terrible than if many guns went off together4 ,whereby it falls out1 that ,fishes are seldom found dead in great ,lakes4 #f4 ,that neither ,oyle1 nor a strong ,brine of ,bay-,salt1 is truly #cea congeal'd into ,ice1 in those parts1 ,viz4 at ,upsall in ,sueden4 #g4 ,that the ,frost pierces into the ,earth1 two ,cubits or ,swedish ,ells2 and what moisture is found in it1 is white1 like ,ice3 ,that ,waters1 if standing1 freeze to a greater depth1 even to three such ,ells or more2 but those that have a ,current1 less3 ,that rapid ,rivers freeze not at all2 nor ever-bubling ,springs2 and that these latter seem even to be warmer in ,winter1 than ,summer4 ,so far this ,observer2 who likewise offers his ,services in giving an answer to the remaining ,queries1 and in entertaining a commerce in such other ,philosophical matters1 as he is conversant in4 ,another ,paper written by ,monsieur ,febre1 chief ,secretary to ,prince ,ratzivil1 contains these particulars2 #a4 ,that the ,college of the ,learned in ,borussia1 finds it not so easie to resolve all those ,queries sent from ,england to ,m4 ,heuelius3 but yet that they will try what may be done upon it4 #b4 ,that as for himself1 he can assure from his own ,experience concerning the ,effects of ,cold2 ,first1 ,that in the ,war against the ,muscovites and ,cosacks1 ,a4 #afee4 in ,january1 in ,white ,russia1 at the ,siege of ,biskow1 #cj4 ,leagues from ,smolensko1 and three from ,morhilo1 near the ,river ,boristhenes1 when they had ,quarter in a ,village call'd ,bikau1 they were seized on with such a ,frost1 that all their ,provisions of ,spanish ,wines or ,petersimen1 and ,beere1 were in one ,night frozen upon the ,sleds1 notwithstanding they were cover'd with ,straw2 in so much1 that when next morning they would have drawn of those ,liquors1 they found all dry1 and were constrain'd to carry them into a ,stove1 to thaw them2 which they could not do in two whole days1 and were obliged to break the ,vessels1 and put pieces of the ,icy ,wine into ,kettles to thaw them over the ,fire1 for ,drink3 ,that they asked not for a ,draught1 but a ,morsel of ,wine or ,beer3 ,that their ,horses had no better cheer than themselves1 as to matter of ,drink2 the ,pond of the ,village being so thoroughly frozen1 that there was but very little ,water left between the ,ice and the bottom of the ,pool2 whereby the poor ,beasts were forced to drink with great reverence1 kneeling on the forefeet to thrust their heads into the holes1 made for them in the ,ice1 and to suck thence some drops of ,water2 and that1 if they had not had ,snow to eat1 there would have dyed a far greater #ceb number of them1 than there did4 ,moreover1 that he observed1 that the ,hungarian ,wine1 of which they had a ,tun1 resisted the ,cold better1 than the ,peter ,simen2 for it was not so much frozen2 unless it be1 that the ,butler had more care of that1 than the rest1 by transporting it sooner into the ,stove1 when he found the excess of ,cold4 ,again1 that one presenting him in the ,march with some ,aqua-vit1 the ,scrue of the ,flagon1 put to his ,mouth1 stuck so close to his ,lips1 that he could not draw it off1 without drawing bloud1 ,in a third ,paper1 ,i find these particulars from the same ,m4 ,febre4 #a4 ,that a considerable person1 one ,dr4 ,becker1 a great ,lover of ,curious ,inquiries1 has given him hopes to entertain this ,philosophical ,commerce4 #b4 ,that he hath seen men dye in ,poland and ,lithuania both of ,heat and ,cold4 ,and first1 that ,a4 #afec4 in ,july1 being with this present ,king of ,poland in march from ,leopoli to the ,camp of ,glignani1 it was so furiously hot that day of their march1 that it caused such an alteration in that ,regiment of ,foot1 which was the ,kings ,guard1 marching most of them bare-foot upon ,sands1 that more than an hundred of them fell down altogether disabled1 whereof a dozen dyed out-right1 without any other ,sickness4 ,secondly1 as to the ,cold1 that the frost was so bitter1 that #c ,souldiers dyed of it1 ,a4 #affe4 the #b4 of ,january1 in passing a long ,ditch3 besides1 that divers persons lost some of their ,lims4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,success of the ,experiment of ,transfusing the ,bloud of one ,animal into another4 ,this experiment1 hitherto look'd upon to be of an almost unsurmountable difficulty1 hath been of late very successfully perform'd not only at ,oxford1 by the directions of that expert ,anatomist ,dr4 ,lower1 but also in ,london1 by order of the ,r4 ,society1 at their publick meeting in ,gresham ,colledge3 the ,description of the particulars whereof1 and the ,method of ,operation1 is referred to the next ,opportunity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,errata to be corrected in ,number #ah4 ,pag4 #caa4 line #ah4 read marked4 p4 #cab4 l4 #ce4 r4 ,sines4 ib4 l4 penult4 ,sines4 p4 #cac4 l4 #ac4 r4 ,sines4 p4 #caf4 l4 #bf4 r4 that for if4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london1 ,printed for ,john ,crook neer the ,blew-,anchor in ,duck-lane2 and ,mose ,pits at the ,white-,hart in ,little-,britain4 #cec 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #bj4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,december #ag4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,the ,method observed in ,transfusing the ,bloud out of one live ,animal into another3 ,and how this ,experiment is like to be improved4 ,some ,considerations concerning the same4 ,an ,accompt of some ,sanative ,waters in ,herefordshire4 ,a farther ,accompt of the ,vitriolate ,water mention'd ,numb4 #ah4 together with some other particulars touching ,waters4 ,inquiries for ,turky4 ,an ,observation about ,optick ,glasses made of ,rock-,crystal1 communicated from ,italy4 ,a ,relation of the ,use of the ,grain of ,kermes for ,coloration1 from ,france4 ,an ,accompt of some ,books lately publisht1 vid4 #a4 ,,pinax ,rerum ,naturalium ,,britannicarum1 continens ,,vegetabilia1 ,,animalia ,fossilia ,,angli1 inchoatus2 ,auth4 ,christophoro ,merret1 ,m4,d4 #b4 ,,placita ,,phylosophica ,guarini4 #c4 ,,gustus ,,organum per ,laurentium ,bellini deprehensum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,method observed in ,transfusing the ,bloud of one ,animal into another4 ,this ,method was promised in the last of these ,papers4 ,it was first practiced by ,dr4 ,lower in ,oxford1 and by him communicated to the ,honourable ,robert ,boyl1 who imparted it to the ,royal ,society1 as follows2 ,first1 ,take up the ,carotidal ,artery of the ,dog or other ,animal1 whose ,bloud is to be transfused into another of the #ced same or a different kind1 and separate it from the ,nerve of the ,eighth pair1 and lay it bare above an inch4 ,then make a strong ,ligature on the upper part of the ,arterie1 not to be untied again3 but an inch below1 videl4 towards the ,heart1 make another ,ligature of a running knot1 which may be loosen'd or fastned as there shall be occasion4 ,having made these two knots1 draw two threds under the ,artery between the ,ligatures2 and then open the ,artery1 and put in a ,quil1 and tie the ,artery upon the ,quill very fast by those two threds1 and stop the ,quill with a stick4 ,after this1 make bare the ,jugular ,vein in the other ,dog about an inch and a half long2 and at each end make a ,ligature with a running knot1 and in the space betwixt the two running knots drawn under the ,vein two threds1 as in the other3 then make an ,incision in the ,vein1 and put into it two ,quills1 one into the descendent part of the ,vein1 to receive the bloud from the other ,dog and carry it to the ,heart2 and the other ,quill put into the other part of the ,jugular ,vein1 which comes from the ,head 7out of which1 the second ,dogs own bloud must run into ,dishes47 ,these two ,quills being put in and tied fast1 stop them with a stick1 till there be occasion to open them4 ,all things being thus prepar'd1 the ,dogs on their sides towards one another so conveniently1 that the ,quill may go into each other1 7for the ,dogs necks cannot be brought so near1 but that you must put two or three several ,quills more into the first two1 to convey the bloud from one to another47 ,after that unstop the ,quill that goes down into the first ,dog's ,jugular ,vein1 and the other ,quill coming out of the other ,dog's ,artery2 and by the help of two or three other ,quills1 put into each other1 according as there shall be occasion1 insert them into one another4 ,then flip the running knots1 and immediatly the bloud runs through the ,quills1 as through an ,artery1 very impetuosly4 ,and immediately1 as the bloud runs into the ,dog1 unstop the other ,quill1 coming out of the upper part of his ,jugular ,vein 7a ,ligature being first made about his ,neck1 or else his other ,jugular ,vein being compress'd by ones ,finger27 and let his own bloud run out at the same time into ,dishes 7yet not constantly1 but according as you perceive him able to bear it7 #cee till the other ,dog begin to cry1 and faint1 and fall into ,convulsions1 and at last dye by his side4 ,then take out both the ,quills out of the ,dogs ,jugular ,vein1 and tye the running knot fast1 and cut the ,vein asunder1 7which you may doe without any harm to the ,dog1 one ,jugular ,vein being sufficient to convey all the bloud from the ,head and upper parts1 by reason of a large ,anatomosis1 whereby both the ,jugular ,veins meet about the ,larinx47 ,this done1 sow up the skin and dis-miss him1 and the ,dog will leap from the ,table and shake himself and run away1 as if nothing ailed him4 ,and this ,i have tryed several times1 before several in the ,universities1 but never yet upon more than one ,dog at a time1 for want of leisure1 and convenient supplyes of several ,dogs at once4 ,but when ,i return1 ,i doubt not but to give you a fuller account1 not only by bleeding several ,dogs into one1 but several other creatures into one another1 as you did propose to me1 before you left ,oxford2 which will be very easie to perform2 and will afford many pleasant and perhaps not unuseful ,experiments4 ,but because there are many ,circumstances necessary to be observ'd in the performing of this ,experiment1 and that you may better direct any one to doe it1 without any danger of killing the other ,dog1 that is to receive the others bloud1 ,i will mention two or three4 ,first1 that you fasten the ,dogs at such a convenient distance1 that the ,vein nor ,artery be not stretched2 for then1 being contracted1 they will not admit or convey so much bloud4 ,secondly1 that you constantly observe the ,pulse beyond the ,quill in the ,dogs ,jugular ,vein 7which it acquires from the impulse of the ,arterious bloud37 ,for if that fails1 then 'tis a sign the ,quil is stopt by some congealed bloud1 so that you must draw out the ,arterial ,quill from the other1 and with a ,probe open the passage again in both of them1 that the bloud may have its free course again4 ,for1 this must be expected1 when the ,dog1 that bleeds into the other1 hath lost much bloud1 his heart will beat very faintly1 and then the impulse #cef of bloud being weaker1 it will be apt to congeal the sooner1 so that at the latter end of the work you must draw out the ,quill ofter1 and clear the passage2 if the ,dog be faint-hearted1 as many are1 though some stout fierce ,dogs will bleed freely and uninterruptedly1 till they are convuls'd and dye4 ,but to prevent this trouble1 and make the experiment certain1 you must bleed a great ,dog into a little one1 or a ,mastive into a ,curr1 as ,i once try'd1 and the little ,dog bled out at least double the quantity of his own bloud1 and left the ,mastive dead upon the ,table1 and after he was untyed1 he ran away and shak'd himself1 as if he had been only thrown into water4 ,or else you may get three or four several ,dogs prepared in the same manner2 and when one begins to fail and leave off bleeding1 administer another1 and ,i am confident one ,dog will receive all their bloud1 7and perhaps more7 as long as it runs freely1 till they are left almost dead by turns3 provided that you let out the bloud proportionably1 as you let it goe into the ,dog1 that is to live4 ,thirdly1 ,i suppose the ,dog that is to bleed out into dishes will endure it the better1 if the ,dogs that are to be administred to supply his bloud1 be of near an equal age1 and fed alike the day before1 that both their blouds may be of a neer strength and temper4 ,there are many things ,i have observed upon bleeding ,dogs to death1 which ,i have seen since your departure from ,oxford1 whereof ,i shall give you a relation hereafter2 in the mean time since you were pleased to mention it to the ,royal ,society1 with a promise to give them an account of this experiment1 ,i could not but take the first opportunity to clear you from that obligation1 c4 ,so far this ,letter2 the prescriptions whereof having been carefully observ'd by those who were imployed to make the ,experiment1 have hitherto been attended with good success2 and that not only upon ,animals of the same ,species 7as two ,dogs first1 and then two ,sheep7 but also upon some of very differing ,species 7as a ,sheep and a ,dog2 the former ,emitting1 the other ,receiving7 ,note only1 that instead of a ,quill1 a small crooked thin #ceg ,pipe of ,silver or ,brass1 so slender that the one end may enter into a ,quill1 and having at the other end1 that is to enter into the ,vein and ,arterie1 a small knob1 for the better fastening them to it with a thread1 will be much fitter than a strait ,pipe or ,quill1 for this ,operation3 for so they are much more easie to be managed4 ',tis intended1 that these tryals shall be prosecuted to the utmost variety the subject will bear3 ,as by exchanging the bloud of ,old and ,young1 ,sick and ,healthy1 ,hot and ,cold1 ,fierce and ,fearful1 ,lame and ,wild ,animals1 c41 and1 that not only the same1 but also of differing kinds4 ,for which end1 and to improve this noble ,experiment1 either for knowledge1 or use1 or both1 some ,ingenious men have already proposed considerable tryals and ,inquiries2 of which perhaps an account will be given hereafter4 ,for the present we shall only subjoyn some4 ,considerations about this kind of ,experiments4 #a4 ,it may be consider'd in them1 that the bloud of the ,emittent ,animal1 may after a few minuts of time1 by its circulation1 mix and run out with that of the ,recipient4 ,wherefore to be assured in these ,tryals1 that all the bloud of the ,recipient is run out1 and none left in him but the adventitious bloud of the ,emittent1 two or three or more ,animals 7which was also hinted in the method above7 may be prepared and administred1 to bleed them all out into one4 #b4 ,it seems not irrational to guess afore hand1 that the exchange of bloud will not alter the nature or disposition of the ,animals1 upon which it shall be practised2 though it may be thought worth while for satisfaction and certainty1 to determine that point by ,experiments4 ,the case of exchanging the bloud of ,animals seems not like that of ,graffing1 where the ,cyons turns the ,sap of the ,stock1 graffed upon1 into its nature2 the ,fibres of the ,cyons so straining the juice1 which passes from the stem to it1 as thereby to change it into that of the ,cyons1 whereas in this transfusion there seems to be no such #ceh ,percolation of the bloud of ,animals1 whereby that of the one should be changed into the nature of the other4 #c4 ,the most probable use of this ,experiment may be conjectured to be that one ,animal may live with the bloud of another2 and consequently1 that those ,animals1 that want bloud1 or have corrupt bloud1 may be supplyed from other with a sufficient quantity1 and of such as is good1 provided the ,transfusion be often repeated1 by reason of the quick expence that is made of the bloud4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note4 ,in the last ,transactions was also promised an ,accompt by the next1 of ,monsieur ,hevelius his accurate ,calcul4 of the late ,solar ,eclipses1 ,duration1 ,quantity1 c4 ,but this being to be accompanyed with ,scheme1 the ,graving whereof met with a disappointment1 it must be still referred to another ,opportunity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,accompt of some ,sanative-waters in ,herefordshire4 ,this account was communicated by ,dr4 ,b4 in these words4 ,there are two ,springs in ,herefordshire1 whereof one is within a ,bolt1 or at least ,bow-shoot of the top of the near adjoyning loftie ,hill of ,malvern1 and at great distance from the ,foot of the ,hill2 and hath had a long and old fame for healing of eyes4 ,when ,i was for some years molested with ,tetters on the back of one and sometimes of both my hands1 notwithstanding all endeavors of my very friendly and skilful ,physitians ,i had speedy healing from a neighbouring ,spring of far less fame4 ,yet this ,spring healed very old and ,ulcerous sores on the ,legs of a poor ,fellow1 which had been poyson'd by ,irons in the ,gaol1 after other ,chirurgery had been hopeless4 ,and by many tryals upon my hands1 and the ,tetters2 ,i was perswaded1 that in long droughts1 and lasting dry ,frosts1 those waters were more effectually and more speedily healing1 than at other times4 ,and not to omit this circumstance1 ,i did hold this water in my mouth1 till it was warm1 perchance somewhat intermingled with fasting ,spittle1 #cei and so dropping it upon the ,tetter1 ,i there could see it immediately gather a very thin skin upon the raw flesh1 not unlike that which is seen to gather upon ,milk over a gentle fire4 ,this skin would have small holes in it1 through which a moisture did issue in small drops1 which being wip'd away1 and the water continued to be dropp'd warm out of the mouth1 the holes would diminish1 and at last be all quite healed up4 ,for the ,eye-waters1 ,i conceived them more strongly tersive1 and clearing the ,eyes2 and they had a rough smartness1 as if they carryed ,sand or ,gravel into the ,eye4 ,i have known and try'd three or four healing ,fountains of late discovery1 or of no old fame that ,i could hear of4 ,i did once put rich ,marle for some days in a vessel of water1 to try whether the water would acquire a healing vertue1 but my ,experiments were interrupted4 ,i had in my thoughts many other ways of ,tryal2 which ,i may resume hereafter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a farther ,accompt of the ,vitriolate-water1 mention'd ,num4 #ah p4 #cbc4 ,together with some other particulars touching waters4 ,this comes from the same hand as follows2 ,i formerly mentioned to you1 that1 if that ,pool of ,mr4 ,phillip's1 which seems to be of ,vitriolate-water1 were on my ground1 ,i would drain it1 and search the head of the ,spring1 pursuing the source1 till ,i could well discern1 through what lay of ,earth or ,gravel it does pass4 ,now ,i shall tell you1 that ,i have taken order for the further tryal of the said ,water1 by boiling a greater quantity in a ,furnace1 c4 ,but just as we were in readiness for the tryal1 a stream of ,rain-water fell into the ,pool1 and so discourag'd us for the present4 ,i have also taken a course to turn the falling ,waters aside1 and to drain the ,pool1 that we may see1 what the ,native ,springs 7whether one or more7 may be4 ,of which more hereafter4 ,i wish 7so he goes on7 we had a full ,accompt of our ,salt-,springs at ,droyt-wych near ,worcester1 and at ,nant-wych in ,cheshire 7what other ,salt-,springs we have in ,england1 ,i know not37 #cfj ,it should be inquired1 at what distance they are from the ,seas1 or from ,salt-fluxes1 from ,hills1 and how deep in the ,vales8 ,what the weight8 ,whether in droughts or long ,frosts the proportion of ,salt or weight increaseth8 ,whether the ,earth near the ,springs1 or in their passage hath any peculiar ferment1 or produceth a blackishness1 if it rests1 after it is well drained4 99 99 99 99 99 ,inquiries for ,turky4 ,though many ,relations and ,descriptions of ,turky be extant in ,print1 yet they leave in many a desire of a fuller information in the following particulars1 lately drawn up1 for the most part by ,mr4 ,h4 and recommended to an ,ingenious ,gentleman1 bound for that ,country2 and desired also to be taken notice of by others1 that may have occasion to visit the same4 ,sidenote3 99 ,rusma is a kind of ,earth1 used in ,turky to take away hair4 #a4 ,in what part of ,turky the 99 ,rusma is to be found2 and in what quantity8 ,whether the ,turks employ it to any other ,uses1 besides that of the taking away of ,hair8 ,whether here be differing kinds of it8 ,how it is used to take of hair1 and how to get store of it4 #b4 ,whether the ,turks do not only take ,opium themselves for strength and courage1 but also give it to their ,horses1 ,camels and ,dromedaries1 for the same purpose1 when they find them tired and faint in their travelling8 ,what is the greatest ,dose1 any men are known to have taken of ,opium8 and how prepared8 #c4 ,what effects are observed from their use1 not only of ,opium 7already mention'd7 but also of ,coffee1 ,bathing1 shaving their ,heads1 using ,rice2 and why they prefer that which grows not unless water'd1 before ,wheat1 c4 #d4 ,how their ,damasco steel is made and temper'd8 #e4 ,what is their way of dressing and making ,leather1 which though thin and supple1 will hold out water8 #f4 ,what method they observe in breeding those excellent ,horses1 they are so much famed for8 #g4 ,whether they be so skilful in ,poysoning1 as it is said2 and how their ,poysons are curable8 #cfa #h4 ,how the ,armenians keep ,meat fresh and sweet so long1 as 'tis said they do8 #i4 ,what ,arts or ,trades they have worth ,learning8 #aj4 ,whether there be such a ,tree about ,damascus1 call'd ,mouslat1 which every year about the ,month of ,december is cut down close by the root1 and within four or five ,months time shoots up again apace1 bringing forth ,leaves1 ,flowers1 and ,fruit also1 and bearing but one ,apple 7an excellent ,fruit7 at once8 #aa4 ,whether about ,reame in the ,southern part of ,arabia ,foelix1 there be ,grapes without any grains8 ,and whether the people in that ,country live1 many of them1 to a hundred and twenty years1 in good health8 #ab4 ,whether in ,candia there be no poysonous ,creatures2 and whether those ,serpents1 that are there1 are without poyson8 #ac4 ,whether all ,fruits1 ,herbs1 ,earth1 ,fountains1 are naturally saltish in the ,isle of ,cyprus8 ,and whether those parts of this ,isle1 which abound in ,cyprus-trees1 are more or less healthful1 than others8 #ad4 ,what store of ,amianthus there is in ,cyprus2 and how they work it8 #ae4 ,whether ,mummies be found in the sands of ,arabia1 that are the dryed flesh of men buried in those sandy ,deserts in travelling8 ,and how they differ in their vertue from the ,embalmed ones8 #af4 ,whether the parts about the ,city of ,constantinople or ,asia ,minor1 be as subject to ,earth-quakes now1 as they have been formerly8 ,and whether the ,eastern ,winds do not ,plague the said ,city with ,mists1 and cause that inconstancy of ,weather1 it is said to be subject to8 #ag4 ,whether the ,earth-quakes in ,zant and ,cephalonia be so frequent1 as now and then to happen nine or ten times a ,month8 ,and whether these ,isles be not very ,cavernous8 #ah4 ,what is the height of ,mount ,caucasus1 its position1 temper in its several parts1 c4 #ai4 ,with what declivity the ,water runs out of the ,euxine-,sea into the ,propontis8 ,with what depth8 ,and if the many ,tides and ,eddies1 so famous by the name of the ,euripi1 have any certain ,period8 #cfb #bj4 ,if in the ,euxine-,sea there can be found any sign of the ,caspian ,seas emptying it self into it by a passage under ground8 ,if there be any different ,colour1 or ,temper as to ,heat or ,cold2 or any ,current or ,motion in the ,water1 that may give light to it8 #ba4 ,by what ,inland passages they go to ,china2 there being now a passage for ,caravans throughout those places1 that would formerly admit of no ,correspondence by reason of the ,barbarisme of the ,inhabitants8 #bb4 ,whether in the ,aquducts1 they make1 they line the inside with as good ,plaister1 as the ,ancients did8 and how theirs is made8 #bc4 ,to inquire after these excellent works of ,antiquity1 of which that ,country is full1 and which by the ignorant are not thought worth notice or preservation8 ,and particularly1 what is the bigness and structure of the ,aquaeducts1 made in several places about ,constantinople by ,solyman the ,magnificent8 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,observation of ,optick ,glasses made of ,rock-,chrystal4 ,this is contained in a ,letter of ,eustachio ,divini1 ,printed in ,italian at ,rome1 as the #ci4 ,journal des ,scavans extracts it1 vid4 ,sidenote3 99 ,it may be queried whether those were true ,veins1 or only ,superficial ,strictures1 and slight scratches4 ,though it be commonly believed1 that ,rock-,christal is not fit for ,optick-,glasses1 because there are many ,veins in it2 yet ,eustachio ,divini made one of it1 which he saith proved an excellent one1 though full of ,veins4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,accompt of the ,use of the ,grain of ,kermes for ,coloration4 ,this was communicated by the ,ingenious ,dr4 ,croon1 as he received it from one ,monsieur ,verny1 a ,french ,apothecary at ,montpelier2 who having described the ,grain of ,kermes1 to be an excrescence growing upon the ,wood1 and often upon the #cfc leaves of a ,shrub1 plentifull in ,languedock1 and gather'd in the end of ,may1 and the beginning of ,june1 full of a red ,juyce2 subjoyns two ,uses1 which that ,grain hath1 the one for ,medicine1 the other for ,dying of ,wool4 ,waving the first1 notice shall only be taken here of the latter1 vid4 ,that1 for ,dying1 they take the ,grain of ,kermes1 when ripe1 and spread it upon ,linnen3 ,and at first1 whilst it abounds most in moisture1 'tis turn'd twice or thrice a day1 to prevent its ,heating4 ,and when there appears red powder amongst it1 they separate it1 passing it through a ,searce2 and then again spread abroad the ,grain upon ,linnen1 untill there be perceived the same redness of the powder2 and at the end1 this red power appears about and on the surface of the ,grain1 which is still to be pass'd through a ,searce1 till it render no more4 ,and in the beginning1 when the small red ,grains are seen to move 7as they will do7 they are sprinkled over with strong ,vinegar1 and rubb'd between ones hands3 afterwards little balls are form'd thereof1 which are expos'd to the ,sun to dry4 ,if this red powder should be let alone1 without pouring ,vinegar or some other accid liquor upon it1 out of every ,grain thereof would be form'd a little ,fly1 which would skip and fly up and down for a day or two1 and at last changing its colour1 fall down quite dead1 deprived of all the bitterness1 the ,grains1 whence they are generated1 had before4 ,the ,grain being altogether emptyed of its pulp or red powder1 'tis wash'd in ,wine1 and then expos'd to the ,sun ,being well dryed1 'tis rubb'd in a ,sack to render it bright2 and then 'tis put up in small ,sacks1 putting in the midst1 according to the quantity1 the ,grain has afforded1 #aj4 or #ab4 pounds 7for a ,quintal7 of the dust1 which is the red powder1 that came out of it4 ,and accordingly1 as the ,grain affords more or less of the said powder1 ,dyers buy more or less of it4 ',tis to be noted1 ,that the first red powder1 which appears1 issues out of the ,hole of the ,grain1 that is on the side1 where the ,grain adhered to the ,plant4 ,and that1 which about the end appears sticking on the ,grain1 hath been alive in the husk1 having pierced its covers though the hole1 whence it commonly issues1 remains close as to the ,eye4 #cfd 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of ,some ,books lately published4 #a4 ,,pinax ,rerum ,naturalium ,,britannicarum1 continens ,,vegetabilia1 ,,animalia ,,fossilia in hoc ,insula reperta1 inchoatus1 ,auth4 ,christophoro ,merret1 ,med4 ,d4 utriusque ,societatis ,regi socio4 ,the ,learned and ,inquisitive ,author of this ,book1 hath by his laudable example of collecting together1 what ,natural things are to be found here in ,england1 of all sorts 7which he has done upon his own expences7 given an invitation to the curious in all parts of the world to attempt the like1 thereby to establish the much desired and highly useful commerce among ,naturalists1 and to contribute every where to the composing of a genuine and full ,history of ,nature4 ,in the ,preface he intimates1 that his stock does still encrease dayly2 and that therefore the ,reader may expect an ,appendix to this collection4 ,in the ,body of the ,book1 he enumerates all the ,species1 ,alphabetically3 ,and1 as to ,vegetables1 he reckons up about #daj sorts2 and gives their ,latine and ,english ,names1 and the ,places and ,times of their growth3 reducing them afterwards to certain ,classes1 hitherto used by ,botanick ,writers in their ,histories of ,plants3 ,adding the ,etymology of their ,generick ,names1 and a compendious ,register of the ,time1 when and how long the ,english ,plants do shoot and flourish4 ,as to ,animals1 he finds of them about #cdj kinds in ,england1 whereof the fourfooted are about #ej1 ,birds #agj1 and ,fishes #abj4 ,insects are innumerable1 which yet he endeavours to enumerate1 and to reduce to certain ,classes2 into which he also brings the three former kinds4 ,concerning ,fossils1 he first takes notice of the ,metals found in ,english ,mines2 as ,silver1 ,tin1 ,copper1 ,iron1 ,lead1 ,antimony1 and some ,gold extracted out of ,tin4 ,next of the ,stones1 of which he finds about #gj sorts2 amongst them1 ,bristol ,diamonds1 ,agates1 ,hyacinths1 ,emerods1 ,loadstones1 ,toad-stones1 7which last yet he affirms to be nothing but the grinding-teeth of the #cfe ,fish ,lupus7 ,pearls1 ,corals1 ,marble1 ,alablaster1 ,emery3 ,to which he adds the various kinds of ,coals2 as also ,bitumens1 ,turfs and ,jets4 ,and thirdly of the various kinds of ,allam1 ,vitriol1 ,niter1 ,sea-salt1 ,pit-salt4 ,but fourthly of the various ,earths1 of which he reckons up #ae4 peculiar sorts 7besides those that serve for ,husbandry1 which are not easily numbred27 and amongst them1 ,read-lead1 ,black-lead and ,fullers-earth4 ,he concludes all with mentioning the several ,meteors appearing in ,england2 and the ,hot springs2 and ,medical ,waters2 as also1 the ,salin1 ,petrifying1 and some more unusual ,springs3 ,item1 ,subterraneous ,trees1 ,subterraneous ,rivers1 ,ebbings and ,flowings of ,wells1 c4 ,,ii4 ,,placita ,,philosophica ,guarini4 ,the chief subject of this ,treatise is ,natural ,philosophy2 upon many important questions whereof it enlargeth1 as those of the ,motion of the ,coelestial ,bodies1 of ,light1 of ,meteors1 and of the vital and animal functions2 leaving sometimes the common opinions1 and delighting in the defence of ,paradoxes4 ,e4 ,g4 ,that the material substantial ,form1 is nothing but mera potentia1 and subsists not by it self3 by which means the ,author judges1 he can free himself from many great difficulties touching ,generation and ,corruption1 which do perplex the other ,philosophers4 ,he holds ,epicycles to be impossible1 and ,excentricks1 not sufficient to explicate the motion of the ,stars2 but that all the irregularities of this motion may be salved by the means of certain ,spiral ,lines2 largely proving this ,hypothesis1 and particularly explicating the motion of each ,planet4 ,he denies the middle ,region of the ,air to be cold2 and believes that cold is not necessary to condense the vapours into ,water4 ,he admits not that received ,axiome1 ,that the generation of one ,body is the corruption of another2 maintaining that there are ,generations1 to which no corruption ever preceded2 and that it may happen1 that one ,animal without dying may be changed into another ,animal4 ,he alledges several reasons to evince1 that the ,air breathed in1 enters not only into the whole capacity of the ,chest1 but also into the lower belly4 #cff ,he is of opinion that the ,air1 which is commonly believed to corrupt easily1 is incorruptible2 alledging among other reasons1 this for one1 that experience shews1 that if a ,bottle be exactly stop'd1 there is never any mixt ,body form'd in it2 wherefore1 saith he1 the ,air is not corrupted there4 ,he maintains1 that 'tis not the ,magnet that draws the ,iron1 but rather the ,iron that attracts the ,magnet4 ,to explain which he affirms1 that the ,load-stone spreads abroad out of it self many corpuscles1 which the substance of the ,iron imbibes1 and that1 as dry things attract those that are moist1 by the same reason ,iron drawn the ,loadstone4 ,he rejects the species intentionales1 ,vital and ,animal ,spirits1 and holds many other uncommon opinions1 touching ,light1 the ,iris1 the ,flux and ,reflux of the ,sea1 c4 ,,iii4 ,,gustus ,,organum per ,laurentium ,bellini novissim deprehensum4 ,the ,author proposing to himself to discover both the principal ,organ of the ,taste1 and the nature of its object1 begins with the latter1 and examins first1 what is ,taste8 ,he judges that it is caused by nothing but ,salts1 which being variously figured1 affects the tongue variously3 alledging this for his chief reason1 that the ,salt which is extracted by ,chymists out of any mixt body whatever it be1 carries away with it all its taste1 and that the rest remains tasteless4 ,he adds that the ,teeth in grinding the ,food1 serve much to extract this ,salt3 ,and he notes by the by1 that the ,teeth are so necessary for preparing the aliment1 that certain ,animals which seem to have none1 have them in their stomach2 and that nature has put at the entry of the palat of those that are altogether destitute of them1 certain moveable inequalities1 which are to them instead of ,teeth4 ,but then secondly1 concerning the ,organ of ,taste1 he esteems1 that 'tis neither the ,flesh1 nor the ,tongue1 nor the ,membrans1 nor the ,nerves found there1 nor the ,glanduls1 called ,amygdalin2 but those little eminences that are found upon the tongue of all ,animals4 ,to obtain which1 he observes1 #a4 ,that from the middle of the ,tongue to the root1 as also towards the tip1 there are found innumerable little ,risings #cfg called ,papillares2 but that from the tip of the ,tongue unto the string there is observed none at all4 #b4 ,he hath experimented1 that if you put ,sal ,armoniack upon the places of the ,tongue1 where those ,eminencies are not1 you shall find no ,taste2 but that you will find it presently assoon as you put any such ,salt1 where they are to be met with4 ,ergo1 saith he1 those ,eminencies are the principal ,organ of ,taste4 #c4 ,he assures1 that with a ,microscope1 may be seen in those ,risings many little holes1 at the bottom whereof there are small nerves1 terminating there3 ,but he directs1 to observe this in live and healthy1 not in dead or sick ,animals4 ,having laid down these ,observations1 he concludes1 that the manner1 after which ,taste is perform'd1 is this1 ,that the particles of ,salt passing through those pores1 which pierce the ,papillary ,eminences1 and penetrating as far as to the nerves1 that meet them there1 do by the means of their small points prick them2 which pricking is called the ,taste4 ,in the mean time he acknowledges1 that before him ,signior ,malphigi1 ,professor at ,messina1 had made some of these discoveries4 ,the notice of these two last ,books we owe to the ,french ,journal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,correct in ,number4 #ai4 ,page1 #cdb4 line1 #cc4 read mixt ,ores1 in stead of1 mixt with ,ores4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london1 ,printed for ,john ,martin1 ,printer to the ,royal ,society1 and are to be sold at the ,bell a little without ,temple-,bar4 #cfi 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #ba4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,munday1 ,january #ba4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,an ,account1 formerly promised1 of ,monsieur ,hevelius's ,calculation of the late ,solar ,eclipse's ,quantity1 ,duration1 c4 ,the ,figure of the ,star in the ,constellation of ,cygnus1 together with the ,new ,star in it1 discovered some years ago1 and very lately seen again by the same ,mr4 ,hevelius4 ,an ,extract of a ,letter1 written by ,mr4 ,auzout1 concerning a way of his1 for taking the ,diameters of the ,planets1 and for knowing the ,parallax of the ,moon3 ,giving also a ,reason1 why in the ,solar ,eclipse above-mentioned1 the ,diameter of the ,moon did increase about the end4 ,a ,relation of the loss of the ,way to prepare the ,bononian ,stone for shining4 ,a ,description of a ,swedish ,stone1 affording ,sulphur1 ,vitriol1 ,allum1 and ,minium4 ,a ,relation of the ,raining of ,ashes4 ,an ,extract of a ,letter from ,rome1 rectifying the ,relation of ,salamanders living in ,fire4 ,an ,account of several ,engagements for ,observing of ,tydes4 ,some ,suggestions for ,remedies against ,cold4 ,a ,relation of an uncommon accident in two ,aged ,persons4 ,an ,account of ,two ,books1 ,i4 ,,ismaelis ,,bullialdi ad ,astronomos ,monita duo3 ,primum1 de ,stella ,nova1 in ,collo ,ceti ante aliquot annos visa4 ,alterum1 de ,nebulosa ,stella in ,andromed ,cinguli parte ,borea1 ante biennium iterum ort4 ,,ii4 ,,entretiens sur les vies sur les ,ouvrages des plus excellens ,peintres1 antients modernes1 par ,m4 ,,felibien4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monsieur ,hevelius's ,calculation of the late ,solar ,eclipse's ,quantity1 ,duration1 c4 ,this ,calculus was not long since communicated by ,monsieur ,hevelius in a ,letter to the ,publisher1 as follows1 #cgj ,eclipsis ,solaris4 ,observata ,an4 #afff4 ,d4 #b4 ,julii1 ,st4 ,n4 ,mane1 ,johanne ,hevelio4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ordo ,temp stin ,altitude ,pha-,quantitas sec4 horol ,temp4 sec4 ,sun ,tempus sium,phasium ambulat4 ,sciother4 correct4,anim4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,h4 ' ,h4 ' 4 ' ,h4 ' #e4ea4aa #e4ea4 #j #ag4de #e4ec4ab #a4 #e4eg4 #e #e4eg4 #j #ah4cg #e4ei4bh #f4 #j4 #j #f4 #j4 #j #ah4ee #f4 #a4bh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,initium #f4ee4cj #f4eg4cj #b4 #a #j-c_/h dig4 #f4eg4cj #e4ei4cj #b #j-c_/d #g4 #j4bc #g4 #j4 #j #g4 #b4bc #c #a-a_/h #g4 #b4cj #g4 #b4 #j #g4 #d4cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #d #a-a_/b dig4 #g4 #d4ej #g4 #e fer4 #g4 #f4ej #e #a-c_/h fer4 #g4aj4eg #g4aj #g4ab4eg #f #c-c_/h #g4ad4ei #g4ae #g4af4ei #g #c-c_/d #g4ag4ej #g4ah fer4 #g4ai4ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #h #d-c_/h dig4 #g4ba4ce #g4ba #g4bc4ce #i #d-b_/c #g4bc4dc #g4bc fer4 #g4be4dc #aj #e-a_/d #g4bg4ec #g4bh #g4bi4ec #c4 #aa #f #g4ca4ej #g4cb #g4cc4ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ab #f-c_/d #g4cf4ee #g4cg #g4ch4ee #ac #f-g_/h paul4 plus4#g4ch4 #e #g4ch #g4dj4 #j #ad #g-a_/h #g4ci4de #g4ci #g4da4de #ae #g-a_/d paul4 plus4#g4db4cj #g4db #g4dd4cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #af #g-a_/b #g4dd4 #f #g4dd #g4df4 #f #ag #g-b_/c #g4df4 #j #g4df #g4dh4 #j #ah #h fer #g4dh4be #g4dh fer #g4ej4be #ai #h-a_/e #g4ea4ae #g4ea #g4ec4ae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #bj #h-a_/d paul4 plus4#g4ec4cg #g4eb #g4ee4cg #ba #h-c_/d #g4ee4de #g4ef fer #g4eg4de #bb #h-c_/d paul4 min4 #g4ei4 #e #g4ei #h4 #a4 #e #d4 #bc #h-a_/e #h4 #f4cj #h4 #f #h4 #h4cj #cga ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #bd #g-c_/d #h4aa4be #h4ab #h4ac4be #e4 #be #g-a_/d fer4 #h4ag4cj #h4ah #h4ai4cj #bf #g fer4 #h4ai4da #h4ai #h4ba4da #bg #e-g_/h #h4bh4 #h #h4bh #h4cj4 #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #bh #e-a_/b fer4 #h4cj4ad #h4cj #h4cb4ad #bi #d-c_/d #h4cf4be #h4cf #h4ch4be #cj #c-e_/h #h4dc4ai #h4dc #h4de4ai #ca #c-a_/d #h4df4ab #h4df fer4 #h4dh4ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #cb #c #h4dg4cb #h4dg #h4bi4cb #cc #b-c_/d #h4ej4eg #h4ej #h4eb4eg #cd #b-a_/b fer #h4ed4ae #h4ed #h4ef4ae #ce #a-c_/d #h4eh4bd #h4eh #i4 #j4bd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #cf #a-a_/h #h4ei4ce #h4ei #i4 #a4ce #cg #j-e_/f #i4 #a4ch #i4 #a #i4 #c4ch #ch #j-a_/b #i4 #c4bj #i4 #c ,altit4 #i4 #e4bj #ci ,finis4 #i4 #f4ec #i4 #f ,sun #i4 #h4ec #f4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #i4bc4 #f #dg4cc #i4be #bh #i4bd4af #dg4db #i4bf4de #i4bh4bi #dh4aj #i4cj4db #i4cj4cf #dh4bh #i4cc4ab ,animadvertenda4 #a4 ,qud ,sciatericum cum correcto tempore non omnino convenit1 non-nisi ,line ,meridian imputandum4 #b4 ,initium circa #gi gr4 puncto ,zenith occasum verss contigit4 #c4 ,hujusque ,semidiameter ,lun qualis extitit ,solari4 #d4 ,maxima obscuratio extitit digit4 #h4be' hora #h4b'4 #e4 ,hic ,semidiameter ,lun_/ ad #h vel #i major apparuit499 99 ,see ,numb4 #ai of the ,philosophical ,transactions1 p4 #cdg4 #f4 ,punctum finis distitit verticali ad ,ortum #adc gr4 ,this ,observation is by the same ,astronomer1 represented also by the ,figures ,,aaaaaa2 as that of the ,horizontal ,eclipse of the ,moon1 is1 by the ,figures ,,bb4 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration #cgb 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,figure of the ,stars in the ,constellation of ,cygnus2 together with the ,new ,star in it1 discover'd some years since1 and very lately seen by ,m4 ,hevelius again4 ,the ,relation concerning this ,new ,star in the ,brest of ,cygnus1 very lately discover'd again at ,dantzick1 by ,m4 ,hevelius1 was publish't ,numb4 #ai4 p4 #cdi4 ,the ,figure of that ,constellation1 with the ,new ,star in it1 was thus1 hastily drawn1 sent over by that ,observer4 ,illustration #cgc 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,extract of a ,letter written ,decemb4 #bh4 #afff4 by ,m4 ,auzout to the ,publisher1 concerning a way of his1 for taking the ,diameters of the ,planets1 and for knowing the ,parallax of the ,moon2 as also the ,reason1 why in the ,solar ,eclipse above calculated1 the ,diameter of the ,moon did increase about the end4 ,i did apply my self the last ,summer to the taking of the ,diameters of the ,sun1 ,moon1 and the other ,planets1 by a ,method1 which one ,m4 ,picard and my self have1 esteem'd by ,us the best of all those1 that have been practis'd hitherto2 since we can take the ,diameters to ,second ,minutes1 being able to divide one foot into #bdjjj4 or #cjjjj4 parts1 scarce failing as much as in one only part1 so as we can in a manner be assur'd1 not to deceive our selves in #c4 or #d4 seconds4 ,i shall not now tell you my ,observations1 but ,i may very well assure you1 that the ,diameter of the ,sun has not been much less in his ,apogee1 than #ca4 m4 #cg4 or #dj4 sec4 and certainly not lesse than #ca4 m4 #ce4 sec4 and that at present in his ,perigee it passes not #cb4 m4 #de4 sec4 and may be lesse by a second or two4 ,that1 which is at the present troublesome1 is1 that the ,vertical ,diameter1 which is the most easie to take1 is diminisht1 even at ,noon1 by #h4 or #i4 sec41 because of the ,refractions1 which are much greater in ,winter than ,summer at the same height2 and that the ,horizontal ,diameter is difficult1 because of the swift motion of the ,heavens4 ,as for the ,moon1 ,i never yet found her ,diameter less than #bi4 m4 #dd4 or #de4 sec4 and ,i have not seen it pass #cc4 m4 or if it hath1 it was only by a few seconds4 ,but ,i have not yet taken her in all the kinds of situations of the ,apogees and ,perigees which happen1 with the ,conjunctions and ,quadratures4 ,i do not mention all1 what can be deduced from thence1 but if you have ,persons at ,london1 that observe these ,diameters1 we may entertain our selves more about this ,subject1 another time4 ,i shall only tell you1 that ,i have found a ,way to know the ,parallax of the ,moon1 by the means of her ,diameter3 ,vid4 ,if on a day1 when she is to be in her ,apogee or ,perigee1 and in the most ,boreal ,signes1 you take her ,diameter towards the ,horizon1 and then towards the ,south1 with her ,altitudes #cgd above the ,horizon4 ,for1 if the ,observation of the ,diameters be exact2 as in these ,situations the ,moon changes not considerably her ,distance from the ,earth in #f4 or #g4 hours1 the ,difference of the ,diameters will shew the ,proportion there is of her ,distance1 with the ,semi-diameter of the ,earth4 ,i do not enlarge1 because that as soon as one hath this ,idea1 the rest is easie4 ,the same would yet be practis'd better in the places1 where the ,moon passes through the ,zenith1 than here1 for the greater the difference is of the ,heights1 the greater is that of the ,diameters4 ,i do not note 7for it easily appears7 that1 if one were under the same ,meridian1 or the same ,azimuth in two very different places1 and took at the same time the ,diameter of the ,moon1 one would do the same thing1 though this ,method goes not to preciseness4 ,from what has been said1 may be collected the reason of the ,observation1 which ,m4 ,hevelius made in the last ,eclipse of the ,sun1 touching the increase of the ,moon's ,diameter about the end4 ,i am exceeding glad1 that a person1 who probably knew not the cause of it1 has made the ,experiment3 but it is strange1 that until now no ,astronomer has foreseen1 that that should happen1 nor given any precepts for the ,change of the ,moons ,diameter in the ,eclipses of the ,sun1 according to the places1 where they should happen1 and according to the ,hour and ,height1 the ,moon should have4 ,for1 what hapned in that ,eclipse of ,augmentation1 would have faln out contrarily1 if it had been in the ,evening2 for1 the ,moon1 which in that ,eclipse1 that began in the ,morning1 was higher about the end than at the beginning1 was nearer us1 and consequently was to appear bigger3 ,but if the ,eclipse should happen in the ,evening1 she would be lower at the end1 and therefore more distant from us1 and consequently appear lesser4 ,so also in two different places1 whereof one should have the ,eclipse in the ,morning1 and the other at ,noon1 the ,moon should appear bigger to him that hath it at ,noon3 ,and she must likewise appear bigger to those1 who shall have a leser ,elevation of the ,pole under the same ,meridian1 because the ,moon will be nearer them4 ,i wish1 ,i could satisfie you about the ,optick ,glasses of ,signior ,burattini in ,poland1 which he hath sent hither2 but ,i have not yet seen their performances my self4 ,i only saw once the ,glasses1 #cge which are perfectly well wrought and well polisht4 ,those1 that have tried them1 find them very good2 but they are only1 the one of #aj1 the other of #h4 foot4 ,a good ,astronomer told me1 that they would bear a great ,aperture in respect of their length4 ,i do not well know1 what to say to yours concerning ,m4 ,hevelius4 ,mean while1 the interest of truth1 and the obliging manner1 he has treated me with1 engage me to answer him1 in the matter of the ,comets3 ,i am perswaded1 ,i shall convince him2 but since he hath taken the ,illustrious ,royal ,society for ,judge1 ,i accept that with all my heart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation of the loss of the ,way to prepare the ,bononian ,stone for shining4 ,sidenote3 99 ,it is hoped notwithstanding 7which also a late ,letter from abroad does hint7 that some or other of the ,italian ,vertuosi at ,florence have secured this ,secret4 ,though several ,persons have pretended to know the ,art of preparing and calcining the ,bononian ,stone1 for keeping a while the ,light once imbibed2 yet there hath been indeed but one1 who had the true secret of performing it4 ,this was an ,ecclesiastick1 who is now dead1 without having left that skill of his to any one1 as ,letters from ,italy and ,france1 some while since1 did inform4 ,there is no substance1 in ,nature1 known to us1 that hath the effect of this ,stone2 so that 7to the shame of the present ,age7 this ,phnomenon is not like to be found any where1 but in ,books1 except some happy ,genius light upon same or the like skill4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,description of a ,swedish ,stone1 which affords ,sulphur1 ,vitriol1 ,allum and ,minium4 ,this was communicated to the ,r4 ,society by ,sir ,gilbert ,talbot ,knight1 a ,worthy ,member of that ,body1 as he had received it in ,denmark1 being his ,majesties ,extraordinary ,envoy there2 as follows1 ,illustration ,there is a ,stone in ,sweden of a ,yellow ,colour1 intermixed with streaks of white 7as if composed of ,gold and ,silver7 and heavy withal4 ,it is found in firm ,rocks1 and runs in ,veins1 #cgf upon which they lay ,wood1 and set it on fire4 ,when the ,stone is thus heated1 they cast ,water upon it1 to make it rend1 and then dig it up with ,mattocks4 ,this done1 they break it into smaller pieces2 and put it into ,iron-pots1 of the shape represented by ,figure ,c2 the mouth of the one going into the other4 ,these they place1 the one in the ,oven upon an ,iron fork sloping1 so that1 the ,stone being melted1 it may run into the other1 which stands at the mouth of the ,oven1 supported upon an ,iron4 ,the first running of the ,stone is ,sulphur4 ,the remainder of the burned ,stone is carry'd out1 and laid upon a high ,hill1 where it lies exposed to the ,sun and ,air for the space of two years1 and then taketh fire of it self1 casting forth a thin blew flame1 scarce discernable in the day time4 ,this being consumed1 leaveth a blew dust behind it2 which the ,workmen observe1 and mark with woodden pins4 ,this they dig up1 and carry into the ,work-house1 and put it into great ,tubs of ,water1 where it infuseth #bd4 hours or more4 ,the ,water they afterward boyl in ,kettles1 as we do ,saltpeter1 and put it into cooling ,tubs1 wherein they place crosse ,sticks1 and on them the ,vitriol fastens1 as ,sugar-candy doth4 ,the ,water1 that remains after the extraction of the ,vitriol1 they mix with an eight part of ,urin and the ,lees of ,wood-ashes1 which is again boyled very strong1 and being set to cool in ,tubbs1 crosse ,sticks are likewise placed1 and thereon the ,allum fastens4 ,in the ,water1 which remains after the ,allum1 is found a ,sediment1 which being separated from the ,water1 is put into an ,oven1 and ,wood laid upon it and fired1 till it become red1 which makes the ,minium1 wherewith they paint their ,houses1 and make plaister4 ,so far this ,description2 ,which gave occasion to a curious person to call to mind1 ,that there was a kind of ,stone in the ,north of ,england1 yielding the same substances1 except ,minium4 #cgg 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation of the ,raining of ,ashes1 in the ,archipelago1 upon the ,eruption of ,mount ,vesuvius1 some years ago4 ,this came but lately to hand from that knowing person1 ,mr4 ,henry ,robinson1 and was thought fit to be now inserted here1 that it might not be lost1 though it hath hapned above #cj years ago4 ,it was contained in a ,letter1 7subscribed by ,capt4 ,will4 ,badily7 in these words3 ,sidenote3 99 ,some of these ,ashes were produced by ,mr4 ,john ,evelyn1 before the ,royal ,society4 ,the #fth4 of ,december #afca1 being in the ,gulf of ,volo1 riding at ,anchor1 about ten of the ,clock that ,night1 it began to rain ,sand or ,ashes1 and continued till two of the ,clock the next ,morning4 ,it was about two inches thick on the ,deck1 so that we cast it over board with ,shovels1 as we did ,snow the day before3 ,the quantity of a ,bushel we brought home1 and presented to several ,friends 991 especially to the ,masters of ,trinity ,house4 ,there was in our ,company1 ,capt4 ,john ,wilds ,commander of the ,dragon1 and ,capt4 ,anthony ,watts1 ,commander of the ,elisabeth and ,dorcas4 ,there was no ,wind stirring1 when these ,ashes fell1 it did not fall onely in the places1 where we were1 but likewise in other parts1 as ,ships were coming from ,st4 ,john ,d',acre to our ,port2 they being at that time a hundred ,leagues from us4 ,we compared the ,ashes together1 and found them both one4 ,if you desire to see the ,ashes1 let me know4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,extract ,of ,a ,letter not long since written from ,rome1 rectifying the ,relation of ,salamanders living in ,fire4 ,this came from that ,expert ,anatomist ,m4 ,steno1 to ,dr4 ,croone ,videl4 ,that a ,knight called ,corvini1 had assured him1 that1 having cast a ,salamander1 brought him out of the ,indies1 into the ,fire1 the ,animal thereupon swell'd presently1 and then vomited store of thick slimy matter1 which did put out the neighbouring ,coals1 to which the ,salamander retired immediately1 putting them out again in the same manner1 as soon as they #cgh rekindled1 and by this means saving himself from the force of the ,fire1 for the space of two hours1 the ,gentleman above-mentioned being then unwilling to hazard the ,creature any further3 ,that afterwards it lived nine ,months3 ,that he had kept it eleven ,months without any other food1 but what it took by licking the ,earth1 on which it moved1 and on which it had been brought out of the ,indies2 which at first was covered with a thick moisture1 but being dried afterwards1 the ,urin of the ,animal served to moisten the same4 ,after the eleven ,months1 the ,owner having a mind to try1 how the ,animal would do upon ,italian ,earth1 it died three dayes after it had changed the ,earth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of several ,engagements for ,observing of ,tydes4 ,since nothing is more important for discovering the ,cause of that ,grand ,phnomenon of ,nature1 the ,flux and ,reflux of the ,sea1 than a true and full ,history of the ,tydes2 the ,virtuosi of ,england have of late 7especially since the ,publication of ,dr4 ,wallis his ,theory touching that ,apparence7 taken care1 to direct and recommend in several parts of the ,world1 and particularly in the most proper places of these ,ilands1 such ,observations1 as may contribute to the elucidating of that ,subject4 ,and as formerly they have sent their ,inquiries of this ,nature to the ,isle of ,st4 ,helena1 situated in the open ,ocean beyond the quinoctial1 and already received some account thereupon2 so they have since dispatcht the like for the ,bermudas1 an ,isle that hath no less conveniency of situation for that purpose4 ,and they intend 7as will more amply appear1 ,god permitting1 in a short time7 to lodge with such ,masters of ,ships and ,pilots1 as shall sayl into remote parts1 very particular directions of that kind1 to be printed at the ,royal ,societies charges1 and to be committed to the care of the ,masters of ,trinity ,house for disposing of them to that end4 ,and1 as for the ,observations1 to be made in these ,kingdoms2 'tis hoped1 that the ,masters in the ,art of ,navigation at ,bristol 7,mr4 ,standridge and ,mr4 ,iff7 will undertake that business with affection and care3 the former of these two having already 7as we are informed from a good hand7 made a ,collection of the ,tydes2 #cgi for some years past1 and found them differing from former ,observations and ,tables2 the other promising future diligence in this matter2 noting in the mean time1 that some ,tydes of last ,autumn were so far differing from former ,observations1 that neither he1 nor any others there1 could make any thing of it4 ,we must not omit here to mention the readiness1 expressed by these worthy ,gentlemen1 ,mr4 ,rob4 ,boyle1 ,sir ,rob4 ,moray1 and ,mr4 ,henry ,powle1 for concurring in this ,work2 the first1 having undertaken to recommend ,observations of this nature1 to be made1 upon the ,western ,coast of ,ireland 992 the second1 upon the ,west of ,scotland2 and the third1 in the ,isle of ,lundy2 to whom we must adde the inquisitive ,mr4 ,sam4 ,colepresse1 for ,plymouth1 and the ,lands-end4 ,besides1 we hope to engage the curious of ,france in the same undertaking1 especially for procuring1 besides what is known already concerning that place1 a very particular and exact account of the ,tydes upon the ,coast of ,britany1 where 7especially about ,st4 ,malo7 they are found to rise to admiration1 even to #fj1 #gj1 and sometime #hj1 feet1 at the ,new and ,full ,moon4 99 ,the ,observations particularly recommended for that ,coast1 are these2 #a4 ,at what hour it is ,high-water on the day of the ,new and ,full ,moon1 upon every ,cape and ,bay of the ,western ,coast of ,ireland4 #b4 ,how long after the ,new and ,full ,moon the highest ,spring-tides fall out4 #c4 ,what are the perpendicular heights of the ,flood1 both at the ordinary1 and the ,spring-tydes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some ,suggestions for ,remedies against ,cold4 ,as there have been ,remedies found out against excessive ,heat1 and ,means of cooling ,meat and ,drink2 so it was lately1 on the occasion of the sharp ,season1 suggested1 ,that ,remedies might be thought on against ,cold2 and that particularly it might be inquired into1 #a4 ,what things in ,nature1 or by ,art1 or ,mechanical contrivance will retain a warming ,heat longest1 or a melting or scorching ,heat8 #b4 ,what will continue or maintain ,fire longest8 ,some that observe common practises and vulgar ,trades1 take notice1 ,that ,joyners use ,leaden-,pots for their ,glue1 alledging for a ,reason1 ,that ,lead1 being a close ,mettal1 retains the heat #chj longer than other ,mettals4 ,cary's ,warming-stone promised a warmth for six or eight hours2 if it performed but for two or three hours1 it would be of great use4 ',tis found by sad experience1 how hurtful ,bright ,fires1 and especially of ,stone-coal are to the ,eyes4 ,to retain ,fire long1 certain ,black ,earths are useful1 as we were newly informed by the ,inquisitive ,dr4 ,b4 ,that a ,gentleman in ,sommertsetshire1 called ,mr4 ,speke1 had bountifully obliged ,ilminster1 and his ,neighborhood1 by a ,black ,fat-,earth lately found in his ,park4 ,but the same ,correspondent adds1 ,that he never saw any parallel to a ,sea-weed1 which he and some of his ,fellow-,students had in ,cambridge in the mouth of a ,barrel of good ,oysters4 ,it was smaller than ,pease-halm1 yet cut1 it lasted two very great ,fires of ,sea-coal1 burning bright in the midst of the ,fire2 and by a stroak of the ,tongues1 it fell into the ,hearth1 jingling like ,mettal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,relation of an uncommon ,accident in two ,aged ,persons4 ,this was imparted by the above-mentioned ,mr4 ,colepresse1 who assures in his ,letter1 containing this ,account1 ,that the matter of fact was thorowly examined by himself1 and that he was fully1 and in all respects1 satisfied of the truth thereof4 ,the ,relation of the one1 is in these words4 ,joseh ,shute ,clerk1 ,parson of ,mary 7nigh ,plymouth7 in the ,county of ,devon1 aged #ha years1 being a temperate man1 and of an healthy constitution1 having the in-most ,grinder loose1 and so remaining1 perceived1 that his mouth1 about three ,moneths since1 was somewhat streightned2 and upon inquiry into the cause of it1 found1 ,that he had a new ,tooth 7the third ,grinder7 being the innermost of the upper ,jaw in the ,right ,cheek1 which still remains firm4 ,the ,account of the other follows thus4 ,maria ,stert of ,benecliffe1 in ,plympton ,st4 ,mary 7near ,plymouth7 in ,devon1 aged about #ge years1 an healthy person1 having had nine children1 about the fortieth year of her age lost three of her #cha upper ,incisores or ,cutters1 the other drawn out1 and so remained ,toothless1 as to them1 for about #be years1 when she perceived1 that a new ,tooth came forth 7without any pain7 next the ,canini of the left ,cheek3 ,and about two years after1 another ,tooth grew out likewise without pain1 close by the former4 ,the first whereof1 never came to above half the length of her former ,cutters1 the latter scarce breaking the skin3 ,both which yet proved serviceable1 till about six weeks since1 when she eating 7no hard1 crusty1 or solid7 ,meat1 that ,tooth which came out first1 fell down into her ,mouth1 without any loosness before hand perceived1 or any pain2 which had not a phang like other ,cutters1 but much less1 and shorter4 ,the other abides firm1 and serviceable4 ,to the truth of these ,relations1 not onely the said ,joseph ,shute and ,maria ,stert1 have put the one his name1 the other her ,mark1 the third and seventh of ,january1 #afff4 but also ,sir ,william ,strode1 and ,mr4 ,colepresse have subscribed the same1 as believing the ,relation to be true4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of two ,books4 ,i4 ,,ismaelis ,,bullialdi ad ,astronomos ,monita duo3 ,primum1 ,de ,stella ,nova1 qu in ,collo ,ceti ante annos aliquot visa est4 ,alterum1 ,de ,nebulosa in ,andromeda ,cinguli parte ,borea1 ante biennium iterum orta4 ,the chief end of the ,author in publishing this ,tract1 seems to be1 ,to excite ,astronomers to a diligent observation1 both of that ,new ,star in the ,neck of the ,whale1 to be seen in ,february and ,march next2 and of that other1 in the ,northern part of ,andromeda's ,girdle1 to be seen at this very present4 ,as to the former of these ,stars1 he affirms1 that1 as it hath appeared for many years in the said place1 so it will in the beginning of ,march next appear equal to the ,stars of the third ,magnitude1 or perhaps bigger2 and that about the end of the same ,month1 if the ,crepuscle do not hinder1 the greatest ,phasis of it will appear1 if so be1 that it keep the same ,analogy of ,motions and ,periods1 which it observed from ,an4 #afch4 to ,an4 #affd4 ,where he takes notice of the ,causes1 why its two greatest ,appearances could not be seen1 ,an4 #affd1 #affe1 #afff2 and how he #chb comes to know1 that in the beginning of ,march next1 ,it will equal1 or even exceed the ,stars of the ,third ,magnitude2 noting1 that from the ,observations hitherto made of this ,star1 it is manifest1 that the greatest ,phases thereof do every year anticipate by #cb4 or #cc4 dayes2 forasmuch as ,an4 #affj4 its greatest ,appearance was about the end of ,october and the beginning of ,november2 ,an4 #affa4 about the end of ,september1 or the beginning of ,october2 ,an4 #affb4 about the end of ,august1 c4 so that this year it must be in ,march1 if the former ,analogy do hold4 ,he collects also from the ,observations1 ,that one ,period from the greatest ,phasis to the next1 consists of about #ccc4 dayes3 but that the interval of the time betwixt the times of its beginning to appear equal to the ,stars of the ,sixt ,magnitude1 and of its ending to do so1 consists of about #abj4 dayes3 ,and that its greatest ,appearance lasts about #ae4 dayes3 ,all which yet he would have understood with some latitude4 ,this done1 he proceeds to the investigation of the ,causes of the ,vicissitudes in the ,emersion and ,dis-appearance of this ,star1 and having discoursed1 ,that the apparent ,increase and ,decrement of every ,lucid ,body proceeds either from its changed distance from the ,eye of the ,observer2 or from its various site and position in respect of him1 whereby the angle of ,vision is changed2 or from the increase or diminution of the bulk of the lucid body it self3 and having also demonstrated it impossible1 that this ,star should move in a ,circle1 or in an ,ellipsis2 and proved it improbable that it should move in a ,strait ,line1 he concludes1 that there can be no other genuin1 or at least1 no other more probable cause of its ,emersion and ,occultation1 than this1 ,that the bigger part of that round ,body is obscure and inconspicuous to us1 and its lesser part lucid1 the whole ,body turning about its own ,center1 and one ,axe2 whereby for one determinate space of time it exhibits its lucid part to the ,earth1 for another1 subducts it3 it not being likely1 that fires should be kindled in the ,body of that ,star1 and that the matter thereof should at certain times take fire and shine1 at other times be extinguisht upon the consumption of that matter4 ,so far of that ,star4 ,as to the other in the ,girdle of ,andromeda1 seen about the beginning of ,an4 #affe2 he relates1 that1 when in the end of #affd4 the ,world beheld the then appearing ,comet1 #chc ,astronomers observed also this new ,phnomenon1 which was called by them ,nebulosa in ,cingulo ,andromed4 ,concerning which1 he notes1 that the same had been already seen many years before by ,simon ,narius1 vid4 ,an4 #afab4 when with a ,telescope he search'd for the ,satellits of ,jupiter1 and observed their motions2 alledging for proof hereof1 the said ,authors own words1 out of his own ,book1 ,de ,mundo ,joviali1 publisht ,an4 #afad4 ,and farther shews1 that it hath formerly appear'd 7about #aej4 years ago7 and been taken notice off by an expert1 though ,anonymous1 ,astronomer2 whose words he cites out of a ,manuscript1 brought out of ,holland by the ,excellent ,jacobus ,augustus ,thuanus1 returning from his ,embassy to ,paris2 wherein also was marked the ,figure of that ,phnomenon2 represented in print by our ,author3 who from all this collects1 that1 whereas this ,star hath been seen formerly1 and that #aej4 years since1 but yet neither observed by ,hipparchus1 nor any other of the ,antients1 that we can find2 nor also in the former ,age by ,tycho ,brahe1 nor in our ,age1 by ,bayerus2 and appear'd also in the ,month of ,november last 7wherein he wrote this ,tract7 much lessened and obscure1 after it had1 two years ago1 shone very bright2 that therefore it must needs appear and dis-appear by turns1 like those in the ,necks of the ,whale and ,swan4 ,,ii4 ,,entriens sur les ,vies et sur les ,ouvrages ,des plus excellens ,peintres1 ,anciens et ,modernes1 par ,monsieur ,,felibien4 ,this ,author1 having first discoursed of that ,royal ,pallace the ,louvre1 and the ,designs of finishing it2 passes on to the ,art of ,picturing1 and treats of the three principal things1 wherein a good ,master of the ,art must excel1 vid4 the ,composition1 ,designing1 and ,laying on of ,colours1 which done1 he ravels into the ,origine1 and deduces the ,progress of ,painting1 and relates what is most remarkable in the ,lives of the ,antient ,painters3 ,and among many particulars1 he observes in the ,life of ,andreas de ,sarte1 how difficult it is1 to judge well of a ,picture2 relating1 that a ,duke of ,mantua1 having obtained of ,clement ,,vii4 a ,pourtrait of ,leo ,x4 which had been done by ,raphael ,urbin1 and was at ,florence1 those of that ,town being unwilling to lose so excellent a #chd piece1 caused a ,copy thereof to be made by the said ,andreas de ,sarte1 which they sent instead of the ,original4 ,this ,copy was so perfect1 that ,julio ,romano1 who had been bred and taught by ,raphael1 and was one of the best ,painters of ,italy1 took it for an ,original2 and would never have been undeceived1 if one ,vasari had not assured him1 that it was but a ,copy1 which himself had seen made1 and had not shew'd him certain marks1 that were there put to discriminate it from the ,original4 ,in the ,second ,part1 the ,author has set down all that is requisite to judge and discourse well of ,painting4 ,but1 to add ,examples to ,precepts1 he discourses of the ,modern ,painters1 and making a ,description of their best ,works1 he takes occasion to observe1 what is there found most excellent1 and to shew1 how they have put in practice the ,rules of ,art4 ,he treats also of the declining of ,painting1 and affirms1 that nothing considerable hath been done in it from the time of ,constantine1 till ,an4 #abdj4 when one1 ,cimabue1 began to raise this ,art again4 ,after this1 he give a ,list of the ,painters1 that since have been famous for their ,works1 preferring before all others1 ,raphael ,urbin4 ,the last of all is the above-mention'd ,andr de ,sartes1 who died1 ,an4 #aecj4 and whom the liberality of ,francis ,i4 had drawn into ,france4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,printing of these ,tracts is now return'd to the first ,printer thereof1 as being somewhat re-setled after the late sad ,fire of ,london4 ,,finis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,,savoy1 ,printed by ,t4 ,n4 for ,john ,martyn1 ,printer to the ,royal ,society1 and are to be sold at his ,shop a little without ,temple-,bar1 #affg4 #che 99 99 99 99 99 ,numb4 #bb4 ,,philosophical ,,transactions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monday1 ,february #aa4 #afff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,contents4 ,trials proposed to be made for the ,improvement of the ,experiment of ,transfusing ,blood out of one live ,animal into another4 ,a ,method for ,observing the ,eclipses of the ,moon1 free from the ,common ,inconveniences4 ,an ,account of some ,celestial ,observations lately made at ,madrid4 ,extract of a ,letter1 lately written to the ,publisher1 containing some observations about ,insects and their ,inoxiousness1 c4 ,an ,account of some ,books1 vid4 ,i4 ,,tome ,,troisieme ,,des ,,lettres ,,de ,m4 ,,descartes4 ,,ii4 ,,astronomia ,,reformata ,p4 ,,riccioli4 ,,iii4 ,,anatome ,,medull ,,spinalis ,,et ,,nervorum1 inde provenientium1 ,,gerardi ,,blasii1 ,m4,d4 ,an ,advertisement about the re-printing of ,m4 ,evelyns ,sylva and ,pomona4 ,a ,table of the ,transactions1 printed these two years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tryals proposed by ,mr4 ,boyle to ,dr4 ,lower1 to be made by him1 for the ,improvement of ,tranfusing blood out of one live ,animal into another2 promised ,numb4 #bj4 p4 #ceg4 ,the following ,queries and ,tryals were written long since1 and read about a ,moneth ago in the ,r ,society1 and do now come forth against the ,authors intention1 at the earnest desire of some ,learned ,persons1 and particualrly of the worthy ,doctor1 to whom they were addressed2 who thinks1 they may excite and assist others in a matter1 which1 to be well prosecuted1 will require many hands4 ,at the reading of them1 the ,author declared1 that of divers of them he thought he could fore-see the ,events1 but #chf yet judged it fit1 not to omit them1 because the ,importance of the ,theories1 they may give light to1 may make the ,tryals recompence the pains1 whether the success favour the ,affirmative or the ,negative of the ,question1 by enabling us to determine the one or the other upon surer grounds1 than we could otherwise do4 ,and this ,advertisement he desires may be applied to those other ,papers of his1 that consist of ,quries or proposed ,tryals4 ,the ,quries themselves follow4 #a4 ,whether by this way of ,transfusing ,blood2 the disposition of ,individual ,animals of the same kind1 may not be much altered8 7,as whether a fierce ,dog1 by being often quite new stocked with the blood of a cowardly ,dog1 may not become more tame2 vice versa1 c87 #b4 ,whether immediately upon the unbinding of a ,dog1 replenisht with adventitious blood1 he will know and fawn upon his ,master2 and do the like customary things as before8 ,and whether he will do such things better or worse at some time after the ,operation8 #c4 ,whether those ,dogs1 that have ,peculiarities1 will have them either abolisht1 or at least much impaired by transfusion of blood8 7,as whether the blood of a ,mastiff1 being frequently transfused into a ,blood-hound1 or a ,spaniel1 will not prejudice them in point of scent87 #d4 ,whether acquired ,habits will be destroy'd or impair'd by this ,experiment8 7,as whether a ,dog1 taught to fetch and carry1 or to dive after ,ducks1 or to sett1 will after frequent and full recruits of the blood of ,dogs unfit for those ,exercises1 be as good at them1 as before87 #e4 ,whether any considerable change is to be observ'd in the ,pulse1 ,urin1 and other ,excrements of the ,recipient ,animal1 by this ,operation1 or the quantity of his insensible ,transpiration8 #f4 ,whether the ,emittent ,dog1 being full fed at such a distance of time before the ,operation1 that the mass of blood may be suppos'd to abound with ,chyle1 the ,recipient ,dog1 being before hungry1 will lose his appetite1 more than if the ,emittent ,dogs blood had not been so chylous8 ,and how long1 upon a #chg ,vein opened of a ,dog1 the admitted blood will be found to retain ,chyle8 #g4 ,whether a ,dog may be kept alive without eating by the frequent ,injection of the ,chyle of another1 taken freshly from the ,receptacle1 into the ,veins of the ,recipient ,dog8 #h4 ,whether a ,dog1 that is sick of some disease chiefly imputable to the mass of blood1 may be cured by exchanging it for that of a sound ,dog8 ,and whether a sound ,dog may receive such diseases from the blood of a sick one1 as are not otherwise of an infectious nature8 #i4 ,what will be the ,operation of frequently stocking 7which is feasible enough7 an old and feeble ,dog with the blood of young ones1 as to liveliness1 dulness1 drowsiness1 squeamishness1 c41 et vice versa8 #aj4 ,whether a small young ,dog1 by being often fresh stockt with the blood of a young ,dog of a larger kind1 will grow bigger1 than the ordinary size of his own kind8 #aa4 ,whether any ,medicated ,liquors may be injected together with the blood into the ,recipient ,dog8 ,and in case they may1 whether there will be any considerable difference found between the separations made on this occasion1 and those1 which would be made1 in case such ,medicated ,liquors had been injected with some other ,vehicle1 or alone1 or taken in at the mouth8 #ab4 ,whether a ,purging ,medicine1 being given to the ,emittent ,dog a while before the ,operation1 the ,recipient ,dog will be thereby purged1 and how8 7which ,experiment may be hugely varied47 #ac4 ,whether the ,operation may be successfully practis'd1 in case the injected blood be that of an ,animal of another ,species1 as of a ,calf into a ,dog1 c4 and of a ,cold ,animal1 as of a ,fish1 or ,frog1 or ,tortoise1 into the ,vessels of a ,hot ,animal1 and vice versa8 #ad4 ,whether the ,colour of the ,hair or ,feathers of the ,recipient ,animal1 by the frequent repeating of this ,operation1 will be changed into that of the ,emittent8 #ae4 ,whether by frequently transfusing into the same ,dog1 the blood of some ,animal of another ,species1 something further1 and more tending to some degrees of a change of ,species1 may #chh be effected1 at least in ,animals near of ,kin2 7,as ,spaniels and ,setting ,dogs1 ,irish ,grey-hounds and ordinary ,grey-hounds1 c87 #af4 ,whether the ,transfusion may be practic'd upon pregnant ,bitches1 at least at certain times of their gravidation8 ,and what effect it will have upon the ,whelps8 ,there were some other ,quries proposed by the same ,author2 as1 the weighing of the ,emittent ,animal before the ,operation1 that 7making an abatement for the ,effluviums1 and for the ,excrements1 if it voids any7 it may appear1 how much blood it really loses4 ,to which were annext divers others not so fit to be perused but by ,physitians1 and therefore here omitted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,method for ,observing the ,eclipses of the ,moon1 free from the ,common ,inconveniencies1 as it was left by the ,learned ,mr4 ,rook1 late ,gresham-,professor of ,geometry4 ,eclipses of the ,moon are observed for two principal ends2 ,one ,astronomical1 that by comparing ,observations with ,calculations1 the ,theory of the ,moons ,motion may be perfected1 and the ,tables thereof reformed3 the other1 ,geographical1 that by comparing among themselves the ,observations of the same ,ecliptick ,phases1 made in divers places1 the ,difference of ,meridians or ,longitudes of those places may be discerned4 ,the ,knowledge of the ,eclipse's ,quantity and ,duration1 the ,shadows1 ,curvity1 and ,inclination1 c4 conduce only to the former of these ends4 ,the exact time of the ,beginning1 ,middle1 and ,end of ,eclipses1 as also in ,total ones1 the ,beginning and ,end of ,total darkness1 is useful for both of them4 ,but because in ,observations made by the bare ,eye1 these times considerably differ from those with a ,telescope2 and1 because the ,beginning of ,eclipses1 and the ,end of ,total darkness1 are scarce to be observed exactly1 even with ,glasses 7none being able clearly to distinguish between the ,true ,shadow and ,penumbra1 unless he hath seen1 for some time before1 the ,line1 separating them1 pass along upon the ,surface of the ,moon27 and lastly1 because in small #chi ,partial ,eclipses1 the ,beginning and ,end1 and in ,total ones of short continuance in the ,shadow1 the ,beginning and ,end of ,total darkness1 are unfit for nice ,observations1 by reason of the slow change of ,apparences1 which the ,oblique ,motion of the ,shadow then causeth4 ,for these reasons ,i shall propound a ,method peculiarly design'd for the ,accomplishment of the ,geographical end in ,observing ,lunar ,eclipses1 free 7as far as is possible7 from all the mentioned ,inconveniences4 ,for1 ,first1 ,it shall not be practicable without a ,telescope4 ,secondly1 ,the ,observer shall alwayes have opportunity before his principal ,observation1 to note the ,distinction between the ,true ,shadow and the ,penumbra4 ,and1 ,thirdly1 ,it shall be applicable to those ,seasons of the ,eclipse1 when there is the suddenest ,alteration in the ,apparences4 ,to satisfie all which intents1 ,let there be of the ,eminentest ,spots1 dispersed over all ,quarters of the ,moons ,surface1 a select number generally agreed on1 to be constantly made use of1 to this purpose1 in all parts of the ,world4 ,as1 for ,example1 those1 which ,m4 ,hevelius calleth1 ,sinai4 thna4 ,besbicus4 ,motis4 ,mons ,insula4 ,palus ,porphyrites4 ,creta4 ,marotis4 ,lacus ,niger ,major4 ,serorum4 ,let in each ,eclipse1 not all1 but 7for instance7 three of these ,spots1 which then lie nearest to the ,ecliptick1 be exactly observed1 when they are first touch'd by the ,true ,shadow1 and again1 when they are just compleatly entred into it1 and 7if you please7 also in the ,decrease of the ,eclipse1 when they are first fully clear from the ,true ,shadow3 ,for the accurate determinations of which moments of time 7that being in this business of main importance7 let there be taken ,altitudes of remarkable ,fixed ,stars on this #cij side of the ,line1 of such1 as lie between the quator and ,tropick of ,cancer2 but beyond the ,line1 of such1 as are situate towards the other ,tropick2 and in all places1 of such1 as at the time of ,observation1 are about #d4 hours distant from the ,meridian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account of some ,observations1 lately made in ,spain1 by ,his ,excellency the ,earl of ,sandwich4 ,the ,right ,honourable the ,earl of ,sandwich1 as he appears eminent in discharging the ,trust1 his ,majesty hath reposed in him1 of ,ambassador ,extraordinary to the ,king of ,spain2 so he forgets not in the midst of that ,employment1 that he is a ,member of the ,royal ,society2 but does from time to time1 when his weighty ,state-,negotiations do permit1 imploy himself in making considerable ,observations of divers kinds1 both ,astronomical and ,physiological2 and communicateth the same to the said ,society2 as for instance1 lately1 what he has observ'd concerning the ,solar ,eclipse in ,june last1 the ,suns height in the ,solstice1 and also the ,latitude of ,madrid1 esteeming by the ,suns ,altitude in the ,solstice1 and by other ,meridian ,altitudes1 the ,latitude of ,madrid to be #dj deg4 #aj min2 which differs considerably from that assigned by others2 the ,general ,chart of ,europe giving to it #da deg4 #cj min4 the ,general ,map of ,spain1 #dj deg4 #bg min4 ,a large ,provincial ,map of ,castile1 #dj deg4 #ch min4 ,to these particulars1 and others formerly imparted1 his ,excellency is making more of the same nature2 and particularly those of the ,immersion of the ,satellites of ,jupiter4 ,we must not omit mentioning here1 what he hath observed of ,halo's about the ,moon2 which he relates in these words2 ,decemb4 #be4 ,old ,style1 #afff4 ,in the ,evening1 here 7vid4 at ,madrid7 was a great ,halo about the ,moon1 the ,semidiameter whereof was about #bc deg4 #cj min4 ,aldebaran was just in the ,north-east part of the ,circle1 and the two ,horns of ,aries just enclosed by the ,south-west of the ,circle1 the ,moon being in the ,center4 ,i note this the rather 7saith he7 because five or six years ago1 vid4 ,novemb4 #ba4 ,old ,style1 #affa4 an hour after ,sun-set1 ,i saw a great ,halo about the ,moon of the same ,semidiameter1 #cia at ,tangier1 the ,moon being very near the same place1 where she was now4 99 99 99 99 99 ,extract of a ,letter1 lately written by ,mr4 ,nathaniel ,fairfax to the ,publisher1 containing ,observations about some ,insects1 and their ,inoxiousness1 c4 ,the ,ingenious ,author of this ,letter1 as he expresses an extraordinary desire to see the ,store-house of ,natural ,philosophy1 more richly fraughted 7a ,work begun by the single care and conduct of the ,excellent ,lord ,verulam1 and prosecuted by the ,joynt-undertakings of the ,r4 ,society7 so he very frankly offers his ,service in contributing some of his ,observations1 and begins in this very ,letter to perform his ,offer4 ,for1 ,having taken notice of what was publisht in ,numb4 #i4 p4 #afa4 out of the ,italian ,philosopher ,redi1 vid4 ,that ,creatures1 reputed ,venomous1 are indeed no ,poysons1 when swallow'd1 though they may prove so1 when put into ,wounds3 ,he1 for confirmation thereof1 alledges ,examples of several ,persons well known to him 7himself also having been an ,eye-witness to some such ,experiments7 who have frequently swallow'd ,spiders1 even of the rankest kind1 without any more harm than happens to ,hens1 ,robin-red-breasts1 and other ,birds1 who make ,spiders their daily ,commons4 ,and having made mention of some men1 that eat even ,toads1 he adds1 that though a ,toad be not a ,poyson to us in the whole2 yet it may invenome outwardly1 according to some parts so and so stirr'd2 an instance whereof he alledges in a ,boy1 who stumbling on a ,toad1 and hurling stones at it1 some ,juyce from the bruised ,toad chanced to light upon his ,lips1 whereupon they swell'd1 each to the thickness of about two ,thumbs3 ,and he neglecting to use1 what might be proper to restore them1 they have continued in that mishapen size ever since2 the ugliness whereof1 when the ,relator saw1 gave him occasion to inquire after the cause of it1 which thereupon he understood to be1 as has been recited4 ,on this occasion1 the same ,gentleman relates1 that once seeing a ,spider bruised into a small ,glass of ,water1 and that it tinged #cib it somewhat of a ,sky-colour1 he was1 upon owning his surprise thereat1 informed1 that a dozen of them being put in1 they would dye it to almost a full ,azure4 ,which is touch't here1 that1 the ,experiment being so easie to make1 it may be tried1 when the season furnishes those ,insects2 meantime1 it seems not more incredible1 that this ,creature should yield a ,sky-colour1 when put in water1 than that ,cochineel1 which also is but an ,insect1 should afford a fine red1 when steep'd in the same ,liquor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,account ,of ,some ,books4 ,i4 ,le ,tome troisieme et dernier des ,lettres de ,m4 ,,des-,,cartes4 ,as the two first ,tomes of ,m4 ,des-,cartes his ,letters1 contain ,questions1 for the most part of a ,moral and ,physiological ,nature1 proposed to1 and answer'd by him2 so this consists of the ,contests1 he had upon several ,subjects with divers ,men eminent in his time4 ,to pass by that sharp ,contest1 he was engaged in by some ,professors of ,divinity at ,utrecht1 who endeavoured to discredit his ,philosophy1 as leading to ,libertinisme and ,atheisme1 notwithstanding he made it so much his business1 as to assert the ,existence of a ,deity1 and the ,immortality of a ,soul3 ,we shall take notice of what is more to our purpose1 vid4 the ,differences1 he had touching his ,dioptricks and ,geometry4 ,as for his ,dioptricks1 though a great part of the ,learned ,world have much esteem'd that ,treatise1 as leaving little to be said after him upon that ,subject2 yet there have not been wanting ,mathematicians1 who have declared their disagreement from his ,principles in that ,doctrine4 ,the first of them was the ,jesuit ,bourdin1 ,mathematick ,professor in the ,colledg of ,clermont at ,paris2 but this difference was soon at an end4 ,a second was ,mr4 ,hobbs1 upon whose account he wrote several ,letters to ,mersennus1 containing many remarks conducing to the ,knowledge of the ,nature of ,reflection and ,refraction4 ,but the ,person1 that did most learnedly and resolutely attack the said ,dioptricks1 was ,monsieur ,fermat1 #cic writing first about it to ,mersennus1 who soon communicated his ,objections to ,m4 ,des-,cartes1 who failed not to return his ,answer to them4 ,but ,fermat replied1 and ,des-,cartes likewise2 and after many reciprocations1 in which each party pretended to have the advantage1 the matter rested2 until ,m4 ,fermat taking occasion to write afresh of it to ,m4 ,de la ,chambre1 several years after ,des-,cartes's death1 upon occasion of a ,book1 written ,m4 ,de la ,chambre1 ,of ,light2 discoursed with this new ,author after the same rate1 as he had done before with ,des-,cartes himself1 and seemed to invite some-body of his friends1 to re-assume the former contest4 ,whereupon ,m4 ,clerselier and ,m4 ,rohault took up the ,gantlet1 to assert the ,doctrine of the deceased ,philosopher1 exchanging several ,letters with ,m4 ,fermat1 all inserted in this ,tome1 and serving fully to instruct the ,reader of this ,difference1 and withal to elucidate many difficult points of the ,subject of ,refractions2 especially of this particular1 ,whether the ,motion of ,light is more easily1 and with more expedition1 perform'd through dense ,mediums1 than rare4 ,besides this1 though one would think1 ,disputes had no place in ,geometry1 since all proofs there1 are as many ,demonstrations2 yet ,m4 ,des-,cartes hath had several scufles touching that ,science4 ,as ,m4 ,fermat had assaulted his ,dioptricks1 so ,he reciprocally examined his ,treatise ,de ,maximis ,minimis1 pretending to have met with ,paralogismes in it4 ,but the ,cause of ,m4 ,fermat was learnedly pleaded for1 by some of his ,friends1 who took their turn to examine the ,treatise of ,des-,carte's ,geometry2 whereupon many ,letters were exchanged1 to be found this ,book1 and deserving to be considered2 which doubtless the ,curious would easily be induced to do1 if ,copies of this ,book were to be obtain'd here in ,england1 besides that one1 which the ,publisher received from his ,parisian ,correspondent1 and which affords him the opportunity of giving this1 though but ,cursory1 ,account of it4 ,as to ,physicks1 there occur chiefly two ,questions1 learnedly treated of in this ,volume1 though not without some heat between ,m4 ,des-,cartes and ,m4 ,roberval4 ,the one is1 touching the ,vibrations of ,bodies suspended in the ,air1 and their ,center of ,agitation3 about which1 there is also a ,letter inserted of #cid ,m4 ,des-,cartes to that late ,noble and ,learned ,english ,knight1 ,sir ,charles ,cavendish4 ,the other is1 whether ,motion can be made without supposing a ,vacuum3 where 'tis represented1 ,that1 if one comprehend well the ,nature1 ascribed to the ,materia subtilis1 and how ,motions1 called ,circular1 are made1 which need not be just ,ovals or true ,circles1 but are only called ,circular1 in regard that their ,motion ends1 where it had begun1 whatever irregularity there be in the ,middle2 and also1 that all the ,inequalities1 that may be in the ,magnitude or ,figure of the parts1 may be compensated by other inequalities1 met with in their ,swiftness1 and by the facility1 with which the parts of the ,subtle ,matter1 or of the first ,cartesian ,element1 which are found every where1 happen to be divided1 or to accommodate their ,figure to the ,space1 they are to fill up3 ,if these things be well understood and considered1 that then no difficulty can remain touching the ,motion of the parts of ,matter in pleno4 ,besides all these particulars1 treated of in this ,tome1 there occur many pretty ,questions concerning ,numbers1 the ,cycloid1 the manner of ,working ,glasses for ,telescopes1 the way of ,weighing ,air1 and many other ,curiosities1 ,mathematical and ,physical4 ,,ii4 ,,astronomia ,,reformata1 ,auctore ,,johanne ,,bapt4 ,,riccioli1 ,soc4 ,jesu4 ,for the ,notice of this ,book1 and the ,account of the ,chief ,heads contained therein1 we are obliged to the ,journal des ,scavans2 which informs us1 ,first1 ,that the ,design of this ,work is1 that1 because several ,astronomers1 having had their several ,hypotheses1 there is found so great a diversity of opinions1 that it is difficult thence to conclude any thing certain2 this ,author judged it also necessary1 to compare together all the best ,observations1 and upon examination of what they have most certain in them1 to reform upon that measure the ,principles of ,astronomy4 ,secondly1 ,that this ,volume is divided into two ,parts1 whereof the ,first is composed of ,ten ,books2 in which the ,author #cie considers the principal ,observations1 hitherto made of the ,motion of the ,planets and the ,fixed ,stars1 of their ,magnitude1 ,figure1 and other ,accidents2 drawing thence several ,conclusions1 in which he establishes his ,hypothesis4 ,the second contains his ,astronomical ,tables1 made according to the ,hypotheses of the ,first ,part1 together with ,instructions teaching the manner of using them4 ,thirdly1 ,that ,astronomers will find in this ,book many very remarkable things1 concerning the ,apparent ,diameter of the ,sun and the other ,stars1 the ,motion of the ,libration of the ,moon1 the ,eclipses1 ,parallaxes1 and ,refractions3 ,and that this ,author shews1 that there is a great difference between ,optical and ,astronomical ,refraction1 which ,tycho and many others have confounded2 undertaking to prove1 that1 whereas these ,astronomers have believed1 that the remoter any ,star is1 the less is its ,refraction1 on the contrary the ,refraction is the greater1 the more a ,star is distant4 ,and among many other things1 he ingeniously explicates the two contrary ,motions of the ,sun1 from ,east to ,west1 and vice versa1 by one onely ,motion upon a ,spiral1 turning about a ,cone4 ,fourthly1 ,that he represents1 ,how uneasie it is to establish sure ,principles of this ,science1 by reason of the difficulties of making exact ,observations4 ,so1 for example1 in the ,observation of the ,equinox1 every one is mistaken by so many ,hours1 as he is of ,minutes1 in the ,elevation of the ,pole1 or the ,diameter of the ,sun1 or the ,refraction1 or in any other circumstance4 ,in the ,observation of the ,solstice1 the error of one only ,second causeth a mistake of an ,hour and an half3 mean time 'tis almost impossible to avoid the error of a ,second2 and even the sharpest sight will not be able to perceive it1 except it be assisted with an ,instrument of a prodigious bigness4 ,for to mark ,seconds1 though ,lines were drawn as subtil as the single threds of a ,silk-worms ,clew1 7which are the smallest spaces to be discerned by the sharpest ,eye7 by the ,calculation made by this ,author there would need an ,instrument of #dh4 feet ,radius1 since ,experience shews1 that there needs no more at most1 than #cfjj4 threds of ,silk to cover the space of an inch4 ,but1 suppose one could have a ,quadrant of this bigness1 who can assure himself1 that dividing it into #cif #cbdjjj4 parts 7for so many ,seconds there are in #ij4 ,degrees7 either in placing it1 or in observing1 he shall not mistake the thickness of a single thred of ,silk8 ,he adds1 that ,great ,instruments have their defects1 as the small ones3 ,for in those1 that are ,movable1 if the thred1 on which the ,lead hangs1 is any thing big1 it cannot exactly mark ,seconds2 if it be very fine1 it breaks1 because of its great length1 and the weight of the ,lead3 ,and in the ,fixed ones1 the greater the ,diameter is1 the less the ,shadow or the ,light is terminated2 so that it is painful enough1 exactly to discern the extremities thereof4 ,yet 'tis certain1 that the greater the ,instruments are1 the surer ,astronomers may be3 ,whence it is1 the some ,astronomers have made use of ,obelisks of a vast bigness1 to take the ,altitudes2 and ,signior ,cassini1 after the example of ,egnatio ,dante1 caused a hole to be made on the highest part of a ,wall of #ie4 feet in a ,church at ,bononia1 through which the beams of the ,sun falling on the ,floor1 mark as exactly as is possible1 the height of that ,luminary4 ,fifthly1 ,that the ,author reasons for the ,immobility of the ,earth after this manner4 ,he supposes for certain1 that the swiftness of the ,motion of heavy bodies doth still increase in their descent2 to confirm which principle1 he affirms to have experimented1 ,that1 if you let fall a ,ball into one of the ,scales of a ,ballance1 according to the proportion of the height1 it falls from1 it raiseth different weights in the other ,scale4 ,for example1 ,a ,wooden ,ball1 of #a ounce1 falling from a height of #ce inches1 raiseth a weight of #e4 ounces2 from the height of #adj inches1 a weight of #bj ounces2 from that of #cae inches1 one of #de ounces2 and from another of #efj inches1 one of #hj ounces1 c4 ,from this principle he concludes the ,earth to be at ,rest2 for saith he1 if it should have a ,diurnal ,motion upon its ,center1 ,heavy ,bodies being carried along with it by its motion1 would in descending describe a ,curve ,line1 and1 as he shews by a ,calculus1 made by him1 run equal spaces in equal times2 whence it follows1 that the ,celerity of their ,motion would not increase in descending1 and that consequently their stroke would not be stronger1 after they had fallen thorow a longer space4 #cig ,,iii4 ,,anatome ,,medullae ,,spinalis1 ,,et ,,nervorum inde provenientium1 ,,gerardi ,,blasii1 ,m4 ,d4 ,the ,author shews in this little ,tract a way of taking the entire ,medulla ,spinalis1 or ,marrow of the ,back1 out of its ,theca or ,bony ,receptacle without ,laceration2 which else happens frequently1 both of the ,nerves proceeding from it1 and of the ,coats investing it2 not to name other parts of the same4 ,this he affirms to have been put into practice by himself1 by a fine ,saw and ,wedge2 which are to be dexterously used3 and he produceth accordingly in excellent ,cuts1 the ,representations of the ,structure of the said ,medulla thus taken out1 and the ,nerves1 thence proceeding2 and that of several ,animals1 ,dogs1 ,swine1 ,sheep4 ,he intermixes several ,observations1 touching the ,singleness of this ,medulla1 against ,lindanus and others2 its ,original2 vid4 ,whether it be the ,root of the ,brain1 or the ,brain the ,root of it3 its difference of ,softness and ,hardness in several ,animals2 where he notes1 that in ,swine it is much softer than in ,dogs1 c4 ,he exhibits also the ,arteries1 ,nerves1 and ,veins1 dispersed through this ,medulla1 and inquires1 ,whether the ,nerves proceed from the ,medulla it self1 or its ,meninx2 and discourses also of the ,principle and ,distribution of the ,nerves2 referring for ampler information in this and the other particulars1 to that ,excellent ,book of the ,learned ,dr4 ,willis1 ,de ,anatome ,cerebri4 #cih 99 99 99 99 99 ,advertisement4 ,it was thought fit to publish here the following ,advertisement of ,john ,evelyn ,esquire1 and that1 as himself proposed it4 ,viz1 ,being much solicited by many worthy ,persons1 to publish a ,second ,edition of my ,discourse and ,directions concerning ,timber1 c4 which was printed at the ,command and by the ,encouragement of the ,r4 ,society1 ,i do humbly request1 that if any ,person have any ,material1 ,additions or ,reformations1 which he thinks necessary either to the ,part1 which concerns the ,improvement of ,forrest-,trees1 or that of ,cider1 he would be pleased to communicate his ,notes and ,directions to ,mr4 ,h4 ,oldenburgh1 one of the ,secretaries of the said ,society1 at his ,house in the ,palmal of ,st4 ,james's ,fields ,westminster1 with what speed they conveniently can1 before our ,lady-day next1 to be inserted into this intended ,edition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note1 ,what was observed1 ,numb4 #bj4 p4 #cfd1 l4 #ah1 of the ,number of ,vegetables1 7vid4 ,that they are about #daj47 found in ,england2 and catalogued by ,dr4 ,merret in his ,pinax1 c4 is to be understood only of the different ,kinds of ,plants1 not of the several sorts of several ,plants2 for1 these being comprised1 the ,number will amount to about #adjj4 99 99 99 99 99 #cii ,,the ,,philosophical ,,transactions ,,of ,two ,years1 #affe and #afff1 beginning ,march #f4 #affe4 and ending with ,february #afff2 abbreviated in an ,,alphabetical ,,table3 ,and also afterwards ,digested into a more ,,natural ,,method4 ,in the ,,table1 the first ,figure signifies the ,number of the ,tracts3 the second1 the ,page1 as it is remarked in the same4 ,a4 ,agriculture1 ,head of ,inquiries concerning it4 num4 #e pag4 #ia4 ,air4 ,the weight of it in all changes1 by wind1 weather1 or whatever other influence observable by a standing ,mercurial ,balance1 call'd a ,baroscope1 hinted in reference to ,m4 ,hooks ,micrography1 n4 #b4 p4 #ca4 applied to particulars by ,dr ,beale1 #i4 #aec4 with additions1 #aj4 #afc4 described with observables relating to an ,earth-quake about ,oxford by ,dr4 ,wallis1 #aj4 #afg4 ,mr4 ,boyle's remarks on the same1 #aa4 #aha4 ,the ,wheel-,baroscope improved and delineated by ,m4 ,hook1 #ac4 #bah4 ,another ,balance of the ,air contrived by ,m4 ,boyle1 and call'd ,statical1 by which the former may be exactly stated and examin'd for many particular applications1 #ad4 #bca4 ,anatome1 see ,flesh1 ,blood1 ,animals1 ,lungs1 ,petrification1 ,taste2 item1 ,steno1 ,graeff1 ,bellinus1 ,redi1 in the ,liste of ,books4 ,animals1 one may live by the blood of another1 the whole mass of his own blood being drawn out1 and the blood of another infus'd in the mean time1 #bj4 #cec4 ,see ,bloods ,tranfusion4 ,the ,generation and ,functions of ,animals deduced by ,mechanical principles1 without recourse to substantial form1 #ah4 #cbe4 ,see ,honor4 ,fabri4 n4 #bj4 p4 #cfe4 ,see also ,guarini4 ,artificial ,instruments or ,engins4 ,to weigh air1 see ,baroscope1 or rather ,air4 ,to discern drought or moisture of the ,air1 see ,hygroscope4 n4 #b4 p4 #ca4 appliable in the observation of ,tydes1 #ag4 #cjj4 ,thermometers1 to measure degrees of heat and cold1 #b4 #ca4 described1 #aj4 #aff4 applied in the examination of ,tydes1 #ag4 #cjj4 ,an ,instrument for graduating ,thermometers1 to make them ,standards of heat and cold1 #b4 #ca4 ,a new ,engine for grinding any ,optick ,glasses of a ,sphrical figure1 #b4 #ca4 ,to measure the ,refractions of ,liquors of all kinds1 for establishing the ,laws of ,refraction1 #b4 #cb4 ,to break the hardest ,rocks in ,mines1 #e4 #hb4 ,to try for fresh waters at the bottom of the ,seas1 #i4 #adg4 ,to find the greatest depths in the ,sea1 #i4 #adg4 ,the ,engin for fetching up fresh water defended by ,explication1 #ac4 #bbh4 ,huge ,wheels1 and other ,engins for ,mines1 #b4 #bc4 ,by the fall of water to blow wind1 as with ,bellows1 #b4 #be4 #djj ,astronomical ,remarks of a ,new ,star seen by ,hevelius in ,pectore ,cygni1 which he supposeth to be the same1 which ,kepler saw ,a4 #afja4 and continued until #afjb4 and was not seen again until #affb4 and then almost always hiding it self till #bd4 ,nov4 #afff4 ,that1 seen by ,kepler was of the third magnitude2 this now1 of the sixth or seventh4 ,q4 ,whether it changes place and magnitude1 #ai4 #cdi4 ,the ,scheme1 #ba4 #cgb4 ,a ,new ,star in ,collo ,ceti1 observ'd from #afch1 to #affd1 #affe1 #afff4 with its vicissitudes and periods1 and causes of change1 open'd by ,bullialdus1 who conceives the bigger part of that round body to be obscure1 and the whole to turn about its own ,center1 #ba4 #chb4 ,another ,new ,star call'd ,nebulosa in ,cingulo ,andromed1 seen when the ,comet appear'd #affe4 observ'd by the said ,bullialdus to appear and disappear by turns1 ibid4 #chc4 ,a method for observing the ,eclipses of the ,moon1 free from the common ,inconveniences1 by ,m4 ,rook1 #bb4 #chg4 ,b4 ,baroscope4 ,see ,air and ,artificial ,instruments4 ,blood4 ,the new ,operation of ,transfusing blood into the veins1 out of one ,animal into another2 with considerations upon it1 #bj4 #cec4 ,the first ,rise of this ,invention1 #g4 #bjh4 ,the ,success1 #ai4 #ceb4 ,proposals and ,queries1 for the improvement of this ,experiment1 by ,m4 ,boyle1 #bb4 #che1 #chf4 ,little ,blood-letting in ,china1 #ad4 #bdi4 ,blood found in some mens veins like ,milk1 or of the colour of ,milk1 #f4 #ajj4 again p4 #aag4 #aah4 and again #h4 #aci4 ,a ,bolus in ,hungary good as ,bole ,armenick1 #a4 #aa4 ,the ,bononian ,stone1 see ,light or ,stone1 #ba4 #cge4 ,books abbreviated1 or recited3 ,laur4 ,bellinus de ,gusts ,organo novissim deprehenso1 #bj4 #cff4 abbrev4 ,gerh4 ,blasii ,anatome ,medull ,spinalis ,nervorum inde procedentium1 abbrev4 #bb4 #cig4 ,mr4 ,boyle of ,thermometers and ,history of ,cold1 abbrev4 #a4 #h4 more #c4 #df4 ---- ,his ,hydrostatical ,paradoxes abbrev4 #h4 #ade4 more largely #aj4 #agc4 ---- ,his ,origin of ,forms and ,qualities1 #h4 #ade4 abbreviated #aa4 #aia4 ,monsieur de ,bourges his ,relation of the ,bishop of ,beryte his ,voyages in ,turky1 ,persia1 ,india1 abbrev4 #ah4 #cbd4 ,bullialdi ,monita duc1 abbrev4 #ba4 #cha4 ,see sup ,astronomy4 ,des ,cartes his ,third ,volume of ,letters1 #bb4 #cib4 ,de la ,chambre's ,causes of the inundation of the ,nile1 abbr4 #ad4 #bea4 ,cordemoy of the difference of ,bodies and ,souls1 or ,spirits1 and their operation upon one another1 abbrev4 #ag4 #cjf4 ,euclidis ,elementa ,geometrica novo ordine de nonstrata1 #ae4 #bfa4 ,hon4 ,fabri ,soc4 ,jes4 ,tract4 duo #a4 de ,plantis ,genet4 ,animalium4 #b4 de ,homine2 abbreviated1 #ah4 #cbe4 ,felibien of the most excellent ,paintings1 #ba4 #chc4 ,catalogue of ,fermats ,writings1 and his character1 #a4 #ae4 ,de ,graeff1 de ,succi ,pancreatici natura usu1 abbrev4 #aj4 #agh4 ,guarini ,placita ,philosophica1 abbreviated1 #bj4 #cfe4 ,hevelius's ,prodromus ,cometicus1 abbrev4 #f4 #ajd4 ,his ,descriptio ,cometica cum ,mantissa1 abbrev4 #ag4 #cja4 ,hobbes de ,principiis ,ratione ,geometrarum1 described1 #ad4 #aic4 ,animadverted upon by ,dr4 ,wallis1 #af4 #bhi4 ,hooks ,micrographical and ,telescopical ,observations1 ,philosophical ,instruments and ,inventions1 abbr4 #b4 #bi4 ,kircher's ,mundus ,subterraneus1 abbrev4 #f4 #aji4 ,lower's ,vindication of ,dr4 ,willis de ,febribus1 #d4 #gg4 ,meret's ,pinax ,rerum ,naturalium ,britannicarum1 continens ,vegetabilis1 ,animalia ,fossilia1 in hac insula reperta1 inchoatus2 abbr4 #bj4 #cfd4 ,parker's ,tentamina ,physico ,theologica1 abbrev4 #ah4 #cbd4 ,redi an ,italian ,philosopher1 of ,vipers1 abbrev4 #i4 #afj4 ,ricciolo's ,astronomia ,reformato1 ,volumen quartum abbrev4 #bb4 #cid4 ,smith of ,k4 ,solomon's ,pourtraicture of ,old ,age1 #ad4 #bed4 #dja ,stetonis de ,musculis ,glandulis observatium ,specimen2 cum duabus ,epistolis ,anatomicis1 abbrev4 #aj4 #agf4 ,sydenhami ,methodus ,curandi ,febras1 abbrev4 #ab4 #baj4 ,thevenot's ,relation of curious ,voyages1 with a ,geographical description of ,china1 abbr4 #ad4 #bdh4 ,the ,english ,vineyard vindicated1 #ae4 #bfb4 ,isaac ,vossius de ,origine ,nili1 abbreviated1 #ag4 #cjd4 ,vlug-,beig great ,grand-child to the famous ,tamerlane1 his ,catalogue of fix't ,stars1 with their ,longitudes1 ,latitudes1 and ,magnitudes1 taken at ,samarcand1 ,a4 #adcg4 ,translated out of a ,persian ,m4 ,s4 by ,m4 ,hyde1 ,keeper of the ,bodleian ,library1 #h4 #ade4 ,the ,burning ,concave of ,m4 de ,vilette in ,lyons1 burning and melting any matter 7very few excepted47 ,what1 and ,how1 and at what distance4 ,the proportion2 and compared with other rare burning ,concaves1 #f4 #if4 ,c4 ,in ,china very ancient ,books found of the nature and vertues of ,herbs1 ,trees and ,stones1 #ad4 #bdi4 ,the ,root there called ,genseng1 very restorative and cordial1 recovering agonizing persons1 sold there each pound for three pounds of silver1 #ad4 #bdi4 ,china ,dishes how made there1 ibid4 ,a way found in ,europe to make ,china-,dishes1 #g4 #abg4 ,chymists in ,china pretend to make ,gold1 and promise ,immortality1 #ad4 #bdi4 ,cold1 see ,m4 ,boyles ,history1 abbrev4 ,more ,inquiries1 and some answers touching ,cold1 #ai4 #cdd4 ,how ,cold may be produced in hottest ,summers by ,sal ,armoniack1 discovered by ,m4 ,boyle1 #ae4 #bee4 ,some suggestions see remedies against ,cold1 by ,d4 ,beale1 #ba4 #cgi4 ,comets4 ,the motions of the ,comet of ,decemb4 #affd4 predicted1 #a4 #c4 ,cassini concurs2 #b4 #ag4 ,auzout1 who first predicted the motion1 reflects upon ,cassini1 #b4 #ah4 and predicts the motions of the second ,comet of ,march1 ,april #affe4 n4 #c4 #cf4 ,controversies and ,discourses1 some at large1 concerning ,comets1 n4 #a4 p4 #c4 n4 #b4 p4 #ag1 #ah4 n4 #c4 p4 #cf4 n4 #f4 p4 #ajd4 n4 #i4 p4 #aej4 n4 #ag4 p4 #cja4 ,many considerables abbreviated1 n4 #f4 p4 #ajd4 n4 #ag4 p4 #cja4 ,d4 ,damps in ,mines pernicious1 #c4 #dd4 and how killing1 ibid4 ,directions for ,seamen bound for far ,voyages1 by ,m4 ,rook1 #h4 #adj4 ,mr4 ,boyles ,inquiries1 #ah4 #cae4 ,philosophical ,directions or ,inquiries for such as ,travel into ,turky1 #bj4 #cfj4 ,directions1 or general ,heads for a natural ,history of a ,countrey1 by ,m4 ,boyle1 #aa4 #ahf4 ,directions or ,inquiries concerning ,mines1 by the same1 #ai4 #ccj4 ,diamonds where1 and how the fairest are discover'd1 #ah4 #cbg4 ,e4 ,the ,earthquake about ,oxford1 ,anno #affe4 described by ,d4 ,wallis1 #aj4 #aha4 by ,m4 ,boyle1 #aa4 #agi4 noting the ,concomitants thereof by ,baroscope and ,thermometer4 ,the ,earth's ,diurnal motion prov'd by the motion of the ,comets1 #a4 #f4 #g4 especially by the slow motion of the second ,comet1 #c4 #ci4 ,see ,m4 ,auzout1 confirm'd by ,m4 ,hevelius1 #f4 #aje4 confirm'd also by the ,tydes at ,sea1 #af4 #bfe4 ,the ,eclipse of ,june #bb1 #afff4 accurately observ'd at ,london1 #ag4 #bde4 at ,madrid1 ibid4 at ,paris1 #ag4 #bdf4 at ,danizick1 drawn in accurate ,cuts1 n4 #ai4 #cdg4 n4 #ba4 p4 #cfi4 ,elephants3 ,how to escape1 or to combat with them1 #ah4 #cbh4 ,eeles discover'd under ,banks in ,hoar-,frosts1 by the ,greens of the ,banks approaching1 #ah4 #chc4 ,f4 ,the ,fleshy parts of the ,body which are usually reputed1 and do seem void of ,vessels1 are argued to be full of ,vessels1 by ,d4 ,king1 #ah4 #caf4 ,friction and sometimes ,touch1 how sanative1 by several ,examples1 #ab4 #bjf4 ,frictions much used by ,physitians in ,china with good success1 #ad4 #bdi4 #djb ,g4 ,geometricians censur'd by ,m4 ,hobbs1 #ad4 #aec4 defended by ,d4 ,wallis1 #af4 #bhi4 ,the method of teaching ,geometry reform'd1 #ae4 #bfa4 ,see ,euclidis ,elementa novo ordine1 among the ,books4 ,i4 ,inquiries1 see ,directions1 supr4 ,ice and ,snow how to be preserv'd in ,chaffe1 and how ,snow-houses are made in ,livorn1 #h4 #aci4 ,insects1 in swarms pernicious in some ,countries2 the cause of them1 and what ,remedies1 #h4 #aci4 some ,insects1 commonly believed poysonous1 not so1 by ,m4 ,fairfax1 #bb4 #cia4 ,to find the ,julian period by a new and easie way1 #ah4 #cbd4 ,jupiter's ,rotation by degrees discover'd in ,england and ,italy1 n4 #a4 p4 #c4 n4 #d p4 #ge4 n4 #h4 p4 #adc4 n4 #i4 p4 #agc4 n4 #ab4 p4 #bji4 n4 #ad4 p4 #bde4 ,k4 ,kermes1 how gather'd and used for ,coloration1 describ'd with many considerables1 #bj4 #cfb4 ,l4 ,light1 to examine what figure or celerity of motion begetteth or increaseth ,light or ,flame in some ,bodies1 by ,d4 ,beale1 #ac4 p4 #bbf4 ,shining ,worms found in ,oysters1 #ab4 #ajc4 ,the ,bononian ,stone duly prepar'd continues light once imbibed above any other substance yet known amongst us1 #ba4 #cge4 ,the loss of the way of preparing the same for shining1 feared1 ibid4 ,longitudes at ,sea1 how to be ascertain'd by ,pendulum-,watches1 #a4 #ac4 ,lungs and ,windpipes in ,sheep and ,oxen strangely stopt with ,hand-,balls of ,grass1 #f4 #ajj4 ,m4 ,marbles1 that a liquor may be made to colour them1 piercing into them1 #g4 #abe4 ,mars1 by what steps and degrees of diligence discover'd to be turbinated1 both in ,england and ,italy4 ,compare n4 #aj4 p4 #aih4 and n4 #ad4 #bci1 #bdb4 see the ,schemes there4 ,may-dew examin'd by various ,experiments1 by ,m4 ,henshaw1 #c4 #cc4 ,mechanical ,principles in a ,geometrical method1 explicating the nature or operation of ,plants1 ,animals1 #h4 #cbe4 ,medicins in ,china consist for the most part of ,simples1 ,decoctions1 ,cauteries1 ,frictions1 without the use of ,blood-letting1 #ad4 #bdi4 ,the ,physitians there1 commended for speedy ,cures1 and easie1 ibid4 ,mediterranean ,sea1 whether it may be join'd with the ,ocean1 debated1 #c4 #da4 ,micrography epitomized1 #b4 #bg4 ,m4 ,auzout's ,objections to a part of it2 vid4 the new way of grinding ,spherical ,glasses by a ,turn-lath1 #d4 #eg4 ,m4 ,hooks answer thereunto1 #d4 #fd4 both at large4 ,mercury-,mines in ,friuli1 and the way of getting it out of the earth1 #b4 #ba4 ,mineral ,inquiries1 see ,directions1 ,engins1 ,artificial ,instruments4 ,mineral at ,liege yielding ,brimstone and ,vitriol2 and the way of extracting them1 #c4 #ce4 ,how ,adits and ,mines are wrought at ,liege1 #e4 #gi4 ,a ,stone in ,sueden yielding ,sulphur1 ,vitriol1 ,allum and ,minium1 and how1 #ba4 #cge4 ,see ,kircher's ,mundus ,subterraneus abbr4 #f4 #aji4 ,monsters1 a ,calf deform'd1 and a great stone found in a ,cows womb1 n4 #a4 #aj4 a ,colt with a double eye in one place1 #e4 #he4 ,moons ,diameter how to be taken1 and why increased in the ,solar ,eclipse of ,jun4 #bb4 #afff4 n4 #b4 p4 #cgc4 see ,planets4 ,what discoverable in the ,moon1 and what not4 ,moons ,eclipses how to take without inconvenience1 #bb4 #chg4 ,mulberry-,trees how to be cut low1 and easie to be reach'd1 for relief of ,silk-worms1 in ,china1 #ad4 #bdi4 in ,virginia1 #ab4 #bjb4 see ,silk4 ,n4 ,nile's ,inundations1 the cause attributed to ,niter1 by ,dela ,chambre2 opposed by ,vossius4 ,see both in the ,list of ,books1 #ad4 #bea4 and #ag4 #cjd4 ,the ,north-,countries of ,poland1 ,sweden1 ,denmark1 c4 are warm'd by the influence of the ,royal ,society1 #ai4 #cdd4 #djc ,o4 ,ocean1 what ,seas may be joined with it1 #c4 #da4 ,opticks1 ,campani's ,glasses do excell ,divini's2 'tis easie by them to distinguish people at four ,leagues distance1 #b4 #aca4 and #ab4 #bji4 ,what they discover in ,jupiter and ,saturn1 #a4 #a4 and #b4 ,the proportions of ,apertures in ,perspectives reduced to a ,table by ,m4 ,auzout1 #d4 #ee4 ,animadverted upon by ,m4 ,hook1 #d4 #fi4 ,how to illuminate ,objects to whatsoever proportion1 proposed by ,m4 ,auzout1 #d4 #ge4 ,hevelius1 ,hugenius1 and some in ,england1 endeavour to improve ,optick ,glasses1 #f4 #ih4 ,seigneur ,burattini's advance in the same inquired after1 #ai4 #cdh4 some answer to it from ,paris1 #bb4 #cgd4 ,divini makes good ,optick ,glasses of ,rock-chrystal1 that had veins 7if he mistook not somewhat else for veins7 #bj4 #cfb4 ,to measure the distance of ,objects on earth by a ,telescope1 undertaken by ,m4 ,auzout1 and others of the ,royal ,society1 #g4 #abc4 ,how a ,telescope of a few feet in ,diameter may draw some hundreds of feet1 #g4 #abg4 ,how a ,glass of a small convex-sphere may be made to reflect the ,rayes of ,light to a ,focus at a far greater distance than is usual1 #ab4 #bjb4 ,p4 ,parsley1 to make it shoot out of the ground in a few hours1 see ,hon4 ,fabri #ah4 #cbe4 ,pictures1 a curious way in ,france of making lively ,pictures in ,wax1 and ,maps in a low relieve1 #f4 #ii4 ,the cause why ,pictures seem to look upon all ,beholders1 on which side soever they place themselves1 #ah4 #cbf4 ,ancient ,paintings compar'd with the ,modern1 and a judgment of the ,paintings in several ,ages1 their perfections1 and defects1 see ,m4 ,felibien1 #ba4 #chc4 ,petrification1 in the wombs of ,women1 #ah4 #cbj4 in a ,calf in the ,cows womb1 #a4 #aj4 ,stones found in the heart of the ,earl of ,belcarris1 #e4 #hf4 ,part of an ,elm by incision1 or otherwise1 petrified a foot above the root and ground1 #ai4 #cbi4 ,wood petrified in a sandy ground in ,england2 and of a ,stone like a ,bone or ,osteocolla1 #f4 #aja4 ,a ,stone of excellent vertues found in the head of a ,serpent in the ,indies1 #f4 #ajb4 ,the causes of ,petrification inquired1 #ah4 #cbj4 ,planets1 ,see ,jupiter11 ,mars1 ,saturn1 ,sun1 ,moon2 which are turbinated1 and which not1 #h4 #adc4 ,to find the true distances of the ,sun and ,moon from the earth1 #i4 #aia4 ,physitians of ,china commended1 see ,medecins4 ,preservation1 to preserve small ,birds taken out of the shell1 or other ,ftus's1 for discoveries1 #ab4 #aih4 ,pulses of the ,sick how diligently1 and to what good purposes observ'ed in ,china1 #ad4 #bdi4 ,r4 ,rainbows strangely posited1 #ac4 #bai4 ,raining of ,ashes1 and how1 #ba4 #cgg4 ,rice prospers best in watery places1 see ,marishes1 #ah4 #cbh4 ,s4 ,salamander1 how it extinguishes fire1 and feeds by licking ,indian earth1 #ba4 #cgg4 ,salt by excessive use stiffens1 and destroys the body1 #h4 #ach4 ,salt-,springs1 see ,springs4 ,salt-,peeter how made in the ,mogols ,dominions1 #f4 #ajc4 ,the proportion of ,salt in best ,salt-,springs2 and what grounds or signs of best ,salt1 #h4 #acf4 ,sea-fluxes1 the cause proposed by way of a new ,theory1 by ,dr4 ,wallis1 #af4 #bfc4 see ,tydes4 ,seas1 whether they may be united1 #c4 #da4 ,silk-,worms and ,silk-,trade sollicited1 #e4 #hg4 and #b4 #bf4 and #ab4 #bja4 ,snakes1 how they differ from ,vipers1 #h4 #ach4 ,rattle-,snakes1 how sometimes kill'd in ,virginia1 #c4 #dc and #d4 #gh4 ,snow-houses directed1 and how to preserve ,ice and ,snow in ,chaffe1 #h4 #aci4 ,springs1 of peculiar note1 n4 #g4 #abg4 n4 #h4 #acc4 #ace4 and #acf4 n4 #ah4 #cbc4 #djd ,t4 ,taste1 the ,organ and ,nature of it1 #bj4 #cff4 ,thunder and ,lightning1 the ,effects examined1 n4 #ac4 #bbb4 n4 #ad4 #bdg4 ,tydes1 the causes proposed1 #af4 #bfc4 ,see a further examination by a severe ,history of ,tydes1 ,winds1 and other circumstances directed1 n4 #ag4 n4 #ah4 n4 #ba4 ,trees of ,oak how found under-ground in ,moors or ,marishes1 #ah4 #cbc4 ,thee1 in ,china and what2 how exchanged there for dried leaves of ,sage by the ,dutch1 #ad4 #bdi4 ,w4 ,whale-fishing about ,bermudas1 and ,new ,england1 how it is performed1 n4 #a4 #aa4 n4 #h4 #acb4 ,wind1 how to be raised by the fall of water1 without any ,bellows1 #b4 #be4 shewed in a draught4 ,worms1 that eat holes in stones1 feeding on stone1 #bh4 #cba4 99 99 99 99 99 #dje ,the more ,,natural ,,method4 ,i4 ,a ,natural ,history of all ,countries and ,places1 is the foundation for solid ,philosophy1 ,see ,directions1 ,inquiries1 and ,instructions for a ,natural ,history of a ,countrey1 n4 #aa4 p4 #ahf4 ,see it in part exemplified in the ,history of ,england1 begun by ,dr4 ,merret in his ,pinax1 #bj4 #cfd4 ,see the cause of ,tydes proposed by ,d4 ,wallis1 #af4 #bfc4 ,see the further ,examination by a severe ,history of ,tydes1 ,winds1 and other ,concomitants or ,adherents1 directed1 n4 #ag4 n4 #ah1 n4 #ba4 ,see the ,inquiries concerning the ,seas1 and ,sea-waters1 n4 #ah4 #cae4 ,see ,directions for ,seamen bound for far ,voyages1 #h4 #adj4 ,kircher's ,account of the ,subterraneous ,world1 #f4 #aji4 ,mr4 ,boyle's ,directions and ,inquires touching ,mines1 #ai4 #ccj4 ,philosophical ,directions and ,inquiries for such as ,travel into ,turky1 n4 #bj4 #cjj4 ,the ,relation of ,m4 de ,bourges1 #ah4 #cbd4 ,m4 ,thevenots ,relation of divers curious ,voyages1 c4 more particularly of ,china1 #bd4 #bdh4 ,the causes of the inundation of the ,nile1 disputed by ,dela ,chambre and ,vossius4 ,in the ,list of ,books4 ,see ,mr4 ,boyle's ,mechanical ,deductions1 and ,chymical ,demonstrations of the ,origine of ,forms and ,qualities1 #aa4 #aia4 ,see the ,application of these ,mechanical ,principles more particularly to the ,nature1 ,operation1 and ,generation of ,plants and ,animals1 and to our humane ,contexture1 in a ,geometrical method1 by ,hon4 ,fabri1 #ah4 #cbe4 ,see ,mr4 ,boyle's ,history of ,cold and ,thermometers1 n4 #a4 p4 #h4 n4 #c4 p4 #df4 ,the ,history of ,winds and ,weather1 and all changes of the ,air 7especially in relation to the weight7 observable by the ,baroscope1 n4 #i4 n4 #aj1 n4 #aa4 ,light1 some special search into the causes1 and some peculiar ,examples4 ,see above in ,light4 ,petrification sollicited1 see ,petrification1 ,stone4 ,the ,earths ,diurnal ,rotation1 see ,earth supr4 ,adventurous ,essayes in ,natural ,philosophy1 see ,guarini1 #bj4 #cfe4 ,earthquakes1 and their ,concomitants observed1 n4 #aj4 n4 #aa4 ,the effects of ,thunder and ,lightning1 examin'd1 see ,thunder1 n4 #ac4 #bbb4 n4 #ad4 #bdg4 ,the raining of ,ashes and ,sand at great distance from the ,mount ,vesuvius1 see ,raine1 #ba4 #cgg4 ,springs1 and ,waters of peculiar ,note1 see ,springs4 ,insects in ,swarms how begotten2 pernicious1 and how destroyed1 #h4 #acg4 ,monsters1 or ,irregularities in ,nature4 ,the ,calf1 ,colt1 supr4 ,four ,suns at once1 and two strange ,rainbows1 #ac4 #bai4 ,see the statical position and tendency or gravitation of ,liquids1 in ,m4 ,boyle's ,hydrostatical ,paradoxes1 #h4 #ade4 ,see in ,m4 ,hooks ,micrography1 a ,history of minute ,bodies1 or rather of the minute and heretofore unseen parts of ,bodies2 it being a main part of ,philosophy1 by an artificial reduction of all gross parts of ,nature to a closer inspection4 ,medicinals1 see ,medicine4 ,physitians1 ,china4 ,friction1 ,dr4 ,sydenham4 ,dr4 ,lower1 ,friction1 supr4 n4 #d4 #gg4 n4 #ab4 #bjf4 ,anatome1 see ,steno de ,musculis ,glandulis4 ,how a juyce in the stomack dissolves the shells of ,crafishes1 ibid4 ,graeff de ,succo ,pancratico2 that ,flesh hath ,vessels1 n4 #ah4 #caf4 ,blood degenerated to resemble milk1 n4 #f4 #aag4 ,the ,transfusion of blood1 #bj4 #cec4 ,the organ and nature of ,taste1 #bj4 #cff4 #djf ,salt too much stiffens and destroys the ,body1 #h4 #ach4 ,,ii4 ,singularities of ,nature severely examin'd4 ,the ordering of ,kermes for ,color4 n4 #bj4 #cfb4 ,how the ,salamander quencheth ,fire1 and lives by licking the ,earth4 n4 #ba4 #cgg4 ,whether ,swallows do lie under water in ,winter1 and revive in ,summer8 n4 #ai4 #cej4 ,whether the ,hungarian ,bolus like the ,armenus8 #a4 #aa4 ,rattle-,snakes how kill'd in ,virginia1 #c4 #dc4 ,snakes and ,vipers how they differ1 see ,snakes above4 ,the ,qualities and ,productions of ,may-dew1 #c4 #a4 ,damps in ,mines how they kill1 #c4 #dd4 ,teeth growing in aged persons1 #ba4 #chj4 ,steams and ,expirations of the ,body how stopp'd2 and the stoppage dangerous or mortal1 #h4 #ach4 ,shining ,worms in ,oysters1 #ab4 #bjc4 ,,iii4 ,arts1 or ,aids for the discovery or use of things ,natural4 ,see ,artificial ,instruments in the ,table4 ,agriculture1 see the ,inquiries1 #e4 #ia4 ,english ,vineyards vindicated1 see in the ,catalogue of ,books4 ,geometry1 see ,euclid methodized for ,facility1 ,fermat3 in the ,catalogue of ,books4 ,astronomy1 see ,astronomical ,remarks4 ,bullialdus1 ,hevetius1 ,comets1 ,planets1 ,saturn1 ,jupiter1 ,mars1 ,sun1 ,moon1 ,eclipses4 ,opticks see that ,head in the ,table4 ,picture1 see that ,head in ,p4 and ,felibien in the ,catalogue of ,books4 ,how to paint ,marbles within1 see the ,head ,marble4 ,pendulum ,watches to ascertain ,longitudes at ,sea1 #a4 #ac4 ,whale-fishing about ,bermudas1 #a4 #aa4 and #h4 #acb4 ,silk-trade sollicited in ,france1 ,virginia1 see ,silk in the ,table4 ,eeles how to be found in ,frosts1 #ag4 #cbc4 ,winds raised to blow by the fall of water without ,bellows1 #b4 #be4 shew'd in a ,cutt4 ,elephants enraged1 how to escape or subdue1 #ah4 #cbh4 ,seas and vast waters1 whether they may be united to the main ,ocean1 #c4 #da4 ,to proportion the distance necessary to burn ,bodies by the ,sun2 and shewing1 why the ,reflections from the ,moon and other ,planets do not burn1 #d4 #fi4 ,the ,art of making ,salt-,peeter1 as practised in the ,mogols ,dominions1 #f4 #ajc4 ,to make ,china-,dishes1 #ad4 #bdi4 expected from ,seigneur ,septalio to be made in ,europe1 #g4 #abg4 ,to convey blood of one ,animal1 or other ,liquors1 into the blood of another ,animal1 #bj4 #cec4 ,to preserve ,ice and ,snow by ,chaffe1 #h4 #ach4 ,to preserve ,ships from being ,worm eaten1 #aa4 #aij4 ,to preserve ,birds taken out of the ,eggs1 or other small ,ftus's1 for ,anatomical1 or other ,discoveries1 #ab4 #aii4 ,to allay the heat in hottest ,summer1 for ,diet or ,delight1 #ae4 #bee4 ,remedies against extream ,cold suggested1 #ba4 #cgi4 ,trees of ,oak as black as ,ebony discover'd1 and taken up out of ,moors and ,marshes in draughty weather1 #aa4 #cbc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note1 ,that though in this last ,head there is repeated the ,transfusion of ,blood1 because the ,operation is an ,art requiring diligence1 and a practised hand to perform it for all advantagious ,discoveries1 and so to be distinguish'd from the ,anatomical ,account2 yet that there is not affected noise and number1 may well appear by reviewing and comparing the particulars of ,artificial ,instruments in the #djg ,table1 where sometimes one ,engin or ,instrument may minister ,aid to discover a large branch of ,philosophy1 as the ,baroscope1 an ,optick ,glass1 c4 ,and very particularly ,m4 ,rook's directions for ,seamen1 which specifies ,instruments1 may hereunto belong4 ,and sometimes in one of the ,discourses herein mention'd1 and abbreviated1 there are almost as many ,artificial ,inventions1 as ,experiments2 as in ,mr4 ,boyle's ,hydrostatical ,experiments3 ,besides all the ,chymical ,operations1 recited in the ,treatise of the ,origine of ,forms1 c4 ,greek3 ,ouk en ti megali to eu1 all' en ti eu to mega4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,errata4 ,pag4 #cib4 lin4 #bc4 blot out1 as4 ibid4 lin4 #bd4 read of the ,soul4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,finis4 #djh 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,,savoy1 ,printed by ,t4 ,n4 for ,john ,martyn1 and ,james ,allestry1 ,printers to the ,royal ,society3 ,and are to be sold at their ,shop without ,temple-,bar1 and in ,duck-lane1 #affg4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,corrections made to printed original4 ,page #f1 ,but that1 which he judgeth most remarkable3 'rewarkable' in original4 ,page #bi1 the strange ,phnomena of ,glass-drops3 ',grass-drops' in original4 ,page #cc1 ,of the ,mineral of ,liege3 ',leige' in original4 ,page #ajc1 by the feet of ,people they tread it3 'traed' in original4 ,page #ajd1 sell us a ,maon of #f pounds3 'a ,moan' in original4 ,page #aji1 ,of the ,mundus ,subterraneus of ,athanasius ,kircher3 ',athansius' in original4 ,page #aaj1 the ,earth1 its ,heterogeneous ,nature3 ',mature' in original4 ,page #aaj-a1 the manifold ,productions made therein3 ',produ-actions' in original1 across page-break2 the catch-word is 'ctions'4 ,page #aaa1 ,secondly1 of the ,transformation of ,juices3 ',transforma-on' in original1 across line-break4 ,ibid41 little ,fishes1 and ,plants are ,intombed therein3 ',planets' in original7674 ,page #aae1 ,a ,relation of strange ,earth-quakes3 ',eath-quakes' in original4 ,page #aba1 or that none of them burn at this time3 'or or' across two lines in original4 ,page #ada1 together with all the ,accidents3 ',ac-dents' in original1 across page-break2 the catch-word is 'cidents'4 ,page #adb1 take exact care to observe the ,trade-,winds3 ',trade-,wines' in original4 ,page #adh1 #a_/af at the bottom in diameter3 'the the' in original4 ,page #agb1 ,jupiter turns about his ,axis in #i4 hours #ef4 minutes3 '#i4 dayes #ef4 minutes' in original 7which contradicts the rest of the paragraph74 ,page #bbh1 and by better ,microscopes3 'bet-bet' in original1 across line-break4 ,page #bdc1 para4 #e4 numbered #d4 in original4 ,ibid41 very distant from one another3 'anothe' in original4 ,page #big1 that some understanding ,persons at ,london1 or ,greenwich1 but rather nearer the ,sea13 'that' and ',sea1' transposed in original 7first words of successive lines74 ,page #cae 7,sidenote71 the ,differences of ,gravity he might meet with3 ',garvity' in original4 ,page #cae1 from the greater or lesser ,proportion of ,salt3 'gteater' in original4 ,ibid4 the ,stones1 ,minerals and ,vegetables to be found there3 ',vetegables' in original4 ,page #cae1 the ,deity1 which we worship3 ',diety' in original4 ,page #cce1 para4 #ce4 numbered #ge4 in original4 ,page #cfd1 ,,pinax ,rerum ,naturalium ,,britannicarum3 ',,britaniarum' in original 7cf4 contents page volume index74 ,page #cgf1 carry into the ,work-house3 ',work-honse' in original4 ,page #cgi1 by ,art1 or ,mechanical contrivance3 'contri-trivance' in original1 across line-break4 ,page #cha1 the ,canini of the left ,cheek3 ',check' in original4 ,page #djj1 ,astronomical ,remarks of a ,new ,star3 which ,kepler saw ,a4 #afja43 '#affa' in original 7the remaining dates in this index entry do not well match the article74