,,pleasures ,,( ,,! ,,telescope ,,an ,,illu/rat$ ,,guide ,,= ,,amateur ,,a/ronom]s ,,& ,a ,,popul> ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,wond]s ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s ,,= ,,g5]al ,,read]s ,,by ,,g>rett ,p4 ,,s]viss ,,au?or ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,) ,,an ,,op]a-,,glass ,?is be+ made1 ,he ye>n$ = worlds to make ,f o!r *aos out beyond our night-- ,= to create is /ill ,god's prime delight4 ,! l>ge moon1 all alone1 sail$ h] d>k lake1 ,& ! fir/ tides 7 mov+ to h] might2 ,!n ,d>kness trembl$1 & began to quake ,big ) ! bir? ( />s1 & :5 ,he spake ,a million worlds leapt into radiant light4 ,,lloyd ,,miffl94 ,,) ,,_m ,,illu/rations ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #aija ,,copyright1 #aija1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,,preface ,by ! introduction ( a complete s]ies ( /> maps1 drawn specially = ! use ( ! amateur & di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! body ( ! "w1 ?us facilitat+ consultation1 x is believ$ t ?is book makes a /ep 9 advance ( its pr$ecessors4 ,! maps %[ all ( ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye 9 ! regions ( sky repres5t$1 &1 9 addition1 "s />s t c only be se5 ) optical aid4 ,! latt] h be5 plac$ 9 ! maps z guide po/s 9 ! telescopic field to assi/ ^? :o are se>*+ = fa9t & inconspicu\s objects ref]r$ to 9 ! text4 ,z ! book 0 n writt5 = ^? :o possess ! equipm5t ( an obs]vatory1 ) telescopes driv5 by clockwork & provid$ ) graduat$ circles1 "r asc5sions & decl9ations are n giv54 ,all ( ! telescopic ph5om5a describ$ are1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ 9 ! maps4 ,/> clu/]s are indicat$ by a conv5tional symbol1 & nebul by a little :ite circle2 :ile a small cross s]ves to m>k ! places :]e notable new />s h appe>$4 ,! relative magnitudes ( ! />s are approximately %[n by ! dim5sions ( _! symbols 9 ! maps1 ! small] />s be+ repres5t$ by :ite dots & ! l>g] by />-%ap$ figures4 ,9 reg>d to b9>y />s1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 9 _m cases1 _! di/ances & angles ( position *ange s rapidly t any /atem5t conc]n+ !m rema9s valid only = a few ye>s at ! mo/4 ,!re is also mu* confusion among ! measurem5ts ann\nc$ by diff]5t au?orities4 ,9 g5]al1 ! mo/ rec5t measurem5ts obta9able 9 #aijj are giv5 9 ! text1 b ! obs]v] :o wi%es to /udy close & rapid b9>ies w d well to revise 8 in=mation ab\t !m z frequ5tly z possible4 ,an excell5t li/ ( d\ble />s kept up to date1 w be f\nd 9 ! annual ,companion to ! ,obs]vatory1 publi%$ 9 ,london4 ,9 ! lun> *>ts ! plan ( ins]t+ ! names ( ! pr9cipal =mations has be5 pref]r$ to t usually foll[$1 ( indicat+ !m only by numb]s1 accompani$ by a key li/4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ detail$ *>ts ( ! moon only a "p ( :at is visible ) telescopes c be %[n1 & ! repres5tation1 at be/1 mu/ be m]ely approximate4 ,x is simply a "q ( :at to include & :at to omit2 & 9 ! pres5t case ! probable ne$s ( ! amateur obs]v] h gov]n$ ! selection--read9ess & conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce be+ ! *ief aim4 ,x %\ld1 p]haps1 be said "h t ! v>i\s *apt]s compos+ ?is book--l ^? ( ,a/ronomy ) an ,op]a-glass--71 9 _! orig9al =m1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,*apt] ,,ix1 publi%$ 9 ,appletons' ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4 ,! au?or1 x is ne$less to say1 0 mu* gratifi$ by ! express$ wi% ( _m read]s t ^! scatt]$ pap]s %\ld be revis$ & collect$ 9 a m p]man5t =m4 ,z be>+ ^u ! g5]al subject ( ! book1 a *apt] has be5 add$1 at ! end1 treat+ on ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( planets among ! />s4 ,?is also fir/ appe>$ 9 ! p]iodical above m5tion$4 ,9 conclusion1 ! au?or wi%es = 8 read]s z great a pleasure 9 ! use ( ! telescope z he himself has enjoy$4 ,g4 ,p4 ,s4 ,,bor\gh ,,( ,,brooklyn1 ,,new ,,york1 ,janu>y1 #aija4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,! ,,selection ,,& ,,te/+ ,,( ,a ,,glass #a ,h[ to get a good telescope--,diff]5ce betwe5 reflectors & refractors--,h[ a telescope is made a*romatic--,! way to te/ a telescope on />s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,9 ,,! ,,/>ry ,,heav5s #ai ,orion & its wond]s1 ,lepus1 ,canis ,major1 ,argo1 ,monoc]os1 ,canis ,m9or1 & ! ,head ( ,hydra4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,f ,,gem9i ,,to ,,leo ,,& ,,r\nd ,,ab\t #ch ,! zodiacal con/ellations ,gem9i1 ,canc]1 & ,leo1 & _! neighbors ,auriga1 ! ,lynx1 ,hydra1 ,sextans1 & ,coma ,b]5ices4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,virgo ,,& ,,h] ,,neighbors #eg ,crat] & ,corvus1 ,hydra1 ,virgo1 ! ,field ( ! ,nebul1 ,libra1 ,botes1 & ! great ,arcturus1 ,canes ,v5atici1 & ,corona ,borealis4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,9 ,,summ] ,,/>-,,l&s #ge ,scorpio & its r$-gre5 gem1 ,ophiu*us1 ,sagitt>ius1 ,scutum ,sobieskii1 ,capricornus1 ,s]p5s1 ,h]cules1 ,draco1 ,aquila1 & ,delph9us4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,f ,,lyra ,,to ,,eridanus #ig ,lyra & its brilliant ,vega1 ,cygnus1 ,vulpecula1 ,aqu>ius1 ,equuleus1 ,pegasus1 ,cetus1 & ,eridanus4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,pisces1 ,,aries1 ,,taurus1 ,,& ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,m>s #aag ,! fir/ d\ble /> ev] discov]$1 ! ,pleiades & _! photographic wond]s1 ! ,royal ,family ( ! ,sky1 ,&rom$a1 ,cassiopeia1 ,p]seus & ,cepheus1 ,ursa ,major1 ,camelop>dalus1 ,ursa ,m9or1 & ! ,pole ,/>4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,sc5es ,,on ,,! ,,planets #aci ,jupit]1 its belts & its moons--,saturn1 ! r+$ planet--,saturn's moons & ,ro*e's limit--,m>s & its :ite pol> caps & s-call$ seas & cont95ts--,v5us & h] atmosph]e--,! peculi> rotations ( ,v5us & ,m]cury4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,m\nta9s ,,& ,,pla9s ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,,& ,,! ,,spectacles ,,( ,,! ,,sun #aef ,peculi>ities ( ! lun> l&scapes--,! s-call$ seas1 ! crat]s1 ! r+ m\nta9s1 ! inclos$ pla9s1 ! m\nta9 ranges1 ,ty*o's my/]i\s /reaks1 & o!r lun> features describ$--,h[ to view ! sun & its spots4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,are ,,!re ,,planets ,,among ,,! ,,/>s8 #ahc ,significance ( ,dr4 ,see's obs]vations--,:y our telescopes d n %[ planets circl+ ar\nd di/ant suns--,reasons = ?9k+ t su* planets may exi/--,! be>+ ( /ell> evolution on ! "q4 ,,pleasures ,,( ,,! ,,telescope ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,selection ,,& ,,te/+ ,,( ,a ,,glass ,o telescope1 in/rum5t ( mu* k1 m preci\s ?an any scept]6 ,is n he :o holds !e 9 8 h& made k+ & "l ( ! works ( ,god8--,,john ,,kepl]4 ,if ! pure & elevat$ pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! possession & use ( a good telescope ( ?ree1 f\r1 five1 or six in*es ap]ture 7 g5]ally kn[n1 ,i am c]ta9 t no in/rum5t ( sci5ce w\ld be m commonly f\nd 9 ! homes ( intellig5t p4 ,! writ]1 :5 a boy1 discov]$ unexpect$ p[]s 9 a pocket telescope n m ?an f\rte5 in*es long :5 ext5d$1 & magnify+ t5 or twelve times4 ,x became 8 dream1 :i* 0 aft]w>d realiz$1 to possess a m p[]ful telescope1 a real a/ronomical glass1 ) :i* he c\ld see ! beauties ( ! d\ble />s1 ! crat]s ( ! moon1 ! spots on ! sun1 ! belts & satellites ( ,jupit]1 ! r+s ( ,saturn1 ! extraord9>y %apes ( ! nebul1 ! cr[ds ( />s 9 ! ,milky ,way1 & ! great /ell> clu/]s4 ,& n[ he w\ld d :at he c to p]suade o!rs1 :o p]haps are n aw>e h[ ne> at h& x lies1 to look = !mselves into ! wond]-_w ( ! a/ronom]s4 ,!re is only "o way 9 :i* y c be sure ( gett+ a good telescope4 ,fir/1 decide h[ l>ge a glass y are to h1 !n g to a mak] ( e/abli%$ reputation1 fix ^u ! price y are will+ to pay--rememb]+ t good "w is nev] *eap--& f9ally see t ! in/rum5t furni%$ to y answ]s ! prop] te/s = a telescope ( its size4 ,!re are telescopes & telescopes4 ,occasionally a r>e comb9ation ( p]fect homog5eity 9 ! mat]ial1 complete h>mony betwe5 ! two k9ds ( glass ( :i* ! objective is compos$1 & l5s surfaces ^: curves are absolutely "r1 produces a telescope ^: own] w\ld "p ) 8 la/ doll> soon] ?an ) x4 ,su* treasures ( ! l5s-mak]'s art c n1 p]haps1 be comm&$ at w1 yet1 !y are turn$ out ) increas+ frequ5cy1 & ! be/ arti/s are g5]ally able1 at all times1 to approximate s closely to p]fection t any %ortcom+ may be disreg>d$4 ,9 :at is said above ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ! refract+ telescope1 :i* is ! =m ( in/rum5t t ,i %\ld recomm5d to all amateurs 9 pref]5ce to ! reflector4 ,b1 be=e proce$+ fur!r1 x may be well to recall briefly ! pr9cipal po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( telescopes4 ,! purpose ( a telescope ( ei!r description is1 fir/1 to =m an image ( ! object look$ at by conc5trat+ at a focus ! rays ( light proce$+ f t object4 ,! refractor a*ieves ?is by means ( a c>efully %ap$ l5s1 call$ ! object glass1 or objective4 ,! reflector1 on ! o!r h&1 =ms ! image at ! focus ( a concave mirror4 ,illu/ration3 ,,image ,,at ,,! ,,focus ,,( ,a ,,l5s4 ,a v pretty little exp]im5t1 :i* illu/rates ^! two me?ods ( =m+ an optical image1 &1 by way ( coroll>y1 exemplifies ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 refract+ & reflect+ telescopes1 may be p]=m$ by any "o :o possesses a read+ glass & a magnify+ h& mirror4 ,9 a room t is n too brightly illum9at$ p9 a %eet ( :ite pap] on ! wall opposite to a w9d[ t1 by pref]5ce1 %\ld face ! nor?1 or away f ! position ( ! sun4 ,tak+ fir/ ! read+ glass1 hold x betwe5 ! w9d[ & ! wall p>allel to ! %eet ( pap]1 & a foot or m di/ant f ! latt]4 ,by mov+ x to & fro a little y w be able to f9d a di/ance1 correspond+ to ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s1 at :i* a picture ( ! w9d[ is =m$ on ! pap]4 ,?is picture1 or image1 w be upside d[n1 because ! rays ( light cross at ! focus4 ,by mov+ ! glass a little clos] to ! wall y w cause ! picture ( ! w9d[ to become indi/9ct1 :ile a beautiful image ( ! h\ses1 trees1 or o!r objects ( ! outdoor _w beyond1 w be =m$ ^u ! pap]4 ,we ?us le>n t ! di/ance ( ! image f ! l5s v>ies ) ! di/ance ( ! object ^: image is =m$4 ,9 precisely a simil> mann] an image is =m$ at ! focus ( ! object glass ( a refract+ telescope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,image ,,at ,,! ,,focus ,,( ,a ,,concave ,,mirror4 ,take next y\r magnify+ or concave mirror1 & deta*+ ! %eet ( pap] f ! wall1 hold x ne>ly 9 front ( ! mirror betwe5 ! latt] & ! w9d[4 ,:5 y h adju/$ ! di/ance to ! focal l5g? ( ! mirror1 y w see an image ( ! w9d[ project$ ^u ! pap]1 & by v>y+ ! di/ance1 z be=e1 y w be able to produce1 at w1 pictures ( ne>] or m remote objects4 ,x is 9 ?is way t images are =m$ at ! focus ( ! mirror ( a reflect+ telescope4 ,n[1 y w h obs]v$ t ! *ief app>5t diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two me?ods ( =m+ an image ( di/ant objects is t 9 ! fir/ case ! rays ( light1 pass+ ?r\gh ! transp>5t l5s1 are br\ght to a focus on ! side opposite to t :]e ! real object is1 :ile 9 ! second case ! rays1 be+ reflect$ f ! brilliant surface ( ! opaque mirror1 come to a focus on ! same side z t on :i* ! object itself is4 ,f ?is foll[s ! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! me?od ( us+ refract+ & reflect+ telescopes4 ,9 ! refractor ! obs]v] looks t[>d ! object2 9 ! reflector he looks away f x4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el made 8 great discov]ies ) 8 back to ! sky4 ,he us$ reflect+ telescopes4 ,?is pr9ciple1 aga91 c be readily illu/rat$ by means ( our simple exp]im5t ) a read+ glass & a magnify+ mirror4 ,hold ! read+ glass betwe5 ! eye & a di/ant object ) "o h&1 & ) ! o!r h& place a small] l5s su* z a pocket magnifi]1 ne> ! eye1 & 9 l9e ) ! read+ glass4 ,move ! two c>efully until !y are at a di/ance ap>t equal to ! sum ( ! focal l5g?s ( ! l5ses1 & y w see a magnifi$ image ( ! di/ant object4 ,9 o!r words1 y h con/ruct$ a simple refract+ telescope4 ,!n take ! magnify+ mirror1 &1 turn+ y\r back to ! object to be look$ at1 use ! small l5s z be=e--t is to say1 hold x betwe5 y\r eye & ! mirror1 s t its di/ance f ! latt] is equal to ! sum ( ! focal l5g?s ( ! mirror & ! l5s1 & y w see aga9 a magnifi$ image ( ! di/ant object4 ,?is "t x is a reflect+ telescope t y hold 9 y\r h&s4 ,! magnification ( ! image rem9ds u ( ! second purpose :i* is subs]v$ by a telescope4 ,a telescope1 :e!r refract+ or reflect+1 consi/s ( two ess5tial p>ts1 ! fir/ be+ a l5s1 or a mirror1 to =m an image1 & ! second a microscope1 call$ an eyepiece1 to magnify ! image4 ,! same eyepieces w s]ve = ei!r ! reflector or ! refractor4 ,b 9 ord] t ! magnification may be effective1 & s]ve to reveal :at c\ld n be se5 )\t x1 ! image itself mu/ be z ne>ly p]fect z possible2 ?is requires t e ray ( light t =ms ! image %all be br\ght to a po9t 9 ! image precisely correspond+ to t f :i* x emanates 9 ! real object4 ,9 reflectors ?is is effect$ by giv+ a p>abolic =m to ! concave surface ( ! mirror4 ,9 refractors !re is a tw(old difficulty to be ov]come4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a l5s ) sph]ical surfaces does n b5d all ! rays t pass ?r\gh x to a focus at precisely ! same di/ance4 ,! rays t pass ne> ! out] edge ( ! l5s h a %ort] focus ?an t ( ! rays :i* pass ne> ! c5t] ( ! l5s2 ?is is call$ sph]ical ab]ration4 ,a simil> ph5om5on occurs ) a concave mirror ^: surface is sph]ical4 ,9 t case1 z we h se51 ! difficulty is ov]come by giv+ ! mirror a p>abolic in/ead ( a sph]ical =m4 ,9 an analog\s way ! sph]ical ab]ration ( a l5s c be correct$ by alt]+ its curves1 b ! second difficulty t arises ) a l5s is n s easily dispos$ (3 ?is is :at is call$ *romatic ab]ration4 ,x is due to ! fact t ! rays belong+ to diff]5t p>ts ( ! spectrum h diff]5t degrees ( refrangibility1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !y come to a focus at diff]5t di/ances f ! l5s2 & ?is is indep5d5t ( ! =m ( ! l5s4 ,! blue rays come to a focus fir/1 !n ! yell[1 & f9ally ! r$4 ,x results f ?is scatt]+ ( ! spectral rays along ! axis ( ! l5s t !re is no s+le & exact focus :]e all meet1 & t ! image ( a />1 = in/ance1 =m$ by an ord9>y l5s1 ev5 if ! sph]ical ab]ration has be5 correct$1 appe>s blurr$ & discolor$4 ,!re is no su* difficulty ) a mirror1 because !re is 9 t case no refraction ( ! light1 & consequ5tly no splitt+ up ( ! elem5ts ( ! spectrum4 ,9 ord] to get ar\nd ! ob/acle =m$ by *romatic ab]ration x is necess>y to make ! object glass ( a refractor consi/ ( two l5ses1 ea* compos$ ( a diff]5t k9d ( glass4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! telescope is t ,sir ,isaac ,newton c\ld see no hope t *romatic ab]ration w\ld be ov]come1 & accord+ly turn$ 8 att5tion to ! improvem5t ( ! reflect+ telescope & devis$ a =m ( t in/rum5t :i* /ill goes "u 8 "n4 ,& ev5 aft] ,*e/] ,m ,hall 9 #agbi1 & ,john ,dollond 9 #ageg1 _h %[n t *romatic ab]ration c\ld be ne>ly elim9at$ by ! comb9ation ( a fl9t-glass l5s ) "o ( cr[n glass1 ,william ,h]s*el1 :o began 8 obs]vations 9 #aggd1 devot$ 8 skill entirely to ! mak+ ( reflectors1 see+ no prospect ( mu* advance 9 ! p[] ( refractors4 ,a refract+ telescope :i* has be5 fre$ f ! effects ( *romatic ab]ration is call$ a*romatic4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* its con/ruction dep5ds is t by comb9+ l5ses ( diff]5t disp]sive p[] ! sep>ation ( ! spectral colors 9 ! image c be correct$ :ile ! conv]g5ce ( ! rays ( light t[>d a focus is n de/roy$4 ,fl9t glass effects a great] disp]sion ?an cr[n glass ne>ly 9 ! ratio ( ?ree to two4 ,! *romatic comb9ation consi/s ( a convex l5s ( cr[n back$ by a concave1 or plano-concave1 l5s ( fl9t4 ,:5 ^! two l5ses are made ( focal l5g?s :i* are directly proportional to _! disp]sions1 !y give a practically colorless image at _! common focus4 ,! skill ( ! telescope-mak] & ! excell5ce ( 8 "w dep5d ^u ! selection ( ! glasses to be comb9$ & 8 manipulation ( ! curves ( ! l5ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a*romatic ,,object ,,glass4 a1 cr[n glass2 b1 fl9t glass4 ,n[1 ! read] may ask1 ,s9ce reflectors require no correction = color disp]sion1 :ile t correction is only approximately effect$ by ! comb9ation ( two k9ds ( l5ses & two k9ds ( glass 9 a refractor1 :y is n ! reflector pref]able to ! refractor8 ,! answ] is1 t ! refractor gives m light & bett] def9ition4 ,x is sup]ior 9 ! fir/ respect because a l5s transmits m light ?an a mirror reflects4 ,pr(essor ,"y has rem>k$ t ab\t eighty-two p] c5t ( ! light rea*es ! eye 9 a good refractor1 :ile 9 a ,newtonian reflector1 9 av]age condition1 ! p]c5tage seldom exce$s fifty p] c5t1 & m frequ5tly is l[] ?an high]4 ,! sup]iority ( ! refractor 9 reg>d to def9ition arises f ! fact t any di/ortion at ! surface ( a mirror affects ! direction ( a ray ( light ?ree times z mu* z ! same di/ortion w\ld d at ! surface ( a l5s4 ,& ?is applies equally bo? to p]man5t errors ( curvature & to tempor>y di/ortions produc$ by /ra9s & by inequality ( temp]ature4 ,! p]fect a*romatism ( a reflector is1 ( c\rse1 a great advantage1 b ! *romatic ab]ration ( refractors is n[ s well correct$ t _! inf]iority 9 t respect may be disreg>d$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t reflectors are *eap] & easi] to make1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y require m c>e1 & _! mirrors frequ5tly ne$ resilv]+1 :ile an object glass ) reasonable c>e nev] gets s]i\sly out ( ord]1 & w la/ = _m a lifetime4 ,en\gh has n[1 p]haps1 be5 said ab\t ! respective prop]ties ( object glasses & mirrors1 b a ^w %\ld be add$ conc]n+ eyepieces4 ,)\t a good eyepiece ! be/ telescope w n p]=m well4 ,! simple/ ( all eyepieces is a s+le d\ble-convex l5s4 ,) su* a l5s ! magnify+ p[] ( ! telescope is measur$ by ! ratio ( ! focal l5g? ( ! objective to t ( ! eye l5s4 ,suppose ! fir/ is sixty in*es & ! latt] half an in*2 !n ! magnify+ p[] w be a hundr$ & tw5ty diamet]s--i4 e41 ! disk ( a planet1 = in/ance1 w be enl>g$ a hundr$ & tw5ty times along ea* diamet]1 & its area w be enl>g$ ! squ>e ( a hundr$ & tw5ty1 or f\rte5 ?\s& f\r hundr$ times4 ,b 9 reckon+ magnify+ p[]1 diamet]1 n area1 is always consid]$4 ,= practical use an eyepiece compos$ ( an ord9>y s+le l5s is seldom advantage\s1 because good def9ition c only be obta9$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! field4 ,l5ses made accord+ to special =mul1 h[ev]1 & call$ solid eyepieces1 give excell5t results1 & = high p[]s are (t5 to be pref]r$ to any o!r4 ,! eyepieces usually furni%$ ) telescopes are1 9 _! ess5tial pr9ciples1 comp\nd microscopes1 & !y are ( two descriptions1 positive & negative4 ,! =m] g5]ally goes "u ! "n ( its inv5tor1 ,ramsd51 & ! latt] is nam$ aft] great ,dut* a/ronom]1 ,huyg5s4 ,! ,huyg5s eyepiece consi/s ( two plano-convex l5ses ^: focal l5g?s are 9 ! ratio ( ?ree to "o4 ,! small] l5s is plac$ next to ! eye4 ,bo? l5ses h _! convex surfaces t[>d ! object glass1 & _! di/ance ap>t is equal to half ! sum ( _! focal l5g?s4 ,9 ?is k9d ( eyepiece ! image is =m$ betwe5 ! two l5ses1 & if ! "w is prop]ly done su* an eyepiece is a*romatic4 ,x is !re=e g5]ally pref]r$ = m]e see+ purposes4 ,9 ! ,ramsd5 eyepiece two plano-convex l5ses are also us$1 b !y are ( equal focal l5g?1 are plac$ at a di/ance ap>t equal to two ?irds ( ! focal l5g? ( ei!r1 & h _! convex sides fac+ "o ano!r4 ,) su* an eyepiece ! image view$ is beyond ! f>!r or field l5s in/ead ( betwe5 ! two l5ses1 & z ?is fact r5d]s x easi] to adju/ wires or l9es = measur+ purposes 9 ! focus ( ! eyepiece1 ! ,ramsd5 con/ruction is us$ :5 a micromet] is to be employ$4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! magnify+ p[] :i* an eyepiece gives :5 appli$ to a telescope x is necess>y to "k ! equival5t1 or comb9$1 focal l5g? ( ! two l5ses4 ,two simple rules1 easily rememb]$1 supply ! means ( asc]ta9+ ?is4 ,! equival5t focal l5g? ( a negative or ,huyg5s eyepiece is equal to half ! focal l5g? ( ! l>g] or field l5s4 ,! equival5t focal l5g? ( a positive or ,ramsd5 eyepiece is equal to ?ree f\r?s ( ! focal l5g? ( ei!r ( ! l5ses4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ! equival5t focal l5g? ( ! eyepiece1 x is only necess>y to divide x into ! focal l5g? ( ! object glass 7or mirror7 9 ord] to "k ! magnify+ p[] ( y\r telescope :5 t p>ticul> eyepiece is 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,negative ,,eyepiece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,positive ,,eyepiece4 ,a fir/-class object glass 7or mirror7 w be> a magnify+ p[] ( "o hundr$ to ! in* ( ap]ture :5 ! air is 9 good condition--t is1 if y are look+ at />s4 ,if y are view+ ! moon1 or a planet1 bett] results w always be obta9$ ) l[] p[]s--say fifty to ! in* at ! mo/4 ,& "u ord9>y atmosph]ic conditions a p[] ( f fifty to sev5ty-five to ! in* is f> bett] = />s ?an a high] p[]4 ,) a five-in* telescope t w\ld mean f two hundr$ & fifty to ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five diamet]s1 & su* p[]s %\ld only be appli$ = ! sake ( sep>at+ v close d\ble />s4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! l[e/ p[] t w di/9ctly %[ :at y desire to see gives ! be/ results4 ,! exp]i5c$ obs]v] nev] uses z high p[]s z ! beg9n] does4 ,! numb] ( eyepieces pur*as$ ) a telescope %\ld nev] be less ?an ?ree--a v l[ p[]--say t5 to ! in*2 a v high p[]1 sev5ty-five or "o hundr$ to ! in*1 = occasional use2 & a m$ium p[]--say =ty to ! in*--= g5]al use4 ,if y c af=d x1 get a full batt]y ( eyepieces--six or eight1 or a doz5--= exp]i5ce %[s t diff]5t objects require diff]5t p[]s 9 ord] to be be/ se51 &1 moreov]1 a slight *ange ( p[] is frequ5tly a great relief to ! eye4 ,!re is "o o!r ?+ ( great importance to be consid]$ 9 pur*as+ a telescope--! m\nt+4 ,if y\r glass is n well m\nt$ on a /eady & easily manag$ /&1 y might bett] h sp5t y\r money = some?+ m useful4 ,i h endur$ h\rs ( torm5t :ile try+ to see />s ?r\gh a telescope t 0 %iv]+ 9 ! w9d & danc+ to e motion ( ! by/&]s1 to say no?+ ( ! wriggl+ contortions caus$ by ! application ( my own f+]s to ! focus+ screw4 ,! be/ ( all /&s is a solid iron pill> firmly fa/5$ into a brick or /one pi]1 sunk at lea/ f\r feet 9 ! gr\nd1 & surm\nt$ by a well-made equatorial be>+ ^: pol> axis has be5 c>efully plac$ 9 ! m]idian4 ,x c be readily protect$ f ! wea!r by means ( a wood5 hood or a rubb] %eet1 :ile ! tube ( ! telescope may be kept indoors1 be+ c>ri$ out & plac$ on its be>+ only :5 obs]vations are to be made4 ,) su* a m\nt+ y c laugh at ! obs]vatories ) _! cumb]some domes1 = ! be/ ( all obs]vatories is ! op5 air4 ,b if y dislike ! labor ( c>ry+ & adju/+ ! tube e "t x is us$1 & are bo? fond ( & able to procure luxuries1 !n1 aft] all1 p]haps1 y _h bett] h ! obs]vatory1 dome1 draughts & all4 ,! next be/ ?+ 9 ! way ( a m\nt+ is a portable tripod /&4 ,?is may be furni%$ ei!r ) an equatorial be>+ = ! telescope1 or an altazimu? arrangem5t :i* p]mits bo? up-&-d[n & horizontal motions4 ,! latt] is *eap] ?an ! equatorial & proportionately inf]ior 9 usefulness & conv5i5ce4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! equatorial be>+ is motion ab\t two axes plac$ at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,:5 ! pol> axis is 9 ! m]idian1 & incl9$ at an angle equal to ! latitude ( ! place1 ! telescope c be mov$ ab\t ! two axes 9 su* a way z to po9t to any qu>t] ( ! sky1 & ! motion ( a />1 aris+ f ! e>?y rotation1 c be foll[$ h\r aft] h\r )\t di/urb+ ! in/rum5t4 ,:5 ?us m\nt$1 ! telescope may be driv5 by clockwork1 or by h& ) ! aid ( a screw ge>$ to a h&le c>ry+ a univ]sal jo9t4 ,& n[ = te/+ ! telescope4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t ! excell5ce ( a telescope dep5ds ^u ! p]fection ( ! image =m$ at ! focus ( ! objective4 ,9 :at foll[s ,i h only a refractor 9 m9d1 al?\gh ! same pr9ciples w\ld apply to a reflector4 ,) a little practice anybody :o has a correct eye c =m a fair judgm5t ( ! excell5ce ( a telescopic image4 ,suppose we h our telescope /eadily m\nt$ out ( doors 7if y value y\r peace ( m9d y w n try to use a telescope po9t$ out ( a w9d[1 especially 9 w9t]71 & suppose we beg9 our obs]vations ) ! pole />1 employ+ a magnify+ p[] ( sixty or sev5ty to ! in*4 ,our fir/ object is to see if ! optician has giv5 u a good glass4 ,if ! air is n reasonably /eady we _h bett] po/pone our exp]im5t to ano!r night1 because we %all f9d t ! /> z se5 9 ! telescope flick]s & boils1 & behaves 9 s extraord9>y a fa%ion t !re is no m def9ition 9 ! image ?an !re is /ead9ess 9 a bluebottle buzz+ on a w9d[ pane4 ,b if ! night is a f9e "o ! /> image w be quiesc5t1 & !n we may note ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,! real image is a m9ute bright disk1 ab\t "o second ( arc 9 diamet] if we are us+ a f\r-&-a-half or five-in* telescope1 & surr\nd$ by "o v ?9 r+ ( light1 & ! fragm5ts1 s to speak1 ( "o or possibly two simil> r+s a little f>!r f ! disk1 & visible1 p]haps1 only by glimpses4 ,^! diffraction r+s arise f ! undulatory nature ( light1 & _! di/ance ap>t z well z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk dep5d ^u ! l5g? ( ! waves ( light4 ,if ! telescope is a really good "o1 & bo? object glass & eyepiece are prop]ly adju/$1 ! disk w be p]fectly r\nd1 slightly s(t] at ! edge1 b o!rwise equally bright ?r\gh\t2 & ! r+ or r+s surr\nd+ x w be exactly conc5tric1 & n bright] on "o side ?an on ano!r4 ,ev5 if our telescope 7 only two in*es or two in*es & a half 9 ap]ture we %\ld at once notice a little blui% />1 ! m]e gho/ ( a /> 9 a small telescope1 hov]+ ne> ! pol> />4 ,x is ! celebrat$ companion1 b we %all see x aga9 :5 we h m "t to /udy x4 ,n[ let u put ! /> out ( focus by turn+ ! focus+ screw4 ,suppose we turn x 9 su* a way t ! eyepiece moves slightly outside ! focus1 or away f ! object glass4 ,v beautiful ph5om5a imm$iately beg9 to make _! appe>ance4 ,a slight motion outw>d causes ! little disk to exp& p]ceptibly1 & j z ?is expansion comm5ces1 a bright-r$ po9t appe>s at ! precise c5t] ( ! disk4 ,b1 ! outw>d motion cont9u+1 ?is r$ c5t] disappe>s1 & is replac$ by a blue c5t]1 :i* gradually exp&s into a sort ( fl>e ov] ! middle ( ! disk4 ,! disk itself has 9 ! mean "t enl>g$ into a s]ies ( conc5tric bright r+s1 graduat$ 9 lum9osity ) beautiful precision f c5t] t[>d circumf]5ce4 ,! out]mo/ r+ is consid]ably bright]1 h[ev]1 ?an x w\ld be if ! same gradation appli$ to x z applies to ! inn] r+s1 & x is surr\nd$1 moreov]1 on its out] edge by a slight fl>e :i* t5ds to increase its app>5t wid?4 ,next let u return to ! focus & !n move ! eyepiece gradually inside ! focal po9t or plane4 ,once m ! /> disk exp&s into a s]ies ( circles1 &1 if we except ! color ph5om5a notic$ outside ! focus1 ^! circles are precisely l ^? se5 be=e 9 arrangem5t1 9 size1 & 9 brightness4 ,if !y 7 n ! same1 we %\ld pron\nce ! telescope to be imp]fect4 ,!re is "o o!r diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 besides ! abs5ce ( ! blue c5tral fl>e1 & t is a fa9t r$di% edg+ ar\nd ! out] r+ :5 ! expansion inside ! focus is n c>ri$ v f>4 ,^u cont9u+ to move ! eyepiece inside or outside ! focus we obs]ve t ! sy/em ( r+s becomes l>g]1 :ile ! r+s !mselves rapidly increase 9 numb]1 becom+ at ! same "t individually ?9n] & fa9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/> ,,image4 ,by /udy+ ! appe>ance ( ! /> disk :5 9 focus & ( ! r+s :5 out ( focus on ei!r side1 an exp]i5c$ eye c readily detect any fault t a telescope may h4 ,! amateur1 ( c\rse1 c only le>n to d ?is by consid]able practice4 ,any gl>+ & s]i\s fault1 h[ev]1 w easily make itself manife/4 ,suppose1 = example1 we obs]ve t ! image ( a /> in/ead ( be+ p]fectly r\nd is oblong1 & t a simil> defect appe>s 9 ! =m ( ! r+s :5 ! eyepiece is put out ( focus4 ,we "k at once t some?+ is wrong2 b ! tr\ble may lie ei!r 9 ! object glass1 9 ! eyepiece1 9 ! eye ( ! obs]v] himself1 or 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! l5ses 9 ! tube4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! image & ! out-(-focus circles w enable u to det]m9e ) :i* ( ^! s\rces ( error we h to deal4 ,if ! /> image :5 9 focus has a sort ( w+ on "o side1 & if ! r+s out ( focus exp& ecc5trically1 appe>+ wid] & l>g] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 be+ at ! same "t brighte/ on ! lea/ exp&$ side1 !n ! object glass is probably n at "r angles to ! axis ( ! tube & requires readju/m5t4 ,t "p ( ! object glass on ! side :]e ! r+s appe> mo/ exp&$ & fa9te/ ne$s to be pu%$ slightly inw>d4 ,?is c be effect$ by means ( c\nt]screws plac$ = t purpose 9 or ar\nd ! cell4 ,b x1 aft] we h got ! object glass prop]ly squ>$ to ! axis ( ! tube or ! l9e ( sight1 ! image & ! r+ sy/em 9 & out ( focus /ill appe> oblong1 ! fault ( a/igmatism mu/ exi/ ei!r 9 ! objective1 ! eyepiece1 or ! eye4 ,! *ances are v great t x is ! eye itself t is at fault4 ,we may be c]ta9 ( ?is if we f9d1 on turn+ ! head s z to look into ! telescope ) ! eye 9 diff]5t positions1 t ! oblong image turns ) ! head ( ! obs]v]1 keep+ its major axis cont9ually 9 ! same relative position ) respect to ! eye4 ,! rem$y !n is to consult an oculi/ & get a pair ( cyl9drical eyeglasses4 ,if ! oblong image does n turn r\nd ) ! eye1 b does turn :5 ! eyepiece is twi/$ r\nd1 !n ! a/igmatism is 9 ! latt]4 ,if1 f9ally1 x does n foll[ ei!r ! eye or ! eyepiece1 x is ! objective t is at fault4 ,b in/ead ( be+ oblong1 ! image & ! r+s may be mis%ap5 9 "s o!r way4 ,if !y are ?ree-corn]$1 x is probable t ! object glass is subject$ to undue pressure 9 its cell4 ,?is1 if ! telescope has be5 br\ght out on a cool night f a w>m room1 may arise f ! unequal contraction ( ! metal "w & ! glass z !y cool (f4 ,9 fact1 no good /> image c be got :ile a telescope is assum+ ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,ev5 ! air inclos$ 9 ! tube is capable ( mak+ mu* tr\ble until its temp]ature has sunk to ! level ( t outside4 ,half an h\r at lea/ is requir$ = a telescope to adju/ itself to out-(-door temp]ature1 except 9 ! summ] "t1 & x is bett] to all[ an h\r or two = su* adju/m5t 9 cold wea!r4 ,any irregul>ity 9 ! %ape ( ! r+s :i* p]si/s aft] ! l5ses h be5 accurately adju/$ & ! telescope has prop]ly cool$ may be ascrib$ to imp]fections1 su* z ve9s or spots ( unequal d5sity 9 ! glass =m+ ! objective4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,out-,,(-,,focus ,,r+s4 #a1 ,correct figure2 #b & #c1 sph]ical ab]ration4 ,! sph]ical ab]ration ( an object glass may be und]correct$ or ov]correct$4 ,9 ! =m] case ! c5tral r+s inside ! focus w appe> fa9t & ! out] ones unduly /rong1 :ile outside ! focus ! c5tral r+s w be too bright & ! out] ones too feeble4 ,b if ! ab]ration is ov]correct$ ! c5tral r+s w be ov]bright inside ! focus & abnormally fa9t outside ! focus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,m>s ,,9 #ahib4 ,! small] ) a ?ree-&-?ree-eigh?s-in* telescope2 ! l>g] ) a n9e-in*4 ,assum+ t we h a telescope 9 :i* no obvi\s fault is disc]nible1 ! next ?+ is to te/ its p[]s 9 actual "w4 ,9 :at is to foll[ ,i %all endeavor to describe "s ( ! pr9cipal objects 9 ! heav5s f :i* ! amateur obs]v] may expect to d]ive pleasure & in/ruction1 & :i* may at ! same "t s]ve z te/s ( ! excell5ce ( 8 telescope4 ,no "o %\ld be det]r$ or disc\rag$ 9 ! /udy ( cele/ial objects by ! app>5t insignificance ( 8 means ( obs]vation4 ,! accompany+ pictures ( ! planet ,m>s may s]ve z an indication ( ! fact t a small telescope is frequ5tly capable ( do+ "w t appe>s by no means contemptible :5 plac$ side by side ) t ( ! great] in/rum5ts ( ! obs]vatories4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,9 ,,! ,,/>ry ,,heav5s ,n[ con/ellations1 ,muse1 & signs rehe>se2 ,9 ord] let !m sp>kle 9 ?y v]se4--,,manilius4 ,let u imag9e ourselves ! happy possessors ( ?ree prop]ly m\nt$ telescopes ( five1 f\r1 & ?ree in*es ap]ture1 respectively4 ,a f9e midw9t] ev5+ has come along1 ! air is cle>1 cool1 & /eady1 & ! heav5s1 ( t almo/ invisible violet :i* is res]v$ = ! lov]s ( cele/ial sc5]y1 are spangl$ ) />s t h>dly tw9kle4 ,we ne$ n di/urb our m9ds ab\t a few ?9 cl\ds "h & !re float+ lazily 9 ! high air2 !y ann\nce a *ange ( wea!r1 b !y w n tr\ble u to-night4 ,:i* way %all we look8 ,our eyes w answ] ! "q = u4 ,h[ev] we may direct !m1 !y in/9ctively return to ! s\?1 & are lift$ to behold ,orion 9 8 glory1 n[ ne> ! m]idian & midway to ! z5i?1 ) ,taurus %ak+ ! glitt]+ ,pleiades be=e him1 & ,canis ,major ) ! flam+ ,dog ,/> foll[+ at 8 heels4 ,n only is ,orion ! mo/ brilliant ( all con/ellations to ! casual />-gaz]1 b x conta9s ! ri*e/ m9es t ! delv] = telescopic treasures c any:]e discov]4 ,we c\ld n h made a bett] beg9n+1 = "h )9 a space ( a few squ>e degrees we h a wond]ful v>iety ( d\ble />s & multiple />s1 s close & delicate z to te/ ! p[]s ( ! be/ telescopes1 besides a pr(usion ( />-clu/]s & nebul1 includ+ "o ( ! supreme m>vels ( space1 ! ,great ,nebula 9 ! ,sword4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #a4 ,our /> map ,no4 #a w s]ve z a guide to ! objects :i* we are ab\t to inspect4 ,let u beg9 op]ations ) our smalle/ telescope1 ! ?ree-in*4 ,i may rem>k "h t1 j z ! l[e/ magnify+ p[] t w cle>ly reveal ! object look$ = gives ord9>ily bett] results ?an a high] p[]1 s ! smalle/ telescope t is compet5t to %[ :at "o wi%es to see is likely to yield m satisfaction1 z f> z t p>ticul> object is conc]n$1 ?an a l>g] glass4 ,! l>g] ! object glass & ! high] ! p[]1 ! great] are ! atmosph]ic difficulties4 ,a small telescope w p]=m v well on a night :5 a l>ge "o is helpless4 ,turn ! glass ^u beta 7,rigel71 ! :ite fir/-magnitude /> 9 ,orion's left foot4 ,obs]ve :e!r ! image ) a high p[] is cle>1 %>p1 & free f irregul> wisps ( /ray light4 ,look at ! r+s 9 & out ( focus1 & if y are satisfi$ ) ! p]=mance1 try = ! companion4 ,a good ?ree-in* is c]ta9 to %[ x1 except 9 a bad /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & ev5 !n an exp]t c see x1 at lea/ by glimpses4 ,! companion is ( ! n9? magnitude1 "s say ! eigh?1 & ! di/ance is ab\t #i4e1 angle ( position 7h]eaft] designat$ by p47 #aii4a ,its color is blue1 9 decid$ contra/ ) ! :ite light ( its great prim>y4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 h[ev]1 saw ! companion r$1 z o!rs h done4 ,^! diff]5ces are d\btless due to imp]fections ( ! eye or ! telescope4 ,9 #ahga ,burnham believ$ he _h discov]$ t ! companion 0 an exce$+ly close d\ble />4 ,no "o except ,burnham himself succe$$ 9 divid+ x1 & he c\ld only d s at times4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 he 0 at ,m\nt ,hamilton1 he tri$ 9 va9 to split x ) ! great ?irty-six-in* telescope1 9 #ahhi1 #ahij1 & #ahia4 ,8 want ( success induc$ him to sugge/ t ! compon5t />s 7 9 rapid motion1 & s1 al?\gh he admitt$ t x might n be d\ble aft] all1 he advis$ t x %\ld be wat*$ = a few ye>s long]4 ,8 confid5ce 0 ju/ifi$1 = 9 #ahih ,aitk51 ) ! ,lick telescope1 saw & measur$ ! di/ance ( ! extremely m9ute companion--di/ance #j4ag1 p4 #agg4 #a ,! angle ( position measures ! incl9ation to ! m]idian ( a l9e drawn betwe5 ! pr9cipal /> & its companion2 9 o!r words1 x %[s 9 :at direction f ! prim>y we mu/ look = ! companion4 ,x is reckon$ f #j up to #cfj1 beg9n+ at ! nor? po9t & pass+ ar\nd by ea/ ?r\gh s\? & we/ to nor? aga94 ,?us1 if ! angle ( position is #j or #cfj1 ! companion is on ! nor? side ( ! prim>y2 if ! angle is #ij1 ! companion is to ! ea/2 if #ahj1 to ! s\?2 if #bgj1 to ! we/1 & s = int]m$iate angles4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! field ( ! telescope ! top is s\? & ! bottom nor?1 unless a prism is us$1 :5 directions become complicat$4 ,ea/ & we/ c be readily id5tifi$ by notic+ ! motion ( a /> ?r\gh ! field2 x moves t[>d ! we/ & f ! ea/4 ,rigel has be5 suspect$ ( a slight degree ( v>iability4 ,x is evid5tly a /> ( enorm\s actual magnitude1 = its p>allax escapes tru/wor?y measurem5t4 ,x c only be rank$ among ! v fir/ ( ! light-giv]s ( ! visible univ]se4 ,spectroscopically x belongs to a peculi> type :i* has v few repres5tatives among ! bright />s1 & :i* has be5 ?us describ$3 ,spectra 9 :i* ! hydrog5 l9es & ! few metallic l9es all appe> to be ( equal bread? & %>p def9ition4 ,rigel %[s a l9e :i* "s believe to repres5t magnesium2 b :ile x has iron l9es 9 its spectrum1 x exhibits no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( any su* cl\d ( volatiliz$ iron z t :i* helps to envelop ! sun4 ,= ano!r te/ ( :at ! ?ree-in* w d turn to zeta1 ! l[]1 or left-h&1 /> 9 ! ,belt4 ,?is is a triple1 ! magnitudes be+ second1 six?1 & t5?4 ,! six?-magnitude /> is ab\t #b4e f ! prim>y1 p4 #adi1 & has a v peculi> color1 h>d to describe4 ,x requires c>eful focus+ to get a satisfactory view ( ?is /> ) a ?ree-in* telescope4 ,use magnify+ p[]s up to two hundr$ & fifty diamet]s4 ,) our f\r-in* ! /> is mu* easi]1 & ! five-in* %[s x readily ) a p[] ( "o hundr$4 ,! t5?-magnitude companion is di/ant #ef1 p4 #h1 & may be glimps$ ) ! ?ree-in*4 ,^u ! :ole1 we %all f9d t we get m pleas+ views ( zeta ,orionis ) ! f\r-in* glass4 ,j to ! left ( zeta1 & 9 ! same field ( view ) a v l[ p[]1 is a rem>kable nebula be>+ ! catalogue numb] #abbg4 ,we mu/ use our five-in* on ?is ) a l[ p[]1 b ) zeta out ( ! field 9 ord] to avoid its gl>e4 ,! nebula is exce$+ly fa9t1 & we c be satisfi$ if we see x simply z a hazy spot1 al?\gh ) mu* l>g] telescopes x has appe>$ at lea/ half a degree broad4 ,tempel saw sev]al c5t]s ( cond5sation 9 x1 & trac$ ?ree or f\r broad nebul\s /reams1 "o ( :i* decid$ly sugge/$ spiral motion4 ,! upp] /> 9 ! ,belt1 delta1 is d\ble2 di/ance1 #ec1 p4 #cfj2 magnitudes1 second & sev5? v ne>ly2 colors1 :ite & gre5 or blue4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is an easy object = ! ?ree-in* ) a l[ magnify+ p[]4 ,x w\ld be useless to look = ! two fa9t] companions ( delta1 discov]$ by ,burnham1 ev5 ) our five-in* glass4 ,b we %all probably ne$ ! five-in* = our next attempt1 & x w be well to put on a high p[]1 say ?ree hundr$ diamet]s4 ,! /> to be exam9$ is ! little brilliant dangl+ bel[ ! "r-h& end ( ! ,belt1 t[>d ,rigel4 ,x appe>s on ! map z eta4 ,sp>e no pa9s 9 gett+ an accurate focus1 = "h is some?+ wor? look+ at1 & unless y h a tra9$ eye y w n easily see x4 ,! /> is d\ble1 magnitudes ?ird & six?1 & ! di/ance f c5t] to c5t] b>ely exce$s #a1 p4 #hg4 ,a little tremul\sness ( ! atmosph]e = a mom5t conceals ! small] />1 al?\gh its pres5ce is manife/ f ! peculi> jutt+ ( light on "o side ( ! image ( ! prim>y4 ,b 9 an in/ant ! di/urb+ undulations pass1 ! air /eadies1 ! image %r9ks & %>p5s1 & two po9ts ( pi]c+ brightness1 almo/ t\*+ "o ano!r1 d>t into sight1 ! m brilliant "o be+ surr\nd$ by an evanesc5t circle1 a t9y ripple ( light1 :i*1 z x runs r\nd ! /> & !n rec$es1 alt]nately embraces & releases ! small] companion4 ,! wa% ( ! light-waves 9 ! atmosph]e provokes _m expressions ( impati5ce f ! a/ronom]1 b x is (t5 a beautiful ph5om5on nev]!less4 ,betwe5 eta & delta is a fif?-magnitude d\ble />1 ,sigma #gbe1 :i* is wor? a mom5t's att5tion4 ,! prim>y1 ( a r$di% color1 has a v fa9t />1 elev5? magnitude1 at a di/ance ( #ab4g1 p4 #hh4 ,/ill reta9+ ! five-in* 9 use1 we may next turn to ! o!r end ( ! ,belt1 :]e1 j "u zeta1 we p]ceive ! f\r?-magnitude /> sigma4 ,he mu/ be a p]son ( indiff]5t m9d :o1 aft] look+ ) unassi/$ eyes at ! mode/ glimm]+ ( ?is little />1 c see x z ! telescope reveals x )\t a ?rill ( wond] & a cry ( pleasure4 ,! glass1 z by a t\* ( magic1 *anges x f "o into eight or t5 />s4 ,!re are two quadruple sets ?ree & a half m9utes ( arc ap>t4 ,! fir/ set exhibits a v>iety ( beautiful colors4 ,! l>ge/ />1 ( f\r? magnitude1 is pale gray2 ! second 9 rank1 sev5? magnitude1 di/ance #db1 p4 #fa1 pres5ts a s+ul> r$1 grape-r$ ,webb calls x2 ! ?ird1 eigh? magnitude1 di/ance #ab1 p4 #hd1 is blue2 & ! f\r?1 elev5? magnitude1 di/ance #ab1 p4 #bcf1 is app>5tly :ite4 ,burnham has d\bl$ ! f\r?-magnitude />1 di/ance #j4bc4 ,! second gr\p ( f\r />s consi/s ( ?ree ( ! eigh? to n9? magnitude1 arrang$ 9 a m9ute triangle ) a mu* fa9t] /> ne> !m4 ,betwe5 ! two quadruple sets c>eful gaz+ reveals two o!r v fa9t />s4 ,:ile ! five-in* gives a m satisfactory view ( ?is wond]ful multiple /> ?an any small] telescope c d1 ! f\r-in* & ev5 ! ?ree-in* w\ld h %[n x to u z a v beautiful object4 ,h[ev] we look at !m1 !re is an appe>ance ( association among ^! />s1 %9+ ) _! contra/$ colors & _! v>i\s degrees ( brilliance1 :i* is significant ( ! div]sity ( conditions & circum/ances "u :i* ! suns & worlds beyond ! sol> walk exi/4 ,f sigma let u drop d[n to see ! wond]s ( ,orion's ,sword display$ j b5ea?4 ,we c use ) advantage any "o ( our ?ree telescopes2 b s9ce we are go+ to look at a nebula1 x is =tunate t we h a glass s l>ge z five in*es ap]ture4 ,x w reveal int]e/+ ?+s t escape ! small] in/rum5ts1 because x grasps m ?an "o & a half times z mu* light z ! f\r-in*1 & ne>ly ?ree times z mu* z ! ?ree-in*2 & 9 deal+ ) nebul a pl5ty ( light is ! *ief ?+ to be desir$4 ,! middle /> 9 ! ,sword is !ta1 & is surr\nd$ by ! celebrat$ ,nebula ( ,orion4 ,! telescope %[s !ta sep>at$ into f\r />s arrang$ at ! corn]s ( an irregul> squ>e1 & %9+ 9 a black gap 9 ! nebula4 ,^! f\r />s are collectively nam$ ! ,trapezium4 ,! brighte/ is ( ! six? magnitude1 ! o!rs are ( ! sev5?1 sev5 & a half1 & eigh? magnitudes respectively4 ,! radiant mi/ ab\t !m has a fa9t gre5i% t+e1 :ile ! f\r />s1 toge!r ) ?ree o!rs at no great di/ance1 :i* foll[ a fold ( ! nebula l a r[ ( buttons on a coat1 always appe> to me to %[ an extraord9>y livel9ess ( radiance1 z if ! /range haze s]v$ to set !m (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,trapezium ,,) ,,! ,,fif? ,,& ,,six? ,,/>s4 ,our ?ree-in* w\ld h %[n ! f\r />s ( ! ,trapezium p]fectly well1 & ! f\r-in* w\ld h reveal$ a fif? />1 v fa9t1 outside a l9e jo9+ ! smalle/ ( ! f\r & its ne>e/ neighbor4 ,b ! five-in* goes a /ep f>!r & enables u1 ) /eady gaz+ to see ev5 a six? />1 ( only ! twelf? magnitude1 j outside ! ,trapezium1 ne> ! brighte/ memb] ( ! qu>tet4 ,! ,lick telescope has disclos$ "o or two o!r m9ute po9ts ( light associat$ ) ! ,trapezium4 ,b m int]e/+ ?an ! ,trapezium is ! va/ cl\d1 full ( /range %apes1 surr\nd+ x4 ,n[h]e else 9 ! heav5s is ! ar*itecture ( a nebula s cle>ly display$4 ,x is an unf9i%$ temple ^: gigantic dim5sions1 :ile exalt+ ! imag9ation1 proclaim ! omnipot5ce ( its build]4 ,b ?\gh unf9i%$ x is n ab&on$4 ,! "w ( creation is proce$+ )9 its prec9cts4 ,!re are />s app>5tly complet$1 %9+ l gems j dropp$ f ! h& ( ! poli%]1 & ar\nd !m are masses1 eddies1 curr5ts1 & swirls ( nebul\s matt] yet to be cond5s$1 compact$1 & con/ruct$ into suns4 ,x is an education 9 ! nebul> !ory ( ! univ]se m]ely to look at ?is spot ) a good telescope4 ,if we d n gaze at x long & wi/fully1 & return to x _m times ) unflagg+ int]e/1 we may be c]ta9 t !re is n ! mak+ ( an a/ronom] 9 u4 ,be=e quitt+ ! ,orion nebula d n fail to notice an eigh?-magnitude />1 a %ort di/ance nor!a/ ( ! ,great ,nebula1 & ne>ly opposite ! broad op5+ 9 ! latt] t leads 9 t[>d ! gap occupi$ by ! ,trapezium4 ,?is /> is pla9ly envelop$ 9 nebulosity1 t is unque/ionably connect$ ) ! l>g] mass ( :i* x appe>s to =m a satellite4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! ,sword is ! /> iota1 some:at "u ! ?ird magnitude4 ,our ?ree-in* w %[ t x has a blui% companion ( sev5? or eigh? magnitude1 at a little m ?an #aa di/ance1 p4 #adb1 & ! l>g] ap]tures w reveal a ?ird />1 ( t5? magnitude1 & r$di% 9 color1 di/ance #di1 p4 #ajc4 ,close by iota we f9d ! little d\ble /> ,sigma #gdg1 ^: compon5ts are ( five & a half & six & a half magnitudes respectively1 & sep>at$ #cf1 p4 #bbc4 ,above ! upp]mo/ /> 9 ! ,sword is a small /> clu/]1 ,no4 #aahd1 :i* d]ives a special int]e/ f ! fact t x incloses a delicate d\ble />1 ,sigma #gej1 ^: l>g] compon5t is ( ! six? magnitude1 :ile ! small] is ( ! n9?1 & ! di/ance is only #d4c1 p4 #ei4 ,we may try ! f\r-in* on ?is object4 ,hav+ look$ at alpha 7,betelgeuse71 ! great topaz /> on ,orion's "r %\ld]1 & admir$ ! spl5dor ( its color1 we may turn ! f\r-in* ^u ! /> ,sigma #gie1 frequ5tly ref]r$ to by its numb] z #eb ,orionis4 ,x consi/s ( "o /> ( ! six? & ano!r ( six? & a half magnitude1 only #a4e ap>t1 p4 #bjj4 ,hav+ sep>at$ !m ) a p[] ( two hundr$ & fifty diamet]s on ! f\r-in*1 we may try !m ) a high p[] on ! ?ree-in*4 ,we %all only succe$ ?is "t if our glass is ( fir/-rate quality & ! air is p]fectly /eady4 ,! /> lambda 9 ,orion's head pres5ts an easy conque/ = ! ?ree-in*1 z x consi/s ( a light-yell[ /> ( magnitude ?ree & a half & a r$di% companion ( ! six? magnitude2 di/ance #d1 p4 #dc4 ,!re is also a twelf?-magnitude /> at #bg1 p4 #ahc1 & a t5? or elev5? magnitude "o at #adi1 p4 #bgh4 ,^! are te/s = ! five-in*1 & we mu/ n be disappo9t$ if we d n succe$ 9 see+ ! small] "o ev5 ) t ap]ture4 ,o!r objects 9 ,orion1 to be f\nd ) ! aid ( our map1 are3 ,sigma #fbg1 a d\ble />1 magnitude six & a half & sev51 di/ance #ba1 p4 #bfj2 ,omicron ,sigma #ih1 o!rwise nam$ iota ,orionis1 d\ble1 magnitude six & sev51 di/ance #a1 p4 #ahj1 requires five-in* glass2 ,sigma #feb1 d\ble1 magnitudes six & a half & eight1 di/ance #a4g1 p4 #ahd2 rho1 d\ble1 magnitudes five & eight & a half1 ! latt] blue1 di/ance #g1 p4 #fb1 may be tri$ ) a ?ree-in*2 tau1 triple />1 magnitudes f\r1 t5 & a half1 & elev51 di/ances #cf1 p4 #bdi1 & #cf1 p4 #fj4 ,burnham discov]$ t ! t5-&-a-half magnitude /> is aga9 d\ble1 di/ance #d1 p4 #ej4 ,!re is n mu* satisfaction 9 attempt+ tau ,orionis ) telescopes ( ord9>y ap]tures2 ,sigma #fbi o!rwise m ,orionis1 d\ble1 magnitudes five & a half 7gre5i%7 & sev51 di/ance #ca4g1 p4 #bh1 a pretty object2 ,sigma #gbh1 o!rwise ,a #cb1 d\ble1 magnitudes five & sev51 di/ance1 #j4e or less1 p4 #bjf1 a rapid b9>y1#b :i* is at pres5t too close = ord9>y telescopes1 al?\gh x 0 once )9 _! rea*2 ,sigma #gbi1 d\ble1 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #b1 p4 #bf1 ! small] /> pale blue--try x ) a f\r-in*1 b five-in* is bett]2 ,sigma #haf1 d\ble1 magnitudes six & half & eight & a half1 di/ance #d1 p4 #bhi2 psi #b1 d\ble1 magnitudes five & a half & elev51 di/ance #c1 or a little less1 p4 #cbb2 #ije1 /> clu/]1 conta9s ab\t tw5ty />s f ! eigh? to ! elev5? magnitude2 #abfg1 nebula1 fa9t1 conta9+ a triple /> ( ! eigh? magnitude1 two ( ^: compon5ts are #ea ap>t1 :ile ! ?ird is only #a4g f its companion1 p4 #he2 #acgf1 /> clu/]1 small & cr[d$2 #acfa1 /> clu/]1 triangul> %ape1 conta9+ ?irty />s1 sev5? to t5? magnitudes1 "o ( :i* is a d\ble1 di/ance #b4d4 #b ,! t]m b9>y is us$ to describe d\ble />s :i* are 9 motion ab\t _! common c5t] ( gravity4 ,let u n[ leave ! invit+ />-fields ( ,orion & take a glance at ! little con/ellation ( ,lepus1 cr\*+ at ! feet ( ! my?ical giant4 ,we may beg9 ) a new k9d ( object1 ! celebrat$ r$ v>iable ,r ,leporis 7map ,no4 #a74 ,?is /> v>ies f ! six? or sev5? magnitude to magnitude eight & a half 9 a p]iod ( f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r days4 ,h9d's picturesque description ( its color has frequ5tly be5 quot$4 ,he said x is ( ! mo/ int5se crimson1 resembl+ a blood-drop on ! black gr\nd ( ! sky4 ,x is important to rememb] t ?is /> is r$de/ :5 fa9te/1 s t if we *ance to see x ne> its maximum ( brightness x w n impress u z be+ crimson at all1 b r a dull1 copp]y r$4 ,its spectrum indicates t x is smo!r$ ) absorb+ vapors1 a sun ne> ext9ction :i*1 at int]vals1 exp]i5ces an accession ( en]gy & bur/s ?r\gh its /ifl+ envelope ) explosive radiance1 only to fa9t & s9k once m4 ,x is well to use our l>ge/ ap]ture 9 exam9+ ?is />4 ,we may also employ ! five-in* = an inspection ( ! d\ble /> iota1 ^: *ief compon5t ( ! fif? magnitude is beautifully t+$ ) gre54 ,! small] companion is v fa9t1 elev5? magnitude1 & ! di/ance is ab\t #ac1 p4 #ccg4 ,ano!r f9e d\ble 9 ,lepus is kappa1 to be f\nd j bel[ iota2 ! compon5ts are ( ! fif? & eigh? magnitudes1 pale yell[ & blue respectively1 di/ance #b4e1 p4 #cfj2 ! ?ird-magnitude /> alpha has a t5?-magnitude companion at a di/ance ( #ce1 p4 #aef1 & its neighbor beta 7map ,no4 #b71 accord+ to ,burnham1 is att5d$ by ?ree elev5?-magnitude />s1 two ( :i* are at di/ances ( #bjf1 p4 #ge1 & #bdj1 p4 #eh1 respectively1 :ile ! ?ird is less ?an #c f beta1 p4 #bhh2 ! /> gamma 7map ,no4 #b7 is a wide d\ble1 ! di/ance be+ #id1 & ! magnitudes f\r & eight4 ,! /> numb]$ #de is a rem>kable multiple1 b ! compon5ts are too fa9t to possess mu* int]e/ = ^? :o are n arm$ ) v p[]ful telescopes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #b4 ,f ,lepus we pass to ,canis ,major 7map ,no4 #b74 ,!re is no hope ( our be+ able to see ! companion ( alpha 7,sirius71 at pres5t 7#aija71 ev5 ) our five-in*4 ,discov]$ by ,alvan ,cl>k ) an eighte5-in* telescope 9 #ahfb1 :5 its di/ance 0 #aj f ! c5t] ( ,sirius1 ?is n9?-magnitude /> has s9ce be5 swall[$ up 9 ! blaze ( its great prim>y4 ,at fir/1 x slightly increas$ its di/ance1 & f #ahfh until #ahgi mo/ ( ! measures made by diff]5t obs]v]s consid]ably exce$$ #aa4 ,!n x began to close up1 & 9 #ahij ! di/ance sc>cely exce$$ #d4 ,burnham 0 ! la/ to cat* sight ( x ) ! ,lick telescope 9 t ye>4 ,aft] t no human eye saw x until #ahif1 :5 x 0 r$iscov]$ at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,s9ce !n ! di/ance has gradually increas$ to ne>ly #e4 ,accord+ to ,burnham1 its p]iodic "t is ab\t fifty-?ree ye>s1 & its ne>e/ approa* to ,sirius %\ld h tak5 place 9 ! middle ( #ahib4 ,lat] calculations r$uce ! p]iodic "t to =ty-eight or =ty-n9e ye>s4 ,if we c n see ! companion ( ! ,dog ,/> ) our in/rum5ts1 we c at lea/1 :ile admir+ ! spl5dor ( t dazzl+ orb1 reflect ) pr(it ^u ! fact t al?\gh ! companion is t5 ?\s& times less bright ?an ,sirius1 x is half z massive z its brilliant neighbor4 ,imag9e a sublum9\s body half z pond]\s z ! sun to be set revolv+ r\nd x some:]e betwe5 ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,rememb] t t body w\ld possess "o hundr$ & sixty-five ?\s& times ! gravitat+ en]gy ( ! e>?1 & t five hundr$ & tw5ty ,jupit]s w\ld be requir$ to equal its p[] ( attraction1 & !n consid] ! consequ5ces to our easy-go+ planets6 ,pla9ly ! sol> sy/em is n cut accord+ to ! ,sirian fa%ion4 ,we %all h>dly f9d a m rem>kable c\pl+ ( cele/ial bodies until we come1 on ano!r ev5+1 to a /> t began1 ages ago1 to amaze ! ?\ghtful & inspire ! sup]/iti\s ) dread--! wond]ful ,algol 9 ,p]seus4 ,we may rem>k 9 pass+ t ,sirius is ! brighte/ repres5tative ( ! great spectroscopic type ,i1 :i* includes m ?an half ( all ! />s yet /udi$1 & :i* is *>act]iz$ by a :ite or blui%-:ite color1 & a spectrum possess+ few or at be/ fa9t metallic l9es1 b rem>kably broad1 black1 & int5se l9es ( hydrog54 ,! inf]5ce is t ,sirius is surr\nd$ by an enorm\s atmosph]e ( hydrog51 & t ! int5sity ( its radiation is great]1 surface = surface1 ?an t ( ! sun4 ,!re is hi/orical evid5ce to support ! ass]tion1 improbable 9 itself1 t ,sirius1 )9 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 has *ang$ color f r$ to :ite4 ,) ei!r ( our telescopes we %all h a fea/ = ! eye :5 we turn ! glass ^u ! /> clu/] ,no4 #aded1 "s f\r degrees s\? ( ,sirius4 ,look = a r$ /> ne> ! c5t]4 ,obs]ve ! curv+ r[s s sugge/ive ( design1 or r ( ! process by :i* ?is clu/] 0 evolv$ out ( a pre-exi/+ nebula4 ,y w recall ! w9d+ /reams 9 ! ,great ,nebula ( ,orion4 ,ano!r /> clu/] wor? a mom5t's att5tion is ,no4 #adgi1 above & to ! left ( ,sirius4 ,we _h bett] use ! five-in* = ?is1 z _m ( ! />s are v fa9t4 ,n f> away we f9d ! d\ble /> 1 ^: compon5ts are ( ! fif? & eigh? magnitudes1 di/ance #b4h1 p4 #cdc4 ,! small /> is pale blue4 ,clu/] ,no4 #aeab is a pleas+ object ) our l>ge/ ap]ture4 ,9 ,no4 #aeaa we h a fa9t nebula rem>kable = ! r[s ( m9ute />s 9 & ne> x4 ,! /> gamma is an irregul> v>iable4 ,9 #afgj x is said to h almo/ disappe>$1 :ile at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 m ?an twice z bright z x is to-day4 ,! r$di% /> delta is also probably v>iable4 ,9 my ,a/ronomy ) an ,op]a ,glass w be f\nd a cut %[+ a s+ul> array ( small />s p>tly encircl+ delta4 ,^! are widely scatt]$ by a telescope1 ev5 ) ! l[e/ p[]4 ,ea/w>d f ,canis ,major we f9d "s ( ! />s ( ,argo ,navis4 ,sigma #ajig1 ( ! six? magnitude1 has two m9ute companions at #bj di/ance1 p4 #caa & #cab4 ,! l>ge /> is itself d\ble1 b ! di/ance1 #j4h1 p4 #aff1 places x beyond our rea*4 ,accord+ to ,burnham1 !re is yet a f\r? fa9t /> at #ca1 p4 #dj4 ,"s ?ree degrees & a half bel[ & to ! left ( ! /> j exam9$ is a beautiful /> clu/]1 ,no4 #aeea4 ,nos4 #aefd1 #aega1 & #afcj are o!r /> clu/]s well wor? exam9ation4 ,a planet>y nebula is includ$ 9 #aefd4 ,) v p[]ful telescopes ?is nebula has be5 se5 r+-%ap$4 ,sigma #aadf1 o!rwise kn[n z #e ,navis1 is a pretty d\ble1 colors pale yell[ & blue1 magnitudes five & sev51 di/ance #c4be1 p4 #ai4 ,our ?ree-in* w suffice = ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #c4 ,nor? ( ,canis ,major & ,argo we f9d ,monoc]os & ,canis ,m9or 7map ,no4 #c74 ,! />s =m+ ! we/]n end ( ,monoc]os are depict$ on map ,no4 #a4 ,we %all beg9 ) ^!4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & beautiful is #aa1 a f9e triple />1 magnitudes five1 six1 & sev51 di/ances #g4d1 p4 #aca1 & #b4g1 p4 #ajc4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el reg>d$ ?is z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful sights 9 ! heav5s4 ,x is a good object to try our ?ree-in* on1 al?\gh x %\ld n be difficult = su* an ap]ture4 ,! /> #d is also a triple1 magnitudes six1 t51 & elev51 di/ances #c4d1 p4 #agh1 & #aj1 p4 #bdd4 ,we %\ld glance at ! /> #e to admire its f9e orange color4 ,9 #h we f9d a gold5 fif?-magnitude />1 comb9$ ) a blue or lilac /> ( ! sev5? magnitude1 di/ance #ad1 p4 #bd4 ,sigma #ich is a difficult d\ble1 magnitudes six & a half & twelve1 di/ance #aj1 p4 #baj4 ,sigma #iba is d\ble1 magnitudes six & a half & eight1 di/ance #af1 p4 #d4 ,at ! spot m>k$ on ! map #adbd we f9d an int]e/+ clu/] conta9+ "o /> ( ! six? magnitude4 ,! rema9+ />s ( ,monoc]os w be f\nd on map ,no4 #c4 ,! d\ble & triple />s to be not$ are ,s1 or ,sigma #iej 7:i* is also a v>iable & involv$ 9 a fa9t nebula71 magnitudes six & n9e1 di/ance #b4e1 p4 #bjf2 ,sigma #aahc1 d\ble1 magnitudes five & a half & eight1 di/ance #ca1 p4 #cbf2 ,sigma #aaij1 triple1 magnitudes five & a half1 t51 & n9e1 di/ances #ca1 p4 #aje1 & #fg1 p4 #bdd4 ,! clu/]s are #adfe1 :i* has a m9ute triple /> ne> ! c5t]2 #adhc1 "o memb] ( ^: sw>m is r$2 #afaa1 v small b ri*2 & #afcg1 int]e/+ = ! great numb] ( n9?-magnitude />s t x conta9s4 ,we %\ld use ! five-in* = all ( ^!4 ,canis ,m9or & ! ,head ( ,hydra are also conta9$ on map ,no4 #c4 ,procyon1 alpha ( ,canis ,m9or1 has sev]al m9ute />s 9 ! same field ( view4 ,!re is1 besides1 a companion :i*1 al?\gh x 0 kn[n to exi/1 no telescope 0 able to detect until ,novemb]1 #ahif4 ,x mu/ be ( imm5se mass1 s9ce its attraction causes p]ceptible p]turbations 9 ! motion ( ,procyon4 ,its magnitude is eight & a half1 di/ance #d4hc1 p4 #cch4 ,"o ( ! small />s j ref]r$ to1 ! second "o ea/ ( ,procyon1 di/ant "o ?ird ( ! moon's diamet]1 is an int]e/+ d\ble4 ,our f\r-in* may sep>ate x1 & ! five-in* is c]ta9 to d s4 ,! magnitudes are sev5 & sev5 & a half or eight1 di/ance #a4b1 p4 #acc4 ,?is /> is v>i\sly nam$ ,sigma #aabf & #ca ,c4 ,m94 ,bode4 ,/> ,no4 #ad is a wide triple1 magnitudes six1 sev51 & eight1 di/ances #ge1 p4 #fe1 & #aae1 p4 #aed4 ,,procyon ,,& ,,its ,,neighbors4 ,9 ! ,head ( ,hydra we f9d ,sigma #abde1 a d\ble ( ! six? & sev5? magnitudes1 di/ance #aj4e1 p4 #be4 ,! l>g] /> %[s a f9e yell[4 ,9 epsilon we h a beautiful comb9ation ( a yell[ ) a blue />1 magnitudes f\r & eight1 di/ance #c4d1 p4 #aih4 ,f9ally1 let u look at !ta = a light te/ ) ! five-in*4 ,! two />s compos+ x are ( ! f\r? & twelf? magnitudes1 di/ance #ej1 p4 #agj4 ,! brilliant con/ellations ( ,gem9i & ,taurus tempt u next1 b w>n+ cl\ds are ga!r+1 & we %all d well to h\se our telescopes & w>m our f+]s by ! w9t] fire4 ,!re w be o!r bright nights1 & ! />s are la/+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,f ,,gem9i ,,to ,,leo ,,& ,,r\nd ,,ab\t ,if ?\ w\ld/ gaze on />ry ,*>iote]1 ,& ha/ he>d leg5ds ( ! wondr\s ,goat1 ,va/ loom+ %alt ?\ f9d on ! ,tw9s' left1 ,8 =m b[$ =w>d4--,,po/e',s ,,aratus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #d4 ,! zodiacal con/ellations ( ,gem9i1 ,canc]1 & ,leo1 toge!r ) _! neighbors ,auriga1 ! ,lynx1 ,hydra1 ,sextans1 & ,coma ,b]5ices1 w furni% an abundance ( occupation = our second night at ! telescope4 ,we %all beg91 us+ our ?ree-in* glass1 ) alpha1 ! *ief /> ( ,gem9i 7map ,no4 #d74 ,?is is ord9>ily kn[n z ,ca/or4 ,ev5 an inexp]i5c$ eye p]ceives at once t x is n z bright z its neighbor ,pollux1 beta4 ,:e!r ?is fact is to be reg>d$ z indicat+ t ,ca/or 0 bright] ?an ,pollux 9 #afjc1 :5 ,bay] atta*$ _! ,greek lett]s1 is /ill an unsettl$ "q4 ,ca/or may or may n be a v>iable1 b x is1 at any rate1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful d\ble />s 9 ! heav5s4 ,a p[] ( "o hundr$ is amply suffici5t to sep>ate its compon5ts1 ^: magnitudes are ab\t two & ?ree1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m be+ #f1 p4 #bbf4 ,a slight yet di/9ct t+e ( gre51 recall+ t ( ! ,orion nebula1 gives a peculi> appe>ance to ?is c\ple4 ,gre5 is "o ( ! r>e/ colors among ! />s4 ,ca/or belongs to ! same g5]al spectroscopic type 9 :i* ,sirius is f\nd1 b its l9es ( hydrog5 are broad] ?an ^? se5 9 ! spectrum ( ! ,dog ,/>4 ,!re is reason = ?9k+ t x may be surr\nd$ ) a m ext5sive atmosph]e ( t gase\s metal call$ hydrog5 ?an any o!r bright /> possesses4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ! compon5ts ( ,ca/or are 9 revolution ar\nd _! common c5t] ( gravity1 al?\gh ! p]iod is unc]ta91 v>y+ 9 diff]5t e/imates all ! way f two hundr$ & fifty to "o ?\s& ye>s2 ! long] e/imate is probably n f> f ! tru?4 ,!re is a t5?-magnitude />1 di/ance #gc1 p4 #afd1 :i* may belong to ! same sy/em4 ,f ,ca/or let u turn to ,pollux1 at ! same "t ex*ang+ our ?ree-in* telescope = ! f\r-in*1 or1 /ill bett]1 ! five-in*4 ,pollux has five fa9t companions1 ( :i* we may expect to see ?ree1 z foll[s3 ,t5? magnitude1 di/ance #age1 p4 #gj2 n9e & a half magnitude1 di/ance #bjf1 p4 #ij1 & n9? magnitude1 di/ance #bbi1 p4 #ge4 ,burnham has se5 a /> ( ?irte5 & a half magnitude1 di/ance #dc1 p4 #bge1 & has divid$ ! t5?-magnitude /> into two compon5ts1 only #a4d ap>t1 ! small] be+ ( ! ?irte5? magnitude1 & situat$ at ! angle #abh4 ,a calculation bas$ on ,dr4 ,elk9's p>allax ( #j4jfh = ,pollux %[s t t /> may be a hundr$fold m lum9\s ?an ! sun1 :ile its ne>e/ companion may be a body small] ?an our planet ,jupit]1 b %9+1 ( c\rse1 by its own light4 ,its di/ance f ,pollux1 h[ev]1 exce$s t ( ,jupit] f ! sun 9 ! ratio ( ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty to "o4 ,9 ! d\ble /> pi we %all f9d a good light te/ = our ?ree-in* ap]ture1 ! magnitudes be+ six & elev51 di/ance #bb1 p4 #bab4 ,! f\r-in* w %[ t kappa is a d\ble1 magnitudes f\r & t51 di/ance #f1 p4 #bcb4 ,! small] /> is ( a delicate blue color1 & x has be5 suspect$ ( v>iability4 ,t x may be v>iable is r5d]$ ! m probable by ! fact t 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( kappa !re are ?ree und\bt$ v>iables1 ,s1 ,t1 & ,u1 & !re appe>s to be "s my/]i\s law ( association :i* causes su* />s to gr\p !mselves 9 c]ta9 regions4 ,none ( ! v>iables j nam$ ev] become visible to ! nak$ eye1 al?\gh !y all und]go great *anges ( brightness1 s9k+ f ! eigh? or n9? magnitude d[n to ! ?irte5? or ev5 l[]4 ,! v>iable ,r1 :i* lies consid]ably f>!r we/1 is well wor? att5tion because ( ! rem>kable *ange ( color :i* x sometimes exhibits4 ,x has be5 se5 blue1 r$1 & yell[ 9 succession4 ,x v>ies f betwe5 ! six? & sev5? magnitudes to less ?an ! ?irte5? 9 a p]iod ( ab\t two hundr$ & =ty-two days4 ,n f> away we f9d a /ill m curi\s v>iable zeta2 ?is is also an int]e/+ triple />1 its pr9cipal compon5t be+ a little "u ! ?ird magnitude1 :ile "o ( ! companions is ( ! sev5? magnitude1 di/ance #ij1 p4 #cee1 & ! o!r is ( ! elev5? magnitude or less1 di/ance #fe1 p4 #he4 ,we %\ld h>dly expect to see ! fa9t] companion ) ! ?ree-in*4 ,! pr9cipal /> v>ies f magnitude ?ree & sev5 t5?s d[n to magnitude f\r & a half 9 a p]iod ( a little m ?an t5 days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wond]ful ,,nebula ,,9 ,,gem9i 7#aecb74 ,) ! f\r-or five-in* we get a v pretty sight 9 delta1 :i* appe>s split into a yell[ & a purple />1 magnitudes ?ree & eight1 di/ance #g1 p4 #bjf4 ,ne> delta1 t[>d ! ea/1 lies "o ( ! /range/ ( all ! nebul4 7,see ! figures #aecb on ! map47 ,our telescopes w %[ x to u only z a m9ute /> surr\nd$ ) a nebul\s atmosph]e1 b its appe>ance ) in/rum5ts ( ! fir/ magnitude is s a/oni%+ & at ! same "t s beautiful t ,i c n refra9 f giv+ a brief description ( x z ,i saw x 9 #ahic ) ! great ,lick telescope4 ,9 ! c5t] glitt]$ ! />1 & spread ev5ly ar\nd x 0 a circul> nebul\s disk1 pale yet sp>kl+ & conspicu\s4 ,?is disk 0 %>ply bord]$ by a n>r[ black r+1 & outside ! r+ ! lum9\s haze ( ! nebula aga9 appe>$1 gradually fad+ t[>d ! edge to invisibility4 ,! accompany+ cut1 :i* exagg]ates ! brightness ( ! nebula z comp>$ ) ! />1 gives b a fa9t idea ( ?is mo/ s+ul> object4 ,if its peculi>ities 7 )9 ! rea* ( ord9>y telescopes1 !re are few sc5es 9 ! heav5s t w\ld be deem$ equally admirable4 ,9 ! /> eta we h ano!r long-p]iod v>iable1 :i* is also a d\ble />2 un=tunately ! companion1 be+ ( only ! t5? magnitude & di/ant less ?an #a f its ?ird-magnitude prim>y1 is beyond ! rea* ( our telescopes4 ,b eta po9ts ! way to "o ( ! f9e/ /> clu/]s 9 ! sky1 m>k$ #acfj on ! map4 ,! nak$ eye p]ceives t !re is some?+ rem>kable 9 t place1 & ! op]a glass fa9tly reveals its di/ant spl5dors1 b ! telescope fairly c>ries u into its pres5ce4 ,its />s are innum]able1 v>y+ f ! n9? magnitude d[nw>d to ! la/ limit ( visibility1 & pres5t+ a wond]ful array ( curves :i* are highly int]e/+ f ! po9t ( view ( ! nebul> orig9 ( su* clu/]s4 ,look+ backw>d 9 "t1 ) t !ory to guide u1 we c see spiral l9es ( nebul\s mi/ occupy+ ! space t n[ glitt]s ) int]lac+ r[s ( />s4 ,x is c]ta9ly difficult to und]/& h[ su* l9es ( nebula c\ld become knott$ ) ! nuclei ( future />s1 & !n gradually be absorb$ into ^? />s2 & yet1 if su* a process does n occur1 :at is ! mean+ ( t n>r[ nebul\s /reak 9 ! ,pleiades along :i* five or six />s are /rung l beads on a /r+8 ,! surr\nd+s ( ?is clu/]1 #acfj1 z "o sweeps ov] !m ) ! telescope gradually draw+ t[>d ! nucleus1 h (t5 rem9d$ me ( ! approa*es to su* a city z ,london4 ,?ick] & clos] ! tw9kl+ po9ts become1 until at la/1 z ! obs]v]s eye foll[s ! gorge\s l9es ( />s tr5d+ inw>d1 he seems to be ent]+ ! /reets ( a brilliantly light$ metropolis4 ,o!r objects 9 ,gem9i t we c ill miss are3 1 d\ble1 magnitudes ?ree & elev51 di/ance #gc1 p4 #gf1 colors yell[ & blue2 #ae1 d\ble1 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #cc1 p4 #bje2 gamma1 rem>kable = array ( small />s ne> x2 #ch1 d\ble1 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #f4e1 p4 #afb1 colors yell[ & blue 7v pretty72 lambda1 d\ble1 magnitudes f\r & elev51 di/ance #aj1 p4 #cj1 color ( l>g] /> blue--try ) ! five-in*2 epsilon1 d\ble1 magnitudes ?ree & n9e1 di/ance #aaj1 p4 #id4 ,f ,gem9i we pass to ,canc]4 ,?is con/ellation has no l>ge />s1 b its great clu/] ,prsepe 7#afha on map ,no4 #d7 is easily se5 z a />ry cl\d ) ! nak$ eye4 ,) ! telescope x pres5ts ! mo/ brilliant appe>ance ) a v l[ p[]4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ objects t ,galileo turn$ to :5 he _h complet$ 8 telescope1 & he wond]+ly c\nt$ its />s1 ( :i* he enum]at$ ?irty-six1 & made a diagram %[+ _! positions4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ /> 9 ,canc] is zeta1 a celebrat$ triple4 ,! magnitudes ( its compon5ts are six1 sev51 & sev5 & a half2 di/ances #a4ad1 p4 #f1 & #e4g1 p4 #aad4 ,we mu/ use our five-in* glass 9 ord] satisfactorily to sep>ate ! two ne>e/ />s4 ,! gravitational relation%ip ( ! ?ree />s is v peculi>4 ,! ne>e/ pair revolve ar\nd _! common c5t] 9 ab\t fifty-eight ye>s1 :ile ! ?ird /> revolves ) ! o!r two1 ar\nd a c5t] common to all ?ree1 9 a p]iod ( six or sev5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,b ! movem5ts ( ! ?ird /> are erratic1 & inexplicable except ^u ! hypo!sis advanc$ by ,seelig]1 t !re is an invisible1 or d>k1 /> ne> x by ^: attraction its motion is p]turb$4 ,9 endeavor+ to picture ! condition ( ?+s 9 zeta ,cancri we might imag9e our sun to h a companion sun1 a half or a ?ird z l>ge z itself1 & situat$ )9 :at may be call$ planet>y di/ance1 circl+ ) x ar\nd _! c5t] ( gravity2 :ile a ?ird sun1 small] ?an ! second & sev]al times z f> away1 & accompani$ by a black or non-lum9\s orb1 sw+s ) ! fir/ two ar\nd ano!r c5t] ( motion4 ,!re y w\ld h an ent]ta9+ complication = ! inhabitants ( a sy/em ( planets6 ,o!r objects 9 ,canc] are3 ,sigma #abbc1 d\ble />1 magnitudes six & six & a half1 di/ance #e1 p4 #bad2 ,sigma #abia1 d\ble1 magnitudes bo? six1 di/ance #a4c1 p4 #cbh--;f\r-in* %\ld split x2 iota1 d\ble1 magnitudes f\r & a half & six & a half1 di/ance #cj1 p4 #cjh2 #ff1 d\ble magnitudes six & n9e1 di/ance #d4h1 p4 #acf2 ,sigma #acaa1 d\ble1 magnitudes bo? ab\t ! sev5?1 di/ance #g1 p4 #bjj2 #agab1 /> clu/]1 v beautiful ) ! five-in* glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #e4 ,! con/ellation ( ,auriga may next comm& our att5tion 7map ,no4 #e74 ,! calm beauty ( its lead+ /> ,capella awak5s an admiration t is n dim9i%$ by ! rivalry ( ,orion's brilliants glitt]+ to ! s\? ( x4 ,al?\gh ,capella mu/ be an enorm\sly great] sun ?an ours1 its spectrum be>s s mu* resemblance to ! sol> spectrum t a fur!r lik5ess ( condition is sugge/$4 ,no close telescopic companion to ,capella has be5 discov]$4 ,a n9?-magnitude companion1 di/ant #aei1 p4 #adf1 & two o!rs1 "o ( twelf? magnitude at #gh1 p4 #cag1 ! o!r ( ?irte5? magnitude at #abf1 p4 #ahc1 may be di/ant satellites ( ! great />1 b n planets 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 s9ce x is evid5t t !y are self-lum9\s4 ,x is a significant fact t mo/ ( ! fir/-magnitude />s h fa9t companions :i* are n s di/ant z altoge!r to preclude ! idea ( physical relation%ip4 ,b :ile ,capella has no visible companion1 ,campbell1 ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 has lately discov]$ t x is a conspicu\s example ( a peculi> class ( b9>y />s only detect$ )9 ! clos+ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! nature ( ^! />s1 call$ spectroscopic b9>ies1 may p]haps be/ be describ$ :ile we turn our att5tion f ,capella to ! second /> 9 ,auriga beta 7,m5kal9a71 :i* n only belongs to ! same class1 b 0 ! fir/ to be discov]$4 ,nei!r our telescopes1 nor any telescope 9 exi/5ce1 c directly reveal ! duplicity ( beta ,aurig to ! eye--i4 e41 we c n see ! two />s compos+ x1 because !y are s close t _! light rema9s inextricably m+l$ aft] ! highe/ practicable magnify+ p[] has be5 appli$ 9 ! ef=t to sep>ate !m4 ,b ! spectroscope %[s t ! /> is d\ble & t its compon5ts are 9 rapid revolution ar\nd "o ano!r1 complet+ _! orbital sw+ 9 ! a/oni%+ly %ort p]iod ( f\r days6 ,! comb9$ mass ( ! two />s is e/imat$ to be two & a half times ! mass ( ! sun1 & ! di/ance betwe5 !m1 f c5t] to c5t]1 is ab\t eight million miles4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! spectroscope reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( two />s 9 beta ,aurig is a beautiful illu/ration ( ! unexpect$ &1 s to speak1 automatic application ( an old pr9ciple 9 ! discov]y ( new facts n look$ =4 ,x 0 notic$ at ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory t ! l9es 9 ! photograph$ spectrum ( beta ,aurig 7& ( a few o!r />s to be m5tion$ lat]7 appe>$ s+le 9 "s ( ! photographs & d\ble 9 o!rs4 ,inve/igation prov$ t ! l9es 7 d\bl$ at regul> int]vals ( ab\t two days1 & t !y appe>$ s+le 9 ! int]im4 ,! explanation 0 n f> to seek4 ,x is kn[n t all />s :i* are approa*+ u h _! spectral l9es %ift$1 by virtue ( _! motion ( approa*1 t[>d ! violet end ( ! spectrum1 & t1 = a simil> reason1 all />s :i* are rec$+ h _! l9es %ift$ t[>d ! r$ end ( ! spectrum4 ,n[1 suppose two />s to be revolv+ ar\nd "o ano!r 9 a plane horizontal1 or ne>ly s1 to ! l9e ( sight4 ,:5 !y are at _! greate/ angul> di/ance ap>t z se5 f ! e>? "o ( !m w evid5tly be approa*+ at ! same mom5t t ! o!r is rec$+4 ,! spectral l9es ( ! fir/ w !re=e be %ift$ t[>d ! violet1 & ^? ( ! second w be %ift$ t[>d ! r$4 ,!n if ! />s1 :5 at _! greate/ di/ance ap>t1 are /ill s close t ! telescope c n sep>ate !m1 _! light w be comb9$ 9 ! spectrum2 b ! spectral l9es1 be+ simultane\sly %ift$ 9 opposite directions1 w necess>ily appe> to be d\bl$4 ,z ! revolution ( ! />s cont9ues1 h[ev]1 x is cle> t _! motion w soon cease to be p]=m$ 9 ! l9e ( sight1 & w become m & m a?w>t t l9e1 & z ?is occurs ! spectral l9es w gradually assume _! normal position & appe> s+le4 ,?is is ! sequ5ce ( ph5om5a 9 beta ,aurig4 ,& ! same sequ5ce is f\nd 9 ,capella & 9 sev]al o!r m or less conspicu\s />s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! heav5s4 ,su* facts1 l ^? connect+ r[s & gr\ps ( />s ) masses & spiral l9es ( nebula are obscure signbo>ds1 indicat+ ! op5+ ( a way :i*1 />t+ 9 an unexpect$ direction1 leads deep into ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se4 ,s\?w>d f beta we f9d ! /> !ta1 :i* is a beautiful quadruple4 ,we %all d be/ ) our five-in* "h1 al?\gh 9 a f9e condition ( ! atmosph]e ! f\r-in* might suffice4 ,! prim>y is ( ! ?ird magnitude2 ! fir/ companion is ( magnitude sev5 & a half1 di/ance #b1 p4 #e2 ! second1 ( ! t5? magnitude1 di/ance #de1 p4 #bib2 & ! ?ird1 ( ! t5? magnitude1 di/ance #abe1 p4 #cej4 ,we %\ld look at ! d\ble ,sigma #faf ) "o ( our l>g] ap]tures 9 ord] to det]m9e = ourselves :at ! colors ( ! compon5ts are4 ,!re is consid]able div]sity ( op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,"s say ! l>g] /> is pale r$ & ! small] light blue2 o!rs consid] ! color ( ! l>g] /> to be gre5i%1 & "s h ev5 call$ x :ite4 ,! magnitudes are five & n9e1 di/ance #f1 p4 #cej4 ,auriga conta9s sev]al notewor?y clu/]s :i* w be f\nd on ! map4 ,! mo/ beautiful ( ^! is #abie1 9 :i* ab\t five hundr$ />s h be5 c\nt$4 ,! position ( ! new /> ( #ahib1 kn[n z ,nova ,aurig1 is also indicat$ on ! map4 ,:ile ?is nev] made a brilliant appe>ance1 x gave rise to a great] v>iety ( speculative !ories ?an any previ\s ph5om5on ( ! k9d4 ,al?\gh n recogniz$ until ,janu>y #bd1 #ahib1 ?is />1 z photographic records prove1 0 9 exi/5ce on ,decemb] #i1 #ahia4 ,at its brighte/ x b>ely exce$$ magnitude f\r & a half1 & its maximum occurr$ )9 t5 days aft] its fir/ recognition4 ,:5 discov]$ x 0 ( ! fif? magnitude4 ,x 0 la/ se5 9 its orig9al =m ) ! ,lick telescope on ,april #bf?1 :5 x _h sunk to ! l[e/ limit ( visibility4 ,to ev]ybody's a/oni%m5t x reappe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ,augu/1 & on ! #ag? ( t mon? 0 se5 %9+ ) ! light ( a t5?-magnitude />1 b pres5t+ ! spectrum ( a nebula6 ,its visual appe>ance 9 ! great telescope 0 n[ also t ( a planet>y nebula4 ,its spectrum dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( its visibility _h be5 c>efully /udi$1 s t ! means exi/$ = mak+ a spectroscopic comp>ison ( ! ph5om5on 9 its two phases4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod1 :5 only a /ell> spectrum 0 notic$1 rem>kable %ift+s ( ! spectral l9es occurr$1 indicat+ t two & p]haps ?ree bodies 7 conc]n$ 9 ! production ( ! light ( ! new />1 "o ( :i* 0 approa*+ ! e>?1 :ile ! o!r or ! o!rs rec$$ ) velocities ( sev]al hundr$ miles p] second6 ,on ! revival 9 ! =m ( a planet>y nebula1 :ile ! "* ( ! spectrum _h entirely *ang$1 evid5ces ( rapid motion 9 ! l9e ( sight rema9$4 ,b :at 0 ! mean+ ( all ?is8 ,evid5tly a cata/rophe ( "s k9d _h occurr$ out !re 9 space4 ,! idea ( a collision involv+ ! trans=mation ( ! en]gy ( motion into t ( light & heat sugge/s itself at once4 ,b :at 7 ! circum/ances ( ! collision8 ,did an ext+ui%$ sun1 fly+ bl9dly ?r\gh space1 plunge into a va/ cl\d ( meteoric p>ticles1 &1 "u ! la%+ impact ( s _m myriads ( missiles1 break into sup]ficial inc&esc5ce1 :ile ! cosmical wrack ?r\gh :i* x _h driv5 rema9$ gl[+ ) nebul\s lum9osity8 ,su* an explanation has be5 (f]$ by ,seelig]4 ,or 0 ,vogel "r :5 he sugge/$ t ,nova ,aurig c\ld be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t a w&]+ d>k body _h run into collision ) a sy/em ( planets surr\nd+ a decrepit sun 7& !re=e x is to be hop$ un9habit$71 & t ^? planets _h be5 r$uc$ to vapor & s5t sp9n+ by ! enc\nt]1 ! second outbur/ ( light be+ caus$ by an outly+ planet ( ! sy/em fall+ a prey to ! vagabond de/roy]8 ,or "s may pref] ! explanation1 bas$ on a !ory ( ,wils+'s1 t two great bodies1 p>tially or :olly opaque & non-lum9\s at _! surfaces1 b liquid hot )91 approa*$ "o ano!r s closely t ! trem5d\s /ra9 ( _! tidal attraction bur/ _! %ells asund] s t _! b[els ( fire gu%$ briefly visible1 amid a blaze ( sp\t+ vapors4 ,& yet ,locky] ?9ks t !re 0 no solid or semisolid mass conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5on at all1 b t :at occurr$ 0 simply ! cla% ( two imm5se sw>ms ( meteors t _h cross$ "o ano!r's track4 ,well1 :]e nobody positively kn[s1 ev]ybody has free *oice4 ,9 ! meantime1 look at ! spot 9 ! sky :]e t little /> made its appe>ance & und]w5t its m>vel\s trans=mation1 =1 ev5 if y c see no rema9s ( x !re1 y w feel y\r int]e/ 9 ! problem x has pres5t$1 & 9 ! :ole subject ( a/ronomy1 greatly height5$ & vivifi$1 z ! visitor to ! field ( ,wat]loo becomes a lov] ( hi/ory on ! spot4 ,! rema9+ objects ( special int]e/ 9 ,auriga may be briefly m5tion$3 #bf1 triple />1 magnitudes five1 eight1 & elev51 di/ances #ab1 p4 #bfh1 & #bf1 p4 #aac2 #ad1 triple />1 magnitudes five1 sev5 & a half1 & elev51 di/ances #ad1 p4 #bbd1 & #ab4f1 p4 #cdb1 ! la/ difficult = mod]ate ap]tures2 lambda1 d\ble1 magnitudes five & n9e1 di/ance #aba1 p4 #ac2 epsilon1 v>iable1 g5]ally ( ?ird magnitude1 b has be5 se5 ( only f\r & a half magnitude2 #da1 d\ble1 magnitudes five & six1 di/ance #h1 p4 #ced2 #iif1 #ajfg1 #aaai1 & #aaff1 clu/]s all well wor? inspection1 #aaai be+ especially beautiful4 ,! inconspicu\s ,lynx furni%es "s f9e telescopic objects1 all gr\p$ ne> ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ! con/ellation4 ,)\t a six-in* telescope x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to attack ! d\ble /> #d1 ^: compon5ts are ( six? & eigh? magnitudes1 di/ance #j4h1 p4 #ajc2 b its neighbor1 #e1 a f9e triple1 is )9 our rea*1 ! magnitudes be+ six1 t51 & eight1 di/ances #cj1 p4 #aci1 & #if1 p4 #bgb4 ,9 #ab ,lyncis we f9d "o ( ! mo/ attractive ( triple />s1 :i* 9 good see+ wea!r is n beyond ! p[]s ( a ?ree-in* glass1 al?\gh we %all h a f> m satisfactory view ( x ) ! f\r-in*4 ,! compon5ts are ( ! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? magnitudes1 di/ances #a4d1 p4 #aag1 & #h4g1 p4 #cjd4 ,a magnify+ p[] :i* j suffices cle>ly to sep>ate ! disks ( ! two ne>] />s makes ?is a f9e sight4 ,a beautiful contra/ ( colors belongs to ! d\ble /> #ad1 b un=tunately ! /> is at pres5t v close1 ! di/ance betwe5 its six? & sev5? magnitude compon5ts n exce$+ #j4h1 position angle #fd4 ,sigma #ieh is a pretty d\ble1 bo? />s be+ ( ! six? magnitude1 di/ance #e1 p4 #beg4 ,/ill f9] is ,sigma #ajji1 a d\ble1 ^: />s are bo? a little above ! sev5? magnitude & ne>ly equal1 di/ance #c1 p4 #aef4 ,a l[ p[] suffices to %[ ! ?ree />s 9 #ai1 _! magnitudes be+ six & a half1 sev5 & a half1 & eight1 di/ances #ae1 p4 #cab1 & #bae1 p4 #ceh4 ,webb describes ! two small] />s z plum-color$4 ,plum-color$ suns6 ,at ! opposite end ( ! con/ellation are two f9e d\bles1 ,sigma #accc1 magnitudes six & a half & sev51 di/ance #a4d1 p4 #ci2 & #ch1 magnitudes f\r & sev51 di/ance #b4i1 p4 #bce4 ,"u ! guidance ( map ,no4 #f we turn to ,leo1 :i* conta9s "o ( ! lead+ gems among ! d\ble />s1 gamma1 ^: compon5ts1 ( ! second & f\r? magnitudes1 are respectively yell[ & gre51 ! gre5 />1 accord+ to "s obs]v]s1 hav+ a peculi> t+e ( r$4 ,_! di/ance ap>t is #c4g1 p4 #aah1 & !y are und\bt$ly 9 revolution ab\t a common c5t]1 ! probable p]iod be+ ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ?ree-in* glass %\ld sep>ate !m easily :5 ! air is /eady1 & a pleas+ sight !y are4 ,! /> iota is a clos] d\ble1 & also v pretty1 magnitudes f\r & eight1 colors lemon & light blue1 di/ance #b4ag1 p4 #ec4 ,o!r d\bles are tau1 magnitudes five & sev51 di/ance #ie1 p4 #agj2 #hh1 magnitudes sev5 & n9e1 di/ance #ae1 p4 #cbj2 #ij1 triple1 magnitudes six1 sev5 & a half1 & t51 di/ance1 #c4e1 p4 #bji1 & #ei1 p4 #bcd2 #ed1 magnitudes f\r & a half & sev51 di/ance #f4b1 p4 #ajb2 & #di1 magnitudes six & n9e1 di/ance #b4d1 p4 #aeh4 ,leo conta9s a rem>kable v>iable />1 ,r1 deep r$ 9 color1 & v>y+ 9 a space ( a hundr$ & =ty-f\r days f ! fif? to ! t5? magnitude4 ,x has also sev]al nebul1 ( :i* only "o ne$s special m5tion1 ,no4 #ahfa4 ,?is is sp9dle-%ap$1 & l>ge telescopes %[ t x consi/s ( ?ree nebul4 ,! obs]v] ) ord9>y in/rum5ts f9ds little to see & little to int]e/ him 9 ^! small1 fa9t nebul4 ,we may j glance at two d\ble />s 9 ! small con/ellation ( ,sextans1 situat$ "u ,leo4 ,^! are3 #i1 magnitudes sev5 & eight1 di/ance #ec1 p4 #bib2 & #ce1 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #f4i1 p4 #bdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #f4 ,coma ,b]5ices 7map ,no4 #f7 includes sev]al int]e/+ objects4 ,let u beg9 ) ! /> #b1 a d\ble1 ( magnitudes six & sev5 & a half1 di/ance #c4f1 p4 #bdj4 ,! color ( ! small] /> is lilac4 ,?is hue1 al?\gh n extremely uncommon among d\ble />s else:]e1 recurs aga9 & aga91 ) s+ul> p]si/5ce1 9 ?is little con/ellation4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! v next /> t we look at1 #ab1 we f9d a d\ble ^: small] compon5t is lilac4 ,! magnitudes 9 #ab are five & eight1 di/ance #ff1 p4 #afh4 ,s also ! wide d\ble #ag1 magnitudes five & a half & six1 di/ance #ade1 exhibits a t+e ( lilac 9 ! small] compon5t2 ! triple #ce1 magnitudes five1 eight1 & n9e1 di/ances #a1 p4 #gg1 & #bh4g1 p4 #abd1 has f\r colors yell[1 lilac1 & blue1 & ! d\ble #bd1 magnitudes five & six1 di/ance #bj1 p4 #bgj1 comb9es an orange ) a lilac />1 a v /rik+ & beautiful contra/4 ,we %\ld make a mi/ake if we reg>d$ ?is wond]ful di/ribution ( color among ! d\ble />s z accid5tal4 ,x is manife/ly expressive ( _! physical condition1 al?\gh we c n yet deciph] its exact mean+4 ,! b9>y #db ,com ,b]5icis is too close = ord9>y telescopes1 b x is highly int]e/+ z an int]m$iate betwe5 ^? pairs :i* ! telescope is able to sep>ate & ^?--l beta ,aurig--:i* no magnify+ p[] c divide1 b :i* reveal ! fact t !y are d\ble by ! p]iodical splitt+ ( _! spectral l9es4 ,! orbit 9 #db ,com ,b]5icis is a v small "o1 s t ev5 :5 ! compon5ts are at _! greate/ di/ance ap>t !y c n be sep>at$ by a five-or six-in* glass4 ,burnham1 us+ ! ,lick telescope1 9 #ahij made ! di/ance #j4g2 ,hall1 us+ ! ,wa%+ton telescope1 9 #ahia made x a trifle m ?an #j4e4 ,he _h measur$ x 9 #ahhf z only #j4bg4 ,! p]iod ( revolution is believ$ to be ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,9 ,coma ,b]5ices !re is an outly+ field ( ! m>vel\s nebul\s region ( ,virgo1 :i* we may explore on "s future ev5+4 ,b ! nebul 9 ,coma are v fa9t1 &1 = an amateur1 h>dly wor? ! tr\ble requir$ to pick !m up4 ,! two clu/]s includ$ 9 ! map1 #bgeb & #cdec1 are bright en\gh to repay inspection ) our l>ge/ ap]ture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #g4 ,al?\gh ,hydra is ! l>ge/ con/ellation 9 ! heav5s1 ext5d+ ab\t sev5 h\rs1 or #aje1 9 "r asc5sion1 x conta9s comp>atively few objects ( int]e/1 & mo/ ( ^! are 9 ! head or we/]n end ( ! con/ellation1 :i* we exam9$ dur+ our fir/ night at ! telescope4 ,9 ! c5tral portion ( ,hydra1 repres5t$ on map ,no4 #g1 we f9d its lead+ /> alpha1 sometimes call$ ,alph>d1 or ,cor ,hydr1 a bright second-magnitude /> t has be5 suspect$ ( v>iability4 ,x has a decid$ orange t9t1 & is accompani$1 at a di/ance ( #bha1 p4 #aec1 by a gre5i% t5?-magnitude />4 ,bu4 #cci is a f9e d\ble1 magnitudes eight & n9e & a half1 di/ance #a4c1 p4 #baf4 ,! planet>y nebula #bajb is ab\t #a' 9 diamet]1 pale blue 9 color1 & wor? look+ at1 because x is bright] ?an mo/ objects ( its class4 ,tempel & ,sec*i h giv5 wond]ful descriptions ( x1 bo? f9d+ multitudes ( />s int]m+l$ ) nebul\s matt]4 ,= a la/ glimpse at cele/ial spl5dors = ! night1 let u turn to ! ri* clu/] #afcj1 9 ,argo1 j above ! place :]e ! /ream ( ! ,milky ,way--"h bright 9 mid-*annel & %all[+ t[>d ! %ores--sep>ates into two or ?ree curr5ts be=e disappe>+ beh9d ! horizon4 ,x is by no means z brilliant z "s ( ! /> clu/]s we h se51 b x ga9s 9 beauty & impressiv5ess f ! pres5ce ( "o bright /> t seems to capta9 a ho/ ( inf]ior lum9>ies4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,virgo ,,& ,,h] ,,neighbors 444 t region ,:]e /ill by night is se5 ,! ,virg9 goddess ne> to bright ,botes4--,,po/e',s ,,aratus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #h4 ,foll[+ ! ord] ( "r asc5sion1 we come next to ! little con/ellations ,crat] & ,corvus1 :i* may be describ$ z /&+ on ! curves ( ,hydra 7map ,no4 #h74 ,beg9n+ ) ,crat]1 let u look fir/ at alpha1 a yell[ f\r?-magnitude />1 ne> :i* is a celebrat$ r$ v>iable ,r4 ,) a l[ p[] we c see bo? alpha & ,r 9 ! same field ( view1 l a v wide d\ble4 ,!re is a ?ird /> ( n9? magnitude1 & blui% 9 color1 ne> ,r on ! side t[>d alpha4 ,r is v>iable bo? 9 color & light4 ,:5 r$de/1 x has be5 describ$ z sc>let1 crimson1 & blood-color$2 :5 pale/1 x is a deep orange-r$4 ,its light v>iation has a p]iod ! precise l5g? ( :i* is n yet kn[n4 ,! cycle ( *ange is includ$ betwe5 ! eigh? & n9? magnitudes4 ,:ile our ?ree-in* telescope suffices to %[ ,r1 x is bett] to use ! five-in*1 because ( ! fa9tness ( ! />4 ,:5 ! color is well se51 ! contra/ ) alpha is v pleas+4 ,!re is h>dly any?+ else 9 ,crat] to int]e/ u1 & we pass ov] ! bord] into ,corvus1 & g at once to its *ief attraction1 ! /> delta4 ,! compon5ts ( ?is beautiful d\ble are ( magnitudes ?ree & eight2 di/ance #bd1 p4 #baa2 colors yell[ & purple4 ,! night be+ d>k & cle>1 we take ! five-in* & turn x on ! nebula #cabh1 :i* ! map %[s j "u ! bord] ( ,corvus 9 ! edge ( ,hydra4 ,h]s*el believ$ he _h resolv$ ?is into />s4 ,x is a fa9t object & small1 n exce$+ "o eigh? ( ! moon's diamet]4 ,f>!r ea/ 9 ,hydra1 z indicat$ ne> ! left-h& edge ( map ,no4 #h1 is a some:at rem>kable v>iable1 ,r ,hydr4 ,?is /> occasionally rea*es magnitude ?ree & a half1 :ile at m9imum x is n mu* above ! t5? magnitude4 ,its p]iod is ab\t f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-five days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #i4 ,:ile we h be5 exam9+ ^! comp>atively b>r5 regions1 glad to f9d "o or two color$ d\bles to relieve ! monotony ( ! se>*1 a glitt]+ :ite /> has frequ5tly drawn our eyes ea/w>d & upw>d4 ,x is ,spica1 ! great gem ( ,virgo1 &1 yield+ to its attraction1 we n[ ent] ! ri*] con/ellation ov] :i* x presides 7map ,no4 #i74 ,except = its beauty1 :i* e "o mu/ admire1 ,spica1 or alpha ,virg9is1 has no special claim ^u our att5tion4 ,"s evid5ce has be5 obta9$ t1 l beta ,aurig & ,capella1 x revolves ) an invisible companion ( great mass 9 an orbit only six million miles 9 diamet]4 ,spica's spectrum resembles t ( ,sirius4 ,! fa9t /> :i* our l>g] ap]tures %[ ab\t #f' nor!a/ ( ,spica is ( ! t5? magnitude4 ,sweep+ we/w>d1 we come ^u ,sigma #affi1 a pretty little d\ble ) ne>ly equal compon5ts ( ab\t ! six? magnitude1 di/ance #e4f1 p4 #abd4 ,b our int]e/ is n fully ar\s$ until we rea* gamma1 a /> ) a hi/ory4 ,! compon5ts ( ?is celebrat$ b9>y are bo? ne>ly ( ! ?ird magnitude1 di/ance ab\t #e4h1 p4 #aej4 ,!y revolve ar\nd _! common c5t] 9 some?+ less ?an two hundr$ ye>s4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 ! p]iod is "o hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s1 b x is n yet c]ta9ly asc]ta9$4 ,x 0 notic$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t gamma ,virg9is 0 d\ble4 ,9 #ahcf ! />s 7 s close toge!r t no telescope !n 9 exi/5ce 0 able to sep>ate !m1 al?\gh x is said t ! disk into :i* !y _h m]g$ 0 elongat$ at ,pulk[a4 ,9 a few ye>s !y became easily sep>able once m4 ,if ! "o-hundr$-&-sev5ty-ye> p]iod is correct1 !y %\ld cont9ue to get f>!r ap>t until ab\t #aiba4 ,accord+ to ,asaph ,hall1 _! greate/ app>5t di/ance is #f4c1 & _! lea/ app>5t di/ance #j4e2 consequ5tly1 !y w nev] aga9 close up beyond ! sep>at+ p[] ( exi/+ telescopes4 ,!re is a great *>m 9 wat*+ ?is pair ( />s ev5 ) a ?ree-in* telescope--n s mu* on acc\nt ( :at is se51 al?\gh !y are v beautiful1 z on acc\nt ( :at we "k !y are do+4 ,x is no slight ?+ to behold two di/ant />s obey+ ! law t makes a /one fall to ! gr\nd & compels ! e>? to sw+ r\nd ! sun4 ,9 !ta we discov] a f9e triple1 magnitudes f\r & a half1 n9e1 & t52 di/ances #g1 p4 #cde1 & #fe1 p4 #bie4 ,! n9?-magnitude /> has be5 describ$ z violet1 b su* designations ( color are (t5 mislead+ :5 ! /> is v fa9t4 ,on ! o!r h& x %\ld n be assum$ t a c]ta9 color does n exi/ because ! obs]v] c n p]ceive x1 = exp]i5ce %[s t !re is a wide diff]5ce among obs]v]s 9 ! p[] ( ! eye to di/+ui% color4 ,i h kn[n p]sons :o c\ld n p]ceive ! diff]5ce ( hue 9 "s ( ! mo/ beautifully contra/$ color$ d\bles to be f\nd 9 ! sky4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) an a/ronom] ( long exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( telescopes1 ^: eye is s defici5t 9 color s5se t he d5ies t !re are any decid$ colors among ! />s4 ,su* p]sons miss "o ( ! f9e/ pleasures ( ! telescope4 ,9 exam9+ !ta ,virg9is we %all d be/ to use our l>ge/ ap]ture1 viz41 ! five-in*4 ,yet ,webb records t all ?ree ( ! />s 9 ?is triple h be5 se5 ) a telescope ( only ?ree in*es ap]ture4 ,! amateur mu/ rememb] 9 su* cases h[ mu* dep5ds ^u practice z well z ^u ! condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!re are lam5tably few nights 9 a ye> :5 ev5 ! be/ telescope is ideally p]fect 9 p]=mance1 b e night's obs]vation increases ! capacity ( ! eye1 begett+ a k9d ( critical judgm5t :i* r5d]s x to "s ext5t indep5d5t ( atmosph]ic vag>ies4 ,x w also be f\nd t ! idiosyncrasies ( ! obs]v] are reflect$ 9 8 in/rum5t1 :i* seems to h its fits ( excell5ce1 its inspirations s to speak1 :ile at o!r times x behaves z if all its wond]ful p[]s _h dep>t$4 ,ano!r d\ble t p]haps we _h bett] n try ) less ?an f\r in*es ap]ture is #hd ,virg9is4 ,! magnitudes are six & n9e2 di/ance1 #c4e1 p4 #bcc4 ,colors yell[ & blue4 ,sigma #ahdf is a fif?-magnitude /> ) a t5?-magnitude companion1 di/ance only #d1 p4 #ajh4 ,use ! five-in*4 ,& n[ we approa* some?+ t is truly m>vel\s1 ! ,field ( ! ,nebul4 ,?is /range region1 ly+ mo/ly 9 ! con/ellation ,virgo1 is r\ghly outl9$ by ! />s beta1 eta1 gamma1 delta1 & epsilon1 :i* =m two sides ( a squ>e "s #ae across4 ,x ext5ds1 h[ev]1 = "s di/ance into ,coma ,b]5ices1 :ile outly+ nebul belong+ to x are also to be f\nd 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,leo4 ,un=tunately = ^? :o expect only brilliant revelations :5 !y look ?r\gh a telescope1 ?is ?rong ( nebul consi/s ( small & inconspicu\s wisps z ill def9$ z bits ( ?i/le-d[n float+ high 9 ! air4 ,!re are m ?an ?ree hundr$ ( !m all told1 b ev5 ! brighte/ are fa9t objects :5 se5 ) ! l>ge/ ( our telescopes4 ,:y d !y congregate ?us8 ,t is ! "q :i* l5ds an int]e/ to ! assemblage t no individual memb] ( x c\ld alone comm&4 ,x is a my/]y1 b beyond "q x is explicable4 ,! explanation1 h[ev]1 is yet to be discov]$4 ,! places ( only ?ree ( ! nebul are indicat$ on ! map4 ,no4 #bhjf has be5 describ$ z resembl+ 9 %ape a %uttle4 ,its l5g? is ne>ly "o ?ird ( ! moon's diamet]4 ,x is brighte/ ne> ! c5t]1 & has sev]al fa9t companions4 ,no4 #bifa is r\nd1 #d' 9 diamet]1 & is accompani$ by ano!r r\nd nebula 9 ! same field ( view t[>d ! s\?4 ,no4 #caje is d\ble1 & p[]ful telescopes %[ two m gho/ly companions4 ,!re is an opportunity = good & useful "w 9 a c>eful /udy ( ! little nebul t swim into view all ov] ?is "p ( ,virgo4 ,cele/ial photography has triumphs 9 /ore = itself "h4 ,scatt]$ ov] & ar\nd ! region :]e ! nebul are ?icke/ we f9d eight or n9e v>iable />s1 ?ree ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i*1 ,r1 ,s1 & ,u1 may be f\nd on ! map4 ,r is v irregul>1 sometimes atta9+ magnitude six & a half1 :ile at o!r times its maximum brightness does n exce$ t ( an eigh?-magnitude />4 ,at m9imum x s9ks to ! t5? or elev5? magnitude4 ,its p]iod is "o hundr$ & =ty-five days4 ,u v>ies f magnitude sev5 or eight d[n to magnitude twelve or "u & !n rega9s its light1 9 a p]iod ( ab\t two hundr$ & sev5 days4 ,s is int]e/+ = its brilliant r$ color4 ,:5 brighte/1 x exce$s ! six? magnitude1 b at "s ( its maxima ! magnitude is h>dly great] ?an ! eigh?4 ,at m9imum x goes bel[ ! twelf? magnitude4 ,p]iod1 ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-six days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #aj4 ,next ea/ ( ,virgo is ,libra1 :i* conta9s a few notable objects 7map ,no4 #aj74 ,! /> alpha has a fif?-magnitude companion1 di/ant ab\t #bcj1 :i* c be easily se5 ) an op]a glass4 ,at ! po9t m>k$ ,a on ! map is a curi\s multiple />1 sometimes ref]r$ to by its numb] 9 ,piazzi's catalogues z foll[s3 #bab ,p4 xiv4 ,! two pr9cipal />s are easily se51 _! magnitudes be+ six & sev5 & a half2 di/ance #ae1 p4 #bij4 ,burnham f\nd f\r o!r fa9t companions1 = :i* x w\ld be useless = u to look4 ,! rem>kable ?+ is t ^! fa9t />s1 ! ne>e/ ( :i* is di/ant ab\t #ej f ! l>ge/ memb] ( ! gr\p & ! f>!/ ab\t #abi1 d n %>e1 accord+ to _! discov]]1 9 ! rapid prop] motion ( ! two ma9 />s4 ,9 iota we f9d a d\ble a little difficult = our ?ree-in*4 ,! compon5ts are ( magnitudes f\r & a half & n9e1 di/ance #eg1 p4 #aaj4 ,burnham discov]$ t ! n9?-magnitude /> consi/s ( two ( ! t5? less ?an #b ap>t1 p4 #bd4 ,no a/ronom] :o happ5s to be engag$ 9 ?is "p ( ! sky ev] fails1 unless 8 att5tion is absorb$ by some?+ ( special int]e/1 to glance at beta ,libr1 :i* is fam\s z ! only nak$-eye /> hav+ a decid$ gre5 color4 ,! hue is pale1 b manife/4#c #c ,is ! slight gre5 t9t p]ceptible 9 ,sirius v>iable8 ,i am sometimes dispos$ to ?9k x is4 ,! /> is a rem>kable v>iable1 belong+ to :at is call$ ! ,algol type4 ,its p]iod1 accord+ to ,*&l]1 is #b days #g h\rs1 #ea m9utes1 #bb4h seconds4 ,! "t occupi$ by ! actual *anges is ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,at maximum ! /> is ( magnitude five & at m9imum ( magnitude #f4b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #aa4 ,we may n[ conv5i5tly turn nor?w>d f ,virgo 9 ord] to explore ,botes1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! con/ellations 7map ,no4 #aa74 ,its lead+ /> alpha1 ,arcturus1 is ! brighte/ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,its prec$5ce ov] its rivals ,vega & ,capella1 long 9 dispute1 has be5 settl$ by ! ,h>v>d photometry4 ,y notice t ! color ( ,arcturus1 :5 x has n ris5 f> above ! horizon1 is a yell[i% r$1 b :5 ! /> is ne> mid-heav5 ! color fades to light yell[4 ,! hue is possibly v>iable1 = x is record$ t 9 #aheb ,arcturus appe>$ to h ne>ly lo/ its color4 ,if x %\ld ev5tually turn :ite1 ! fact w\ld h an important be>+ ^u ! "q :e!r ,sirius 01 z alleg$1 once a r$ or flame-color$ />4 ,b let u sit "h 9 ! />light1 = ! night is balmy1 & talk ab\t ,arcturus1 :i* is p]haps actually ! greate/ sun )9 ! range ( t]re/rial vision4 ,its p>allax is s m9ute t ! consid]ation ( ! trem5d\s size ( ?is /> is a ?+ t ! imag9ation c n placidly approa*4 ,calculations1 bas$ on its assum$ di/ance1 :i* %[ t x out%9es ! sun sev]al ?\s& times1 may be no exagg]ation ( ! tru?6 ,x is easy to make su* a calculation4 ,"o ( ,dr4 ,elk9's p>allaxes = ,arcturus is #j4jah4 ,t is to say1 ! displacem5t ( ,arcturus due to ! *ange 9 ! obs]v]'s po9t ( view :5 he looks at ! /> fir/ f "o side & !n f ! o!r side ( ! e>?'s orbit1 #ahf1jjj1jjj miles across1 am\nts to only eighte5 "o-?\s&?s ( a second ( arc4 ,we c appreciate h[ small t is :5 we reflect t x is ab\t equal to ! app>5t di/ance betwe5 ! heads ( two p9s plac$ an in* ap>t & view$ f a di/ance ( a hundr$ & eighty miles6 ,assum+ ?is e/imate ( ! p>allax ( ,arcturus1 let u see h[ x w enable u to calculate ! probable size or light-giv+ p[] ( ! /> z comp>$ ) ! sun4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to multiply ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun1 :i* may be tak5 at #ic1jjj1jjj miles1 by #bjf1bfe1 ! numb] ( seconds ( arc 9 a radian1 ! base ( circul> measure1 & !n divide ! product by ! p>allax ( ! />4 ,p]=m+ ! multiplication & division1 we get ! foll[+3 #ai1ahb1fde1jjj1jjj _/ 4#jah #a1jfe1gjb1ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,! quoti5t repres5ts miles6 ,call x1 9 r\nd numb]s1 a ?\s& millions ( millions ( miles4 ,?is is ab\t #aa1djj1jjj times ! di/ance f ! e>? to ! sun4 ,n[ = ! second "p ( ! calculation3 ,! am\nt ( light receiv$ on ! e>? f "s ( ! bright] />s has be5 exp]im5tally comp>$ ) ! am\nt receiv$ f ! sun4 ,! results diff] r widely1 b 9 ! case ( ,arcturus ! ratio ( ! />'s light to sunlight may be tak5 z ab\t "o tw5ty-five-?\s&-million?--i4 e41 #be1jjj1jjj1jjj />s1 ea* equal to ,arcturus1 w\ld toge!r %$ ^u ! e>? z mu* light z ! sun does4 ,b we "k t light v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 = in/ance1 if ! sun 7 twice z f> away z x is1 its light w\ld be dim9i%$ = u to a qu>t] ( its pres5t am\nt4 ,suppose1 !n1 t we c\ld remove ! e>? to a po9t midway betwe5 ! sun & ,arcturus1 we %\ld !n be #e1gjj1jjj times z f> f ! sun z we n[ are4 ,9 ord] to e/imate h[ mu* light ! sun w\ld s5d u f t di/ance we mu/ squ>e ! numb] #e1gjj1jjj & !n take ! result inv]sely1 or z a fraction4 ,we ?us get #a _/ #cb1dij1jjj1jjj1jjj1 repres5t+ ! ratio ( ! sun's light at half ! di/ance ( ,arcturus to t at its real di/ance4 ,b :ile rec$+ f ! sun we %\ld be approa*+ ,arcturus4 ,we %\ld get1 9 fact1 twice z ne> to t /> z we 7 be=e1 & !re=e its light w\ld be increas$ = u f\rfold4 ,n[1 if ! am\nt ( sunlight _h n *ang$1 x w\ld exce$ ! light ( ,arcturus only a qu>t] z mu* z x did be=e1 or 9 ! ratio ( #be1jjj1jjj1jjj _/ #d #f1bej1jjj1jjj to #a4 ,b1 z we h se51 ! sunlight w\ld dim9i% ?r\gh increase ( di/ance to "o #cb1dij1jjj1jjj1jjj? "p ( its orig9al am\nt4 ,h5ce its alt]$ ratio to ! light ( ,arcturus w\ld become #f1bej1jjj1jjj to #cb1dij1jjj1jjj1jjj1 or #a to #e1aih4 ,?is means t if ! e>? 7 situat$ midway betwe5 ! sun & ,arcturus1 x w\ld receive #e1aih times z mu* light f t /> z x w\ld f ! sun6 ,x is q probable1 moreov]1 t ! heat ( ,arcturus exce$s ! sol> heat 9 ! same ratio1 = ! spectroscope %[s t al?\gh ,arcturus is surr\nd$ ) a cloak ( metallic vapors proportionately f> m ext5sive ?an ! sun's1 yet1 smo!r$ z ! great /> seems 9 "s respects to be1 x rivals ,sirius itself 9 ! int5sity ( its radiant en]gy4 ,if we suppose ! radiation ( ,arcturus to be ! same p] unit ( surface z ! sun's1 x foll[s t ,arcturus exce$s ! sun ab\t #cge1jjj times 9 volume1 & t its diamet] is no less ?an #fb1cej1jjj miles6 ,imag9e ! e>? & ! o!r planets con/itut+ ! sol> sy/em remov$ to ,arcturus & set revolv+ ar\nd x 9 orbits ( ! same =ms & sizes z ^? 9 :i* !y circle ab\t ! sun4 ,poor ,m]cury6 ,= t little planet x w\ld inde$ be a jump f ! fry+ pan into ! fire1 because1 z x ru%$ to p]ihelion1 ,m]cury w\ld plunge m ?an #b1ejj1jjj miles b5ea? ! surface ( ! giant />4 ,v5us & ! e>? w\ld melt l sn[flakes at ! m\? ( a furnace4 ,ev5 f>-away ,neptune1 ! remote/ memb] ( ! sy/em1 w\ld swelt] 9 torrid heat4 ,b /op6 ,look at ! sky4 ,obs]ve h[ small & motionless ! disks ( ! />s h become4 ,back to ! telescopes at once1 = ?is is a tok5 t ! atmosph]e is /eady1 & t good see+ may be expect$4 ,x is =tunate1 = we h "s delicate "w be=e u4 ,! v fir/ d\ble /> we try 9 ,botes1 ,sigma #aggb1 requires ! use ( ! f\r-in*1 & ! five-in* %[s x m satisfactorily4 ,! magnitudes are six? & n9?1 di/ance #e1 p4 #adj4 ,on ! o!r side ( ,arcturus we f9d zeta1 a /> t we %\ld h _h no great difficulty 9 sep>at+ ?irty ye>s ago1 b :i* has n[ clos$ up beyond ! rea* ev5 ( our five-in*4 ,! magnitudes are bo? f\r?1 & ! di/ance less ?an a qu>t] ( a second2 position angle *ang+4 ,x is app>5tly a b9>y1 & if s w "s "t wid5 aga91 b its p]iod is unkn[n4 ,! /> #bgi1 also kn[n z ,sigma #aiaj1 ne> ! s\!a/]n edge ( ! con/ellation1 is a pretty d\ble1 ea* compon5t be+ ( ! sev5? magnitude1 di/ance #d1 p4 #bab4 ,j above zeta we come ^u pi1 an easy d\ble = ! ?ree-in*1 magnitudes f\r & six1 di/ance #f p4 #ii4 ,next is xi1 a yell[ & purple pair1 ^: magnitudes are respectively five & sev51 di/ance less ?an #c1 p4 #bjj4 ,?is is und\bt$ly a b9>y ) a p]iod ( revolution ( ab\t a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s4 ,its di/ance decreas$ ab\t #a betwe5 #ahha & #ahia4 ,x 0 /ill decreas+ 9 #ahii1 :5 x _h become #b4e4 ,! orbital sw+ is also v app>5t 9 ! *ange ( ! position angle4 ,! telescopic gem ( ,botes1 & "o ( ! fl[]s ( ! sky1 is epsilon1 also kn[n z ,mirac4 ,:5 well se51 z we %all see x to-night1 epsilon ,botis is sup]b4 ,! magnitudes ( its two compon5t />s are two & a half 7accord+ to ,hall1 ?ree7 & six4 ,! di/ance is ab\t #b4h1 p4 #cbf4 ,! contra/ ( colors--bright orange yell[1 set aga9/ brilliant em]ald gre5--is magnific5t4 ,!re are v few d\bles t c be comp>$ ) x 9 ?is respect4 ,! ?ree-in* w sep>ate x1 b ! five-in* enables u be/ to enjoy its beauty4 ,x appe>s to be a b9>y1 b ! motion is v sl[1 & no?+ c]ta9 is yet kn[n ( its p]iod4 ,9 delta we h a v wide & easy d\ble2 magnitudes ?ree & a half & eight & a half1 di/ance #aaj1 p4 #ge4 ,! small] /> has a lilac hue4 ,we c n hope ) any ( our in/rum5ts to see all ( ! ?ree />s conta9$ 9 1 b two ( !m are easily se52 magnitudes f\r & sev51 di/ance #ajh1 p4 #agb4 ,! small] /> is aga9 d\ble2 magnitudes sev5 & eight1 di/ance #j4gg1 p4 #hh4 ,x is cle>ly a b9>y1 ) a long p]iod4 ,a six-in* telescope t c\ld sep>ate ?is /> at pres5t w\ld be inde$ a treasure4 ,sigma #aibf is ano!r object r beyond our p[]s1 on acc\nt ( ! contra/ ( magnitudes4 ,^! are six & eight & a half2 di/ance #a4c1 p4 #bef4 ,o!r d\bles are3 #dd 7,sigma #aiji71 magnitudes five & six1 di/ance #d4h1 p4 #bdj2 #ci 7,sigma #ahij71 magnitudes bo? ne>ly six1 di/ance #c4f1 p4 #de4 ,small] /> light r$2 iota1 magnitudes f\r & a half & sev5 & a half1 di/ance #ch1 p4 #cc2 kappa1 magnitudes five & a half & eight1 di/ance #ab4g1 p4 #bch4 ,"s obs]v]s see a gre5i% t+e 9 ! light ( ! l>g] />1 ! small] "o be+ blue4 ,!re are "o or two int]e/+ ?+s to be se5 9 t "p ( ,canes ,v5atici :i* is repres5t$ on map ,no4 #aa4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! /> clu/] #cicf4 ,?is w rew>d a good look ) ! five-in*4 ,) l>ge telescopes z _m z "o ?\s& />s h be5 disc]n$ pack$ )9 its globul> outl9es4 ,! /> #be 7,sigma #agfh7 is a close b9>y ) a p]iod e/imat$ at "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! magnitudes are six & sev5 or eight1 di/ance ab\t #a1 p4 #acg4 ,we may try = ?is ) ! five-in*1 & if we d n succe$ 9 sep>at+ ! />s we may hope to d s "s "t1 = ! di/ance betwe5 !m is increas+4 ,al?\gh ! nebula #cegb is a v wond]ful object1 we %all leave x = ano!r ev5+4 ,ea/w>d f ,botes %9es ! circlet ( ,corona ,borealis1 ^: =m is s /rik+ly m>k$ out by ! />s t ! mo/ c>eless eye p]ceives x at once4 ,al?\gh a v small con/ellation1 x ab\nds ) int]e/+ objects4 ,we beg9 our attack ) ! five-in* on ,sigma #aicb1 b n too confid5t t we %all come (f victors1 = ?is b9>y has be5 sl[ly clos+ = _m ye>s4 ,! magnitudes are six & a half & sev51 di/ance #j4hd1 p4 #aej4 ,n f> di/ant is ano!r b9>y1 at pres5t beyond our p[]s1 eta4 ,"h ! magnitudes are bo? six1 di/ance #j4fe1 p4 #c4 ,hall assigns a p]iod ( =ty ye>s to ?is />4 ,! assemblage ( close b9>ies 9 ?is neighborhood is v curi\s4 ,only a few degrees away we f9d "o t is /ill m rem>kable1 ! /> gamma4 ,:at has previ\sly be5 said ab\t #db ,com ,b]5icis applies 9 a measure to ?is /> also4 ,x1 too1 has a comp>atively small orbit1 & its compon5ts are nev] se5 widely sep>at$4 ,9 #ahbf _! di/ance 0 #j4g2 9 #ahhj !y c\ld n be split2 9 #ahia ! di/ance _h increas$ to #j4cf1 & 9 #ahid x _h become #j4ec1 p4 #abc4 ,b 9 #ahii ,lewis made ! di/ance only #j4dc4 ,! p]iod has be5 e/imat$ at "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,:ile ! gr\p ( d\ble />s 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,corona ,borealis consi/s1 z we h se51 ( rem>kably close b9>ies1 ano!r gr\p 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! same con/ellation comprises />s t are easily sep>at$4 ,let u fir/ try zeta4 ,! p[]s ( ! ?ree-in* are amply suffici5t 9 ?is case4 ,! magnitudes are f\r & five1 di/ance #f4c1 p4 #cjj4 ,colors1 :ite or blui%-:ite & blue or gre54 ,next take sigma1 ^: magnitudes are five & six1 di/ance #d1 p4 #bjf4 ,) ! five-in* we may look = a second companion ( ! t5? magnitude1 di/ance #ed1 p4 #hh4 ,x is ?\ght highly probable t sigma is a b9>y1 b its p]iod has simply be5 guess$ at4 ,f9ally1 we come to nu1 :i* consi/s ( two v widely sep>at$ />s1 nu#a & nu#b1 ea* ( :i* has a fa9t companion4 ,) ! five-in* we may be able to see ! companion ( nu#b1 ! m s\!rly ( ! pair4 ,! magnitude ( ! companion is v>i\sly giv5 z t5? & twelf?1 di/ance #acg1 p4 #ah4 ,) ! aid ( ! map we f9d ! position ( ! new /> ( #ahff1 :i* is fam\s z ! fir/ s-call$ tempor>y /> to :i* spectroscopic analysis 0 appli$4 ,:5 fir/ notic$1 on ,may #ab1 #ahff1 ?is /> 0 ( ! second magnitude1 fully equal+ 9 brilliancy alpha1 ! brighte/ /> ( ! con/ellation2 b 9 ab\t two weeks x fell to ! n9? magnitude4 ,hugg9s & ,mill] eag]ly /udi$ ! /> ) ! spectroscope1 & _! results 7 receiv$ ) deepe/ int]e/4 ,!y conclud$ t ! light ( ! new /> _h two diff]5t s\rces1 ea* giv+ a spectrum peculi> to itself4 ,"o ( ! spectra _h d>k l9es & ! o!r bright l9es4 ,x w be rememb]$ t a simil> peculi>ity 0 exhibit$ by ! new /> 9 ,auriga 9 #ahic4 ,b ! /> 9 ,corona did n disappe>4 ,x dim9i%$ to magnitude n9e & a half or t51 & /opp$ !re2 & x is /ill visible4 ,9 fact1 subsequ5t exam9ation prov$ t x _h be5 catalogu$ at ,bonn z a /> ( magnitude n9e & a half 9 #ahee4 ,consequ5tly ?is blaze /> ( #ahff w be> wat*+ 9 its decrepitude4 ,nobody kn[s b t x may blaze aga94 ,p]haps x is a sun-l body2 p]haps x be>s little resemblance to a sun z we und]/& su* a ?+4 ,b :atev] x may be1 x has prov$ itself capable ( do+ v extraord9>y ?+s4 ,we h no reason to suspect ! sun ( any lat5t ecc5tricities1 l ^? t h be5 display$ by tempor>y />s2 yet1 act+ on ! pr9ciple :i* l$ ! old emp]or-a/rolog] ,rudolph ,,ii to torm5t 8 m9d ) self-made horoscopes ( evil import1 let u unsci5tifically imag9e t ! sun c\ld sudd5ly bur/ out ) sev]al hundr$ times its ord9>y am\nt ( heat & light1 !reby putt+ u into a prop] condition = spectroscopic exam9ation by curi\s a/ronom]s 9 di/ant worlds4 ,b no1 aft] all1 x is f> pleasant] to keep )9 ! /rict b\nd>ies ( sci5ce1 & n imag9e any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,9 ,,summ] ,,/>-,,l&s ,i he>d ! trail+ g>m5ts ( ! night ,sweep ?r\gh h] m>ble halls1 ,i saw h] sable skirts all fr+$ ) light ,f ! cele/ial walls4--,h4 ,w4 ,,longfell[4 ,9 ! s(t air ( a summ] night1 :5 fireflies are fla%+ _! lant]ns ov] ! fields1 ! />s d n sp>kle & blaze l ^? t pi]ce ! fro/y skies ( w9t]4 ,! light ( ,sirius1 ,aldeb>an1 ,rigel1 & o!r midw9t] brilliants possesses a c]ta9 gemlike h>dness & cutt+ quality1 b ,ant>es & ,vega1 ! great summ] />s1 & ,arcturus1 :5 he hangs we/]+ 9 a ,july night1 exhibit a mild] radiance1 h>moniz+ ) ! "* ( ! season4 ,?is diff]5ce is1 ( c\rse1 atmosph]ic 9 orig91 al?\gh x may be p>tly subjective1 dep5d+ ^u ! m5tal influ5ces ( ! mutations ( ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #ab4 ,! con/ellation ,scorpio is ne>ly z /rik+ 9 outl9e z ,orion1 & its brighte/ />1 ! r$ ,ant>es 7alpha 9 map ,no4 #ab71 c>ries conceal$ 9 its rays a gre5 jewel :i*1 to ! eye ( ! en?usia/ 9 telescopic recreation1 appe>s m beautiful & invit+ ea* "t t he p5etrates to its hid+ place4 ,we %all beg9 our night's "w ) ?is object1 & ! f\r-in* glass w s]ve our purpose1 al?\gh ! untra9$ obs]v] w\ld be m c]ta9 ( success ) ! five-in*4 ,a fri5d ( m9e has se5 ! companion ( ,ant>es ) a ?ree-in*1 b ,i h nev] tri$ ! /> ) s small an ap]ture4 ,:5 ! air is /eady & ! companion c be well view$1 !re is no f9] sight among ! d\ble />s4 ,! contra/ ( colors is beautifully di/9ct--fire-r$ & bright gre54 ,! little gre5 /> has be5 se5 em]g+ f beh9d ! moon1 ahead ( its ruddy companion4 ,! magnitudes are "o & sev5 & a half or eight1 di/ance #c1 p4 #bgj4 ,ant>es is probably a b9>y1 al?\gh its b9>y "* has n yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,a slight turn ( ! telescope tube br+s u to ! /> sigma1 a wide d\ble1 ! small] compon5t ( :i* is blue or plum-color$2 magnitudes f\r & n9e1 di/ance #bj1 p4 #bgb4 ,f sigma we pass to beta1 a v beautiful object1 ( :i* ! ?ree-in* gives u a spl5did view4 ,its two compon5ts are ( magnitudes two & six1 di/ance #ac1 p4 #cj2 colors1 :ite & blui%4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t ! l>g] /> is itself d\ble1 al?\gh none ( ! telescopes we are us+ c split x4 ,burnham discov]$ t x has a t5?-magnitude companion2 di/ance less ?an #a1 p4 #hg4 ,& n[ = a triple1 :i* w probably require ! use ( our l>ge/ glass4 ,up ne> ! end ( ! nor!rn prolongation ( ! con/ellation we p]ceive ! /> xi4 ,! ?ree-in* %[s u t x is d\ble2 ! five-in* divides ! l>g] /> aga94 ,! magnitudes are respectively five1 five & a half1 & sev5 & a half1 di/ances #j4id1 p4 #bae1 & #g1 p4 #gj4 ,a /ill m rem>kable />1 al?\gh "o ( its compon5ts is beyond our rea*1 is nu4 ,) ! slighte/ magnify+ ?is object splits up into two />s1 ( magnitudes f\r & sev51 situat$ r m ?an #dj ap>t4 ,a high p[] divides ! sev5?-magnitude companion into two1 ea* ( magnitude six & a half1 di/ance #a4h1 p4 #db4 ,b 7& ?is 0 ano!r ( ,burnham's discov]ies7 ! f\r?-magnitude /> itself is d\ble1 di/ance #j4h1 p4 ab\t #j4 ,! companion 9 ?is case is ( magnitude five & a half4 ,next we %all ne$ a r l[-p[] eyepiece & our l>ge/ ap]ture 9 ord] to exam9e a /> clu/]1 ,no4 #dagc1 :i* 0 especially admir$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 :o discov]$ t x 0 n1 z ,messi] _h suppos$1 a circul> nebula4 ,h]s*el reg>d$ x z ! ri*e/ mass ( />s 9 ! firmam5t1 b ) a small telescope x appe>s m]ely z a filmy speck t has sometimes be5 mi/ak5 = a comet4 ,9 #ahfj a new />1 betwe5 ! six? & sev5? magnitude 9 brilliance1 sudd5ly appe>$ directly 9 or ^u ! clu/]1 & ! feeble radiance ( ! latt] 0 almo/ ext+ui%$ by ! sup]ior light ( ! /rang]4 ,! latt] disappe>$ 9 less ?an a mon?1 & has n be5 se5 aga91 al?\gh x is suspect$ to be a v>iable1 &1 z su*1 has be5 designat$ ) ! lett] ,t4 ,two o!r kn[n v>iables1 bo? v fa9t1 exi/ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion t 0 =m]ly look$ ^u ) favor1 ! v>iable ,t1 if x is a v>iable1 simply lies 9 ! l9e ( sight betwe5 ! e>? & ! /> clu/]1 & has no actual connection ) ! latt]4 ,b ?is op9ion may n1 aft] all1 be correct1 = ,mr4 ,bailey's obs]vations %[ t v>iable />s sometimes exi/ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 clu/]s1 al?\gh ! v>iables ?us obs]v$ are ( %ort p]iod4 ,! clu/] #dahc1 j we/ ( ,ant>es1 is also wor? a glance ) ! five-in* glass4 ,x is d5se1 b its />s are v small1 s t to enjoy its beauty we %\ld h to employ a l>ge telescope4 ,yet !re is a c]ta9 attraction 9 ^! f>-away glimpses ( />ry sw>ms1 = !y give u "s p]ception ( ! awful pr(undity ( space4 ,:5 ! m9d is rightly attun$ = ^! revelations ( ! telescope1 !re are no words t c express its impressions ( ! ov]:elm+ p]spective ( ! univ]se4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ! con/ellation ,ophiu*us is almo/ inextricably m+l$ ) ,scorpio4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 look next at its attractions1 beg9n+ ) ! rem>kable array ( /> clu/]s #dbfd1 #dbfh1 #dbfi1 & #dbgj4 ,all ( ^! are small1 #b' or #c' 9 diamet]1 & globul> 9 %ape4 ,no4 #dbfd is ! l>ge/1 & we c see "s ( ! />s compos+ x4 ,b ^! clu/]s1 l ^? j describ$ 9 ,scorpio1 are m int]e/+ = :at !y signify ?an = :at !y %[2 & ! int]e/ is n dim9i%$ by ! fact t _! mean+ is m or less ( a my/]y4 ,:e!r !y are compos$ ( pygmy suns or ( great sol> globes l t "o :i* makes daylight = ! e>?1 _! association 9 sph]ical gr\ps is equally sugge/ive4 ,!re are two o!r /> clu/]s 9 ,ophiu*us1 & )9 ! limits ( map ,no4 #ab1 bo? ( :i* are m ext5sive ?an ^? we h j be5 look+ at4 ,no4 #dbaa is #e' or #f' 9 diamet]1 also globul>1 bright] at ! c5t]1 & surr\nd$ by sev]al comp>atively conspicu\s />s4 ,no4 #dcdf is /ill l>g]1 ab\t half z broad z ! moon1 & _m ( its scatt]$ />s are ( n less ?an ! n9? magnitude4 ,) a l[ magnify+ p[] ! field ( view surr\nd+ ! clu/] appe>s p[d]$ ) />s4 ,!re are only two notewor?y d\bles 9 t "p ( ,ophiu*us ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$3 #cf1 ^: magnitudes are five & sev51 di/ance #d4c1 p4 #aie1 colors yell[ & r$2 & #ci1 magnitudes six & sev5 & a half1 di/ance #ab1 p4 #cef1 colors yell[ or orange & blue4 ,! fir/ nam$ is a b9>y ^: p]iod has n be5 def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,! v>iable ,r has a p]iod a little less ?an ?ree hundr$ & ?ree days4 ,at its brighte/ x is ( magnitude sev5 or eight1 & at m9imum x dim9i%es to ab\t ! twelf? magnitude4 ,! spot :]e ! new /> ( #afjd appe>$ is indicat$ on ! map4 ,?is 01 ) ! exception ( ,ty*o's /> 9 #aegb1 ! brighte/ tempor>y /> ( :i* we possess a tru/wor?y acc\nt4 ,x is frequ5tly ref]r$ to z ,kepl]'s />1 because ,kepl] wat*$ x ) consid]able att5tion1 b un=tunately he 0 n z good an obs]v] z ,ty*o 04 ,! /> 0 fir/ se5 on ,octob] #aj1 #afjd1 & 0 !n bright] ?an ,jupit]4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 equal ,v5us4 ,x gradually fad$ & 9 ,m>*1 #afjf1 disappe>$4 ,ab\t twelve degrees nor?we/ ( ! place ( ! /> ( #afjd1 & 9 t "p ( ! con/ellation ,s]p5s :i* is includ$ 9 map ,no4 #ab1 we f9d ! location ( ano!r tempor>y />1 t ( #ahdh4 ,x 0 fir/ notic$ by ,mr4 ,h9d on ,april #bh? ( t ye>1 :5 its magnitude 0 n mu* above ! sev5?1 & its color 0 r$4 ,x bright5$ rapidly1 until on ,may #b;d x 0 ( magnitude ?ree & a half4 ,!n x began to fade1 b v sl[ly1 & x has nev] entirely disappe>$4 ,x is n[ ( ! twelf? or ?irte5? magnitude4 ,9 pass+ we may glance ) a l[ p[] at nu ,s]p5tis1 a wide d\ble1 magnitudes f\r & n9e1 di/ance #ej1 p4 #ca1 colors contra/$ b unc]ta94 ,sagitt>ius & its neighbor1 ! small b ri* con/ellation ,scutum ,sobieskii1 attract u next4 ,we %all fir/ deal ) ! we/]n portions ( ^! con/ellations :i* are repres5t$ on ,map ,no4 #ab4 ,! /> 9 ,sagitt>ius is a wide triple1 magnitudes ?ree & a half1 n9e & a half1 & t51 di/ances #dj1 p4 #cae1 & #de1 p4 #aad4 ,b ! *ief glory ( ,sagitt>ius 7& ! same /atem5t applies to ,scutum ,sobieskii7 lies 9 its assemblage ( /> clu/]s4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,no4 #dcfa1 also kn[n z ,m #h1 is pla9ly visible to ! nak$ eye z a bright spot 9 ! ,milky ,way4 ,we turn our five-in* telescope1 arm$ ) a l[ magnify+ p[]1 ^u ?is subject & enjoy a r>e spectacle4 ,z we all[ x to drift ?r\gh ! field we see a gr\p ( ?ree comp>atively brilliant />s advanc+ at ! front ( a wond]ful tra9 ( m+l$ /> clu/]s & nebul\s cl\ds4 ,a little nor?we/ ( x appe>s ! celebrat$ trifid nebula1 ,no4 #dcee on ! map4 ,!re is "s evid5ce t *anges h occurr$ 9 ?is nebula s9ce its discov]y 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,b>n>d has made a beautiful photograph %[+ ,m #h & ! trifid nebula on ! same plate1 & he rem>ks t ! =m] is a f> m rem>kable object ?an its m fam\s neighbor4 ,ne> ! ea/]n bord] ( ! pr9cipal nebul\s cl\d !re is a small & v black hole ) a /> pois$ on its ea/]n edge4 ,?is hole & ! /> are cle>ly %[n 9 ! photograph4 ,clu/] ,no4 #dcig 7,m #bd7 is usually describ$ z resembl+1 to ! nak$ eye1 a protub]ance on ! edge ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,x is ne>ly ?ree times z broad z ! moon1 & is v ri* 9 m9ute />s1 :i* are at j su* a degree ( visibility t cr[ds ( !m cont9ually appe> & disappe> :ile ! eye w&]s ov] ! field1 j z faces are se5 & lo/ 9 a va/ assemblage ( p4 ,?is k9d ( lum9\s agitation is n peculi> to ,m #bd1 al?\gh t clu/] exhibits x bett] ?an mo/ o!rs d on acc\nt ( bo? ! multitude & ! m9ut5ess ( its />s4 ,a slight sweep ea/w>d br+s u to yet ano!r meet+ place ( />s1 ! clu/] ,m #be1 situat$ betwe5 ! v>iables ,u & ,v4 ,?is is brilliant & easily resolv$ into its compon5ts1 :i* include a numb] ( d\ble />s4 ,! two neighbor+ v>iables j ref]r$ to are int]e/+4 ,u has a p]iod ( ab\t six days & ?ree qu>t]s1 & its range ( magnitude runs f ! sev5? d[n to bel[ ! eigh?4 ,v is a some:at my/]i\s />4 ,*&l] remov$ x f 8 catalogue ( v>iables because no *ange _h be5 obs]v$ 9 its light by ei!r himself1 ,sawy]1 or ,y5dell4 ,quirl+1 ! discov]] ( its v>iability1 gave ! range z betwe5 magnitudes #g4f & #h4h4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be exce$+ly erratic 9 its *anges1 resembl+ r ! tempor>y />s ?an ! true v>iables4 ,9 t "p ( ,scutum ,sobieskii conta9$ 9 map ,no4 #ab we f9d an int]e/+ d\ble1 ,sigma #bcbe1 ^: magnitudes are six & n9e1 di/ance #ab4c1 p4 #bfj1 colors :ite & orange4 ,sigma #bcjf is a triple1 magnitudes sev51 eight1 & n9e1 di/ances #ab1 p4 #bbj1 & #j4h1 p4 #fh4 ,! ?ird /> is1 h[ev]1 beyond our rea*4 ,! colors ( ! two l>g] are respectively yell[ & violet4 ,! /> clu/] #ddjj is ab\t "o qu>t] z broad z ! moon1 & easily se5 ) our smalle/ ap]ture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #ac4 ,pass+ ne> to ! region cov]$ by map ,no4 #ac1 we f9d ! rema9+ portions ( ! con/ellations ,sagitt>ius & ,scutum ,sobieskii4 ,x w be advisable to f9i% ) ! latt] fir/4 ,glance at ! clu/]s #ddbf & #ddcg4 ,nei!r is l>ge1 b bo? are ri* 9 />s4 ,! nebula #ddda is a f9e object ( its k9d4 ,x bright5s t[>d ! c5t]1 & ,h]s*el ?\ght he _h resolv$ x into />s4 ,! v>iable ,r is rem>kable = its ecc5tricities4 ,sometimes x atta9s ne>ly ! f\r? magnitude1 al?\gh usually at maximum x is bel[ ! fif?1 :ile at m9imum x is occasionally ( ! six? & at o!r times ( ! sev5? or eigh? magnitude4 ,its p]iod is irregul>4 ,turn+ back to ,sagitt>ius1 we resume our se>* = int]e/+ objects !re1 & ! fir/ t we discov] is ano!r /> clu/]1 = ! />s are wond]fully greg>i\s 9 ?is qu>t] ( ! heav5s4 ,! numb] our clu/] be>s on ! map is #ddbd1 correspond+ ) ,m #bb 9 ,messi]'s catalogue4 ,x is v bright1 conta9+ _m />s ( ! t5? & elev5? magnitudes1 z well z a sw>m ( small] ones4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el reg>d$ ! l>g] />s 9 ?is clu/] z possess+ a r$di% t9t4 ,possibly !re 0 "s peculi>ity 9 8 eye t gave him ?is impression1 = he has describ$ a clu/] 9 ! con/ellation ,t\can 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e z conta9+ a globul> mass ( rose-color$ />s inclos$ 9 a sph]ical %ell ( :ite />s4 ,lat] obs]v]s h confirm$ 8 description ( ! %ape & ri*ness ( ?is clu/] 9 ,t\can1 b h be5 unable to p]ceive ! r$ hue ( ! int]ior />s4 ,! ea/]n expanse ( ,sagitt>ius is a poor region comp>$ ) ! we/]n end ( ! con/ellation1 :]e ! wide /ream ( ! ,milky ,way l a great riv] enri*es its surr\nd+s4 ,! v>iables ,t & ,r are ( little int]e/ to u1 = !y nev] become bright en\gh to be se5 )\t ! aid ( a telescope4 ,9 #ed we f9d1 h[ev]1 an int]e/+ d\ble1 :i* ) l>g] telescopes ?an any ( ours appe>s z a triple4 ,! two />s t we see are ( magnitudes six & sev5 & a half1 di/ance #de1 p4 #db1 colors yell[ & blue4 ,! ?ird />1 p]haps ( ?irte5? magnitude1 is di/ant #cf1 p4 #bde4 ,reta9+ map ,no4 #ac z our guide1 we exam9e ! we/]n "p ( ! con/ellation ,capricornus4 ,its lead] alpha is a nak$-eye d\ble1 ! two />s be+ a little m ?an #f' ap>t4 ,_! magnitudes are ?ree & f\r1 & bo? h a yell[i% hue4 ,! we/]n /> is alpha#a1 & is ! fa9t] ( ! two4 ,! o!r is designat$ z alpha#b4 ,bo? are d\ble4 ,! compon5ts ( alpha#a are ( magnitudes f\r & eight & a half1 di/ance #dd1 p4 #bbj4 ,) ! ,wa%+ton tw5ty-six-in* telescope a ?ird /> ( magnitude f\rte5 has be5 f\nd at a di/ance ( #dj1 p4 #ahb4 ,9 alpha#b ! magnitudes ( ! compon5ts are ?ree & t5 & a half1 di/ance #g4d1 p4 #aej4 ,! small] /> has a companion ( ! twelf? or ?irte5? magnitude1 di/ance #a4b1 p4 #bdj4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is hopelessly beyond our rea*4 ,yet ano!r /> ( magnitude n9e1 di/ance #aed1 p4 #aef1 we may see easily4 ,dropp+ d[n to beta1 we f9d x to be a mo/ beautiful & easy d\ble1 possess+ f9ely contra/$ colors1 gold & blue4 ,! l>g] /> is ( magnitude ?ree1 & ! small]1 ! blue "o1 ( magnitude six1 di/ance #bje1 p4 #bfg4 ,betwe5 !m !re is a v fa9t /> :i* l>g] telescopes ?an ours divide into two1 ea* ( magnitude elev5 & a half2 sep>at$ #c1 p4 #cbe4 ,/ill f>!r s\? & ne>ly 9 a l9e drawn f alpha ?r\gh beta we f9d a rem>kable gr\p ( d\ble />s1 sigma1 pi1 rho1 & omicron4 ,! la/ ?ree =m a beautiful little triangle4 ,we beg9 ) sigma1 ! fa9te/ ( ! f\r4 ,! magnitudes ( its compon5ts are six & n9e1 di/ance #ed1 p4 #agg4 ,9 pi ! magnitudes are five & n9e1 di/ance #c4d1 p4 #ade2 9 rho1 magnitudes five & eight1 di/ance #c4h1 p4 #agg 7a ?ird /> ( magnitude sev5 & a half is se5 at a di/ance ( #d'1 p4 #aej72 9 omicron1 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #bb1 p4 #bdj4 ,! /> clu/] #dfjh is small1 yet1 on a moonless night1 wor? a glance ) ! five-in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #ad4 ,we n[ pass nor?w>d to ! region cov]$ by map ,no4 #ad1 includ+ ! rema9d] ( ,ophiu*us & ,s]p5s4 ,beg9n+ ) ! head ( ,s]p5s1 9 ! upp] "r-h& corn] ( ! map1 we f9d t beta1 ( magnitude ?ree & a half1 has a n9?-magnitude companion1 di/ance #cj1 p4 #bfe4 ,! l>g] /> is light blue & ! small] "o yell[i%4 ,! little /> nu is d\ble1 magnitudes five & n9e1 di/ance #ej1 p4 #ca1 colors contra/$ b unc]ta94 ,9 delta we f9d a clos] d\ble1 magnitudes ?ree & f\r1 di/ance #c4e1 p4 #aij4 ,x is a beautiful object = ! ?ree-in*4 ,! lead] ( ! con/ellation1 alpha1 ( magnitude two & a half1 has a fa9t companion ( only ! twelf? magnitude1 di/ance #fj1 p4 #cej4 ,! small /> is blui%4 ,! v>iable ,r has a p]iod ab\t a week %ort ( "o ye>1 & at maximum exce$s ! six? magnitude1 al?\gh s9k+ at m9imum to less ?an ! elev5?4 ,its color is ruddy4 ,pass+ ea/w>d1 we turn aga9 into ,ophiu*us1 & f9d imm$iately ! v int]e/+ d\ble1 lambda1 ^: compon5ts are ( magnitudes f\r & six1 di/ance #a1 p4 #ee4 ,?is is a long-p]iod b9>y1 & not)/&+ ! clos5ess ( its />s1 our f\r-in* %\ld sep>ate !m :5 ! see+ is f9e4 ,we %all d bett]1 h[ev]1 to try ) ! five-in*4 ,sigma #baff consi/s ( two />s ( magnitudes six & sev5 & a half1 di/ance #bg1 p4 #bhj4 ,sigma #bagc is a d\ble ( q a diff]5t ord]4 ,! magnitudes ( its compon5ts are bo? six1 ! di/ance 9 #ahii #j4ih1 p4 #cca4 ,x is evid5tly a b9>y 9 rapid motion1 z ! di/ance *ang$ f ab\t a qu>t] ( a second 9 #ahha to m ?an a second 9 #ahid4 ,! /> tau is a f9e triple1 magnitudes five1 six1 & n9e1 di/ances #a4h1 p4 #bed1 & #ajj1 p4 #abg4 ,! close pair is a b9>y sy/em ) a long p]iod ( revolution1 e/imat$ at ab\t two hundr$ ye>s4 ,we discov] ano!r gr\p ( rem>kable d\bles 9 #fg1 #gj1 & #gc4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ /> ! magnitudes are f\r & eight1 di/ance #ee1 p4 #add1 colors f9ely contra/$1 pale yell[ & r$4 ,mu* m int]e/+1 h[ev]1 is #gj1 a b9>y ^: compon5ts h complet$ a revolution s9ce _! discov]y by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 ! p]iod be+ n9ety-five ye>s4 ,! magnitudes are f\r & six1 or1 accord+ to ,hall1 five & six1 di/ance 9 #ahid #b4c2 9 #aijj1 #a4de1 accord+ to ,maw4 ,hall says ! app>5t di/ance :5 ! />s are close/ is ab\t #a4g1 & :5 !y are wide/ #f4g4 ,?is /> is "o ( ^? ^: p>allax has be5 calculat$ ) a reasonable degree ( accuracy4 ,its di/ance f u is ab\t #a1bfj1jjj times ! di/ance ( ! sun1 ! av]age di/ance ap>t ( ! two />s is ab\t #b1hjj1jjj1jjj miles 7equal to ! di/ance ( ,neptune f ! sun71 & _! comb9$ mass is ?ree times t ( ! sun4 ,hall has se5 9 ! sy/em ( #gj ,ophiu*i ?ree />s ( ! ?irte5? magnitude or less1 at di/ances ( ab\t #fj1 #ij1 & #afe respectively4 ,! /> #gc is also a close d\ble1 & beyond our rea*4 ,its magnitudes are six & sev51 di/ance #j4g1 p4 #bde4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 a b9>y4 ,?ree /> clu/]s 9 ,ophiu*us rema9 to be exam9$4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,no4 #dbef1 is p>tially resolv$ into />s by ! five-in*4 ,no4 #dcae is globul>1 & has a /rik+ environm5t ( by/&+ />s4 ,x is ab\t "o qu>t] z broad z ! full moon1 & our l>ge/ ap]ture reveals ! fa9t coruscation ( its cr[d$ compon5ts4 ,no4 #ddaj is a co>s] & m scatt]$ /> sw>m--a f9e sight6 ,f>!r t[>d ! ea/ we enc\nt] a "p ( ,s]p5s aga91 :i* conta9s j "o object wor? glanc+ at1 ! d\ble !ta1 ^: />s are ( magnitudes f\r & f\r & a half1 di/ance #ba1 p4 #ajd4 ,color1 bo? yell[1 ! small] /> hav+ ! deep] hue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #ae4 ,let u next1 ) ! guidance ( map ,no4 #ae1 ent] ! ri* /> fields ( ,h]cules1 & ( ! head & fir/ coils ( ,draco4 ,accord+ to ,argel&]1 ,h]cules conta9s m />s visible to ! nak$ eye ?an any o!r con/ellation1 & he makes ! numb] ( !m "o hundr$ & fifty-five1 ne>ly two ?irds ( :i* are only ( ! six? magnitude4 ,b ,heis1 :o saw m nak$-eye />s ?an ,argel&]1 makes ,ursa ,major precisely equal to ,h]cules 9 ! numb] ( />s1 8 enum]ation %[+ two hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 9 ea* con/ellation1 :ile1 accord+ to him1 ,draco foll[s v closely aft]1 ) two hundr$ & tw5ty />s4 ,yet1 on acc\nt ( ! m9ut5ess ( ! majority ( _! />s1 nei!r ( ^! con/ellations makes by any means z brilliant a display z does ,orion1 to :i* ,argel&] assigns only "o hundr$ & fifte5 nak$-eye />s1 & ,heis "o hundr$ & ?irty-six4 ,we beg9 9 ,h]cules ) ! /> kappa1 a pretty little d\ble ( magnitudes five & a half & sev51 di/ance #ca1 p4 #aj1 colors yell[ & r$4 ,n f> away we f9d1 9 gamma1 a l>g] /> ) a fa9t] companion1 ! magnitudes 9 ?is case be+ ?ree & a half & n9e1 di/ance #ch1 p4 #bdb1 colors :ite & fa9t blue or lilac4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( d\ble />s is alpha ,h]culis4 ,! magnitudes are ?ree & six1 di/ance #d4g1 p4 #aah1 colors orange & gre51 v di/9ct4 ,v>iability has be5 ascrib$ to ea* ( ! />s 9 turn4 ,x is n kn[n t !y con/itute a b9>y sy/em1 because no c]ta9 evid5ce ( motion has be5 obta9$4 ,ano!r v beautiful & easily sep>at$ d\ble is delta1 magnitudes ?ree & eight1 di/ance #ai1 p4 #age1 colors pale gre5 & purple4 ,sweep+ nor?we/w>d to zeta1 we enc\nt] a celebrat$ b9>y1 to sep>ate :i* at pres5t requires ! high] p[]s ( a six-in* glass4 ,! magnitudes are ?ree & six & a half1 di/ance 9 #ahii1 #j4f1 p4 #bfd2 9 #aijj1 #j4h1 p4 #bci4 ,! p]iod ( revolution is ?irty-five ye>s1 & two complete revolutions h be5 obs]v$4 ,! app>5t di/ance *anges f #j4f to #a4f4 ,!y 7 at _! extreme di/ance 9 #ahhd4 ,two pleas+ little d\bles are ,sigma #baja1 magnitudes six & n9e1 di/ance #d1 p4 #eg1 & ,sigma #bajd1 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #f1 p4 #bj4 ,at ! nor!rn end ( ! con/ellation is #db1 a d\ble t requires ! light-grasp+ p[] ( our l>ge/ glass4 ,its magnitudes are six & twelve1 di/ance #bj1 p4 #id4 ,9 rho we discov] ano!r di/9ctly color$ d\ble1 bo? />s be+ gre5i% or blui%1 ) a diff]5ce ( tone4 ,! magnitudes are f\r & five & a half1 di/ance #c4g1 p4 #cji4 ,b ! d\ble #ie is yet m rem>kable = ! colors ( its />s4 ,_! magnitudes are five & five & a half1 di/ance #f1 p4 #bfb1 colors1 accord+ to ,webb1 light apple-gre5 & *]ry-r$4 ,b o!r obs]v]s h not$ diff]5t hues1 "o call+ !m bo? gold5 yell[4 ,i ?9k ,webb's description is m ne>ly correct4 ,sigma #bbae is a v close d\ble1 requir+ l>g] telescopes ?an ^? we are work+ )4 ,its magnitudes are six & a half & eight1 di/ance #j4g1 p4 #cjj4 ,x is probably a b9>y4 ,sigma #bbhi is also close1 b our five-in* w sep>ate x3 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #a4b1 p4 #bcj4 ,turn+ to 1 we h to deal ) a triple1 "o ( ^: />s is at pres5t beyond ! rea* ( our in/rum5ts4 ,! magnitudes ( ! two t we see are f\r & t51 di/ance #ca1 p4 #bdc4 ,! t5?-magnitude /> is a b9>y ( %ort p]iod 7probably less ?an fifty ye>s71 ! di/ance ( ^: compon5ts 0 #b 9 #ahei1 #a 9 #ahhj1 #j4cd 9 #ahhi1 & #j4ed 9 #ahia1 :5 ! position angle 0 #be1 & rapidly increas+4 ,! di/ance is /ill mu* less ?an #a4 ,= a glance at a planet>y nebula we may turn ) ! five-in* to ,no4 #dbcd4 ,x is v small & fa9t1 only #h 9 diamet]1 & equal 9 brightness to an eigh?-magnitude />4 ,only close gaz+ %[s t x is n %>ply def9$ l a />1 & t x possesses a blui% t9t4 ,its spectrum is gase\s4 ,! *ief attraction ( ,h]cules we h left = ! la/1 ! fam\s /> clu/] betwe5 eta & zeta1 ,no4 #dbcj1 m commonly kn[n z ,m #ac4 ,on a /ill ev5+ 9 ! e>ly summ]1 :5 ! moon is abs5t & ! quiet t ! e>? enjoys seems an influ5ce desc5d+ f ! brood+ />s1 ! spectacle ( ?is sun clu/] 9 ,h]cules1 view$ ) a telescope ( n less ?an five-in*es ap]ture1 captivates ! m9d ( ! mo/ uncontemplative obs]v]4 ,) ! ,lick telescope ,i h wat*$ x resolve into sep>ate />s to its v c5t]--a sc5e ( m>vel\s beauty & impressiv5ess4 ,b small] in/rum5ts reveal only ! 9-runn+ /> /reams & ! spr9kl+ ( /ell> po9ts ov] ! ma9 aggregation1 :i* cause x to sp>kle l a cl\d ( diamond du/ transfus$ ) sunbeams4 ,! appe>ance ( flock+ toge!r t ^? unc\ntable ?\s&s ( />s pres5t calls up at once a picture ( our lone sun sep>at$ f its ne>e/ /ell> neighbor by a di/ance probably a hundr$ times z great z ! entire diamet] ( ! sph]ical space )9 :i* t multitude is congregat$4 ,x is true t unless we assume :at w\ld seem an unreasonable remot5ess = ! ,h]cules clu/]1 its compon5t />s mu/ be mu* small] bodies ?an ! sun2 yet ev5 t fact does n dim9i% ! wond] ( _! sw>m+4 ,"h ! imag9ation mu/ be> sci5ce on its w+s1 else sci5ce c make no progress :atev]4 ,x is an easy /ep f ,h]cules to ,draco4 ,9 ! conspicu\s diamond-%ap$ figure t s]ves z a guide-bo>d to ! head ( ! latt]1 ! s\!rnmo/ /> belongs n to ,draco b to ,h]cules4 ,! brighte/ /> 9 ?is figure is gamma1 ( magnitude two & a half1 ) an elev5?-magnitude companion1 di/ant #abe1 p4 #aaf4 ,two />s ( magnitude five compose nu1 _! di/ance ap>t be+ #fb1 p4 #cab4 ,a m int]e/+ d\ble is 1 magnitudes five & five1 di/ance #b4d1 p4 #aeh4 ,bo? />s are :ite1 & !y pres5t a pretty appe>ance :5 ! air is /eady4 ,!y =m a b9>y sy/em ( unkn[n p]iod4 ,sigma #bjgh 7also call$ #ag ,draconis7 is a triple1 magnitudes six1 six & a half1 & six1 di/ances #c4h1 p4 #aaf1 & #ij1 p4 #aie4 ,sigma #aihd is an easy d\ble1 magnitudes six & a half & eight & a half1 di/ance #f4d1 p4 #bgf4 ,! /> eta is a v difficult d\ble = ev5 our l>ge/ ap]ture1 on acc\nt ( ! fa9tness ( "o ( its compon5ts4 ,! magnitudes are two & a half & t51 di/ance #d4g1 p4 #adj4 ,its ne> neighbor1 ,sigma #bjed1 may be a b9>y4 ,its magnitudes are six & sev51 di/ance #a1 p4 #j4 ,9 ,sigma #bcbc we h ano!r triple1 magnitudes five1 eight & a half1 & sev51 di/ances #c4f1 p4 #cfj1 & #ij1 p4 #bb1 colors :ite1 blue1 & r$di%4 ,a f9e d\ble is epsilon1 magnitudes five & eight1 di/ance #c1 p4 #e4 ,! nebula ,no4 #dcgc is ( a planet>y "*1 & int]e/+ z occupy+ ! pole ( ! ecliptic4 ,a few ye>s ago ,dr4 ,hold51 ) ! ,lick telescope1 discov]$ t x is unique 9 its =m4 ,x consi/s ( a d\ble spiral1 drawn out ne>ly 9 ! l9e ( sight1 l ! ?read ( a screw ^: axis lies approximately endwise ) respect to ! obs]v]4 ,!re is a c5tral />1 & ano!r fa9t] /> is involv$ 9 ! out] spiral4 ,! =m ( ?is object sugge/s /range ideas z to its orig94 ,b ! details m5tion$ are f> beyond ! rea* ( our in/rum5ts4 ,we %all only see x z a hazy speck4 ,no4 #ddae is ano!r nebula wor? glanc+ at4 ,x is ,tuttle's s-call$ v>iable nebula4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #af4 ,!re are ?ree con/ellations repres5t$ on map ,no4 #af to :i* we %all pay brief visits4 ,fir/ ,aquila dem&s att5tion4 ,its d\bles may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #aa1 magnitudes five & n9e1 di/ance #ag4d1 p4 #beb2 pi1 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #a4f1 p4 #abb2 #bc1 magnitudes six & t51 di/ance #c4d1 p4 #ab--requires ! five-in* & good see+2 #eg1 magnitudes five & six1 di/ance #cf1 p4 #agj2 ,sigma #bfed1 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #ab1 p4 #bcd2 ,sigma #bfdd1 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #c4f1 p4 #bjh4 ,! /> eta is an int]e/+ v>iable betwe5 magnitudes ?ree & a half & #d4g2 p]iod1 sev5 days1 f\r h\rs1 f\rte5 m9utes4 ,! small r$ v>iable ,r *anges f magnitude six to magnitude sev5 & a half & back aga9 9 a p]iod ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty-"o days4 ,/> clu/] ,no4 #dddj is a /rik+ object1 its />s rang+ f ! n9? d[n to ! twelf? magnitude4 ,j nor? ( ,aquila is ! little con/ellation ,sagitta1 conta9+ sev]al int]e/+ d\bles & _m f9e /> fields1 :i* may be discov]$ by sweep+ ov] x ) a l[-p[] eyepiece4 ,! /> zeta is d\ble1 magnitudes five & n9e1 di/ance #h4f1 p4 #cab4 ,! l>g] /> is itself d\ble1 b f> too close to be split1 except ) v l>ge telescopes4 ,9 !ta we f9d ?ree compon5ts ( magnitudes sev51 n9e1 & eight respectively1 di/ances #aa4d1 p4 #cbg1 & #gj1 p4 #bbg4 ,a wide d\ble is epsilon1 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #ib1 p4 #ha4 ,nebula ,no4 #degb is planet>y4 ,turn+ to ,delph9us1 we f9d a v beautiful d\ble 9 gamma1 magnitudes f\r & five1 di/ance #aa1 p4 #bgc1 colors gold5 & em]ald4 ,! lead] alpha1 :i* is n z bright z its neighbor beta1 & :i* is believ$ to be irregul>ly v>iable1 is ( magnitude f\r1 & has a companion ( n9e & a half magnitude at ! di/ance #ce1 p4 #bgh4 ,at a simil> di/ance1 #ce1 p4 #cce1 beta has an elev5?-magnitude companion1 & ! ma9 /> is also d\ble1 b excessively close1 & mu* beyond our rea*4 ,x is believ$ to be a swiftly mov+ b9>y1 ^: />s are nev] sep>at$ widely en\gh to be di/+ui%$ ) common telescopes4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,f ,,lyra ,,to ,,eridanus ,?is ,orpheus /ruck :5 ) 8 wondr\s song ,he *>m$ ! woods & drew ! rocks along4--,,manilius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #ag4 ,we resume our cele/ial explorations ) ! little con/ellation ,lyra1 ^: *ief />1 ,vega 7alpha71 has a v good claim to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! sky4 ,! position ( ?is rem>kable /> is indicat$ 9 map ,no4 #ag4 ,e eye n ins5sitive to delicate %ades ( color p]ceives at once t ,vega is n :ite1 b blue-:ite4 ,:5 ! telescope is turn$ ^u ! /> ! color bright5s spl5didly4 ,inde$1 "s glasses decid$ly exagg]ate ! blu5ess ( ,vega1 b ! effect is s beautiful t "o c easily =give ! optical imp]fection :i* produces x4 ,) our f\r-in* we look = ! well-kn[n companion ( ,vega1 a t5?-magnitude />1 also ( a blue color deep] ?an ! hue ( its great neighbor4 ,! di/ance is #ej1 p4 #aeh4 ,"u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances x might be glimps$ ) ! ?ree-in*1 b1 ^u ! :ole1 ,i %\ld reg>d x z too sev]e a te/ = s small an ap]ture4 ,vega is "o ( ^? />s :i* evid5tly are n only enorm\sly l>g] ?an ! sun 7"o e/imate makes ! ratio 9 ?is case n9e hundr$ to "o71 b ^: physical condition1 z f> z ! spectroscope reveals x1 is v diff]5t f t ( our rul+ orb4 ,l ,sirius1 ,vega displays ! l9es ( hydrog5 mo/ conspicu\sly1 & x is probably a mu* hott] z well z a mu* m volum9\s body ?an ! sun4 ,close by1 t[>d ! ea/1 two f\r?-magnitude />s =m a little triangle ) ,vega4 ,bo? are int]e/+ objects = ! telescope1 & ! nor!rn "o1 epsilon1 has few rivals 9 ?is respect4 ,let u fir/ look at x ) an op]a glass4 ,! slight magnify+ p[] ( su* an in/rum5t divides ! /> into two tw9kl+ po9ts4 ,!y are ab\t two & a qu>t] m9utes ( arc ap>t1 & exceptionally %>p-sight$ p]sons are able to see !m divid$ ) ! nak$ eye4 ,n[ take ! ?ree-in* telescope & look at !m1 ) a mod]ate p[]4 ,ea* ( ! two />s reveal$ by ! op]a glass appe>s d\ble1 & a fif? /> ( ! n9? magnitude is se5 on "o side ( an imag9>y l9e jo9+ ! two pairs4 ,! nor!rn-mo/ pair is nam$ epsilon#a1 ! magnitudes be+ fif? & six?1 di/ance #c1 p4 #ae4 ,! o!r pair is epsilon#b1 magnitudes fif? & six?1 di/ance #b4c1 p4 #acc4 ,ea* pair is app>5tly a b9>y2 b ! p]iod ( revolution is unkn[n4 ,"s h guess$ a ?\s& ye>s = "o pair1 & two ?\s& = ! o!r4 ,ano!r guess gives epsilon#a a p]iod ( "o ?\s& ye>s1 & epsilon#b a p]iod ( eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,hall1 9 8 d\ble-/> obs]vations1 simply says ( ea*1 ,a sl[ motion4 ,purely by guesswork a p]iod has also be5 assign$ to ! two pairs 9 a suppos$ revolution ar\nd _! common c5t]1 ! "t nam$ be+ ab\t a million ye>s4 ,x is n kn[n1 h[ev]1 t su* a motion exi/s4 ,manife/ly x c\ld n be asc]ta9$ )9 ! brief p]iod dur+ :i* sci5tific obs]vations ( ^! />s h be5 made4 ,! importance ( ! elem5t ( "t 9 ! /udy ( /ell> motions is frequ5tly ov]look$1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 by ^? :o are engag$ 9 su* "w4 ,! sun1 = in/ance1 & _m ( ! />s are kn[n to be mov+ 9 :at appe> to be /raight l9es 9 space1 b obs]vations ext5d+ ov] ?\s&s ( ye>s w\ld probably %[ t ^! motions are 9 curv$ pa?s1 & p]haps 9 clos$ orbits4 ,if n[ 9 turn we take our f\r-in* glass1 we %all see some?+ else 9 ?is /range family gr\p ( epsilon ,lyr4 ,betwe5 epsilon#a & epsilon#b1 & plac$ "o on ea* side ( ! jo9+ l9e1 appe> two exce$+ly fa9t specks ( light1 :i* ,sir ,john ,h]s*el made fam\s "u ! "n ( ! debillissima4 ,!y are ( ! twelf? or ?irte5? magnitude1 & possibly v>iable to a slight degree4 ,if y c n see !m at fir/1 turn y\r eye t[>d "o side ( ! field ( view1 & ?us1 by br++ _! images ^u a m s5sitive "p ( ! ret9a1 y may glimpse !m4 ,! sight is n mu*1 yet x w repay y1 z e glance into ! dep?s ( ! univ]se does4 ,! o!r f\r?-magnitude /> ne> ,vega is zeta1 a wide d\ble1 magnitudes f\r? & six?1 di/ance #dd1 p4 #aej4 ,bel[ we f9d beta1 ano!r v int]e/+ />1 s9ce x is bo? a multiple & an ecc5tric v>iable4 ,x has f\r companions1 ?ree ( :i* we c easily see ) our ?ree-in*2 ! f\r? calls = ! five-in*2 ! magnitudes are respectively f\r1 sev5 or "u1 eight1 eight & a half1 & elev52 di/ances #de1 p4 #aej2 #fe1 p4 #cbj2 #he1 p4 #bj2 & #df1 p4 #bdh4 ,! prim>y1 beta1 v>ies f ab\t magnitude ?ree & a half to magnitude f\r & a half1 ! p]iod be+ twelve days1 tw5ty-"o h\rs1 =ty-six m9utes1 & fifty-eight seconds4 ,two unequal maxima & m9ima occur )9 ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! spectrum ( ?is /> "s ( ! hydrog5 l9es & ! ,d#c l9e 7! latt] repres5t+ helium1 a con/itu5t ( ! sun & ( "s ( ! />s1 :i*1 until its rec5t discov]y 9 a few r>e m9]als 0 n kn[n to exi/ on ! e>?7 are bright1 b !y v>y 9 visibility4 ,moreov]1 d>k l9es due to hydrog5 also appe> 9 its spectrum simultane\sly ) ! bright l9es ( t elem5t4 ,!n1 too1 ! bright l9es are sometimes se5 d\ble4 ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s explanation is t beta ,lyr probably consi/s ( two />s1 :i*1 l ! two compos+ beta ,aurig1 are too close to be sep>at$ ) any telescope n[ exi/+1 & t ! body :i* gives ! bright l9es is revolv+ 9 a circle 9 a p]iod ( ab\t twelve days & tw5ty-two h\rs ar\nd ! body :i* gives ! d>k l9es4 ,he has also sugge/$ t ! appe>ances c\ld be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ a body l our sun to be rotat+ 9 twelve days & tw5ty-two h\rs1 & hav+ atta*$ to x an enorm\s protub]ance ext5d+ ov] m ?an "o hundr$ & eighty degrees ( longitude1 s t :5 "o end ( x 0 approa*+ u ) ! rotation ( ! /> ! o!r end w\ld be rec$+1 & a splitt+ ( ! spectral l9es at c]ta9 p]iods w\ld be ! consequ5ce4 ,! v>iation 9 light1 he adds1 may be caus$ by ! visibility ( a l>g] or small] portion ( ?is protub]ance4 ,un=tunate />1 doom$ to c>ry its p>asitical burd5 ( hydrog5 & helium1 l ,s9dbad 9 ! clasp ( ! ,old ,man ( ! ,sea6 ,surely1 ! human imag9ation is nev] s wond]ful z :5 x be>s an a/ronom] on its w+s4 ,yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ! facts 9 ?is case are well calculat$ to summon ! g5ius ( hypo!sis4 ,& ! puzzle is h>dly simplifi$ by ,blopolsky's obs]vation t ! body 9 beta ,lyr giv+ d>k hydrog5 l9es %[s ^? l9es also split at c]ta9 times4 ,x has be5 calculat$1 f a /udy ( ! ph5om5a not$ above1 t ! bright-l9e /> 9 beta ,lyr is situat$ at a di/ance ( ab\t fifte5 million miles f ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! curi\sly complicat$ sy/em ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,we h n yet exhau/$ ! wond]s ( ,lyra4 ,on a l9e f beta to gamma1 & ab\t "o ?ird ( ! di/ance f ! =m] to ! latt]1 is ! celebrat$ ,r+ ,nebula1 indicat$ on ! map by ! numb] #dddg4 ,we ne$ all ! light we c get to see ?is object well1 & s1 al?\gh ! ?ree-in* w %[ x1 we %all use ! five-in*4 ,beg9n+ ) a p[] ( "o hundr$ diamet]s1 :i* exhibits x z a m9ute elliptical r+1 r mi/y1 v s(t & delicate1 & yet di/9ct1 we increase ! magnification fir/ to two hundr$ & f9ally to ?ree hundr$1 9 ord] to di/+ui% a little bett] "s ( ! details ( its %ape4 ,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ! l[e/ p[] t cle>ly br+s out ! r+ gives ! mo/ satisfactory view4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! r+ is great] ?an t ( ! planet ,jupit]4 ,its ellipticity is conspicu\s1 ! l5g? ( ! long] axis be+ #gh & t ( ! %ort] #fj4 ,closely foll[+ ! nebula z x moves ?r\gh ! field ( view1 our five-in* telescope reveals a fa9t /> ( ! elev5? or twelf? magnitude1 :i* is suspect$ ( v>iability4 ,! l>ge/ in/rum5ts1 l ! ,wa%+ton & ! ,lick glasses1 h %[n p]haps a doz5 o!r />s app>5tly connect$ ) ! nebula4 ,a beautiful sp>kl+ effect :i* ! nebula pres5ts 0 once ?\ght to be an indication t x 0 really compos$ ( a circle ( />s1 b ! spectroscope %[s t its con/itution is gase\s4 ,j 9 ! middle ( ! op5 r+ is a feeble />1 a m]e sp>k 9 ! mo/ p[]ful telescope4 ,b :5 ! ,r+ ,nebula is photograph$--& ?is is se5 beautifully 9 ! photographs made ) ! ,crossley reflector on ,m\nt ,hamilton by ! late ,pr(4 ,j4 ,e4 ,keel]--?is excessively fa9t /> impr9ts its image boldly z a l>ge bright blur1 encircl$ by ! nebul\s r+1 :i* itself appe>s to consi/ ( a s]ies ( int]twi/$ spirals4 ,n f> away we f9d a difficult d\ble />1 #ag1 ^: compon5ts are ( magnitudes six & t5 or elev51 di/ance #c4g1 p4 #cbe4 ,f ,lyra we pass to ,cygnus1 :i*1 ly+ 9 "o ( ! ri*e/ p>ts ( ! ,milky ,way1 is a v int]e/+ con/ellation = ! possessor ( a telescope4 ,its g5]al outl9es are pla9ly m>k$ = ! nak$ eye by ! figure ( a cross m ?an tw5ty degrees 9 l5g? ly+ along ! axis ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,! foot ( ! cross is indicat$ by ! /> beta1 also kn[n z ,albireo1 "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ ( all ! d\ble />s4 ,! ?ree-in* amply suffices to reveal ! beauty ( ?is object1 ^: compon5ts pres5t z %>p a contra/ ( light yell[ & deep blue z x w\ld be possible to produce artificially ) ! pure/ pigm5ts4 ,! magnitudes are ?ree & sev51 di/ance #cd4f1 p4 #ee4 ,no motion has be5 detect$ indicat+ t ^! />s are connect$ 9 orbital revolution1 yet no "o c look at !m )\t feel+ t !y are intimately relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,x is a sight to :i* "o returns aga9 & aga91 always ) undim9i%$ pleasure4 ,! mo/ inexp]i5c$ obs]v] admires its beauty1 & aft] an h\r sp5t ) d\btful results 9 try+ to int]e/ a tyro 9 d\ble />s x is always ) a s5se ( assur$ success t "o turns ! telescope to beta ,cygni4 ,foll[+ up ! beam ( ! imag9>y cross along ! curr5t ( ! ,milky ,way1 e squ>e degree ( :i* is "h wor? long gaz+ into1 we come to a pair ( />s :i* cont5d = ! "n-lett] *i4 ,on our map ! lett] is atta*$ to ! s\!rnmo/ ( ! two1 a v>iable ( long p]iod--f\r hundr$ & six days--^: *anges ( brilliance lie betwe5 magnitudes f\r & ?irte51 b :i* exhibits mu* irregul>ity 9 its maxima4 ,! o!r />1 n nam$ b easily recogniz$ 9 ! map1 is sometimes call$ #ag4 ,x is an attractive d\ble ^: colors fa9tly reproduce ^? ( beta4 ,! magnitudes are five & eight1 di/ance #bf1 p4 #gc4 ,:]e ! two arms ( ! cross meet is gamma1 ^: rem>kable cortge ( small />s runn+ 9 curv$ /reams %\ld n be miss$4 ,use ! l[e/ magnify+ p[]4 ,at ! extremity ( ! we/]n arm ( ! cross is delta1 a close d\ble1 difficult = telescopes ( mod]ate ap]ture on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! magnitudes ( ! compon5ts4 ,we may succe$ 9 divid+ x ) ! five-in*4 ,! magnitudes are ?ree & eight1 di/ance #a4e1 p4 #caj4 ,x is reg>d$ z a b9>y ( long & z yet unasc]ta9$ p]iod4 ,9 omicron#b we f9d a /> ( magnitude f\r & orange 9 color1 hav+ two blue companions1 ! fir/ ( magnitude sev5 & a half1 di/ance #ajg1 p4 #agd1 & ! second ( magnitude five & a half1 di/ance #ceh1 p4 #cbd4 ,f>!r nor? is psi1 :i* pres5ts to u ! comb9ation ( a :ite five-&-a-half-magnitude /> ) a lilac /> ( magnitude sev5 & a half4 ,! di/ance is #c1 p4 #ahd4 ,a v pretty sight4 ,we n[ pass to ! extremity ( ! o!r arm ( ! cross1 ne> :i* lies ! beautiful little d\ble #di1 ^: compon5ts are ( magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #b4h1 p4 #ej4 ,! colors are yell[ & blue1 conspicu\s & f9ely contra/$4 ,a neighbor+ d\ble ( simil> hues is #eb1 9 :i* ! magnitudes are f\r & n9e1 di/ance #f1 p4 #fj4 ,sweep+ a little way nor?w>d we come ^u an int]e/+ b9>y1 lambda1 :i* is un=tunately beyond ! divid+ p[] ( our l>ge/ glass4 ,a good sev5-in* or sev5-&-a-half-in* %\ld split x "u favorable circum/ances4 ,its magnitudes are six & sev51 di/ance #j4ff1 p4 #gd4 ,! next /ep c>ries u to a v fam\s object1 #fa ,cygni1 long kn[n z ! ne>e/ /> 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ( ! heav5s4 ,x is a d\ble :i* our ?ree-in* w readily divide1 ! magnitudes be+ bo? six1 di/ance #ba1 p4 #abb4 ,! di/ance ( #fa ,cygni1 accord+ to ,hall's p>allax ( #j4bg1 is ab\t #gj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles4 ,!re is "s "q :e!r or n x is a b9>y1 =1 :ile ! tw9 />s are bo? mov+ 9 ! same direction 9 space ) comp>ative rapidity1 yet conclusive evid5ce ( orbital motion is lack+4 ,:5 "o has notic$ ! contra/ 9 app>5t size betwe5 ?is comp>atively ne>-by />1 :i* ! nak$ eye only detects ) consid]able difficulty1 & "s ( its brilliant neighbors ^: di/ance is s great z to be immeasurable ) our pres5t means1 no bett] pro( w be ne$$ ( ! fact t ! fa9tness ( a /> is n necess>ily an indication ( remot5ess4 ,we may prep>e our eyes = a beautiful exhibition ( contra/$ colors once m 9 ! /> 4 ,?is is really a quadruple1 al?\gh only two ( its compon5ts are close & conspicu\s4 ,! magnitudes are five1 six1 sev5 & a half1 & twelve2 di/ances #b4d1 p4 #aba2 #bjh1 p4 #ef2 & #ce1 p4 #bfd4 ,! color ( ! l>ge/ /> is :ite & t ( its ne>e/ companion blue2 ! /> ( magnitude sev5 & a half is also blue4 ,! /> clu/] #dfha is a f9e sight ) our l>ge/ glass4 ,9 ! map we f9d ! place m>k$ :]e ! new /> ( #ahgf made its appe>ance4 ,?is 0 fir/ notic$ on ,novemb] #bd1 #ahgf1 :5 x %one ) ! brilliance ( a /> ( magnitude ?ree & a half4 ,its spectrum 0 c>efully /udi$1 especially by ,vogel1 & ! v int]e/+ *anges t x und]w5t 7 not$4 ,)9 a ye> ! /> _h fad$ to less ?an ! t5? magnitude1 & its spectrum _h completely *ang$ 9 appe>ance1 & _h come to be> a close resemblance to t ( a planet>y nebula4 ,?is has be5 quot$ z a possible in/ance ( a cele/ial collision ?r\gh ^: effects ! solid collid+ masses 7 vaporiz$ & exp&$ into a nebula4 ,at pres5t ! /> is v fa9t & c only be se5 ) ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes4 ,comp>e ) ! case ( ,nova ,aurig1 previ\sly discuss$4 ,und]nea? ,cygnus we notice ! small con/ellation ,vulpecula4 ,x conta9s a few objects wor?y ( att5tion1 ! fir/ be+ ! nebula #decb1 ! dumb-bell nebula ( ,"l ,rosse4 ,) ! f\r-in*1 & bett] ) ! five-in*1 we are able to p]ceive t x consi/s ( two close-ly+ tufts ( mi/y light4 ,_m />s surr\nd x1 & l>ge telescopes %[ !m scatt]$ betwe5 ! two ma9 masses ( ! nebula4 ,! ,lick photographs %[ t its /ructure is spiral4 ,! /> #aa po9ts out ! place :]e a new /> ( ! ?ird magnitude appe>$ 9 #afgj4 ,sigma #bfie is a close d\ble1 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #j4if1 p4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #ah4 ,we turn to map ,no4 #ah1 &1 beg9n+ at ! we/]n end ( ! con/ellation ,aqu>ius1 we f9d ! v>iable ,t1 :i* ranges betwe5 magnitudes sev5 & ?irte5 9 a p]iod ( ab\t two hundr$ & ?ree days4 ,its ne> neighbor ,sigma #bgbi is a v close d\ble1 beyond ! sep>at+ p[] ( our five-in*1 ! magnitudes be+ six & sev51 di/ance #j4f1 p4 #agf4 ,sigma #bgde1 also kn[n z #ab ,aqu>ii1 is a good d\ble = ! ?ree-in*4 ,its magnitudes are six & eight1 di/ance #b4h1 p4 #aij4 ,9 zeta we discov] a beauty4 ,x is a sl[ b9>y ( magnitudes f\r & f\r1 di/ance #c4a1 p4 #cba4 ,accord+ to "s obs]v]s bo? />s h a gre5i% t+e4 ,! /> #da is a wid] d\ble1 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #e1 p4 #aae1 colors yell[ & blue4 ,! uncommon /ell> contra/ ( :ite ) light g>net is exhibit$ by tau1 magnitudes six & n9e1 di/ance #bg1 p4 #aae4 ,yell[ & blue occur aga9 conspicu\sly 9 psi1 magnitudes f\r & a half & eight & a half1 di/ance #ej1 p4 #caj4 ,rose & em]ald h be5 record$ z ! colors exhibit$ 9 ,sigma #biih1 ^: magnitudes are five & sev51 di/ance #a4c1 p4 #cdf4 ,! v>iables ,s & ,r are bo? r$4 ,! =m] ranges betwe5 magnitudes eight & twelve1 p]iod two hundr$ & eighty days1 & ! latt] betwe5 magnitudes six & elev51 p]iod ab\t ?ree hundr$ & n9ety days4 ,! nebula #dfbh is ,rosse's ,saturn nebula1 s call$ because ) 8 great telescope x pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a nebul\s model ( ! planet ,saturn4 ,) our five-in* we see x simply z a planet>y nebula4 ,we may also glance at ano!r nebula1 #dfgh1 :i* appe>s circul> & is p9n$ ) a little /> at ! edge4 ,! small con/ellation ,equuleus conta9s a surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( int]e/+ objects4 ,sigma #bgce is a r close d\ble1 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #a4h1 p4 #bhg4 ,sigma #bgcg 7! fir/ /> to ! left ( ,sigma #bgce1 ! "n hav+ accid5tally be5 omitt$ f ! map7 is a beautiful triple1 al?\gh ! two close/ />s1 ( magnitudes six & sev51 c n be sep>at$ by our in/rum5ts4 ,_! di/ance 9 #ahhf 0 #j4gh1 p4 #bhf1 & !y _h !n be5 clos+ rapidly s9ce #ahhd1 :5 ! di/ance 0 #a4bf4 ,! ?ird />1 ( magnitude eight1 is di/ant #aa1 p4 #ge4 ,sigma #bgdd consi/s ( two />s1 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #a4d1 p4 #a4fg4 ,x is probably a b9>y4 ,sigma #bgdb is wid] d\ble1 magnitudes bo? six1 di/ance #b4f1 p4 #bbe4 ,ano!r triple1 "o ( ^: compon5ts is beyond our rea*1 is gamma4 ,"h ! magnitudes are fif?1 twelf?1 & six?1 di/ances #b1 p4 #bgd & #cff4 ,x w\ld also be useless = u to try to sep>ate delta1 b x is int]e/+ to rememb] t ?is is "o ( ! close/ ( kn[n d\ble />s1 ! magnitudes be+ f\r? & fif?1 di/ance #j4d1 p4 #aih4 ,^! data are f ,hall's measurem5ts 9 #ahhg4 ,! /> is1 no d\bt1 a b9>y4 ,) ! five-in* we may detect "o & p]haps two ( ! companion />s 9 ! quadruple beta4 ,! magnitudes are five1 t51 & two elev51 di/ances #fg1 p4 #cji2 #hf1 p4 #bgf2 & #f4e1 p4 #ae4 ,! close pair is compris$ 9 ! t5?-magnitude />4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #ai4 ,map ,no4 #ai introduces u to ! con/ellation ,pegasus1 :i* is comp>atively b>r5 to ! nak$ eye1 & by no means ri* 9 telescopic ph5om5a4 ,! /> epsilon1 ( magnitude two & a half1 has a blue companion ( ! eigh? magnitude1 di/ance #ach1 p4 #cbd2 colors yell[ & violet4 ,a curi\s exp]im5t t may be tri$ ) ?is /> is describ$ by ,webb1 :o ascribes ! discov]y ( ! ph5om5on to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el4 ,:5 ne> ! m]idian ! small /> 9 epsilon appe>s1 9 ! telescope1 und]nea? ! l>ge "o4 ,if n[ ! tube ( ! telescope be slightly swung f side to side ! small /> w appe> to describe a p5dulumlike movem5t ) respect to ! l>ge "o4 ,! explanation sugge/$ is t ! comp>ative fa9tness ( ! small /> causes its light to affect ! ret9a ( ! eye less quickly ?an does t ( its bright] companion1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! rev]sal ( its app>5t motion ) ! sw++ ( ! telescope is n p]ceiv$ s soon4 ,! ?ird-magnitude /> eta has a companion ( magnitude t5 & a half1 di/ance #ij1 p4 #cdj4 ,! /> beta1 ( ! second magnitude1 & r$di%1 is v>iable to ! ext5t ( half a magnitude 9 an irregul> p]iod1 & gamma1 ( magnitude two & a half1 has an elev5?-magnitude companion1 di/ance #afb1 p4 #bhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #bj4 ,our int]e/ is reviv$ on turn+1 ) ! guidance ( map ,no4 #bj1 f ! comp>ative pov]ty ( ,pegasus to ! spaci\s con/ellation ,cetus4 ,! fir/ d\ble /> t we meet 9 ?is con/ellation is #bf1 ^: compon5ts are ( magnitudes six & n9e1 di/ance #af4d1 p4 #beb2 colors1 topaz & lilac4 ,n f> away is ! clos] d\ble #db1 compos$ ( a six? & a sev5? magnitude />1 di/ance #a4be1 p4 #cej4 ,! f\r-in* is capable ( splitt+ ?is />1 b we %all d bett] to use ! five-in*4 ,9 pass+ we may glance at ! t5?-magnitude companion to eta1 di/ance #bbe1 p4 #cjd4 ,ano!r wide pair is f\nd 9 zeta1 magnitudes ?ree & n9e1 di/ance #ahe1 p4 #dj4 ,! next /ep br+s u to ! wond]ful v>iable omicron1 or ,mira1 ^: *anges h be5 wat*$ = ?ree c5turies1 ! fir/ obs]v] ( ! v>iability ( ! /> hav+ be5 ,david ,fabricius 9 #aeif4 ,n only is ! range ( v>iability v great1 b ! p]iod is rem>kably irregul>4 ,9 ! "t ( ,hevelius1 ,mira 0 once invisible = f\r ye>s4 ,:5 brighte/1 ! /> is ( ab\t ! second magnitude1 & :5 fa9te/1 ( ! n9? magnitude1 b at maximum x seldom exhibits ! greate/ brilliance t x has on a few occasions %[n itself capable ( atta9+4 ,ord9>ily x beg9s to fade aft] rea*+ ! f\r? or fif? magnitude4 ,! p]iod av]ages ab\t ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-"o days1 b is irregul>ly v>iable to ! ext5t ( tw5ty-five days4 ,its color is r$1 & its spectrum %[s bright l9es1 :i* x is believ$ disappe> :5 ! /> s9ks to a m9imum4 ,among ! v>i\s !ories propos$ to acc\nt = su* *anges z ^! ! mo/ probable appe>s to be t :i* ascribes !m to "s cause analog\s to t op]at+ 9 ! production ( sun spots4 ,! outbur/ ( light1 h[ev]1 z po9t$ out by ,s*e9]1 %\ld be reg>d$ z correspond+ to ! maximum & n ! m9imum /age ( sun-spot activity4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! /> is to be reg>d$ z possess+ an ext5sive atmosph]e ( hydrog51 :i*1 dur+ ! maximum1 is upheav$ into enorm\s prom95ces1 & ! brilliance ( ! light f ^! prom95ces suffices to swamp ! photosph]ic light1 s t 9 ! spectrum ! hydrog5 l9es appe> bright in/ead ( d>k4 ,x is n possible to suppose t ,mira c be ! c5t] ( a sy/em ( habitable planets1 no matt] :at we may ?9k ( ! m con/ant />s 9 t reg>d1 because its radiation manife/ly increases m ?an six hundr$ fold1 & !n falls (f aga9 to an equal ext5t once 9 e t5 or elev5 mon?s4 ,i h met p :o c n believe t ! ,almighty w\ld make a sun & !n all[ its en]gies to g to wa/e1 by n supply+ x ) a family ( worlds4 ,b ,i imag9e t if !y _h to live )9 ! prec9cts ( ,mira ,ceti !y w\ld cry out = exemption f _! own law ( /ell> utility4 ,! mo/ beautiful d\ble /> 9 ,cetus is gamma1 magnitudes ?ree & sev51 di/ance #c1 p4 #bhh2 hues1 /raw-color & blue4 ,! lead+ /> alpha1 ( magnitude two & a half1 has a di/ant blue companion ?ree magnitudes fa9t]1 & betwe5 !m are two m9ute />s1 ! s\!rnmo/ ( :i* is a d\ble1 magnitudes bo? elev51 di/ance #aj1 p4 #bbe4 ,! v>iable ,s ranges betwe5 magnitudes sev5 & twelve 9 a some:at irregul> p]iod ( ab\t elev5 mon?s1 :ile ,r ranges betwe5 ! sev5? & ! ?irte5? magnitudes 9 a p]iod ( "o hundr$ & sixty-sev5 days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #ba4 ,! con/ellation ,eridanus1 repres5t$ 9 map ,no4 #ba1 conta9s a few f9e d\ble />s1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( :i* is #ab1 a r close b9>y4 ,! magnitudes are f\r & eight1 di/ance #b1 p4 #cbg4 ,we %all take ! five-in* = ?is1 & a /eady atmosph]e & %>p see+ w be necess>y on acc\nt ( ! wide diff]5ce 9 ! brightness ( ! compon5t />s4 ,amateurs frequ5tly fail to make due all[ance = ! effect ( su* diff]5ce4 ,:5 ! limit ( sep>at+ p[] = a telescope ( a p>ticul> ap]ture is set at #a or #b1 z ! case may be1 x is assum$ t ! />s compos+ ! d\bles on :i* ! te/ is made %all be ( ne>ly ! same magnitude1 or at lea/ t !y %all n diff] by m ?an "o or two magnitudes at ! mo/4 ,! /ray light surr\nd+ a comp>atively bright /> t5ds to conceal a fa9t companion1 al?\gh ! telescope may p]fectly sep>ate !m s f> z ! /ell> disks are conc]n$4 ,!n1 too1 ,i h obs]v$ 9 my own exp]i5ce t a v fa9t & close d\ble is m difficult ?an a bright] pair n m widely sep>at$1 usually on acc\nt ( ! defect ( light1 & ?is is true ev5 :5 ! compon5ts ( ! fa9t d\ble are ( equal magnitude4 ,sigma #dgj1 o!rwise kn[n z #cb ,eridani1 is a sup]b object on acc\nt ( ! colors ( its compon5ts1 ! l>g] /> be+ a ri* topaz & ! small] an ultram>9e2 :ile ! diff]5ce 9 magnitude is n z great z 9 _m ( ! color$ d\bles4 ,! magnitudes are five & sev51 di/ance #f4g1 p4 #cdh4 ,! /> gamma1 ( magnitude two & a half1 has a t5?-magnitude companion1 di/ant #ea1 p4 #bch4 ,sigma #eaf1 also call$ #ci ,eridani1 consi/s ( two />s ( magnitudes six & n9e1 di/ance #f4d1 p4 #aej2 colors1 yell[ & blue4 ,! suppos$ b9>y "* ( ?is /> has n yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,9 omicron#b we come ^u an int]e/+ triple />1 two ( ^: compon5ts at any rate we c easily see4 ,! l>ge/ compon5t is ( ! f\r? magnitude4 ,at a di/ance ( #hb1 p4 #aje1 we f9d a t5?-magnitude companion4 ,?is companion is itself d\ble1 ! magnitudes ( its compon5ts be+ t5 & elev51 di/ance #b4f1 p4 #ih4 ,hall says ( ^! />s t !y =m a rem>kable sy/em4 ,he has also obs]v$ a f\r? /> ( ! twelf? magnitude1 di/ant #de f ! l>ge/ />1 p4 #he4 ,?is is app>5tly unconnect$ ) ! o!rs1 al?\gh x is only half z di/ant z ! t5?-magnitude compon5t is f ! prim>y4 ,sigma #eij is int]e/+ because ( ! simil>ity ( its two compon5ts 9 size1 bo? be+ ( ab\t ! sev5? magnitude1 di/ance #aj1 p4 #cah4 ,f9ally1 we turn to ! nebula #hbf4 ,?is is planet>y 9 =m & inconspicu\s1 b ,lassell has describ$ x z pres5t+ a mo/ extraord9>y appe>ance ) 8 great reflector--a circul> nebula ly+ ^u ano!r fa9t] & l>g] nebula ( a simil> %ape1 & hav+ a /> 9 its c5t]4 ,yet x may possibly be an imm5sely di/ant /> clu/] in/ead ( a nebula1 s9ce its spectrum does n appe> to be gase\s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,pisces1 ,,aries1 ,,taurus1 ,,& ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,/>s ,n[ s+ we /ormy skies :5 ,autumn weighs ,! ye>1 & adds to nights & %ort5s days1 ,& suns decl9+ %9e ) feeble rays4--,,dryd5',s ,,virgil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #bb4 ,! ea/]n end ( ,pisces1 repres5t$ 9 map ,no4 #bb1 includes mo/ ( ! int]e/+ telescopic objects t ! con/ellation conta9s4 ,we beg9 our exploration at ! /> numb]$ #ee1 a d\ble t is v beautiful :5 view$ ) ! ?ree-in* glass4 ,! compon5ts are ( magnitudes five & eight1 di/ance #f4f1 p4 #aib4 ,! l>g] /> is yell[ & ! small] deep blue4 ,! /> #fe1 :ile lack+ ! peculi> *>m ( contra/$ colors s f9ely display$ 9 #ee1 possesses an attraction 9 ! equality ( its compon5ts :i* are bo? ( ! six? magnitude & milk-:ite4 ,! di/ance is #d4e1 p4 #aah4 ,9 #ff we f9d a swift b9>y ^: compon5ts are at pres5t f> too close = any except ! l>ge/ telescopes4 ,! di/ance 9 #ahid 0 only #j4cf1 p4 #cbi4 ,! magnitudes are six & sev54 ,9 contra/ ) ?is excessively close d\ble is psi1 ^: compon5ts are bo? ( magnitude five & a half1 di/ance #cj1 p4 #afj4 ,dropp+ d[n to #gg we come ^u ano!r v wide & pleas+ d\ble1 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #cc1 p4 #hb1 colors :ite & lilac or pale blue4 ,h>dly less beautiful is zeta magnitudes five & six1 di/ance #bd1 p4 #fd4 ,f9e/ ( all is alpha1 :i* exhibits a rem>kable color contra/1 ! l>g] /> be+ gre5i% & ! small] blue4 ,! magnitudes are f\r & five1 di/ance #c1 p4 #cbj4 ,?is /> is a b9>y1 b ! motion is sl[4 ,! v>iable ,r ranges betwe5 magnitudes sev5 & ?irte51 p]iod ?ree hundr$ & =ty-f\r days4 ,! con/ellation ,aries conta9s sev]al beautiful d\bles1 all b "o ( :i* are easy = our smalle/ ap]ture4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! is gamma1 :i* is hi/orically int]e/+ z ! fir/ d\ble /> discov]$4 ,! discov]y 0 made by ,rob]t ,hooke 9 #affd by accid5t1 :ile he 0 foll[+ ! comet ( t ye> ) 8 telescope4 ,he express$ great surprise on notic+ t ! glass divid$ ! />1 & rem>k$ t he _h n met ) a l in/ance 9 all ! heav5s4 ,8 obs]vations c\ld n h be5 v ext5sive or v c>efully conduct$1 = !re are _m d\ble />s mu* wid] ?an gamma ,arietis :i* ,hooke c\ld c]ta9ly h sep>at$ if he _h exam9$ !m4 ,! magnitudes ( ! compon5ts ( gamma are f\r & f\r & a half1 or1 accord+ to ,hall1 bo? f\r2 di/ance #h4e1 p4 #ahj4 ,a few degrees above gamma1 pass+ by beta1 is a wide d\ble lambda1 magnitudes five & eight1 di/ance #cg1 p4 #de1 colors :ite & lilac or violet4 ,?ree />s are to be se5 9 #ad3 magnitudes five & a half1 t51 & n9e1 di/ances #hc1 p4 #cf1 & #ajf1 p4 #bgh1 colors :ite1 blue1 & lilac4 ,! /> #cj is a v pretty d\ble1 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #ch4f1 p4 #bgc4 ,sigma #bhi consi/s ( a topaz /> comb9$ ) a sapphire1 magnitudes six & n9e1 di/ance #bh4e1 p4 #j4 ,! f\r?-magnitude /> #da has sev]al fa9t companions4 ,! magnitudes ( two ( ^! are elev5 & n9e1 di/ances #cd1 p4 #bjc1 & #acj1 p4 #bcj4 ,we discov] ano!r triple 9 pi1 magnitudes five1 eight1 & elev51 di/ances #c4bd1 p4 #abb1 & #be1 p4 #aaj4 ,! d\ble m5tion$ above z be+ too close = our ?ree-in* glass is epsilon1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c be divid$ ) ! f\r-in*1 al?\gh ! five-in* w s]ve u bett]4 ,! magnitudes are five & a half & six1 di/ance #a4bf1 p4 #bjb4 ,! /> #eb has two companions1 "o ( :i* is s close t our in/rum5ts c n sep>ate x1 :ile ! o!r is too fa9t to be visible 9 ! light ( its brilliant neighbor )\t ! aid ( a v p[]ful telescope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #bc4 ,we are n[ ab\t to ent] "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t regions 9 ! sky1 :i* is h>dly less attractive to ! nak$ eye ?an ,orion1 & :i* m5 mu/ h admir$ f ! beg9n+ ( _! hi/ory on ! e>?1 ! con/ellation ,taurus 7map ,no4 #bc74 ,two gr\ps ( />s especially di/+ui% ,taurus1 ! ,hyades & ! ,pleiades1 & bo? are exce$+ly int]e/+ :5 view$ ) ! l[e/ magnify+ p[]s ( our telescopes4 ,we %all beg9 ) a little /> j we/ ( ! ,pleiades1 ,sigma #dab1 also call$ #g ,tauri4 ,?is is a triple1 b we c see x only z a d\ble1 ! ?ird /> be+ exce$+ly close to ! prim>y4 ,! magnitudes are six & a half1 sev51 & t51 di/ances #j4c1 p4 #baf1 & #bb1 p4 #fb4 ,9 ! ,pleiades we naturally turn to ! brighte/ /> eta1 or ,alcyone1 fam\s = hav+ once be5 reg>d$ z ! c5tral sun ar\nd :i* our sun & a multitude ( o!r lum9>ies 7 suppos$ to revolve1 & picturesque on acc\nt ( ! little triangle ( small />s ne> x :i* ! lea/ telescopic assi/ance enables u to see4 ,"o may d]ive mu* pleasure f a /udy ( ! v>i\s gr\p+s ( />s 9 ! ,pleiades4 ,photography has demon/rat$1 :at _h long be5 suspect$ f occasional glimpses reveal$ by ! telescope1 t ?is celebrat$ clu/] ( />s is int]m+l$ ) curi\s =ms ( nebul4 ,! nebul\s matt] appe>s 9 fe/oons1 app>5tly atta*$ to "s ( ! l>g] />s1 su* z ,alcyone1 ,m]ope1 & ,maia1 & 9 long1 n>r[1 /raight l9es1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i*1 a fa9tly lum9\s ?read />t+ midway betwe5 ,maia & ,alcyone & runn+ ea/w>d "s #dj'1 is bead$ ) sev5 or eight />s4 ,! wid? ( ?is /range nebul\s /reak is1 on an av]age1 #c or #d1 & !re is1 p]haps1 no m wond]ful ph5om5on any:]e 9 cele/ial space4 ,un=tunately1 no telescope is able to %[ x1 & all our k ab\t x is bas$ ^u photographs4 ,x might be suppos$ t x 0 a nebul\s disk se5 edgewise1 b = ! fact t at ! l>ge/ /> involv$ 9 its c\rse x b5ds %>ply ab\t #aj out ( its =m] direction1 & = ! additional fact t x seems to take its orig9 f a curv$ (f%oot ( ! intricate nebul\s mass surr\nd+ ,maia4 ,exactly at ! po9t :]e ?is curve is trans=m$ into a /raight l9e %9es a small />6 ,9 view ( all ! facts ! idea does n seem to be v f>-fet*$ t 9 ! ,pleiades we behold an assemblage ( suns1 l>ge & small1 =m$ by ! gradual cond5sation ( a nebula1 & 9 :i* evolution has gone on f> beyond ! /age repres5t$ by ! ,orion nebula1 :]e also a gr\p ( />s may be 9 process ( =mation out ( nebul\s matt]4 ,if we look a little f>!r along ?is l9e ( developm5t1 we may p]ceive 9 su* a /ell> assemblage z ! clu/] 9 ,h]cules1 a /ill lat] phase :]e9 all ! orig9ally scatt]$ mat]ial has1 p]haps1 be5 absorb$ into ! />ry nuclei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ief ,,/>s ,,9 ,,! ,,pleiades4 ,! yell[ /> ,sigma #dcj has two companions3 magnitudes six1 n9e1 & n9e & a half1 di/ances #bf1 p4 #ee1 & #ci1 p4 #cjb4 ,! /> #cj ( ! fif? magnitude has a companion ( ! n9? magnitude1 di/ance #i1 p4 #eh1 colors em]ald & purple1 fa9t4 ,an int]e/+ v>iable1 ( ! type ( ,algol1 is lambda1 :i* at maximum is ( magnitude ?ree & f\r t5?s & at m9imum ( magnitude f\r & two t5?s4 ,its p]iod f "o maximum to ! next is ab\t ?ree days & tw5ty-?ree h\rs1 b ! actual *anges occupy only ab\t t5 h\rs1 & x loses light m swiftly ?an x rega9s x4 ,a comb9ation ( r$ & blue is pres5t$ by ,phi 7mi/ak5ly m>k$ on map ,no4 #bc z psi74 ,! magnitudes are six & eight1 di/ance #ef1 p4 #bdb4 ,a d\ble ( simil> magnitudes is *i1 di/ance #ai1 p4 #be4 ,betwe5 ! two />s :i* ! nak$ eye sees 9 kappa is a m9ute pair1 ea* ( less ?an ! elev5? magnitude1 di/ance #e1 p4 #cbd4 ,ano!r nak$-eye d\ble is =m$ by !ta#a & !ta#b1 9 ! ,hyades4 ,! magnitudes are five & five & a half1 di/ance ab\t #e' #cg4 ,! lead+ /> ( ,taurus1 ,aldeb>an 7alpha71 is celebrat$ = its r$di% color4 ,! precise hue is r unc]ta91 b ,aldeb>an is n orange z ,betelgeuse 9 ,orion is1 & no correct eye c = an in/ant confuse ! colors ( ^! two />s1 al?\gh _m p]sons seem to be unable to detect ! v pla9 diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 ?is respect4 ,aldeb>an has be5 call$ rose-r$1 & x w\ld be an int]e/+ occupation = an amateur to det]m9e1 ) ! aid ( "s prop] color scale1 ! precise hue ( ?is />1 & ( ! _m o!r />s :i* exhibit *romatic idiosyncrasy4 ,aldeb>an is fur!r int]e/+ z be+ a /&>d fir/-magnitude />4 ,) ! f\r-in* glass we see )\t difficulty ! t5?-magnitude companion foll[+ ,aldeb>an at a di/ance ( #aad1 p4 #ce4 ,!re is an almo/ inexplicable *>m ab\t ^! fa9t att5dants ( bright />s1 :i* is q diff]5t f ! int]e/ atta*+ to a close & ne>ly equal pair4 ,! impression ( physical relation%ip is nev] lack+ ?\gh x may be deceptive1 & ?is awak5s a lively appreciation ( ! va/ diff]5ces ( magnitude t exi/ among ! diff]5t suns ( space4 ,! actual size & might ( ?is great r$ sun =m an attractive subject = contemplation4 ,z x appe>s to our eyes ,aldeb>an gives "o tw5ty-five-?\s&-million? z mu* light z ! sun1 b if we 7 plac$ midway betwe5 !m ! /> w\ld out%9e ! sun 9 ! ratio ( n less ?an #afj to #a4 ,& yet1 gigantic z x is1 ,aldeb>an is possibly a pygmy 9 comp>ison ) ,arcturus1 ^: possible dim5sions 7 discuss$ 9 ! *apt] relat+ to ,botes4 ,al?\gh ,aldeb>an is kn[n to possess sev]al ( ! metallic elem5ts t exi/ 9 ! sun1 its spectrum diff]s widely f ! sol> spectrum 9 "s respects1 & m closely resembles t ( ,arcturus4 ,o!r int]e/+ objects 9 ,taurus are sigma1 divisible ) ! nak$ eye1 magnitudes five & five & a half1 di/ance #g'2 ,sigma #fgd1 d\ble1 magnitudes six & n9e1 di/ance #aj4e1 p4 #adg2 ,sigma #gaf1 d\ble1 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #e1 p4 #bjj--;a pleas+ sight2 tau1 triple1 magnitudes f\r1 t5 & a half1 & elev51 di/ances #cf1 p4 #bdi1 & #cf1 p4 #fj--! t5-&-a-half-magnitude /> is itself d\ble1 z discov]$ by ,burnham2 /> clu/] ,no4 #ajcj1 n q z broad z ! moon1 & conta9+ "s />s z l>ge z ! elev5? magnitude2 & nebula ,no4 #aaeg1 ! s-call$ ,crab nebula ( ,"l ,rosse1 :i* our glasses w %[ only z a mi/y pat* ( fa9t light1 al?\gh l>ge telescopes reveal 9 x a v curi\s /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #bd4 ,we n[ turn to ! clu/] ( circumpol> con/ellations sometimes call$ ! ,royal ,family1 9 allusion to ! well-kn[n /ory ( ! ,e?iopian k+ ,cepheus & 8 que5 ,cassiopeia1 ^: daught] ,&rom$a 0 expos$ on ! sea%ore to be dev\r$ by a mon/]1 b :o 0 sav$ by ! h]o ,p]seus4 ,all ^! my?ologic p]sonages are repres5t$ 9 ! con/ellations t we are ab\t to /udy4#d ,we beg9 ) ,&rom$a 7map ,no4 #bd74 ,! lead+ /> alpha m>ks "o corn] ( ! great squ>e ( ,pegasus4 ,! fir/ /> ( telescopic int]e/ t we f9d 9 ,&rom$a is 1 a d\ble difficult on acc\nt ( ! fa9tness ( ! small] compon5t4 ,! magnitudes are f\r & elev51 di/ance #di1 p4 #aaj4 ,a few degrees nor? ( ! nak$ eye detects a glimm]+ po9t :]e lies ! ,great ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a4 ,?is is indicat$ on ! map by ! numb] #aaf4 ,) ei!r ( our ?ree telescopes x is an int]e/+ object1 b ( c\rse x is advisable to use our l>ge/ glass 9 ord] to get z mu* light z possible4 ,all t we c see is a long1 %uttle-%ap$ nebul\s object1 hav+ a bright] po9t ne> ! c5t]4 ,_m />s are scatt]$ ov] ! field 9 its neighborhood1 b ! nebula itself1 al?\gh its spectrum is peculi> 9 resembl+ t ( a fa9t />1 is evid5tly a gase\s or at any rate a meteoritic mass1 s9ce photographs %[ x to be compos$ ( a s]ies ( imp]fectly sep>at$ spirals surr\nd+ a va/ c5tral cond5sation4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! ,&rom$a nebula1 :i* is invisible ) telescopes al?\gh conspicu\s 9 ! photographs1 has1 s9ce its discov]y a few ye>s ago1 giv5 a great impetus to speculation conc]n+ ! trans=mation ( nebul into />s & /> clu/]s4 ,no "o c look at a good photograph ( ?is wond]ful ph5om5on )\t notic+ its resemblance to ! ideal /ate ( ?+s :i*1 accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 mu/ once h exi/$ 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t !re is probably suffici5t mat]ial 9 ! ,&rom$a nebula to make a sy/em _m times1 p]haps hundr$s or ?\s&s ( times1 z ext5sive z t ( :i* our sun is ! c5t]4 ,if "o contemplates ?is nebula only long en\gh to get a cle> p]ception ( ! fact t creation 0 n end$ :51 accord+ to ! ,mosaic hi/ory1 ,god1 hav+ 9 six days f9i%$ ! heav5s & ! e>? & all ! ho/ ( !m1 re/$ f all 8 "w1 a good bl[ w h be5 dealt = ! cause ( tru?4 ,sy/ems f> va/] ?an ours are n[ 9 ! bud1 & long be=e !y h bloom$1 ambiti\s man1 :o once dream$ t all ^! ?+s 7 creat$ to s]ve him1 w probably h vani%$ ) ! ext+ui%m5t ( ! little /> ^: radiant en]gy made 8 life & 8 a*ievem5ts briefly possible4 #d ,= fur!r details on ?is subject see ,a/ronomy ) an ,op]a-glass4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahhe1 a new /> ( magnitude six & a half made its appe>ance sudd5ly ne> ! c5t] ( ! ,&rom$a nebula4 ,)9 "o ye> x _h disappe>$1 hav+ gradually dw9dl$ until ! great ,wa%+ton telescope1 !n ! l>ge/ 9 use1 no long] %[$ x4 ,t ?is 0 a ph5om5on connect$ ) ! nebula is mo/ probable1 b j :at occurr$ to produce x nobody kn[s4 ,! obs]v$ appe>ances might h be5 produc$ by a collision1 & no bett] hypo!sis has yet be5 sugge/$ to acc\nt = !m4 ,ne> ! opposite end ( ! con/ellation f alpha we f9d ! mo/ int]e/+ ( triple />s 9 gamma4 ,! two l>g] compon5ts ( ?is beautiful /> are ( magnitudes ?ree & six1 di/ance #aj1 colors gold5 yell[ & deep blue4 ,! ?ree-in* %[s !m f9ely4 ,! small] /> is itself d\ble1 its companion be+ ( magnitude eight1 di/ance :5 discov]$ 9 #ahdb #j4e1 color blui% gre54 ,a few ye>s ago ?is ?ird /> got s close to its prim>y t x 0 invisible ev5 ) ! highe/ p[]s ( ! great ,lick telescope1 b at pres5t x is wid5+ aga94 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahic1 ,i _h ! pleasure ( look+ at gamma ,&rom$ ) ! ,lick telescope1 & at t "t x 0 possible j to sep>ate ! ?ird />4 ,! angle seem$ too small = c]ta9 measurem5t1 b a s+le sett+ ( ! micromet] by ,mr4 ,b>n>d1 to ^: k9dness ,i 0 indebt$ = my view ( ! />1 gave #j4ag z ! approximate di/ance4 ,9 #aijj ! di/ance _h increas$ to #j4d1 p4 #aae4 ,! brilliance ( color contra/ betwe5 ! two l>g] />s ( gamma ,&rom$ is h>dly inf]ior to t exhibit$ 9 beta ,cygni1 s t ?is /> may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ picturesque ( /ell> objects = small telescopes4 ,o!r pleas+ objects 9 ?is con/ellation are ! b9>y /> #cf1 magnitudes six & six & a half1 di/ance #a1 p4 #ag--! two />s are sl[ly clos+ & ! five-in* glass is requir$ to sep>ate !m3 ! ri*ly color$ v>iable ,r1 :i* fades f magnitude five & a half to invisibility1 & !n recov]s its light 9 a p]iod ( ab\t f\r hundr$ & five days2 & ! bright /> clu/] #deg1 :i* cov]s a space ab\t equal to ! area ( ! full moon4 ,j s\? ( ! ea/]n end ( ,&rom$a is ! small con/ellation ,triangulum1 or ! ,triangles1 conta9+ two int]e/+ objects4 ,"o ( ^! is ! beautiful little d\ble #f1 magnitudes five & six1 di/ance #c4h1 p4 #gg1 colors yell[ & blue2 & ! o!r1 ! nebula #ceb1 :i* equals 9 ext5t ! /> clu/] 9 ,&rom$a describ$ above1 b nev]!less appe>s v fa9t ) our l>ge/ glass4 ,its fa9tness1 h[ev]1 is n an indication ( insignificance1 = to v p[]ful telescopes x exhibits a wond]ful sy/em ( nuclei & spirals--ano!r bit ( *aos t is yield+ by age-long /eps to ! influ5ce ( demiurgic =ces4 ,a ri*] con/ellation ?an ,&rom$a1 bo? = nak$-eye & telescopic obs]vation1 is ,p]seus1 :i* is especially rem>kable = its /> clu/]s4 ,two ( ^!1 #eab & #eba1 con/itute ! celebrat$ d\ble clu/]1 sometimes call$ ! ,sword-h& ( ,p]seus1 & also *i ,p]sei4 ,to ! smalle/ telescope ?is aggregation ( />s1 rang+ 9 magnitude f six & a half to f\rte51 & gr\p$ ab\t two neighbor+ c5t]s1 pres5ts a m>vel\s appe>ance4 ,z an educative object = ^? unaccu/om$ to cele/ial obs]vations x may be comp>$ among /> clu/]s to beta ,cygni among d\ble />s1 = ! mo/ indiff]5t spectator is /ruck ) wond] 9 view+ x4 ,all ! o!r clu/]s 9 ,p]seus repres5t$ on ! map are wor? exam9+1 al?\gh none ( !m calls = special m5tion1 except p]haps #ehd1 :]e we may di/+ui% at lea/ a hundr$ sep>ate />s )9 an area less ?an "o qu>t] z expansive z ! face ( ! moon4 ,among ! d\ble />s ( ,p]seus we note fir/ eta1 ^: compon5ts are ( magnitudes f\r & eight1 di/ance #bh1 colors :ite & pale blue4 ,! d\ble epsilon is especially int]e/+ on acc\nt ( an alleg$ *ange ( color f blue to r$ :i* ! small] /> und]goes co9cid5tly ) a v>iation ( brightness4 ,! magnitudes are ?ree & eight1 di/ance #i1 p4 #i4 ,an int]e/+ multiple is zeta1 two ( ^: />s at lea/ we c see4 ,! magnitudes are ?ree1 n9e1 t51 & t51 di/ances #ac1 p4 #bjg1 #ij1 & #aab4 ,! *ief attraction 9 ,p]seus is ! *angeful & wond]ful beta1 or ,algol1 ! great typical /> among ! %ort-p]iod v>iables4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( its p]iod ?is /> is ( magnitude two & two t5?s1 b = a v %ort "t1 foll[+ a rapid loss ( light1 x rema9s at magnitude ?ree & sev5 t5?s4 ,! diff]5ce1 "o magnitude & a half1 corresponds to an actual diff]5ce 9 brightness 9 ! ratio ( #c4ge to #a4 ,! entire loss ( light dur+ ! decl5sion occupies only f\r h\rs & a half4 ,! /> rema9s at its fa9te/ = a few m9utes only be=e a p]ceptible ga9 ( light occurs1 & ! return to maximum is z rapid z 0 ! prec$+ decl9e4 ,! p]iod f "o m9imum to ! next is two days tw5ty h\rs =ty-eight m9utes fifty-?ree seconds1 ) an irregul>ity am\nt+ to a few seconds 9 a ye>4 ,! ,arabs nam$ ! /> ,algol1 or ! ,demon1 on acc\nt ( its ecc5tricity :i* did n escape _! att5tion2 & :5 ,goodricke1 9 #aghb1 appli$ a sci5tific me?od ( obs]vation to x1 ! real cause ( its v>iations 0 sugge/$ by him1 b 8 explanation fail$ ( g5]al acceptance until its tru? 0 e/abli%$ by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,c4 ,pick]+ 9 #ahhj4 ,?is explanation gives u a wond]ful insight into /ell> con/itution4 ,accord+ to x1 ,algol possesses a companion z l>ge z ! sun1 b invisible1 bo? because ( its proximity to t /> & because x yields no light1 & revolv+ 9 a plane horizontal to our l9e ( sight4 ,! p]iod ( revolution is id5tical ) ! p]iod ( ,algol's cycle ( v>iation1 & ! dim9ution ( light is caus$ by ! int]position ( ! d>k body z x sweeps along t "p ( its orbit ly+ betwe5 our po9t ( view & ! disk ( ,algol4 ,9 o!r words1 once 9 e two days tw5ty h\rs & =ty-n9e m9utes ,algol1 z se5 f ! e>?1 und]goes a p>tial eclipse4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great comp>ative mass ( its d>k companion1 ,algol itself moves 9 an orbit ar\nd _! common c5t] ) a velocity q suffici5t to be detect$ by ! %ift+ ( ! l9es 9 its spectrum4 ,by means ( data ?us obta9$ ! mass1 size1 & di/ance ap>t ( ,algol & its s+ul> comrade h be5 inf]r$4 ,! diamet] ( ,algol is believ$ to be ab\t #a1abe1jjj miles1 t ( ! d>k body ab\t #hdj1jjj miles1 & ! mean di/ance f c5t] to c5t] #c1bcj1jjj miles4 ,! d5sity ( bo? ! light & ! d>k /> is slight comp>$ ) t ( ! sun1 s t _! comb9$ mass is only two ?irds z great z ! sun's4 ,m5tion has be5 made ( a slight irregul>ity 9 ,algol's p]iod ( v>iation4 ,bas+ 8 calculations ^u ?is inequality1 ,dr4 ,*&l] has put =w>d ! hypo!sis t !re is ano!r invisible body connect$ ) ,algol1 & situat$ at a di/ance f x ( ab\t #a1hjj1jjj1jjj miles1 & t ar\nd ?is body1 :i* is f> m massive ?an ! o!rs1 ,algol & its companions revolve 9 a p]iod ( "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s6 ,dr4 ,*&l] has e>n$ ! "r to h 8 hypo!ses reg>d$ ) respect1 ev5 :5 !y are z extraord9>y z t :i* has j be5 describ$4 ,x ne$s no indulg5ce ( ! imag9ation to l5d int]e/ to ,algol2 ! simple facts are suffici5t4 ,h[ did t bright /> fall 9 ) its black neighbors8 ,or 7 !y creat$ toge!r8 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #be4 ,pass+ to ! region cov]$ by map ,no4 #be1 our eyes are caught by ! curi\s figure1 =m$ by ! five brighte/ />s ( ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia1 some:at resembl+ ! lett] ,w4 ,l ,p]seus1 ?is is a ri* con/ellation1 bo? 9 /> clu/]s & d\ble />s4 ,among ! latt] we select z our fir/ example sigma1 9 :i* we f9d a comb9ation ( color t is at once v unusual & v /rik+--gre5 & blue4 ,! magnitudes are five & sev51 di/ance #c1 p4 #cbd4 ,ano!r beautiful color$ d\ble is eta1 ^: magnitudes are f\r & sev5 & a half1 di/ance #e1 p4 #bjj1 colors :ite & purple4 ,?is is "o ( ! comp>atively small numb] ( />s ! measure ( ^: di/ance has be5 attempt$1 & a ke5 s5se ( ! unc]ta9ty ( su* measures is convey$ by ! fact t au?orities ( app>5tly equal weight place eta ,cassiopei at su* discordant di/ances z #abd1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles1 #gj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles1 & #db1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! greate/ & ! lea/ ( ^! e/imates is ab\t d\ble ! entire di/ance giv5 by ! latt]4 ,! same ?+ is practically true ( ! v>i\s attempts to asc]ta9 ! di/ance ( ! o!r />s :i* h a p]ceptible p>allax1 ev5 ^? :i* are evid5tly ! ne>e/4 ,9 "s cases ! lat] measures increase ! di/ance1 9 o!r cases !y dim9i% x2 9 no case is !re any?+ l a complete accord4 ,yet ( c\rse we are n to inf] t x is hopeless to le>n any?+ ab\t ! di/ances ( ! />s4 ,) all _! unc]ta9ties & disagreem5ts ! few p>allaxes we possess h laid a good f\ndation = a k ( ! dim5sions ( at lea/ ! ne>] p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,we f9d an int]e/+ triple 9 psi1 ! magnitudes ( ! l>g] compon5ts be+ f\r & a half & eight & a half1 di/ance #cj4 ,! small] /> has a n9e-&-a-half-magnitude companion1 di/ance #c4 ,a m beautiful triple is iota1 magnitudes f\r1 sev51 & eight1 di/ances #b1 p4 #bef1 & #g4e1 p4 #aab4 ,cassiopeia conta9s _m /> clu/]s1 ?ree ( :i* are indicat$ 9 ! map4 ,( ^! #cib is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+1 z x includes />s ( _m magnitudes1 among :i* are a r$ "o ( ! eigh? magnitude1 & a n9?-magnitude d\ble ^: compon5ts are #h ap>t4 ,n f> f ! /> kappa we f9d ! spot :]e ! mo/ brilliant tempor>y /> on record made its appe>ance on ,novemb] #aa1 #aegb4 ,ty*o ,brahe /udi$ ?is ph5om5on dur+ ! entire p]iod ( its visibility1 :i* la/$ until ,m>*1 #aegd4 ,x bur/ out sudd5ly ) ov]p[]+ spl5dor1 f> out%9+ e fix$ />1 & ev5 equal+ ,v5us at h] brighte/4 ,9 a v %ort "t x began to fade1 regul>ly dim9i%+ 9 brightness1 & at ! same "t und]go+ *anges ( color1 end+ 9 r$1 until x disappe>$4 ,x has nev] be5 se5 s9ce1 & ! suspicion once ent]ta9$ t x 0 a v>iable ) a p]iod consid]ably exce$+ ?ree hundr$ ye>s has n be5 confirm$4 ,!re is a t5?-magnitude /> ne> ! place giv5 by ,ty*o z t occupi$ by ! /rang]4 ,_m o!r fa9t />s are scatt]$ ab\t1 h[ev]1 & ,ty*o's measures 7 n suffici5tly exact to enable u to id5tify ! precise position ( 8 />4 ,if ! ph5om5on 0 due to a collision1 no reappe>ance ( ! /> is to be expect$4 ,camelop>dalus is a v inconspicu\s con/ellation1 yet x furni%es consid]able occupation = ! telescope4 ,sigma #cij1 ( magnitude five1 has a companion ( magnitude n9e & a half1 di/ance #ae1 #afj4 ,sigma #che1 also ( ! fif? magnitude1 has a n9?-magnitude companion1 di/ance only #b4d1 p4 #afj4 ,accord+ to "s obs]v]s1 ! l>g] /> is yell[ & ! small] :ite4 ,! /> #a is a v pretty d\ble1 magnitudes bo? six1 di/ance #aj4d4 ,its neighbor #b ( magnitude six has an eigh?-magnitude companion1 di/ance #a4g1 p4 #bgh4 ,! /> #g ( magnitude five is also d\ble1 ! companion ( magnitude eight be+ di/ant only #a4b4 ,a glance at /> clu/] #idj1 :i* %[s a slight c5tral cond5sation1 completes our "w 9 ,camelop>dalus1 & we turn to ,ursa ,major1 repres5t$ 9 map ,no4 #bf4 ,"h !re are _m int]e/+ d\bles & triples4 ,beg9n+ ) iota we f9d at once occupation = our l>ge/ glass4 ,! magnitudes are ?ree & t51 di/ance #aj1 p4 #ceg4 ,9 ! d\ble /> #bc ! magnitudes are f\r & n9e1 di/ance #bc1 p4 #bgb4 ,a m pleas+ object is sigma#b1 a gre5i% fif?-magnitude /> :i* has an eigh?-magnitude companion1 di/ance #b4f1 p4 #bde4 ,a good d\ble = our f\r-in* glass is xi1 ^: magnitudes are f\r & five1 di/ance #a4hg1 p4 #ahc4 ,?is is a b9>y ) a p]iod ( revolution ( ab\t sixty ye>s1 & is int]e/+ z ! fir/ b9>y /> ^: orbit 0 det]m9$4 ,sav>y calculat$ x 9 #ahbh4 ,ne> by is nu1 a difficult d\ble1 magnitudes f\r & t5 & a half1 di/ance #g1 p4 #adg4 ,9 #eg we f9d aga9 an easy d\ble magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #e4e1 p4 #d4 ,ano!r simil> d\ble is #fe1 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #c4i1 p4 #ch4 ,a ?ird />1 magnitude sev51 is se5 at a di/ance ( #aad f ! prim>y4 ,we come n[ to ,ursa ,major's pr9cipal attraction zeta1 frequ5tly call$ ,miz>4 ,! nak$ eye p]ceives ne> x a small] />1 nam$ ,alcor4 ,) ! ?ree-in* glass & a m$ium p[] we divide ,miz> into two bright />s brilliantly contra/$ 9 color1 ! l>g] be+ :ite & ! small] blue-gre54 ,beside ,alcor1 sev]al fa9t] />s are se5 scatt]$ ov] ! field ( view1 &1 tak5 all 9 all1 !re are v few equally beautiful sights 9 ! />ry heav5s4 ,! magnitudes ( ! d\ble are ?ree & f\r1 di/ance #ad4e1 p4 #adh4 ,! l>ge /> is aga9 d\ble1 al?\gh no telescope has be5 able to %[ x s1 its duplicity be+ reveal$1 l t ( beta ,aurig1 by ! p]iodical splitt+ ( ! l9es 9 its spectrum4 ,ursa ,major conta9s sev]al nebul :i* may be glimps$ ) telescopes ( mod]ate dim5sions4 ,an int]e/+ pair ( ^! objects1 bo? ( :i* are includ$ 9 "o field ( view1 is =m$ by #aidi & #aiej4 ,! fir/ nam$ is ! bright] ( ! two1 its nucleus resembl+ a fa9t />4 ,! nebula #bcdc pres5ts itself to u 9 ! =m ( a fa9t1 hazy />1 b ) l>ge telescopes its appe>ance is v s+ul>4 ,accord+ to a picture made by ,"l ,rosse1 x be>s no little resemblance to a skull1 !re be+ two symmetrically plac$ holes 9 x1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a />4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,no4 #bf4 ,! portion ( ,canes ,v5atici1 repres5t$ 9 map ,no4 #bf1 conta9s two or ?ree rem>kable objects4 ,sigma #afjf is a close d\ble1 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #a1 p4 #ccf4 ,x is a pretty sight ) ! five-in*4 ,! d\ble /> #b is s+ul> 9 t its l>g] compon5t is r$ & its small] blue2 magnitudes six & eight1 di/ance #aa4d1 p4 #bfj4 ,/ill m beautiful is #ab1 commonly call$ ,cor ,c>oli4 ,?is d\ble is wide1 & requires b a slight magnify+ p[]4 ,! magnitudes are ?ree & six1 di/ance #bj1 colors :ite or light yell[ & blue4 ,! nebula #cegb1 al?\gh we c see x only z a pair ( mi/y specks1 is 9 reality a v wond]ful object4 ,"l ,rosse's telescope has reveal$ 9 x a complicat$ spiral /ructure1 recall+ ! photographs ( ! ,&rom$a nebula1 & indicat+ t /up5d\s *anges mu/ be 9 process )9 x1 al?\gh our records ( obs]vation are necess>ily too brief to br+ out any p]ceptible alt]ation ( figure4 ,x w\ld seem t ! a/ronom] has1 ( all m51 ! be/ reasons = compla9+ ( ! brevity ( human life4 ,la/ly1 we turn to ,ursa ,m9or & ! ,pole ,/>4 ,! latt] is a celebrat$ d\ble1 n difficult1 except ) a telescope ( less ?an ?ree in*es ap]ture 9 ! h&s ( an inexp]i5c$ obs]v]4 ,! magnitudes are two & n9e1 di/ance #ah4e4 ,! small /> has a dull blue color4 ,9 #ahii x 0 discov]$ by spectroscopic evid5ce t ! ,pole ,/> is triple4 ,9 pi' we see a wide d\ble1 magnitudes six & sev51 di/ance #cj1 p4 #hc4 ,?is completes our survey ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,sc5es ,,on ,,! ,,planets ,^! />ry globes f> surpass$ ! e>? 9 gr&eur1 & ! latt] look$ s dim9utive t our empire1 :i* appe>$ only z a po9t on its surface1 awoke my pity4--,,cic]o1 ,,! ,,dream ,,( ,,scipio4 ,al?\gh amateurs h play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 telescopic discov]y among ! heav5ly bodies1 yet e own] ( a small telescope %\ld n expect to atta* 8 "n to a />4 ,b he c]ta9ly c d some?+ p]haps m useful to himself & 8 fri5ds2 he c foll[ ! discov]ies t o!rs1 ) bett] appliances & opportunities1 h made1 & c ?us imp>t to ^? discov]ies t s5se ( reality :i* only comes f see+ ?+s ) "o's own eyes4 ,!re are hundr$s ( ?+s cont9ually ref]r$ to 9 books & writ+s on a/ronomy :i* h b a mi/y & unc]ta9 significance = ! m]e read]1 b :i* he c easily v]ify = himself ) ! aid ( a telescope ( f\r or five in*es ap]ture1 & :i*1 :5 actually confront$ by ! s5ses1 assume a mean+1 a beauty1 & an importance t w\ld o!rwise entirely h escap$ him4 ,h5ce=? e allusion to ! objects he has se5 is eloqu5t ) intellig5ce & sugge/ion4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! planets t h be5 ! subject ( s _m obs]vations & speculations ( late ye>s--,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,v5us4 ,= ! ord9>y read] mu* t is said ab\t !m makes v little impression ^u 8 m9d1 & is almo/ un9telligible4 ,he reads ( ! sn[ pat*es on ,m>s1 b unless he has actually se5 ! :it5$ poles ( t planet he c =m no cle> image 9 8 m9d ( :at is meant4 ,s ! belts ( ,jupit] is a confus+ & mislead+ phrase = almo/ ev]ybody except ! a/ronom]1 & ! r+s ( ,saturn are beyond compreh5sion unless !y h actually be5 se54 ,x is true t pictures & photographs p>tially supply ! place ( obs]vation1 b by no means s successfully z _m imag9e4 ,! mo/ reali/ic draw+s & ! %>pe/ photographs 9 a/ronomy are ^? ( ! moon1 yet ,i ?9k nobody w\ld ma9ta9 t any picture 9 exi/5ce is capable ( imp>t+ a really satisfactory visual impression ( ! appe>ance ( ! lun> globe4 ,nobody :o has n se5 ! moon ) a telescope--x ne$ n be a l>ge "o--c =m a correct & def9ite idea ( :at ! moon is l4 ,! satisfaction ( view+ ) "o's own eyes "s ( ! ?+s ! a/ronom]s write & talk ab\t is v great1 & ! illum9ation t comes f su* view+ is equally great4 ,j z 9 =eign travel ! actual see+ ( a fam\s city1 a great gall]y fill$ ) ma/]pieces1 or a battlefield :]e decisive issues h be5 f\ght out illum9ates1 = ! travel]'s m9d1 ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 ! criticisms ( arti/s1 & ! occurr5ces ( contempor>y life 9 =eign l&s1 s an acqua9tance ) ! sights ( ! heav5s gives a grasp on a/ronomical problems t c n be acquir$ 9 any o!r way4 ,! p]son :o has be5 9 ,rome1 ?\gh he may be no ar*ologi/1 gets a f> m vivid conception ( a new discov]y 9 ! ,=um ?an does ! read] :o has nev] se5 ! city ( ! ,sev5 ,hills2 & ! amateur :o has look$ at ,jupit] ) a telescope1 ?\gh he may be no a/ronom]1 f9ds t ! ann\ncem5t ( "s *ange among ! wond]ful belts ( t cl\dy planet has = him a mean+ & an int]e/ 9 :i* ! ord9>y read] c n %>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jupit] ,,se5 ,,) ,a ,,five-,,in* ,,telescope4 ,%ad[ ( a satellite visible4 ,jupit] is p]haps ! easie/ ( all ! planets = ! amateur obs]v]4 ,a ?ree-in* telescope gives beautiful views ( ! great planet1 al?\gh a f\r-in* or a five-in* is ( c\rse bett]4 ,b !re is no necessity = go+ beyond six in*es' ap]ture 9 any case4 ,= myself1 ,i %\ld c>e = no?+ bett] ?an my ,byrne five-in* ( fifty-two in*es' focal di/ance4 ,) su* a glass m details are visible 9 ! d>k belts & along ! bright equatorial girdle ?an c be correctly repres5t$ 9 a sket* be=e ! rotation ( ! planet has alt]$ _! aspect1 :ile ! %ad[s ( ! satellites ?r[n ^u ! broad disk1 & ! satellites !mselves :5 9 transit1 c be se5 sometimes ) exquisite cle>ness4 ,! contra/+ colors ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! disk are also easily /udi$ ) a glass ( f\r or five in*es' ap]ture4 ,!re is a *>m ab\t ! great planet :5 he rides high 9 a cle> ev5+ sky1 lord+ x ov] ! fix$ />s ) 8 s]5e1 unflick]+ lum9\sness1 :i* no possessor ( a telescope c resi/4 ,y turn ! glass ^u him & he floats into ! field ( view1 ) 8 cortge ( satellites1 l a yell[-&-r$ moon1 att5d$ by f\r m9iatures ( itself4 ,y in/antly compreh5d ,jupit]'s ma/]y ov] 8 satellites--_! allegiance is evid5t4 ,no "o w\ld = an in/ant mi/ake !m = />s accid5tally se5 9 ! same field ( view4 ,al?\gh x requires a v l>ge telescope to magnify _! disks to measurable dim5sions1 yet ! smalle/ glass diff]5tiates !m at once f ! fix$ />s4 ,!re is some?+ almo/ />tl+ 9 _! appe>ance ( companion%ip ) ! huge planet--?is sudd5 v]ification to y\r eyes ( ! laws ( gravitation & ( c5tral =ces4 ,x is easy1 :ile look+ at ,jupit] amid 8 family1 to und]/& ! con/]nation ( ! *ur*m5 :5 ,galileo's telescope reveal$ t m9iature ( ! sol> sy/em1 & x is gratify+ to gaze ^u "o ( ! fir/ battle gr\nds :]eon sci5ce ga9$ a decisive victory = tru?4 ,! swift *ang+ ( place among ! satellites1 z well z ! rapidity ( ,jupit]'s axial rotation1 give ! attraction ( visible movem5t to ! ,jovian spectacle4 ,! planet rotates 9 f\r or five m9utes less ?an t5 h\rs--9 o!r words1 x makes two turns & f\r t5?s ( a ?ird turn :ile ! e>? is roll+ once ^u its axis4 ,a po9t on ,jupit]'s equator moves ab\t tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& miles1 or consid]ably m ?an ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! e>?1 9 a s+le h\r4 ,! effect ( ?is motion is cle>ly p]ceptible to ! obs]v] ) a telescope on acc\nt ( ! div]sifi$ m>k+s & colors ( ! mov+ disk1 & to wat* x is "o ( ! greate/ pleasures t ! telescope af=ds4 ,x w\ld be possible1 :5 ! planet is favorably situat$1 to witness an entire rotation ( ,jupit] 9 ! c\rse ( "o night1 b ! beg9n+ & end ( ! obs]vation w\ld be m or less int]f]$ ) by ! effects ( l[ altitude1 to say no?+ ( ! t$ium ( s long a vigil4 ,b by look+ at ! planet = an h\r at a "t 9 ! c\rse ( a few nights e side ( x w h be5 pres5t$ to view4 ,suppose ! fir/ obs]vation is made betwe5 n9e & t5 o'clock on any night :i* may h be5 select$4 ,!n on ! foll[+ night betwe5 t5 & elev5 o'clock ,jupit] w h made two & a half turns ^u 8 axis1 & ! side diametrically opposite to t se5 on ! fir/ night w be visible4 ,on ! ?ird night betwe5 elev5 & twelve o'clock ,jupit] w h p]=m$ five complete rotations1 & ! side orig9ally view$ w be visible aga94 ,ow+ to ! rotundity ( ! planet1 only ! c5tral "p ( ! disk is %>ply def9$1 & m>k+s :i* c be easily se5 :5 c5trally locat$ become indi/9ct or disappe> altoge!r :5 ne> ! limb4 ,approa* to ! edge ( ! disk also causes a =e%ort5+ :i* sometimes entirely alt]s ! aspect ( a m>k+4 ,x is advisable1 !re=e1 to conf9e ! att5tion ma9ly to ! middle ( ! disk4 ,z "t passes1 cle>ly def9$ m>k+s on or betwe5 ! cl\dy belts w be se5 to approa* ! we/]n edge ( ! disk1 gradually los+ _! di/9ctness & alt]+ _! appe>ance1 :ile f ! region ( indi/9ct def9ition ne> ! ea/]n edge o!r m>k+s sl[ly em]ge & advance t[>d ! c5t]1 becom+ %>p] 9 outl9e & m cle>ly def9$ 9 color z !y sw+ into view4 ,wat*+ ^! *anges1 ! obs]v] is c>ri$ away by ! reflection t he actually sees ! turn+ ( ano!r di/ant _w ^u its axis ( rotation1 j z he might view ! revolv+ e>? f a /&po9t on ! moon4 ,belts ( r$di% cl\ds1 _m ?\s&s ( miles across1 are /ret*$ along on ea* side ( ! equator ( ! great planet he is wat*+2 ! equatorial belt itself1 brilliantly lemon-hu$1 or sometimes ruddy1 is div]sifi$ ) :ite globul> & balloon-%ap$ masses1 :i* almo/ recall ! appe>ance ( summ] cl\d domes hang+ ov] a t]re/rial l&scape1 :ile t[>d ! poles %ad[y expanses ( gradually deep5+ blue or blue-gray sugge/ ! comp>ative coolness ( ^? regions :i* lie always "u a l[ sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eclipses ,,& ,,transits ,,( ,,jupit]',s ,,satellites4 ,satellite ,i & ! %ad[ ( ,,iii are se5 9 transit4 ,,iv is ab\t to be eclips$4 ,aft] a few nights' obs]vation ev5 ! v]ie/ amateur f9ds himself recogniz+ c]ta9 %apes or appe>ances--a n>r[ d>k belt runn+ slop+ly across ! equator f "o ( ! ma9 cl\d zones to ! o!r1 or a rift 9 "o ( ! color$ b&s1 or a rotund :ite mass app>5tly float+ above ! equator1 or a broad scallop 9 ! edge ( a belt l t ne> ! site ( ! celebrat$ r$ spot1 ^: *anges ( color & aspect s9ce its fir/ appe>ance 9 #ahgh1 toge!r ) ! light x has ?r[n on ! con/itution ( ,jupit]'s disk1 h all b creat$ a new ,jovian lit]ature1 s ?or\ghly & s frequ5tly h !y be5 discuss$4 ,&1 hav+ notic$ ^! recurr+ features1 ! obs]v] w beg9 to note _! relations to "o ano!r1 & w ?us be l$ to obs]ve t "s ( !m gradually drift ap>t1 :ile o!rs drift ne>]2 & aft] a "t1 )\t any aid f books or h9ts f obs]vatories1 he w discov] = himself t !re is a law gov]n+ ! movem5ts on ,jupit]'s disk4 ,^u ! :ole he w f9d t ! swifte/ motions are ne> ! equator1 & ! sl[e/ ne> ! poles1 al?\gh1 if he is p]si/5t & has a good eye & a good in/rum5t1 he w note exceptions to ?is rule1 probably aris+1 z ,pr(essor ,h\gh sugge/s1 f diff]5ces ( altitude 9 ,jupit]'s atmosph]e4 ,f9ally1 he w conclude t ! colossal globe be=e him is1 ext]iorly at lea/1 a va/ ball ( cl\ds & vapors1 subject to trem5d\s vicissitudes1 possibly int5sely heat$1 & altoge!r diff]5t 9 its physical con/itution1 al?\gh made up ( simil> elem5ts1 f ! e>?4 ,!n1 if he *ooses1 he c sail (f into ! delightful cl\d-l& ( a/ronomical speculation1 & make ( ! /rip$ & spott$ sph]e ( ,jove j su* a _w z may please 8 fancy--= a _w ( "s k9d x c]ta9ly is4 ,= _m obs]v]s ! satellites ( ,jupit] possess ev5 great] attractions ?an ! gigantic ball itself4 ,z ,i h already rem>k$1 _! movem5ts are v noticeable & l5d a wond]ful animation to ! sc5e4 ,al?\gh !y be> classical names1 !y are almo/ univ]sally ref]r$ to by _! ,roman numb]s1 beg9n+ ) ! inn]mo/1 ^: symbol is ,i1 & runn+ outw>d 9 regul> ord] ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv4#e ,! m9ute satellite mu* ne>] to ! planet ?an any ( ! o!rs1 :i* ,mr4 ,b>n>d discov]$ ) ! ,lick telescope 9 #ahib1 is call$ ! fif?1 al?\gh 9 ! ord] ( di/ance x w\ld be ! fir/4 ,9 size & importance1 h[ev]1 x c n rank ) its comp>atively gigantic bro!rs4 ,( c\rse1 no amateur's telescope c af=d ! fa9te/ glimpse ( x4 #e ,_! names1 9 ! same ord] z _! numb]s1 are ,io1 ,europa1 ,ganym$e1 & ,calli/o4 ,satellite ,i1 situat$ at a mean di/ance ( #bfa1jjj miles f ,jupit]'s c5t]--ab\t #bb1jjj miles f>!r ?an ! moon is f ! e>?--is urg$ by its ma/]'s ov]p[]+ attraction to a spe$ ( #cbj miles p] m9ute1 s t x p]=ms a complete revolution 9 ab\t =ty-two h\rs & a half4 ,! o!rs1 ( c\rse1 move m sl[ly1 b ev5 ! mo/ di/ant p]=ms its revolution 9 sev]al h\rs less ?an sixte5 days4 ,! plane ( _! orbits is pres5t$ edgewise t[>d ! e>?1 f :i* x foll[s t !y appe> to move back & =? ne>ly 9 /raight l9es1 "s app>5tly approa*+ ! planet1 :ile o!rs are rec$+ f x4 ,! *anges 9 _! relative positions1 :i* c be detect$ f h\r to h\r1 are v /rik+ night aft] night1 & lead to a great v>iety ( arrangem5ts always pleas+ to ! eye4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5a t !y pres5t are _! transits & ^? ( _! r\nd1 black %ad[s across ! face ( ! planet2 _! eclipses by ! planet's %ad[1 :5 !y disappe> & aft]w>d reappe> ) a/oni%+ sudd5ness2 & _! occultations by ! globe ( ,jupit]4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ = ! amateur to wat* is ! passage ( ! %ad[s across ,jupit]4 ,! di/9ctness ) :i* !y c be se5 :5 ! air is /eady is likely to surprise1 z x is c]ta9 to delight1 ! obs]v]4 ,:5 x falls ^u a light "p ( ! disk ! %ad[ ( a satellite is z black & %>ply outl9$ z a drop ( ink2 on a d>k-color$ belt x c n s easily be se54 ,x is m difficult to see ! satellites !mselves 9 transit4 ,!re appe>s to be "s diff]5ce among !m z to visibility 9 su* circum/ances4 ,ow+ to _! lum9osity !y are be/ se5 :5 !y h a d>k belt = a backgr\nd1 & are lea/ easily visible :5 !y appe> aga9/ a bright portion ( ! planet4 ,e obs]v] %\ld provide himself ) a copy ( ! ,am]ican ,ephem]is = ! curr5t ye>1 :]e9 he w f9d all ! in=mation ne$$ to enable him to id5tify ! v>i\s satellites & to pr$ict1 by turn+ ,wa%+ton mean "t into 8 own local "t1 ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( ! transits & eclipses4 ,:ile a fai?ful /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( ,jupit] is likely to lead ! /ud5t to ! conclusion t ! greate/ planet 9 our sy/em is n a suitable abode = life1 yet ! problem ( its future1 always fasc9at+ to ! imag9ation1 is op52 & :osoev] may be dispos$ to record 8 obs]vations 9 a sy/ematic mann] may at lea/ hope to r5d] aid 9 ! solution ( t problem4 ,saturn ranks next to ,jupit] 9 attractiv5ess = ! obs]v] ) a telescope4 ,! r+s are almo/ z my/ify+ to-day z !y 7 9 ! "t ( ,h]s*el4 ,!re is probably no s+le telescopic view t c comp>e 9 ! p[] to excite wond] ) t ( ,saturn :5 ! r+ sy/em is n s widely op5$ b t bo? poles ( ! planet project beyond x4 ,"o returns to x aga9 & aga9 ) unflagg+ int]e/1 & ! beauty ( ! spectacle q mat*es its s+ul>ity4 ,:5 ,saturn is 9 view ! own] ( a telescope may become a recruit+ (fic] = a/ronomy by simply invit+ 8 fri5ds to gaze at ! wond]ful planet4 ,! silv]y color ( ! ball1 delicately *as$ ) half-visible %ad+s1 m]g+ "o into ano!r f ! bright equatorial b& to ! blui% pol> caps2 ! gr& ar* ( ! r+s1 sweep+ across ! planet ) a p]ceptible edg+ ( %ad[2 _! sudd5 disappe>ance close to ! m>g9 ( ! ball1 :]e !y g beh9d x & fall /raightway into night2 ! manife/ contra/ ( brightness1 if n ( color1 betwe5 ! two pr9cipal r+s2 ! f9e curve ( ! black l9e m>k+ ! #a1fjj-mile gap betwe5 _! edges--^! are "s ( ! elem5ts ( a picture t c nev] fade f ! memory ( any "o :o has once beheld x 9 its full glory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,saturn ,,se5 ,,) ,a ,,five-,,in* ,,telescope4 ,saturn's moons are by no means s int]e/+ to wat* z are ^? ( ,jupit]4 ,ev5 ! effect ( _! surpris+ numb] 7rais$ to n9e by ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s discov]y 9 #ahii ( a new "o :i* is almo/ at ! limit ( visibility1 & 0 f\nd only ) ! aid ( photography7 is lo/1 because mo/ ( !m are too fa9t to be se5 ) ord9>y telescopes1 or1 if se51 to make any notable impression ^u ! eye4 ,! two l>ge/--,titan & ,japetus--are easily f\nd1 & ,titan is conspicu\s1 b !y give none ( t s5se ( companion%ip & ob$i5ce to a c5tral au?ority :i* /rikes ev5 ! c>eless obs]v] ( ,jupit]'s sy/em4 ,?is is ow+ p>tly to _! m delib]ate movem5ts & p>tly to ! incl9ation ( ! plane ( _! orbits1 :i* seldom lies edgewise t[>d ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pol> ,,view ,,( ,,saturn',s ,,sy/em4 ,! orbits ( ! five ne>e/ satellites are %[n4 ,! dott$ l9e outside ! r+s %[s ,ro*e's limit4 ,b ! *>m ( ! pe]less r+s is abid+1 & ! int]e/ ( ! spectator is height5$ by recall+ :at sci5ce has rec5tly e/abli%$ z to _! composition4 ,x is m>vel\s to ?9k1 :ile look+ ^u _! broad1 level surfaces--z smoo?1 app>5tly1 z poli%$ /eel1 ?\gh ?irty ?\s& miles across--t !y are 9 reality va/ circl+ curr5ts ( meteoritic p>ticles or du/1 ?r\gh :i* run imm5se waves1 cond5sation & r>efaction succe$+ "o ano!r z 9 ! undulations ( s\nd4 ,yet1 ) all _! inf]5tial tumult1 !y may actually be z s\ndless z ! dep?s ( int]/ell> space1 = ,/ruve has %[n t ^? spectacul> r+s possess no appreciable mass1 &1 view$ f ,saturn itself1 _! 7to u7 gorge\s seem+ b[ may appe> only z a wrea? ( %imm]+ vapor spann+ ! sky & pal$ by ! rivalry ( ! bright] />s4 ,9 view ( ! !ory ( tidal action disrupt+ a satellite )9 a critical di/ance f ! c5t] ( its prim>y1 ! ?\ghtful obs]v] ( ,saturn w f9d himself wond]+ :at may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! r+s4 ,! critical di/ance ref]r$ to1 & :i* is kn[n z ,ro*e's limit1 lies1 accord+ to ! mo/ tru/wor?y e/imates1 j outside ! out]mo/ edge ( ! r+s4 ,x foll[s t if ! matt] compos+ ! r+s 7 collect$ into a s+le body t body w\ld inevitably be torn to pieces & scatt]$ into r+s2 & s1 too1 if in/ead ( "o !re 7 sev]al or _m bodies ( consid]able size occupy+ ! place ( ! r+s1 all ( ^! bodies w\ld be disrupt$ & scatt]$4 ,if "o ( ! pres5t moons ( ,saturn--= in/ance1 ,mimas1 ! inn]mo/ hi!rto discov]$--%\ld w&] )9 ! magic circle ( ,ro*e's limit x w\ld suff] a simil> fate1 & its p>ticles w\ld be dissem9at$ among ! r+s4 ,"o c h>dly help wond]+ :e!r ! r+s h orig9at$ f ! demolition ( satellites--,saturn dev\r+ 8 *ildr51 z ! anci5t my?s repres5t1 & encircl+ himself1 amid ! fury ( de/ruction1 ) ! du/ ( 8 dis9tegrat$ victims4 ,at any rate1 ! amateur /ud5t ( ,saturn w f9d 9 ! revelations ( 8 telescope ! inspirations ( poetry z well z ^? ( sci5ce1 & ! b5t ( 8 m9d w det]m9e :i* he %all foll[4 ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s discov]y ( a n9? satellite ( ,saturn1 situat$ at ! great di/ance ( ne>ly eight million miles f ! planet1 s]ves to call att5tion to ! va/ness ( ! sph]e ( activity ov] :i* ! r+$ planet reigns4 ,surpris+ z ! di/ance ( ! new satellite appe>s :5 comp>$ ) t ( our moon1 x is yet f> f ! limit :]e ,saturn's control ceases & t ( ! sun becomes pr$om9ant4 ,t limit1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,asaph ,hall's calculation1 is ne>ly #cj1jjj1jjj miles f ,saturn's c5t]1 :ile if our moon 7 remov$ to a di/ance a little exce$+ #ejj1jjj miles ! e>? w\ld be 9 dang] ( los+ its satellite ?r\gh ! elopem5t ( ,artemis ) ,apollo4 ,al?\gh1 z already rem>k$1 ! satellites ( ,saturn are n especially int]e/+ to ! amateur telescopi/1 yet x may be well to m5tion t1 9 addition to ,titan & ,japetus1 ! satellite nam$ ,rhea1 ! fif? 9 ord] ( di/ance f ! planet1 is n a difficult object = a ?ree-or f\r-in* telescope1 & two o!rs consid]ably fa9t] ?an ,rhea--,dione 7! f\r?7 & ,te?ys 7! ?ird7--may be se5 9 favorable circum/ances4 ,! o!rs--,mimas 7! fir/71 ,enceladus 7! second71 & ,hyp]ion 7! sev5?7--are beyond ! rea* ( all b l>ge telescopes4 ,! n9? satellite1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( ,phoebe1 is mu* fa9t] ?an any ( ! o!rs1 its /ell> magnitude be+ reckon$ by its discov]] at ab\t #ae4e4 ,m>s1 ! be/ adv]tis$ ( all ! planets1 is ne>ly ! lea/ satisfactory to look at except dur+ a favorable opposition1 l ^? ( #ahgg & #ahib1 :5 its comp>ative ne>ness to ! e>? r5d]s "s ( its *>act]i/ic features visible 9 a small telescope4 ,! next favorable opposition w occur 9 #aijg4 ,:5 well se5 ) an ord9>y telescope1 say a f\r-or five-in* glass1 ,m>s %[s ?ree peculi>ities t may be call$ fairly conspicu\s--viz41 its :ite pol> cap1 its g5]al r$di%1 or orange-yell[1 hue1 & its d>k m>k+s1 "o ( ! cle>e/ ( :i* is ! s-call$ ,syrtis ,major1 or1 z x 0 once nam$ on acc\nt ( its %ape1 ,h\rglass ,sea4 ,o!r d>k expanses 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e are n difficult to be se51 al?\gh _! outl9es are m or less mi/y & indi/9ct4 ,! gradual dim9ution ( ! pol> cap1 :i* c]ta9ly behaves 9 ?is respect z a mass ( sn[ & ice w\ld d1 is a mo/ int]e/+ spectacle4 ,z summ] advances 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ( ,m>s1 ! :ite circul> pat* surr\nd+ ! pole becomes small]1 night aft] night1 until x sometimes disappe>s entirely ev5 f ! k5 ( ! l>ge/ telescopes4 ,at ! same "t ! d>k expanses become m di/9ct1 z if ! melt+ ( ! pol> sn[s _h suppli$ !m ) a great] dep? ( wat]1 or ! advance ( ! season _h d>k5$ !m ) a heavi] gr[? ( vegetation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>s ,,se5 ,,) ,a ,,five-,,in* ,,telescope4 ,! ph5om5a m5tion$ above are ab\t all t a small telescope w reveal4 ,occasionally a d>k /reak1 :i* l>ge in/rum5ts %[ is connect$ ) ! my/]i\s sy/em ( canals1 c be detect$1 b ! canals !mselves are f> beyond ! rea* ( any telescope except a few ( ! giants h&l$ by exp]i5c$ obs]v]s4 ,! conviction :i* seems to h =c$ its way into ! m9ds ev5 ( "s cons]vative a/ronom]s1 t on ,m>s ! conditions1 to use ! expression ( ,pr(essor ,"y1 are m ne>ly e>?like ?an on any o!r ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* we c see ) our pres5t telescopes1 is suffici5t to make ! planet a c5t] ( undy+ int]e/ not)/&+ ! difficulties ) :i* ! amateur is confront$ 9 8 endeavors to see ! details ( its m>k+s4 ,,! ,,illum9ation ,,( ,,v5us',s ,,atmosph]e ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,h] ,,transit ,,across ,,! ,,sun4 ,9 ,v5us ! fatal gift ( beauty may be said1 z f> z our obs]vations are conc]n$1 to be mat*$ by ! equally fatal gift ( brilliance4 ,:e!r x be due to atmosph]ic reflection alone or to ! preval5ce ( cl\ds1 ,v5us is s bright t consid]able d\bt exi/s z to ! actual visibility ( any p]man5t m>k+s on h] surface4 ,! detail$ repres5tations ( ! disk ( ,v5us by ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell1 %[+ 9 "s respects a resemblance to ! /rip+s ( ,m>s1 c n yet be accept$ z decisive4 ,m exp]i5c$ a/ronom]s ?an ,mr4 ,l[ell h be5 unable to see at all ?+s :i* he draws ) a fe>less & unhesitat+ p5cil4 ,t !re are "s %ad[y features ( ! planet's surface to be se5 9 fav\rable circum/ances is probable1 b ! "t = draw+ a map ( ,v5us has n yet come4 ,! previ\s "w ( ,s*iap>elli l5ds a c]ta9 degree ( probability to ,mr4 ,l[ell's obs]vations on ! rotation ( ,v5us4 ,?is rotation1 accord+ to ! orig9al ann\ncem5t ( ,s*iap>elli1 is probably p]=m$ 9 ! same p]iod z ! revolution ar\nd ! sun4 ,9 o!r words1 ,v5us1 if ,s*iap>elli & ,l[ell are "r1 always pres5ts ! same side to ! sun1 possess+1 9 consequ5ce1 a day hemisph]e & a night hemisph]e :i* nev] int]*ange places4 ,?is condition is s antagoni/ic to all our ideas ( :at con/itutes habitability = a planet t "o hesitates to accept x z prov$1 & almo/ hopes t x may turn out to h no real exi/5ce4 ,v5us1 z ! tw9 ( ! e>? 9 size1 is a planet :i* ! imag9ation1 w>m$ by its sunny aspect1 w\ld fa9 p ) intellig5t be+s a little fair] ?an ourselves2 b h[ c su* ideas be reconcil$ ) ! picture ( a _w "o half ( :i* is subject$ to ! m]ciless rays ( a nev]-sett+ sun1 :ile ! o!r half is buri$ 9 ! fe>ful gloom & icy *ill ( un5d+ night8 ,any amateur obs]v] :o wi%es to te/ 8 eyesight & 8 telescope 9 ! se>* ( %ades or m>k+s on ! disk ( ,v5us by ! aid ( :i* ! "q ( its rotation may f9ally be settl$ %\ld d 8 "w :ile ! sun is /ill above ! horizon4 ,s*iap>elli adopt$ t plan ye>s ago1 & o!rs h foll[$ him ) advantage4 ,! diffus$ light ( day s]ves to take (f ! gl>e :i* is s s]i\s an ob/acle to ! successful obs]vation ( ,v5us :5 se5 aga9/ a d>k sky4 ,kn[+ ! location ( ,v5us 9 ! sky1 :i* c be asc]ta9$ f ! ,ephem]is1 ! obs]v] c f9d x by day4 ,if 8 telescope is n p]man5tly m\nt$ & provid$ ) circles ?is may n prove an easy ?+ to d1 yet a little p]sev]ance & +5uity w effect x4 ,"o way is to f9d1 ) a /> *>t1 "s /> ^: decl9ation is ! same1 or v ne>ly ! same1 z t ( ,v5us1 & :i* crosses ! m]idian say twelve h\rs ahead ( h]4 ,!n set ! telescope ^u t />1 :5 x is on ! m]idian at night1 & leave x !re1 & ! next day1 twelve h\rs aft] ! /> cross$ ! m]idian1 look into y\r telescope & y w see ,v5us1 or1 if n1 a slight motion ( ! tube w br+ h] into view4 ,= _m amateurs ! phases ( ,v5us w alone supply suffici5t int]e/ = telescopic obs]vation4 ,! *anges 9 h] =m1 f t ( a r\nd full moon :5 %e is ne> sup]ior conjunction to ! gibb\s1 & f9ally ! half-moon phase z %e approa*es h] ea/]n elongation1 foll[$ by ! gradually n>r[+ & l5g!n+ cresc5t1 until %e is a m]e silv] sickle betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?1 =m a succession ( delightful pictures4 ,n v mu* c be said = ,m]cury z a telescopic object4 ,! little planet pres5ts phases l ^? ( ,v5us1 &1 accord+ to ,s*iap>elli & ,l[ell1 x resembles ,v5us 9 its rotation1 keep+ always ! same side to ! sun4 ,9 fact1 ,s*iap>elli's discov]y ( ?is peculi>ity 9 ! case ( ,m]cury prec$$ ! simil> discov]y 9 ! case ( ,v5us4 ,!re are m>k+s on ,m]cury :i* h rem9d$ "s a/ronom]s ( ! moon1 & !re are reasons = ?9k+ t ! planet c n be a suitable abode = liv+ be+s1 at lea/ = be+s resembl+ ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,uranus & ,neptune are too f> away to pres5t any attraction = amateur obs]v]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,m\nta9s ,,& ,,pla9s ,,( ,,! ,,moon1 ,,& ,,! ,,spectacles ,,( ,,! ,,sun 444 ! ,moon1 ^: orb ,! ,tuscan arti/ views ?r\gh optic glass ,at ev5+ f ! top ( ,fesol1 ,or 9 ,vald>no1 to descry new l&s1 ,riv]s or m\nta9s 9 h] spotty globe4--,,p>adise ,,lo/4 ,! moon is probably ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all telescopic objects4 ,?is arises f its comp>ative ne>ness to ! e>?4 ,a telescope magnify+ #a1jjj diamet]s br+s ! moon )9 an app>5t di/ance ( less ?an #bdj miles4 ,if telescopes are ev] made ) a magnify+ p[] ( #aj1jjj diamet]s1 !n1 provid$ t atmosph]ic difficulties c be ov]come1 we %all see ! moon z if x 7 only ab\t tw5ty miles (f1 & a s5sitive a/ronom] might be imag9$ to feel a little hesitation ab\t gaz+ s closely at ! moon--z if he 7 pe]+ into a neighbor _w's w9d[4 ,b a great telescope & a high magnify+ p[] are n requir$ to int]e/ ! amateur a/ronom] 9 ! /udy ( ! moon4 ,our ?ree-in* telescope is amply suffici5t to furni% u ) ent]ta9m5t = _m an ev5+ :ile ! moon is runn+ ?r\gh its phases1 & we %all f9d delight 9 frequ5tly *ang+ ! magnify+ p[] z we wat* ! lun> l&scapes1 because e *ange w pres5t !m 9 a diff]5t aspect4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t a telescope1 unless a t]re/rial eyepiece or prism is employ$1 rev]ses su* an object z ! moon top = bottom4 ,accord+ly1 if ! moon is on or ne> ! m]idian :5 ! obs]vations are made1 we %all see ! nor? pol> region at ! bottom & ! s\? pol> region at ! top4 ,9 o!r words1 ! face ( ! moon z pres5t$ 9 ! telescope w be upside d[n1 nor? & s\? int]*ang+ places z comp>$ ) _! positions 9 a geographical map4 ,b ea/ & we/ rema9 unalt]$ 9 position1 z comp>$ ) su* a map--i4 e41 ! ea/]n hemisph]e ( ! moon is se5 on ! "r & ! we/]n hemisph]e on ! left4 ,x is ! moon's we/]n edge t cat*es ! fir/ sunlight :5 new moon beg9s1 &1 z ! phase increases1 pass+ into fir/ qu>t] & f t to full moon1 ! illum9ation sweeps across ! disk f we/ to ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lun> ,,*>t ,,no4 #a1 ,,nor?we/ ,,qu>t]4 ,! n>r[ sickle ( ! new moon1 hang+ above ! sunset1 is a *>m+ telescopic sight4 ,use a l[ p[]1 & obs]ve ! contra/ betwe5 ! bright1 smoo? r\nd ( ! sunw>d edge1 :i* has almo/ ! poli% ( a gold5 rim1 & ! irregul> & delicately %ad$ inn] curve1 :]e ! adjac5t m\nta9s & pla9s picturesquely reflect or subdue ! sun%9e4 ,:ile ! cresc5t gr[s broad] new objects are cont9ually com+ into view z ! sun rises ^u !m1 until at l5g? "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s & rem>kable ( ! lun> seas1 ! ,m>e ,crisium1 or ,sea ( ,crises1 lies fully display$ amid its encircl+ peaks1 precipices1 & crat]s4 ,! ,m>e ,crisium is all 9 ! sunlight betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? day aft] new moon4 ,x is ab\t #cej by #bhj miles 9 ext5t1 & if ev] fill$ ) wat] mu/ h be5 a v deep sea1 s9ce its arid b$ lies at a great b n precisely asc]ta9$ dep? bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! moon4 ,!re are a few small crat]s on ! floor ( ! ,m>e ,crisium1 ! l>ge/ be>+ ! "n ( ,pic>d1 & its bord]s are rugg$ ) m\nta9s4 ,on ! s\?we/]n side is a l(ty promontory1 #aa1jjj feet 9 height1 call$ ,cape ,ag>um4 ,at ! middle ( ! ea/]n side a k9d ( bay op5s deep 9 ! m\nta9s1 ^: range "h becomes v n>r[4 ,s\!a/ ( ?is bay lies a conspicu\s bright po9t1 ! crat] m\nta9 ,proclus1 on :i* ! sun has fully ris5 9 ! f\r? day ( ! moon1 & :i* reflects ! light ) extraord9>y livel9ess4 ,adjo9+ ,proclus on ! ea/ & s\? is a curi\s1 loz5ge-%ap$ flat1 brok5 ) %ort1 l[ ridges1 & possess+ a mo/ peculi> light-br[n t9t1 easily di/+ui%$ f ! g5]al color tone ( ! lun> l&scapes4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at 0 pass+ 9 ! m9d ( ! old a/ronom] :o nam$ ?is s+ul> region ,palus ,somnii4 ,x is n ! only spot on ! moon :i* has be5 call$ a m>%1 & to :i* an unexpla9$ connection ) dreams has be5 ascrib$4 ,ne>ly on ! same m]idian ) ,proclus1 at a di/ance ( ab\t a hundr$ miles nor?w>d1 lies a f9e example ( a r+ m\nta91 r m ?an =ty miles 9 diamet]1 & ) peak-tipp$ walls :i* 9 "s places are #ac1jjj feet 9 height1 z measur$ f ! floor )94 ,?is is ,macrobius4 ,!re is an inconspicu\s c5tral m\nta9 9 ! r+4 ,nor? ( ! ,m>e ,crisium1 & nor?we/ ( ,macrobius1 we f9d a mu* l>g] m\nta9 r+1 oblong 9 %ape & ne>ly eighty miles 9 its greate/ diamet]4 ,x is nam$ ,cleom5es4 ,! highe/ po9t on its wall is ab\t #aj1jjj feet above ! int]ior4 ,ne> ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! wall yawns a huge & v deep crat]1 ,tralles1 :ile at ! nor!rn end is ano!r oblong crat] m\nta9 call$ ,burckh>dt4 ,f ,cleom5es nor?w>d to ! pole1 or to ! nor!rn extremity ( ! cresc5t1 if our obs]vations are made dur+ new moon1 ! gr\nd appe>s brok5 ) an imm5se numb] ( ridges1 crat]s1 & m\nta9 r+s1 among :i* we may telescopically w&] at w4 ,"o ( ! m rem>kable ( ^! objects1 :i* may be id5tifi$ ) ! aid ( ,lun> ,*>t ,no4 #a1 is ! va/ r+$ pla9 ne> ! edge ( ! disk1 nam$ ,gauss4 ,x is m ?an a hundr$ & t5 miles 9 diamet]4 ,ow+ to its situation1 s f> d[n ! side ( ! lun> globe1 x is =e%ort5$ into a long ellipse1 al?\gh 9 reality x is ne>ly a circle4 ,a *a9 ( m\nta9s runs nor? & s\? across ! int]ior pla94 ,gem9us1 ,b]zelius1 & ,messala are o!r r+s well wor? look+ at4 ,! rem>kable pair call$ ,atlas & ,h]cules dem& m ?an pass+ att5tion4 ,! =m] is fifty-five & ! latt] =ty-six miles 9 diamet]4 ,ea* s9ks #aa1jjj feet bel[ ! summit ( ! l(tie/ peak on its encircl+ wall4 ,bo? are full ( int]e/+ detail suffici5t to occupy ! c>eful obs]v] = _m nights4 ,! broad r+ be>+ ! "n ( ,endymion is ne>ly eighty miles 9 diamet]1 & has "o peak #ae1jjj feet high4 ,! int]ior pla9 is flat & d>k4 ,beyond ,endymion on ! edge ( ! disk is "p ( a gloomy pla9 call$ ! ,m>e ,humboltianum4 ,aft] glanc+ at ! crat]-%ap$ m\nta9s on ! we/]n & s\!rn bord] ( ! ,m>e ,crisium1 ,alhaz51 ,hans51 ,condorcet1 ,firmicus1 etc41 we pass s\?w>d into ! area cov]$ 9 ,lun> ,*>t ,no4 #b4 ,! long d>k pla9 s\? ( ! ,m>e ,crisium is ! ,m>e ,fecunditatis1 ?\gh :y x %\ld h be5 suppos$ to be p>ticul>ly fecund1 or f]tile1 is by no means cle>4 ,on ! we/]n bord] ( ?is pla91 ab\t ?ree hundr$ miles f ! s\!rn end ( ! ,m>e ,crisium1 is ! m\nta9 r+1 or circumvallation1 call$ ,langr5us1 ab\t n9ety miles across & 9 places #aj1jjj feet high4 ,!re is a f9e c5tral m\nta9 ) a numb] ( peaks4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ miles f>!r s\?1 on ! same m]idian1 lies an equally ext5sive m\nta9 r+ nam$ ,v5del9us4 ,! brok5 & complicat$ appe>ance ( its nor!rn walls w comm& ! obs]v]'s att5tion4 ,ano!r simil> /ep s\?w>d1 & /ill on ! same m]idian br+s u to a yet f9] m\nta9 r+1 slightly l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 & /ill m complicat$ 9 its walls1 peaks1 & t]races1 & 9 its surr\nd+s ( crat]s1 gorges1 & brok5 ridges4 ,?is is ,petavius4 ,we/ ( ,petavius1 on ! v edge ( ! disk1 is a wond]ful =mation1 a wall$ pla9 nam$ ,humboldt1 :i* is look$ d[n ^u at "o po9t ne> its ea/]n edge by a peak #af1jjj feet 9 height4 ,ab\t a hundr$ & =ty miles s\? ( ,petavius is ! f\r? great m\nta9 r+ ly+ on ! same m]idian4 ,its "n is ,furn]ius4 ,look p>ticul>ly at ! brilliantly %9+ crat] on ! nor!a/ slope ( ! out] wall ( ,furn]ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lun> ,,*>t ,,no4 #b1 ,,s\?we/ ,,qu>t]4 ,suppose t our obs]vations are n[ int]rupt$1 to be resum$ :5 ! moon1 ab\t sev5 days old1 is 9 its fir/ qu>t]4 ,if we _h "t1 x w\ld be a mo/ int]e/+ ?+ to wat* ! advance ( ! lun> sunrise e night1 = new beauties are display$ almo/ f h\r to h\r2 b1 = ! purposes ( our description x is necess>y to curtail ! obs]vations4 ,at fir/ qu>t] "o half ( ! lun> hemisph]e :i* faces ! e>? is illum9at$ by ! sun1 & ! l9e ( sunrise runs across "s ( ! mo/ wond]ful regions ( ! moon4 ,we beg91 ref]r+ once m to ,lun> ,*>t ,no4 #a1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! nor? pole ( ! moon4 ,"h ! l9e along :i* day & night meet is twi/$ & brok51 ow+ to ! r\ghness ( ! lun> surface4 ,ab\t fifte5 degrees s\?we/ ( ! pole lies a rem>kable squ>e-corn]$1 m\nta9-bord]$ pla91 ab\t =ty miles 9 l5g?1 call$ ,b>r[4 ,v close to ! pole is a r+ m\nta91 ab\t tw5ty-five miles 9 diamet]1 ^: two l(tie/ peaks1 #h1jjj to #i1jjj feet high1 accord+ to ,neison1 mu/1 f _! situation1 enjoy p]petual day4 ,! long1 n>r[1 d>k pla91 ^: ne>e/ edge is ab\t ?irty degrees s\? ( ! pole1 is ! ,m>e ,frigoris1 bord]$ on bo? sides by upl&s & m\nta9s4 ,at its s\!rn edge we f9d ! magnific5t ,ari/oteles1 a m\nta9 r+1 sixty miles across1 ^: imm5se wall is compos$ ( t]races & ridges runn+ up to l(ty peaks1 :i* rise ne>ly #aa1jjj feet above ! floor ( ! valley4 ,ab\t a hundr$ miles s\? ( ,ari/oteles is ,eudoxus1 ano!r f9e m\nta9 r+1 =ty miles 9 diamet]1 & q z deep z its nor!rn neighbor4 ,^! two make a mo/ /rik+ spectacle4 ,we are n[ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! greate/ m\nta9 *a9s on ! moon1 ! lun> ,alps ly+ to ! ea/ & ! lun> ,caucasus to ! s\? ( ,ari/oteles & ,eudoxus1 :ile /ill f>!r s\?1 sep>at$ f ! ,caucasus by a /rait n m ?an a hundr$ miles broad1 beg9s ! mighty range ( ! lun> ,ap5n9es4 ,we fir/ turn ! telescope on ! ,alps4 ,z ! l9e ( sunrise runs directly across _! highe/ peaks1 ! effect is />tl+4 ,! greate/ elevations are ab\t #ab1jjj feet4 ,! obs]v]'s eye is in/antly caught by a great valley1 runn+ l a furr[ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! m\nta9 mass1 & ab\t eighty or n9ety miles 9 l5g?4 ,! sealike expanse s\? & s\!a/ ( ! ,alps is ! ,m>e ,imbrium1 & x is along ! coa/ ( ?is s-call$ sea t ! ,alps atta9 _! greate/ height4 ,! valley1 or gorge1 above m5tion$1 appe>s to cut ?r\gh ! l(tie/ m\nta9s & to rea* ! coa/1 al?\gh x is s n>r[$ & brok5 among ! great] peaks t its s\!rn portion is almo/ lo/ be=e x actually rea*es ! ,m>e ,imbrium4 ,op5+ wid] aga9 z x ent]s ! ,m>e1 x =ms a deep bay among precipit\s m\nta9s4 ,! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s are n s l(ty nor s precipit\s z ! ,alps1 & consequ5tly h less attraction = ! obs]v]4 ,!y bord] ! d>k1 oval pla9 ( ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis on its nor!a/]n side4 ,! great bay runn+ out f ! ,m>e t[>d ! nor?we/1 betwe5 ! ,caucasus & ! huge m\nta9 r+ ( ,posidonius1 be>s ! fanciful "n ( ,lacus ,somniorum4 ,9 ! old days :5 ! moon 0 suppos$ to be inhabit$1 ^? t]re/rial godfa!rs1 l$ by ! a/ronom] ,riccioli1 :o 7 busy be/[+ names ^u ! seas & m\nta9s ( our pati5t satellite1 may h pleas$ _! imag9ation by pictur+ ?is arm ( ! ,s]5e ,sea z a peculi>ly romantic %eet ( wat]1 amid ^: magical influ5ces ! lun> g5tlefolk1 drift+ s(tly 9 _! silv] galleons & b>ges1 & enjoy+ ! spl5dors ( full e>? p\r$ ^u _! delightful little _w1 7 accu/om$ to fall into *>m+ rev]ies1 z ev5 we h>d-head$ sons ( ,adam occasionally d :5 ! wat]s "u ! keel are calm & smoo? & ! balmy air ( a moonlit night invokes ! tw9 spirits ( poetry & music4 ,posidonius1 ! dom9at+ feature ( ! %ore l9e "h1 is an extraord9>y example ( ! _m =mations on ! moon :i* are s diff]5t f ev]y?+ on ! e>? t a/ronom]s d n f9d x easy to be/[ ^u !m names t truly describe !m4 ,x may be call$ a r+ m\nta9 or a r+$ pla91 = x is bo?4 ,its diamet] exce$s sixty miles1 & ! int]ior pla9 lies ab\t #b1jjj feet bel[ ! out] surface ( ! lun> gr\nd4 ,! m\nta9 wall surr\nd+ ! r+ is by no means rem>kable = elevation1 its greate/ height n exce$+ #f1jjj feet1 b1 ow+ to ! broad sweep ( ! curv$ walls1 ! brightness ( ! pla9 !y inclose1 & ! picturesque irregul>ity ( ! silh\ette ( %ad[ ?r[n ^u ! valley floor by ! peaks encircl+ x1 ! effect produc$ ^u ! obs]v] is v /rik+ & attractive4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ) ,posidonius & glanc$ across ! brok5 region ( ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s t[>d ! we/1 we turn next to consid] ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis4 ,?is broad gray pla91 :i*1 ) a slight magnify+ p[]1 c]ta9ly looks en\gh l a sea to ju/ify ! fir/ telescopi/s 9 ?9k+ t x might conta9 wat]1 is ab\t #dcj by #dbe miles 9 ext5t1 its area be+ #abe1jjj squ>e miles4 ,runn+ directly ?r\gh its middle1 ne>ly 9 a nor? & s\? l9e1 is a light /reak1 :i* ev5 a good op]a glass %[s4 ,?is /reak is ! l>ge/ & mo/ wond]ful ( ! _m simil> rays :i* ext5d on all sides f ! great crat]1 or r+1 ( ,ty*o 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! ray 9 "q is m ?an #b1jjj miles long1 &1 l its %ort] cong5]s1 x turns aside = no?+2 nei!r sea1 nor peak1 nor m\nta9 range1 nor crat] r+1 nor gorge1 nor caon1 is able to div]t x f its c\rse4 ,x asc5ds all heights & drops into all dep?s ) p]fect indiff]5ce1 b its cont9uity is n brok54 ,:5 ! sun does n illum9ate x at a prop] angle1 h[ev]1 ! my/]i\s ray vani%es4 ,is x a metallic ve91 or is x volcanic lava or a%8 ,0 ! globe ( ! moon once split op5 along ?is l9e8 ,! ,m>e ,s]5itatis is encircl$ by m\nta9 ranges to a great] ext5t ?an any ( ! o!r lun> seas4 ,on its ea/]n side ! ,caucasus & ! ,ap5n9es %ut x 91 except = a /rait a hundr$ miles broad1 by means ( :i* x is connect$ ) ! ,m>e ,imbrium4 ,on ! s\? ! range ( ! ,hmus ,m\nta9s bord]s x1 on ! nor? & nor?we/ ! ,caucasus & ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s conf9e x1 :ile on ! we/1 :]e aga9 x connects itself by a n>r[ /rait ) ano!r sea1 ! ,m>e ,tranquilitatis1 x enc\nt]s ! massive uplift ( ,m\nt ,argu4 ,n f> f ! ea/]n /rait is f\nd ! rem>kable little crat] nam$ ,l9n1 n conspicu\s on ! gray floor ( ! ,m>e1 yet easily en\gh f\nd1 & v int]e/+ because a consid]able *ange ( =m seems to h come ov] ?is crat] "s "t ne> ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 ref]r+ to x z a crat] x mu/ n be =gott5 t x does n =m an op5+ 9 ! top ( a m\nta94 ,9 fact1 ! s-call$ crat]s on ! moon1 g5]ally speak+1 are simply cavities 9 ! lun> surface1 ^: bottoms lie deep bel[ ! g5]al level1 in/ead ( be+ elevat$ on ! summit ( m\nta9s1 & inclos$ 9 a conical peak4 ,9 reg>d to ! alleg$ *ange 9 ,l9n1 x has be5 sugge/$1 n t a volcanic eruption br\ght x ab\t1 b t a d[nfall ( /eep walls1 or ( an unsupport$ rocky floor1 0 ! cause4 ,! possibility ( su* an occurr5ce1 x mu/ be admitt$1 adds to ! int]e/ ( ! obs]v] :o regul>ly /udies ! moon ) a telescope4 ,j on ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,m>e1 ! beautiful r+ ,m5elaus lies 9 ! c5t] ( ! *a9 ( ! ,hmus ,m\nta9s4 ,! r+ is ab\t tw5ty miles across1 & its c5tral peak is compos$ ( "s highly reflect+ mat]ial1 s t x %9es v bright4 ,! /reak or ray f ,ty*o :i* crosses ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis passes ?r\gh ! walls ( ,m5elaus1 & p]haps ! c5tral peak is compos$ ( ! same sub/ance t =ms ! ray4 ,some?+ m ?an a hundr$ miles ea/-s\!a/ f ,m5elaus1 9 ! mid/ ( ! d>k ,m>e ,vaporum1 is ano!r brilliant r+ m\nta9 :i* cat*es ! eye1 ,manilius4 ,x exce$s ,m5elaus 9 brightness z well z 9 size1 its diamet] be+ ab\t tw5ty-five miles4 ,!re is some?+ s+ul> und]ly+ ! d>k lun> surface "h1 = n only is ,manilius extraord9>ily brilliant 9 contra/ ) ! surr\nd+ pla91 b out ( t pla91 ab\t =ty miles t[>d ! ea/1 projects a small m\nta9 :i* is also rem>kable = its reflect+ prop]ties1 z if ! gray gr\nd 7 und]la9 by a /ratum ( "s mat]ial t fla%es back ! sunlight :]ev] x is expos$4 ,! crat] m\nta91 ,sulpicius ,gallus1 on ! bord] ( ! ,m>e1 nor? ( ,manilius & ea/ ( ,m5elaus1 is ano!r example ( ! /range %9+ quality ( c]ta9 =mations on ! moon4 ,foll[ next ! ,hmus range we/w>d until ! att5tion falls ^u ! great r+ m\nta9 ,pl9ius1 m ?an ?irty miles across1 & be>+ an unusual resemblance to a =tification4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,elg]1 ! celebrat$ ,engli% sel5ograph]1 says ( ,pl9ius t1 at sunrise1 x rem9ds "o ( a great =tress or r$\bt erect$ to comm& ! passage betwe5 ! ,m>e ,tranquilitatis & ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! resemblance is purely fanciful4 ,m51 ev5 ?\gh !y dwelt 9 ! moon1 w\ld n build a ramp>t #f1jjj feet high6 ,m\nt ,argu1 at ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis1 is a v wond]ful object :5 ! sun has j ris5 ^u x4 ,?is occurs five days aft] ! new moon4 ,return+ to ! ea/]n extremity ( ! ,m>e1 we glance1 9 pass+1 at ! precipit\s ,m\nt ,hadley1 :i* rises m ?an #ae1jjj feet above ! level ( ! ,m>e & =ms ! nor!rn po9t ( ! ,ap5n9e range4 ,pass+ into ! region ( ! ,m>e ,imbrium1 ^: we/]n end is divid$ into ! ,palus ,putr$9is on ! s\? & ! ,palus ,nebul>um on ! nor?1 we notice ?ree conspicu\s r+ m\nta9s1 ,cass9i ne> ! ,alps1 & ,ari/illus & ,autolycus1 a beautiful pair1 ne>ly opposite ! /rait connect+ ! two ,m>ia4 ,cass9i is ?irty-six miles 9 diamet]1 ,ari/illus ?irty-f\r1 & ,autolycus tw5ty-?ree4 ,! fir/ nam$ is %all[1 only #d1jjj feet 9 dep? f ! highe/ po9t ( its wall1 :ile ,ari/illus c>ries "s peaks on its girdle #aa1jjj feet high4 ,autolycus1 l ,cass9i1 is ( no v great dep?4 ,we/w>d f ! middle ( an imag9>y l9e jo9+ ,ari/illus & ,cass9i is ! mu* small] crat] ,!tetus4 ,outside ! walls ( ?is are a numb] ( crat]lets1 & a ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,*>bonneaux1 ( ! ,meudon ,obs]vatory1 report$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aijj1 t he _h repeat$ly obs]v$ :ite cl\ds appe>+ & disappe>+ ov] "o ( ^! small crat]s4 ,s\? ( ! ,m>e ,vaporum are f\nd "s ( ! mo/ notable ( ^? /range lun> features t are call$ clefts or rills4 ,two crat] m\nta9s1 9 p>ticul>1 are connect$ ) !m1 ,ariadu at ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,m>e ,tranquilitatis & ,hyg9us on ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,m>e ,vaporum4 ,^! clefts appe> to be broad & deep *asms1 l ! caons cut by t]re/rial riv]s1 b x c n be believ$ t ! lun> caons are ! "w ( riv]s4 ,!y are r cracks 9 ! lun> cru/1 al?\gh _! bottoms are frequ5tly visible4 ,! pr9cipal cleft f ,ariadu runs ea/w>d & passes betwe5 two neighbor+ crat]s1 ! s\!rn ( :i* is nam$ ,silb]s*lag1 & is notewor?y = its brightness4 ,! ,hyg9us cleft is broad] & runs directly ?r\gh ! crat] r+ ( t "n4 ,! obs]v] w f9d mu* to int]e/ him 9 ! great1 irregul>1 & mu*-brok5 m\nta9 r+ call$ ,julius ,cs>1 z well z 9 ! r+ m\nta9s1 ,god91 ,agrippa1 & ,triesneck]4 ,! la/ nam$1 besides pres5t+ magnific5t %ad[s :5 ! sunlight falls aslant ^u x1 is ! c5t] ( a complicat$ sy/em ( rills1 "s ( :i* c be trac$ ) our five-in* glass4 ,we next take up ,lun> ,*>t ,no4 #b1 & pay a telescopic visit to ! s\?we/]n qu>t] ( ! lun> _w4 ,! ,m>e ,tranquilitatis m]ges ?r\gh /raits into two s\!rn ext5sions1 ! ,m>e ,fecunditatis & ! ,m>e ,nect>is4 ,! great r+ m\nta9s or r+$ pla9s1 ,langr5us1 ,v5del9us1 ,petavius1 & ,furn]ius1 all ly+ significantly along ! same lun> m]idian1 h already be5 notic$4 ,_! l9e> arrangem5t & isolat$ position recall ! r[ ( huge volcanic peaks t runs p>allel ) ! %ore ( ! ,pacific ,ocean 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton--,m\nt ,jeff]son1 ,m\nt ,hood1 ,m\nt ,/4 ,hel5's1 ,m\nt ,tacoma--b ^! t]re/rial volcanoes1 except 9 elevation1 are m]e p9s' heads 9 ! comp>ison4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,m>e ,fecunditatis lies a pair ( relatively small crat]s nam$ ,messi]1 :i* possess p>ticul> int]e/ because x has be5 suspect$1 ?\gh n prov$1 t a *ange ( =m has occurr$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! pair4 ,mdl]1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 repres5t$ ! two crat]s z exactly alike 9 all respects4 ,9 #ahee ,webb discov]$ t !y are n alike 9 %ape1 & t ! ea/]nmo/ "o is ! l>g]1 & e obs]v] easily sees t ,webb's description is correct4 ,messi] is also rem>kable = ! light /reak1 (t5 said to resemble a comet's tail1 :i* ext5ds f ! l>g] crat] ea/w>d to ! %ore ( ! ,m>e ,fecunditatis4 ,gocl5ius & ,guttemb]g1 on ! highl& betwe5 ! ,m>e ,fecunditatis & ! ,m>e ,nect>is1 are int]sect$ & surr\nd$ by clefts1 besides be+ rem>kable = _! brok5 & irregul> ?\gh l(ty walls4 ,guttemb]g is =ty-five miles & ,gocl5ius tw5ty-eight miles 9 diamet]4 ,! %ort m\nta9 range j ea/ ( ,guttemb]g1 & bord]+ a "p ( ! ,m>e ,nect>is on ! we/1 is call$ ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! ,m>e ,nect>is1 ?\gh (f]+ 9 its appe>ance no explanation ( its too?some "n--p]haps x 0 reg>d$ z ! dr9k+ cup ( ! ,olympian gods--is "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> ( ! d>k lun> pla9s 9 its outl9es4 ,at ! s\? x ends 9 a va/ semicircul> bay1 sixty miles across1 :i* is evid5tly a half-subm]g$ m\nta9 r+4 ,b subm]g$ by :at8 ,n wat]1 b p]haps a sea ( lava :i* has n[ solidifi$ & =ms ! floor ( ! ,m>e ,nect>is4 ,! "n ( ?is s+ul> =mation is ,fraca/orius4 ,elg] has an int]e/+ rem>k ab\t x4 ,on ! high] portion ( ! int]ior1 ne> ! c5t]1 he says1 is a curi\s object consi/+ app>5tly ( f\r light spots1 arrang$ 9 a squ>e1 ) a crat]let 9 ! middle1 all ( :i* und]go notable *anges ( aspect "u diff]5t phases4 ,o!r writ]s also call att5tion to ! f9e m>k+s1 m9ute crat]lets1 & app>5tly *angeable spots on ! floor ( ,fraca/orius4 ,we g n[ to ! ea/]n side ( ! ,m>e ,nect>is1 :]e we f9d "o ( ! mo/ /up5d\s =mations 9 ! lun> _w1 ! great m\nta9 r+ ( ,!ophilus1 noticeably regul> 9 outl9e & p]fect 9 ! complet5ess ( its l(ty wall4 ,! circul> int]ior1 :i* conta9s 9 ! c5t] a gr\p ( m\nta9s1 "o ( ^: peaks is #f1jjj feet high1 s9ks #aj1jjj feet bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! moon outside ! wall6 ,"o ( ! peaks on ! we/]n edge t[]s m ?an #ah1jjj feet above ! floor )91 :ile sev]al o!r peaks atta9 elevations ( #ae1jjj to #af1jjj feet4 ,! diamet] ( ! imm5se r+1 f cre/ to cre/ ( ! wall1 is sixty-f\r miles4 ,!ophilus is especially wond]ful on ! fif? & six? days ( ! moon1 :5 ! sun climbs its %9+ p9nacles & sl[ly discloses ! trem5d\s *asm t lies )9 its circles ( t]rible precipices4 ,on ! s\!a/ ,!ophilus is connect$ by ext5sions ( its walls ) a %att]$ r+ ( va/ ext5t call$ ,cyrillus2 & s\? f ,cyrillus1 & connect$ ) ! same sy/em ( brok5 walls1 lies ! /ill l>g] r+ nam$ ,ca?>9a1 ^: half-ru9$ walls & num]\s crat] pits pres5t a fasc9at+ spectacle z ! %ad[s retreat be=e ! sunrise advanc+ across !m4 ,^! ?ree--,!ophilus1 ,cyrillus1 & ,ca?>9a--con/itute a sc5e ( surpass+ magnific5ce1 a glimpse ( wond]s 9 ano!r _w suffici5t to satisfy ! mo/ riot\s imag9ation4 ,s\? ( ! ,m>e ,nect>is ! huge r+ m\nta9 ( ,piccolom9i attracts att5tion1 its massive walls surr\nd+ a floor ne>ly sixty miles across1 & ris+ 9 "s places to an altitude ( ne>ly #ae1jjj feet4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t :]ev] ! height ( ! m\nta9 wall ( su* a r+ is m5tion$1 ! ref]5ce level is t ( ! int]ior pla9 or floor4 ,! elevation1 reckon$ f ! out] side1 is always v mu* less4 ,! entire region s\? & ea/ ( ,!ophilus & its great neighbors is m>vel\sly r\gh & brok54 ,approa*+ ! c5t] ( ! moon1 we f9d a sy/em ( r+$ pla9s ev5 great] 9 area ?an any ( ^? we h yet se54 ,hipp>*us is ne>ly a hundr$ miles long f nor? to s\?1 & ne>ly n9ety miles broad f ea/ to we/4 ,b its walls h be5 de/roy$ to su* an ext5t t1 aft] all1 x yields 9 gr&eur to a =mation l ,!ophilus4 ,albategnius is sixty-five miles across1 ) peaks f #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj feet 9 height4 ,sacrobosco is a confus$ mass ( brok5 & di/ort$ walls4 ,aliac5sis is rem>kable = hav+ a peak on ! ea/]n side ( its wall :i* is m ?an #af1jjj feet high4 ,w]n]1 =ty-five miles 9 diamet]1 is int]e/+ because "u its nor!a/]n wall ,mdl]1 "s sev5ty ye>s ago1 saw a light spot ( a/oni%+ brightness1 unmat*$ 9 t respect by any?+ on ! moon except ! peak ( ,ari/>*us1 :i* we %all see lat]4 ,?is spot seems aft]w>d to h lo/ brilliance1 & ! />tl+ sugge/ion has be5 made t its orig9al brightness might h be5 due to its !n rec5t deposit f a little crat] t lies 9 ! mid/ ( x4 ,walt] is ( gigantic dim5sions1 ab\t "o hundr$ miles 9 diamet]4 ,unlike ! majority ( ! r+$ pla9s1 x dep>ts widely f a circle4 ,/fl] is yet l>g] ?an ,walt]2 b mo/ int]e/+ ( all ^! gigantic =mations is ,maurolycus1 ^: diamet] exce$s "o hundr$ & fifty miles1 & :i* has walls #ac1jjj or #ad1jjj feet high4 ,yet1 a/oni%+ ?\gh x may seem1 ?is va/ & complicat$ mass ( m\nta9 walls1 crat]s1 & peaks1 is virtually unse5 at full moon1 ow+ to ! p]p5dicul>ity ( ! sunlight1 :i* prev5ts ! ca/+ ( %ad[s4 ,we %all next suppose t ano!r p]iod ( ab\t sev5 days has elaps$1 ! moon 9 ! meantime rea*+ its full phase4 ,we ref] = guidance to ,lun> ,*>t ,no4 #c4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! nor!a/]n quadrant :i* imm$iately /rikes ! eye is ! preval5ce ( ! broad pla9s call$ ,m>ia1 or seas4 ,! nor!rn & c5tral p>ts are occupi$ by ! ,m>e ,imbrium1 ! ,sea ( ,%[]s or ( ,ra9s1 ) its d>k bay ! ,s9us /uum1 :ile ! ea/]n half is cov]$ by ! va/ ,oceanus ,procell>um1 ! ,ocean ( ,/orms or ( ,tempe/s4 ,t[>d ! nor? a conspicu\s oval1 rem>kably d>k 9 hue1 imm$iately attracts our att5tion4 ,x is ! celebrat$ r+$ pla9 ( ,plato1 ab\t sixty miles 9 diamet] & surr\nd$ by a saw-edg$ ramp>t1 "s ( ^: p9nacles are #f1jjj or #g1jjj feet high4 ,plato is a favorite subject = /udy by sel5ograph]s because ( ! *anges ( color :i* its broad1 flat floor und]goes z ! sun rises ^u x1 & also because ( ! exi/5ce ( enigmatical spots & /reaks ^: visibility *anges4 ,s\? ( ,plato1 9 ! ,m>e ,imbrium1 rises a precipit\s1 isolat$ peak call$ ,pico1 #h1jjj feet 9 height4 ,its resemblance 9 situation to ! conical m\nta9 ,pico 9 ! ,azores /rikes ! obs]v]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lun> ,,*>t ,,no4 #c1 ,,nor!a/ ,,qu>t]4 ,ea/w>d ( ,plato a l9e ( highl&s1 sep>at+ ! ,m>e ,imbrium f ! ,m>e ,frigoris1 c>ries ! eye to ! beautiful semicircul> ,s9us ,iridum1 or ,bay ( ,ra9b[s4 ,! nor?we/]n extremity ( ?is rem>kable bay is gu>d$ by a /eep & l(ty promontory call$ ,cape ,laplace1 :ile ! s\!a/]n extremity also has its t[]+ gu>dian1 ,cape ,h]aclides4 ,! latt] is int]e/+ = %[+1 betwe5 n9e & t5 days aft] full moon1 a s+ul>ly p]fect pr(ile ( a woman's face look+ out across ! ,m>e ,imbrium4 ,! w9d+ l9es1 l subm]g$ ridges1 delicately m>k+ ! floor ( ! ,s9us ,iridum & t ( ! ,m>e beyond1 are beautiful telescopic objects4 ,! bay is ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty-five miles long by eighty-f\r broad4 ,! ,m>e ,imbrium1 cov]+ #cdj1jjj squ>e miles1 is sp>+ly dott$ ov] ) crat]s4 ,all ( ! m conspicu\s ( !m are indicat$ 9 ! *>t4 ,! small] ones1 l ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 ,helicon1 ,lev]ri]1 ,dlisle1 etc41 v>y f eight to twelve miles 9 diamet]4 ,lamb]t is sev5te5 miles 9 diamet]1 & ,eul] n9ete51 :ile ,timo*>is is tw5ty-?ree miles broad & #g1jjj feet deep bel[ its walls1 :i* rise only #c1jjj feet above ! surface ( ! ,m>e4 ,t[>d ! ea/]n bord] ( ! sea1 s\? ( ! ,h>b+] ,m\nta9s1 we f9d a mo/ rem>kable object1 ! m\nta9 r+1 or crat] pla91 call$ ,ari/>*us4 ,?is r+ is n q ?irty miles 9 diamet]1 b !re is no?+ on ! moon t c comp>e ) x 9 dazzl+ brilliance4 ,! c5tral peak1 #a1bjj or #a1cjj feet high1 gleams l a m\nta9 ( cru/$ sn[1 or z if x 7 compos$ ( a mass ( fre%-brok5 :ite metal1 or ( compact$ cry/als4 ,"p ( ! inn] slope ( ! ea/ wall is equally brilliant4 ,9 fact1 s mu* light is p\r$ out ( ! circumvallation t ! eye is p>tially bl9d$1 & unable di/9ctly to see ! details ( ! int]ior4 ,no satisfactory explanation ( ! extraord9>y reflect+ p[] ( ,ari/>*us has ev] be5 (f]$4 ,its neighbor t[>d ! ea/1 ,h]odotus1 is some:at small] & n rem>kably bright1 b x d]ives great int]e/ f ! fact t out ( a brea* 9 its nor!rn wall issues a va/ cleft1 or *asm1 :i* w9ds away = ne>ly a hundr$ miles across ! floor ( ! ,m>e1 mak+ an abrupt turn :5 x rea*es ! foot ( ! ,h>b+] ,m\nta9s4 ,! comp>atively small crat]1 ,li*t5b]g1 ne> ! nor!a/]n limb ( ! moon1 is int]e/+ because ,mdl] us$ to see 9 its neighborhood a pale-r$ t9t :i* has n be5 notic$ s9ce 8 day4 ,return+ to ! we/]n side ( ! quadrant repres5t$ 9 ,lun> ,*>t ,no4 #c1 we see ! broad & beautifully regul> r+$ pla9 ( ,ar*im$es1 fifty miles 9 diamet] & #d1jjj feet deep4 ,a numb] ( clefts ext5d betwe5 ! m\nta9\s neighborhood ( ,ar*im$es & ! feet ( ! gigantic ,ap5n9e ,m\nta9s on ! s\?we/4 ,! little d\ble crat]1 ,be]1 betwe5 ,ar*im$es & ,timo*>is1 is v bright4 ,! ,ap5n9es ext5d ab\t f\r hundr$ & eighty miles 9 a nor?we/]ly & s\!a/]ly direction4 ,"o ( _! peaks ne> ! s\!rn end ( ! range1 ,m\nt ,huyg5s1 is at lea/ #ah1jjj feet high1 & ! black silh\ettes ( _! %>p-po9t$ %ad[s ?r[n ^u ! smoo? floor ( ! ,m>e ,imbrium ab\t ! "t ( fir/ qu>t] pres5t a spectacle z beautiful z x is unique4 ,! ,ap5n9es end at ! s\!a/ 9 ! r+ m\nta91 ,erato/h5es1 ?irty-eight miles across & v deep1 "o ( its encircl+ *a9 ( peaks ris+ #af1jjj feet above ! floor1 & ab\t half t height above ! level ( ! ,m>e ,imbrium4 ,! %ad[s ca/ by ,erato/h5es at sunrise are magnific5t4 ,& n[ we come to "o ( ! supreme spectacles ( ! moon1 ! imm5se r+ or crat] m\nta9 ,cop]nicus4 ,?is is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! gr&e/ object t ! telescope reveals on ! e>?'s satellite4 ,x is ab\t fifty-six miles across1 & its int]ior falls to a dep? ( #h1jjj feet bel[ ! ,m>e ,imbrium4 ,its broad wall1 compos$ ( circle )9 circle ( ridges1 t]races1 & precipices1 rises on ! ea/ ab\t #ab1jjj feet above ! floor4 ,on ! inn] side ! slopes are v /eep1 cliff fall+ bel[ cliff1 until ! bottom ( ! fe>ful abyss is atta9$4 ,to desc5d ^? precipices & rea* ! depress$ floor ( ,cop]nicus w\ld be a memorable feat = a m\nta9e]4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! floor rises a complicat$ m\nta9 mass ab\t #b1djj feet high4 ,all ar\nd ,cop]nicus ! surface ( ! moon is dott$ ) c\ntless little crat] pits1 & spla%$ ) :iti% /reaks4 ,nor?w>d lie ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 t]m9at+ on ! ea/ 9 ,tobias ,may]1 a r+ m\nta9 m ?an tw5ty miles across4 ,! m\nta9 r+ ,kepl]1 :i* is also ! c5t] ( a great sy/em ( :iti% /reaks & spla%es1 is tw5ty-two miles 9 diamet]1 & notably brilliant4 ,f9ally1 we turn to ! s\!a/]n quadrant ( ! moon1 repres5t$ 9 ,lun> ,*>t ,no4 #d4 ,! broad1 d>k expanse ext5d+ f ! nor? is ! ,m>e ,nubium on ! we/ & ! ,oceanus ,procell>um on ! ea/4 ,t[>d ! s\!a/ appe>s ! notably d>k1 r\nd$ area ( ! ,m>e ,humorum inclos$ by highl&s & r+s4 ,we beg9 ) ! range ( va/ inclosures runn+ s\?w>d ne> ! c5tral m]idian1 & />t+ ) ,ptolemu1 a wall$ pla9 "o hundr$ & fifte5 miles 9 its greate/ diamet] & cov]+ an area consid]ably exce$+ t ( ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts4 ,its neighbor t[>d ! s\?1 ,alphonsus1 is eighty-?ree miles across4 ,next comes ,arza*el1 m ?an sixty-five miles 9 diamet]4 ,!bit1 m ?an ?irty miles across1 is v deep4 ,ea/ ( ,!bit lies ! celebrat$ lun> railroad1 a /raight1 isolat$ wall ab\t five hundr$ feet high & sixty-five miles long1 divid+ at its s\!rn end into a numb] ( curi\s bran*es1 =m+ ! buttresses ( a l[ m\nta94 ,purba* is sixty miles broad1 & s\? ( t comes a wond]ful region :]e ! r+ m\nta9s ,hell1 ,ball1 ,lexell1 & o!rs1 m or less connect$ ) walls1 inclose an area ev5 l>g] ?an ,ptolemu1 b :i*1 n be+ s di/9ctly bord]$ z "s ( ! o!r inclos$ pla9s1 be>s no di/9ctive "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lun> ,,*>t ,,no4 #d1 ,,s\!a/ ,,qu>t]4 ,! next conspicu\s object t[>d ! s\? ranks ) ,cop]nicus among ! gr&e/ ( all lun> ph5om5a--! r+1 or crat]1 ,ty*o4 ,x is ab\t fifty-f\r miles 9 diamet] & "s po9ts on its wall rise #ag1jjj feet above ! int]ior4 ,9 ! c5t] is a bright m\nta9 peak #e1jjj feet high4 ,b wond]ful z are ! details ( its m\nta9 r+1 ! *ief attraction ( ,ty*o is its manife/ relation to ! my/]i\s bright rays h]et(ore ref]r$ to1 :i* ext5d f> across ! surface ( ! moon 9 all directions1 & ( :i* x is ! c5t]4 ,! /reaks ab\t ,cop]nicus are %ort & confus$1 con/itut+ r a spla% ?an a regul> sy/em ( rays2 b ^? emanat+ f ,ty*o are v long1 regul>1 comp>atively n>r[1 & =m arcs ( great circles :i* /ret* away = hundr$s ( miles1 all[+ no ob/acle to int]rupt _! c\rse4 ,s\?we/ ( ,ty*o lies ! va/ r+$ pla9 ( ,mag9us1 a hundr$ miles broad & v wond]ful to look ^u1 ) its labyr9? ( =mations1 :5 ! sun slopes across x1 & yet1 l ,maurolycus1 invisible "u a v]tical illum9ation4 ,! full moon1 to use ,mdl]'s picturesque expression1 kn[s no ,mag9us4 ,/ill l>g] & yet m spl5did is ,clavius1 :i* exce$s "o hundr$ & =ty miles 9 diamet] & cov]s #af1jjj squ>e miles ( gr\nd )9 its fr++ walls1 :i* c>ry "s ( ! l(tie/ peaks on ! moon1 sev]al atta9+ #ag1jjj feet4 ,! floor is deeply depress$1 s t an inhabitant ( ?is s+ul> inclosure1 l>g] ?an ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 & ,rhode ,isl& comb9$1 w\ld dwell 9 l& sunk two miles bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! _w ab\t him4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! s\? pole lies ! l>ge wall$ pla9 ( ,newton1 ^: int]ior is ! deepe/ kn[n depression on ! moon4 ,x is s deep t ! sun%9e nev] t\*es ! l>g] "p ( ! floor ( ! inn] abyss1 & a peak on its ea/]n wall rises #bd1jjj feet %e] above ! trem5d\s pit4 ,o!r enorm\s wall$ pla9s are ,longomontanus1 ,wilhelm ,i1 ,s*ill]1 ,bailly1 & ,s*ick>d4 ,! latt] is "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r miles long & bord]$ by a r+ v>y+ f #d1jjj to #i1jjj feet 9 height4 ,w>g5t91 ! oval close to ! moon's s\!a/ limb1 beyond ,s*ick>d1 is a unique =mation 9 t1 in/ead ( its int]ior be+ sunk bel[ ! g5]al level1 x is elevat$ above x4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is peculi>ity is due to ! fact t ! floor ( ,w>g5t9 0 =m$ by inflation f bel[1 & t x has cool$ & solidifi$ 9 ! %ape ( a gigantic dome ar*$ ov] an imm5se cavity b5ea?4 ,a dome ( su* dim5sions1 h[ev]1 c\ld n reta9 its =m unless p>tly support$ f b5ea?4 ,ha9zel is int]e/+ f its curi\s outl9e2 ,ci*us = ! huge yawn+ crat] on its ea/]n wall2 ,capuanus = a brilliant %9+ crat] also on its ea/]n wall2 & ,m]cator = possess+ bright crat]s on bo? its ea/ & its we/ walls4 ,vitello has a bright c5tral m\nta9 & ga9s conspicu\sness f its position at ! edge ( ! d>k ,m>e ,humorum4 ,aga?>*ides is ! brok5 remnant ( a great r+ m\nta94 ,gass5di1 an extremely beautiful object1 is ab\t fifty-five miles across4 ,x is encircl$ ) brok5 walls1 crat]s & bright po9ts1 & altoge!r pres5ts a v spl5did appe>ance ab\t ! elev5? day ( ! moon's age4 ,letronne is a half-subm]g$ r+1 at ! s\!rn end ( ! ,oceanus ,procell>um1 :i* recalls ,fraca/orius 9 ! we/]n lun> hemisph]e4 ,x lies1 h[ev]1 t5 degrees ne>] ! equator ?an ,fraca/orius4 ,billy is a m\nta9 r+ ^: int]ior seems to h be5 subm]g$ by ! d>k sub/ance ( ! ,oceanus ,procell>um1 al?\gh its walls h rema9$ intact4 ,m]s5ius is a v conspicu\s r+1 =ty miles 9 diamet]1 ea/ ( ! ,m>e ,humorum4 ,vieta1 fifty miles across1 is also a f9e object4 ,grimaldi1 a huge dusky oval1 is ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 its greate/ l5g?4 ,! r+ m\nta9 ,l&sb]g1 on ! equator1 & ne> ! c5t] ( ! visible ea/]n hemisph]e1 is wor? wat*+ because ,elg] notic$ *anges ( color 9 its int]ior 9 #ahhh4 ,bullialdus1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,m>e ,nubium1 is a v conspicu\s & beautiful r+ m\nta9 ab\t ?irty-eight miles 9 diamet]1 ) walls #h1jjj feet high above ! int]ior4 ,^? :o wi% to see ! lun> m\nta9s 9 all _! v>y+ aspects w n cont5t !mselves ) views obta9$ dur+ ! advance ( ! sunlight f we/ to ea/1 betwe5 new moon & full moon1 b w cont9ue _! obs]vations dur+ ! retreat ( ! sunlight f ea/ to we/1 aft] ! full phase is pass$4 ,x is evid5t t ! hemisph]e ( ! moon :i* is =ev] turn$ away f ! e>? is q z m>vel\s 9 its features z ! "p t we see4 ,x w be notic$ t ! entire circle ( ! moon's limb1 ) insignificant int]ruptions1 is m\nta9\s4 ,possibly ! invisible side ( our satellite conta9s yet gr&] peaks & crat] m\nta9s ?an any t our telescopes c rea*4 ,?is probability is increas$ by ! fact t ! l(tie/ kn[n m\nta9 on ! moon is nev] se5 except 9 silh\ette4 ,x is a memb] ( a great *a9 t breaks ! lun> limb we/ ( ! s\? pole1 & t is call$ ! ,leibnitz ,m\nta9s4 ,! p>ticul> peak ref]r$ to is said by "s au?orities to exce$ #cj1jjj feet 9 height4 ,o!r great ranges se5 only 9 pr(ile are ! ,drfel ,m\nta9s on ! limb beh9d ! r+ pla9 ,bailly1 ! ,cordill]as1 ea/ ( ,ei*/adt1 & ! ,d',alemb]t ,m\nta9s beyond ,grimaldi4 ,! pr(ile ( ^! great m\nta9s is p>ticul>ly f9e :5 !y are se5 dur+ an eclipse ( ! sun4 ,!n1 ) ! disk ( ! sun = a backgr\nd1 !y /& out ) />tl+ di/9ctness4 ,,! ,,sun ,:5 ! sun is cov]$ ) spots x becomes a mo/ int]e/+ object = telescopic /udy4 ,e amateur's telescope %\ld be provid$ ) app>atus = view+ ! sun4 ,a d>k %ade glass is n suffici5t & n safe4 ,:at is kn[n z a sol> prism1 consi/+ ( two solid prisms ( glass1 cem5t$ toge!r 9 a brass box :i* c>ries a %ort tube = ! eyepiece1 & reflect+ an image ( ! sun f _! plane ( junction--:ile ! major remnant ( light & heat passes directly ?r\gh !m & escapes f an op5+ provid$ = ! purpose--s]ves v well4 ,bett] & m co/ly is an app>atus call$ a helioscope1 con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( pol>ization & provid$ ) prisms & reflectors :i* enable ! obs]v]1 by prop] adju/m5t1 to gov]n v exactly & delicately ! am\nt ( light t passes into ! eyepiece4 ,furni%$ ) an app>atus ( ?is description we c employ ei!r a ?ree-1 f\r-1 or five-in* glass ^u ! sun ) mu* satisfaction4 ,= ! amateur's purposes ! sun is only specially int]e/+ :5 x is spott$4 ,! fir/ ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury w behold a gradual gr[? 9 ! numb] & size ( ! sol> spots z ^? ye>s happ5 to co9cide ) ! increas+ phase ( ! sun-spot p]iod4 ,l>ge sun spots & gr\ps ( spots (t5 pres5t an imm5se am\nt ( detail :i* tasks ! skill ( ! draughtsman to repres5t x4 ,b a little practice w enable "o to produce v good repres5tations ( sun spots1 z well z ( ! :iti% pat*es call$ facul by :i* !y are frequ5tly surr\nd$4 ,= ! simple purpose ( exhibit+ ! spott$ face ( ! sun )\t mu* magnify+ p[]1 a telescope may be us$ to project ! sol> image on a :ite %eet or scre54 ,if ! exp]im5t is tri$ 9 a room1 a little +5uity w enable ! obs]v] to arrange a curta9 cov]+ ! w9d[ us$1 9 su* a way z to exclude all ! light except t :i* comes ?r\gh ! telescope4 ,!n1 by plac+ a %eet ( pap] or a draw+ bo>d be=e ! eyepiece & focus+ ! image ( ! sun ^u x1 v good results may be obta9$4 ,if "o has a p]man5t m\nt+ & a driv+ clock1 a small spectroscope may be atta*$1 = sol> obs]vations1 ev5 to a telescope ( only f\r or five in*es ap]ture1 & ) its aid mo/ int]e/+ views may be obta9$ ( ! wond]ful r$ hydrog5 flames t frequ5tly appe> at ! edge ( ! sol> disk4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,are ,,!re ,,planets ,,among ,,! ,,/>s8 444 ,& if !re %\ld be ,worlds great] ?an ?9e own1 inhabit$ ,by great] ?+s1 & !y !mselves f> m ,9 numb] ?an ! du/ ( ?y dull e>?1 ,:at w\ld/ ?\ ?9k8--,,byron',s ,,ca94 ,?is always int]e/+ "q has lately be5 reviv$ 9 a />tl+ mann] by discov]ies t h seem$ to rea* almo/ deep en\gh to t\* its solution4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces1 f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,j4 ,see1 ( ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 are v significant f ?is po9t ( view3 ,our obs]vations dur+ #ahif-'ig h c]ta9ly disclos$ />s m difficult ?an any :i* a/ronom]s _h se5 be=e4 ,among ^! obscure objects ab\t half a doz5 are truly wond]ful1 9 t !y seem to be d>k1 almo/ black 9 color1 & app>5tly are %9+ by a dull reflect$ light4 ,x is unlikely t !y w prove to be self-lum9\s4 ,if !y %\ld turn out d>k bodies 9 fact1 %9+ only by ! reflect$ light ( ! />s ar\nd :i* !y revolve1 we %\ld h ! fir/ case ( planets--d>k bodies--notic$ among ! fix$ />s4 ,( c\rse1 ,dr4 ,see has no ref]5ce 9 ?is /atem5t to ! imm5se d>k bodies :i*1 9 rec5t ye>s1 h be5 discov]$ by spectroscopic me?ods revolv+ ar\nd "s ( ! visible />s1 al?\gh invisible !mselves4 ,! obscure objects t he describes belong to a diff]5t class1 & might be lik5$1 except p]haps 9 magnitude1 to ! companion ( ,sirius1 :i*1 ?\gh a light-giv+ body1 exhibits nev]!less a s+ul> defect ( lum9osity 9 relation to its mass4 ,sirius has only twice ! mass1 b t5 ?\s& times ! lum9osity1 ( its /range companion6 ,yet ! latt] is evid5tly r a fa9t1 or p>tially ext+ui%$1 sun ?an an opaque body %9+ only ) light borr[$ f its dazzl+ neighbor4 ,! objects se5 by ,dr4 ,see1 on ! contr>y1 are app>5tly %9+ by a dull reflect$ light4 ,if1 h[ev] 7z he evid5tly ?9ks is probable71 ^! objects %\ld prove to be really non-lum9\s1 x w\ld n foll[ t !y are to be reg>d$ z m l ! planets ( ! sol> sy/em ?an l ! d>k companions ( c]ta9 o!r />s4 ,a planet1 9 ! s5se :i* we atta* to ! ^w1 c n be comp>able 9 mass & size ) ! sun ar\nd :i* x revolves4 ,! sun is a ?\s& times l>g] ?an ! greate/ ( its att5dant planets1 ,jupit]1 & m ?an a million times l>g] ?an ! e>?4 ,x is extremely d\btful :e!r ! relation ( sun & planet c\ld exi/ betwe5 two bodies ( any?+ l equal size1 or ev5 if "o exce$$ ! o!r _m times 9 magnitude4 ,x is only :5 ! diff]5ce is s great t ! small] ( ! two bodies is insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! l>g]1 t ! =m] c\ld become a cool1 life-be>+ globe1 n\ri%$ by ! b5efic5t rays ( its organic comrade & ma/]4 ,judg$ by our t]re/rial exp]i5ce1 :i* is all we h to g by1 ! magnitude ( a planet1 if x is to be> life resembl+ t ( ! e>?1 is limit$ by o!r consid]ations4 ,ev5 ,jupit]1 :i*1 z f> z our k ext5ds1 repres5ts ! extreme limit ( great planet>y size1 may be too l>ge ev] to become ! abode ( liv+ be+s ( a high organization4 ,! =ce ( gravitation on ! surface ( ,jupit] exce$s t on ! e>?'s surface z #b4fd to #a4 ,consid]+ ! effects ( ?is on ! weight & motion ( bodies1 ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 etc41 x is evid5t t ,jupit] w\ld1 to say ! v lea/1 be an exce$+ly uncom=table place ( abode = be+s resembl+ ourselves4 ,b ,jupit]1 if x is ev] to become a solid1 rocky globe l ours1 mu/ %r9k enorm\sly 9 volume1 s9ce its d5sity is only #j4bd z comp>$ ) ! e>?4 ,n[1 ! surface gravity ( a planet dep5ds on its mass & its radius1 be+ directly z ! =m] & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! latt]4 ,b 9 %r9k+ ,jupit] w lose none ( its mass1 al?\gh its radius w become mu* small]4 ,! =ce ( gravity w consequ5tly increase on its surface z ! planet gets small] & m d5se4 ,! pres5t mean diamet] ( ,jupit] is #hf1ejj miles1 :ile its mass exce$s t ( ! e>? 9 ! ratio ( #caf to #a4 ,suppose ,jupit] %runk to ?ree qu>t]s ( its pres5t diamet]1 or #fd1hjj miles1 !n its surface gravity w\ld exce$ ! e>?'s ne>ly five times4 ,) "o half its pres5t diamet] ! surface gravity w\ld become m ?an t5 times t ( ! e>?4 ,on su* a planet a man's bones w\ld snap b5ea? 8 weight1 ev5 grant+ t he c\ld rema9 upright at all6 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t1 unless we are to ab&on t]re/rial analogies altoge!r & g x bl9d1 we mu/ set an upp] limit to ! magnitude ( a habitable planet1 & t ,jupit] repres5ts su* upp] limit1 if1 inde$1 he does n transc5d x4 ,! "q !n becomes1 ,c ! fa9t objects se5 by ,dr4 ,see & 8 fell[-obs]v]s1 9 ! ne> neighborhood ( c]ta9 />s1 be planets 9 ! s5se j describ$1 or are !y necess>ily f> great] 9 magnitude ?an ! l>ge/ planet1 9 ! accept$ s5se ( t ^w1 :i* c be admitt$ into ! category--viz41 ! planet ,jupit]8 ,?is resolves itself into ano!r "q3 ,at :at di/ance w\ld ,jupit] be visible ) a p[]ful telescope1 suppos+ x to receive f a neighbor+ /> an am\nt ( illum9ation n less ?an t :i* x gets f ! sun8 ,to be sure1 we d n "k h[ f> away ! fa9t objects describ$ by ,dr4 ,see are2 b1 at any rate1 we c safely assume t !y are at ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ />s1 say some:]e ab\t ?ree hundr$ ?\s& times ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun4 ,! sun itself remov$ to t di/ance w\ld appe> to our eyes only z a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,b ,zlln] has %[n t ! sun exce$s ,jupit] 9 brilliancy #e1dgb1jjj1jjj times4 ,se5 f equal di/ances1 h[ev]1 ! ratio w\ld be ab\t #bah1jjj1jjj to #a4 ,?is w\ld be ! ratio ( _! light if bo? sun & ,jupit] c\ld be remov$ to ab\t ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ />s4 ,s9ce ! sun w\ld !n be only z bright z "o ( ! />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & s9ce ,jupit] w\ld be #bah1jjj1jjj times less brilliant1 x is evid5t t ! latt] w\ld n be visible at all4 ,! fa9te/ />s t ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes are able to %[ probably d n fall bel[ ! sixte5? or1 at ! mo/1 ! sev5te5? magnitude4 ,b a sev5te5?-magnitude /> is only betwe5 two & ?ree million times fa9t] ?an ! sun w\ld appe> at ! di/ance above suppos$1 :ile1 z we h se51 ,jupit] w\ld be m ?an two hundr$ million times fa9t] ?an ! sun4 ,to put x 9 ano!r way3 ,jupit]1 at ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ />s1 w\ld be n f> f "o hundr$ times less bright ?an ! fa9te/ /> :i* ! l>ge/ telescope is j able1 "u ! mo/ exquisite conditions1 to glimpse4 ,to see a /> s fa9t z t w\ld require an object-glass ( a diamet] half z great z ! l5g? ( ! tube ( ! ,lick telescope1 or say ?irty feet6 ,( c\rse1 ,jupit] might be m brilliantly illum9at$ by a bright] /> ?an ! sun2 b1 grant+ t1 x /ill w\ld n be visible at su* a di/ance1 ev5 if we neglect ! well-kn[n conceal+ or bl9d+ effect ( ! rays ( a bright /> :5 ! obs]v] is try+ to view a fa9t "o close to x4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! obscure objects se5 by ,dr4 ,see ne> "s ( ! />s1 if !y really are bodies visible only by light reflect$ f _! surfaces1 mu/ be enorm\sly l>g] ?an ! planet ,jupit]1 & c n1 accord+ly1 be admitt$ into ! category ( planets prop]1 :atev] else !y may be4 ,p]haps !y are extreme cases ( :at we see 9 ! sy/em ( ,sirius--i4e41 a brilliant /> ) a companion :i* has ceas$ to %9e z a /> :ile reta9+ its bulk4 ,su* bodies may be call$ planets 9 t !y only %9e by reflect$ light1 & t !y are atta*$ to a brilliant sun2 b ! "p t !y play 9 _! sy/ems is n /rictly planet>y4 ,ow+ to _! great mass !y be> su* sway ov] _! %9+ companions z none ( our planets1 nor all ( !m comb9$1 c ex]cise2 & = ! same reason !y c n1 except 9 a dream1 be imag9$ to possess t :i*1 9 our eyes1 mu/ always be ! capital feature ( a planet1 r5d]+ x 9 ! highe/ degree int]e/+ :]ev] x may be f\nd--s5ti5t life4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t !re are no real planet>y bodies revolv+ ar\nd ! />s4 ,z ,dr4 ,see himself rem>ks1 su* insignificant bodies z our planets c\ld n be se5 at ! di/ance ( ! fix$ />s1 ev5 if ! p[] ( our telescopes 7 increas$ a hundr$fold1 & consequ5tly no su* sy/ems are kn[n4 ,?is br+s me to ano!r bran* ( ! subject4 ,9 ! same article f :i* ,i h already quot$ 7,rec5t ,discov]ies respect+ ! ,orig9 ( ! ,univ]se1 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 lxxx1 pages #dhd-dib71 ,dr4 ,see sets =? ! ma9 results ( 8 well-kn[n /udies on ! orig9 ( ! d\ble & multiple /> sy/ems4 ,he f9ds t ! /ell> sy/ems diff] f ! sol> sy/em m>k$ly 9 two respects1 :i* he ?us describes3 #a4 ,! orbits are highly ecc5tric2 on ! av]age twelve times m elongat$ ?an ^? ( ! planets & satellites4 #b4 ,! compon5ts ( ! /ell> sy/ems are frequ5tly equal & always comp>able 9 mass1 :]eas our satellites are insignificant comp>$ to _! planets1 & ! planets are equally small comp>$ to ! sun4 ,^! peculi>ities ( ! /> sy/ems ,dr4 ,see ascribes to ! effect ( tidal friction1 ! d\ble />s hav+ _h _! bir? ?r\gh fission ( orig9al fluid masses 7j z ! moon1 accord+ to ,george ,d>w9's !ory1 0 born f ! e>?71 & ! reaction ( tidal friction hav+ n only driv5 !m gradually f>!r ap>t b r5d]$ _! orbits m & m ecc5tric4 ,?is mann] ( evolution ( a /ell> sy/em ,dr4 ,see contra/s ) ,laplace's hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/em ?r\gh ! successive sep>ation ( r+s f ! p]iph]y ( ! contract+ sol> nebula1 & ! gradual break+ up ( ^? r+s & _! aggregation into sph]ical masses or planets4 ,:ile n d5y+ t ! process imag9$ by ,laplace may h tak5 place 9 our sy/em1 he discov]s no evid5ce ( its occurr5ce among ! d\ble />s1 & ?is leads him to ! foll[+ /atem5t1 9 :i* believ]s 9 ! old !ological doctr9e t ! e>? is ! sole c5t] ( mortal life & ( div9e c>e w\ld h f\nd mu* com=t3 ,x is v s+ul> t no visible sy/em yet disc]n$ has any resemblance to ! ord]ly & beautiful sy/em 9 :i* we live2 & "o is ?us l$ to ?9k t probably our sy/em is unique 9 its "*4 ,at lea/ x is unique among all kn[n sy/ems4 ,if we grant t ! sol> sy/em is ! only "o 9 :i* small planets exi/ revolv+ ar\nd _! sun 9 ne>ly circul> orbits1 !n inde$ we seem to h clos$ all ! out] univ]se aga9/ su* be+s z ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,beyond ! sun's doma9 only :irl+ />s1 c\pl$ 9 ecc5tric orbits1 d>k />s1 "s ( !m1 b no planets--9 %ort a wild]ness1 full ( all en]gies except ^? ( s5ti5t life6 ,?is is n a pleas+ picture1 & ,i d n ?9k we are driv5 to contemplate x4 ,beyond d\bt1 ,dr4 ,see is "r 9 conclud+ t d\ble & multiple /> sy/ems1 ) _! compon5ts all ( magnitudes comp>able among !mselves1 revolv+ 9 exce$+ly ecc5tric orbits "u ! /ress ( mutual gravitation1 be> no resemblance to ! ord]ly sy/em ( our sun ) its att5dant worlds4 ,& x is n easy to imag9e t ! respective memb]s ( su* sy/ems c\ld !mselves be ! c5t]s ( m9or sy/ems ( planets1 on acc\nt ( ! p]turb+ influ5ces to :i* ! orbits ( su* m9or sy/ems w\ld be subject$4 ,b ! d\ble & multiple />s1 num]\s ?\gh !y be1 are outnumb]$ a hundr$ to "o by ! s+le />s :i* %9e alone z our sun does4 ,:at reason c we h1 !n1 = exclud+ ^! s+le />s1 con/itut+ z !y d ! va/ majority ( ! cele/ial ho/1 f a simil>ity to ! sun 9 respect to ! mann] ( _! evolution f ! orig9al nebul\s condition8 ,^! />s exhibit no companions1 su* planet>y att5dants z !y may h ly+1 on acc\nt ( _! m9ut5ess1 f> beyond ! rea* ( our mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts4 ,b s9ce !y va/ly outnumb] ! b9>y & multiple sy/ems1 & s9ce !y resemble ! sun 9 hav+ no l>ge att5dants1 %\ld we be ju/ifi$1 aft] all1 9 reg>d+ our sy/em z unique8 ,x is true we d n "k1 by visual evid5ce1 t ! s+le />s h planets1 b we f9d planets att5d+ ! only repres5tative ( t class ( />s t we are able to approa* closely--! sun--& we "k t ! exi/5ce ( ^? planets is no m]e accid5t1 b ! result ( ! op]ation ( physical laws :i* mu/ hold good 9 e in/ance ( nebul> cond5sation4 ,two diff]5t me?ods are pres5t$ 9 :i* a rotat+ & contract+ nebula may %ape itself into a /ell> or planet>y sy/em4 ,! fir/ is t describ$ by ,laplace1 & g5]ally accept$ z ! probable mann] ( orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em--viz41 ! sep>ation ( r+s f ! cond5s+ mass1 & ! subsequ5t trans=mation ( ! r+s into planets4 ,! planet ,saturn is frequ5tly ref]r$ to z an in/ance ( ! op]ation ( ?is law1 9 :i* ! evolution has be5 arre/$ aft] ! sep>ation ( ! r+s1 ! latt] hav+ reta9$ ! r+ =m in/ead ( break+ & collect+ into globes1 =m+ 9 ?is case r+s ( meteorites1 & rem9d+ u ( ! comp>atively scatt]$ r+s ( a/]oids surr\nd+ ! sun betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,?is ,laplacean process ,dr4 ,see reg>ds z !oretically possible1 b app>5tly he ?9ks t if x took place x 0 conf9$ to our sy/em4 ,! o!r me?od is t ( ! sep>ation ( ! orig9al rotat+ mass into two ne>ly equal p>ts4 ,! me*anical possibility ( su* a process has be5 prov$1 ma!matically1 by ,po9c> & ,d>w94 ,?is1 ,dr4 ,see ?9ks1 is ! me?od :i* has prevail$ among ! />s1 & prevail$ to su* a degree z to make ! sol> sy/em1 =m$ by ! r+ me?od1 probably a unique ph5om5on 9 ! univ]se4 ,is x n m probable t bo? me?ods h be5 9 op]ation1 & t1 9 fact1 ! r+ me?od has op]at$ m frequ5tly ?an ! o!r8 ,if n1 :y d ! s+le />s s enorm\sly outnumb] ! d\ble ones8 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! fission process t ! result+ masses %\ld be comp>able 9 size4 ,if1 !n1 t process has prevail$ 9 ! /ell> univ]se to ! practical exclusion ( ! o!r1 !re %\ld be v few s+le />s2 :]eas1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! imm5se majority ( ! />s are s+le4 ,&1 rememb]+ t ! sun view$ f /ell> di/ances w\ld appe> unatt5d$ by subsidi>y bodies1 are we n ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t its orig9 is a type ( ! orig9 ( ! o!r s+le />s8 ,:ile x is1 z ,i h rem>k$1 ( ! ess5ce ( ! fission process t ! result+ p>ts ( ! divid$ mass %\ld be comp>able 9 magnitude1 x is equally ( ! ess5ce ( ! r+1 or ,laplacean process1 t ! bodies sep>at$ f ! orig9al mass %\ld be comp>atively insignificant 9 magnitude4 ,z to ! coexi/5ce ( ! two processes1 we h1 p]haps1 an example 9 ! sol> sy/em itself4 ,d>w9's demon/ration ( ! possible bir? ( ! moon f ! e>?1 ?r\gh fission & tidal friction1 does n apply to ! satellites att5d+ ! o!r planets4 ,! moon is relatively a l>ge body1 comp>able 9 t respect ) ! e>?1 :ile ! satellites ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 = in/ance1 are relatively small4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,saturn !re is visible evid5ce t ! r+ process ( satellite =mation has prevail$4 ,! exi/+ r+s h n brok5 up1 b _! v exi/5ce is a te/imony ( ! orig9 ( ! satellites ext]ior to !m f o!r r+s :i* did break up4 ,?us we ne$ n g z f> away z ! />s 9 ord] to f9d in/ances illu/rat+ bo? ! me?ods ( nebul> evolution t we h be5 deal+ )4 ,! conclusion1 !n1 seems to be t we are n ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! sol> sy/em is unique simply because x diff]s widely f ! d\ble & multiple /> sy/ems2 & t we %\ld r reg>d x z probable t ! va/ multitude ( />s :i* d n appe>1 :5 view$ ) ! telescope1 or /udi$ by spectroscopic me?ods1 to h any att5dants comp>able ) !mselves 9 magnitude1 h orig9at$ 9 a mann] resembl+ t ( ! sun's orig91 & may be ! c5t]s ( true planet>y sy/ems l ours4 ,! argum5t1 ,i ?9k1 goes fur!r ?an to %[ ! m]e possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( su* planet>y sy/ems surr\nd+ ! s+le />s4 ,if ^? />s did n orig9ate 9 a mann] q unlike ! orig9 ( ! sun1 !n ! exi/5ce ( planets 9 _! neighborhood is almo/ a =egone conclusion1 = ! sun c\ld h>dly h pass$ ?r\gh ! process ( =mation out ( a rotat+ nebula )\t evolv+ planets dur+ its contraction4 ,& s1 not)/&+ ! ecc5tricities ( ! d\ble />s1 we may /ill *]i% ! belief t !re are eyes to see & m9ds to ?9k out 9 cele/ial space4 ,,index ,,note4--,d\ble1 triple1 multiple1 & color$ />s1 /> clu/]s1 nebul1 & tempor>y />s w be f\nd arrang$ "u ! heads ( _! respective con/ellations4 ,,&rom$a1 ,map ,no4 #bd1 #abe4 ,/>s3 alpha1 #abf4 gamma1 #abh4 1 #abf4 #cf1 #abh4 ,tempor>y />3 #ahhe1 #abg4 ,clu/]3 #deg1 #abh4 ,v>iable3 ,r1 #abh4 ,nebula3 #aaf1 #abf4 ,,aqu>ius1 ,map ,no4 #ah1 #ajg4 ,/>s3 zeta1 #ajf4 tau1 #ajh4 psi1 #ajh4 #da1 #ajf4 ,sigma #bgbi1 #ajf4 ,sigma #bgde 7#ab71 #ajf4 ,sigma #biih1 #ajh4 ,v>iables3 ,r1 #ajh4 ,s1 #ajh4 ,t1 #ajf4 ,nebul3 #dfbh 7,rosse's ,saturn71 #ajh4 #dfgh1 #ajh4 ,,aquila1 ,map ,no4 #af1 #ie4 ,/>s3 pi1 #id4 #aa1 #id4 #bc1 #id4 #eg1 #id4 ,sigma #bfdd1 #id4 ,sigma #bedd1 #id4 ,clu/]3 #dddj1 #id4 ,v>iables3 eta1 #id4 ,r1 #id4 ,,argo3 ,map ,no4 #b1 #ca2 ,map ,no4 #g1 #ee4 ,/>s3 ,sigma #ajig1 #cc4 ,sigma #aadf 7#e71 #ce4 ,clu/]s3 #aeea1 #ce4 #aefd1 #ce4 #aega1 #ce4 #afcj1 #ef4 ,nebula3 #aefd1 #ce4 ,,aries1 ,map ,no4 #bb1 #aai4 ,/>s3 gamma1 #aah4 epsilon1 #abj4 lambda1 #aah4 pi1 #aah4 #ad1 #aah4 #cj1 #aah4 #da1 #aah4 #eb1 #abj4 ,sigma #bhi1 #aah4 ,,auriga1 ,map ,no4 #e1 #de4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,capella71 #dd4 beta 7,m5kal9a71 #df4 epsilon1 #ej4 !ta1 #dh4 lambda1 #ej4 #ad1 #ej4 #bf1 #ej4 #da1 #ea4 ,sigma #faf1 #dh4 ,tempor>y />3 #ahib1 #dh4 ,clu/]s3 #iif1 #ea4 #ajfg1 #ea4 #aaai1 #ea4 #aaff1 #ea4 #abie1 #dh4 ,,bo,,tes1 ,map ,no4 #aa1 #fg4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,arcturus71 #ff4 delta1 #ga4 epsilon 7,mirac71 #ga4 zeta1 #gj4 iota1 #ga4 kappa1 #ga4 1 #ga4 xi1 #gj4 pi1 #gj4 ,sigma #aggb1 #gj4 ,sigma #ahij 7#ci71 #ga4 ,sigma #aiji 7#dd71 #ga4 ,sigma #aiaj 7#bgi71 #gj4 ,sigma #aibf1 #ga4 ,,camelop>dalus1 ,map ,no4 #be1 #acc4 ,/>s3 #a1 #acd4 #b1 #acd4 #g1 #ace4 ,sigma #che1 #acd4 ,sigma #cij1 #acd4 ,clu/]3 #idj1 #ace4 ,,canes ,,v5atici1 ,map ,no4 #bf1 #acg2 ,map ,no4 #aa1 #fg4 ,/>s3 #b1 #acf4 #ab 7,cor ,c>oli71 #acf4 ,sigma #afjf1 #acf4 ,sigma #agfh 7#be71 #gb4 ,clu/]3 #cicf1 #gb4 ,nebula3 #cegb1 #acf4 ,,canis ,,major1 ,map ,no4 #b1 #ca4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,sirius71 #cj4 delta1 #cc4 1 #cc4 ,clu/]s3 #aded1 #cc4 #adgi1 #cc4 #aeab1 #cc4 ,v>iable3 gamma1 #cc4 ,nebula3 #aeaa1 #cc4 ,,canis ,,m9or1 ,map ,no4 #c1 #cd4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,procyon71 #cf4 #ad1 #cf4 ,sigma #aabf 7#ca ,c4 ,m94 ,bode71 #cf4 ,,canc]1 ,map ,no4 #d1 #ci4 ,/>s3 zeta1 #dc4 iota1 #dd4 #ff1 #dd4 ,sigma #abbc1 #dd4 ,sigma #abia1 #dd4 ,sigma #acaa1 #dd4 ,clu/]s3 ,prsepe1 #dc4 #agab1 #dd4 ,,capricornus1 ,map ,no4 #ac1 #hc2 ,map ,no4 #ah1 #ajg4 ,/>s3 alpha1 #hd4 beta1 #he4 omicron1 #he4 pi1 #he4 rho1 #he4 sigma1 #he4 ,clu/]3 #dfjh1 #he4 ,,cassiopeia1 ,map ,no4 #be1 #acc4 ,/>s3 eta1 #acb4 iota1 #acb4 sigma1 #acb4 psi1 #acb4 ,tempor>y />3 #aegb 7,ty*o's71 #acd4 ,clu/]3 #cib1 #acd4 ,,cepheus1 ,map ,no4 #be1 #acc4 ,,cetus1 ,map ,no4 #bj1 #aab4 ,/>s3 alpha1 #aah4 gamma1 #aac4 zeta1 #aaa4 eta1 #aaa4 #bf1 #aaa4 #db1 #aaa4 ,v>iables3 omicron 7,mira71 #aaa4 ,r1 #aac4 ,s1 #aac4 ,,columba1 ,map ,no4 #b1 #ca4 ,,coma ,,b]5ices1 ,map ,no4 #f1 #ec4 ,/>s3 #b1 #ed4 #ab1 #ed4 #ag1 #ed4 #bd1 #ed4 #ce1 #ed4 #db1 #ed4 ,clu/]s3 #bgeb1 #ef4 #cdec1 #ef4 ,,corona ,,borealis1 ,map ,no4 #aa1 #fg4 ,/>s3 gamma1 #gb4 zeta1 #gc4 eta1 #gb4 nu1 #gc4 sigma1 #gc4 ,sigma #aicb1 #gb4 ,tempor>y />3 #ahff1 #gc4 ,,corvus1 ,map ,no4 #h1 #eh4 ,/>3 delta1 #eg4 ,,crat]1 ,map ,no4 #h1 #eh4 ,v>iable3 ,r1 #eg4 ,,cygnus1 ,map ,no4 #ag1 #ii4 ,/>s3 beta 7,albireo71 #ajc4 delta1 #ajd4 lambda1 #aje4 1 #aje4 omicron#b1 #ajd4 *i 7#ag71 #ajd4 psi1 #ajd4 #di1 #ajd4 #eb1 #ajd4 #fa1 #aje4 ,tempor>y />3 #ahgf1 #aje4 ,clu/]3 #dfha1 #aje4 ,v>iable3 *i1 #ajd4 ,,delph9us1 ,map ,no4 #af1 #ie4 ,/>s3 alpha1 #if4 beta1 #if4 gamma1 #id4 ,,draco1 ,map ,no4 #ae1 #ia2 ,map ,no4 #bf1 #acg4 ,/>s3 gamma1 #ic4 epsilon1 #ic4 eta1 #ic4 1 #ic4 nu1 #ic4 ,sigma #aihd1 #ic4 ,sigma #bjed1 #ic4 ,sigma #bjgh 7#ag71 #ic4 ,sigma #bcbc1 #ic4 ,nebul3 #dcgc1 #ic4 #ddae1 #id4 ,,equuleus1 ,map ,no4 #ah1 #ajg4 ,/>s3 beta1 #aji4 gamma1 #aji4 ,sigma #bgce1 #ajh4 ,sigma #bgcg1 #ajh4 ,sigma #bgdb1 #ajh4 ,sigma #bgdd1 #ajh4 ,,eridanus1 ,map ,no4 #ba1 #aae4 ,/>s3 gamma1 #aad4 omicron#b1 #aaf4 #ab1 #aad4 ,sigma #dgj 7#cb71 #aad4 ,sigma #eaf 7#ci71 #aad4 ,sigma #eij1 #aaf4 ,nebula3 #hbf1 #aaf4 ,,gem9i1 ,map ,no4 #d1 #ci4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,ca/or71 #ch4 beta 7,pollux71 #dj4 gamma1 #dc4 delta1 #da4 epsilon1 #dc4 zeta1 #da4 eta1 #db4 kappa1 #dj4 lambda1 #dc4 1 #dc4 pi1 #dj4 #ae1 #dc4 #ch1 #dc4 ,clu/]3 #acfj1 #db4 ,v>iables3 zeta1 #da4 eta1 #db4 ,r1 #da4 ,s1 #da4 ,t1 #da4 ,u1 #da4 ,nebula3 #aecb1 #da4 ,,h]cules1 ,map ,no4 #ad1 #hg2 ,map ,no4 #ae1 #ia4 ,/>s3 alpha1 #hi4 gamma1 #hi4 delta1 #hi4 zeta1 #hi4 kappa1 #hi4 1 #ij4 rho1 #ij4 #db1 #ij4 #ie1 #ij4 ,sigma #baja1 #ij4 ,sigma #bajd1 #ij4 ,sigma #bbae1 #ij4 ,sigma #bbhi1 #ij4 ,nebul3 #dbcj 7,m #ac71 #ib4 #dbcd1 #ib4 ,,hydra1 ,map ,no4 #c1 #cd2 ,map ,no4 #h1 #eh2 ,map ,no4 #aj1 #fe4 ,/>s3 alpha1 #ef4 epsilon1 #cf4 !ta1 #cf4 ,bu4 #cci1 #ef4 ,sigma #abde1 #cf4 ,v>iable3 ,r1 #ei4 ,nebul3 #bajb1 #ef4 #cabh1 #ei4 ,,lac]ta1 ,map ,no4 #ag1 #ii4 ,,leo1 ,map ,no4 #f1 #ec4 ,/>s3 gamma1 #eb4 iota1 #eb4 tau1 #eb4 #di1 #eb4 #ed1 #eb4 #hh1 #eb4 #ij1 #eb4 ,v>iable3 ,r1 #eb4 ,nebula3 #ahfa1 #eb4 ,,leo ,,m9or1 ,map ,no4 #bf1 #acg4 ,,lepus1 ,map ,no4 #a1 #ba2 ,map ,no4 #b1 #ca4 ,/>s3 alpha1 #cj4 beta1 #cj4 gamma1 #cj4 iota1 #cj4 #de1 #cj4 ,v>iable3 ,r1 #bi4 ,,libra1 ,map ,no4 #aj1 #fe4 ,/>s3 ,a1 #fd4 alpha1 #fd4 beta1 #fd4 iota1 #fd4 ,v>iable3 delta1 #fd4 ,,lynx1 ,map ,no4 #e1 #de4 ,/>s3 #d1 #ea4 #e1 #ea4 #ab1 #ea4 #ad1 #ea4 #ai1 #ea4 #ch1 #eb4 ,sigma #ieh1 #ea4 ,sigma #ajji1 #ea4 ,sigma #accc1 #ea4 ,,lyra1 ,map ,no4 #ag1 #ii4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,vega71 #ig4 beta1 #ajj4 epsilon1 #ih4 zeta1 #ajj4 #ag1 #ajc4 ,v>iable3 beta1 #ajj4 ,nebula3 #dddg 7,r+71 #ajb4 ,,monoc]os1 ,map ,no4 #a1 #ba2 ,map ,no4 #c1 #cd4 ,/>s3 #d1 #ce4 #h1 #ce4 #aa1 #ce4 ,sigma #iba1 #ce4 ,sigma #ich1 #ce4 ,sigma #iej1 #ce4 ,sigma #aahc1 #ce4 ,sigma #aaij1 #ce4 ,clu/]s3 #adbd1 #ce4 #adfe1 #cf4 #adhc1 #cf4 #afaa1 #cf4 #afcg1 #cf4 ,v>iable3 ,s1 #ce4 ,,ophiu*us1 ,map ,no4 #ab1 #gg2 ,map ,no4 #ad1 #hg4 ,/>s3 lambda1 #hf4 tau1 #hf4 #cf1 #gi4 #ci1 #gi4 #fg1 #hf4 #gj1 #hf4 #gc1 #hf4 ,sigma #baff1 #hf4 ,sigma #bagc1 #hf4 ,tempor>y />3 #afjd1 #hj4 ,clu/]s3 #dbaa1 #gi4 #dbef1 #hh4 #dbfd1 #gi4 #dbfh1 #gi4 #dbfi1 #gi4 #dbgj1 #gi4 #dcae1 #hh4 #dcdf1 #gi4 #ddaj1 #hh4 ,v>iable3 ,r1 #hj4 ,,orion1 ,map ,no4 #a1 #ba4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,betelgeuse71 #bg4 beta 7,rigel71 #bj4 delta1 #bc4 zeta1 #bc4 eta1 #bd4 !ta 7,trapezium71 #be4 iota1 #bg4 lambda1 #bh4 rho1 #bh4 sigma1 #bd4 tau1 #bh4 psi#b1 #bi4 ,sigma #fbg1 #bh4 ,sigma #fbi1 #bh4 ,sigma #feb1 #bh4 ,sigma #gbe1 #bd4 ,sigma #gbh 7,a #cb71 #bh4 ,sigma #gbi1 #bi4 ,sigma #gdg1 #bg4 ,sigma #gej1 #bg4 ,sigma #gie 7#eb71 #bg4 ,sigma #haf1 #bi4 ,omicron ,sigma #ih 7i71 #bh4 ,clu/]s3 #ije1 #bi4 #aahd1 #bg4 #acfa1 #bi4 #acgf1 #bi4 ,nebul3 ,great ,orion ,nebula1 #be4 #abbg1 #bc4 #abfg1 #bi4 ,,pegasus1 ,map ,no4 #ai1 #aaj4 ,/>s3 beta1 #aji4 gamma1 #aji4 epsilon1 #aji4 eta1 #aji4 ,,p]seus1 ,map ,no4 #bd1 #abe4 ,/>s3 epsilon1 #abi4 zeta1 #acj4 eta1 #abi4 ,clu/]s3 #eab1 #abi4 #eba1 #abi4 ,v>iable3 beta 7,algol71 #acj4 ,,pisces1 ,map ,no4 #ah1 #ajg2 ,map ,no4 #bj1 #aab2 ,map ,no4 #bb1 #aai4 ,/>s3 alpha1 #aag4 zeta1 #aag4 psi1 #aag4 #ee1 #aag4 #fe1 #aag4 #ff1 #aag4 #gg1 #aag4 ,v>iable3 ,r1 #aah4 ,,sagitta1 ,map ,no4 #af1 #ie4 ,/>s3 epsilon1 #id4 zeta1 #id4 !ta1 #id4 ,nebula3 #degb1 #id4 ,,sagitt>ius1 ,map ,no4 #ab1 #gg2 ,map ,no4 #ac1 #hc4 ,/>s3 1 #hj4 #ed1 #hd4 ,clu/]s3 ,m #be1 #ha4 #dcee1 #ha4 #dcfa 7,m #h71 #ha4 #dcig 7,m #bd71 #ha4 #ddbd1 #hd4 ,v>iables3 ,r1 #hd4 ,t1 #hd4 ,u1 #hb4 ,v1 #hb4 ,,scorpio1 ,map ,no4 #ab1 #gg4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,ant>es71 #ge4 beta1 #gf4 nu1 #gf4 xi1 #gf4 sigma1 #gf4 ,tempor>y />3 #ahfj1 #gh4 ,clu/]s3 #dagc1 #gh4 #dahc1 #gh4 ,,scutum ,,sobieskii1 ,map ,no4 #ab1 #gg2 ,map ,no4 #ac1 #hc4 ,/>s3 ,sigma #bcjf1 #hb4 ,sigma #bcbe1 #hb4 ,clu/]s3 #ddjj1 #hb4 #ddbf1 #hb4 #ddcg1 #hb4 ,v>iable3 ,r1 #hb4 ,nebula3 #ddda1 #hb4 ,,s]p5s1 ,map ,no4 #ab1 #gg2 ,map ,no4 #ad1 #hg4 ,/>s3 alpha1 #hf4 beta1 #hf4 delta1 #hf4 !ta1 #hh4 nu1 #hf4 ,v>iable3 ,r1 #hf4 ,,taurus1 ,map ,no4 #bc1 #aba4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,aldeb>an71 #abc4 eta 7,alcyone71 #abj4 !ta1 #abc4 kappa1 #abc4 sigma1 #abd4 tau1 #abd4 phi1 #abc4 *i1 #abc4 #cj1 #abb4 ,sigma #dab 7#g71 #abj4 ,sigma #dcj1 #abb4 ,sigma #fgd1 #abd4 ,sigma #gaf1 #abd4 ,clu/]s3 ,hyades1 #abj4 ,pleiades1 #abj4 #ajcj1 #abd4 ,v>iable3 lambda1 #abb4 ,nebul3 9 ,pleiades1 #abj4 #aaeg 7,crab ,net71 #abd4 ,,triangulum1 ,map ,no4 #bd1 #abe4 ,/>3 #f1 #abi4 ,nebula3 #ceb1 #abi4 ,,ursa ,,major1 ,map ,no4 #bf1 #acg4 ,/>s3 zeta 7,miz>71 #ace4 iota1 #ace4 nu1 #ace4 xi1 #ace4 sigma#b1 #ace4 #bc1 #ace4 #eg1 #ace4 #fe1 #ace4 ,nebul3 #aidi1 #acf4 #aiej1 #acf4 #bcdc1 #acf4 ,,ursa ,,m9or1 ,map ,no4 #bf1 #acg4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,pole ,/>71 #ach4 pi1 #ach4 ,,virgo1 ,map ,no4 #i1 #fa4 ,/>s3 alpha 7,spica71 #ei4 gamma1 #ei4 !ta1 #fj4 #hd1 #fb4 ,sigma #affi1 #ei4 ,sigma #ahdf1 #fb4 ,v>iables3 ,r1 #fc4 ,s1 #fc4 ,u1 #fc4 ,nebul3 ,field ( !1 #fb4 #bhjf1 #fc4 #bifa1 #fc4 #caje1 #fc4 ,,vulpecula1 ,map ,no4 #ag1 #ii4 ,/>3 ,sigma #bfie1 #ajf4 ,tempor>y />3 #afgj1 #ajf4 ,nebula3 #decb 7,dumb ,bell71 #ajf4 ,,! ,,moon1 mo/ int]e/+ ( telescopic objects1 #aef2 telescopic views ( moon rev]s$1 #aeg4 ,crat]s1 r+ m\nta9s1 & r+$ pla9s3 ,aga?>*ides1 #agi4 ,agrippa1 #afh4 ,albategnius1 #aga4 ,alhaz51 #afj4 ,aliac5sis1 #aga4 ,alphonsus1 #agf4 ,ar*im$es1 #age4 ,ariadu1 #afh4 ,ari/>*us1#agd4 ,ari/illus1 #afg4 ,ari/oteles1 #afb4 ,arza*el1 #agf4 ,atlas1 #afj4 ,autolycus1 #afg4 ,bailly1 #agh4 ,ball1 #agf4 ,b>r[1 #afb4 ,be]1 #age4 ,b]zelius1 #afj4 ,billy1 #agi4 ,bullialdus1 #ahj4 ,burckh>dt1 #aeg4 ,capuanus1 #agi4 ,cass9i1 #afg4 ,ca?>9a1 #agj1 ,ci*us1 #agi4 ,clavius1 #agh4 ,cleom5es1 #aei4 ,condorcet1 #afj4 ,cop]nicus1 #age4 ,cyrillus1 #agj4 ,dlisle1 #agd ,endymion1 #afj4 ,erato/h5es1 #age4 ,eudoxus1 #afb4 ,eul]1 #agd4 ,firmicus1 #afj4 ,fraca/orius1 #afi1 #agi4 ,furn]ius1 #afa4 ,gass5di1 #agi4 ,gauss1 #aei4 ,gem9us1 #afj4 ,gocl5ius1 #afi4 ,god91 #afh4 ,grimaldi1 #agi4 ,guttemb]g1 #afi4 ,ha9zel1 #agi4 ,hans51 #afj4 ,helicon1 #agd4 ,hell1 #agf4 ,h]cules1 #afj4 ,h]odotus1 #agd4 ,h]s*el1 ,c>ol9e1 #agd4 ,hipp>*us1 #aga4 ,humboldt1 #afa4 ,hyg9us1 #afh4 ,julius ,cs>1 #afh4 ,kepl]1 #agf4 ,lamb]t1 #agd4 ,l&sb]g1 #ahj4 ,langr5us1 #afj1 #afh4 ,letronne1 #agi4 ,lev]ri]1 #agd4 ,lexell1 #agf4 ,li*t5b]g1 #agd4 ,l9n1 #afe4 ,longomontanus1 #agh4 ,macrobius1 #aei4 ,mag9us1 #agh4 ,manilius1 #aff4 ,maurolycus1 #agb4 ,m5elaus1 #aff4 ,m]cator1 #agi4 ,m]s5ius1 #agi4 ,messala1 #afj4 ,messi]1 #afi4 ,newton1 #agh4 ,petavius1 #afj1 #afh4 ,pic>d1 #aeg4 ,piccolom9i1 #aga4 ,pico1 #agb4 ,plato1 #agb4 ,pl9ius1 #aff4 ,posidonius1 #afc1 #afd4 ,proclus1 #aeh4 ,ptolemu1 #agf4 ,purba*1 #agf4 ,sacrobosco1 #aga4 ,s*ick>d1 #agh4 ,s*ill]1 #agh4 ,silb]s*lag1 #afh4 ,/fl]1 #aga4 ,sulpicius ,gallus1 #aff4 ,!tetus1 #afg4 ,!bit1 #agf4 ,!ophilus1 #agj4 ,timo*>is1 #agd4 ,tobias ,may]1 #agf4 ,tralles1 #aei4 ,triesneck]1 #afh4 ,ty*o1 #agg1 #agh4 ,v5del9us1 #afj1 #afh4 ,vieta1 #agi4 ,vitello1 #agi4 ,walt]1 #aga4 ,w>g5t91 #agi4 ,w]n]1 #aga4 ,wilhelm ,i1 #agh4 ,m>ia1 or ,seas3 ,lacus ,somniorum1 #afc4 ,m>e ,crisium1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj4 ,m>e ,fecunditatis1 #afj1 #afh4 ,m>e ,frigoris1 #afb1 #agb4 ,m>e ,humboldtianum1 #afj4 ,m>e ,humorum1 #agf1 #agi4 ,m>e ,imbrium1 #afc1 #agb1 #agd4 ,m>e ,nect>is1 #afh4 ,m>e ,nubium1 #agf4 ,m>e ,s]5itatis1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe4 ,m>e ,tranquilitatis1 #afh4 ,m>e ,vaporum1 #aff1 #afg4 ,oceanus ,procell>um1 #agb1 #agf1 #agi4 ,palus ,nebul>um1 #afg4 ,palus ,putr$9is1 #afg4 ,palus ,somnii1 #aei4 ,s9us /uum1 #agb4 ,s9us ,iridum1 #agb1 #agc4 ,o!r =mations3 ,alps ,m\nta9s1 #afc4 ,ap5n9e ,m\nta9s1 #afc1 #afg1 #age4 ,cape ,ag>um1 #aeh4 ,cape ,h]aclides1 #agc4 ,cape ,laplace1 #agc4 ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 #agf4 ,caucasus ,m\nta9s1 #afc4 ,cordill]as ,m\nta9s1 #ahj4 ,d',alemb]t ,m\nta9s1 #ahj4 ,drfel ,m\nta9s1 #ahj4 ,hmus ,m\nta9s1 #afe4 ,h>b+] ,m\nta9s1 #agd4 ,leibnitz ,m\nta9s1 #ahj4 ,lun> ,railroad1 #agf4 ,mt4 ,argu1 #afe1 #afg4 ,mt4 ,hadley1 #afg4 ,mt4 ,huyg5s1 #age4 ,pyr5ees ,m\nta9s1 #afi4 ,taurus ,m\nta9s1 #afd4 ,,! ,,planets3 ,are !re planets among ! />s8 #ahc4 ,m>s1 two views (1 #ag4 be/ adv]tis$ ( planets1 #aea4 favorable oppositions (1 #aeb4 se5 ) #e-;in* telescope1 #aeb4 pol> caps (1 #aeb4 color (1 #aeb4 d>k m>k+s on1 #aeb4 canals1 #aec4 e>?like condition (1 #aec4 ,m]cury1 phases (1 #aee4 peculi> rotation (1 #aee4 m>k+s on1 #aee4 probably n habitable1 #aee4 ,jupit]1 easie/ planet = amateurs1 #ada4 se5 ) #e-;in* glass1 #ada4 satellites1 swift motions (1 #adb4 velocity ( planet's equator1 #adb4 h[ to see all sides (1 #adb1 #adc4 wat*+ rotation (1 #adc4 eclipses & transits ( satellites1 #add1 #adg4 belts & cl\ds (1 #ade4 diff]5t rates ( rotation1 #ade4 names & numb]s ( satellites1 #adf4 ,saturn1 next to ,jupit] 9 attractiv5ess1 #adg4 se5 ) #e-;in* glass1 #adh4 its moons & _! orbits1 #adh1 #adi4 pol> view ( sy/em1 #adi4 ,ro*e's limit1 #adi1 #aej4 orig9 ( ! r+s1 #aej4 ,pick]+'s n9? satellite1 #aea4 ! satellites z telescopic objects1 #aea4 ,v5us1 h] wond]ful brilliance1 #aec4 h] atmosph]e se51 #aec4 ,l[ell's obs]vations1 #aec4 ,s*iap>elli's obs]vations1 #aed4 h] peculi> rotation1 #aed4 h[ to see1 9 daytime1 #aee4 ,neptune & ,uranus1 #aee4 ,,! ,,sun1 #aha4 %ade glasses = telescopes 9 view+1 #aha4 sol> prism1 #aha4 helioscope1 #aha4 p]iodicity ( spots1 #aha4 to see1 by projection1 #ahb4 spectroscope = sol> obs]vation1 #ahb4 ,,! ,,telescope3 refractors & reflectors1 #b1 #h4 eyepieces1 #f1 #i1 #aj4 ab]ration 7*romatic71 #f2 7sph]ical71 #f1 #ag4 a*romatic telescopes1 h[ made1 #g4 object glass1 #h4 magnify+ p[]1 #aa4 m\nt+s1 #ab4 rules = te/+1 #ac4 image ( /> 91 #ad4 image 9 & out ( focus1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag4 a/igmatism1 #af4 ,,! ,,end ,illu/ration #afib ,s4 ,pleasures ( ! ,telescope ,,g>rett ,p4 ,,s]viss ,?is book says to ! amateur1 9 effect3--,:at if y h n all advantages ( clockwork & obs]vatory equipm5t4 ,y may "k some?+ ( ! wit*]y ( ! heav5s ev5 ) a little telescope ( ?ree to five in*es ap]ture6 ,pleasures ( ! ,telescope is popul> 9 /yle r ?an te*nical4 ,= sett+ =? ! *ief attractions ( ! />ry heav5s1 a complete set ( />-maps is includ$1 %[+ all ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye 9 ! regions ( sky repres5t$1 & 9 addition "s />s t c only be se5 ) optical aid4 ,9 six *apt]s ^! tw5ty-six maps are describ$ s pla9ly t ! amateur c readily f9d all ! int]e/+ />-gr\ps1 clu/]s1 & nebul1 & also ! color$ or d\ble />s4 ,9 ! ?ree conclud+ *apt]s ! moon & planets receive special consid]ation4 ,9 ! op5+ *apt] ! amateur is told h[ to select & te/ a glass4 ,booklov]s ,bullet94 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,m9or errors & inconsi/5cies 9 punctuation & hyph5ation h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,"s illu/rations h be5 relocat$ a %ort di/ance )9 ! text4 ,orig9al page numb]s h be5 reta9$ 9 ! index4 ,greek lett]s1 us$ to id5tify />s1 are replac$ ) ! full "n ( ! ,greek lett]1 e4g4 alpha4 ,upp] case ,greek lett]s are %[n by capitalis+ ! initial lett]1 e4g4 ,sigma #aabf ,a c>et 77 is us$ to repres5t sup]scripts1 e4g4 nu#a & nu#b ,! foll[+ m9or corrections h also be5 made3 p#c3 wil has be5 correct$ to w4 p#bh3 ,sigma #fbi is n %[n on ,map ,no4 #a4 ,! location ( m ,orionis is m>k$ z ,sigma #fif4 ,?is inconsi/5cy has n be5 correct$4 p#ed3 = colors has be5 correct$ to f\r colors4 p#fh3 #a1jfe1gij1bej1jjj1jjj has be5 correct$ to #a1jfe1gjb1ejj1jjj1jjj4 p#afc-afd3 magnical has be5 correct$ to magical4 p#agi3 ,a repeat$ & has be5 remov$4