,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is e,text 0      
produc$ f ,agriculture 9 ,virg9ia1      
#afjg-afii z publi%$ 9 #aieg4 ,ext5sive 
rese>* did n uncov] any evid5ce t !     
,u4,s4 copyright on ?is publication 0   
r5ew$4    ,agriculture 9 ,virg9ia1      
#afjg-afii   ,by  ,,lyman ,,c>ri]       
,pr(essor ( ,agriculture1 ,f]rum ,junior
 ,college     ,,virg9ia #cej,,?         
,,anniv]s>y ,,celebration ,,corporation 
,,williamsburg1 ,,virg9ia   #aieg       
,,copyright1 #aieg ,,by   ,,virg9ia     
#cej,,? ,,anniv]s>y ,,celebration       
,,corporation1 ,,williamsburg1 ,,virg9ia
     ,jame/[n #cej? ,anniv]s>y          
,hi/orical ,booklet ,numb] #ad          
,agriculture 9 ,virg9ia1 #afjg-afii     
,v>i\s ev5ts 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! sixte5? 
c5tury did mu* to %ape ! future de/9y ( 
! ,engli% nation4 ,) ! de/ruction ( !   
,spani% ,armada 9 #aehh1 ,engl& rose f a
 m9or position 9 _w affairs to "o (     
major importance4 ,"o ( ! fir/ *anges 0 
reflect$ 9 h] attitude t[>ds trade &    
comm]ce4 ,engl& 0 no long] p5n$ up on h]

 tight little isle1 & h] %ips c\ld sail 
! high seas 9 comp>ative safety4        
,expansion ( h] =eign trade seem$ ! only
 answ] to h] ambitions1 b =eign trade   
requir$ a two way transf] ( products4 ,9
 ord] to sell goods1 x 0 necess>y to buy
 9 ex*ange4 ,_w comm]ce _h already      
become well /abiliz$ among fri5dly      
nations mak+ x difficult = outside      
bus9essm5 to %>e 9 ^! e/abli%$          
commitm5ts4 ,s ,engl& 0 soon to direct  
h] att5tions t[>d ,am]ica4  ,x 0 ) eyes 
focus$ on future trade t ! bus9essm5 :o 
compos$ ! ,london ,company contribut$ ! 
huge sums t 7 requir$ to f9ance !       
settlem5t at ,jame/[n1 ,virg9ia4        
,agriculture 0 n ( prime importance4 ,at
 t "t ,engl& 0 self-suffici5t s f> z !  
production ( gra9s & live/ock 0 conc]n$4
 ,ord9>y f>m products w\ld n pay ! co/ (
 transportation across ! ocean4 ,(      
c\rse1 x 0 expect$ t ! coloni/s w\ld    
ev5tually produce _! own food /uffs2    
h[ev]1 until t /age ( developm5t occurr$
 x 0 expect$ t ! ,london ,company w\ld  

supply ! ne$s ( ! colony direct f       
,engl&4  ,! m5 ( ! fir/ exp$ition 7 n   
f>m]s & took little int]e/ 9 f>m+4 ,a   
good _m came1 hop+ to %>e 9 ri*es1 t _! 
imag9ation _h creat$4 ,fanta/ic tales   
ab\t ! ,am]icas _h be5 circulat$ 9      
,europe dur+ ! c5tury foll[+ _!         
discov]y4 ,! mo/ au!ntic ( ^! =eign     
travel j\rnals _h be5 translat$ into    
,engli% & publi%$ ar\nd ! turn ( !      
sixte5? c5tury4 ,reports also ( ri*     
prizes1 lad5 ) gold1 captur$ on !       
,spani% ,ma9 by ,engli% private]s1 _h   
inflam$ ! ,engli% m9d4 ,if ! ,spani>ds  
c\ld f9d su* va/ treasures 9 ,am]ica1 :y
 %\ld n ! ,engli% d ! same8  ,!n too1 z 
! fir/ colony ( ,virg9ia lay betwe5 #cd 
& #da degrees nor?-latitude1 ! same     
approximately z ,italy & ,spa91 x 0     
expect$ t ! mu* desir$ w>m wea!r        
products enjoy$ by ! ,m$it]ranean p1 su*
 z oranges1 lemons1 sug>1 & spices c\ld 
be produc$ equally z well 9 ,am]ica4    
,jame/[n ev5tually contribut$ great     
f9ancial b5efits to ! ,"m ,c\ntry f     

agricultural accompli%m5ts4 ,^! b5efits 
c\ld n 9 #afjg be visualiz$4 ,to und]/& 
! vicissitudes :i* beset ! coloni/s 9 ! 
e>ly ye>s ( ! settlem5t1 "o %\ld be     
famili> ) ! agricultural practices ( bo?
 ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new1 = x 0 by comb9+ ! 
f>m+ wisdom ( bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic   
into a new agriculture1 t ! colony      
became firmly e/abli%$4   ,,old ,,_w    
,,agriculture  ,european agriculture    
rea*$ a high degree ( effici5cy two ?\s&
 ye>s ago 9 ! scrub-=e/ region ar\nd !  
,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,to ! ,greeks t "p ( 
! _w alone 0 consid]$ fit = habitation  
by human be+s4 ,f>m+ by ! ,romans 0     
reg>d$ z a highly respectable &         
honorable occupation4 ,"s ( _! mo/ le>n$
 s*ol>s wrote books on husb&ry4 ,!      
,romans h giv5 u by f> ! mo/ complete & 
satisfactory acc\nts ( _! agriculture ( 
any anci5t p4 ,dur+ ! ,revival ( ,le>n+1
 ^! old ma/]pieces 7 r$iscov]$1         
con/itut+ ! pr9cipal agricultural       
lit]ature ( ,europe1 prior to ! eighte5?
 c5tury4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly ,engli% books on 

husb&ry 7 m]e translations ( ! ,roman   
books on t subject1 ) a few orig9al     
obs]vations add$4   ,,agriculture ,,9   
,,engl&  ,! nor!rn or cold] p>ts (      
,europe 7 _m c5turies beh9d !           
,m$it]ranean nations 9 agricultural     
a*ievem5t4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y (      
,am]ica1 ,engl& & mo/ ( ! nations (     
,europe 7 controll$ by ! feudal sy/em4  
,! arable l& 0 own$ 9 l>ge e/ates or    
manors by feudal b>ons1 ! actual labor  
on ! f>ms be+ p]=m$ by s]fs4 ,^! f>m    
labor]s belong$ to ! l& & 7 ex*ang$ ) x 
:5 !re 0 a *ange 9 own]%ip ( ! real     
e/ate4 ,f>m+ 0 look$ ^u z necess>y to   
exi/5ce1 b n z a bus9ess ent]prise4     
,s9ce trade & transportation 9 f>m      
products 7 extremely limit$1 consumption
 took place ne> ! fields ( production4  
,x 0 m economical = a b>on to move 8    
family & ret9ue ( s]vants to diff]5t    
p>ts ( 8 doma9 ?an x 0 to transport !   
food /uffs to "o c5tral habitation4 ,!  
possibility ( s]fs becom+ l& own]s 0 too
 remote = consid]ation4   ,,cont95tal   

,,influ5ces  ,f>m+ practices 9 ,engl&   
be=e ! eighte5? c5tury 7 l>gely         
adaptations f o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,!
 ,romans1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian    
era1 took _! husb&ry to ! ,briti%       
,isles4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons 9 ! fif?      
c5tury1 br\ght 9 f ! ma9l& _! f>m       
practices4 ,likewise ! ,normans 9 !     
elev5? c5tury br\ght ov] _! me?ods (    
tillage4 ,ow+ to ! close proximity to   
,france1 ,fl&]s & ,holl&1 agricultural  
innovations 9 ^? c\ntries 7 n long 9    
ga9+ att5tion & trial by ! ,briti%      
f>m]s4 ,! long h\rs ( sunlight dur+ %ort
 summ]s1 ) ! opposite conditions        
prevail+ 9 ! w9t]s1 h influ5c$ !        
developm5t ( plant species 9 all nor!rn 
latitudes4 ,su* seasonal conditions h   
also made necess>y a di/9ct type ( f>m+4
 ,_m crops ( ! ,m$it]ranean region d n  
survive 9 nor? ,european c\ntries4 ,p 9 
! cold] regions also require a diff]5t  
diet ?an d ^? liv+ 9 ! w>m] climates4   
,by ! sev5te5? c5tury an agriculture    
adapt$ to nor!rn ,europe _h come into   

g5]al practice4 ,! implem5ts us$ 9 f>m  
"w 71 by mod]n /&>ds1 v crude & 7       
cu/om>ily made by ! local smi?4 ,a few  
hoes & mattocks1 scy!s1 reap+ hooks1    
spades & wood5 pl[s ) iron po9ts & %>es 
complete ! li/4 ,! entire supply ( tools
 = an av]age siz$ f>m c\ld h be5 haul$ 9
 "o load on "o ( _! two-:eel$ c>ts4     
,,crops ,,gr[n  ,! *ief gra9s ( nor!rn  
,europe 7 :eat1 rye1 oats1 b>ley1 &     
buck:eat4 ,! common grasses1 clov] &    
turnips1 7 rais$ = =age4 ,x %\ld be not$
 t all ( ^! crops 7 broad-ca/ se$$1 none
 requir$ r[ plant+ or int]tillage4  ,a  
few ,am]ican products _h be5 br\ght to  
,engl& prior to ! settlem5t at ,jame/[n4
 ,!y app>5tly came by ! way ( ,asia4    
,maize 0 fir/ call$ ,turkey :eat4 ,!    
great ,am]ican bird 0 nam$ ,turkey4     
,?omas ,tuss] 9 #aegc 9 8 ,five ,hundr$ 
,po9tes ( ,good ,husb&rie enum]ates !   
meats suitable = a ,*ri/mas d9n] ) !    
foll[+ v]se3      ,beef1 mutton & pork4 
,%r$ pies ( ! be/     ,pig1 veal1 goose 
& capon     ,& ,turkey well dre/4  ,no  

e>li] m5tion ( any?+ /rictly ,am]ican 9 
,engli% lit]ature has come to light4    
,,indian ,,agriculture  ,let u turn n[ &
 take a look at ! f>m+ accompli%m5ts ( !
 ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! (t repeat$       
/atem5t t ! ,indians liv$ ma9ly by hunt+
 & fi%+ s f> z x p]ta9s to ! ,virg9ia   
tribes is f> f ! tru?4  ,! bitt]        
/ruggles betwe5 ! :ite m5 & ! ,indians  
dur+ ! colonial p]iod creat$ animosities
 & prejudices :i* h ov]%ad[$ ! b5eficial
 contributions ! r$ m5 h made to        
civilization4 ,z plant bre$]s1 !        
,am]ican ,indians rank ) ! mo/ skillful 
( ! _w4 ,take = in/ance1 maize or       
,indian corn4 ,!re is no?+ closely      
comp>able to x kn[n to botani/s4 ,x has 
be5 dome/icat$ s long t its wild        
prototype is unkn[n4 ,maize1 n[1 c\ld n 
exi/ any:]e 9 ! _w )\t ! aid ( man4 ,!  
,indians _h all ! v>ieties t are n[     
kn[n1 su* z d5t1 fl9t1 sweet1 e>ly1     
late1 pop1 & o!r special sorts :i* are  
no long] gr[n4 ,!y _h develop$ v>ieties 
t matur$ all ! way f ! tropics to ! ,/4 

,lawr5ce ,riv] 9 ,canada4  ,! ,indians  
also practic$ a mix$ culture su* z corn1
 beans1 & squa%es all 9 ! same hill2 !y 
_h creat$ a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties (     
beans 7,phaseolus g5us73 ! :ite1 r$1    
black1 & spott$ sorts n[ s commonly     
gr[n1 & _m o!rs4   ,,indian ,,tillage   
,! ,indians 7 able to cle> fields1 (    
sev]al hundr$ acres 9 ext5t1 )\t ! aid (
 metal tools1 us+ fire z _! *ief ag5t4  
,trees1 too l>ge to be cut ) _! /one    
hat*ets1 7 kill$ ei!r by build+ a fire  
at ! base or by girdl+ ! b>k4 ,! trees 9
 dy+ furni%$ fire wood = dome/ic use4   
,plant+ began among ! dead trees :]ev]  
en\gh loose dirt c\ld be scrap$ toge!r  
to make a hill = se$+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !
 fields became entirely free f =e/ gr[?4
 ,^! fields 7 cropp$ 9 mo/ cases until  
_! f]tility 0 exhau/$ & !n ab&on$4 ,if  
!re 0 no m available f]tile l& 9 !      
vic9ity1 ! tribe mov$ to a new location4
 ,! e>ly :ite settl]s on ! ,atlantic    
,coa/ f\nd _m ( ^! ab&on$ cle>+s4       
,because ( _! unproductiv5ess !y 7 call$

 poison$ fields4  ,! ,indians _h only ! 
crude/ sorts ( f>m+ tools4 ,ne> ! coa/1 
sea %ells 7 ! mo/ effici5t implem5ts !y 
possess$4 ,! fre%-wat] clam-%ells came  
next 9 usefulness4 ,:]e ^! natural      
scrap]s 7 n available1 po9t$ /icks1 &   
pieces ( flat rock s]v$ ! purpose4 ,"o  
writ] describ+ ! ,ill9ois ,indians'     
me?od ( f>m+ says3       ,?is tillage   
consi/s 9 break+ up j ! surface ( !     
e>? ) a sort ( wood5 in/rum5t1 l a      
little pickaxe1      :i* !y make by     
splitt+ ! end ( a ?ick piece ( wood1    
t s]ves = a h&le1 & putt+ ano!r piece ( 
wood1      %>p po9t$ at "o end into !   
slit4 ,?is in/rum5t s]ves      !m in/ead
 ( a hoe or spade1 = !y h no iron tools4
   ,,indian ,,vs4 ,,old ,,_w ,,culture  
,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! fact t all 
( ! field crops ( ,great ,brita91 at !  
"t ( ! ,engli% settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica1 7  
broad-ca/ se$$4 ,! ,indians _h develop$ 
a f> diff]5t cultural treatm5t = _!     
crops4 ,9 _! mo/ common me?od1 t ( hill 
plant+1 ! soil 9 ! int]v5+ spaces 0 n   

brok54 ,! hills1 two to f\r feet ap>t1 7
 f #ab to #bj or m in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!  
soil 9 ^! hills 0 all t 0 /irr$ or      
loos5$4 ,all we$s1 bo? 9 ! hills & !    
int]vals betwe5 !m1 7 kept cut or pull$ 
out4 ,f\r to six gra9s ( maize & two or 
?ree beans 7 se$$ 9 ea* hill1 sep>ately 
spac$4 ,squa%es & pumpk9s 7 sometimes   
se$$ ) ! corn & beans4 ,?is mix$ se$+ is
 a unique feature ( ,am]ican            
agriculture4  ,! ,indians 7 =tunate 9 n 
hav+ to cont5d ) _m ( ! we$s1 insects & 
plant-diseases :i* n[ plague f>m]s &    
g>d5]s4 ,practically all ( ^! pe/s1 "s (
 q rec5t date1 are ( ,old ,_w orig9 & h 
be5 introduc$ by :ite m51 into ,am]ica4 
,birds & small animals gave ! ,indians m
 conc]n ?an all _! o!r pe/s comb9$4 ,x 0
 cu/om>y to build 9 _! g>d5s small      
wat*-h\ses 9 :i* ! "y folks took turns 9
 /ay+ to sc>e away cr[s & o!r tr\blesome
 birds4  ,! same hills 7 us$ ye> aft]   
ye> & became 9 "t q sizable m\nds1      
rema9s ( :i* h p]si/$1 9 "s localities1 
until mod]n times4 ,9 ! s\?we/]n p>ts ( 

,mi*igan1 ! e>ly settl]s f\nd l>ge      
tracts ( ridg$ l&1 evid5tly relics (    
,indian agriculture4 ,x is n[ ?\ght t ^!
 areas 7 corn fields 9 :i* ! se$+ 0 made
 9 cont9u\s r[s in/ead ( hills4 ,a ,fr5*
 arti/ 9 ,florida 9 #aefd pictur$ !     
,indians se$+ _! crops 9 r[s4  ,aft] a  
few ye>s ( failure 9 _! attempts to gr[ 
,am]ican crops1 ! ,engli% coloni/s      
adopt$ ! ,indian me?od ( se$+1 b usually
 neglect$ ! we$+1 & 7 subject$ to       
ridicule = _! %iftlessness by ! pa9/ak+ 
squaws4 ,9 us+ "w-animals = cultivat+   
corn1 x 0 f\nd advantage\s to de/roy !  
we$s by /irr+ ! gr\nd 9 ! int]v5+       
spaces4   ,,! ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,jame/[n 
,on ! #bf? day ( ,april1 #afjg1 ?ree    
small %ips c>ry+ #aje coloni/s pass$    
betwe5 ,cape ,*>les & ,cape ,h5ry into  
,*esapeake ,bay = ! purpose ( f\nd+ a   
colony 9 ! l& call$ ,virg9ia4 ,! voyag]s
 took sev5te5 days to inve/igate !      
advantages & disadvantages ( t region = 
su* an und]tak+4  ,fir/ consid]ation =  
select+ ! site 0 its possibilities =    

def5se aga9/ a =eign foe1 especially !  
,spani>ds1 9 ,florida & ! ,we/ ,indies4 
,?is 0 no idle fe>4 ,spa9 & ,engl& _h = 
_m ye>s be5 9 conflict4 ,moreov]1 ,spa9 
claim$ all ( ! ,am]icas by ! "r (       
discov]y4  ,! second mo/ important ?+ = 
consid]ation 0 adequate h>bor           
facilities4 ,9 bo? ( ^! p>ticul>s1 !    
site select$ ab\t ?irty miles up !      
,james ,riv] left little to be desir$4  
,! ,jame/[n p59sula jutt$ out into !    
riv] f> en\gh to give an unob/ruct$ view
 = sev]al miles4 ,! "* ( ! l& on ei!r   
side ( ! riv] w\ld h made difficult any 
attempt at an ov]l& attack4  ,! ,james 0
 suffici5tly deep to take c>e ( any     
ocean go+ vessels ( t "t4 ,! heavily    
=e/$ surr\nd+s furni%$ protection f     
viol5t /orms4 ,! *annel ran ne> ! %ore4 
,%ips c\ld be moor$ by cables to trees  
on ! l&4  ,f ! /&po9t ( rais+ food      
/uffs1 ! coloni/s c\ld h>dly h pick$ a m
 unfavorable situation4 ,! p59sula 0    
connect$ ) ! %ore to ! nor? by a n>r[   
neck ( l& ?irty y>ds ov]4 ,z ?is n>r[   

/rip ( l& 0 usually flood$ dur+ times ( 
high wat]1 ! p59sula 0 = mo/ purposes an
 isl& by :i* designation x is g5]ally   
kn[n4  ,!re 7 ab\t eight hundr$ & fifty 
acres ( heavily timb]$ =e/ l&s on ! isl&
 & ab\t eight hundr$ acres ( m>% cov]$ )
 co>se re$y grasses b !re 0 no cle>$ l& 
ready = se$+4  ,cle>+ =e/ l&s ev5 )     
mod]n tools & equipm5t is a sl[ labori\s
 process4 ,cutt+ d[n ! trees is only a  
beg9n+4 ,! /umps ) _! int]lock+ root    
sy/ems h to be remov$4 ,x takes _m ye>s 
= h>dwood /umps to rot to a condition t 
!y may be easily de/roy$4 ,al?\gh !     
trees on ,jame/[n ,isl& 7 l>ge1 !y c\ld 
be cut1 & ^? ) /raight gra9$ boles riv$ 
into clapbo>ds1 or ! logs roll$ into    
piles & burn$ = _! a%es1 a product t 0 9
 dem& 9 ,engl& = use 9 ! manufacture (  
soap4  ,! soil on ! ,isl& may n h be5 v 
f]tile4 ,! fact t ! ,indians _h nev]    
cle>$ any ( ! l& indicates !y did n     
consid] x ( ! be/ quality4   ,,fir/     
,,attempts ,,at ,,f>m+  ,capta9 ,newport
 assign$ a ?ird ( ! settl]s1 or ab\t    

?irty-five m51 to husb&ry4 ,no?+ came f 
_! labors4 ,at "o ( _! fir/ attempts to 
plant corn1 probably ,engli% gra91 !y 7 
assault$ by a few v5turesome ,indians   
:i* s disc\rag$ ! settl]s1 t !y made no 
fur!r ef=ts to provide crops = food t   
season4 ,"o ( ! coloni/s compla9$ ab\t !
 difficulties ( prep>+ l& = corn4 ,ano!r
 m5tions t "s made g>d5s4 ,! gr[+ season
 0 too f> sp5t :5 !y f9ally settl$ at   
,jame/[n to all[ = cle>+ l& = spr+-se$$ 
gra9s4  ,by mid-summ] _! food supply 0  
becom+ s]i\sly deplet$4 ,=tunately !    
,indians rema9$ fri5dly4 ,capta9 ,john  
,smi? in=ms u t 9 ,july3       ,x pleas$
 ,god to move ! ,indians to br+ u corn  
ere x 0      halfe ripe to refre% u & 9 
,septemb] !y br\ght u great      /ore   
bo? ( corne & bread ready made4  ,!y _h 
f\r acres ( gr\nd prep>$ ! foll[+ ye>   
:i* !y se$$ to corn 7:eat1 b>ley or     
peas74 ,no details are giv5 except t    
no?+ came f _! ef=ts4 ,two gr[+ seasons 
_h pass$ & n a bu%el ( gra9 _h be5      
produc$ = _! su/5ance4   ,,live/ock     

,great] success came f _! attempts to   
raise animals ?an att5d$ _! ef=ts to gr[
 crops4 ,a few animals 7 br\ght 94      
,rev]5d ,w4 ,simmonds /ates t3 ?ree s[es
 9 eighte5e mone?s1 increas$ sixty & odd
 piggs4 ,& ne]e #ejj *ick5s br\ght up   
!mselves )\t hav+ any meat giv5 !m4  ,m 
live/ock 0 evid5tly br\ght 9 ! two      
supplies :i* arriv$ 9 #afjh z x 0       
report$1 at ! "t ,smi? left ! colony 9 !
 fall ( #afji1 t !y _h six m>es & a     
horse2 five or sixe hundr$ sw9e2 z _m   
h5nes & *ick5s2 "s goats "s %eepe4      
,capta9 ,john ,smi? dur+ 8 two ye>s ) ! 
colony 0 rem>kably successful 9 obta9+ f
 ! ,indians sev]al hundr$ bu%els ( corn 
& beans 9 ex*ange = ,engli% manufactur$ 
goods4 ,! f]tile bottom l&s ( ! riv]s   
nor? ( ! ,james yield$ b\ntiful h>ve/s =
 ! ,indians z !y h s9ce = ,virg9ians4   
,glass beads & t9kl+ bells intrigu$ !   
natives4 ,! :ite man's clo?+ 0 also a   
s\rce ( wond]m5t4 ,x 0 ,smi?'s cont5tion
 t ! :ite labor]s %\ld devote _! "t to  
gett+ out clapbo>ds1 pit* & soap-a%es to

 %ip to ,engl& & dep5d on ! ,indians to 
keep ! colony suppli$ ) food4 ,smi? 0 n 
a f>m]4 ,he little realiz$ t ! ,indians'
 desire = tr9kets w\ld soon be satisfi$4
 ,!n1 too1 public op9ion 9 ,engl&1 ar\s$
 by ! ,las ,casas exposures ( ,spani%   
cruelties 9 ! ,we/ ,indies w\ld n       
sanction =c$ enslavem5t ( ! natives4 ,) 
! dep>ture ( ,smi?1 9 ,octob]1 #afji1 ! 
lucrative ,indian trade came to an end4 
,no o!r memb] ( ! colony _h ! c\rage1 = 
sometime1 to visit ! tribes along !     
,york & ,rappahannock riv]s = ! ex*ange 
( products4   ,,fir/ ,,:ite ,,f>m] ,,9  
,,virg9ia  ,! fir/ exp]i5c$ ,engli% f>m]
 to come to ! colony 0 ,william ,sp5ce1 
:o arriv$ on ! ,pho5ix1 ,april #bj1     
#afjh4 ,he 0 v>i\sly describ$ z a       
labor]1 g5tleman1 & ensign4 ,ralph      
,hamor c]tifi$ to 8 "* z an hone/1      
valiant1 & indu/ri\s man4 ,sp5ce surviv$
 ! ordeals ( ! e>ly ye>s & 0 a memb] ( !
 fir/ ,h\se ( ,burgesses1 9 #afai4 ,he  
probably lo/ 8 life 9 ! ,indian massacre
 ( #afbb4 ,five p]sons1 names n giv51 7 

kill$ at t "t on ! ,sp5ce f>m4 ,alex&]  
,br[n /ates t ,ensign ,sp5ce is report$ 
lo/ 9 #afbc b he may h be5 liv+ 9       
captivity4  ,x appe>s f ?is meag]       
evid5ce t ,william ,sp5ce liv$ on 8 f>m 
outside ( ! =tifi$ area4 ,if su* 7 !    
case1 he may h set a prec$5t t has _h a 
pron\nc$ influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ?is 
c\ntry4 ,x 0 ! belief ( ! au?orities 9 !
 ,london ,company t ! coloni/s w\ld all 
live 9 small communities = mutual       
protection & p]=m _! tillage op]ations1 
if any1 outside ! settlem5t4 ,^!        
communities1 sometimes "u ! "n (        
p>ticul> plantations & sometimes hundr$s
 7 necess>y 9 ! e>ly days4 ,b f ! beg9n+
 !re 7 a few indep5d5t plantations1 or  
f>ms1 l t ( ,william ,sp5ce4 ,m5tion has
 be5 made ( ! impossibility ( a f>m     
labor] 9 ! ,old ,c\ntry ev] atta9+ l&   
own]%ip4 ,b1 "h 9 ,am]ica ) its b\ndless
 acres1 t great boon seem$ )9 _! rea*4  
,:5 allotm5ts ( l& 7 f9ally made to     
individuals x 0 f\nd advantage\s = !    
own] to live on 8 f>m1 r ?an to op]ate x

 f a remote village4 ,fre$om1           
indep5d5ce1 & ! importance ( !          
individual1 :i* are *>act]i/ics ( !     
,am]ican f>m]s1 came into exi/5ce4  ,!  
common /oreh\se = provisions1 tri$ at   
fir/ 9 ,jame/[n1 creat$ friction &      
illwill & 9 a few ye>s 0 ab&on$4 ,!     
memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil 7 accus$ ( favoritism
 & self indulg5ce 9 us+ ! food & o!r    
products 9 ! /oreh\se4 ,to h & to hold a
 p>cel ( l& & to enjoy ! fruits ( "o's  
own labors has be5 a compell+ =ce 9     
*ang+ a wild]ness into a mighty nation4 
,t =ce _h its inception 9 ! infant      
colony at ,jame/[n4   ,a ,,*ange ,,9    
,,policy  ,! two ye>s ( failure to      
produce crops 0 conv9c+ evid5ce t       
,engli% me?ods ( f>m+ 7 n suit$ to      
,virg9ia conditions4 ,! coloni/s 7 ready
 to try some?+ else4 ,!y turn$ to !     
,indians to le>n ! secret ( _!          
successful f>m+ op]ations4  ,a =tunate  
ev5t occurr$ 9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #afji4 ,two
 "y ,indians1 by ! names ( ,kemps &     
,tussore 7 tak5 prison]s 9 retaliation =

 ! depr$ations ( o!r ,indians4 ,at ! "t 
( _! arre/ !y 7 describ$ z ! two mo/    
exact villa9es 9 ! c\ntrie1 t w\ld h    
betray$ bo? _! k+ & k9dr$ = a piece (   
copp]4 ,t ?is /atem5t 0 n des]v$ 0 prov5
 lat]4 ,^! two "y ,indians lik$ !       
,engli%m5 & ! ,engli% way ( liv+4 ,x is 
also /at$ t :ile !y 7 fett]$ prison]s !y
 did d\ble taske & taught u h[ to ord] &
 plant our fields4  ,food sc>city became
 9 #afji a s]i\s problem4 ,! eag]ly     
look$ = supply %ips f ,engl& did n come4
 ,to relieve ! t5sion ,_m 7 billett$    
among ! salvages1 :]eby we knewe all _! 
passages1 fields & habitations2 h[ to   
ga!r & use _! fruits z well z !mselves4 
,kemps & ,tussore 7 giv5 _! lib]ty soon 
aft] corn plant+ "t4 ,b s well !y lik$  
our companies !y did n desire to goe f  
u4  ,no?+ fur!r is record$ z to ! fate (
 ,tussore1 sometimes call$ ,k9sock4     
,/ra*ey1 ,secret>y ( ! ,colony :o 0 9   
,virg9ia #afaj-afaa1 m5tions hav+ obta9$
 c]ta9 in=mation f       ,"o ,kemps1 an 
,indian1 :o di$ ! la/ ye> ( ! scurvye at

      ,jame/[n1 aft] he _h dwelt ) u    
almo/ "o :ole ye>1      mu* made ( by   
our "l g5]all & :o c\ld speake a pretty 
deale ( ,engli%1 & came ord]ly to *ur* e
 day to      pray]s1 & obs]v$ ) u !     
keep+ ( ! ,sabao? bo? by      ceass+ f  
lab\r & repair+ to *ur*4   ,,/>v+ ,,"t  
,dire disa/] f9ally /ruck ! colony4     
,food supplies 7 exhau/$4 ,/>vation     
became a reality4 ,a g5]al dr\ght       
blanket$ ea/]n ,virg9ia4 ,! ,indians too
 7 on %ort rations4 ,smi?1 ! provid]1 :o
 _h be5 injur$ by an explosion (        
gunp[d]1 _h return$ to ,engl&4 ,x 0 "o (
 ! mo/ cruel exp]i5ces ev] endur$ by a  
gr\p ( m54 ,! climax came dur+ ! w9t] ( 
#afji-aj4  ,a few quotations f ! records
 ( t p]iod pa9t ! picture 9 its mo/     
t]rible colors4 ,"l ,de ,la ,w>r :o     
arriv$ 9 #afaj j 9 "t to save ! colony f
 ab&onm5t report$ to ! ,london ,company3
       ,our p1 toge!r ) ! ,indians 7n to
 fri5d71 _h !      la/ w9t] de/roy$ &   
kild up all our hoggs1 insomu* z (      
five or six hundr$ 7z x is suppos$71 !re

 0 n above "o      s[1 t we c he>e (1   
left alive2 n a h5n nor a *ick 9      ! 
=te 7& our horses & m>es !y _h eat5 ) ! 
fir/74   ,illu/ration3  ,a  ,,new       
,,in/rvction  ,,( ,,pl[+ ,,& ,,sett+    
,,( ,,corne1 ,,h&l$  ,,9 ,,mann]1 ,,( ,a
 ,,dialogve  betwe5e a ,pl\ghman & a    
,s*oll]4  ,:]e9 is prov$ pla9ely t ,pl[+
 &  ,sett+1 is mu* m pr(itable & lesse  
*>geable1 ?an ,pl[+ &  ,s[+4  ,by       
,,edvv>d ,,maxey4 ,g5t4  ,he t )drawe? !
 ,corne1 ! p w curse him3 b bless+ %all 
be ^u ! head ( him t selle? ,corne4     
,pr\4#aa4bf4  ,impr9t$ at ,london by    
,felix ,kyng/on1 dwell+ 9 ,pat] no/]    
,r[e1 ov] aga9/ ! signe ( ! ,*eck]1     
#afja4  ,photo by ,?omas ,l4 ,williams  
,illu/ration3 ,indians boil+ maple sap  
bel[ & plant+ corn above4  ,picture by  
,lafitau1 #agbd4   ,illu/ration3 ,!     
e>lie/ picture ( ,maize4  ,copi$ f      
,leonh>d ,fu*s #aedb4   ,& ,rev]5d      
,william ,simmonds /ates 9 reg>d to ?is 
same />v+ "t ( ! w9t] ( #afji-aj3       
z = our hogs1 h5s1 goats1 %eepe1 horse1 

or :at liv$2 our      comm&]s & (fic]s  
did daily consume !m3 "s small          
proportions 7sometimes7 we ta/$1 till   
all 0 dev\r$4  ,?us aft] ?ree ye>s !y _h
 no?+ ( a mat]ial nature to %[ = _!     
ef=ts4 ,_! mo/ valuable a*ievem5t _h be5
 _! acquir$ k ( ! ,indians' me?ods (    
f>m+4 ,to make a bad situation worse !  
,indians began to make tr\ble4 ,"l ,de  
,la ,w>r speaks ( _! late injuries &    
mur!r+ ( our m54 ,x 0 n until #afaa t   
real f>m+ got "u way at ,jame/[n4 ,!n   
corn plant+ & f5ce build+ began 9 e>ne/4
   ,,gov]nor ,,dale ,,takes ,,*>ge  ,sir
 ,?omas ,dale ) ?ree %ips1 m51 & cattell
 7#ajj k9e1 #bjj sw9e7 arriv$ 9 ,virg9ia
 ,may #aj1 #afaa4 ,dale _h se5 milit>y  
s]vice 9 ! ,old ,_w & 0 a sev]e & /rict 
discipl9>ian4 ,! surviv+ coloni/s       
receiv$ a jolt 9 _! mann] ( liv+4 ,f    
habits ( indol5ce into :i* !y _h fall51 
ow+ to ! hot climate & lack ( food1 aft]
 ! dep>ture ( ,capta9 ,john ,smi?1 !y 7 
) little c]emony put to "w4 ,8 fir/ c>e 
!re=e 0 to imploy all h&s 9 ! sett+ (   

corne at ! two =ts at ,kec\ghtan1 ,h5ry 
& ,*>les1 wrote ,ralph ,hamor & ab\t !  
end ( ,may wee _h an indiff]5t crop (   
good corne4 ,?is corn 0 plant$ ne> :at  
is n[ ,hampton :]e ,/ra*ey says1 s mu*  
gr\nd is !re cle>$ & op52 en\gh ) little
 lab\r alr$dy prep>$ to receive corne or
 make v9i>ds ( two or ?ree ?[s& acres4  
,) corn plant+ complet$1 two palisad$   
=ts 7 built = ! protection ( a few m5   
left to c>e = ! crops4 ,!y made ano!r   
plant+ across ,*esapeake ,bay on !      
,virg9ia ,cape4 ,!y _h le>n$ ! h>d way t
 cle>+ ! heavily timb]$ l& at ,jame/[n 0
 hopeless = imm$iate results4 ,dale !n  
return$ to ,jame/[n :]e ! mo/ companie  
71 & _! daily & usual works1 b[l+ 9 !   
/reets4 ,?is game 0 int]rupt$ & ! m5 put
 to "w fell+ timb]1 repair+ _! h\ses &  
provid+ po9t$ pickets = f5c+ a new t[n1 
:i* ,dale propos$ to build1 eighty miles
 above ,jame/[n4   ,,h5rico ,,settl$  ,9
 ,augu/1 #afaa1 ,sir ,?omas ,gates      
arriv$ ) six tall %ips ) ?ree hundr$ m51
 & "o hundr$ k9e & o!r cattel4 ,gates   

?or\ghly approv$ ( ,dale's plans &      
policies & let him select ab\t ?ree     
hundr$ ( ! be/ work]s 9 ! colony to     
build at ,h5rico1 n[ ,f>r>'s ,isl&1 at  
,dut* ,gap4       ,)9 t5 or twelve daies
 he _h inviron$ x ) a pale1 &      9    
hon\r ( our noble ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 call$ x 
,h5rico4 ,!      next worke he did1 0   
build+ at ea* corn] ( ! t[ne a      high
 comm&+ wat*-h\se1 a *ur*1 & /ore-h\ses3
 :i*      f9i%$1 hee began to ?9ke ^u   
conv5i5t h\ses =      himselfe & m51    
:i*1 ) all possible spe$ hee c\ld1 he   
effect$ to ! great cont5t ( 8 companie1 
& all !      colonie4       ,?is t[ne is
 situat$ ^u a necke ( a pla9e ris+ l&1  
?ree p>ts inviron$ ) ! ma9e riv]1 !     
necke ( l&      well impal$1 makes x l  
an ile2 x ha? ?ree /reets (      well   
fram$ h\ses1 a h&some *ur*1 & !         
f\ndation ( a      bett] laid 7to bee   
built ( bricke71 besides /ore-h\ses1    
wat*-h\ses1 & su* l4 ,^u ! v]ge ( ! riv]
 !re      are five h\ses1 )9 live !     
hone/] sort ( p1 z      f>m]s 9 ,engl&1 

& !y keepe cont9uall c5t9ell = !        
t[nes securitie4       ,ab\t two miles f
 ! t[ne1 into ! ma9e1 is ano!r pale1    
ne]e two miles 9 l5g?1 f riv] to riv]1  
gu>d$ )      sev]all comm&]s1 ) a good  
quantitie1 ( corne-gr\nd      impail$1  
suffici5tly secur$ to ma9ta9e m ?an ,i  
suppose      w come ?is ?ree ye]es4     
,,appomattox ,,l&s ,,seiz$  ,!          
,appomattox ,indians1 at ! "t ( !       
,jame/[n settlem5t1 7 locat$ on a neck (
 l& ly+ betwe5 ! ,james & ,appomattox   
,riv]s4 ,dale want$ ?is l&4 ,x 0 cle>$1 
f]tile1 & easy to f5ce1 s we are told3  
,ab\t ,*ri/mas foll[+ 9 ?is same ye>    
#afaa 9 reg>d (      ! injury done u 444
 )\t ! losse ( any except "s few        
salvages tooke x & _! corne4  ,?is newly
 acquir$ l& he nam$ ,new ,b]mudas & he  
divid$ x into sev]al tracts kn[n z      
hundr$s4 ,! t]m hundr$ 0 a relic ( !    
feudal sy/em4 ,x meant a political      
subdivision small] ?an a c\nty4 ,x      
appe>s to h be5 ,dale's int5tion t ^!   
hundr$s or gr\p plantations1 (t5 ref]r$ 

to z p>ticul> plantations1 %\ld include 
! l& t c\ld be work$ conv5i5tly by !    
f>m]s f _! homes 9 a village or a t[n4  
,?is plan 0 n popul>4 ,z has be5        
previ\sly /at$ ! colonial pione]s mu*   
pref]r$ to live on ! l& !y till$4 ,! t]m
 hundr$ lo/ its significance4  ,ralph   
,hamor describ$ ! op]ations at ,new     
,b]mudas 9 ! foll[+3       ,9 ! ne!r    
hundr$ he ,dale fir/ began to plant1 =  
!re      is ! mo/ corne-gr\nd & ) a pale
 ( two miles cut ov]      f riv] to     
riv]1 :]eby we h secur$ eight ,engli%   
miles      9 compasse4444 ,ro*dale1 by a
 crosse pale wel nigh f\re miles        
long1 is also plant$ ) h\ses along !    
pale1 9 :i*      hundr$ our hogs &      
cattell h tw5tie miles circuit to graze 
9 securely4  ,out/&+ 7 ! accompli%m5ts (
 ?is taskma/]1 ,gov]nor ,dale1 9 "o ye>1
 ) m5 _m ( :om 7 unaccu/om$ to manual   
labor4 ,:ile "s 7 engag$ 9 f5ce build+ &
 ! con/ruction ( h\ses1 o!rs 7 employ$ 9
 gett+ out clapbo>ds4 ,/ill o!rs 7 ga!r+
 pit* & t> f ! p9e trees & burn+ logs to

 make soap-a%es4 ,! ,london ,company _h 
incurr$ heavy exp5se 9 ! settlem5t & 0  
ask+ = some?+ 9 return4 ,products f !   
=e/s 7 all t 7 available4 ,x is no wond]
 t ! coloni/s compla9$ bitt]ly ab\t _!  
h>d%ips 9 _! lett]s to ! folks back     
home4  ,x 0 n ,gov4 ,dale's purpose to  
develop an agricultural colony4 ,surplus
 f food products w\ld n pay ! co/ (     
%ipm5t across ! ocean4 ,8 plant+s ( corn
 7 purely = local consumption4 ,he      
limit$ ! numb] engag$ 9 f>m+1 & to ea* (
 ^? s engag$1 he allott$ ?ree acres (   
corn l&4 ,^! f>m]s 7 n all[$ to devote  
_! entire "t to crop-rais+4 ,! live/ock 
z we h se5 0 all[$ to run at l>ge 9 !   
f5c$ ranges4 ,9 a lett] dat$ ,june #ad1 
#afad1 ,gov4 ,dale report$ t he _h set !
 coloni/s to ! task ( husb&+ our corne  
securely1 :]e( wee h above five-hundr$  
acres set1 & ,god be prais$ 9 m =w>dness
 ?an any ( ! ,indians t ,i h se5 or he>d
 ( ?is ye>e4  ,:5 ,capt4 ,argall1 z     
deputy gov]nor sup]s$$ ,dale 9 ,may1    
#afag1 ,george ,ye>dley hav+ be5 act+   

gov]nor f ,april #aa1 #afaf1 he report$ 
t ! colony _h ab\t f\r hundr$ p b n ov] 
#bjj fit = husb&ry & tillage4 ,z =      
live/ock1 !y _h #abh cattle1 #hh goats1 
& a l>ge numb] ( hogs4 ,z to cattle !re 
7 ab\t =tie bulls & ox5 b !y want$ m5 to
 br+ !m to lab\r & irons = ! pl\ghs &   
h>nesse = ! cattell4 ,!y _h tri$ aga9 to
 gr[ "s small gra9s4       ,?irtie or   
=tie acres wee _h s[ne ) "o pl\gh1 b x  
/ood s long on ! gr\nd be=e x 0 reap$ x 
0 mo/      %ak54  ,?is 0 a pitiful %[+ =
 ! t5 ye>s t _h elaps$ s9ce ,capt4      
,newport e/abli%$ ! colony4 ,x _h be5 a 
decade ( fru/ration & he>t-break+       
disappo9tm5ts1 a decade ( gruell+ toil &
 mis]y4 ,no blame %\ld be atta*$ to !   
coloni/s4 ,!y 7 ?ru/ into a situation = 
:i* !y 7 woefully unprep>$4  ,virg9ia 0 
de/9$ to develop agriculturally4        
,attempts to suppress t indu/ry only    
s]v$ to prolong ! colony's tr\bles4 ,!re
 7 no natural res\rces except ! =e/s 9 !
 tidewat] region2 no ,indian trade ( any
 great value2 no gems to be pick$ up at 

w2 no m9]als to be exploit$4 ,:5 !      
situation seem$ mo/ hopeless1 ! culture 
( a crop new to ,engli% f>m+ completely 
*ang$ _! m5tal & pecuni>y outlook4      
,despair *ang$ to viol5t optimism4 ,john
 ,rolfe is g5]ally cr$it$ ) hav+ be51 9 
#afab1 ! fir/ ,virg9ia plant] to engage 
9 ! gr[+ ( tobacco4 ,gov]nor ,dale at ! 
"t fr[n$ on its culture & rul$ t two (  
ea* man's allotm5t ( ?ree acres ( l&    
%\ld be se$$ to corn4 ,h5ce ! *ange 9   
gov]nor%ip 0 a mom5t\s ev5t4   ,,*ange  
,,9 ,,policy  ,:5 ,sir ,?omas ,dale     
left1 9 #afaf1 ,george ,ye>dley took ov]
 ! managem5t ( ! colony z ,act+         
,gov]nor4 ,he lo/ no "t 9 putt+ an end  
to ! re/rictions on tobacco culture4 ,! 
next ye>1 #afag1 saw a rem>kable        
trans=mation 9 ! coloni/s' way ( life4  
,in]tia gave way to frantic activity4 ,!
 m>ket-place & /reets & all o!r sp>e    
places 7 set ) ! crop & ! colonie       
disp]s$ all ab\t plant+ tobacco4 ,nor is
 ?is surpris+4 ,tobacco alone promis$ !m
 surcease f pov]ty & want4 ,hope = a    

b\ntiful h>ve/ spurr$ !m on z x has     
spurr$ f>m]s 9 all g5]ations4           
,,tobacco ,,9 ,,engl&  ,_m fanta/ic     
tales h be5 writt5 ab\t ! introduction (
 ! use ( tobacco 9 ,engl&4 ,"s ( ! mo/  
au!ntic hi/orical items foll[3 ,!       
,spani>ds f\nd ! natives 9 ! ,we/       
,indies us+ ! plant bo? = *ew+ & smok+4 
,!y took se$ to ,europe :]e its use soon
 spread to o!r c\ntries ar\nd !         
,m$it]ranean ,sea4  ,! fir/ ,engli%man  
to report on ! addiction ( ! ,am]ican   
,indians to ! use ( tobacco appe>s to h 
be5 ,john ,sp>ke :o wrote ! acc\nt ( !  
voyage ( ,sir ,john ,hawk9s :o1 9 !     
c\rse ( 8 travels1 sp5t "s mon?s1 9     
#aefe1 ) an ill-fat$ ,fr5* colony 9     
,florida4 ,sp>ke report$ ,! ,floridians 
:5 !y travell1 h a k9de ( h]be dri$1 :o 
) a cane & an e>!n cup 9 ! end1 ) fire1 
& ! dri$ h]bs put toge!r1 doe sucke ?or[
 ! cane ! smoke !re(1 :i* smoke         
satisfie? _! hung]1 & !re) !y live f\re 
or five dayes )\t meat or dr9ke1 & ?is !
 ,fr5*m5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is q     

likely t ! sailors "u ,hawk9s comm&     
acquir$ ! habit & took "s ( ! dri$ h]bs 
back to ,engl&4  ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh is
 (t5 cr$it$ ) ! introduction ( ! use (  
tobacco 9 ,engl&4 ,:ile he may n h be5  
responsible = its introduction1 he      
app>5tly play$ an important role 9 !    
spread ( ! tobacco habit among ! ,engli%
 ari/ocracy4 ,raleigh's int]e/ 9 tobacco
 0 no d\bt ar\s$ by ! report ( 8 protg1 
! fam\s sixte5? c5tury ma!matician1     
,?omas ,h>iot4 ,h>iot sp5t a ye>1 ,june1
 #aehe-;,june1 #aehf1 ) ! ,raleigh      
,colony on ,roanoke ,isl&4 ,on 8 return 
to ,engl& he report$ on ! ,indians' f>m+
 op]ations 9 ,ea/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,=   
tobacco he wrote 9 "p ,we ourselves1    
dur+ ! "t we 7 !re1 us$ to sucke x aft] 
_! mann]1 z also s9ce our returne1 & h  
f\nd _m r>e & wond]ful exp]im5ts ( !    
virtues !re(1 ( :i* ! relation w\ld     
require a volume by itselfe3 ! use ( x  
by s _m1 ( late1 m5 & wom5 ( great      
call+1 z els1 & "s physicians also1 is  
suffici5t witnesse4  ,raleigh lat] made 

a voyage to ! ,isl& ( ,tr9idad & !      
,or9oco ,riv] 9 ,s\? ,am]ica f :5ce _h  
come ! mo/ desirable sorts4 ,spa9 &     
,portugal monopoliz$ ! ,european tobacco
 trade ) ^! mild v>ieties s9ce ! tobacco
 gr[n by ! ,virg9ia ,indians _h a %>p1  
bit+ ta/e4 ,plant+s ( ^! bett] sorts 7  
made 9 ,engl&4 ,a viol5t controv]sy 0   
soon rag+4 ,k+ ,james ,i :o dete/$      
,raleigh & all 8 activities1 issu$ a    
,c\nt] ,bla/e aga9/ tobacco4 ,?is 0 a   
mo/ bitt] tirade z ! foll[+ quotation   
%[s3       ,a cu/om loa?some to ! eye1  
hateful to ! nose1 h>mful to      !     
bra91 dang]\s to ! lungs1 & 9 ! black   
/9k+      fume !re( ne>e/ resembl+ !    
/ygian smoke ( ! pit      t is          
bottomless4  ,s9ce ! days ( ,k+ ,james1 
millions ( words h be5 writt5 condemn+ !
 use ( ! tawny we$4  ,! opposition ( ,k+
 ,james to tobacco l$ to ! imposition ( 
taxes on its import into ,engl&3 t f    
,spa9 & ,portugal 0 #b;d a p\nd2 t f    
,virg9ia #fs4 #aj;d4 ,9 spite ( all ?is 
array ( evid5ce z to ! detrim5tal       

effects ( tobacco on ! human body its   
consumption has /eadily increas$ &      
spread ov] ! entire _w4 ,colossal =tunes
 h be5 made 9 its process+ & trade4 ,no 
product ( ! soil ) ! exception ( gra9s  
us$ 9 ! manufacture ( alcoholic bev]ages
 has ev] return$ su* b\nte\s rev5ues to 
! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! fiscal   
ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aied !re 0 paid    
into ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !    
gigantic sum ( #a1ehj1bii1jjj f taxes on
 v>i\s tobacco products4 ,( ?is va/     
total1 ,virg9ia tobacco manufactur]s t  
ye> contribut$ #cef1hfg1jjj doll>s4     
,municipal & o!r local taxes are n      
includ$ 9 ^! figures4  ,tobacco culture 
9 ,am]ica 0 a highly pr(itable ent]prise
 = ,engl&4 ,! coloni/s produc$ & sold ! 
raw product4 ,v little tobacco is us$ 9 
! raw /ate4 ,be=e tobacco is ready = !  
m>ket x mu/ be process$ into ! v>i\s =ms
 dem&$ by ! trade4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t "o man
 engag$ 9 tobacco gr[+ 9 ,virg9ia kept  
?ree ,engli%m5 employ$1 t is1 sailors   
engag$ 9 transportation1 processors &   

tradesm54 ,! ,engli% gov]nm5t also d]iv$
 consid]able rev5ue on ! surplus tobacco
 products resold on ! ,european m>ket4  
,,tobacco ,,became ,,money  ,"o ( ! ne$s
 ( ! colony 0 a m$ium ( ex*ange3 some?+ 
t c\ld be us$ = money4 ,z ! balance (   
trade 0 heavily 9 favor ( ! ,"m ,c\ntry1
 !re 0 no opportunity = an accumulation 
( ,engli% money 9 ,am]ica4 ,s tobacco   
became acceptable = goods1 s]vices1 & ! 
paym5t ( debts4 ,sal>ies 7 fix$ 9 p\nds 
( tobacco4   ,,fluctuat+ ,,prices  ,!   
value plac$ on tobacco 9 ,engl& v>i$ ) !
 supply & dem&4 ,) ! introduction (     
,negroes 9 #afai1 & ! greatly increas$  
immigration f ,engl&1 ! acreage devot$  
to ! culture ( tobacco exp&$ rapidly4 ,!
 fir/ s]i\s effects ( ov]-production    
occurr$ 9 #afcj1 :5 ! price fell f ?ree 
%ill+s1 six p5ce to "o p5ny a p\nd4 ,?is
 calamity prov$ to be a bless+ 9        
disguise4 ,! next ye>1 a boat ( #ah tons
 burd51 load$ ) corn & tobacco dispos$ (
 its c>go at ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 !n b
 rec5tly settl$4 ,! corn br\ght six     

%ill+s a bu%el4 ,?is />t$ a brisk trade 
& a ,dut* %ip1 9 #afcb1 took #b1jjj     
bu%els ( corn f ,virg9ia to ,new ,engl&4
 ,9 #afcc1 x 0 e/imat$ t #aj1jjj bu%els 
( corn f ,virg9ia 7 sold 9 ,massa*usetts
 besides a numb] ( beef cattle1 goats1 &
 hogs4 ,9 spite ( ! ru9\sly l[ prices   
:i* sometimes prevail$1 ! am\nt (       
tobacco %ipp$ ov]seas cont9u$ to        
increase4 ,9 #afci1 #a1ejj1jjj p\nds 7  
export$ f ,virg9ia alone4   ,,gr[? ,,(  
,,! ,,colony  ,capta9 ,john ,smi?       
summ>iz$ ! condition ( ! colony 9 #afbi 
9 ^! words3       ,ma/] ,hut*9s sai?1 !y
 h #b1jjj cattle1 & ab\t #e1jjj      p2 
b ,ma/] ,fl\d1 ,john ,davis1 ,william   
,em]son1 &      div]s o!rs1 say ab\t    
five ?\s& p1 & five ?\s&      k9e1      
calves1 ox51 & bulls2 = goats1 hogs1 &  
p\ltry2      corne1 fi%1 de]e1 & _m     
sorts ( o!r wild bea/s2 &      f[le 9 _!
 season1 !y h s mu* m ?an !y sp5d1      
!y are able to fe$ ?ree or f\re hundr$  
m5 m ?an !y      h4  ,/>v+ times z a    
rule 7 ov]4 ,p]iods ( %ort rations      

occurr$ infrequ5tly & !n only 9 times ( 
disa/] su* z ! aft]ma? ( ! ,indian      
massacre ( #afbb or :5 ! plant]s became 
s engross$ 9 gr[+ tobacco t !y neglect$ 
to plant maize or o!r gra9s4 ,ea*       
succe$+ crop 0 new weal?1 some?+ t _h n 
exi/$ be=e4 ,gradually1 h>ve/ aft]      
h>ve/1 ! coloni/s 7 able to add to _!   
possessions additional tools & equipm5t4
  ,he 0 a %iftless man inde$ :o c\ld n  
provide ample food = 8 own ne$s4 ,!     
hi/ory ( ,virg9ia dur+ colonial times 0 
intimately connect$ ) ! tobacco crop4 ,!
 g5]al welf>e ( ! p rose & fell ) !     
value plac$ on ! leaf 9 ,engl&4         
,,ef=ts ,,to ,,su/a9 ,,high] ,,prices   
,) ! ov] supply ( tobacco ! ,engli%     
m>ket became extremely discrim9at+ 9    
reg>d to ! quality ( ! leaf x w\ld      
pur*ase4 ,! colonial gov]nm5t f "t to "t
 resort$ to legislative exp$i5ts to     
prev5t ! %ipm5t ( inf]ior grades4       
,gov]nor ,wyatt1 9 #afba ord]$ t = e    
head !y %\ld plant b #a1jjj plants (    
tobacco & ^u ea* plant n9e leaves4 ,john

 ,rolfe also /at$1 9 #afai1 t1 ,an      
indu/ri\s man n o!rwaies imploi$ may    
well t5d f\re ak]s ( corne1 & #a1jjj    
plants ( tobacco4 ,a ?\s& plants w\ld   
give ea* work] ab\t #aab p\nds ( tobacco
 a ye>4 ,9 #afbh1 an inspection law 0   
enact$ & 9 #afdj1 x 0 ord]$ t all bad   
tobacco & half ! good %\ld be de/roy$4  
,gov]nor ,b]keley1 9 #affd1 made sev]al 
ineffectual attempts to =m agreem5ts1 ) 
! plant]s ( ,m>yl& & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 to  
re/rict ! production ( tobacco4 ,!      
plant]s ( ea* colony 7 will+ = ^? ( !   
o!r to /op plant+1 or to de/roy z mu*   
tobacco z !y pleas$2 b look+ to _! own  
selfi% int]e/s !y w\ld increase r ?an   
decrease _! crop4 ,! ,virg9ia ,g5]al    
,assembly1 9 #afff1 prohibit$ all       
culture ( tobacco b ! ,m>yl& au?orities 
compla9$ t ! law 0 ignor$ by ! ,virg9ia 
plant]s4  ,! ,virg9ia coloni/s develop$ 
a ke5 rivalry among !mselves 9 ef=ts to 
improve ! quality ( ! leaf gr[n4 ,rev]5d
 ,john ,clayton1 9 #afhh1 says3 ,= !re  
is n only two di/9ct sorts ( sweet-sc5t$

 & ,aranoko tobacco b ( ^! be sev]al    
sorts1 mu* diff]5t1 ! se$s :]e( are kn[n
 by di/9ct names1 ( ^? g5tlem5 mo/ fam$ 
= su* sort ( tobacco1 z ( prior se$ etc4
  ,! ,aranoko1 probably f ! ,or9oco riv]
 region 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 0 gr[n on !     
heavy clay soils4 ,! product 0 a /rong  
tobacco t 0 mo/ 9 dem& 9 ,g]many & o!r  
,nor? ,european c\ntries4 ,! sweet-sc5t$
 0 gr[n on ! light] s&y soils & al?\gh !
 yield 0 less x br\ght a bett] price on 
! m>ket4 ,hugh ,jones1 9 8 ,pres5t ,/ate
 ( ,virg9ia1 9 #agbd1 m5tions "o ( ! _m 
localities 9 ,virg9ia :i* became not$ = 
a p>ticul> v>iety ( tobacco gr[n !re4   
,to quote3 ,= on ,york ,riv] 9 a small  
tract ( l& call$ ,digges ,neck1 :i* is  
poor] ?an a great deal ( o!r l& 9 ! same
 latitude1 by a p>ticul> se$ &          
managem5t1 is made ! fam\s crop kn[n by 
! "n ( ,e ,dees1 rem>kable = its mild   
ta/e & f9e smell4  ,topp+ ! gr[+ tobacco
 plants 0 a practice orig9at$ by !      
coloni/s4 ,! ma9 purpose 0 to limit !   
production to ! l>ge l[] leaves & to d  

away ) ! small immature leaves at ! top 
( ! /em4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly (t5        
specifi$ ! numb] ( leaves :i* c\ld be   
left2 ! numb]1 v>y+ ) ! value plac$ on !
 leaf 9 ,engl&1 rang$ usually f six to  
n9e4  ,tobacco is a soil exhau/+ crop4  
,! ,jame/[n plant]s soon le>n$ t        
cont9u\s crops ( tobacco1 on ! same l&1 
soon r$uc$ bo? ! quantity & quality ( ! 
leaf4 ,! only res\rce left to ! tobacco 
f>m]s 0 to cle> new fields4 ,! m        
well-to-d plant]s began to seek         
favorable locations ( uncle>$ l&4 ,!    
deplet$ fields 7 ab&on$ & ! task (      
re/or+ _! productivity 0 usually left to
 nature4 ,mu* ( ! be/ tobacco soils (   
,virg9ia h be5 cropp$ & !n all[$ to g   
back to bru% & tress & aga9 cle>$ sev]al
 times4 ,f9d+ ! rema9s ( old tobacco r[s
 out 9 d5se woods is n an uncommon      
exp]i5ce4 ,?is exhau/ion ( tobacco l&s  
_h a b5eficial influ5ce on !            
agricultural developm5t ( ,virg9ia4 ,by 
! "t ! fields 7 ab&on$1 mo/ ( ! /umps _h
 decay$ & ! soil c\ld be prep>$ = se$+  

to o!r crops ) pl[ & h>r[s4 ,x 0 f\nd t 
^! deplet$ fields 7 /ill capable (      
produc+ satisfactory crops ( gra94 ,_m (
 ! coloni/s :o 7 n f9ancially able to   
cle> new gr\nds c\ld (t5 buy or r5t ^!  
ab&on$ fields = a nom9al price4         
,,crops ,,o!r ,,?an ,,tobacco  ,:ile    
tobacco play$ a v important "p 9 build+ 
a prosp]\s colony at ,jame/[n1 !re 7    
sev]al o!r /aples t also contribut$ to  
?is result4 ,( prime importance %\ld be 
rat$ maize or ,indian ,corn4 ,maize sav$
 ! colony f />vation on sev]al          
occasions4 ,maize became an export      
commodity to ! ,new ,engl& & ,we/       
,indian colonies :5 ! price = tobacco   
fell bel[ ! co/ ( transportation to     
,europe4 ,maize aid$ ! coloni/s 9 !     
production ( valuable live/ock products4
 ,?is crop has done m to promote ! weal?
 & welf>e ( ?is c\ntry ?an all ! natural
 res\rces1 wat]-p[]1 & =e/s put toge!r4 
,9 ord] to increase ! production ( gra9 
9 #afbc1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly ord]$3 ,= ! 
enc\ragem5t ( m5 to plant /ore ( corne1 

! prise %all n be /9t$ b x %all be free 
= e man to sell x z de]e z he c4 ,?is   
law _h a :olesome effect4 ,x s increas$ 
! production ( maize t sev5 ye>s lat] z 
has already be5 not$1 ! coloni/s _h a   
surplus ( ?is product to export to ,new 
,engl&4 ,?is is p]haps ! fir/ law pass$ 
9 ,am]ica = ! direct b5efit ( !         
produc]s4 ,x /&s out 9 /rong contra/ to 
"s legislative enactm5ts4 ,!re 7 _m o!r 
gra9 laws put on ! /atute books b !     
majority ( !m ei!r fix$ ! maximum price 
= :i* ! gra9 c\ld be sold or else       
prohibit$ its exportation4 ,! au?orities
 9 ,engl& 7 cont9ually clamor+ =        
products to supplem5t ! tobacco exports4
  ,until #afhe1 ea* succe$+ ,gov]nor z  
he sail$ to ,virg9ia 0 in/ruct$ to use e
 means 9 8 p[] to enc\rage ! production 
( silk1 w9e1 hemp1 flax1 pit* & pota%es4
 ,! reason = f9ally omitt+ ?is clause is
 int]e/+4 ,! ,k+ 0 conc]n$ ab\t ! rev5ue
 ! gov]nm5t 0 d]iv+ f tobacco & did n   
wi% = ! coloni/s to engage 9 any        
ent]prise t might dim9i% ! volume ( leaf

 t 0 com+ to ,engl&4 ,! omission ( ?is  
clause m>k$ a new era 9 ! relation ( !  
colony to ! ,"m ,c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! sixty  
ye>s ! clause 0 9 =ce1 sev]al ,gov]nors1
 notably ,wyatt1 ,h>vey & ,b]keley1 _h  
tri$ to comply ) ! wi%es ( ! au?orities 
9 ,engl&1 ) extremely meag] results to  
%[ = _! ef=ts4   ,,silk ,,culture  ,!re 
is v little ju/ification = includ+ silk 
culture z an ent]prise 9 ! agricultural 
hi/ory ( ! ,jame/[n ,colony4 ,x 0 "o    
product t 0 usually plac$ fir/ 9        
recomm5dations ( ! au?orities :o        
sponsor$ ! settlem5t ( ,virg9ia4  ,9    
keep+ ) ! improv$ /atus ( ! social &    
economic life ( ,engl&1 9 ! latt] ye>s (
 ! sixte5? c5tury1 came a desire = f9] &
 m lu/r\s fabrics 9 _! articles ( dress4
 ,s]ges & twe$s1 wov5 f ! fleeces ( _!  
co>se-wool$ %eep1 no long] satisfi$ !   
fa/idi\s ta/es ( ! rul+ ari/ocracy4 ,ev5
 calicos f f>-away ,calcutta 7 e/eem$   
fit = royal inaugural g[ns4 ,silk 0 !   
la/ ^w 9 luxuri\s g>b4  ,silkworms _h   
be5 re>$ 9 ! ,ori5t f anci5t times4 ,^! 

mo?s _h be5 dome/icat$ = s _m ye>s !y _h
 become fully dep5d5t on human aid =    
exi/5ce4 ,!y c\ld crawl b c\ld n fly4   
,:ile silk br\ght fabul\s prices on !   
_w's m>ket !re 7 num]\s reasons :y its  
culture nev] succe$$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! h&l+ 
( ! creep+1 crawl+1 ill-smell+ worms 0  
objectionable to anyone n accu/om$ f    
*ildhood to ! task4 ,old p & "y girls :o
 7 ! ones employ$ 9 re>+ silkworms 9 !  
,ori5t receiv$ ! equival5t ( a few c5ts 
a day = _! labor4 ,su* *eap help 0 n    
available 9 ,virg9ia4 ,p]haps1 ! mo/    
s]i\s objection ( all 0 ! lack ( a      
suitable food supply = ! worms4 ,a      
silkworm f ! "t x hat*es f ! egg till x 
sp9s its cocoon dev\rs a mass ( gre5    
=age4 ,leaves ( ! mulb]ry tree are its  
favorite diet4 ,9 fact1 )\t a supply (  
mulb]ry trees1 successful silk culture  
is out ( ! "q4 ,gr[+ a crop ( trees _h  
to prec$e ! re>+ ( worms4 ,?is took     
sev]al ye>s4 ,nev]!less1 ! directions ( 
! ,london ,company urg$ 9 season & out t
 ! coloni/s %\ld produce silk4  ,gov]nor

 ,wyatt1 9 #afba1 0 in/ruct$3 ,n to     
p]mit any1 b ! c\ncil & heads ( hundr$s1
 to we> gold 9 ! clo!s1 or to we> silk  
till !y make x !mselves4 ,no?+ came f   
?is ord]4 ,9 #afef1 ! agitation = silk  
became s int5se1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly 0   
=c$ to take action4 ,fir/1 an exp]i5c$  
silk gr[]1 an ,arm5ian by ! "n (        
,george1 0 s5t to ! colony1 & ! ,g5]al  
,assembly 0 ord]$ to give him f\r ?\s&  
p\nds ( tobacco to keep him 9 ! c\ntry4 
,ano!r law1 pass$ t ye>1 ord]$ t ea*    
plant] set out t5 mulb]ry trees = ea* "o
 hundr$ acres ( l& he own$4 ,^! trees 7 
to be f5c$1 to protect !m f horses &    
cattle1 & to be kept we$$4 ,?is law 0   
repeal$1 two ye>s lat]1 z x seems r     
tr\blesome & bur!nsome ?an any waies    
advantage\s to ! c\ntry4 ,! law 0       
re-enact$ 9 #affa b giv5 a ?ree ye>s    
delay z x 0 impossible to get mulb]ry   
trees4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly1 9 #afeg1    
vot$ a b\nty ( #ejjj p\nds ( tobacco to 
any plant] produc+ #ajj p\nds ( w\nd    
silk4 ,!re 7 no claimants4 ,two ye>s    

lat]1 ! b\nty 0 increas$ to #aj1jjj     
p\nds ( tobacco & ! am\nt ( silk requir$
 0 r$uc$ to #ej p\nds4 ,aga9 ! results 7
 negative4 ,!n a b\nty ( fifty p\nds (  
tobacco = ea* p\nd ( silk 0 ord]$4 ,!   
effects f all ^! ord]s are summ$ up 9 an
 act ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly 9 #affc :i*   
reads3       ,george1 ! ,arm5ian1 hav+  
prov$ ! mak+ ( t5 p\nds (      w\nd     
silk1 x is ord]$ !re be paid him = 8    
enc\ragem5t 9 ! levy accord+ to act4  ,x
 is assum$ t ,george receiv$ #ejj p\nds 
( tobacco4 ,:at became ( ! silk is n    
record$4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! price p]    
p\nd ( w\nd silk 0 fix$ by ! ,g5]al     
,assembly at #bj %ill+s or two hundr$   
p\nds ( tobacco4   ,,hemp ,,& ,,flax    
,two plants1 ! culture ( :i* 0 /rongly  
urg$ by ! ,engli% au?orities1 7 hemp &  
flax4 ,9 ?is case1 great] success 0     
realiz$ ?an occurr$ ) mo/ ( ! dem&s t   
came f across ! ocean4 ,x _h be5 ord]$ 9
 #afeh1 by ! ,g5]al ,assembly3 ,t :at   
p]son or p]sons1 soev]1 %all at any "t  
h]eaft] make1 9 ?is colonie1 s mu*      

silke1 flax1 hopps or any o!r /aple     
commodities 7except tobacco7 z is wor?  
two hundr$ p\nds /]l+1 or ,engli% :eate 
to ! value ( five hundr$ p\nds /irl+ 9  
"o ye>e1 & exporte ! same or cause !    
same to be export$1 or %all fir/ make   
two tunne ( w9e raiz$ out ( a v9ey>d    
made 9 ?is collonie1 %all h giv5 him by 
?is c\ntry1 = an enc\ragem5t1 t5 ?\s&   
p\nds ( ,virg9ia tobacco4  ,app>5tly no 
"o qualifi$ = ! b\nty on flax =1 9      
#affa1 provision 0 made = import+ "s    
flax se$ f ,engl&4 ,no price 0 fix$1 9  
#afff1 on flax by reason ( ! unc]ta9ty (
 ! quality4 ,9 #afhb1 b\nties 7 (f]$3 ,=
 e peck ( flax se$s1 f\r & tw5tie p\nds 
( tobacco1 & = e peck ( hemp se$ tw5ty  
p\nds ( tobacco4 ,b\nties 7 also (f]$ = 
hemp & flax wov5 into clo?4 ,x 0 also   
ord]$ t e ti?able p]son %\ld produce "o 
p\nd ( dress$ hemp & "o p\nd ( dress$   
flax or two p\nds ( ei!r annually4 ,f t 
"t on consid]able hemp & flax 7 rais$ 9 
,virg9ia1 b mo/ ( ! crop 0 us$ at home4 
,l95 clo? 0 highly priz$4 ,!re 0 also a 

dem& = cordage made ( hemp fib]s = %ips4
   ,,engli% ,,gra9  ,z already not$1 !  
initial attempts ( ! coloni/s to gr[ !  
gra9s ) :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$ 9 ,engl& 
came to naught4 ,!y 7 famili> ) :eat1   
rye1 b>ley & oats4 ,to make satisfactory
 yields1 ^! gra9s _h to be broadca/$ on 
well prep>$ se$ b$s4 ,newly cle>$ =e/s  
left ! soil full ( /umps & roots4 ,!    
wood5 pl[s ( ^? days 7 useless on ^!    
newly cle>$ l&s4 ,prep>ation ( ! soil1 =
 tobacco or maize1 c\ld be accompli%$ ) 
a h& hoe or %ovel4 ,^! plants requir$   
space 9 :i* to develop _! full gr[?4 ,a 
tobacco plant c\ld be set or a hill (   
corn plant$ :]ev] a little loose dirt   
c\ld be f\nd4 ,"s ,engli% gra9s 7 se$$ 9
 ! cle>$ l& ne> ,hampton & ,newport     
,news b ^! old fields1 ab&on$ by !      
,indians1 7 also ne> to exhau/ion4 ,an  
indiff]5t crop 0 report$4  ,9 #afbg1    
,abraham ,pi]sey _h #bjj acres ea* 9    
:eat & b>ley4 ,f ^! crops he 0 able to  
furni% food daily to sixty p]sons4 ,h[  
mu* ( ?is se$+ 0 on l& t _h be5 ab&on$ =

 tobacco1 or 0 old ,indian fields1 is n 
/at$4 ,:5 ,de,vries visit$ ,virg9ia 9   
#afdc1 he f\nd ! plant]s putt+ d[n1 9   
,engli% gra91 l&s :i* _h be5 exhau/$ by 
successive crops ( tobacco4 ,! ,g5]al   
,assembly _h rul$ 9 #afci1 t corn       
7probably :eat & maize7 c\ld be export$ 
:5ev] ! price fell bel[ twelve %ill+s a 
bu%el4 ,l>ge exports ( ?is valuable     
c]eal 7 !n be+ made to ! ne>-by colonies
 ( ,m>yl&1 ,manhattan1 ,c>ol9a & ! ,we/ 
,indies4  ,x 0 e/imat$ by ,edw>d        
,williams1 9 #afej1 t two able-bodi$    
labor]s c\ld se$ sixty acres 9 :eat 9 ! 
c\rse ( "o season & reap ! gra9 :5 x 0  
ripe4 ,! yield f su* an area _h a m>ket 
value ( f\r hundr$ & eighty p\nds /]l+4 
,x 0 report$ t ^! fields :i* no long]   
produc$ ! be/ grades ( tobacco 7 bett] =
 :eat ?an newly cle>$ l&4 ,z ^! exhau/$ 
fields c\ld be r5t$ or pur*as$ at       
mod]ate co/ comp>$ ) prime tobacco new  
gr\nd1 _m poorly f9anc$ coloni/s 7 able 
to get a />t t[>ds prosp]ity )\t resort+
 to ! almo/ univ]sal practice ( gr[+    

tobacco4   ,,live/ock  ,z already %[n1 !
 dome/ic animals br\ght to ! ,colony1 9 
! fir/ few ye>s ( its settlem5t1 7 turn$
 out 9 ! woods to f5d = !mselves4 ,!    
orig9al bre$+ /ocks 7 ( ord9>y quality &
 ! lack ( c>e giv5 !m contribut$ to _!  
inf]iority4 ,pr$atory animals su* z     
wolves1 be>s1 pan!rs & wild cats exact$ 
a heavy annual toll ( "y animals4       
,until ,gov]nor ,dale con/ruct$ 8 miles 
( picket f5ces !re 0 no?+ to keep !     
animals f w&]+ up into ! highl&s :]e !  
coloni/s did n d>e to v5ture4 ,9 spite (
 ! h&icaps all classes ( dome/ic animals
 increas$ 9 numb]s :5 n slaught]$ =     
food4 ,?is 0 especially true ( sw9e4    
,illu/ration3  #a ,hoscyam9 ,p]imianus4 
,tabaco or ,h5bane ( ,p]u4  #b ,sana    
,sancta ,indorum4 ,tabaco ( ,tr9idada4  
,two v>ieties ( tobacco z pictur$ by    
,g]>d 9 #aeig4 ,! se$s ( ^! two v>ieties
 7 tak5 to ,virg9ia by ! ,jame/[n       
,settl]s4   ,illu/ration3 ,photo by     
,?omas ,l4 ,williams  ,tr5*+ ,implem5ts1
 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury   ,illu/ration3      

,?omas ,l4 ,williams1 ,photo  ,sev5te5? 
,c5tury ,pl[s   ,,sw9e  ,hogs contribut$
 m to ! mat]ial welf>e ( ! ,jame/[n     
,colony ?an hi/orians h g5]ally         
recogniz$4 ,hogs h _m advantages ov] o!r
 bre$s ( live/ock4 ,!y multiply mu* fa/]
 ?an any o!r dome/ic animal except      
p\ltry4 ,!y make fa/] ga9s & d\ble !    
weight = ! food consum$ ?an d cattle1   
%eep or goats4 ,:5 slaught]$1 hogs dress
 out ab\t #ge p]c5t edible meat1 z      
comp>$ ) #ee to #fj p]c5t = cattle4 ,:5 
giv5 wide op5 range 9 humid climates su*
 z prevail$ 9 ! ,tidewat]1 !y d fairly  
well )\t o!r fe$ ?an :at !y c f9d =     
!mselves4  ,9 summ]1 at ,jame/[n1 !y    
obta9$ mo/ ( _! liv+ 9 ! num]\s         
fre%-wat] swamps4 ,tuckahoe1 a flag-l   
swamp plant1 ) an enorm\s root sy/em1 0 
_! favorite hot wea!r =age4 ,! roots (  
tuckahoe1 (t5 z l>ge z a man's arm1     
conta9 a cry/all9e acid t burns ! m\? ( 
a human be+ l fire4 ,aft] a few trials1 
hogs seem to reli% x4 ,:ile tuckahoe is 
n a fatt5+ fe$1 hogs eat+ x make        

satisfactory ga9s 9 weight4  ,9 ! fall  
:5 ! acorns & nuts rip5$1 ! hogs put on 
weight at a rapid pace4 ,! woods 7 /ock$
 ) oak1 hickory1 *e/nut1 bee*1 *9quap91 
& p]simmon trees & %rubs1 ! fruits ( :i*
 7 all gr\p$ "u ! g5]al t]m ma/4 ,!re is
 "o diff]5ce betwe5 pork produc$ f      
gra9-f$ hogs & ^? fatt5$ on ma/4 ,! l>d 
( ! latt] gr\p melts at a temp]ature (  
ab\t t5 degrees bel[ t ( ^? f$ corn4 ,to
 ! connoisseur ( well cur$ hams & bacon 
?is l[ melt+ po9t is n a detrim5t b a   
di/9ct improvem5t4  ,! coloni/s adapt$ !
 ,indian practice ( us+ smoke to aid 9 !
 cur+ ( meat4 ,! natives built plat=ms (
 poles support$ by po/s ab\t six feet f 
! gr\nd4 ,! meat to be cur$ 0 salt$ &   
spread on ^! poles4 ,a small fire 0     
built und]nea? to furni% ! smoke4 ,?is  
arrangem5t 0 call$ by ! ,ta9o ,indians1 
a b>bacoa f :i* we get ! ,engli%        
equival5t1 b>becue4  ,by #afcf1 hogs1   
%eep & goats _h increas$ 9 su* numb]s t 
%ips com+ to ,jame/[n c\ld supply _!    
ne$s = meat f ! colony's surplus4 ,?is 0

 advantage\s to %ipma/]s & furni%$ a    
m>ket = a product ( a gr[+ indu/ry 9 !  
colony4 ,prior to t "t %ips com+ to     
,am]ica f ,europe _h to take on food    
/uffs = ! r\nd trip4  ,ano!r b5efit     
accru$ to ! colony4 ,! comb9$ cur+      
process ( salt & smoke imp>ts a delici\s
 flavor to hams & bacon t has nev] be5  
excell$ by any o!r me?od4 ,?is applies  
especially to meat f hogs fatt5$ on ma/ 
or peanuts4  ,virg9ia hams & bacon soon 
became not$ = _! excell5ce all ov] ! _w4
 ,! fame ( ^! products has nev] wan$4   
,un=tunately1 mo/ hotels & re/aurants 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ate n[ use ! t]m ,virg9ia ham
 on _! m5us to designate ?is sort ( meat
 reg>dless ( its orig9 or cure4 ,new    
,engl& %ips1 ply+ a coa/wise traffic ) !
 ,c>ibbean c\ntries1 frequ5tly /opp$ 9  
,jame/[n = c>goes ( salt$ meats4 ,?is   
trade 0 especially desirable dur+ times 
:5 ! price ( tobacco fell to ru9\s      
levels4 ,mo/ ( ! hogs ran wild4 ,"s     
plant]s m>k$ _! animals by e>-cuts1 & !n
 c\ld claim an entire drove1 if !y _h a 

numb] ( _! br&$ hogs 9 x4   ,,cattle    
,neat animals 7 kept ne> ,jame/[n 9 !   
e>ly ye>s1 b !y1 l ! sw9e1 _h to ga!r _!
 own liv+4 ,a few 7 tra9$ = draft       
purposes4 ,9 new gr\nds :]e /umps &     
roots prevail1 ox5 are m useful ?an     
horses4 ,!y d n get 9 a panic :5        
ob/acles int]f]e4 ,!n too1 !y c be      
slaught]$ = beef :5 !y become too old = 
"w4 ,dur+ ! p]iod "u /udy1 cattle1 9    
,virg9ia1 (t5 br\ght good prices4 ,_m 7 
pur*as$ by ! ,new ,engl& coloni/s z x 0 
*eap] to buy animals1 9 ,am]ica1 ?an to 
g to ! exp5se & loss ( animals by %ipp+ 
!m across ! ocean4  ,!re 0 a m>ket = ox5
 9 ! ,c>ibbean region1 :]e !y 7 us$ =   
p[]1 9 ! sug> mills4  ,9 ! fir/ ?irty   
ye>s1 "s ( ! cattle w5t wild 9 ! back   
c\ntry1 b _m ( ! c[s 7 kept 9 ! vic9ity 
( ! ,jame/[n headqu>t]s4 ,:ile n notable
 z dairy c[s1 !y produc$ en\gh milk s t 
,virg9ia ga9$ a reputation among %ip    
crews = its excell5t butt] & *eese4 ,9  
#afdi x 0 e/imat$ t !re 7 tw5ty ?\s&    
cattle 9 ! ,colony4   ,,goats ,,& ,,%eep

  ,flocks ( goats & %eep became         
noticeable to visitors ab\t ! middle ( !
 c5tury4 ,_m 7 br\ght to ,virg9ia4 ,9 ! 
e>ly ye>s ! numb]s kill$ by wolves made 
!m unpr(itable4 ,heavy b\nties paid =   
wolf heads ev5tually r$uc$ ! depr$ations
 ( ?is pr$ator until %eep & goats 7     
fairly safe4 ,z produc]s ( meat & wool =
 clo?+ %eep contribut$ to ! g5]al welf>e
 ( ! colony4 ,by #afdi1 ! numb] ( %eep 0
 e/imat$ at ?ree ?\s&2 & ( goats at five
 ?\s&4   ,,horses  ,( all ! dome/ic     
animals br\ght f ,engl& to ,jame/[n 9 ! 
e>ly days ( ! settlem5t1 ! mo/ exp5sive 
to transport & ! mo/ useless aft] !y    
arriv$ 9 ,virg9ia 7 horses4 ,! e/imate (
 ! numb] 9 ! ,colony 9 #afdi is #bjj4   
,!re 0 no purpose = !m to s]ve4 ,!      
fragile wood5 pl[s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7
 ( no use among ! /umps & roots 9 newly 
cle>$ =e/ l&s4 ,horses 7 ( no value =   
transportation z !re 7 no roads ?r\gh ! 
=e/s or bridges ov] ! riv]s4 ,!y 7 (    
little use z bea/s ( burd5 z !re 7 few  
burd5s to c>ry4 ,a horse 0 no mat* = an 

able-bodi$ man on ,indian trails ?r\gh  
timb]$ c\ntry4 ,z late z #afga1 ! ,batts
 & ,fallam exp$ition1 consi/+ ( five    
:ite m5 & sev5 ,indians1 :o 7 !         
discov]]s ( ,new ,riv]1 _h horses = !   
:ite m5 :5 !y left ,pet]sburg4 ,all ( ^!
 animals 7 dead be=e !y rea*$ ! m\nta9s4
  ,! coloni/s did all !y c\ld af=d to d 
) ! horses br\ght to !m & t 0 to turn !m
 loose to %ift = !mselves4 ,9 a v few   
ye>s !re 0 a b& ( wild horses roam+ !   
woods 9 ! back c\ntry4 ,ev5tually ^!    
wild horses provid$ a great deal (      
recreation = ! y\ng] plant]s4 ,captur+ &
 break+ to ! saddle wild horses became a
 popul> sport4 ,z soon z a horse 0      
caught & accu/om$ to a rid] ! mo/       
natural ?+ 0 to try x = spe$4           
,horse-rac+ began ) local conte/s b     
develop$ into a major sport4 ,k+ ,*>les 
,,ii is cr$it$ ) hav+ import$ ,turk &   
,arabian horses to ,engl&4 ,"s ( ?is    
blood$ /ock may h be5 %ipp$ to ,jame/[n4
 ,at any rate ,virg9ia saddle-horses at 
an e>ly date began to attract att5tion  

because ( _! spe$4  ,two o!r colonies1  
,rhode ,isl& & ,new ,york 7 fam\s = _!  
fa/ horses4 ,rac+ became an             
int]-colonial sport4 ,! fir/ regul> race
 c\rse 0 ! ,new ,m>ket on ,hemp/ead     
,pla9s1 ,long ,isl&4 ,!re ! fleete/     
horses ( ,long ,isl& 7 br\ght toge!r to 
settle all argum5ts by actual trial4    
,?is fam\s race c\rse 0 describ$ 9 #afgj
 by a contempor>y1 ,daniel ,d5ton3 ,t[>d
 ! middle ( ,long ,isl& lye? a pla9     
sixte5 miles long & f\r broad1 ^u :i*   
pla9 gr[s v f9e grass1 t makes exce$+   
good hay1 & is v good pa/ure = %eep or  
o!r cattel2 :]e y %all f9d nei!r /ick   
nor /one to h9d] ! horse heels or       
endang] !m 9 _! races1 & once a ye> !   
be/ horses 9 ! isl& are br\ght hi!r to  
try _! swiftness1 & ! swifte/ rew>d$ ) a
 silv] cup1 two be+ annually procur$ = t
 purpose4  ,horse-rac+ became ( economic
 importance to ^! colonies4 ,! sug>     
plant]s1 9 ! ,c>ibbean region1 also     
became int]e/$ 9 ?is sport ( k+s & s5t  
ag5ts to buy ! fa/e/ horses !y c\ld f9d4

 ,high prices 7 sometimes paid = prize  
w9n+ animals4  ,gov]nor ,francis        
,ni*olson 9 #afij1 gave prizes to ^? t  
%\ld excell 9 rid+1 runn+1 wre/l+ &     
cudgel+4 ,( ^! sports1 rid+ became by f>
 ! mo/ popul>4 ,int]e/ 9 horse-rac+1    
fox-*as+1 /eeple-*as+1 & rid+ t\rnam5ts 
has nev] entirely di$ out 9 ,virg9ia4   
,,conclusion  ,a great deal has be5     
writt5 ab\t ! ev5ts t occurr$ dur+ !    
n9ety-two ye>s t elaps$1 f ! settlem5t (
 ! colony on ,jame/[n ,isl&1 & ! *ange (
 capital site to ,williamsburg4 ,judg+ f
 ! record$ obs]vations ( visitors dur+ t
 p]iod1 no great diff]5ce 9 ! g5]al     
appe>ance ( ! l&scape _h tak5 place4 ,x 
/ill look$ v mu* l a wild]ness4 ,mu* =e/
 l& _h be5 cle>$1 f>m$ = a few ye>s1 &  
!n turn$ back to nature4 ,! mammo? trees
 ) scanty und]gr[?1 t ! fir/com]s f\nd1 
_h be5 replac$ ) a luxuriant second or  
?ird gr[?4 ,if ! top-soil is n erod$    
away a new =e/ c be produc$ 9 ,virg9ia 9
 ?irty or =ty ye>s4  ,"o ( ! mo/        
noticeable improvem5ts 0 9 ! dwell+     

h\ses4 ,sub/antial brick & frame build+s
 _h replac$ ! hurri$ly con/ruct$ %acks (
 ! e>ly days4  ,! accumulat$ weal? f !  
surplus products result+ f _! f>m+      
activities 0 reflect$ 9 _! flocks & h]ds
 ( horses1 cattle1 %eep1 goats1 sw9e1 & 
p\ltry4 ,dire fam9e no long] />$ !m 9   
face4 ,?r\gh insi/5ce t only ! be/      
quality products %\ld be %ipp$ abroad1  
favorable trade relations _h be5        
e/abli%$ 9 ! comm]ce ( ! _w4  ,p]haps ! 
greate/ a*ievem5t ( all 0 ! creation ( !
 f>m home :]e a family c\ld own1 9 fee  
simple1 ! l& !y till$1 live 9 peace1 &  
enjoy ! fruits ( _! own labor4          
,,bibliography   #a4 ,bev]ley1 ,rob]t4  
,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia 444 ,repr9t$ f !     
au?or's #bnd4 rev4 ed41 ,london1 #agbb4 
,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 #ahee4  #b4 ,br[n1  
,alex&]4 ,! ,g5esis ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  
,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #ahij4 #b ,vols4   
#c4 ,bruce1 ,p4 ,a4 ,economic ,hi/ory ( 
,virg9ia 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,new    
,york1 #ahie4 #b ,vols4  #d4 ,bullock1  
,william4 ,virg9ia ,imp>tially ,exam9$  

444 ,london1 #afdi4  #e4 ,campbell1     
,*>les4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,colony & ,anci5t   
,dom9ion ( ,virg9ia 444 ,philadelphia1  
#ahfj4  #f4 ,clayton1 ,rev4 ,john4 ,a   
lett] 444 ,may #ab1 #afhh4 ,giv+ an     
,acc\nt ( ,sev]al ,obs]vables 9 ,virg9ia
 444 ,repr9t 9 ,=ce1 ,pet]4 ,tracts 444 
,wa%+ton1 #ahcf-df4 ,vol4 #c4  #g4      
,devries1 ,david ,pet]son4 ,voyages f   
,holl& to ,am]ica4 ,new ,york1 #ahec4   
#h4 ,=ce1 ,pet]4 ,tracts & ,o!r ,pap]s1 
,relat+ ,pr9cipally to ! ,orig91        
,settlem5t1 & ,progress ( ! ,colonies ( 
,nor? ,am]ica4 ,wa%+ton4 #d ,vols4      
,gray1 ,lewis ,c4 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture
 9 ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates to #ahfj4     
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #b ,vols4  #i4        
,hakluyt1 ,ri*>d4 ,collection ( ,e>ly   
,voyages1 ,travels & ,discov]ies ( !    
,engli% ,nation4 ,london1 #ahji-ab4 #e  
,vols4 ,also ,ed9burgh1 #ahhe-ij4 #af   
,vols4  #aj4 ,hamor1 ,ralph4 ,a ,true   
,disc\rse ( ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,virg9ia  
444 ,london1 #afae4 ,albany1 ,j4        
,munsell1 #ahfj4  #aa4 ,h>iot1 ,?omas4  

,n>rative ( ! ,fir/ ,engli% ,plantation 
( ,virg9ia4 ,london1 #aehh4 ,reproduc$  
aft] ,de,bry's illu/rat$ edition pr9t$ 9
 ,frank=t 9 #aeij1 ! illu/rations hav+  
be5 design$ 9 ,virg9ia 9 #aehe by ,john 
,:ite4 ,london1 ,b4 ,qu>it*1 #ahic4     
#ab4 ,h5+1 ,w4 ,w4 ,virg9ia ,/atutes at 
,l>ge1 #afai-agib4 #ac ,vols4  #ac4     
,jeff]son1 ,?omas4 ,notes on ! ,/ate (  
,virg9ia44,ri*mond1 ,j4 ,w4 ,r&olph1    
#ahec4  #ad4 ,pur*as1 ,samuel4 ,pur*as 8
 ,pilgrims4 ,london1 #afbf4 #e ,vols4   
#ae4 ,smi?1 ,capta9 ,john4 ,works4      
,edit$ by ,arb]1 #ahhd4 ,also ,ed9burgh 
#aiaj4 #b ,vols4  #af4 ,spotswood1      
,alex&]4 ,(ficial ,lett]s1 #agaj-agbb4  
,ed4 by ,r4 ,a4 ,brock4 ,virg9ia        
,hi/orical ,society ,collections4       
,ri*mond1 #ahhb-he4 #b ,vols4  #ag4     
,/ra*ey1 ,william4 ,! ,hi/orie (        
,travaile ,into ,virg9ia ,britannia 444 
,london4 ,pr9t$ = ! ,hakluyt ,society1  
#ahdi4  #ah4 ,swem1 ,e4 ,g4 ,virg9ia    
,hi/orical ,index4 ,roanoke1 ,virg9ia4  
#aicd-cf4 #b ,vols4  #ai4 ,virg9ia      

,company ( ,london4 ,ab/ract ( !        
,proce$+s ( ! ,company 444 #afai-afbd4  
,by ,conway ,rob9son4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,a4 
,brock4 ,virg9ia ,hi/orical ,society1   
#ahhh-hi4  #bj4 ,virg9ia ,truly ,valu$4 
,9 ,=ce's ,tracts1 ,vol4 #c4            
,,app5dix ,i  ,a ,,pl[man',s ,,day      
,?is is an extract f ,m>kham's ,f>ewell 
to ,husb&ry1 or ! ,enri*+ ( all ,sorts (
 b>r5 & ,/]il gr\nds 9 our ,k+dome1 a   
well-kn[n book on f>m+ z c>ri$ on 9     
,engl& 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #ag? c5tury2 x 
is pres5t$ "h 9 ord] to %[ :at ! daily  
tasks ( a f>m] 7 at t "t1 & :at might be
 expect$1 accord+ to ?is /&>d1 ( a      
settl] com+ to ,virg9ia4 ,! au?or1      
,g]vase ,m>kham1 issu$ sev]al editions (
 ! "w4 ,?is extract is f ! f\r? edition1
 pr9t$ 9 #afch1 ( :i* a title-page is   
reproduc$ 9 ?is booklet1 f ! copy 9 !   
,william & ,m>y ,college ,libr>y4       
,m>kham's book has an additional int]e/1
 = ! reason t 9 ! supplies s5t by %ip   
,supply 9 #afbj to ,b]keley ,hundr$1 a  
copy ( ! curr5t edition 0 includ$4      

,hav+ ?us g5]ally runne ov] 79 a %ort   
computation7 !      lab\rs ( ! husb&man1
 ,i w n[ briefly z ,i c1 goe ov]      ! 
p>ticul> daies lab\rs ( a f>m] or       
pl[man1 %ew+ !      p>ticul> exp5ce ( e 
h\re ( ! day1 f 8 fir/      ris+1 till 8
 go+ to b$1 z ?us = example3 ,we w      
suppose x to be aft] ,*ri/mas1 & ab\t   
pl[-day 7:i* is      ! fir/ lett+ out ( 
! pl\gh7 & at :at "t m5 ei!r      beg9  
to fall[1 or to break up pease e>?1 :i* 
is to lie to      bait1 accord+ to !    
cu/ome ( ! c\ntry2 at ?is "t !          
pl\gh-man %all rise be=e f\re ( ! clocke
 9 ! morn+1      & aft] ?ankes giv5 to  
,god = 8 re/1 & ! successe (      8     
lab\rs he %all g into 8 /able1 or       
bea/e-h\se1 &      fir/ he %all fodd] 8 
cattell1 !n cleanse ! h\se1 &      make 
! boo?s cleane1 rub d[ne ! cattell1 &   
cleanse _!      sk9s ( all fil?1 !n he  
%all curry 8 horses1 rub !m      ) clo!s
 & wisps1 & make bo? !m & ! /able z     
cleane z may be1 !n he %all wat] bo? 8  
ox5 & horses1      & h\s+ !m aga9e1 give

 !m m fodd]1 & to 8 horse      by all   
meanes prov5d]1 z *affe & dry pease or  
beanes1 or      oat-hulls1 pease or     
beanes or cleane oates1 or clean g>bage 
7:i* is ! h9d] ends ( any k9de ( gra9e b
 rye7 )      ! /raw *op'd small among/  
x1 accord+ z ! ability (      ! husb&man
 is4 ,& :il/ !y are eat+ _! meat1 he    
%all make ready 8 coll>s1 hames1 treats1
 halt]s1 mull5s1      & pl\gh-ge>es1    
see+ ev]y?+ fit1 & 9 8 due place1      &
 to ^! lab\rs ,i w also all[ full two   
h\res1 t is1      f f\re ( ! clocke till
 sixe1 !n hee %all come 9 to            
breakfa/1 & to t ,i all[ him halfe an   
h\re2 & !n      ano!r halfe h\re to !   
ge>+ & yoak+ ( 8 cattell1      s t at   
sev5 ( ! clocke hee may set =w>d to 8   
lab\r1 & !n he %all pl[ f sev5 ( ! clock
 9 !      morn+1 till betwixt two & ?ree
 9 ! aft]noone1 !n he      %all unyoke1 
& br+ home 8 cattell1 & hav+ rubb'd     
!m1 dre/ !m1 & cleans$ away all durt &  
fil?1 he %all      fodd] !m1 & give !m  
meate1 !n %all ! s]vants goe 9      to  

_! d9n]1 :i* all[$ halfe an h\re2 x w !n
 be      t[>ds f\re ( ! clocke1 at :at  
"t hee %all goe to 8      cattell aga9e1
 & rubb+ !m d[ne1 & cleans+ _!          
/alls1 give !m m fodd]1 :i* done1 he    
%all g into !      b>nes1 & provide &   
make ready fodd] ( all k9ds = !         
next day1 :e!r x be hay1 /raw1 or bl5d  
fodd]1 accord+      to ! ability ( !    
husb&man3 ?is be+ done1 & c>ri$         
into ! /able1 oxe-h\se1 or o!r conv5i5t 
place1 he %all      !n goe wat] 8       
cattell1 & give !m m meate1 & to 8      
horse prov5d]1 z be=e %ew$2 & by ?is "t 
x w draw      pa/ sixe ( ! clocke1 at   
:i* "t he %all come 9 to      supp]1 &  
aft] supp]1 he %all ei!r by ! fire side1
 m5d      %ooes bo? = himselfe & _!     
family1 or beat & knock      hemp1 or   
flaxe1 or picke & /ampe apples1 or crabs
 = cid]      or v]djuce1 or else gr9d   
malt on ! qu]nes1 picke c&le      ru%es1
 or d "s husb&ly (fice )9 dores1 till x 
be      full eight a clocke3 !n %all he 
take 8 lan?orne &      c&le1 & goe to 8 

cattell1 & hav+ cleans$ ! /alls      &  
plankes1 litt] !m d[ne1 looke t !y be   
safely ti$1      & !n fodd] & give !m   
meate = all night1 !n giv+      ,god    
?ankes = b5efits receiv$ t day1 let him 
& !      :ole h\sehold goe to _! re/    
till ! next morn+4   ,illu/ration3      
,,m>khams  ,f>ewell to  ,,hvsb&ry2      
,,or1  ,! ,enri*+ ( all sorts ( ,b>r5 & 
,/]il gr\nds 9 our ,k+dome1 to be z     
fruitfull 9 all mann] ( ,gra9e1 ,pulse1 
& ,grasse1 z ! be/ gr\nds :atsoev]4     
,toge!r ) ! annoyances1 & pres]vation ( 
all ,gra9e & ,se$1 f "o ye>e to _m      
ye>es4  ,z also a ,husb&ly computation (
 m5 & ,cattels daily lab\rs1 _!         
expe5ces1 *>ges1 & utmo/ pr(its4  ,!    
f\r? "t1 revis$1 correct$1 & am5d$1     
toge!r ) _m new ,additions1 & *eape     
exp]im5ts3  ,= ! bett]+ ( arable        
,pa/ure1 & wooddy ,gr\nds4 ,( mak+ good 
all gr\nds aga9e1 spoil$ ) ov]fl[+ (    
salt wat] by ,sea-brea*es3 z also1 !    
,enri*+ ( ! ,hop-g>d52 & _m o!r ?+s nev]
 publi%$ be=e4  ,,london1 ,pr9t$ by     

,,edvv>d ,,griff9 = ,,iohn ,,h>ison1 at 
! signe ( ! gold5 ,vnicorne 9           
,pat]-no/]-r[4 #afch4  ,photo by ,?omas 
,l4 ,williams        ,n[ x may be       
int5d$1 t !re may be 9 ! h\%old m       
s]vants ?an "o2 & s y w dem& ( mee1 :at 
! re/      ( ! s]vants %all be imploy$ 9
 be=e & aft] ! "t      ( pl[+3 to ?is ,i
 answ]1 t !y may ei!r goe into !        
b>ne & ?ra%1 fill or empty ! maltfat1   
load & unload !      kilne1 or any o!r  
good & necess>y "w t is ab\t !      y>d1
 & aft] !y come f pl[+1 "s may goe into 
!      b>ne & ?ra%1 "s h$ge1 dit*1 /op  
gaps 9 brok5 f5ces1      dig 9 ! or*>d  
or g>d51 or any o!r out-worke :i* is    
ne$full to be done1 & :i* ab\t !        
husb&man is nev]      want+1 especially 
"o mu/ h a c>e e night to looke to      
! m5d+ or %>p5+ ( ! pl\gh-irons1 & !    
repair+      ( ! pl\gh & pl\gh-ge>es1 if
 any be out ( ord]1 = to      def]re !m 
till ! morr[1 7 ! losse ( a daies worke1
      & an ill po9t ( husb&ry4          
,,app5dix ,,ii  ,,! ,,transport ,,(     

,,gra9   ,9 ! e>ly ye>s at ,jame/[n1 mu*
 gra9 0 %ipp$ f ,engl& = ! use ( !      
coloni/s4 ,! extract1 :i* foll[s1 is f  
,m>kham's ,f>ewell to ,husb&ry1 #d?     
edition1 #afch4 ,! t]m corn z us$ by    
,m>kham does n mean maize 7,indian      
corn71 b :eat1 b>ley1 rye1 or oats4     
,& fir/ = transportation ( gra9e by sea1
 x is two waies      to be done1 z ei!r 
9 great quantities = trade & !          
victuallyng ( o!r nations1 or 9 small]  
quantity =      victuall+ ! m5 9 ! %ip1 
prep>$ = a long & t$i\s      voyage4    
,= ! transport+ ( gra9e = trade 9 great 
quantities1 x      is to be int5d$ !    
voyage is seldom long1 b f neighbor     
to neighbor1 & !re=e commonly !y make   
close decks 9 !      %ips to receive !  
gra9e1 faire & ev5 boord$1 yet if su*   
decks be matt$ & l9$ bo? "u & on ea*    
side1 x is      mu* ! bett]1 & ?is matt+
 w\ld be /rong & ?9ne2      !re bee "s  
:i* make ! decks only ( mats1 & sure x  
is      sweet1 b n s /rong z ! boord1   
!re=e ! be/ way (      transportation is

 to h /rong boord$ deckes well matt$1 & 
!n spread+ ! corne ( a reasonable       
?icknesse1 to cov] x      ) matt+ aga9e1
 & !n to lay corne on x aga9e1 &      !n
 mats aga9e1 t betwe5e e reasonable     
?icknesse (      gra9e a mat may lie1 ! 
pr(it :]e( is1 t :5 ! corne      ) 8    
owne heate & ! work+ ( ! sea %all beg9ne
 to      sweate1 :i* sweat = want ( aire
 to drie x up1 w\ld turne      to       
putrifaction1 !n ! mats ?us ly+ betwe5e1
 w n      only exhale & sucke up !      
sweate1 b also keep ! corne s      coole
 & dry1 t no imp]fection %all come unto 
x3 & "h      is to be not$1 t ^! mats   
%\ld r be made ( dry      :ite b5ts1 ?an
 ( flagges & bulru%1 = ! b5t is a       
firme1 dry1 crispe ?+1 & w n rel5t or   
sweat ( x      selfe1 b ! flag or bulru%
 is a spungy & s(t sub/ance      :i* is 
nev] empty ( 8 own & o!r moy/ures4      
,n[ = transport+ ( gra9e1 = victualls = 
! %ip1      :i* is 9 mu* small]         
quantity1 because x is be/ = !          
private use ( a few )9 ! %ip2 ! only be/

 & safe/      way1 is1 to take salt-fi% 
b>rells1 or any caske 9 :i* any         
salt-fi% ha? be5e pil$1 z cod1 h]r+s1   
salmon1 sprats1 or      any o!r p[dr$   
i4e41 salt$ fi%2 & :ile/ !      vessels 
are sweet1 y %all calke !m bo?1 )9 &    
)\t1 pla/] & daub+ !m all ov]2 !n into  
!m put      y\r gra9e ( :at k9de soev] x
 be1 & head !m up close1      & !n /[ !m
 9 su* conv5i5t dry place ( ! %ip1 z    
y %all ?9ke fit2 & que/ionlesse1 if     
beliefe may be giv5      to ! wor?ie/   
au?ors1 :i* ha? writ 9 ?is k9de1 y may  
?us keepe y\r gra9e sweet1 s\nd & 9 full
 p]fection f      "o ye]e to an hundr$ &
 tw5ty ye]s2 b c]ta9ly daily            
exp]i5ce %[s u1 t all k9d ( gra9e ?us   
put up &      kept1 w rema9e s\nd &     
sweet1 ?ree1 f\re1 & z "s      say1 sev5
 ye]es1 = s f> ha? lately be5 try'd2 &  
:at      "h ,i speake ( on %ip-boord1 ! 
l may be done 9 any      t[n ( w> or    
g>rison1 :e!r besieg$1 or n besieg$1 or 
9 any o!r place1 :]e any necessity %all 
compell2 !      pro(e ( ?is mann] ( pil+

 or putt+ up ( gra9e1 s]ve?      z well 
= l& z sea4