,,!             ,,empire ,,( ,,! ,,ea/  
,,by               ,h4 ,b4 ,,montgom]y  
,,?is ,,nation ,,is ,,! ,,delight ,,(   
,,my ,,s\l                          ,,/4
 ,,francis ,,xavi]           ,,)        
,,n9ete5 ,,illu/rations                 
,,me?u5  ,,co4            #cf ,,essex   
,,/reet ,w4,c4                          
,,london     ,fir/ ,publi%$ 9 #aijh4    
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/> ,,( ,,! ,,ea/     
,,f ,a ,,pr9t ,,by ,,to%ikata           
,,preface   ,on my return f ano!r visit 
to ,japan a few mon?s ago ,i f\nd ^?    
p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry ) :om ,i 0 br\ght   
into close association extremely curi\s 
& /rangely ignorant reg>d+ t anci5t     
,empire4 ,despite ! multitude ( books   
:i* h ( late ye>s be5 publi%$ ab\t      
,japan & ?+s ,japanese a correct k ( !  
c\ntry & ! p is1 s f> z ,i c judge1     
altoge!r lack+ 9 ,engl&4 ,inde$ !       
multiplicity ( books may h some?+ to d )
 t fact1 z _m ( !m h be5 writt5 by      
p]sons ^: k1 acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( a fly+ 
visit1 01 to say ! lea/1 p]functory1 &  

:o _h no opportunities = view+ ! life ( 
! p f )9 & =m+ a s\nd judgm5t on _m     
matt]s ^u :i* ! writ]s h dogmatically   
pron\nc$4 ,i1 accord+ly1 came to !      
conclusion n only t !re 0 room = "o m   
book on ,japan1 b t ano!r book 0 greatly
 ne$$--a book n te*nical1 hi/orical1    
ab/ruse or recondite1 b a book describ+ 
9 simple language ,japan z x 01 is1 & w 
be4 ,?is is ! task ,i set be=e myself :5
 ,i comm5c$ to write ?is volume1 & !    
read] mu/ be ! judge to :at ext5t ,i h  
be5 successful 9 ! accompli%m5t !re(4 ,i
 h t\*$ b lightly on ! mat]ial          
developm5t ( ! c\ntry ( rec5t ye>s4 ,i  
"k f exp]i5ce t ?\gh /ati/ics are ! fad 
( a few !y are cavi>e to ! great mass ( 
! public4 ,nor h ,i dealt at all )      
politics or political p>ties 9 new      
,japan4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 un=tunate t !    
,japanese p1 9 adopt+ or adapt+ ,engli% 
in/itutions1 %\ld h introduc$ !         
political p>ty sy/em s mu* 9 evid5ce 9  
,great ,brita9 & o!r ,european c\ntries4
 ,:e!r t sy/em works well 9 ! ,we/1 :]e 

x has be5 9 exi/5ce = c5turies & is n   
always tak5 ov]-s]i\sly by p>ty         
politicians !mselves1 is a "q ^u :i* ,i 
%all express no op9ion4 ,b ,i ?9k x is  
problematical :e!r su* a sy/em is well  
adapt$ = an ,ori5tal p1 possess$ ( &    
p]meat$ by an anci5t civilisation--a p  
^: feel+s1 s5tim5ts1 modes ( ?\ght1     
prejudices & passions are s ess5tially  
diff]5t f ^? ( ,we/]n nations4 ,be t z x
 may1 ,japanese politics f9d no place 9 
?is "w4  ,! morality or o!rwise ( !     
,japanese is a matt] :i* has be5 mu*    
discuss$ & writt5 ab\t4 ,! views (      
speak]s & writ]s 9 reg>d !reto1 s f> z  
,i h be5 able to asc]ta9 !m1 h be5      
l>gely affect$ by _! prejudices or !    
p>ticul> /&po9t f :i* !y h reg>d$ !     
matt]4 ,! result1 9 my op9ion1 has be5 t
 an entirely errone\s conception ( !    
:ole subject ( ,japanese morality has n 
only be5 =m$ b has be5 set =? 9 spee* or
 writ+1 & a grave inju/ice has be5 done 
to ! ,japanese 9 ?is matt]1 to say no?+ 
( ! entirely false view ( ! :ole "q :i* 

has be5 promulgat$4 ,9 ?is book ,i h    
endeav\r$ to deal ) ?is ?orny subject1 s
 f> z x c be dealt ) 9 a book1 free f   
prejudice or preconceiv$ ideas ( any    
k9d4 ,i h simply conf9$ myself to facts1
 & h endeav\r$ to repres5t ! :ole matt] 
z x appe>s to ! ,japanese & to morality 
accord+ to ! ,japanese /&>d4  ,i h deem$
 x necess>y to deal at "s l5g? ) ! v>i\s
 phases ( ,japanese art1 :i* x is no    
exagg]ation to say has p]meat$ ! :ole   
nation s t ! ,japanese may tru?fully be 
t]m$ ! mo/ arti/ic p 9 ! _w4 ,( c\rse x 
is impossible to deal exhau/ively 9 a "w
 ( ?is k9d ) ,japanese art4 ,i h1 h[ev]1
 endeav\r$ to describe ! pr9cipal art   
indu/ries ( ! c\ntry & to set =? :at ,i 
may t]m ! ca?olicity ( art 9 ,japan4 ,i 
h also dealt ) ! "q h[ f> art has be5   
affect$ by ! ,europeanis+ ( ! nation :i*
 has tak5 place ( rec5t ye>s1 & ! effect
 !re(4  ,! religion ( ! ,japanese1 !    
,con/itution1 ! home life ( ! p1 ! ,army
 & ,navy1 ! f9ancial position ( ! c\ntry
 are all subjects treat$ z fully z      

possible1 inasmu* z !y are matt]s       
ess5tial to be und]/ood 9 ord] to       
realise ! ,japan ( to-day4 ,! ,japan ( !
 future ,i h attempt$ to =eca/ 9 two    
f9al *apt]s4  ,b ! ,japan ( to-day & !  
,japan ( ! future c nei!r be und]/ood   
nor realis$ unless ! read] h 9 8 m9d "s 
idea z to ! ,japan ( ! pa/--n ! b>b>ic  
or uncivilis$ ,japan br\ght into contact
 ) civilisation & sudd5ly disc>d+ its   
b>b>ism1 :i* is1 ,i fe>1 ! conception _m
 p]sons /ill h1 b1 z ,i h s\ght to %[1 a
 highly civilis$ c\ntry hold+ itself    
alo( f ,european influ5ces & exclud+1 s 
long z possible1 ! ,european invasion ( 
its %ores j because x _h conv9c$ itself 
by pa9ful exp]i5ce t ,european ideas &  
mann]s & me?ods 7 undesirable &         
unsuitable = a great isl& nation :i*    
possess$ & *]i%$ a civilisation ( its   
own1 _h high arti/ic ideas & ideals1 _h 
its own code ( morals1 its own          
conception ( *ivalry1 & 01 on ! :ole1   
und\bt$ly happy1 cont5t$1 & prosp]\s4 ,i
 tru/ ! *apt] ,i h writt5 on ?is subject

 w t5d to dispel _m errone\s ideas4  ,! 
book is ! result ( my own inve/igations1
 & ! op9ions express$ !re9 are entirely 
my own4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 read ne>ly e "w on 
,japan t has appe>$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 & :5 !
 views put =w>d 9 any ( ^! h n co9cid$ )
 my own ,i h endeav\r$1 by imp>tial     
inve/igation & inquiry1 to arrive at a  
correct conclusion 9 ! matt]4 ,no d\bt  
"s ( my views & op9ions w be que/ion$ & 
criticis$1 b ,i claim to h writt5 ?is   
book ) a m9d free f prejudices ( any    
k9d4 ,i h s\ght to depict ,japan z x    
really is1 n ! ,japan se5 ?r\gh glasses 
( v>i\s col\rs1 ( :i*1 ,i ?9k1 ! public 
has _h en\gh4                           
,h4 ,b4 ,m4     ,,cont5ts               
,,page          ,,preface               
v    ,,*apt]       ,i4 ,a ,,glimpse ,,at
 ,,! ,,pa/                              
#a       ,,ii4 ,,! ,,c\ntry3 ,,its      
,,physical                              
,,features--,,products--,,fauna--,,flora
1 ,,etc4                   #ag          
,,iii4 ,,! ,,japanese ,,race ,,& ,,its  

,,language                         #bi  
,,iv4 ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,japan1 ,,_! 
,,influ5ces            ,,& ,,effects    
#ci        ,v4 ,,! ,,con/itution--,,!   
,,cr[n ,,& ,,! ,,h\ses            ,,(   
,,p>liam5t                              
#di       ,,vi4 ,,! ,,p1 ,,_! ,,life ,,&
 ,,habits                          #fc  
,,vii4 ,,trade1 ,,comm]ce1 ,,&          
,,indu/ries                             
#hj     ,,viii4 ,,japan',s ,,f9ancial   
,,burd5s ,,& ,,res\rces                 
#ij       ,,ix4 ,,education             
#ajb        ,x4 ,,! ,,japanese ,,army   
,,& ,,navy                              
#aag       ,,xi4 ,,japanese             
,,art--,,introductory--,,lacqu] ,,&     
,,porcela9                              
#aca      ,,xii4 ,,japanese             
,,art--,,sculpture--,,metal             
,,"w--,,pa9t+             #adi          
,,xiii4 ,,japanese ,,ar*itecture        
#afg      ,,xiv4 ,,po/al ,,& ,,o!r      
,,means ,,( ,,communication             
#agf       ,,xv4 ,,law ,,& ,,ord]       

#ahe      ,,xvi4 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,!    
,,drama                                 
#aic     ,,xvii4 ,,newspap]s ,,9 ,,japan
                                        
#bjb    ,,xviii4 ,,japanese ,,morality  
#baa      ,,xix4 ,,japan ,,& ,,*9a      
#bba       ,,xx4 ,,europeans ,,9 ,,japan
                                        
#bca      ,,xxi4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,"s   
,,buddhi/ ,,temples                     
#bdd     ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,a9os             
#bej    ,,xxiii4 ,,japan ,,z ,,x ,,is   
,,to-,,day                              
#beh     ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,future ,,(       
,,japan--,,physical--,,moral--,,m5tal   
#bgf      ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,future ,,(       
,,japan--,,national--,,political--,,its 
,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,_w                
#bhh     ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations     ,a
 ,,/> ,,( ,,! ,,ea/                     
,frontispiece     ,f a ,pr9t by         
,to%ikata                               
,,fac+ ,,page   ,,! ,,sweet ,,sc5t ,,(  
,,! ,,*]ry ,,blossom                    
#cj     ,f a ,pr9t by ,hiro%ige    ,a   

,,*]ry ,,blossom ,,p>ty                 
#dh     ,f a ,pr9t by ,hiro%ige         
,,/reet ,,sc5e ,,on ,,new ,,ye>',s ,,day
                                    #gb 
,f a ,pr9t by ,hiro%ige    ,,rice       
,,plant+1 ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,hoki          
#hi     ,f a ,pr9t by ,hiro%ige         
,,amateur ,,con*ologi/s                 
#aaj     ,f a ,pr9t by ,hiro%ige        
,,view ,,( ,,fusi-,,yama ,,f ,a ,,tea   
,,h\se                                  
#ach     ,f a ,pr9t by ,hiro%ige        
,,kutani ,,e>!nw>e1 ,,decorat$ ,,)      
,,poly*rome               ,,enamels4    
,,e>ly ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury              
#adf                                    
,,inc5se-,,burn]1 ,,awata ,,fay5ce4     
,,eighte5? ,,c5tury             ,f ,!   
,arts ( ,japan1 by ,edw>d ,dillon       
,,bronze ,,inc5se-,,burn] ,,& ,,small   
,,fl[]-,,vase4 ,,eighte5?   ,,c5tury    
#aed     ,f ,! ,arts ( ,japan1 by ,edw>d
 ,dillon    ,,kakemono ,,on ,,pap]4     
,,attribut$ ,,to ,,matahei              
,,kakemono ,,on ,,pap]4 ,,attribut$ ,,to

 ,,%imman1 ,,ukiyo                 #afj 
,,s*ool4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury            
,f ,! ,arts ( ,japan1 by ,edw>d ,dillon 
,,tea ,,h\se1 ,,ne> ,,tokio             
#agj     ,f a ,pr9t by ,hiro%ige        
,,rial ,,transport3 ,,basket ,,slung    
,,on ,,ropes1 ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,hida      
#ahb     ,f a ,pr9t by ,hiro%ige    ,a  
,,lab\r ,,( ,,love                      
#aih     ,f a ,pr9t by ,to%ikata    ,,! 
,,et]nal ,,fem99e                       
#bah     ,f a ,pr9t by ,to%ikata    ,a  
,,m9i/]+ ,,angel                        
#bdb     ,f a ,pr9t by ,to%ikata        
,,fireworks ,,9 ,,tokio 7,,summ]7       
#bfd     ,f a ,pr9t by ,hiro%ige    ,a  
,,sign ,,( ,,! ,,times                  
#bgh     ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,! ,,ea/     
,,*apt] ,i  ,a ,,glimpse ,,at ,,! ,,pa/ 
,i h se5 x /at$ 9 a popul> h&book t     
,japan possesses a writt5 hi/ory ext5d+ 
ov] two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s1 :ile its 
sov]eigns h =m$ an unbrok5 dyna/y s9ce  
#ffj ,b4,c41 b t ! au!ntic hi/ory beg9s 
ab\t #djj ,a4,d4 ,au!ntic hi/ory is1 ,i 

consid]1 n a v apt phrase 9 ?is         
connection4 ,mo/ ,japanese hi/ory is    
leg5d>y1 & au!nticity 9 hi/ory1         
,japanese or ,european1 ev5 mu* lat] ?an
 #djj ,a4,d41 is hopeless to look =4 ,i 
h no int5tion ( lead+ my read]s into1 z 
,i %\ld f9d a difficulty 9 extricat+ !m 
f1 ! mazes ( ,japanese hi/ory at any    
date4 ,i simply propose to give !m a    
glimpse ( ,japan z x has appe>$ to      
,europeans s9ce x 0 fir/ discov]$ by    
?ree /orm-toss$ ,portuguese sailors ab\t
 ! ye> #aedb4 ,i say discov]$ ) full k (
 ! fact t ,m>co ,paolo1 z e>ly z #abge1 
dictat$ to a fri5d :5 imprison$ at ,g5oa
 t /irr+ n>rative1 ,m>avigliose ,cose1  
:i*1 by ! way1 0 n pr9t$ = ne>ly two    
c5turies lat]4 ,t n>rative 0 read by &1 
x is /at$1 s fir$ ! imag9ation (        
,*ri/oph] ,columbus z to lead him to set
 out on t voyage ( exploration :i* end$ 
9 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,m>co ,paolo's  
n>rative mu/1 h[ev]1 be receiv$ )       
caution4 ,i reg>d x z l>gely leg5d>y4   
,he nev] himself visit$ ,japan1 & 8 gl[+

 description ( ! ,isles wa%$ by /ormy   
seas & ab\nd+ 9 gold & pe>ls 0 f\nd$ on 
:at he _h be5 told by ! ,*9ese he _h met
 dur+ 8 ,ea/]n travels4  ,! comm5cem5t (
 ,european int]c\rse ) ,japan may1 z ,i 
h said1 be tak5 to be #aedb1 :5 ?ree    
,portuguese adv5tur]s 9 a ,*9ese junk 7 
driv5 by /ress ( wea!r on a "p ( !      
,japanese coa/ "u ! au?ority ( ! ,pr9ce 
( ,bungo4 ,! ,portuguese 7 k9dly receiv$
 by ! natives1 & a treaty or arrangem5t 
seems to h be5 ent]$ into :]eby a       
,portuguese vessel 0 to be annually     
despat*$ to ,japan lad5 ) wooll5 clo?s1 
furs1 silks1 taffetas1 & o!r articles4  
,"s ye>s lat] a ,japanese noble1        
,hansiro by "n1 murd]$ ano!r ,japanese &
 fl$ ! c\ntry4 ,he f\nd 8 way to ,goa1  
:]e he came "u ! influ5ce ( "s          
,portuguese prie/s1 & 0 ev5tually       
conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity & baptiz$4 ,he 01
 if ! records ( 8 c>e] are correct1     
desir\s to br+ to 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 n    
only ! k ( ! ,*ri/ian religion b _m     
articles ( ,european comm]ce4 ,! great  

,apo/le ( ! ,ea/ & disciple ( ,ignatius 
,loyola1 ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]1 _h !n     
rec5tly arriv$ 9 ,goa1 :]e he appe>s to 
h tak5 up ) ard\r ! project ( conv]t+   
,japan4 ,bo? ent]prises1 ! mat]ial & !  
spiritual1 seem to h be5 organis$ ab\t !
 same "t4 ,a %ip 0 load$ ) articles     
likely to be 9 dem& 9 ,japan1 & ,francis
 ,xavi] emb>k$ 9 ano!r vessel1 ) !      
,japanese refugee & a numb] ( ,jesuit   
prie/s z mission>ies4  ,! vessels 9 due 
c\rse arriv$ at ,bungo1 & bo? prie/s &  
trad]s 7 cordially1 n to say            
en?usia/ically1 receiv$4 ,=eign]s 7     
evid5tly n !n exclud$ f ,japan1 & no    
objection :atev] 0 made to ! ,*ri/ian   
propag&a 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ef=ts (
 ! ,jesuit mission>ies 7 cr[n$ )        
rem>kable success4 ,all ranks & classes1
 f prie/ to peasant1 embrac$ ! ,ca?olic 
fai?4 ,*ur*es1 s*ools1 conv5ts1 &       
mona/]ies sprang up all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,!
 only opposition came f ! ,bonzes1 or   
native prie/s1 :o felt _! influ5ce & p[]
 decl9+4 ,!y appeal$ to ! ,emp]or to    

bani% ! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/s1 b !     
imp]ial edict simply 01 ,leave ! /rang]s
 9 peace4 ,= =ty ye>s or !reab\ts       
,ca?olicism n only fl\ri%$ b 0          
triumphant4 ,inde$1 a ,japanese mission 
( ?ree pr9ces 0 despat*$ to ,pope       
,gregory ,,xiii4 lad5 ) valuable        
pres5ts4 ,! arrival ( ?is mission 0     
acclaim$ z a v]itable triumph ?r\gh\t   
,ca?olic ,europe4 ,by a /roke ( irony   
its adv5t !re 0 almo/ contemporane\s ) n
 only ! ov]?r[ b ! almo/ total ext9ction
 ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,japan4 ,! edict = !   
bani%m5t ( ! mission>ies 0 publi%$ 9    
#aehg4 ,x 0 foll[$ by p]secutions1      
m>tyrdoms1 & ! ras+ ( all ! ,*ri/ian    
*ur*es & build+s--! de/ruction1 9 a ^w1 
( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,japan4 ,?is 0 9 due    
c\rse foll[$ by n only ! expulsion ( all
 =eign]s f ! c\ntry--) ! exception ( !  
,dut*1 :o 7 all[$ to h a factory at     
,nagasaki--b ! enactm5t ( a law1 rigidly
 obs]v$ = two & a half c5turies1 t no   
,japanese %\ld leave 8 c\ntry on any    
pret5ce :atev]1 & no =eign] be p]mitt$  

to l& !re94 ,prior to ?is edict !       
,japanese _h be5 ent]pris+ sailors & _h 
ext5d$ _! voyages to _m di/ant l&s4     
,:at1 x might be ask$1 0 ! reason ( or  
occasion = ?is viol5t *ange 9 ! attitude
 ( ! ,japanese to ,*ri/ianity & !       
pres5ce ( ,europeans 9 _! mid/8 ,x is   
impossible1 at ?is l5g? ( "t1 to arrive 
at a correct answ] to ?is "q1 l>gely    
mix$ up z x has be5 ) ! odium !ologicum4
 ,we h be5 told t ! result 0 greatly or 
altoge!r due to ! pride1 arrogance1 &   
av>ice ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/s2 to ! 
pret5sions ( ! ,pope1 :i* came to be    
reg>d$ ) suspicion by ! feudatory pr9ces
 ( ,japan1 z also to ! cupidity & cunn+ 
( ! trad]s4 ,h[ f> any or all ( ^!      
alleg$ causes 7 responsible = ! *ange 9 
,japanese op9ion ,i %all n v5ture to    
pron\nce4 ,suffice x to rem>k t1 :atev] 
! cause1 !re mu/ h be5 "s p[]ful1       
impell+ influ5ce at "w to induce !      
nation n only to ca/ out ! /rang] )9 its
 gates1 b to exclude him = two & a half 
c5turies1 & veto any inhabitant ( ,japan

 leav+ its %ores & ?us be+ br\ght into  
contact )1 & /& ! *ance ( be+ contam9at$
 by1 ! =eign]4 ,we may regret !         
de/ruction ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,japan1 b at 
! same "t we may1 ,i ?9k1 accept ! fact 
t ! upris+ ( ,japan aga9/ ! =eign] at ! 
close ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 simply !     
result ( ! gorge :i* _h aris5 9 ! nation
 aga9/ ! =eign]'s mann]s1 me?ods1 &     
morals1 8 trampl+ und]foot ( national   
prejudices & ideas1 8 cupidity1 8       
av>ice1 8 cruelty1 8 attempt to impose  
on ,japanese civilisation a v5e] :i* x  
did n desire & deem$ x 0 mu* bett] )\t4 
,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! mission>ies & !  
trad]s _h a common nationality1 & t !   
,japan ( ! sixte5? c5tury did n f9d x   
possible to diff]5tiate betwe5 !m4  ,d[n
 to ! n9ete5? c5tury we h to rely = our 
k ( ,japan & ! ,japanese on ! n>ratives 
( ! few travell]s :o manag$ to visit t  
c\ntry m or less by /eal?1 or f !       
in=mation d]iv$ f ,europeans s]v+ 9 !   
,dut* factory at ,nagasaki4 ,e          
,engli%man has he>d ( ,w ,adams & 8     

,japanese wife1 b ?\gh 8 c>e] 0 romantic
 & int]e/+ x has add$ b little to our k 
( ,japan at ! "t ( 8 visit !reto4 ,9    
#agbg ,dr4 ,kaemf]'s "w on ,japan 0     
publi%$4 ,kaemf] _h be5 physician to !  
,dut* factory at ,nagasaki1 &1          
accord+ly1 _h "s opportunities ( /udy+  
,japanese life & "*4 ,8 book 9 ! orig9al
 =m is r>e1 b ,i am glad to say t a *eap
 edition1 a repr9t ( ! ,engli% edition  
produc$ by ! ,royal ,society 9 #agbg1   
has rec5tly be5 publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4   
,kaemf]'s "w is spoil$ & its utility or 
reliability l>gely impair$ by ! fanciful
 !ories put =w>d by ! au?or respect+ !  
orig9 ( ! ,japanese4 ,mu* ( 8 in=mation 
is1 ( c\rse1 m]e he>say1 & a great deal 
( x1 by ! light ( :at we n[ "k1 is n    
only mislead+ b nons5sical4 ,a          
consid]able am\nt ( space is devot$ by  
,kaemf] to *im]ical animals1 & he       
dilates ^u ! awful sanctity t surr\nds !
 p]son ( ! ,emp]or4 ,!re is1 he rem>ks1 
su* a ,hol9ess ascrib$ to all ! p>ts ( 8
 ,body t he d>es n cut (f nei!r 8 hair1 

nor 8 be>d1 nor 8 nails4 ,h[ev]1 le/ he 
%\ld gr[ too dirty1 !y may clean him 9 !
 night :5 he is asleep2 because !y say t
 :at is tak5 f 8 ,body at t "t _h be5   
/ol5 f him1 & t su* a !ft does n        
prejudice 8 ,hol9ess or ,dignity4 ,9 a  
notice ( ?is new edition ( ,kaemf]'s "w 
,i h se5 x ass]t$ t ! book is !         
f\ndation ( ne>ly all t 0 kn[n or writt5
 ( ,japan till ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4   
,h[ su* a /atem5t z ?is came to be      
publi%$ ,i q fail to compreh5d4 ,!re 0  
pl5ty ( lit]ature 9 ref]5ce to ,japan f>
 m reliable ?an ,kaemf]'s :imsical y>ns 
at a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an tw5ty-five ye>s
 back4 ,sir ,ru!r=d ,alcock's ,!        
,capital ( ! ,tycoon 01 ,i ?9k1 publi%$ 
9 #ahfc4 ,sir ,ru!r=d 0 ! fir/ resid5t  
,briti% ,m9i/] 9 ,japan1 & 8 book rema9s
 a /irr+ &1 mak+ all[ance = ! au?or's   
prejudices on v>i\s matt]s1 on ! :ole a 
vivid picture ( ,japan z x 0 9 ! e>ly   
sixties4 ,alcock's book 0 foll[$ by _m  
o!rs1 & tw5ty-five ye>s ago ! _w 0 s f> 
f be+ dep5d5t on ,kaemf] = its k (      

,japan t1 z ,i h said1 x _h ev5 !n q a  
libr>y ( rec5t & reliable books 9 reg>d 
to t c\ntry4  ,foll[+ ,kaemf]1 a little 
lat] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 a ,sw$i%      
physician1 ,?unb]g by "n1 :o also _h be5
 atta*$ to ! ,dut* factory at ,nagasaki1
 wrote a book und\bt$ly int]e/+ & (     
great value4 ,t c\ntry1 he rem>ks1 is 9 
_m respects a s+ul> c\ntry1 & ) reg>d to
 cu/oms & in/itutions totally diff]5t f 
,europe1 or1 ,i _h almo/ said1 f any o!r
 "p ( ! _w4 ,( all ! nations t inhabit !
 ?ree l>ge/ p>ts ( ! globe1 ! ,japanese 
des]ve to rank ! fir/1 & to be comp>$ ) 
! ,europeans2 & al?\gh 9 _m po9ts !y mu/
 yield ! palm to ! latt]1 yet 9 v>i\s   
o!r respects !y may ) great ju/ice be   
pref]r$ to !m4 ,"h1 inde$1 z well z 9   
o!r c\ntries1 are f\nd bo? useful &     
p]nici\s e/abli%m5ts1 bo? rational &    
absurd in/itutions2 yet /ill we mu/     
admire ! /ead9ess :i* con/itutes !      
national "*1 ! immutability :i* reigns 9
 ! adm9i/ration ( _! laws & 9 ! ex]cise 
( _! public functions1 ! unwe>i$        

assiduity ( ?is nation to d & to promote
 :at is useful1 & a hundr$ o!r ?+s ( a  
simil> nature4 ,t s num]\s a p z ?is    
%\ld love s ard5tly & s univ]sally 7)\t 
ev5 a s+le exception to ! contr>y7 _!   
native c\ntry1 _! ,gov]nm5t1 & ea*      
o!r--t ! :ole c\ntry %\ld be1 z x 71    
enclos$1 s t no native c get out1 nor   
=eign] ent] 91 )\t p]mission--t _! laws 
%\ld h rema9$ unalt]$ = sev]al ?\s&     
ye>s--& t ju/ice %\ld be adm9i/]$ )\t   
p>tiality or respect ( p]sons--t !      
,gov]nm5ts c nei!r become despotic nor  
evade ! laws 9 ord] to grant p>dons or d
 o!r acts ( m]cy--t ! mon>* & all 8     
subjects %\ld be clad alike 9 a p>ticul>
 national dress--t no fa%ions %\ld be   
adopt$ f abroad1 nor new ones inv5t$ at 
home--t no =eign w> %\ld h be5 wag$ =   
c5turies pa/--t a great v>iety (        
religi\s sects %\ld live 9 peace &      
h>mony toge!r--t hung] & want %\ld be   
almo/ unkn[n1 or at lea/ kn[n b         
seldom1--all ?is mu/ appe> improbable1 &
 to _m z impossible z x is /rictly true1

 & des]v+ ( ! utmo/ att5tion4 ,he goes  
on to say1 ,if ! laws 9 ?is c\ntry are  
rigid1 ! police are equally vigilant1   
:ile discipl9e & good ord] are          
scrupul\sly obs]v$4 ,! happy consequ5ces
 ( ?is are extremely visible &          
important1 = h>dly any c\ntry exhibits  
few] in/ances ( vice4 ,& z no respect   
:atev] is paid to p]sons1 & at ! same "t
 ! laws pres]ve _! pri/9e & orig9al     
purity1 )\t any alt]ations1             
explanations1 & miscon/ructions1 !      
subjects n only imbibe1 z !y gr[ up1 an 
infallible k ( :at ought or ought n to  
be done1 b are likewise enlight5$ by !  
example & irreproa*able conduct ( _!    
sup]iors 9 age4  ,mo/ crimes are puni%$ 
) dea?--a s5t5ce :i* is inflict$ ) less 
reg>d to ! magnitude ( ! crime ?an to ! 
audacity ( ! attempt to transgress !    
hall[$ laws ( ! empire1 & to violate    
ju/ice1 :i* toge!r ) religion !y consid]
 z ! mo/ sacr$ ?+s 9 ! :ole l&4 ,f9es & 
pecuni>y mulcts !y reg>d z equally      
repugnant to ju/ice & reason1 z ! ri*   

are !reby fre$ f all puni%m5t--a        
proc$ure :i* to !m appe>s ! height (    
absurdity4  ,9 ! t[ns x (t5 happ5s t !  
inhabitants ( a :ole /reet are made to  
suff] = ! malpractice ( a s+le          
individual1 ! ma/] ( a h\se = ! faults (
 8 dome/ics1 & p>5ts = ^? ( _! *ildr51 9
 proportion to ! %>e !y may h _h 9 !    
transaction4 ,9 ,europe1 :i* boa/s a    
pur] religion & a m enlight5$           
philosophy1 we v r>ely see ^? puni%$ :o 
h debau*$ & s$uc$ o!rs1 nev] see p>5ts &
 relatives made to suff] = neglect+ !   
education ( _! *ildr5 & k9dr$1 at ! same
 "t t ^! hea!ns see ! ju/ice & propriety
 ( su* puni%m5t4 ,deal+ ) agriculture1 !
 ,sw$i% physician rem>k$3 ,agriculture  
is 9 ! highe/ e/eem ) ! ,japanese1      
insomu* t 7! mo/ b>r5 & untractable     
m\nta9s except$7 "o sees "h ! surface ( 
! e>? cultivat$ all ov] ! c\ntry1 & mo/ 
( ! m\nta9s & hills up to _! v tops4    
,nei!r rew>ds nor enc\ragem5ts are      
necess>y 9 a c\ntry :]e ! till]s ( !    
gr\nd are consid]$ z ! mo/ useful class 

( citiz5s & :]e !y d n groan "u v>i\s   
oppressions1 :i* 9 o!r c\ntries h h9d]$1
 & ev] mu/ h9d]1 ! progress (           
agriculture4 ,! duties paid by ! f>m] ( 
8 corn 9 k9d are inde$ v heavy1 b 9 o!r 
respects he cultivates 8 l& ) great]    
fre$om ?an ! "l ( a manor 9 ,sw$54 ,he  
is n h9d]$ two days toge!r at a "t1 9   
consequ5ce ( furni%+ relays ( horses1 by
 :i* he p]haps e>ns a groat & (t5       
returns ) ! loss ( 8 horses2 he is n    
dragg$ f 8 field & pl\gh to transport a 
prison] or a des]t] to ! next ca/le2 nor
 are 8 "t & prop]ty wa/$ 9 mak+ roads1  
build+ bridges1 alm%\ses1               
p>sonage-h\ses1 & magaz9es4 ,he kn[s    
no?+ ( ! imp$im5ts & inconv5i5ces :i*   
att5d ! ma9t5ance & equipm5ts ( horses &
 foot soldi]s4 ,& :at contributes /ill m
 to 8 happ9ess1 & leaves suffici5t scope
 = 8 indu/ry 9 cultivat+ 8 l& is ?is--t 
he has only "o ma/]1 viz41 8 feudal "l1 
)\t be+ "u ! comm&s ( a ho/ ( ma/]s1 z )
 u4 ,no p>cell+ out ( ! l& =bids him to 
improve to ! lea/ advantage ! portion he

 possesses1 & no "r ( commonage1 belong+
 to _m1 prev5ts ea* f d]iv+ pr(it f 8   
%>e4 ,all are b\nd to cultivate _! l&1 &
 if a husb&man _c annually cultivate a  
c]ta9 portion ( 8 fields he =feits !m1 &
 ano!r :o c is at lib]ty to cultivate   
!m4 ,mead[s are n to be met ) 9 ! :ole  
c\ntry2 on ! contr>y1 e spot ( gr\nd is 
made use ( ei!r = corn-fields or else = 
plantations ( escul5t-root$ vegetables3 
s t ! l& is nei!r wa/$ ^u ext5sive      
mead[s = ! support ( cattle &           
saddle-horses1 nor ^u l>ge & unpr(itable
 plantations ( tobacco2 nor is x s[n )  
se$ = any o!r /ill less necess>y        
purpose2 :i* is ! reason t ! :ole c\ntry
 is v ?ickly inhabit$ & popul\s1 & c )\t
 difficulty give ma9t5ance to all its   
innum]able inhabitants4  ,let u n[ take 
a /ep1 a long /ep1 =w>d 9 "t f ! ,sw$i% 
physician relat+ 8 impressions 9 !      
sev5te5? c5tury1 to an ,am]ican 9 !     
eighte5? c5tury deliv]+ 8 op9ions on    
,japan & ! ,japanese z view$ f !        
,am]ican /&po9t at t p]iod4 ,! sitt] is 

! same1 &1 :at is m1 he sits on 8 heels 
to-day j z 8 gr&fa!r did to ,?unb]g1 yet
 x is h>d to see any po9ts (            
resemblance--a lesson to all !ologians &
 politicians :o /ill indulge ! dreams t 
uni=mity ( op9ion on ! pla9e/ matt]s (  
fact & obs]vation c ev] be atta9$ among 
m51 h[ev] hone/ & consci5ti\s !y may be 
9 _! ef=ts aft] unity4 ,! ,*9ese prov]b 
) m wisdom decl>es1 ',tru? is "o1 b     
op9ions are _m4'  ,all (ficials s]ve 9  
pairs1 z spies ^u ea* o!r1 & ?is p]vades
 ! entire polity ( ,japan4 ,x is a      
gov]nm5t ( espionage4 ,ev]ybody is      
wat*$4 ,no man kn[s :o are ! secret     
spies ar\nd him1 ev5 ?\gh he may be & is
 acqua9t$ ) ^? t are (ficial4 ,! emp]ors
 !mselves are n exempt2 gov]nors1 gr&   
c\ncillors1 vassal pr9ces1 all are "u ! 
eye ( an ev]la/+ unkn[n police4 ,?is    
wret*$ sy/em is ev5 ext5d$ to ! humble/ 
( ! citiz5s4 ,e t[n is divid$ into      
collections ( five families1 & e memb] (
 su* a division is p]sonally responsible
 = ! conduct ( ! o!rs2 ev]y?+ :i*       

occurs1 !re=e1 out ( ! ord9>y c\rse 9   
any "o ( ^! is in/antly report$ by ! o!r
 f\r to save !mselves f c5sure4 ,!      
,ziogoon 7,tycoon7 has 8 m9ions ab\t !  
,mikado & ! ,gr& ,c\ncil h !irs ab\t !  
,ziogoon4 ,& ! c[>dice eng5d]$ by su*   
ceaseless di/ru/ necess>ily leads to    
cruelty 9 p5alties4 ,:5 an (ficial has  
(f5d$1 or ev5 :5 9 8 dep>tm5t !re has   
be5 any violation ( law1 al?\gh beyond 8
 p[] ( prev5tion1 s sure is he ( !      
puni%m5t ( dea?1 t he anticipates x by  
ripp+ up 8 own body r ?an be deliv]$ ov]
 to ! execution] & entail+ disgrace &   
ru9 on all 8 family4 ,!re _c "u su* a   
sy/em be any?+ l judici\s legislation   
f\nd$ on enquiry & adapt$ to ! ev]-v>y+ 
circum/ances ( life4 ,z ,gov]nm5t       
function>ies !y lie & practise artifice 
to save !mselves f condemnation by !    
high] p[]s3 x is _! vocation4 ,z private
 g5tlem5 !y are frank1 tru?ful1 &       
hospitable4  ,tak+ a fur!r /ep & com+   
d[n to ! ye> #ahgg1 ,i h be=e me1 z ,i  
write1 ! private lett] ( a naval (fic] (

 an impressionable age visit+ ,japan = !
 fir/ "t & giv+ 8 op9ions !re(1 at a    
p]iod :5 ,japan 0 j beg9n+ to feel      
really at "w ! di/9ct influ5ces ( ,we/]n
 civilisation--! beg9n+1 9 fact1 ( !    
extraord9>y metamorphosis :i* has be5   
witness$ ( rec5t ye>s4 ,he rem>ks3      
,probably to ! travell] seek+ ! m>vell\s
 & desir+ ! beautiful1 !re is no m      
int]e/+ c\ntry to pay a visit to ?an    
,japan4 ,9 some?+ "u a decade t c\ntry  
a/oni%$1 &1 at fir/1 r amus$ ! civilis$ 
_w by em]g+ f ! acme ( b>b>ism to !     
extremes ( civilisation4 ,x 0 b a v few 
ye>s ago t a =eign] c\ld n l& 9 ! c\ntry
 unless accompani$ by a ,gov]nm5t       
escort4 ,b n[ t is all *ang$4 ,! =eign] 
is welcom$1 8 habits & religion are n   
alone tol]at$ b respect$2 8 dress is    
copi$ to an extreme t inde$ proves      
imitation to be ! s9c]e/ flatt]y1 & b = 
! olive complexion1 flat nose & d>k     
hair1 a ,japanese g5tleman ( ! p]iod is 
v little diff]5t f 8 ,engli%            
contempor>y4 ,!re is a t5d5cy ,i f9d    

among a good _m p]sons1 ^: ideas on !   
subject ( race & geography are slightly 
mix$1 to conf\nd ! ,japanese ) ! ,*9ese1
 & to imag9e t ! two names indicate no  
great] diff]5ce ?an at pres5t exi/      
betwe5 an ,engli%man & an ,iri%man4 ,!  
fact1 h[ev]1 is t a great] diff]5ce     
exi/s among ^! two nationalities ?an c  
be ei!r imag9$ or describ$1 &1 consid]+ 
_! contiguity1 x is inde$ surpris+ t !y 
h sc>cely a habit or a pursuit 9 common4
 ,! m9d ( ! mod]n ,japanese is          
progressive & acquisitive4 ,! m9d ( !   
,*9aman ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z f> z he   
all[s x to be se51 is z torpid &        
retrogressive z 8 ance/ors ( !          
,confucian p]iod4  ,up to ! ye> #ahfh   
,japan 0 gov]n$ jo9tly by a ,tycoon & a 
,mikado toge!r ) a c\ncil ( ! ,daimios1 
or great feudal pr9ces1 9 ^: h&s all    
real p[] re/$4 ,! spiritual sov]eign 0 !
 ,mikado1 nom9ally ! *ief rul]1 !       
,tycoon be+ consid]$ 8 fir/ subject4    
,all enactm5ts requir$ 8 sanction4 ,!   
(fice ( ! ,tycoon 0 h]$it>y & he        

gradually absorb$ all ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate4 
,9 #ahfh a revolution occurr$ :i*       
culm9at$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! spiritual head &
 ! seat+ ( ! ,tycoon on ! ?rone z an    
h]$it>y pr9ce ) ! title ( ,mikado4 ,!re 
is n[ no su* p]son z a ,tycoon 9 ,japan4
 ,! insurrection ( #ahfh also saw !     
d[nfall ( ! ,daimios or feudal pr9ces ( 
,japan4 ,^! pr9ces _h ea* /&+ armies (  
_! own1 & adm9i/]$ ju/ice 9 _! own      
t]ritories4 ,_! reta9]s 7 ! fam\s       
two-sword$ m5 s long a t]ror to         
,europeans1 & :o /rongly object$ to any 
int]c\rse ) =eign]s1 probably =esee+ its
 inevitable result4 ,9 #ahfh ! :ole ( ^!
 f]oci\s m5 7 dis>m$1 & a /&+ army      
modell$ on ! ,fr5* fa%ion e/abli%$ = !  
def5ce ( ! ,empire4 ,! ,japanese ,navy 0
 organis$ ab\t ! same "t by an ,engli%  
(fic]1 & at fir/ consi/$ ( a few        
obsolete ,am]ican & ,engli% m5-(-w>4 ,t1
 h[ev]1 is n[ a ?+ ( ! pa/1 ! ,japanese 
,gov]nm5t hav+ dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s sp5t 
_m millions 9 pur*as+ mod]n ironclads & 
o!r vessels ( ! mo/ approv$ type1 & !   

,japanese ,navy bids fair be=e long to  
become a p[] 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4  ,conc]n+ !  
(t-debat$ "q ( ,japanese morality ,i c  
say little4 ,_! ideas on ! subject are1 
to put x mildly1 some:at lax1 & w\ld no 
d\bt %ock any "o /rongly imbu$ )        
morality z x is 9 vogue 7!oretically7 9 
,european c\ntries4 ,t !re is n t       
privacy betwe5 ! sexes :i* prevails 9   
o!r c\ntries may be indicat$ by ! fact t
 m5 & wom5 make _! ablutions toge!r 9 ! 
public wa%-h\ses4 ,nev]!less ! ,japanese
 h a code ( morality peculi> to         
!mselves1 & any infidelity on ! "p ( a  
woman to h] husb& is puni%$ ) sev]ity4  
,! great drawback to ! prosp]ity (      
,japan is a matt] t prevails 9 "s m     
anci5t civilis$ l&s1 viz41 an enorm\s   
issue ( pap]-money4 ,"y ,japan1 f9d+ x  
easy to pr9t notes to pay its           
obligations1 pr9t$ !m to ! ext5t ( tw5ty
 millions /]l+ 9 all sizes f #e c5ts to 
#ajj doll>s4 ,! consequ5ce is t ?is     
pap]-money has depreciat$ 9 value to !  
ext5t ( #ae p] c5t4 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1

 h se5 _! mi/ake1 & are gradually call+ 
x 91 & h e/abli%$ a v f9e m9t ) a gold &
 silv] co9age4 ,insurrections h also be5
 a drag on ,japan 9 its progress4 ,!    
,pr9ce ( ,satsuma1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( !
 anci5t ,daimios1 has nev] ackn[l$g$ !  
pres5t sy/em ( gov]nm5t & has           
p]iodically rebell$ aga9/ x4 ,?is ye> a 
s]i\s rebellion broke out at ,kago%ima1 
& 0 n quell$ )\t great loss ( life & a  
heavy exp5diture4 ,8 foll[]s behav$ )   
great fanaticism1 _m ( !m load+ !mselves
 ) gunp[d] ru%+ into ! mid/ ( ! enemy & 
sett+ fire to ! p[d]1 kill+ !mselves by 
s do+1 b also1 to ! admiration ( _! less
 ard5t comrades1 kill+ numb]s ( ! enemy4
  ,aga9/ no anci5t cu/om has ! ,japanese
 ,gov]nm5t m set its face ?an tattoo+4  
,any p]sons 9 ,japan n[ ei!r all[+      
!mselves to be tattoo$ or p]=m+ !       
op]ation on any "o else are liable to   
imprisonm5t4 ,black+ ! tee?1 a cu/om    
preval5t among ! wom5 on be+ m>ri$1 is  
rapidly dy+ out1 be+ disc\rag$ by !     
au?orities4  ,! glimpses ( ,japan %[n u 

by ,?unb]g & ! ,am]ican ,i h quot$ prove
 cle>ly en\gh1 ev5 7 x n amplifi$ by a  
ho/ ( o!r te/imony ,i h n space to ref] 
to1 t ! ,japan ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1   
eighte5?1 & e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5turies
 0 a highly civilis$ c\ntry 9 :i* law & 
ord] reign$ supreme1 :]e respect =      
au?ority 0 m>k$1 ! /&>d ( com=t1 if n   
high1 0 at any rate suffici5t1 ! dome/ic
 relations & family life 7 almo/ ideal1 
clean liv+ 0 ! cu/om1 crime 0 at a      
m9imum1 education 0 univ]sal1 amusem5ts 
7 pl5tiful1 ! arti/ic feel+ & in/9cts 7 
n ! cult ( a class b 7 %>$ by ! common  
p4 ,?is 0 ! nation1 self-conta9$ &      
self-satisfi$1 t "s p]sons1 l ! "y naval
 (fic] f :om ,i h quot$1 gravely affirm 
to h be5 /eep$ 9 b>b>ism until x came "u
 ,we/]n influ5ces & w5t 9 = frock-coats 
& silk hats = ! m51 ,p>is co/umes = !   
wom51 & an ,army & ,navy on ,european   
l9es4 ,if ^! be ! factors :i* con/itute 
civilisation ,i admit t ,japan has only 
rec5tly be5 civilis$4 ,be+ ( op9ion1    
h[ev]1 t civilisation does n consi/ 9   

co/um]y1 b is a ref9+ & educat+         
influ5ce1 ,i pref] to reg>d ,japan z a  
c\ntry ( m anci5t civilisation ?an      
,great ,brita91 :i* has ( rec5t ye>s    
det]m9$ to tack on to t civilisation "s 
,we/]n mann]s & cu/oms & facilities4 ,_m
 ( ,japan's greate/ ?9k]s1 a few ,we/]n 
philosoph]s :o c look beyond a co/ume1 !
 telegraph or ! telephone1 are /rongly (
 op9ion t 9 ! process ( mod]n developm5t
 ,japan has n improv$ ei!r morally or   
mat]ially1 & t1 reg>d$ ?r\gh ! dry light
 ( philosophy1 h] pret5sions to be      
consid]$ a highly civilis$ nation 7     
great] half a c5tury back ?an !y are at 
! pres5t mom5t4 ,^u t matt] my read]s   
mu/ =m _! own op9ion4 ,x is a "q1 !     
answ] to :i* l>gely dep5ds ^u ! po9t (  
view f :i* x is reg>d$ & ! factors tak5 
into or left out ( acc\nt4  ,9 ! fir/   
ye> ( ! ,meiji 7#ahfh7 ! ,emp]or1 9 an  
edict1 laid d[n cle>ly & concisely !    
l9es on :i* he & 8 advis]s _h det]m9$ t 
,japan %\ld = ! future be gov]n$4 ,! old
 uncivilis$ way %all be replac$ by !    

et]nal pr9ciples ( ! univ]se4 ,! be/ k  
%all be s\ght ?r\gh\t ! _w s z to       
promote ! imp]ial welf>e4 ,! et]nal     
pr9ciples ( ! univ]se is a resonant     
phrase ne$+ int]pretation4 ,! rul]s (   
,japan to-day1 if !y 7 int]rogat$ on !  
subject1 w\ld probably reply t ! record 
( ,japan = ov] ?irty-eight ye>s pa/ is !
 practical int]pretation ( ! ,emp]or's  
cryptic utt]ance4 ,be t z x may1 ! ink 0
 h>dly dry on ! ,imp]ial edict be=e     
,japan laid h]self out ) e>ne/ness1 n to
 say en?usiasm1 to c>ry into effect !   
pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ! edict4 ,! :ole  
c\ntry 0 quickly 9 a positive f]m5t (   
en]gy4 ,! brighte/ intellects among its 
y\? 7 despat*$ to =eign l&s to acquire k
 & wisdom to be appli$ at home 9 due    
c\rse1 education 0 tak5 9 h&1 s also 0 !
 reorganisation ( ! ,army & ,navy1 &    
railways1 telegraphs1 & v>i\s o!r       
accessories ( ,european civilisation 7  
introduc$ into ! c\ntry4 ,japan1 9 a ^w1
 became quickly trans=m$ &1 be+ unable  
any long] to keep ! =eign] out1 %e      

det]m9$ to utilise him & 9 ! future     
fight him1 %\ld fight+ be necess>y1 ) 8 
own weapons1 intellectual r ?an mat]ial1
 b n omitt+ ! mat]ial4 ,?irty-eight ye>s
 & m h elaps$ s9ce ! issue ( ! ,imp]ial 
edict ref]r$ to1 & ?is book is design$  
to %[ :at results h fl[$ !refrom1 along 
:at l9es ! developm5t ( ,japan has      
proce$$1 & :at are ! position &         
prospects ( t c\ntry to-day4     ,,*apt]
 ,,ii  ,,! ,,c\ntry--,,its ,,physical   
,,features--,,products--,,fauna--,,flora
1 ,,etc4   ,! ,empire ( ,japan 7a       
corruption ( ,nippon1 ! native "n7 is   
compos$ ( f\r l>ge isl&s--,hon%iu1      
,%ikoku1 ,kiu%iu1 & ,yesso1 besides "s  
?\s&s ( small] isles4 ,! ,kurile ,isles1
 nor? ( ,yesso1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood (    
,kams*atka1 h be5 incorporat$ 9 !       
,empire s9ce #ahge1 & ! ,loo-,*oo       
,isl&s1 "s #ejj miles s\?-we/ ( ,japan's
 s\!rn extremity1 s9ce #ahgf4 ,! great  
isl& ( ,=mosa1 situat$ (f ! coa/ ( ,*9a1
 0 c$$ to ,japan z ! outcome ( !        
,*9o-,japanese ,w> 9 #ahie1 :ile z !    

result ( ! rec5t conflict ) ,russia1    
,japan has obta9$ back ! s\!rn half ( ! 
l>ge isl& ( ,sakhal91 :i* =m]ly entirely
 belong$ to h]1 z well z ,port ,ar?ur & 
,dalny on ! ma9l&1 n to speak ( !       
prepond]at+ influ5ce %e has obta9$ 9    
,korea1 :i* is n[ practically "u !      
suz]a9ty ( ,japan4 ,! population ( !    
,empire accord+ to ! la/ c5sus 0 ab\t   
=ty-sev5 millions1 &1 l t ( ,great      
,brita91 x is annually increas+4 ,!     
proximity ( ,japan to ! ,asiatic        
,cont95t1 despite ! lessons 9 geography 
:i* ! late w> af=d$1 is n1 ,i ?9k1      
g5]ally und]/ood4 ,! ne>e/ po9t ( !     
,japanese coa/ is only #ajj miles di/ant
 f ,korea1 :ile betwe5 ! two lies !     
important isl& ( ,tsu-%ima1 :i* ,japan  
f\nd s useful z a /rategic position dur+
 ! w> ) ,russia4 ,! isl& ( ,sakhal91 !  
s\!rn portion ( :i*1 z ,i h said1 has   
lately pass$ into ! possession ( ,japan1
 is ab\t #bj miles di/ant f ! nor!rn "p 
( ,yesso1 :ile at "s places ! isl& is   
only sep>at$ f ! ,russian ma9l& by #e or

 #f miles ( wat]4 ,! di/ance betwe5     
,hakodate1 9 ,yesso1 & ! great ,russian 
port ( ,vladivo/ock is some:]e ab\t #bjj
 miles4 ,?is contiguity ( ,japan to !   
,asiatic ,cont95t has already _h a m>k$ 
effect on ! politics ( ! _w1 & 9 !      
future1 if ,i mi/ake n1 is likely to be 
a prepond]at+ factor !re94 ,! area (    
,japan is ab\t half z l>ge aga9 z t ( ! 
,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! s\!rn extremity ( !   
c\ntry is 9 latitude #ca ,n41 ! nor!rn 9
 latitude #de ,n4  ,! ,japanese isl&s   
are und\bt$ly ( volcanic orig91 & _m ( !
 volcanoes 9 ! c\ntry are /ill m or less
 active4 ,! g5]al con=mation ( ! l&     
leads "o to suppose t ! isl&s are !     
summits ( m\nta9 ranges :i* "s ?\s&s (  
ye>s back _h _! bases subm]g$ by ! ris+ 
( ! sea or else _h by degrees settl$ d[n
 b5ea? ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,! g5]al    
*>act]i/ic ( ! c\ntry is m\nta9\s1 &    
only ab\t "o-six? ( ! total area is 9   
cultivation4 ,fuji-yama1 ! l(tie/       
m\nta91 = :i* ! ,japanese h a peculi>   
v5]ation & :i* has be5 immortalis$ 9 !  

art ( ! c\ntry1 has an altitude (       
#ab1gcj feet4 ,! next 9 height1 ,m\nt   
,mitake1 asc5ds "s #i1jjj feet1 & !re   
are _m o!rs ( #e1jjj feet or m4 ,japan  
has f "t to "t be5 ravag$ by1 & inde$   
/ill is subject to1 t]rible e>?quakes4  
,^! dire calamities seem to recur at    
regul> int]vals4 ,! ,japanese isl&s     
appe> to be 9 ! c5tre ( great volcanic  
di/urbances--a fact :i* probably acc\nts
 = ^? seismic outbreaks :i* p]iodically 
deva/ate consid]able tracts ( ! c\ntry &
 cause trem5d\s havoc to life & prop]ty4
 ,! writt5 records1 ext5d+ back "s      
#a1djj or #a1ejj ye>s1 cle>ly prove t   
e>?quakes ev5 m t]rible 9 _! effects ?an
 any t h tak5 place 9 rec5t times 7 (   
frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1      
possible t ^! records may be inaccurate 
or h be5 l>gely exagg]at$1 b !y at any  
rate t5d to %[ t ^? great cosmic =ces   
:i* are popul>ly t]m$ e>?quakes h be5   
con/antly at "w 9 ,japan ev] s9ce any   
writt5 records h be5 pres]v$ & no d\bt  
long ant]ior to t "t4  ,z ! isl&s are   

n>r[ & m\nta9\s !re are no great riv]s &
 none available = important navigation4 
,none ( ! riv]s exce$ #bjj miles 9 l5g?4
 ,al?\gh ,japan is situat$ mu* fur!r s\?
 ?an ,great ,brita91 its nor!rn         
extremity be+ 9 ab\t ! same latitude z  
,cornwall1 its climate is1 on ! :ole1 n 
unlike t ( ?is c\ntry4 ,( c\rse !       
climate ( su* a m\nta9\s c\ntry & "o    
ext5d+ ov] #ad degrees ( latitude v>ies 
consid]ably4 ,t ( ! isl& ( ,yesso1 =    
example1 is 9 w9t] rigor\s to a degree1 
a fact 9 "s measure caus$ by a cold     
curr5t :i* fl[s d[n its ea/]n %ores f ! 
,sea ( ,okohotsk4 ,pr(essor ,re91 :o has
 giv5 great att5tion to ! matt] ( !     
,japanese climate1 has rem>k$ 9 ref]5ce 
!reto3 ,! climate ( ,japan reflects !   
*>act]i/ics ( t ( ! neighb\r+ cont95t1 &
 exhibits l t two great annual          
contra/s--a hot1 damp summ] & a cold    
relatively dry w9t]2 ^! two seasons lie 
"u ! sway ( ! monsoons1 b ! neighb\r+   
seas weak5 ! effects ( ^! w9ds &        
mitigate _! extremes 9 su* a mann] t    

nei!r ! summ] heat nor ! cold ( w9t]    
atta9 ! same height 9 ,japan z 9 ,*9a at
 ! same latitudes4 ,spr+ & autumn are   
extremely agreeable seasons2 !          
oppressive summ] heat does n la/ long1 &
 9 w9t] ! contra/ betwe5 ! nightly fro/s
 & ! midday heat1 produc$ by consid]able
 insulation b /ill m by ! raw nor!rly   
w9ds1 causes frequ5t *ills1 ?\gh !      
prevail+ bright sky makes ! season ( !  
ye> mu* m endurable ?an 9 _m o!r regions
 :]e ! w9t] cold is equal4 ,z a fact !  
climate ( ,japan agrees v well ) mo/    
,europeans1 s t p h already begun to    
look ^u c]ta9 localities z climatic     
wat]+-places :]e ! inhabitant ( ,hong   
,kong & ,%anghai c f9d refuge f !       
oppressive heat ( summ] & invigorate 8  
heal?4  ,! mean annual temp]ature (     
,tokio is ab\t #ef4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature  
is 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y1 :5 ! !rmomet] 
seldom falls bel[ #be1 ! highe/ 9       
,augu/1 :5 x sometimes rises to #ie or  
#ajj 9 ! %ade1 ! av]age be+ #hb4 ,!     
,japanese suff] a good deal f ! effects 

( ! w9try wea!r1 bron*ial1 *e/1 &       
rheumatic affections be+ preval5t4 ,!   
dwell+s ( ! p1 some:at flimsy 9         
con/ruction z !y are1 are n well adapt$ 
to )/& ! effects ( a l[ temp]ature4 ,on 
! :ole ! p mu/ be pron\nc$ to be        
extremely heal?y--a fact probably due to
 _! scrupul\s cleanl9ess1 to ! excell5t 
v5tilation ( _! h\ses1 &1 z reg>ds ^?   
liv+ 9 ! t[ns1 to ! wide & well-kept    
/reets :]e no?+ (f5sive is all[$ to     
rema94 ,! c\ntry has1 h[ev]1 f "t to "t 
be5 subject to epidemics introduc$ f    
)\t1 *ol]a & ! plague hav+ m ?an once   
c>ri$ dea? ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( !  
l&4  ,^? circul> /orms kn[n z cyclones 9
 ! ,indian ,ocean & typhoons 9 fur!r    
,ea/]n seas h f "t to "t wr\ght great   
deva/ation 9 ,japan4 ,=tunately ^!      
revolv+ /orms are ( brief duration1 & 9 
! neighb\rhood ( ,japan !y d n s        
frequ5tly occur z 9 ! ,*9a ,sea4  ,japan
 is well provid$ ) good h>b\rs1 t (     
,nagasaki 9 especial be+ "o ( ! f9e/ 9 !
 _w4 ,%elt]$ completely by l(ty &       

beautiful hills1 ) deep wat] ?r\gh\t1 x 
is an ideal an*orage4 ,until rec5tly    
=eign trade 0 conf9$ to ! treaty ports2 
b z ! c\ntry has n[ be5 completely ?r[n 
op51 !re is no d\bt t ! _m f9e h>b\rs   
:i* ,japan possesses1 & :i* s f> h h>dly
 be5 utilis$ at all1 w 9 due c\rse      
become ! c5tres ( great comm]cial       
activity4 ,! ,inl& ,sea--! beautiful    
,m$it]ranean ( ,japan--ab\nds ) excell5t
 an*orages1 mo/ ( :i* h hi!rto be5 only 
ent]$ by an occasional junk4  ,reg>d+ ! 
m9]al weal? ( ! c\ntry1 x is impossible 
to speak ) any precision4 ,x 0 n until  
aft] ! ,revolution ( #ahfh t ! m9+      
indu/ry assum$ importance 9 ,japan4 ,at 
fir/ ! ,gov]nm5t itself own$ sev]al     
m9es1 b ^! 7 n f9ancially successful1 & 
!y 7 aft] a "t dispos$ ( to private     
own]s4 ,! old m9+ regulations h rec5tly 
be5 sup]s$$ by a new m9+ law4 ,9        
accordance ) ?is ! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture
 & ,comm]ce is ! (ficial :o p]mits1     
approves1 cancels1 or susp5ds ! "r (    
m9+1 :e!r p]man5tly or on trial4 ,i may1

 h[ev]1 at once rem>k t ! ,japanese     
,gov]nm5t has n up to ! pres5t held out 
mu* enc\ragem5t to ! speculative        
prospector4 ,gold is believ$ to exi/ 9  
consid]able quantities 9 ,yesso1 & z a  
matt] ( fact1 al?\gh ! am\nt m9$ is /ill
 small1 x is annually increas+4 ,coal is
 abundant 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry & !   
m9es are ext5sively work$4 ,9 #aijc !re 
7 ov] t5 million tons ( coal produc$1 & 
! quantity is at ! pres5t "t assur$ly v 
mu* great]4 ,! coal is n ( su* a good   
quality z ei!r ,wel% or ,nor? ,c\ntry1 b
 !re is a l>ge & gr[+ dem& = x 9 ! ,ea/1
 & coal is und\bt$ly a highly important 
"p ( ,japan's lat5t weal?4 ,copp]1 a    
metal :i* is 9 increas+ dem&1 exi/s 9   
,japan 9 enorm\s quantities1 & %e       
promises at no v f>-di/ant date to be ! 
*ief copp]-produc+ c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,iron 
& sulphur are also f\nd1 & !re are _m   
o!r m9]als1 "s ( :i* are m or less      
work$4 ,! ,japanese ,m9+ ,law1 x may be 
int]e/+ to relate1 recognises ! foll[+  
m9]als & m9]al ores1 :i* may accord+ly  

be tak5 z exi/+ 9 ! c\ntry3 ,gold1      
silv]1 copp]1 lead1 t91 hematite1       
antimony1 quicksilv]1 z9c1 iron1        
manganese & ars5ic1 plumbago1 coal1     
k]os5e1 sulphur1 bismu?1 phosphorus1    
peat4  ,:atev] ! m9]al weal? ( ,japan--&
 ! ext5t & v>iety !re( are probably yet 
n fully realis$--!re c be no "q z to !  
value ( its arboreal products4 ,!       
lacqu]-tree 7rhus v]nicif]a71 :i*       
furni%es ! well-kn[n ,japanese lacqu]1 !
 pap] mulb]ry1 ! elm1 oak1 maple1       
bamboo1 camphor1 & _m o!r descriptions (
 trees1 gr[ 9 abundance4 ,! =e/s (      
,japan cov] ne>ly #fj p] c5t4 ( ! l&4 ,=
 "s ye>s aft] ! ,revolution !re 0 a     
r$uction 9 ! wood$ area1 ne>ly f\r      
million acres hav+ be5 cle>$ =          
occupation4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 =e/ry  
has be5 sci5tifically tak5 9 h&1 & ab\t 
"o & a half million acres h be5 replant$
 9 di/ricts :i* h n be5 f\nd suitable = 
f>m+4 ,! climate ( ,japan v>ies s       
greatly t !re is a correspond+ v>iety 9 
its trees4 ,ab\t eight hundr$ k9ds ( =e/

 trees are suitable = cultivation 9     
,japan1 v>y+ f ! palm & ! bamboo to !   
fir & _m o!r trees ) :i* we are famili> 
9 ?is c\ntry4  ,! ,japanese are above   
all ?+s an agricultural p4 ,! tobacco   
plant1 ! tea %rub1 potatoes1 rice1 :eat1
 b>ley1 millet1 cotton1 rape1 & _m      
c]eals o!r ?an ^? ,i h m5tion$ are      
ext5sively cultivat$4 ,! great mass ( ! 
p ( ,japan live on ! l&1 & ?\gh ,i ?9k !
 t5d5cy1 z 9 ,great ,brita91 is = ! l>ge
 t[ns to magnetically draw ! dwell]s 9 !
 c\ntry1 nev]!less agriculture is /ill  
held 9 high e/eem1 & ! peasant is cont5t
 to dwell on ! l& & live by x4 ,rice is 
! /aple food ( ! p1 & x is gr[n ev]y:]e2
 inde$ ! ye>ly h>ve/ ( x affects !      
,japanese economy q z mu* z1 if n ev5 m 
?an1 ! :eat crop does t ( ,europe4 ,!   
,japanese peasant is almo/ z dep5d5t on 
rice z ! ,iri% peasant us$ to be on     
potatoes4 ,! wat]1 s necess>y = irrigat+
 ! l&1 is suppli$ by ! /reams & rivulets
 :i* are pl5tiful 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!        
,japanese agriculturi/ has long be5     

fam\s = ! admirable mann] 9 :i* he keeps
 & tills 8 f>m4 ,! fields are clean z   
reg>ds we$s1 & ord] & neatness are      
p]ceptible ev]y:]e4 ,! lab\r is almo/   
entirely manual1 & m51 wom51 & *ildr5   
all take "p 9 ! "w4  ,fruit is abundant 
9 ,japan1 b x is = ! mo/ "p ( an inf]ior
 quality4 ,grapes1 apples1 pe>s1 plums1 
pea*es1 *e/nuts1 p]simmons1 oranges1    
figs1 lemons1 citrons1 melons1 & wild   
/rawb]ries are all gr[n1 b except z     
reg>ds ! grapes ,i _c speak 9 laudatory 
t]ms ( ,japanese fruit4 ,! fl[]s ( _m   
fruit trees seem m appreciat$ ?an !     
fruit itself4  ,! floral k+dom is ri*1  
beautiful & v>i$4 ,probably 9 no o!r "p 
( ! _w are fl[]s s greatly appreciat$ z 
9 ,japan4 ,!y ent] l>gely into v>i\s    
popul> fe/ivals4 ,! ,japanese1 z mo/ p  
"k1 excel 9 ! art ( g>d5+ & ! dw>f+ (   
trees & %rubs4 ,! fl[] v5dor is a       
famili> sight1 & !re is nev] any lack ( 
buy]s4 ,! poore/ h\sehold] w d )\t any?+
 almo/ r ?an deprive himself ( fl[]s4   
,^! ent] l>gely into ! religi\s s]vices 

( ! p1 & are also ext5sively plac$ on ! 
graves ( ! dep>t$4 ,fl[]s1 inde$1 play  
an important "p 9 ! lives ( ! ,japanese4
 ,japan has long be5 fam\s = ! great    
numb] ( its ev]gre5s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! 
plants gr[+ wild are ( ?is class1 s t   
ev5 9 w9t] ! l& has n ! b>e appe>ance   
*>act]i/ic ( ,european c\ntries at t "t 
( ! ye>4 ,conif]\s plants are abundant1 
_m ( !m be+ peculi> to ,japan4  ,! coa/s
 ab\nd ) fi% ( an excell5t quality1 &   
?is1 ) rice1 =ms ! /aple diet ( ! p4    
,tea is1 z ,i h said1 l>gely cultivat$1 
& inde$ may be reg>d$ z ! national      
bev]age4 ,x has be5 cultivat$ 9 ! c\ntry
 = ov] two ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is an article (
 fai? 9 ,japan t tea /r5g!ns ! body4 ,x 
is drunk ev]y:]e & at all times1 )\t    
ei!r milk or sug>--! true way1 ,i ?9k1 9
 :i* to appreciate its flav\r4 ,!       
tea-h\se 9 ,japan occupies ! same       
position z ! public-h\se 9 ?is c\ntry1 b
 x has _m advantages ov] ! latt]4 ,9 !  
t[ns & "s o!r p>ts ( ,japan1 sak--a _s  
di/ill$ f rice--is drunk1 & :5 !        

,japanese has to any ext5t be5          
,europeanis$ or br\ght into contact )   
,europeans1 he affects a ta/e =         
,european v>ieties ( alcohol4 ,on !     
:ole1 h[ev]1 ! p are di/9ctly a sob]    
race4  ,! pr9cipal t[ns are ,tokio1 !   
capital1 ) a population ( ab\t "o & half
 millions1 ,osaka1 hav+ a population    
ne>ly z great1 ,kyoto1 ! anci5t capital1
 ,nagoya1 ,kob1 ,yokohama1 & ,nagasaki4 
,yokohama may be reg>d$ z ! ,european   
headqu>t]s2 inde$ x is l>gely a         
,european t[n1 :ile ,nagasaki has m ?an 
any o!r be5 "u ,european influ5ces1 !   
,dut* hav+1 z ,i h already /at$1 _h a   
factory !re1 9 ! suburb ( ,decima1      
cont9u\sly ev] s9ce ! expulsion (       
=eign]s f ! c\ntry 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4  
,railway communication 9 ,japan is a    
subject ^u :i* mu* might be writt54 ,=  
_m ye>s !re 0 only "o l9e 9 ! c\ntry--t 
betwe5 ,yokohama & ,tokio1 ab\t #bb     
miles 9 l5g?4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are "s
 #d1ejj miles ( railway op51 & ext5sions
 are ei!r 9 progress or 9 contemplation4

 ,( ! l9es n[ be+ work$1 ab\t "o-?ird   
are ! prop]ty ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! re/ hav+ 
be5 con/ruct$ by private ent]prise4 ,?is
 dual sy/em ( own]%ip has its           
disadvantages1 & x w d\btless n be      
p]mitt$ to la/4 ,railway con/ruction has
 already _h a consid]able effect on !   
op5+ up ( ! c\ntry1 & z ! con/ruction is
 ext5d$ ! developm5t ( ,japan w d\btless
 proce$ 9 an increas+ ratio4  ,! sc5]y (
 ,japan has provid$ a !me = s _m p5s t  
,i d n feel incl9$ to d m ?an ref] to x 
9 pass+4 ,mu* ( ! sc5]y is sublime b1   
tru? to tell1 its beauty1 or p]haps x   
w\ld be m correct to say ! effect !re(  
on ! sightse]1 has be5 some:at m>r$ (   
rec5t ye>s by ! influx ( ^? p]sons      
colloquially kn[n z globe trott]s1 !    
railway ext5sions to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & 
! erection ( l>ge hotels run on         
,european l9es4 ,nikko1 ! incomp>able1 )
 its glori\s sc5]y & its /ill m glori\s 
temples1 ! me&]+ ,daynogawa1 ! beaute\s 
,lake ,*iuz5ji1 on :i* a qu>t] ( a      
c5tury or s ago a ,european provid$ ) a 

passport & hav+ 8 headqu>t]s at a       
neighb\r+ tea-h\se might gaze at 8      
leisure1 & m$itate 9 a glori\s sil5ce   
brok5 only by ! s\nd ( ! ripples ( !    
wat] or ! cry ( ! birds f ! neighb\r+   
woods1 all are n[ vulg>is$4 ,! p]sonally
 conduct$ t\ri/ is !re & v mu* 9        
evid5ce4 ,he w&]s c>elessly1 (t5        
contemptu\sly1 ?r\gh ! anci5t temples1  
reg>d+ temples1 sc5]y1 riv]1 lakes1     
m]ely z some?+ to be done4 ,! *ange 01  
,i suppose1 inevitable1 b ! *ange is "o 
t ,i ?9k is 9 "s respects to be         
regrett$4 ,! t\ri/ br+s money & sp5ds x 
freely1 & ! c\ntry no d\bt reaps !      
advantage !re(1 b ! effect on !         
,japanese br\ght into contact ) !       
,european "u su* conditions is n1 9 my  
op9ion1 always1 or (t51 b5eficial4  ,i h
 n mu* to rem>k 9 reg>d to ! fauna (    
,japan4 ,! dome/ic animals are          
comp>atively few4 ,! fact ( !           
inhabitants n eat+ animal food has l$ to
 _! pay+ little or no att5tion to !     
bre$+ ( ^? animals :i* are l>gely 9     

reque/ 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,horses1 h[ev]1
 are fairly pl5tiful1 ?\gh small4       
,japan1 z ,i h else:]e rem>k$1 has be5  
h&icapp$ 9 ! organisation ( h] cavalry  
by ! lack ( a prop] supply ( suitable   
horses1 & %e has rec5tly despat*$ a     
commission to ,europe to effect pur*ases
 ) a view ( putt+ ?is matt] "r1 &       
improv+ ! bre$ ( horses 9 ! c\nty4 ,ox5 
& c[s 7 till rec5tly entirely1 & are    
/ill l>gely1 us$ = purposes ( draught   
only4 ,%eep & pigs h be5 introduc$ f    
abroad1 b !y h n be5 g5]ally di/ribut$1 
& 9 _m p>ts ( ,japan h nev] be5 se54  ,!
 wild animals ( ,japan are nei!r num]\s 
nor important4 ,! black be> & ! wolf    
/ill exi/1 *iefly 9 ! ,nor!rn ,isl&1 b x
 is c]ta9 t at no f>-di/ant date !y w1  
unless artificially pres]v$1 g ! way (  
all wild animals 9 civilis$ c\ntries4 ,!
 r$-fac$ monkey is !re1 ! only k9d f\nd 
9 ,japan1 & snakes exi/1 b !y are = !   
mo/ "p h>mless4 ,! art ( ! c\ntry w h   
famili>is$ ,europeans ) ! pres5ce ( !   
crane & ! /ork1 :i* play su* a prom95t  

"p !re94 ,inde$ ! wild birds ( ! c\ntry 
are m num]\s ?an ! animals4 ,i am n aw>e
 :e!r geological rese>* 9 ,japan has be5
 suffici5tly ext5sive or sy/ematic to   
asc]ta9 :e!r1 & if s :at1 any species ( 
animals h ev] exi/$ !re o!r ?an ^? at   
pres5t f\nd 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x c]ta9ly is 9 
"s respects extraord9>y t a c\ntry s    
close to ! ,asiatic ,cont95t & possess+ 
su* a v>iety ( climates %\ld1 z reg>ds !
 animal k+dom f ! /&po9t ( ! zoologi/1  
be put d[n z di/9ctly poor4 ,! fact1 or 
suppos$ fact1 to :i* ,i h previ\sly     
ref]r$1 t ! ,japanese isl&s are !       
summits ( m\nta9 ranges :i* _m ?\s& ye>s
 ago _h _! bases subm]g$ by ! ris+ ( !  
sea or _h gradually settl$ d[n b5ea? !  
surface ( ! ocean1 may1 ( c\rse1 acc\nt 
= ! pov]ty ( ,japan 9 reg>d to ! animals
 !re94 ,i mu/ leave o!r p5s ?an m9e to  
descant on t int]e/+ if highly          
speculative matt]4 ,be t z x may1 if !  
fauna ( ,japan is poor1 ! c\ntry c]ta9ly
 makes up = x by ! v>iety & magnific5ce 
( its flora--a flora :i* des]ves to be  

/udi$1 & :i* has done s mu* to bright5 n
 only ! appe>ance ( ! c\ntry b ! lives (
 its inhabitants4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,!
 ,,japanese ,,race ,,& ,,its ,,language 
,!re are1 ,i h always ?\ght1 two ways 9 
:i* any race %\ld be consid]$ if x is   
desir$ to =m a correct idea 9 reg>d to  
x1 viz41 f an e?nological & philological
 /&po9t4 ,no race des]ves to be clos]   
/udi$ 9 ^! matt]s ?an ! ,japanese4      
,inde$1 ,i am ( op9ion t x is impossible
 to arrive at any cle> or correct op9ion
 conc]n+ x )\t hav+1 h[ev] slightly1    
inve/igat$ its racial desc5t & !        
language :i*1 among ,ea/]n dialects1 has
 s long be5 z great a puzzle to !       
philologi/ z has ,basque among !        
,european languages4 ,respect+ ! orig9 (
 ! ,japanese we "k practically no?+--at 
any rate no?+ au!ntic4 ,! native leg5ds 
& hi/ories af=d u nei!r guide nor clue 9
 ! matt]4 ,^! leg5ds & hi/ories tell u t
 ! ,japanese are desc5d$ f ! gods1 b ,i 
am q c]ta9 t ! mod]n ,japanese receives 
t fact 787 ) some?+ m ?an ! prov]bial   

gra9 ( salt4 ,accord+ to ! old leg5d    
,n9igi-no-,nikoto 0 a god despat*$ by 8 
gr&mo!r ! ,sun-goddess to take          
possession ( ,japan1 & ! l& 0 peopl$ by 
him & 8 ent\rage4 ,?is god-man1 x is    
/at$1 liv$ ov] #cjj1jjj ye>s2 8 son1    
,hohod]ni1 atta9$ to twice t p]iod (    
longevity1 :ile a gr&*ild1 ,ugaya by "n1
 rea*$ ! respectable old age ( #hcf1jdb 
ye>s4 ,ugaya 01 x is /at$1 ! fa!r (     
,jimmu1 ! fir/ ,emp]or4 ,x is n necess>y
 to s]i\sly notice fables or leg5ds or  
poetic imag]y1 or :atev] ^! tales may be
 deem$ to be1 al?\gh ,i may rem>k t !   
div9e desc5t ( ! sov]eign ( ,japan has1 
s f> z ,i "k1 nev] be5 =mally repudiat$1
 & x is /ill explicitly1 if n           
implicitly1 held4  ,dr4 ,kaemf]1 ^:     
great "w ,i h already ref]r$ to1        
prop\nd$ !re9 ! some:at fanciful !ory t 
! ,japanese are really ! direct         
desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,babylonians1 & t 
_! language is "o ( ^? :i* ,sacr$ ,writ 
m5tions ! all-wise ,provid5ce ?\ght fit 
to infuse into ! m9ds ( ! va9 build]s ( 

! ,babylonian ,t[]4 ,accord+ to 8 !ory1 
:i* to me seems absolutely ludicr\s1 !  
,japanese came ?r\gh ,p]sia1 !n along ! 
%ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea & by ! bank ( ! 
,oxus to its s\rce4 ,f !re1 he sugge/s1 
!y cross$ ,*9a1 desc5d$ ! ,amoor1       
proce$$ s\?w>ds to ,korea1 & f\nd _! way
 across ! int]v5+ sea to ! ,japanese    
isl&s4 ,ano!r !ory1 :i* has f\nd _m     
support]s1 is t ! ,japanese are desc5d$ 
f ! ,a9os1 ! hairy race /ill to be f\nd 
9 ! isl& ( ,yesso4 ,an advocate ( ?is   
view seeks to bol/] up 8 fai? by !      
evid5ces ( an aborig9al race /ill to be 
f\nd 9 ! relics ( ! ,/one ,age 9 ,japan4
 ,fl9t arr[s & spe>-heads1 he rem>ks1   
hamm]s1 *isels1 scrap]s1 kit*5 refuse1 &
 v>i\s o!r trophies are frequ5tly       
excavat$1 or may be f\nd 9 ! museum or 9
 homes ( private p]sons4 ,?\gh cov]$ ) !
 soil = c5turies1 !y seem z ?\gh fre%ly 
br\ght f an ,a9o hut 9 ,yesso4 ,9 scores
 ( /rik+ in/ances ! v peculi> ideas1    
cu/oms1 & sup]/itions ( bo? ,japanese & 
,a9o are ! same1 or b slightly modifi$4 

,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sweet ,,sc5t ,,( ,,!
 ,,*]ry ,,blossom       ,,f ,a ,,pr9t   
,,by ,,hiro%ige  ,?is seems to me to be 
no evid5ce at all4 ,fl9t arr[s1         
spe>-heads1 hamm]s1 & s on are to be    
f\nd 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,mank9d all ov] !   
globe seems to h evolv$ its             
civilisation1 or :at passes = x1 9 v mu*
 ! same way1 viz41 by process (         
exp]im5t4 ,ano!r au?ority has ass]t$ t !
 %ort1 r\nd skull1 ! oblique eyes1 !    
prom95t *eek-bones1 ! d>k1 black hair1 &
 ! scanty be>d all proclaim ! ,man*us & 
,koreans z ! ne>e/ cong5]s ( !          
,japanese4 ,?is au?ority consid]s x     
positive t ! latt] are a ,tungusic race1
 & t _! own traditions & ! :ole c\rse ( 
_! hi/ory are incompatible ) any o!r    
conclusion ?an t ,korea is ! r\te by :i*
 ! immigrant tribes made _! entry into  
,kiu%iu f _! orig9al ,man*urian home4   
,:ile accept+ ?is !ory ) "s res]vations1
 ,i may rem>k t ,i altoge!r fail to see 
:at ! :ole c\rse ( ,japanese hi/ory has 
to d ) ! matt]4 ,japanese hi/ory1 z ,i h

 previ\sly obs]v$1 is almo/ altoge!r    
leg5d>y1 & proves no?+ except ! cr$ulity
 ( ^? :o h accept$ x z /atem5ts ( fact4 
,e?nology1 ,i admit1 is a mo/ int]e/+   
field = speculation4 ,x is "o 9 :i* !   
m9d c positively run riot & ! imag9ation
 revel4 ,! wilde/ !ories h be5 put =w>d 
9 reg>d to _m ( ! _w's races1 &         
philological argum5ts ( ! ?9ne/ possible
 k9d h be5 us$ to bol/] !m up4 ,=       
example1 "o v able writ] on ?is matt]   
has broa*$ a !ory respect+ ! orig9 ( !  
,japanese1 & support$ x by :at seems to 
be v plausible evid5ce4 ,he assumes1 on 
:at gr\nds ,i "k n1 t !re 0 a :ite race 
e>li] 9 ! field ( hi/ory ?an ! ,aryans1 
& t ! seat ( ?is :ite race 0 9 ,high    
,africa4 ,t x 0 f ,africa t migrations 7
 made to ,nor?1 ,c5tral1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1
 z well z to ,egypt1 & subsequ5tly to   
,babylonia &1 app>5tly1 to ,india4 ,9   
due c\rse1 accord+ to ?is au?ority1     
,syria & ,babylonia 7 conqu]$ by !      
,semites1 :ile ! ,aryans became ma/]s ( 
,europe1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,india4 ,!      

sugge/ion is t ! conqu]ors ( ! ,japanese
 isl&s & ! f\nd]s ( ! ,japanese language
 & my?ology 7 ( ! ,turano-,african type4
 ,t ^! invad]s int]m>ri$ ) a mix$ %ort  
race1 & t ! new dom9at+ ,japanese race  
ma9ta9$ & propagat$ _! dialect ( !      
language & _! sect ( ! religion1 &      
displac$ ! pure natives4 ,! same        
au?ority sugge/s t :5 ! ,pacific r\te to
 ,am]ica 0 clos$ by ! weakness ( !      
,turano ,africans & ! ris+ ( cannibals &
 o!r savages 7:]e did !y rise f87 !     
,japanese 7 isolat$ on ! ea/4 ,on _! we/
 ! ,turano-,african dyna/ies 9 ,*9a &   
,korea fell1 & 7 replac$ by natives1 !  
same s]ies ( ev5ts tak+ place z 9       
,egypt1 ,p]u1 ,mexico1 c4 ,! pr9cipal   
evid5ce 9 support ( ?is some:at />tl+   
!ory is ! simil>ity betwe5 ! words 9 use
 9 ,japanese & 9 c]ta9 ,african         
languages4 ,b if evid5ce ( t nature is  
to be accept$ 9 pro( ( some:at          
improbable !ories1 x w be possible to   
prove almo/ any?+ 9 reg>d to ! orig9 (  
races4 ,i utt]ly reject all ^! f>-fet*$ 

!ories4 ,any unprejudic$ man look+ at ! 
,japanese1 ! ,*9aman1 & ! ,korean w h no
 d\bt :atev] 9 8 own m9d z to _! racial 
aff9ity4 ,diff]5ces !re mo/ c]ta9ly are1
 j z !re are betwe5 ! ,fr5*man & !      
,engli%man1 or ev5 ! ,engli%man & !     
,scot*man1 b :at ,i may t]m ! pron\nc$  
*>act]i/ics are ! same--! col\r ( ! sk91
 ! oblique eyes1 ! d>k hair1 & ! cont\r 
( ! skull4 ,^! p1 :atev] ! pres5t       
diff]5ce 9 _! m5tal1 moral1 & physical  
*>act]i/ics1 h q evid5tly all come f !  
same /ock4 ,!y are1 9 a ^w1 ,mongolians1
 & any attempt to prove t "o p>ticul>   
portion ( ?is /ock is ,turano-,african1 
or some?+ else equally absurd f an      
e?nological po9t ( view1 seems to me to 
be positively *ildi%4 ,!re 0 probably   
orig9ally a mixture ( races1 ,malay z   
well z o!rs1 :i* has _h its effect on ! 
peculi> temp]am5t ( ! ,japanese z he is 
to-day comp>$ ) ! ,*9aman4  ,( c\rse    
language _c be left out ( acc\nt 9 ! "q 
( ! racial orig9 ( any p1 & ! ,japanese 
language has1 z ,i h said1 long be5 a   

puzzle = ! philologi/4 ,9 ! e>ly times  
we are told ! ,japanese _h no writt5    
language4 ,! language 9 use be=e ! op5+ 
up ( communications ) ,korea & ,*9a /ood
 alone4 ,inde$ !re is only "o language  
outside ,japan :i* has any aff9ity !re)1
 t is ! language ( ! inhabitants ( !    
,loo-,*oo ,isl&s4 ,philologi/s h exclud$
 ! language f ! ,aryan & ,semitic       
tongues1 & includ$ x 9 ! ,turanian gr\p4
 ,x is said to possess all ! *>act]i/ics
 ( ! ,turanian family be+ agglut9at$1 t 
is to say1 ma9ta9+ its roots 9 _!       
integrity )\t =mative prefixes1 poor 9  
conjunctions1 & copi\s 9 ! use (        
p>ticiples4 ,x is unc]ta9 :5            
alphabetical *>act]s 7 introduc$ into   
,japan1 b x is believ$ to h happ5$ :5   
int]c\rse ) ,korea 0 fir/ op5$ ab\t !   
comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,! w>rior 
,empress1 ,jungu-kogo1 is said to h     
c>ri$ away f ,korea z _m books z        
possible aft] ! successful invasion ( t 
c\ntry4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ! son ( !      
,emp]or ,oj9 le>n$ to read ,*9ese works1

 & h5ce=w>d ! ,*9ese language &         
lit]ature seem to h be5 introduc$ into  
,japan4 ,a great impetus 0 giv5 to !    
spread ( ,*9ese lit]ature by !          
introduction ( ,buddhism & ,buddhi/     
writ+s 9 ! six? c5tury1 & ! effect !re( 
is n[ app>5t 9 ! numb] ( ,*9ese words 9 
! ,japanese language4 ,! "q z to ! orig9
 ( ! e>lie/ writt5 *>act]s employ$ 9    
,japan is "o t has produc$1 & probably w
 cont9ue to produce1 mu* controv]sy4 ,^!
 are kn[n z ,%9ji lett]s ( ! ,god ,age1 
b !y h left no traces 9 ! exi/+         
alphabet4 ,!re is a rem>kable diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! writt5 & spok5 dialects (      
,japan4 ,! gramm>s ( ! two are entirely 
diff]5t1 & x is possible to speak !     
language colloquially & yet n be able to
 read a newspap]1 book1 or lett]2 :ile1 
on ! o!r h&1 x is possible to "k !      
writt5 language ?or\ghly1 & yet be      
unable to c>ry on a conv]sation ) a     
,japanese4 ,! spok5 language1 z a matt] 
( fact1 is n difficult except 9 reg>d to
 ! complicat$ con/ruction ( ! words4 ,! 

difficulty is 9 ref]5ce to ! writt5     
language4 ,!re are really ?ree modes or 
sy/ems ( writ+3 ! fir/ consi/s ( ! use (
 ! ,*9ese *>act]s1 ! second & ?ird ( two
 diff]5t alphabets4 ,al?\gh ! ,japanese 
h adopt$ ! ,*9ese *>act]s & le>n$ to    
atta* to !m ! same mean+ z obta9s 9     
,*9a1 ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces is        
sometimes s totally diff]5t t x is      
difficult = a ,*9aman to read a book    
writt5 by a ,japanese 9 ! ,*9ese        
*>act]s1 :ile ! ,japanese _c read ,*9ese
 books unless he has specially /udi$    
,*9ese4 ,x is evid5t f :at ,i h said t x
 is difficult to obta9 a complete k ( ! 
writt5 language ( ,japan 9 its ,*9ese   
=m4 ,!re is a c]ta9 s*ool ( ?\ght 9     
,japan :i* is en?usia/ic = ! replacem5t 
( ! pres5t complicat$ sy/em by !        
introduction ( a ,roman alphabet1 b ,i  
feel b\nd to say t ?is s*ool has n made 
mu* progress1 & x is n likely to be     
successful4 ,al?\gh ! pres5t sy/em has  
its disadvantages1 x has its advantages 
likewise4 ,! writt5 *>act]s are ^?      

common to ab\t #dej millions ( ! _w's p1
 & ,i ?9k t ! use ( ! ,*9ese *>act]s 9  
,japan w be a factor ( consid]able      
importance 9 ! future hi/ory ( ! _w1    
because ,i am conv9c$ t ,japan is de/9$ 
to ex]cise a prepond]at+ influ5ce 9 &   
ov] ,*9a1 & t ! ex]cise ( t influ5ce w  
be greatly facilitat$ by ! writt5       
*>act]s :i* bo? nations h 9 common4  ,i 
may at once c&idly confess t ,i h no    
!ory to broa* 9 respect ( ! orig9 ( !   
,japanese p or ! language t !y speak4 ,9
 su* matt]s !oris+ appe>s to me to be a 
pure wa/e ( "t4 ,"o has only to look    
r\nd ! _w z x is to-day1 or = ! matt] ( 
t )9 ! conf9es ( "o's own c\ntry1 to see
 h[ rapidly ! p liv+ = long p]iods 9 a  
c]ta9 "p ( ! c\ntry develop di/9ct      
*>act]i/ics n only 9 physiognomy b 9    
dialect4 ,x is only ! exi/5ce ( ! pr9t+ 
press :i* has1 s to speak1 /]eotyp$ !   
languages ( nations & prev5t$ v>iations 
becom+ fix$1 v>iations & dialects :i* 9 
days prior to ! exi/5ce ( pr9t+ presses 
7 evolv$ into di/9ct languages4 ,take ! 

,briti% ,isles = example1 any "p ( !m1  
,york%ire1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ,london1 &  
note ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! spok5 language 
( c]ta9 classes & ! language z pr9t$ 9  
newspap]s & books4 ,giv5 a nation       
isolat$1 or comp>atively isolat$1 = _m  
hundr$s ( ye>s1 x is difficult to say to
 :at ext5t its language might be evolv$ 
or 9 :at degree ! few *ance visitors    
!reto may introduce words :i* are       
readily adapt$ to or adopt$ 9 ! language
 & influ5ce x = all "t4 ,take1 =        
example1 a ^w :i* any visitor to ,*9a or
 ,japan mu/ h he>d ov] & ov] aga91 viz41
 ,joss1 z appli$ to ,god4 ,?is is1 z mo/
 p "k1 simply a corruption ( !          
,portuguese "n = ! deity4 ,i hope "s    
philologi/ a few ?\s& ye>s h5ce :o may  
trace t ^w to its orig9al s\rce w n     
adduce !refrom t ei!r ! ,*9ese or !     
,japanese sprang f a ,lat9 race4  ,! mo/
 anci5t ,japanese writ+s date f ! eigh? 
c5tury4 ,^! are ,japanese writt5 9      
,*9ese *>act]s1 b ! ,*9ese writt5       
language z also its lit]ature & ! tea*+s

 ( ! great ,*9ese philosoph]1           
,confucius1 are believ$ to h be5        
introduc$ sev]al hundr$s ( ye>s         
previ\sly4 ,?is contact ) & importation 
f ,*9a und\bt$ly _h a m>k$ effect 9     
induc+ :at ,i may t]m atrophy 9 !       
developm5t ( ! ,japanese language z also
 ! gr[? ( its own lit]ature1 t is a     
lit]ature entirely devoid ( ,*9ese      
influ5ces4 ,inde$ x is impossible to    
speculate on :at might h be5 !          
developm5t ( ,japan & 9 :at direction t 
developm5t w\ld h proce$$ _h %e nev]    
come "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,*9ese language1 
lit]ature1 religion1 & arti/ic          
pr9ciples4  ,i h n ! slighte/ d\bt      
myself1 z ,i h said be=e1 t ! ,japanese 
are ( ! same /ock z ! ,*9ese & ,koreans4
 ,i h no !ory 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( !    
,a9os1 :o are mo/ likely ! aborig9al    
inhabitants4 ,!y are q evid5tly a di/9ct
 race f ! ,japanese prop]1 al?\gh (     
c\rse !re has be5 "s int]bre$+ betwe5   
!m4  ,! language ( ,japan naturally     
sugge/s "s ref]5ce to its lit]ature1 (  

:i* !re is no lack1 ei!r anci5t or      
mod]n4 ,i h dealt ) ?is matt] 9 "s      
detail 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,! old      
lit]ature ( ,japan is b little kn[n to  
,europeans1 & probably mo/ ,europeans   
w\ld be incapable ( appreciat+ or       
und]/&+ x4 ,x ab\nds 9 v]bal artifices1 
& ! :ole habits ( life & modes ( ?\ght &
 conception ( ?+s1 mat]ial & spiritual1 
( ! ,japanese ( ^? days 7 s totally     
diff]5t to ^? ( ! ,european z to r5d] x 
almo/ un9telligible to ! latt]4 ,!re    
are1 h[ev]1 s*ol>s :o h wad$ ?r\gh ?is  
lit]ature z also ?r\gh ! poetry ( ,japan
 & h f\nd great delight !re94 ,9 !      
process ( translat+ an ,ori5tal         
language1 full ( dep?s ( subtlety (     
?\ght & express+ ,ori5tal ideas 9 an    
,ori5tal mann]1 mu*1 if n mo/1 ( its    
beauty & *>m mu/ be lo/4 ,t is1 ,i ?9k1 
:y ! ,japanese prose & poetry :5        
translat$ into ,engli% seem s bald &    
lifeless4 ,we "k by exp]i5ce t ev5 a    
,european language loses 9 ! process (  
translation :i* is1 except 9 v r>e      

in/ances1 a purely me*anical art4 ,h[   
mu* m s mu/ be ! case 9 reg>d to an     
,ori5tal language ) its dep?s ( hyp]bole
 & replete ) imag]y1 idealism1 & fl[]y  
illu/rations4  ,i h ref]r$ to !         
lit]ature ( mod]n ,japan1 ! ephem]al    
lit]ature1 9 a *apt] on its newspap]    
press4 ,! mod]n lit]ature1 :e!r ephem]al
 or o!rwise1 is di/9ctly n on ,ori5tal  
l9es4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,we/ p]meates x4  
,di/9ctive ,japanese lit]ature is1 ,i   
imag9e1 a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & ,i fe> x w be   
less & less /udi$ z "t goes on4 ,"y     
,japan is a hu/l]1 to use a mod]n ^w1 & 
x has no "t & mayhap n mu* incl9ation = 
:at x p]haps reg>ds z some:at effete    
matt]4 ,x ?9ks hurri$ly & acts rapidly1 
& x1 accord+ly1 aspires to express its  
?\ghts & ideas ?r\gh a m$ium :i* %all d 
s concisely & effectively4  ,:atev] !   
orig9 ( ! ,japanese race or ! ,japanese 
language1 :e!r ! =m] came f ! pla9s (   
,babylon1 ! heights ( ,africa1 or f "s  
"p ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 or 0 evolv$ on
 ! spot1 "o ?+ is c]ta9--t ! ,japanese  

race & ! ,japanese language h be5       
indelibly /amp$ on ! _w's hi/ory4 ,!    
e?nologi/ may /ill puzzle himself z to !
 orig9 ( ^! =ty-sev5 millions ( p & feel
 annoy$ because he _c classify !m to 8  
own satisfaction4 ,! philologi/ may feel
 an equal or ev5 a great] puzzle 9      
ref]5ce to _! language4 ,^! are m]ely   
speculative matt]s :i* may int]e/ or    
amuse ! man :o has ! "t = su* pursuits1 
b !y are1 aft] all1 ( no great practical
 importance4 ,! future ( a race is ( m  
conc]n ?an its pa/1 &1 :atev] ! orig9 ( 
a language may h be51 if t language     
s]ves 9 ! processes ( developm5t to give
 expression to noble ?\ghts1 :e!r 9     
prose or poetry1 to voice ! wisdom ( !  
p1 to prea* ! gospel ( human bro!rhood1 
x matt]s little h[ x 0 evolv$ or :5ce x 
came4 ,x is because ,i believe t !      
,japanese race & ! ,japanese language h 
a great future be=e !m 9 ! directions ,i
 h indicat$ t ,i h dealt b lightly1 ,i  
hope none ( my read]s w ?9k             
contemptu\sly1 ) ! !ories t h be5 put   

=w>d 9 ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( bo?4        
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,! ,,religions ,,(       
,,japan1 ,,_! ,,influ5ces ,,& ,,effects 
,mo/ p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry if !y 7 ask$   
:at 0 ! religion ( ! ,japanese p w\ld   
probably answ] ,buddhism4 ,z a matt] (  
fact1 ?\gh ,buddhism 0 introduc$ into   
,japan f ,korea z f> back z #eeb ,a4,d41
 x is n & nev] has be5 ! prepond]at+    
religion 9 ,japan4 ,at ! same "t ,i q   
admit t x has _h a m>k$ effect on !     
religi\s life ( ! p1 & t x aga9 has be5 
influ5c$ by ! anci5t ,%9to 7lit]ally1 ,!
 way ( ! gods7 belief ( ! ,japanese p4  
,?is belief1 a comp\nd ( my?ology &     
ance/ral wor%ip1 0 ab\t ! fir/ c5tury   
l>gely encru/$ by ,confucian doctr9es or
 maxims1 mo/ly e?ical1 import$ f ,*9a4  
,( ! precise doctr9es ( ,%9toism b      
little is ev5 n[ kn[n4 ,x has app>5tly  
no dogmas & no sacr$ book4 ,i am aw>e t 
!re are ! anci5t ,%9to rituals1 call$   
,nurito1 & t 9 ref]5ce to !m a va/ am\nt
 ( m or less erudite comm5t>y has be5   
writt54 ,! result1 h[ev]1 has n be5 v   

enlight5+4 ,i ?9k t ,kaemf] succ9ctly   
summ$ up ! ,%9to fai? 9 ref]5ce to !    
,japanese p :5 he rem>k$1 ,! m imm$iate 
end :i* !y propose to !mselves is a /ate
 ( happ9ess 9 ?is _w4 ,9 o!r words1 if  
?is ass]tion be correct1 ,%9toism       
prea*es utilit>ianism4 ,z to ! orig9 (  
?is religion !re is v mu* ! same        
unc]ta9ty & q z l>ge an am\nt ( !oris+ z
 is ! case 9 ref]5ce to ! ,japanese race
 & language4 ,! mo/ g5]ally receiv$     
op9ion is t ,%9toism is closely alli$ )1
 if n an (f%oot (1 ! old religion ( !   
,*9ese p prior to ! days ( ,confucius4  
,orig9ally ,%9to 0 9 all probability a  
natural religion1 b1 l all religi\s     
sy/ems1 x has develop$ or suff]$ f      
accretions until ! anci5t belief is lo/ 
9 obscurity4 ,! au?or ( a n[ some:at    
out-(-date book1 entitl$ ,progress (    
,japan1 ass]ts t ! religion ( !         
,japanese consi/s 9 a belief t !        
productive e!real _s be+ exp&$ ?r\gh !  
:ole univ]se1 e "p is 9 "s degree       
impregnat$ ) x & !re=e e "p is 9 "s     

measure ! seat ( ! ,deity2 :5ce local   
gods & goddesses are ev]y:]e wor%ipp$ & 
consequ5tly multipli$ )\t end4 ,l !     
anci5t ,romans & ,greeks !y ackn[l$ge a 
supreme be+1 ! fir/1 ! supreme1 !       
intellectual1 by :i* m5 h be5 reclaim$ f
 rud5ess & b>b>ism to elegance &        
ref9em5t1 & be5 taught ?r\gh privileg$  
m5 & wom5 n only to live ) m com=t b to 
die ) bett] hope4 ,su* a religion1 h[ev]
 x may be describ$1 seems to me to be 9 
effect ,pan!ism4  ,:5 ,buddhism 0       
introduc$ into ,japan ! ,buddhi/        
prie/hood seems to h made no difficulty 
ab\t receiv+ ! native gods into _!      
,pan!on4 ,gradually ! great] numb] ( !  
,%9to temples 7 s]v$ by ,buddhi/ prie/s 
:o introduc$ into !m ! elaborate        
ornam5ts & ritual ( ,buddhism4 ,! result
 0 a k9d ( hybrid religion1 ! l9e (     
dem>cation betwe5 ! anci5t & ! import$  
fai? n be+ v cle>ly def9$4 ,h5ce p]haps 
! religi\s tol]ance ( ! ,japanese = s _m
 c5turies1 ev5 to ,*ri/ianity :5 fir/   
introduc$ by ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]4 ,ab\t 

! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re 0      
some?+ ak9 to a religi\s re=mation 9    
,japan 9 ! direction ( ! revival ( pure 
,%9toism4 ,= a c5tury & a half          
subsequ5tly ,%9toism held up its head1 &
 ev5tually1 z ! outcome ( ! ,revolution 
( #ahfh1 :i* m>k$ a turn+-po9t 9 !      
hi/ory ( ,japan1 ,buddhism 0 dise/abli%$
 & dis5d[$ & ,%9to 0 in/all$ z ! ,/ate  
religion4 ,simultane\sly _m ?\s& (      
,buddhi/ temples 7 /ripp$ ( _!          
magnific5t & elaborate ornam5ts & h&$   
ov] to ,%9to keep+2 b ! d[nfall (       
,buddhism 0 m]ely ( a tempor>y nature4  
,nev]!less ,%9to is1 o/5sibly at any    
rate1 /ill ! ,/ate religion4 ,c]ta9     
temples are ma9ta9$ f public funds &    
c]ta9 (ficial religi\s functions take   
place 9 ,%9to edifices4  ,buddhism1     
acclimatis$ ?\gh x has be5 9 ,japan =   
?irte5 c5turies1 is /ill a =eign        
religion1 b x has play$1 & to "s ext5t  
/ill plays1 an important "p 9 ! life &  
hi/ory ( ! nation1 & x has1 z ,i h said1
 mat]ially influ5c$ ! anci5t fai? (     

,japan & 9 turn be5 influ5c$ by x4 ,i h 
no int5tion ( describ+1 mu* less trac+1 
! hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 :e!r 9 ,japan or  
else:]e4 ,x is a subject on :i* _m      
writ]s h descant$ & 9 reg>d to :i* mu*  
might /ill be writt54 ,!re is no d\bt   
:atev] t ,buddhism z x exi/s to-day1    
:e!r 9 ,ceylon1 ,india1 ,*9a1 or ,japan1
 is widely diff]5t f ! religion ( its   
f\nd]4 ,_m ( its orig9al doctr9es 7     
purely symbolical & poetical4 ,^! h be5 
evolv$ into some?+ !y 7 c]ta9ly nev]    
int5d$ to mean4 ,t ! pr9ciples ( !      
,buddhi/ religion are ess5tially pure & 
moral no "o :o has any k ( x c d5y4 ,x  
prea*es above all ?+s ! suppression (   
self1 & x inculcates a t5d]ness &       
fondness = all =ms ( life4 ,accord+ to  
,griffis1 ,its comm&m5ts are ! dictates 
( ! mo/ ref9$ morality4 ,besides !      
c>d9al prohibitions aga9/ murd]1 /eal+1 
adult]y1 ly+1 drunk5ness & un*a/ity1 e  
%ade ( vice1 hypocrisy1 ang]1 pride1    
suspicion1 gre$9ess1 gossip+1 cruelty to
 animals is gu>d$ aga9/ by special      

precepts4 ,among ! virtues recomm5d$ we 
f9d n only rev]5ce ( p>5ts1 c>e (       
*ildr51 submission to au?ority1         
gratitude1 mod]ation 9 times (          
prosp]ity1 submission 9 times ( trial1  
equanimity at all times1 b virtues su* z
 ! duty ( =giv+ insults & n rew>d+ evil 
) evil4 ,?is is a pretty exhau/ive moral
 code1 & ?\gh ,buddhism has (t5 be5     
taunt$ ) ! fact t its foll[]s d n       
practically c>ry out its precepts & live
 up to ! level ( its high moral tea*+1  
,buddhism is n1 ,i w\ld sugge/1 ! only  
religion aga9/ :i* su* taunts c be      
levell$4  ,! hi/ory ( ,buddhism ev] s9ce
 its introduction into ,japan has be5 an
 ev5tful "o4 ,x has _h its ups & its    
d[ns4 ,x came into ! c\ntry "u royal    
auspices1 x has ne>ly always enjoy$ !   
royal fav\r1 & ,i ?9k its exi/5ce1 dur+ 
at any rate ! fir/ few c5turies x 0 9 ! 
c\ntry1 has be5 due to t fact r ?an to  
any pron\nc$ affection on ! "p ( ! mass 
( ! p = x4 ,"o ,emp]or1 ,%irakawa by "n1
 is record$ to h erect$ m ?an #ej1jjj   

pagodas & /atues ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 9     
hon\r ( ,buddha4 ,_m ( ^! works are     
/ill1 aft] _m c5turies1 9 an excell5t   
/ate ( pres]vation1 & are ( deep int]e/ 
n only to ! antiqu>ian b to any /ud5t ( 
! religi\s hi/ory ( a nation4 ,!        
,buddhi/ prie/s1 l ! ,jesuits 9         
,european c\ntries1 dur+ _m c5turies    
captur$ & controll$ education 9 ,japan &
 %[$ !mselves ?or\ghly progressive 9 _! 
me?ods & ! k !y inculcat$4 ,art & m$ic9e
 7 introduc$ "u _! auspices &1 :atev] "o
 may ?9k (1 or :atev] criticism may be  
pass$ on ! religion itself1 x is        
impossible1 9 my op9ion1 to d5y t       
,buddhism on ! :ole has _h a va/ &1 ,i  
v5ture to ?9k1 n an unheal?y influ5ce on
 e phase ( ,japanese national & dome/ic 
life4 ,! /r5g? & weakness ( ,buddhism h 
und\bt$ly la9 9 ! fact t x possess$ &   
possesses no dogmatic cre$4 ,x conc]n$  
itself almo/ entirely ) self-ma/]y1     
self-suppression1 ! duty ( do+ good 9   
?is _w )\t look+ =w>d to any rew>d = !  
same 9 ! next4 ,x prea*$ b5evol5ce 9 !  

true mean+ ( t ^w 9 e %ape & =m4 ,x     
taught t b5evol5ce 0 ! highe/ aspiration
 ( a noble _s4 ,b5evol5ce 01 inde$1 !   
ma/] virtue1 ! cr[n1 ! cop+ /one1 ( all 
virtues4 ,z ! t]m is us$ 9 ,buddhi/     
tea*+1 x may be reg>d$ z ! synonym (    
love & a close /udy ( ! tea*+ (         
,buddhism on ?is subject mu/ impress any
 ?9k+ man /rongly ) ! idea t x 0 v mu* !
 tea*+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ref]5ce to ! love (    
"o's neighb\r4 ,buddhism 9 ,japan at any
 rate has n be5 cons]vative2 x has gone 
! way ( mo/ religi\s sy/ems1 has be5    
subject to developm5t & has evolv$ f "t 
to "t diff]5t sects1 "s ( :i* h held &  
prea*$ dogmas :i* w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 h       
a/\nd$1 & ,i feel c]ta9 w\ld h be5      
ana!matis$ by1 ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 ,!  
pr9cipal ( ! sects n[ exi/+ 9 ,japan are
 ! ,t5dai1 ,%+on ,yoko & ,k51 all ( :i*1
 ,i may obs]ve1 are ( ,*9ese orig94     
,besides ^! !re are ! ,%9 & ! ,ni*ir5   
evolv$ 9 ,japan & dat+ f ! ?irte5?      
c5tury4 ,respect+ ! metaphysics (       
,buddhism & _! effect on ! ,japanese p  

,i _c1 ,i ?9k1 d bett] ?an quote f t    
great au?ority on all ?+s ,japanese1    
,mr4 ,basil ,hall ,*amb]la91 ^: writ+s h
 done s mu*1 n only to awak5 an int]e/ 9
 ,japan b to give correct ideas respect+
 ! life ( ! p4 ,he rem>ks1 9 ?is        
connection1 ,! complicat$ metaphysics ( 
,buddhism h awak5$ no int]e/ 9 !        
,japanese nation4 ,ano!r fact1 curi\s b 
true1 is t ^! p h nev] be5 at ! tr\ble  
to translate ! ,buddhi/ canon into _!   
own language4 ,! prie/s use a ,*9ese    
v]sion1 ! laity no v]sion at all        
n[adays1 ?\gh to judge f ! allusions    
scatt]$ up & d[n ,japanese lit]ature !y 
w\ld seem to h be5 m giv5 to se>*+ !    
,scriptures a few hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,!   
,buddhi/ religion 0 dise/abli%$ &       
dis5d[$ dur+ ! ye>s #ahga-d--;a /ep tak5
 9 consequ5ce ( ! tempor>y asc5d5cy (   
,%9to4 ,at ! pres5t "t a fa9t /ruggle is
 be+ c>ri$ on by ! ,buddhi/ prie/hood   
aga9/ rivals 9 comp>ison ) :om ,%9to is 
insignificant3 we mean ! two great      
/reams ( ,european ?\ght--,*ri/ianity & 

physical sci5ce4 ,a few--a v few--m5    
tra9$ 9 ,european me?ods fight = !      
,buddhi/ cause4 ,!y d s1 n z or?odox    
believ]s 9 any exi/+ sect1 b because !y 
are conv9c$ t ! philosophical cont5ts ( 
,buddhism 9 g5]al are support$ by !     
doctr9e ( evolution1 & t ?is religion   
ne$s !re=e only to be reg5]at$ on mod]n 
l9es 9 ord] to f9d univ]sal acceptance4 
,! ,re=mation ( #ahfh 9 ,japan foll[$   
mu* ! same c\rse 9 reg>d to religi\s    
matt]s z ! ,re=mation 9 ,engl&4 ,x laid 
v&al h&s on ,buddhi/ temples & ornam5ts 
( priceless value4 ,! objective po9t (  
?is religi\s ,re=mation 0 presumably v  
mu* ! same z t :i* occurr$ 9 ?is c\ntry1
 viz41 a rev]sion to simplicity 9       
religion4 ,! ,%9to ,temple :i* is       
inv>iably ?at*$ is a developm5t ( !     
anci5t ,japanese hut1 :]eas ! ,buddhi/  
,temple1 :i* is ( ,indian orig91 is     
til$1 & z reg>ds its int]nal fitt+s &   
ornam5tation is elaborate 9 comp>ison ) 
! pla9 appe>ance ( ! ,%9to edifice4  ,s 
f> z ! ,japan ( to-day is conc]n$ ^! two

 religions may be reg>d$ z moribund1    
al?\gh _! temples are /ill ?rong$ by !  
l[] classes ( ! p4 ,!y exi/ because !y  
are !re1 b !y h no vitality1 no message 
= ! p1 & x is que/ionable :e!r any (    
,japan's great ?9k]s or ! educat$       
classes 9 ! c\ntry1 :i*ev] religion !y  
may nom9ally belong to1 h fai? or belief
 9 x4 ,a man may h1 or = sundry reasons 
pr(ess1 a cre$ 9 ,japan z 9 o!r c\ntries
 )\t believ+ 9 x4 ,cu/om & prejudices   
are z /rong !re z else:]e1 & x is (t5   
easi] to appe> to acquiesce 9 a religion
 ?an to op5ly reject x4  ,!re are1 ,i   
"k1 "s optimi/ic p]sons :o believe1 or  
affect to believe1 t ,*ri/ianity is 9   
due c\rse de/9$ to replace ! anci5t     
fai?s 9 ,japan4 ,!y po9t to :at 0       
effect$ by ,/4 ,francis ,xavi] 9 !      
sixte5? c5tury1 & !y imag9e t ! ,japan (
 ! tw5tie? c5tury is only wait+ to      
f9ally un%ackle itself f ,%9toism &     
,buddhism be=e array+ itself 9 ! g>b (  
,*ri/ianity4 ,well1 ,*ri/ian missions h 
_h a fair field 9 ,japan = _m ye>s pa/1 

& ?\gh _m memb]s ( ^? missions h be5 m5 
( great piety1 zeal1 & le>n+1 !y h made 
comp>atively little headway among & h   
ex]cis$ extremely little influ5ce on !  
mass ( ! ,japanese p4 ,inde$1 ! fair    
field t all ,*ri/ian missions )\t       
di/9ction h _h1 9 my op9ion1 acc\nts = !
 small am\nt ( progress !y h made4      
,because all ! lead+ ,*ri/ian           
d5om9ations are !re--,roman ,ca?olicism1
 ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,greek ,*ur*1          
,congregationali/s1 ,me?odi/s1 ,bapti/s1
 ,salvation ,army1 ,society ( ,fri5ds1 &
 o!rs--all prea*+ & proclaim+ _! own    
p>ticul> dogmas & all lump$ toge!r by ! 
,japanese "u ! g5]ic title ( ,*ri/ians4 
,! ,japanese may1 ,i ?9k1 be excus$ if  
he fails to diff]5tiate betwe5 !m4 ,he  
views & he>s _! diff]5ces 9 dogma4 ,he  
obs]ves t !re is no bond ( union1 &     
frequ5tly consid]able jeal\sy among ^!  
num]\s sects4 ,ea* claims to prea* !    
tru?1 & ! ,japanese concludes t z !y _c 
all be "r !y may possibly all be wrong4 
,x is only on ?is assumption t x is     

possible to acc\nt = ! little headway   
made by ,*ri/ianity 9 ,japan 9 view ( ! 
lab\r & money devot$ by diff]5t religi\s
 bodies to its propagation = _m ye>s    
pa/4 ,!re is1 let me add1 no m>k$       
ho/ility to ,*ri/ianity 9 ,japan--only  
indiff]5ce4 ,! educat$ ,japanese (      
to-day is1 ,i believe1 = ! mo/ "p an    
agno/ic1 & he views ,%9toism1 ,buddhism1
 ,*ri/ianity alike1 except 9 s f> z he  
reg>ds ! fir/ two z m or less national &
 ! la/ z an exotic4  ,at ! comm5cem5t ( 
! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,japanese ,*ri/ians 
are /at$ to h am\nt$ 9 numb]s to "o     
million4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is d\btful if
 !y total up to "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,& ?is  
despite ! spl5did religi\s organisations
 t exi/1 ! facilities t are giv5 = !    
propagation ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & !      
opportunities :i* 7 c]ta9ly n 9 exi/5ce 
?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,into ! causes (  
?is comp>ative failure ( ,*ri/ianity 9  
,japan to-day z comp>$ ) its m>vell\s   
progress 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,i d n     
propose to ent]4 ,! en?usiasm ( a       

,francis ,xavi] is n an ev]yday ev5t1 & 
! ,japanese ( ! sixte5? c5tury 01       
mayhap1 m impress$ by ! mission>ies ( ^?
 days1 arriv+ 9 flimsy & dim9utive      
vessels aft] und]go+ ! p]ils & h>d%ips (
 long voyages1 hav+ nei!r purse nor     
scrip nor we>+ app>el except :at !y /ood
 up 91 ?an he is by ! mod]n mission>y   
arriv+ z a fir/-class pass5g] 9 a       
magnific5t /eam] & dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 !  
c\ntry lack+ none ( ! com=ts or am5ities
 ( life4 ,or x may be t ! ,japanese m9d 
has advanc$ & develop$ dur+ ! pa/ ?ree  
c5turies1 has n[ less hank]+ aft]       
metaphysical subtleties1 & fails to     
compreh5d or to sympa?ise ) ab/ruse     
!ological dogmas & doctr9es4 ,if        
,*ri/ianity appeal$ to him z 9 ! days ( 
,francis ,xavi] z ! "o fai? pr(ess$ by !
 ,we/]n _w1 x w\ld probably impress him 
to a f> great] ext5t ?an x does at      
pres5t :51 z ,i h be=e said1 he views   
,*ri/ianity z a disorganis$ body compos$
 ( hundr$s ( sects ea* reject+1 & _m (  
!m ana!matis+1 :at ! o!rs tea*4 ,he     

consid]s !re is no ne$ = inve/igation   
until ,*ri/ianity has itself det]m9$ :at
 is ! precise tru? t non-,*ri/ian       
c\ntries are to be ask$ to accept4      
,reg>d+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,buddhi/ & ,%9to 
religions dur+ ! _m c5turies !y h exi/$ 
9 ! c\ntry on ! lives ( ! p1 ,i propose 
to make a few rem>ks4 ,too (t5 "o he>s  
or reads ( speak]s & writ]s describ+    
,japan z a c\ntry /eep$ 9 paganism &    
addict$ to pagan habits & cu/oms ) all  
7some:at indef9ite ?is67 t !y involve4  
,to describe ,buddhism z paganism m]ely 
%[s a lam5table am\nt ( ignorance2 nor  
%\ld ,i be incl9$ to include ,%9toism 9 
a t]m :i*1 :atev] its precise mean+1 is 
inv>iably int5d$ to be opprobri\s6 ,aft]
 all1 any religion mu/ be l>gely judg$  
by its effects on ! lives ( its adh]5ts1
 & judg$ by t /&>d ,i d n ?9k1 z reg>ds 
! ,japanese1 ei!r ,buddhism or ,%9toism 
ought to be sweep+ly condemn$4 ,if _m ( 
! cu/oms & practices ( bo? religions    
seem silly or absurd2 if ei!r or bo?    
inculcate or lead to sup]/ition1 x c at 

lea/ be said ( bo? t !y tea* a high     
moral code1 & t ! av]age ,japanese 9 8  
life1 8 family relations1 8 philosophy1 
8 patriotism1 8 bodily cleanl9ess1 & 9  
_m o!r respects1 (f]s an example to o!r 
nations :i* deem !mselves m highly      
civilis$1 :i* possess a pur] religion & 
too (t51 ) t lack ( *>ity :i* is        
frequ5tly ! result ( an excess (        
ignorance1 unsp>+ly condemn ! ,japanese 
z pagans or hea!ns4    ,illu/ration3 ,a 
,,*]ry ,,blossom ,,p>ty       ,,f ,a    
,,pr9t ,,by ,,hiro%ige     ,,*apt] ,v   
,,! ,,con/itution--,,! ,,cr[n ,,& ,,!   
,,h\ses ,,( ,,p>liam5t   ,a             
,con/itution1 if we are to accept !     
dogmatic ass]tions ( ^? :o h writt5 ) a 
%[ ( le>n+ on ! subject1 ought to be    
evolv$ r ?an e/abli%$ by any p>liam5t>y 
or despotic act4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w       
c]ta9ly t5ds to prove t pap]            
,con/itutions h n be5 ov]-successful 9 !
 pa/4 ,!re assur$ly has be5 no lack ( !m
 9 ! la/ c5tury or s1 & al?\gh "s1 if n 
all1 ( !m h be5 practically tri$1 a v   

few h atta9$ any consid]able measure (  
success4 ,! ,engli% ,con/itution has    
long be5 held up to ! re/ ( ! _w by     
writ]s on ,con/itutional hi/ory z a     
model ( :at a ,con/itution ought to be1 
= ! some:at p>adoxical reason t x is    
n[h]e cle>ly1 if inde$ at all1 def9$4 ,x
 is l>gely ! outcome ( cu/om & usage1 & 
x is claim$ = x t on ! :ole x has work$ 
bett] ?an any cut-&-dri$ pap]           
,con/itution w\ld h done4  ,nev]!less   
!re does n appe> to be any good & valid 
reason :y a ,con/itution %\ld n be z    
cle>ly def9$ z an ,act ( ,p>liam5t4     
,undef9$ ,con/itutions h work$ well at  
c]ta9 p]iods :5 !re 0 a tacit g5]al     
cons5t z to _! mean+1 b !y h n always   
be5 able to )/& ! /ra9 ( fi]ce          
controv]sy & ! com+ into exi/5ce (      
factors :i* 7 undreamt ( :5 ^!          
,con/itutions 7 orig9ally evolv$1 &     
def9itions or additions or am5dm5ts     
!reto h1 accord+ly1 become necess>y4  ,!
 promulgation ( a ,con/itution = ,japan 
9 ,febru>y1 #ahhi1 0 an ev5t ( great    

int]e/ to ! civilis$ _w4 ,!re 71 (      
c\rse1 at ! "t a l>ge numb] ( p]sons :o 
prophesi$ t ?is ,con/itution w\ld g !   
way ( _m o!rs t _h prec$$ x--t x w\ld1 9
 fact1 be f\nd unworkable &1 be+ s f\nd1
 ,con/itutional ,gov]nm5t 9 ,japan w\ld 
ev5tuate1 z x _h else:]e1 9 ! resumption
 ( autocratic rule z ! only alt]native  
to an>*y4 ,x is pleas+ to be able to    
record t ^! prophecies h1 aft] ne>ly    
eighte5 ye>s' exp]i5ce1 n be5 fulfill$1 
& t ! ,japanese ,con/itution1 well ?\ght
 out & devis$ z x 01 seems n only likely
 to endure b is admirably adapt$ to all 
! circum/ances & ne$s ( ! c\ntry4  ,9   
ord] to fully compreh5d ! ev5ts t       
gradually l$ up to ! e/abli%m5t (       
,con/itutional gov]nm5t 9 ,japan1 & !   
precise place ( ! ,cr[n & ari/ocracy 9 t
 gov]nm5t1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 ess5tial to    
make a rapid review ( pa/ ev5ts 9 t     
c\ntry4  ,9 anci5t times ! ,mikado 0 bo?
 ! civil rul] & ! milit>y lead] ( 8 p4  
,"u him !re 7 ex]cis+ au?ority ?r\gh\t !
 l& ab\t #aej feudal lords4 ,feudalism (

 "o k9d or ano!r prevail$ 9 ,japan until
 #ahfh4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury 
! feudal pr9ciple 0 app>5tly on !       
decl9e4 ,9 ! ye> #afjj1 h[ev]1 ,tokagawa
 ,iyoyasu1 ) an army compos$ ( ! clans (
 ! ea/ & nor? defeat$ ! comb9$ =ces ( ^?
 ( ! we/ & s\? at ! battle ( ,sakigah>a 
& proclaim$ himself ,%ogun4 ,! feudal   
lords ( ! v>i\s clans ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry  
!n became 8 vassals & paid homage to    
him4 ,! ,tokagawa family practically    
gov]n$ ! c\ntry till ! ,revolution (    
#ahfh1 :5 ! pres5t ,emp]or took ! re9s (
 gov]nm5t into 8 own h&s & f9ally       
aboli%$ feudalism & ) x ! au?ority ( !  
,daimios4 ,_m p]sons ev5 n[ believe t ! 
,%ogun1 or ,tycoon z he 0 usually call$ 
9 ,europe1 0 a usurp]4 ,z a matt] ( fact
 he receiv$ inve/iture f ! ,mikado1 & 8 
au?ority 01 nom9ally at any rate1 a     
d]iv$ "o4 ,at ! same "t !re is no d\bt t
 ! real p[] ( ! ,/ate 0 9 8 h&s :ile !  
de jure rul] liv$ 9 ! capital 9 complete
 seclusion surr\nd$ by all ! appanages &
 c]emonial ( royalty4  ,up to ! ye>     

#ahfh ,japan 0 divid$ into num]\s       
prov9ces gov]n$ by ,daimios1 or         
t]ritorial lords1 ea* ( :om ma9ta9$ l>ge
 /&+ armies4 ,!y 7 all subject to !     
,%ogun1 :ile reta9+ ! "r to rule _!     
p>ticul> prov9ces 9 ord9>y matt]s4 ,9   
#ahfh ! ,%ogun fell1 & !re c be little  
d\bt 8 fall 0 to "s ext5t br\ght ab\t by
 ! concessions :i* _h be5 made to =eign 
,p[]s 9 reg>d to ! op5+ ( ! c\ntry to   
=eign trade4 ,9 #ahfh ! ,%ogun repair$  
to ,kyoto1 ! fir/ "t = #bej ye>s1 & paid
 homage to ! ,mikado4 ,feudalism 0 !n1 z
 ,i h said1 aboli%$1 ! ,emp]or took !   
re9s ( au?ority into 8 own h&s1 =m$ a   
c5tral ,gov]nm5t at ,tokio & reign$     
supreme z an absolute mon>*4  ,! sacr$  
?rone 0 e/abli%$ at ! "t :5 ! heav5s &  
e>? became sep>at$4 ,?is has long be5 an
 axiom ( ,japanese belief1 b x has be5  
some:at modifi$ ( late ye>s1 ev5 !      
ass]tion ( x by ! ,sov]eign himself4 ,a 
lead+ ,japanese /atesman :o has writt5  
an article on ! subject ( ! ,emp]or & 8 
place 9 ! ,con/itution has ass]t$ t he  

is ,heav5 desc5d$1 sacr$ & div9e4 ,i d n
 ?9k t ! mod]n ,japanese ent]ta9s ?is   
transc5d5tal op9ion nor1 inde$1 d ,i f9d
 t ! ,emp]or himself has ( late ye>s put
 =w>d any su* pret5sions4 ,= example1 9 
! ,imp]ial proclamation on !            
,con/itution ( ! ,empire on ,febru>y    
#aa1 #ahhi1 ! ,emp]or decl>$ t he _h by 
virtue ( ! glories ( our ance/ors asc5d$
 ! ,?rone ( a l9eal succession unbrok5 =
 ages et]nal4 ,:]eas 9 ! ,imp]ial       
,rescript decl>+ w> aga9/ ,*9a on ,augu/
 #a1 #ahid1 he cont5t$ himself ) ass]t+ 
t he 0 seat$ on a ,?rone occupi$ by !   
same dyna/y f "t immemorial4 ,! italics 
are m9e1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! pret5sions :i*
 ,i desire to emphasise is c]ta9ly      
rem>kable4  ,:5 grant+ a ,con/itution ! 
,emp]or1 z has be5 & probably w be !    
cu/om ( all mon>*s s act+1 decl>$ t !   
legislative p[] belong$ to him b t he   
int5d$ to ex]cise x ) ! cons5t ( !      
,imp]ial ,diet4 ,! convocation ( ! ,diet
 belongs exclusively to ! ,emp]or4 ,x   
has no p[] to meet )\t 8 au?ority1 & if 

x did s meet its acts & its actions w\ld
 be null & void4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,diet 
is on precisely ! same basis z ! ,engli%
 ,p>liam5t4 ,accord+ to ! ,con/itution !
 ,emp]or1 :5 ! ,diet is n sitt+1 c issue
 ,imp]ial ord9ances :i* %all h ! effect 
( law s long z !y d n contrav5e any     
exi/+ law4 ,! article au?oris+ ^!       
ord9ances def9es t !y %all only be      
promulgat$ 9 consequ5ce ( an urg5t      
necessity to ma9ta9 public safety or to 
av]t public calamities1 & all su*       
ord9ances mu/ be laid be=e ! ,diet at   
its next sitt+1 & 9 ! ev5t ( ! same n   
be+ approv$ !y become null & void4  ,to 
my m9d1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ portions ( ! 
,con/itution is t :i* lays d[n succ9ctly
 & t]sely ! rights & duties ( ,japanese 
subjects4 ,9 ?is section !re are conta9$
 )9 ab\t fifty l9es ! decl>ation (      
innum]able rights = :i* mank9d 9 v>i\s  
p>ts ( ! _w dur+ _m hundr$s ( ye>s f\ght
 & bl$ & endur$ mu* suff]+4 ,j let me   
m5tion a few ( !m4 ,no ,japanese subject
 %all be arre/$1 deta9$1 tri$ or puni%$ 

unless accord+ to law4 ,except z provid$
 by law ! h\se ( no ,japanese subject   
%all be ent]$ or se>*$ )\t 8 cons5t4    
,except 9 ! cases provid$ by law1 !     
secrecy ( ! lett]s ( e ,japanese subject
 %all rema9 inviolate4 ,! "r ( prop]ty (
 e ,japanese subject %all rema9         
inviolate4 ,japanese subjects %all enjoy
 fre$om ( religi\s belief4 ,japanese    
subjects %all enjoy lib]ty ( spee*1     
writ+1 publication1 public meet+s &     
associations4 ,japanese subjects may    
pres5t petitions4 ,we h 9 ^! few brief  
provisoes ! sum total ( ev]y?+ t1 9     
effect1 con/itutes ! lib]ty ( ! subject4
  ,! ,diet ( ,japan1 l ! ,p>liam5t (    
,great ,brita91 consi/s ( two ,h\ses--a 
,h\se ( ,pe]s & a ,h\se (               
,repres5tatives4 ,! ,h\se ( ,pe]s is    
compos$ ( 7#a7 ! memb]s ( ! ,imp]ial    
family1 7#b7 ,pr9ces & ,m>quises1 7#c7  
,c\nts1 ,visc\nts & ,b>ons :o are elect$
 !reto by ! memb]s ( _! respective      
ord]s1 7#d7 p]sons :o h be5 specially   
nom9at$ by ! ,emp]or on acc\nt (        

m]itori\s s]vice or by reason ( _!      
erudition1 7#e7 p]sons :o h be5 elect$1 
"o memb] = ea* city & prefecture ( !    
,empire1 by & f among ! taxpay]s ( !    
highe/ am\nt ( direct national taxes on 
l&1 indu/ry1 or trade1 & :o _h          
subsequ5tly receiv$ ! approval ( !      
,emp]or4 ,x w be se5 t ! memb]s ( !     
,imp]ial family1 ! ,pr9ces & ,m>quises1 
h an inali5able "r to sit 9 ! ,h\se (   
,pe]s1 ! latt] rank on atta9+ ! age (   
#be ye>s4 ,9 reg>d to ,c\nts1 ,visc\nts1
 & ,b>ons !re is no su* "r4 ,^? ranks1 l
 ! ,pe]s ( ,scotl& & ,irel&1 meet toge!r
 & select "o-fif? ( _! numb] to repres5t
 !m 9 ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s = a t]m ( sev5    
ye>s4 ,any subject ov] ?irty ye>s ( age 
nom9at$ by ! ,emp]or = m]itori\s s]vice 
or erudition rema9s a life memb]4 ,^?   
return$ by ! cities & prefectures rema9 
memb]s = a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s4 ,x is     
provid$ by ! ,con/itution t ! numb] (   
memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s :o are n nobles
 %all n exce$ ! numb] ( ! memb]s be>+ a 
title ( nobility4  ,! "q ( ! necessity =

 ! exi/5ce ( a second *amb] & !         
composition !re( has be5 ke5ly debat$ 9 
?is & o!r c\ntries ( rec5t ye>s4 ,x     
seems to me t 9 ?is matt] ,japan has hit
 ^u ! happy mean4 ,%e has comb9$ 9 h]   
,h\se ( ,pe]s ! ari/ocratic or h]$it>y  
elem5t 9 a modifi$ degree ) ! pr9ciple (
 life memb]%ip by :i* %e secures !      
s]vices & c\nsel ( ! great intellects ( 
! l&1 & su* z h done ! ,/ate good s]vice
 9 any capacity4 ,at ! same "t %e has n 
exclud$ ! repres5tative elem5t f h]     
second *amb]--a fact :i* mu/ l>gely     
obviate any possibility ( ! ,h\se (     
,pe]s becom+ a purely class body4 ,a    
second *amb] s con/itut$ mu/ obvi\sly   
s]ve an extremely useful purpose 9      
pres]v+ an equilibrium betwe5 political 
p>ties1 9 prev5t+ ! ru%+ ?r\gh & pass+  
into law ( ha/ily consid]$ measures4 ,= 
! composition ( h] second *amb]1 ,japan 
has tak5 all human means possible to    
obta9 :atev] is repres5tative ( !       
/ability1 ! intellect1 ! ent]prise & !  
patriotism ( ! c\ntry4  ,! composition (

 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 :i* answ]s  
to our ,h\se ( ,commons1 is z int]e/+ z 
t ( ! ,upp] ,*amb]4 ,:5 ! ,con/itution 0
 fir/ promulgat$ ! pr9ciple ( small     
electoral di/ricts obta9$1 "o memb] be+ 
elect$ = ea* di/rict4 ,?is sy/em 0 f\nd 
or believ$ to be faulty1 & h5ce1 aft] "s
 ye>s' exp]i5ce1 l>ge electoral di/ricts
 comb9$ ) a s+le vote h be5 in/itut$4 ,x
 may be int]e/+ to relate t bo? sy/ems1 
! l>ge & ! small di/ricts1 7 draft$ by  
an ,engli%man1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,hair4       
,cities ^: population exce$s #cj1jjj are
 =m$ into sep>ate electoral di/ricts    
:ile a city ) less ?an #cj1jjj          
inhabitants is1 ) its suburbs1 con/itut$
 a di/rict4 ,! numb] ( memb]s all[$ to  
ea* di/rict dep5ds on ! population4 ,= a
 population ( #acj1jjj or "u "o memb] is
 all[$1 & = e additional #fe1jjj p]sons 
above ! =m] numb] an additional memb] is
 allott$4 ,! numb] ( memb]s 9 ! ,h\se ( 
,repres5tatives is #cha1 or little ov]  
half t ( :i* our ,h\se ( ,commons       
consi/s4 ,! population ( ! two c\ntries 

is almo/ id5tical1 & exp]i5ce s]ves to  
%[ t ! numb] ( ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t 9    
,japan is suffici5tly num]\s = all      
practical purposes & t any mat]ial      
addition !reto w\ld be m likely to imp$e
 ?an to accel]ate ! :eels ( legislative 
progress4 ,nei!r ! ,japanese            
,con/itution nor ! ,electoral ,law makes
 any provision = ! repres5tation (      
m9orities1 t aim ( s _m well-mean+      
p]sons 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 ,japan !  
majority rules z ev]y:]e1 & m9orities   
mu/ submit4  ,manhood suffrage is n yet 
a fait accompli 9 ,japan4 ,"u ! pres5t  
law to qualify a ,japanese subject to   
ex]cise ! fran*ise he mu/ pay #ae y5    
7ab\t #cjs47 or m1 indirect taxation4   
,only a ,japanese subject c vote at     
elections4 ,no =eign] has any electoral 
rights1 b if he becomes a naturalis$    
,japanese subject he obta9s all !       
privileges app]ta9+ to t position4  ,ea*
 ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,japan possesses a 
presid5t & vice-presid5t1 :o are elect$ 
by ! memb]s4 ,! presid5t ( ea* ,h\se    

receives an annual all[ance ( #d1jjj y5 
7ab\t #djj7 & ! vice-presid5t #b1jjj y5 
7ab\t #bjj74 ,! paym5t ( ,memb]s (      
,p>liam5t is 9 vogue 9 ,japan4 ,! elect$
 & nom9at$1 b n ! h]$it>y1 memb]s ( !   
,h\se ( ,pe]s1 & ea* memb] ( ! ,h\se (  
,repres5tatives1 receives an annual     
all[ance ( #hjj y5 7ab\t #hj74 ,!y are  
also paid travell+ exp5ses 9 accordance 
) ! regulations on ! subject4 ,x may be 
int]e/+ to /ate t !re is a clause 9 !   
,con/itution :i* enacts t ! presid5t1   
vice-presid5t1 & memb]s ( ! two ,h\ses  
:o are entitl$ to annual all[ances %all 
n be p]mitt$ to decl9e ! same6 ,x says  
mu* = ! e/imate ( patriotism ent]ta9$ 9 
,japan :5 ! ,con/itution 0 promulgat$ t 
su* a clause z ?is %\ld h be5 consid]$  
necess>y4  ,debate 9 bo? ! ,japanese    
,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t is free & ! proce$+s 
public4 ,!re w be no occasion = ! upris+
 ( a ,wilkes 9 ,japan to obta9 p]mission
 to publi% ,p>liam5t>y ,debates4 ,!     
,con/itution1 h[ev]1 conta9s a proviso =
 ! sitt+ ( ei!r ,h\se ) clos$ doors ^u !

 wi% ( ! presid5t or ( n less ?an t5    
memb]s1 ! same be+ agre$ to by ! ,h\se1 
or ^u ! dem& ( ! ,gov]nm5t ) or )\t !   
cons5t ( ! ,h\se4 ,:5 9 ! =m] ev5t a    
motion = a secret sitt+ is made1 /rang]s
 h to )draw f ! ,h\se & ! motion is vot$
 on )\t debate4 ,! proce$+s ( a secret  
meet+ ( ei!r ,*amb] are n all[$ to be   
publi%$4  ,! ,japanese ,con/itution1 :i*
 is c]ta9ly a docum5t conta9+ n only    
provisions ( an epo*-mak+ nature b mo/  
elaborate details 9 reg>d to ev5 m9or   
matt]s1 includes 9 sev5 or eight l9es "o
 or two excell5t rules 9 reg>d to :at is
 t]m$ ,! ,pass+ ( ! ,budget4 ,"u ^!     
rules1 :5 ! ,budget is introduc$ into ! 
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ! ,committee    
!reon mu/ f9i% ! exam9ation ( x )9      
fifte5 days & report !reon to ! ,h\se1  
:ile no motion = any am5dm5t 9 ! ,budget
 c be made ! subject ( debate unless x  
is support$ by at lea/ ?irty memb]s4  ,!
 ,con/itution ( ,japan1 z ,i h rem>k$1  
conta9s a va/ am\nt ( detail4 ,! fram]s 
( t ,con/itution seem to h be5 end[$ )  

an abnormal am\nt ( prevision4 ,9 fact  
!y =esaw ! possibility ( occurr5ces &   
made provision = ^? occurr5ces t nations
 :i* are1 or :i* consid] !mselves to be1
 m highly civilis$ h n yet tak5 any     
adequate /eps to deal )4 ,= example1    
,article #ib ( ! ,con/itution enacts t 9
 nei!r ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t %all ! use (   
co>se language or p]sonalities be all[$1
 :ile ,article #ic decl>es t :5 any     
memb] has be5 vilifi$ or insult$ ei!r 9 
! ,h\se or 9 a meet+ ( a ,committee he  
%all appeal to ! ,h\se & dem& t prop]   
measures %all be tak54 ,!re %all1 x is  
decre$1 be no retaliation among memb]s4 
,! ,con/itution also conta9s sev]al     
salut>y regulations 9 ref]5ce to !      
discipl9>y puni%m5t ( memb]s4  ,!       
e/abli%m5t ( a ,p>liam5t 9 ,japan has   
produc$ p>ties & a p>ty sy/em4 ,i       
suppose t 0 inevitable4 ,9 e c\ntry !re 
is1 & z human nature is con/itut$ !re   
always w be1 two p>ties repres5tative ( 
two phases ( ! human m9d3 ! p>ty 9 a    
hurry to effect progress because x deems

 progress desirable1 & ! p>ty t desires 
to cl+ z long z possible to ! anci5t    
ways because x kn[s !m & has _h exp]i5ce
 ( !m & looks askance at                
exp]im5ts--exp]im5ts = :i* t some:at    
hackney$ phrase a leap 9 ! d>k has long 
done s]vice4 ,i h no int5tion1 z ,i said
 9 ! ,preface1 ( deal+ at all )         
,japanese politics4 ,!re is no d\bt a   
good deal ( heat1 & ! resultant         
friction1 evok$ 9 connection ) politics 
9 ,japan z else:]e4 ,p]haps ?is "y      
nation--t is1 "y f a p>liam5t>y po9t (  
view--takes politics too s]i\sly4 ,"t w 
rem$y t defect1 if x be a defect4 ,at ! 
same "t1 ,i may express ! op9ion t1     
h[ev] sev]e p>ty /rife may be 9 ,japan1 
& ?\gh ! knocks giv5 & receiv$ 9 ! c\rse
 !re( are h>d & "s ( ! language n only  
vigor\s b viol5t1 ! memb]s ( all p>ties 
h at he>t & z _! objective po9t !       
advancem5t ( ,japan & ! good ( ! c\ntry 
g5]ally4  ,! ,japanese ,con/itution1    
?\gh n a v l5g?y1 is su* an all-embrac+ 
docum5t t 9 a hurri$ survey ( x1 x is   

possible to ov]look _m important        
features4 ,x provides = ! e/abli%m5t ( a
 ,privy ,c\ncil to delib]ate ^u         
important matt]s ( ,/ate1 b only :5     
consult$ by ! ,emp]or4 ,x en=ces !      
responsibility ( ! ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate = all
 advice giv5 to ! ,emp]or & decrees t   
all laws1 ,imp]ial ord9ances & ,imp]ial 
rescripts ( any k9d relat+ to affairs ( 
,/ate1 mu/ be c\nt]sign$ by a ,m9i/] (  
,/ate4 ,! ,con/itution also def9es !    
position1 au?ority1 & indep5d5ce ( !    
judges4 ,t ,con/itution conta9s a       
proviso all-important 9 ref]5ce to !    
upright adm9i/ration ( ! law1 a proviso 
:i* x took ye>s ( agitation to obta9 9  
?is c\ntry1 t no judge %all be depriv$ (
 8 position unless by way ( crim9al     
s5t5ce or discipl9>y puni%m5t4 ,all     
trials & judgm5ts ( ! c\rt ( law are to 
be conduct$ publicly4 ,provision is     
made1 :5 !re exi/s any fe> ( a trial 9  
op5 c\rt be+ prejudicial to peace & ord]
 or to ! ma9t5ance ( public morality1 = 
! same to be held 9 cam]a4 ,i may add1  

be=e ,i take leave ( ! ,con/itution1 ) a
 view ( %[+ h[ all-embrac+ z ,i h said  
are ! v>i\s matt]s dealt ) !re91 t x    
def9es & decl>es t ! /yle ( address = ! 
,emp]or & ,empress %all be ,81 ,h]1 or  
,y\r ,maje/y1 :ile t = ! ,imp]ial       
,pr9ces & ,pr9cesses %all be ,81 ,h]1   
,_!1 or ,y\r ,highness or ,highnesses4  
,9 reg>d to no matt] connect$ ) ,japan h
 ,i f\nd s l>ge an am\nt ( misconception
 preval5t z 9 ref]5ce to ! position ( ! 
,emp]or ( t c\ntry4 ,! div9e desc5t :i* 
is /ill sometimes claim$ = ! sov]eigns (
 ,japan & :i* has nev]1 s f> z ,i "k1   
be5 (ficially repudiat$1 has caus$ "s   
p]sons to reg>d ! ,emp]or f a some:at   
ludicr\s /&po9t4 ,9 ?is v prosaic &     
mat]iali/ic age1 :5 v few p]sons h      
pr(\nd beliefs on any subject1 !        
spectacle ( "o ( ! sov]eigns ( ! e>?    
/ill claim+ a div9e orig9 is "o t       
appeals to ! ludicr\s susceptibilities (
 t vague entity ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,x is n
 well1 h[ev]1 t p %\ld criticise        
/atem5ts 9 royal proclamations or 9     

royal ass]tions too s]i\sly4 ,ev5 9 ?is 
c\ntry !re are docum5ts issu$ f "t to "t
 be>+ ! royal sign manual :i* e "o      
reg>ds z int]e/+ b mean+less            
=malities--int]e/+ because !y are a     
survival ( m$ival docum5ts :i* meant    
some?+ "s hundr$s ( ye>s ago & /ill     
rema9 ?\gh _! mean+s h long s9ce laps$4 
,& yet !re are p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry :o   
p]use su* docum5ts & "k t !y are simply 
words signify+ practically no?+1 :o     
sev]ely criticise ! ass]tion ( a        
long-us$ title by ! ,japanese ,emp]or ^u
 issu+ a royal proclamation4 ,i am n    
aw>e :e!r 8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y or 8       
,m9i/]s ( ,/ate implicitly accept 8     
div9e desc5t1 b ?is ,i d "k--t ^? p]sons
 :o reg>d ! pres5t ,emp]or ( ,japan z a 
,/ate puppet1 arrogat+ m or less div9e  
attributes1 are lab\r+ "u a pr(\nd      
delusion4 ,!re is no abl] man 9 ,japan  
at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,!re is no abl] man  
among ! sov]eigns ( ! _w4 ,9 fact1 ,i   
%\ld be incl9$ to place ! ,emp]or (     
,japan at ! head ( ! _w's great /atesm54

 ,he is no mon>* cont5t to reign b n to 
gov]n1 conc]n$ simply ab\t c]emonial & !
 fripp]ies & gew-gaws ( royalty4 ,he is 
a con/itutional sov]eign c]ta9ly4 ,he   
has always %[n ! deepe/ respect = !     
,con/itution ev] s9ce its promulgation1 
& nev] 9 ! slighte/ degree attempt$ to  
infr+e or ov]ride any portion ( x4 ,at !
 same "t he is an effective =ce 9 !     
,gov]nm5t ( ,japan4 ,!re is no?+ too    
great or too little 9 ! ,empire or 9 !  
relations ( ! ,empire ) =eign ,p[]s = 8 
k54 ,he1 9 a ^w1 has ! :ole re9s (      
gov]nm5t 9 8 h&s1 & he ex]cises ov] e   
dep>tm5t & detail ( x a m9ute & rigid   
sup]vision :i* is1 9 my op9ion1 l>gely  
responsible = ! effici5cy ( ! int]nal   
adm9i/ration ( ! c\ntry z also = ! place
 t ,japan holds among ! ,great ,p[]s ( !
 _w4  ,i _c leave a consid]ation ( ?is  
subject )\t ref]r+ to ! assi/ance r5d]$ 
to ! ,emp]or by1 z also to ! debt ,japan
 owes to1 "s six or sev5 great m5 9 t   
c\ntry ^: names ,i %all n inscribe "h   
because to d s w\ld be to "s ext5t      

invidi\s1 sev]al ( :om d n1 z a matt] ( 
fact1 hold any =mal position 9 !        
,gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! wisdom ( ^! m5 
has be5 a great boon = su* a c\ntry z   
,japan1 & if %e is n n[ z s5sible ( x z 
%e ought to be future ages w1 ,i feel   
sure1 recognise ! debt t ,japan owes to 
!m4 ,"s p]sons ) an intimate k ( ,japan 
h told me t x is n1 aft] all1 a         
con/itutional ,/ate b 9 effect1 ?\gh n 9
 "n1 an olig>*y4 ,?is ^w has 9 ! pa/ (t5
 _h unpleasant associations1 & "o does n
 l to apply x 9 ref]5ce to ! ,gov]nm5t (
 a progressive & enlight5$ c\ntry4 ,/ill
 ! ^w /rictly means gov]nm5t by a small 
body ( m51 & if 9 ^? m5 is includ$ !    
l>g] "p ( ! wisdom ( ! c\ntry1 & !y     
ex]cise _! p[] solely & exclusively = ! 
b5efit ( ! c\ntry1 ,i am n c]ta9 t su* a
 =m ( gov]nm5t is n ! be/ t c\ld be     
devis$4 ,( c\rse1 humanity be+ z x is1  
an olig>*y1 has its dang]s & its        
temptations4 ,i w say1 h[ev]1 ( ! wise  
m5 ( ,japan1 ! m5 to :om ,i h be5 ref]r+
 & :o :e!r 9 (fice or out ( (fice h     

ex]cis$1 & mu/ cont9ue to ex]cise1 a    
m>k$ & pr$om9ant influ5ce on ! gov]nm5t 
( ! c\ntry1 t _! patriotism has nev] be5
 call$ 9 "q1 & no "o has at any "t      
sugge/$ t !y 7 influ5c$ by self-seek+ or
 o!r unwor?y motives1 or _h any         
aspirations save ! mat]ial & moral      
advancem5t ( ,japan & h] elevation to a 
prom95t position among ! ,great ,p[]s ( 
! _w4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,! ,,p--,,_!   
,,life ,,& ,,habits   ,aft] all1 ! life 
( ! p is ! mo/ int]e/+1 z ,i ?9k x is ! 
mo/ in/ructive1 matt] connect$ ) any    
c\ntry4 ,x is assur$ly impossible to =m 
a cle> or inde$ any correct idea 9 reg>d
 to a nation unless we "k some?+ ( !    
mann]s & cu/oms1 ! daily life1 !        
amusem5ts1 ! vices ( its p4 ,unless we  
c1 z x 71 take a bird's-eye view ( ! p  
at "w & at play1 at _! daily avocations 
9 _! homes1 see !m z !y come into ! _w1 
z !y g ?r\gh life's pilgrimage1 &1      
f9ally1 z !y pay ! debt ( nature & are  
c>ri$ to _! la/ re/+-place 9 accordance 
) ! national cu/oms1 ) ! respect or !   

indiff]5ce ! nation %[s = its dead4  ,if
 "o is to arrive at a correct idea      
reg>d+ ! life & habits ( ! ,japanese p x
 is1 ,i ?9k1 ess5tial to get away f !   
ports & l>ge t[ns :]e !y h be5 influ5c$ 
by or br\ght mu* into contact )         
,europeans1 & see !m z !y really are1   
free f conv5tionalities1                
artificialities1 & ! effects ( ,we/]n   
habits & cu/oms :i* h und\bt$ly be5     
pron\nc$ 9 ^? c5tres :]e ,europeans     
congregate4  ,! h\se 9 ,japan does n    
play ! important "p x does 9 ?is c\ntry4
 ,:5 a man 9 ,engl&1 :atev] 8 /ation 9  
life may be1 contemplates tak+ a wife & 
settl+ d[n1 z ! phrase goes1 ! home & ! 
cont5ts !re( become an all-important    
matt] & "o ne$+ mu* ?\ght & discussion4 
,9 ,japan !re is no su* necessity4 ,a   
,japanese h\se is easily run up--& tak5 
d[n4 ,! walls are con/ruct$ ( pap] &    
slide 9 grooves betwe5 ! beams ( ! floor
 :i* is rais$ slightly above ! gr\nd4 ,!
 p>titions betwe5 ! rooms c easily be   
tak5 d[n & an additional room z easily  

run up4 ,! h\se is1 z a rule1 only "o   
/orey high4 ,! c>pets consi/ ( matt+    
only1 & practically no furniture is     
necess>y4 ,a witty writ] on ,japan has  
aptly & wittily rem>k$ t an ,engli%man's
 h\se may be 8 ca/le1 a ,japanese's h\se
 is 8 b$room & 8 b$room is a passage4 ,!
 occupant ( ?is h\se sits on ! floor1   
sleeps on ! floor1 & has 8 meals on !   
floor4 ,! floor is kept clean by !      
simple process ( ! inhabitants remov+ _!
 boots1 or :at d duty = boots1 & leav+  
!m at ! entrance1 s z to avoid soil+ !  
matt+ ) :i* ! floor ( ea* room is cov]$4
 ,?is is a habit :i* has mu* to comm5d  
x1 & is1 ,i sugge/1 wor?y ( imitation by
 o!r c\ntries4 ,aft] all1 ! ,japanese   
mode ( life has a great deal to be said 
9 its fav\r4 ,x seems /range at fir/1 b 
aft] ! visitor to ! c\ntry has got ov] 8
 initial fit ( surprise at ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! ,japanese dome/ic economy & 8  
own1 he w1 if he be a man ( unprejudic$ 
m9d1 admit t x c]ta9ly has its po9ts4   
,! bulk ( ! population is poor1 v poor1 

b t pov]ty is n emphasis$ 9 _! homes to 
! same ext5t z 9 ,european c\ntries4 ,! 
h\se--a doll's h\se "s irrev]5t p t]m   
x--) pap] p>titions do+ duty = walls1   
:ite matt+1 a few cook+ ut5sils co/s    
only a few %ill+s4 ,x c1 z ,i h said1 be
 tak5 d[n & run up easily1 & enl>g$     
almo/ indef9itely4 ,! inhabitants sleep 
on ! floor1 & ! b$d+ consi/s n z ) u (  
mattresses1 palliasses1 & o!r m or less 
insanit>y articles1 b ( a numb]1 great  
or small1 & elaborate or o!rwise1 9     
accordance ) ! means ( ! own]1 ( :at ,i 
w t]m quilts4 ,! ,japanese pill[ is a   
fe>ful & wond]ful article4 ,i c nev]    
imag9e h[ x 0 evolv$ & :y x has rema9$ s
 long unimprov$4 ,x is made ( wood & !re
 is a receptacle = ! head4 ,! ,european 
:o uses x f9ds t x effectually bani%es  
sleep1 :ile ! ord9>y ,japanese is       
app>5tly unable to sleep )\t x4 ,9 mo/  
h\ses1 h[ev] poor1 a kakemono1 or wall  
picture1 is to be se54 ,x is usually !  
only decoration save an occasional vase 
conta9+ fl[]s1 & ( c\rse fl[]s !mselves1

 :i* are 9 evid5ce ev]y:]e4 ,light is1  
or us$ to be1 giv5 by a lamp1 a k9d (   
,*9ese lant]n on a lacqu] /&1 ! light   
be+ giv5 by a ru% c&le4 ,i am sorry1    
h[ev]1 to say t ^! 9 "s respects arti/ic
 lant]ns are be+ g5]ally replac$ by     
hide\s petroleum or k]os5e lamps1 n only
 ugly b a con/ant s\rce ( dang] 9 ^!    
flimsy h\ses4  ,! mo/ important         
accessory ( ne>ly all ,japanese h\ses is
 ! ba?-room1 or wa%-h\se1 to use a m    
appropriate t]m4 ,! hot ba? is a        
univ]sal in/itution 9 ! c\ntry1 & ne>ly 
e ,japanese man & woman1 :atev] 8 or h] 
/ation 9 life1 wa%es ! body ?or\ghly 9  
extremely hot wat] m ?an once daily4 ,! 
,japanese1 z reg>ds ! wa%+ ( _! p]sons1 
are ! cleane/ race 9 ! _w1 b _m hygi5ic 
laws are set at defiance possibly       
because !y are n und]/ood4 ,a gradual   
improvem5t is1 h[ev]1 tak+ place 9 ^!   
matt]s1 & ! cleanl9ess z reg>ds ! body &
 _! h\ses1 :i* is su* a pleas+ feature (
 ! p1 w no d\bt ext5d 9 o!r directions  
also4  ,japanese h\ses are habitable    

en\gh 9 w>m wea!r1 b 9 w9t]-"t !y are1 z
 might be expect$1 exce$+ly cold1       
especially z ! arrangem5ts = w>m+ !m are
 ( an extremely primitive nature4 ,^?   
compla9ts :i* are induc$ or produc$ by  
cold are preval5t 9 ! c\ntry4  ,! food (
 ! p is z simple z _! h\ses1 & z        
inexp5sive4 ,a ,japanese family x has   
be5 calculat$ c live on ab\t #aj a ye>4 
,a little fi%1 rice1 & vegetables1 )    
incessant tea1 is ! national diet>y4 ,! 
p liv+ on ?is meagre f>e are1 on ! :ole1
 a /rong & /urdy race1 b x is           
que/ionable if ! national physique w\ld 
n be va/ly improv$ 7 ! national diet    
also4 ,i h t\*$ on ?is matt] else:]e1 s 
,i ne$ n ref] to x fur!r "h4 ,tobacco is
 ! con/ant consol] ( ! ,japanese 9 all 8
 tr\bles4 ,:y he smokes su* dim9utive   
pipes ,i h nev] be5 able to und]/&4 ,!y 
only hold suffici5t tobacco = a few     
:iffs1 & :5 /ay+ 9 a ,japanese h\se !   
con/ant tap1 tap1 tap ( ! own]'s pipe z 
he empties ! a%es out prior to refill+ x
 rem9ds "o ( ! woodpeck]4  ,!re are     

d\btless "s p]sons1 especially ^? p]sons
 :o consid] t to enjoy life a           
sup]abundance or ev5 a ple?ora ( mat]ial
 com=ts are necess>y1 :o1 aft] read+ a  
description ( ! home & f>e ( ! ,japanese
 peasant1 w assume t 8 life is a burd5 &
 t he d]ives no enjoym5t :atev] f x4    
,no?+ c\ld be m errone\s4 ,!re is       
probably n a m joy\s be+ on ! face ( !  
globe ?an ! ,japanese4 ,8 wants are few1
 & 9 t fact probably lies 8 happ9ess4   
,he does n f9d 8 enjoym5t 9 mat]ial ?+s1
 b he has 8 enjoym5t all ! same1 & ,i   
?9k on ! :ole t he probably gets m out (
 life & has m fitt+ ideas reg>d+ x ?an !
 ,engli%man :o consid]s an abundance (  
beef & be] its objective po9t4  ,to me  
"o ( ! mo/ pleas+ features ( ,japan is !
 fondness & t5d]ness ( ! ,japanese ( all
 ranks & classes = *ildr54 ,! ,japanese 
infant is ! tyrant ( ,japan1 & no?+ is  
good en\gh = x4 ,! wom51 z mo/ p "k1    
c>ry _! babies on _! backs in/ead ( 9 _!
 arms4 ,a baby is1 h[ev]1 n s = v long 9
 ,japan4 ,v "y ,japanese girls may be   

se5 c>ry+ _! little baby bro!rs & si/]s 
beh9d _! backs1 & ?us le>n+ _! mat]nal  
duties 9 advance4 ,! position ( wom5 9  
,japan1 m>ri$ wom51 is n s satisfactory 
z x ought to be4 ,! laws 9 reg>d to     
divorce are1 ,i ?9k1 too easy1 & a      
,japanese possesses facilities = gett+  
rid ( 8 wife :i* does n t5d to !        
cons]vation ( home-life4 ,! cu/om1 :i* 0
 at "o "t univ]sal1 ( wom5 black5+ _!   
tee?1 has l>gely dim9i%$1 & w no d\bt 9 
due c\rse become obsolete4 ,! idea :i*  
und]lay x 0 t ! woman %\ld r5d] h]self  
unattractive to o!r m54 ,!re 0 no object
 9 hav+ su* an adv5titi\s attraction z  
pe>ly tee? = h] husb&1 :o might be      
presum$ to "k :at h] attractions really 
74 ,! ,japanese woman 9 h] education has
 inculcat$ ?ree ob$i5ces1 viz41 ob$i5ce 
to p>5ts1 ob$i5ce to husb&1 & aft] !    
dea? ( ! latt] ob$i5ce to son4 ,al?\gh !
 ,japanese girl comes ( age at #ad %e _c
 m>ry )\t h] fa!r's cons5t until %e is  
#be4  ,! dress ( ! ,japanese p is s well
 kn[n t x is n necess>y = me to describe

 x4 ,! kimono is1 ,i ?9k1 a graceful    
co/ume1 & ,i am v sorry t s _m wom5 9 ! 
upp] classes h disc>d$ ! national dress 
= ,european g>m5ts4 ,japanese wom5 :o   
we> ! national co/ume d n don gloves4   
,if _! h&s are cold !y place !m 9 _!    
sleeves1 :i* are long & h receptacles   
conta9+ _m & v>i\s ?+s1 includ+ a       
pocket-h&k]*ief1 :i* is usually made (  
pap]1 & sometimes a pot ( lip-salve to  
col\r ! lips to ! or?odox t9t4 ,! poor] 
classes1 ( c\rse1 d n g 9 = su*         
frivolities4 ,talk+ ( pap] h&k]*iefs    
rem9ds me ( ! innum]able uses to :i*    
pap] is put 9 ,japan2 x s]ves =         
umbrellas & ev5 = coats1 & is altoge!r a
 necessity ( exi/5ce almo/ = ! great    
mass ( ! p4  ,i h ref]r$ to ! lack ( :at
 may be deem$ mat]ial com=ts 9 ,japan1 z
 also to ! fact t ! ,japanese are a     
joy\s race b t _! enjoym5t is n ( a     
mat]ial nature4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 easily 
amus$1 & _! enjoym5t takes =ms :i* w\ld 
h>dly appeal to a less emotional p4 ,9 !
 l>ge t[ns ! !atre is a p]5nial s\rce ( 

amusem5t4 ,i h ref]r$ to ! !atre 9 !    
*apt] deal+ ) ! drama1 & rem>k$ !re9 t !
 excess ( by-play1 irrelevant by-play1 9
 a ,japanese drama 0 r we>isome to !    
,european spectator4 ,n s to !          
,japanese4 ,he positively revels 9 x4 ,!
 !atre is = him some?+ real & mov+4 ,he 
has1 :atev] 8 age1 all ! ze/ ( a y\? =  
plays & spectacles4 ,h[ f> !            
,europeanis+ ( ! c\ntry1 :i* is hav+1 & 
is b\nd /ill fur!r to h1 an effect on   
dramatic art1 w affect ! amusem5ts ( ! p
 & _! pron5ess = ! !atre rema9s to be   
se54 ,!re is s f> no?+ approa*+ !       
,engli% music-hall 9 ,japan4 ,let me    
express a hope t !re nev] w be4 ,x is a 
long cry f ! graceful ,gei%a to !       
inanities & banalities :i* appe> to be !
 /ock-9-trade ( music-hall p]=mances 9  
?is c\ntry4 ,^! appe> to meet a home    
want1 b ,i s9c]ely tru/ !y w be res]v$ =
 home delectation & n be inflict$ 9 any 
guise ^u ,japan4 ,! matt] ( music-halls 
sugge/s "s ref]5ce to ! ideas ( !       
,japanese 9 respect ( music4 ,! educat$ 

classes appe> to h an appreciation (    
,european music1 b ,japanese music      
requires1 ,i %\ld say1 an educational   
process4 ,"s sup]ficial ,european writ]s
 decl>e t ! ,japanese h n ! lea/        
conception ( ei!r h>mony or melody1 & t 
:at passes = music 9 ! c\ntry is simply 
discord4 ,x might h /ruck ^! writ]s t   
criticism ( ?is k9d 9 ref]5ce to a mo/  
arti/ic p c\ld h>dly be correct4 ,any "o
 :o has li/5$ to ! ,gei%a or he>d ! s++ 
( tra9$ ,japanese w\ld c]ta9ly n agree 9
 su* /atem5ts z ,i h ref]r$ to4         
,japanese music is l ,japanese art--x   
has its own *>act]i/ics & w1 ,i am sure1
 repay be+ c>efully /udi$4  ,fe/ivals & 
fea/s1 religi\s & o!rwise1 :i* are _m & 
v>i$1 af=d "s relaxation = ! p4 ,!re    
are1 accord+ to a li/ compil$1 "s #bh   
religi\s fe/ivals1 #af national         
holidays1 & #ad popul> fea/-days4 ,new  
,ye>'s ,day is t]m$ ,%ihohai1 & on x !  
,emp]or prays to all 8 ance/ors = a     
peaceful reign4 ,two days subsequ5tly1  
on ,g5jisai1 he makes (f]+s to him & all

 8 ,imp]ial ance/ors1 :ile two days lat]
 /ill all ,gov]nm5t (fic]s make (ficial 
calls4 ,^! are legal holidays4 ,! #aa? (
 ,febru>y 7,kig5 ,setsu7 & ! #crd (     
,april 7,jimmu-,t5no-sai7 are obs]v$ z !
 anniv]s>ies respectively ( ! accession 
to ! ?rone & ! dea? ( ,jimmu-,t5no1 !   
fir/ ,emp]or4 ,! #ag? ( ,octob]         
7,%9%o-sai7 is ! national h>ve/ fe/ival4
 ,on ?is day ! ,emp]or (f]s ! fir/ crop 
( ! ye> to 8 div9e ance/or1 ,t5%oko     
,daij94 ,x may be int]e/+ to record t ! 
#be? ( ,decemb] 7,*ri/mas ,day71 is     
obs]v$ z a holiday by ! ,cu/om-h\se     
dep>tm5t = ! accommodation ( =eign      
employees4  ,! popul> fe/ivals are      
equally int]e/+ & curi\s4 ,! #crd ( ,m>*
 7,o%9asama71 is ! girls' or dolls'     
fe/ival1 :ile ! #e? ( ,may 7,osekku71 is
 ! boys' fe/ival1 or ,fea/ ( ,flags4 ,a 
?ree days' fe/ival1 #ac?-#ae? ( ,july   
7,bon ,matsuri71 is ! ,all ,s\ls' ,day (
 ,japan 9 hon\r ( ! sacr$ dead4 ,! #i? (
 ,septemb] 7,kikku ,no ,sekku71 is !    
fe/ival ( *rysan!mums1 ! national fl[]1 

& ! #bj? ( ,novemb]1 appropriately ne> !
 ,"l ,mayor ( ,london's day1 is !       
fe/ival held by ! m]*ants 9 hon\r (     
,ebisuko1 ! ,god ( ,weal?4 ,! ,fea/ (   
,flags--! boys' fe/ival--is "o mu*      
e/eem$ by ! ,japanese p4 ,on ! occasion 
( x e h\se ! own] ( :i* has be5 bless$ )
 sons displays a pap] c>p float+ f a    
flag/aff4 ,if a male *ild has come to ! 
e/abli%m5t dur+ ! ye> ! c>p is extra    
l>ge4 ,x is consid]$ a reproa* to any   
m>ri$ woman n to h ?is symbol fly+      
outside ! h\se on ! occasion ( ?is fea/4
 ,:y ! c>p has be5 select$ z a symbol is
 a matt] ^u :i* !re is mu* diff]5ce (   
op9ion4 ,! c>p1 x is said1 is emblematic
 ( ! y\? :o ov]comes all ! difficulties 
t lie 9 8 pa? dur+ life1 b ,i confess ,i
 r fail to see :at connection !re is    
betwe5 ?is fi% & su* an en]getic y\?4   
,on ?is day ! boys h dolls repres5tative
 ( ,japanese h]oes & p]sonages ( ! pa/ z
 well z toy swords & toy arm\r4 ,on !   
girls' fe/ival--! ,fea/ ( ,dolls--!re is
 no outw>d & visible display4 ,! fact ( 

a girl hav+ be5 born 9 ! family is n    
consid]$ a matt] to be boa/$ (4 ,on ?is 
fea/ !re is a great display indoors (   
dolls4 ,z a matt] ( fact dolls =m a v   
important "p ( ! heirlooms ( e ,japanese
 family ( any importance4 ,:5 a girl is 
born a pair ( dolls are procur$ = h]4   
,dolls are mu* m s]i\sly treat$ ?an !y  
are 9 ,european c\ntries1 :]e !y are    
b\ght ) ! full k t !y w quickly be      
de/roy$4 ,9 ,japan ! dolls are pack$    
away = ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ye> 9 ! g-d[n1 &
 are only produc$ at ?is p>ticul>       
fe/ival4 ,i may add t n only ! dolls    
!mselves b furniture = !m are l>gely 9  
reque/ 9 ,japan1 & t ?is dolls' fe/ival 
is really a v important function 9 !    
national life4  ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival is !
 great day ( ! ye> 9 ,japan4 ,9 ?is     
respect x approximates to our ,*ri/mas4 
,n only ! h\ses b ! /reets are decorat$1
 & e t[n 9 ! l& has at ?is p>ticul>     
season an unusually fe/ive appe>ance4   
,at ?is p]iod visits are ex*ang$1 & ,new
 ,ye>'s pres5ts are ! correct ?+4  ,on !

 ,bon ,matsuri1 or ,all ,s\ls' ,day1 !  
,japanese h a cu/om some:at simil> to t 
:i* obta9s 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries on
 ! #bnd ( ,novemb]4 ,on ! fir/ night ( !
 fea/ ! tombs ( ! dead dur+ ! pa/ ye>   
are adorn$ ) ,japanese lant]ns4 ,on !   
second night ! rema9+ tombs are likewise
 decorat$1 :ile on ! ?ird night x is !  
cu/om1 al?\gh x is n[ some:at fall+ into
 desuetude1 = ! relatives ( ! dead to   
laun* toy vessels made ( /raw lad5 )    
fruit & co9s z well z a lant]n4 ,^! toy 
%ips h toy sails1 & ! dead are suppos$  
to sail 9 !m to oblivion until next     
ye>'s fe/ival4 ,^! toy %ips1 ( c\rse1   
cat* fire f ! lant]ns4 ,n s v _m ye>s   
ago ! spectacle ( ^! little vessels     
cat*+ fire on "s l>ge bay 0 a v pretty  
"o4 ,i am afraid ?is fea/ has a t5d5cy  
to die out--a fact :i* is greatly to be 
regrett$1 z !re is beh9d x mu* t is     
poetical & beautiful4  ,wre/l+1 z mo/ p 
"k1 is a fav\rite amusem5t ( !          
,japanese1 & wre/l+ mat*es excite q z   
mu* int]e/ z box+ us$ to d 9 ?is c\ntry4

 ,( late ye>s ,engli% p h tak5 mu*      
int]e/ 9 ,ju ,jitsu4 ,! ,japanese /yle (
 wre/l+ is c]ta9ly peculi>1 & tra9+ does
 n app>5tly ent] s mu* into x z is      
consid]$ ess5tial 9 ref]5ce to displays 
( /r5g? or skill 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"o      
sometimes sees v exp]t ,japanese wre/l]s
 :o are n only fat b bloat$4  ,!        
,japanese h long be5 celebrat$ ar*]s1 & 
ar*]y1 ?\gh x is l>gely on ! wane1 is   
mu* m 9 evid5ce ?an is ! case 9 ?is     
c\ntry4 ,x is an art 9 :i* a great _m ( 
! p excel1 & ar*]y gr\nds /ill exi/ 9 _m
 ( ! t[ns4  ,m>riages & *ri/5+s h       
important p>ts 9 ! social life ( ! p4   
,^! c]emonies1 h[ev]1 are n q s         
obtrusive z !y are 9 ,we/]n l&s4 ,z     
reg>ds *ri/5+s1 if ,i may use su* a t]m 
9 ref]5ce to a non-,*ri/ian p1 ! fir/1  
or almo/ ! fir/1 c]emony 9 ref]5ce to ! 
infant 9 ,japan is1 or us$ to be1 ! %av+
 ( its head ?irty days aft] bir?1 aft]  
:i* x 0 tak5 to ! temple to make its    
fir/ (f]+1 a pecuni>y "o1 to ! gods4    
,?is %av+ ( babies is no d\bt dim9i%+1  

at any rate 9 ! l>ge t[ns4 ,inde$1      
ev]y?+ 9 reg>d to ! dress+ ( & deal+ ) !
 hair 9 ,japan is1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 
9 a /ate ( transition4    ,illu/ration3 
,,/reet ,,sc5e ,,on ,,new ,,ye>',s ,,day
       ,,f ,a ,,pr9t ,,by ,,hiro%ige    
,"s writ]s on ,japan h be5 impress$ by !
 fact t ! ,japanese appe> to be m       
conc]n$ ab\t ! dead ?an ! liv+4 ,ance/or
 wor%ip plays an important "p 9 !       
religi\s economy ( ,japanese life1 &1 z 
,i h %[n1 ! ,all ,s\ls' ,day 9 ,japan is
 an important national fe/ival4 ,b !    
respect t ^! p h = _! dead is n %[n only
 on "o or two or ?ree days ( ! ye>2 x   
may be d$uc$ f a visit to any ( _!      
cemet]ies4 ,^! are ne>ly always         
picturesquely situat$1 adorn$ )         
beautiful trees1 & exquisitely kept 9   
ord]4 ,inde$1 ! cemet]ies are 9 /rik+   
contra/ to ^? ( ,european c\ntries4 ,!  
hide\s & in>ti/ic tomb/ones & monum5ts1 
! urns & angels1 & ! /]eotyp$           
conv5tionalities ( gravey>ds 9 ?is      
c\ntry are all abs5t4 ,!re is usually   

only a simple tablet ov] ea* grave be>+ 
! "n ( ! deceas$ & ! date ( 8 dea?1 &   
occasionally "s simple ^w or two summ+  
up succ9ctly ^? qualities he _h1 or 0   
suppos$ to h1 possess$4 ,ne> ea* grave  
is usually a fl[]-vase1 & x is ne>ly    
always fill$ ) fre% fl[]s4 ,z ,i h      
rem>k$1 fl[]s play an important "p 9 !  
lives ( ! ,japanese p1 & ) !m no "p is m
 important ?an ! decoration ( ! graves (
 _! dead4 ,9 ,engl& fl[]s also play an  
important "p 9 connection ) ! dead--on !
 day ( ! fun]al4 ,x is !n consid]$ !    
correct ?+ = e "o :o knew ! deceas$ to  
s5d a wrea? to be plac$ ^u 8 c(f94 ,^!  
wrea?s1 frequ5tly exce$+ly num]\s1 are  
convey$ to ! cemet]y1 :]e !y are all[$  
to rot on top ( ! grave4 ,to me !re is  
no m m\rnful sight ?an a visit to a     
great ,london cemet]y1 :]e "o sees ^!   
rott+ emblems1 :i* q palpably meant no?+
 save ! practice ( a conv5tionality4 ,! 
,japanese1 h[ev] poor 8 worldly         
circum/ances may be1 is n cont5t )      
fl[]s1 co/ly fl[]s on ! day ( ! fun]al2 

he places 8 vase alongside ! grave ( !  
dep>t$1 & by keep+ t vase fill$ ) fre% &
 beautiful fl[]s he sets =? z f> z he   
possibly c 8 feel+ ( respect = ! dead & 
! fact t ! dead "o /ill lives 9 8       
memory4  ,"o _c /udy1 h[ev] cursorily1 !
 lives ( ! ,japanese p on ! :ole )\t be+
 conv9c$ ( ! fact t !re is among !m n   
only a total abs5ce ( b no desire :atev]
 = luxury4 ,! :ole conception ( life    
among ^! p seems to me to be a heal?y & 
a simple "o4 ,x is n 9 any way1 or at   
any rate to any great ext5t1 a mat]ial  
conception4 ,! ord9>y ,japanese--!      
peasant1 = example--does n hank] aft] a 
"t :5 he w h m to eat & m to dr9k4 ,he  
f9ds himself plac$ 9 a c]ta9 position 9 
life1 & he attempts to get ! be/ out (  
life t he c4 ,i d n sugge/1 ( c\rse1 t !
 ,japanese peasant has ev]              
philosophically discuss$ ?is matt] )    
himself or p]haps ?\ght deeply1 if at   
all1 ab\t x4 ,i am m]ely record+ :at 8  
view ( life is judg+ by 8 actions4 ,he1 
,i feel confid5t1 enjoys life4 ,9 "s    

respects 8 life no d\bt is a h>d "o1 b x
 has its alleviations1 & if ,i judge him
 aright ! ord9>y ,japanese does n let 8 
m9d dwell ov]mu* on 8 h>d%ips1 b is     
cont5t to get :at pleasure he c out ( 8 
surr\nd+ conditions4  ,"o v pleas+      
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,japanese m5 & wom5 to   
:i* ,i h already ref]r$ is ! habit (    
p]sonal cleanl9ess4 ,9 e t[n 9 ! c\ntry 
public ba?s are num]\s1 & e h\se ( any  
pret5sions has a ba?-room4 ,! ,japanese 
use extremely hot wat] to wa% 94 ,! wom5
 d n ent] ! ba? imm$iately ^u undress+1 
b 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ?r[+ "s pailsful (  
wat] ov] ! body1 !y sit on ! floor &    
scrub !mselves ) bran prior to ent]+ !  
ba?1 p]=m+ ?is op]ation two or ?ree     
times4 ,m5 d n indulge 9 a simil>       
practice1 & ,i h nev] be5 able to und]/&
 :y ?is diff]5t mode ( ba?+ %\ld obta9 9
 ref]5ce to ! two sexes4 ,9 h\ses       
possess+ a ba?-room ! ba? consi/s m]ely 
( a wood5 tub ) a /ove to heat ! wat]4  
,! ba? is us$ by ! :ole family 9        
succession--fa!r1 "m1 *ildr51 s]vants4  

,%ampoo+ also =ms an important "p ( !   
,japanese sy/em ( cleanl9ess4 ,x is n1 z
 9 ?is c\ntry1 conf9$ to ! head1 b      
approximates to :at we t]m massage1 &   
consi/s 9 a rubb+ ( ! muscles ( !       
body--a fact :i* n only has a b5eficial 
effect physically1 b is also efficaci\s 
9 ! direction ( cleanl9ess4  ,ne>ly e   
h\se 9 ,japan possesses a g>d51 & ! g>d5
 is a s\rce ( p]petual delight to e     
,japanese4 ,he is enabl$ to give full   
v5t !re9 to 8 love ( fl[]s4 ,"s critics 
h f\nd fault ) ,japanese g>d5s on acc\nt
 ( _! monotony4 ,m9iature lakes1 grass  
plots1 dw>f$ trees1 & trees clipp$ &    
tra9$ into repres5tations ( objects     
animate & inanimate are ! prevail+      
*>act]i/ics4 ,a simil> rem>k might1     
h[ev]1 be made 9 reg>d to ! g>d5s (1    
say1 ,london suburban h\ses1 ) ?is      
exception--t ! ,japanese g>d5s %[       
inf9itely m good ta/e on ! "p ( !       
cultivators ( !m4 ,^! little g>d5s ?r[ a
 brightness into ! life ( ! p :i* x is  
impossible to e/imate4  ,9 ! *apt] :i*  

,i h devot$ to ! religions ( ! ,japanese
 p1 ,i h rem>k$ t religion appe>s to be 
los+ its influ5ce ^u ! educat$ classes (
 ! c\ntry1 :o are quickly develop+ into 
agno/ics4 ,no su* rem>k c1 h[ev]1 be    
made 9 ref]5ce to ! great mass ( !      
,japanese p4 ,= !m religion is an       
actuality4 ,take x out ( _! lives & y w 
take mu* t makes _! lives n only        
enjoyable b endurable4 ,z a writ] on    
,japan has some:at irrev]5tly obs]v$1 ! 
,japanese is v *ummy ) heav54 ,he j z   
readily invokes ! aid ( 8 h\sehold gods 
9 ! pursuit ( 8 am\rs z 9 less          
illegitimate aspirations4 ,he reg>ds !m 
z k9d fri5ds :o w help1 r ?an z sev]e   
c5sors :o h to be propitiat$4 ,!        
spiritual aspect ( ! ,deity has n1 ,i   
?9k1 ent]$ at all into ! conceptions ( !
 ord9>y ,japanese4 ,8 ideas 9 reg>d to  
,god or ! gods--8 pan!on is a l>ge & a  
compreh5sive "o--are altoge!r           
an?ropomorphic4 ,e action ( 8 life1     
h[ev] small1 is 9 "s way or o!r connect$
 ) an unse5 _w4 ,9 ?is matt]1 ,buddhism 

& ,%9toism h got r mix$1 &1 z ,i h      
else:]e said1 if ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism 7  
re9c>nat$ 9 ,japan to-day1 he w\ld f9d x
 difficult to recognise 8 religion 9 "s 
( ! developm5ts ( ,buddhism z x exi/s 9 
,japan4 ,nev]!less1 ?is an?ropomorphic  
idea ( ,god1 h[ev] x may fit ! ,japanese
 = ! next _w1 und\bt$ly com=ts him 9    
?is4 ,! religi\s fe/ivals1 :i* are      
num]\s1 are gala days 9 8 life1 & !     
s]vices ( religion br+ him und\bt$ly mu*
 consolation4 ,b he does n ( necessity g
 to a temple to conduct t uplift+ ( !   
he>t :i* is1 aft] all1 ! be/ s]vice (   
man to ! ,creator4 ,e h\se has its      
little %r9e1 & al?\gh "s sup]ior p]sons 
may laugh at ! act ( burn+ a joss-/ick1 
or "s o!r trivial act ( wor%ip1 z m]ely 
ignorant sup]/ition1 ,i ?9k !           
unprejudic$ man w\ld look r at ! motive 
:i* inspir$ ! act4 ,if ?is poor ignorant
 native burns 8 joss-/ick1 makes 8 (f]+ 
( a cake1 lights a lamp 9 front ( an    
image1 or takes "p 9 any o!r act :i* 9  
effect means ! lift+ up ( 8 s\l to      

some?+ high] & great] ?an himself t he c
 n[ only see ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 surely
 he ought n to be condemn$4 ,at any rate
 ,i w pass no condemnation on him4      
,outside ! accretions :i* h und\bt$ly   
come ^u ,buddhism & ,%9toism 9 ! _m     
c5turies !y h exi/$ 9 ,japan1 ,i desire 
once m to emphasise ! fact1 to :i* ,i h 
previ\sly made ref]5ce1 t bo? ^!        
religions h _h1 & ,i believe /ill h1 a  
b5eficial effect1 f a moral po9t ( view1
 on ! ,japanese p4 ,!re is no?+ 9 _!    
e?ical code to :i* ! mo/ c5sori\s p]son 
c raise ! slighte/ objection4 ,!y h     
inculcat$ on ! ,japanese p ?r\gh all !  
ages1 n only ! necessity1 b !           
advisability ( do+ good4 ,buddhism1 9   
p>ticul>1 has prea*$ ! doctr9e ( do+    
good1 n only to "o's fell[-creatures b  
to ! :ole ( animate nature4 ,^! two     
religions h1 9 my op9ion1 plac$ ! e?ical
 conceptions ( ! ,japanese p on a high  
plane4  ,9 my rem>ks on ! p ( ,japan ,i 
d n ?9k ,i c m effectually sum up _!    
sali5t *>act]i/ics ?an has be5 done by !

 writ] ( a guide to t c\ntry4 ,! c\rtly 
demean\r ( ! p1 he says1 is a matt] (   
rem>k ) all :o visit ,japan1 & s        
univ]sal is ! /udi$ polit5ess ( all     
classes t ! casual obs]v] w\ld conclude 
t x 0 innate & born ( ! nature ( ! p2 & 
probably ! quality has become some:at ( 
a national *>act]i/ic1 hav+ be5 held 9  
su* high e/eem1 & s univ]sally taught = 
s _m c5turies--at lea/1 x seems to be z 
natural = !m to be polite & =mal z x is 
= !m to brea!4 ,_! religion tea*es !    
fundam5tal t5ets ( true polit5ess1 9 t x
 inculcates ! rev]5ce to p>5ts z "o ( ! 
highe/ virtues4 ,! family circle fo/]s !
 g]ms ( ! great national trait (        
c]emoni\s polit5ess4 ,def]5ce to age is 
univ]sal ) ! "y4 ,! respect paid to     
p>5ts does n cease :5 ! *ildr5 are      
mature m5 & wom54 ,x is consid]$ a      
privilege z well z an evid5ce ( filial  
duty to /udy ! wants & wi%es ( ! p>5ts1 
ev5 be=e ! necessities ( ! prog5y ( ^?  
:o h h\seholds ( _! own4  ,i d n ?9k t x
 is necess>y = me to add mu* to ^! wise 

& pregnant rem>ks4 ,! m "o /udies !     
,japanese p1 ! m ,i ?9k "o's admiration 
( !m increases4 ,!y h1 9 my op9ion1 9 _m
 respects arriv$1 probably z ! result ( 
! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( _m ages1 at a "r
 p]ception & conception ( ! philosophy (
 life4 ,judg$ f ! highe/1 & z ,i ?9k    
only true1 /&po9t1 t is ! /&po9t (      
happ9ess n 9 a m]ely mat]ial b 9 a      
spiritual =m1 !y h rea*$ a condition t b
 few nations h yet atta9$4 ,!y may      
provoke ! pity ( ! man :o believes 9    
full diet & pl5ty ( x1 & :o fails to    
compreh5d h[ a p liv+ on a meagre f>e ( 
fi% & rice c be cont5t$1 mu* less happy1
 b ! ,japanese 9 8 philosophy has       
realis$ a fact t happ9ess is some?+ o!r 
?an mat]ial1 & t a man or woman c be    
l>gely indep5d5t ( ! accid5tals ( life &
 c atta9 a realisation ( true happ9ess  
by keep+ "u !1 too (t51 supremacy (     
matt] ov] m9d 9 ! av]age human be+4     
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,trade--,,comm]ce--,,&  
,,indu/ries   ,no?+ is p]haps s /rongly 
indicative ( ! progress t ,japan has    

made z ! record ( h] trade & comm]ce4 ,i
 h no int5tion ( inflict+ on my read]s a
 mass ( figures1 b ,i %all h to give a  
few 9 ord] to convey "s idea z to !     
c\ntry's mat]ial developm5t ( rec5t     
ye>s4 ,japan1 x mu/ be recollect$1 is 9 
h] y\? 9 respect ( ev]y?+ connect$ )    
comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,:5 ! c\ntry 0       
isolat$ x export$ & import$ practically 
no?+1 & its productions 7 simply su* z 7
 necess>y = ! inhabitants1 !n f> less   
num]\s ?an at pres5t4 ,:5 ! ,revolution 
took place trade & comm]ce 7 /ill at a v
 l[ ebb1 & ! ,japanese connect$ ) trade 
0 look$ ^u ) m or less ( contempt1 !    
soldi]'s & ! politician's be+ ! only    
c>e]s held mu* 9 e/eem4 ,= innum]able   
c5turies ! *ief indu/ry ( ,japan 0      
agriculture1 & ev5 to-day m ?an half ( !
 population is engag$ !reon4 ,p>tly ow+ 
to religi\s influ5ces1 & p>tly f o!r    
causes1 ! mass ( ! p h be51 & /ill are 9
 effect1 veget>ians4  ,! pres5t trade ( 
,japan is 9 />tl+ contra/ ) t ( h] ne>  
neighb\r ,*9a1 :i*1 ) an area ab\t      

tw5ty-?ree times great]1 & a population 
ne>ly n9e times z l>ge1 has actually a  
small] volume ( exports4 ,all ! /ati/ics
 available 9 ref]5ce to ,japan's trade1 
comm]ce1 & indu/ries po9t to ! enorm\s &
 annually increas+ developm5t ( !       
c\ntry4 ,inde$1 ! trade has m>vell\sly  
increas$ ( rec5t ye>s4 ,s9ce #ahij !    
annual value ( ,japan's exports has ris5
 f #e1jjj1jjj to #ce1jjj1jjj1 ! imports 
f #h1jjj1jjj to #dd1jjj1jjj4 ,t !       
imports w cont9ue 9 simil> progression1 
or inde$ to any?+ l ! same am\nt1 ,i d n
 believe4 ,japan ( rec5t ye>s has       
import$ ma*9]y1 l>gely f ,europe &      
,am]ica1 & us$ x z patt]ns to be copi$  
or improv$ ^u by h] own workm54 ,out (  
#be cotton-mills1 = example1 9 ,osaka1 !
 ma*9]y = "o _h be5 import$ f ! ,unit$  
,/ates4 ,! re/ ! ,japanese h made       
!mselves f ! import$ patt]n4 ,!re 7 also
 9 ,osaka rec5tly #cj fl\r-mills ready =
 %ipm5t to ! :eat regions ( ,man*uria4  
,"o ( ^! mills _h be5 import$ f ,am]ica1
 :ile ! rema9+ #bi h be5 con/ruct$ 9    

,osaka at a co/ = ea* ( n m ?an "o-fif? 
t paid = ! import$ mill4  ,%ortly aft]  
peace _h be5 decl>$ betwe5 ,russia &    
,japan1 ! ,m>quis ,ito is report$ to h  
said to ,mr4 ,mc,kinley3 ,y ne$ n be    
afraid t we w all[ ,japanese lab\r]s to 
come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we ne$ !m at  
home4 ,9 a c\ple ( mon?s we w br+ home a
 million m5 f ,man*uria4 ,we are go+ to 
tea* !m all h[ to manufacture ev]y?+ 9 !
 _w ) ! be/ lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y to be     
f\nd4 ,in/ead ( s5d+ y *eap lab\r we w  
sell y ,am]ican goods *eap] ?an y c     
manufacture !m y\rselves4 ,! ,japanese  
,gov]nm5t seems to "s ext5t to be go+ 9 
= a policy ( ,/ate ,socialism4 ,!       
tobacco trade 9 ! ,empire is n[ entirely
 controll$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,tobacco  
,law ext+ui%$ private tobacco deal]s &  
mak]s1 ! ,gov]nm5t took ov] :atev]      
factories x deem$ suitable = ! purpose1 
built o!rs1 & n[ makes a pr(it ( ab\t   
#c1jjj1jjj /]l+ annually1 :ile ! tobacco
 is said to be ( a sup]ior quality & !  
workm5 bett] paid ?an 0 ! case "u       

private ent]prise4 ,h[ f> ,japan int5ds 
to g 9 ! direction ( ,/ate ,socialism ,i
 am n 9 a position to say4 ,_m mod]n    
,japanese /atesm5 are q conv9c$ ( ! fact
 t ! private exploitation ( indu/ry is a
 great evil & "o t ought to be put a /op
 to4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ,japanese    
/atesm5 :o are firmly conv9c$ t ! ,/ate 
control ( indu/ries c only result 9 !   
de/ruction ( individual initiative &    
g5ius1 ) ! inevitable result ( r$uc+    
ev]ybody to a dead level ( incompet5ce4 
,9 ?is matt] ,japan w h1 z o!r nations h
 _h1 to "w out h] own salvation4 ,9 !   
process ( exp]im5t _m mi/akes w no d\bt 
be made1 b ,japan />ts ) ?is advantage 9
 respect ( ,/ate ,socialism1 precisely z
 9 reg>d to h] ,army & ,navy--t h]      
/atesm51 h] lead+ public m51 h] great   
?9k]s1 h no prejudices or preconceiv$   
ideas4 ,all !y desire is t ! nation z a 
:ole %all boldly advance on t pa? (     
progress by ! l9es :i* %all be/ s]ve to 
place ! c\ntry 9 a comm&+ position among
 ! ,great ,p[]s ( ! _w1 & at ! same "t  

to promote ! happ9ess1 com=t1 &         
prosp]ity ( ! p4  ,! ,japanese are great
 9 imitation1 b !y are great] p]haps 9  
_! p[]s ( adaptation4 ,!y h s f> %[n a  
peculi> faculty = fitt+ to ,japanese    
requirem5ts & conditions ! ma*9]y1      
sci5ce1 indu/ry1 c41 necess>y to _!     
prop] developm5t4 ,japan is )\t d\bt n[ 
ke5ly alive1 m>%all+ all h] indu/rial   
=ces 9 ! direction ( seek+ to become    
supreme 9 ! trade & comm]ce ( ! ,f>     
,ea/4 ,! aim ( ,japanese /atesm5 is to  
make _! c\ntry self-productive &        
self-su/a9+4 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 accord+ly 
look =w>d to ! "t1 n v f> di/ant1 :5    
,japan w cease to import ma*9]y & o!r   
=eign products = :i* !re has hi!rto be5 
a brisk dem&1 :5 %e w build h] own      
w>%ips & m]*ant /eam]s1 z %e n[ p>tially
 does1 & g5]ally be l>gely indep5d5t (  
^? ,we/]n ,p[]s ( :i* %e has h]et(ore   
be5 su* a good cu/om]4  ,at ! pres5t "t 
! *ief manufactures ( ! c\ntry are silk1
 cotton1 cotton y>n1 pap]1 glass1       
porcela91 & ,japan w>e1 mat*es &        

bronzes1 :ile %ipbuild+ has greatly     
develop$ ( rec5t ye>s4 ,! pr9cipal      
imports are raw cotton1 metals1 wool1   
drugs1 rails & ma*9]y g5]ally1 z well z 
sug> &1 /range to say1 rice4 ,japan     
exports silk1 cotton1 tea1 coal1 camphor
 &1 let me add1 mat*es & curios4 ,!     
trade 9 ! latt] has assum$ consid]able  
proportions1 & ,i fe> ,i mu/ add t mu* (
 :at is export$ is made exclusively = ! 
,european m>ket4 ,accord+ to ! late/    
figures1 ! c\ntry's annual exports      
am\nt$ to ab\t #ce1jjj1jjj1 & its       
imports to ab\t #dd1jjj1jjj4 ,i v5ture  
to prophesy t ^! figures w ere long be  
l>gely inv]t$4  ,silk is ! mo/ important
 item ( ,japan's =eign trade4 ,! re>+ ( 
silkworms has be5 assidu\sly und]tak5 f 
"t immemorial1 or ! ages et]nal accord+ 
to "s ,japanese hi/orians4 ,l s _m o!r  
arts & indu/ries ( ! c\ntry1 silkworms  
are believ$ to h be5 introduc$ f ,*9a4  
,= "s "t prior to ! op5+ ( ,japan to    
,european trade & influ5ces ! silk      
indu/ry _h r langui%$ ow+ to ! en=cem5t 

( c]ta9 sumptu>y laws conf9+ ! we>+ (   
silk g>m5ts to a select class ( !       
community1 b s soon z ,japan disc>d$ h] 
policy ( isolation f ! re/ ( ! _w !     
production ( & dem& = silk rapidly      
increas$1 & ! trade 9 x has n[ assum$   
consid]able dim5sions4 ,/range to say1  
silk is /ill 9 ,japan :at l95 0 at "o "t
 9 ! ,nor? ( ,irel&--a by-indu/ry ( !   
f>m]1 a room 9 8 h\se be+ kept z a re>+ 
*amb] = ! silkworms1 :i* are c>efully   
look$ aft] by 8 family4 ,accord+ to     
(ficial returns1 !re are r m ?an two & a
 half million families s engag$1 & ne>ly
 half a million silk manufactur]s4 ,!   
l>ge/ "p ( ! silk export$ goes to !     
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,closely alli$ 
) ! production ( silk is ! mulb]ry-tree1
 ! leaves ( :i* =m ! /aple food ( !     
silkworm4 ,?is plant is cultivat$ )     
great c>e ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & inde$ !re 
are _m mulb]ry f>ms entirely devot$ to !
 culture ( ! tree & ! cons]vation ( its 
leaves4  ,rice1 z ,i h else:]e /at$1 =ms
 ! pr9cipal article ( food ( ! ,japanese

 p4 ,japan at pres5t does n produce q   
suffici5t rice = ! consumption ( h]     
population1 & a l>ge quantity has1      
accord+ly1 to be import$4 ,! dang] ( ?is
 = an isl& c\ntry has be5 q z (t5       
emphasis$ by ,japanese /atesm5 z !      
simil> dang] 9 respect ( ! :eat supply (
 ,great ,brita9 has be5 by ,engli%      
economi/s4 ,_m practical /eps h be5 tak5
 on ! initiative ( ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t
 9 ! direction ( improv+ ! cultivation (
 rice1 ! irrigation ( ! fields1 c4 ,z "t
 goes on no d\bt ! food ( ! p w become m
 v>i$4 ,inde$1 !re has be5 a movem5t 9 t
 direction1 especially 9 ! l>ge t[ns4 ,a
 nation :i* l>gely lives on "o article (
 diet1 ! production ( :i* is subject to 
! vicissitudes ( good & bad h>ve/s1 is1 
x mu/ be admitt$1 n 9 a satisfactory    
position 9 ref]5ce to ! food ( its p4   
,if rice is ! national food1 tea is     
emphatically ! national bev]age1 despite
 ! l>ge consumption ( sak & ! increas+  
consumption ( ! really excell5t be] n[  
brew$ 9 ,japan4 ,l mo/ o!r ?+s1 !       

tea-%rub is said to h be5 import$ into  
,japan f ,*9a4 ,almo/ s9ce ! op5+ ( !   
c\ntry1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 ,japan's
 be/ cu/om] 9 respect ( tea1 & %e has f 
"t to "t fall5 into l9e ) ! requirem5ts 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 9 reg>d to !
 quality ( tea p]mitt$ to be import$    
into t c\ntry4 ,= in/ance1 :51 9 #ahig1 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ,legislature pass$ a law
 =bidd+ ! importation ( tea ( inf]ior   
quality & provid+ = ! inspection ( all  
import$ tea by a fix$ /&>d sample1 !    
,tea ,trad]s ,association ( ,japan      
e/abli%$ tea inspection (fices 9        
,yokohama & o!r ports1 & all ! tea      
export$ f ! c\ntry 0 & /ill is pass$    
?r\gh ^! (fices4 ,! tea is rigidly te/$1
 & if x comes up to ! requir$ /&>d is   
%ipp$ 9 bond to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!     
quality ( ! tea is ?us amply gu>ante$1 &
 x1 accord+ly1 comm&s a high price 9 !  
,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,! value ( ! tea     
export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nts to    
some?+ l #a1bjj1jjj1 & !re are no signs 
( any fall+ (f 9 ! dem& = x4 ,canada is 

also a good cu/om] ( ,japan = ! same    
article1 b ,great ,brita9 & ! o!r       
,european c\ntries at pres5t take no    
,japanese tea4 ,i d n "k :y ?is is !    
case z ! tea is really excell5t1 & x    
has1 z reg>ds :at is export$1 ! decid$  
advantage ( be+ inspect$ by exp]ts & !  
quality gu>ante$4 ,! tea indu/ry is     
und\bt$ly "o ( great national           
importance1 ! total annual production   
am\nt+ to ab\t #fe1jjj1jjj p\nds1 !     
great] portion ( :i* is1 ( c\rse1       
consum$ 9 ! c\ntry4  ,i h already ref]r$
 to ! importance ( ,japanese            
arboriculture1 & to ! /eps tak5 by !    
,japanese ,gov]nm5t 9 ref]5ce to !      
adm9i/ration ( =e/s & ! plant+ ) trees (
 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry n suitable =     
agriculture4 ,! ,/ate at ! pres5t "t    
owns ab\t #ed1jjj1jjj acres ( =e/s1 :i* 
are palpably a v great national asset4  
,i may m5tion t ! petroleum indu/ry is  
gr[+ 9 ,japan4 ,! quantity ( petroleum 9
 ! c\ntry is believ$ to be v great1 & e 
ye> new fields are be+ develop$4 ,!     

consumption ( oil by ! p is consid]able1
 & x is hop$ t ere long ,japan w be able
 to produce all t %e requires4 ,!       
petroleum is some:at crude1 provid+ ab\t
 #ej p] c5t4 ( burn+ oil4  ,tobacco1 z  
,i h else:]e rem>k$1 is n[ a ,/ate      
monopoly1 & =ms a consid]able item 9 !  
,/ate rev5ue4 ,! quality has mu* improv$
 s9ce ! manufacture ( x has ceas$ to be 
a private indu/ry4 ,! ,japanese are     
invet]ate smok]s1 & ! int]v5tion ( !    
,/ate 9 ?is matt]1 al?\gh x has be5     
criticis$ by political economi/s 9 !    
c\ntry & out ( x1 & is und\bt$ly op5 to 
criticism f "s po9ts ( view1 has1 ,i    
?9k1 be5 ju/ifi$ by results4 ,! mak+ (  
sug> f beetroot has be5 attempt$ 9      
,japan1 b ! results h n be5             
ov]-successful4 ,! ef=ts 9 ?is direction
 are1 h[ev]1 be+ p]si/$ 91 & x is hop$  
t1 especially 9 ,=mosa1 ! beet--sug>    
indu/ry may develop 9 importance4  ,!   
manufacture ( pap] 9 ,japan has long be5
 an important national indu/ry4 ,pap]   
has be5 & /ill is us$ !re = _m purposes 

= :i* x has nev] be5 utilis$ 9 ,european
 c\ntries4 ,orig9ally x 0 l>gely made f 
rice1 & ! mulb]ry %rub has also be5 us$ 
= pap] manufacture4 ,! rise & developm5t
 ( a newspap] press 9 ,japan & ! impetus
 giv5 to pr9t+ has1 ( c\rse1 l>gely     
increas$ ! dem& = pap]4 ,?is is be+ met 
by ! adaptation ( o!r vegetable products
 = ! purpose ( mak+ pap]1 & x seems q   
c]ta9 t ,japan w be totally indep5d5t ( 
any importation ( =eign pap] to meet !  
great & greatly increas+ dem& = t       
article 9 ! c\ntry4  ,salt is1 ,i may   
rem>k1 a ,gov]nm5t monopoly 9 ,japan4   
,no "o except ! ,gov]nm5t1 or "s p]son  
lic5s$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 is all[$ to      
import salt f abroad1 :ile no "o c      
manufacture salt )\t ,gov]nm5t          
p]mission4 ,salt made by salt           
manufactur]s is pur*as$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 
:i* sells x at a fix$ price4 ,?is       
p>ticul> monopoly has only rec5tly be5  
e/abli%$1 & ! reason put =w>d = x is a  
desire to improve & develop ! salt      
indu/ry & at ! same "t to add to !      

national rev5ue4 ,:e!r a monopoly 9 :at 
is a necess>y ( life is economically    
def5sible is a "q1 to my m9d1 h>dly op5 
to argum5t4 ,t ! rev5ue ( ! c\ntry w    
b5efit by ! salt monopoly is            
unque/ionable4  ,z might h be5 expect$1 
! op5+ up ( ,japan to ,we/]n influ5ces  
has induc$ or produc$1 int] alia1 "s    
,we/]n =ms ( political & social &1      
inde$1 sociali/ic associations4 ,!      
antagonism betwe5 capital & lab\r & ! _m
 vex$ & intricate que/ions involv$ 9 !  
qu>rel are already beg9n+ to make       
!mselves felt 9 ,japan4 ,x 01 ,i        
suppose1 inevitable4 ,lab\r is an       
important factor 9 an indu/rial nation l
 ,japan1 & !re is already he>d !        
cry--call x fact or fallacy z y *oose--)
 :i* we are n[ s famili> 9 ?is c\ntry & 
on ! ,cont95t1 t lab\r is ! s\rce ( all 
weal?4 ,japan w no d\bt1 l o!r c\ntries1
 soon] or lat] h to face a solution ( ! 
problems involv$ 9 ^! recurr+ disputes &
 ?is app>5tly deep-root$ antagonism     
betwe5 ! possessors ( weal? & !         

possessors ( muscle4 ,already _m        
associations h be5 e/abli%$ ^: aim &    
object is to voice ! s5tim5ts ( lab\r & 
ass]t its rights4 ,inde$1 !re is a      
newspap]1 ! ,lab\r ,_w1 ! *ampion ( !   
rights ( ! ,japanese workm54 ,s f> ! law
 9 ,japan does n reg>d ) z tol]ant an   
eye z is ! case 9 ?is c\ntry lab\r      
demon/rations & ! occasionally reckless 
oratory ( lab\r *ampions4 ,! police     
regulations =bid ! work+ classes emb>k+ 
9 collective movem5ts & demon/rat+ aga9/
 _! employ]s 9 ! matt] ( wages & work+  
h\rs4 ,a sugge/ion ( a /rike ( workm5 is
 (ficially reg>d$ ) an unfri5dly eye1 & 
/rikes !mselves1 picket+1 & v>i\s o!r   
,we/]n me?ods ( co]c+ employ]s to come  
r\nd to ! views ( ! employ$1 w\ld n at  
pres5t be tol]at$ 9 ,japan4 ,no d\bt ^! 
,we/]n devices w ass]t !mselves 9 "t4 ,!
 attempt to keep d[n ! effective outcome
 ( lab\r organisation 9 a c\ntry ) an   
enorm\s lab\r population is n likely to 
be successful = long4 ,socialism is mak+
 great progress 9 ,japan1 & ! ,/ate has1

 :e!r consci\sly or n1 giv5 x a c]ta9   
am\nt ( c\nt5ance by ! /eps x has tak5 9
 ref]5ce to ! tobacco & salt indu/ries1 
c4 ,! ext5t to :i* newspap]s are n[ read
 9 ,japan--a matt] ,i ref] to m fully 9 
ano!r *apt]--w und\bt$ly t5d to m\ld    
public op9ion to su* a degree t no      
,gov]nm5t c\ld af=d to resi/ x4         
,illu/ration3 ,,rice ,,plant+1 ,,prov9ce
 ,,( ,,hoki       ,,f ,a ,,pr9t ,,by    
,,hiro%ige  ,! trade1 comm]ce1 &        
indu/ries ( ,japan appe> to me to be1 on
 ! :ole1 9 a heal?y & fl\ri%+ condition4
 ,9 !m1 & ( c\rse 9 h] indu/ri\s        
population1 ,japan possesses a          
magnific5t asset4 ,! c\ntry is ri* 9    
undevelop$ res\rces ( v>i\s k9ds1 ! p   
are patriotic to a degree1 & ,i feel    
sure t ! additional burd5s :i* ! rec5t  
w> ) ,russia has = ! "t entail$ w be    
*e]fully borne4 ,i am confid5t1 moreov]1
 t "u ! wise guidance ( ! ,emp]or & h]  
pres5t /atesm5 ,japan w make successful 
ef=ts to liquidate h] public debt1 to   
relieve h]self ( h] =eign liabilities1 &

 g5]ally to proce$ untrammell$ &        
un%ackl$ on t pa? ( progress & mat]ial  
developm5t t1 ,i believe1 lies be=e h]1 
& :i* w1 ,i am sure1 at no f>-di/ant    
date place h] securely & p]man5tly 9 !  
position ( "o ( ! ,great ,_w ,p[]s4     
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,japan',s ,,f9ancial   
,,burd5s ,,& ,,res\rces   ,!re are a    
good _m p1 "s s-call$ f9ancial exp]ts   
among ! numb]1 :o are ( op9ion1 & h     
express$ !mselves to t effect1 t !      
f9ancial position ( ,japan is an uns\nd 
"o4 ,!y depict t c\ntry z weigh$ d[n ) a
 load ( debt1 mo/ly incurr$ = h] w>like 
op]ations aga9/ ,russia1 & ! rev5ue z   
l>gely mortgag$ = ! paym5t ( ! int]e/ on
 t debt4 ,"s ( ^! exp]ts h told u t !   
facility ) :i* ,japan 0 able to raise   
loans on comp>atively mod]ate t]ms 9 !  
,european money-m>kets1 & ! ru% t 0 made
 by inve/ors to subscribe to h] loans1  
are matt]s :i* mu/ h a baneful effect on
 ! rul]s ( ,japan4 ,^! latt]1 we are    
assur$1 f\nd !mselves 9 ! position n    
only ( be+ able to raise money easily1 b

 ( positively hav+ to refuse money :i* 0
 =c$ ^u !m by eag] inve/ors :5 !        
,japanese loans 7 put ^u ! m>ket4 ,!    
result 01 s x has be5 said1 to enc\rage 
extravagance 9 exp5diture & to lead     
,japan to suppose t :5ev] %e want$ money
 = any purpose %e _h only to come to    
,europe & ask = x4 ,! f9ancial exp]ts :o
 s argue1 if su* pu]ile ass]tions c be  
dignifi$ by ! "n ( argum5t1 talk z if   
,japan 7 l a *ild ) a new toy4 ,!       
,japanese /atesm5--9 :i* t]m ,i ( c\rse 
include ! ,mikado1 "o ( ! _w's greate/  
/atesm5--are by no means s simple z "s (
 ^! f9ancial exp]ts w\ld h u believe4   
,inde$1 ,i w g fur!r1 & v5ture to ass]t 
t ! /atesm5 are f> m a/ute ?an ! exp]ts4
 ,! =m] emphatically "k :at !y are ab\t1
 f9ancially & o!rwise1 & !y are assur$ly
 9 no ne$ ( any ,occid5tal giv+ !m a    
lead 9 ! matt]4 ,if ,i desir$ to adduce 
any evid5ce on t head ,i ne$ only po9t  
to ! ,f9ancial & ,economical ,annual (  
,japan1 publi%$ e ye> at ! ,gov]nm5t    
pr9t+ (fice 9 ,tokio4 ,?is exhau/ive "w 

deals ) ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ,gov]nm5t4
 ,! section ,i h be=e me1 :i* is = ! ye>
 #aije1 treats ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,f9ance &
 x c]ta9ly s]ves1 & v effectively s]ves1
 to %[ t ! ,japanese are n1 z !y s (t5 h
 be5 depict$1 *ildr5 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d4
 ,?is ,gov]nm5t h&book is n only        
exhau/ive b illum9ative4 ,publi%$ 9     
,engli%1 ev]y?+ ( :i* x treats is       
expla9$ 9 simple & concise language4    
,!re is an entire abs5ce ( t (ficial    
j>gon :i* t5ds1 ev5 if x is n int5d$1 to
 r5d] ,gov]nm5t publications 9 ?is      
c\ntry un9telligible to ! ord9>y read]4 
,! pla9 man :o p]uses ?is ,japanese     
ye>-book c at lea/ und]/& x1 & he w1    
among o!r ?+s1 grasp ! fact t !         
,japanese h got ! :ole "q ( f9ance 9 all
 its ramifications at _! f+]s' ends4  ,!
 total ,national ,debt ( ,japan 9 #aije 
am\nt$ to #iid1dcg1cdj y51 or1 r\ghly1  
#ajj1jjj1jjj /]l+--a sum :i* !          
publication ,i h ref]r$ to works out to 
be at ! rate ( #ai4edh y51 or ab\t #cis4
 p] head ( ! population4 ,( ! debt "s   

#dc1jjj1jjj 0 incurr$ to defray a "p ( !
 co/ ( ! w> ) ,russia4 ,z an indication 
( ! e/imate ( ! cr$it ( ,japan )9 h] own
 t]ritory z well z abroad1 ,i may record
 ! fact t ! ,ex*equ] ,bonds :i* 7 issu$ 
9 ! c\ntry 9 #aijd & #aije = ! purpose (
 defray+ ! extraord9>y exp5ses ( ! w> 7 
l>gely ov]-subscrib$1 ! fir/ issue to ! 
ext5t ( #deb p] c5t41 ! second #cbb p]  
c5t41 ! ?ird #bdf p] c5t41 & ! f\r? #dij
 p] c5t4--a record surely6 ,abroad      
,japan's loans 7 no less successful4 ,! 
?ree issues made 9 ,europe dur+ ! w> 7  
lit]ally ru%$ = by ! inve/+ public1 ) ! 
result t :]eas 9 ,may1 #aijd1 ,japan    
(f]$ = subscription a loan (            
#aj1jjj1jjj1 ! issue price be+ #ic #ajs4
 & ! rate ( int]e/ #f p] c5t41 9 ,m>*1  
#aije1 despite ! fact ( two previ\s     
loans & ! exhau/ion ( ! c\ntry incid5tal
 to a long & exp5sive w>1 %e 0 able to  
place on ! m>ket a loan ( ?irty millions
 at #d p] c5t4 int]e/1 ! issue price be+
 #ij4  ,a ,national ,debt :i* am\nts to 
less ?an #b p] head ( ! population      

comp>es v fav\rably ) t ( ,great        
,brita91 :i* totals up to some?+ l #ai  
p] head1 leav+ out ( acc\nt ! imm5se &  
ye>ly gr[+ indebt$ness ( our great      
cities & t[ns4 ,fur!rmore1 almo/ ! :ole 
( ! ,national ,debt ( ?is c\ntry1 z ( ! 
,european ,p[]s g5]ally1 has be5 incurr$
 n only = unproductive1 b z a matt] (   
fact = de/ructive purposes4 ,! va/ loans
 ( ,europe h be5 rais$ = ! purpose (    
wag+ bloody w>s1 "s at lea/ ( :i* hi/ory
 has pron\nc$ to h be5 gigantic1 n to   
say wick$1 blund]s4 ,mu* ( ! ,national  
,debt ( ,japan1 on ! contr>y1 has be5   
incurr$ = useful1 productive1 & ev5     
remun]ative purposes--improv+ ! means ( 
transport1 con/ruct+ railways1 c4 ,!    
v>i\s loans out/&+ up to ! ye> #ahhg1 on
 :i* ,japan 0 pay+ v high rates (       
int]e/1 z mu* z #i p] c5t4 on "o =eign  
loan1 7 9 t ye> conv]t$ & consolidat$ by
 ! issue ( a loan be>+ int]e/ at ! rate 
( #e p] c5t4 p] annum--a proce$+ :i*    
mat]ially improv$ ,japan's f9ancial     
position & demon/rat$ t h] cr$it /ood   

high4  ,! w> ) ,*9a 9 #ahid-e           
necessitat$ fre% borr[+ to ! am\nt ( ov]
 #ab1jjj1jjj4 ,subsequ5t loans 7 issu$ 9
 ord] to ext5d ! railway sy/em ( !      
c\ntry & s develop its trade1 = su*     
public works z ! e/abli%m5t ( a /eel    
f\ndry1 ! ext5sion ( ! telephone sy/em1 
! introduction ( ! leaf tobacco         
monopoly1 = ! developm5t ( ,=mosa &1    
ano!r mo/ important matt]1 ! r$emption (
 pap]-money4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( h]        
expansion ,japan suff]$ greatly f !     
evils ( inconv]tible pap]-money & /r5u\s
 ef=ts _h = a long "t be5 made by !     
,gov]nm5t = ! r$emption ( ! pap]-money &
 ! improvem5t ( ! g5]al f9ancial        
condition4 ,9 #ahij x 0 f\nd t ! res]ve 
fund kept 9 ! ,treasury = ! ex*ange (   
pap]-money ( #a y5 & upw>ds 0           
insuffici5t to meet ! dem&4 ,to meet ?is
 em]g5cy1 ! maximum am\nt ( conv]tible  
bank-notes issu$ by ! ,bank ( ,japan    
aga9/ securities 0 increas$ f           
#gj1jjj1jjj y5 7#g1afi1ibg7 to          
#he1jjj1jjj y5 7#h1gjf1cdj71 ( :i* sum  

#bb1jjj1jjj y5 7 advanc$ to ! ,gov]nm5t 
)\t int]e/4 ,?is sum add$ to ! orig9al  
res]ve fund ( #aj1jjj1jjj y5            
7#a1jbd1bge7 0 employ$ = complet+ !     
r$emption ( pap]-money ( #a y5 & upw>d4 
,subsequ5t loans = ! purposes ( ! w> )  
,russia ,i h already ref]r$ to4 ,besides
 fund$ ,japan has also1 l ?is c\ntry1 _h
 exp]i5ce ( unfund$ debt 9 ! %ape (     
,treasury ,bills1 tempor>y loans f !    
,bank ( ,japan1 c4 ,f9ancial op]ations (
 ?is k9d are1 h[ev]1 ,i imag9e1 necess>y
 = all ,gov]nm5ts to meet curr5t        
exp5ses4 ,to briefly recapitulate       
,japan's indebt$ness & borr[+s g5]ally  
up to ! end ( ,m>*1 #aije1 ^! am\nt$ to1
 9 all1 #adj1jde1jcj1 ( :i* sum         
#ch1ahg1cfi has f "t to "t be5 paid (f1 
leav+ a balance ( #aja1heg1ffa ow+ by ! 
nation4  ,:5 we consid] t = ?is l>ge1 b 
n unduly l>ge1 sum ,japan has wag$ two  
consid]able w>s1 & rais$ h]self to !    
position ( a great naval & milit>y ,p[]1
 t %e has develop$ & organis$ a         
magnific5t ,army1 provid$ h]self ) a    

/rong1 effici5t1 & ?or\ghly up-to-date  
,navy1 has con/ruct$ railways & public  
works1 & g5]ally has plac$ h]self 9 a   
capital position to "w out h] own de/9y 
free f ! fe> ( =eign int]f]5ce1 ,i      
altoge!r fail to see h[ %e c be accus$ (
 f9ancial extravagance4 ,!re is c]ta9ly 
no extravagance 9 ! adm9i/ration ( h]   
f9ances4 ,london might1 ,i sugge/1 le>n 
mu* f ,tokio 9 ?is matt]4 ,! sy/em (    
f9ancial *eck & ?or\gh & rapid audit (  
public acc\nts is 9 ,japan z ne>        
p]fection z any?+ ( ! k9d c be4 ,?\gh ! 
late w> did produce1 z ,i suppose all   
w>s d1 peculation1 mo/ ( x 0 discov]$ & 
! puni%m5t ( ! culprits 0 %>p &         
decisive4 ,!re 0 no opportunity =       
f9ancial sc&als 9 ! campaign ) ,russia  
su* z occurr$ dur+ ! ,s\? ,african ,w>4 
,e c\ntry1 ( c\rse1 produces rogues1 &  
w> seems1 int] alia1 to bre$ rogu]y on a
 l>ge scale1 b 9 ! ,japanese me?ods (   
f9ance ! *ecks are s effective t rogu]y 
9 ! public s]vices has a bad "t ( x 9 w>
 z well z 9 peace4  ,z ,i h already     

rem>k$1 ,i am ( op9ion ! debt ( ,japan  
is by no means excessive1 especially 9  
view ( ! fact t a l>ge "p ( x has be5   
devot$ to purposes :i* are pr(itable4 ,!
 debt works out1 z ,i h %[n1 at some?+  
"u #b p] head ( ! population1 & t       
population is /eadily increas+4 ,t      
,japan is well able to pay ! int]e/ on  
h] debt !re c be no "q :atev]1 & t :5 ! 
pres5t debt becomes due = r$emption %e w
 be able to raise ! necess>y funds = t  
purpose on t]ms ev5 m fav\rable ?an ^?  
at :i* %e has hi!rto plac$ h] loans ,i  
am confid5t4 ,i mu/ emphasise ! fact1   
s9ce s _m p]sons seem to be oblivi\s (  
x1 t ?is is no mu%room ,s\? ,am]ican    
,republic borr[+ money m]ely = ! purpose
 ( sp5d+ x on v unproductive &          
occasionally v d\btful objects1 b a     
,great ,_w ,p[] s5sible ( its           
obligations1 s5sible likewise ( ! policy
 & necessity ( ma9ta9+ ! national cr$it1
 & confid5t t ! national res\rces & !   
patriotism ( its p w enable x n only to 
be> ! pres5t f9ancial burd5s b ev5      

great]1 %\ld ^! be f\nd necess>y = !    
def5ce ( ! c\ntry or = its developm5t4  
,! ability ( a nation z ( an individual 
to dis*>ge its debts dep5ds ( c\rse ^u  
its res\rces4 ,no man possess+ ev5 a    
p]functory k ( ! res\rces ( ,japan w\ld 
surely v5ture to express al>m at !      
increase 9 h] debt & scepticism z to h] 
be+ able to meet ! annual int]e/ on t   
debt z well z ! con/antly increas+      
exp5ses ( adm9i/ration4 ,! res\rces ( ! 
c\ntry h1 9 my op9ion1 z yet sc>cely be5
 realis$1 & c]ta9ly h n be5 any?+ l     
fully develop$4 ,& :5 ,i use ! ^w       
res\rces ,i d n employ x z x is s (t5   
employ$ 9 respect ( m9]als1 al?\gh !    
m9]al weal? ( ,japan is consid]able4 ,h]
 res\rces1 z ,i e/imate !m1 are to be   
f\nd 9 h] l>ge & rapidly increas+       
population--a population p]haps ! mo/   
indu/ri\s 9 ! _w1 p]sev]+1 ent]pris+1   
me?odical1 & p]=m+1 :atev] be its       
appo9t$ task1 t task ) all its might z a
 lab\r ( love1 9 fact1 n z ! irksome    
toil ( ! work] :o is a work] simply     

because he c be no?+ else4 ,x is ?is    
great indu/rial hive :i* 9 ! ne> future 
w supply ,*9a & o!r ,ea/]n c\ntries )   
all1 or ne>ly all1 ^? articles !y n[    
obta9 else:]e4 ,:at ,i may t]m !        
,european indu/ries ( ,japan h ( rec5t  
ye>s be5 l>gely develop$ or evolv$4     
,take1 = example1 an item1 insignificant
 9 "o way--t ( mat*es4 ,9 #aijd mat*es  
to ! value ( #i1gfc1hfj y51 or1 r\ghly1 
"o million /]l+1 7 export$1 &1 /range to
 relate1 ,european clo?+ to ! value (   
#bhg1dfd y54  ,! glib p :o talk ab\t    
,japan bit+ (f m ?an %e c *ew1 & ) a    
light he>t borr[+ money %e w f9d a      
difficulty 9 repay+1 h app>5tly n grasp$
 ! fact t ,japan possesses _m v em95t   
f9anci]s :o h q z mu*1 if n m1 claim to 
be consid]$ f9ancial exp]ts ?an "s ( ^? 
g5tlem5 :o pose 9 t capacity "h 9       
,engl&4 ,! ,japanese f9anci]s h1        
moreov]1 ! advantage ( an intimate k (  
_! own c\ntry & its pot5tialities4 ,!   
,japanese ,gov]nm5t has always _h !     
b5efit ( ! advice ( ^! s+ul>ly able m51 

& ! result has be5 t its f9ancial       
op]ations ( rec5t ye>s at any rate h    
inv>iably be5 well organis$ & skilfully 
& economically effect$4 ,i _c speak too 
highly ( ! capacity %[n by ! ,japanese 9
 ev]y?+ relat+ to bank+4 ,! ,banks--(   
c\rse ,i ref] to ! ,national ,banks & n 
to ! ,european ,banks hav+ bran*es 9 !  
c\ntry--h v quickly atta9$ a high /atus 
9 ! ,int]national ,bank+ _w1 & are      
und\bt$ly on a v firm f9ancial basis4 ,&
 !re are _m great h\ses 9 ,japan :i*1   
al?\gh n o/5sibly bank]s1 _c be left out
 ( consid]ation 9 any rem>ks on ?is     
head4 ,!y occupy a position some:at     
analog\s to t ( ! ,ro?s*ilds 9 ?is      
c\ntry4 ,let me take = example ! h\se ( 
,mitsui1 ! "n ( :i* con/antly crops up 9
 ,japanese f9ance4  ,! hi/ory ( ?is     
anci5t h\se has mu* t is picturesque    
ab\t x1 rem9d+ "o ( ! old m]*ant pr9ces 
( ,v5ice4 ,! family orig9ally belong$ to
 ! ,jujiw>a clan1 & its orig9 is trac$  
back to a c]ta9 ,mitsui :o liv$ z a     
feudal "l 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,at ! "t (

 ! fall ( ! ,a%ikaja ,%ogun he liv$ 9 a 
/ate ( p]petual w>1 & ! god ( w> 0 n    
propiti\s to him4 ,he retir$ to a       
neighb\r+ village & became ! ov]lord ( !
 di/rict4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 :o    
remov$ to ,matsusuzaka1 :]e he settl$   
d[n z a private citiz5 & man ( bus9ess1 
& laid ! f\ndations ( ! pres5t ,mitsui  
h\se4 ,9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury 8  
desc5dant became a m]*ant4 ,8 son mov$  
to ,kyoto1 :]e he />t$ a l>ge goods     
/ore1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,tokio to-day  
by ! ,mitsui ,h(ukut54 ,subsequ5tly1 at 
! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a memb] ( 
! same h\se inv5t$ & introduc$ ! sy/em (
 retail+ = ca%1 :i* 0 an absolute       
revolution ( bus9ess me?ods at t "t 9   
,japan4 ,9 addition to t he organis$ an 
excell5t sy/em = ! remittance ( money f 
"o "p ( ! c\ntry to ! o!r1 z also a     
c>ri]'s bus9ess--two v rem>kable facts  
:5 "o rememb]s 9 :at a primitive &      
elem5t>y condition ( developm5t !       
monet>y bus9ess ( ,japan 0 at t p]iod4  
,9 ! ye> #afhg ! ,mitsuis 7 appo9t$ by !

 ,gov]nm5t purveyors & controll]s ( !   
public ex*ange1 & 9 recognition ( !     
excell5t mann] 9 :i* ! duties 7 p]=m$1  
!y 7 giv5 ! grant ( a l>ge e/ate 9      
,y$do4  ,9 #agbc ! head ( ! family1     
c>ry+ out ! v]bal wi%es ( 8 fa!r1       
assembl$ 8 bro!rs & si/]s & !n & !re    
drew up 9 writ+ a set ( family rules :i*
 h ev] s9ce be5 practically ! articles (
 association ( ! h\se ( ,mitsui4 ,^!    
rules embodi$ on bus9ess-l l9es & 9     
bus9ess-l language ! pr9ciple t ! family
 & n ! individual =ms ! ultimate union 9
 ,ea/]n life4 ,x 0 n "o or ! o!r ( ! six
 bro!rs ( :i* ! family consi/$ :5 ^!    
rules 7 drawn up t 0 to trade1 b ! :ole 
family z "o unit4 ,!re 0 to be unlimit$ 
liability z f> z ! prop]ty ( ea* "o 0   
conc]n$1 & ! pr(its ( all 7 to be       
divid$4 ,?is agreem5t is ! id5tical "o  
"u :i* ! great h\se ( ,mitsui is run    
to-day4 ,"u x ! family prosp]$ exce$+ly1
 s t :5 ,japan decid$ to take on "s     
portion ( ,we/]n civilisation1 !        
,mitsuis act$ z ! pr9cipal f9ancial     

ag5ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & x 0 ma9ly ow+ to 
! enorm\s f9ancial res\rces ( ! h\se    
plac$ by !m at ! disposal ( ! ,gov]nm5t 
t ! c\ntry 0 enabl$ at ! p]iod ( !      
revolution to pass successfully ?r\gh   
:at might h be5 a mo/ disa/r\s crisis4  
,z "s rew>d = ! great s]vices r5d]$ at !
 "t1 ! pres5t head ( ! h\se 0 creat$ a  
pe]4 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( ,japan to ,we/]n    
influ5ce ! bus9ess ( ! ,mitsuis has     
enorm\sly increas$1 & has be5 ext5d$ 9  
v>i\s directions4 ,9 #ahgf _! money     
ex*ange bus9ess 0 conv]t$ into a ,bank  
on ! jo9t /ock sy/em1 b ) unlimit$      
liability z f> z ! ,mitsui family 0     
conc]n$4 ,9 ! same ye>1 = ! purpose (   
engag+ 9 g5]al =eign trade1 ! ,mitsui   
,bussan ,kwia%a 0 =m$1 bett] kn[n 9     
,europe & ,am]ica z ,mitsui  ,co4 ,9    
#ahii ! family acquir$ f ! ,gov]nm5t !  
concession ( ! ,meike coal-m9es1 & !re 0
 !n =m$ ! ,mitsui ,kai%an1 or ,m9+      
,dep>tm5t1 :i* has ! managem5t ( ?is m9+
 concession toge!r ) _m o!rs :i* h s9ce 
be5 acquir$4  ,to-day ! h\se ( ,mitsui  

consi/s ( elev5 families "u a sy/em (   
jo9t liability b\nd toge!r by ! old     
rules drawn up close ^u two c5turies    
back4 ,! weal? ( ! collective families  
is unque/ionably great1 & ! confid5ce ( 
! p ( ,japan 9 ?is great f9ancial firm  
is %[n by ! imm5se am\nt ( money x holds
 on deposit4 ,9 "o or o!r bran*es ( _!  
v>i$ bus9esses !y give employm5t to a v 
l>ge numb] ( p]sons4 ,!y h initiat$ an  
exce$+ly int]e/+ sy/em ( insurance = _! 
employees4 ,ea* is all[$ #aj p] c5t4    
int]e/ on 8 wages up to ?ree ye>s on    
condition ( its be+ deposit$ 9 ! ,mitsui
 ,bank1 ) ! proviso t ! sum %all be     
=feit$ 9 case ( ! embezzlem5t ( any ( ! 
,company's money4 ,dur+ ! late w>1 z    
well z 9 t ) ,*9a1 ! ,mitsui h\se _h    
imm5se transactions ) ! ,gov]nm5t 9     
provid+ w> mat]ial1 /eam]s = transport1 
supplies1 c41 & _! magnific5t           
organisation enabl$ !m to c>ry out _!   
v>i\s und]tak+s )\t ! slighte/ hit*4 ,i 
may also add t ! "n ( ,mitsui head$ !   
v>i\s *>itable funds :i* 7 />t$ 9 !     

c\ntry 9 connection ) ! w>4 ,i am sure t
 ?is necess>ily imp]fect sket* ( ?is    
fam\s ,japanese h\se w conv9ce my read]s
 ( ! fact t 9 f9ance1 z 9 o!r respects1 
,japan has already %[n a capacity =     
hold+ h] own ) ,we/]n nations4  ,i h    
head$ ?is *apt] ,japan's ,f9ancial      
,burd5s & ,res\rces1 b ,i am n q sure t 
! ^w burd5s is n a misnom]4 ,japan      
appe>s to me--& ,i may claim to h /udi$ 
! matt] ) "s little att5tion--to h no   
f9ancial burd5s1 if burd5s be tak5 to   
mean some?+ t is inconv5i5tly felt1 t is
 difficult to c>ry4 ,!re is "h no p     
weigh$ d[n "u ! cru%+ incubus ( debt4   
,!re is a spr+9ess & al]tness1 a g-ahead
 en]gy ab\t ! nation--symptoms n usually
 connect$ ) ! c>ry+ ( burd5s4 ,japan    
seems to me to be 9 some:at ! same      
position 9 reg>d to f9ance z ,france 0  
aft] ! close ( ! w> ) ,g]many :5 ! =m]  
nation f\nd itself saddl$ ) a trem5d\s  
debt incurr$ = w> exp5diture & !        
indemnity :i* _h to be paid to ! conqu]+
 nation4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 z we all "k1   

in/ead ( depress+ ! ,fr5* p seems to h  
put ! :ole c\ntry on its mettle1 ) !    
result t ! heavy int]e/ ( ! enorm\s debt
 0 easily met & effective /eps tak5 to  
r$uce ! pr9cipal4 ,! borr[+s ( ,japan 9 
,europe 9 ! future are likely to be     
small1 because %e w be able to obta9 :at
 %e ne$s at home1 & provid$ %e is n     
drawn into any w> %e w f9d h] exp&+     
rev5ue suffici5t n only = ! curr5t      
exp5ses ( adm9i/ration z well z = !     
int]e/ on h] debt1 b ov] & above all ?is
 enabl+ h] ye> by ye> to provide a s9k+ 
fund :i* w 9 due c\rse mat]ially r$uce  
ev5 if x does n entirely ext+ui% !      
national indebt$ness4 ,9 my op9ion      
,japan c look =w>d to its f9ancial      
future ) equanimity4 ,9 reg>d to its    
f9ancial pa/ x has ! satisfaction ( ?9k+
 t heavy 9 "o s5se ?\gh its f9ancial    
obligations be !y h n at any rate be5   
squ&]$ = unwor?y purposes4     ,,*apt]  
,,ix  ,,education   ,9 ,engl& a va/     
am\nt 0 la/ ye> he>d respect+ education4
 ,speak]s on plat=ms & writ]s 9         

newspap]s & o!r p]iodical lit]ature day 
by day & week by week = _m mon?s kept   
p\r+ =? words1 words1 words on ?is      
matt]4 ,x is n my int5tion to ref] at   
all beyond :at ,i h said to ! some:at   
lively education controv]sy 9 ,engl& :i*
 ev5 z ,i write is by no means end$4    
,any su* ref]5ce w\ld be out ( place 9 a
 book ( ?is k9d1 & ev5 7 x n ,i confess 
,i h no incl9ation :atev] to ru% into   
?is p>ticul> fray4 ,b x seems to me a   
curi\s fact t o!r c\ntries1 ,japan      
among/ ! numb]1 h long s9ce settl$1 &   
app>5tly settl$ satisfactorily1 a       
problem :i* "h 9 ,engl& is /ill "u      
discussion1 acrid discussion1 & is yet q
 evid5tly f> f be+ p]man5tly solv$4 ,!  
provisions & arrangem5ts a nation has   
made = ! education ( its y\? are1 to my 
m9d1 an excell5t te/ ( ! precise /&>d to
 :i* its civilisation has atta9$2       
because ! future ( a nation is ) its    
y\?1 & t future mu/ l>gely dep5d on !   
ext5t to & ! mann] 9 :i* its y\? h be5  
taught n only all ^? subjects :i* are   

commonly classifi$ z k b _! duties &    
responsibilities z citiz5s4 ,judg$ by   
?is te/1 ,japan has e "r to rank high   
among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,& x c also be  
said ( h] 9 ?is matt] t ! education ( h]
 p is no new ?+4 ,x is n "o among ! _m  
?+s %e has le>n$ f ! ,we/4 ,education 0 
9 vogue 9 ,japan :5 t c\ntry 0 isolat$ f
 ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,c]ta9ly ,japan's contact
 ) ,europe & ,am]ica has va/ly improv$  
h] educational sy/em1 enabl+ h]1 z x has
 done1 to utilise to ! full ! great     
advance !re has be5 9 sci5tific k ( e   
description dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury or s4
 ,b1 z f> back z ! sev5? c5tury1 if     
hi/ory or tradition be correct1 an      
educational code 0 promulgat$ 9 ,japan4 
,c]ta9ly ?is code 0 limit$ 9 its        
application to c]ta9 classes1 b         
education 0 gradually ext5d$ ?r\gh\t !  
c\ntry1 & ev5 9 days some:at remote f ! 
pres5t "t e memb] ( ! ,samurai class 0  
expect$ to include ! ?ree ,r's1 or !    
,japanese equival5t ( !m1 9 8           
curriculum4 ,! ord9>y ,samurai 01 9     

fact1 z reg>ds read+ & writ+ an educat$ 
man at a "t :5 ,briti% ,g5]als & ev5    
,briti% ,sov]eigns 7 some:at hazy 9     
reg>d to _! or?ography & caligraphy4    
,soon aft] ! ,revolution ( #ahfh a ,bo>d
 ( ,education 0 in/itut$ 9 ,japan1 & !  
:ole educational sy/em ( !              
c\ntry--because "o _h exi/$ "u ! rule ( 
a ,tycoon--0 tak5 9 h& & reorganis$4    
,?ree ye>s lat] a sep>ate ,dep>tm5t (   
,education 0 =m$ at a "t almo/ synonym\s
 ) ! sett+ up ( ,s*ool ,bo>ds 9 ,engl&4 
,z soon z x got itself into work+ ord] !
 ,education ,dep>tm5t despat*$ a numb] (
 specially select$ ,japanese to v>i\s   
,european c\ntries z well z to ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ( ,am]ica to inquire into &      
report ^u ! sy/em ( education 9 exi/5ce 
& its suitability = adaptation or       
adoption 9 ,japan4 ,:5 ^! repres5tatives
 return$ f _! mission & s5t 9 _! reports
 a code 0 compil$ & ! ,mikado1 9        
promulgat+ x1 decl>$ ! aims ( 8         
,gov]nm5t to be t education %\ld be s   
diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry t ev5tually !re

 might n be a village ) an ignorant     
family nor a family ) an ignorant memb]4
 ,x 0 a noble ideal1 & ,i may rem>k t1  
?\gh ( c\rse x has n be5 realis$ 9 all  
its fulness & probably w n be = v _m    
ye>s to come1 x has be5 to a l>g] ext5t 
atta9$ ?an a some:at simil> ideal :i* ! 
late ,mr4 ,=/] is suppos$ to h ent]ta9$ 
9 ref]5ce to ! effect ( ! ,education    
,act :i* e/abli%$ a sy/em ( compulsory  
education = ,engl& & ,wales4  ,9 succe$+
 ye>s v>i\s *anges 7 made 9 ! sy/em (   
national education1 & 9 #ahhc t :i* n[  
exi/s 0 br\ght into =ce4 ,?is is 9      
effect compulsory education4 ,s9ce      
education 0 fir/ organis$ on any plan 9 
,japan ! numb] "u in/ruction has /eadily
 ris51 & at pres5t m ?an #ij p] c5t4 ( !
 *ildr5 regul>ly att5d s*ool4 ,9 #ahgc !
 numb] 0 #a1ahj1jjj2 x is n[ ov]        
#e1jjj1jjj4 ,!re are ab\t #bi1jjj prim>y
 s*ools1 ( :i* ab\t #f1ejj are high]    
prim>y s*ools ) a million pupils4 ,!    
total co/ ( ! prim>y s*ools is some:]e  
ab\t #c1jjj1jjj4  ,! "q w no d\bt be    

ask$1 ,:at k9d ( education d ^!         
#e1jjj1jjj pupils receive1 & to :at     
ext5t is x adapt$ to make !m good       
citiz5s ( a great ,empire8 ,! subjects  
taught 9 ! ord9>y prim>y s*ools embrace 
morals1 ! ,japanese language1 ari?metic 
& gymna/ics4 ,"o or m subjects1 su* z   
draw+1 s++1 or manual "w may be add$1 &1
 9 s*ools = females1 sew+4 ,9 ! high]   
prim>y s*ools ! subjects ( in/ruction   
include morals1 ! ,japanese language1   
ari?metic1 ,japanese hi/ory1 geography1 
sci5ce1 draw+1 s++1 & gymna/ics1 &1 9   
s*ools = females1 sew+4 ,besides ^!     
agriculture1 comm]ce1 & manual "w1 z    
well z ! ,engli% language1 are optional 
subjects4 ,! moral lessons taught 9 ^!  
s*ools1 ,i may rem>k1 are n bas$ ^u any 
p>ticul> religi\s doctr9es or dogmas1 b 
are entirely & absolutely secul>4       
,*ildr5 h to be #f ye>s ( age be=e      
comm5c+ _! s*ola/ic education1 & h to   
rema9 at s*ool until !y h atta9$ #ad    
ye>s4 ,! p>5ts or gu>dians ( *ildr5 are 
compell$ to s5d !m to s*ool to complete1

 z a m9imum ( education1 ! ord9>y prim>y
 s*ool c\rse4 ,education 9 ! high]      
prim>y s*ools is n compulsory1 & x is1  
accord+ly1 a pleas+ fact t #fj p] c5t4 (
 ^? *ildr5 :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! ord9>y    
s*ools volunt>ily g to ! high] prim>y   
s*ools4  ,e municipal or rural community
 is compell$ to ma9ta9 "o or m prim>y   
s*ools suffici5t1 z reg>ds size & !     
numb] ( ! /aff1 to educate all ! *ildr5 
9 ! di/rict4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( high]      
prim>y s*ools is volunt>y1 & t s _m ( !m
 are 9 exi/5ce is ample pro( t ! b5efit 
( high] education is fully appreciat$ 9 
,japan4 ,in/ruction 9 all ! s*ools is   
practically free4 ,no fee may be *>g$   
save ) ! cons5t ( ! local gov]nor1 & :5 
"o is impos$ x mu/ n exce$ ! equival5t (
 #e;d4 p] mon? 9 a t[n s*ool & half t   
sum 9 a rural s*ool4  ,z reg>ds second>y
 education1 x is compulsory = "o s*ool  
to be e/abli%$ 9 ea* ( ! =ty-sev5       
prefectures into :i* ,japan is divid$4  
,! c\rse ( /udy at ! second>y s*ools    
ext5ds ov] five ye>s1 ) an optional     

supplem5t>y c\rse limit$ to twelve      
mon?s4 ,! curriculum ( ! second>y s*ool 
embraces morals1 ! ,japanese & ,*9ese   
languages1 "o =eign language1 hi/ory &  
geography1 ma!matics1 natural hi/ory1   
physics & *emi/ry1 ! elem5ts ( law &    
political economy1 draw+1 s++1          
gymna/ics1 & drills4 ,! c\rse ( /udy is 
uni=m 9 all ,japanese s*ools4 ,c&idates 
= admission to ! second>y s*ools mu/ be 
ov] #ab ye>s ( age1 & h complet$ !      
second ye>'s c\rse ( ! high] prim>y     
s*ool4 ,!re are ab\t ?ree hundr$ ( !    
second>y s*ools 9 exi/5ce--a numb]1 z w 
be se51 six times z l>ge z t oblig$ to  
be e/abli%$ by law4 ,! pupils numb] ov] 
a hundr$ ?\s& & ! co/ approximates      
#ejj1jjj4  ,!re are also #agj high      
s*ools = girls besides normal s*ools 9  
ea* prefecture design$ to tra9 tea*]s = 
! prim>y & second>y s*ools4 ,! c\rse (  
/udy 9 ^! s*ools is = m5 f\r ye>s1 =    
wom5 ?ree ye>s4 ,! :ole ( ! pupils'     
exp5ses1 includ+ ! co/ ( _! bo>d &      
lodg+1 is paid out ( local funds4 ,!re  

are also high] normal s*ools design$ to 
tra9 tea*]s = ! ord9>y normal s*ools4 ,x
 w ?us be se5 t !re is a sy/ematic c\rse
 ( education = :at ,i may t]m ! common p
 9 ,japan1 ext5d+ f ! high] normal to ! 
ord9>y prim>y s*ool4  ,!re are besides 9
 ,japan high] s*ools1 ! object ( :i* is 
to prep>e "y m5 = a ,univ]sity          
education4 ,! exp5se ( ^! s*ools is     
entirely borne by ! ,/ate4 ,japan prides
 h]self1 & ju/ly1 9 be+ unique 9 !      
possession ( su* s*ools4 ,! c\rse ( /udy
 9 !m ext5ds ov] ?ree ye>s & is split up
 into ?ree dep>tm5ts4 ,! pupils select !
 p>ticul> dep>tm5t into :i* !y desire to
 ent]1 & _! selection1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds  
on ! precise c\rse ( /udy !y int5d to   
take up on ent]+ ! ,univ]sity4 ,! fir/  
dep>tm5t is = ^? :o propose to /udy law 
or lit]ature1 ! second = ^? :o mean to g
 9 = eng9e]+1 sci5ce1 or agriculture1 & 
! ?ird = aspirants z m$ical m54         
,c&idates = admission to ^! s*ools mu/  
be ov] #ag ye>s ( age & h complet$ !    
second>y s*ool c\rse4  ,a ref]5ce to ^! 

high] s*ools naturally leads up to !    
,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,tokio1 z well z !
 k9dr$ ,univ]sity at ,kyoto4 ,!re are   
six colleges 9 ! =m]1 viz41 law1 m$ic9e1
 eng9e]+1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 &          
agriculture1 :ile ,kyoto ,univ]sity     
possesses f\r colleges1 viz41 law1      
m$ic9e1 lit]ature & sci5ce1 & eng9e]+4  
,:5 ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity 0 e/abli%$    
almo/ all ! ,pr(essors !re9 7 ,europeans
 or ,am]icans1 b !re has be5 a mat]ial  
alt]ation 9 ?is respect1 & n[ ! =eign   
,pr(essors are few4 ,mo/ ( ! ,japanese  
in/ructors h1 h[ev]1 be5 educat$ abroad4
 ,! c\rse ( /udy ext5ds ov] f\r ye>s 9 !
 case ( /ud5ts ( law & m$ic9e1 & ?ree   
ye>s 9 ! case ( /ud5ts ( o!r subjects4  
,!re is n ! same fre$om 9 reg>d to /udy 
z exi/s at ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 & "s o!r m
 or less leisurely seats ( le>n+4 ,9 !  
,japanese ,univ]sities ! /ud5ts h to    
ent] ^u a regul> prescrib$ c\rse ( /udy 
) "s few optional subjects4 ,!          
,univ]sities conf] degrees 9 law1       
m$ic9e1 eng9e]+1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 &   

agriculture4 ,! exam9ations lead+ up to 
& = ! degrees are mu* m sev]e ?an ^? 9  
any ,univ]sity 9 ?is c\ntry1 ) !        
possible exception ( t ( ,london4 ,x may
 int]e/ my read]s to le>n t ! l>ge/     
numb] ( degrees are tak5 9 law1 !       
smalle/ 9 sci5ce4 ,we h he>d a great    
deal ( rec5t ye>s respect+ te*nical     
education 9 ,great ,brita91 :i* _m      
p]sons sugge/ is at a v l[ ebb4 ,= :at  
is 9 "o s5se a new c\ntry1 ,japan seems 
to h tak5 /eps to provide an excell5t   
sy/em ( te*nical education4 ,!re are a  
small numb] ( ,/ate high] te*nical      
s*ools1 agricultural1 comm]cial1 &      
indu/ri\s4 ,te*nical s*ools ( l[] grades
 are ma9ta9$ by prefectures & urban     
bodies1 & !y receive grants 9 aid f     
national funds4 ,!re are 9 all ab\t f\r 
hundr$ te*nical s*ools 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!   
few facts respect+ education 9 ,japan   
:i* ,i h put z t]sely z possible be=e my
 read]s1 %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 conv9ce !m ( !   
fact t 9 reg>d to ?is all-important "q  
,japan has made & is mak+ vigor\s       

ef=ts--& ef=ts all ( :i* are 9 ! "r     
direction4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 !     
education ( h] y\? %e has to face       
difficulties :i* are altoge!r unkn[n 9  
?is z 9 o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,"o ( ^!
 difficulties is ! fact t ,japanese     
lit]ature is m or less mix$ up ) ,*9ese 
lit]ature1 &1 accord+ly1 x is necess>y =
 ! ,japanese to le>n ,*9ese z well z    
,japanese *>act]s1 & also to /udy !     
,*9ese classics4 ,ano!r difficulty is ! 
"o ,i t\*$ on 9 my rem>ks on ! ,japanese
 language1 viz41 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !    
writt5 & spok5 languages ( ,japan4 ,9   
old times ! writt5 & spok5 languages 7  
no d\bt id5tical1 b ,*9ese lit]ature    
influ5c$ ! c\ntry to s great an ext5t t 
! writt5 language 9 "t became m & m     
,*9ese1 :ile ! spok5 dialect rema9$     
,japanese4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! writt5  
language is m or less a hot*-pot* (     
,*9ese *>act]s & ! ,japanese alphabet4  
,:e!r x w be possible to ov]come ^!     
obvi\s difficulties rema9s to be se54   
,sev]al rem$ies h be5 propos$ b none has

 s f> be5 adopt$4 ,"o rem$y 0 ! use ( ! 
,japanese alphabet alone = ! writt5     
language1 ano!r ! introduction &        
adoption ( ! ,european alphabet4        
,manife/ly ! difficulty ( effect+ su* a 
*ange z ! adoption ( ei!r ( ^! plans    
w\ld involve w\ld be enorm\s4 ,/ill !   
ret5tion ( ! pres5t complicat$ sy/em is 
)\t d\bt ! great ob/acle 9 ! way (      
educational progress 9 ,japan1 & x      
speaks eloqu5tly = ! pati5ce & p]t9acity
 ( ! y\? ( t c\ntry t !y h effect$ s mu*
 9 s %ort a "t 9 view ( ! difficulties t
 h _h to be enc\nt]$4  ,! /rong po9ts ( 
! y\? ( ,japan 9 ! matt] ( education    
are1 9 my op9ion1 _! great p[]s (       
conc5tration & _! indomitable           
application to /udy & p]sev]ance 9      
:atev] !y und]take4 ,( _! p[]s (        
absorption ( any subject !re c be no "q4
 ,x has be5 urg$1 z aga9/ ?is1 t !      
,japanese possess ! defect n uncommon   
among p ( any race1 viz41 t ! capacity =
 rapidly assimilat+ k is to "s ext5t    
c\nt]act$ or r5d]$ abortive by an       

incapacity to practically apply t k4 ,i 
may say = myself t ?\gh ,i h (t5 he>d   
?is objection urg$ ,i h n se5 any       
indications ( ?is lack ( ability to     
practically apply k on ! "p ( !         
,japanese4 ,i %\ld h ?\ght t !          
,russo-,japanese w> w\ld h af=d$ ample  
demon/ration ( ! ability ( ! ,japanese  
to put to good acc\nt ! k !y _h acquir$ 
& assimilat$ 9 _! sem9>ies4  ,i c]ta9ly 
?9k t ! sy/em ( education1 z x exi/s 9  
,japan to-day1 is "o n only admirably   
adapt$ = ! p ( t c\ntry1 b "o f :i* "s  
,we/]n nations might le>n a few ?+s4    
,japan has1 9 h] education sy/em1 settl$
 ! religi\s "q simply by ignor+ x4 ,h]  
morality z inculcat$ 9 e s*ool 9 !      
c\ntry1 is a purely secul> morality4 ,i 
"k t !re are "s p]sons :o w deem secul> 
morality a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,inde$ 
!re are _m em95t ,japanese :o d n       
approve ( ! pres5t sy/em4 ,c\nt ,okuma1 
= example1 "o ( ! able/ m5 9 ! c\ntry1  
bewails ! lack ( a moral /&>d4 ,! upp]  
classes h1 he rem>ks1 ,*9ese philosophy1

 ! great mass ( ! p h no?+4 ,9 ! ,we/]n 
_w1 he po9ts out1 ,*ri/ianity supplies !
 moral /&>d1 :ile 9 ,japan "s desire to 
return to old =ms1 o!rs pref]           
,*ri/ianity2 "s lean on ,kant1 o!rs on  
o!r philosoph]s4 ,*ri/ianity may supply 
! moral /&>d 9 ! ,we/]n _w1 z ,c\nt     
,okuma ass]ts1 b if he has /udi$ rec5t  
politics 9 a p>ticul> "p ( ! ,we/]n _w1 
he mu/ h se5 t ,*ri/ianity 9 t "p is by 
no means 9 accord z to ! tea*+ (        
religion 9 its s*ools1 or :at moral     
code1 if any1 %\ld be sub/itut$ =       
dogmatic in/ruction4 ,p]haps1 aft] all1 
,japan has n decid$ amiss 9 = ! pres5t  
at any rate decid+ t secul> morality    
%all be ! only e?ical in/ruction giv5 9 
h] s*ools4 ,t code :i* %e tea*es1 s f> z
 ,i h _h an opportunity ( /udy+ x1 is "o
 :i* conta9s no?+ t c\ld be 9 ! slighte/
 degree object$ to by ! vot>ies ( any   
religi\s sy/em ei!r 9 ! ,ea/ or 9 !     
,we/4    ,illu/ration3 ,,amateur        
,,con*ologi/s       ,,f ,a ,,pr9t ,,by  
,,hiro%ige  ,al?\gh x has no direct     

connection ) morality1 secul> or        
o!rwise1 x may be ( int]e/ if ,i give "h
 a synopsis ( ! tea*+ giv5 9 ,japanese  
s*ools 9 ref]5ce to ! behavi\r ( !      
pupils t[>ds =eign]s4 ,^! rules h be5   
collect$ by an ,engli% newspap] 9       
,japan1 & !y c]ta9ly s]ve to %[ t ! y\? 
( ,japan are 9 ?is matt] receiv+        
in/ruction :i*1 :e!r reg>d$ f an e?ical 
/&po9t or m]ely t ( good mann]s1 _c be  
too highly comm5d$4  ,nev] call aft]    
=eign]s pass+ along ! /reets or roads4  
,:5 =eign]s make inquiries1 answ] !m    
politely4 ,if unable to make !m und]/&1 
in=m ! police ( ! fact4  ,nev] accept a 
pres5t f a =eign] :5 !re is no reason = 
8 giv+ x1 & nev] *>ge him any?+ above   
:at is prop]4  ,d n cr[d ar\nd a %op :5 
a =eign] is mak+ pur*ases1 !reby caus+  
him mu* annoyance4 ,! cont9uance ( ?is  
practice disgraces u z a nation4  ,s9ce 
all human be+s are bro!rs & si/]s1 !re  
is no reason = fe>+ =eign]s4 ,treat !m z
 equals & act uprightly 9 all y\r deal+s
 ) !m4 ,be nei!r s]vile nor arrogant4   

,bew>e ( comb9+ aga9/ ! =eign] & dislik+
 him because he is a =eign]2 m5 are to  
be judg$ by _! conduct & n by _!        
nationality4  ,z int]c\rse ) =eign]s    
becomes clos] & ext5ds ov] a s]ies (    
ye>s1 !re is dang] t _m ,japanese may   
become enam\r$ ( _! ways & cu/oms &     
=sake ! good old cu/oms ( _! =efa!rs4   
,aga9/ ?is dang] y mu/ be on y\r gu>d4  
,tak+ (f y\r hat is ! prop] way to      
salute a =eign]4 ,! b5d+ ( ! body l[ is 
n to be comm5d$4  ,:5 y see a =eign] be 
sure & cov] up nak$ p>ts ( ! body4      
,hold 9 high reg>d ! wor%ip ( ance/ors &
 treat y\r relations ) w>m cordiality1 b
 d n reg>d a p]son z y\r enemy because  
he or %e is a ,*ri/ian4  ,9 go+ ?r\gh ! 
_w y w (t5 f9d a k ( a =eign tongue     
absolutely ess5tial4  ,bew>e ( sell+ y\r
 s\ls to =eign]s & becom+ _! slaves4    
,sell !m no h\ses or l&s4  ,aim at n be+
 beat5 9 y\r competition ) =eign]s4     
,rememb] t loyalty & filial piety are   
our mo/ preci\s national treasures & d  
no?+ to violate !m4  ,x seems to me a   

pity t education on some:at simil> l9es 
to t embodi$ 9 ^! int]e/+ rules _c be   
imp>t$ to ! y\? ( ?is & o!r ,european   
c\ntries4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly t5d1 ,i ?9k1 9
 ! direction ( good mann]s :i* are1 ,i  
fe>1 sadly lack+ 9 _m ( ! pupils :o h   
und]gone a c\rse ( ,s*ool ,bo>d         
in/ruction 9 ,engl&4  ,a "q t may arise 
9 reg>d to ! details ( ,japanese        
education is h[ f> & 9 :at degree d !   
p]t9acity & zeal ( ! y\? ( ,japan = k   
affect _! physique4 ,we "k t m5s sana 9 
corpore sano is ! ideal at :i* e "o     
conc]n$ ) ! education ( "y p ( bo? sexes
 ought to /rive4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] 
t too close an att5tion to /udy ( any   
k9d1 too con/ant an ex]cise ( ! m5tal   
faculties1 unless x is accompani$ by a  
correspond+ ex]cise ( ! body1 v (t5 has 
an injuri\s effect ^u ! human frame4    
,c\nt ,okuma1 9 ref]r+ to ?is matt]1 has
 po9t$ out t ! great difficulty ( !     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! writt5 & spok5        
languages is a v s]i\s tax ^u ! pupils 9
 all ! s*ools1 necessitat+1 z x does1 ! 

duplicat+ ( _! "w4 ,s mu* "t1 he        
consid]s1 has to be sp5t by !m 9 /udy on
 acc\nt ( ?is duplicat+ t x is q        
impossible = /ud5ts to h suffici5t      
physical ex]cise1 :ile if x 7 decid$ to 
devote m "t to ex]cise1 ! ye>s allott$  
to education w\ld h to be l5g!n$--a fact
 :i* mu/ involve a s]i\s loss 9 reg>d to
 ! "w ( ! nation4 ,i d n take q su* a   
pessimi/ic view ( ! lack ( physical     
education ( ! y\? ( ,japan4 ,9 ! fir/   
place1 gymna/ics =m "p1 an important "p1
 ( ! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 all s*ools    
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & 9 ! next place ! "y 
p ( ,japan1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to     
arrive at an op9ion 9 ! matt]1 are almo/
 if n q z en?usia/ic 9 reg>d to v>i\s   
=ms ( outdoor sport z are ^? ( ?is      
c\ntry4 ,! buoyancy & en?usiasm ( y\?   
are1 inde$1 v mu* ! same all ov] ! _w4  
,x is only :5 y\? comes to :at are v (t5
 errone\sly describ$ z ye>s ( discretion
 t artificiality beg9s to ass]t itself4 
,base-ball1 lawn-t5nis1 bicycl+1 & r[+  
are all ext5sively patronis$ by ! "y m5 

( ,japan1 & cricket has ( rec5t ye>s    
come consid]ably into vogue4 ,! /ud5ts (
 ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity h n only %[n no  
dis9cl9ation1 b1 on ! contr>y1 an       
avidity to comb9e a?letics ) _! /udies1 
& 9 base-ball especially !y h m ?an held
 _! own aga9/ ! =eign]4 ,i confess ,i h 
no desire to see ! craze = outdoor      
sports :i* is s mu* 9 evid5ce 9 ?is     
c\ntry ext5d+ to ,japan4 ,"s ( ! public 
s*ools 9 ,engl& are mu* m fam\s = _!    
cricket1 football1 & o!r teams ?an = !  
education imp>t$ 9 !m4 ,_m a "y man     
leaves ^? s*ools an excell5t cricket] or
 football play]1 b1 f an educational    
po9t ( view1 v badly equipp$ = ! battle 
( life4 ,! happy mean is surely ! be/ 9 
?is z 9 o!r matt]s1 & ,i v5ture to ?9k t
 ! y\? ( ,japan 9 reg>d+ education z !  
ess5tial matt] & outdoor sport z m]ely a
 subsidi>y "o h %[n s\nd judgm5t4  ,9 my
 rem>ks on education 9 ,japan ,i h dealt
 pr9cipally ) ! s*ools = boys4 ,i may1  
h[ev]1 rem>k t 9 ! arrangem5ts %e has   
made = ! education ( ! o!r sex %e has   

%[n ! same ?or\ghness4 ,9 ! prim>y      
s*ools ! boys & girls are tak5 9 )\t any
 di/9ction1 ?\gh sep>ate classes are    
usually =m$4 ,!re are subsequ5tly high] 
s*ools = girls4 ,! p]c5tage ( ! female  
sex att5d+ ^! s*ools is less ?an t ( !  
o!r4 ,!re are 9 all ab\t sev5ty-five (  
^! s*ools 9 ,japan ) "s tw5ty ?\s&      
pupils4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 !m is   
moral precepts1 ,japanese language1 a   
=eign language1 hi/ory1 geography1      
ma!matics1 sci5ce1 draw+1 tra9+ =       
dome/ic affairs1 cutt+-out & sew+1 music
 & gymna/ics4 ,i ?9k 9 reg>d to ^!      
s*ools ! ,japanese au?orities h %[n s\nd
 judgm5t 9 decree+ t music %all n       
necess>ily =m "p ( ! education ( e "y   
girl1 b may be omitt$ = ^? pupils = :om 
! art may be deem$ difficult4 ,7 a      
simil> rule to be adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry q 
a numb] ( p w\ld be sav$ a l>ge am\nt ( 
unnecess>y torture4 ,!re is also a high]
 normal s*ool = wom5 at ,tokio1 z       
likewise an ,academy ( ,music4 ,! ,tokio
 ,jiogakkwan is an in/itution e/abli%$  

by "s =eign philan?ropi/s = ! purpose ( 
educat+ ,japanese girls ( a respectable 
class 9 ,anglo-,saxon atta9m5ts4 ,?is   
in/itution has betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ 
pupils1 b ,i am n 9 a position to /ate  
:at measure ( success1 if any1 x has    
a*iev$1 nor inde$ d ,i "k :at           
,anglo-,saxon atta9m5ts are suppos$ to  
be4 ,_m ( !m ,i %\ld h ?\ght 7 q        
unsuitable = ! ord9>y ,japanese girl1   
t5d+1 z !y mu/1 to de/roy h] national   
individuality4 ,!re is also a girls'    
college 9 ,tokio call$ ! ,wom5's        
,univ]sity4 ,x does n conf] degrees1 b x
 gives a v high education1 & x is l>gely
 patronis$4  ,i /at$ at ! comm5cem5t (  
?is *apt] t ,i 0 ( op9ion ! provisions &
 arrangem5ts a nation _h made = !       
education ( its y\? 7 an excell5t te/ ( 
! /&>d to :i* its civilisation has      
atta9$4 ,i hope ! slight sket* ,i h giv5
 my read]s ( ! sy/em ( education 9      
exi/5ce 9 ,japan w enable !m to =m an   
e/imate z to ! place ,japan %\ld occupy 
if judg$ by ! /&>d ref]r$ to4 ,9 my     

op9ion1 see+ t x is less ?an =ty ye>s   
s9ce ! c\ntry pass$ ?r\gh a dra/ic      
revolution--a revolution :i* de/roy$ all
 ^! social =ces :i* _h be5 9 exi/5ce &  
_h ex]cis$ a trem5d\s influ5ce on ! life
 ( ! p = _m c5turies--x is1 ,i ?9k1 n   
only extraord9>y b highly cr$itable to  
h] rul]s t ,japan %\ld h 9 t %ort       
int]val organis$ & p]fect$ su* a sy/em (
 education z exi/s 9 ! c\ntry to-day4   
,"u t sy/em e boy & girl 9 ! l& receives
 an admirable c\rse ( in/ruction1 & is  
af=d$ facilities = /ill fur!r ext5d+ &  
enl>g+ t c\rse1 &1 if 8 or h] abilities1
 ambitions1 & opportunities incl9e !m t 
way1 to proce$ /eadily onw>d 9 !        
acquisition ( k1 until !y obta9 z a cop+
 /one1 t f9al c\rse1 9 ! capital ei!r at
 ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity or ! ,wom5's     
,univ]sity :]e ! sum ( all ! k ( ! _w is
 at ! disposal ( ^? :o h ! capacity & ! 
aspiration to acquire x4     ,,*apt] ,x 
,,! ,,japanese ,,army ,,& ,,navy   ,a "w
 on ,japan :i* did n include "s ref]5ce 
to ! ,army & ,navy w\ld manife/ly be    

incomplete4 ,x is h>dly any exagg]ation 
to ass]t t no?+ 9 reg>d to !            
metamorphosis ( ,japan has s impress$ ! 
,we/]n m9d z ! extraord9>y progress (   
its naval & milit>y =ces4 ,bo? 9 ?is    
c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t x 01 ( c\rse1    
kn[n t ,japan _h be5 = ye>s evolv+ bo?  
an ,army & ,navy1 b ,i imag9e mo/ p]sons
 ?\ght t ?is action on h] "p 0 m]ely a  
piece ( *ildi% extravagance1 & t h] l& &
 sea =ces w\ld1 if !y 7 ev] pitt$ aga9/ 
,europeans1 prove z impot5t z ,ori5tals 
ne>ly always h prov$4 ,i am q aw>e t    
naval & milit>y exp]ts ( v>i\s          
nationalities :o _h /udi$ matt]s on !   
spot 7 ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,!y witness$ 
! high /ate ( effici5cy ( bo? !         
,japanese ,army & ,navy1 ! patriotic _s 
( ! (fic]s & m51 _! en?usiasm = _! "w1 &
 t univ]sal feel+ ( brav]y1 if x be     
brav]y1 :i* consi/s 9 an absolute       
contempt ( life4 ,/ill ,i ?9k1 ev5 to ! 
exp]ts1 ! spl5did organisation &        
ov]:elm+ sup]iority ( ,japan 9 h]       
enc\nt] ) ,*9a came z some:at ( a       

surprise4 ,! complete victory ( ! ,isl& 
,nation 9 t /ruggle 01 ,i "k1 to a c]ta9
 ext5t disc\nt$ 9 "s qu>t]s by ! /ories 
t 7 publi%$ z to ! wret*$ condition (   
bo? ! ,*9ese ,army & ,navy1 _! utt]     
unfitness & unprep>$ness = w>1 !        
incompet5ce & corruption ( ! (fic]s1 & s
 on4 ,!re 7 _m o!rwise well in=m$ p]sons
 :o felt confid5t t ?\gh ,japan _h      
exp]i5c$ little or no difficulty 9 ma/]+
 ,*9a1 ! case w\ld be diff]5t :51 if    
ev]1 %e 0 involv$ 9 w> ) a ,european    
p[]4 ,i d n ?9k ^! d\bts 7 preval5t or  
inde$ pres5t at all1 9 ! m9ds ( ! naval 
& milit>y au?orities4 ,no responsible   
/atesman or (ficial 9 ,japan desir$ w>4 
,! ,japanese are n 9 any s5se a         
bellicose p4 ,/ill1 ! /atesm5 ( ! c\ntry
 7 fully alive to ! fact t x might be   
necess>y to fight = ! national exi/5ce4 
,!y _h _h exp]i5ce 9 ! pa/ ( ! ambition 
( ,russia to aggr&ise h]self at ! exp5se
 ( ,japan4 ,!y saw1 or ?\ght !y saw1 t  
,russia _h designs on ,korea1 & !y 7    
det]m9$ to fru/rate ^? designs1 & s     

p]haps obviate 9 ! be/ mann] possible   
future attempts on ! indep5d5ce ( ,japan
 itself4 ,& h5ce x came ab\t t s]i\s    
ef=ts 7 direct$ to create an ,army &    
,navy /rong & effici5t4  ,! creation1 or
 p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say !    
reorganisation1 ( ! ,army 0 entru/$1    
soon aft] ! ,revolution ( #ahfh1 to a   
few ,european (fic]s1 & x has proce$$   
?r\gh\t on ,european l9es4 ,! task 0 n s
 difficult z might h be5 expect$4 ,9 old
 ,japan ! t]ms soldi] & ,samurai 7      
synonym\s1 & ! security ( ! t]ritory (  
ea* ( ! great feudal pr9ces dep5d$ on ! 
/r5g? ( 8 army4 ,! ,cont95tal sy/em (   
conscription 0 adopt$ & /ill obta9s4    
,all ,japanese males betwe5 ! ages ( #ag
 & #dj are liable to milit>y s]vice4 ,! 
,s]vice is divid$ into ,active1 ,l&wehr1
 ,dept1 & ,l&/urn s]vices4 ,! ,active   
s]vice is divid$ into s]vice ) ! col\rs 
& s]vice ) ! fir/ res]ve4 ,! =m] is     
obligatory = all :o h rea*$ ! full age (
 #bj ye>s1 & su* s]vice is = a p]iod (  
?ree ye>s4 ,s]vice 9 ! fir/ res]ve is   

compulsory = all :o h f9i%$ s]vice ) !  
col\rs1 & la/s = a p]iod ( f\r ye>s &   
f\r mon?s4 ,! ,l&wehr res]ve is compris$
 ( ^? :o h f9i%$ ! fir/ res]ve t]m1 & x 
cont9ues = a p]iod ( five ye>s4 ,! ,dept
 s]vice is divid$ into two sections4 ,! 
fir/1 :i* la/s sev5 ye>s & f\r mon?s1 is
 made up ( ^? :o h n be5 enli/$ =       
,active s]vice1 :ile ! second1 ext5d+   
ov] "o ye> & f\r mon?s1 consi/s ( ^? :o 
h n be5 enli/$ = fir/ ,dept s]vice4 ,!  
,l&/urn is 9 two divisions--"o = ^? :o h
 complet$ ! t]m ( ,l&wehr s]vice & !    
fir/ ,dept s]vice1 & ! second = all :o  
are n on ! o!r s]vices4 ,?is sy/em (    
conscription1 ( c\rse1 l5ds itself to   
criticism1 & x has be5 criticis$ by !   
milit>y exp]ts ( great milit>y nations1 
b on ! :ole x has be5 prov$ by !        
exp]i5ce ( ! two w>s 9 :i* ,japan has   
be5 involv$ dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s to h 
work$ well1 & x probably answ]s z well z
 any sy/em t c\ld be devis$1 ! ne$s ( ! 
c\ntry1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p !re(4 ,!  
,japanese are1 z ^! rec5t w>s amply     

demon/rat$1 patriotic to a degree4 ,!y n
 only h great p[]s ( p]sev]ance1 b great
 capacities = assimilation & adaptation1
 & are consid]$ by _m milit>y au?orities
 probably ! v be/ raw mat]ial 9 ! _w out
 ( :i* to make soldi]s4 ,conscription   
may n be an ideal sy/em = any c\ntry4 ,x
 is1 ( c\rse1 bett] f "o po9t ( view t !
 arm$ =ces ( a nation %\ld volunt>ily   
enli/ r ?an be press$ m54 ,b            
conscription 9 ,japan has nev] be51 & is
 n likely to be1 su* a burd5 z is ! case
 among "s ,european nations4 ,!         
,japanese idea ( patriotism is some?+   
totally diff]5t to t :i* obta9s 9 !     
,we/4 ,! late w> af=d$ ample evid5ce (  
t1 7 any ne$$4  ,! w> ) ,russia has be5 
s rec5tly conclud$ t x is n necess>y to 
ent] at any l5g? into a consid]ation ( !
 ,japanese ,army4 ,! hi/ory ( t w> gave 
ocul> demon/ration to ! ,european       
nations1 h[ev] incr$ul\s !y may         
previ\sly h be5 on ! subject1 t ,japan 0
 9 fact a great milit>y ,p[]4 ,9 ! c\rse
 ( t w> %e put 9 ! field some:]e ab\t   

#gjj1jjj m51 convey$ !m across ! sea to 
a =eign c\ntry1 & %[$ ?r\gh\t ! /ruggle 
a capacity = ! mo/ wond]ful milit>y     
organisation4 ,! smalle/ details 7 mo/  
c>efully att5d$ to2 !re 0 an entire     
abs5ce ( t muddle s mu* 9 evid5ce :5    
,european nations are engag$ 9          
ho/ilities4 ,respect+ ! fight+ qualities
 ( ! ,japanese soldi] x is h>dly        
necess>y to say any?+4 ,on ! field (    
battle or dur+ ! long1 ardu\s &         
monoton\s "w ( a siege he has %[n       
himself alike a model soldi]4 ,p]haps he
 has %one mo/ 9 ! h\r ( victory by 8    
mod]ation4 ,e =eign (fic] :o saw ! "w   
done by ! ,japanese ,army ?r\gh\t !     
v>i\s incid5ts ( ! ,russian ,w> 0 lo/ 9 
admiration4 ,to me ! mo/ pleas+ feature 
( t w> 0 ! ease ) :i* ! soldi]1 on com+ 
back to ,japan1 return$ to ! peaceful   
pursuits ( civil life4 ,! bumpti\s      
braggadocio t ,european milit>y nations 
h develop$ has no c\nt]p>t 9 ,japan4 ,! 
w> 01 9 ! e/imation ( ! p1 a sacr$ duty4
 ,! burd5s :i* x entail$ 7 *e]fully     

borne4 ,! ,japanese soldi] bore 8       
h>d%ips or gave up 8 life equally       
*e]fully4 ,at ! same "t ! conclusion ( !
 w> came z a relief1 & ! mass ( !       
soldi]y gladly w5t ?r\gh ! ,japanese    
equival5t ( turn+ _! swords into        
pl\gh%>es4 ,japan has demon/rat$ t %e is
 a great milit>y nation1 & !            
organisation ( h] ,army is "o t might   
well be /udi$ by ! milit>y au?orities ( 
o!r c\ntries4  ,! weak po9t ( !         
,japanese ,army is its cavalry4 ,:e!r   
cavalry 9 ! w>f>e ( ! future w play !   
important "p t x has play$ 9 t ( ! pa/  
is a matt] ^u :i* ,i d n c>e to         
dogmatically pron\nce1 especially z     
milit>y au?orities are by no means 9    
agreem5t 9 reg>d !reto1 or inde$ z to ! 
precise functions ( cavalry 9 milit>y   
w>f>e4 ,! difficulties ( ,japan 9 reg>d 
to organis+ an effici5t cavalry h be5   
l>gely1 if n altoge!r1 ow+ to ! lack (  
good horses 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! ,japanese    
horses h n be5 conspicu\s = quality1    
:ile ! numb] available has n be5 any?+ l

 suffici5t to enable ! cavalry to be    
br\ght up to a prop] condition ( /r5g? &
 effici5cy4 ,! ,japanese milit>y        
au?orities h long be5 s5sible ( ?is     
fact1 & ! late w> amply demon/rat$ x4 ,)
 its usual ?or\ghness1 ! ,gov]nm5t has1 
z soon z possible aft] ! close ( ! w>1  
tak5 /eps to rem$y ?is weak po9t 9 its  
milit>y sy/em1 & q rec5tly two delegates
 ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,agriculture h be5       
despat*$ to ,europe on a horse-pur*ase  
mission4 ,t5 million y5 h1 ,i und]/&1   
be5 apportion$ = ! purpose ( improv+ !  
national bre$ ( horses1 & ! delegates h 
be5 in/ruct$ to pur*ase suitable animals
 = bre$+4 ,! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t has    
almo/ inv>iably be5 successful 9 any?+ x
 has und]tak51 & ,i v5ture to pr$ict--x 
is sc>cely a haz>d\s prophesy--t ! horse
 supply ( ! c\ntry w ere long be put on 
a satisfactory foot+ & ! cavalry be     
r5d]$ z effici5t z e o!r bran* ( !      
,japanese ,army4  ,!re is no fe> ( a    
milit>y autocracy 9 ,japan4 ,! rec5t w> 
prov$ n only ! brav]y ( ! rank & file ( 

! ,army1 b ! high milit>y tal5t ( !     
(fic]s4 ,! art ( w> _h evid5tly be5     
/udi$ f e po9t ( view1 & 0 dilig5tly    
appli$4 ,! ,japanese tal5t1 9 my op9ion1
 consi/s n 9 a m]e me*anical copy+1 b 9 
a practical adaptation ( all t is be/ 9 
,we/]n civilisation4 ,! tactics &       
/rategy display$ dur+ ! w> ) ,russia %[$
 orig9ality 9 conception1 brilliancy &  
d>+4 ,if t w> did n discov] a ,napoleon 
among ! ,japanese g5]als1 x c at lea/ be
 said t ,japan has no ne$ ( a ,napoleon4
 ,z ,i h said1 !re is no fe> ( !        
developm5t ( a milit>y autocracy 9 t    
c\ntry or ! upris+ ( a g5]al )          
,napoleonic ideas & ambition4 ,! g5]als 
:o ju/ly e>n$ di/9ction dur+ ! rec5t w> 
are s+ul>ly mode/ m51 ) no capacity =   
self-adv]tis+ & no desire :atev] =      
self-aggr&isem5t4 ,!y are n only cont5t 
b anxi\s1 n[ t ! w> is ov]1 to s9k into 
obscurity4 ,hi/ory w1 h[ev]1 n p]mit (  
t4 ,_! a*ievem5ts 9 ! rec5t campaign w  
long af=d subject-matt] = /udy & !      
in/ruction ( ! milit>y /ud5ts ( !       

future4 ,9 ?is book ,i h z f> z possible
 avoid$ m5tion+ names1 o!rwise ,i w\ld  
gladly inscribe on its pages ! names (  
^? _m g5]als :o e>n$ fame 9 !           
,russo-,japanese ,w>4 ,i feel p]fectly  
c]ta9 t e endeav\r w be made to ma9ta9 !
 ,japanese ,army 9 ! high /ate (        
effici5cy x has rea*$4 ,at ! same "t ,i 
w\ld emphasise ! fact t t ,army is      
int5d$ solely = def5ce4 ,japan has1 9 a 
^w1 no milit>y ambitions outside h] own 
t]ritory4  ,& z ( ! ,army1 s ( ! ,navy4 
,p]haps ! pr[ess ( ,japan's ,fleet      
impress$ ! ,engli% p ev5 m ?an !        
victories ( h] soldi]s4 ,because !      
,navy1 z x is to-day1 is l>gely !       
outcome ( ,engli% tra9+ & ! application 
( ,engli% ideas4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance      
,japan borr[$ f ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t !   
s]vices ( "s ( its be/ naval (fic]s to  
develop ! ,japanese ,navy4 ,a naval     
college 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! capital1 modell$ 
on ! ,engli% sy/em ( tra9+4 ,a docky>d 0
 also con/ruct$ at ,yokosko "u ,fr5*    
guidance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a mi/ake to     

suppose t ,japan _h no ,navy or no      
ambitions 9 ! direction ( creat+ "o     
prior to ,engli% naval (fic]s be+ l5t to
 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t to assi/ 9 !     
reorganisation ( ! ,navy4 ,! det]m9ation
 to create a fleet on ,european l9es 0  
ent]ta9$ by ,japanese /atesm5 z f> back 
z ! 'fifties1 :5 ! ,european ,p[]s & !  
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 7 br++ pressure 
to be> on ,japan ) a view ( obta9+ trad+
 facilities & ! op5+ up ( ! c\ntry      
g5]ally4 ,! ,japanese /atesm5 ( ^? days 
7 wise en\gh to see t unless ,japan 0 to
 be p]man5tly "u ! tutelage ( !         
,european ,p[]s1 x 0 necess>y = h] to   
con/ruct a fleet & army on ,european    
l9es4 ,soon aft]w>ds a naval s*ool1 "u  
,dut* in/ructors1 0 e/abli%$ at         
,nagasaki1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( select$    
(fic]s & m5 7 s5t to ,europe to und]go a
 c\rse ( in/ruction1 & sev]al w>-vessels
 7 ord]$ f ,holl&4 ,9 #ahed a two-ma/$  
%ip 0 built 9 ,japan f an ,engli% model1
 & subsequ5tly two o!rs4 ,dur+ ! w>     
betwe5 ,russia & ,great ,brita9 a       

,russian sloop 0 wreck$ on ! ,japanese  
coa/1 & p]mission 0 obta9$ = ,japanese  
workm5 to be employ$ 9 ! repairs ( !    
vessel1 ) a view ( giv+ !m an           
opportunity ( ga9+ "s practical k (     
naval ar*itecture4 ,9 #ahee ! ,k+ (     
,holl& pres5t$ a /eam corvette to !     
,tycoon4 ,9 ?is ye> ! n[ famili>        
,japanese ensign--a r$ ball on a :ite   
gr\nd--0 introduc$1 & has s9ce rema9$ ! 
national flag4  ,on ! arrival ( ,"l     
,elg9 9 ,japan on a mission 9 #aheg a   
sail+ vessel at ,nagasaki 0 fly+ ! flag 
( an ,admiral ( ! ,japanese ,navy4 ,9 ! 
same ye> a /eam ya*t 0 pres5t$ to !     
,tycoon by ! late ,que5 ,victoria1 & 0  
=mally h&$ ov] to ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t 
by ,"l ,elg94 ,8 secret>y relates t !   
ya*t got "u way1 comm&$ by a ,japanese  
capta9 & mann$ by ,japanese sailors1    
:ile h] ma*9]y 0 work$ by ,japanese     
eng9e]s4 ,! secret>y1 9 8 acc\nt ( !    
incid5t1 relates t not)/&+ ! horizontal 
cyl9d]s & o!r late/ improvem5ts ) :i* h]
 eng9es 7 fitt$1 ! m5 _h le>nt _! lesson

 well1 & 7 confid5t 9 _! p[]s1 & ! ya*t 
/eam$ gallantly ?r\gh & r\nd ! ,fleet1  
return+ to h] an*orage )\t a hit*4 ,?is 
au?oritative /atem5t ought to dispose ( 
! absurd /ory :i* has long be5 a *e/nut 
among ! ,engli% community 9 ,japan & !  
,engli% naval (fic]s on ! ,*9a /ation1 t
 :5 ! old ,conf$]ate ,ram1 ! ,/onewall  
,jackson1 0 pur*as$ 9 ,am]ica & br\ght  
to ,yokohama a some:at ludicr\s incid5t 
occurr$4 ,accord+ to ! /ory1 :i*1 ,i may
 obs]ve1 is "o ( ! b5 trovato ord]1 :5  
/eam 0 got up 9 ! vessel = trial        
purposes x _h to /eam r\nd & ab\t       
,yokohama ,h>b\r1 to ! great dang] ( !  
=eign w>%ips & m]*ant /eam]s !re1 until 
! /eam 0 9 due c\rse exhau/$ & ! ma*9]y 
automatically /opp$ ?r\gh ! lack ( any  
motive p[] to drive x1 z ! ,japanese    
eng9e] 9 *>ge did n "k h[ to %ut (f     
/eam4 ,! ,/onewall ,jackson1 ,i may     
obs]ve1 did n take "p 9 ! n[ almo/      
=gott5 battle ( ,hakodate1 :i* took     
place at ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 & may be 
reg>d$ z ! expir+ ef=t ( old ,japan to  

/ay ! m>* ( ev5ts 9 t c\ntry4 ,9 !      
battle ( ,hakodate ! rebel fleet 0      
totally de/roy$1 & ! v>i\s clans 9 !    
c\ntry :o possess$ w>-vessels ( "o k9d  
or o!r pres5t$ !m to ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t4
 ,^! vessels1 x mu/ be confess$1 7 n (  
mu*1 if any1 utility 9 ! direction ( =m+
 a ,navy1 & ,i am n aw>e h[ _m ( !m1 or 
inde$ :e!r any ( !m1 7 utilis$ = !      
purpose ( inaugurat+ t ,navy :i* has n[ 
become _w-fam\s4  ,9 #aheh ! naval      
s*ool1 :i*1 z ,i h already /at$1 _h be5 
e/abli%$ at ,nagasaki1 0 transf]r$ to   
,y$do1 & a few ye>s lat] ! ,japanese    
,gov]nm5t det]m9$ to obta9 ! assi/ance (
 "s ,engli% naval (fic]s ) a view ( giv+
 in/ruction 9 ! s*ool4 ,application 0   
accord+ly made to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t   
?r\gh ! ,m9i/] 9 ,y$do1 & ! sanction ( !
 ,admiralty hav+ be5 obta9$1 a numb] (  
,engli% naval (fic]s 7 select$1 &       
despat*$ to ,japan z in/ructors 9 !     
,y$do ,naval ,college4 ,among/ ^!       
(fic]s1 x may be int]e/+ to /ate1 0     
,admiral ,sir ,a4 ,k4 ,wilson1 ,v4,c41  

,g4,c4,b41 ! late ,comm&]-9-,*ief ( !   
,*annel ,fleet4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgc a numb] (
 o!r naval (fic]s 7 s5t out f ,engl&1 ! 
previ\s /aff hav+ be5 )drawn on !       
outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,?is /aff 0 9  
*>ge ( ,admiral ,sir ,a4 ,l4 ,d\glas1   
till rec5tly ,comm&]-9-,*ief at         
,portsm\?1 & = "s ye>s subsequ5tly an   
,engli% naval (fic] 0 at ! head ( !     
in/ruct+ /aff ( ! college4 ,japan 0     
=tunate 9 "o respect--9 ! ,engli%m5 %e  
entru/$ ) ! evolution ( h] ,navy4 ,%e 0 
=tunate 9 attract+ ! m5 be/ fitt$ = !   
"w1 & also 9 inspir+ !m ) a high        
conception ( _! task4 ,"s ,engli%m5 are 
( op9ion t ,japan has some:at =gott5 h] 
obligations 9 ?is matt]4 ,"y ,japan1 !y 
sugge/1 desires to =get ! influ5ces to  
:i* ! c\ntry ma9ly owes its pres5t      
magnific5t fleet4 ,t fleet is und\bt$ly1
 = ! mo/ "p1 ! outcome ( ,engli%        
conceptions & ,engli% tra9+4 ,!re is "o 
man ^: "n1 ,i ?9k1 des]ves to be record$
 9 connection !re)4 ,i ref] to ! late   
,lieut5ant ,a4 ,g4 ,s4 ,hawes1 ( !      

,royal ,m>9e ,light ,infantry1 :o left !
 ,engli% ,s]vice & work$ /r5u\sly1      
en?usia/ically1 & e>ne/ly to build up ! 
p]sonnel ( ! ,japanese ,navy 9 ! e>ly   
'sev5ties4 ,!re 7 o!rs ^: ef=ts 9 ! same
 direction assi/$ 9 t consummation1 b   
,hawes's s]vices 7 unique & spl5did4 ,he
 believ$ 9 ,japan1 & he ?rew himself    
into 8 "w ) a zeal & ard\r :i* 7 beyond 
praise4 ,8 s]vices 7 disp5s$ )1 z 7 ^? (
 ! o!r ,engli% (fic]s & m51 :5 x 0 felt 
t ,japan _h le>nt suffici5t to "w out h]
 own de/9y z a naval ,p[]4 ,! lab\rs (  
^! m5 may n h be5 adequately recognis$  
at ! "t1 b _! "w rema9s1 & is 9 evid5ce 
to-day4 ,hawes receiv$ a decoration f ! 
,mikado1 & ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t gave him 
a consul> appo9tm5t 9 "s obscure qu>t] (
 ! globe1 :]e he di$ a disappo9t$ man1  
fully s5sible ( ! value ( ! "w he _h    
p]=m$ & inspir$1 a firm believ] 9 !     
future ( ,japan z a great naval ,p[]1 b 
disgu/$ ) ! non-recognition ( 8 lab\rs4 
,! ,navy ( ,japan z x is to-day is a    
triumph ( organisation4 ,discuss+ a %ort

 "t ago ! "q ) an ex-(fic] ( !          
,m]cantile ,m>9e :o _h1 by a curi\s     
*ance1 s]v$ z a ,naval ,res]ve (fic] 9  
bo? ! ,engli% & ,japanese ,navies1 he   
expla9$ to me ! wond]ful progress ( !   
latt] by po9t+ out t x _h be51 z x 71   
call$ in/antane\sly into exi/5ce4 ,!    
,japanese ,navy1 he obs]v$1 _h no pa/ & 
no traditions to hamp] its developm5t2  
its (fic]s & adm9i/rators _h only "o    
desire--to get ! be/ ( ev]y?+ 9 mod]n   
naval sci5ce f any:]e4 ,!re 0 no cult ( 
seaman%ip1 no dead wall ( prejudice to  
trammel mod]n naval developm5ts4 ,!re 0 
no prejudice at ! ,japanese ,admiralty  
aga9/ any?+--save /agnation4 ,progress 0
 ! keynote & wat*word ( ! ,japanese     
,navy4 ,my fri5d assur$ me t x 01 z     
reg>ds equipm5t1 organisation1 & g5]al  
effici5cy1 ! f9e/ fight+ =ce ! _w has   
ev] se54 ,s f> z my own k ( ! matt]     
goes1 & s f> z ,i am compet5t to express
 an op9ion on ! subject1 ,i fully       
endorse ^! obs]vations4 ,a visit to a   
,japanese vessel-(-w>1 h[ev] p]functory 

! k ( ! visitor may be on matt]s naval1 
v soon conv9ces him ( ! fact t !        
,japanese naval (fic]s & m5 are fill$ n 
only ) ard\r b en?usiasm = _! pr(ession1
 t effici5cy & pr(ici5cy are !          
wat*words1 & t ! desire ( e "o connect$ 
) ! ,navy1 f ! ,admiral d[nw>ds1 is to  
ma9ta9 ! p]sonnel & mat]iel ( ! ,fleet 9
 ! highe/ possible condition (          
effici5cy4  ,if1 z "s ,engli%m5 imag9e  
is ! case1 !re is a t5d5cy on ! "p ( "y 
,japan to be oblivi\s ( ! fact t ! ,navy
 ( ! c\ntry is greatly indebt$ = its    
pres5t /ate ( effici5cy to ! zeal &     
ef=ts ( ,engli% naval (fic]s 9 its e>ly 
days1 !re is no "q t ! feel+ ( ! (fic]s 
& m5 ( ! ,japanese ,navy to _! ,engli%  
comrades is ( a v he>ty nature4 ,! =mal 
alliance ) ,great ,brita9 0 highly      
popul> 9 ! ,japanese ,fleet1 & ,i h nev]
 he>d any (fic] connect$ !re) speak 9   
any b ! highe/ & mo/ cordial t]ms ( _!  
,engli% confrres4  ,x is n1 ,i ?9k1     
necess>y = me to ref] to ! de$s ( & ! "w
 done by ! ,japanese ,navy 9 ! c\rse ( !

 w> ) ,russia2 v mu* ! same rem>ks t ,i 
h made 9 reg>d to ! ,army apply "h4     
,no?+ 0 lo/ sight ( or omitt$ t c\ld 9 !
 slighte/ degree t5d to ensure or secure
 success4 ,ev]y?+ seems to h be5 =ese54 
,no?+ 0 left to *ance4 ,! results 7     
precisely :at might h be5 expect$1 & :at
 inde$ 7 expect$1 by ^? :o _h an        
intimate k ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,japanese  
,navy 0 organis$ = w>4 ,i reg>d x       
especially 9 alliance ) ! ,engli%       
,fleet1 z "o ( ! greate/ safegu>ds = !  
peace ( ! _w4 ,i tru/ ! alliance betwe5 
?is c\ntry & ,japan may be ( a p]man5t  
nature4 ,i may rem>k 9 respect ( !      
,fleet1 z ,i h ( ! ,army1 t ,japan has  
no unwor?y ambitions4 ,h] desire is to  
cons]ve :at %e possesses & to r5d] h]   
,isl& ,empire secure f invasion or      
mole/ation4  ,closely connect$ ) !      
developm5t ( ,japan's ,navy is t ( h]   
,m]cantile ,m>9e4 ,a few words 9 reg>d  
to x may !re=e n be out ( place "h4 ,!  
insul> position & ! m\nta9\s condition (
 ! c\ntry1 z well z its ext5t ( seabo>d1

 e>ly impress$ on ! mak]s ( new ,japan !
 necessity = creat+ n only a great      
m]cantile fleet b also = develop+ !     
%ipbuild+ indu/ry4 ,bo? ^! ambitions h  
be5 l>gely realis$4 ,at fir/ _!         
consummation 0 att5d$ ) _m difficulties4
 ,! ,japanese1 z ,i h already rem>k$ 9  
?is book1 7 _m c5turies ago ent]pris+   
sailors1 b :5 ! c\ntry 0 clos$ voyages (
 discov]y or trade automatically came to
 an end4 ,) ! awak5+ ( ,japan a *ange   
imm$iately took place1 & /eps 7 tak5 to 
create & develop ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e4 ,a 
,japanese g5tleman1 ,mr4 ,iwasaki1 9    
#ahgb />t$ a l9e ( /eam]s1 subsidis$ by 
! ,gov]nm5t1 ! well-kn[n ,mitsu ,bi%i   
,company4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ano!r company
 0 =m$ to compete aga9/ x4 ,?is l9e 0   
also subsidis$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 b z !    
rivalry did n prove pr(itable to ei!r ! 
two l9es 7 amalgamat$ 9 #ahhe "u ! title
 ( ,nippon ,yus5 ,kai%a4 ,s9ce !n a     
numb] ( o!r %ipp+ companies h be5 =m$ 9 
,japan1 & ! ,nippon ,yus5 ,kai%a has    
l>gely ext5d$ its op]ations1 op5+ up    

communication ) ,bombay1 ,engl&1 & !    
,cont95t1 ,melb\rne1 c4 ,9 fact1 !      
,japanese flag is n[ se5 9 _m p>ts ( !  
_w1 :ile ! ,japanese ,m]cantile ,m>9e   
has advanc$ by leaps & b\nds1 & is /ill 
annually increas+4 ,at ! end ( #aijd !re
 7 ab\t #bdj /eam]s fly+ ! ,japanese    
flag1 ) a gross tonnage ( ov] #gij1jjj4 
,japan n[ ranks high among ! m>itime    
nations ( ! _w1 & h] position !re91     
unless ,i am v mu* mi/ak51 w /ill fur!r 
advance 9 ! ye>s to come4  ,!re are1 ,i 
"k1 a great numb] ( wor?y p1 bo? 9 ?is  
c\ntry & ,japan1 :o reg>d ! exp5diture  
on an ,army & ,navy z entirely          
unproductive1 & look =w>d to ! halcyon  
days :5 all su* exp5diture %all cease & 
! taxation n[ devot$ to ^! purposes %all
 be div]t$ to m wor?y objects4 ,i am    
afraid1 z ! _w is at pres5t con/itut$1  
!re is no prospect ( su* a1 9 "s        
respects1 desirable consummation be+    
effect$4 ,n[adays ! mo/ effective means 
a nation c possess 9 ! direction ( !    
ma9t5ance & enjoym5t ( peace is to be   

well prep>$ = w>4 ,t is a fact ( :i* ,i 
am sure ! m5 responsible = ! gov]nm5t ( 
,japan are firmly conv9c$2 & ,i believe 
!y are "r4 ,i am c]ta91 z ,i h said     
be=e1 t ! _w has no?+ to fe> f ! arm$   
/r5g? ( ,japan by l& or sea4     ,,*apt]
 ,,xi  ,,japanese                       
,,art--,,introductory--,,lacqu] ,,w>e1  
,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9   ,japanese art 
is a subject :i* invites exhau/ive      
treatm5t4 ,to deal ) x adequately 9 two 
or ?ree *apt]s ( a g5]al "w on ,japan is
 obvi\sly impossible4 ,/ill x is1 ,i    
?9k1 possible1 )9 ! limits at my        
disposal1 to give my read]s "s          
conception ( t art to :i* ,japan is s   
greatly indebt$ = ! extraord9>y way 9   
:i* %e has impress$ ! _w4 ,! art (      
,japan is 9 a s5se unique1 & x may be t 
to "s ext5t ! ,japanese atmosph]e1 s to 
speak1 is ess5tial 9 ord] to fully      
appreciate x4 ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 9 8 ,?+s  
,japanese1 has obs]v$ t ,to %[ a really 
f9e piece ( lacqu] to "o ( ! uncultivat$
 natives ( ,europe or ,am]ica is1 z !   

,japanese prov]b says1 l giv+ gu9eas to 
a cat4 ,mu* ! same rem>k might1 h[ev]1  
be made 9 ref]5ce to ! art products (   
any c\ntry4 ,be t z x may1 ! ,japanese p
 are n[ l>gely dep5d5t on ! =eign] = art
 patronage4 ,x may be t ?is has result$ 
9 art-artisans ab&on+ _! old /&>d &     
devot+ !mselves to ! manufacture (      
:atev] pays be/1 pro/itut+ ! _s ( art to
 ! prompt+s ( ga91 & compell+ ! native  
to cat] = =eign ta/e r ?an to adh]e to  
,japanese canons ( art4 ,i am afraid t !
 comm]cial _s is fatal to art ( any k9d4
 ,! true arti/1 l ! poet1 9 an ideal    
/ate ( exi/5ce w\ld only "w "u          
inspiration1 b1 un=tunately1 ! arti/1 l 
! poet1 is daily fac$ by t necessity :i*
 kn[s no law & dem&s ! subsi/5ce ( !    
body z an ess5tial = "w ( any k9d4      
,p]haps "s ( my read]s might desire a   
def9ition ( art4 ,!re are1 ,i "k1 p 9   
?is _w :o c nev] approa* ! consid]ation 
( or deal ) any subject unless ! subject
 itself & e t]m 9 connection !re) is    
precisely def9$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ,japanese

 art ,i am incl9$ to employ ! words (   
,mr4 ,walt] ,crane 9 op5+1 _m ye>s ago1 
! annual exhibition ( ! ,arts & ,crafts 
,society4 ,he rem>k$3 ,! true root &    
basis ( all art lies 9 ! h&icrafts4 ,if 
!re is no room or *ance ( recognition = 
really arti/ic p[] & feel+ 9 design &   
craftsman%ip--if art is n recognis$ 9 ! 
humble/ object & mat]ial1 & felt to be z
 valuable1 9 its own way1 z ! m highly  
rew>d$ pictorial skill--! art _c be 9 a 
s\nd condition4 ,& if arti/s cease to be
 f\nd among ! crafts1 !re is great dang]
 t !y w vani% f ! arts also1 & become   
manufactur]s & salesm5 in/ead4          
,japanese art is unque/ionably ( t k9d  
:i* requires a c]ta9 educational        
process4 ,x does n1 = in/ance1 at once  
appeal to t vague entity ! man 9 !      
/reet4 ,!re is a grotesqu5ess ab\t "s ( 
x1 a lack ( p]spective 9 mu* ( x1 :i* is
 cavi>e to a l>ge numb] ( p]sons4 ,?is  
mu*1 h[ev]1 c be said ab\t ,japanese    
art--t x is orig9al4 ,x is almo/        
altoge!r ! outcome ( ! arti/ic in/9cts (

 ! p4 ,und\bt$ly x has be5 to a l>ge    
ext5t influ5c$ by ,buddhism1 &1 z we h  
se51 ,buddhism is a =eign religion2 b at
 ! same "t ,i ?9k x may fairly be ass]t$
 t1 ?\gh ! ,buddhi/ religion may h      
influ5c$ & utilis$ ,japanese art1 x has 
nev] kill$1 or inde$ affect$ to any     
degree1 :at ,i may t]m ! individuali/ic 
arti/ic in/9cts ( ! nation4 ,japanese   
art requires to be closely /udi$4 ,x is 
some?+ t gr[s ^u "o1 & ! clos] x is     
/udi$ ! great] its influ5ce4 ,to me "o (
 its mo/ pleas+ features is :at ,i h    
t]m$ 9 ! ,preface its ca?olicity4 ,x is 
n1 z art is 9 s _m ,european c\ntries1 !
 cult ( a few1 a sort ( ,eleusynian     
my/]y into :i* a select numb] ( p]sons h
 be5 initiat$4 ,x has1 on ! contr>y1    
p]meat$1 & ex]cis$ an influ5ce ^u1 !    
:ole nation1 & be5 employ$ = ev5 ! mo/  
humble purposes4 ,x is = ?is reason t1 z
 ,i h previ\sly obs]v$1 ,i am ( op9ion !
 ,japanese may be consid]$ & describ$ z 
! mo/ arti/ic p 9 ! _w4  ,i h ref]r$ to 
! grotesqu5ess & lack ( p]spective      

incid5tal to "s descriptions ( ,japanese
 art4 ,x c]ta9ly neglects *i>oscuro &   
l9e> p]spective1 & x displays an entire 
lack ( =m k4 ,! human figure & face h   
app>5tly nev] be5 /udi$ at all4 ,!      
col\r+ is frequ5tly spl5did1 :ile !     
figures are = ! mo/ "p anatomically     
incorrect4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ,japanese     
arti/s _h nev] se5 _! own or any o!r    
human bodies4 ,a rigid adh]5ce to       
conv5tionality is1 9 my op9ion1 a defect
 ( all ,japanese art4 ,by conv5tionality
 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 mean :at ,i may t]m ! 
individuality ( ! art itself1 b ! fact t
 ,japanese arti/s h felt !mselves l>gely
 b\nd by ! traditions ( _! art to treat 
! human & o!r figures n 9 accordance )  
nature1 b altoge!r 9 accordance ) !     
conv5tions ( t art1 & to entirely ignore
 p]spective4 ,i am q aw>e t "s          
en?usia/ic lov]s ( ?+s ,japanese admire1
 or affect to admire1 ^! defects4 ,!y h 
be5 describ$ z a prote/ aga9/ ! too     
rigid rules exact$ 9 ,we/]n art4 ,i     
sugge/1 h[ev]1 t art 9 its highe/ =m    

%\ld seek to be true to nature1 & 9 s f>
 z ,japanese art fails 9 ?is respect x  
is1 ,i ?9k1 defective4 ,at ! same "t ,i 
cordially admit t its defects are m ?an 
comp5sat$ by its spl5did workman%ip1 its
 gorge\s col\r+1 & its /rik+ orig9ality4
  ,x 0 only ab\t =ty or fifty ye>s ago t
 ,japanese art became kn[n to any ext5t 
9 ,europe4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,portuguese       
mission>ies introduc$ by ,francis ,xavi]
 & ! trad]s 9 ! ,dut* factory at        
,nagasaki 7 9 ! habit ( export+ a few   
articles to ,europe1 *iefly porcela9 w>e
 made to ord]4 ,i fe> bo? mission>ies & 
m]*ants reg>d$ ,japanese art1 z we n[ "k
 x1 z b>b>ic1 & nev] 9 ! slighte/ degree
 realis$ ei!r its beauties or its       
orig9ality4 ,nei!r !y nor ! _m millions 
( art-lov]s 9 ,europe dreamt t ,japan 0 
a c\ntry :]e art 0 univ]sal1 n          
esot]ic--an art ) s*ools1 traditions1   
ma/]s1 & ma/]pieces4 ,probably ! ,p>is  
,exhibition ( #ahfg1 to :i* ! ,pr9ce (  
,satsuma s5t a collection ( ,japanese   
arti/ic treasures1 0 ! occasion :5 !    

true inw>dness ( ,japanese art bur/ ^u !
 ,we/]n _w z a :ole4 ,x 0 a v]itable    
revelation4 ,x at once ar\s$ en?usiasm &
 curiosity1 & ,i fe> cupidity1 among    
,european arti/s & art collectors4      
,europe 0 awak5$ to ! possibilities (   
,japan z an art nation1 & ,japan1 fail+ 
to realise or prop]ly appreciate !      
arti/ic accumulat$ weal? x possess$1    
comm5c$ to "p ) x 9 a truly reckless    
mann]4 ,! depletion ( ! art treasures ( 
! c\ntry comm5c$ ab\t ?is "t1 & ?\gh t  
depletion has be5 l>gely arre/$1 x is   
nev]!less /ill1 to "s ext5t1 go+ on4    
,japanese art1 z x has come "u !        
cognisance ( a =eign]1 may be consid]$ 9
 connection ) f\r or five purposes to   
:i* x has be5 employ$ or adapt$4 ,fir/  
among/ ^! ,i place lacqu]1 next pott]y &
 porcela91 !n c>v+ 9 wood & iron1       
metal-"w & pa9t+4 ,! lacqu] indu/ry has 
be5 9 exi/5ce 9 ,japan s long z we h any
 au?oritative hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,if any
 cr$5ce is to be giv5 to tradition1 long
 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era !re 0 an (ficial ^:

 sole duty x 0 to sup]9t5d ! production 
( lacqu] = ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt1 & specim5s 
ov] a ?\s& ye>s old1 ?\gh r>e1 /ill     
exi/4 ,! process ( lacqu]+ is a some:at 
intricate "o1 & v>ies1 ( c\rse1 9       
accordance ) ! "t & lab\r sp5t on !     
article to be lacqu]$1 & ! co/ ( ! same4
 ,aft] ! article has be5 c>efully made f
 specially select$ wood--9 ! case ( !   
*oice/ specim5s ( lacqu] "w ?is is      
usually a p9e-wood ( f9e gra9--x is fir/
 coat$ ) a prep>ation compos$ ( clay &  
v>ni%1 :i*1 aft] be+ p]mitt$ to dry1 is 
smoo!d d[n ) a :et/one4 ,:5 ?is op]ation
 has be5 conclud$1 ! article propos$ to 
be lacqu]$ is cov]$ ) "s sub/ance1 ei!r 
silk1 clo?1 or pap]4 ,x is !n giv5 f "o 
to five coats ( ! =ego+ mixture1 ea*    
coat be+ p]mitt$ to dry be=e ! next is  
appli$4 ,aft] ?is has be5 effect$1 !    
:et/one is aga9 employ$ ) a view (      
obta9+ a p]fectly smoo? surface :5 !    
lacqu]+ prop] comm5ces4 ,?is may be a   
p]functory or x may be a v complicat$   
op]ation1 accord+ to ! value ( !        

article1 lay] aft] lay] ( ! v>ni%--f "o 
to fifty coats--be+ laid ^u ! mat]ial at
 int]vals4 ,aft] ! f9al coat has be5    
appli$1 ! smoo?+ process comm5ces4 ,!   
:ole ( ^! op]ations are1 h[ev]1 only !  
prelim9>ies to ! s*eme ( decoration1 :i*
 is (t5 v elaborate4 ,! du/s ( p[d]s us$
 = ?is purpose are ( v>i\s k9ds & ( v>y+
 co/4 ,:5 ! ornam5tation :i* (t5 consi/s
 9 col\r+ ! gr\ndwork ) p>ticles ( gold 
du/ has be5 complet$1 sometimes z _m z a
 doz5 coat+s ( transp>5t lacqu] are     
impos$ ^u ! same4  ,! art ( lacqu]+ 9   
,japan dates back at lea/ #a1bjj or     
#a1cjj ye>s1 & tradition assigns x a    
p]iod m anci5t /ill4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1   
few if any articles ( lacqu] w>e n[ 9 ! 
c\ntry1 ^: orig9 c be trac$ back s _m   
ye>s4 ,at any rate1 !re is no           
satisfactory evid5ce 9 reg>d to !       
antiquity ( any specim5s ( lacqu] w>e   
dat+ back m ?an sev5 or eight c5turies4 
,9 old ,japan ! manufactur] ( lacqu] "w 
0 intimately associat$ ) ! dome/ic life 
( ! upp] classes4 ,griffis tells u t    

ne>ly e ,daimio _h 8 ,c\rt lacqu]]1 & t 
a set ( h\sehold furniture & toilet     
ut5sils 0 "p ( ! d[ry ( a noble lady4   
,on ! bir? ( a daught]1 he relates1 x 0 
common = ! lacqu] arti/ to beg9 ! mak+ (
 a mirror case1 a wa%+ b[l1 a cab9et1 a 
clo!s rack1 or a *e/ ( draw]s1 (t5      
occupy+ f "o to five :ole ye>s on a s+le
 article4 ,an inro1 or pill-box1 might  
require sev]al ye>s = p]fection1 ?\gh   
small en\gh to g into a fob4 ,by ! "t ! 
"y lady 0 m>riageable1 h] outfit (      
lacqu] 0 sup]b4  ,! names ( _m ( ! great
 lacqu] arti/s ( ,japan are /ill v5]at$4
 ,! ma/]pieces ( ,hoyami ,koyetsu :o    
fl\ri%$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 are /ill1   
?\gh r>e1 procurable4 ,japan numb]s on  
h] roll ( fame tw5ty-eight great lacqu] 
arti/s4 ,!re h1 ( c\rse1 be5 _m hundr$s1
 & inde$ ?\s&s1 9 ! pa/ c5turies ^: "w 0
 sup]b1 b ! tw5ty-eight are deem$ to be 
! immortals ( ?is p>ticul> art4 ,"o ( ^!
 great m51 ,ogawa ,ritsuo1 is fam\s = ! 
numb] & v>iety ( ! mat]ials--"m-(-pe>l1 
coral1 tortoise-%ell1 c4 c41 he us$ 9 8 

"w4 ,a pr(use ri*ness is its *ief       
*>act]i/ic4 ,"o ( 8 pupils imitat$ 9 8  
"w v>i\s mat]ials--pott]y & wood-c>v+1 &
 bronzes4 ,! la/ fam\s arti/ 9 lacqu]1  
,watanobe ,tosu1 di$ ab\t ?irty ye>s    
ago4 ,:e!r he is de/9$ to h a successor 
or successors rema9s to be se54 ,^!     
lacqu] arti/s1 z ,i h indicat$1 work$ n 
= lucre1 b = love4 ,atta*$ to "s        
,daimios h\sehold1 !y devot$ _! lives1  
_! en]gies1 _! imag9ation1 _! arti/ic   
in/9cts to ! devis+ ( spl5did "w & !    
mak+ ( beautiful1 +5i\s1 absolutely     
arti/ic &1 at ! same "t1 entirely useful
 articles4  ,x is impossible )9 ! space 
at my disposal to deal 9 detail ) ! l>ge
 v>iety ( lacqu] "w produc$ 9 ,japan ) !
 v>i\s k9ds ( lacqu]1 or ) :at ,i may   
t]m ! arti/ic idiosyncrasies ( ,japanese
 lacqu] "w4 ,"o c n[ h>dly believe t    
until ! op5+ up ( ,japan half a c5tury  
or s ago1 few specim5s ( lacqu] f\nd _! 
way to ,europe1 al?\gh ,japanese        
porcela9 _h be5 l>gely import$ & 0      
highly priz$4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t ,i d n

 ?9k t ! arti/ic beauties ( ,japanese   
lacqu] "w h be5 appreciat$ 9 ?is c\ntry 
to any?+ l ! ext5t !y des]ve to be4 ,i h
 he>d p rem>k1 = example1 t !y fail$ to 
und]/& ! p]petual reproduction ( ! great
 sn[-cov]$ m\nta9 ,fusi-,yama 9         
,japanese designs1 :ile !y c\ld see no?+
 9 ^! /orks1 bewild]+ l&scapes1 &       
grotesque figures4 ,p]haps ! be/        
explanation ( ! con/ant appe>ance (     
,fusi-,yama 9 all ,japanese "w is t :i* 
,de ,fonblanque gives4 ,he says3 ,if !re
 is "o s5tim5t univ]sal among/ all      
,japanese1 x is a deep & e>ne/ rev]5ce =
 _! sacr$ m\nta94 ,x is _! ideal ( !    
beautiful 9 nature1 & !y nev] tire (    
admir+1 glorify+1 & reproduc+ x4 ,x is  
pa9t$1 emboss$1 c>v$1 engrav$1 modell$ 9
 all _! w>es4 ,! mass ( ! p reg>d x n   
only z ! %r9e ( _! de>e/ gods1 b ! c]ta9
 panacea = _! wor/ evils1 f imp5d+      
bankruptcy or cutane\s diseases to      
unrequit$ love or ill-luck at play4 ,x  
is annually visit$ by ?\s&s & ?\s&s (   
pilgrims4 ,! ,japanese arti/ 9 con/antly

 reproduc+ ,fusi-,yama has m]ely voic$  
national s5tim5t & feel+4               
,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,fusi-,,yama  
,,f ,a ,,tea ,,h\se       ,,f ,a ,,pr9t 
,,by ,,hiro%ige  ,! sub/ance appli$ to  
wood to produce :at is call$ lacqu]1 is 
n :at is g5]ally kn[n 9 ,engl& z v>ni%4 
,x is really ! sap ( ! rhus v]nicif]a   
:i* conta9s1 among o!r +r$i5ts1 ab\t #c 
p] c5t4 ( a gum soluble 9 wat]4 ,x has  
to und]go v>i\s ref9+ processes be=e be+
 mix$ ) ! col\r+ matt]1 :ile ! greate/  
c>e is ex]cis$ ?r\gh\t ) a view (       
obviat+ ! possibility ( du/ or any o!r  
=eign matt] f9d+ its way into ! mixture4
 ,! f9e poli% usually se5 on lacqu] "w  
is n actually ! result ( ! composition  
appli$1 b is produc$ by incessant       
poli%+4 ,! lacqu]$ articles 9 old ,japan
 7 us$ = v>i\s purposes--mirror cases1  
fans1 lett]-c>ri]s1 ! inro1 :i* 0 at "o 
"t a necess>y "p ( e ,japanese          
g5tleman's attire2 x 0 secur$ to ! sa%1 
& utilis$ to hold m$ic9e p[d]s1 =       
p]fumes1 z a seal-box1 c41 seals be+ at 

"o "t1 z inde$ !y are to "s ext5t /ill1 
9 use 9 place ( a signature4 ,b ! am\nt 
( anci5t lacqu] w>e n[ 9 ,japan1 or1    
inde$1 ( arti/ic articles made solely = 
use & n m]ely to sell1 is1 z ,i h said1 
small4 ,european collectors h d5ud$ !   
c\ntry2 ! treasures ( ! ,daimios1 :i* 7 
almo/ recklessly sold :5 !y 7           
dise/abli%$1 & to a l>ge ext5t dis5d[$1 
h be5 di/ribut$ all ov] ! globe1 & a    
l>ge quantity1 p]haps ! l>ge/ quantity1 
( ! lacqu] "w n[ made 9 ! c\ntry is     
manufactur$ solely = ! purpose ( be+    
sold z curios ei!r at home or abroad4 ,t
 ?is fact has l>gely l[]$ ! arti/ic     
ideals & debas$ ! arti/ic ta/e 9 ,japan 
appe>s to be ! g5]al op9ion4 ,mu* ( !   
pres5t-day "w ( ,japan 9 lacqu]1 z 9 o!r
 articles1 is c]ta9ly to my m9d arti/ic 
& beautiful 9 ! extreme1 b obvi\sly1 m5 
work+ almo/ aga9/ "t to turn out curios1
 = :i* !re is a p]si/5t dem& on ! "p (  
visitors :o are n always by temp]am5t or
 tra9+ fitt$ to appreciate ! arti/ic or 
! beautiful1 are unlikely to produce su*

 f9e or orig9al "w z ! artisan ( old    
leisurely employ$ at 8 craft & plum+    
himself1 n on ! am\nt ( 8 e>n+s or !    
ext5t ( 8 output1 b on ! quality &      
arti/ic m]its ( 8 "w4  ,next to lacqu] 9
 importance among/ ! ,japanese arts1 ,i 
?9k1 comes c]amic w>e1 :i* has long _h a
 great vogue 9 ,europe1 & inde$ 0 highly
 priz$ "h _m ye>s be=e ! arti/ic skill (
 ! ,japanese 9 lacqu] 0 g5]ally kn[n4 ,t
 decorative art1 z express$ 9 ! pott]y &
 porcela9 ( ,japan1 has be5 l>gely      
influ5c$ by ,*9a & ,korea seems to be   
unque/ionable4 ,! ,japanese h nev]!less 
imp>t$ to x a peculi> *>m ( _! own1 !   
outcome ( orig9ality 9 ideas1 :ile ! art
 has1 ?r\gh _m c5turies1 be5 =tunate    
en\gh to h be5 fo/]$ & enc\rag$ by !    
great & p[]ful ( ! l&4 ,z a p !         
,japanese are entirely free f any?+ t   
sav\rs ( o/5tation1 & ?is fact is       
emphasis$ 9 _! art j z x is 9 _! homes4 
,! *>m ( ! c]amic w>e ( ,japan1 9 my    
op9ion1 consi/s 9 ! beauty ( its col\r+ 
r ?an 9 its figur+4 ,?is c]amic w>e1 z  

my read]s probably "k1 diff]s greatly 9 
appe>ance1 quality1 &1 ,i may add1 9    
price accord+ to ! p>ticul> "p ( !      
c\ntry 9 :i* x is produc$4 ,x is n      
necess>y to be an art connoisseur to    
grasp ! fact t1 say1 ! fam\s ,satsuma   
w>e is di/9ct 9 almo/ e respect f t (   
,im>i1 ,kaga1 ,ise1 ,raku1 ,kyoto1 c4   
,all ^! diff]5t w>es h *>ms peculi> to  
ea*4 ,x is really m>vell\s to ?9k t a   
c\ntry ) su* a comp>atively small area z
 ,japan %\ld h produc$ s _m diff]5t k9ds
 ( c]amic w>e1 ea* possess+ di/9ct &    
pron\nc$ *>act]i/ics1 & hav+ inde$      
little aff9ity ) ea* o!r save 9 reg>d to
 ! g5]al excell5ce ( ! workman%ip & !   
arti/ic complet5ess ( ! :ole4  ,z ,i h  
said1 bo? ,korea & ,*9a h _h a m>k$     
influ5ce on ! manufacture ( pott]y &    
porcela9 9 ,japan4 ,korean pott]s appe> 
to h settl$ !re prior to ! ,*ri/ian era1
 & to h imp>t$ to ! ,japanese ! fir/    
rudim5ts ( k 9 reg>d to work+ 9 clay1 b 
! developm5t ( ! process 0 greatly due  
to ,*9ese influ5ces4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5?    

c5tury1 "o ,to%iro paid a visit to ,*9a1
 :]e he exhau/ively /udi$ ev]y?+ relat+ 
to ! pott]'s art4 ,on 8 return to 8 own 
c\ntry he introduc$ great improvem5ts1  
bo? 9 manufacture & decoration1 & made1 
x is believ$1 = ! fir/ "t1 glaz$ pott]y4
 ,soon aft]w>ds h\sehold ut5sils (      
lacqu] began to g out ( use1 be+ replac$
 by ^? made ( clay1 & a great impetus 0 
accord+ly giv5 to ! trade ( ! pott]4    
,tea1 :i* is believ$ to h be5 introduc$ 
into ,japan f ,*9a 9 ! ye> #hjj does n  
appe> to h come into g5]al use till !   
sixte5? c5tury4 ,! tea c]emonies kn[n z 
! ,*a-no-yu came into vogue ab\t ! same 
"t1 & und\bt$ly _h an imm5se influ5ce on
 ! c]amic art4 ,! articles us$ 9 ! tea  
c]emonies includ$ an iron kettle re/+ on
 a /&2 a table or /& ( mulb]ry wood #b  
feet high2 two tea-j>s conta9+ ! tea2 a 
vessel conta9+ fre% wat]2 a tea-b[l4 ,x 
is n my purpose to describe ! _m int]e/+
 details ( ^! tea c]emonies4 ,suffice x 
to obs]ve t !y gave a great impetus to !
 manufacture ( co/ly & elaborate *9a4 ,!

 lead]s ( society1 z we %\ld t]m !m1 :o 
took "p 9 ^! c]emonies ex]cis$ a        
judici\s & enlight5$ patronage ( !      
c]amic art4 ,!y enc\rag$ ris+ tal5t1 &  
welcom$ new developm5ts4 ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1
 be no d\bt t ,japan1 9 an arti/ic s5se1
 owes mu* to ! frequ5t]s ( ^! tea       
c]emonies4 ,tea-j>s & tea-b[ls          
especially became1 "u ! patronage &     
guidance ( ^! m51 *oice works ( art1 & 7
 be/[$ by ! great & p[]ful on _! fri5ds1
 by :om !y 7 greatly *]i%$ & h&$ d[n z  
heirlooms4 ,"s ( ^! treasures /ill rema9
 9 ! c\ntry1 a l>ge numb] h be5 pur*as$ 
by art connoisseurs & tak5 to v>i\s p>ts
 ( ! _w1 :ile _m1 ( c\rse1 h f v>i\s    
causes p]i%$4 ,"u ! conditions ( life   
:i* obta9$ 9 old ,japan ! c]amic art    
rea*$ a pit* ( excell5ce1 n to say      
glory1 :i* x is nev] likely to atta9    
ei!r 9 ,japan or else:]e4 ,x 0          
emphatically a p]iod ( art = art's sake4
 ,! patronage1 if ,i may use a ^w p]haps
 n /rictly accurate1 ( ! great arti/s ( 
^? days 0 ex]cis$ 9 su* a mann] z to    

enable !m to employ all _! tal5ts1      
arti/ic ideals1 & en?usiasm 9 !         
direction ( produc+ ma/]pieces ( _!     
craft4  ,! secrets ( porcela9           
manufacture are believ$ to h be5 br\ght 
to ,japan f ,*9a ab\t ! beg9n+ ( !      
sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ye> #aeac1         
,gorodayu1 ,%onsui1 ( ,ise1 return$ f   
,*9a & settl$ 9 ,arita1 9 ! prov9ce (   
,hiz51 :i* at once became & /ill rema9s 
! headqu>t]s ( ! fam\s ,im>i w>e4 ,!    
porcela9 produc$ "h is *iefly1 b n      
altoge!r1 ! blue & :ite comb9ation1 b   
,arita also makes porcela9 w>e decorat$ 
9 v>i\s col\rs & exce$+ly ornate 9      
appe>ance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /at$ t ?is     
ornate ,im>i w>e 0 fir/ made =          
exportation to ,*9a to supply !         
,portuguese m>ket at ,macao1 & t x 0    
aft]w>ds fo/]$ by ! ,dut* at ,nagasaki1 
^: exportations ( ! w>e to ,europe 7 on 
a consid]able scale4 ,?is peculi> /yle (
 decoration is believ$ to h be5 due to !
 dem&s ( ! ,dut*1 ^: patrons 9 ,europe  
w\ld h none o!r4 ,"o rem>k ,i may make 9

 ?is connection1 viz41 t ^? enorm\s     
vases & o!r simil> articles ( ,japanese 
w>e :i* h long be5 s greatly priz$ 9    
,europe1 & _m ( :i* are magnific5t      
specim5s ( decorative art1 are n1 9 "o  
s5se1 *>act]i/ically ,japanese4 ,!      
,japanese has always1 if ,i may s       
express x1 us$ art z ! h&maid5 (        
utilit>ianism4 ,e article int5d$ = !    
,japanese home _h to be n m]ely a ?+ (  
beauty b a ?+ = use4 ,x nev] ent]$ !    
m9ds ( ! ,japanese to hang beautiful    
specim5s ( _! porcela9 w>e on _! walls1 
or :at did duty = walls1 to collect du/4
 ,!y us$ vases c]ta9ly ( a mod]ate size 
to hold fl[]s1 tea-pots & tea-cups = !  
purpose ( mak+ & dr9k+ tea1 wat]-bottles
 & v>i\s o!r articles = dome/ic use2    
ev]y?+ 9 fact 01 z ,i h said1 design$ n 
only f an arti/ic b a utilit>ian /&po9t1
 & h5ce x is1 ,i ?9k1 t art1 z ,i h     
already rem>k$1 has p]meat$ ! :ole p4   
,ev5 9 ! poore/ h\se 9 ,japan x is      
possible to see1 9 ! ord9>y articles 9  
dome/ic use1 "s attempt at art1 &1 ,i   

may add1 "s appreciation ( x on ! "p ( !
 us]s ( ^? articles4 ,9 my op9ion :5 art
 is n appli$ to articles ( g5]al utility
 b is conf9$ to articles n int5d$ = use1
 art becomes1 z is l>gely ! case 9 ?is  
c\ntry1 ei!r ! cult ( a class or !      
affectation ( a class1 & its beauties & 
inw>d mean+ cease to h any effect ^u1 j 
because !y are n und]/ood by1 ! great   
mass ( ! p4  ,satsuma w>e is probably ! 
mo/ widely kn[n1 & ! mo/ e/eem$ among   
=eign]s1 ( ,japanese porcela94 ,its s(t1
 cream-l col\r is n[ kn[n 9 e "p ( ! _w1
 :ile ! delicate col\r decorations      
impos$ ^u ! cream-l backgr\nd1 c]ta9ly  
give a mo/ effective appe>ance4 ,i "q   
h[ev] :e!r1 f a purely arti/ic /&po9t1  
,satsuma is wor?y ( be+ comp>$ ) _m ( ! 
o!r porcela9s 9 ,japan4 ,mu* ( x z se5 9
 ,europe 0 specially made = ,europe1 &  
hav+ be5 s is1 ,i sugge/1 n 9 ! true    
s5se arti/ic4 ,z a matt] ( fact ,satsuma
 w>e 0 introduc$ f ,korea1 & 0 made 9 ! 
fir/ in/ance solely = ! use ( ! ,pr9ce (
 ,satsuma & 8 fri5ds4 ,! kilns 7        

orig9ally built on ,korean models1 & !  
pott]s 9 ,satsuma rema9$ a class ap>t1 n
 be+ all[$ to m>ry ) ! outside _w4      
,kaga w>e is well kn[n to all art       
connoisseurs4 ,?is porcela9 is r>e4 ,!  
ma/]s ( ! art ( ,kaga w>e1 ) its        
exquisite col\r+ & elaborate            
ornam5tation 9 gold & silv]1 h left no  
successors1 :ile _! output 0 small4 ,!  
w>e is ( c\rse /ill made1 & z ! clay ( !
 di/rict is ( a d>k r$ col\r1 ! w>e has 
a uni=m t9t4  ,biz5 w>e rea*$ ! apo!osis
 ( its p]fection j be=e ! ,revolution4  
,x is made 9 ! prov9ce ( ,biz54 ,! bett]
 k9d is made ( a :ite or light blui%    
clay1 & well bak$ 9 ord] to receive !   
r$-br[n col\r1 :]eas ! common] k9d is ( 
a r$ clay4  ,! v>i\s ,kyoto w>es are    
rem>kable = _! qua9t =ms1 & "s ( !m are 
highly priz$4  ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be     
impossible = me to attempt 9 detail a   
description ( ! o!r v num]\s c]amic w>es
 ( ,japan4 ,und\bt$ly1 z ,i h said1     
,satsuma is ! mo/ popul> ) ,europeans1 b
 x is n1 & ,i d n ?9k x des]ves to be1 !

 mo/ highly priz$ by art connoisseurs4  
,! c]amic w>es ( ,japan may be classifi$
 "u ?ree head+s3 7#a7 ,pott]y1 ornam5t$ 
by scor+ & glaz+2 7#b7 ,a cream-col\r$  
fai5ce ) a glaze (t5 crackl$ &          
delicately pa9t$2 7#c7 ,h>d porcela94   
,"u ! fir/ ( ^! classifications may be  
includ$ ,biz51 ,seto1 ,raku1 & "s o!r   
w>es4 ,"u ! second ,i place ,satsuma &  
"s less important simil> products4      
,among ! porcela9s ! mo/ fam\s are ^? ( 
,kutania1 ,hiz51 & ,kyoto4 ,9 reg>d to  
decorations1 ! ,japanese h utilis$ !    
sev5 gods ( good =tune1 _m l&scapes1 a  
few ( ! dome/ic animals--! dragon1      
pho5ix1 an animal ) ! body & ho(s ( a   
de]1 ! tail ( a bull1 & ) a horn on its 
=ehead1 a mon/] lion1 & ! sacr$         
tortoise4 ,trees1 plants1 grasses1 &    
fl[]s ( v>i\s k9ds1 & "s ( ! badges 9   
,japanese h]aldry are also l>gely made  
use (4 ,h[ev] grotesque "s ( ^! objects 
may be1 or h[ev] grotesque !            
repres5tations ( animals & ev5 l&scapes 
may be1 no "o :o has closely /udi$ x c  

d5y ! fact t ! effect ( ,japanese       
decorative art z appli$ to ! c]amic w>e 
( ! c\ntry is1 on ! :ole1 magnific5t4 ,!
 m "o /udies x ! m impress$ "o is ) its 
m>vell\s beauty & ! orig9ality :i* has  
be5 br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,i defy any man 
or woman1 :o possesses ! arti/ic        
s5sibilities1 ev5 9 a lat5t degree1 to  
visit a gall]y conta9+ ! ma/]pieces (   
,japanese c]amic art1 closely /udy !m 9 
all _! details1 & m9utely exam9e !      
att5tion :i* ! arti/ has giv5 to ev5 !  
smalle/ ( ^? details )\t be+ impress$ by
 its p[]4 ,x is1 ,i consid]1 a lib]al   
education to any p]son :o has ! slighte/
 prepossession = art to w&] ?r\gh su* a 
gall]y & admire ! ma/]pieces ( ^!       
wond]ful art-work]s ( ,japan4  ,! dem& =
 ! v>i\s art products ( ,japan 9 bo?    
,europe & ,am]ica has _h its p]haps     
inevitable result 9 n only ! manufacture
 ( articles simply & solely = ! =eign   
m>ket1 b 9 ! :at ,i may t]m fak+ ( mod]n
 to repres5t anci5t art productions4    
,old ,satsuma1 = example1 is a case 9   

po9t4 ,! g5u9e old ,satsuma w>e1 by     
con/ant use1 obta9$1 l me]s*aum1 a      
delightful t9t4 ,mod]n ,satsuma is      
comp>atively :ite1 & s1 9 ord] to p&] to
 ! ta/e ( ! ,european collector ( !     
anci5t article1 ! mod]n is /a9$ to !    
requir$ %ade4 ,! article itself is      
g5u9e1 & inde$ beautiful1 b ?is fak+ ( x
 to meet ,european & ,am]ican ta/es is  
"o ( ! results1 ,i fe>1 ( ,we/]n        
influ5ces4 ,:at ! precise effect (      
,european influ5ces may be on ! old     
porcela9 art ( ,japan x is impossible to
 say4 ,s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,i h no    
hesitation 9 express+ my own op9ion t x 
w n be a heal?y influ5ce4 ,art = art's  
sake is1 ,i admit1 difficult :5 !       
plutocrats ( ! ,we/1 ) a craze or a fad 
= ,ea/]n art1 are p\r+ out _! weal? 9   
ord] to obta9 specim5s !re(4 ,dem&      
usually induces supply1 & ! ,japanese   
artisan ( to-day w\ld be m ?an human did
 he n respond to ! dem& ( ! ,we/ = ,old 
,satsuma & o!r specim5s ( ! arti/ic     
treasures 9 pott]y & porcela9 ( ,japan4 

,! _s ( comm]cialism is1 z ,i h said    
be=e1 fatal to art4 ,if ! arti/ is =c$  
to "w quickly & *eaply he q evid5tly _c 
br+ 8 individuality into play4 ,he mu/  
trans=m 8 /udio into a work%op1 & pond] 
only1 or *iefly1 ^u ! possibility ( 8   
output4 ,i h be5 mu* /ruck 9 ?is        
connection ) ! rem>ks ( a writ] 9 reg>d 
to ord]s = art "w s5t f ,new ,york to   
,japan4 ,i c rememb]1 he said1 "o ( our 
great ,new ,york deal]s m>k+ on 8       
samples ! col\rs t pleas$ mo/ ( 8 buy]s1
 :o !mselves 7 to place ! goods4 ,all   
o!r col\rs or patt]ns 7 taboo$ 9 8      
in/ructions to ! mak]s 9 ,japan4 ,?is 0 
! rude me*anism ( ! *ange1 ! com+ d[n to
 ! wor/ public ta/e1 :i* mu/ be t ( !   
greate/ numb] at any "t4                
,illu/ration3 ,,kutani ,,e>!nw>e1       
,,decorat$ ,,) ,,poly*rome ,,enamels    
,,e>ly ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury              
,illu/ration3 ,,inc5se ,,burn]          
,,awata ,,fay5ce4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury   
,z reg>ds ! mod]n porcela9 ( ,japan ,i  
ne$ say b little4 ,orig9ality is        

app>5tly dead1 & ! mak]s ( to-day are   
cont5t to copy ! pa/4 ,no d\bt ! purely 
me*anical processes ( manufacture h be5 
greatly improv$1 & mu*1 if n mo/1 ( !   
mod]n c]amic w>e ( ,japan is extremely  
beautiful4 ,at ! same "t "s ( x1        
especially t :i* is made solely = !     
=eign m>ket1 is to my m9d nei!r arti/ic 
nor beautiful4 ,x is decorat$1 if ,i may
 use su* a t]m1 9 mo/ ( ! col\rs ( !    
ra9b[1 & r5d]$ m gaudy /ill by a ple?ora
 ( v poor gild+4  ,!re is 9 ,japan a    
c]ta9 s*ool ( progressive ideas 9       
ref]5ce to ! art ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is s*ool 
is ( op9ion t ,japanese art %\ld n1 s to
 speak1 rema9 /]eotyp$1 b t x %\ld      
assimilate & adapt & apply all t is good
 & beautiful 9 ,we/]n art4 ,! objects t 
?is s*ool has 9 view are no d\bt        
laudable1 b ,i confess ,i hope ) all my 
he>t t ^? objects w fail ( accompli%m5t4
 ,!re has be5 already f> too mu*        
,europeanis+ ( ,japanese art1 & !       
result1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to judge1  
is n enc\rag+ 9 respect ( any fur!r     

advance or developm5t 9 t direction4    
,japanese art1 & especially ! c]amic    
art1 possesses1 z ,i h be=e said1 an    
individuality :i* c only be spoil$1 ev5 
if x be n de/roy$1 by add+ on to or mix+
 up ) x ! totally di/9ct art & art      
me?ods ( ,we/]n civilisation4 ,7 ?is    
done x w\ld become a ba/>d or a mongrel 
art1 &1 z hi/ory af=ds abundant evid5ce1
 w\ld 9 due c\rse lapse into a condition
 ( utt] decad5ce4  ,q a volume might be 
writt5 on ! subject ( m>ks on ,japanese 
pott]y & porcela94 ,^! h long int]e/$ & 
frequ5tly misl$ ! collector4 ,!y are (  
v>i\s k9ds4 ,sometimes !re is a m>k     
signify+ ! reign or "p ( ! reign ( an   
emp]or1 or ! "n ( a place at :i* !      
article 0 made1 or1 m frequ5tly /ill1 ! 
"n ( ! p>ticul> pott] ^: h&icraft x 04  
,sometimes ,*9ese dates are f\nd        
impress$ on ! article )\t any reg>d to  
*ronological correctness4 ,inde$1 ,*9ese
 dates are to be f\nd on ,japanese      
porcela9 indicat+ a p]iod long ant]ior  
to t 9 :i* ! manufacture ( porcela9 0   

kn[n 9 ,japan4 ,^! spuri\s dates h prov$
 pitfalls = collectors4 ,! m>k is       
sometimes impress$ ) a seal or pa9t$2   
occasionally x is m]ely scrat*$4 ,!     
inve/igation ( ^! m>ks is a recondite   
/udy assur$ly full ( int]e/1 b1 z ,i h  
said1 prolific 9 pitfalls = ! unw>y or !
 too-cr$ul\s4     ,,*apt] ,,xii         
,,japanese ,,art                        
7cont9u$7--,,sculpture--,,metal         
,,"w--,,pa9t+   ,probably ( all !       
,japanese arts !re is none m int]e/+ or 
in/ructive ?an t ( sculpture 9 wood &   
ivory4 ,! sculpture ( ,japan und\bt$ly  
_h its orig9 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,buddhi/    
religion4 ,t religion1 z ,i h attempt$  
to %[1 has always utilis$ art 9 !       
decoration ( its temples & %r9es z well 
z 9 ! p]petuation ( ! image ( ,buddha   
himself4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5?      
c5tury an edict 0 promulgat$ direct+ t e
 h\se %\ld conta9 a repres5tation (     
,buddha1 &1 z ! result ( ?is1 !         
sculpture trade receiv$ a consid]able   
impetus4 ,tobacco 0 introduc$ into !    

c\ntry 9 ! same c5tury1 & ! smok+ !re(  
soon came greatly into vogue among !    
,japanese p4 ,tobacco necessitat$ a p\* 
or bag to conta9 ! same1 & ?is 9 turn   
induc$ or produc$ ! manufacture ( some?+
 :]e) to atta* ! bag to ! girdle4 ,h5ce 
! evolution ( ! netsuk1 n[ z fam\s 9    
,europe z 9 ,japan4 ,! c>v+ ( netsuks   
develop$ into a v high art2 inde$1 !re  
is p]haps no bran* ( ,japanese art :i*  
has ar\s$ m en?usiasm among =eign       
collectors & connoisseurs4 ,q rec5tly ,i
 att5d$ a sale ( netsuks 9 ,london at   
:i* ! bidd+ 0 bo? fa/ & furi\s1 :ile !  
prices realis$ 7 enorm\s4 ,! netsuk1    
/rictly speak+1 0 ! toggle atta*$ by a  
cord to ! tobacco p\*1 inro1 or pipe ( !
 ,japanese man1 ) ! object ( prev5t+ !  
article slipp+ ?r\gh ! girdle or sa%1 b 
! ^w has be5 m loosely employ$ by       
=eign]s until1 9 popul> p>lance1 x has  
come to embrace all small c>v+s4        
,netsuks 7 ne>ly always repres5tations (
 ! human figure1 & v>i\s reasons h be5  
advanc$ to acc\nt = ?is fact4 ,i ne$ n  

consid] ^? reasons 9 ^! pages1 z !y1 z  
well z ! argum5ts by :i* !y are attempt$
 to be support$1 are almo/ entirely     
speculative4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! 
true netsuk is two holes admitt+ ( a /r+
 be+ run ?r\gh !m4 ,^! holes 7 (t5      
conceal$ beh9d ! limbs ( ! figure4 ,!   
mat]ial ( :i* netsuks 7 made v>i$1 &    
consi/$ ( ivory1 wood horns1 fi%-bones1 
& /ones ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,^? made ( wood   
are und\bt$ly ! mo/ anci5t1 ivory be+ ( 
comp>atively rec5t importation into     
,japan4 ,nev]!less1 ! netsuks made (    
ivory n[ comm& ! highe/ price4 ,! names 
( _m ( ! great netsuk-mak]s are /ill    
fam\s1 & mu* ( _! "w is c]ta9ly arti/ic 
& beautiful to a degree4 ,i am afraid t 
9 ! collect+ ( netsuks _m ,european     
lov]s ( ,japanese art h burnt _! f+]s4  
,! g5u9e old arti/ic productions are n[ 
extremely r>e1 b a brisk trade has      
sprung up 9 reproductions :i* are       
skilfully col\r$ to give !m ! appe>ance 
( age4 ,! netsuk1 ,i mu/ reit]ate1 0 an 
almo/ indisp5sable adjunct to ! co/ume (

 e ,japanese man1 & x 01 accord+ly1 made
 = use & n = ornam5t alone4 ,( late ye>s
 wood & ivory sculpture 9 ,japan has    
l>gely deg5]at$ & det]iorat$ ow+ to !   
output ( articles n ( utility1 b made = 
! =eign m>ket--curios1 9 fact4  ,no "o  
:o has visit$ ,japan c h fail$ ( be+    
impress$ by ^? gigantic /atues ( ,buddha
 :i* h be5 erect$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( !    
c\ntry4 ,! l>ge/ & be/ kn[n is ! ,dai   
,butsu1 at ,kamakura1 a few miles f     
,yokohama4 ,! height ( ?is great /atue  
is ne>ly #ej feet1 9 circumf]5ce x is   
#ig feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! face is #h feet #e
 in*es1 ! wid? ( m\? #c feet #b in*es1 &
 x has be5 ass]t$--?\gh ,i d n gu>antee 
! accuracy ( ! calculation--t !re are   
#hcj curls ^u ! head1 ea* curl #i in*es 
long4 ,! /atue is compos$ ( lay]s (     
bronze braz$ toge!r4 ,x is holl[1 &     
p]sons c asc5d by a ladd] into !        
int]ior4 ,! ,dai ,butsu at ,n>a is tall]
 ?an ! "o at ,kamakura4 ,x is dissimil> 
to mo/ ( ! o!rs 9 ! c\ntry 9 hav+ a     
black face ( a some:at ,african type4   

,?is image is /at$ to h be5 erect$ 9 !  
ye> #gej ,a4,d41 & ! head has1 ,i       
believe1 be5 replac$ sev]al times4 ,9 ! 
,kamakura ,dai ,butsu bo? h&s re/ ^u !  
knees1 :ile 9 ! "o at ,n>a ! "r arm is  
ext5d$ upw>d ) ! palm ( ! h& plac$ to ! 
front4 ,! /atue at ,n>a is made ( bronze
 :i* is /at$ to be compos$ ( gold #ejj1 
m]cury #a1iej1 t9 #af1hbg1 & copp]      
#ihf1jhj lbs41 ! total weight ( ! /atue 
be+ ab\t #dhj tons4 ,ne>ly all ! ,dai   
,butsus 9 ! c\ntry are ( anci5t         
workman%ip4 ,!re is a mod]n "o con/ruct$
 ( wood erect$ 9 ! ye> #ahjj at ,kyoto1 
#fj feet high4 ,z a "w ( art x has1     
h[ev]1 no pret5sions1 :i* re/ entirely  
^u its size4  ,criticisms 9 reg>d to !  
arti/ic m]its ( ^! imm5se images h be5  
num]\s & by no means unanim\s4 ,to my   
m9d !y are sup]b specim5s ( ! "w ( ! old
 metallurgi/s ( ,japan1 & !y are1       
moreov]1 deeply int]e/+ z indicative ( !
 ideas ( _! design]s 9 reg>d to !       
expression ( placid repose ( ,nirvana4  
,mr4 ,basil ,*amb]la9 has appositely    

rem>k$ 9 ref]5ce to ! great /atue at    
,kamakura3 ,no o!r gives su* an         
impression ( maje/y or s truly          
symbolises ! c5tral idea ( ,buddhism1 ! 
intellectual calm :i* comes ( p]fect$ k 
& ! subjugation ( all passion4 ,&       
,lafcadio ,he>n1 t le>n$ au?ority on    
ev]y?+ ,japanese1 :o has br\ght into all
 8 writ+s a poetical feel+ :i* brea!s ! 
v _s ( old ,japan1 has obs]v$ 9 reg>d to
 ! same /atue3 ,! g5tl5ess1 ! dreamy    
passionlessness ( ^? features--! imm5se 
repose ( ! :ole figure--are full (      
beauty & *>m4 ,&1 contr>y to all        
expectations1 ! ne>] y approa* ! giant  
,buddha ! great] ! *>m becomes4 ,y look 
up into ! solemnly beautiful face--into 
! half-clos$ eyes1 t seem to wat* y     
?r\gh _! eyelids ( bronze z g5tly z ^? (
 a *ild2 & y feel t ! image typifies all
 t is t5d] & solemn 9 ! s\l ( ! ,ea/4   
,yet y feel also t only ,japanese ?\ght 
c\ld h creat$ x4 ,its beauty1 its       
dignity1 its p]fect repose1 reflect !   
high] life ( ! race t imag9$ x1 &1 ?\gh 

inspir$ d\btless by "s ,indian model1 z 
! treatm5t ( 8 hair & v>i\s symbolic    
m>ks reveal1 ! art is ,japanese4  ,s    
mighty & beautiful is ! "w t y w = "s "t
 fail to notice ! magnific5t lotus      
plants ( bronze1 fully #ae feet high1   
plant$ be=e ! figure on ano!r side ( !  
great tripod 9 :i* inc5se rods are      
burn+4  ,kaemf]1 writ+ 9 ! sev5te5?     
c5tury1 rem>k$ ( ! ,japanese3 ,z to all 
sorts ( h&icraft1 !y are want+ nei!r    
prop] mat]ials nor indu/ry &            
application1 & s f> is x t !y %\ld h any
 occasion to s5d = ma/]s abroad1 t !y r 
exce$ all o!r nations 9 +5uity &        
neatness ( workman%ip1 p>ticul>ly 9     
brass1 gold1 silv]1 & copp]4 ,9 metal "w
 ! ,japanese h c]ta9ly cultivat$ art to 
a high degree4 ,mu* ( t metal "w 01 (   
c\rse1 employ$ 9 connection ) articles  
:i* mod]n conditions ( life 9 ,japan h  
r5d]$ absolutely or almo/ entirely      
obsolete4 ,! bronze work]s ( ,japan 7 & 
inde$ are /ill fam\s4 ,_! "w z display$ 
9 brazi]s1 inc5se-hold]s1 fl[]-vases1   

lant]ns1 & v>i\s o!r articles ev9ces    
great skill1 :ile ! effects (t5 produc$ 
by ! arti/s 9 ! inlay+ & ov]lay+ (      
metals ) a view ( produc+ a v>iegat$    
picture has long be5 ! wond] &          
admiration ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,x is almo/   
safe to ass]t t ! f9e/ specim5s ( "w (  
?is k9d c nev] be reproduc$4 ,9 ca/+1   
too1 !re 0 no lack ( skill 9 old ,japan4
 ,! big bell at ,kyoto1 :i* is #ad feet 
high by ov] #i feet 9 diamet]1 is a     
suffici5t object-lesson z to ! pr(ici5cy
 atta9$ 9 ca/+ 9 bygone days4 ,mu* ( !  
bronze "w ( ,japan1 especially 9 birds &
 insects1 is to me incomp>able4 ,! mod]n
 bronze "w ( ! c\ntry1 ?\gh c]ta9ly     
beautiful1 does n 9 any respect or any  
degree approa* t ( ! ma/]s ( two or ?ree
 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,9 ! manipulation (   
metals & amalgams ^! m5 h rea*$ a high] 
/&>d ( p]fection ?an _h previ\sly or has
 s9ce be5 atta9$4 ,! bronze "w ( ,japan 
is n1 9 my op9ion1 z g5]ally appreciat$ 
z x des]ves to be4 ,!re is1 ,i ?9k1 no?+
 ( ! same k9d 9 ! _w to be comp>$ ) x :5

 x 0 at its be/4 ,l mu* ( ! o!r art (   
,japan mod]n conditions are1 z ,i h     
said1 n conducive ei!r to its progress  
or developm5t4 ,/ill1 !re is no lack (  
skill 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( art 9      
,japan at ! pres5t "t1 & ,i h se5 "s v  
admirable1 n to say magnific5t1 specim5s
 ( mod]n bronze "w4    ,illu/ration3    
,,bronze ,,inc5se-,,burn] ,,& ,,small   
,,fl[]-,,vase       ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury 
,arm\r is n[ ne>ly z effete 9 ,japan z 9
 ?is c\ntry1 & yet 9 ! decoration (     
arm\r ! ,japanese arti/ 9 metal 0 9 !   
pa/ n only skilful b beautiful4 ,f9e    
specim5s ( arm\r are n[ extremely r>e4  
,t p>ticul> k9d ( "w has1 ( c\rse1 gone 
nev] to return4 ,next 9 importance to   
arm\r came ! sword4 ,"s ( u c rememb] :5
 ! two-sword$ m5 ( ,japan 7 /ill        
actualities1 n1 z !y h n[ become1       
hi/orical entities1 ! t]ror ( ! =eign   
community !re4 ,! sword 0 an important  
&1 inde$1 an ess5tial weapon 9 !        
conditions ( society t obta9$ 9 old     
,japan1 n only = self-def5ce b = (f5sive

 purposes1 ei!r 9 respect ( family feuds
 or individual qu>rels1 :i* 7 almo/     
inv>iably settl$ by ! arbitram5t ( !    
sword4 ,t weapon 0 also us$ = ^?        
suicides kn[n z h>a-kiri1 ! outcome (   
w\nd$ hon\r or self-respect1 :i* 7 su*  
prom95t features 9 ! ,japanese life ( ! 
pa/4 ,"s ,we/]n writ]s h attempt$ to    
poke a mild k9d ( fun at ?is pron5ess ( 
! ,japanese = ! happy despat* on :at    
seem$ to ! writ]s v flimsy or trivial   
gr\nds4 ,to me1 on ! contr>y1 ! practice
 ( h>a-kiri1 indef5sible z x may be 9 "s
 respects1 indicates ! exi/5ce ( a high 
code ( hon\r1 ! slighte/ infr+em5t ( :i*
 r5d]$ life intol]able4 ,! sword !n _h  
innum]able functions1 &1 l almo/ e      
article ( utility 9 ,japan1 x became !  
subject ( elaborate ornam5tation4 ,!    
blade itself 0 br\ght to a high /ate (  
p]fection1 & z reg>ds ! temp]+ ( ! /eel 
has be5 ! admiration ( cutl]s 9 e "p ( !
 globe4 ,inde$ ! sword-mak]s ( ,japan   
are fam\s f ! t5? c5tury d[nw>ds4 ,_m ( 
! sword-blades _h mottoes inscrib$ on   

!m1 & mo/ _h designs ornate & (t5       
elaborate4 ,! accessories ( ! blade & ! 
ornam5tation !re( l5t full scope = t    
arti/ic adornm5t :i* has = ages pa/1 z  
,i h m ?an once rem>k$1 be5 *>act]i/ic (
 almo/ e article us$ 9 ,japan4 ,! we>+ (
 ! sword 0 conf9$ to p]sons ( a c]ta9   
rank1 & diff]5t classes wore diff]5t    
k9ds ( swords4 ,ab\t ! sixte5? c5tury ! 
cu/om ( we>+ two swords1 "o l>ge1 ! o!r 
ab\t ! size ( a dirk1 came into fa%ion4 
,! two-h&$ sword 0 ess5tially a w>      
sword4 ,! col\r ( ! scabb>d 0 almo/     
inv>iably black ) a t+e ( r$ or gre51 & 
x 0 9 mo/ in/ances beautifully lacqu]$4 
,! possessor ( a sword gave full v5t to 
8 ta/es 9 reg>d to ! size & decoration (
 8 weapon4 ,accord+ to ,griffis3        
,daimios (t5 sp5t extravagant sums ^u a 
s+le sword & small =tunes ^u a          
collection4 ,a ,samurai1 h[ev] poor1    
w\ld h a blade ( sure temp] & ri*       
m\nt+s1 deem+ x hon\rable to suff] =    
food t he might h a wor?y emblem ( 8    
rank4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahgg1 ! we>+ (   

swords 0 aboli%$ by an ,imp]ial decree1 
& =eign]s visit+ or resid5t 9 ,japan 9 t
 & ! foll[+ ye>s 7 able to pick up      
magnific5t swords = a few doll>s ea*4   
,i h n space to describe 9 detail ! _m  
accessories :i* w5t to =m ! complete    
sword = ! /rong man arm$ 9 old ,japan1  
or ! elaborate & arti/ic ornam5tation ( 
e detail4 ,9 _m ( ! small pieces ( metal
 "w :i* adorn$ ! swords gold1 silv]1    
plat9a1 copp]1 iron1 /eel1 z9c1 besides 
num]\s alloys 7 us$4 ,! abolition (     
sword-we>+ gave a dea?-bl[ to ! indu/ry 
9 connection ) ! mak+ ( swords except 9 
s f> z x has be5 cont9u$ = ! purpose (  
turn+ !m out = ! ,european m>ket4 ,b    
dur+ ! _m c5turies ! art ( metal "w1 z  
exemplifi$ 9 sword manufacture & !      
ornam5tation ( ! sword & ! v>i\s        
accessories ( x1 exi/$ 9 ,japan x rea*$ 
a magnific5t height ( p]fection4 ,deal+ 
only ) "o p]iod ( x a ,fr5* writ] has   
rem>k$3 ,:at a galaxy ( ma/]s illum9at$ 
! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury6 ,:at a     
multitude ( names & works w\ld h to be  

cit$ 9 any attempt to write a monograph 
^u sword furniture6 ,! humble/ artisan1 
9 ?is univ]sal outbur/ ( art1 is sup]ior
 9 8 ma/]y ( metal to any "o we c\ld "n 
9 ,europe4 ,h[ _m arti/s wor?y ( a place
 9 ! rank are only kn[n to u by a s+le  
piece1 b :i* is q suffici5t to evid5ce  
_! p[]6 ,f #agij to #ahdj art 0 at fev] 
heat1 ! creative faculty produc$ m>vels4
  ,besides ! mak+ & ornam5tation (      
swords ! metal work]s 9 ,japan atta9$   
great skill 9 ! design & f9i% ( _m o!r  
articles :i* 7 9 con/ant use by !       
p--pipes1 cases to hold ! ,indian ink   
:i* =m$ ! writ+ mat]ial1 ! clasps &     
buttons ( tobacco p\*es1 besides vases1 
c4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! mak+ ( alloys ^!     
metal work]s %[$ consid]able +5uity1 !  
alloys us$1 amalgams ( gold1 silv]1     
copp]1 & o!r metals 9 deft proportions1 
result+ 9 magnific5t effects z reg>ds   
ornam5tation & p]man5cy4 ,japan has     
und\bt$ly be5 greatly aid$ 9 ! height to
 :i* ! art ( ! c\ntry ( v>i\s k9ds has  
atta9$ by ! pl5tifulness ( m9]als !re94 

,gold1 silv]1 copp]1 iron1 lead1 t91 &  
_m o!r m9]als exi/4 ,/range to say1 gold
 at "o "t 0 consid]$ no m valuable ?an  
silv]--a fact :i* may acc\nt = ! lavi%  
mann] 9 :i* x 0 us$ = decorative        
purposes 9 art ( all descriptions4  ,i  
fe> t an inevitable result ( ,we/]n     
influ5ces & ! great1 inde$ dra/ic1      
*anges :i* h be5 effect$ !reby 9 !      
ideas1 mann]s1 & cu/oms ( ! ,japanese p 
has be5 ! decay1 if n ! de/ruction1 ( ! 
art connect$ ) metal "w4 ,sword         
manufacture & ev]y?+ relat+ !reto is1 ( 
c\rse1 gone2 o!r metal indu/ries are    
foll[+ suit4 ,! result1 z ,i h said1 0  
inevitable1 b x is none ! less          
deplorable4 ,al?\gh x requires an exp]t 
to deal ) & describe 9 all its inf9ite  
detail ! metal "w ( ,japan1 x does n ne$
 an exp]t's k to pr(\ndly admire x & be 
lo/ 9 admiration at ! skill display$ & !
 pa9s tak5 9 respect ( e "p ( x4 ,!     
work]s 9 ?is1 z inde$ 9 all ! o!r art   
indu/ries ( ,japan 9 ! pa/1 7 q evid5tly
 n m5 9 a hurry or mu* ex]cis$ conc]n+  

_! output1 & scamp+ _! "w 9 ord] to     
e/abli% a record4 ,_! he>ts mu/ h be5 9 
ev]y?+ !y und]took1 & _! sole aim1      
:atev] !y did1 to put into _! "w all _! 
skill & k & love ( ! beautiful4 ,!y1 9  
fact1 work$ n = pelf b = %e] love ( art1
 & s long z ! "w ( ^! arti/s ( v>i\s    
k9ds endures ! _w w assur$ly nev] cease 
to admire x4  ,pa9t+ has1 9 ,japan1 long
 be5 greatly cultivat$1 & 9 "s respects 
highly develop$4 ,!re are v>i\s         
recognis$ s*ools ( pa9t+1 b ,i %all n   
we>y my read]s ) any attempt1 necess>ily
 imp]fect z x w\ld be1 to describe !m 9 
detail4 ,*9a & ! ,buddhi/ religion h    
pr(\ndly influ5c$ pa9t+ z ! o!r arts (  
,japan4 ,inde$1 ! e>ly pa9t]s ( ,japan  
devot$ !mselves almo/ entirely to       
religi\s subjects4 ,mo/ ( _! "w 0       
execut$ on ! walls1 ceil+s1 & slid+     
scre5s ( ! ,buddhi/ temples1 b "s ( x   
/ill exi/s 9 kakemonos1 or wall         
pictures1 & makimonos1 or scroll        
pictures4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury pa9t+1 z well 
z ! arts ( ar*itecture & c>v+1 fl\ri%$  

exce$+ly4 ,kyoto appe>s to h be5 ! great
 arti/ic c5tre4 ,! con/ruction ( temples
 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry proce$$ apace1 & x is 
relat$ t no less ?an #ac1jjj images 7   
c>v$ & pa9t$ dur+ ! reign ( "o emp]or4  
,kyoto 01 9 fact1 ! c5tre ( religi\s    
art4 ,we are told t ! entire city 0 9 a 
con/ant arti/ic f]m5t1 t :ole /reets 7  
conv]t$ into /udios & work%ops1 & t !   
population ( idols & images 0 z num]\s z
 ! human habitation4 ,ne>ly all !       
temples !n con/ruct$ & adorn$ h vani%$1 
b t at ,%iba /ill rema9s to convey to u 
"s idea ( ! arti/ic glories ( ?is p]iod 
( int5se religi\s belief1 :i* gave      
expression to its f]v\r & its fai? 9    
ar*itecture1 c>v+1 & pa9t+4 ,ab\t !     
?irte5? c5tury fl[] & /ill-life pa9t+   
came into vogue4 ,almo/ simultane\sly   
religi\s f]v\r1 z express$ 9 art1 began 
to gr[ cold4 ,! arti/ became ! hang]-on 
( ! ,daimio1 :o 0 too (t5 employ$ 9     
burn+ temples & de/roy+ _! arti/ic      
treasures4 ,! pa9t] !n pa9t$ z 8 fancy  
l$ him1 & if he treat$ ( religi\s       

subjects did n inv>iably d s 9 a        
rev]5tial _s4 ,f "t to "t new s*ools (  
pa9t+ arose1 culm9at+1 9 ! eighte5?     
c5tury1 9 ! ,%ijo s*ool1 :i* made a     
feature ( pa9t+ animals1 birds1 fi%es1  
fl[]s1 c41 f nature1 in/ead ( adh]+ to !
 conv5tional /yle :i* _h previ\sly      
prevail$4 ,! col\r+ ( "s ( ! "w ( ?is   
s*ool is sup]b & is greatly 9 reque/    
among art collectors4  ,( late ye>s     
pa9t+ 9 ,japan seems1 to "s ext5t1 to h 
come "u ,we/]n influ5ces4 ,!re is1      
inde$1 a progressive p>ty 9 pa9t+ :i* n 
only does n resi/ ^! ,we/]n influ5ces b 
actually advocates ! utilisation (      
,we/]n mat]ials & me?ods 9 pa9t+ & !    
disc>d+ ( all t _h made ,japanese pa9t+ 
ess5tially :at x is4 ,i confess to a    
hope t ?is progressive s*ool w n make q 
s mu* progress z its disciples desire4  
,to introduce ,european pigm5ts1 canvas1
 bru%es1 c41 & disc>d ! mat]ials =m]ly 9
 use1 to get rid ( ! ,japanese me?od (  
treat+ subjects1 :e!r l&scapes1 c\ntry  
sc5es1 ! life ( ! p1 repres5tations (   

animals1 & s on1 & replace t me?od by   
imitations ( ,european s*ools ( pa9t+1  
mu/ simply involve ! de/ruction ( all t 
is ess5tially & *>act]i/ically ,japanese
 & ! replac+ ( x by some?+ t is n       
,japanese or inde$ ,ori5tal4 ,! ess5ce (
 art is orig9ality4 ,i admit t art may  
come "u =eign influ5ces & be improv$1 j 
z x may be degrad$1 by !m4 ,if !        
influ5ces ( =eign art are to be         
advantage\s t art mu/1 ,i sugge/1 be 9  
"s measure ak9 to ! /yle ( ! art :i* is 
affect$ by x4 ,= example1 ! influ5ce 9 !
 pa/ ( ,*9a or ,korea ^u an analog\s    
/yle ( art 9 ,japan4 ,b = ,japanese     
pa9t]s to remodel _! peculi> /yle ^u t (
 ,europe mu/ prove z fatal to ,japanese 
pa9t+ z an art z any simil> endeav\r (  
,european pa9t]s to remodel _! /yle ^u t
 ( ,japan w\ld be fatal to ! di/9ctive  
art ( ,europe4 ,i make ?is /atem5t )    
full k ( ! fact t "s art critics 9 ?is  
c\ntry decl>e t ,mr4 ,:i/l] & o!r arti/s
 h be5 l>gely affect$ or influ5c$ 9 _!  
/yle by a /udy ( ,japanese art 9 pa9t+ &

 its me?ods4  ,i h ref]r$ to kakemonos1 
^? wall pictures :i* are su* a pleas+   
feature ( ! simple decoration (         
,japanese h\ses4 ,_m ( ^! are sup]b     
specim5s ( art1 & ! same rem>k may be   
made 9 ref]5ce to ! makimonos1 or scroll
 pictures4 ,x may be t n e ,we/]n eye c 
appreciate ^! ,japanese pa9t+s fully at 
a fir/ glance1 b !y c]ta9ly gr[ ^u "o1 &
 ,i hope ! "t is f> di/ant :5 kakemonos 
w be replac$ 9 ,japanese homes by ^?    
mural decorations1 if ,i may s t]m !m1  
to be se5 9 s _m ,engli% h\ses1 :i* are 
a positive eyesore to any p]son ) ev5 ! 
fa9te/ conception ( art4 ,! "w ( ! old  
pa9t]s ( ,japan1 z x appe>s on kakemonos
 & makimonos1 is n[ r>e4 ,mu* ( x1 z is 
! case ) ! o!r art treasures ( ! c\ntry1
 has gone abroad4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion
 t pa9t+ has n det]iorat$ to any?+ l !  
same ext5t z "s ( ! o!r ,japanese arts4 
,! subjects depict$ by ! arti/s h dur+ !
 c5turies f "t to "t *ang$1 b ! te*nique
 has alt]$ b little4 ,x does n1 ,i "k1  
appeal to ev]ybody1 b x is ! k9d ( art1 

,i reit]ate1 t gr[s ^u "o4 ,no p]son :o 
has int]e/$ himself 9 pa9t+ 9 mod]n     
,japan1 especially on kakemonos1 c1 ,i  
?9k1 h fail$ to be impress$ by !        
exquisite & beautiful "w :i* ! ,japanese
 arti/s 9 col\r to-day produce4         
,illu/ration3 ,,kakemono ,,on ,,pap]    
,,attribut$ ,,to ,,matahei              
,illu/ration3 ,,kakemono ,,on ,,pap]    
,,attribut$ ,,to ,,%imman1 ,,ukiyo      
,,s*ool4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury  ,silk &   
sat9 embroid]y z an indu/ry & an art at 
"o "t atta9$ consid]able importance 9   
,japan1 b ( rec5t ye>s has greatly      
decl9$4 ,! craze among ! upp] classes = 
,european dress has1 ( c\rse1 s]i\sly   
affect$ ! dem& = elaborately embroid]$  
silk & sat9 g>m5ts1 & is b\nd to affect 
x to an ev5 great] ext5t 9 ! future z ! 
cu/om ( we>+ ,european g>b spreads among
 ! p4 ,no "o ) any arti/ic s5sibilities 
c help regrett+ ! fact t ,japan is      
gradually b surely disc>d+ ! di/9ctive  
co/ume ( h] p4 ,t co/ume 0 9 e respect  
appropriate to _! physique & facial     

*>act]i/ics4 ,! same c]ta9ly _c be said 
( ,european attire4 ,h[ev]1 x is n[1 ,i 
suppose1 hopeless to arre/ ! movem5t 9  
?is direction1 & 9 a comp>atively few   
ye>s1 no d\bt1 ! anci5t & hi/oric dress 
( ! ,japanese p w be z obsolete z !     
silks1 sat9s1 ruffles1 c41 ( our        
=efa!rs4  ,& :at rem>k %all ,i make (   
,japanese curios1 ! trade 9 :i* has     
assum$ su* v l>ge dim5sions8 ,h !y no   
claim1 "s ( my read]s may ask1 to be    
includ$ 9 a *apt] on art8 ,!re is no    
d\bt t _m pur*as]s ( !m w\ld be %ock$ 7 
!y to be told t !re 0 no?+ arti/ic 9 _m1
 if n mo/1 ( ^! articles1 t !y 7 made   
simply & solely = ! ,european m>ket1 & t
 ! manufacture ( curios = ?is purpose 0 
n[ j z mu* a trade z is ! mak+ ( screws 
9 ,birm+ham4 ,i am q prep>$ to admit t  
"s ( ! articles includ$ 9 ! g5]ic t]m   
curios1 :i* c n[ be pur*as$ 9 e l>ge t[n
 9 ,great ,brita91 are pretty &         
effective1 b z reg>ds _m ( !m !re is    
c]ta9ly no?+ arti/ic or inde$ p>ticul>ly
 or peculi>ly ,japanese4 ,?is mak+ (    

curios = ! =eign m>ket has1 z ,i h said1
 assum$ consid]able dim5sions 9 ,japan (
 rec5t ye>s1 & 9 connection !re) !      
,japanese has c]ta9ly assimilat$ _m     
,we/]n ideas 9 ref]5ce to pu%+ 8 w>es4  
,z an example 9 po9t ( ?is ,i w quote "h
 an anecdote told me by a fri5d :o _h a 
consid]able k ( ,japan 9 ! 'sev5ties4   
,dur+ "o ( 8 j\rney+s inl&1 :5 /ay+ at a
 ,japanese tea-h\se1 he 0 initiat$ into 
! use ( ,japanese too?-p[d]1 :i* is 9   
pretty g5]al use among ! l[] classes4   
,on leav+ ,japan he pur*as$ & br\ght to 
,engl& a consid]able quantity ( ?is     
too?-p[d]1 & on settl+ d[n 9 ,london he 
discov]$ a ,japanese %op :]e x 0 on     
sale4 ,= "s sev5te5 or eighte5 ye>s he  
pur*as$ ! too?-p[d] at ! %op1 sold 9 !  
little boxes 9 :i* x 0 v5d$ 9 ,japan1 n 
only us+ x himself b introduc+ x to a   
l>ge numb] ( 8 acqua9tances4 ,"o day la/
 ye>1 on go+ into ! %op ref]r$ to to    
make a fur!r pur*ase1 he 0 in=m$ t !y 7 
run out ( too?-p[d] & did n q "k if !y  
w\ld h any m4 ,my fri5d return$ a mon?  

or two lat] to ! same %op on ! same err&
 b5t1 & ask$ if !y _h receiv$ a fre%    
supply4 ,he 0 told t a fur!r supply _h  
come to h& ( v mu* ! same description1 b
 at d\ble ! price4 ,he pur*as$ a box1 ! 
outside ( :i* bore ! foll[+ inscription 
9 ,engli%3 ,japanese ,sanit>y           
,d5tifrice2 ,sup]ior ,quality4 ,apply ! 
p[d] to ! tee? by means ( a bru%1 us+   
mod]ate friction ov] ! :ole surface4 ,on
 op5+ ! box my fri5d f\nd ! p[d] 0      
p]fum$--p]fum$ = ! ,european m>ket6 ,n[ 
too?-p[d] is1 ( c\rse1 n a curio1 nor is
 ! expression mod]ate friction ov] !    
:ole surface1 ,i may rem>k1             
*>act]i/ically ,japanese4 ,! little     
anecdote is1 ,i ?9k1 typical ( ! *ange t
 has come ov] & is /ill actively 9      
progress 9 ,japan--a *ange :i*1 h[ev]   
inevitable1 & b5eficial ?\gh 9 _m       
respects ,i believe x to be1 is mo/     
assur$ly n b5eficial to ! int]e/s ( art 
( any k9d4  ,! fact ( ! matt] is t !    
hurry-scurry ( mod]n civilisation is n  
conducive to arti/ic "w ( any           

description4 ,! man 9 a hurry is        
unlikely to accompli% any?+ ( p]man5t   
value4 ,work+ aga9/ "t is utt]ly        
subv]sive ( ! realisation ( arti/ic     
ideals4 ,! pa/1 :e!r 9 ! ,we/ or ! ,ea/1
 :5 railways1 telegraphs1 telephones1   
newspap]s1 & all ! adjuncts ( mod]n     
progress 7 unkn[n1 0 ! p]iod :5 m5 did  
good & endur+ "w4 ,!y c\ld !n conc5trate
 _! m9ds ^u _! art free f ^? hundr$-&-"o
 discompos+ & disconc]t+ influ5ces :i*  
are ! concomitants ( mod]n civilisation4
 ,! true arti/ ?9ks only ( 8 art2 = him 
x is n m]ely a pr$om9ant1 b 8 sole      
int]e/4 ,he br+s to x all 8 m9d1 8 ideas
 & ideals1 8 en]gy1 en?usiasm1          
p]t9acity2 9 x is conc5trat$ all 8      
ambition4 ,extrane\s matt]s c only      
di/ract 8 m9d f 8 art1 & accord+ly are  
to be abjur$4 ,i fe> ?is exclusiv5ess1  
?is alo(ness1 is r>e n[adays 9 ! ,we/2 x
 is p]haps less r>e 9 ! ,ea/1 b x is    
becom+ r>] !re z ,we/]n influ5ces1      
,we/]n ideas1 & ,we/]n modes ( life &   
me?od ( reg>d+ life make progress4 ,!   

poet1 ! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 ! noveli/1 ! 
dramati/1 if _! "w is to be o!r ?an     
ephem]al1 ne$ an atmosph]e ( repose &   
quietude :]e9 ! m9d c "w & fa%ion ^?    
ideas :i* are to be giv5 mat]ial        
expression free f all di/ract+ & di/urb+
 influ5ces4 ,:]e c ! aspir+ arti/1 "u   
mod]n conditions ( life1 f9d su* a hav5 
( re/8 ,& ev5 if he f9d x ,i fe> he too 
(t5 has no desire to ca/ an*or !re4 ,!  
di/ractions ( life are frequ5tly allur+1
 & ! embryonic arti/s ( to-day assure u 
t !y mu/1 9 mod]n j>gon1 keep 9 t\* )   
mod]n ?\ght ) a view (1 9 mod]n slang1  
be+ up-to-date4 ,ideas su* z ^!--& !y   
seem to me to be n only l>gely preval5t 
b almo/ univ]sal--are 9 my op9ion fatal1
 n only to ! developm5t b to ! v exi/5ce
 ( art4 ,we see 9 ?is c\ntry ! effect ^u
 e dep>tm5t !re(4 ,poetry1 pa9t+1       
sculpture1 lit]ature1 ! drama1 are by   
almo/ g5]al cons5t 9 a /ate ( utt]      
decad5ce4 ,! great poet or pa9t]1 !     
great arti/ 9 words1 on canvas1 9 m>ble1
 or 9 wood--:]e is he8 ,are !re any     

signs or port5ts ( 8 adv5t8 ,none4      
,mod]n conditions ( life h kill$ !      
arti/1 & replac$ him by arti/ic         
m$iocrities or me*anicians :o lab\r n = 
love b = lucre1 & are m conc]n$ ab\t !  
am\nt ( _! output ?an ! quality !re(4 ,&
 z ( ,engl& & ,europe s ,i fe> is x1 & w
 x be to a great] ext5t1 9 ! ne> future 
9 ,japan4 ,! arti/ 9 lacqu]1 porcela91  
metal1 pa9t+1 embroid]y1 _c exi/ "u !   
conditions ( mod]n progress4 ,he may    
/ill produce good & beautiful "w1 b x w 
be no long] arti/ic 9 ! high] s5se ( t  
^w1 j because ^? ideas & ideals :i* make
 ! arti/ & connote art _c exi/ 9 _!     
fulness & purity amid/ ! hurry & bu/le &
 turmoil & desire = weal? :i* are !     
ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! civilisation ( 
,europe & ,am]ica to-day--a civilisation
 :i* ,japan has import$1 & to a l>ge    
degree assimilat$1 & :i* %e mu/ accept )
 its defects z well z its advantages4   
,we may1 & mu/1 regret ! effect ( ?is   
civilisation ^u ! art ( old ,japan1 b   
!re is no good %utt+ "o's eyes to obvi\s

 facts or affect+ to believe t 9 due    
c\rse we %all witness a r5aissance 9    
,japan1 a new bir? ( all t is great &   
gr& & magnific5t 9 h] pa/ hi/ory4  ,!re 
has = "s ye>s be5 a movem5t to prev5t1 z
 f> z possible1 ! pass+ out ( ,japan (  
its art treasures4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has     
dilig5tly catalogu$ all t rema9 9 !     
temples & public build+s to obviate _!  
be+ sold1 & museums h be5 built = !     
purpose ( collect+ & exhibit+ all t is  
be/ & repres5tative ( ,japanese art ,!re
 has also be5 a movem5t among ! noblem5 
& ! upp] classes 9 ! direction ( =m+    
private collections4 ,x 0 "t t /eps su* 
z ^! %\ld be tak54 ,x is a ?\s& pities  
!y 7 n tak5 e>li]4 ,! dra9 ( ,japan's   
art treasures w5t on un*eck$ ye> aft]   
ye>1 & x is probable t ! private &      
public collections ( ,europe & ,am]ica  
conta9 m ,japanese art treasures ?an are
 n[ to be f\nd 9 ,japan itself4 ,i am   
aw>e t 9 ^! collections are also to be  
f\nd no little ( ! spuri\s1 & _m        
articles ) no claim to be consid]$      

arti/ic 9 any s5se ( ! ^w1 b at ! same  
"t !re is no d\bt t1 z ,i h said1 =     
ye>s1 !re 0 a con/ant export ( arti/ic  
weal? f ,japan4 ,! ,revolution ( #ahfh1 
) its consequ5t cataclysms1 caus$ !     
treasures ( _m ( ! great families to    
come on ! m>ket1 ) ! result t !y 7 b\ght
 up at prices (t5 greatly bel[ _!       
intr9sic value & %ipp$ f ! c\ntry4 ,!y  
are ( c\rse gone = ev]1 & ! only ?+ t n[
 rema9s to ,japan is to prev5t z f> z   
possible any ( ! treasures :i* %e       
possesses meet+ ) a simil> fate4 ,i "k  
p]fectly well t art1 l music1 kn[s no?+ 
( nationality1 & t !re is no reason :y !
 resid5t ( ,london or ,new ,york %\ld n 
enjoy ! beauties ( ,japanese art1 & fea/
 8 eyes on ! "w ( "s great ,japanese    
arti/ ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s back j z
 mu* z ! citiz5 ( ,tokio4 ,?is is 9 "o  
s5se true1 b at ! same "t "o _c help    
sympa?is+ ) ! patriotic desire ( a p to 
reta9 9 _! mid/ specim5s ( ! arti/ic    
conceptions & ! arti/ic "w ( ^? fam\s m5
 :o are n[ a%es1 b ^: "w rema9s z a     

symbol & an inc5tive to _! c\ntrym5 to  
ma9ta9 a high /&>d1 & to practise art   
simply & solely = ! love ( x4           
,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,,japanese ,,ar*itecture
   ,!re are1 p]haps1 "s sup]ior p]sons  
:o may consid] t ,japanese ar*itecture  
has no claim to be reg>d$ z art4 ,^!    
p]sons h no conception ( art 9          
ar*itecture unless x be ,doric1 ,go?ic1 
,byzant9e1 ,e>ly ,engli%1 or some?+ ( ! 
k9d1 & unless x be express$ 9 bricks &  
mort>4 ,n[ ,japanese ar*itecture is only
 wood1 b ?\gh only wood1 z reg>ds its   
maje/ic beauty1 seeml9ess1 &            
adaptability to ! purposes = :i* x is   
int5d$1 x /&s unique4 ,moreov]1 x is !  
only timb] ar*itecture 9 ! _w t has     
atta9$ 9 any degree arti/ic importance4 
,almo/ e build+ 9 ,japan is1 or1 to     
speak m accurately1 01 con/ruct$ (      
wood--a fact possibly due to !          
int]m9able e>?quakes to :i* ! c\ntry 0  
long1 & is /ill occasionally1 subject$4 
,9 ,japanese ar*itecture no brick or    
/one is us$ unless x be = f\ndations2   

nev]!less1 ?is re/riction to wood       
mat]ial has n prev5t$ ! ,japanese       
ar*itects ( ! pa/ rais+ /up5d\s         
/ructures :i* 9 beauty ( adornm5t &     
durability h long be5 ! admiration ( !  
,we/]n _w4 ,! ,temple ( ,n>a1 = example1
 0 con/ruct$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e !    
f\ndations ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7 laid4 ,z 
,dr4 ,dress] has p]t95tly rem>k$ 9 ?is  
connection3 ,:at build+s c we %[ 9      
,engl& :i* h exi/$ s9ce ! eigh? c5tury &
 are yet almo/ z p]fect z :5 fir/ built8
 & yet our build+s re/ on a solid       
f\ndation1 & n on e>? :i* is con/antly  
rock$ by natural convulsions4 ,! por* ( 
! temple ( ,todaji is erect$ ^u pill>s  
#ajj feet high by #ab feet 9            
circumf]5ce1 & yet ?is por* is m]ely !  
entrance to ano!r por* equally l>ge1 :i*
 aga9 is itself ! approa* to ! temple   
conta9+ an image ( ,buddha #ec feet high
 ) a halo #hc feet 9 diamet]4 ,!        
sanctu>y ( ! anci5t temple at ,n>a1     
already ref]r$ to1 has columns q #ajj   
feet high consi/+ ( a s+le /em4 ,^!     

anci5t fanes are n bald ar*itectural    
ru9s4 ,_! decoration1 z anci5t z !      
build+ itself1 is q z p]man5t4 ,!y are  
ablaze 9 e "p ) maje/ic decorations 9   
gold & all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 z gorge\s
 & impressive n[ z !y 7 :5 fir/ appli$  
by ! h&s ( ! decorators m ?an a ?\s&    
ye>s ago4 ,z a rec5t writ] on ?is       
subject has appositely rem>k$3 ,x is 9  
detail ! ,japanese ar*itect mo/ excels1 
= if he conceives l a giant he inv>iably
 f9i%es l a jewell]4 ,e detail to ! v   
nails1 :i* are n dull surfaces b r5d]$  
exquisite ornam5ts1 is a "w ( art4      
,ev]y:]e we enc\nt] friezes & c>v+s 9   
relief1 repres5t+ 9 qua9t col\r h>monies
 fl[]s & birds1 or heav5ly spirits play+
 ^u flutes & /r+$ in/rum5ts4  ,x mu/ (t5
 /rike ! ?9k+ man z a curi\s fact t ^!  
old religi\s edifices1 :e!r 9 ,europe or
 ! ,f> ,ea/1 seem to h a p]man5ce ab\t  
!m su* z is n *>act]i/ic ( mod]n build+s
 ( ! same k9d4 ,! reason1 ,i ?9k1 mu/ h 
be5 t ! m5 :o 7 employ$ 9 ! design+ &   
con/ruction ( ^! anci5t build+s1 :e!r 9 

! ,ea/ or ,we/1 7 n m]e m]c5>ies employ$
 = a p>ticul> purpose1 b m5 full ( fai? 
9 _! religion1 a build+ 9 ^: hon\r & =  
^: s]vices !y 7 employ$ to erect1 & :o  
?rew into _! "w _! :ole s\ls1 s to      
speak--gave1 9 fact1 ! be/ ( :at !y _h1 
& employ$ all _! zeal1 en]gy1 &         
en?usiasm ) a view ( p]petuat+1 :e!r 9  
/one1 brick1 or wood1 ! fai? !y s firmly
 held & s de>ly lov$4  ,"s ( ! problems 
t ! ,japanese build]s ( ! pa/ _h to face
 9 ! erection ( a few ( ! great temples 
:i* /ill adorn ! c\ntry h prov$         
insoluble to _m ,european eng9e]s &     
ar*itects4 ,! erection & support ( !    
magnific5t pagoda at ,nikko is an       
example 9 po9t4 ,dr4 ,dress] has ref]r$ 
to ?is & po9t$ out :at he deem$ a great 
wa/e ( mat]ial 9 connection !re)4 ,he   
fail$ to und]/& = :at reason an enorm\s 
log ( wood asc5d$ 9 ! c5tre ( a /ructure
 f its base to ! apex--a log ( wood ab\t
 #b feet 9 diamet]--:ile ne> ! l[] end  
"o equally l>ge 0 bolt$ to ea* ( ! f\r  
sides ( ! c5tral mass4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,dress] 

express$ surprise on ! subject he 0 told
 t ! walls mu/ be /rong en\gh to support
 ! c5tral block2 & on 8 po9t+ out t !   
c5tral block 0 n support$ by ! sides1 he
 0 tak5 up to ! top ( ! build+ & ! fact 
demon/rat$ to him t ! huge c5tral mass 0
 susp5d$ l ! clapp] ( a bell4 ,on       
desc5d+ aga91 :ile ly+ on ! gr\nd1 he   
saw t !re 0 q an in* ( space betwe5 !   
soil & ! great p5dulum--a safegu>d aga9/
 damage by e>?quake4 ,= _m hundr$s (    
ye>s ! c5tre ( gravity ( ?is build+ has1
 by its sw++1 be5 kept )9 ! base1 & !   
fact %[s1 7 evid5ce ne$$1 t ! ,japanese 
ar*itects :o design$ ?is great ,nikko   
,pagoda & simil> /ructures 7 m5 (       
sci5tific capacities :o _h ?\ght out e  
problem connect$ ) ! safety & p]man5ce (
 ! build+ !y 7 employ$ to design4  ,!   
dome/ic dwell+s ( ! great mass ( !      
,japanese p are ( ! simple/ possible    
type4 ,!y are no d\bt evolv$ f ! hut ( !
 ,a9os1 probably ! aborig9es ( ! isl&s1 
/ill to be f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,yesso4 ,!re 
are no walls z we und]/& ! t]m1 ! sides 

be+ compos$1 9 w9t]1 ( amado1 or slid+  
scre5s made ( wood1 & 9 summ] ( %oji1 or
 oil-pap] slides4 ,?is enables1 9 hot   
wea!r1 ! :ole ( ! side ( ! h\se to be   
mov$1 & ! air to be giv5 free +ress &   
egress4 ,nor are ^! habitations divid$  
(f into p]man5t rooms1 z 9 ?is & o!r    
,european c\ntries4 ,pap] scre5s :i*    
slide into grooves divide ! space       
accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,! wood-"w ( ^! 
dwell+s1 :i* are l>gely compos$ (       
camphor-wood1 is bo? )9 & )\t left      
unpa9t$1 & !y g5]ally pres5t a neat &   
allur+ appe>ance4 ,:5 "o comp>es !      
dwell+-places ( ! poore/ inhabitants (  
,japan ) ! hovels 9 ?is c\ntry1 & m     
especially 9 ,irel&1 occupi$ by !       
peasants1 "o is really lo/ 9 wond] at ! 
ignorance ( ^? p]sons :o call ,japan1 & 
no d\bt /ill believe x to h be51 an     
uncivilis$ c\ntry until x 0 br\ght      
intimately into association ) ,occid5tal
 nations4    ,illu/ration3 ,,tea ,,h\se1
 ,,ne> ,,tokio       ,,f ,a ,,pr9t ,,by 
,,hiro%ige  ,z we asc5d 9 ! social scale

 9 ,japan we f9d1 ( c\rse1 a diff]5ce 9 
ar*itecture4 ,! pr9ciple rema9s v mu* ! 
same1 b1 z might be expect$1 ! build+s  
are m elaborate & !re is a weal? (      
ornam5tation :i* is abs5t f ^? ( ! l[]  
classes4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t :at ,i   
may call ecclesia/ical art has l>gely   
influ5c$ ! decoration ( ! h\ses ( !     
nobles & upp] classes 9 ,japan4 ,_m ( ! 
old feudal ca/les1 :i* 7 gems (         
,japanese ar*itecture1 no long] exi/1 b 
"s ( ^? :i* /ill rema9 are exce$+ly     
beautiful specim5s ( wood5 ar*itecture4 
,! ca/le ( ,nagoya1 built 9 ! e>ly "p ( 
! sev5te5? c5tury1 is suppos$ to be !   
f9e/ specim5 ( ! k9d 9 ,japan4  ,b !    
,japanese nev] seems to h be5 ov]mu*    
conc]n$ respect+ 8 dwell+4 ,to compreh5d
 ! beauty ( ,japanese ar*itecture1 to   
see x 9 its purity & to realise all !   
gr&eur t c be cr[d$ into x1 x is        
necess>y to /udy x 9 ! religi\s edifices
 ( ! c\ntry4 ,pla9ness is ! *>act]i/ic (
 ! ,%9to temple2 built z a rule ( p9e1 x
 has a ?at*$ ro(4 ,! fact ( its be+ an  

edifice ( ! ,%9to religion is           
self-evid5t f ! torii :i* /& be=e e     
,%9to temple4 ,!re are no idols or      
ext]ior ornam5tation ( any k9d4 ,! walls
 are left unt\*$ by ei!r ! pa9t] or !   
lacqu]]4 ,9 ! ,buddhi/ temples1 on !    
contr>y1 ! ,japanese arti/ has _h af=d$ 
him full scope = ! ex]cise ( 8 ornam5tal
 +5uity4 ,num]\s c\rty>ds h to be       
trav]s$ be=e rea*+ ! temple itself4 ,^! 
c\rty>ds conta9 _m small build+s1 bronze
 or /one lant]ns1 belfries1 pavilions1  
pagodas1 c41 c41 all elaborately        
decorat$4 ,among/ ! supplem5t>y build+s 
connect$ )1 b occasionally indep5d5t (1 
,buddhi/ temples1 none is m int]e/+ ?an 
! pagoda s intimately associat$ )       
,buddhism 9 e "p ( ! ,f> ,ea/ & s       
typically ,ori5tal 9 its ar*itecture4   
,:at may h be5 ! precise orig9 ( ^!     
five- or sev5-/ori$ erections1 = :at    
purpose !y 7 int5d$1 or :at symbolism1  
if any1 !y 7 ! expression (1 is n[      
l>gely a matt] ( conjecture4 ,no "o :o  
has visit$ ! ,ea/ c at any rate h fail$ 

to be impress$ by !m4 ,9 ,japan :]e1    
save ! l[] /orey1 ! :ole is lacqu]$ r$1 
!y are a /rik+ feature ( ! c\ntry4 ,!   
l[] /orey1 by ! way1 is decorat$ )      
num]\s pa9t$ c>v+s4 ,topp+ ! :ole build+
 is ! twi/$ spire ( bronze4  ,l mo/ o!r 
?+s 9 ,japan1 ! orig9 & developm5t ( !  
ar*itecture ( ! c\ntry is lo/ 9 !       
twilight ( obscurity4 ,korea appe>s to h
 influ5c$ ,japanese ar*itecture1 j z x  
has ,japanese art ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,x is an
 extraord9>y fact t ?is portion ( ,asia 
contigu\s to ! ,japanese isl&s1 :i* has 
= s _m hundr$s ( ye>s pa/ ex]cis$ su* a 
subtle influ5ce on ! art & indu/ries (  
,japan1 %\ld at ! comm5cem5t ( ! tw5tie?
 c5tury h pass$ "u ! suz]a9ty ( t       
c\ntry4 ,:5 "o fully compreh5ds !       
connection 9 v>i\s ways ( ,korea )      
,japan 9 all ! pa/ c5turies1 "o beg9s to
 und]/& ! s5tim5tal feel+ :i* has       
influ5c$ ! :ole nation 9 reg>d to !     
possibility ( ,korea pass+ "u !         
dom9ation ( any o!r ,p[]4 ,at ! beg9n+ (
 ! ?ird c5tury ,korea 0 invad$ by ,japan

 &1 al?\gh ! c\ntry 0 !n conqu]$1 x1 z  
has n infrequ5tly "u simil> circum/ances
 happ5$ 9 hi/ory1 ex]cis$ a pot5t effect
 on bo? ! art & ar*itecture ( ,japan4   
,korean ar*itecture1 ( c\rse1 0 n       
orig9al2 x 0 bas$ on t ( ,*9a1 :i* 9 its
 turn came f ,burmah1 & t aga9 probably 
f ,india4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! sev5? c5tury1  
h[ev]1 ! import$ ar*itecture m or less  
assum$ ! g5]al /yle :i* has s9ce rema9$ 
di/9ctly ,japanese & al?\gh x und\bt$ly 
embodies ev]y?+ t 0 be/ 9 ! ar*itecture 
( ! c\ntries f :i* x d]iv$ its ess5tial 
features1 appe>s to me to h an          
orig9ality ( its own4 ,no man :o has n  
visit$ ! great temples at ,%iba & ,nikko
 c und]/& to :at heights ( sublimity    
wood5 ar*itecture c rise1 :at a gorge\s 
t\t ensemble c be accompli%$ by h>moni\s
 col\r s*emes deftly bl5d$ by arti/s :o 
_h made a /udy ( col\r & all ! details  
connect$ !re)1 & knew h[ to r5d] a      
picturesque effect :i* %\ld be impos+   
)\t be+ ei!r gaudy or gl>+4  ,i am      
afraid t ! results ( ,we/]n civilisation

 h be51 & w cont9ue to be1 fatal to     
,japanese ar*itects4 ,judg+ by ! build+s
 :i* h be5 erect$ 9 ! c\ntry s9ce ,we/]n
 influ5ces h reign$ supreme ,japanese   
ar*itecture is n only dead b buri$4 ,^! 
edifices--hotels1 ,gov]nm5t build+s1    
railway /ations & s on1 are an attempt  
to comb9e ,we/]n & ,japanese /yles4 ,!  
result is an incongruity1 to express x  
mildly1 suffici5t to cause ! arti/ic m9d
 to %udd]4 ,! m5 :o built ! temples at  
,%iba1 at ,nikko1 & 9 v>i\s o!r p>ts ( !
 c\ntry1 & ! pagodas :i* dot ! l&1 are  
dead1 & h left no successors4 ,!re is   
no?+1 9 my op9ion1 t is m likely to be  
influ5c$1 & m injuri\sly influ5c$1 by   
,we/]n ideas ?an ! ar*itecture ( ,japan4
 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 ! c\ntry to erect   
,european build+s1 & ,i suppose x is "o 
t x is impossible to compla9 (4 ,!      
,japanese h\ses1 al?\gh !y h advantages 
9 ! summ]-"t1 are und\bt$ly n well fitt$
 to )/& ! rig\rs ( w9t]2 & ,i h no d\bt 
t1 f ! /&po9t ( mat]ial com=t1 a        
replacem5t ( !m by build+s erect$ on    

,european l9es might be an advantage4 ,b
 f ! arti/ic po9t ( view su* a *ange is 
"o impossible to contemplate )\t a feel+
 ( regret4  ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no human  
possibility ( temples su* z ^? at ,%iba 
& ,nikko ev] aga9 be+ erect$ 9 ,japan4  
,z ,i h previ\sly rem>k$1 build+s su* z 
^! are some?+ m ?an m]e mat]ial         
con/ructions2 !y are ! embodim5t 9      
mat]ial =m ( a liv+ fai? :i* ! design]s 
& build]s attempt$ to set =? 9 _! "w4   
,an age ( disbelief1 ( indiff]5ce1 (    
agno/icism1 is n conducive to !         
con/ruction ( su* edifices4 ,we ne$ n g 
to ,japan = evid5ce ( t obvi\s fact4 ,! 
hide\s mon/rosities 9 ! %ape ( ca!drals1
 *ur*es1 & *apels t h be5 built 9 ?is   
c\ntry dur+ ! pa/ c5tury or two are     
abundant pro(1 7 any ne$$1 t ! fai? &   
piety ^: outw>d & visible manife/ation  
is to be se5 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1         
,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 ,york ,m9/]1 &     
v>i\s o!r noble ar*itectural fanes is no
 long] ) u2 x has gone1 &1 app>5tly1    
inspiration ) x4 ,we c n[ only con/ruct 

walls1 & put ro(s on !m--admirable      
edifices1 no d\bt1 to keep out ! ra91 b 
signify+ no?+ f an arti/ic or ideali/ic 
po9t ( view4 ,& s x is 9 reg>d to       
,japan4 ,ar*itecture !re1 consid]$ z an 
art1 is dead4 ,x may be imitat$ or      
reproduc$1 b ! reproduction w impose on 
no p]son ( arti/ic s5sibilities or k1   
any m ?an a ,%]aton reproduction hail+ f
 ! ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road w\ld impose on 
a connoisseur z ! g5u9e "w ( t great    
arti/ 9 furniture4  ,! art ( ,japan has1
 especially s9ce ! op5+ up ( ! c\ntry1  
be5 closely /udi$ & inve/igat$1 & _m    
le>n$ tomes h be5 writt5 conc]n+ x4 ,i d
 n1 h[ev]1 ?9k t ! art ( ! c\ntry z     
express$ 9 its ar*itecture has receiv$  
any?+ l ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,?is may  
possibly arise f ! fact1 to :i* ,i h    
already ref]r$1 t _m p h :at ,i may t]m 
a re/rict$ def9ition or conception (    
art4 ,o!rs !re are1 aga91 :o consid]    
wood5 ar*itecture to be almo/ a         
contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,words or         
def9itions 9 a matt] ( ?is k9d seem to  

me to be *ildi%4 ,! lov] ( ! beautiful1 
! admir] ( ! hi/oric1 ! inve/igator ( ! 
ebb & fl[ ( religi\s sy/ems & ( !       
s5tim5ts & _s t h influ5c$ & m\ld$ !m at
 diff]5t p]iods ( _! exi/5ce1 c 9 !     
anci5t wood5 temples ( ,japan f9d       
abundant mat]ial = enjoym5t1 in/ruction1
 reflection4 ,i h no hesitation 9       
includ+ ^! build+s 9 t surely expansive 
& compreh5sive t]m1 ,art4     ,,*apt]   
,,xiv  ,,po/al ,,& ,,o!r ,,means ,,(    
,,communication   ,! advancem5t ( a     
nation1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be accurately gaug$
 by ! facilities x possesses or has     
develop$ = ! communication ( its        
inhabitants1 ei!r by p]sonal int]c\rse  
or ^? o!r means :i* sci5ce has ( late   
ye>s discov]$ or evolv$ = ! transmission
 ( ?\ght1 :e!r on bus9ess or o!rwise--! 
lett] po/1 ! telegraph1 & ! telephone4  
,i accord+ly purpose briefly describ+ ! 
ext5t to :i*1 9 ^! respects1 ,japan has 
assimilat$ & utilis$ ,we/]n ideas4  ,i h
 already t\*$ on ! matt] ( railway      
communication1 s ,i w n aga9 ref] to x 9

 any detail4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 rem>k t     
al?\gh railways 9 ,japan h done mu* to  
op5 up ! c\ntry & provide = m frequ5t & 
rapid int]c\rse betwe5 man & man1 !y    
/ill lack mu* 9 ! matt] ( ,european     
ideas ( com=t4 ,!re are ?ree classes (  
c>riages1 & ! f>es ( ea* are extremely  
l[4 ,! gauge is n>r[2 ! c>riages are    
op51 z 9 ,am]ica1 ) "o long seat runn+  
d[n ea* side & a %ort] "o at ! end4 ,9 !
 fir/-class c>riages tea is provid$1 a  
kettle & tea-pot :]e9 to make ! bev]age 
be+ plac$ on ! floor betwe5 ! seats = ! 
use ( pass5g]s4 ,no d\bt ere long !     
,japanese w be m impress$ ?an !y appe>  
to be at pres5t z to ! necessity =      
express tra9s1 high spe$s1 ,pullman &   
re/aurant c>s1 z well z = o!r n[        
indisp5sable *>act]i/ics ( ,engli% &    
,am]ican railways4 ,! initial railway   
l9e 9 ,japan 0 t betwe5 ,yokohama & !   
capital4 ,x 0 popul> & well patronis$ f 
! fir/1 9 contradi/9ction to ! record ( 
railways 9 ,*9a1 :]e ! initial l9e--t   
betwe5 ,%anghai & ,wusung--_h to be     

b\ght up & pull$ up by ! ,*9ese         
au?orities1 9 view ( ! numb] ( ,*9am5 :o
 p]si/$ 9 committ+ suicide by plac+     
!mselves 9 front ( ! tra9 z a prote/--& 
a mo/ effective prote/1 x mu/ be        
admitt$--aga9/ ! introduction into _!   
c\ntry ( ?is contrivance ( ! =eign      
devils4 ,! contra/ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !    
introduction ( railways 0 receiv$ 9 ,*9a
 & ,japan respectively is1 ,i ?9k1      
*>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! disposition 
& m5tal attitude ( ! p ( ! two c\ntries4
  ,a po/al s]vice modell$ on t ( ,europe
 0 inaugurat$ 9 ,japan 9 #ahga by !     
introduction ( a ,gov]nm5t lett] po/    
betwe5 ,tokio1 ,kyoto1 ,osaka1 &        
,yokohama4 ,arrangem5ts _h1 ( c\rse1    
long previ\sly exi/$ = ! transmission ( 
(ficial correspond5ce ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 
b private lett]s 7 convey$ by private   
c>ri]s4 ,! foll[+ ye> ! (ficial po/al   
s]vice 0 ext5d$ to ! :ole ( ,japan1 b n 
till twelve mon?s lat] 7 private c>ri]s 
aboli%$ & ! po/-(fice1 ) all its v>i\s  
ramifications1 con/itut$ a ,/ate        

monopoly4 ,po/c>ds1 emboss$ envelopes1  
newspap] wrapp]s1 & all ! p>aph]nalia--s
 f> z !y _h !n be5 develop$--( ,european
 po/-(fices 7 adopt$ by ! ,japanese     
po/al au?orities1 & caught on ) ! p )   
surpris+ rapidity4 ,9 #ahge mail /eam]s 
7 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,japan & ! ,*9ese     
ports1 & ! next ye> ,japan1 :i* at t "t 
_h1 z ,i h else:]e m5tion$1 to view     
po/-(fices e/abli%$ 9 ! treaty ports1   
h]self plant$ ,japanese po/-(fices 9 bo?
 ,*9a & ,korea4 ,! ,po/al ,union 0 jo9$ 
9 #ahgg1 & f t "t ! ,japanese po/-(fice 
has develop$1 p>i passu ) ! po/-(fices (
 ,european c\ntries until at ! pres5t "t
 x is 9 "s respects ahead ( !m 9 ! matt]
 ( ent]prise & ! facilities x af=ds4 ,! 
,inl& ,p>cel ,po/ 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahib1 & 
x has _h a m>k$ effect 9 ! op5+ up ( !  
c\ntry & ! famili>is+ ( ! p ) _m        
commodities1 pr9cipally ,european1 ( :i*
 !y _h previ\sly no k4 ,at ! pres5t "t  
!re are consid]ably ov] #f1jjj          
po/-(fices4 ,ab\t a ?\s& millions (     
lett]s & po/c>ds--a fav\rite means (    

communication--are h&l$ ye>ly4 ,! numb] 
( p>cels at pres5t s5t ?r\gh ! po/      
am\nts to ab\t elev5 millions annually4 
,e description ( po/-(fice bus9ess z    
kn[n 9 ,europe is n only transact$ 9    
,japan1 b1 s f> z results g to %[1 ea*  
new phase seems to fill a di/9ct want on
 ! "p ( ! p4 ,take ! matt] ( po/al ord]s
 = example1 ! introduction ( :i* 9 ?is  
c\ntry 0 s vigor\sly oppos$ by ! bank+  
community1 b a facility :i* has prov$ ( 
incalculable utility & conv5i5ce to !   
mass ( ! public4 ,po/al ord]s1 :5       
introduc$ into ,japan1 quickly came into
 fav\r4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> only a c]ta9 numb]
 ( (fices 7 au?oris$ to issue & to pay  
^! ord]s4 ,?is numb] has n[ be5 l>gely  
increas$1 & _m millions ( po/al ord]s   
are at pres5t annually sold 9 ,japan4 ,!
 ,int]national ,po/al ,ord] ,s]vice has 
also assum$ consid]able dim5sions1 & has
 l>gely aid$1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! indu/rial &   
comm]cial developm5t ( ! c\ntry4  ,po/  
,(fice ,sav+s ,banks 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,japan
 z f> back z #ahge4 ,! object1 z 9 ?is  

c\ntry1 0 to enc\rage ?rift among ! mass
 ( ! p4 ,! maximum deposit 9 "o ye> (   
any depositor is limit$ to #ejj y5 7ab\t
 #ej74 ,! ,po/ ,(fice ,sav+s ,bank has  
be5 l>gely utilis$1 & bo? ! numb] (     
depositors & ! sums deposit$ cont9ue to 
gr[ on a scale :i* %[s t ! utility &    
b5efit ( ?is in/itution are greatly     
appreciat$ by ! ,japanese p4 ,at fir/ ! 
,sav+s ,bank 0 work$ at a loss2 x took  
"t to develop1 :ile 9 its infancy bank+ 
me?ods 7 probably n z well und]/ood by !
 ,japanese au?orities z !y n[ are4 ,at !
 pres5t "t ! ,po/ ,(fice ,sav+s ,bank 9 
,japan is s work$ t x n only pays all   
its exp5ses b returns a pr(it to !      
national ex*equ]4 ,9 ?is respect x v    
fav\rably comp>es ) ! ,po/ ,(fice ,sav+s
 ,bank z adm9i/]$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* is n
 only work$ at a loss1 b1 ow+ to v>i\s  
causes1 has entail$ a liability1 nom9al 
?\gh x be1 on ! ,briti% taxpay]4        
,telegraphs 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,japan
 9 #ahfi1 &1 z 0 ! cu/om at t "t 9 almo/
 all c\ntries1 ! telegraph foll[$ !     

railway4 ,! fir/ l9e 0 betwe5 ! capital 
& ,yokohama4 ,z "t progress$ "s /eps 7  
tak5 9 ! direction ( develop+ ! sy/em1 b
 x 0 n until #ahgh t ! telegraph s]vice 
9 ,japan 0 plac$ on a prop] foot+4 ,9   
#ahgi ! ,int]national ,telegraph ,union 
0 ent]$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,japan is cov]$
 by a network ( telegraph wires1 & e    
important isl& is 9 communication ) !   
capital4 ,telegrams may be s5t ei!r 9 ! 
,japanese or ,european languages4 ,l e  
o!r means ( communication1 ! telegraph  
has be5 rapidly adopt$ by ! ,japanese p1
 & x n[ =ms su* a "p ( ! national life t
 x is almo/ impossible to imag9e !      
c\ntry )\t a telegraph sy/em4 ,!re are  
ab\t #b1fjj telegraph (fices 9 ,japan1 &
 ov] tw5ty million messages are annually
 despat*$ !refrom4 ,i ?9k x w be admitt$
 t--especially 9 view ( ! difficulties  
occasion$ by ! necessity ( ! op]ators 9 
! telegraph (fices be+ conv]sant to "s  
ext5t ) ! *>act]i/ics ( two absolutely  
diff]5t descriptions ( languages--!     
progress made by ,japan1 & ! developm5t 

& ext5sion ( ! telegraph s]vice ( !     
c\ntry1 h be5 really rem>kable4  ,:5 !  
"q ( introduc+ telephones into ,japan   
came up = consid]ation x 0 treat$       
some:at m practically ?an 0 ! case )    
ref]5ce to a simil> matt] 9 ?is c\ntry4 
,!re 0 !re z "h a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to
 :e!r telephonic communication %\ld be  
left to private ent]prise or be         
con/itut$ a ,gov]nm5t monopoly4 ,aft]   
some:at prolong$ inve/igation x 0 decid$
 t ! telephone s]vice %\ld be set up &  
work$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & 9 ! ye> #ahij ! 
fir/ telephone1 t betwe5 ,tokio &       
,yokohama1 0 op5$4 ,at fir/1 /range to  
say1 ?is new device ( ,we/]n            
civilisation appe>s some:at to h hung   
fire1 & no g5]al dem& sprung up = !     
fitt+ ( ! telephone to private h\ses4 ,x
 requir$1 z inde$ 0 ! case 9 ?is c\ntry1
 "s education ( ! p 9 reg>d to ! p>am\nt
 advantages ( always hav+ ?is means (   
communication at h&4 ,! process (       
education 9 ?is respect 0 n prolong$4   
,be=e ! telephone _h be5 _m ye>s 9 !    

c\ntry ! dem& = its in/allation 9 h\ses 
& (fices became s great t ! ,gov]nm5t _h
 to obta9 a special grant ( money 9 ord]
 to c>ry out ! necess>y "w4 ,accord+ to 
! late/ returns !re are some:]e ab\t    
#cej telephone (fices op5 to ! public1  
:ile ! approximate numb] ( messages     
transmitt$ is ab\t #aej1jjj1jjj4 ,! "t  
is n f> di/ant :51 z ,i ?9k w also be ! 
case 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! telephone w be     
deem$ to be an indisp5sable adjunct (   
almo/ e h\se 9 ! t[ns ( ,japan4  ,9     
connection ) ! means ( communication "o 
or two rem>ks 9 ref]5ce to tramways may 
n be out ( place4 ,^! are entirely1 or  
almo/ entirely1 electric1 & h c]ta9ly1  
if we are to judge by ! patronage       
accord$ to !m1 be5 v fav\rably receiv$  
by ! ,japanese p4 ,accord+ to ! late/   
returns ,i h available !re 7 tw5ty-two  
tramway companies 9 ,japan1 :i* betwe5  
!m1 9 ! ye> #aijd1 c>ri$ ! v respectable
 total ( ov] #gc1jjj1jjj pass5g]s4 ,all 
( ^! l9es save "o are electric4 ,! fir/ 
electric tramway1 t 9 ,kyoto1 0 op5$ 9  

#ahie1 s t ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry 9 ?is
 direction has proce$$ rapidly4 ,!      
,tokio ,electric ,tramway ,company pays 
a divid5d ( #aa p] c5t41 & al?\gh ?is is
 a record :i* "s ( ! o!r l9es h n yet   
atta9$1 & may n possibly atta91         
nev]!less ^! matt]s mu/ n be altoge!r   
look$ at f ! po9t ( view ( divid5ds4 ,! 
%>ehold] v probably reg>ds !m f t       
/&po9t1 b ,i sugge/ t ! facilities giv5 
to a t[n may be z great or ev5 great] by
 a tramway pay+ #b1 or #c1 or #e p] c5t4
 z by "o pay+ d\ble t figure4 ,inde$1   
l>ge divid5ds are (t5 e>n$ by cutt+ d[n 
exp5diture or ab/a9+ f exp5diture       
design$ to increase ! facilities (      
pass5g]s4 ,!re is e prospect ( electric 
tramways be+ ext5d$ to e t[n ( any      
importance 9 ,japan1 & ,i am confid5t !y
 w greatly aid 9 ! indu/rial developm5t 
( ! l&4    ,illu/ration3 ,,rial         
,,transport2 ,,basket ,,slung ,,on      
,,ropes1 ,,prov9ce     ,,( ,,hida       
,,f ,a ,,pr9t ,,by ,,hiro%ige  ,i _c    
leave a consid]ation ( ! means (        

communication 9 ,japan )\t mak+ "s      
ref]5ce to t some:at peculi> vehicle :i*
 is by s _m p]sons deem$ to be          
ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( ! c\ntry1       
al?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,i believe x  
is ( comp>atively rec5t introduction1   
hav+ be5 introduc$ ei!r by a ,european  
or an ,am]ican2 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to !  
j9rick%a4 ,be=e ,japan became to s great
 an ext5t ! objective po9t ( !          
globe-trott]1 & ,europe1 ?r\gh ! m$ium (
 num]\s books1 0 r5d]$ conv]sant )      
ev]y?+ relat+ to ! c\ntry1 no?+ m /ruck 
! imag9ation ( ! new arrival 9 ,japan   
?an ! sight ( ?is extraord9>y vehicle--a
 k9d ( arm*air on :eels ) two %afts1    
pull$ by a man scantily clad & )        
extremely muscul> legs4 ,:oev] 0 !      
individual responsible = ! inv5tion ( ! 
j9rick%a1 he c]ta9ly conf]r$ a great    
boon on all =eign]s resid5t 9 ,japan    
be=e railways & tramways & o!r means (  
communication became z preval5t z !y n[ 
are4 ,! long di/ances trav]s$ by ! man  
betwe5 ! %afts ( a j9rick%a & ! spe$ he 

atta9$ & ma9ta9$ 7 almo/ a m>vel to !   
=eign visitor4 ,x 0 possible to get ab\t
 ! c\ntry 9 "o ( ^! vehicles q z fa/ z  
any horse-drawn vehicle c\ld convey "o1 
& q z com=tably4 ,i h he>d x /at$ t ! m5
 :o pull ^! vehicles unduly develop _!  
legs at ! exp5se ( o!r portions ( _!    
body1 & t ! spe$ at :i* !y run & :i* !y 
c]ta9ly keep up = extraord9>ily long    
p]iods has extremely injuri\s effects on
 _! con/itution1 s t !y are1 z a rule1 n
 long-liv$4 ,i am n aw>e1 nor h ,i be5  
able to asc]ta91 :e!r su* /atem5ts are  
m]e !ories or h any f\ndation 9 fact4   
,?is mu* ,i w say1 t ! ,japanese        
j9rick%a-runn]s are an extraord9>y class
 9 ref]5ce to ! spe$ :i* !y atta9 dragg+
 a goodly weight = a v long di/ance4 ,x 
does n seem likely t ! j9rick%a1        
acclimatis$ z x has be5 9 ,japan1 w be  
ou/$ by o!r mod]n contrivances = gett+  
ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,x is /ill v mu* 9       
evid5ce1 & x is univ]sally admitt$ by ^?
 :o h _h exp]i5ce ( x to be a mo/       
com=table means ( locomotion4 ,:y x has 

nev] come into fav\r1 at lea/ to any    
ext5t1 else:]e ?an 9 ,japan ,i h nev]   
be5 able to und]/&4 ,c]ta9ly j9rick%as c
 be hir$ at ,%anghai1 & !y are to be se5
 at "o or two o!r places 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 b
 x may be reg>d$ z a di/9ctly ,japanese 
vehicle1 al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 !re is    
no?+ ,japanese ab\t x except+ its       
adaptation 9 ! c\ntry4  ,i rem>k$ at !  
comm5cem5t ( ?is *apt] t we may prop]ly 
gauge ! progress ( a nation by !        
facilities x possesses or has develop$ =
 int]-communication p]sonally & o!rwise4
 ,i hope ! few rem>ks ,i h made on ?is  
head may enable my read]s to =m "s idea 
z to ! position ( ,japan 9 ?is matt]4 ,i
 h n we>i$ !m ) /ati/ics1 b ,i h1 ,i    
?9k1 said en\gh to %[ t 9 ev]y?+ relat+ 
to communication1 :e!r x be ! locomotion
 ( ! individual or ! facilities giv5 to 
him to communicate 8 wi%es1 desires1    
aspirations1 s5tim5ts1 ,japan is n[ well
 9 l9e ) all ! o!r great civilis$ ,p[]s1
 & has reason to be pr\d ( ! progress %e
 has made & ! mann] 9 :i* %e has adapt$ 

to ! requirem5ts ( h] p ! ideas &       
inv5tions %e has obta9$ f ,europe &     
,am]ica4     ,,*apt] ,,xv  ,,law ,,&    
,,ord]   ,9 e nation :i* aspires to be  
reg>d$ z civilis$ ! supremacy ( ! law & 
! ma9t5ance ( ord] are matt]s ( supreme 
importance4 ,! mo/ p]fect code ( law ev]
 devis$ is q evid5tly ( no importance   
unless adequate means exi/ = en=c+ its  
provisions1 & al?\gh ju/ice may be laud$
 z a mo/ admirable object ( atta9m5t1   
yet1 unless ! c\rts ( ! c\ntry are      
indep5d5t1 hold ! scales ev5ly & use !  
sword ) imp>tiality1 ju/ice w rema9     
m]ely a s5tim5t1 & !re w be no practical
 exemplification ( x4 ,i h consid]$ 9   
?is book z t]sely z possible mo/ ( !    
factors ( civilisation 9 ,japan4 ,let me
 briefly deal ) ?is matt] ( law & ord]4 
,:5 ! ,revolution 0 effect$ 9 #ahfh !   
:ole legal proc$ure ( ! c\ntry 0 ?r[n m 
or less into a condition (              
disorganisation4 ,prior to #ahfh1 z my  
read]s w h se51 feudal pr9ciples        
prevail$ 9 ,japan4 ,! feudal lords1 or  

,daimios1 adm9i/]$ ju/ice1 or :at pass$ 
= x1 )9 _! own t]ritories1 & !y 7       
answ]able to ! c5tral au?ority4 ,9 !ory 
! feudal lords 7 commission]s ( ! rul+  
sov]eign f :om !y d]iv$ _! au?ority2 9  
practice !y 7 v l>gely a law unto       
!mselves1 & _! subjects _h little or no 
practical *ance ( r$ress 9 ! ev5t ( _!  
suff]+ any inju/ice4 ,x is v difficult  
to asc]ta9 :e!r !re 0 9 reality a legal 
code ( any k9d 9 exi/5ce & "u ! k5 ( ^! 
feudal lords4 ,! legal sy/em !n 9 vogue 
appe>s to h be5 bas$ = ! mo/ "p on cu/om
 & usage4 ,a writ] on ! subject has     
rem>k$ t ! few writt5 laws 7 ( a        
?or\ghly practical "*4 ,un=tunately ,i h
 n _h an opportunity ( acqua9t+ myself )
 ! nature ( ^! laws4 ,!y 7 probably1 l  
ev]y?+ else 9 ! c\ntry1 import$ f ,*9a1 
& inde$ ! ,*9ese legal sy/em has be5    
supreme 9 ,japan until rec5tly1 & ev5 n[
 ,i am n q c]ta9 t mu* ( its influ5ce   
does n rema94 ,i h read t ! fundam5tal  
pr9ciple und]ly+ ! writt5 laws ref]r$ to
 0 t3 ,! p %\ld obey ! law1 b %\ld n "k 

! law4 ,! code 0 accord+ly a secret "o4 
,i h n space1 nor inde$ h ,i any        
incl9ation1 to deal ) :at is1 aft] all1 
an academical "q z to ! law preval5t 9  
,japan prior to ! ,revolution4 ,x 0     
probably = ! mo/ "p1 j z 9 o!r c\ntries 
:5 feudalism exi/$1 a k9d ( r\gh-&-ready
 ju/ice1 :i* p]haps s]v$ its purpose    
well at ! "t1 & dep5d$ m z reg>ds !     
matt] ( ju/ice ^u ! adm9i/rator ( x ?an 
^u ! code itself4 ,?\gh ! ,revolution   
took place 9 #ahfh1 x 0 n until #ahga t 
! ,daimios 7 depriv$ ( all _!           
adm9i/rative au?ority4 ,! :ole ( !      
c\ntry 0 !n divid$ into di/ricts "u !   
control ( ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 & all     
relics ( feudalism & class privileges1  
:i* _h be5 num]\s1 7 ru?lessly swept    
away4 ,9 due c\rse a civil code1        
comm]cial code1 code ( civil proc$ure1 &
 code ( crim9al proc$ure 7 issu$4 ,"o or
 two ( ^! codes 7 f\nd n to "w well 9   
practice1 & !y h be5 submitt$ to &      
revis$ by committees specially appo9t$ =
 t purpose4  ,z ,i /at$ 9 ! *apt] on !  

,con/itution ! indep5d5ce ( ! judges is 
recognis$ & provid$ =4 ,! legal sy/em ( 
,japan at ! pres5t "t is eclectic4 ,z ,i
 h said1 ! ,*9ese sy/em ( legal proc$ure
 long obta9$1 & its influ5ces may p]haps
 to "s ext5t /ill rema94 ,nev]!less     
,japan has gone to v>i\s c\ntries &     
select$ :at %e deem$ good 9 ea* = h]    
pres5t legal sy/em4 ,! jurisprud5ce (   
bo? ,france & ,engl& h be5 l>gely drawn 
on4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! civil law cu/om is1 
z might h be5 expect$ 9 view ( !        
circum/ances ( ! c\ntry1 /ill /rongly   
reli$ on4 ,!re has (t5 be5 a difficulty 
9 asc]ta9+ cu/om ow+ to ! *ang$ & *ang+ 
conditions ( ! nation1 & 9 ref]5ce !reto
 v mu* ! same proc$ure has foll[$ z 9   
?is c\ntry :]e ! "q ( cu/om is s        
frequ5tly plead$ 9 ! c\rts ( law4 ,"s ( 
! ,g]man sy/em ( jurisprud5ce has also  
be5 includ$ 9 ! ,japanese legal sy/em4  
,z ,i h else:]e obs]v$1 ! sugge/ion to  
aboli% extra-t]ritoriality1 & ) x !     
=eign c\rts 9 ,japan1 met ) a           
consid]able am\nt ( opposition f ! =eign

 community !re :o believ$ t !y w\ld n be
 able to obta9 ju/ice 9 ! ,japanese     
c\rts4 ,^! fe>s h be5 %[n to be         
gr\ndless1 & x is n[ g5]ally recognis$ t
 ! =eign] 9 ,japan ne$ h no fe> ( go+   
into a ,japanese c\rt :]e he is1 :e!r x 
be a civil or crim9al matt]1 c]ta9 to   
obta9 a p]fectly fair trial4  ,closely  
connect$ ) law is ! matt] ( police4 ,9  
,japan ! police ( ! c\ntry are entirely 
"u ! control ( ! ,/ate1 j z are !       
con/abul>y 9 ,irel&4 ,! police are "u ! 
ord]s ( ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 :o has a 
special (fice = deal+ ) ! matt]4 ,! co/ 
( ! =ce is1 h[ev]1 paid by ea*          
prefecture1 ! ,/ate grant+ a small      
subsidy4 ,accord+ to ! late/ /ati/ics1 !
 police =ce ( ,japan am\nt$ to some?+ "u
 #ce1jjj (fic]s & m54 ,:5 we consid] t  
?is body ( m5 is responsible = !        
en=cem5t ( ! law & ! pres]vation ( ord] 
among "s #dg1jjj1jjj p1 x w1 ,i ?9k1 be 
admitt$ t ! numb] is n excessive4 ,!    
social condition ( ! ,japanese police1  
if ,i may use su* a t]m1 is high] ?an t 

( ! police 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,9     
,japan ! police =ce _h its g5esis aft] !
 abolition ( feudalism1 &1 z a matt] (  
fact1 a l>ge proportion ( ! fir/ memb]s 
!re( belong$ to ! ,samurai class4 ,!    
social position & intellectual atta9m5t 
( ^! "y m5 gave :at ,i may t]m a /&+ to 
! police =ce 9 ,japan :i* x has n yet   
lo/4 ,( c\rse1 no?+ l ! same class ( m5 
is n[ attract$ to x1 ! sal>ies are      
comp>atively small & ! "w is n          
ov]-cong5ial = p ^: ideas are su* z ^? (
 ! ,japanese4  ,i may m5tion1 z an      
int]e/+ feature 9 ?is connection1 t !   
,gov]nm5t h e/abli%$ a police & prison  
college 9 ,tokio1 :]e bo? police &      
prison (ficials are effectively tra9$ = 
! dis*>ge ( _! duties4 ,?is college 0   
e/abli%$ :5 extra-t]ritoriality 0       
aboli%$1 ) ! view ( ensur+ a high] tra9+
 9 view ( ! additional responsibilities 
t w\ld devolve ^u ! police & prison     
(ficials4  ,f police ,i naturally come  
to "s consid]ation ( prisons4 ,!re are a
 l>ge numb] ( p 9 ?is c\ntry :o h ! idea

 9 _! m9d t prisons are a weak po9t 9   
all =eign c\ntries1 & t x is only 9     
,engl& t ^! regrettable in/itutions are 
prop]ly manag$4 ,9 fact ! idea n[ seems 
to be preval5t "h t we h gone too f> 9 !
 direction ( mak+ prisons com=table1 & t
 excell5t allit]ation ,coddl$ ,crim9als 
has m ?an once done duty 9 pr9t 9 ?is   
connection4 ,i consid] t ! pres5t prison
 sy/em 9 ,japan is regulat$ & adm9i/]$  
on s\nd] pr9ciples ?an ^? t obta9 9 ?is 
c\ntry4 ,!re are 9 all ab\t #adj prisons
 9 ,japan4 ,all ! old prisons 9 ! c\ntry
 7 con/ruct$ ( wood & arrang$ on !      
associate sy/em4 ,a sep>ate cell sy/em  
is1 h[ev]1 specially provid$ = =eign    
crim9als1 :o are giv5 clo!s1 b$d+1 & o!r
 articles to :i* !y are us$4 ,!         
,gov]nm5t1 a few ye>s ago1 comm5c$ !    
con/ruction ( a numb] ( new prisons1 = !
 mo/ "p built ( brick1 9 :i* a mix$     
sy/em ( sep>ation & association1 accord+
 to ! (f5ces ( ! prison]s1 w be employ$4
 ,! w9d[s ( ^! prisons 7 direct$ to be  
made especially l>ge1 s t ! prison]s    

might h pl5ty ( light & air4 ,?is is a  
matt] 9 :i* "s =eign ,gov]nm5ts1 t ( ?is
 c\ntry includ$1 might well take a      
lesson f ,japan4  ,x is pleas+ to be    
able to /ate t s9ce #ahii ! inmates ( ! 
prisons h be5 decreas+ 9 numb]4 ,!re is 
no?+ q analog\s to ! ticket-(-leave     
sy/em 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,p>ole is sugge/$ by
 a prison gov]nor to ! ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice 
9 ref]5ce to any prison] :om he may deem
 wor?y ( ! privilege1 provid$ t prison] 
has complet$ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! s5t5ce      
impos$ ^u him & has %[n a disposition to
 live m wor?ily4 ,i d n q "k h[ ?is     
latt] fact is made pla9 9 gaol1 b at any
 rate ! prison gov]nor has to be conv9c$
 ( x4 ,a prison] ?us releas$ rema9s "u  
police sup]vision dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8    
s5t5ce4  ,9 ,japan ! dea? p5alty is n   
conf9$ to murd]4 ,x may be inflict$ =   
robb]y ) viol5ce1 homicide1 w\nds       
inflict$ by *ildr5 ^u _! fa!rs1 mo!rs1 &
 gr&-p>5ts1 z well z = arson4 ,?is s\nds
 a some:at dra/ic blood code1 b :5 ,i   
/ate t ! av]age numb] ( p]sons execut$ 9

 ,japan does n exce$ ?irty a ye>1 x w be
 se5 t ei!r ! crimes m5tion$ are        
infrequ5t or t ! puni%m5t ( dea? is only
 inflict$ 9 extreme cases4  ,"o int]e/+ 
feature ( ! ,japanese prison sy/em is ! 
grant+ ( m$als to crim9als :o h %[n an  
am5dm5t ( _! lives by good conduct &    
dilig5ce at _! "w4 ,! privileges enjoy$ 
by p]sons possess+ ^! m$als are s       
int]e/+ t ,i w transcribe !m "h3--  #a4 
,all m$alli/s are suppli$ ) sup]ior k9ds
 ( g>m5ts & o!r articles4  #b4 ,ea*     
m$alli/ is all[$ to s5d out two lett]s  
p] mon?4  #c4 ,m$alli/s enjoy !         
privilege ( ba?+ prior to o!r prison]s1 
hot wat] be+ us$ 9 accordance ) ! g5]al 
cu/om ( ! ,japanese p4  #d4 ,! supply ( 
accessories is increas$ 9 quantity e    
week = m$alli/s1 accord+ to ! numb] (   
m$als grant$1 to ! ext5t ( an increas$  
exp5se ( two s5 or less = "o meal p]    
p]son4 ,?is increase is grant$ once a   
week to ! possessor ( two m$als1 & ?ree 
times a week = ea* possessor ( ?ree     
m$als4  #e4 ,! allotm5t ( e>n+s is made 

9 ! foll[+ proportion1 ! rema9d] be+    
appli$ to prison exp5ses3--  ,?ree-t5?s 
to ea* felon to :om "o m$al has be5     
grant$4  ,f\r-t5?s to ea* misdemeanant  
to :om "o m$al has be5 aw>d$4  ,f\r-t5?s
 to ea* felon hav+ be5 grant$ two m$als4
  ,five-t5?s to ea* felon possess+ ?ree 
m$als4  ,six-t5?s to ea* misdemeanant   
grant$ ?ree m$als4  ,!re is no ne$ = me 
to deal ) ! "q ( puni%m5t ( crim9als 9  
,japanese prisons4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 rem>k 
t 9 respect ( =eign crim9als e ef=t is  
made to treat !m 9 accordance ) _!      
conditions ( national life 9 reg>d to   
ba?+1 food1 c4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! "q (     
prison lab\r1 :i* has become some:at ( a
 vex$ economic problem 9 ?is c\ntry1 !  
,japanese au?orities d n appe> to       
exp]i5ce mu* difficulty4 ,! object ( !  
prison sy/em ( lab\r is to give !       
prison]s a c>eful tra9+1 & to enc\rage  
dilig5ce1 s t on _! return to ! _w !y   
may n exp]i5ce difficulty 9 obta9+      
employm5t4 ,! lab\r is ( two            
k9ds--,gov]nm5t1 & = private            

individuals4 ,9 ! latt] case ! necess>y 
lab\r is obta9$ f ! prisons direct1 !   
employ]s supply+ ! mat]ial4 ,i ?9k ?is  
"p ( ! sy/em is p]haps op5 to "q1 z x   
has be5 f\nd 9 o!r c\ntries productive (
 grave abuses4  ,! dis*>g$ prison] 9    
,japan1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 f9ds a        
difficulty 9 obta9+ employm5t1 & sev]al 
societies simil> to ^? 9 exi/5ce "h h   
be5 e/abli%$ ) a view ( assi/+ dis*>g$  
prison]s4 ,i h n suffici5t in=mation to 
enable me to say :at measure ( success  
^! societies h a*iev$4 ,9 a c\ntry l    
,japan1 :i* is endeav\r+ to p]fect all  
h] in/itutions1 ,i hope t ! dis*>g$     
prison] problem w be solv$ o!rwise ?an  
by philan?ropic societies4 ,! crim9al :o
 has complet$ 8 s5t5ce ought to be deem$
 to h purg$ 8 (f5ce1 & has a "r to      
return to ! community & obta9 "w until1 
if ev]1 he aga9 misconducts himself4  ,i
 hope my few rem>ks on ! subject ( !    
means tak5 9 ,japan to ma9ta9 law & ord]
 w t5d to conv9ce my read]s t 9 e detail
 ( h] adm9i/ration ,japan has %[n a     

capacity = adapt+ :at is good 9 =eign   
nations & m\ld+ x = h] own purposes4 ,! 
=eign community 9 ,japan has long s9ce  
got ov] its /ate ( panic 9 reg>d to !   
dang] ( su+ & be+ su$ 9 ,japanese c\rts1
 & ! possibility ( be+ an inmate ( a    
,japanese gaol4 ,! ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce 
! treaties 7 revis$ h demon/rat$ cle>ly 
t1 if any?+1 extra consid]ation is %[n  
to ! =eign] 9 all ! details ( !         
adm9i/ration ( ! law 9 ,japan4 ,i rem>k$
 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] t ! supremacy (
 ! law & ! ma9t5ance ( ord] are matt]s (
 supreme importance 9 e civilis$ c\ntry4
 ,japan has recognis$ ?is fact1 & %e has
 act$ ^u ! recognition !re( ) mo/       
admirable results4     ,,*apt] ,,xvi    
,,lit]ature ,,& ,,! ,,drama   ,!        
lit]ature ( ,japan is a some:at         
recondite subject1 :ile ! ,japanese     
drama is at pres5t1 l _m o!r ?+s 9 !    
c\ntry1 to a great ext5t 9 a /ate (     
transition4 ,/ill1 "s rem>ks on ^! two  
matt]s are1 ,i consid]1 absolutely      
ess5tial 9 ord] t my read]s may =m "s   

idea ( two important phases ( ,japanese 
life4 ,! lit]ature ( ,japan is inde$    
l>gely mix$ up ) ! national life ?r\gh  
_m c5turies--a reflection1 9 fact1 ( x4 
,! late ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold1 ^: great    
au?ority on ev]y?+ connect$ ) ,japan is 
g5]ally admitt$1 has obs]v$ 9 ref]5ce to
 ! lit]ature ( t c\ntry3 ,! "t w come :5
 ,japan1 safe1 fam\s1 & glad ) ! promise
 ( peaceful ye>s to foll[ & to rew>d ?is
 pres5t p]iod ( life & dea? conflict1 w 
engage once aga9 ! attraction ( ! ,we/]n
 nations on ! side ( h] arti/ic &       
intellectual gifts4 ,already 9 ?is "p ( 
! globe p]sons ( culture h become well  
aw>e h[ high & subtle is h] arti/ic     
g5ius2 & by & by x w be discov]$ t !re  
are real treasures to be f\nd 9 h]      
lit]ature4 ,moreov]1 ,engl&1 beyond any 
o!r ,european c\ntry1 is likely to be   
attract$ to ?is bran*1 at pres5t        
naturally neglect$1 ( :at may be call$ !
 spiritual side ( ,japanese life4  ,!   
drawback to ! fulfilm5t ( ! some:at     
optimi/ic =eca/ ( ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold is 

! great difficulty exp]i5c$ by ! ,we/]n 
nations 9 acquir+ a suffici5t k ( !     
language 9 :i* ! treasures ( ,japanese  
lit]ature are emb$d$ if n entomb$4 ,no  
man c ev] grasp ! beauties ( a          
lit]ature1 & especially an ,ori5tal     
lit]ature1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a            
translation1 h[ev] well done4 ,a        
translation is l a diamond ) !          
brilliancy remov$1 if we c imag9e su* a 
?+4 ,x may be faultlessly correct 9 its 
r5d]+1 & yet absolutely mislead+ 9 its  
int]pretation ( ! orig9al4  ,japanese   
lit]ature embraces poetry1 hi/ory1      
fiction1 books ( c]emony & travel1 z    
well z _m works ( an e?ical nature4     
,poetry is suppos$ to h rea*$ its mo/   
brilliant p]iod 9 ,japan a long way     
back--long ev5 be=e ,ge(frey ,*auc] took
 up 8 p5 to write ^? immortal l9es :i*  
,i fe> b comp>atively few ,engli%m5 n[  
read4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is poetry ( twelve 
hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,a/on--p]haps !   
greate/ au?ority on ! subject--rem>ks3  
,:ile ! eigh? c5tury has left u little  

or no prose lit]ature ( importance1 x 0 
emphatically ! gold5 age ( poetry4      
,japan has n[ outgr[n ! artless         
effusions describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 &  
dur+ ?is p]iod produc$ a body ( v]se (  
an excell5ce :i* has nev] s9ce be5      
surpass$4 ,! read] :o expects to f9d ?is
 poetry ( a nation j em]g+ f ! b>b>ic   
/age ( culture *>act]is$ by rude1       
untutor$ vig\r1 w be surpris$ to le>n t1
 on ! contr>y1 x is di/+ui%$ by poli% r 
?an p[]4 ,x is delicate 9 s5tim5t &     
ref9$ 9 language1 & displays exquisite  
skill ( phrase ) a c>eful adh]5ce to    
c]ta9 canons ( composition ( its own4   
,i confess my k ( ! language is         
insuffici5t to enable me to read        
,japan's lit]>y treasures 9 ! orig9al1 &
 z ,i h rem>k$1 no man ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a
 translation c adequately =m a correct  
op9ion respect+ any description ( =eign 
lit]ature4 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 t mod]n ,japan
 is z little conc]n$ ) its eigh?-c5tury 
poetry z ! mod]n ,engli%man is ) t (    
,*auc]1 n to speak ( ^? great poets1 mo/

 ( :om are n[ =gott51 :o liv$ long be=e 
,*auc] & ^: v]ses 7 n only read b sung  
?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&4  ,9 a   
mu* lat] p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1   
lit]ature 0 und\bt$ly greatly 9 vogue4  
,!re 0 evolv$ :at ,i may t]m a di/9ct   
lit]>y class1 ! language & lit]ature (  
,*9a 7 dilig5tly /udi$1 & v mu* ( !     
lit]ature ( ?is "t is writt5 9 ,*9ese4  
,t language1 inde$1 seems to h be5 at "o
 p]iod reg>d$ 9 ,japan v mu* z ,lat9 01 
& 9 "s qu>t]s is ev5 /ill1 reg>d$ 9     
,europe z ! appropriate m$ium = express+
 ! mo/ sublime ?\ghts ( ! brighte/      
intellects4 ,! fiction ( ?is p]iod1     
usually t]m$ ! ,heian--& !re is pl5ty ( 
x /ill 9 exi/5ce--0 = ! mo/ "p writt5 by
 wom51 s t x w be se5 ! female noveli/  
is n1 z "s p]sons appe> to imag9e1 a    
comp>atively mod]n developm5t4 ,aft] !  
twelf? c5tury--& mo/ ( ! lit]ature ,i h 
ref]r$ to is ant]ior to t--petty w>s    
betwe5 ! feudal pr9ces appe> to h be5   
incessant1 & ! :ole c\ntry 0 = a great  
numb] ( ye>s m conc]n$ ) fight+ ?an )   

lit]ature4 ,hi/ory or hi/orical romance 
seems to h be5 ! fav\rite lit]>y        
ex]citation dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,a good deal
 ( ! lit]ature !re( is /ill1 ,i und]/&1 
read 9 ,japan1 especially by its y\?1 = 
:om ! /irr+ episodes embodi$ 9 ! hi/ory 
& hi/orical romances ( ^! bellicose     
times seem to h an especial fasc9ation4 
,! ,tokugawa p]iod1 cov]+ ! #bgj ye>s   
dur+ :i* ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,tycoon 0      
in/all$ 9 ,y$do1 0 "o dur+ :i* lit]ature
 made great progress 9 ,japan4 ,^? ye>s 
7 a "t ( pr(\nd peace2 ! c\ntry 0 cut (f
 f ! re/ ( ! _w1 ?r[n 9 ^u itself1 &    
accord+ly _h ample leisure1 & possibly  
mu* incl9ation1 to develop its arti/ic  
side1 especially 9 lit]ature4 ,! /udy ( 
books 0 preval5t ev]y:]e1 & q a b& (    
tea*]s arose 9 ! l& ^: mission x 0 to   
exp\nd its anci5t lit]ature1 & exhume = 
public edification & delectation _m ( ! 
buri$ lit]>y treasures ( ! pa/4 ,^!     
tea*]s 7 n cont5t ) m]e oral            
description2 !y wrote :at w\ld n[ be    
t]m$ treatises or comm5t>ies1 _m ( :i*  

%[ great dep? ( le>n+1 by way ( exp\nd+ 
& expla9+ ! classics ( ,japan ) a view (
 br++ !m )9 ! k5 ( ! great mass ( ! p4  
,?is p]iod 7! ,tokugawa7 also _h its    
works ( fiction2 x produc$ _m dramas &1 
,i believe1 "s1 if n mu*1 poetry4 ,!    
romances ( ?is "t are1 ,i am told1      
writt5 pr9cipally = or d[n to ! level ( 
! common p4 ,! classics ( ,japan 71 &   
probably /ill are1 l ! classics (       
,greece & ,rome 9 respect ( ! mass ( ! p
 ( ?is c\ntry1 n und]/ood1 & mo/ likely 
7 !y1 w\ld n be appreciat$4 ,& h5ce 9 ! 
,tokugawa p]iod :at ,i may t]m ! popul> 
writ] 0 evolv$1 & he turn$ out1 "u a    
nom-de-plume = ! mo/ "p1 books = ! l[]  
ord]s4 ,^! works are n[ reg>d$ z some:at
 vulg>1 b !y are 9 _m respects a mirror 
( ! age 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 & x is       
d\btful if !y are mu* co>s] 9 /yle ?an  
"s ( ! novels publi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 !      
eighte5? c5tury4 ,vulg>ity1 x mu/ be    
rememb]$1 is l>gely a matt] ( op9ion1 & 
because ei!r ! ,japanese ( to-day or !  
=eign] :o has p]us$1 p]haps 9 a         

translation1 ?is fiction ( a c\ple (    
c5turies back1 dubs x accord+ to !      
op9ion ( to-day vulg>1 x by no means    
foll[s t x 0 s consid]$ 9 ,japan two    
hundr$ ye>s back4  ,s9ce ! ,revolution (
 #ahfh x is d\btful if ,japan has       
produc$ any di/9ctive lit]ature4 ,! :ole
 c\ntry & all ! national modes ( ?\ght h
 be5 9 a /ate ( transition1 a condition 
( unre/--circum/ances n conducive to !  
production ( classical lit]ature2       
moreov]1 lit]>y ideas & conceptions h   
*ang$ & are /ill *ang+--*ang+ rapidly4  
,! developm5t ( a p[]ful newspap] press 
mu/ h a m>k$ & f>-rea*+ effect on       
,japanese lit]ature4 ,s also mu/ ! /udy 
( ,we/]n lit]ature by ! educat$         
classes--a /udy :i* is bo? ext5sive &   
increas+4 ,japanese lit]ature is n[     
und\bt$ly 9 ! melt+-pot1 s to speak1 &  
:at w be ! precise result x is          
impossible to det]m9e4 ,x mu/ be        
confess$ t ! mod]n ,japanese :o has be5 
educat$ accord+ to ,we/]n me?ods1 & is  
adequately acqua9t$ ) ! languages &     

lit]ature ( ,europe1 is infrequ5tly an  
admir] ( ! peculi> lit]ature ( 8 own    
c\ntry4 ,possibly x suff]s by comp>ison4
 ,japan has produc$ no ,dante1 or       
,%akespe>e1 or ,milton4 ,! moods ( h] p1
 & probably ! limitations & peculi>ities
 ( ! language1 h prev5t$ ! possibility (
 ! appe>ance ( su* div9e g5iuses4 ,!re  
is1 its critics decl>e1 an abs5ce (     
su/a9$ p[] & sublimity 9 ,japanese      
lit]ature g5]ally1 :ile ! didactic &    
philosophical1 if n altoge!r lack+1 is  
extremely r>e !re94 ,b x seems to me !  
height ( absurdity to comp>e ! lit]ature
 ( a c\ntry l ,japan ) ! lit]ature ( "s 
o!r l& :]e ev]y?+ is1 & always has be51 
ess5tially diff]5t4 ,to prop]ly         
compreh5d1 & probably to be able to     
appreciate ,japanese lit]ature1 x w\ld  
be necess>y to get1 s to speak1 into !  
atmosph]e 9 :i* x 0 produc$4 ,to judge x
 by tw5tie?-c5tury /&>ds & canons (     
criticism & f ,european /&po9ts is n    
only unfair b mu/ create a totally false
 impression4    ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,lab\r

 ,,( ,,love       ,,f ,a ,,pr9t ,,by    
,,to%ikata  ,9 e c\ntry :i* has atta9$  
any degree ( civilisation1 & ev5 9 "s   
c\ntries ^: civilisation is /ill        
imp]fect1 ! drama has play$ an important
 "p1 & ,japan has be5 no exception to ! 
rule4 ,its dramatic lit]ature is1 ,i    
believe1 ( consid]able ext5t1 & to      
und]/&1 mu* less appreciate x prop]ly   
w\ld require v pr(\nd /udy4 ,_m ( ! m or
 less anci5t dramas are works n only    
conta9+ ! dialogue ( ! play b mu*       
descriptive matt]4 ,!y 71 z a matt] (   
fact1 writt5 = !atres 9 :i* !re 7 to be 
n actors b m>ionettes1 s+]s be+ engag$  
to s+ ! l9es out ( sight :ile ! puppets 
depict$ ! *>act]s4 ,"s ( ^! dramas h1   
s9ce !y 7 writt51 be5 adapt$ = ! ord9>y 
/age & ! *>act]s portray$ by ,japan's   
mo/ fam\s actors4 ,! !atre 0 long look$ 
d[n ^u & x is only ( comp>atively rec5t 
ye>s t x has be5 look+ up4 ,a l>ge numb]
 ( p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry /ill appe> to be 
"u ! impression t !re are no actresses  
on ! ,japanese /age4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a

 mi/ake1 caus$ no d\bt by ! fact t 9    
,japanese !atres ! female *>act]s 9 a   
play are s (t5 imp]sonat$ by m54 ,"s two
 or ?ree c5turies back actors &         
actresses us$1 z 9 ,europe1 to play 9 ! 
same piece1 b ?is 0 = "s reason or o!r  
int]dict$1 & ev] s9ce !re h be5         
companies compos$ ( m5 & wom5           
respectively4 ,9 ! male companies "s ( !
 female p>ts naturally fell to m5 & 9 ! 
female companies ! male p>ts 7 (        
necessity depict$ by wom54 ,( rec5t ye>s
 ! t5d5cy is to rev]t to ! anci5t       
practice & to come into l9e ) ! cu/om ( 
,european c\ntries 9 ?is matt]1 & ere   
long1 no d\bt 9 ,japanese !atres !      
female *>act]s w be tak5 by wom5 & !    
male *>act]s by m54  ,! !atre has always
 be5 a popul> in/itution 9 ,japan1 & !  
pieces usually play$ h v mu* ! same     
motif z ! dramas =m]ly s popul> 9 ?is   
c\ntry--! discomfiture ( ! villa9 & !   
triumph ( virtue4 ,! ,japanese !atre    
does n appeal to ! ord9>y ,european     
visitor1 or inde$ to _m ,europeans liv+ 

9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! p]=mance 
is too long = ! ,european ta/e1 & 9 !   
next1 mo/ ,japanese plays are ( "o k9d1 
& conc]n$ ) "o p]iod--! feudal4 ,!re is1
 moreov]1 a ple?ora ( by-play--sword    
ex]cise & acrobatic p]=mances--:i* h    
no?+ :atev] to d ) ! plot ( ! piece4 ,9 
fact1 irrelevancy appe>s to ! ,european 
! *ief *>act]i/ic ( :at he sees on !    
/age ( a ,japanese !atre4 ,nor does !   
play1 z is usual 9 s]i\s dramas 9 ?is   
c\ntry1 revolve r\nd "o "*1 ! h]o or    
h]o9e4 ,inde$ x is n always easy to     
e>m>k1 s to speak1 ! lead+ "*1 & x is   
occasionally d\btful 9 _m ,japanese     
plays :e!r !re is any h]o or h]o9e4 ,b !
 same rem>k may be made "h z 9 ref]5ce  
to ! lit]ature ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is        
probably ess5tial to get into !         
,japanese atmosph]e 9 ord] to prop]ly   
appreciate a ,japanese play4 ,! drama 9 
,japan at any rate s]ves1 & s f> z ,i h 
_h an opportunity ( =m+ an op9ion 9 !   
matt]1 s]ves well1 its purpose to int]e/
 & amuse ! frequ5t]s ( ! !atres1 besides

 :i* ! lessons x inculcates are = ! mo/ 
"p ( a moral nature4  ,! high art ( !   
,japanese !atre is repres5t$ by ! ,n1   
:i* ,i suppose fills mu* ! same position
 z does ! ,italian op]a 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!
 ,n is1 ,i believe1 v anci5t4 ,! writt5 
text is sung2 !re is a pr9cipal & a     
second>y "* & a *orus4 ,! dialogue is z 
anci5t1 "s critics say z ar*aic1 z ! "t 
9 :i* ! play 0 writt51 & ,i und]/& x    
requires be+ educat$ up to x 9 ord] to  
fully appreciate ! ,n4 ,! ord9>y        
,japanese w\ld probably j z mu* fail to 
compreh5d or l x z w\ld ! ,engli%man f  
,mile ,end1 7 he tak5 to ,cov5t ,g>d51 &
 invit$ to g into raptures ov] "o (     
,moz>t's or ,mey]be]'s ma/]pieces4 ,a   
p]=mance ( ! ,n w\ld probably int]e/ ^? 
:o f9d excitem5t 9 a repres5tation (    
,o$ipus ,tyrannus1 or "s ,greek play4   
,/ill1 ! ,n is appreciat$ by a l>ge     
numb] ( ! intellectual classes 9 ,japan1
 :o f9d an int]e/ 9 ! repres5tation (   
?is ,japanese op]a1 z ,i suppose x may  
be t]m$4  ,z ,i h already said1 v mu* ! 

same rem>ks made 9 ref]5ce to !         
lit]ature ( ,japan apply to its drama4  
,t c\ntry is /ill 9 ! transition /age1 &
 bo? its drama & its lit]ature w        
und\bt$ly be pr(\ndly modifi$ 9 future  
ye>s4 ,we/]n lit]ature & ,we/]n dramatic
 art h already ex]cis$ consid]able      
influ5ce1 & !re are movem5ts on foot ^: 
object is to replace ! old ideas &      
me?ods1 especially 9 ! matt] ( !        
repres5tation ( dramatic works by ^? :i*
 obta9 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,:e!r ^!    
movem5ts w be successful or n rema9s to 
be se54 ,!re is c]ta9ly a l>ge body (   
public op9ion n only oppos$ b           
antagoni/ic to !m4 ,9 spite ( ! rapid   
developm5t ( ,japan 9 rec5t ye>s1 !re is
 a v /rong cons]vative p>ty 9 !         
c\ntry--a p>ty :i*1 ?\gh x recognises or
 acquiesces 9 ! desirability ( *ange 9  
_m directions1 is n prep>$ to ?r[       
ov]bo>d ev]y?+ because x is old4 ,i     
s9c]ely hope t ! di/9ctive lit]ature &  
dramatic art ( ! c\ntry w n be all[$ to 
die out4 ,japan _c af=d to =get ! pa/ ) 

its influ5ces on ! national life & "*1  
influ5ces at "w = _m ages :i* h assur$ly
 _h a mat]ial effect 9 elevat+ h] to !  
position %e at pres5t occupies4         
,,*apt] ,,xvii  ,,newspap]s ,,9 ,,japan 
,japan hav+ tak5 on mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ics 
& "s ( ! idiosyncracies ( ,we/]n        
civilisation1 has naturally develop$ a  
newspap] press ( its own4 ,( c\rse      
newspap]s 9 ,japan are no new ?+4 ,mr4  
,kumoto1 editor ( ! ,japan ,times1      
claims = ,japanese j\rnalism an orig9 z 
f> back z ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4
 ,long be=e1 he rem>ks1 our doors (     
seclusion 7 =c$ op5 by ! impati5t       
nations ( ! ,we/1 our ance/ors _h f\nd a
 device by :i* !y kept !mselves 9 t\* ) 
curr5t ev5ts & news4 ,! news-%eets ( ^? 
days 7 r\ghly got up1 be+ pr9t$ f wood5 
blocks ha/ily pur*as$ = ea* issue4 ,!y 7
 meagre 9 news1 unc\? 9 =m1 & q irregul>
 9 appe>ance1 !re be+ no fix$ date =    
publication4 ,nei!r 7 !y issu$ by any   
p>ticul> & fix$ publi%]4 ,anybody c\ld  
issue !m1 & at any "t !y pleas$4 ,^!    

%eets 7 call$ ,yomuri1 :i*1 be+         
translat$1 means 'sold by hawk+4' ,^!   
anci5t newspap]s _h1 h[ev]1 palpably    
no?+ 9 common ) mod]n j\rnalism1 & any?+
 9 ! %ape ( criticism or comm5t1 or any 
attempt to guide or m\ld public op9ion  
01 ( c\rse1 n to be f\nd !re94 ,he w\ld 
h be5 a bold man at ! beg9n+ ( !        
sev5te5? c5tury1 or inde$ v mu* lat]1 :o
 w\ld h v5tur$ to pr9t & publi% any?+   
t5d+ to influ5ce public op9ion1 or hav+ 
! appe>ance ( be+ a criticism on ^? 9   
au?ority4  ,we may take x t = all       
practical purposes ! rise ( ! native    
newspap] press ( ,japan did n take place
 till "s "t aft] ! ,revolution ( #ahfh4 
,if its rise has be5 rec5t its progress 
has c]ta9ly be5 rapid4 ,!re c be no "q t
 bo? ! rise & developm5t ( ! v]nacul>   
press has be5 l>gely influ5c$ by ,engli%
 j\rnalism4 ,!re h always1 s9ce ! op5+ (
 ! c\ntry1 be5 ,engli% newspap]s 9      
,japan1 & v admirable newspap]s too4 ,"o
 or m ,engli%m5 h />t$ pap]s pr9t$ 9    
,japanese1 & al?\gh ^! v5tures 7 n      

comm]cially successful1 !y1 at any rate1
 %[$ ! way = ,japanese j\rnalism4 ,mr4  
,kumoto 9 8 v int]e/+ rem>ks publi%$ 9  
,/ead's ,japan & ! ,japanese1 gives an  
amus+ illu/ration ( ! some:at amateur   
bus9ess l9es on :i* ! native ,japanese  
newspap]s 7 at fir/ produc$4 ,he quotes 
! foll[+ notice :i* appe>$ 9 "o ( !m3 ,!
 editors note ) satisfaction ! gr[+     
prosp]ity ( _! v5ture1 & notify _!      
subscrib]s t 9 view ( ! increas$ lab\r &
 tr\ble entail$ on !m by _! increas+    
circulation1 ! graci\s subscrib]s w     
k9dly sp>e !m ! tr\ble by s5d+ = _!     
copies in/ead ( hav+ !m deliv]$ to !m z 
be=e4 ,!re has c]ta9ly be5 a rem>kable  
developm5t 9 ! ,japanese newspap] press 
s9ce ?is some:at jejune ann\ncem5t 0    
publi%$4 ,tokio at ! pres5t "t possesses
 ab\t =ty daily newspap]s1 & !re is     
h>dly a t[n 9 ! c\ntry ( any importance 
t has n "o or two pap]s ( its own4 ,!re 
are n[ m ?an a ?\s& magaz9es & newspap]s
 ( v>i\s k9ds publi%$ 9 ! c\ntry--a     
numb] :i* ye>ly increases1 & is c]ta9 to

 increase 9 ! ne> future to a v mu*     
great] ext5t4  ,b besides newspap]s1    
,japan possesses news ag5cies on some:at
 simil> l9es to ^? t exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 
^: function x is to supply ! press ) !  
late/ news on e matt] ( public &1 ,i am 
afraid1 sometimes ( m]ely private       
importance4 ,:e!r ^! news ag5cies p]=m  
useful functions ei!r 9 ?is c\ntry or 9 
,japan1 is a matt] ^u :i* ,i %all       
express no op9ion4 ,news acquir$ 9 a    
hurry 9 competition ) o!r ag5cies :i*   
exi/ = a simil> purpose1 & purvey$ to   
j\rnals pr9t$ 9 a hurry & read 9 a      
hurry1 does n (t5 all[ ( discrim9ation  
be+ ex]cis$ 9 reg>d to its circulation4 
,! s5sational elem5t 9 ! native press 9 
,japan is q z mu* 9 evid5ce z 9 t ( ?is 
c\ntry4 ,9 reg>d to ?is k9d ( lit]>y    
f>e1 ! appetite increases ) fe$+1 if ,i 
may v>y an old ,fr5* prov]b1 & !        
s5sational j\rnals ( ! ,japanese capital
 are increas+ 9 dem& f e "p ( ! c\ntry4 
,z to ! "p :i* ! press ( ,japan ex]cises
 9 m\ld+ public op9ion1 ,i confess ,i h 

n =m$ any cle> idea2 inde$1 x is "o ^u  
:i* x is difficult to come to any       
conclusion4 ,h[ f> ! press !re m\lds1 & 
h[ f> x foll[s public op9ion is some:at 
problematical4 ,be t z x may1 _m ( !    
native pap]s are vigor\sly & effectively
 writt51 & inde$ _m em95t m5 9 ,japan h 
be5 ei!r directly or indirectly connect$
 ) ! press4 ,! newspap]s ( ,japan diff] 
9 ?is respect f ^? ( ?is c\ntry--t !re  
is a press law !re1 & newspap]s are 9   
!ory1 at any rate1 some:at m hamp]$ 9 _!
 criticisms & ! publication ( news ?an  
is ! case "h4 ,?is press law seems to h 
irritat$ ! ,engli% m ?an ! v]nacul>     
press ( ,japan1 especially dur+ ! late  
w>4 ,"u ! provisions ( ! law1 a w>n+ is 
always giv5 to an (f5d+ newspap] be=e   
any (ficial action is tak54 ,! ,engli%  
j\rnals 9 ,japan h1 p]haps n            
unnaturally1 n s f> be5 able to dive/   
!mselves ( ! idea t !y h /ill           
extra-t]ritorial rights1 & are          
consequ5tly ju/ifi$ 9 publi%+ any       
criticisms or news irrespective ( !     

provisions ( ! press law4  ,newspap]s 9 
,japan d n ( c\rse atta9 su* l>ge       
circulations z "s ( ^? 9 ,engl&4 ,i d n 
?9k !re is any pap] 9 ! c\ntry ) a      
circulation exce$+ #ajj1jjj1 & !re are  
only "o or two :i* rea* any?+ l t       
figure4 ,adv]tis+ 9 ,japan 9 pap]s has n
 atta9$ ! same importance z 9 ?is       
c\ntry4 ,( c\rse all ! j\rnals1 :e!r    
daily or weekly1 h a l>ge numb] (       
adv]tisem5ts1 b ! non-adv]tisem5t       
portion ( ! pap] =ms a great] portion ( 
! :ole ?an is ! case "h4 ,x may int]e/  
"s ( my read]s to "k t poetry :i* has   
long be5 taboo$ by ! press ( ?is c\ntry 
is /ill a feature 9 t ( ,japan1 & t !   
novel to be cont9u$ 9 our next1 is also 
s]v$ up = ! delectation ( ,japanese     
read]s4  ,a free press 9 a free c\ntry  
is no d\bt an admirable in/itution1 b x 
has its disadvantages4 ,i ne$ n enum]ate
 !m1 z my read]s probably "k !m z well z
 ,i d myself4 ,inde$1 bo? 9 ,engl& &    
,am]ica ( late ye>s we h _h pl5ty (     
object-lessons1 7 any ne$$1 9 reg>d to  

^! disadvantages4 ,! yell[ press is a   
phrase :i* has n[ come into g5]al use to
 d5ote ! c]ta9 k9d ( j\rnalism :i* lives
 & ?rives by p&]+ to ! desire t s _m    
p]sons 9 ?is _w h = morbid s5sationalism
 & ! publication ( nauseat+ & %ock+     
details4 ,p :o h appetites ( ?is k9d are
 9 ne$ ( hav+ !m p]5nially gratifi$1 &  
accord+ly x naturally comes ab\t t !    
conductors ( j\rnals su* z ,i h ref]r$  
to1 if !y _c provide a suffici5t        
quantity ( s5sationalism true or p>tly  
true1 h ei!r to inv5t x or exagg]ate "s 
p]haps innoc5t or innocu\s incid5t4 ,i  
am sorry to say t yell[ j\rnalism is n  
only n unkn[n 9 ,japan1 b is app>5tly 9 
a v fl\ri%+ condition !re4 ,i regret !  
fact all ! m because ! p ( ,japan are n 
yet suffici5tly educat$ or enlight5$ to 
receive :at !y read 9 ! newspap] 9 a    
sceptical _s4 ,t educational & enlight5+
 process is only effect$ by a long c\rse
 ( newspap] read+4 ,ev5 9 ?is c\ntry we 
c rememb] ! "t :5 any /atem5t 0         
implicitly believ$ because x 0 9 !      

pap]s4 ,n[ "s o!r & bett] evid5ce ( !   
tru? ( any report is ne$$ ?an !         
publication !re( 9 a newspap]4 ,"y      
,japan w no d\bt ere long assimilate ?is
 fact1 & :5 x does ! yell[ press (      
,japan w probably f9d its cli5tle a     
dim9i%+ quantity4 ,i hope my read]s w n 
d$uce f ^! rem>ks t ,i ent]ta91 on !    
:ole1 a poor op9ion ( ! native press (  
,japan4 ,consid]+ ! difficulties x has  
_h to cont5d )1 ,i consid] t ! progress 
x has made dur+ ! comp>atively few ye>s 
x has be5 9 exi/5ce is z wond]ful z     
any?+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,& ,i am fur!rmore (  
op9ion t ! influ5ce x ex]cises is1 on ! 
:ole1 a heal?y "o4 ,x has done a great  
"w 9 ! education ( ! mass ( ! ,japanese 
p 9 ! direction ( tak+ a broad] view (  
life & tea*+ !m t !re is a _w outside _!
 own p>ticul> locality & beyond _! own  
c\ntry4 ,& :ile ref]r+ to ! newspap]    
press ,i may also give a me$ ( praise to
 ! l>ge numb] ( j\rnals & magaz9es ( a  
lit]>y1 sci5tific1 & religi\s nature4 ,!
 effect ( ^! ably conduct$ p]iodicals z 

an educational influ5ce mu/ be imm5se4  
,! numb] ( !m is gradually gr[+1 & !    
support r5d]$ to !m s]ves to %[1 7 any  
pro( ne$$1 h[ pr(\ndly int]e/$ ! ,japan 
( to-day is 9 all ^? que/ions1 :e!r     
political1 sci5tific1 religi\s1 or      
lit]>y1 :i* are n ! possession ( or !   
subject ( discussion among any p>ticul> 
nation b are ex]cis+ ! m9ds & consci5ces
 ( ! civilis$ _w4  ,"o pleas+ feature ( 
! native press ( ,japan ,i _c help      
ref]r+ to1 & t is ! fri5dly s5tim5ts :i*
 x almo/ inv>iably expresses 9 reg>d to 
,great ,brita94 ,z ,i h be=e rem>k$1 x 0
 ?is c\ntry :i* 9 "s degree influ5c$ at 
fir/ ! ,japanese press4 ,i am pleas$ t (
 late at any rate1 s9ce ! some:at heat$ 
agitation 9 ref]5ce to ! revision ( !   
treaties has come to an end1 its tone   
has be5 almo/ univ]sally fri5dly to ?is 
c\ntry1 & its approval ( ! alliance     
betwe5 ,japan & ,great ,brita9 0 n only 
unanim\s b en?usia/ic4  ,! ,engli%      
newspap]s 9 ,japan are /ill1 z !y h     
always be51 ably conduct$ j\rnals4      

,capta9 ,br9kley1 ! editor ( "o ( !m1 is
 a great au?ority on ev]y?+ connect$ )  
,japan1 & ! pap] he edits is wor?y ( all
 t is be/ 9 ,engli% j\rnalism4 ,at !    
same "t x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t !
 ,engli% press 9 ,japan ex]cises little 
or no influ5ce outside ! imm$iate circle
 x repres5ts4 ,x v naturally looks at   
ev]y?+1 or almo/ ev]y?+1 n f ! po9t (   
view ( ! ,japanese b f t ( ! =eign] 9   
,japan4 ,x may be tru?fully av]r$ ( !   
=eign press t1 consid]$ z a :ole1 x has 
nev] done any?+ or attempt$ to d any?+  
to break d[n ! b>ri]s caus$ by racial   
diff]5ces4 ,! ,european press 9 ,japan  
has 9 tone always be5 di/9ctly          
anti-,japanese1 & ! s5tim5ts :i* x has  
express$ & ! vigor\s1 n to say viol5t1  
language 9 :i* ^? s5tim5ts h be5        
express$ has und\bt$ly 9 ! pa/ occasion$
 mu* bitt]ness ( feel+ among ! ,japanese
 p or t portion ( x :i* ei!r read or    
he>d ( ^? s5tim5ts4 ,! *>act]i/ics or   
idiosyncracies ( ! p ( ,japan 7 ei!r    
exagg]at$ or misrepres5t$1 & !re 7 n    

unnaturally reprisals q z vigor\s 9 !   
native newspap]s4 ,dur+ ! w> ) ,*9a1 =  
example1 ! attitude ( ! ,european press 
0 exasp]at+ to a degree--t is1 exasp]at+
 to ! ,japanese p4 ,!re 7 j\rnals :i*   
av[$ly took ! "p ( ,*9a & express$ a    
desire = ,*9a's success4 ,! victories ( 
,japan 9 ! c\rse ( ! w> 7 sne]$ at & at 
fir/ belittl$4 ,subsequ5tly1 :5 !       
success ( ,japan 0 self-evid5t1 x 0     
sugge/$ by "s ( ^! newspap]s t %e 0     
suff]+ f swell$ head & 0 9 ne$ ( be+ put
 9 h] place & kept !re4 ,&1 accord+ly1  
:5 c]ta9 ( ! ,european ,p[]s /epp$ 9 &  
depriv$ ,japan ( ! fruits ( h]          
victories1 ! action ( ^? ,p[]s 0        
applaud$1 & ! und\bt$ sympa?y ( !       
,engli% p 9 ,engl& ) ,japan 9 ! matt] 0 
d]id$ by ,engli% editors 9 ,japan z m]e 
maudl9 s5tim5tality4 ,language ( ?is k9d
 occasion$ deep res5tm5t among ! p ( !  
c\ntry4 ,! =eign press is n[1 ,i am glad
 to say1 san]1 inasmu* z x to "s ext5t  
recognises facts & ! tr5d ( ev5ts1 b ,i 
fe> x ev5 /ill is = ! mo/ "p            

repres5tative ( a community :i* reg>ds !
 ,japanese f ! /&po9t t mo/ ,europeans 9
 ! ,f> ,ea/ reg>d ! ,ea/]n races ) :om  
!y are br\ght 9 contact4 ,! position ( !
 ,engli% pap]s 9 ,japan has1 ,i %\ld    
say1 be5 consid]ably affect$ ( rec5t    
ye>s by ! developm5t ( ! v]nacul> press4
 ,tw5ty-five ye>s or s ago !y 7         
practically ! only organs t voic$ public
 op9ion ( any k9d 9 ! c\ntry4 ,n[ !y    
only voice ! op9ion ( a section ( !     
=eign community4 ,a ref]5ce to a qu>t] (
 a c5tury ago br+s up memories ( a      
g5tleman connect$ to "s ext5t ) !       
newspap] press 9 ,japan ( ^? days4 ,i   
ref] to ! late ,mr4 ,w]gman1 :o own$ &  
edit$ & fill$--,i am n q c]ta9 he did n 
pr9t--t some:at extraord9>y j\rnal1 !   
,yokohama ,pun*4 ,x appe>$ at unc]ta9   
int]vals1 & x dealt bo? 9 pr9t &        
illu/ration ) v>i\s memb]s ( ! =eign    
community 9 ,yokohama & its neighb\rhood
 ) a vig\r & fre$om1 n to say lic5ce1   
:i* w\ld n[ h>dly be tol]at$4 ,its      
proprietor is long s9ce dead1 & s ,i    

believe is ! j\rnal :i* he own$ & ^:    
fitful appe>ances us$ to create su* a   
mild excitem5t among ! =eign community 9
 ,yokohama4  ,! functions ( ! press z a 
mirror ( ! times1 z a c5sor ( m5 & ?+s1 
& z a guide & a lead] ( public op9ion   
are ( consid]able importance4 ,z ,i h   
be=e rem>k$ ! press ( ,japan is at      
pres5t if n 9 its infancy at any rate 9 
its y\?4 ,x is accord+ly ebulli5t1      
en]getic1 optimi/ic4 ,"t w no d\bt      
correct _m ( its fail+s4 ,be t z x may1 
,i c]ta9ly am ( op9ion t1 consid]+      
ev]y?+1 x has atta9$ a wond]ful degree (
 developm5t1 t x has rea*$ a position ( 
great importance 9 ! c\ntry z an        
educational & enlight5+ influ5ce1 & t   
all :o wi% well to ,japan may look ^u   
its future ) hope4 ,x w no d\bt play an 
important "p z ! ye>s roll by 9 !       
developm5t ( ! c\ntry & 9 ! hold+ up    
be=e ! p ( wor?y ideals 9 ref]5ce to    
economic conditions1 mat]ial progress1 &
 ! cons]vation ( ! pre/ige & security ( 
! ,japanese ,empire4     ,,*apt] ,,xviii

  ,,japanese ,,morality   ,9 ! ,preface 
,i rem>k$ t ,japanese morality 0 a ?orny
 subject4 ,i use ! ^w morality 9 its n[ 
g5]ally accept$ r ?an 9 its absolutely  
correct mean+4 ,morality1 /rictly       
speak+1 is ! practice ( moral duties    
ap>t f religion or doctr9e2 x treats (  
actions z be+ "r or wrong--is1 9 brief1 
e?ics4 ,! old morality play1 = example1 
0 n1 z "s p seem to suppose1 especially 
conc]n$ ) ! relations ( ! sexes2 x 0 a  
drama 9 :i* allegorical repres5tations (
 all ! virtues & vices 7 introduc$ z    
dramatis p]son4 ,h[ev]1 words1 l ev]y?+ 
else 9 ?is _w1 *ange _! mean+1 &1 ?\gh !
 diction>y int]pretation ( morality is1 
z ,i h /at$ x1 colloquially at any rate1
 ! ^w has n[ come = ! mo/ "p to signify 
sexual conduct1 & x is 9 t s5se1 z ,i h 
said1 ,i use x4  ,! subject ( ! morality
 ( ! ,japanese is "o t has be5 mu*      
discuss$ = _m ye>s pa/1 & accord+ly is  
"o 9 reg>d to :i* x may be urg$ t !re is
 little or no?+ m to be said4 ,i am n ( 
t op9ion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 mu* ( !      

discussion has be5 simply ! m]e         
ass]tions ( m51 or sometimes ( wom51 :o 
ei!r did n h ! opportunity1 or else _h n
 ! incl9ation1 to inve/igate matt]s =   
!mselves1 & 7 !re=e l>gely dep5d5t on ! 
he>say evid5ce ( n always unprejudic$   
p]sons4 ,or !y sometimes jump$ to v     
pron\nc$ & errone\s conclusions f       
extremely imp]fect obs]vation or        
in=mation4 ,let me take z an example 9  
po9t1 a lady1 n[ dead1 :o wrote _m *>m+ 
books ( travel--! late ,mrs4 ,bi%op1    
bett] kn[n z ,miss ,bird4 ,9 h] j\rney+s
 ?r\gh ! c\ntry ,miss ,bird relates 9   
,unbeat5 ,tracks 9 ,japan1 t %e pass$   
?r\gh a wide /reet 9 :i* ! h\ses 7 l>ge 
& h&some & op5 9 front4 ,_! highly      
poli%$ floors & passages1 %e rem>ks1    
look$ l /ill wat]1 ! kakemonos1 or wall 
pictures1 on _! side-walls 7 extremely  
beautiful1 & _! mats 7 v f9e & :ite4    
,!re 7 l>ge g>d5s at ! back ) f\nta9s & 
fl[]s1 & /reams1 cross$ by light /one   
bridges1 sometimes fl[$ ?r\gh ! h\ses4  
,! lady1 :o 0 on ! look-out = a         

re/+-place1 n unnaturally express$ a    
desire to put up at "o ( ^! delightful  
sylvan retreats1 b h] native att5dant   
in=m$ h] t 0 impossible1 z !y 7         
ka%itsukeyas1 or tea-h\ses ( a          
disreputable "*4 ,miss ,bird1 on ! /r5g?
 ( ?is in=mation1 ?\ght x incumb5t ^u   
h]self to pron\nce ! some:at sweep+     
judgm5t t !re is mu* ev5 on ! surface to
 indicate vices :i* degrade & enslave ! 
manhood ( ,japan4 ,su* a /atem5t is1 (  
c\rse1 ! m]e/ clap-trap1 b ev5 7 x true1
 x might be p]missible to rem>k t if    
vice exi/s x is surely bett] = x to be  
on ?an b5ea? ! surface4 ,su* vice z does
 exi/ 9 ,japan is1 9 my op9ion1 di/9ctly
 on ! surface1 & ,i h no hesitation 9   
describ+ ! morals ( ! ,japanese p to be1
 on ! :ole1 greatly sup]ior to ^? (     
,we/]n nations4  ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no  
"q t a l>ge numb] ( ,european p h =m$ _!
 e/imate ( ,japanese wom5 ei!r f a visit
 to a comic op]a su* z ,! ,gei%a1 or f a
 p]usal ( a book l ,pi]re ,loti's       
fasc9at+ "w1 ,madame ,*rysan?me4 ,?is is

 9 effect ! /ory ( a liaison betwe5 a   
man & a ,japanese girl ( ! l[] classes1 
)1 ( c\rse1 a l>ge am\nt ( local col\r+1
 & r5d]$ g5]ally *>m+ by ! writ]'s      
brilliant lit]>y /yle4 ,un=tunately1 t  
l>ge numb] ( ,europeans :o h nev] visit$
 ,japan h tak5 ! ,fr5* academician's    
/udy ( a girl ( a c]ta9 class z a life  
picture ( ! typical ,japanese woman :o  
is1 accord+ly1 deem$ to be m or less1 to
 use an accept$ euphemism1 a p]son (    
easy virtue4 ,no?+ c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be m  
errone\s1 no conclusion fur!r f ! tru?4 
,! rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,diosy 9 8 book1
 ,! ,new ,f> ,ea/1 on ?is head are s mu*
 to ! po9t 9 ref]5ce to ! utt]          
misconception ( ev5 _m visitors to      
,japan 9 ! matt] ( ! *a/ity ( ! av]age  
,japanese wom5 t ,i v5ture to transcribe
 !m3 ,has x n be5 repeat$ to him 7!     
globe-trott]7 t ^! p h no conception (  
virtue or ( mode/y8 ,s he frequ5tly     
treats ! maids at ! inn1 ! *>m+ human   
humm+-birds :o wait ^u him at !         
tea-h\se1 & ! ,gei%a summon$ to ent]ta9 

him1 ) a cavali] famili>ity t w\ld      
infallibly lead to 8 summ>y expulsion f 
any well-regulat$ hotel or public-h\se1 
or o!r places ( public ent]ta9m5t at    
home1 did he d>e to %[ su* want (       
respect to a *amb]maid or to "o ( !     
haughty fair ones s]v+ at a b>4 ,he     
means no h>m 9 n9e cases out ( t52 he   
has be5 told t ,japanese girls don't m9d
 :at y say to !m1 & z to ! tea-h\se     
girls1 well1 !y are no bett] ?an !y %\ld
 be 444 b !y are good little wom51 z    
capable ( gu>d+ _! virtue z any 9 ! _w1 
& x sadd5s "o to ?9k h[ (t5 !y endure1 f
 a feel+ ( consid]ation = ! =eign] :o   
does n "k any bett]1 !y pity+ly ?9k1    
cavali] treatm5t !y w\ld n submit to f a
 ,japanese4  ,hav+ said s mu* ,i feel ,i
 am free to admit t a some:at diff]5t   
/&>d ( morality does obta9 9 ,japan to t
 :i* exi/s1 or is suppos$ to exi/1 among
 ,occid5tal nations4 ,aft] all1 morality
 is to "s ext5t a matt] ( conv5tion1 & a
 p mu/1 ,i sugge/1 be judg$ r by ! way 9
 :i* x lives up to its /&>d ?an by !    

/&>d itself1 :i* among "s ,we/]n nations
 is n always /rictly obs]v$4 ,! :ole    
subject ( morality betwe5 ! sexes is "o 
^u :i* a portly volume might be writt54 
,! sexual relations h be5 affect$ by _m 
circum/ances1 "s ( !m entirely          
conv5tional & hav+ little or no?+ to d )
 morality z su*1 :ile poetry & romance &
 s5tim5t h be5 all[$ to complicate1 &   
/ill r5d] difficult a dispassionate     
consid]ation ( ! :ole matt]4 ,macaulay 9
 "o ( 8 essays has obs]v$ t ! moral     
pr9ciple ( a woman is frequ5tly m       
impair$ by a s+le lapse f virtue ?an t (
 a man by tw5ty ye>s ( intrigue4 ,he    
expla9s ?is seem+ p>adox by ass]t+ t a  
vice sanction$ by ! g5]al op9ion is     
m]ely a vice1 :ile a vice condemn$ by ! 
g5]al op9ion produces a p]nici\s effect 
on ! :ole "*4 ,"o1 says ,macaulay1 is a 
local malady1 ! o!r is a con/itutional  
ta9t4 ,i h quot$ ! fam\s hi/orian 9 ?is 
connection because 8 obs]vations are1 ,i
 ?9k1 illu/rative ( my cont5tion1 viz41 
t morality is l>gely a matt] (          

conv5tion1 sanction$ or condemn$ by :at 
,macaulay t]ms ! g5]al op9ion4  ,i      
frankly admit t pro/itution has nev] be5
 reg>d$ 9 ,japan z x is1 or is affect$  
to be1 9 ?is & o!r ,european c\ntries4  
,9 anci5t days ! public wom5 ( ! capital
 & ! l>ge t[ns 7 z fam\s z 9 ,a!ns (    
old1 & 7 reg>d$ z among/ ! be/ educat$ &
 be/ mann]$ ( _! sex4 ,! ,japanese h ev]
 look$ ^u pro/itution z :at is t]m$ a   
necess>y evil1 & !y h always s\ght to   
regulate & sup]vise x ) a view ( obviat+
 ^? evils1 t]rible 9 _! consequ5ces1 :i*
 are frequ5tly ! result ( p]mitt+ x to g
 un*eck$4 ,& accord+ly ! ,yo%iw>a has   
long be5 a recognis$ in/itution 9 e     
consid]able t[n 9 ! c\ntry1 ! ,yo%iw>a  
be+ t p>ticul> portion ( ! t[n 9 :i*    
pro/itutes are alone p]mitt$ to reside4 
,!re is1 s f> z ,i "k1 no pro/itution   
outside ! ,yo%iw>a1 & ! inmates !re( are
 subject to a rigor\s sup]vision &      
inspection1 m$ical & o!rwise1 :i* has   
produc$ excell5t results4 ,! inmates ( !
 ,yo%iw>a are n recruit$ z are ! simil> 

class 9 ! ,we/4 ,"h ! un=tunate usually 
plies h] trade z a d]ni] ressort4 ,9 a  
mom5t ( temptation %e has gone wrong1 z 
! phrase goes1 ! fact becomes public1 %e
 is too (t5 cold-%\ld]$ & hu/l$ ev5 by  
h] imm$iate relations1 & h] d[nw>d      
progress is swift & c]ta94 ,nor is !re =
 h]1 except 9 r>e cases1 any *ance (    
rehabilitation4 ,%e is too hopeless to  
exclaim ,resurgam6 & if 9 an optimi/ic  
frame ( m9d %e did s purpose %e w\ld f9d
 ! consummation difficult if n          
impossible4 ,%e is1 9 a ^w1 on ! way to 
irretrievable ru9 & a %ameful end1 & %e 
kn[s x4  ,su* is1 z ,i h said1 n ! case 
9 ,japan4 ,! lot ( ! pro/itute !re has  
nev] be5 reg>d$ ) ! loa?+ :i* x excites 
9 ?is c\ntry4 ,h\ses ( ill-fame 71 & are
 /ill1 recruit$ n f ^? ^: previ\s lapse 
f virtue has r5d]$ no o!r mode (        
livelihood possible ?an t f immorality1 
b by ^? :om /]n necessity has driv5 to !
 /ep z a means ei!r ( support+ !mselves 
or ( assi/+ p>5ts or _! ne> relatives4  
,su* a sacrifice--a t]rible sacrifice1  

,i admit--has 9 ,japan nev] be5 reg>d$ )
 horror1 b z 9 a s5se laudable4 ,! f+] (
 scorn mu/ n be po9t$ at a woman :o has 
volunt>ily sacrific$ :at wom5 hold mo/  
de>1 n f lu/ or f ! desire ( lead+ a gay
 life or pamp]+ or adorn+ ! body1 b     
p]haps to save fa!r or k9 f ru9 or      
/>vation4 ,! ,yo%iw>a has1 ( c\rse1 o!r 
recruits1 b 9 ! ma9 its inmates are n ! 
victims ( lu/ b ( self-sacrifice4 ,!re  
is too (t5 a :ole trag$y 9 ! /ory ( a   
,japanese girl ( ?is k9d1 & x is        
deplorable :5 ! self-righte\s ,european 
comes along & po9ts ! f+] ( scorn at h]4
 ,i am aw>e t ?\gh n despis$1 z 9 ?is   
c\ntry1 ! lot ( ! inmate ( ! ,yo%iw>a is
 (t51 if n always1 a horrible "o4 ,%e   
is1 z a rule1 sold1 or sells h]self1 = a
 lump sum ( money to :i* am\nt is add$ !
 co/ ( h] outfit1 usually z mu* z !     
price paid to ! woman or h] relatives4  
,until ?is am\nt 0 work$ (f--& ! acc\nts
 71 ( c\rse1 n ov] accurately kept--!   
woman 0 to all int5ts ! *attel ( h]     
ma/]4 ,?is has1 und\bt$ly1 = _m c5turies

 be5 ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4 ,i am glad1    
h[ev]1 to be able to /ate t q rec5tly ! 
highe/ c\rt 9 ,japan has decid$ t1      
:atev] cu/om may h decre$1 ! law gives1 
& w give1 no sanction to any su* cu/om4 
,a girl conf9$ 9 ! ,yo%iw>a 0 =cibly    
tak5 away !refrom4 ,! own] ( ! h\se 9   
:i* %e resid$1 z h] debt _h n be5       
liquidat$1 consid]$ he _h a li5 ^u h]1 &
 he invok$ ! aid ( ! law to assi/ him to
 ass]t :at he consid]$ to be 8 rights & 
retake possession ( ! girl4 ,! case 0   
/r5u\sly f\ght & tak5 to sev]al c\rts1 )
 ! result ,i h /at$4 ,?is decision w    
probably h f>-rea*+ effects & decl>+1 z 
x does1 t ! inmates ( ! ,yo%iw>a are n  
slaves or *attels1 x is to be cordially 
welcom$4  ,! ass]tion ( ,miss ,bird1    
already ref]r$ to1 t ! manhood ( ,japan 
is enslav$ & degrad$ by vice is "o :i*  
,i h no hesitation 9 describ+ z gross   
exagg]ation4 ,vice1 ( c\rse1 !re is 9   
,japan1 vice ( v>i\s k9ds & degrees1 b !
 ord9>y ,japanese man is n1 9 my op9ion1
 ne>ly s immoral z ! av]age ,european4  

,! *a/ity ( ! ,japanese woman ,i place  
/ill high]4 ,! fact1 already /at$1 t !  
inmates ( ! ,yo%iw>a are n g5]ally      
recruit$ f ^? :o h laps$ f virtue might 
be urg$ 9 pro( ( ?is4 ,nor is ! fact t  
pro/itution is n 9 ,japan reg>d$ ) !    
same loa?+ z 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 my op9ion1 
to be tak5 z any evid5ce ( an immoral   
tone4 ,! ideas t obta9 on ! matt]1 9    
,japan at any rate1 hold out !          
possibility ( moral r$emption = !       
inmates ( ! ,yo%iw>a1 & z a matt] ( fact
 _m wom5 9 ,japan :o1 ?r\gh ! =ce (     
compulsion1 h ent]$ ?is place1 frequ5tly
 m>ry1 & m>ry well1 & subsequ5tly live  
absolutely *a/e lives4 ,! /&>d (        
morality among ! m>ri$ wom5 ( ,japan is1
 ,i may rem>k1 high1 & is r>ely l[]$4   
,i hope ,i %all n %ock my read]s if ,i  
rem>k t ,i consid] ! /r+5t regulations t
 exi/ 9 ,japan z to ! sup]vision ( !    
,yo%iw>a 9 _m respects admirable4 ,x w  
probably surprise _m p]sons to le>n t ! 
high /ate ( organisation 9 reg>d to     
ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ^!    

places1 z also ! developm5t ( lock      
hospitals1 is l>gely due to ! zeal &    
ex]tions ( ! late ,dr4 ,g4 ,birnie      
,hill1 ( ! ,royal ,navy1 :o 0 = _m ye>s 
l5t by ! ,admiralty to ! ,japanese      
,gov]nm5t = t purpose4 ,"u 8 auspices a 
/r+5t sy/em ( m$ical sup]vision 0       
organis$1 :i* has be5 att5d$ ) excell5t 
results 9 ! direction ( /amp+ out &     
obviat+ diseases :i*1 ,i may obs]ve1 are
 ( =eign importation4 ,i "k t ! exi/5ce 
( any sy/em ( m$ical inspection w1 9 !  
e/imate ( a l>ge numb] ( e/imable m5 &  
wom5 9 ?is c\ntry1 be reg>d$ z pro(     
positive ( ! immorality ( ! ,japanese4  
,we mu/n't recognise vice1 is _!        
cont5tion4 ,i am ( op9ion1 on ! contr>y1
 t we %\ld ei!r recognise vice &        
re/rict1 re/ra91 & regulate x1 or else  
make vice illegal1 z ! ,puritans did1 & 
f9e or imprison bo? m5 & wom5 addict$ to
 x4 ,i c\ld und]/& ei!r ( ^! two c\rses1
 b ,i mu/ confess t ,i altoge!r fail to 
fa?om ! /ate ( m9d ( ^? p]sons :o adopt 
nei!r op9ion1 b ei!r ass]t or inf] t 9 !

 "n ( religion1 morality1 mode/y1 & _m  
o!r comm5dable ?+s1 we %\ld p]mit our   
/reets & ?or\ghf>es to be infe/$ by wom5
 ply+ _! immoral trade ) all ! resultant
 consequ5ces4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!      
,,et]nal ,,fem99e       ,,f ,a ,,pr9t   
,,by ,,to%ikata  ,z ,i /at$ at !        
comm5cem5t ( ?is *apt]1 a nation %\ld be
 judg$ n only by its /&>d ( morality b  
by ! degree 9 :i* x lives up to or falls
 %ort ( t /&>d4 ,judg$ by ?is1 surely ! 
faire/1 ! only fair1 rule1 ,japan has e 
reason to be consid]$ a moral c\ntry4   
,^? %ock+ crimes :i* appe> to be !      
outcome ( ei!r ! ab]ration or ! inv]sion
 ( ! sexual in/9cts are almo/ unkn[n    
!re4 ,nor d ,i consid] t ! public       
e/imate ( pro/itution on ! :ole makes = 
immorality4 ,if an evil exi/1 &         
pro/itution is und\bt$ly an evil1 x is  
surely bett] to regulate x ?an to affect
 to be oblivi\s ( x4 ,! ,japanese       
attitude t[>ds pro/itution at any rate  
leaves a door op5 = ! woman :o has1 f   
:atev] ! reason1 laps$ f ! pa?s ( virtue

 to return !reto4 ,?is appe>s to my m9d 
to be a m satisfactory /ate ( ?+s ?an ! 
cont9ual h>ry+ & worry+ ( pro/itutes 9 !
 "n ( indignant virtue & ! driv+ ( !m on
 ! /reets4 ,! aspect ( ! great          
?or\ghf>es ( ,london1 especially by     
night1 does n give ! ,ori5tal visitor   
!reto a high idea ( ,engli% morality4 ,x
 is1 nev]!less1 an extraord9>y fact t ! 
,engli%man or ! ,engli%woman :o has     
mayhap liv$ 9 ,london mo/ ( 8 or h]     
life1 :5 he or %e visits ,japan 9 !     
c\rse (1 p]haps1 a r\nd ! _w trip 9     
n9ety days1 & le>ns t !re is 9 ea*      
,japanese t[n a ,yo%iw>a1 ! inmates (   
:i* are subject to sup]vision &         
regulation1 lifts up 8 or h] h&s 9 holy 
horror1 returns home ) a virtu\s        
indignation1 & has no hesitation 9      
h5ce=? decl>+1 :e!r 9 spee* or writ+1 t 
! ,japanese are a grossly immoral p4  ,!
 av]age ,japanese is1 v rightly 9 my    
op9ion1 indignant at ! con/ant ass]tions
 ( writ]s1 well or ill-in=m$1 t 8 c\ntry
 is ess5tially immoral4 ,he is n only   

indignant b a/\nd$4 ,he has1 if he has  
be5 to ?is c\ntry1 se5 "h mu* t has n   
t5d$ to impress him ) ! belief t !      
,engli% p are !mselves 9 a position to  
dogmatise on ?is vex$ "q ( morality4 ,he
 is1 if he has visit$ ! great cities &  
t[ns ( ,great ,brita91 by no means      
conv9c$ t ! action ( ,japan 9 e/abli%+ a
 ,yo%iw>a ^: inmates are "u prop]       
sup]vision1 m$ical & o!rwise1 is n bett]
 f e po9t ( view1 t ( morality includ$1 
?an turn+ loose wom5 into ! /reets to   
acco/ e pass]-by & place temptations 9 !
 way ( y\?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,japanese :o
 has n left 8 own c\ntry1 b is ( an     
obs]vant nature & ( a logical           
disposition1 fails to compreh5d :y !    
,european 9 ,europe %\ld dogmatise ^u & 
affect to be disgu/$ ) :at he t]ms !    
immorality ( ! ,japanese4 ,! ,japanese  
:o has liv$ all 8 life 9 8 own c\ntry   
has _h ample opportunities = /udy+ !    
,europeans resid5t !re1 & ,i fe> he has 
n always be5 impress$ by _! high moral  
tone or _! ultra-moral conduct4 ,i might

 say mu* m ^u t head1 b ,i %all refra94 
,i conclude ?is *apt] by reit]at+ !     
expression ( my belief t ! ,japanese    
are1 :5 rightly consid]$1 a moral p4 ,!y
 h _! own code ( morals1 & !y act up to 
x4 ,!re are few nations ( :om z mu* c\ld
 be said4     ,,*apt] ,,xix  ,,japan ,,&
 ,,*9a   ,! results ( ! w> betwe5       
,russia & ,japan seem to h caus$ a l>ge 
numb] ( p]sons to "w !mselves into a    
/ate ( incipi5t panic reg>d+ :at has be5
 graphically1 if n q correctly1 t]m$ !  
yell[ p]il4 ,japan1 a nation ( "s       
#dg1jjj1jjj p1 _h ?r[n d[n ! gauntlet & 
totally defeat$1 bo? by l& & sea1 "o ( !
 great milit>y ,p[]s ( ! _w4 ,japan _h  
done all ?is z a result ( "s qu>t] ( a  
c5tury sp5t 9 modell+ & tra9+ h] ,army &
 ,navy on ,european l9es1 & adopt+      
,european arms ( de/ruction4 ,( c\rse1 s
 argu$ ! panic-mong]s1 ,*9a mu/ be      
impress$ by su* an object-lesson--,*9a1 
:i* has = s _m ye>s pa/ be51 & is /ill  
be+1 squeez$ by ! ,european ,p[]s4 ,!   
result ( ,japan's triumph w\ld          

inevitably be1 s we 7 ask$ to believe1 t
 ,*9a w\ld invite ! =m] to organise !   
,*9ese ,army & ,navy on ,japanese l9es4 
,z ! outcome !re(1 a nation1 n ( =ty1 b 
( f\r hundr$ millions1 w\ld be tra9$ to 
arms1 &1 if ! ,*9ese raw mat]ial prov$ z
 good z ! ,japanese1 a nation s p[]ful1 
if x proce$$ ,we/ on conque/ b5t1 w\ld  
c>ry ev]y?+ be=e x1 &1 unlike ! la/     
,ea/]n invad]s ( ,europe1 ! ,turks1 w\ld
 be unlikely to be /opp$ on its onw>d   
c\rse at ,vi5na4 ,! ,g]man ,emp]or 0    
among/ ^? :o h voic$ ! cry ( ! yell[    
p]il4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h ca/ 
himself = ! "p ( ,john ,sobieski1 )     
,b]l9 in/ead ( ,vi5na z ! decisive      
battle-gr\nd4 ,! p]sons :o h s argu$ & h
 attempt$ to raise ?is silly cry ( !    
yell[ p]il1 ) a view ( al>m+ ,europe 71 
,i ?9k1 m]ely ! victims ( an exub]ant   
imag9ation4 ,_! facts h no exi/5ce save 
9 ! realms ( fancy1 & z !y reason$ f    
faulty premises on imp]fect or errone\s 
in=mation1 _! conclusions 71 z might h  
be5 expect$1 n only inaccurate1 b       

absurdly ludicr\s4 ,!re is no yell[     
p]il1 no prospect :atev] ( x1 ei!r      
pres5t or remote4  ,! attitude ( ,*9a1 t
 va/ ?\gh het]og5e\s nation1 is1 s9ce ! 
close ( ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 ,i      
admit1 "o ( ! mo/ int5se int]e/4 ,"s    
p]sons may consid] t 9 a book ab\t      
,japan any o!r ?an a pass+ ref]5ce to   
,*9a is out ( place1 & t1 moreov]1 = me 
to deal ) ! attitude ( ,*9a is to w&]   
into political regions--a p]ipatetic    
proce$+ ,i deprecat$ 9 ! ,preface4 ,i am
 ( op9ion1 h[ev]1 t x is impossible to  
?or\ghly und]/& ,japan & to appreciate !
 attitude ( t c\ntry to ! ,we/]n ,p[]s  
)\t "s rem>ks respect+ ! pres5t &       
prospective relations ( ,*9a & ,japan4  
,i also ?9k t "s consid]ation ( ?is     
bogey ( ! yell[ p]il is n only out (    
place b indisp5sable 9 ord] to =m a     
correct idea ( ! precise effect ( rec5t 
ev5ts 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ & ! possible outcome 
( !m4  ,to any p]son :o has closely     
/udi$ ,f> ,ea/]n problems ! attitude (  
,*9a s9ce ! close ( ! w> betwe5 ,japan &

 ,russia is 9 no way surpris+2 ! =ces t 
h long be5 /eadily at "w 9 t anci5t     
,empire are n[ only atta9+ any degree ( 
developm5t4 ,!re is no?+1 9 my op9ion1 9
 ! hi/ory ( ! _w m dramatic ?an ! way 9 
:i* ,*9a has wait$4 ,t c\ntry is n[1 ,i 
believe1 ab\t to %[ t ! wait+ policy has
 be5 a s\nd "o1 & ,i am confid5t x w    
ev5tually prove triumphant4 ,9 #aijj ,i 
express$ 9 pr9t ! op9ion t n a s+le acre
 ( ,japanese soil w\ld ev] be p]mitt$ to
 be annex$ by a =eign c\ntry2 ,i spoke (
 ! policy ( ,*9a = ! ,*9ese1 & rem>k$ t 
t pr9ciple & policy _h be5 repeat$      
?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( t va/ ,empire1
 & _h be5 absorb$1 z x 71 into ! v m>r[ 
( its p4 ,x is 9 _m respects int]e/+ &  
curi\s1 inde$ almo/ comical1 ! mann] 9  
:i* t lesson has be5 driv5 home ^u !    
,*9ese4 ,russia has always be5 to !m a  
p[]ful1 p]si/5t1 & aggressive neighb\r1 
a m =midable aggressor1 inde$1 because  
p]haps ne>]1 ?an any ( ! o!r ,p[]s (    
,europe1 :om ,i am sorry to say ,*9a has
 always look$ ^u v mu* z ! sub/antial   

h\sehold] reg>ds ! burgl>4 ,n[ t ,japan 
has tri$ conclusions ) ,russia & has    
s\ndly ?ra%$ ! latt]1 great1 slumb]+    
,*9a1 pr\d1 cons]vative1 b supremely    
consci\s ( its lat5t res\rces1 has be5  
wak+ up4 ,! ,*9ese1 z a matt] ( fact1 h 
v little v5]ation1 respect1 or e/eem1 = 
_! ,japanese neighb\rs4 ,! =m] plume    
!mselves on be+ ! ari/ocrats ( ! ,ea/1 &
 !y reason1 ) "s %[ ( plausibility1 t if
 ! up/>t ,japanese h be5 able to s      
?or\ghly r\t ! ,russian =ces ! pot5tial 
possibilities ( ,*9a on ! w>pa? are     
enorm\s4 ,e ?\ghtful /ud5t ( ! ,ea/ has 
look$ =w>d to :at ,i may t]m !          
,japanisation ( ,*9a z "o ( ! inevitable
 results ( ! rec5t conflict 9 ! ,f>     
,ea/4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! ,japanisation 
( ,*9a has comm5c$1 b at ! same "t "o _c
 be oblivi\s ( ! fact t ! ,*9ese1 ) _!  
traditions & s5se ( self-importance1 h n
 ! slighte/ int5tion ( slavi%ly foll[+ 9
 ! lead ( ^? isl&]s :om !y h always     
contemn$1 b mean to /rike out a l9e =   
!mselves4 ,if :at we believe to be      

civilisation is to be develop$ 9 ,*9a1 x
 w be develop$ by ! ,*9ese !mselves4 ,if
 !y are go+ to possess railways1        
telegraphs1 telephones1 & all ! ma*9]y (
 t mat]ial advancem5t :i* we call       
progress1 & sometimes civilisation1 !   
,*9ese !mselves w be ! import]s &       
adapt]s &1 9 due c\rse1 ! manufactur]s  
!re(4  ,n[ t ! great fight 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ 
is ov]1 x c]ta9ly looks z if ! ,*9ese at
 la/ realis$ ! fact t developm5t is an  
inevitable necessity4 ,! ma/]-spirits 9 
! c\ntry h assur$ly come to !           
conclusion1 possibly ) regret1 t ,*9a c 
no long] rema9 9 t delightful /ate (    
isolation :i* p]mitt$ e man 9 ! ,empire 
to sp5d ! arc ( 8 life1 f 8 cradle to 8 
grave1 9 a /ate ( re/ful security4 ,*9a 
is1 9 spite ( h]self1 & c]ta9ly aga9/ ! 
incl9ations ( ! mass ( ! populace1 be+  
swept into ! mael/rom ( /ruggle n[ t !  
p1 or r _! lead]s1 realise ! position4  
,_! attitude seems to me to be          
magnific5t4 ,if railways h to be made !y
 w be made by ! ,*9ese2 ! concessions   

already grant$ mu/--?is is ! univ]sal   
feel+--be b\ght back1 ev5 at a pr(it1 f 
^? :o h acquir$ !m1 by ! ,*9ese         
!mselves4 ,n "o new concession mu/1 on  
any pret5ce :atev]1 ev] aga9 be grant$  
to a =eign]4 ,& if ?is ,we/]n           
civilisation is to be =c$ ^u ! ,*9ese1  
!y int5d to take x ) all its att5dant   
precautions4 ,!y are naturally a        
peaceful & unaggressive p1 b !y h grasp$
 ! fact t1 z a /rong man arm$ is 9 ! be/
 position to safegu>d 8 h\se1 h[ev]     
peaceful 8 individual proclivities may  
be1 s too1 if a nation is to def5d its  
t]ritory & its t]ritorial weal? aga9/   
spoliation1 x mu/ be arm$ = t purpose4  
,= _m ye>s pa/ ,great ,brita9 & ,france 
& o!r c\ntries h be5 s5d+ mission>ies to
 ,*9a to exp\nd to ! ,*9ese p ^? sublime
 doctr9es enunciat$ 9 ! ,s]mon on !     
,m\nt4 ,! ,*9ese h diagnos$1 f ! acts ( 
! ,european ,p[]s g5]ally z well z f !  
actions ( individual ,europeans resid5t 
9 ,*9a1 ! precise value to be atta*$ to 
,*ri/ianity4 ,= purely def5sive purposes

 ,*9a w h almo/ imm$iately an ,army :i* 
has be5 effectively describ$ by ! ,times
 correspond5t z be+ able to relieve !   
,european ,p[]s ( any anxiety respect+ !
 integrity ( ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,p :o h n
 visit$ ! ,f> ,ea/1 & :o entirely d]ive 
_! op9ions & in=mation 9 reg>d !reto f !
 newspap]s1 _c possibly realise :at     
effect ! policy ( ! ,european ,p[]s has 
_h ^u nations l ,*9a & ,japan4 ,a       
pr(ess$ly ,*ri/ian c\ntry l ,great      
,brita9 go+ to w> to =ce ! sale ( opium 
on a p :o did n want to be debau*$2 a   
p[] l ,g]many annex+ ,kiao*ao z a       
golgo?a = two murd]$ prie/s--proce$+s   
su* z ^!1 & !re h be5 _m su* dur+ ! la/ 
=ty or fifty ye>s1 h be5 tak5 s]i\sly to
 he>t by ! ,f> ,ea/]n races1 :e!r 9 ,*9a
 or ,japan4 ,all ! "t ! ,occid5tal      
,p[]s1 ) a total lack ( any s5se (      
hum\r1 h p]si/$ 9 s5d+ mission>ies to ^!
 p to inculcate doctr9es :i* are ! v    
anti!ses ( ! practices ( ,european      
nations to ^! p :om x is s\ght to       
conv]t4 ,x w\ld be1 9 my op9ion1 no?+ m 

?an ! outcome ( et]nal ju/ice if ?is    
great big1 old1 sleepy ,*9a1 :i* has be5
 = s _m ye>s prick$ & prodd$ & despoil$1
 7 at l5g? to take up arms = a great    
rev5ge4 ,b ,*9a1 if my prevision be     
correct1 is go+ to d no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,:at 
%e does mean to d is simply to keep ,*9a
 = ! ,*9ese4 ,%e is n1 z s _m p]sons    
imag9$ & /ill imag9e w\ld be ! case1 go+
 to be l$ z a p[]ful ox ) a ,japanese   
driv]4 ,*9ese /ud5ts are 9 hundr$s 9    
,japan1 le>n+ f t c\ntry all t !        
,japanese h acquir$ f ,europe4 ,"y1     
al]t1 capable m5 ,i f\nd !m )\t         
exception1 suck+ ! bra9s ( all t is be/ 
9 ,japan precisely z ! ,japanese h suck$
 ! bra9s ( all t is be/ 9 ,europe = _!  
own objects & to _! own advantage4 ,!   
imm$iate dang] 9 ,*9a seems1 s f> z ,i c
 judge1 to be t ! anti-=eign feel+1 :i* 
is und\bt$ly int5se especially 9 ! s\? (
 ! ,empire1 may come to a head any day &
 prematurely explode4 ,! n9compoops &   
quidnuncs & newspap] m5 rav5\s = copy :o
 prate ab\t a yell[ p]il may1 9 ?is     

latt] fact1 f9d "s slight excuse = _!   
blatant lucubrations4 ,!re is no real   
yell[ p]il4 ,poor old ,*9a1 :i* has be5 
s long slumb]+1 is j r\s+ h]self & mak+ 
arrangem5ts = def5ce aga9/ ! :ite p]il1 
mat]iali/ic civilisation1 & misrepres5t$
 ,*ri/ianity4  ,! only yell[ p]il t ,i h
 be5 able to diagnose is ! p]il to !    
trade ( ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates (     
,am]ica ) ,*9a--a p]il t appe>s to me to
 be imm95t4 ,t ,japan int5ds to capture 
a l>ge1 inde$ ! l>ge/1 proportion ( t   
trade ,i am firmly conv9c$4 ,t %e w     
succe$ 9 effect+ h] object ,i h n !     
slighte/ d\bt4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t only  
ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( ! imports into ,*9a   
are f ,japan1 ! rema9d] be+ ei!r f      
,india1 ,europe1 or ,am]ica4 ,situat$ 9 
close contiguity to ,*9a1 hav+          
assimilat$ ev]y?+ ( importance n only 9 
reg>d to ! employm5t b ! manufacture (  
ma*9]y f ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
possess+ an indu/ri\s & intellig5t      
population1 ,japan is q obvi\sly 9 a    
magnific5t position to supply ,*9a1 &   

supply h] on mu* bett] t]ms1 ) ! great] 
numb] ( ^? commodities :i* ,*9a n[ has  
to import ei!r f ,europe or ,am]ica4    
,japan1 z ,i h said1 int5ds to lay      
h]self out to capture ! major portion ( 
?is trade2 %e is q ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s1 &   
!re is e reason to suppose t %e w atta9 
h] object4  ,t ! ,*9ese /ud5ts :o h come
 to ,japan & are flock+ !re mon? by mon?
 9 increas+ numb]s1 ) a ?ir/ = k & a    
desire to assimilate all ^? ,we/]n      
influ5ces & ideas & aids t h plac$      
,japan 9 h] pres5t prom95t position     
among ! nations1 :5 !y1 9 due c\rse1    
return to _! own c\ntry1 w ( a c]ta9ty  
ex]cise a consid]able influ5ce !re91 !re
 c be no d\bt4 ,i also feel sure t      
,japan w r5d] consid]able assi/ance to  
,*9a 9 reg>d to ! remodell+ &           
reorganisation ( ! ,*9ese ,army & ,navy4
 ,x is z c]ta9 z any?+ 9 ?is unc]ta9 _w 
t be=e v _m ye>s h elaps$ ! naval &     
milit>y =ces ( ,*9a w und]go z great a  
trans=mation z ^? ( ,japan h und]gone4  
,i believe1 & ,i may say t ?is belief is

 %>$ by a numb] ( naval & milit>y m5 :o 
h _h practical opportunities = =m+ an   
op9ion 9 ! matt]1 t ! raw mat]ial exi/+ 
9 ,*9a = ! mak+ ( an effective &        
effici5t ,army & ,navy is z good z t 9  
,japan4 ,we "k t ! late ,g5]al ,gordon1 
:o _h excell5t opportunities = arriv+ at
 a s\nd conclusion 9 ! matt]1 express$  
himself 9 gl[+ t]ms 9 reg>d to !        
capabilities ( ! ,*9aman z a soldi] 7 he
 prop]ly tra9$1 organis$1 & (fic]$4 ,b t
 ,*9a1 any m ?an ,japan1 ent]ta9s       
ambiti\s milit>y projects ,i utt]ly     
disbelieve4 ,! only aspiration ( ,*9a z 
reg>ds ,europe is--to be let alone4 ,%e 
fe>s1 z %e has e reason to fe>1         
,european aggression4 ,%e has _h ample  
exp]i5ce 9 ! pa/ t ! flimsie/ pretexts h
 be5 utilis$ = ! purpose ( fil*+ h]     
t]ritory & exact+ f h] pecuni>y f9es "u 
! "n ( indemnities4 ,we "k by a rec5t   
incid5t t ! indemnity exact$ f ,*9a by  
?is c\ntry 9 respect ( ! ,box] rebellion
 0 n really requir$ = ! o/5sible        
purposes = :i* x 0 impos$4 ,a l>ge      

proportion ( x lay at ! ,bank ( ,engl&  
unappropriat$1 & ev5tually 0 atta*$ by a
 rapaci\s ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] = !   
purpose ( alleviat+ ! burd5s ( ! ,briti%
 taxpay]4 ,*9a is det]m9$ to h no m     
incid5ts su* z ?is 9 ! future1 & !      
,russo-,japanese ,w> has giv5 h]        
occasion = s]i\s ?\ght 9 ! matt] z well 
z po9t$ an obvi\s moral4 ,z a result (  
h] cogitations1 %e has conclud$ t ! mo/ 
effective means %e c take 9 ! direction 
( pres]v+ ! inviolability ( h] t]ritory 
& prev5t+ ! exaction ( p]iodical monet>y
 tributes on ! "p ( =eign ,p[]s1 is to  
e/abli% a /rong & effici5t ,army &      
,navy4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,i consid] t 9
 s det]m9+ ,*9a is act+ n only 9 h] own 
int]e/s1 b 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,great ,p[]s 
( ,europe4  ,n v _m ye>s ago t excell5t 
sailor1 ,"l ,*>les ,b]es=d1 wrote a book
 entitl$1 some:at too previ\sly1 ,!     
,break-up ( ,*9a4 ,9 select+ a title = 8
 "w ,"l ,*>les )\t d\bt voic$ ! op9ion  
preval5t1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry b 9       
,europe1 at ! "t he wrote x4 ,! /atesm5 

( ne>ly all ! =eign ,p[]s !n seem$ to h 
arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! scramble =   
,*9a 0 imm95t &1 utilis+ _! exp]i5ce f  
:at took place :5 ! scramble = ,africa 0
 effect$ tw5ty ye>s ago1 !y began       
apportion+ 9 advance ! t]ritory t ought 
to fall to _! lot4 ,9 ?is matt]1 h[ev]1 
!y 7 w(ully mi/ak52 ! diplomatic        
physicians ( ! _w may h diagnos$ !      
symptoms q accurately1 b ! pati5t       
surpris$ !m all 9 reg>d to ! c\rse ( !  
disease & h] recup]ative p[]s4 ,!re w be
 no break-up ( ,*9a1 & consequ5tly we   
are n likely to witness any scramble =  
,*9a4 ,!re has und\bt$ly be5 an awak5+ (
 ,*9a1 an awak5+ to h] dang]1 to a s5se 
( ! ext5t to :i* h] int]e/s 7 imp]ill$4 
,%e wants1 z ,i h said1 to be sev]ely   
left alone1 & %e is det]m9$ z f> z      
possible to effect t consummation4 ,! m5
 ( light & lead+ 9 ,*9a "k p]fectly well
 t !y _c n[1 ev5 if !y w\ld1 %ut _!     
c\ntry aga9/ ,european trade1 ,european 
resid5ts1 ,european visitors4 ,!y are   
prep>$ to accept all ^!1 b !y w n h     

,european int]f]5ce4 ,*9a is det]m9$ to 
"w out h] own de/9y or salvation1 call x
 :i* y w1 & ,japan is bo? will+ & anxi\s
 to give h] all possible assi/ance 9 t  
direction4 ,! yell[ p]il bogey is1 9 my 
op9ion1 ! sillie/ & mo/ absurd cry t has
 ev] be5 put =w>d by responsible p]sons4
     ,,*apt] ,,xx  ,,europeans ,,9      
,,japan   ,l ev]y?+ else 9 ,japan1 !    
/atus & position ( ! =eign] h be5       
mat]ially *ang$1 9 fact revolutionis$1 (
 rec5t ye>s4 ,:5 ! c\ntry 01 9 ! fir/   
in/ance1 op5$ aft] its long p]iod (     
isolation f ! re/ ( ! _w1 treaties 7    
sign$ ) ,great ,brita91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 ,france1 & ne>ly all ! o!r ,european   
,p[]s1 :]eby ,japan agre$ to op5 sev5   
ports1 subsequ5tly kn[n z treaty ports1 
to =eign trade 9 :i* ports =eign]s 7 to 
be p]mitt$ to reside & to c>ry on _!    
bus9ess4 ,=eign]s 7 at ! same "t--n by !
 wi% ( ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t1 b z !     
outcome ( ! pressure put ^u ,japan by ! 
v>i\s ,p[]s--grant$ extra-t]ritorial    
rights1 t is to say !y 7 exempt f !     

jurisdiction ( ! ,japanese c\rts ( law4 
,?is be+ ! case =eign c\rts 7 con/itut$ 
9 ,japan ) jurisdiction ov] ! subjects (
 ! nation :i* set up ! c\rt4 ,9 ^! c\rts
 =eign]s su$ & 7 su$1 & crimes committ$ 
by & aga9/ =eign]s 7 tri$4 ,z reg>ds    
,great ,brita9 a ,supreme ,c\rt = ,*9a &
 ,japan 0 con/itut$ ^: headqu>t]s 7 at  
,%anghai4 ,!re 7 ,consul> ,c\rts & a v  
involv$ k9d ( legal proc$ure g5]ally    
e/abli%$1 mo/ly by ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil1 :i* 
,i ne$ n consid] 9 detail z x is n[     
effete4 ,!re 01 moreov]1 z reg>ds ,great
 ,brita9 at any rate1 a ,b> practis+ 9  
^! c\rts1 "o memb] ( :i*1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,v4  
,dick9s1 is ju/ly rememb]$ n = 8 =5sic b
 = 8 lit]>y ef=ts 9 ! direction (       
depict+ ! inn] life ( ! ,japanese p4    
,into ^! =eign c\rts all ! j>gon1 !     
quips & quibbles ( ,engli% law 7        
import$4 ,^! c\rts 71 n unnaturally1 an 
eyesore to ! ,japanese p4 ,i may obs]ve 
9 pass+ t ^! extra-t]ritorial c\rts /ill
 exi/ 9 ,*9a1 & ?\gh ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( 
,*9a & ,japan has be5 %orn ( t "p ( its 

title :i* ref]s to ,japan x rema9s1 & is
 likely = "s "t long] to rema91 !       
supreme legal tribunal ( ! ,engli%      
resid5ts 9 ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,b besides 
extra-t]ritorial c\rts !re 7            
extra-t]ritorial po/-(fices4 ,! ,engli%1
 ! ,am]ican1 &1 ,i ?9k1 ! ,fr5*         
,gov]nm5ts _h po/-(fices 9 ,japan :i*   
transact$ po/al duties ( all k9ds j z if
 !y _h be5 9 ,london1 ,new ,york1 &     
,p>is in/ead ( 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,!re   
may h be5 "s excuse = ?is 9 ! e>ly days2
 b ^! =eign po/-(fices rema9$ until q   
rec5tly1 depriv+ ,japan ( a portion ( h]
 rev5ue at a "t :5 %e _h develop$ a     
magnific5t po/al s]vice ( h] own4 ,ov] &
 above =eign c\rts & po/-(fices !re 7   
actually =eign municipal bodies4 ,a     
c]ta9 am\nt ( gr\nd at ! treaty ports 0 
con/itut$ a =eign settlem5t :]e9 !      
=eign]s resid$4 ,)9 ^! settlem5ts a     
municipal c\ncil 0 =m$1 :i* regulat$    
ev]y?+ !re94 ,9 ^! settlem5ts !         
,japanese ,gov]nm5t _h no m p[] or      
au?ority ?an !y _h 9 ,batt]sea4 ,^!     

settlem5ts 7 9 effect =eign t]ritory on 
! ,japanese soil1 to use :at seems to be
 a p>adox4  ,9 ex*ange = ! privilege (  
extra-t]ritoriality grant$ to =eign     
resid5ts 9 ,japan1 !y 7 plac$ "u        
re/rictions4 ,^! includ$ n be+ able to  
travel 9 ! c\ntry outside a radius ( #be
 miles f ! treaty ports unless provid$ )
 passports1 :i*1 ,i may rem>k1 !re 0    
nev] any difficulty 9 obta9+1 & n be+   
p]mitt$ to live beyond ! same radius4   
,=eign]s engag$ 9 trade 9 ,japan _h a   
great advantage 9 reg>d to a v l[ scale 
( cu/oms duties1 n m ?an #e p] c5t4 ad  
valorem1 b !y 7 /rictly prohibit$ f own+
 l&4 ,?is sy/em ( extra-t]ritoriality 0 
extremely unpopul> ) ! :ole ( !         
,japanese p1 & a con/ant movem5t 0 9 =ce
 9 ! c\ntry = ! abrogation ( :at !      
,japanese consid]$ an invidi\s di/9ction
 & 9 ! direction ( mak+ e p]son :o      
volunt>ily took up resid5ce 9 ,japan    
answ]able to ! law ( ! l& & "u !        
jurisdiction ( ! ,japanese c\rts4 ,!    
rev5ue ( ! c\ntry 0 also1 ( c\rse1      

injuri\sly effect$ by ! po/-(fice       
privileges already ref]r$ to z well z by
 ! diff]5tial treatm5t ( =eign]s 9 reg>d
 to import duties4 ,z 0 to be expect$1  
any proposal = ! abolition (            
extra-t]ritorial rights & ! revision ( !
 regulations 9 reg>d to import duties   
met ) a /r5u\s opposition f ! =eign     
resid5ts 9 ,japan4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/  
be confess$ t ! ,japanese p oppos$ any  
compromise 9 ! direction ( grant+       
=eign]s facilities 9 return = !         
privileges t 7 ask$ to be waiv$4 ,!     
proposal to all[ =eign]s to own l& 0    
vigor\sly inveigh$ aga9/4 ,s 0 a        
sugge/ion to e/abli% mix$ c\rts--! k9d (
 compromise1 by ! way1 :i* w\ld probably
 h equally irritat$ =eign]s & natives4  
,x is1 ,i ?9k1 satisfactory to be able  
to relate t 9 ! end & aft] _m ye>s (    
agitation x 0 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t :i*   
took ! initiative 9 ! matt]1 & "s t5 or 
twelve ye>s ago conclud$ a treaty )     
,japan :]e9 ! privileges ( ,engli%      
c\rts1 ,european municipalities1 &      

diff]5tial import duties 7 ab&on$1 :ile 
9 return propriet>y rights1 except 9    
reg>d to l&1 7 grant$ to =eign]s4  ,!re 
are1 mayhap1 "s p]sons at ! pres5t day  
:o are n aw>e ( ! fact t = a good _m    
ye>s aft] ,japan 0 to a limit$ ext5t    
op5$ to =eign]s sev]al ( ! ,p[]s reta9$ 
an arm$ =ce 9 t c\ntry = ! protection ( 
=eign resid5ts4 ,great ,brita91 =       
in/ance1 _h a l>ge numb] ( m>9es at     
,yokohama4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! troops 0     
extremely unpalatable to ! ,japanese    
au?orities1 b ( c\rse pleas+ to ! =eign 
resid5ts1 :o oppos$ _! )drawal j z !y   
oppos$ ! abrogation (                   
extra-t]ritoriality4 ,i am afraid !     
reason = ! removal ( ?is arm$ =ce z f> z
 ,great ,brita9 0 conc]n$ 0 economic r  
?an f\nd$ on any p>ticul> pr9ciple4 ,be 
t z x may1 9 #ahgc ,japan 0 successful 9
 assur+ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t t %e 0 able 
& prep>$ to protect all =eign]s resid+ 9
 ! c\ntry1 & 9 t ye> ! la/ =eign soldi] 
0 )drawn f ,japanese t]ritory4  ,^? :o  
rememb] ! agitation--& a v fi]ce & noisy

 & provocative agitation x 0--9         
opposition to ! revision ( ,japan's     
treaties ) ! =eign ,p[]s ) a view (     
gett+ rid ( extra-t]ritoriality w h a   
lively recollection ( ! pessimi/ic      
=ebod+s ( ! speak]s & writ]s 9 ref]5ce  
to ! future ( ! =eign community 9 t     
c\ntry 7 ! exclusive privileges !y !n   
enjoy$ tak5 away f !m4 ,! g5tlem5 :o    
utt]$ ^! s5tim5ts 7 no d\bt s9c]ely     
conv9c$ ( _! tru?1 b ,i am glad to be   
able to relate t "t has %[n !m to h be5 
false prophets4 ,!re may be1 & no d\bt  
are1 =eign]s 9 ,japan :o bemoan ! good  
old days1 b ,i am confid5t t ! great    
mass ( ! =eign community n[ recognises !
 fact t ! revision ( ! treaties & !     
)drawal ( extra-t]ritorial privileges 7 
inevitable & t no evil results h ensu$ 9
 consequ5ce4 ,! ,japanese c\rts ( law h 
nei!r t]roris$ nor oppress$ =eign]s4 ,!y
 h1 on ! contr>y1 s\ght to hold ! scales
 ( ju/ice ev5ly1 & ,i believe t ^! c\rts
 n[ enjoy1 z ,i am sure !y des]ve1 !    
fulle/ confid5ce 9 _! integrity & ju/ice

 ( e =eign] resid+ 9 ! c\ntry4  ,i h    
notic$ a t5d5cy on ! "p ( writ]s on     
,japan to ref] to ! =eign community 9 t 
,empire z if x 7 a community b\nd toge!r
 by "s p>ticul> pr9ciple & work+ 9      
unison = "s def9ite object4 ,( c\rse su*
 a view is nons5sical4 ,! =eign         
community 9 ,japan1 9 :i* = ! purpose ( 
my rem>ks ,i d n include ! ,*9ese1 is "o
 compos$ ( a l>ge numb] ( nationalities 
:i* h v little 9 common1 & among/ :om a 
good deal ( rivalry prevails4 ,x may h  
be5 t :5 ! "q ( revis+ ! treaties 0 be+ 
ke5ly agitat$1 self-int]e/1 or :at 0    
deem$ to be self-int]e/1 occasion$ a    
sort ( fictiti\s unity among =eign]s1 b 
at ! pres5t "t1 s f> z my obs]vation has
 gone1 !re is v little real unity among 
! =eign]s 9 ,japan4 ,! ,engli%1 ( c\rse1
 pr$om9ate 9 numb]s1 & !y h also ! major
 portion ( ! trade 9 _! h&s4 ,:e!r su* a
 condition ( ?+s w mu* long] obta9 is a 
moot "q4 ,i am ( op9ion1 z ,i h else:]e 
indicat$1 t ! trade ( ,japan w v l>gely 
pass into ! h&s ( ! ,japanese !mselves1 

& t ! =eign elem5t 9 ,japan is accord+ly
 n only unlikely to increase 9 numb] b  
is almo/ c]ta9 to dim9i%4  ,9 ! e>ly    
days :5 ,japan 0 fir/ op5$ to ! ,we/]n  
_w & ,engli% trad]s w5t !re to pu% _!   
commodities1 we he>d a good deal ab\t ! 
peculi> e?ics ( ,japanese comm]cial     
morality4 ,! ,european m]*ant ei!r 01 or
 affect$ to be1 %ock$ at ! loose        
comm]cial code ( hon\r ( ^? ) :om he 0  
br\ght into contact 9 ,japan1 & he      
express$ himself accord+ly4 ,h[ev] mu*  
or little gr\nd !re may h be5 = ^!      
accusations _m ye>s ago ,i am n 9 a     
position to judge4 ,9 =m+ any op9ion 9  
?is matt]1 if t op9ion is to be correct1
 x is1 ,i ?9k1 ess5tial to rememb] !    
conditions ( society 9 ,japan :5 x 0    
fir/ op5$ to ,european trade4 ,9 old    
,japan !re 7 f\r recognis$ classes (    
society--! ,samurai1 ! f>m]s1 !         
artisans1 & ! m]*ants4 ,! la/ two 7     
some:at look$ d[n ^u by ! o!rs4 ,x is1  
accord+ly1 h>dly to be wond]$ at t !    
condition ( indu/ry & comm]ce 0 ! lea/  

satisfactory feature 9 ! initial /ages (
 national developm5t4 ,despis$ alike by 
! g5try & ! peasantry1 ! trad]s 7 9 a   
some:at sorry plight :5 ,japan 0 ?r[n   
op54 ,! l[ social /atus ( ! trad+ class 
9 ,japan 0 due to ! feudal ideas :i*    
prevail$ = s _m c5turies4 ,! p 7        
impress$ ) ! productive p[] ( ! soil1 & 
jump$ at ! conclusion t ! m]*ant class  
mu/ necess>ily be immoral1 s9ce x       
pur*as$ ! produce ( ! soil at a l[ price
 & sold x at a pr(it4 ,v simil> ideas h 
prevail$ 9 c\ntries o!r ?an ,japan4 ,x  
is n s v _m ye>s ago t 9 ,engl& a man ( 
good family1 mu* less a memb] ( !       
ari/ocracy1 go+ into trade 0 look$ ^u ) 
no v fav\rable eyes4 ,we "k t ! ideas t 
n s v _m ye>s ago obta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 
ref]5ce to ?is matt] h entirely alt]$4  
,trade is n[ consid]$ to furni% mo/     
excell5t scope & opportunities = ! en]gy
 & capital ( all classes ( ! community4 
,& ! same ideas h be5 work+ 9 ,japan4 ,!
 m]*ant !re is no long] a memb] ( a     
despis$ class4 ,! scions ( ! mo/ anci5t 

families 9 ,japan1 z 9 ,engl&1 h emb>k$ 
9 trade & br\ght to _! bus9ess ^? high  
ideals :i* !y h d]iv$ f _! ance/ors4 ,! 
criticisms ( comm]cial morality 9 ,japan
 :i* 7 s preval5t n v _m ye>s ago are n[
 entirely obsolete4 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 t !  
effect ( !m /ill to "s ext5t rema9s1 & t
 !re are a l>ge numb] ( p 9 ?is c\ntry  
:o ev5 n[ believe t ! ,japanese1 f a    
comm]cial po9t ( view1 are :at is t]m$  
tricky4 ,i hope my rem>ks on ?is head   
may s]ve to disabuse ! m9ds ( "s ( ^?   
p]sons :o /ill ent]ta9 ^! extremely     
errone\s ideas4  ,i d n ?9k t !re is a v
 l>ge am\nt ( social int]c\rse betwe5 ! 
,europeans 9 ,japan & ! ,japanese       
!mselves4 ,! ,european 9 ! ,ea/1 or at  
any rate ! ,engli%man 9 ! ,ea/1 s f> z  
,i h be5 able to judge1 always appe>s to
 me to assume an air--x may be an       
unconsci\s air--( sup]iority to !       
inhabitants ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he resides4
 ,t ?is is frequ5tly extremely gall+ to 
!m !re c be no "q4 ,any "o :o has       
conv]s$ ) ! intellig5t native ( ,india  

mu/ be aw>e ( t fact4 ,:e!r ! greatness 
( ! ,anglo-,saxon race be 9 "s degree or
 9 a l>ge measure due to ! belief t !   
,anglo-,saxon has 9 himself is a "q ,i  
ne$ n consid]4 ,b ,i ?9k !re c be no    
d\bt ( ! fact t ?is s5se ( sup]iority1  
h[ev] mu* or little ju/ification !re may
 be = x1 is a *>act]i/ic n likely to be 
appreciat$ by =eign]s1 & especially     
,ori5tals1 & ,i ?9k ,i am ju/ifi$ 9     
rem>k+ t ! ,japanese d n at all         
appreciate x4  ,! ,european may impress 
! ,ori5tal 9 "o ( sev]al ways2 he has = 
! mo/ "p done s by 8 great milit>y or   
naval pr[ess4 ,t is ! way 9 :i* ,great  
,brita9 has impress$ ! natives ( ,india4
 ,! ,engli% are 9 t c\ntry z a conqu]+  
race4 ,!y h practically nev] be5        
defeat$1 & ! respect :i* !y h obta9$ is 
! respect t ! weak h = ! /rong4 ,9      
,japan su* a /ate ( ?+s is no long]     
possible4 ,! results ( ! ,russian ,w> h 
r5d]$ x impossible = all "t4 ,an        
,ori5tal nation has met a ,european ,p[]
 on ! field & on ! high seas1 & s\ndly  

?ra%$ x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r way 9 :i*
 ! ,european might impress ! ,ori5tal4  
,! =m] pr(esses to h a pur] religion & a
 high] code ( morals4 ,he has s\ght to  
impose 8 religion ^u e race ) :i* he has
 be5 br\ght into contact1 & if he has n 
s\ght to impose 8 moral sy/em1 he has1  
at any rate1 sev]ely criticis$ t ( ! p )
 :om he has be5 br\ght into contact1 &  
comp>$ x ) 8 own to _! disadvantage4 ,9 
,japan1 :]e !re is a l>ge =eign         
community1 ! ?9k+1 logical ,japanese has
 _h abundant opportunities = /udy+ n    
only ! pr9ciples ( ,we/]n religions &   
,we/]n morality1 b also ! practice ( !m 
by ,we/]n resid5ts 9 8 own l&4  ,!      
result has be5 to give him mu* food =   
reflection4 ,he reads ! criticisms (    
,europe ^u ! ,yo%iw>a & ! ,japanese     
attitude g5]ally t[>ds pro/itution1 :ile
 he has ample evid5ce ( ! fact t _m ( ! 
patrons ( ! ,yo%iw>a are to be f\nd     
among ! ,european community 9 ,japan4 ,&
 s ( religion4 ,! v>i\s ,*ri/ian        
d5om9ations ( ! ,we/]n _w aspire to     

conv]t ,japan1 & s5d mission>ies !re = t
 purpose4 ,! ,japanese gives !m a fair  
field1 & he has %[n no av]sion to       
inve/igate _! dogmas4 ,at ! same "t he  
sees t a l>ge proportion1 ,i might      
p]haps say ! majority1 ( ! ,european    
resid5ts 9 ,japan d n tr\ble to att5d ! 
,*ri/ian places ( wor%ip1 :ile _m ( !m  
make no disguise ( _! contempt =        
,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al & ! mission>ies 9   
p>ticul>4 ,:at conclusion1 may ,i ask1 c
 ! logical1 reason+ ,japanese come to 9 
^! matt]s8  ,!re c be no d\bt :atev] t !
 =eign resid5ts 9 ,japan h accompli%$ a 
great "w 9 reg>d to ! developm5t ( !    
c\ntry4 ,! settlem5ts e/abli%$ by !m at 
! v>i\s treaty ports & ! adm9i/ration ( 
^? settlem5ts z municipalities reflect$ 
great cr$it ^u all ^? conc]n$1 & 0 a    
spl5did object-lesson = ! ,japanese p4  
,great ,brita91 too1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be    
congratulat$ on ! m5 %e has select$ to  
repres5t h] at ! ,japanese ,c\rt4 ,!re  
is no man to :om bo? ,great ,brita9 &   
,japan are m indebt$ ?an ! late ,sir    

,h>ry ,p>kes4 ,i _c rememb] dur+ h[ _m  
ye>s he 0 ! ,briti% ,m9i/] at ,tokio1 b 
dur+ ! :ole ( 8 t]m ( (fice he us$ 8 be/
 endeav\rs 9 ! direction ( %[+ ,japan ! 
way %e ought to g 9 ! pa? ( progress1 & 
9 r5d]+ h] all ! assi/ance possible 9 t 
direction by procur+ = h] ! v be/       
assi/ance ( e description4 ,i /rongly   
advise e p]son int]e/$ 9 ,japan & its   
developm5t to p]use ! ,life ( ,sir ,h>ry
 ,p>kes1 by ,mr4 ,f4 ,v4 ,dick9s & ,mr4 
,/anley ,l4 ,poole4 ,"o int]e/+ feature 
9 ,sir ,h>ry ,p>kes's c>e] ,i may record
 "h1 z ,i h _h x on ! au?ority ( a      
g5tleman conv]sant ) ! facts4 ,sir ,h>ry
 0 always a p]sona gratissima ) !       
,japanese ,gov]nm5t1 & ab\t ! ye> #ahgg 
he & ! late ,admiral ,sir ,a4 ,p4 ,ryd]1
 !n ,comm&]-9-,*ief on ! ,*9a /ation1 _h
 a conv]sation respect+1 9 view ( !     
aggressive policy ( ,russia 9 ! ,f>     
,ea/1 obta9+ a ,briti% coal+ /ation mu* 
fur!r nor? ?an ,hong ,kong4 ,admiral    
,ryd] m5tion$ z an appropriate place !  
isl& ( ,tsu-%ima1 s fam\s 9 ! rec5t w> )

 ,russia4 ,sir ,h>ry ,p>kes promis$ to  
use 8 good (fices ) ! ,japanese         
,gov]nm5t to obta9 p]mission to occupy  
?is isl& ) a view ( its ultimate cession
 to ,great ,brita94 ,! p]mission 0 duly 
obta9$1 & ,admiral ,ryd] !reupon cabl$  
home to ! ,admiralty = ! necess>y       
p]mission to take ov] ! isl&4 ,8 reque/ 
0 promptly veto$1 & ,great ,brita91     
accord+ly1 lo/ = ev] ! opportunity (    
obta9+ an admirable coal+ /ation & a    
spl5did /rategical position 9 ! ,f>     
,ea/4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ,japan does n n[  
regret ! refusal ( ,great ,brita9 to    
accept h] too g5]\s (f]4  ,europeans h  
be5 9 ,japan1 & v mu* 9 evid5ce1 dur+ ! 
pa/ half-c5tury or s1 b ,i d n ?9k t !  
resid5ts 9 ! c\ntry h ex]cis$ mu*       
influ5ce ^u ,japan4 ,dur+ t p]iod !re h 
be5 enorm\s *anges2 ! :ole life ( !     
nation has1 9 fact1 be5 revolutionis$4  
,b ^! *anges h n be5 wr\ght1 or inde$   
greatly affect$1 by ! ,european resid5ts
 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! *anges h emanat$ f      
,europe & ,am]ica--n t portion ( ,europe

 & ,am]ica :i* w5t to ,japan = its own  
objects4 ,i make1 ( c\rse1 a p>ticul>   
exception 9 reg>d to ^? naval & milit>y 
& sci5tific m5 to ^: ex]tions ,japan    
owes s mu* ( h] advancem5t4 ,b ,i d say 
( ! ord9>y trad] or m]*ant t he has come
 to ,japan1 & left x )\t produc+ mu*    
effect1 if any1 on ! developm5t ( !     
nation1 or leav+ beh9d him any influ5ces
 ( a useful nature4  ,! ,european 9     
,japan necess>ily sugge/s "s allusion to
 t l>ge & annually increas+ numb] (     
p]sons :o visit ! c\ntry4 ,_! resid5ce 9
 ,japan is usually ( v limit$ duration1 
b1 h[ev] %ort x may be1 x is app>5tly q 
long en\gh to enable !m to =m pron\nc$  
views ^u _m & v>i$ matt]s connect$ ) !  
c\ntry & ! p4 ,i h no hesitation 9      
ass]t+ t ! errone\s op9ions s preval5t 9
 ,europe 9 reg>d to ,japan & ! ,japanese
 p are l>gely ! outcome ( ! f> too      
num]\s books t h be5 writt5 & publi%$ 9 
ref]5ce to t c\ntry ( rec5t ye>s4 ,t5   
,days 9 ,japan may be an allur+ title = 
a book ( travel1 b q evid5tly t5 days   

are n suffici5t to =m an op9ion &       
promulgate x ^u e phase ( ,japanese     
life1 nor = ! solution ( _m vex$        
problems4 ,& yet1 s f> z my p]usal ( ^! 
books has gone1 ! %ort] ! p]iod a man or
 woman has sp5t 9 ,japan ! m pron\nc$ 8 
or h] views 9 reg>d to ! c\ntry4 ,!     
matt] is h>dly wor? ref]r+ to 7 x n t ^!
 op9ions1 ha/ily arriv$ at & app>5tly z 
hurri$ly ru%$ into pr9t1 h be5 accept$  
by "s p z incontrov]tible facts4 ,ano!r 
class ( "w t ,i ?9k a read] %\ld be w>n$
 aga9/ is ! book ( ! man :o has liv$ 9  
,japan = a "t & se5 life only f a c]ta9 
/&po9t4 ,! book ( a bi%op or a mission>y
 may be & (t5 is ( und\bt$ value 9      
ref]5ce to 8 "w & matt]s connect$ ) 8   
"w1 b :5 ! writ] gets outside ?is       
p>ticul> prov9ce & deals ) subjects 8 k 
( :i* mu/ be at ! be/ second-h& he is   
almo/ c]ta9 to p]petrate "s flagrant    
mi/akes1 & occasionally indite ! mo/    
egregi\s nons5se4 ,i %all n p>ticul>ly  
apply ^! rem>ks1 b ,i ?9k x necess>y to 
utt] ?is ^w ( w>n+ z ! lit]>y effusions 

( "s v e/imable m5 & wom5 9 reg>d to    
,japan h giv5 occasion = _m false       
misconceptions be+ ent]ta9$ 9 reg>d to t
 c\ntry4    ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,m9i/]+   
,,angel       ,,f ,a ,,pr9t ,,by        
,,to%ikata  ,! cry ( ,japan = !         
,japanese has und\bt$ly be5 he>d 9 t l&1
 & dur+ ! agitation ov] ! revision ( !  
treaties ! =eign community appe>$ to be 
"u ! impression t ! policy emphasis$ 9 t
 cry 0 ! "o :i* ,japan desir$ to atta94 
,= myself ,i d n believe x4 ,i am       
positive t ,japan to-day has no desire  
to exclude =eign]s1 or to rev]t into h] 
old position ( isolation4 ,i believe1 on
 ! contr>y1 t %e desires to welcome     
=eign]s & to give !m e facility )9 prop]
 limits = pursu+ _! ent]prises4 ,at !   
same "t %e has no desire = ! =eign      
adv5tur]1 prospector1 or embryo company 
promot]4 ,%e does n wi%1 9 fact1 t      
,japan %all be exploit$ ei!r 9 respect (
 m9]als or any o!r purpose ) ! object ( 
directly or indirectly p\r+ weal? into  
,london or any o!r city4 ,! ent]pris+   

g5tlem5 f ,engl& & o!r c\ntries :o h    
s\ght to obta9 concessions ( v>i\s k9ds 
9 ,japan h fail$ 9 _! object4 ,_! ef=ts 
w\ld probably only h br\ght discr$it on 
! c\ntry1 & c\ld h>dly by any           
possibility h aid$ 9 its mat]ial        
advancem5t4 ,!re is only "o ^w ( advice 
t ,i %\ld feel incl9$ to pr(f] !        
,european 9 ,japan1 & t is to refra9    
less f ex]cis+ 8 cau/ic wit at ! exp5se 
( ! ,japanese p4 ,a nation :i* has pass$
 ?r\gh su* dra/ic *anges z h *>act]is$  
,japan 9 ! la/ two or ?ree decades c no 
d\bt furni% abundant opportunities = !  
jibes ( ! flippant1 & ! hum\r ( ^? :o   
consid] !y are end[$ ) a pretty wit4 ,b 
! ex]cise ( s>donic hum\r & an excessive
 s>casm t5ds to promote ill-feel+ &     
s]ves no useful purpose4 ,! "r _s1 9 my 
op9ion1 = any man to reg>d ,japan is z a
 nation /ruggl+ to obta9 & assimilate   
all t is be/ 9 ! _w & aspir+ to be 9    
fact an eclectic p[]4 ,x c at lea/ be   
said ( ,japan t x is ! only nation 9 !  
_w's hi/ory :i* has ent]ta9$ su*        

aspirations & has s\ght to give effect  
to !m4     ,,*apt] ,,xxi  ,a ,,visit    
,,to ,,"s ,,buddhi/ ,,temples   ,i 0 ly+
 awake 9 my room 9 ! ,myako ,hotel1 !   
w9d[ look+ out across ! t[n bel[ t[>ds !
 ea/]n hills & fram$ ) clu/]s ( r$      
maple4 ,x 0 ! cle> /illness ( a fro/y   
morn+ be=e dawn1 n motion en\gh 9 !     
autumn air to /ir a ripe r$ maple leaf1 
& z ,i lay 9 b$ sudd5ly ! air itself    
seem$ to heave a sigh ( music mell[1    
s(t1 & yet full1 gradual 9 its com+ z 9 
its go+1 all-p]vad+1 /range & wond]ful4 
,/illness aga91 & !n x came aga91 or r n
 s mu* came z 0 !re1 & !n 0 n !re2 = x  
seem$ to come f no :i!r1 & to leave n   
ev5 ! footpr9t ( an e*o 9 ! air beh9d4  
,!re 0 sanctity 9 ! v s\nd itself4 ,its 
music 0 l vocal inc5se aris+ be=e !     
awful rose ( dawn1 beyond ^? purple     
ea/]n hills4 ,h[ unlike1 ,i ?\ght1 ! j> 
& clang\r ( our *ur* bells 9 ,london on 
a ,sunday morn+ rattl+ l a fire al>m1 ^:
 only possible religi\s sugge/ion is to 
tumble out ( b$ to escape ! flames (    

hell4 ,! musical summons ( ?is bell 0   
suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to induce me to g out 
= a /roll ?r\gh ! temples 9 ! morn+     
twilight4  ,all on ! cre/ ( ! hill beh9d
 ! hotel is a r[ ( temples cr[n+ !      
height4 ,"o m\nts a flight ( /eps & !n  
comes on av5ues ) r[s ( anci5t trees on 
ei!r side t make ! av5ues look l great  
aisles ( :i* ! imm5se trees are !       
columns support+ ! deep1 blue ro(4 ,no?+
 is m /rik+ ab\t ^! temples ?an !       
delightful h>mony betwe5 _! natural     
surr\nd+s & ! build+s !mselves4 ,!y bl5d
 s p]fectly t "o loses sight ( ! meet+  
betwe5 nature & art4 ,f ! /eps onw>d all
 seems a h>moni\s "p ( ! sanctifi$ :ole4
 ,trees1 creep]s1 & natural fl[]s peep 9
 & almo/ entw9e !mselves ) ! m>vell\sly 
pa9t$ or c>v$ foliage ( ! temple itself4
 ,! ri* li*5s & mosses ( ! tree-trunks  
vie 9 dep? & beauty ( col\r ) ! inlaid  
trac]ies ( ! columns4  ,e>ly z ! h\r 0  
,i 0 n alone 9 ! fir/ temple ,i came to4
 ,) t9kl+ /eps ( wood5 %oes a little    
woman patt]$ up ! /one /airs to "o ( !  

%r9es1 pull$ ! heavy cord ( ! small bell
 above h] head to awak5 ! att5tion ( !  
,deity1 & !n ) jo9$ h&s encircl$ ) beads
 & ) b[$ head :isp]$ h] morn+ pray]4 ,i 
j caught 9 s(t1 supplicatory acc5ts !   
op5+ words1 ,namu ,amida ,butsu--,he>   
me1 compassionate ,"l ,buddha--words t  
soon become famili> z "o visits ^!      
temples2 ! great refra9 ( ^! p's pray]s 
:5 !y pray be=e ! image ( ,him1 hon\r$1 
wise/1 be/1 mo/ pitiful1 ^: lips com=t !
 _w4 ,& !n1 hav+ f9i%$ h] pray]s1 !     
little woman patt]$ back to h] home 9 ! 
t[n bel[1 :ile o!rs come & make _!      
devotions likewise1 all leav+ ! temple z
 if t placid1 inscrutable image _h      
:isp]$ 9 ! e> ( ea* "s ^w ( com=t4  ,9 !
 c\rty>d beyond ! great ,temple (       
,kiomidyu ,i came ^u a wond]ful bell4   
,!re 0 room = ov] a doz5 m5 to /& inside
 ! great bronze %ell4 ,x 0 hung j above 
! gr\nd betwe5 pla9 timb] uprights1 & ! 
mell[ s(tness ( tone 0 acc\nt$ = by !   
way 9 :i* x 0 /ruck4 ,in/ead ( metal    
/rik+ aga9/ metal a great tree-trunk is 

susp5d$ horizontally outside2 ?is is    
swung backw>ds & =w>ds & !n all[$ to    
/rike aga9/ ! metal4 ,ev5 :5 /&+ close  
to x !re is no?+ "o w\ld call noise1 b a
 great1 full1 ri* s\nd fills ! air 9 a  
mann] impossible to describe4 ,i pass$  
on to ! lattic$ %r9e d$icat$ to         
,kamno%ut ,no ,kami1 ! goddess ( lov]s4 
,z ,i wait$ !re ?ree little ,japanese   
girls came up ! /eps4 ,ea* _h a small   
piece ( pap] 9 h] h&1 & w9d+ !m up !y   
deftly plac$ ! pap]s 9 ! lattice ) !    
?umb & little f+] ( _! h&s4 ,on ^! 7    
writt5 _! petitions4 ,"o ( !m held a    
bun* ( brilliant maple leaves 9 h] h&1 &
 judg+ f _! faces--pla9 little faces all
 ( !m--x 0 easy to und]/& !y want$ div9e
 assi/ance 9 _! love affairs4 ,x 0      
difficult to und]/& ! goddess reta9+ any
 reputation = compassion if _! pray]s 7 
n answ]$4 ,aft] !y _h gone next came a  
da9ty little gei%a1 a pretty girl1 ^:   
lov] mu/ h be5 a sad worry to h]1 judg+ 
by ! look on h] anxi\s little face1 z %e
 plac$ h] petition betwe5 ! b>s4  ,all  

?r\gh ^! temples x 0 obvi\s t !         
agno/icism1 or indiff]5ce1 or attitude (
 polit5ess t[>ds possibilities1 :i* has 
app>5tly tak5 possession ( ! upp]       
classes 9 ,japan1 possibly z ! result ( 
contact ) ! ,we/1 is 9 no way preval5t  
among ! masses4 ,9 all ! c\ntry p>ts t  
,i visit$ & 9 ! l>ge temples 9 ! great  
cities !re 0 ev]y:]e evid5ce ( fai? z   
s9c]e & dev\t z c be f\nd 9 ! *ur*es ( !
 mo/ ,*ri/ian c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,unlike 
,*9a1 !re 0 n[h]e any sign ( ! temples  
fall+ into decay4 ,e temple 9 ,*9a looks
 l a neglect$ mausoleum decay+ ov] !    
corpse ( a dead religion1 & ! prie/s    
look l sextons ( a neglect$ gravey>d4 ,b
 "h 9 ,kyoto two ( ! l>ge/ temples 7    
und]go+ elaborate repairs1 & 9 ,tokio an
 imm5se new temple is be+ erect$ 9 !    
he>t ( ! city4 ,9 ,kyoto at ! ,temple ( 
,ni%i ,hong ,wangi ,i 0 pres5t at a     
great sev5 days' religi\s fe/ival4 ,f   
n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+ until six o'clock 
9 ! ev5+ ! temple 0 p]petually ?rong$ ) 
p4 ,i visit$ x 9 ! aft]noon4 ,9 "o l>ge 

room a prie/ 0 prea*+4 ,8 congregation 0
 l>gely compos$ ( c\ntry p f all !      
di/ricts r\nd1 :o _h j\rney$ 9 ) _!     
wives & families4 ,!re _h be5 an        
abundant h>ve/1 x 0 ov] & /or$1 & ! p _h
 come to give ?anks4 ,a great "p ( !    
congregation 7 blue-clad peasants ) :ite
 h&k]*iefs ar\nd _! heads4 ,_m ( !m _h  
br\ght _! *ildr5 ) !m4  ,! prie/ prea*$ 
sitt+ d[n1 9 a quiet conv]sational tone4
 ,f :at a ,japanese fri5d 0 k9d en\gh to
 translate = me1 !re 0 no?+ esot]ic 9 ! 
,buddhism he 0 tea*+4 ,x 0 simply pla9  
lessons to ! p1 h[ to make good _!      
simple lives int]sp]s$ ) /ories &       
anecdotes t occasionally amus$ 8        
congregation4 ,foll[+ ! cr[d t kept     
/ream+ out f 8 hall t[>ds ! l>g] temple1
 ,i pass$ "u a pla9 portico ( huge wood5
 columns1 sev]e & simple on ! outside1 b
 gorge\s ) ri* c>v+s ( gold lacqu]      
panels & hang+s ( ri*ly wr\ght          
embroid]ies )94 ,! entire floor ( !     
great build+ 0 cr[d$1 & ! ov]fl[ ( !    
congregation knelt ^u ! flags outside ! 

door4 ,) difficulty ,i pick$ my way     
inside4 ,two r[s ( prie/s 9 brilliantly 
col\r$ ve/m5ts 7 arrang$ on ei!r side ( 
! c5tral figure ( ,buddha4 ,betwe5 !m 0 
! *ief prie/4 ,beh9d ! alt> scre5 0 an  
invisible *oir4 ,9 alt]nat+ numb]s !    
solemn1 supplicat+ *ant 0 l$ by ei!r r[ 
( prie/s4 ,9 a way x rem9d$ "o ( !      
,gregorian *ant "o (t5 he>s 9 ,ca?olic  
*ur*es1 b 9 ?is ,buddhi/ *ant+ !re 0 t  
curi\s ,ori5tal /ra9 ( semi-tones t gave
 a /range & peculi> pla9t to ! *orus4   
,fa9t blue columns ( inc5se 7 /ream+    
sl[ly f bronze c5sors t[>ds ! c>v$ ro(1 
& diffus+ a delightful aromatic od\r    
?r\gh\t ! build+4 ,! congregation 0     
compos$ ( all sorts & conditions ( !    
population1 al?\gh ! majority 7         
peasants2 !re 7 a numb] ( ,japanese     
ladies :o came accompani$ by _! maids1 &
 "h & !re ! bright] co/ume ( a ,gei%a 0 
to be se5 among ! cr[d4  ,! s]ies (     
s]vices la/$ = sev5 days4 ,?is 0 ! fif?4
 ,beg9n+ at six o'clock 9 ! morn+1 x w5t
 on till six o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,x 0 j at

 its conclusion :ile ,i 0 !re4 ,m+l+ ) !
 *orus f ! prie/s & ! *oir ran a l[     
murmur f ! cr[d4 ,! old c\ntry m5 & wom5
 said _! pray]s al\d1 & ! refra9 ( ,namu
 ,amida ,butsu seem$ p]petually 9 "o's  
e>s4 ,z ! conclusion ( ! s]vice         
approa*$1 ! voices ( ! *oir1 ! prie/s1 &
 ! congregation increas$ 9 /r5g? &      
volume1 & ceas$ sudd5ly 9 a f9al *ord ( 
supplication4 ,= a few mom5ts !re 0     
/illness ov] ! b[$ heads ( !            
congregation1 & !n ! prie/s rose & !    
cr[d began to /ream d[n ! great flight (
 /eps4 ,9 ! /reets outside 7 r[s (      
boo?s1 :]e pr9t$ pray]s & brightly      
embroid]$ triangul> clo?s1 beads &      
images 7 be+ sold z mem5toes ( ^!       
s]vices4 ,! :ole congregation1 ev5 old  
m5 & wom51 z !y toddl$ d[n ! /eps at !  
base ( :i* !y put on _! %oes1 rem9d$ "o 
=cibly ( a lot ( *ildr5 com+ out f      
s*ool4 ,laugh+1 *att]+1 & jok+1 !re 0 a 
look ( satisfaction & cont5tm5t on all  
_! faces1 return+ homew>ds1 z if !y felt
 t 9 reply to _! pray]1 ,namu ,amida    

,butsu1 ! compassionate ,"l ,buddha1 _h 
li/5$ to _! pray]1 & :isp]$ 9 answ] to !
 he>t ( ea*1 ,com=t ye1 my p4           
,,*apt] ,,xxii  ,,! ,,a9os   ,a book on 
,japan w\ld be incomplete )\t "s ref]5ce
 to ! ,a9os1 t my/]i\s race f\nd1 & f\nd
 only1 9 ! nor!rn isl& ( ,yesso4 ,!     
,a9os h long be5 ! puzzle ( ! e?nologi/4
 ,:]e ! ,a9os came f or to :at o!r race 
!y are ak9 are problems t h giv5        
occasion = mu* le>n$ diss]tation1 b are 
/ill z f> (f solution z ev]4 ,mr4 ,basil
 ,*amb]la91 all ( ^: writ+s ^u ,japan   
are replete ) erudition & in=mation1 has
 obs]v$ t ! ,a9o race des]ves to be     
/udi$ because its doma9 once ext5d$ ov] 
! entire ,japanese ,ar*ipelago1 & also  
because x is1 s to speak1 almo/ at its  
la/ gasp4 ,un=tunately ! evid5ce = !    
latt] fact is m conclusive ?an = ! =m]4 
,! ,a9os are1 x seems1 to be no         
exception to t my/]i\s law ( ! survival 
( ! fitte/1 :i* decrees t an inf]ior    
race %all g d[n be=e ! sup]ior1 & 9 due 
c\rse become m]ely a "n4 ,i h call$ ?is 

a my/]i\s law because su* disappe>ance  
is n necess>ily ! result ( conque/ or ( 
ru?less de/ruction4 ,:5 ! inf]ior race  
is br\ght into contact ) ! sup]ior x    
seems1 by "s my/]i\s process1 to be     
infect$ ) ! elem5ts ( decay1 to be      
impregnat$ ) ! g]ms ( annihilation4 ,&1 
accord+ly1 x comes ab\t1 9 accordance ) 
! dictates ( ! law ,i h ref]r$ to1 t    
al?\gh a society has be5 f\nd$ 9 ,japan 
v mu* on ! l9es ( our ,aborig9es        
,protection ,society1 an ,a9o           
,pres]vation ,society1 ! ,a9os seem     
doom$ to ext9ction at no f>-di/ant date4
  ,:e!r or n ! ,a9os once inhabit$ !    
:ole ( ! ,japanese isl&s & trekk$ nor?  
to get away f _! conqu]ors1 !re c be no 
d\bt ( ! fact t !y are 9 almo/ e respect
 ! v anti!sis ( ! ,japanese4 ,! latt]   
are a smoo?-sk9n$ race1 ! ,a9os an      
extremely hairy "o4 ,! ,japanese are    
ess5tially a clean1 a scrupul\sly clean 
p1 ! ,a9os j z ess5tially dirty4 ,! long
 be>ds & g5]al facial appe>ance ( !     
latt] are altoge!r 9 />tl+ contra/ to ! 

physiognomy ( ! av]age ,japanese4  ,:5  
e?nology fails to place a race1         
philology (t5 /eps 9 ) m or less (      
success4 ,! ,a9o language has be5       
pr(\ndly /udi$ by _m em95t philologi/s1 
b ,i d n ?9k ! results h t5d$ to ?r[    
mu*1 if any1 light on ! my/]y z to !    
orig9 & racial aff9ities ( ! ,a9os4 ,9  
g5]al /ructure ! language is n unlike t 
( ! ,japanese1 b ?is might be expect$ z 
! result ( c5turies ( int]c\rse betwe5 !
 two p4  ,! ,a9os live almo/ solely by  
fi%+ & hunt+4 ,! ,japanese laws1 :i* h  
ye> by ye> be5 made m /r+5t1 h some:at  
int]f]$ ) ! sport+ proclivities ( ! p4  
,nets & fi% traps are n[ =bidd51 & fi%+ 
= ! mo/ "p is effect$ by means ( a spe> 
or h>poon1 ei!r f ! %ore or f ! some:at 
primitive canoes us$ by ! p4 ,poison$   
arr[s 7 once l>gely us$ = ! purpose (   
captur+ game1 b !y are n[ =bidd5 by law4
 ,orig9ally ! modus op]&i 9 hunt+ 0 to  
set a trap ) "o ( ^! arr[s plac$ 9 x1 & 
drive ! game on to ! same4 ,! head ( !  
arr[ 0 only loosely fa/5$1 & broke1     

leav+ ! poison inside ev5 if ! animal   
manag$ to pull out ! %aft4 ,! be> is    
f\nd 9 ,yesso1 & t animal has ent]$ v   
l>gely into e phase ( ,a9o life1 some:at
 circumscrib$ ?\gh ?is is4 ,t animal 01 
or us$ to be1 ! objective po9t ( ,a9o   
fe/ivals1 & seems1 to "s ext5t at any   
rate1 to h _h a "p 9 _! crude religi\s  
ideas4 ,be>s1 are1 h[ev]1 becom+ r>e 9  
,yesso1 & ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t1 :i* is 
pat]nal ev5 9 reg>d to ! fauna ( !      
isl&s1 has f "t to "t int]f]$ ) _m      
v5]able ,a9o cu/oms4  ,! religion ( ?is 
int]e/+ race is almo/ z my/]i\s z ev]y?+
 else app]ta9+ to x4 ,! ,a9os h no idols
 & no temples1 & _! religi\s rites are (
 a decid$ly simple nature4 ,!y1 h[ev]1  
seem to believe 9 an inf9ity ( spirits  
inhabit+ v>i\s & v>i$ ?+s1 & _! pan!on  
is seem+ly a cr[d$ "o4 ,i h said        
seem+ly1 because ! beliefs ( a p su* z  
?is are difficult to get at1 & ev5 :5 "o
 has got at !m almo/ impossible to      
compreh5d4 ,"o writ] has t]m$ ! religion
 ( ! ,a9os1 a v primitive nature-wor%ip1

 & _! gods invisible1 =mless            
conceptions4 ,su* def9itions d n convey 
mu* in=mation4 ,nature-wor%ip is a vague
 description & invisible1 =mless        
conceptions ( ! deity or deities are n  
conf9$ to ! ,a9os4 ,possibly1 l all     
peoples b little advanc$ or develop$    
m5tally1 _! religi\s conceptions are ( !
 vague/ & h assum$ no def9ite %ape4 ,a  
fe> ( ! unkn[n1 a bl9d grop+ 9 ! d>k    
are1 mayhap1 all t ! ,a9o possesses 9   
ref]5ce to ! spiritual _w4  ,al?\gh !   
religion ( ! ,a9o :5 liv+ is some:at    
incompreh5sible 8 religi\s c]emonies 9  
ref]5ce to ! dead are ( a some:at       
elaborate nature4 ,aft] life has become 
ext9ct ! fir/ proce$+ is to light an    
enorm\s fire 9 ! h\se4 ,! corpse is !n  
dress$ 9 its be/ clo!s & laid beside !  
fire1 :]e are also plac$ di%es1 a       
dr9k+-cup1 & ! implem5ts ( ! *ase4 ,9 ! 
case ( a woman1 in/ead ( ^!1 h] beads & 
o!r ornam5ts are laid alongside ( h]2 = 
bo? sexes a pipe & a tobacco-box1 s     
greatly us$ dur+ life1 are consid]$     

ess5tials :5 dead4 ,cakes made ( rice or
 millet & a cup ( sak1 are also put ^u !
 floor4 ,a k9d ( wake or fun]al fea/    
foll[s1 at :i* ! m\rn]s ?r[ "s sak on ! 
corpse z a libation to its dep>t$ _s1   
break (f pieces ( ! cake & bury x 9 !   
a%es4 ,! body is cov]$ ) a mat slung ^u 
a pole & c>ri$ to ! grave1 foll[$ by !  
m\rn]s1 ea* ( :om places some?+ 9 !     
grave1 :i*1 x is believ$1 w be c>ri$ to 
! next _w ) ! _s ( ! deceas$ p]son4 ,at 
! conclusion ( ! c]emony ! m\rn]s wa% _!
 h&s 9 wat] :i* has be5 br\ght = !      
purpose4 ,?is is !n ?r[n on ! grave & ! 
vessel :i* convey$ x is brok5 9 pieces &
 also ?r[n on ! grave4 ,! wid[ ( !      
deceas$ %aves h] head1 :ile ! man cuts 8
 be>d & hair1 z outw>d symbols ( grief4 
,_m ( ^! c]emonies1 x w be se51 are su* 
z are m or less common to all primitive 
races4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a m>k$           
resemblance betwe5 ! habit ( ! ,a9os 9  
bury+ articles ) ! deceas$ = 8 use 9 !  
next _w & t ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4
 ,b ,i am n incl9$ to d$uce any !ory 9  

ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( ! ,a9os f ! exi/5ce
 ( ^! cu/oms4 ,mank9d1 9 e "p ( ! _w1   
seems to h evolv$ 8 religi\s beliefs 9 v
 mu* ! same way4 ,8 conception ( !      
h]eaft] appe>s to h proce$$ on precisely
 simil> l9es4 ,! high] 8 scale 9        
civilisation ! m spiritual & ! less     
mat]ial 8 conception ( ! future4 ,! l[] 
8 scale precisely ! rev]se is ! fact4 ,!
 savage1 :i* ( c\rse ! ,a9o really is1  
_c imag9e a future /ate :]e !re is no   
eat+ & dr9k+ & hunt+1 & he1 accord+ly1  
?9ks x incumb5t on him1 9 ord] to %[ 8  
respect = ! dead1 to provide ! corpse ) 
^? articles :i* he deems ess5tial 9 t   
unkn[n _w :]e1 accord+ to 8 conception1 
eat+ & dr9k+ & hunt+ w be z preval5t z 9
 ?is4  ,! ,a9os h a great respect = !   
graves ( _! dead1 & ,japanese           
legislation has tak5 ! necess>y /eps to 
prev5t any tamp]+ !re)4 ,"s ye>s ago a  
few sci5ti/s f ,europe w5t on an        
exp$ition f ,hakodate ) a view ( obta9+ 
in=mation respect+ ! mann]s & cu/oms ( !
 ,a9os4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is exp$ition "s   

graves 7 brok5 into & skulls & limbs    
extract$ !refrom = ! purpose ( be+ tak5 
to ,europe = sci5tific rese>*4 ,?is     
proce$+ occasion$ an angry outbur/ on ! 
"p ( ?is usually placid p1 & ! ,japanese
 au?orities gave ! necess>y in/ructions 
to prev5t ! possibility ( su* an        
occurr5ce 9 future4 ,i suppose !        
sci5ti/s1 9 ! ard\r ( _! en?usiasm1 are 
h>dly to be blam$4 ,sci5ce too frequ5tly
 ov]looks s5tim5t1 :i* is1 aft] all1 "o 
( ! mo/ pot5t =ces 9 ! _w4  ,! dwell+s (
 ! ,japanese are suppos$ to h be5 evolv$
 f ^? ( ! ,a9os4 ,bo? build _! h\ses ro(
 fir/1 mak+ ! framework & plac+ !       
supports ) %ort] pieces = raft]s1 all   
be+ ti$ toge!r ) a rope made ( "s k9d ( 
fibre4 ,poles1 #e or #f feet high at    
regul> int]vals are !n plac$ 9 ! gr\nd1 
ea* pole hav+ a =k at ! top & %ort      
horizontal pieces f "o to ! o!r1 ! ro(  
frame is !n erect$ on & secur$ to !     
poles & subsequ5tly ?at*$ ) /raw4 ,!    
floor is ( e>?1 ) ! fireplace 9 ! c5tre4
 ,z 9 ,japanese h\ses1 mats are us$ =   

sitt+ & sleep+ purposes4 ,! ut5sils ( ! 
,a9os are mu* m primitive ?an ^? 9 use  
by ! ,japanese p1 & g5]ally x may be    
rem>k$ ( ! ,a9os t _! wants are few & t 
! p are cont5t to live _! own life 9 _! 
own way & only desire to be sev]ely left
 alone4  ,! dress is v simil> to t ( !  
,japanese peasant4 ,! m51 h[ev]1 we> at 
c]ta9 seasons ?ick ra9-coats made (     
salmon sk91 z also legg+s made ( a fibre
 peculi> to !mselves1 & high boots      
con/ruct$ ( /raw4 ,i am sorry to h to   
relate t ! ,a9os h a fondness = sak1 &  
!re is a good deal ( intoxication among 
!m4 ,! climate ( ! isl& ( ,yesso1 z ,i h
 already rem>k$1 is extremely sev]e 9 ! 
w9t]-"t1 & !re c be little d\bt t _m ( !
 ,a9os suff] extreme privations4 ,!re h 
be5 a few cases ( int]m>riage betwe5 !  
two races1 b unions ( ?is nature are n  
look$ on ) any fav\r by ei!r4  ,attempts
 h be5 made by "s ( ! mission>ies 9     
,japan to conv]t ! ,a9os to ,*ri/ianity1
 b ,i fe> ! attempts made 9 ?is         
direction h be5 att5d$ ) a v scant      

measure ( success4 ,a p su* z ?is       
possesses m9ds ( *ildlike simplicity1 & 
to endeav\r to get x to compreh5d !     
ab/ruse doctr9es & dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity 
is an almo/ hopeless task4 ,! climate ( 
,yesso is su* z to r5d] x possible =    
mission>y ef=ts to take place only at   
c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 & ,i d n ?9k !re 
has be51 s f> z my in=mation goes1 any  
sy/ematic propag&a ( ,*ri/ianity among  
?is int]e/+ race4  ,x is c]ta9ly a      
some:at extraord9>y fact t :ile ! o!r   
isl&s ( ,japan h be5 rapidly assimilat+ 
& are be+ /eadily influ5c$ by !         
civilisation ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 !     
nor!rn isl& appe>s to be1 except        
possibly at ,hakodate1 9 a /ate (       
complete isolation f all ^! influ5ces & 
effects4 ,:e!r ! ,a9os h any conception 
( ! influ5ces at "w 9 & ! progress be+  
made by ! ,empire ( :i* !y are subjects1
 ,i d n "k1 b to me x is bo? int]e/+ &  
curi\s to reg>d ?is anci5t & decay+     
race1 ei!r indiff]5t to or ignorant (   
all ! bu/le & hurry & worry ( mod]n     

civilisation s close to !m & yet s f>   
remov$ f _! *ildlike m9ds & ideas4  ,!  
"q may be ask$1 ,h[ comes x t a highly  
civilis$ p su* z ! ,japanese h be5 = _m 
hundr$s ( ye>s1 h ex]cis$ practically no
 influ5ce ^u ?is subject race inhabit+ a
 portion ( _! t]ritory8 ,a nation su* z 
,japan1 ) a lit]ature & an art ( its    
own1 ) two highly develop$ religi\s     
sy/ems1 & ) _m ( ^? o!r *>act]i/ics :i* 
are includ$ 9 ! t]m civilisation8 ,h[ is
 x t nei!r art nor lit]ature nor        
religion1 nor any o!r *>act]i/ic (      
civilisation has1 9 ! slighte/ degree1  
influ5c$ ?is aborig9al race8 ,inde$1 if 
! !ories ( e?nologi/s 9 reg>d to ! ,a9os
 be correct1 & we are to judge by !     
anci5t rema9s t h be5 f\nd ?r\gh\t      
,japan1 ! ,a9os1 :5 !y 7 9 undisput$    
possession ( ! ,japanese ,ar*ipelago1 7 
9 a mu* m advanc$ condition (           
civilisation ?an !y are to-day4 ,!      
que/ions t ,i h put af=d food =         
reflection1 b !y are difficult1 if n    
impossible1 to answ]4 ,i am c]ta91      

h[ev]1 t ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t desires  
to1 if possible1 pres]ve ! ,a9o race f  
ext9ction1 & t x aspires to give ?is    
anci5t p all ! advantages ( education & 
civilisation g5]ally4 ,un=tunately !    
,a9os !mselves are ! ob/acle to ! c>ry+ 
into effect ( ?is project4 ,!y desire to
 live _! own life 9 _! own way4 ,!y h n 
only no wi% to be1 b !y res5t any ef=t  
to make !m1 ei!r educat$ or civilis$4   
,!y are :at "s p w\ld t]m *ildr5 (      
nature1 out ( place decid$ly 9 a mod]n  
g-ahead eclectic ,p[] l ,japan1 b an    
int]e/+ survival ( ! pa/1 & likewise an 
int]e/+ rem9d] t ! highly civilis$ races
 ( to-day h1 9 _! "t1 be5 evolv$ f v    
simil> *ildr5 ( nature4     ,,*apt]     
,,xxiii  ,,japan ,,z ,,x ,,is ,,to-,,day
   ,9 ! ,japan ( to-day ! _w has be=e x 
a unique example ( an ,ea/]n p display+ 
! p[] to assimilate & to adopt !        
civilisation ( ! ,we/1 :ile pres]v+ its 
own national dignity unimpair$1 aptly   
rem>ks a mod]n writ]4 ,x is1 inde$1 9   
its p[]s ( assimilation & adaptation t  

,japan1 ,i ?9k1 /&s unique among n only 
! nations ( ! _w at ! pres5t "t1 b      
among/ ! nations ( :om we h any         
hi/orical record4 ,9 "o ( 8 books on    
,japan--books :i* ,i may1 9 pass+1 rem>k
 give a m vivid insight into ! life ( ! 
,japanese p ?an ! works ( any o!r       
writ]--,mr4 ,lafcadio ,he>n rem>ks t !  
s-call$ adoption ( ,we/]n civilisation  
)9 a t]m ( comp>atively few ye>s _c mean
 ! addition to ! ,japanese bra9 ( any   
organs or p[]s previ\sly abs5t f h]1 nor
 any sudd5 *ange 9 ! m5tal or moral "* (
 ! race4 ,*anges ( t k9d _c be made 9 a 
g5]ation4 ,! ,europeanis+ ( ,japan1 ,mr4
 ,he>n 9 fact sugge/s1 means no?+ m ?an 
! re>rangem5t ( a "p ( ! pre-exi/+      
ma*9]y ( ?\ght1 :ile ! m5tal readju/m5ts
 effect$ by tak+ on ,we/]n civilisation1
 or :at passes = x1 h giv5 good results 
only along directions 9 :i* ! ,japanese 
p h always %[n special capacity4 ,!re   
has1 9 a ^w1 he ass]ts1 be5 no          
trans=mation--no?+ m ?an ! turn+ ( old  
abilities into new & l>g] *annels4      

,inde$ ! t5d5cy ( ! p ( ,japan1 :5      
dispassionately inve/igat$1 w be se5 to 
h be5 always mov+ 9 ! same direction4 ,a
 slight retrospect w1 ,i ?9k1 cle>ly    
prove ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4  ,x is n[  
ab\t fifty ye>s s9ce ,japan 0 fir/      
awak5$1 p]haps rudely awak5$1 f h]      
slumb] ( two & a half c5turies4 ,:5 !   
,european ,p[]s & ! ,unit$ ,/ates (     
,am]ica knock$1 p]haps some:at rudely1  
at h] door1 x turn$ sl[ly on its h+es & 
creak$ ow+ to ! ru/ ( _m long ye>s4 ,h[ 
came x t a c\ntry :i* _h import$ its    
art1 lit]ature1 religion1 &             
civilisation1 a c\ntry :i* until #ahfh  
_h a m$ival feudalism = its social      
basis1 a c\ntry :i* until !n 0 notori\s 
= ! practice ( h>a-kiri & ! fi]c5ess (  
its two-sword$ ,samurai %\ld s sudd5ly  
take on ,we/]n attributes & become a    
seat ( lib]ty & ! expon5t ( ,we/]n      
civilisation 9 ! ,f> ,ea/8 ,all ?is is  
to "s p]sons a r p]plex+ problem4 ,b !  
reasons are n1 ,i ?9k1 f> to seek4 ,if  
we g back _m c5turies we %all f9d t     

,japan1 ?\gh always t5aci\s ( h]        
national *>act]i/ics1 nev] ev9c$ any    
indisposition to m+le ) or adopt :at 0  
good 9 o!r races4 ,! national "* = _m   
hundr$s ( ye>s has always display$ :at  
,i may t]m ! g]ms ( lib]alism1 & has n  
be5 influ5c$ by n>r[ & petty national   
ideals conc]n+ ! cu/oms1 religion1 art1 
or lit]ature ( o!r c\ntries4 ,z aga9/   
?is /atem5t may be urg$ ! action (      
,japan 9 expell+ ! ,portuguese          
mission>ies1 de/roy+ ?or\ghly           
,*ri/ianity1 bo? build+s & conv]ts1 &   
effectually & effectively %utt+ ! c\ntry
 aga9/ all int]c\rse ) ,europe & ,am]ica
 = ov] two c5turies4 ,! answ] ( !       
,japanese ( to-day to ?is "q is simple  
en\gh4 ,!y po9t out t1 al?\gh ! object (
 ,/4 ,francis ,xavi] & 8 mission>ies 0  
ess5tially spiritual1 viz41 to conv]t   
,japan to ,*ri/ianity1 t ( _m ( !       
=eign]s :o accompani$ or succe$$ him 0 n
 9 any s5se spiritual1 b on ! contr>y 0 
grossly & wick$ly mat]ial4 ,accord+ly   
,japan1 hav+ rightly or wrongly conclud$

 t n only h] civilisation b h] national 
life1 h] indep5d5t exi/5ce1 7 m5ac$ by !
 pres5ce & ! increas+ numb] ( ^!        
=eign]s1 %e decid$1 on ! pr9ciple t     
desp]ate diseases require desp]ate      
rem$ies1 to expel !m & to effectually   
seal h] c\ntry aga9/ any possibility (  
future =eign invasions4 ,i am n1 ,i may 
rem>k1 def5d+ h] action 9 ! matt]2 ,i am
 only putt+ =w>d ! views ( ,japanese m5 
( light & lead+ ( to-day 9 reg>d !reto4 
,:51 _m c5turies ago1 ! ,koreans br\ght 
to ,japan ! religion1 laws1 lit]ature1 &
 art ( ,*9a1 ^! 7 adopt$ & assimilat$4  
,bo? ,buddhism & ,confucianism exi/$    
side by side 9 ! c\ntry ) ! old ,%9to   
religion4 ,&1 accord+ly1 dur+ ! _m      
c5turies :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! religion ( 
,*9a & ! e?ical doctr9es ( h] great     
tea*] 7 introduc$ into ,japan1 !re has  
nev] be5 a viol5t conflict betwe5 !m & !
 anci5t religion ( ! c\ntry4 ,_h !      
,portuguese invad]s conf9$ !mselves to a
 religi\s propag&a only1 ! ,*ri/ian     
conv]ts !y made w\ld n h be5 int]f]$ ) &

 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 /rong & vigor\s1  
w\ld h exi/$ un9t]rupt$ly 9 ,japan until
 to-day side by side ) ,buddhism &      
,%9toism4 ,:5 ,/4 ,francis ,xavi] came  
to ,japan ,buddhism 0 ! prevail+        
religion1 & x und\bt$ly _h1 z x /ill    
has1 a great hold ^u ! p4 ,b ! prea*+ ( 
! intrepid ,jesuit & ! mission>ies he   
br\ght ) him _h an enorm\s success4 ,!  
,*ri/ian religion 0 embrac$ by          
repres5tatives ( e class4 ,9 ! ye> #aeej
 ,/4 ,francis1 writ+ to ,goa1 plac$ on  
record = all "t 8 op9ion ( ! ,japanese4 
,! nation1 writes he1 ) :i* we h to deal
 "h surpasses 9 goodness any ( ! nations
 ev] discov]$4 ,!y are ( a k9dly        
disposition1 wond]fully desir\s ( hon\r1
 :i* is plac$ above ev]y?+ else4 ,!y    
li/5 ) great avidity to disc\rse ab\t   
,god & div9e ?+s4 ,9 ! native place (   
,paul !y receiv$ u v k9dly1 ! ,gov]nor1 
! *ief citiz5s1 & inde$ ! :ole populace4
 ,give ?anks to ,god !re=e t a v wide & 
promis+ field is op5 to y = y\r         
well-r\s$ piety to sp5d its en]gies 94  

,x c]ta9ly 0 a rem>kable fact t a nation
 :i* _h = s _m c5turies be5 "u !        
influ5ces ( ,buddhism %\ld h welcom$ ^! 
,portuguese mission>ies4 ,b x mu/ be    
rememb]$ t ,japan _h n t prejudice aga9/
 =eign]s :i* is v (t5 ! outcome ( =eign 
conque/ & =eign oppression4 ,no =eign   
,p[] _h ev] conqu]$ or inde$ set its    
foot 9 ! l&4 ,bo? ,*9a & ,korea _h made 
v>i\s attempts on ! indep5d5ce ( ,japan1
 b unsuccessfully4 ,japan _h nev] _h to 
endure any humiliation at ! h&s ( =eign 
invad]s1 consequ5tly h] nationalism _h  
no n>r[1 selfi% mean+1 & accord+ly %e   
saw no reason = putt+ any ob/acle 9 !   
way ( ,/4 ,francis ,xavi] & 8 foll[]s   
until %e conclud$1 h[ev] mu* or little  
reason !re may h be5 = h] conclusions1 t
 ! incom+ ( ^! =eign]s 9 "s measure     
m5ac$ h] national exi/5ce4 ,be=e %e     
arriv$ at t conclusion %e 0 app>5tly    
prep>$ to welcome all t 0 good 9 !      
e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,portuguese            
mission>ies1 &1 if a section ( h]       
population desir$ to embrace a religion 

to ^: e?ical tea*+ %e _h no objection2  
!re 0 no reason1 9 h] op9ion1 :y t      
religion %\ld n exi/ side by side ) ^? m
 anci5t religions :i* _h liv$ amicably  
toge!r dur+ _m c5turies4  ,= ne>ly two  
hundr$ & fifty ye>s ,japan resolv$ to   
rema9 9 a /ate ( isolation4 ,!n1 z ,i h 
said1 ,european ,p[]s & ! great         
,republic ( ! ,we/ came knock+ & knock+ 
l\dly at h] doors1 & z a result !re( h] 
?9k+ m5 came to realise t 9 a /ate (    
isolation a cont9u$ civilis$ exi/5ce is 
impossible4 ,accord+ly ,japan1          
t5tatively at fir/1 op5$ c]ta9 portions 
( h] c\ntry to ,european int]c\rse1 & z 
an inevitable consequ5ce !re( f\nd x    
necess>y to adopt ,european ideas--&    
,european armam5ts4 ,! c\ntry _h kept   
out ! aggressor = "s two ?\s& ye>s or   
!reab\ts1 & ,japan cle>ly saw t if !    
aggressor 0 to be kept out 9 ! future1 !
 ne> future1 %e w\ld probably h to fight
 to ma9ta9 h] national exi/5ce4 ,! w> ) 
,*9a 0 ! outcome ( ! feel+ t ,korea "u !
 suz]a9ty ( ,*9a 0 a con/ant m5ace to n 

only ! prosp]ity b ! exi/5ce ( !        
,empire4 ,! same feel+ und\bt$ly l$ to !
 w> ) ,russia1 z ,japan consid]$1 &     
rightly 9 my op9ion1 t ! possession (   
,korea by ,russia meant ! loss (        
national indep5d5ce4 ,t w> 0 n z s _m   
w>s h be51 ! result ( a racial hatr$1 ! 
outcome ( a _s ( rev5ge1 or wag$ =      
aggressive designs4 ,x 0 =c$ ^u ,japan1 
& 0 9 e s5se purely def5sive4 ,japan    
wag$ x confid5t 9 h] own /r5g? f ! fact 
t 9 ! two ?\s& ye>s ( h] hi/ory %e _h1 9
 all ! conflicts 9 :i* %e _h engag$1    
kept 9 view ! "o ideal--! cons]vation ( 
! national exi/5ce1 an ideal :i* %e has 
consi/5tly realis$4  ,! position (      
,japan at ! pres5t mom5t is n only      
extremely int]e/+ b extraord9>y 9 a     
degree4 ,%e is ! cynosure = ! eyes ( !  
civilis$ _w1 & = "s ye>s %e has be5     
subject$ at ! h&s ( exp]ts & amateurs ( 
all descriptions to ! mo/ m9ute         
inve/igation4 ,e phase ( h] national    
life has be5 rigidly scrut9is$ &        
exhau/ively writt5 ab\t4 ,! national "* 

& *>act]i/ics h und]gone ! mo/ intricate
 psy*ological exam9ation1 & if ! _w does
 n n[ "k ! real ,japan x is c]ta9ly n f 
lack ( mat]ial1 lit]>y mat]ial1 :]eon to
 =m a judgm5t4 ,inde$ ! att5tion ,japan 
has receiv$ has be5 suffici5t to turn ! 
head ( any p4 ,i am n sure t ?is l>ge   
output ( lit]ature on matt]s ,japanese  
has effect$ v mu* 9 ! direction ( enabl+
 a s\nd judgm5t to be =m$ reg>d+ !      
c\ntry & ! p4 ,_m writ]s :o h diss]tat$ 
^u ,japan dur+ ! pa/ c\ple ( decades    
seem to h imag9$ t !y _h discov]$ x1 &  
_! impressions h be5 p5n$ f t /&po9t4   
,!re us$ "s ye>s ago to be an           
adv]tisem5t ( a ,popul> ,educator 9 :i* 
a y\? ) a curly head ( hair & a face (  
delightful innoc5ce 0 depict$4 ,und]nea?
 ! portrait ! inquiry 0 pr9t$1 ,:at w he
 become8 ,& !re 0 !n giv5 an illu/rat$  
alt]native z to ! appe>ance ( ?is       
innoc5t y\? at diff]5t ages 9 8 c>e]    
accord+ to ! pa? he trod 9 life4 ,"o    
alt]native ev5tuat$ 9 ! f9al evolution (
 an anci5t &1 f 8 appe>ance1 v palpable 

villa91 ! o!r ( a b5evol5t-look+ old    
g5tleman :o q evid5tly only liv$ to d   
good4 ,x seems to me t a l>ge numb] (   
p]sons 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w are to-day1 z
 !y h be5 = "s "t pa/1 ask+ ! "q 9      
ref]5ce to ,japan1 ,:at w %e become8 ,x 
is )\t d\bt a highly int]e/+ inquiry1 b 
! answ] to x1 s f> z my k goes1 is n l !
 adv]tisem5t ,i h ref]r$ to1 "o ( two   
c\rses--! "o lead+ to p]dition1 ! o!r to
 prosp]ity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! answ]s seem
 to be z num]\s & v>i$ z ! answ]]s1 &   
mo/ ( ! answ]s w\ld appe> to h be5      
arriv$ at simply & m]ely by ! false     
premises & v (t5 ! entirely errone\s    
facts ( ! inquir]s4  ,a fav\rite &      
fallaci\s me?od ( deal+ ) ,japan is t ( 
reg>d+ x z an ,ori5tal nation1          
ess5tially ,ori5tal ) a ?9 v5e] (       
,occid5talism4 ,p :o s reason1 or       
occasionally d n reason at all b conf9e 
!mselves to m]e ass]tions1 sugge/ t !   
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ori5tal & !          
,occid5tal is su* t n a few ye>s (      
p]functory contact b c5turies ( "t are  

necess>y to br+ ab\t a real             
transmogrification4 ,p]sons :o s ?9k    
po9t n only to ! diff]5ce 9 ev]y?+      
mat]ial 9 respect ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 b to a 
radical diff]5ce 9 psy*ology1 an entire 
di/9ction 9 ! m5tal outlook ( ea*4 ,!y  
accord+ly conclude t ! diff]5ces s      
evid5t on all sides are n m]e accid5tals
 b fundam5tal1 in]adicable4 ,scrat* !   
,japanese1 !y 9 effect say1 & b5ea? 8   
v5e] ( civilisation y w f9d ! b>b>ian1  
b>b>ism & ,ori5talism be+ ) ^! p]sons   
synonym\s t]ms4 ,& if any incr$ulity 9 !
 matt] be express$ !y w triumphantly    
po9t to ! recurr5ce ( h>a-kiri among !  
soldi]s & sailors 9 ! late w>4 ,a       
well-kn[n writ] on racial psy*ology has 
express$ himself dogmatically on ?is v  
po9t4 ,i w quote two or ?ree ( 8        
pron\ncem5ts 9 ! matt]4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,fireworks ,,9 ,,tokio 7,,summ]7      
,,f ,a ,,pr9t ,,by ,,hiro%ige  ,ea* race
 possesses a con/itution z unv>y+ z its 
anatomical con/itution4 ,!re seems to be
 no d\bt t ! =m] corresponds to a c]ta9 

special /ructure ( ! bra94  ,a negro or 
a ,japanese may easily take a univ]sity 
degree or become a lawy]2 ! sort ( v>ni%
 he ?us acquires is1 h[ev]1 q           
sup]ficial1 & has no influ5ce on 8 m5tal
 con/itution4444 ,:at no education c    
give him because !y are creat$ by h]$ity
 alone1 are ! =ms ( ?\ght1 ! logic1 &1  
above all1 ! "* ( ! ,we/]n man4         
,cross-bre$+ con/itutes ! only          
infallible means at our disposal (      
trans=m+ 9 a fundam5tal mann] ! "* ( a  
p1 h]$ity be+ ! only =ce p[]ful en\gh to
 cont5d ) h]$ity4 ,cross-bre$+ all[s ( !
 creation ( a new race1 possess+ new    
physical & psy*ological *>act]i/ics4    
,n[1 :e!r ^! views be correct 9 ! ma9 or
 p>tially correct z reg>ds o!r races1 ,i
 h no hesitation 9 describ+ !m z        
inaccurate to a degree 9 ref]5ce to !   
,japanese4 ,n peculi> bra9 =mation1 b   
social evolution1 environm5t1 education 
are responsible = ! traits :i* di/+ui% !
 ,japanese f o!r ,ea/]n nations4 ,to    
ass]t1 z d "s psy*ological exp]ts1 t !  

m5tal con/itution ( races is z di/9ct & 
un*angeable z _! physiological or       
anatomical *>act]i/ics is1 to my m9d1 a 
fact n borne out by ! hi/ory ( ! _w4    
,physiological or anatomical di/9ctions 
are app>5t1 & c be classifi$2 m5tal     
idiosyncrasies d n l5d !mselves to      
catalogu+4 ,x is1 ,i "k1 possible to    
draw up at any p>ticul> p]iod a li/ (   
:at ,i may t]m ! idiosyncrasies ( any   
race at t p]iod4 ,a writ] 9 a ,london   
newspap] "s little "t back attempt$ to d
 s 9 ref]5ce to ,ori5tal races g5]ally4 
,he enum]at$ ! degrad$ position ( wom51 
! lic5ti\sness ( ! m51 ! recognition &  
preval5ce ( pro/itution1 ! non-desire ( 
! y\? = play1 contempt = ,we/]n         
civilisation1 & g5]al hatr$ ( =eign]s4  
,admitt+ ^! *>ges to be correct1 !      
*>act]i/ics detail$ are1 ,i may po9t    
out1 m]ely ephem]al incid5ts4 ,a        
contempt = ,we/]n civilisation & hatr$ (
 ! =eign]1 = example1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly at  
"o "t pron\nc$ 9 ,japan1 are rapidly    
pass+ away4 ,! position ( wom5 9 t      

c\ntry has also greatly improv$1 j z x  
has improv$ 9 ,europe1 :ile z reg>ds    
pro/itution & lic5ti\sness ,europe has1 
9 my op9ion1 no ne$ to ?r[ /ones4  ,!re 
are und\bt$ly a l>ge numb] ( p]sons :o  
are conv9c$1 or h be5 conv9c$1 by !     
argum5ts ( o!rs1 t ! progress ( ,japan  
is a m]e mu%room gr[? :i* _c la/4 ,a few
 ye>s ago "o ( ! lead+ ,engli% pap]s 9  
,japan attempt$1 to "s ext5t1 to voice  
?is op9ion 9 an article /rik+ ! note (  
w>n+ = ! b5efit ( ! ,we/ aga9/ putt+ too
 mu* fai? 9 ^? writ]s :o _h intimately  
/udi$ ,japan f )91 & ^: works 7 9 g5]al 
appreciation n only = _! lit]>y /yle1 b 
= ! vivid insight !y gave into ev]y?+   
respect+ ! c\ntry4 ,quo? ! j\rnal 9     
"q3--  ,9 ! case ( su* writ]s z ,sir    
,edw9 ,arnold & ,mr4 ,lafcadio ,he>n1 x 
is q app>5t t ! logical faculty is 9    
abeyance4 ,imag9ation reigns supreme4 ,z
 poetic flights or outbur/s ! works ( ^!
 au?ors on ,japan are delightful read+4 
,b no "o :o has /udi$ ! ,japanese 9 a   
deep] mann]1 by m intimate daily        

int]c\rse ) all classes ( ! p ?an ei!r (
 ^! writ]s pret5ds to h _h1 c possibly  
reg>d a l>ge "p ( _! description z any?+
 m ?an pleas+ fancy4 ,bo? h giv5 re9 to 
! poetic fancy1 & ?us h1 f a purely     
lit]>y po9t ( view1 scor$ a success     
grant$ to few4444 ,b z expon5ts (       
,japanese life & ?\ght !y are           
unreliable4444 ,!y h giv5 =m & beauty to
 mu* t nev] exi/$1 except 9 vague outl9e
 or 9 undevelop$ g]ms 9 ! ,japanese m9d4
 ,9 do+ ?is !y h unavoidably be5 guilty 
( misrepres5tation4444 ,! ,japanese     
nation ( ,arnold & ,he>n is n ! nation  
we h kn[n = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 b a     
purely ideal "o manufactur$ out ( !     
au?or's bra9s4 ,x is high "t t ?is 0    
po9t$ out4 ,= :ile su* works please a   
c]ta9 section ( ! ,engli% public1 !y d a
 great deal ( h>m among a section ( !   
,japanese public1 z c\ld be easily %[n 9
 detail did space all[4  ,i q admit !   
fact t _m ,japanese !mselves are q      
conv9c$ t !re is a great gulf fix$      
betwe5 ! ideas & ! philosophy ( ,europe 

& ^? ( ! ,ea/1 _! own c\ntry includ$4 ,9
 a book deal+ p>ticul>ly ) ! art (      
,japan1 writt5 9 ,engli% by a ,japanese1
 he attempts to emphasise ?is matt]4 ,he
 rem>ks3 ,asia is "o4 ,! ,himalayas     
divide only to acc5tuate two mighty     
civilisations--! ,*9ese1 ) its communism
 ( ,confucius1 & ! ,indian1 ) its       
individualism ( ! ,v$as4 ,b n ev5 ! sn[y
 b>ri]s c int]rupt = "o mom5t t broad   
expanse ( love = ! ,ultimate & ,univ]sal
 :i* is ! common-?\ght inh]itance ( e   
,asiatic race1 enabl+ !m to produce all 
! great religions ( ! _w1 & di/+ui%+ !m 
f ^? m>itime p ( ! ,m$it]ranean & !     
,baltic :o lov$ to dwell on ! p>ticul>1 
& to se>* out ! means n ! end ( life4   
,inde$1 ! writ] ( ?is book appe>s to be 
9 a condition ( transc5d5talism 9       
ref]5ce to ! ,ea/4 ,9 ano!r portion ( x 
he waxes eloqu5t 9 reg>d to :at he t]ms 
! glory ( ,asia1 9 language :i* ,i w    
briefly quote4 ,he rem>ks3--  ,b ! glory
 ( ,asia is some?+ m positive ?an ^!4 ,x
 lies 9 t vibration ( peace t beats 9 e 

he>t2 t h>mony :i* br+s toge!r emp]or & 
peasant2 t sublime intuition ( on5ess   
:i* comm&s all sympa?y1 all c\rtesy1 to 
be its fruits1 mak+ ,takakura1 ,emp]or (
 ,japan1 remove 8 sleep+ robes on a w9t]
 night because ! fro/ lay cold on !     
he>?s ( 8 poor2 or ,taiso ( ,tang =ego  
food because 8 p 7 feel+ ! p9* ( fam9e2 
444 x lies 9 t wor%ip ( feel+ :i* ca/s  
ar\nd pov]ty ! halo ( greatness1        
impresses 8 /]n simplicity ( app>el on !
 ,indian pr9ce1 & sets up 9 ,*9a a ?rone
 ^: imp]ial occupant--alone among/ !    
great secul> rul]s ( ! _w--nev] we>s a  
sword4  ,x 7 unk9d to criticise eloqu5ce
 ( ?is description too s]i\sly4 ,! fact1
 if x be a fact1 t ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a nev]
 we>s a sword is 9 "o s5se int]e/+ b x  
proves no?+4 ,x is well to get d[n f    
eloqu5ce ( ?is k9d to concrete facts1 to
 come back to ! po9t :5ce we />t$1 viz41
 ,:at w ,japan become8 ,:at is h] pres5t
 condition8 ,any "o :o comp>es ! ,japan 
( to-day ) ! ,japan (1 say1 ?irty or =ty
 ye>s ago w1 ,i ?9k1 impati5tly sweep   

aside "s ( ! absurd !ories to :i* ,i h  
ref]r$1 psy*ological & o!rwise4 ,!      
unprejudic$ man1 lett+ 8 m9d indulge 9  
retrospect1 & comp>+ t retrospective    
view ) ! pres5t actuality1 w1 ,i        
believe1 h no difficulty 9 det]m9+ t    
?\gh ,japan is & mu/ rema9 an ,ori5tal  
nation1 :at %e has acquir$ ( rec5t ye>s 
is nei!r v5e] or v>ni%1 b has be5       
assimilat$ into ! v sy/em ( ! p4 ,v     
probably ,japan w nev] become ?or\ghly  
,occid5talis$4 ,!re are _m ( u :o hope  
%e nev] may4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t 9     
adopt+ _m ,occid5tal cu/oms & habits %e 
w adapt & modify !m to h] own ne$s1 & 9 
due c\rse evolve a race nei!r di/9ctly  
,occid5tal nor ,ori5tal :ile reta9+ _m (
 h] pa/ cu/oms & h] anci5t *>act]i/ics4 
,%e w1 9 a ^w1 be z f> z possible an    
eclectic nation1 & x is1 s f> z ,i "k1 !
 fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w t an attempt 
has be5 made to develop su*4  ,!re are1 
,i "k1 _m p 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,japan 
:o feel & express "s appreh5sion 9 reg>d
 to :at !y t]m "y ,japan4 ,?is t]m1 l _m

 o!r t]ms1 has nev] be5 accurately      
def9$1 b ,i take x to mean t portion ( !
 c\ntry consi/+ ( ! "y or y\ng] m5 :o h 
be5 educat$ accord+ to ,we/]n ideas1 h  
acquir$ ,we/]n modes ( ?\ght1 & h       
develop$--,i d n use ! ^w 9 an          
opprobri\s s5se--a bumpti\sness4 ,x is  
assum$1 on :at gr\nds ,i "k n1 t ?is    
section--x mu/ aft] all be a small      
section--( ! population ( ! c\ntry has  
aspirations to make ?+s hum1 if ,i may  
use an expressive bit ( ,am]ican slang4 
,"y ,japan1 we are l$ to believe1 is    
int5sely ambiti\s & extremely cocksure4 
,x _c & w n g sl[2 on ! contr>y1 x is 9 
a fe>ful hurry1 & is 9 ref]5ce to e     
matt] political1 comm]cial1 religi\s1 a 
hu/l]4 ,x has no d\bts ^u any subject1 &
 no difficulty 9 reg>d to mak+ up its   
m9d on any matt]4 ,?is is :at we he> &  
read4 ,h[ mu* ( x all is true ,i "k n4  
,i am v l>gely ( op9ion t ?is           
repres5tation ( "y ,japan is altoge!r a 
c>icature4 ,y\? we "k 9 e clime is      
impulsive & impetu\s4 ,!re is no ne$ to 

g to ,japan to conv9ce ourselves ( t    
fact4 ,b y\?1 if x h ^! defects1 also   
possesses en?usiasm1 & ,i %\ld be incl9$
 to describe t z "o ( ! mo/ pleas+      
*>act]i/ics ( ! y\? ( ,japan4 ,aft] all1
 "t w cure ,"y ,japan ( "s ( its        
defects4 ,"y ,japan w gr[ old1 & if x   
loses its en?usiasm x w ga9 exp]i5ce4 ,i
 n only h no fe> ( ^! vivaci\s "y m5 :o 
love _! c\ntry & are pr\d ( x4 ,i reg>d 
!m n z a dang]1 b z a pleas+ feature 9 !
 progress ( ,japan1 & a pot5t factor 9  
its future prosp]ity4  ,! writ]s &      
critics to :om ,i h ref]r$ 9 ?is *apt]  
seem to be oblivi\s ( ! fact t progress 
is ! law ( nature4 ,x has no?+ to d )   
ei!r climate or race4 ,i admit t x may  
be affect$ by environm5t or o!r causes (
 a tempor>y nature4 ,! ,occid5tal visit+
 ! ,ea/ sees ?+s t are /range to him--a 
p1 ! col\r ( ^: sk9 & ! cont\r ( ^:     
features are diff]5t to 8 own2 co/ume1  
/yle ( ar*itecture1 & _m o!r matt]s     
entirely dissimil> to :at he has view$ 9
 8 own c\ntry4 ,he accord+ly jumps to ! 

absolutely errone\s conclusion t ^! p   
are uncivilis$1 & t _! lack (           
civilisation is due to "s m5tal w>p or  
"s defect 9 ei!r ! /ructure or ! size ( 
_! bra94 ,( c\rse su* a conception is   
entirely errone\s1 & yet x is m>vell\s  
to :at an ext5t x prevails4 ,^! p are = 
all practical purposes ! same z himself1
 except t !y h be5 affect$ by v>i\s     
matt]s & circum/ances t ,i h call$      
ephem]al4 ,:at a nation1 l an           
individual1 ne$s is ! =mation ( a di/9ct
 "*4 ,n[1 ! "* ( a nation dep5ds1 9 my  
op9ion1 on ! high or l[ e/imate x has   
=m$ z to ! mean+ & purpose ( life1 &    
also ! ext5t to :i* x adh]es to !       
unwritt5 moral law1 :i* is1 aft] all1   
some?+ sup]ior to1 because high] ?an1   
m]e legal enactm5ts4 ,i confess t z ,i  
w&] ab\t ?is m>vell\s c\ntry ( ,japan1 z
 ,i m+le ) its common p & see !m 9 v>i\s
 phases ( _! lives ,i say to myself1 z  
,/4 ,francis ,xavi] said ( !m m ?an ?ree
 hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,?is nation is !      
delight ( my s\l4 ,! critic1 !          

hyp]critic1 is ev]y:]e4 ,he suspects    
ev]ybody & ev]y?+4 ,he c f9d occult     
motives & psy*ological reasons = ev]y?+4
 ,i confess ,i am a trifle tir$ ( !     
critic1 especially ! psy*ological       
critic1 9 ref]5ce to ,japan4 ,i view ! p
 !re z !y are to-day1 & ,i h satisfi$   
myself t we c see at "w 9 ,japan !      
=mation ( a nation ) a "*4 ,i c>e n to  
inve/igate ! m5tal processes at "w1 or !
 diff]5ce betwe5 ! bra9 ( ! ,japanese & 
! bra9 ( ! ,european4 ,i d see ?is1     
h[ev]1 t ! lead]s ( ! p1 ! educat$ &    
cultur$ classes ( ! l&1 are int5t on    
cutt+ out ( ! national "* any?+ :i* is  
indef5sible1 or has be5 f\nd            
uns]viceable1 & equally int5t on adopt+ 
& adapt+ f any & e nation su* qualities 
z x is consid]$ w\ld ! bett] enable     
,japan to advance on ! pa?s ( progress &
 fre$om1 illum9at+ h] way z a nation & z
 a p by a %9+ illu/ration ( all t is be/
 9 ! _w1 hav+ sl\gh$ (f volunt>ily &    
readily e *>act]i/ic1 h[ev] anci5t1 :i* 
reason & ju/ice & exp]i5ce _h %[n to be 

unwor?y ( a p[] aspir+ to /& out        
prom95tly be=e ! _w4  ,9 ,sir ,ru!r=d   
,alcock's "w on ,japan1 ,! ,capital ( ! 
,tycoon1 publi%$ "s =ty-f\r ye>s ago1 a 
"w :i*1 z ,i h else:]e said1 is (       
und\bt$ value ?\gh some:at m>r$ by !    
prejudices ( ! au?or1 he attempt$ a     
=eca/ ( ! future ( ! c\ntry1 b1 l s _m  
prophets1 8 vatic9ations h prov$ highly 
inaccurate4 ,japan1 he rem>k$1 is on !  
great highway ( nations1 ! covet$ (     
,russia1 ! mo/ absorb+1 if n ! mo/      
aggressive ( all ! ,p[]s2 & a p]petual  
temptation alike to m]*ant & to         
mission>y1 :o1 ea* 9 diff]5t directions1
 f9d+ ! feudalism & _s ( isolation      
b>ri]s to _! pa?1 w n cease to batt] !m 
9 brea*1 or und]m9e !m to _! d[nfall4   
,su* seems to be ! probable fate (      
,japan1 & its consummation is little m  
?an a "q ( "t4 ,:5 all is accompli%$1   
:e!r ! civilis+ process w make !m z a p 
wis]1 bett]1 or happi]1 is a problem ( m
 d\btful solution4 ,"o ?+ is q c]ta91 t 
! ob/ructive pr9ciple :i* t5ds to !     

rejection ( all ,we/]n innovations &    
proselytism z abom9ations1 is mu* too   
active & vigor\s 9 ! ,japanese m9d to   
leave a hope t !re w n be viol5t &      
ob/9ate resi/ance2 & ?is inevitably     
lead+ to correspond+ viol5ce 9 !        
assault1 !re mu/ be a p]iod ( convulsion
 & disord] be=e ! *ange c be effect$1 & 
new f\ndations laid = ano!r social      
edifice4 ,:e!r ! civilis+ process w make
 ! ,japanese p wis]1 bett]1 or happi] is
 ! problem ! answ] to :i* c only be giv5
 9 ! future4 ,obvi\sly we are n 9 a     
position to completely answ] ?is "q     
to-day4 ,inde$1 be=e answ]+ x at any "t 
x might be advisable to invite !        
def9ition ( wisdom & happ9ess4 ,!re 7   
wisdom & happ9ess long prior to ! "t :5 
! m]*ant & ! mission>y to :om ,sir      
,ru!r=d ,alcock ref]s batt]$ & und]m9$  
,japan's feudalism & _s ( isolation4 ,b1
 mirable dictu1 ,japan1 in/ead (        
develop+ t ob/ructive pr9ciple :i* ,sir 
,ru!r=d consid]$ 0 s active & vigor\s 9 
! ,japanese m9d has1 on ! contr>y1      

develop$ a _s ( adaptation &            
assimilation ( ,we/]n innovations1 & 9 s
 do+ has 9 all probability sav$ h]self f
 ! cupidity n only ( ,russia1 b ( o!r   
,we/]n ,p[]s4 ,sir ,ru!r=d ,alcock 0 n a
 psy*ologi/1 b q evid5tly he too misread
 ! ,japanese m9d & its work+s4  ,tru? to
 tell1 ,japan z x is to-day gives ! lie 
to ne>ly all ! prophets1 & demon/rates t
 ! psy*ologi/ is m]ely a *>latan4 ,h]   
developm5t1 h] evolution has proce$$    
along no p>ticul> l9es4 ,! fe>ful &     
awful rocks 9 ! way1 m$ivalism &        
feudalism1 7 got rid ( almo/ ) a /roke (
 ! p51 & ev]ybody 9 ,japan1 f ! ,emp]or 
to ! peasant1 has adapt$ himself to !   
*ang$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,x is ! mo/ wond]ful  
trans=mation sc5e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & x
 is /ill 9 progress4 ,:at ! end ( x all 
w be ,i h1 be>+ ! dang]s ( prophecy well
 9 m9d1 attempt$ to %[ 9 a f9al *apt]4  
,b ,i may rem>k t no?+ 9 reg>d to ! =ces
 at "w 9 ,japan ( rec5t ye>s1 & !       
outcome ( ! same s f> gives me at any   
rate m unmix$ pleasure ?an ! way 9 :i* !

 !ori/s h be5 conf\nd$1 ^? m5 :o cut &  
c>ve & label human be+s1 :e!r           
individually or 9 ! aggregate1 z if !y 7
 m]e blocks ( wood4 ,! ,ori5tal m9d1 we 
h be5 told1 _c d ?is2 ,ori5tal          
prejudices & idiosyncrasies & modes (   
?\ght & h]$it>y influ5ces w n admit ( t2
 ! traditions ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 t my/]i\s   
?+1 w prev5t ! o!r--we h be5 told all   
?is1 ,i repeat1 & told x ad nauseam4    
,japan z x is to-day refutes ^!         
prophecies1 ^! dogmatic pron\ncem5ts1   
psy*ical & e?nological4 ,! ,japanese    
race1 :5 reg>d$ f :at ,i deem to be !   
only correct /&po9t = =m+ a s\nd judgm5t
 z to ! position x holds among ! races (
 ! _w1 namely1 9 respect ( ! size &     
convolution ( ! bra91 occupies 9 my     
op9ion a high1 a v high place4 ,all o!r 
factors1 (t5 giv5 su* undue prom95ce 9  
=m+ an e/imate z to ! "* ( any p ,i     
reg>d z m]e accid5tals4 ,! /ory ( ,japan
 dur+ ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s af=ds     
ample pro( ( :at ,i h said2 ! position (
 ! c\ntry to-day (f]s visible           

demon/ration ( x4 ,japan has rea*$ & w  
keep ! position ( a great ,p[]1 & !     
,japanese t ( a great p1 j because ( !  
prepond]at+ m5tal abilities ( !         
population ( ! c\ntry1 its capacity =   
assimilation1 its desire = k1 its       
p]t9acity1 /r5u\sness1 & aspirations to 
possess & acquire by ! process (        
selection ! v be/ ! _w c give x4        
,,*apt] ,,xxiv  ,,! ,,future ,,(        
,,japan--,,physical--,,moral--,,m5tal   
,i "k by exp]i5ce1 ev5 if ! hi/ory ( !  
_w _h n furni%$ _m examples to prove x1 
t prophecy is risky4 ,x is a fasc9at+   
pa/ime inasmu* z x af=ds ! imag9ative   
faculties full scope1 b at ! same "t x  
is a mi/ake to let ! imag9ation run     
riot4 ,i h no int5tion1 9 consid]+ !    
future ( ,japan1 ( depict+ an ,arcadia  
or a ,utopia ! outcome ( "o's desire r  
?an ( ! k t "o possesses ( !            
possibilities ( ! c\ntry & ! belief t 9 
due c\rse ^? possibilities w become     
actualities4 ,( c\rse ,i admit t ,i may 
be mi/ak5 9 my e/imate ( ! future1 b ,i 

?9k an e/imate ( ! future c only be bas$
 on a k ( ! pres5t1 & x is ^u t k t ,i  
mean to attempt "s =eca/ ( :at ,i       
believe to be ! de/9y ( ,japan4  ,!     
,future ( ,japan is a !me t has ex]cis$ 
! p5s ( _m writ]s1 :o h giv5 to ! _w _m 
& mo/ div]g5t views 9 reg>d !reto--!    
result1 ,i ?9k1 ( reg>d+ ! subject f a  
n>r[ or s+le po9t ( view1 in/ead ( look+
 at x broadly1 boldly1 &                
dispassionately4 ,9 respect ( a         
population ( betwe5 =ty & fifty millions
 9 rapid process ( trans=mation & tak+  
on p]haps r hurri$ly1 &1 x may be1 "s   
sup]flu\s or unnecess>y attributes (    
,we/]n civilisation1 x is n only        
possible b easy to light on _m ludicr\s 
incid5ts & draw absolutely false        
conclusions f !m4 ,"o visitor to ,japan1
 = example1 :o wrote a s]ies ( essays on
 t c\ntry1 s9ce produc$ 9 book =m1 !    
laudable object ( :i* 0 to pres5t to !  
,briti% public ! real ,japan ) a view ( 
c\nt]act+ ! effects ( ^? sup]ficial     
n>ratives to be f\nd by ! doz5 9        

circulat+ libr>ies ( ! p]sonal views &  
exp]i5ces ( almo/ e lit]>y wayf>] :o has
 cross$ ! ,pacific1 has foll[$ ?is bad  
plan 9 8 rem>ks on ,! ,future ( ,japan4 
,imitation = imitation's sake is1 or 01 
9 8 op9ion1 a gr[+ evil 9 ,japan4 ,a    
c]ta9 g5tleman1 he relates1 a weal?y    
m]*ant ( ,osaka1 desir$ to celebrate !  
two hundr$? anniv]s>y ( a copp] m9e com+
 into ! possession ( 8 family4 ,! plan  
he f9ally decid$ to adopt 0 to pres5t   
ea* ( 8 ?ree hundr$ employees ) a       
swall[-tail coat4 ,ano!r ,japanese      
g5tleman1 :o _h fall5 9 ) ! habit ( !   
,new ,ye>'s ,day call imitat$ f !       
,am]icans1 improv$ ^u x by leav+ on 8   
door/ep a l>ge box ) a lid & ?is notice 
above x3 ,to ,visitors4 ,i am out1 b ,i 
wi% y a ,happy ,new ,ye> all ! same4    
,n4,b4--,please drop y\r ,new ,ye>'s    
,pres5ts into ! box4 ,ov] a well-kn[n   
tobacconi/'s %op ! writ] ( ! book 9 "q  
obs]v$ ! foll[+ notice3 ,:5 we fir/ op5$
 our tobacco /ore at ,tokio our         
e/abli%m5t 0 patronis$ by ,miss         

,nakako%i1 a celebrat$ beauty (         
,inamato-ro1 ,%9-yo%iw>a1 & %e w\ld only
 smoke tobacco pur*as$ at our /ore4     
,?r\gh h] patronage our tobacco became  
widely kn[n1 s we call x by ! "n ( ,ima 
,nakako%i4 ,& we beg to assure ! public 
t x is z fragrant & sweet z ! "y lady   
h]self4 ,try x & y w f9d our words prove
 true4 ,f9ally1 ov] a pa/ry-cook's %op 9
 ,tokio he read & made a note ( !       
foll[+3 ,cakes & ,infections4  ,n[ :at d
 ^! sev]al trivial1 inde$ contemptible1 
anecdotes prove8 ,:at argum5ts 9 reg>d  
to a nation ( =ty-sev5 millions ( p c be
 bol/]$ up by in/anc+ ! imp]fect        
acqua9tance ( a ,japanese pa/ry-cook ) !
 ,engli% language8 ,! writ] does n 9 s  
_m words del9eate ! future ( ,japan z x 
appe>s to him1 b he sugge/s x1 & 8      
,japan ( ! future is q evid5tly to be   
no?+ m or less ?an a k9d ( int]national 
du/heap :]eon ,europe & ,am]ica h dump$ 
all t is bad & rott5 & deplorable 9 _!  
mod]n social & political life4 ,"h is ! 
inf]5tial =eca/ ( ! g5tleman 9 "q3 ,:5  

,japan r+s ) ! rattle ( ma*9]y2 :5 !    
railway has become a feature ( h] sc5]y2
 :5 ! boil]-*imney has defac$ h] *oice/ 
spots1 z ! pap]-mak]s h already         
oblit]at$ ! delights ( ,oji2 :5 !       
traditions ( ya%iki & %izoku alike are  
all f9ally engulf$ 9 ! b>rack-room2 :5  
h] art reckons its output by ! ?\s&     
doz52 :5 ! p[] 9 ! l& is %>$ betwe5 !   
politician & ! plutocrat2 :5 ! peasant  
has be5 ex*ang$ = ! 'factory h&1' !     
kimono = ! slop-suit1 ! tea-h\se = !    
music-hall1 ! gei%a = ! lion comique1 & 
! daimio = ! be]-pe]--w ,japan !n h made
 a wise b>ga91 & w %e1 look+ backw>d1   
date a happi] era f ! day we =c$ our    
acqua9tance ^u h] at ! cannon's m\?8    
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sign ,,( ,,! ,,times 
,criticism ( ?is k9d1 if x may be       
dignifi$ by t t]m1 no d\bt af=ds        
opportunity = :at is consid]$ sm>t      
writ+1 & enables ! p]sons indulg+ 9 x to
 air _! witticisms & %[ _! s5se ( !     
humor\s1 b x n only s]ves no useful     
purpose1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is p]nici\s 9 

its effects1 inasmu* z x occasions1 n   
unnaturally1 a feel+ ( sor5ess on ! "p (
 ^?1 :e!r individuals or a nation1 :o   
are made ! subject ( x4 ,japan has too  
(t5 be5 ! butt ( ! hum\ri/4 ,i h no     
desire to deprecate hum\r1 :i* no d\bt  
gives a sav\r to life1 b t hum\r :i* is 
only ex]cis$ at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 9 my   
op9ion1 ne$s reprobation4 ,z ,i h said1 
,japan among nations has be5 subject$ to
 too mu* ( x1 & x is to be hop$ t 9     
future writ]s ab\t ! c\ntry w endeav\r  
to avoid mak+ _! little jokes1 or s]v+  
up afre% ! antiquat$ *e/nuts ( ! =eign  
community4  ,! future ( ,japan may1 ,i  
?9k1 be consid]$ "u "s half-doz5 head+s3
 ,! physical improvem5t ( ! ,japanese   
race2 ,its moral advancem5t2 ,its       
intellectual advancem5t2 ,japan's       
national future2 ,h] political future2 &
 f9ally1 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,japanese      
,empire on o!r ,f> ,ea/]n races & on !  
_w g5]ally4  ,z reg>ds ! physical       
improvem5t ( ! race1 ,i admit ?is is a  
some:at difficult subject 9 reg>d to :i*

 to make any =eca/4 ,! /ature ( !       
,japanese is und\bt$ly small1 & ! *e/   
measurem5t small likewise4 ,at ! same   
"t1 any "o mov+ ab\t ,japan mu/ h notic$
 ! fact t !re are q a l>ge numb] ( v    
tall m5 & wom5 9 ! c\ntry1 & t a goodly 
proportion ( ! inhabitants comp>e       
fav\rably 9 _! physical attributes )    
,european p4 ,z ,i h obs]v$ else:]e 9   
?is book1 ! diet>y ( ! ,japanese race   
has = _m c5turies back be5 almo/        
entirely a veget>ian "o4 ,i "k v well t 
veget>ianism has its advocates1 & "s ( !
 argum5ts put =w>d 9 support ( x are    
plausible if n conv9c+4 ,at ! same "t1  
,i ?9k1 x _c be d5i$ t ^? races :i* h   
be5 9 ! habit ( eat+ meat = _m c5turies 
h1 z reg>ds physique1 demon/rat$ t :e!r 
man 0 or 0 n int5d$ to be a c>nivor\s   
animal1 8 developm5t into a c>nivor\s   
animal has at any rate succe$$ 9 enhanc+
 & develop+ 8 physical p[]s4 ,( late    
ye>s !re has be5 possibly z ! result (  
int]c\rse ) ,europeans1 a l>ge increase 
9 ! numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ,japan :o   

eat meat4 ,?is t5d5cy on ! "p ( !       
population is gr[+1 & ,i believe 9 !    
c\rse ( comp>atively few ye>s !re w be a
 radical *ange 9 ! diet>y ( ! p4 ,?is   
*ange1 if x be effect$1 mu/1 ,i w\ld    
sugge/1 h a mat]ial influ5ce on _!      
physique4 ,we all "k t food is ess5tial 
= ! build+ up ( ! human frame & its     
ma9t5ance1 & ,i ?9k !re are few p :o    
w\ld "q ! fact t ! condition ( ! human  
frame1 :e!r 9 individuals or !          
aggregates ( individuals t we t]m       
nations1 mu/ be l>gely affect$ by ! food
 p>tak5 (4 ,i1 accord+ly1 look =w>d1 n  
imm$iately ( c\rse1 to a mat]ial *ange 9
 ! g5]al physique ( ! ,japanese p4 ,i am
 n1 z ,i "k "s p]sons are1 ( op9ion t t 
*ange is likely to be br\ght ab\t by    
int]m>riage or unions ( a tempor>y      
nature betwe5 ,japanese & ,europeans4   
,!re h be5 a few m>riages1 & !re h no   
d\bt be5 a good _m unions1 b ! effect on
 ! national bre$ has be5 small1 & ?\gh x
 may be to "s ext5t great] 9 ! future1  
,i d n look 9 ?is direction = any       

alt]ation 9 ! physical *>act]i/ics ( !  
,japanese p4 ,t alt]ation w1 9 my       
op9ion1 be br\ght ab\t by a *ange 9 !   
food ( ! p4  ,z reg>ds ! moral          
advancem5t ( ! ,japanese race ,i %all   
say little1 = ! some:at p>adoxical      
reason t x is a matt] on :i* s mu* might
 be said4 ,inde$1 ?is is a subject on   
:i* a def9ition ( ! t]m moral might be  
advisable be=e ent]+ into any prolong$  
consid]ation ( x4 ,i %all n attempt t   
def9ition1 simply because ,i feel       
conv9c$ t to d s w\ld be to provoke     
controv]sy4 ,z ,i h said 9 ?is book1    
moral1 morality1 & immorality are all   
t]ms t h to "s ext5t lo/ _! orig9al     
mean+4 ,i may say briefly 9 ?is         
connection t ,i use ! t]m moral         
advancem5t simply & solely 9 respect ( !
 practice ( ! duties ( life f a high    
e?ical po9t ( view4 ,t is1 ,i "k1 a     
some:at vague def9ition1 b ,i ?9k x w   
s]ve its purpose4 ,ev] s9ce ,japan has  
be5 ?r[n op5 to =eign]s we h he>d a good
 deal ab\t morality & immorality1 bo? 9 

! /rict & ! p]v]t$ s5se ( ^? words4 ,!  
,european :o came !re1 male & female1 01
 or affect$ to be1 %ock$ at ! relations 
betwe5 ! sexes he f\nd prevail+4 ,he saw
 pro/itution recognis$ & regulat$4 ,he  
he>d (1 & 9 ! old days possibly saw1    
some?+ ( phallic wor%ip4 ,he witness$ or
 he>d ( m5 & wom5 mak+ _! ablutions     
toge!r 9 public wa%-h\ses1 &            
he--sometimes x 0 a %e--affect$ to be   
horrifi$ at su* a proce$+4 ,bett]1 mu*  
bett]1 x 0 inf]r$1 ! cu/om ( ! l[]      
classes 9 ,engl&1 nev] to wa% at all1   
?an ?is horrible outrage on public      
dec5cy4 ,& !n ! m]*ant or ! trad] :o    
came to ,japan1 he also prat$ ab\t      
comm]cial immorality1 & ! preval5ce (   
untru?fulness among ! ,japanese ) :om he
 did bus9ess4 ,& 9 o!r directions too   
!re 7 criticisms pass$ ^u ,japanese     
mann]s & cu/oms1 & _m ( ^! 7 condemn$ & 
d5\nc$ z immoral or wick$ v (t5 = no    
bett] reason ?an t !y diff]$ f ^? t     
obta9$ 9 ,europe4 ,h[ev] mu* or little  
gr\nd !re may h be5 = ^! *>ges aga9/ !  

,japanese p1 ,i am n n[ conc]n$ to      
discuss4 ,"o ?+ ,i w rem>k--t !         
,japanese possess two religions :i*1    
:atev] _! effects & no matt] to :at     
ext5t sup]/ition may h be5 engraft$ on  
!m1 h always held up a high moral /&>d4 
,& if "o dips ev5 cursorily into !      
writ+s ( ! e?ical tea*]s ( ,japan 9 !   
pa/1 we inv>iably f9d ! inculcation ( an
 exalt$ /&>d ( morals4 ,inde$1 !        
practice ( ! ,japanese p at ! pres5t "t1
 z 9 all times 9 reg>d to ! relations   
betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 ( wife to husb&1 
( ! p to ! ,/ate1 h be5 beyond          
criticism4 ,9 ^! matt]s ,we/]n nations h
 mu* to le>n f !m4 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( !     
c\ntry to ,europe1 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t
 has %[n itself alive to ,european      
criticism on _m po9ts4 ,x has           
effectually /amp$ out phallic wor%ip2 x 
has1 9 def]5ce to ,european             
susceptibilities1 aboli%$ mix$ ba?+ 9 ! 
public wa%-h\ses2 & 9 v>i\s o!r ways x  
has /riv5 9 ! direction ( rais+ ! /&>d (
 moral conduct ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,t x   

has n attempt$ to put d[n pro/itution1  
b1 on ! contr>y1 has recognis$ &        
regulat$ x1 has be5 made a *>ge aga9/ x4
 ,! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t has mo/ likely  
come to ! conclusion t pro/itution _c be
 put d[n1 & su* be+ ! case x has decid$ 
t1 ) a view ( obviat+ ^? evils :i* are !
 outcome ( x1 ! only alt]native is to   
regulate x4 ,i admit t 9 an ideal /ate (
 exi/5ce pro/itution w\ld n exi/1 b no  
c\ntry 9 ! _w has yet rea*$ or          
approximat$ t ideal /ate4 ,! evil (     
pro/itution is j z flagrant 9 ,europe z 
9 ! ,ea/1 b ,japan s f> alone among !   
,great ,p[]s ( ! _w has se5 fit to      
tackle ?is difficult & delicate matt]1 &
 to "s ext5t regulate x4 ,t h] rul]s    
look =w>d to ! "t :5 ! ,yo%iw>a %all h  
ceas$ to exi/ ,i firmly believe1 & ,i am
 conv9c$ t !y mean to d ev]y?+ possible 
t[>ds t consummation4 ,b ! rul]s (      
,japan are n m]e s5tim5tali/s2 !y h to  
recognise facts1 & recognis+ facts !y h 
done :at seems be/ to !m "u !           
circum/ances4  ,z reg>ds comm]cial      

morality1 ,i believe ev5 ! ,european    
m]*ants & trad]s 9 ! c\ntry admit t !re 
has ( late ye>s be5 a m>k$ improvem5t4  
,9 old ,japan comm]cialism 0 look$ d[n  
^u4 ,mak+ a pr(it out ( buy+ & sell+ 0  
reg>d$ z degrad+2 ^? :o indulg$ 9 su*   
practices 7 despis$1 & n unnaturally !  
trad]1 f9d+ himself a memb] ( a contemn$
 class1 liv$ d[n to ! l[ level on :i* he
 _h be5 plac$4 ,9 old ,japan trad]s1 9 !
 pres5ce ( ! ,samurai1 71 :5 address+   
him1 requir$ to t\* ! gr\nd ) _!        
=eheads2 :5 talk+ to him !y _h to keep  
_! h&s on ! gr\nd4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s1 ( 
c\rse1 has long be5 effete1 b !         
influ5ces !re( rema9$ = a consid]able "t
 aft] ! acts _h ceas$4 ,!re has n[ be5  
effect$ a revulsion ( feel+ 9 su*       
matt]s4 ,comm]ce is hon\r$1 trade is    
e/eem$1 & ! ,japan ( to-day is conv9c$ (
 ! fact t on h] comm]ce1 trade1 &       
indu/ries ! future ( ! c\ntry l>gely    
dep5ds4 ,m5 ( ! highe/ rank1 m5 ( !     
greate/ culture1 m5 ( ! deepe/ probity  
are n[ emb>k$ 9 trade & comm]ce 9       

,japan2 ! :ole moral atmosph]e connect$ 
) trade has *ang$1 & !re are at ! pres5t
 "t no m hon\rable m5 9 ! :ole comm]cial
 _w ?an ^? ( ,japan4 ,9 ?is matt] !re   
has und\bt$ly be5 an enorm\s advance 9  
ideas & ideals4 ,?is advance1 ,i        
believe1 is de/9$ to ext5d 9 o!r        
directions--inde$1 9 e direction4 ,!    
,japan ( to-day has1 ,i ?9k1 s f> z ,i h
 be5 able to gauge x1 a feel+--a deep   
feel+1 :i* p]haps ,i c be/ describe z   
noblesse oblige4 ,x is s5sible ( !      
position ! c\ntry has atta9$2 x is full 
( hope & en?usiasm = ! future !re(2 x   
believes implicitly t x is incumb5t on x
 n only to atta9 b to ma9ta9 a high     
moral /&>d 9 e direction4 ,x has be5    
urg$ z aga9/ ! ,japan ( to-day by a     
writ] on ! subject t ,sp5c] & ,mill &   
,huxley h be5 widely read by ! educat$  
classes1 & t ,we/]n ?\ght & practice z  
to ! /ructure ( society & ! fre$om ( !  
individual h be5 emphasis$ ?r\gh\t !    
c\ntry4 ,i confess to feel+ no al>m 9   
reg>d to ! moral future ( ,japan because

 x has p]us$ ! works ( ! ?ree           
philosoph]s nam$4 ,x gives me no        
trepidation to read t ,mill's "w on     
,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t has be5        
translat$ into a volume ( five hundr$   
pages 9 ,japanese & rea*$ its ?ird      
edition4 ,i am1 on ! contr>y1 pleas$ to 
le>n t ,japan ( to-day is conc]n$ ab\t  
culture1 desir\s ( read+ ! works ( ^?   
great philosoph]s ^: names are among !  
immortal4 ,!re are no pr9ciples         
enunciat$ 9 any ( ! books ( ,sp5c]1     
,mill1 or ,huxley t1 s f> z ,i "k1 c    
und]m9e ! moral "* ( ! ,japanese4 ,on ! 
contr>y1 ,i believe t a p]usal ( !      
writ+s ( ^? great m5 w t5d to assi/ !   
,japanese into a cle>] und]/&+ ( moral  
pr9ciples1 & 9 a desire to apply !m to !
 duties ( life4 ,i look =w>d ) great    
hope & a pron\nc$ confid5ce to ! moral  
future ( ,japan4 ,ev]y?+ t ,i h se5 9 ! 
c\ntry1 ev]y?+ t ,i h be5 able to le>n  
respect+ ! p !re(--! ideas prevail+1 !  
tea*+ giv5 9 its s*ools & univ]sities1 !
 :ole tr5d ( ?\ght 9 ! l&1 ! lit]ature  

read & produc$1 ! aspirations1 9 fact1 (
 ! ,japanese p to-day--lead me to ?9k & 
to believe mo/ firmly t 9 ! ,japan ( !  
future we %all witness a nation on a    
high] moral plane ?an any ( ^? ) :i* !  
hi/ory ( ! _w acqua9ts u4  ,closely     
connect$ ) ! moral advancem5t ( ,japan  
is its intellectual advancem5t4 ,i h    
ref]r$ to ! /atem5t made by a writ] t ! 
,japan ( to-day is addict$ to read+ !   
works ( c]ta9 ,engli% philosoph]s1 & t  
"o ( ^! books translat$ into ,japanese  
_h run ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,?is fact 
is typical ( ! intellectual f]m5t1 !    
?ir/ = k ( all k9ds t exi/s 9 ! c\ntry  
to-day4 ,t crav+ is n = philosophical   
works alone2 x ext5ds to & embraces e =m
 ( lit]ature ( an in/ructive or         
enlight5+ "*4 ,x is 9 evid5ce 9 ! high] 
s*ools & ! univ]sities ( ! c\ntry2 x is 
to be witness$ 9 ! _m p]iodicals :i*    
exi/ = ! promotion ( culture & ! spread 
( k4 ,?is intellectual f]m5t1 z ,i h1 ,i
 ?9k1 appropriately t]m$ x1 is ext5d+   
rapidly1 & is1 ,i believe1 de/9$ to     

assume mu* great] proportions4 ,!       
lit]ature ( ! _w is at ! pres5t "t      
lit]ally be+ dev\r$ by ,"y ,japan4 ,i d 
n reg>d ?is lit]>y voracity z ! m]e     
outcome ( curiosity1 or z 9 any way     
symptomatic ( m]e m5tal unre/4 ,"y      
,japan appe>s1 l ,"l ,bacon1 to take all
 k = its field ( /udy1 & 9 accord ) !   
philosophical pr9ciples ( t great man1 !
 pr9ciples ( utility & progress1 to be  
conc]n$ ) ev]y?+ t c alleviate ! suff]+s
 & promote ! com=ts ( mank9d4 ,( c\rse1 
at ! pres5t "t ?is condition ( crav+ = k
 is conf9$1 f ! po9t ( view ( numb]s1 to
 a small portion ( ! p4 ,b !            
intellectuals ( e c\ntry are 9 a        
m9ority--9 "s c\ntries 9 a mis]able     
m9ority--& ! influ5ce !y ex]cise is nev]
 proportionate to _! numb]s4 ,at ! same 
"t ! intellectuals ( ,japan are1 9 view 
( ! fact t ! c\ntry has = "s %ort "t be5
 op5 to ,we/]n influ5ces1 an amaz+ly    
l>ge proportion ( ! population4 ,i am ( 
op9ion t ?is intellectual movem5t 9     
,japan is de/9$ to wid5 consid]ably1 & t

 its influ5ce on ! p w be imm5se4 ,dur+ 
! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w ! pot5cy ( m9d ov] 
matt] has be5 ! greate/ wond]4 ,9 ^!    
pres5t days ?is pot5cy is ev5 m         
pron\nc$1 & m]e brute =ce is n[adays    
only made effective :5 x is influ5c$ &  
regulat$ & organis$ by m9d4 ,i reg>d !  
intellectual developm5t ( ,japan z "o ( 
! mo/ pleas+ features t h accru$ f its  
contact ) ,we/]n civilisation4 ,i d n   
mean to sugge/ t !re 0 an intellectual  
atrophy 9 ! c\ntry prior to ^? influ5ces
 mak+ !mselves felt1 b !re 0 an         
isolation :i* is nev] good =            
intellectual developm5t4 ,! broad] !    
sympa?ies ( nations1 z ( individuals1 ! 
wid] _! outlook1 ! bett] = _! m5tal     
progress4 ,:5 ,japan 0 9 a condition (  
isolation ! lit]ature available = h] p 0
 limit$ bo? 9 /yle & quantity4 ,h] p n[ 
h at _! disposal ! intellect ( ! :ole   
civilis$ _w1 ! great ?\ghts ( ! great m5
 ( all ages4 ,& x is pleas+ to be able  
to relate t no m appreciative read]s ( !
 _w's classics are to be f\nd ?an ! "y  

intellectuals ( ,japan to-day4 ,i h said
 t ,i reg>d ?is intellectual en?usiasm z
 "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ features ( mod]n     
,japan4 ,t x is de/9$ to h great results
 ,i am firmly conv9c$4 ,i believe1 & ,i 
am n naturally an optimi/1 t 9 ! ,japan 
( ! future1 ! n f>-di/ant future1 ! _w  
is de/9$ to see a nation n only morally 
b m5tally great1 a nation :i* w develop 
9 conjunction ^? high moral qualities   
:i* w give x :at ,i may t]m a pron\nc$1 
a well-def9$ "*1 & an intellectual      
greatness sup]ior to t ( anci5t ,greece 
& ,rome1 because re/ra9$ & illum9$ by ! 
pr$om9ance & pot5cy ( moral *>act]i/ics 
:i* ^? great nations did n possess4     
,,*apt] ,,xxv  ,,! ,,future ,,(         
,,japan--,,national--,,political--,,its 
,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,_w   ,i h n[ come 
to my f9al *apt]1 9 :i* ,i propose to   
(f] "s rem>ks embody+ my op9ion z to !  
future ( ,japan f a national & political
 /&po9t1 z also h] influ5ce ^u ! _w     
g5]ally4 ,! !me is a great "o1 & w\ld   
require a volume = its prop] treatm5t4  

,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 x _c be dealt ) o!r   
?an cursorily 9 ! few pages ,i am ab\t  
to devote to x4  ,read]s ( ?is book w1  
,i ?9k1 h _h borne 9 ^u !m ! fact t ,i  
am n only an ard5t admir] (1 b a believ]
 9 ,japan & ! ,japanese4 ,i utt]ly sc\t 
! idea put =w>d by "s writ]s t :at !y h 
tak5 on ( ,we/]n civilisation is ei!r a 
v5e] or a v>ni%1 or t ! advancem5t ( !  
nation resembles ! gr[? ( ! mu%room & is
 no m /able4 ,i reg>d ! ,japanese z a   
s]i\s p & ! nation z hav+ a s]i\s       
purpose4 ,if ,i did n !re w\ld be no ne$
 = me to dilate ^u its future1 = !      
simple reason t its future w\ld be      
incompreh5sible1 & accord+ly be         
absolutely impossible to =eca/4 ,z x is1
 x appe>s to me t ! future ( ,japan is z
 pla9 z ! prov]bial pike-/aff4 ,i say   
?is ) a full k ( ! dang]s att5dant on   
prophecy & ! risk to ! reputation ( !   
vatic9ator %\ld ev5ts prove t he 0      
mi/ak5 9 8 prevision or errone\s 9 8    
conclusions4  ,i h trac$ 9 ^! pages :at 
,i may t]m ! national developm5t (      

,japan2 h[1 aft] two & a half c5turies (
 isolation1 x1 recognis+ ! =ce (        
circum/ances1 det]m9$ to impose ^u its  
own anci5t civilisation all t 0 be/ 9 t 
( ! ,we/1 &1 hav+ s det]m9$1 took       
practical & effective /eps to t end4    
,:at is to be ! result ( x all1 !       
result1 t is to say1 n ^u a few ?\s&s1  
or hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 ( ,japanese1 b ^u ! 
nation z a :ole8 ,w ^! accretions on !  
old civilisation ( ! l& m\ld & influ5ce 
& alt] ! p g5]ally1 or w ! effect be    
circumscrib$ & m]ely develop a class /&+
 out ap>t f ! great body ( ! p & affect+
 a sup]iority because ( its ,we/]n      
culture8 ,9 my op9ion ! result w be n   
p>tial1 b univ]sal1 ?\gh n imm$iate4    
,!re are1 ( c\rse1 l>ge portions (      
,japan1 _m millions ( its population1 ^u
 :om ! op5+ up ( ! c\ntry has1 z yet _h 
little1 if any1 effect4 ,_m ( !         
,japanese p h h>dly ev] se5 a =eign]1   
or1 if !y h1 h view$ him ) no little    
curiosity4 ,!y c]ta9ly h n realis$1 &   
possibly h n suspect$1 ! effect :i*     

=eign influ5ces are likely to h ^u ?is  
,l& ( ! ,ris+ ,sun4 ,b influ5ces1 we "k1
 may be effective )\t be+ felt1 & ,i am 
conv9c$1 f :at ,i h se5 & he>d & !      
inve/igations ,i h be5 enabl$ to make1 t
 ! ,japan ( to-day is n only 9          
transition--9 rapid transition--b t its 
evolution is sure & c]ta91 & t ! result 
!re( w be ! ultimate developm5t ( a     
nation :i* w assur$ly impress ! _w & w v
 probably h a mu* m pot5t effect ^u x   
?an m]e numb]s w\ld acc\nt =4 ,x is !   
build+ up ( a nation su* z ?is t ,i     
confid5tly look =w>d to 9 ! future4 ,we 
( ?is g5]ation may n1 probably w n1 live
 to see x--we c]ta9ly %all n 9 its      
ultimate developm5t--b we c already see 
at "w ! =ces :i* are to produce x1 & !  
eye ( fai?1 ( a reasonable fai?1 built n
 on m]e surmise or ard5t hopes1 b ^u !  
expectation ( a reasonable issue to !   
factors at "w produc+ x1 assures u t !  
,japan ( ! future w1 z ,i h said1 be a  
nation ^: light w %9e1 & %9e            
brilliantly1 be=e ! :ole _w4  ,& z      

reg>ds ! political future ( ?is wond]ful
 c\ntry1 ,i feel ,i c speak ) equal     
confid5ce4 ,:at a m>vell\s *ange has    
come ov] ?is l&1 or our conception ( ?is
 l&1 s9ce ! fir/ ,briti% ,m9i/] resid5t 
!re p5n$ 8 impressions on approa*+ x4 ,a
 clu/] ( isles1 he rem>k$1 appe>$ on !  
f>!/ v]ge ( ! horizon1 app>5tly inhabit$
 by a race at once grotesque & savage--n
 mu* giv5 to hospitality1 & r addict$ to
 m>tyris+ /rang]s ( ^: cre$ !y          
disapprov$4 ,?us mu* /ood out tol]ably  
di/9ctly1 b little else t 0 tangible4   
,sev]ance f all social ties1 isolation f
 "o's k9d1 & a p>iah exi/5ce1 f> away f 
all c5tres ( civilisation--f> beyond !  
utmo/ rea* ( railroad or telegraph--came
 mu* m vividly be=e me2 & 9 ,rembr&t    
masses ( %ade1 ) b "o small ray ( light1
 j en\gh to give =ce & dep? to ! :ole--a
 s5se ( duty1 a duty t mu/ be done1 :e!r
 pleasant or o!rwise1 & ab\t :i* !re 0  
no *oice4 ,:at a _w ( anxiety & d\bt !  
consci\sness ( ?is saves u6 ,?is        
exordium reads m l ! utt]ance ( a man   

be+ l$ out to execution ?an a ,m9i/] go+
 to a c\ntry possess+ an anci5t         
civilisation--a civilisation :i* _h _h  
its effect on e phase ( ! national life4
 ,:at w\ld n _m ( u n[ give to h be5 9 !
 place ( ,sir ,ru!r=d ,alcock1 visit+   
?is l& %ortly aft] x _h be5 op5$ aft]   
#bej ye>s ( isolation6 ,h[ we %\ld revel
 9 its arti/ic treasures1 :i* _h n !n   
be5 disp]s$ all ov] ! _w2 & :at pleasure
 we %\ld h tak5 9 see+ feudalism o!rwise
 ?an 9 ! pages ( hi/ory6 ,& yet ,sir    
,ru!r=d ,alcock 0 only express+ !       
op9ions ( 8 "t4 ,he c\ld see no?+ 9     
,japan b a grotesque & uncivilis$ p :om 
! ,we/]n nations _h to deal ) 9 a       
p]emptory mann]4 ,:at a *ange !re has   
be5 9 ! int]v5+ =ty-f\r ye>s6 ,japan n[ 
/&s out prom95tly among ! nations1 h]   
political future appe>s to be secure1 & 
x is none ! less secure because ( !     
difficulties %e has enc\nt]$ & ov]come 9
 atta9+ h] pres5t position4 ,i emphasise
 all ! m readily h] pres5t & future     
political position s9ce1 z ,i h         

previ\sly obs]v$ 9 ?is book1 ,i believe 
t t position w be "o ex]cis$ = ! good ( 
! _w4 ,i look ^u ,japan z a great       
civilis+ factor 9 ! future ( ! human    
race because1 /rong ?\gh %e is & /rong] 
?\gh %e w become1 ,i am positive t h]   
/r5g? w nev] be put =w>d = any selfi%   
aims or f any improp] motives4 ,x is =  
?is reason t ,i welcome ! alliance )    
,great ,brita94 ,i hope t alliance w n  
be limit$ to any t]m ( ye>s1 b w be     
ext5d$ indef9itely1 because 9 x ,i see a
 prospect & an assurance = ! peace ( !  
_w4  ,insep>able f any allusion to !    
political future ( ,japan is "s         
consid]ation ( ! influ5ce t %e is likely
 to ex]cise ^u ! _w g5]ally4 ,any p]son 
tak+ up an atlas & look+ at ! position  
occupi$ by ,japan mu/1 if he is ( a     
?\ghtful disposition1 be impress$ by x4 
,take ! "q ( ! ,pacific--"o :i*1 9 view 
( ! *ange 9 ! policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates (
 rec5t ye>s1 mu/ assume consid]able     
importance 9 ! future4 ,!re are v>i\s   
factors :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt "h4 

,! con/ruction ( ! ,panama ,canal is "o1
 ! completion ( ! ,sib]ian ,railway     
ano!r1 ! developm5t ( ,canada & !       
completion ( ! railway l9es t n[        
p5etrate ne>ly e "p ( t va/ dom9ion is a
 ?ird4 ,japan is n[1 9 fact1 ! v c5tre (
 ?ree great m>kets--^? ( ,europe1 ,asia1
 & ,am]ica4 ,9 ! /ruggle = ! ma/]y ( !  
,pacific1 :i* appe>s c]ta9 to come1 & w 
probably come soon] ?an _m p suppose1   
,japan is c]ta9 to take a mom5t\s "p4 ,n
 only 9 respect ( h] own isl&s1 b 9     
ref]5ce to ! great isl& ( ,=mosa1 c$$ to
 h] by ,*9a z ! outcome ( ! w> ) t ,p[]1
 ,japan occupies a unique & a mo/       
important position 9 ! ,pacific4 ,z     
reg>ds ! ma/]y ( ! ,pacific1 9 ref]5ce  
to :i* s mu* has be5 writt5 & s mu*     
speculation1 a l>ge am\nt ( x           
unpr(itable1 has be5 indulg$1 ,i %all   
say b little4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific  
,russia /ill rema9s a p[]1 :i*1 ?\gh    
defeat$ by ,japan1 is /ill "o (         
consid]able importance4 ,on ! o!r side (
 ! ocean !re is ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i*1 z 

"s p]sons ?9k1 has giv5 ho/ages to =tune
 by annex+ ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,engl&1 
moreov]1 claims consid]ation 9 respect n
 only ( h] possessions 9 ! ,/raits      
,settlem5ts1 ,hong ,kong1 c41 b by      
reason ( h] great ,navy &1 ,i may add1  
h] alliance ) ,japan4 ,!n1 too1 !re are 
,*9a1 &1 if ( less importance1 ,france &
 ,g]many4 ,( all ^! ,japan1 9 my op9ion1
 occupies ! comm&+ position4 ,%e n only 
occupies ! comm&+ position1 b %e is1 ,i 
?9k1 f v>i\s causes1 b\nd to play a     
great "p 9 ! future ma/]y ( ! ,pacific4 
,x is app>5t t 9 ! atta9m5t & ass]tion (
 t ma/]y naval p[] mu/ h a great &      
pr$om9ant "p1 & x is to ! developm5t (  
h] naval p[] t ,japan is devot+ all h]  
en]gies4 ,l ,great ,brita91 f :om %e has
 le>n$ _m lessons 9 ?is respect1 %e sees
 t an isl& empire c only ma9ta9 its     
position by possess+ an ov]p[]+ naval   
=ce4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 ,i am fully     
conv9c$ ( ! fact t 9 ! developm5t ( h]  
,navy1 z ( h] ,army1 ,japan has no      
aggressive designs4 ,h] aspiration is ! 

security & prev5tion f invasion ( h]    
isl& & ! pres]vation ( h] national      
indep5d5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 situat$ z %e 
is 9 ! great ,pacific ,ocean1 %e has    
palpably1 f h] position1 rights &       
responsibilities & duties outside !     
imm$iate conf9es ( h] ,empire4 ,t1 ,i   
?9k1 w be admitt$ by any "o4 ,! phrase1 
sph]es ( influ5ce has become some:at    
hackney$ ( rec5t ye>s1 & x has          
occasionally be5 us$ to give col\r to   
aggressive designs4 ,!re may1 too1 be p 
:o w\ld say t sph]es ( influ5ce is n a  
t]m t c prop]ly be appli$ to a great    
wat]-way su* z ! ,pacific4 ,i am n1     
h[ev]1 on ! pres5t occasion argu+ )     
p$ants4 ,:at ,i desire is to broadly    
emphasise ! fact t 9 ! future ( !       
,pacific--^? innum]able isles dott$ "h &
 !re ov] its surface1 ,japan is a factor
 t _c be left out ( acc\nt4 ,ye> by ye> 
h] position !re is increas+ 9           
importance4 ,/eam]s ply to h] ports     
weekly f ,vanc\v] & ,san ,francisco4 ,! 
,japanese population are emigrat+ to !  

,pacific %ores ( ,am]ica1 ! trade &     
comm]ce ( ,japan ) ! ,am]ican ,cont95t  
are gr[+ & broad5+4 ,ev]y?+ 9 fact t5ds 
to %[ t )9 a comp>atively %ort space (  
"t ,japan w h ass]t$ h] position1 n only
 z a ,great ,_w ,p[]1 b z a great       
comm]cial nation 9 ! ,pacific4 ,:at is  
to be ! outcome ( x all8 is ! "q t w    
naturally arise to ! m9d4 ,i ?9k t "o   
outcome ( x w be1 z ,i h %[n1 ! capture 
by ,japan ( ! ,*9ese trade1 if n 9 its  
entirety1 at any rate 9 a v l>ge degree4
 ,ano!r outcome w1 ,i believe1 be !     
enorm\s developm5t ( ,japanese trade )  
bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,"s p may
 rem>k t ^! are n ess5tially political  
matt]s1 & t ,i am some:at w&]+ f my po9t
 9 treat+ ( !m 9 connection ) ! influ5ce
 ( ,japan ^u ! _w g5]ally4 ,i d n ?9k s4
 ,a nation may ass]t its influ5ce &     
emphasise its importance to j z great an
 ext5t by its trade z by ! d\ble-deal+s 
( diplomacy or by o!r equally           
que/ionable me?ods4 ,( "o ?+ ,i am      
conv9c$1 & t is t ! influ5ce ( ,japan ^u

 ! re/ ( ! _w w be a s+ul>ly heal?y "o4 
,t c\ntry has =tunately /ruck out =     
itself1 9 diplomacy z 9 o!r matt]s1 a   
new l9e4 ,x has n beh9d x any           
traditions1 nor be=e x prejudices :]e)  
to imp$e its progress4 ,! diplomacy (   
,japan w1 accord+ly1 be conduct$ 9 a    
/raight=w>d mann]1 & its record s f> 9  
?is respect has1 ,i ?9k1 provid$ a      
spl5did object-lesson = ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,!
 influ5ce ( ,japan ^u ! o!r nations w ,i
 hope1 z ,i believe1 cont9ue to be ( a  
heal?y nature4 ,if t c\ntry sets =?     
prom95tly ! fact t :ile aspir+ to be    
great1 x possesses none ( ^? attributes 
t we h previ\sly associat$ ) great      
nations1 ! attributes ( gre$1           
covet\sness1 aggressiv5ess1 &           
ov]be>+--an arrogant attitude 9 reg>d to
 weak] ,p[]s1 x w h p]=m$ a notable     
s]vice 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,= myself ,i h
 no d\bt :atev] t ,japan w tea* ?is     
lesson1 & 9 tea*+ x w h ju/ifi$ ! great 
place t %e has atta9$ among ! nations ( 
! e>?4  ,i h n[ conclud$ ! task t ,i set

 be=e myself4 ,my read]s mu/ be judges z
 to ! measure ( success1 if any1 ,i h   
atta9$ 9 x4 ,to attempt a survey ( !    
pa/1 pres5t1 & future ( a great & anci5t
 nation )9 ! limit$ space at my disposal
 has be5 by no means easy4 ,e subject ,i
 h _h "u consid]ation has invit$        
discursiv5ess1 & tempt$ me to l+] &     
dilate ^u x1 & x alone4 ,! fasc9ation ( 
,japan mu/ be ^u e "o1 or almo/ e "o1 :o
 writes ab\t x1 & t fasc9ation is1 ,i   
may obs]ve1 l ! art ( ! c\ntry1 ca?olic4
 ,:e!r we deeply & exhau/ively          
inve/igate "o subject & "o subject only1
 or take a hurri$ glance at e or almo/ e
 subject1 we feel a glam\r 9 respect (  
?is wond]ful c\ntry & its equally       
wond]ful p4 ,:ile ,i h endeav\r$ to     
prev5t ?is fasc9ation1 ?is glam\r1      
affect+ my judgm5t1 ,i am n a%am$ to    
plead guilty to1 b am1 9 fact1 r pr\d ( 
x4 ,inde$1 ,i %all feel gratifi$ if a   
p]usal ( ?is book induces a few p]sons  
"h & !re to /udy /ill m deeply ! hi/ory1
 ! religion1 ! art ( ,japan1 & ! :ole   

tr5d ( ev5ts 9 t c\ntry dur+ ! pa/ =ty  
ye>s4 ,e phase ( ! national life l5ds   
itself to inve/igation1 & w1 ,i feel    
sure1 rew>d ! inve/igator4 ,he w1 unless
 he be a p]son ( a s+ul>ly unemotional  
disposition1 utt]ly lack+ 9 all ^? f9]  
feel+s :i* especially di/+ui% man f !   
brutes1 h>dly fail ( be+1 be=e he has   
proce$$ f> 9 8 inve/igations1 quickly "u
 ! allur+ influ5ces ( ?is ,f> ,ea/]n l&1
 ent]+ he>tily1 zeal\sly1 &             
en?usia/ically into its national life & 
! developm5ts !re( 9 all _! v>i\s       
ramifications4  ,! fasc9ation t ,japan  
has ex]cis$ ^u writ]s su* z ,arnold &   
,he>n is :at x does1 ?\gh no d\bt 9 a   
small] degree1 ^u less gift$ m54 ,x is  
giv5 to few to dr9k 9 & absorb ! subtle 
*>m ( ! c\ntry s ?or\ghly & express x s 
graphically & delicately1 ) su* beauty &
 p[] & )al s mu* tru? z h ^? brilliant  
m54 ,i reg>d ?is great & gr[+ fasc9ation
 ( ,occid5tals = ?is fair ,ea/]n l& &   
its inhabitants z a long /ep 9 !        
direction ( ! realisation ( ! bro!rhood 

( man2 t ideal /ate ( ?+s :i* we hope = 
s expectantly1 long+ly1 p]haps too (t5  
sceptically2 t happy "t :5 national     
prejudices1 jeal\sies1 & animosities w h
 fad$ into oblivion1 :5 nations by !    
simple process ( /udy+ "o ano!r1 z      
,japan has be5 /udi$ ( rec5t ye>s1 w get
 to und]/& "o ano!r1 :5 ! lit]ature &   
art ( nations w be no long] m]ely       
national1 b _w possessions1 :5 w>s %all 
h ceas$ & ! policy ( aggression h come  
to be reg>d$ z an evil ?+1 :51 9 a ^w1 !
 bro!rhood ( man %all be no long] an    
idle dream1 a m]e speculative aspiration
 :i* no practical p]son ev] expect$ to  
see realis$1 b an actuality )9          
measurable di/ance ( be+ accompli%$4    
,all ^! ?+s may z yet be dreams1 b let u
 dream !m4 ,! m !y are dream$1 ! m      
likely is ! prospect ( _! realisation4  
,"o ?+ at lea/ fills me ) ard5t hope1 & 
t is ! ,japan1 z ,i see x to-day1 comp>$
 ) ! ,japan ( =ty ye>s ago4 ,if su* an  
upheaval is possible = "o nation1 :o    
%all put any b\nds to ! pot5tialities ( 

! _w8 ,s let u dream our dreams1 & 9 our
 wak+ mom5ts ca/ af> our eyes ^u ! l& ( 
! ,ris+1 aye1 n[ ! ,ris5 ,sun1 take he>t
 & dream aga9 9 quiet confid5ce t "s    
day1 9 "s future re9c>nation1 mayhap1 we
 %all witness ! realisation ( our hopes1
 & see t aft] all our dreams 7 m]ely an 
intellig5t anticipation ( ! glad "t     
com+4     ,,index       ,a              
,acrobatic p]=mances1 #aii              
,actresses1 #aii      ,adams1 ,w1 #e    
,advancem5t1 ,intellectual1 #bgi1 #bhe  
,physical1 #bgi       ,moral1 #bgi1 #bha
      ,adv]tis+ 9 newspap]s1 #bje       
,agriculture1 ,?unb]g's acc\nt (1 #h    
,sy/em (1 #bc      ,a9os1 !1 #cg1 #agj1 
#bej      ,a9o ,pres]vation ,society1   
#bea      ,alcock1 ,sir ,ru!r=d1 #f1    
#bgb1 #bgc1 #bia      ,alloys1 mak+ (1  
#aeg      ,am]ica1 ,unit$ ,/ates (1 #bic
      ,amusem5ts ( ,japanese1 #fh       
,ance/or wor%ip1 #gc                    
,arboriculture1 #hf      ,ar*]y1 #gb    
,ar*itecture1 #afg       ,art 91 #afg1  
#age       ,mod]n1 #agc       ,korean1  

#agb      ,arita1 #adb      ,army1      
,japanese1 #aag      ,arm\r1 #aed       
,arnold1 ,sir ,edw91 #aic1 #aid1 #bfg1  
#bif      ,art1 ,japanese1 #aca1 #adi   
,art 9 ,ar*itecture1 #age      ,art     
,treasures1 #afe      ,arti/ic ideals1  
#afc      ,arti/s1 ,japanese1 #acc      
,lacqu] #acg      ,asiatic ,cont95t1    
proximity to1 #ag      ,a/on1 ,mr41 #aid
      ,a?letics1 #aac       ,b          
,banks1 ,japanese1 #ig       ,european1 
#ig      ,ba?s1 #fe1 #ge      ,ba?+1    
mix$1 aboli%$1 #bhb      ,be>1 black1   
#bg      ,b$d+1 #fe      ,bells1 #aec   
,b]es=d1 ,"l ,*>les1 #bbi      ,bills1  
,treasury1 #id      ,bird1 ,miss1 #bab1 
#bag      ,birds1 #bg      ,biz5 w>e1   
#add1 #ade      ,bon ,matsuri1 #ga      
,break-up ( ,*9a1 #bbi      ,br9kley1   
,capta91 #bjg      ,bronze "w1 #aec     
,bungo1 ,pr9ce (1 #b      ,buddha1      
/atues (1 #aea      ,buddhism1 #ci1 #dj1
 #da       ,influ5ces (1 #dh1 #gg       
,buddhi/ religion1 comm&m5ts (1 #db     
,c      ,capital ( ! ,tycoon1 #f1 #bgb1 

#bgc      ,canada1 #bib      ,ca/les1   
feudal1 #aga      ,cavalry1 #aga        
,lack ( horses1 #bf      ,cemet]ies1 #gc
      ,c]amic w>e1 #adj                 
,decoration (1 #ade      ,c]eals1 #bc   
,c]emonies1 tea1 #ada      ,*amb]la91   
,basil ,hall1 #dd1 #aca1 #aeb1 #bej     
,*a/ity ( wom51 #bag      ,*ildr51 #fg  
,att5dance at s*ool1 #ajd      ,*9a1    
#bba       ,w> )1 #ic1 #bjh             
,japanisation (1 #bbd       ,awak5+ (1  
#bbi      ,*9a w>e1 see ,porcela9 &     
,pott]y      ,*9ese indemnity1 #bbh     
legal sy/em1 #ahf      ,*iuz5ji1 ,lake1 
#bf      ,*ri/5+s1 #gb      ,*ri/ian    
,missions1 #df1 #dg1 #bci1 #bef         
,*ri/ianity1 conv]sion ( ,japanese to1  
#c1 #bfa      ,cleanl9ess ( p1 #ge      
,climate1 #ai      ,clo?+ ( ,japanese1  
#fh      ,coal1 #bb      ,college1      
,police1 & ,prison1 #ahh      ,comm]ce1 
#hj      ,comm]cial morality1 #bcf      
,community1 =eign1 #bce1 #bci           
,confucianism1 #ci      ,conscription1  
sy/em (1 #aai      ,con/itution (       

,japan1 #di1 #eh1 #ei      ,copp]1 #aeg 
,copp] w>e1 #aec      ,co/ume1          
,japanese1 #afa      ,cotton1 #bc       
,c\rt1 ,supreme1 ( ,*9a & ,japan1 #bca  
,c\rts1 ,consul>1 #bca      ,c\rts1     
,japanese1 #bcd1 #bce      ,crane1      
,walt]1 #acb      ,curios1 #afa         
,curriculum1 s*ool1 #aje       ,d       
,dai ,butsus1 #aea      ,daimios1 #ea1  
#aci1 #aee1 #aeh1 #ahe      ,dalny1 #ag 
,daynogawa1 ,riv]1 #bf      ,dea?       
p5alty1 #aij      ,debates1 p>liam5t>y1 
#eg      ,debt1 ,national1 #ia1 #ie     
,decoration ( c]amic w>e1 #ade      ,de 
,fonblanque1 #ach      ,desc5t (        
,japanese ,sov]eigns1 #eb               
,developm5t ( ,japan1 #bhi      ,dick9s1
 ,f4 ,v41 #bcb1 #bdj      ,diet1        
,imp]ial ,japanese1 #eb1 #ec            
,diosy1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur1 #bac               
,diplomacy1 me?ods (1 #bid              
,diseases1 #bj1 #ff      ,d\glas1       
,admiral ,sir ,a4 ,l41 #abf      ,drama1
 ! ,japanese1 #aic1 #aih      ,dress ( !
 ,japanese1 #fh      ,dress]1 ,dr41     

#afh1 #afi      ,dut*1 _! settlem5t at  
,decima1 #c1 #be1 #acd1 #adb            
,duties1 ,cu/oms1 #bcc       ,e         
,e>!nw>e1 see ,pott]y & ,porcela9       
,e>?quakes1 #ai      ,education1 #ajb   
,education1 ,bo>d (1 #ajc               
,electors1 ,japanese1 qualifications (1 
#ee      ,electoral di/ricts1 #ee       
,elg91 ,"l1 #abd      ,embroid]y1 silk &
 sat91 #afa      ,emp]or1 #ea1 #eb      
,position (1 #fj      ,engli% (fic]s1   
#abe      ,espionage1 elaborate sy/em (1
 #aj      ,europeans 9 ,japan1 #bcj     
,europeanis+ ( ,japan1 #bcj             
,ev]gre5s1 ,japanese1 #bd      ,exports 
& ,imports1 #ha1 #hc      ,expulsion (  
=eign]s f ,japan1 #c       ,f           
,fasc9ation ( ,japan1 #bie1 #bif        
,fauna ( ,japan1 #bg      ,fea/ (       
,dolls1 #ga       ( ,flags1 #gj         
,fe/ivals & fea/s1 #fi      ,feudal     
sy/em 9 ,japan1 #ej      ,f9ancial &    
,economical ,annual1 #ia      ,fi%1 #bd 
,flora ( ,japan1 #bd      ,fl[]s1 #gc   
,food1 #ff      ,=eign]s 9 ,japan1 #bca 

,=eign community1 #bce1 #bci      ,=eign
 m>ket1 manufacture ( articles =1 #adf  
,=eign troops 9 ,japan1 #bcd      ,=e/s1
 #bb1 #hf      ,=mosa1 #ag1 #bib        
,france1 #bic      ,fruit1 ,japanese1   
#bc      ,fuji-yama1 #ah1 #ach          
,furniture1 h\sehold1 #fe      ,future (
 ,japan1 #bgd       ,political1 #bgi1   
#bhh1 #bij       ,national1 #bhh        
,g      ,g>d5s1 ,japanese1 #ge          
,gei%a1 !1 #bac      ,g5]als1 ,japanese1
 #abb      ,g]many1 #bbe1 #bic          
,g]man ,emp]or1 #bbb      ,girls1 s*ools
 =1 #ajf1 #aad      ,gold1 #aeg         
,gordon1 ,g5]al1 #bbh      ,gov]nm5t1   
con/itution (1 #eb      ,great ,brita91 
#bjg1 #bic      ,gregory ,,xiii41       
mission f ,japan to1 #c      ,griffis1  
#aee      ,grotesque 9 ,japanese art1   
#ace1 #ade       ,h      ,hair1 ,mr4    
,?omas1 #ee      ,hakodate1 #ah1 #bed1  
#bef       ,battle (1 #abe              
,h>a-kiri1 #aed1 #bfe      ,h>b\rs1 #ba 
,h>ve/ fe/ival1 #gj      ,hawes1 ,lieut4
 ,a4 ,g4 ,s41 ,r4,m4,l4,i41 #abf        

,heal? ( ! p1 #bj      ,he>n1 ,lafcadio1
 #aeb1 #beh1 #bfg1 #bif      ,heian     
p]iod1 #aie      ,hill1 ,dr4 ,g4        
,birnie1 ,r4,n41 #abh      ,hi/ory1     
,japanese1 #a      ,hiz5 w>e1 #ade      
,holidays 9 ,japan1 #fi                 
,hong-,kong1 #bib      ,hon%iu1 #ag     
,horses1 #bf1 #aba      ,h\ses1         
,japanese1 #fd1 #agj       ,i           
,images1 c>v+ (1 #aeh      ,im>i w>e1   
#adj1 #adb      ,indu/ries1 #hj         
,influ5ce ( ,japan1 #bgi1 #bhh          
,inl& ,sea1 #ba      ,intellectual      
advancem5t1 #bgi1 #bhe      ,iron1 #aeg 
,irrigation1 #bc      ,ise w>e1 #adj    
,ito1 ,m>quis1 #ha      ,ivory1 c>v+s 91
 #adi      ,iwasaki1 ,mr41 #abi       ,j
      ,japan1 ,con/itution (1 #di1 #eh1 
#ei       ,developm5t (1 #bhi           
,engli% newspap]s 91 #bjg               
,europeans 91 #bcj       ,europeanis+ (1
 #bcj       ,expulsion ( =eign]s f1 #c  
,fasc9ation (1 #bie1 #bif       ,fauna  
(1 #bg       ,feudal sy/em 91 #ej       
,flora (1 #bd       = ! ,japanese1 #bdb 

,=eign]s 91 #bca       ,=eign troops 91 
#bcd       ,future (1 #bgd1 #bgi1 #bhh1 
#bij       ,holidays 91 #fi             
,mission>ies 91 #df1 #dg1 #bci1 #bef    
,naval ,(fic]'s description (1 #aa      
,occid5tilation (1 #bfi                 
,portuguese visits to1 #b       ,pres5t 
position (1 #bfc       ,press1 ,yell[1  
91 #bjf       ,religions (1 #ci         
,t\ri/s 91 #bf1 #bda       ,trade (     
,*9a1 capture by1 #bbg1 #bid            
,transition (1 #bgd       ,vice 91 #bab1
 #bag       ,"y1 #bgj1 #bhg      ,japan 
,times1 !1 #bjb      ,japanese1         
amusem5ts (1 #fh       ,army1 #aag      
art1 #aca1 #adi       arti/s1 #acc      
banks1 #ig       ,conv]sion (1 to       
,*ri/ianity1 #c1 #bfa       ,clo?+ (1   
#fh       ,con/itution (1 #di1 #eh1 #ei 
co/ume1 #afa       c\rts1 #bcd1 #bce    
,desc5t ( ,sov]eigns1 #eb       ,diet1  
,imp]ial1 #eb1 #ec       drama1 #aic1   
#aih       ,dress (1 #fh       electors1
 qualifications (1 #ee       ev]gre5s1  
#bd       fruit1 #bc       g>d5s1 #ge   

,g5]als1 #abb       grotesque 9 art1    
#ace1 #ade       hi/ory1 #a       h\ses1
 #fd1 #agj       language1 #cc1 #cd1    
#aji       legal sy/em1 #ahg            
lit]ature1 #cg1 #aic       morality1    
#ac1 #baa         comm]cial1 #bcf1 #bhc 
,navy1 #aag1 #abc       olig>*y1 #fa    
pap]1 #hg       ,p>liam5t1 #ef       p1 
#fc       pictures1 #aeh       pill[1   
#fe       plays1 #aii       ,psy*ology  
(1 #bfd       race1 #bi1 #cj            
s*ools1 #ajd       subjects1 #ec        
,j9rick%as1 #ahb       ,k      ,kaemf]1 
#e1 #cj1 #ci1 #aec      ,kaga w>e1 #adj1
 #add      ,kakemonos1 #fe1 #afj        
,k5 sect1 #dd      ,kiu%iu1 #ag         
,kob1 #be      ,korea1 #agb1 #bfb       
,korean ar*itecture1 #agb       pott]s1 
#ada      ,kumoto1 ,mr41 #bjb1 #bjc     
,kurile ,isles1 #ag      ,kutania w>e1  
#ade      ,kyoto1 #be1 #aeh1 #aha       
,kyoto w>e1 #adj1 #add1 #ade       ,l   
,lab\r "q1 #hh       organisations1 #hh 
,lab\r ,_w newspap]1 #hh      ,lacqu]1  
#ace       arti/s1 #acg      ,language1 

,japanese1 *>act]i/ics (1 #cc           
,orig9 (1 #cd       ,educational        
difficulties1 #aji      ,law & ord]1    
#ahe      ,legal sy/em1 ,japanese1 #ahg 
,lett]s1 numb] po/$1 #agh               
,lit]ature1 ,japanese1 #cg1 #aic        
,loans1 #ij1 #ib      ,loo-,*oo ,isl&s1 
#ag      ,loti1 ,pi]re1 #bac            
,luxury1 abs5ce (1 #gd       ,m         
,macao1 #adb      ,ma*9]y1 manufacture  
(1 #ha      ,madame ,*rysan?me1 #bac    
,magaz9es1 #bjg      ,makimonos1 #afj   
,manufactures1 #hc      ,m>co ,paolo1 #a
      ,m>ks on pott]y & porcela91 #adh  
,m>riages1 #gb      ,mat*es1 #if        
,m]cantile ,m>9e1 #abi      ,metals1    
#ba1 #aeg      ,metal "w1 #aec          
work]s1 #aef       indu/ries1 decl9e 91 
#aeg      ,metallurgi/s1 #aeb           
,mikado1 #ej1 #ea2 also see ,emp]or     
,m9]al weal?1 #ba1 #aeg      ,m9i/]1    
,briti%1 at ,japanese ,c\rt1 #bci       
,mission>ies 9 ,japan1 #df1 #dg1 #bci1  
#bef       9 ,*9a1 #bbe      ,mitake1   
,m\nt1 #ah      ,mitsui1 h\se (1 #ig    

,mitsui ,bussan ,kwia%a1 #ii      ,mitsu
 ,bi%i ,company1 #abi      ,monkey1     
r$-fac$1 #bg      ,morality1 ,japanese1 
#ac1 #baa       ,comm]cial1 #bcf1 #bhc  
,moral advancem5t1 #bgi1 #bha           
,moral code1 educational1 #aaj          
,m\nta9s1 #ah      ,municipalities1     
,european1 #bcb      ,music1 #fi        
,n      ,nagasaki1 #ba1 #be             
,nagoya1 #be       ,ca/le at1 #aga      
,n>a1 ,temple (1 #afg      ,navy1       
,japanese1 #aag1 #abc      ,naval       
(fic]'s description ( ,japan1 #aa       
,netsuks1 #adi1 #aej      ,new ,f> ,ea/1
 #bac      ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #fi        
,newspap]s1 #hi1 #bjj       ,circulation
 (1 #bje       ,engli%1 9 ,japan1 #bjg  
,news ag5cies1 #bjd      ,nikko1 #bf    
,pagoda at1 #afi       ,temples at1     
#agc1 #agd      ,nippon1 #ag            
,nippon ,yus5 ,kai%a1 #abi      ,n1 !1  
#bjj      ,notes1 bank1 #ic       ,o    
,olig>*y1 ,japanese1 #fa      ,ox51 #bg 
,p      ,pacific1 ma/]y (1 #bib         
,pagodas1 #aga      ,pa9t+1 #aeh        

,s*ools (1 #aei       ,we/]n influ5ces  
on1 #aei      ,panama ,canal1 #bib      
,pap]1 ,japanese1 #hg      ,pap] money1 
#ac      ,p>kes1 ,sir ,h>ry1 #bdj       
,life (1 #bdj      ,p>liam5t1 ,japanese1
 #ef      ,p>ties & p>ty sy/em1 #eh     
,passports1 #bcc      ,pe]s1 ,h\se (1   
#ec      ,p1 ,japanese1 life & habits1  
#fc      ,petroleum1 #hf      ,phallic  
wor%ip1 #bha      ,philipp9e ,isl&s1    
#bib      ,philologi/s & ,japanese      
language1 #cc      ,philosoph]s1        
,engli%1 widely read1 #bhd1 #bhe        
,philosophy ( life1 #gh      ,physical  
advancem5t1 #bgi      ,physical features
 ( c\ntry1 #ag      ,physique1 #aab     
,pictures1 ,japanese1 #aeh      ,pigs1  
#bg      ,pill[1 ,japanese1 #fe         
,plays1 ,japanese1 #aii      ,poetry1   
#aid       9 newspap]s1 #bje            
,police1 #ahh      ,political future1   
#bgi      ,population1 #ag              
,porcela91 #adj1 #adb1 #ade             
,mod]n1 #adg       ,m>ks on1 #adh       
,port ,ar?ur1 #ag      ,portuguese      

visits to ,japan1 #b      ,po/al s]vice1
 #agg       ord]s1 #agh      ,po/-(fice 
bus9ess1 #agh       ,sav+s ,bank1 #agi  
,po/-(fices1 =eign1 #bcb      ,pott]s1  
,korean1 #ada      ,pott]y1 #adj        
,m>ks on1 #adh      ,press1 ,yell[1 9   
,japan1 #bjf       ,functions (1 #baj   
,newspap]1 #bjb      ,prisons1 #ahi     
,prison sy/em1 #aij      ,privy ,c\ncil1
 #ei      ,pro/itution1 #bae1 #bhc      
,pun*1 ,yokohama1 #bji      ,puni%m5ts1 
#aij      ,psy*ology ( ,japanese1 #bfd  
,r      ,race1 ,japanese1 its orig91 #bi
       ,!ories reg>d+1 #cj              
,railways1 #be1 #agf      ,raku w>e1    
#adj1 #ade      ,re91 ,pr(essor1 #ai    
,religions ( ,japan1 #ci       influ5ce 
on p1 #gf      ,repres5tatives1 ,h\se (1
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,rev5ue1 #aja      ,revolution ( #ahfh1 
#ba1 #afe1 #ahf1 #aig1 #bjc      ,rhus  
,v]nicif]a1 #bb1 #ach      ,rice1 #bc1  
#hd      ,riv]s1 #ai      ,royal        
,family1 /yle & address (1 def9$1 #ei   
,russia1 #bib      ,russia1 w> )1 #abj1 

#abg1 #bba      ,ryd]1 ,admiral ,sir ,a4
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,/4 ,francis ,xavi]1 #b1 #da1 #de1 #dg1 
#acd1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bga      ,sakhal91   
#ag1 #ah      ,salt1 #hg      ,samurai1 
#aee1 #bcf1 #bhc      ,san ,francisco1  
#bid      ,sat9 embroid]y1 #afa         
,satsuma1 ,pr9ce (1 #acd       w>e1     
#adj1 #adc1 #add1 #ade      ,sav+s      
,banks1 ,po/-(fice1 #agi      ,scabb>ds1
 sword1 #aee      ,sc5]y1 #be           
,s*ools1 ,japanese1 #ajd       = girls1 
#ajf1 #aad       ,high]1 #ajg           
,te*nical1 #ajh       ( pa9t+1 #aei     
( progressive art1 #adg      ,sculpture1
 #adi      ,seto w>e1 #ade              
,%ampoo+1 #ge      ,%eep1 #bg           
,%iba1 temples at1 #aeh1 #agc1 #agd     
,%ikoku1 #ag      ,%+on ,yoko sect1 #dd 
,%9to temples1 #de      ,%9toism1 #ci1  
#dj1 #da       ,influ5ces (1 #dh1 #gg   
,%irakawa1 ,emp]or1 #db      ,%ogun1 #ea
      ,%r9es1 #gg      ,sib]ian railway1
 #bib      ,silk1 #hc       embroid]y1  
#afa       -worms1 #hd      ,silv]1 #aeg

      ,smok+1 #ff      ,snakes1 #bg     
,social int]c\rse1 #bcg      ,socialism1
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influ5ce1 #bic      ,/onewall ,jackson1 
#abe      ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 #bib     
,sug>1 #hg      ,subjects1 ,japanese1   
rights & duties ( def9$1 #ec            
,swords1 #aed       ,abolition ( we>+ (1
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,sword-mak]s1 #aee       ,t      ,tea1  
#bd1 #ie       c]emonies1 #ada          
h\ses1 #bd       indu/ry1 #hf      ,tea 
,trad]s' ,association1 #he              
,telegrams1 #ahj      ,telegraphs1 #agi 
,telephones1 #ahj      ,temp]ature (    
,japan1 #bj      ,temples1 ,buddhi/1    
#aga1 #agc1 #agd       ,%9to1 #aga      
,"s ,buddhi/1 a visit to1 #bdd          
,con/ruction (1 #aeh      ,t5dai sect1  
#dd      ,t]ritoriality1 extra1 #bcb1   
#bce      ,!atre1 #fh1 #aii      ,?+s   
,japanese1 #aca      ,?unb]g1 #f        
,t91 #aeg      ,tobacco1 #ff1 #hb1 #hf1 
#adi      ,tokio1 #bj1 #be1 #aha        
,tokugawa p]iod1 #aia      ,too?-p[d]1  

#afb      ,t\ri/s 9 ,japan1 #bf1 #bda   
,trade1 #hj       ,*9ese1 capture by    
,japan1 #bbg1 #bid      ,trad]s1 #bcf1  
#bcg      ,tramways1 #aha               
,transition ( ,japan1 #bgd              
,treasures1 art1 #afe1 #afh      ,trees1
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,turanian race1 #cc      ,tycoon1 #aa1  
#ab1 #ac1 #ea      ,typhoons1 #ba       
,u      ,utilit>ianism 9 art1 #adc      
,unbeat5 ,tracks 9 ,japan1 #bab         
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 #bic           
export ( tea to1 #he      ,univ]sity1   
,imp]ial1 #ajg      ,univ]sities1 #ajg1 
#aaf       ,v      ,vanc\v]1 #bid       
,vice 9 ,japan1 #bab1 #bag              
,vladivo/ock1 #ah      ,volcanoes1 #ah  
,w      ,w> ) ,*9a1 #ic1 #bjh           
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c]amic1 #adj      ,w]gman ,mr41 #bji    
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birds1 #bg      ,wilson1 ,admiral ,sir  
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,y      ,yell[ p]il1 !1 #bbb1 #bbf      
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