,libr>ies47       ,,! ,,road  ,,&  ,,!  
,,roadside4    ,by  ,,burton ,,willis   
,,pott]4    ,,bo/on3 ,,little1 ,,br[n1  
,,& ,,company4 #ahhf4  ,copyright1      
#ahhf1 ,,by ,,burton ,,willis ,,pott]4  
,,univ]sity ,,press3 ,,john ,,wilson ,,&
 ,,son1 ,,cambridge4     ,,to  ,,!      
,,honorable ,,john ,e4 ,,russell1       
,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,massa*usetts ,,bo>d
 ,,( ,,agriculture1  ,^! ,pages are     
,respectfully ,inscrib$1  ,,z ,a ,,tok5 
,,( ,,my ,,love ,,& ,,e/eem ,,= ,,him   
,,z ,a ,,true ,,fri5d1 ,a ,,classical   
,,s*ol>1 ,,& ,,an ,,eloqu5t ,,orator1   
,,^: ,,spee*es ,,& ,,writ+s ,,h ,,aid$  
,,p[]fully ,,9 ,,br++ ,,ab\t ,a         
,,revival ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,& ,,9    
,,creat+ ,,among ,,! ,,p ,a ,,love ,,(  
,,agriculture ,,& ,,rural ,,life4       
,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! a/]isks 9       
footnotes #hi & #ib h d n h correspond+ 
ref]5ces 9 ! text4     ,,preface4   ,!  
*apt]s ( ?is book relat+ to ! laws (    
public & private ways 7 writt5 & read z 
a lecture at ! ,c\ntry ,meet+ ( !       

,massa*usetts ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 9   
,decemb]1 #ahhe1 at ,fram+ham1 & h s9ce 
be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,report on !            
,agriculture ( ,massa*usetts = ! ,ye>   
#ahhe4  ,! laws z h]e9 /at$ are1 z ,i   
believe1 ! pres5t laws ( ,massa*usetts  
relative to public & private ways1 &    
!re=e !y may n all be applicable to !   
ways 9 o!r ,/ates2 b inasmu* z ! common 
law is ! basis ( ! road law 9 all !     
,/ates1 x w be f\nd t ! g5]al pr9ciples 
h]e9 laid d[n are z applicable 9 "o     
,/ate z 9 ano!r4  ,believ+ t good roads 
& ! love ( rural life are ess5tial to ! 
true happ9ess & la/+ prosp]ity ( any p1 
^! pages h be5 writt5 ) ! s9c]e desire  
to d some?+ to improve our roads & to   
enc\rage c\ntry life2 & !y are n[ giv5  
to ! public ) ! hope t !y w ex]t "s     
little influ5ce 9 promot+ ^! objects4   
,b4 ,w4 ,p4  ,,worce/]1 ,,mass41 ,may1  
#ahhf4     ,,cont5ts4   ,,*apt] ,i4     
,,hi/ory1 ,,importance1 ,,&             
,,significance ,,( ,,roads4             
,,page  ,roads ! symbols ( progress &   

civilization4 ,macaulay & ,bu%nell on ! 
value ( public highways4 ,! fir/        
sponsors ( art1 sci5ce1 & gov]nm5t 7 !  
build]s ( roads4 ,! anci5t highway      
betwe5 ,babylon & ,memphis4 ,!          
,c>?ag9ians z road-mak]s4 ,roman roads3 
_! con/ruction1 ext5t1 & durability2 _! 
in/rum5tality 9 giv+ ,rome h] pre-em95ce
 9 ! anci5t _w2 _! mode ( con/ruction   
describ$4 ,pond]\s roads 9 ,*9a4        
,magnific5t highways 9 ! anci5t empires 
( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,prescott's           
description ( ! great roads 9 ,p]u4 ,bad
 condition ( ! ,engli% roads 9 ! sixte5?
 c5tury4 ,) ! revival ( mod]n           
civilization ! improvem5t ( ! public    
highways has engag$ ! ?\ght ( public &  
sci5tific m54 ,advantages ( good roads  
g5]ally & especially z ! means ( a prop]
 di/ribution ( population4              
#a-aa   ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,location4  ,be/
 possible location desirable4 ,p]man5t  
nature ( roads4 ,_m ( ! anci5t roads are
 /ill travell$ by ! p ( to-day4 ,! law (
 ! survival ( ! fitte/ applicable to !  

location ( roads4 ,! mak]s ( a good road
 (t5 build bett] ?an !y "k4 ,roads may  
be locat$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways4 ,! old   
,romans & ! mod]n ,lat9 nations locate 9
 /raight l9es4 ,! ,engli%-speak+ p      
usually locate _! roads 9 curv$ l9es4   
,curv$ roads h _m advantages ov] /raight
 ones1 z good grades are m desirable ?an
 /raight roads4                         
#ab-af   ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,con/ruction4 
,importance ( dra9age4 ,good roads      
impossible )\t prop] dra9age4 ,prop]    
wid? ( roads = travel4 ,!y %\ld be wide 
en\gh to admit ( foot-pa?s at _! sides4 
,e road %\ld be cr[n$ suffici5tly to run
 (f ! surface wat]1 b n en\gh to make ! 
road-b$ too unlevel4 ,! gold5 mean is to
 be s\ght4 ,a macadamiz$ road ! *eape/ &
 be/ = our climate & soil4 ,prop]       
f\ndation & dep? ( /one cov]+ = su* a   
road4 ,! ,tel=d road sometimes ! be/ =  
clayey soil4 ,its con/ruction4 ,!y w be 
! future roads ( our c\ntry4 ,e>?-roads 
n[ g5]ally prevail4 ,h[ to make !m1 & h[
 to keep !m up4                         

#ag-ba   ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,repairs4      
,economy & public conv5i5ce require     
roads to be kept up ! ye> r\nd4         
,advantages ( a road always 9 good      
condition4 ,evils ( ! pres5t sy/em (    
annual or semi-annual repairs4 ,! pres5t
 sy/em describ$4 ,advantages ( !        
cont9ual-repair sy/em illu/rat$ by !    
great turnpike f ,virg9ia ,city to      
,sacram5to1 by ,bad51 ,g]many1 ,france1 
,switz]l&1 ,great ,brita91 & t[ns 9 !   
vic9ity ( our great cities4 ,?is sy/em  
alone w prevail :5 ! pr9ciples (        
road-mak+ become bett] kn[n4            
#bb-bg   ,,*apt] ,v4  ,,laws ,,relat+   
,,to ,,! ,,lay+ ,,out ,,( ,,ways4  ,=   
:at purposes ways may be laid out1 & h[ 
!y may be e/abli%$4 ,may be laid out by 
t[n or c\nty au?orities4 ,di/9ction     
betwe5 t[n ways & public highways4 ,:5 !
 public (ficials refuse to lay out ways1
 p>ties int]e/$ may appeal4 ,h[ damages 
are avoid$ & co/s paid4                 
#bh-ca   ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,law ,,z ,,to  
,,repairs4  ,h[ & by :om ways are to be 

kept 9 repair4 ,! duties & rights ( !   
public au?orities 9 mak+ repairs4 ,!    
b\nd>ies ( highways4 ,! rights (        
travell]s z to ! removal ( ob/ructions 9
 ! road4 ,unau?oriz$ p]sons h no "r to  
repair ways4 ,highways to be protect$ by
 prop] rail+s4 ,h[ wide roads %\ld be4  
#cb-ce   ,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,guide-,,po/s1
 ,,dr9k+-,,tr\ghs1 ,,& ,,f\nta9s4       
,guide-po/s to be erect$ & ma9ta9$ at   
suitable places4 ,p5alties atta*$ to    
neglect or refusal to erect & ma9ta9 !m4
 ,t[n (fic]s may e/abli% & ma9ta9       
dr9k+-tr\ghs1 wells1 & f\nta9s4 ,_! duty
 9 ?is respect4                         
#cf-ch    ,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,%ade       
,,trees1 ,,p>ks1 ,,& ,,commons4  ,t[ns &
 cities h au?ority to beautify !        
roadsides & public squ>es4 ,may plant   
trees & enc\rage _! plant+ by adjo9+    
own]s & improvem5t societies4 ,! rights 
( improvem5t societies & ! p5alties =   
int]f]+ ) _! "w4 ,%ade trees & o!r      
ornam5tal fixtures n to be injur$ or    
de/roy$4       #ci-da    ,,*apt] ,,ix4  

,,public ,,use ,,( ,,highways4  ,h[     
roads are to be us$ by ! public & adjo9+
 own]s4 ,due c>e to be us$ by travell]s4
 ,ma/]s responsible = _! s]vants' acts4 
,no responsibility = inevitable         
accid5ts4 ,:at is a prop] rate ( spe$4  
#db-dd    ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,!
 ,,road4  ,rules = ! meet+1 pass+1 &    
conduct ( teams on ! road4 ,^! rules n  
inflexible4 ,:5 !y may be deviat$ f4    
,ea* travell] has a "r to a fair %>e ( !
 road4 ,! rights ( light & heavily load$
 vehicles4 ,:5 a travell] ) team may use
 track ( /reet railway4                 
#de-di   ,,*apt] ,,xi4  ,,eque/rians ,,&
 ,,p$e/rians4  ,eque/rians mu/ give way 
= vehicles4 ,! law ( ! road does n apply
 to !m by ! t]ms ( ! /atutes1 b !y %\ld 
obs]ve x z f> z practicable4 ,p$e/rians 
h a "r to walk on c>riage-way4 ,9 cities
 !y %\ld walk on ! sidewalks4 ,!y mu/   
use due c>e4 ,_! rights on cross-walks4 
,!y are n subject to ! law ( ! road4 ,!y
 may walk out on ,sunday = _! heal?4    
#ej-ec   ,,*apt] ,,xii4  ,,omnibuses1   

,,/ages1 ,,& ,,horse-,,c>s4  ,c>ri]s (  
pass5g]s = hire are b\nd to use due     
dilig5ce 9 provid+ suitable coa*es1     
h>nesses1 horses1 & coa*m54 ,!y mu/ n   
leave _! horses unhit*$4 ,if !y receive 
pass5g]s :5 _! coa*es are already full1 
!y mu/ use increas$ c>e4 ,pass5g]s mu/  
pay f>e 9 advance1 if dem&$4            
#ed-ef   ,,*apt] ,,xiii4  ,,purposes ,,=
 ,,:i* ,,highways ,,may ,,be ,,us$4     
,public ways are ma9ly = ! use (        
travell]s1 b !y may be us$ = o!r public 
purposes1 gas1 wat]-pipes1 sew]s1 /reet 
railways1 telephone & telegraph l9es1   
etc4 ,e "o may use ! highway to 8 own   
advantage1 b ) reg>d to ! l rights (    
o!rs4 ,:at animals & vehicles are all[$ 
^u ! road4 ,t[ns & cities may regulate  
by by-laws ! use & managem5t ( ! public 
ways4  #eg-fa   ,,*apt] ,,xiv4  ,,use   
,,( ,,highways ,,by ,,adjo9+ ,,own]s4   
,!y own ! fee 9 ! l&1 & are entitl$ to  
all ! pr(its ( ! freehold1 ! grass1 !   
trees1 fruit1 etc4 ,if ! l& 9 ! way is  
subject$ to any new s]vitude1 l an      

elevat$ railroad or telegraph or        
telephone l9es1 !y are entitl$ to       
damages4 ,!y c load & unload vehicles 9 
connection ) _! bus9ess on _! premises1 
b x mu/ be done 9 su* a mann] z n to    
incommode ! travell+ public4 ,!y mu/ n  
fill up ! roadside ) logs1 wood1 or     
rubbi% ( any k9d4                       
#fb-fi   ,,*apt] ,,xv4  ,,private       
,,ways4  ,private ways may be e/abli%$ &
 discont9u$ 9 ! same mann] z public     
ways4 ,! own] ( su* way mu/ keep x 9    
repair4 ,! own] ( ! soil may use x =    
agricultural purposes1 & keep up b>s &  
gates4 ,! law ( ! road applies to       
private ways4           #gj-gb   ,,*apt]
 ,,xvi4  ,,don',t4  ,don't dr9k         
intoxicat+ liquors :5 travell+4 ,don't  
=get to look out = ! eng9e :ile ! bell  
r+s4 ,don't take animals affect$ by     
contagi\s diseases on ! public way4     
,don't g ^u ! road if y are afflict$ ) a
 contagi\s or infecti\s disease4 ,don't 
g out sleigh-rid+ )\t bells atta*$ to   
y\r h>ness4 ,don't try to drive a horse 

on ! road unless y "k h[ to manage him4 
,don't ride ) a c>eless driv]4 ,don't   
use a vici\s horse1 or let him to be us$
 on ! road4 ,don't let y\r horses get   
beyond y\r control4 ,don't encroa* ^u or
 abuse ! highway4 ,don't ride on !      
outside plat=m ( a pass5g] coa*4 ,don't 
jump (f a coa* :5 x is 9 motion4 ,don't 
wilfully break d[n1 injure1 remove1 or  
de/roy a mile/one1 mile-bo>d1 or        
guide-po/4 ,don't g out ( ! road-way ^u 
adjo9+ l&4 ,don't suppose t ev]y?+ t    
fright5s y\r horse or causes an accid5t 
is a defect 9 ! highway4 ,don't fail to 
give notice 9 writ+ if y meet ) an      
accid5t on ! road4 ,don't convey l&     
encumb]$ ) a "r ( way4 ,don't keep a    
b>k+ dog4                               
#gc-hc   ,,*apt] ,,xvii4  ,,foot-,,pa?s4
  ,necessity ( air1 sunlight1 & ex]cise4
 ,! prog5itors ( e vigor\s race h f\nd 9
 =e/ & wild]ness ! s\rces ( _! /r5g?4 ,!
 ,israelites1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,dut*1  
,anglo-,saxons4 ,! tea*+s ( ,nature     
ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! human m9d4 

,job1 ,david1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,*ri/1 
,wordswor?4 ,foot-pa?s t5d to br+ p into
 ! op5 air & into communion ) ,nature4  
,! by-ways ( old ,engl&4 ,t[ns & cities 
%\ld lay out foot-pa?s4                 
#hd-hh   ,,*apt] ,,xviii4  ,,)9 ,,&     
,,)\t ,,! ,,roadside4  ,e dwell] "u     
obligation to ma9ta9 neatness & ord] )9 
& )\t 8 roadside4 ,unselfi% ex]tion 9   
?is behalf pays4 ,he :o beautifies !    
roadside b5efits mank9d & himself alike4
 ,a dirty & %abby dwell+ gives a        
travell] a mean idea ( its inmates4 ,a  
cosey & clean h\se always speaks well = 
its inmates4 ,e home/ead %\ld be adorn$ 
) trees4 ,! beauty & utility ( trees4   
,!y are insep>able f well-till$ l& &    
beautiful sc5]y4 ,wayside %rubb]y3 its  
use & abuse2 x %\ld be all[$ :]e gre5   
grass w n gr[4                          
#hi-id   ,,*apt] ,,xix4  ,,enjoym5t ,,( 
,,! ,,road4  ,a travell] %\ld h a       
hopeful & sun%9y disposition4 ,he %\ld  
be 9 h>mony ) ,nature2 he %\ld h an     
obs]v+ eye to enjoy ! lat5t enjoym5ts ( 

! way4 ,h[ ! obs]v+ faculties may be    
cultivat$4 ,! pleasures incid5t to kn[+ 
h[ to appreciate ! beautiful 9 ,nature4 
,! diff]5t degrees ( enjoym5t 9 ! same  
situation4 ,! love ( ,nature ! sign (   
goodness ( he>t4 ,rusk91 ,wordswor?1    
,*ri/4 ,:at an obs]v+ travell] c see to 
admire & enjoy on ! road1 grass1 fl[]s1 
trees1 z rem9d]s ( human be+s1 dome/ic &
 pa/oral sc5]y1 m\nta9s1 animal &       
vegetable life1 sun & sunlight1 lat5t   
enjoym5ts 9 himself4          #ie-ajd   
,,! ,,road  ,,&  ,,! ,,roadside4        
,,*apt] ,i4  ,,hi/ory1 ,,importance1 ,,&
 ,,significance ,,( ,,roads4   ,!       
developm5t ( ! means ( communication    
betwe5 diff]5t communities1 peoples1 &  
races has ev] be5 coexi/5t ) ! progress 
( civilization4 ,"l ,macaulay decl>es t 
( all inv5tions1 ! alphabet &           
pr9t+-press alone except$1 ^? inv5tions 
:i* abridge di/ance h done mo/ = !      
civilization ( our species4 ,e          
improvem5t ( ! means ( locomotion       
b5efits mank9d morally & intellectually 

z well z mat]ially4  ,! road1 ,bu%nell  
says1 is t physical sign or symbol by   
:i* y w be/ und]/& any age or p4 ,if !y 
h no roads1 !y are savages2 = ! road is 
! creation ( man & a type ( civiliz$    
society4 ,if y wi% to "k :e!r society is
 /agnant1 le>n+ s*ola/ic1 religion a    
dead =mality1 y may le>n some?+ by go+  
into univ]sities & libr>ies1 some?+ also
 by ! "w t is do+ on ca!drals & *ur*es  
or 9 !m1 b q z mu* by look+ at ! roads2 
= if !re is any motion 9 society1 !     
road1 :i* is ! symbol ( motion1 w       
indicate ! fact4  ,z roads are ! symbols
 ( progress1 s1 accord+ to ! philosophy 
( ,c>lyle1 !y %\ld only be us$ by work+ 
& progressive p1 z he ass]ts t ! public 
highways ought n to be occupi$ by p     
demon/rat+ t motion is impossible4      
,h5ce1 :5 we trace back ! hi/ory ( !    
race to ! dawn ( civilization1 we f9d t 
! fir/ sponsors ( art & sci5ce1 comm]ce 
& manufacture1 education & gov]nm5t1 7 !
 build]s & support]s ( public highways4 
,! two mo/ anci5t civilizations situat$ 

9 ! valleys ( ! ,nile & ! ,euphrates 7  
connect$ by a comm]cial & milit>y       
highway lead+ f ,babylon to ,memphis1   
along :i* pass$ ! w> *>iots & ! armies (
 ! great *iefta9s & milit>y k+s ( anci5t
 days1 & ov] :i* 7 c>ri$ ! gems1 ! gold1
 ! spices1 ! ivories1 ! textile fabrics1
 & all ! curi\s & unrivall$ productions 
( ! luxuri\s ,ori5t4 ,on ! l9e ( ?is    
roadway arose ,n9eveh1 ,palmyra1        
,damascus1 ,tyre1 ,antio*1 & o!r great  
comm]cial cities4  ,on ! s\!rn %ores ( !
 ,m$it]ranean ! ,c>?ag9ians built up &  
consolidat$ an empire s prom95t 9       
milit>y & naval a*ievem5ts & 9 ! arts & 
indu/ries ( civiliz$ life1 t = f\r      
hundr$ ye>s x 0 able to hold its own    
aga9/ ! prepond]ance ( ,greece & ,rome2 
& z might h be5 expect$1 !y 7 sy/ematic 
& sci5tific road-mak]s f :om ! ,romans  
le>n$ ! art ( road-build+4  ,! ,romans 7
 apt s*ol>s1 & possess$ a wond]ful      
capacity n only to utilize prior        
inv5tions b also to develop !m4 ,!y 7   
beyond "q ! mo/ successful & ma/]ful    

road-build]s 9 ! anci5t _w2 & !         
p]fection ( _! highways 0 "o ( ! mo/    
pot5t causes ( _! sup]iority 9 progress 
& civilization4 ,:5 !y conqu]$ a prov9ce
 !y n only annex$ x politically1 by     
impos+ on its p _! laws & sy/em (       
gov]nm5t1 b !y annex$ x socially &      
comm]cially1 by ! con/ruction ( good    
roads f its *ief places to "o or m ( !  
great roadways :i* br\ght !m 9 easy &   
direct communication ) ! metropolis ( ! 
,roman _w4 ,& :5 _! t]ritory rea*$ f !  
remote ea/ to ! f>!/ we/1 & a hundr$    
millions ( p ackn[l$g$ _! milit>y &     
political supremacy1 _! capital city 0 9
 ! c5tre ( su* a network ( highways t x 
0 !n a common say+1 ,all roads lead to  
,rome4 ,f ! =um ( ,rome a broad &       
magnific5t highway ran out t[>ds e      
prov9ce ( ! empire4 ,x 0 t]rac$ up ) s&1
 gravel1 & cem5t1 & cov]$ ) /ones &     
granite1 & foll[$ 9 a direct l9e )\t    
reg>d to ! configuration ( ! c\ntry1    
pass+ ov] or "u m\nta9s & across /reams 
& lakes1 on ar*es ( solid masonry4 ,!   

milit>y roads 7 "u ! pretors1 & 7 call$ 
pretorian roads2 & ! public roads =     
travel & comm]cial traffic 7 "u !       
consuls1 & 7 call$ consul> roads4 ,^!   
roads 7 kept entirely di/9ct2 !         
pretorian roads 7 us$ = ! m>*+ ( armies 
& ! transportation ( milit>y supplies1 &
 ! consul> roads 7 us$ = traffic & g5]al
 travel4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly laid out       
alongside ( ea* o!r f place to place1 v 
mu* z railroads & highways are n[ f\nd  
side by side4 ,! consul> roads 7 g5]ally
 twelve feet wide 9 ! travell$ pa?way1 )
 a rais$ footway on ! side2 b sometimes 
! footway 0 9 ! middle ( ! road1 ) a    
c>riage-way on ea* side ( x4 ,! milit>y 
roads 7 g5]ally sixty feet wide1 ) an   
elevat$ c5tre1 tw5ty feet wide1 & slopes
 ^u ei!r side1 also tw5ty feet wide4    
,/irrups 7 n !n inv5t$1 & m\nt+ /ones or
 blocks 7 necess>y accommodations2 &    
h5ce ! l9es ( ! roads 7 /udd$ )         
m\nt+-blocks & also ) mile/ones4 ,"s (  
^! roads c\ld be travell$ to ! nor? &   
ea/w>d two ?\s& miles2 & !y 7 kept 9 su*

 good repair t a travell] !reon1 by us+ 
relays ( horses1 :i* 7 kept on ! road1  
c\ld easily make a hundr$ miles a day4  
,f> z ! eye c\ld see /ret*$ ^? symbols (
 h] all-conqu]+ & all-atta9+ influ5ce1  
:i* made ! mo/ di/ant prov9ces a "p ( h]
 dom9ions1 & connect$ !m ) h] imp]ial   
capital by imp]ial highways4  ,! ,romans
 n only _h great public highways1 b !y  
possess$ a complete & sy/ematic network 
( cross-roads1 :i* connect$ villages1 & 
br\ght into communication !re) cultivat$
 f>ms & prosp]\s home/eads4 ,9 ,italy   
alone x is e/imat$ t !y _h ab\t f\rte5  
?\s& miles ( good roads4 ,_! laws relat+
 to ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( highways
 7 f\nd$ 9 reason & a j conception ( !  
uses & objects ( public ways2 & !y are !
 basis ( mod]n highway legislation4 ,by 
_! law ! roads 7 = ! public use &       
conv5i5ce1 & _! emp]ors1 consuls1 & o!r 
public (ficials 7 _! cons]vators4 ,!y 7 
built at ! public exp5se1 "u !          
sup]vision ( pr(essional eng9e]s &      
surveyors1 & kept 9 repair by ! di/ricts

 & prov9ces ?r\gh :i* !y pass$4  ,b dur+
 ! d>k ages1 :5 arts 7 lo/1 :5 popul>   
le>n+ disappe>$ or f\nd %elt] only 9    
cloi/]s & conv5ts1 :5 comm]cial         
int]c\rse betwe5 nations vani%$1 & :5   
civilization itself lay fall5 & in]t1 ^!
 magnific5t ,roman roads 7 unus$ & left 
to ! de/ructive ag5cies ( "t & ! elem5ts
 ( ,nature4 ,ra9s & floods wa%$ away &  
inundat$ _! embankm5ts2 =e/s & rank     
vegetation ov]grew & conceal$ !m2 w9ds  
cov]$ !m ) du/ & heaps ( s&2 & little by
 little 9 ! process ( ages _! h>d       
surfaces & massive f\ndations 7 some:at 
brok5 & caus$ to p>tially decay4 ,t _!  
rema9s /ill exi/ 9 e "p ( ! _w :i* ev]  
bore up ! ,roman legions is conclusive  
evid5ce t !y 7 built by ma/] workm5 :o  
realiz$ t !y 7 responsible to po/]ity & 
to ! et]nal p[]s4      ,9 ! eld] days ( 
,art       ,build]s wr\ght ) greate/ c>e
     ,ea* m9ute & unse5 "p2       ,= !  
gods see ev]y:]e4  ,9 ,*9a1 at "o "t1   
labor 0 s abundant t x 0 kept employ$ 9 
con/ruct+ great walls & pond]\s roads4  

,! road-b$ 0 rais$ sev]al feet above !  
level ( ! gr\nd by an accumulation (    
great /ones1 & !n cov]$ ) huge granite  
blocks4 ,x 0 f\nd t 9 "t ! :eels (      
vehicles wore deep ruts 9 ! /ones1 :ile 
! travell$ "p ( ! road became s smoo? t 
x 0 almo/ impossible = animals to /&    
!reon4  ,9 ! anci5t empires ( ,mexico & 
,p]u1 :]e !re 7 no bea/s fit = draught  
or = rid+1 magnific5t roads 7 con/ruct$ 
= ! treble purpose ( facilitat+ ! m>* ( 
armies1 accommodat+ ! public traffic1 & 
m9i/]+ to ! conv5i5ce & luxury ( !      
lordly rul]s4 ,9 ,p]u two ( ^! roads 7 f
 fifte5 hundr$ to two ?\s& miles long1  
ext5d+ f ,quito to ,*ili1--"o by !      
bord]s ( ! ocean1 & ! o!r ov] ! gr&     
plateau by ! m\nta9s4 ,prescott says3 ,!
 road ov] ! plateau 0 conduct$ ov]      
pa?less si]ras buri$ 9 sn[2 gall]ies 7  
cut = leagues ?r\gh ! liv+ rock2 riv]s 7
 cross$ by means ( bridges t swung      
susp5d$ 9 ! air2 precipices 7 scal$ by  
/airways hewn out ( ! native b$2 rav9es 
( hide\s dep? 7 fill$ up ) solid        

masonry2 9 %ort1 all ! difficulties t   
beset a wild & m\nta9\s region1 & :i*   
might appall ! mo/ c\rage\s eng9e] (    
mod]n times1 7 enc\nt]$ & successfully  
ov]come4 ,/one pill>s 9 ! mann] (       
,european mile/ones 7 erect$ at /at$    
int]vals ( some:at m ?an a league all   
along ! r\te4 ,its bread? sc>cely exce$$
 tw5ty feet4 ,x 0 built ( heavy flags ( 
free/one1 & 9 "s p>ts1 at lea/1 cov]$ ) 
a bitum9\s cem5t1 :i* "t has made h>d]  
?an ! /one itself4 ,9 "s places :]e !   
rav9es _h be5 fill$ up ) masonry1 !     
m\nta9 torr5ts1 we>+ on x = ages1 h     
gradually eat5 a way ?r\gh ! base1 &    
left ! sup]9cumb5t mass--su* is !       
cohesion ( ! mat]ials--/ill spann+ !    
valley l an ar*4  ,ano!r great road ( ! 
,incas lay ?r\gh ! level c\ntry betwe5 !
 ,&es & ! ocean4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ 9 a     
diff]5t mann]1 z dem&$ by ! nature ( !  
gr\nd1 :i* 0 = ! mo/ "p l[1 & mu* ( x   
s&y4 ,! causeway 0 rais$ on a high      
embankm5t ( e>?1 & def5d$ on ei!r side  
by a p>apet or wall ( clay2 & trees &   

odorif]\s %rubs 7 plant$ along ! m>g91  
regal+ ! s5se ( ! travell] ) _! p]fume1 
& refre%+ him by _! %ades1 s grateful "u
 ! burn+ sky ( ! tropics4  ,! c>e ( !   
great roads 0 committ$ to ! di/ricts    
?r\gh :i* !y pass$1 & a l>ge numb] ( h&s
 0 con/antly employ$ to keep !m 9       
repair4 ,?is 0 ! m easily done 9 a      
c\ntry :]e ! mode ( travell+ 0 altoge!r 
on foot2 ?\gh ! roads are said to h be5 
s nicely con/ruct$ t a c>riage might h  
roll$ ov] !m z securely z on any ( !    
great roads ( ,europe4 ,/ill1 9 a region
 :]e ! elem5ts ( fire & wat] are bo?    
actively at "w 9 ! bus9ess ( de/ruction1
 !y mu/ )\t con/ant sup]vision h        
gradually gone to decay4 ,su* has be5 _!
 fate "u ! ,spani% conqu]ors1 :o took no
 c>e to en=ce ! admirable sy/em = _!    
pres]vation adopt$ by ! ,incas4 ,yet !  
brok5 portions t /ill survive "h & !re1 
l ! fragm5ts ( ! great ,roman roads     
scatt]$ ov] ,europe1 be> evid5ce ( _!   
primitive gr&eur1 & h drawn =? eulogium 
f ! discrim9at+ travell]2 = ,humboldt1  

usually n pr(use 9 8 panegyrics1 says1  
',! roads ( ! ,incas 7 among ! mo/      
useful & /up5d\s works ev] execut$ by   
man4'  ,) ! revival ( human ?\ght &     
civilization aft] ! ,middle ,ages1 !    
improvem5t ( ! roads engag$ ! att5tion (
 public & sci5tific m51 & became once m 
an object ( gov]nm5t2 b = a long "t !   
rul]s :o conc]n$ !mselves ab\t roads    
?\ght m ab\t repress+ ! crimes ( viol5ce
 & extortion !reon ?an !y did ab\t      
improv+ _! condition = travel4 ,! fir/  
act ( ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t relative to ! 
improvem5t ( roads 9 ! k+dom 0 9 #aebc2 
yet 9 #afhe mo/ ( ! roads 9 ,engl& 7 9 a
 deplorable condition4  ,macaulay says t
 on ! be/ highways at t "t ! ruts 7     
deep1 ! desc5ts precipit\s1 & ! way (t5 
su* t x 0 h>dly possible to di/+ui% x 9 
! d>k f ! un5clos$ hea? & f5 :i* lay on 
bo? sides4 ,x 0 only 9 f9e wea!r t !    
:ole bread? ( ! road 0 available = :eel$
 vehicles2 (t5 ! mud lay deep on ! "r & 
on ! left1 & only a n>r[ track ( firm   
gr\nd rose above ! quagmire4 ,x happ5$  

almo/ e day t coa*es /uck fa/ until a   
team ( cattle c\ld be procur$ f "s      
neighbor+ f>m to tug !m out ( ! sl\gh4  
,b to ! honor ( ,engl&1 ?is condition ( 
h] roads 0 n all[$ to cont9ue v long4   
,al?\gh h] progress 9 trade & prosp]ity 
has be5 m>vell\sly rapid1 yet su*       
progress c be measur$ by ! improvem5t ( 
h] roads1 :i* are n[ unsurpass$ any:]e 9
 ! _w4  ,beyond "q1 int]nal             
communications are ( vital importance to
 e nation1 & good roads are a prime     
necessity to e t[n or city4 ,a good road
 is always a s\rce ( com=t & pleasure to
 e travell]4 ,x is also a s\rce ( great 
sav+ ea* ye> 9 ! we> & te> ( horse-fle%1
 vehicles1 & h>nesses4 ,good roads to   
m>ket & neighbors increase ! price ( f>m
 produce1 & br+ p into bus9ess relations
 & good fell[%ip1 & !reby enhance 9     
value e home/ead situat$ 9 _!           
neighborhood4 ,!y cause a prop]         
di/ribution ( population betwe5 t[n &   
c\ntry4 ,= _m ye>s 9 ?is c\ntry !re has 
be5 a movem5t ( population f ! rural    

di/ricts into ! cities & manufactur+    
villages4 ,_m ance/ral home/eads h be5  
des]t$ = promis+ fre% woods & pa/ures   
new 9 ! comm]cial _w4 ,?is c5tralization
 ( population is evid5tly a violation ( 
economic laws1 & :5 c>ri$ too f> results
 9 bus9ess depression1 9 !              
multiplication ( tramps1 & 9 !          
orig9ation & developm5t ( indu/rial &   
social tr\bles4 ,! rem$y = ?is /ate (   
affairs is f\nd 9 ! readju/m5t & prop]  
di/ribution ( population betwe5 t[n &   
c\ntry4 ,:5 m51 sick ( wait+ on wan+    
bus9ess prospects1 turn to ! soil z _!  
only refuge f non-employm5t & surplus   
productions ( factories1 & reoccupy &   
rehabilitate des]t$ or run-d[n f>ms1 !n 
bus9ess revives1 & ! :eels ( indu/ry &  
ent]prise revolve /eadily & ) increas$  
velocity at ea* revolution4 ,bad roads h
 a t5d5cy to make ! c\ntry disagreeable 
z a dwell+-place1 & a t[n :i* is not$ = 
its bad roads is %unn$ by p 9 se>* (    
rural homes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 good roads h 
a t5d5cy to make ! c\ntry a desirable   

dwell+-place1 & a t[n :i* is not$ = its 
good roads becomes ! abode ( p ( ta/e1  
weal?1 & intellig5ce4 ,h5ce x behooves e
 t[n to make itself a desirable place ( 
resid5ce2 = _m p are always puzzl+      
!mselves ov] ! problem ( :]e & h[ to    
live1 & ^? t[ns :i* h _! floors swept & 
g>ni%$ & _! lamps trimm$ & burn+ ready  
to receive ! bride & bridegroom1 w be   
mo/ likely to attract )9 _! bord]s !    
seek]s ( f>m life & rural homes4 ,we n[ 
live 9 ! city & g to ! c\ntry2 b we %\ld
 live 9 ! c\ntry & g to ! city4 ,?is is 
a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$2 b x c
 nev] be br\ght ab\t until good roads   
connect ! cities & villages ) ! gre5    
fields & beautiful sc5]y ( ! c\ntry4    
,all money & labor exp5d$ ^u !m result  
imm$iately 9 a conv5i5ce & b5efit to !  
:ole community4 ,e "o %\ld deem x an    
honor to be able to d any?+ to improve &
 beautify ! highways ( 8 t[n4 ,!        
,lac$emonian k+s 7 ex (ficio highway    
surveyors1 & among ! ,!bans ! mo/       
illu/ri\s citiz5s 7 pr\d to hold t      

(fice2 & a few ye>s ago ,horatio        
,seym\r1 ( ,new ,york1 said t 8 only    
rema9+ ambition = public life 0 to be   
reg>d$ z ! be/ pa?-ma/] 9 ,oneida       
,c\nty4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,location4  
,:5 a new road is laid out x is         
important t x %\ld be locat$ 9 ! be/    
atta9able place1 consid]+ ! natural     
=mation ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry2 = :5 a     
highway is once e/abli%$ x is impossible
 to say h[ long ! tide ( humanity &     
comm]cial traffic w seek passage ov] x4 
,:ile ! ord9>y processes ( ,nature--ra91
 ?aw1 & fro/--are ev] at "w l[]+ ! hills
 & m\nta9s & fill+ up ! valleys & l[l&s1
 ! public highways ( a c\ntry rema9 9 ! 
same relative positions f age to age4   
,! great comm]cial & milit>y highway :i*
 9 ! e>ly dawn ( ,roman hi/ory l$ f !   
banks ( ! placid ,euphrates to ! banks (
 ! _m-m\!d ,nile--ov] :i* ,abraham once 
w5d$ 8 we>y /eps on 8 way to ,canaan1   
ov] :i* ! ho/s ( ,x]xes & ! brave       
phalanxes ( ,alex&] ! ,great once pass$ 
9 all ! pride & glory ( w>1 ov] :i* !   

wise m5 ( ! ,ea/ probably j\rney$ 9 se>*
 ( him :o 0 born ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 ov] :i* 
,m>y fl$ ) ,*ri/ 9 h] flight into       
,egypt1 & along :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ians    
travell$ z !y w5t =? to prea* ! fa!rhood
 ( ,god & ! bro!rhood ( m5--is to-day ! 
highway ov] :i* is c>ri$ on ! ov]l&     
int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & !     
,p]sian ,gulf4  ,_m ( ! pres5t roads 9  
,italy & ! neighbor+ c\ntries are       
id5tical ) ! roads ov] :i* ,cs>1 ,cic]o1
 & o!r ,romans travell$ 9 ! old5 days2 &
 ! mod]n ,briti% roads are ! same1 9 _m 
cases1 z ^? us$ by ! anci5t ,britons    
be=e ! ,anglo-,saxon conque/4  ,! law ( 
! survival ( ! fitte/ is applicable to !
 location ( roads1 & any well-locat$    
road is liable to be us$ z a public way 
dur+ ! occupancy ( ! e>? by ! human     
race2 & if x is n made fam\s by !       
passage ( illu/ri\s p]sons or sanctifi$ 
by ! foot/eps ( sa9ts1 yet x is liable  
to be travell$ ?r\gh com+ ages by mute  
+lori\s ,miltons & by c>e-encumb]$ m54  
,x sometimes happ5s t m5 & wom51 9 do+  

fai?fully & well ! ne>e/ duty1 p]=m "w  
:i* turns out bett] ?an !y expect4      
,! h& t r\nd$ ,pet]'s dome1     ,& gro9$
 ! aisles ( ,*ri/ian ,rome1     ,wr\ght 
9 a sad s9c]ity2            99     99   
99     99      ,he build$ bett] ?an he  
knew4  ,! orig9ators ( _m great re=ms 9 
law & religion1 9 work+ to e/abli%      
pr9ciples applicable & ne$ful to local  
issues1 h !reby1 unconsci\sly to        
!mselves1 e/abli%$ pr9ciples :i* h prov$
 b5eficial & applicable to ! :ole human 
race4 ,9 ! /ress ( try+ times we h      
discov]$ 9 ! con/itution ( our c\ntry   
lat5t p[]s :i* its fram]s nev] dream$ 7 
!re4 ,?us x is ) ! humble occupation (  
road-build+4 ,a road con/ruct$ = !      
conv5i5ce ( "s primitive community or to
 gratify ! caprice ( "s ri* man or      
lordly rul] becomes (t5 9 aft] ye>s an  
,appian ,way = public travel & comm]cial
 int]c\rse4  ,a road may be locat$ 9 "o 
( ?ree ways4 ,x may be laid out 9 a     
/raight l9e by cross+ l[l&s 9 ! mud &   
go+ ov] hills at /eep grades4 ,! anci5t 

,britons1 l ! e>ly settl]s 9 ?is c\ntry1
 e/abli%$ _! home/eads & villages on    
comm&+ situations1 & ran _! roads &     
bridle-pa?s 9 direct c\rses by _!       
habitations4 ,! ,romans1 possessors (   
great weal? & abundant slave-labor1     
built _! milit>y & public roads 9 direct
 l9es f place to place1 reg>dless (     
exp5se4 ,9 ?is way !y %ort5$ di/ances   
some:at1 b _! roads mu/ h be5 con/ruct$ 
at enorm\s exp5se 9 money & labor4 ,_!  
roads 7 m>vels ( eng9e]+ skill &        
workman%ip1 :i* ev5 n[1 aft] ! lapse (  
eighte5 c5turies1 impress e ?\ghtful    
obs]v] ) ! idea t he is 9 ! pres5ce ( ! 
"w ( ! immortals4 ,!y ?rew ar*$ bridges 
( solid masonry ov] riv]s & across      
rav9es2 !y cut tunnels ?r\gh m\nta9s1 & 
sometimes c>ri$ _! roads und]gr\nd = !  
sole purpose ( %elt] f ! sun2 !y levell$
 heights & made deep cuts ?r\gh hills2 &
 :5 !y came to a m>% !y built a causeway
 high en\gh & /rong en\gh to make x safe
 & dry at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,?is mode
 ( location is /ill foll[$ 9 ! ,lat9    

c\ntries ( ,italy1 ,france1 & ,spa91 :]e
 _m ( ! roads are id5tical ) ! old      
,roman roads4  ,! o!r mode ( locat+ a   
highway is to seek ! be/ atta9able grade
 ! c\ntry w p]mit ( by w9d+ ?r\gh       
valleys & ar\nd & across hills4 ,!re is 
obvi\sly "o advantage to a p]fectly     
/raight road betwe5 two places3 x is !  
ne>e/ r\te4 ,b ?is is ab\t ! only       
advantage a /raight road has ov] a curv$
 "o4 ,9 a hilly c\ntry a /raight road is
 frequ5tly no %ort] ?an a curv$ "o1     
because ! di/ance ar\nd a hill is       
g5]ally no great] ?an ov] x1 z ! l5g? ( 
a pail-h&le is ! same :e!r x is v]tical 
or 9 a horizontal position4 ,9 an unev5 
c\ntry a /raight road ) any?+ l ! same  
grade z ! curv$ road c only be con/ruct$
 at enorm\s & unnecess>y exp5se & labor4
 ,ev5 9 a level c\ntry a road curv$     
suffici5tly to give v>iety ( view & to  
con=m to ,hog>?'s l9e ( beauty is       
pref]able to a p]fectly /raight road1   
:i* is always t$i\s to ! travell]4      
,! road ! human be+ travels1     ,t on  

:i* bless+ comes & goes1 do? foll[      
,! riv]'s c\rse1 ! valley's playful     
w9d+s1     ,curves r\nd ! corn-field & !
 hill ( v9es4  ,moreov]1 we are told by 
compet5t eng9e]s t ! diff]5ce 9 l5g?    
betwe5 a /raight & a slightly curv$ road
 is v small4 ,?us1 if a road betwe5 two 
places t5 miles ap>t 0 made to curve s t
 ! eye c\ld n[h]e see f>!r ?an a qu>t] (
 a mile ( x at once1 its l5g? w\ld exce$
 t ( a p]fectly /raight road betwe5 !   
same po9ts by only ab\t "o hundr$ &     
fifty y>ds4  ,b1 9 any ev5t1 9 road-mak+
 m]e /raightness %\ld always yield to a 
level grade1 ev5 if !reby ! di/ance is  
greatly increas$2 = on a good grade a   
horse c draw rapidly & easily a load :i*
 x w\ld be impossible = him to draw on a
 /eep grade4 ,x is an accept$ maxim by  
road-eng9e]s t ! horizontal l5g? ( a    
road may be advantage\sly increas$1 to  
avoid an asc5t1 by at lea/ tw5ty times !
 p]p5dicul> height :i* is to be ?us     
sav$2 t is1 to escape a hill a hundr$   
feet high1 x w\ld be prop] = ! road to  

make su* a circuit z w\ld increase its  
l5g? to two ?\s& feet4  ,h5ce x is      
app>5t t ! ord9>y road 9 a hilly & unev5
 c\ntry %\ld foll[ ! /reams z f> z      
possible1 z ,nature has locat$ !m 9 !   
places be/ adapt$ = highways2 & :5 hills
 are f\nd on ! l9e ( a road !y %\ld be  
surm\nt$ by pass+ ar\nd & across !m at !
 easie/ grades possible r ?an ov] !m at 
/eep grades4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4         
,,con/ruction4   ,suitable dra9age is ! 
fir/ requisite ( a good road1 z ) our   
climate & soil x is impossible to h a   
road 9 a satisfactory condition at all  
seasons ( ! ye> unless ! same is well   
dra9$4 ,9 build+ a new road provisions  
%\ld be made to get rid ( all surface   
wat]1 & 9 wet l& ( ! wat] 9 ! soil1 by  
dit*es & dra9s suffici5t to dispose ( x 
9 a ?or\gh mann]2 & 9 repair+ an old    
road x frequ5tly happ5s t its condition 
c be greatly improv$ & sometimes p]fect$
 by simply provid+ prop] dra9age = x4 ,x
 is n suffici5t to h dit*es on ea* side 
( ! road2 = if ! wat] /&s 9 !m x is     

liable to make ! road muddy & to weak5  
its sub/ratum4 ,! dit*es !mselves %\ld  
be ?or\ghly dra9$1 & all ! wat] :i*     
accumulates 9 !m %\ld be c>ri$ into !   
natural wat]c\rses ( ! c\ntry1 or at any
 rate beyond ! limits ( ! highway4  ,e  
c>riage-road ought to be wide en\gh at  
ne>ly all po9ts to all[ two vehicles to 
pass ea* o!r 9 safety4 ,:e!r x %\ld be  
wid] ?an t dep5ds ^u its location & its 
importance z a public ?or\ghf>e4 ,any   
unnecess>y wid? %\ld be avoid$1 except  
on pleasure & %[y b\lev>ds1 because     
!reby l& is wa/$1 & labor & co/ 9       
con/ruction & repair are increas$4 ,all 
important highways %\ld be wide en\gh to
 admit ( footpa?s five or six feet wide 
on ea* side1 & ( a macadamiz$ or        
travell$ way comm5surate to ! public    
traffic !reon4  ,if a road is to be made
 wid] ?an two vehicles require1 x %\ld  
be made wide en\gh to accommodate "o or 
m vehicles2 = any int]m$iate wid? causes
 unequal & excessive we>1 & !re=e is    
false economy4  ,! road-b$ %\ld g5]ally 

be rais$ above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ l&1 
9 ord] t x may be z free z possible f   
wat]2 & x %\ld cr[n suffici5tly to all[ 
all ! surface wat]1 to f9d its way      
quickly into ! side dit*es4 ,if x is n  
cr[n$ en\gh1 x soon becomes holl[1 &    
!re=e ei!r muddy or du/y1 & 9 times (   
heavy ra9s or ?aws ! wat] /&s or fl[s 9 
! middle ( ! road4 ,if x is cr[n$ too   
mu*1 ! driv]s ( vehicles w seek ! middle
 ( ! road 9 ord] to keep _! vehicles 9  
level positions1 & consequ5tly !        
excessive travel 9 "o "p ( ! road soon  
we>s x into ruts 9 :i* wat] accumulates1
 & c>riages 9 meet+ are =c$ to travel on
 a side hill1 :i* causes unnecess>y we> 
to ! road by slid+ d[n t[>ds ! dit*es4  
,?is slid+ t5d5cy greatly augm5ts !     
labor ( ! horses & ! we> & te> ( !      
c>riages4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ! wise c\rse to
 pursue 9 ! matt] ( cr[n+ ! road is to  
hit ! gold5 mean4 ,mu* ( success 9 life 
dep5ds ^u /rik+ ! gold5 mean1 = human   
exp]i5ce tea*es t ^? :o foll[ 9 ?is     
pa?way are apt to f9d !mselves among !  

happy & ! successful4 ,! advice :i* !   
wise old ,horace made a sage seaman give
 two ?\s& ye>s ago is good = road-mak]s 
( to-day1--      ,lic9ius1 tru/ a       
seaman's lore3       ,/e] n too boldly  
to ! deep2     ,nor dread+ /orms by     
trea*]\s %ore       ,too closely creep4 
,x ought !re=e to be an accept$ maxim 9 
road-mak+ t ! road-b$ %\ld be s         
con/ruct$ z to induce vehicles to travel
 x equally 9 e "p4  ,= our climate &    
soil1 no d\bt1 a macadamiz$ road is !   
*eape/ & be/ = g5]al travel4 ,?is is    
made by cov]+ ! bottom ( ! road-b$ )    
/ones brok5 into angul> pieces to a dep?
 ( f f\r to twelve in*es4 ,! bottom ( ! 
road-b$ %\ld be solid e>?1 & cr[n$      
suffici5tly to c>ry (f all wat] t may   
rea* x4 ,! dep? ( ! /one coat+ may      
prop]ly v>y f f\r to twelve in*es1 z    
requir$ by ! nature ( ! soil1 ! climate1
 & ! travel on x2 & ! size ( ! brok5    
/ones may also be v>i$ to meet !        
requirem5ts ( ! road4 ,if !re is to be  
heavy travel on ! road1 ! /one coat+    

%\ld be ?ick] ?an on a road ov] :i* only
 lightly load$ teams are expect$ to     
pass2 & 9 ! =m] case ! brok5 /ones %\ld 
be l>g] ?an 9 ! latt] case4 ,9 any ev5t1
 ! top ( ! /one coat+ %\ld be compos$ ( 
/ones brok5 into small fragm5ts4 ,a     
coat+1 f f\r to six in*es 9 dep?1 (     
brok5 /ones f "o to two in*es 9 diamet] 
is ord9>ily suffici5t to make a h>d1    
dry1 & beautiful c\ntry-road1 if kept up
 at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,flat or r\nd  
/ones %\ld nev] be us$1 because !y w n  
unite & consolidate into a mass1 z small
 angul> /ones w d4 ,:5 travel is fir/   
admitt$ ^u ! /one coat+1 ! ruts %\ld be 
fill$ up z soon z =m$2 or :at is bett]1 
a heavy roll] %\ld be us$ until ! /ones 
h become well consolidat$4  ,sometimes 9
 wet or clayey soil x is well to put at 
! bottom ( ! /one coat+ a lay] ( l>ge   
/ones1 set on _! broade/ edges &        
l5g?wise across ! road 9 ! =m ( a       
pavem5t4 ,?is is call$ a ,tel=d road1 & 
has advantages ov] ! ,mc,adam road 9 a  
soil ret5tive ( moi/ure1 z ! lay] ( l>ge

 /ones op]ates z an "u dra9 to ! /one   
coat+ above x4  ,x is und\bt$ly true t !
 ,mc,adam or ,tel=d road is ! be/ road =
 all practical purposes 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 
w be ! c\ntry road ( ! future2 yet x is 
also true t ! mo/ ( our highways are m]e
 e>?-roads1 & w probably rema9 su* = _m 
ye>s1 & x is !re=e desirable t !y %\ld  
be con/ruct$ z well z !y c be made4 ,x  
is an admitt$ canon ( ! road-mak+ art1 t
 a road ought to be s h>d & smoo? t     
:eels w roll easily ov] x & n s9k into  
x1 s dry & compact t ra9 w n affect x   
beyond mak+ x dirty1 & its compon5t p>ts
 s firmly m\ld$ toge!r t ! sun _c conv]t
 !m into deep du/4 ,!re=e ! travell$ "p 
( an e>?-road %\ld n be compos$ ( loam  
f]tile en\gh = a corn-field1 nor ( s&   
deep en\gh = a bea*4 ,if ! road runs    
?r\gh s&y l&1 x c be greatly & *eaply   
improv$ by cov]+ x ) a few in*es (      
clayi% soil2 & if x runs ?r\gh clayey   
l&1 a simil> application ( s& w be      
b5eficial4 ,a gravelly soil is usually !
 be/ mat]ial = an e>?-road1 & :5        

practicable e su* road %\ld be cov]$ ) a
 coat+ ( x4 ,! l>g] gravel1 h[ev]1 %\ld 
nev] be plac$ at ! bottom & ! small] at 
! top1 z ! fro/ & ! vehicles w cause !  
l>ge gravel to rise & ! small to desc5d1
 l ! mat]ials 9 a %ak5 sieve1 & ! road w
 nev] become smoo? & h>d4     ,,*apt]   
,,iv4  ,,repairs4   ,aft] a road is     
locat$ & con/ruct$1 economy z well z    
public conv5i5ce dem&s t x be kept 9    
good condition ! ye> r\nd4 ,if a road is
 all[$ to g = sev]al mon?s at a "t )\t  
repairs1 ruts & holes are likely to =m  
on its surface1 & frequ5tly ! middle    
becomes l[] ?an ! sides4 ,!n1 9 ord] to 
put x 9 good condition aga91 a great    
deal ( "w & exp5se are necess>y1 :]eas  
if e break is repair$ imm$iately1 mu*   
less labor & exp5se are requir$ to keep 
up ! road = ! same l5g? ( "t1 besides ! 
increas$ advantage & conv5i5ce ( a good 
road f day to day4  ,no d\bt our roads  
c\ld be kept 9 bett] condition ?an at   
pres5t )\t any additional exp5se1 by !  
application ( good s5se & bus9ess       

pr9ciples 9 _! managem5t4 ,! pres5t     
sy/em 9 ne>ly all our c\ntry t[ns       
consi/s 9 divid+ up ! roads into        
di/ricts1 & appo9t+ a highway surveyor =
 ea* di/rict1 ) a /at$ all[ance ( money 
to exp5d on repairs2 & sometimes !      
tax-pay] resid+ 9 ! di/rict has a "r to 
"w out 8 road tax4 ,?is surveyor is     
usually a f>m]1 :o is v busy dur+       
plant+-"t 9 ! spr+1 & dur+ ! hay+ &     
h>ve/+ seasons2 & consequ5tly he works  
^u ! roads betwe5 ! plant+ & ! hay+     
seasons1 or 9 ! autumn aft] he has f9i%$
 ! fall "w ^u 8 f>m4 ,x sometimes happ5s
 t he works out all ! money all[$ him 9 
e>ly summ]1 & !n no?+ m is done = a ye>4
  ,if a road is only to be repair$ once 
a ye>1 ! "w ought to be done 9 ! spr+1  
:5 ! soil is moi/ & w pack toge!r h>d1 &
 n 9 ! summ]1 :5 x is dry & turns easily
 to du/1 nor 9 ! late autumn1 :5 ! fall 
ra9s make x muddy4 ,! surveyor g5]ally  
makes ! repairs by pl\gh+ up ! road-b$ &
 smoo?+ x (f a little1 or else by pl\gh+
 up ! du/1 turf1 & /ones alongside !    

road-b$1 & scrap+ ! same ^u x4 ,aft] ?is
 is done he goes ab\t 8 f>m "w4  ,!     
/ones 9 ! road soon beg9 to "w up to !  
surface1 & rema9 !re l s _m footballs = 
e horse to kick z he passes ov] !m4 ,a  
horse-pa? naturally =ms 9 ! c5tre ( !   
road1 & :eel-ruts ^u ei!r side1 :i* make
 excell5t *annels = ! wat] to run 9 dur+
 e ra9-/orm4 ,at fir/ ! wat] f9ds its   
way ov] ! wat]-b>s 9 small quantities2 b
 ! *annels increase 9 dep? ) e %[]1 &   
soon dur+ e h>d ra9 !re are f "o to ?ree
 /reams ( wat] runn+ ov] ! road-b$ f !  
top to ! bottom ( ne>ly e hill1 & z a   
consequ5ce ! road is wa%$ all to pieces4
 ,! road !n g5]ally rema9s 9 ?is        
condition until ! next fall1 & sometimes
 until ! next spr+4 ,:5 a road is       
repair$ 9 ?is way1 x foll[s z a matt] ( 
c\rse t x is 9 a bad condition all ! ye>
 r\nd4 ,j aft] repairs ! road is wret*$1
 = x is !n 9 bett] condition to be      
plant$ ?an to be travell$ ov]2 :5 trodd5
 d[n a little1 ! wa% ( ! ra9s & ! loose 
/ones make x bad aga92 x !n gr[s worse &

 worse until ano!r g5]al repair makes x 
wret*$ aga91 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,! only
 way to rem$y ?is /ate ( affairs is to  
*ange ! sy/em4  ,!re %\ld be only "o    
highway surveyor = ! :ole t[n1 )        
au?ority to supply su* m5 & teams z may 
be necess>y to keep ! roads 9 a good    
/ate ( repair4 ,let !m n only "w 9 !    
e>ly summ] & fall1 b at all times :5 !re
 is any?+ :i* ne$s to be done to !      
roads4 ,a few %ovels ( dirt & a little  
labor 9 ! nick ( "t w d m t[>ds keep+ a 
road 9 good condition ?an :ole days (   
pl\gh+ & scrap+ once or twice a ye>     
only4 ,e good h\sewife kn[s t !re is a  
_w ( tru? 9 ! old maxim1 ,a /it* 9 "t   
saves n9e4 ,! manag]s ( all our         
well-conduct$ railroads und]/& ?is4 ,!y 
h a gang ( m5 pass (t5 ov] ea* section (
 ! roads4  ,:at w\ld be said ( a        
mill-own] :o %\ld let 8 milldam wa% away
 once or twice ea* ye>1 & !n rebuild x  
in/ead ( keep+ x 9 con/ant repair8 ,!   
proprietors ( ! great turnpike road f   
,sacram5to to ,virg9ia ,city 9          

,cali=nia1 :i* runs ma9ly ov] m\nta9s a 
di/ance ( "o hundr$ & fifty miles1 & has
 an annual traffic ( sev5 or eight ?\s& 
heavy teams1 h f\nd by c>eful exp]im5t t
 ! *eape/ way to keep t great road 9    
good condition is to h e portion ( x    
look$ aft] e day1 & dur+ dry wea!r e rod
 ( x is spr9kl$ ) wat]4 ,?is            
cont9ual-repair sy/em 0 adopt$ 9 ,bad51 
,g]many1 #ahde4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t x 0    
less exp5sive & m satisfactory ?an ! old
 sy/em ( annual repairs4 ,o!r ,european 
c\ntries soon f\nd x to _! advantage to 
foll[ ,bad5's example 9 ?is respect2 &  
n[ ! new sy/em is 9 univ]sal use 9 all !
 civiliz$ nations ( ,europe4 ,z a       
consequ5ce ! roads 9 ^? c\ntries z a    
g5]al ?+ are 9 spl5did condition ?r\gh\t
 ! ye>4 ,!y are on an ev5 grade1 & z    
smoo? z a rac+-track 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!   
poore/ roads 9 ,france1 ,g]many1        
,switz]l&1 or ,great ,brita9 are z good 
z ! be/ ( our own4 ,!y are ne>ly all    
macadamiz$1 & are kept 9 cont9u\s repair
 by labor]s & compet5t eng9e]s &        

surveyors1 :o give _! sole labor &      
att5tion to ! roads z a bus9ess ?r\gh\t 
! ye>4  ,b x is n necess>y to g to      
,europe to prove ! sup]iority ( ! new   
sy/em ov] ! old4 ,_m t[ns 9 ?is c\ntry1 
especially ^? situat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( !   
l>ge cities1 h adopt$ ! new sy/em1 & f9d
 by exp]im5t t x is bett] ?an ! old4 ,an
 intellig5t citiz5 & t[n (ficial (      
,*elms=d1 ,mass41 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,s4 ,p]ham1
 ?us describes ! op]ation ( ! old & !   
new sy/em 9 t t[n3 ,until #ahgg ! old   
highway di/rict sy/em1 common 9 ! ,new  
,engl& c\ntry t[ns1 0 9 vogue "h4 ,elev5
 highway surveyors 7 *os5 annually 9    
t[n-meet+1 :o _h *>ge ( ! roads 9 _!    
respective di/ricts2 & al?\gh ! t[n     
appropriat$ money lib]ally = highway    
repairs1 ! roads seem$ to be cont9ually 
gr[+ worse1 ow+ to ! sup]ficial mann] 9 
:i* ! repairs 7 made4 ,9 #ahgg ! t[n    
adopt$ an entirely diff]5t plan = do+ ! 
"w4 ,! plan 0 to *oose "o surveyor = !  
:ole t[n1 :o 0 to h *>ge ( all ! roads1 
& ! t[n to pur*ase suitable teams &     

implem5ts to be kept at ! t[n f>m4 ,?is 
is n[ ! n9? ye> 9 :i* ?is sy/em has be5 
9 practice1 & ! result ( ! *ange has be5
 mo/ satisfactory4 ,! advantages are t !
 surveyor is *os5 = 8 especial fitness =
 ! "w4 ,! m5 "u him are mo/ly employ$ by
 ! mon? & bo>d$ at ! t[n f>m1 :]e !     
teams are also kept4 ,a =ce n[ co/+ !   
t[n t5 doll>s p] day w accompli% m &    
bett] "w 9 "o week ?an w\ld be ord9>ily 
accompli%$ by a surveyor "u ! old sy/em 
9 a season4 ,& ! reason is obvi\s4 ,! m5
 & teams are accu/om$ to ! "w2 ! be/    
implem5ts & ma*9]y are employ$1         
road-scrap]s do+ ! "w :]e ! nature ( !  
soil w p]mit2 & :at is /ill m important1
 ! "w is direct$ by ! surveyor to ! be/ 
advantage4 ,9 ! w9t] season ! teams     
break out ! roads aft] heavy sn[s1 & 9  
fair wea!r c>t gravel on to ! roads z 9 
summ]4 ,& al?\gh we h an extraord9>y    
l5g? ( road to support1--namely1 two    
hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles1 be+ m by    
tw5ty-five miles ?an any o!r t[n 9 !    
,/ate1--!re has be5 a m>k$ & cont9ual   

improvem5t 9 _! condition4  ,:5 ?is plan
 0 fir/ pres5t$ to ! att5tion ( ! t[n1 x
 met ) %>p opposition1 & pass$ by only a
 small majority2 b ! favor ) :i* x is n[
 reg>d$ may be judg$ by ! fact t s9ce   
its adoption x has met ) almo/ univ]sal 
approval1 & we %\ld n[ z soon ?9k ( go+ 
back to ! s*ool-di/rict sy/em or to     
support ! *ur*es by taxation z ( return+
 to ! old me?od ( repair+ our roads4    
,?is me?od is und\bt$ly bett] ?an ! old 
di/rict sy/em2 b ! sy/em ( ! future w n 
include a road-scrap] except = ! build+ 
( new roads4 ,any sy/em is radically    
defective :i* scrapes ! du/ & worn-out  
soil ( ! gutt]s or ! turf & loam ( !    
roadside ^u ! road-b$4 ,p]haps ?is k9d (
 repair+ is bett] ?an none 9 _m         
localities2 b z civilization advances & 
! true pr9ciples ( road-mak+ become     
bett] kn[n1 aft] ! f\ndation ( a road-b$
 has be5 prop]ly e/abli%$1 no?+ b good  
road mat]ial w ev] be put ^u x1 & ?is w 
be put !re f "t to "t z ne$$ to keep up 
a cont9ual good condition ( ! road4     

,,*apt] ,v4  ,,laws ,,relat+ ,,to ,,!   
,,lay+ ,,out ,,( ,,ways4   ,new roads   
are n (t5 requir$ n[ to rea* & develop  
new tracts ( l&1 except 9 l>ge t[ns &   
cities2 b !y are frequ5tly ne$$ to %ort5
 di/ances & to improve grades4          
,consequ5tly ! laws relative to ! lay+  
out1 ma9t5ance1 & use ( highways are (  
p]sonal int]e/ to e citiz51 & _m are    
also int]e/$ 9 ! laws relat+ to private 
ways4  ,! public h a "r to lay out ways 
= purposes ( bus9ess1 amusem5t1 or      
recreation1 z to m>kets1 to public p>ks 
or commons1 to places ( hi/oric int]e/  
or beautiful natural sc5]y4#a ,& su*    
ways may be e/abli%$ by prescription1 by
 d$ication1 or by ! acts ( ! prop]      
public au?orities4 ,tw5ty ye>s'         
un9t]rupt$ use by ! public w make a     
prescriptive highway4 ,_m ( ! old roads 
9 our t[ns & cities h become public     
?or\ghf>es by prescriptive use1 :i*     
began 9 colonial days1 & p]haps !n      
foll[$ ,indian trails1 or 7 fir/ us$ z  
bridle-pa?s4        #a #aa ,all51 #ecj4 

,:5 ! own] 9 fee ( l& gives to ! public 
a "r ( passage & repassage ov] x1 & 8   
gift is accept$ by ! public1 ! l& ?us   
travell$ ov] becomes a way by d$ication4
 ,! d$ication may be made by ! writ+1 ! 
decl>ation1 or by ! acts ( ! own]4 ,x   
mu/1 h[ev]1 cle>ly appe> t he int5d$ &  
has made ! d$ication2 & :5 x has be5    
accept$ by ! public x is irrevocable4   
,=m]ly x c\ld be accept$ by ! public by 
use1 or by "s act or circum/ance %[+ !  
t[n's ass5t & acquiesc5ce 9 su*         
d$ication2 b n[ no city or t[n is       
*>geable = su* d$icat$ way until x has  
be5 laid out & e/abli%$ 9 ! mann]       
provid$ by ! /atutes4#b ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght
 t ?is act appli$ to prescriptive ways z
 well z to d$icat$ ways2 b x is n[      
settl$ t x applies only to ways by      
d$ication1 & ways by prescription are n 
affect$ by x4#c        #b ,pub4 ,/4 c4  
#di1  #id4        #c #abh ,mass4 #fc4   
,! prop] t[n or city au?orities h       
jurisdiction to lay out or alt] ways )9 
! limits ( _! respective cities or t[ns1

 & to ord] specific repairs !reon4 ,!   
c\nty commission]s h also jurisdiction  
to lay out public ways1 ! t]m9i ( :i*   
are exclusively )9 ! same t[n2 & !y are 
also clo!d ) au?ority to lay !m out f   
t[n to t[n4 ,h5ce roads may be ei!r t[n 
ways or public highways4 ,:5 ! proce$+s 
= _! location orig9ate ) ! t[n or city  
(ficials1 !y are t[n ways2 & :5 !       
proce$+s orig9ate ) ! c\nty             
commission]s1 !y are public highways4#d 
,suppose a new road is want$1 or an     
alt]ation 9 an old "o is desir$1 )9 !   
limits ( a t[n1 a petition !re= may be  
pres5t$ ei!r to ! t[n au?orities or to !
 c\nty commission]s4 ,if ! propos$ road 
is n situat$ entirely )9 ! limits ( "o  
t[n or city1 !n ! commission]s alone h  
jurisdiction 9 ! premises4 ,:5 !        
selectm5 or road commission]s ( a t[n   
decide to lay out a new road1 or to alt]
 an old "o1 _! do+s mu/ be report$ &    
all[$ at "s public meet+ ( ! inhabitants
 regul>ly w>n$ & notifi$ !re=2 b :ile ! 
inhabitants are ve/$ ) ! "r ( approval1 

!y h no "r to vote t ! selectm5 or road 
commission]s %all lay out a p>ticul>    
way1 z x is ! int5tion ( ! /atute t ^!  
(ficials %all ex]cise _! own discretion 
^u ! subject4#e ,if ! t[n au?orities    
unreasonably refuse or neglect to lay   
out a way1 or if ! t[n unreasonably     
refuses or delays to approve & all[ su* 
way z laid out or alt]$ by its (ficials1
 !n ! p>ties aggriev$ !reby may1 at any 
"t )9 "o ye>1 apply to ! c\nty          
commission]s1 :o h au?ority to cause su*
 way to be laid out or alt]$4 ,b :5 a   
petition = a public way is pres5t$ 9 !  
fir/ in/ance to ! c\nty commission]s1 or
 :5 ! matt] is br\ght be=e !m by way (  
appeal1 _! decision on ! "q ( ! public  
necessity & conv5i5ce ( su* way is f9al1
 & f x !re is no appeal4 ,if damage is  
su/a9$ by any p]son 9 8 prop]ty by !    
lay+ out1 alt]ation1 or discont9uance ( 
a public way1 he is entitl$ to receive j
 & adequate damages !re=1 to be assess$1
 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! t[n or city       
au?orities or by ! c\nty commission]s1  

&1 f9ally1 by a jury1 9 case "o is dem&$
 by him4 ,he is entitl$ to a reasonable 
"t to take (f any timb]1 wood or trees1 
:i* may be ^u ! l& to be tak52 b if he  
does n remove ! same )9 ! "t all[$1 he  
is deem$ to h rel9qui%$ 8 "r !reto4 ,9  
e/imat+ ! damage to ! l&-own] caus$ by !
 lay+ out or ! alt]ation ( a public way 
ov] 8 l&1 nei!r ! city nor t[n          
au?orities nor a jury are conf9$ to !   
value ( ! l& tak54 ,he is also entitl$  
to ! am\nt ( ! damage done to 8 rema9+  
l& by su* lay+ out or alt]ation4#f ,b 9 
su* e/imation ( damages any direct or   
peculi> b5efit or increase ( value      
accru+ to 8 adjo9+ l& is to be all[$ z a
 bett]m5t1 by way ( set-(f2 b n any     
g5]al b5efit or increase ( value receiv$
 by him 9 common ) o!r l& 9 !           
neighborhood4#g        #d #g ,cu%4 #cid4
        #e #e ,pick4 #dib4        #f #ad
 ,gray1 #bad4        #g #d ,cu%4 #bia4  
,! co/ ( mak+ & alt]+ ways1 includ+     
damages caus$ !reby1 is to be paid by ! 
city or t[n :]e9 ! same are locat$1     

provid$ ! proce$+s orig9ate ) ! t[n or  
city au?orities2 b :5 ! proce$+s        
orig9ate ) ! c\nty commission]s1 !y     
divide ! co/ betwe5 ! t[ns & ! c\nty 9  
su* mann] z !y ?9k to be j &            
reasonable4#h        #h #f ,met4 #cbi4  
,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,law ,,z ,,to ,,repairs4
   ,aft] highways1 t[n-ways1 /reets1    
causeways1 & bridges h be5 e/abli%$1 !y 
are to be kept 9 su* repair z to be     
reasonably safe & conv5i5t = travell]s  
at all seasons ( ! ye> at ! exp5se ( !  
t[n or city 9 :i* !y are situat$4  ,x is
 ! duty ( ea* t[n to grant & vote su*   
sums ( money z are necess>y = repair+ ! 
public ways )9 its bord]s2 & if x fails 
to d s1 ! highway surveyors1 9 _!       
respective di/ricts1 may employ p]sons1 
z direct$ 9 ! /atutes1 to repair !      
roads1 & ! p]sons s employ$ may collect 
pay = _! labor ( ! t[n4 ,9 ord] to make 
su* repairs1 city & t[n au?orities may  
select & lay out l& )9 _! respective    
limits z gravel & clay pits f :i* may be
 tak5 e>? & gravel necess>y = !         

con/ruction & repairs ( /reets & ways4#i
 ,& !y may turn ! surface dra9age ( !   
roads ^u ! l& ( ! adjo9+ own]s )\t      
liability4#aj ,b no highway surveyor has
 a "r1 )\t ! writt5 approbation ( !     
selectm51 to cause a wat]c\rse1         
occasion$ by ! wa% ( ! road1 to be s    
convey$ by ! roadside z to incommode a  
h\se1 a /ore1 %op1 or o!r build+1 or to 
ob/ruct a p]son 9 ! prosecution ( 8     
bus9ess4#aa ,prop]ly au?oriz$ city or   
t[n (fic]s may trim or lop (f trees &   
bu%es /&+ 9 ! public ways1 or cut d[n & 
remove su* trees2 & may cause to be dug 
up & remov$ :atev] ob/ructs su* ways1 or
 endang]s1 h9d]s1 or incommodes p]sons  
travell+ !re94#ab ,ev5 ! b\nd>ies (     
public ways are s well gu>d$ t :5 !y are
 asc]ta9able no l5g? ( "t less ?an =ty  
ye>s ju/ifies ! cont9uance ( a f5ce or  
build+ )9 _! limits2 b ! same may1 ^u ! 
pres5tm5t ( a gr& jury1 be remov$ z a   
nuisance4#ac        #i ,pub4 ,/4 c4 #di1
  #ii4        #aj #ac ,gray1 #fja4      
#aa ,pub4 ,/4 c4 #eb1  #ab4        #ab  

,/4 #ahhe1 c4 #abc4        #ac ,pub4 ,/4
 c4 #ed4  ,x is s important t ! public  
ways be kept free = travel1 t any p]son 
may take d[n & remove gates1 rails1 b>s1
 or f5ces ^u or across highways1 unless 
! same h be5 !re plac$ = ! purpose (    
prev5t+ ! spread+ ( a disease dang]\s to
 ! public heal?1 or h be5 erect$ or     
cont9u$ by ! lic5se ( ! selectm5 or     
c\nty commission]s4#ad ,a highway       
surveyor act+ )9 ! scope ( 8 au?ority   
may dig up & remove ! soil )9 ! limits (
 ! public ways = ! purpose ( repair+ !  
same1 & may c>ry x f "o "p ( ! t[n to   
ano!r2#ae & he has a "r to deposit !    
soil ?us remov$ on 8 own l&1 if t is !  
be/ way ( cle>+ ! road ( useless        
mat]ial4#af        #ad ,pub4 ,/4 c4 #ed4
        #ae #abe ,mass4 #baf4        #af
 #abh ,mass4 #edf4  ,?\gh ! law is      
imp]ative t ! roads mu/ be kept 9 good  
condition1 & to ?is end gives municipal 
corporations great p[]s1 yet let no "o  
:o is n a highway surveyor or 9 8 employ
 imag9e t he c repair a road n on 8 own 

l& ) impunity2 = x has be5 decid$ t if  
an unau?oriz$ p]son digs up ! soil on ! 
roadside by ano!r p]son's l& = ! purpose
 ( repair+ ! road1 he is a trespass] &  
liable = damages1 al?\gh he does only   
:at a highway surveyor might prop]ly    
d4#ag ,x is also ! duty ( cities & t[ns 
to gu>d ) suffici5t & suitable rail+s e 
road :i* passes ov] a bank1 bridge1 or  
along a precipice1 excavation1 or deep  
wat]2 & x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ^!     
dang]\s places are )9 or )\t ! limits ( 
! road1 if !y are s imm95t to ! l9e (   
public travel z to expose travell]s to  
unusual haz>d4#ah ,b t[ns are n oblig$  
to put up rail+s m]ely to prev5t        
travell]s f /ray+ out ( ! highway1 :]e  
!re is no unsafe place imm$iately       
contigu\s to ! way4#ai        #ag #h    
,all51 #dgc4        #ah #ac ,all51 #dbi4
        #ai #abb ,mass4 #chi4  ,! roads 
are = ! use ( travell]s1 & a city or t[n
 is n b\nd to keep up rail+s /rong en\gh
 = idl]s to l\nge aga9/ or *ildr5 to    
play ^u4#bj        #bj #c ,all51 #cgd2  

#h ,all51 #bcg4  ,! travell$ p>ts ( all 
roads ought to be wide en\gh to all[ ( !
 ord9>y %y+s & frights ( horses )       
safety1 = %y+ is "o ( ! natural habits (
 ! animal2#ba al?\gh x seems t swit*+ 8 
tail ov] ! re9s is n a natural habit ( !
 animal1 z x has be5 decid$ t if a horse
 ?r[s 8 tail ov] ! re9s & !reby a defect
 9 ! road is run aga9/1 no damages c be 
recov]$4#bb        #ba #ajj ,mass4 #di4 
#bb #ih ,mass4 #egh4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4 
,,guide-,,po/s1 ,,dr9k+-,,tr\ghs1 ,,&   
,,f\nta9s4   ,! /atutes und]take to     
provide = ! erection & ma9t5ance (      
guide-po/s at suitable places on !      
public ways2 b a p]son has to travel b  
little 9 _m ( ! t[ns ( ! ,/ate to come  
to ! conclusion t ! law is ei!r defici5t
 9 con/ruction or a dead lett] 9        
execution4 ,! law makes x incumb5t ^u ! 
selectm5 or road commission]s ( ea* t[n 
to submit to ! inhabitants1 at e annual 
meet+1 a report ( all ! places 9 :i*    
guide-po/s are erect$ & ma9ta9$ )9 !    
t[n1 & ( all places at :i*1 9 _! op9ion1

 !y ought to be erect$ & ma9ta9$4 ,= ea*
 neglect or refusal to make su* report  
!y %all sev]ally =feit t5 doll>s4 ,aft] 
! report is made ! t[n %all det]m9e !   
sev]al places at :i* guide-po/s %all be 
erect$ & ma9ta9$1 :i* %all be record$ 9 
! t[n records4 ,a t[n :i* neglects or   
refuses to det]m9e su* places1 & to     
cause a record !re( to be made1 %all    
=feit five doll>s = e mon? dur+ :i* x   
neglects or refuses to d s4  ,at ea* ( !
 places det]m9$ by ! t[n !re %all be    
erect$1 unless ! t[n at ! annual meet+  
agrees ^u "s suitable sub/itute !re=1 a 
sub/antial po/ ( n less ?an eight feet 9
 height1 ne> ! upp] end ( :i* %all be   
plac$ a bo>d or bo>ds1 ) pla9           
inscription !reon1 direct+ travell]s to 
! next t[n or t[ns & in=m+ !m ( !       
di/ance !reto4  ,e t[n :i* neglects or  
refuses to erect & ma9ta9 su*           
guide-po/s1 or "s suitable sub/itutes   
!re=1 %all =feit annually five doll>s = 
e guide-po/ :i* x neglects or refuses to
 ma9ta94#bc ,^! =feitures c be recov]$  

ei!r by indictm5t or by an action ( tort
 = ! b5efit ( ! c\nty :]e9 ! acts (     
neglig5ce or refusal occur2 & any       
int]e/$ or public-spirit$ p]son c make  
compla9t ( su* neglig5ce or refusal to !
 sup]ior c\rt1 or to any trial ju/ice1  
police1 di/rict or municipal c\rt1 hav+ 
jurisdiction ( ! matt]4#bd        #bc   
,pub4 ,/4 c4 #ec1  #a-e4        #bd     
,pub4 ,/4 c4 #bag2 #ajh ,mass4 #adj4  ,!
 selectm5 may e/abli% & ma9ta9 su*      
dr9k+-tr\ghs1 wells1 & f\nta9s )9 !     
public highways1 squ>es1 & commons ( _! 
respective t[ns1 z 9 _! judgm5t ! public
 necessity & conv5i5ce may require1 & ! 
t[ns may vote money to defray ! exp5ses 
!re(4#be ,b ! vote ( a t[n in/ruct+ !   
selectm5 to e/abli% a wat]+-tr\gh at a  
p>ticul> place w\ld be irregul> & void1 
because t[ns 9 _! corporate capacity h n
 be5 giv5 ! "r by /atute to con/ruct    
dr9k+-tr\ghs 9 ! public highways4 ,&    
t[ns w\ld n be liable = ! acts ( !      
selectm5 p]=m$ 9 pursuance ( ?is /atute1
 because ! law makes ! selectm5 a bo>d (

 public (fic]s1 repres5t+ ! g5]al       
public1 & n ! ag5ts ( _! respective     
t[ns4 ,h[ev]1 if ! inhabitants ( a t[n  
%\ld con/ruct a dr9k+ tr\gh or f\nta9 ( 
su* hide\s %ape1 & pa9t x ) su*         
brilliant color1 t x w\ld fright5 an    
ord9>ily g5tle & well-brok5 horse1 by   
reason ( :i* a travell] %\ld be br\ght 9
 contact ) a defect 9 ! way or on ! side
 ( ! way1 & ?us injur$1 ! t[n might be  
held liable to pay damages4#bf          
#be ,pub4 ,/4 c4 #bg1  #ej4        #bf  
#abe ,mass4 #ebf4  ,x is my purpose to  
/ate :at ! law is1 & n :at x ought to   
be2 b ,i w v5ture ! sugge/ion t x w\ld n
 be an unreasonable h>d%ip on t[ns to   
require !m to e/abli% & ma9ta9 suitable 
wat]+-tr\ghs at suitable places1 & x    
w\ld be a m]ciful k9dness to _m horses  
:i* n[ frequ5tly h to travel long       
di/ances ov] du/y roads 9 summ] heat )\t
 a *ance to get a swall[ ( wat] f a     
public dr9k+-tr\gh4     ,,*apt] ,,viii4 
,,%ade ,,trees1 ,,p>ks1 ,,& ,,commons4  
,! law ( ! ,commonweal? n only requires 

! public ways to be kept safe &         
conv5i5t1 b ( late ye>s /atutes h be5   
pass$ all[+ own]s ( l&1 improvem5t      
societies1 cities & t[ns1 to d some?+ to
 beautify ! roadsides & public squ>es ( 
any city or t[n4 ,a city or t[n may     
grant or vote a sum n exce$+ fifty c5ts 
= ea* ( its ratable polls 9 ! prec$+    
ye>1 to be exp5d$ 9 plant+1 or enc\rag+ 
! plant+ by ! own]s ( adjo9+ real e/ate1
 ( %ade trees ^u ! public squ>es or     
highways4#bg ,su* trees may be plant$   
:]ev] x w n int]f]e ) ! public travel or
 ) private rights1 & !y %all be deem$ & 
tak5 to be ! private prop]ty ( ! p]son s
 plant+ !m or ^u ^: premises !y /&4#bh  
#bg ,/4 #ahhe1 c4 #abc4        #bh ,pub4
 ,/4 c4 #ed1  #f4  ,improvem5t          
societies1 prop]ly organiz$ = ! purpose 
( improv+ & ornam5t+ ! /reets & public  
squ>es ( any city or t[n by plant+ &    
cultivat+ ornam5tal trees !re91 may be  
au?oriz$ by any t[n to use1 take c>e (1 
& control ! public gr\nds or op5 spaces 
9 any ( its public ways1 n ne$$ = public

 travel4 ,!y may grade1 dra91 curb1 set 
out %ade or ornam5tal trees1 lay out    
fl[] plots1 & o!rwise improve ! same2 & 
may protect _! "w by suitable f5ces or  
rail+s1 subject to su* directions z may 
be giv5 by ! selectm5 or road           
commission]s4 ,& any p]son :o wantonly1 
malici\sly1 or mis*iev\sly drives       
cattle1 horses1 or o!r animals1 or      
drives teams1 c>riages1 or o!r vehicles1
 on or across su* gr\nds or op5 spaces1 
or removes or de/roys any f5ce or rail+ 
on ! same1 or plays ball or o!r games   
!reon1 or o!rwise int]f]es ) or damages 
! "w ( su* corporation1 is subject to a 
f9e n exce$+ tw5ty doll>s = ea* (f5ce1 =
 ! b5efit ( ! society4#bi        #bi ,/4
 #ahhe1 c4 #aeg4  ,x is also a legal    
(f5ce = any "o wantonly to injure or    
deface a %ade tree1 %rub1 rose1 or o!r  
plant or fixture ( ornam5t or utility 9 
a /reet1 road1 squ>e1 c\rt1 p>k1 or     
public g>d51 or c>elessly to suff] a    
horse or o!r bea/ driv5 by or = him1 or 
a bea/ belong+ to him & lawfully on !   

highway1 to break d[n or injure a tree1 
n 8 own1 /&+ = use or ornam5t on said   
highway4#cj ,& no "o1 ev5 if he be !    
own] ( ! l&1 has ! "r to cut d[n or     
remove an ornam5tal or %ade tree /&+ 9 a
 public way1 )\t fir/ giv+ notice ( 8   
int5tion to ! municipal au?orities1 :o  
are entitl$ to t5 days to decide :e!r ! 
tree c be remov$ or n4 ,& :oev] cuts d[n
 or removes or injures su* tree 9       
violation ( ! law %all =feit n less ?an 
five nor m ?an "o hundr$ doll>s = !     
b5efit ( ! city or t[n :]e9 ! same      
/&s4#ca        #cj ,pub4 ,/4 c4 #ed1    
#g1 #h4        #ca ,pub4 ,/4 c4 #ed1    
#aj1 #aa4     ,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,public   
,,use ,,( ,,highways4   ,aft] ! roads   
are ready = use & beautifi$ by %ade     
trees & gre5 p>ks at conv5i5t places1 we
 are confront$ ) ! "q1 ,h[ are !y to be 
us$ by ! public & ! own]s ( adjo9+      
e/ates8 ,we1 z a p1 are n only cont95tal
 & t]re/rial travell]s1 b we are        
cont9ually pass+ hi!r & ?i!r ov] !      
public ways ( ?is ,/ate1 & consequ5tly x

 is important = u to "k h[ to travel !  
common roads 9 a legal & prop] mann]4   
,9 ! fir/ place1 e "o :o travels ^u a   
public ?or\ghf>e is b\nd to drive ) due 
c>e & discretion1 & to h an ord9>ily    
g5tle & well tra9$ horse1 ) h>ness &    
vehicle 9 good roadwor?y condition1 z he
 is liable = :atev] damages may be      
occasion$ by any insuffici5cy 9 ?is     
respect4#cb        #cb #d ,gray1 #agh4  
,ano!r duty :i* e travell] is b\nd to   
obs]ve is to drive at a mod]ate rate (  
spe$4 ,to drive a c>riage or o!r vehicle
 on a public way at su* a rate or 9 su* 
a mann] z to endang] ! safety ( o!r     
travell]s1 or ! inhabitants along !     
road1 is an indictable (f5ce at common  
law1 & am\nts to a brea* ( ! peace2 & 9 
case any "o is injur$ or damag$ !reby1  
he may look to ! fa/ driv] = 8          
recomp5se4 ,b x does n foll[ t a man may
 n drive a well-br$ & high-spirit$ horse
 at a rapid gait1 if he does n !reby    
violate any ord9ance or by-law ( a t[n  
or city2 = x has be5 held t x _c be     

said1 z matt] ( law1 t a man is neglig5t
 :o drives a high-spirit$ & lively-/epp+
 horse at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r 9 a  
d>k night4#cc        #cc #h ,all51 #ebb4
  ,x !n behooves e "o to drive ) c>e &  
caution1 :e!r he is go+ fa/ or sl[2 & x 
also behooves him to see t 8 s]vants    
drive ) equal c>e & caution1 = he is    
responsible to ?ird p]sons = ! neglig5ce
 ( 8 s]vants1 9 ! scope ( _! employm5t1 
to ! same ext5t z if ! act 7 8 own1     
al?\gh ! s]vants disobey 8 express      
ord]s4 ,if y s5d y\r s]vant ^u ! road ) 
a team1 ) in/ructions to drive c>efully 
& to avoid com+ 9 contact ) any c>riage1
 b in/ead ( driv+ c>efully he drives    
c>elessly aga9/ a c>riage1 y are liable 
= all damages result+ f ! collision2 &  
if ! s]vant acts wantonly or            
mis*iev\sly1 caus+ !reby additional     
bodily or m5tal injury1 su* wantonness  
or mis*ief w enhance ! damage aga9/     
y4#cd        #cd #c ,cu%4 #cjj2 #aad    
,mass4 #eah4  ,y may ?9k ?is a h>d law2 
b x is n s h>d z x w\ld be if x all[$ y 

to hire ignorant1 wilful1 & incompet5t  
s]vants to g ^u ! road & injure ! lives 
& prop]ty ( innoc5t p )\t r$ress save   
aga9/ ! s]vants1 :o p]*ance might be    
f9ancially irresponsible4 ,x %\ld h[ev] 
be /at$ 9 ?is connection t if y\r team  
%\ld get away f y or y\r s]vant1 )\t any
 fault on y\r or 8 "p1 & %\ld run away &
 d great damage1 by collid+ ) o!r teams1
 or by runn+ ov] p on foot1 y w\ld n be 
held responsible1 z 9 law x w\ld be     
reg>d$ z an inevitable accid5t4 ,?us1 if
 y\r horse %\ld get sc>$ by "s sudd5    
noise or frightful object by ! wayside1 
or ?r\gh 8 natural vici\sness ( :i* y 7 
ignorant1 or by "s means %\ld get       
unhit*$ aft] y _h left him securely ti$1
 & 9 consequ5ce !re( %\ld plunge ! %aft 
( y\r wagon into "s o!r man's horse1 or 
%\ld knock d[n & injure a doz5 p1 y w\ld
 n be liable1 because ! injury result$ f
 circum/ances ov] :i* y _h no           
control4#ce        #ce #a ,addison on   
,torts1 #dff4     ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,! ,,law
 ,,( ,,! ,,road4   ,!re are c]ta9 rules 

applicable to travell]s ^u public ways1 
:i* are s important t ev]ybody ought to 
"k & obs]ve !m4 ,! law relative !reto is
 kn[n z ! law ( ! road4 ,^! rules relate
 to ! meet+1 pass+1 & conduct ( teams on
 ! road2 & x is m important t !re %\ld  
be "s well e/abli%$ & und]/ood rules on 
! subject ?an :at ! rules are4 ,9 ,engl&
 ! rules are some:at diff]5t1 & "s ( !m 
are ! rev]se ( :at !y are 9 ?is c\ntry4 
,b ! rules & ! law relat+ !reto 9 ?is   
c\ntry are ab\t ! same 9 e ,/ate ( !    
,union4 ,our /atutes provide t :5 p]sons
 meet ea* o!r on a bridge or road1      
travell+ ) c>riages or o!r vehicles1 ea*
 p]son %all seasonably drive 8 c>riage  
or o!r vehicle to ! "r ( ! middle ( !   
travell$ "p ( su* bridge or road1 s t _!
 respective c>riages or o!r vehicles may
 pass ea* o!r )\t int]f]5ce2 t "o p>ty  
pass+ ano!r go+ 9 ! same direction mu/ d
 s on ! left-h& side ( ! middle ( !     
road1 & if !re is room en\gh1 ! =emo/   
driv] mu/ n wilfully ob/ruct ! road4#cf 
#cf ,pub4 ,/4 c4 #ic4  ,al?\gh ^! are   

/atutory rules1 yet !y are n inflexible 
9 e in/ance1 z on prop] occasions !y may
 be waiv$ or rev]s$4 ,!y are int5d$ = ! 
use ( an intellig5t & civiliz$ p2 & 9 ! 
cr[d$ /reets ( villages & cities1       
situations or circum/ances may frequ5tly
 arise :5 a deviation w n only be       
ju/ifiable b absolutely necess>y4 ,"o   
may always pass on ! left side ( a road1
 or across x1 = ! purpose ( /opp+ on t  
side1 if he c d s )\t int]rupt+ or      
ob/ruct+ a p]son lawfully pass+ on ! o!r
 side4#cg ,& if ! driv] ( a c>riage on !
 prop] side ( ! road sees a horse com+  
furi\sly on ! wrong side ( ! road1 x is 
8 duty to give way & g ^u ! wrong side (
 ! road1 if by s do+ he c avoid an      
accid5t4#ch ,b 9 deviat+ f ! law ( !    
road1 "o mu/ be able to %[ t x 0 ! prop]
 & reasonable ?+ to d "u ! circum/ances1
 or else he w be answ]able = all        
damages2 = ! law presumes t a p>ty :o is
 violat+ an e/abli%$ rule ( travell+ is 
a wrongdo]4#ci ,( c\rse a p]son on ! "r 
side ( ! road has no "r to run purposely

 or recklessly into a trespass]1 simply 
because he has wrongfully giv5 him !    
opportunity to receive an injury1 & !n  
turn r\nd & sue = damages aris+ f 8 own 
foolh>d9ess & devil-may-c>e conduct4#dj 
#cg ,angell on ,highways1  #ccf4        
#ch ,%e>4  ,r$4 on ,neglig5ce1  #cji4   
#ci #aba ,mass4 #baf4        #dj #ab    
,met4 #dae4  ,e "o seek+ r$ress at law  
on acc\nt ( an accid5t mu/ be able to %[
 t he himself 0 at ! "t 9 ! ex]cise (   
ord9>y c>e & precaution1 & x is n en\gh 
= him to %[ t somebody else 0 violat+ a 
rule ( law4 ,:5 ! road is unoccupi$ a   
travell] is at lib]ty to take :i*ev]    
side ( ! road be/ suits 8 conv5i5ce1 z  
he is only requir$ seasonably to drive  
to ! "r :5 he meets ano!r travell]2 b if
 p>ties meet on ! sudd51 & an injury    
results1 ! p>ty on ! wrong side ( ! road
 is responsible1 unless x cle>ly appe>s 
t ! p>ty on ! prop] side has ample means
 & opportunity to prev5t x4#da          
#da #aj ,cu%4 #die2 #c ,c>r4  ,payne1   
#eed2 ,angell on ,c>ri]s1        #eee4  

,:]e !re is occasion = "o driv] to pass 
ano!r go+ 9 ! same direction1 ! =emo/   
driv] may keep ! ev5 t5or ( 8 way 9 !   
middle or on ei!r side ( ! road1 provid$
 !re is suffici5t room = ! re> driv] to 
pass by2 b if !re is n suffici5t room1 x
 is ! duty ( ! =emo/ driv] to af=d x1 by
 yield+ an equal %>e ( ! road1 if t be  
practicable2 b if n1 !n ! object mu/ be 
def]r$ till ! p>ties arrive at gr\nd m  
favorable to its accompli%m5t4 ,if !    
lead+ travell] !n wilfully refuses to   
comply1 he makes himself liable1        
crim9ally1 to ! p5alty impos$ by !      
/atute1 & answ]able at law 9 case ! re> 
travell] suff]s damage 9 consequ5ce ( ! 
delay4 ,!re be+ no /atute regulations z 
to ! mann] 9 :i* p]sons %\ld drive :5 !y
 meet at ! junction ( two /reets1 ! rule
 ( ! common law applies1 & ea* p]son is 
b\nd to use due & reasonable c>e1 adapt$
 to ! circum/ances & place4#db          
#db #ab ,all51 #hd4  ,by ! travell$ "p (
 ! road is int5d$ t "p :i* is usually   
wr\ght = travell+1 & n any track :i* may

 happ5 to be made 9 ! road by ! pass+ ( 
vehicles2 b :5 ! wr\ght "p ( ! road is  
hidd5 by ! sn[1 & a pa? is beat5 &      
travell$ on ! side ( ! wr\ght "p1 p]sons
 meet+ on su* beat5 & travell$ pa? are  
requir$ to drive _! vehicles to ! "r ( !
 middle ( su* pa?4#dc ,_m driv]s (      
heavily load$ vehicles seem to ?9k t all
 lightly load$ ones %\ld turn out & give
 !m all ! travell$ "p ( ! road4 ,no d\bt
 a lightly load$ vehicle c (t5 turn out 
) less inconv5i5ce ?an a heavily load$  
"o1 & g5]ally e ?\ghtful & consid]ate   
driv] ( a light vehicle is will+ to1 &  
does1 give ! heavy vehicle m ?an half ! 
road on e prop] occasion2 b ! driv] ( ! 
heavy vehicle ought to und]/& t x is    
done out ( c\rtesy to himself &         
consid]ation = 8 horses1 & n because x  
is requir$ by any rule ( law4 ,! /atute 
law ( ! road 9 ?is ,/ate makes no       
di/9ction betwe5 ! lightly & ! heavily  
load$ vehicle4 ,bo? alike are requir$ to
 pass to ! "r ( ! travell$ "p ( ! road4 
,9 case ( accid5t ! c\rt w\ld und\bt$ly 

take into consid]ation ! size & load (  
ea* vehicle1 z be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! conduct 
( ! driv]s "u ! circum/ances1 & _!      
responsibility w\ld be settl$ 9         
accordance ) ! law ( ! road1 modifi$ &  
possibly rev]s$ by ! situation ( !      
p>ties & ! circum/ances surr\nd+ !m at !
 "t4#dd        #dc #d ,pick4 #abe2 #h   
,met4 #bac4        #dd #aaa ,mass4 #cfj4
  ,a travell] 9 a common c>riage may use
 ! track ( a /reet railway :5 ! same is 
n 9 use by ! company2 b ! company is    
entitl$ to ! unre/rict$ use ( _! rails  
^u all prop] occasions1 & !n su*        
travell] mu/ keep (f _! track1 or else  
he r5d]s himself liable to indictm5t "u 
! /atutes ( ! ,/ate4#de        #de ,pub4
 ,/4 c4 #aac1  #cg2 #g ,all51 #egc4     
,,*apt] ,,xi4  ,,eque/rians ,,&         
,,p$e/rians4   ,9 ,engl& ! law ( ! road 
applies z well to eque/rians z to       
travell]s by c>riage1 & ,i c see no good
 reason :y x %\ld n d s "h4 ,! /atutes  
are sil5t on ! subject1 & ,i _c f9d t   
our ,supreme ,c\rt has ev] _h occasion  

to pass ^u ! "q2 b x has be5 decid$ 9 "s
 ( ! ,/ates t :5 a travell] on horseback
 meets ano!r eque/rian or a c>riage1 he 
may ex]cise 8 own notions ( prud5ce1 &  
turn ei!r to ! "r or to ! left at 8     
option4#df ,by common cons5t &          
immemorial usage an eque/rian is expect$
 to yield ! road1 or a good %>e ( x1 to 
a wagon or o!r vehicle4 ,x has be5      
decid$ 9 ,p5nsylvania t if he has a     
*ance to turn out & refuses to d s1 & 8 
/e$ or himself is injur$ by a collision1
 he is rem$iless4#dg        #df #bd     
,w5d4 #dfe4        #dg #bc ,p5n4 ,/4    
#aif4  ,x is cle> t ! /atute law ( !    
road 9 ?is ,/ate is n applicable to p on
 horseback1 z x is expressly limit$ to  
c>riages or o!r vehicles1 & !re=e       
eque/rians are am5able only to ! common 
law ( ! l&4 ,by ?is law !y are requir$  
to ride on ! public ways ) due c>e &    
precaution1 & to ex]cise reasonably good
 judgm5t on e occasion1 "u all !        
att5dant circum/ances4 ,:5 !y meet      
wagons1 :e!r heavily load$ or n1 !y     

ought to yield z mu* ( ! road z !y c    
conv5i5tly1--c]ta9ly m ?an half1 z !y d 
n ne$ t mu* ( ! road to pass            
conv5i5tly1--b :5 !y meet a vehicle 9 ! 
=m ( a bicycle !re seems to be no good  
reason :y !y %\ld yield m ?an half !    
road4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( !mselves & !     
public at l>ge1 on meet+ vehicles or ea*
 o!r1 !y ought to pass to ! "r1 z by    
adopt+ ! /atute law ( ! road 9 ?is      
respect ord] is promot$ & confusion     
avoid$4  ,a public ?or\ghf>e is a way = 
foot-pass5g]s z well z c>riages1 & a    
p]son has a "r to walk on ! c>riage-way 
if he pleases2 b1 z ,*ief ,ju/ice ,d5man
 once rem>k$1 he _h bett] n1 especially 
at night1 :5 c>riages are pass+         
along4#dh ,h[ev]1 all p]sons h an       
und\bt$ "r to walk on ! beat5 track ( a 
road1 if x has no sidewalk1 ev5 if      
infirm ) age or disease1 & are entitl$  
to ! ex]cise ( reasonable c>e on ! "p ( 
p]sons driv+ vehicles along x4 ,if !re  
is a sidewalk :i* is 9 bad condition1 or
 ob/ruct$ by m]*&ise or o!rwise1 !n !   

foot-pass5g] has a "r to walk on ! road 
if he pleases4 ,b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d 
t :at is prop] on a c\ntry road might n 
be 9 ! cr[d$ /reets ( a city4 ,9 law e  
"o is b\nd to regulate 8 conduct to meet
 ! situations 9 :i* he is plac$1 & !    
circum/ances ar\nd him at ! "t4 ,a p]son
 infirm ) age or disease or afflict$ )  
poor eyesight %\ld always take          
extraord9>y precaution 9 walk+ ^u !     
road4#di ,?us1 a man :o trav]ses a cr[d$
 ?or\ghf>e ) edg$ tools or b>s ( iron   
mu/ take especial c>e t he does n cut or
 bruise o!rs ) ! ?+s he c>ries4 ,su* a  
p]son w\ld be b\nd to keep a bett]      
look\t ?an ! man :o m]ely c>ri$ an      
umbrella2 & ! man :o c>ri$ an umbrella  
w\ld be b\nd to take m c>e :5 walk+ ) x 
?an a p]son :o _h no?+4#ej        #dh #e
 ,c>r4  ,payne1 #djg4        #di #a     
,all51 #ahj4        #ej #a ,addison on  
,torts1  #dhj4  ,footm5 h a "r to cross 
a highway on e prop] occasion1 b :5     
conv5i5t !y %\ld pass ^u cross-walks1 & 
9 s do+ %\ld look out = teams2 = x is z 

mu* _! duty1 on cross+ a road1 to look  
out = teams1 z x is ! duty ( ! driv]s ( 
teams to be vigilant 9 n runn+ ov] !m4  
,! law ( ! road z to ! meet+ ( vehicles 
does n apply to !m4 ,!y may walk ^u     
:i*ev] side !y please1 & turn1 ^u meet+ 
teams1 ei!r to ! "r or to ! left1 at _! 
option1 b x is _! duty to yield ! road  
to su* an ext5t z is necess>y &         
reasonable2 & if !y walk 9 ! beat5 track
 or cross x :5 teams are pass+ along1 !y
 mu/ use extraord9>y c>e & caution or !y
 w be rem$iless 9 case ( injury to      
!mselves4 ,!y may travel on ! ,"l's day 
= all purposes ( necessity or *>ity2 &  
!y may also take %ort walks 9 ! public  
highway on ,sundays1 simply = ex]cise & 
to take ! air1 & ev5 to call to see     
fri5ds on su* walks1 )\t liability to   
puni%m5t !re= "u ! /atutes = ! obs]vance
 ( ! ,"l's day1 & !y c recov] damages = 
injuries wrongfully su/a9$ :ile s       
walk+4#ea        #ea #ad ,all51 #dge2   
,b>k] v4 ,worce/]1 #aci ,mass4 #gd4     
,,*apt] ,,xii4  ,,omnibuses1 ,,/ages1   

,,& ,,horse-,,c>s4   ,ne>ly e "o has    
occasion1 m or less (t51 to travel ov] !
 public ways 9 ! coa*es ( pass5g]       
c>ri]s4 ,:oev] und]takes to c>ry        
pass5g]s & _! baggage = hire f place to 
place is b\nd to use ! utmo/ c>e &      
dilig5ce 9 provid+ safe & suitable      
coa*es1 h>nesses1 horses1 & coa*m51 9   
ord] to prev5t su* injuries z human c>e 
& =esight c gu>d aga9/4  ,if an accid5t 
happ5s f a defect 9 ! coa* or h>ness :i*
 might h be5 discov]$ & rem$i$ ^u c>eful
 & ?or\gh exam9ation1 su* accid5t mu/ be
 ascrib$ to neglig5ce1 = :i* ! own] is  
liable 9 case ( injury to a pass5g]     
happ5+ by reason ( su* accid5t4  ,on !  
o!r h&1 :]e ! accid5t arises f a hidd5 &
 int]nal defect1 :i* c>eful & ?or\gh    
exam9ation w\ld n disclose1 & :i* c\ld n
 be gu>d$ aga9/ by ! ex]cise ( s\nd     
judgm5t & ! mo/ vigilant ov]sight1 !n ! 
proprietor is n liable = ! injury1 b !  
mis=tune mu/ be borne by ! suff]] z "o (
 t class ( injuries = :i* ! law c af=d  
no r$ress 9 ! =m ( a pecuni>y recomp5se4

  ,if a pass5g]1 9 p]il aris+ f an      
accid5t = :i* ! proprietors are         
responsible1 is 9 s dang]\s a situation 
z to r5d] 8 leap+ f ! coa* an act (     
reasonable precaution1 & he leaps       
!refrom & breaks a limb1 ! proprietors  
are answ]able to him 9 damages1 ?\gh he 
might safely h reta9$ 8 seat4#eb        
#eb #i ,met4 #a4  ,:5 ! proprietors (   
/ages or /reet-c> coa*es1 :i* are       
already full & ov]load$1 /op _! coa*es1 
:e!r at ! signal or n ( w\ld-be         
pass5g]s1 & op5 ! doors = _! entrance1  
!y mu/ be consid]$ z invit+ !m to ride1 
& !reby assur+ !m t _! passage w be a   
safe "o1 at lea/ s f> z dep5d5t ^u !    
ex]cise ( reasonable & ord9>y c>e1      
dilig5ce1 & skill1 on _! "p1 9 driv+ &  
manag+ _! horses & coa*es2 &1 9 fact1 !y
 are r to be held responsible = su*     
increas$ wat*fulness & solicit\s c>e1   
skill1 & att5tion1 z ! cr[d$ condition (
 ! vehicle requires4 ,if1 "u su*        
circum/ances1 a pass5g] is ?r[n out ( or
 (f ! coa* by its viol5t j]k at />t+ or 

/opp+1 or 9 any o!r way ?r\gh !         
neglig5ce ( ! proprietors or _! ag5ts1  
he may hold !m liable = 8 injuries4#ec  
,a pass5g] mu/ pay 8 f>e 9 advance1 if  
dem&$1 o!rwise he may h to pay a f9e =  
evad+ f>e2 & if he is rid+ free1 !      
proprietors are n responsible1 except = 
gross neglig5ce2 & he mu/ also prop]ly &
 securely pack 8 baggage1 if he expects 
to recov] damages 9 case ( loss4 ,a     
mail-coa* is protect$ by act ( ,congress
 f ob/ructions1 b is subject 9 all o!r  
respects to ! law ( ! road4#ed          
#ec #ajc ,mass4 #cia4        #ed #a     
,watts1 ,pa4 #cfj4  ,if ! proprietors ( 
coa*es us$ = ! common c>riage ( p]sons  
are guilty ( gross c>elessness or       
neglect 9 ! conduct & managem5t ( ! same
 :ile 9 su* use1 !y are liable to a f9e 
n exce$+ five ?\s& doll>s1 or to        
imprisonm5t n exce$+ ?ree ye>s4#ee ,& if
 a driv] ( a /age-coa* or o!r vehicle = 
! conveyance ( pass5g]s = hire1 :5 a    
pass5g] is )9 or ^u su* coa* or vehicle1
 leaves ! horses !re( )\t "s suitable   

p]son to take ! *>ge & guidance ( !m1 or
 )\t fa/5+ !m 9 a safe & prud5t mann]1  
he may be imprison$ two mon?s or f9$    
fifty doll>s4#ef        #ee ,pub4 ,/4 c4
 #bjb1  #cd4        #ef ,pub4 ,/4 c4    
#bjb1  #ce4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii4         
,,purposes ,,= ,,:i* ,,highways ,,may   
,,be ,,us$4   ,z be=e intimat$1 ! public
 ways are ma9ly = ! use ( travell]s2 b 9
 ! progress ( civilization x has become 
conv5i5t & necess>y to use !m = o!r     
purposes ( a public nature4 ,x is !     
great m]it ( ! common law1 t :ile its   
fundam5tal pr9ciples rema9 fix$ f       
g5]ation to g5]ation1 yet !y are g5]ally
 s compreh5sive & s well adapt$ to new  
in/itutions & conditions ( society1 new 
modes ( comm]ce1 new usages & practices1
 t !y are capable ( application to e    
phase ( society & bus9ess life4 ,"t &   
necessity1 z well z locality1 are       
important elem5ts 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( any  
p>ticul> use ( a public way4 ,_m public 
ways are n[ us$ = gas1 wat]-pipes1 &    
sew]s1 because ! public heal? &         

conv5i5ce are subs]v$ by su* use4#eg ,!y
 are also us$ = ! transmission (        
intellig5ce by electricity1 & ! po/-boy 
& ! mail-coa* are disappe>+4        #eg 
#ce ,n4,h4 #beg4  ,! horse-railroad 0   
deem$ a new inv5tion2 b x 0 held t a    
portion ( ! road might well be set aside
 = x1 al?\gh ! rights ( o!r travell]s to
 "s ext5t 7 limit$ by ! privileges      
necess>y = its use4#eh        #eh #acf  
,mass4 #ge4  ,& n[ motor c>s & elevat$  
railroads are mak+ _! appe>ance 9 !     
c5tres ( civiliz$ life1 & ! bicycle &   
tricycle are famili> objects on all !   
great ?or\ghf>es4 ,%\ld human +5uity    
discov] any new modes ( convey+ p]sons &
 prop]ty ov] ! public ways1 or (        
transmitt+ intellig5ce along ! same1 :i*
 %\ld prove conv5i5t to ! ev]yday life (
 humanity1 no d\bt ! highway law w be   
f\nd applicable to all ! ne$s ( advanc+ 
civilization4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( !   
law is t e p]son may use ! highway to 8 
own be/ advantage1 b ) a j reg>d to ! l 
rights ( o!rs4 ,! law does n specify :at

 k9d ( animals or vehicles are to be    
all[$ ^u ! road1 b leaves e case to be  
decid$ z x %all arise1 9 view ( ! cu/oms
 & necessities ( ! p f "t to "t4 ,all   
p]sons may lawfully travel ^u ! public  
ways ) any animal or vehicle :i* is     
suitable = a way prep>$ & int5d$ to af=d
 ! usual & reasonable accommodations    
ne$ful to ! requirem5ts ( a p 9 _!      
pres5t /ate ( civilization2 b if any    
p]son und]takes to use or travel ^u !   
highway 9 an unusual or extraord9>y     
mann]1 or ) animals1 vehicles1 or       
freight n suitable or adapt$ to a way   
op5$ & prep>$ = ! public use1 9 ! common
 int]c\rse ( society1 & 9 ! transaction 
( usual & ord9>y bus9ess1 he !n takes e 
possible risk ( loss & damage ^u        
himself4#ei        #ei #ad ,gray1 #bdb4 
,if a p>ty leads a bull or o!r animal   
?r\gh a public way )\t prop]ly gu>d+ &  
re/ra9+ ! same1 & = want ( su* c>e &    
re/ra9t p rightfully on ! way & us+ due 
c>e are injur$1 ! own] ( ! animal is    
responsible1 because "u su* circum/ances

 he is b\nd to use ! utmo/ c>e &        
dilig5ce1 especially 9 villages &       
cities1 to avoid injuries to p on !     
road4#fj ,s1 if a man goes ^u ! highway 
) a vehicle ( su* peculi> & unusual     
con/ruction1 or :i* is op]at$ 9 su* a   
mann]1 z to fright5 horses & to create  
noise & confusion on ! road1 he is      
guilty ( an indictable (f5ce & answ]able
 9 damages besides4 ,an yclep$ velocip$e
 9 ! road has be5 held 9 ,canada to be a
 nuisance1 & its own] 0 indict$ & f\nd  
guilty ( a crim9al (f5ce4#fa ,9 ,engl& a
 man :o _h tak5 a traction /eam-eng9e ^u
 ! road 0 held liable to a p>ty :o _h   
suff]$ damages by reason ( 8 horses be+ 
fright5$ by x4#fb ,x has be5 held to be 
a nuisance at common law to c>ry an     
unreasonable weight on a highway ) an   
unusual numb] ( horses4#fc ,& s x is a  
nuisance = a l>ge numb] ( p]sons to     
assemble on or ne> a highway = ! purpose
 ( %\t+ & mak+ a noise & di/urbance2 &  
likewise x is a nuisance = "o to make a 
l>ge collection ( tubs 9 ! road1 or to  

blockade ! way by a l>ge numb] ( logs1  
cattle1 or wagons2 =1 z ,"l ,ell5bor\gh 
once said1 ! k+'s highway is n to be us$
 z a /able or lumb] y>d4        #fj #ajf
 ,mass4 #bha2 #abf ,mass4 #ejf4         
#fa #cj ,q4,b4 ,ont4 #da4        #fb #b 
,f4  ,f4 #bbi4        #fc #c ,salk4     
#ahc4  ,t[ns & cities h au?ority to make
 su* by-laws regulat+ ! use & managem5t 
( ! public ways )9 _! respective limits1
 n repugnant to law1 z !y %all judge to 
be mo/ conducive to _! welf>e4#fd ,!y   
may make su* by-laws to secure1 among   
o!r ?+s1 ! removal ( sn[ & ice f        
sidewalks by ! own]s ( adjo9+ e/ates2 to
 prev5t ! pa/ur+ ( cattle or o!r animals
 9 ! highways2 to regulate ! driv+ (    
%eep1 sw9e1 & neat cattle ov] ! public  
ways2 to regulate ! transportation ( !  
(fal ( slaught]$ cattle1 %eep1 hogs1 &  
o!r animals along ! roads2 to prohibit  
fa/ driv+ or rid+ on ! highways2 to     
regulate travel ov] bridges2 to regulate
 ! passage ( c>riages or o!r vehicles1 &
 sl$s us$ = coa/+1 ov] ! public ways2 to

 regulate & control it9]ant musicians :o
 frequ5t ! /reets & public places2 & to 
regulate ! mov+ ( build+s 9 ! highways4 
,_m p are incl9$ to make ! highway !    
receptacle = ! surplus /ones & rubbi%   
ar\nd _! premises1 & to use ! wayside = 
a lumb] & wood y>d2 & "s f>m]s are 9 !  
habit ( supply+ _! hog-p5s & b>n cell>s 
) loam & soil dug out ( ! highway4      
#fd ,pub4 ,/4 c4 #bg1  #ae1 & c4 #ec2   
#ig ,mass4 #bba4  ,aga91 "s highway     
surveyors h v little ta/e = rural       
beauty1 & %[ v poor judgm5t1 & p]haps n[
 & !n a little spite1 9 pl\gh+ up ! gre5
 grass by ! roadside & sometimes 9 front
 ( h\ses4 ,^! evils c be rem$i$ by e t[n
 :i* w pass suitable by-laws ^u !       
subject & see t !y are en=c$4 ,su*      
by-laws might provide t no "o %\ld be   
all[$ to deposit )9 ! limits ( ! highway
 any /ones1 bru%1 wood1 rubbi%1 or o!r  
sub/ance inconv5i5t to public travel2 t 
no "o %\ld be p]mitt$ to dig up & c>ry  
away any loam or soil )9 ! limits ( !   
highway2 & t no highway surveyor %\ld be

 all[$ to dig or pl\gh up ! gre5sw>d 9  
front ( any dwell+-h\se1 or o!r build+  
us$ 9 connection !re)1 )\t ! writt5     
direction or cons5t ( ! selectm54       
,,*apt] ,,xiv4  ,,use ,,( ,,highways    
,,by ,,adjo9+ ,,own]s4   ,! own] ( l&   
adjo9+ a highway ord9>ily owns to !     
middle ( ! road2 & :ile he has ! same   
rights z ! public !re91 he also has1 9  
addition !reto1 c]ta9 o!r rights incid5t
 to ! own]%ip ( ! l& ov] :i* ! road     
passes4 ,:5 l& is tak5 = a highway1 x is
 tak5 = all ! pres5t & prospective      
purposes = :i* a public ?or\ghf>e may   
prop]ly be us$1 & ! damages to ! own] ( 
! l& are e/imat$ ) ref]5ce to su* use2 b
 ! l& c be us$ = no o!r purpose1 & :5 ! 
s]vitude ceases ! l& rev]ts to him free 
f encumbrance4 ,dur+ ! cont9uance ( !   
s]vitude he is entitl$ to use ! l&1     
subject to ! easem5t1 = any & all       
purposes n incompatible ) ! public      
enjoym5t4 ,if ! legislature au?orizes ! 
addition ( any new s]vitude1 ess5tially 
di/9ct f ! ord9>y use ( a highway1 l an 

elevat$ railroad1 !n ! l&-own] is       
entitl$ to additional comp5sation2 = x  
_c be deem$1 9 law1 to h be5 )9 !       
contemplation ( ! p>ties1 at ! "t ( !   
lay+ out ( ! road1 t x might be us$ =   
su* new & additional purposes4 ,x has   
be5 held 9 ,new ,york1 ,ill9ois1 & "s ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates circuit c\rts1 t ! use (
 a highway = a telegraph l9e w entitle  
su* own] to additional comp5sation2 b 9 
! rec5t case ( ,pi]ce v4 ,drew#fe !     
majority ( our ,supreme ,c\rt decid$ t !
 erection ( a telegraph l9e is n a new  
s]vitude = :i* ! l&-own] is entitl$ to  
additional comp5sation4        #fe #acf 
,mass4 #ge4  ,a m9ority ( ! c\rt1 9 an  
able argum5t1 ma9ta9$ t ! erection (    
telegraph & telephone po/s & wires along
 ! roads1 fitt$ ) cross-beams adapt$ =  
lay] aft] lay] ( almo/ c\ntless wires1  
:i* necessitate to "s ext5t ! de/ruction
 ( trees along ! highways or /reets1 !  
occupation ( ! gr\nd1 ! fill+ ( ! air1 !
 int]f]5ce ) access to or escape f      
build+s1 ! increas$ difficulty ( putt+  

out fires1 ! ob/ruction ( ! view1 !     
pres5tation ( unsightly objects to !    
eye1 & ! creation ( unpleasant noises 9 
! w9d1 is an actual injury to abutt+ l& 
along ! l9e1 & con/itutes a new &       
increas$ s]vitude1 = :i* ! l&-own] is   
entitl$ to a di/9ct comp5sation4 ,aft] !
 r5d]+ ( ! majority decision1 !         
legislature v promptly pass$ a law all[+
 an own] ( l& abutt+ ^u a highway along 
:i* telegraph or telephone1 electric    
light or electric p[]1 l9es %all be     
con/ruct$1 to recov] damages to ! full  
ext5t ( ! injuries to 8 prop]ty1 provid$
 he applies1 )9 ?ree mon?s aft] su*     
con/ruction1 to ! mayor & ald]m5 or     
selectm5 to assess & appraise 8         
damage4#ff        #ff ,/4 #ahhd1 c4     
#cjf4  ,! public has a "r to occupy !   
highway = travel & o!r legitimate       
purposes1 & to use ! soil1 ! gr[+ timb]1
 & o!r mat]ials f\nd )9 ! space ( !     
road1 9 a reasonable mann]1 = ! purpose 
( mak+ & repair+ ! road & ! bridges     
!reon4#fg ,b ! public _c g ^u ! l& ( an 

adjo9+ own] )\t 8 cons5t1 to remove     
/ones or e>?1 to repair a bridge or !   
highway2 & if 9 consequ5ce ( su* removal
 ! l& is injur$1 by floods or o!rwise1  
he c recov] damages !re=4#fh ,he is n   
oblig$ to build or ma9ta9 a road f5ce1  
except to keep 8 own animals at home1 b 
if he does build a f5ce he mu/ set x    
entirely on 8 own l&2 & likewise1 if a  
t[n con/ructs an embankm5t to support a 
road or bridge1 x mu/ keep entirely )9 !
 limits ( ! highway1 = if any "p ( !    
embankm5t is built on 8 l& he c collect 
damages ( ! t[n4#fi ,he may c>ry        
wat]-pipes und]gr\nd ?r\gh ! highway1 or
 turn a wat]c\rse across ! same bel[ !  
surface1 provid$ he does n deprive !    
public ( _! rights 9 ! way4#gj ,f ! "t (
 ,edw>d ,,iv4 x has be5 ! settl$ law t !
 own] ( ! soil 9 ! highway is entitl$ to
 all ! pr(its ( ! freehold1 ! grass &   
trees ^u x & ! m9es "u x4 ,he c lawfully
 claim all ! products ( ! soil & all !  
fruit & nuts ^u ! trees4 ,he may ma9ta9 
trespass = any injury to ! soil or to ! 

gr[+ trees !reon1 :i* is n incid5tal to 
! ord9>y & legitimate uses ( ! road by !
 public4 ,8 l& 9 ! highway may be       
recov]$ 9 ejectm5t j ! same z any ( 8   
o!r l&4 ,no "o has any m "r to graze 8  
highway l& ?an 8 tillage l&4#ga ,he may 
cut ! hay on ! roadside1 ga!r ! fruit & 
crops !reon1 & graze 8 own animals !re2 
& ! by-laws ( ! cities & t[ns prev5t+ ! 
pa/ur+ ( cattle & o!r animals 9 !       
highway are n to affect 8 "r to ! use ( 
l& )9 ! limits ( ! road adjo9+ 8 own    
premises4#gb        #fg #ae ,johns1     
#ddg4        #fh #ajg ,mass4 #dad4      
#fi #d ,gray1 #bae2 #acf ,mass4 #aj4    
#gj #f ,mass4 #ded4        #ga #af      
,mass4 #cc2 #h ,all51 #dgc4        #gb  
,pub4 ,/4 c4 #ec1  #aj4  ,x is n "o ( ! 
legitimate uses ( ! highway = a travell]
 or a loaf] to /op 9 front ( y\r h\se to
 abuse y ) blackgu>dism1 or to play a   
tune or s+ a song :i* is objectionable  
to y2 & if y reque/ him to pass on & he 
refuses to g1 y may treat him z a       
trespass] & make him pay damages & co/s1

 if he is f9ancially responsible4#gc ,& 
likewise1 if any p]son does any?+ on !  
highway 9 front ( y\r premises to di/urb
 ! peace1 to draw a cr[d toge!r1 or to  
ob/ruct ! way1 he is answ]able 9 damages
 to y & liable to an indictm5t by ! gr& 
jury4#gd        #gc #ch ,me4 #aie4      
#gd #bd ,pick4 #ahg4  ,al?\gh ! own] ( !
 fee 9 a highway has _m rights 9 ! way n
 common to ! public1 yet he mu/ ex]cise 
^? rights ) due reg>d to ! public safety
 & conv5i5ce4 ,p]haps1 9 ! abs5ce (     
objections on ! "p ( ! highway surveyor1
 or ( prohibitory by-laws on ! "p ( !   
t[n1 he has a "r to take soil or o!r    
mat]ial f ! roadside = 8 own private    
use1 b he c]ta9ly has no "r to injure ! 
road by 8 excavations1 or to endang] !  
lives ( travell]s by leav+ unsafe pits 9
 ! wayside4 ,he c load & unload 8       
vehicles 9 ! highway1 9 connection ) 8  
bus9ess on ! adjo9+ l&1 b x mu/ be done 
9 su* a mann] z n unreasonably to       
int]f]e ) or incommode ! travell+       
public4 ,:5 a man f9ds x necess>y to    

cr[d 8 teams & wagons into ! /reet1 &   
!reby blockade ! highway = h\rs at a "t1
 he ought ei!r to enl>ge 8 premises or  
remove 8 bus9ess to "s m conv5i5t spot4 
,he has a "r to occupy ! roadside ) 8   
vehicles1 load$ or unload$1 to a        
reasonable ext5t2 b :5 he fills up !    
road ) logs & wood1 tubs & b>rels1      
wagons & sleighs1 pig-p5s & agricultural
 ma*9]y1 or deposits !re9 /ones &       
rubbi%1 he is n us+ ! highway prop]ly1 b
 is abus+ x %amefully1 & is responsible 
9 damages to any "o :o is injur$ 9 p]son
 or prop]ty ?r\gh 8 neglig5ce1 &1       
moreov]1 is liable to indictm5t =       
illegally ob/ruct+ ! roadway4#ge ,z be=e
 said1 he has a p]fect "r to pa/ure !   
roadside ) 8 animals2 b if he turns !m  
loose 9 ! road1 & !y !re injure ! p]son 
or prop]ty ( any "o legally travell+    
!re91 he is answ]able 9 damages to !    
full ext5t ( ! injuries1 :e!r he kn[s !y
 h any vici\s habits or n4#gf ,if 8 c[1 
bull1 or horse1 ?us loose 9 ! highway1  
gore or kick ! horse ( "s travell]1 he  

is liable = all damages2#gg & 9 "o      
in/ance a peaceable & well-behav$ hog 9 
! road co/ h] own] a l>ge sum ( money1  
because ! horse ( a travell]1 be+       
fright5$ at h] looks1 ran away1 sma%$ 8 
c>riage1 & ?rew him out4#gh        #ge  
#a ,cu%4 #ddc2 #ac ,met4 #aae2 #ajg     
,mass4 #bfd2 #ad ,gray1 #ge2       ,pub4
 ,/4 c4 #aab1  #ag4        #gf #d ,all51
 #ddd4        #gg #aj ,cox1 #ajb4       
#gh #be ,me4 #ech4  ,z an (fset to 8    
advantages z adjo9+ own] !re are a few  
disadvantages4 ,highways are set ap>t1  
among o!r ?+s1 t cattle & %eep may be   
driv5 !reon2 & z1 f ! nature ( su*      
animals1 x is impossible ev5 ) c>e to   
keep !m ^u ! highways unless ! adjo9+ l&
 is prop]ly f5c$1 x foll[s t :5 !y are  
driv5 along ! road ) due c>e1 & !n      
escape ^u adjo9+ l& & d damage _! own]  
is n liable !re=1 if he makes reasonable
 ef=ts to remove !m z spe$ily z         
possible4#gi ,likewise1 if a travell]   
b5t ^u "s err& ( m]cy or bus9ess f9ds ! 
highway impassable by reason ( "s       

wa%-out1 sn[drift1 or o!r defect1 he may
 g r\nd ^u adjo9+ l&1 )\t liability1 s  
f> z necess>y to br+ him to ! road aga91
 beyond ! defect4#hj ,if a wat]c\rse on 
adjo9+ l& is all[$ by ! l&-own] to      
become s ob/ruct$ by ice & sn[1 or o!r  
cause1 t ! wat] is set back1 & ov]fl[s  
or ob/ructs ! road1 ! highway surveyor  
may1 )\t liability1 ent] ^u adjo9+ l& & 
remove ! nuisance1 if he acts ) due     
reg>d to ! safety & protection ( ! l& f 
ne$less injury4#ha        #gi #aad      
,mass4 #dff4        #hj #g ,cu%4 #djh4  
#ha #acd ,mass4 #ebb4  ,a t[n or city   
has a "r1 9 repair+ a highway1 to s     
raise ! grade or s con/ruct ! wat]-b>s  
)9 its limits1 z to cause surface wat]  
to fl[ 9 l>ge quantities ^u adjo9+ l&1  
to ! injury ( ! own] !re(2 b1 on ! o!r  
h&1 ! l&-own] has a "r to cause1 if he  
c1 ! surface wat] on 8 l& to fl[ (f ^u !
 highway1 & he may lawfully d any?+ he  
c1 on 8 own l&1 to prev5t surface wat] f
 com+ !reon f ! highway1 & may ev5 /op  
up ! m\? ( a culv]t built by a t[n      

across ! way = ! purpose ( conduct+ su* 
surface wat] ^u 8 l&1 provid+ he c d x  
)\t exce$+ ! limits ( 8 own l&4#hb      
#hb #ac ,all51 #baa1 #bia2 #acf ,mass4  
#aai4  ,:5 ! own] ( l& is con/ruct+ or  
repair+ a build+ adjo9+ ! highway1 x is 
8 duty to provide suffici5t safegu>ds to
 w>n & protect pass+ travell]s aga9/ any
 dang] aris+ !refrom2 & if he neglects  
to d s1 & a travell] is injur$ by a     
fall+ brick1 /ick ( timb]1 or o!rwise1  
he is responsible4#hc        #hc #abc   
,mass4 #bf4  ,if ! adjo9+ own] ( a      
build+ suff]s sn[ & ice to accumulate on
 ! ro(1 & all[s x to rema9 !re = an     
unusual & unreasonable "t1 he is liable1
 if x slides (f & injures a pass+       
travell]4#hd ,&1 g5]ally1 ! adjo9+ own] 
is b\nd to use ord9>y c>e 9 ma9ta9+ 8   
own premises 9 su* a condition t p]sons 
lawfully us+ ! highway may d s ) safety4
        #hd #aja ,mass4 #bea2 #ajf      
,mass4 #aid4  ,! g5]al doctr9e z to !   
use ( prop]ty is "h1 z else:]e1 ,sic    
ut]e tuo ut ali5um non ldas1--,s use y\r

 own prop]ty z n to injure ! rights (   
ano!r4 ,if y make an excavation on y\r  
l& s ne> to a highway t travell]s are   
liable accid5tally to fall !re91 y _h   
bett] surr\nd x ) a f5ce or o!r safegu>d
 suffici5t to protect reasonably !      
safety ( travell]s4 ,if y h any         
passage-ways1 vaults1 coal-holes1       
flap-doors1 or traps ( any k9d on y\r   
premises1 :i* are dang]\s = *ildr5 or   
unw>y adults1 y _h bett] aboli% !m1 or  
at any rate take reasonable precaution  
to cov] or gu>d !m 9 su* mann] z ord9>y 
prud5ce dictates1 & especially if !y are
 ne> ! highway2 = if y d n y may1 "s "t 
:5 n conv5i5t = y1 be call$ ^u to pay a 
l>ge claim = damages or to def5d y\rself
 aga9/ an indictm5t4 ,b if y h s cov]$ &
 gu>d$ !m1 & by ! act ( a trespass]1 or 
9 "s o!r way )\t fault on y\r "p1 !     
cov]1 f5ce1 or gu>d is remov$1 y are n  
liable until y h _h actual or           
con/ructive notice ( ! fact1 & h _h     
reasonable opportunity to put x "r4#he  
#he #d ,c>r4  ,payne1 #bfb1 #ccg2 #ea   

,n4,y4 #bbi2 #ai ,conn4 #ejg4           
,,*apt] ,,xv4  ,,private ,,ways4   ,a   
private way is ! "r ( passage ov] ano!r 
man's l&4 ,x may be e/abli%$ &          
discont9u$ 9 ! same mann] z a public    
way1 & x may also arise f necessity4 ,a 
way ( necessity is :]e a p]son sells l& 
to ano!r :i* is :olly surr\nd$ by 8 own 
l&1 or :i* _c be rea*$ f ! public       
highways or f ! l& ( ! pur*as]4 ,9 su*  
case ! pur*as] is unable to rea* 8 l& at
 all unless he c g ov] "s ( ! surr\nd+  
e/ates2 & inasmu* z he _c g ov] !       
premises ( ^? :o are /rang]s to him1 9  
law1 & inasmu* z public policy & simple 
ju/ice call = a passage-way to 8 l&1 = 8
 use 9 ! c>e & cultivation ( x1 ! law   
gives him a way ( necessity ov] 8       
grantor's l&1 :i* runs ) 8 l&1 z        
appurt5ant !reto1 s long z ! necessity  
exi/s1 ev5 if no?+ is said 9 ! de$ ab\t 
a "r ( way1 because x is presum$ t :5 ! 
grantor sells ! l& he int5ds to convey )
 x a "r ( way1 )\t :i* x c\ld n be us$ &
 enjoy$2 b :5 ! necessity ceases1 ! "r  

ceases also4#hf ,9 ! abs5ce ( contract1 
x belongs to ! own] ( a private way to  
keep x 9 repair1#hg & = ?is purpose he  
may ent] ^u ! way & d :atev] is necess>y
 to make x safe & conv5i5t2 b if 9 s do+
 he removes soil & /ones :i* are n ne$$ 
on ! way1 su* surplus mat]ial belongs to
 ! own] ( ! l& ov] :i* ! way passes4#hh 
,if a def9$ & designat$ way becomes     
impassable = want ( repair or by natural
 causes1 ! own] ( ! way has n ! "r ( a  
travell] on a public road to g outside !
 limits ( ! way 9 ord] to pass f "o po9t
 to ano!r4#hi ,b if ! own] ( ! l&       
ob/ructs ! way1 a p]son entitl$ to use x
 may1 )\t liability1 ent] ^u & g ov]    
adjo9+ l& ( ! same own]1 provid$ he does
 no unnecess>y damage4#ij ,! reason =   
?is di/9ction 9 ! law betwe5 a public & 
a private way is t 9 ! case ( a private 
way ! own] ( ! way1 :o alone has ! "r to
 its use1 is b\nd to keep x 9 repair1   
:]eas 9 ! case ( a public way ! travell]
 is "u no obligation to keep x 9        
passable condition4 ,a private way once 

e/abli%$ _c be re-locat$ except ) !     
cons5t ( bo? ! own] ( ! l& & ( ! way2 b 
if bo? are agre$1 ! old way may be      
discont9u$ & re-locat$ 9 ano!r place4#ia
 ,! own] ( ! soil ( a private way may1 !
 same z ! own] ( ! fee 9 a highway1 make
 any & all uses !re( to :i* ! l& c be   
appli$4#ib ,9 ! abs5ce ( agreem5t to !  
contr>y1 he may lawfully & )\t liability
 cov] su* way ) a build+ or o!r         
/ructure1 if he leaves a space s wide1  
high1 & light t ! way is sub/antially z 
conv5i5t z be=e = ! purpose = :i* x 0   
e/abli%$4#ic ,& s1 9 ! abs5ce (         
agreem5t1 he may ma9ta9 su* f5ces across
 ! way z are necess>y to enable him to  
use 8 l& = agricultural purposes1 b he  
mu/ provide suitable b>s or gates = !   
use & conv5i5ce ( ! own] ( ! way4 ,he is
 n requir$ to leave x z an op5 way1 nor 
to provide sw+ gates1 if a reasonably   
conv5i5t mode ( passage is furni%$2 & if
 ! own] ( ! way or 8 ag5ts leave ! b>s  
or gates op51 & 9 consequ5ce !re( damage
 is done by animals1 he is liable to    

respond 9 damages4#id ,! law ( ! road   
applies z well to private z to public   
ways1 z ! object ( ! law is to prescribe
 a rule ( conduct = ! conv5i5ce & safety
 ( ^? :o may h occasion to travel1 &    
actually d travel1 ) c>riages on a place
 adapt$ to & fitt$ & actually us$ = t   
purpose4#ie ,! description ( a way z a  
bridle-road does n conf9e ! "r ( way to 
a p>ticul> class ( animals or special   
mode ( use1 b x may be us$ = any ( !    
ord9>y purposes ( a private road4#if    
#hf #ad ,mass4 #di2 #b ,met4 #deg2 #ad  
,gray1 #abf4        #hg #ab ,mass4 #fe4 
#hh #aj ,gray1 #fe4        #hi ,wa%1 on 
,ease4 99#aif4        #ij #b ,all51     
#edc4        #ia #e ,gray1 #dji2 #ad    
,gray1 #dgc4        #ib ,wa%1 on ,ease4 
99#aif4        #ic #b ,met4 #deg4       
#id #ca ,n4 ,y #cff2 #dd ,n4,h4 #eci2 #d
 ,m4  ,w4 #bde4        #ie #bc ,pick4   
#bja4        #if #af ,gray1 #age4       
,,*apt] ,,xvi4  ,,don',t4   ,9 s*ool1   
*ur*1 & society _m ?+s are taught by !  
prohibitory don't2 & ?us _m rules ( law 

relat+ to public & private ways may be  
taught & illu/rat$ 9 ! same way4 ,=     
in/ance3--  ,don't ev] dr9k intoxicat+  
liquor z a bev]age1 at lea/ 9 l>ge      
quantities4 ,if y ev] h occasion to use 
x at all1 use x v sp>+ly1 especially if 
y are travell+ or are ab\t to travel ) a
 team2 = if y %\ld collide ) ano!r team1
 or meet ) an accid5t on acc\nt ( a     
defect 9 ! way1 9 a /ate ( intoxication1
 y\r boozy condition w\ld be "s evid5ce 
t y 7 neglig5t4 ,! law1 h[ev]1 is       
m]ciful & j1 & if y c\ld satisfy ! c\rt 
or jury t not)/&+ y\r unmanly condition 
y 7 us+ due c>e1 & t ! calamity happ5$  
?r\gh no fault ( y\rs1 y w\ld /ill be   
entitl$ to a decision 9 y\r favor2 b :5 
y consid] h[ apt a sob] human m9d is to 
?9k t an intoxicat$ m9d is incapable (  
cle> ?\ght & intellig5t action1 ,i ?9k y
 w agree ) ! decisions ( ! c\rts1 :i*   
mean1 :5 express$ 9 pla9 language1 ,y _h
 bett] n be drunk :5 y get into tr\ble  
on ! highway4#ig        #ig #c ,all51   
#djb2 #aae ,mass4 #bci4  ,don't ev]     

approa* a railway cross+ )\t look+ out =
 ! eng9e :ile ! bell r+s1 & li/5+ to see
 if ! tra9 is com+2 = !re is good s5se z
 well z good law 9 ! sugge/ion ( ,*ief  
,b>on ,pollock1 t a railway track p] se 
is a w>n+ ( dang] to ^? ab\t to g ^u x1 
& cautions !m to see if a tra9 is com+4 
,& our c\rt has decid$ t :5 "o approa*es
 a railway cross+ he is b\nd to keep 8  
eyes op51 & to look up & d[n ! rails    
be=e go+ ^u !m1 )\t wait+ = ! eng9e] to 
r+ ! bell or to bl[ ! :i/le4#ih ,x is a 
duty dictat$ by common s5se & prud5ce1 =
 "o approa*+ a railway cross+ to d s    
c>efully & cauti\sly bo? = 8 own sake & 
! sake ( ^? travell+ by rail4 ,if "o    
bl9dly & wilfully goes ^u a railway     
track :5 dang] is imm95t & obvi\s1 &    
su/a9s damage1 he mu/ be> ! consequ5ces 
( 8 own ra%ness & folly4        #ih #ab 
,met4 #dae4  ,don't drive horses or o!r 
animals affect$ by contagi\s diseases on
 ! public way1 or all[ !m to dr9k at    
public wat]+-places1 or keep !m at home1
 = t matt]4 ,! common law all[s a man to

 keep on 8 own premises horses afflict$ 
) gl&]s1 or %eep afflict$ ) foot-rot1 or
 o!r dome/ic animals afflict$ ) any k9d 
( diseases1 provid$ he gu>ds !m )       
dilig5ce & does n p]mit !m to escape on 
to 8 neighbor's l& or ! public way4 ,b  
"u ! /atute law ( ?is ,/ate1 a man hav+ 
k ( ! exi/5ce ( a contagi\s disease     
among any species ( dome/ic animals is  
liable to a f9e ( five hundr$ doll>s1 or
 imprisonm5t = "o ye>1 if he does n =?) 
in=m ! public au?orities ( su*          
disease4#ii ,aside f ! p5alty ( ! /atute
 law1 x is cle>ly an indictable (f5ce = 
any "o to take dome/ic animals affect$ )
 contagi\s diseases1 kn[+ or hav+ reason
 to "k !m to be s affect$1 ^u ! public  
ways1 :]e !y are likely to give su*     
diseases to s\nd animals2 & he w\ld be  
answ]able 9 damages1 besides4#ajj       
#ii ,/4 #ahhe1 c4 #adh4        #ajj #b  
,rob4 ,n4,y4 #cbf2 #af ,conn4 #bjj4  ,if
 y are afflict$ ) a contagi\s or        
infecti\s disease1 don't expose y\rself 
on a highway or 9 a public place2 &     

don't expose ano!r p]son afflict$ ) su* 
disease1 z !reby y may jeop>dize ! heal?
 ( o!r p1 & y\r prop]ty also1 9 case y  
%\ld be su$ by "s "o suff]+ on acc\nt ( 
y\r neglig5ce4#aja        #aja #d ,m4   
,s4 #gc2 ,wood on ,nuisances1 #gj4  ,:5 
!re is sn[ on ! gr\nd1 & ! movem5t ( y\r
 sleigh is comp>atively noiseless1 don't
 drive on a public way )\t hav+ at lea/ 
?ree bells atta*$ to "s "p ( y\r h>ness1
 z t is ! /atute z well z ! common law4 
,by ! /atute law y w\ld be liable to pay
 a f9e ( fifty doll>s = ea* (f5ce4 ,& by
 ! /atute & common law1 9 case ( a      
collision ) ano!r team1 y w\ld probably 
be held guilty ( culpable neglig5ce &   
made to pay heavy damages4 ,( c\rse y   
w\ld be all[$ to %[ t ! abs5ce ( bells  
on y\r team did n cause ! accid5t or    
ju/ify ! neglig5ce ( ! driv] ( ! o!r    
team1 b x w\ld be a circum/ance :i* w\ld
 tell aga9/ y at e /age ( ! case4#ajb   
#ajb #ab ,met4 #dae2 #aa ,gray1 #cib2 #h
 ,all51 #dcf4  ,if y h no acqua9tance ) 
! nature & habits ( horses1 & no        

exp]i5ce 9 driv+ or rid+ !m1 don't try  
to ride or drive any ( !m on a public   
way at fir/1 b conf9e y\r ex]cise 9     
horseman%ip to y\r own l& until y h     
acquir$ ord9>y skill 9 _! managem5t2 = !
 law requires e driv] or rid] on a      
highway to be reasonably pr(ici5t 9 !   
c>e & managem5t ( any animal he assumes 
to conduct ?r\gh a public ?or\ghf>e4#ajc
        #ajc #b ,lev4 #agc4  ,don't ride
 ) a c>eless driv]1 if y c help x1      
because e travell] 9 a conveyance is s  
f> id5tifi$ ) ! "o :o drives or directs 
x1 t if any injury is su/a9$ by him by  
collision ) ano!r vehicle or railway    
tra9 ?r\gh ! neglig5ce or contributory  
neglig5ce ( ! driv]1 he _c recov]       
damages = 8 injuries4 ,! pass5g]1 9 law1
 is consid]$ z be+ 9 ! same position z !
 driv] ( ! conveyance1 & is a p>tak] )  
him 9 8 neglig5ce1 if n 9 8 s9s4#ajd    
#ajd ,addison on ,torts1  #dgi4  ,if y h
 a vici\s & runaway horse1 & y "k x1 y  
_h bett] sell him1 or keep him at "w on 
! f>m4 ,don't1 at any rate1 use him on !

 road y\rself1 or let him to o!r p to   
use !reon2 = if 9 y\r h&s he %\ld commit
 injuries to p]son or prop]ty1 y w\ld h 
to foot ! bills2 & if he %\ld injure !  
p]son to :om y _h let him1 unless y _h  
previ\sly in=m$ him ( ! "* & habits ( ! 
horse1 y w\ld be liable to pay all !    
damages caus$ by ! vici\sness ( ! horse4
 ,if y %\ld meet ) an accid5t by reason 
( a defect 9 ! highway1 y c\ld n recov] 
any?+1 h[ev] sev]ely y might be injur$  
or damag$1 provid$ ! vici\s habits ( !  
horse contribut$ to ! accid5t4#aje      
#aje #d ,gray1 #dgh2 #aag ,mass4 #bjd4  
,9 rid+ or driv+ keep hold ( ! re9s1 &  
don't let y\r horses get beyond y\r     
control2 = if y d y\r *ances ( victory 9
 a lawsuit w be pretty slim4 ,if y tie  
up y\r re9s = ! purpose ( walk+ 9 ord]  
to get w>m or to light5 ! load1 & let   
y\r horses g uncontroll$1 & !y run ov] a
 *ild 9 ! road & kill x or s]i\sly      
injure x1 y w probably h to pay m ?an ! 
value ( ! horses1 unless !y are v good  
ones4 ,or if1 go+ ?us uncontroll$1 !y   

fail to use due c>e & good judgm5t 9    
meet+ o!r teams1 & 9 consequ5ce !re(    
damages occur1 y w\ld be expect$ to make
 ev]y?+ satisfactory1 because y\r team  
is requir$ to obs]ve ! law ( ! road :e!r
 y are ) x or n1 especially if y turn x 
loose 9 ! highway4 ,ev5 if y h hold ( ! 
re9s1 & y\r horses get beyond y\r       
control by reason ( fright or o!r cause1
 & aft]w>ds y meet ) an accid5t by      
reason ( a defect 9 ! highway1 y _c     
recov] any?+4#ajf        #ajf #aja      
,mass4 #ic2 #ajf ,mass4 #bgh2 #dj ,b>b4 
#aic4  ,don't encroa* ^u or abuse !     
highway1 ei!r by cr[d+ f5ces or build+s 
^u its limits or by us+ x z a /orage    
y>d4 ,if y set a build+ on ! l9e ( !    
road1 & !n put ! door/eps1 ! eaves1 & ! 
b[-w9d[s ( ! build+ ov] ! l9e1 y are    
liable to an indictm5t = ma9ta9+ a      
public nuisance2 & possibly y may be    
ord]$ by ! c\rt to remove !m =?) at y\r 
own exp5se4#ajg ,if y build an exp5sive 
bank-wall = a road f5ce1 & place any "p 
( x ov] ! l9e1 y mu/ remove x ^u !      

reque/ ( ! public au?orities1 or else   
take y\r *ances on an indictm5t =       
ma9ta9+ an illegal ob/ruction 9 !       
highway4 ,if y deposit on ! roadside    
logs1 lumb]1 %+les1 /ones1 or any?+ else
 :i* con/itutes an ob/ruction to travel 
or a defect 9 ! way1 or :i* is calculat$
 to fright5 horses ( ord9>y g5tl5ess1 & 
all[ ! same to rema9 = an unreasonable  
l5g? ( "t1 y are liable to respond 9    
damages = all injuries result+ !refrom4 
,ev5 if ! t[n %\ld h to settle = !      
damages 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 y might /ill  
be call$ ^u to reimburse ! t[n4#ajh     
#ajg #ajg ,mass4 #bcd4        #ajh ,wood
 on ,nuisances1  #cbf1 #cbg2 #ajb ,mass4
 #cda2 #ah ,me4       #bhf2 #da ,vt4    
#dce4  ,don't ride on ! outside plat=m (
 a pass5g] coa*2 = if y cl+ ^u a cr[d$  
/age-coa* or /reet c>1 & volunt>ily take
 a position 9 :i* y\r hold is necess>ily
 prec>i\s & unc]ta91 y h no "r to       
compla9 ( any accid5t t is ! direct     
result ( ! dang] to :i* y h se5 fit to  
expose y\rself4 ,h[ev]1 if ! coa* is    

/opp$ = y to get on & f>e is tak5 = y\r 
ride1 ! fact t y are on ! plat=m is n   
conclusive evid5ce aga9/ y2 b ! c\rt w  
all[ ! jury to det]m9e1 ^u all ! evid5ce
 & "u all ! circum/ances1 :e!r y 7 9 !  
ex]cise ( due c>e1 in/ruct+ !m t ! burd5
 ( pro( is ^u y to %[ t ! injury result$
 solely by ! neglig5ce ( ! proprietors (
 ! coa*4#aji        #aji #ajc ,mass4    
#cia2 #h ,all51 #bcd2 #aae ,mass4 #bci4 
,don't jump (f a pass5g] coa* :5 x is 9 
motion2 = if y get (f )\t do+ or say+   
any?+1 or if y r+ ! bell & !n get (f    
be=e ! coa* is /opp$1 )\t any notice to 
^? 9 *>ge ( x1 & )\t _! kn[+1 or be+    
neglig5t 9 n kn[+1 :at y are do+1 ! coa*
 proprietors are n liable = any injury y
 may receive ?r\gh a fall occasion$ by !
 sudd5 />t+ ( ! coa* dur+ y\r attempt to
 get (f4#aaj        #aaj #ajf ,mass4    
#dfc4  ,don't wilfully break d[n1       
injure1 remove1 or de/roy a mile/one1   
mile-bo>d1 or guide-po/ erect$ ^u a     
public way1 or wilfully deface or alt] !
 inscription on any su* /one or bo>d1 or

 ext+ui% a lamp1 or break1 de/roy1 or   
remove a lamp1 lamp-po/1 rail+1 or po/s 
erect$ on a /reet or o!r public place2 =
 if y d y are liable to six mon?s'      
imprisonm5t or a f9e ( fifty doll>s4#aaa
        #aaa ,pub4 ,/4 c4 #bjc1  #gf4   
,if 9 travell+ y f9d ! road impassable1 
or clos$ = repairs1 & y f9d x conv5i5t  
to turn aside & ent] ^u adjo9+ l& 9 ord]
 to g on y\r way1 don't be c>eless or   
imprud5t2 = if y take d[n m f5ces & d m 
damage ?an necess>y1 y may h to answ] 9 
damages to ! own] ( ! l&2 & if y meet ) 
an accid5t :ile ?us out ( ! road1 y _c  
look to ! t[n = any remun]ation !re=1   
because :5 y g out ( ! limits ( ! way   
volunt>ily1 y g at y\r p]il & on y\r own
 responsibility4#aab        #aab #h     
,met4 #cia2 #g ,cu%4 #djh2 #g ,b>b4     
#cji4  ,don't make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t 
ev]y?+ t fright5s y\r horse or causes an
 accid5t 9 ! highway is a defect = :i* !
 t[n is liable4 ,if a t[n neglig5tly    
suff]s sn[drifts to rema9 9 ! road = a  
long "t1 & !reby y are prev5t$ f pass+  

ov] ! road to att5d to y\r bus9ess1 or1 
9 mak+ an attempt to pass1 y\r horses   
get into ! sn[ & y are put to great     
tr\ble1 exp5se1 & loss ( "t 9 extricat+ 
!m1 y are rem$iless unless y receive "s 
physical injury 9 y\r p]son or prop]ty2 
z ! rem$y provid$ by ! /atutes1 9 case (
 defects 9 ! highway1 does n ext5d to   
exp5ses or loss ( "t unless !y are      
incid5t to su* physical injury4 ,9 o!r  
words1 ! /atute gives no "o a claim =   
damages su/a9$ 9 consequ5ce ( inability 
to use a road4#aac ,& s a t[n or city is
 n oblig$ to light ! highways1 & an     
omission to d s is n a defect 9 ! way = 
:i* x is liable4#aad        #aac #ac    
,met4 #big2 #f ,cu%4 #ada4        #aad  
#acf ,mass4 #dai4  ,nor is ! m]e        
n>r[ness & crook$ness ( a road a defect 
)9 ! mean+ ( ! /atutes4 ,t[ns & cities  
are only requir$ to keep highways 9     
suitable repair z !y are locat$ by !    
public au?orities1 & !y h no "r to g    
outside ! limits def9$ by ! location 9  
ord] to make ! road m safe & conv5i5t = 

travel4 ,if a highway is s n>r[ or      
crook$ z to be unsafe1 ! prop] rem$y is 
by an application to ! c\nty            
commission]s to wid5 or /raight5 x4#aae 
,nor is smoo? & slipp]y ice1 9 c\ntry   
road or city /reet1 a defect = :i* a t[n
 or city is liable1 if ! road :]eon !   
ice accumulates is reasonably level &   
well con/ruct$4 ,9 our climate ! =mation
 ( ?9 b slipp]y ice ov] ! :ole surface (
 ! gr\nd is frequ5tly only ! "w ( a few 
h\rs2 & to require t[ns & cities to     
remove ?is imm$iately or at all is      
suppos+ t ! legislature int5d$ to ca/ ^u
 !m a duty impossible to p]=m1 & a burd5
 beyond _! ability to c>ry4#aaf         
#aae #aje ,mass4 #dgc4        #aaf #ab  
,all51 #eff2 #ajb ,mass4 #cbi2 #ajd     
,mass4 #gh4  ,if y meet ) an accid5t on 
! highway by reason ( a defect !re91    
don't fail to give notice 9 writ+ )9    
?irty days1 to ! c\nty1 t[n1 place1 or  
p]sons by law oblig$ to keep said       
highway 9 repair1 /at+ ! "t1 place1 &   
cause ( ! injury or damage4#aag ,?is    

notice is a condition prec$5t to ! "r to
 ma9ta9 an action = su* injury or       
damage1 & _c be waiv$ by ! city or      
t[n4#aah ,no?+ w excuse su* notice      
except ! physical or m5tal incapacity ( 
! p]son injur$1 9 :i* case he may give !
 notice )9 t5 days aft] su* incapacity  
is remov$1 & 9 case ( 8 dea? x may be   
giv5 by 8 executors or adm9i/rators4#aai
 ,=m]ly x 0 ess5tial t ! "t1 place1 &   
cause ( ! injury %\ld be set =? 9 !     
notice ) consid]able p>ticul>ity1 b n[ !
 notice is n invalid by reason ( any    
inaccuracy 9 /at+ ! "t1 place1 & cause1 
if ! error is n int5tional & ! p>ty     
entitl$ to notice is n misl$4#abj       
#aag ,pub4 ,/4 c4 #eb1  #ai-ba4         
#aah #abh ,mass4 #chg4        #aai ,pub4
 ,/4 c4 #eb1  #ba4        #abj ,/4      
#ahhb1 c4 #cf4  ,don't convey by w>ranty
 de$ a piece ( l& ov] :i* !re is a      
public or a private way1 )\t convey+    
subject to su* way2 = if y d y may be   
call$ ^u to make up ! diff]5ce 9 value 9
 ! l& ) ! incumbrance ^u x & ) x (f1 :i*

 is reg>d$ z a j comp5sation = ! injury 
result+ f su* an incumbrance4#aba       
#aba #b ,mass4 #ig2 #ae ,pick4 #ff2 #b  
,all51 #dbh4  ,f9ally1 don't keep a dog 
t is 9 ! habit ( runn+ into ! road &    
b>k+ at pass+ teams4 ,y _h bett] get rid
 ( him or break him ( ! habit4 ,"u our  
/atutes ! own] or keep] ( a dog is      
responsible to any p]son injur$ by him1 
ei!r 9 p]son or prop]ty1 d\ble ! am\nt (
 damage su/a9$2 & aft] he has receiv$   
notice ( ! bad disposition ( 8 dog1 he  
is liable to h ! damage increas$        
?reefold4  ,e dog t has ! habit ( b>k+  
at p on ! highway is liable any day to  
subject 8 own] or keep] to l>ge         
liabilities2 = if he fright5s a horse by
 leap+ or b>k+ at him 9 m]e play1 & !   
horse runs away1 or tips ov] ! vehicle  
to :i* he is hit*$1 8 own] or keep] is  
responsible = d\ble ! damages ?us caus$ 
by 8 dog4 ,h5ce ,i repeat ! injunction1 
,get rid ( su* a dog or break him ( !   
habit2 & if ?is _c be done1 !n break 8  
neck4  ,p]haps x might be well to say1 9

 ?is connection1 t any travell] on !    
road1 ei!r rid+ or walk+ peaceably1 :o  
is sudd5ly assault$ by a dog1 :e!r      
lic5s$ or n1 may legally kill him1 & ?us
 relieve 8 own] or keep] ( a            
disagreeable duty4#abb        #abb #aa  
,gray1 #bi2 #a ,all51 #aia2 #c ,all51   
#aia4     ,,*apt] ,,xvii4               
,,foot-,,pa?s4   ,air1 sunlight1 &      
ex]cise are absolutely ess5tial = !     
prop] physical & intellectual developm5t
 ( human be+s4 ,?oreau ?\ght x necess>y 
= p :o wi%$ to pres]ve _! heal? &       
spirits to sp5d f\r h\rs a day 9 ! op5  
air1 saunt]+ ?r\gh ! woods & ov] ! hills
 & fields1 free f all worldly           
engagem5ts4 ,no d\bt he spoke f 8 own   
p]sonal /&po9t1 & _m p]sons d n require 
s mu* ex]cise 9 ! op5 air z he did 9    
ord] to pres]ve _! heal? & spirits2 b ! 
prop] obs]vance ( ! laws ( heal? c]ta9ly
 requires e "o to sp5d a portion ( e    
pleasant day 9 ! op5 air1 & on foot if  
possible4 ,s9ce ! morn+ />s fir/ sang   
toge!r1 ! :ole creation has be5 groan+ &

 travail+ 9 prep>+ ! e>? = ! habitation 
( man2 & ! influ5ce & tea*+s ( ,nature h
 ev] aid$ p[]fully 9 p]fect+ man &      
upbuild+ ! rul+ nations ( ! _w4  ,!     
prog5itors ( e vigor\s race h always    
f\nd 9 =e/ & wild]ness ! tonics & s\rces
 ( _! /r5g?4 ,x took =ty ye>s ( w&]+ 9 !
 wild]ness to prep>e ! ,israelites = !  
occupation ( ! promis$ l&4 ,9 ! op5 &   
out-door life ( ! ,a!nians 0 develop$ a 
civilization noble 9 high aspirations = 
! ideal 9 beauty & life1 ri* 9 lit]>y & 
oratorical a*ievem5ts1 & glori\s 9 !    
great & pr(\nd ?\ghts ( immortal tea*]s 
& philosoph]s4 ,! augu/ & all-conqu]+   
civilization ( ! ,romans _h its orig9 on
 ,palat9e ,hill :5 h]dsm5 & wolves roam$
 ov] x4 ,9 ,holl&1 :]e ! p are ev] 9    
conflict ) ! elem5ts ( ,nature1 ! l& has
 be5 reclaim$ by human ef=t f !         
multitud9\s waves ( ! sea4 ,! /reams t  
once spread ov] ! l& or hid !mselves 9  
quicks&s & ?ickets are made to fl[ 9    
*annels & =m a network ( wat]y highways 
= comm]ce & ! f]tilization ( ! soil2 &  

:]e =m]ly lagoons & morasses f\nd a     
home1 !re are n[ pleasant home/eads1    
great cities1 & beautiful villages4 ,!  
,anglo-,saxon race1 :i* is n[ & has be5 
= c5turies ! mo/ vigor\s & progressive 9
 ! _w1 has always _h an insatiable hung]
 = ! e>?1 & a love = a life 9 ! fields  
by /ream or by roadside4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d
 ! highe/ type ( civilization :]e man   
has ga9$ ! ma/]y ( ,nature by ! "w ( 8  
h&s4 ,! home ( su* a civilization is    
usually f\nd :]e =e/s h be5 remov$1 & ! 
wild vegetation ( primitive times has   
be5 expell$ to make room = ! ?\s& & "o  
productions ( mod]n cultivation2 :]e    
hillsides & m\nta9-cliffs h be5 fe/oon$ 
) v9es & made to blossom l ! rose2 :]e  
wat]c\rses h be5 made highways = trade &
 utiliz$ = purposes ( manufacture2 & :]e
 gloomy morasses & damp l[l&s h be5 dri$
 up & made f]tile & habitable by dra9age
 & cultivation4  ,z close contact )     
,nature is necess>y = ! mak+ ( nations1 
s h] tea*+s are ess5tial = ! l>ge/      
expansion ( ! human m9d4 ,all ! great   

tea*]s ( ! race h f\nd 9 ,nature ! g]ms 
( ! ?\ghts :i* h wid5$ ! b\nds ( human k
 ) ! process ( ! suns4 ,speak to ! e>?1 
& x w tea* !e1 0 ! basis ( ,job's       
philosophy4 ,:5 ,david want$ light &    
assi/ance1 he lift$ up 8 eyes unto !    
hills1 f :5ce came 8 help4 ,plato taught
 9 ! consecrat$ groves ( ! ,academy1 &  
,ari/otle 9 ! pleasant fields (         
,nympheum or 9 ! %ady walks ( ! ,lyceum4
 ,*ri/ taught 8 disciples to he$ !      
tea*+s ( ,nature1 & he s\ght /r5g? &    
inspiration 9 ! wild]ness & ! m\nta9s4  
,wordswor?'s libr>y 0 9 8 h\se1 b 8 /udy
 0 out ( doors4 ,b :y enum]ate1 :5 !    
entire intellectual hi/ory ( our race   
demon/rates t e inv5tion or ?\ght :i*   
has ext5d$ man's m5tal vision & k has   
be5 evolv$ f ! discov]y ( "s hi!rto     
hidd5 law ( ! mat]ial _w1 or f ! tea*+s 
( ,nature1 :i* always =e%ad[ !          
fundam5tal pr9ciples regnant 9 ! se5 & !
 unse5 _w8 ,h5ce any?+ :i* t5ds to br+ p
 into ! op5 air & into a clos] communion
 ) ,nature is wor?y ( enc\ragem5t4      

,good foot-pa?s w\ld furni% an easy &   
conv5i5t way ( gett+ at ,nature2 & be+  
free f ! du/ & heat ( ! highway1 &      
some:at retir$ & seclud$1 !y w\ld be1   
dur+ a consid]able portion ( ! ye>1     
musical ) ! song ( birds & beautiful )  
gre5 foliage & lovely fl[]s4 ,^! pa?s   
w\ld invite & enc\rage p to take long   
walks1 & ?is habit w\ld und\bt$ly       
conduce to _! longevity & robu/ heal?4  
,& ! promotion ( heal? is n[ reg>d$1 9 e
 enlight5$ community1 z "o ( ! objects (
 gov]nm5t4 ,! enjoym5t ( life dep5ds 9  
great measure ^u ! /ate ( our heal?4 ,:5
 ! air feels brac+1 & food & dr9k ta/e  
sweet to u1 mu* else 9 life ta/es sweet 
:i* w\ld o!rwise ta/e s\r &             
disagreeable4 ,good dra9age & vacc9ation
 are n ! only means available = !       
promotion ( ! public heal?4 ,p %\ld be  
enc\rag$ & educat$ into ! habit ( tak+  
pl5ty ( ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 z 9 ?is way
 ! public heal? w be improv$4  ,"o ( !  
*>ms ( old ,engl& is to be f\nd 9 h]    
num]\s foot-pa?s & gre5 lanes1 :i* are  

recogniz$ by law1 = _m ( !m are old] ?an
 ! highways4 ,:5 a walk] tires ( !      
public road or is 9 a hurry1 if he kn[s 
! c\ntry1 he c turn into "s foot-pa? &  
rea* ! place ( 8 de/9ation by %ort cuts 
?r\gh gre5 lanes1 across pleasant       
mead[s1 & along %ady h$g][s4 ,z "o      
passes along ^! cosey byways1 he sees1 f
 e em95ce or turn1 a new prospect ov] ! 
l&scape int]sp]s$ ) trees1 n[ & !n !    
bright gleam ( wat] ?r\gh ! foliage1 &  
occasionally "s beautiful vi/a view     
across p>ks & home/eads4 ,9 ?is way "o c
 g f t[n to t[n1 & get ab\t ! c\ntry q  
indep5d5tly ( ! highways4 ,mo/ ( !      
c\ntry *ur*es are approa*able by lanes &
 foot-pa?s :i* seem to run by all !     
h\ses 9 ! vic9age1 & by _! sweet        
attractiv5ess to invite all ! p to g to 
*ur*1 at lea/ 9 pleasant summ] wea!r4   
,9 ,massa*usetts & "s ( ! o!r ,/ates1   
t[ns & cities h au?ority to lay out     
foot-pa?s 9 ! same mann] z public ways4 
,x is to be hop$ ere-long t ! intellig5t
 & public-spirit$ citiz5s ( our t[ns &  

cities w cause n[ & !n a good foot-walk 
to be con/ruct$1 :]e x w\ld %ort5 !     
di/ance f "o place to ano!r1 & possibly 
pass ?r\gh pleasant fields & woods1 &   
ov] hills comm&+ beautiful & ext5sive   
views4 ,x is n pleasant to walk 9 ! du/ 
& publicity ( highways1 nor on gravel   
walks 9 artificial p>ks1 :]e sign-bo>ds 
& policem5 w>n y frequ5tly to keep (f ! 
grass4  ,be=e our t[ns & cities sp5d any
 m money build+ b\lev>ds & op5+ new     
p>ks1 w\ld x n be well = !m to consid] !
 advisability ( lay+ out "s foot-pa?s = 
! com=t & conv5i5ce ( p$e/rians8 ,at any
 rate1 foot-pa?s c\ld be made alongside 
( ! road-b$ ( "s ( ! public ways1 s t e 
p$e/rian w\ld n ( necessity h to trudge 
along 9 ! du/ or mud incid5t to ! middle
 ( ! road4     ,,*apt] ,,xviii4  ,,)9   
,,& ,,)\t ,,! ,,roadside4   ,besides !  
legal duty e dwell] by a highway is "u1 
to use x ) due reg>d to ! rights ( !    
public1 he is "u a moral & ,*ri/ian     
obligation to ma9ta9 ord] & neatness )9 
& )\t 8 roadside4 ,! occupations &      

am5ities ( life are s int]wov5 &        
int]mix$ t no "o c live = himself alone 
) ju/ice to himself or to society4 ,!re 
is some?+ 9 ! v nature ( ?+s :i* makes =
 ! rew>d ( unselfi% ex]tion & = !       
condemnation ( selfi% acts4 ,:osoev]    
%all seek to save 8 life1 %all lose x2 &
 :osoev] %all lose 8 life1 %all pres]ve 
x4 ,public _s1 l virtue1 is its own     
exce$+ great rew>d4 ,:5 "o b5efits !    
community 9 :i* he lives1 he !reby also 
b5efits himself2 & :5 he is possess$ ( !
 "r k9d ( a public _s1 he w beautify &  
improve 8 home/ead & 8 roadside1 & w ev5
 ?r[ ! cobble-/ones out ( ! roadway 9   
front ( 8 h\se )\t comp5sation or ev5   
hope ( f9ancial rew>d4  ,:5 he plants a 
tree = ! sole purpose ( do+ some?+ =    
po/]ity1 & !n wat*es its gr[? &         
expansion f day to day until he becomes 
famili> ) its v>i$ aspects 9 sunny & 9  
/ormy wea!r1 & f9ally1 walk+ b5ea? its  
cool+ %ade & see+ its limbs sway+       
gracefully ov] surr\nd+ objects1 8 he>t 
goes out t[>ds x ) a feel+ ( t5d]ness & 

love1 & he feels t he has be5 paid a    
?\s& times = sett+ x out4 ,:5 aft] ye>s 
( endeavor 9 try+ to keep 8 roadside    
neat & clean & cov]$ ) gre5sw>d1 he f9ds
 t 8 example is hav+ "s influ5ce on 8   
neighbors1 & t ev5 ! road-m5d]s beg9 to 
respect 8 ef=ts to improve ! wayside1 he
 feels t he has be5 amply comp5sat$ =   
all 8 tr\ble & c>e 9 8 own increas$     
enjoym5t & 9 ! increas$ enjoym5t he has 
be5 ! means ( giv+ to ! public4  ,fir/  
impressions always h great influ5ce ^u  
our m9ds4 ,no?+ w give a travell] a     
poor] & mean] op9ion ( a t[n & its      
inhabitants ?an dilapidat$ build+s      
surr\nd$ by rubbi% & brok5-d[n f5ces4   
,:5 a travell] passes a h\se ( ?is "*1  
he in/9ctively says to himself1 ,"s     
%iftless & pov]ty-/rick5 family lives   
"h2 b :5 he passes a well-kept h\se )   
pleasant surr\nd+s1 he says1 ,?is mu/ be
 ! abode ( intellig5t & well-to-d p4 ,he
 feels l /opp+ & =m+ _! acqua9tance1 =  
he is sure t _! acqua9tance w\ld be wor?
 hav+4 ,our op9ion ( a p]son's "* is    

always m or less influ5c$ by ! clo!s he 
we>s & by ! h\se 9 :i* he lives4 ,!     
surr\nd+s ( e home ( intellig5ce &      
tid9ess %\ld indicate t x is n ! abode (
 ! vulg> & ignorant4 ,!re=e e own] ( a  
home/ead %\ld /rive to make x a cosey & 
pleasant home = himself & family4 ,he   
%\ld take a j pride 9 keep+ 8 build+s 9 
good repair1 well pa9t$ & suitably      
arrang$ = ! purposes ( 8 bus9ess & a    
happy & heal?y home life4 ,! surr\nd+s  
%\ld be made neat & attractive1 by !    
abs5ce ( rubbi%1 & ! pres5ce ( gre5     
grass & %ade trees4  ,if he owns mu* l&1
 he ought to be l&scape g>d5] en\gh to  
set out 8 fruit & %ade trees & to lay   
out 8 fields 9 ! be/ way = conv5i5ce &  
sc5ic effect4 ,he %\ld also h suffici5t 
rural ta/e n to locate 8 b>n & o!r      
out-build+s 9 su* a way z to %ut (f !   
be/ views f 8 h\se4 ,he ought also to h 
a g5]al k ( ! nature & uses ( trees &   
=e/s1 & ! necessity ( _! cultivation = !
 good ( himself & mank9d at l>ge4  ,=e/ 
& %ade trees greatly enhance ! beauties 

( a c\ntry1 & no c\ntry c be beautiful 9
 ! highe/ degree )\t !m4 ,if ! gre5     
hills & m\nta9s ( ,new ,engl& 7 /ripp$ (
 _! woods1 ! lov]s ( natural sc5]y &    
rural life w\ld seek else:]e !          
gratification ( _! ta/es4 ,ev5 ! /ately 
homes ( ,engl& w\ld appe> commonplace 9 
! abs5ce ( ! maje/ic trees & =e/s :i* n[
 encircle !m4 ,a pla91 mode/ h\se1      
situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( an op5 grass-plat &  
%elt]$ by a few h&some %ade trees1 is m 
beautiful & appeals m /rongly to !      
feel+s ?an ! /atelie/ mansion unprotect$
 f ! sun4 ,:o w\ld c>e to live by ! side
 ( ! pure/ /ream or body ( wat]1 if x 7 
n fr+$ ) trees8 ,7 x n = trees1 w\ld !re
 be any beauty 9 m\nta91 hill1 or       
valley1--= :o c conceive ( a beautiful  
l&scape sc5e devoid ( trees8  ,! love ( 
trees seems to be implant$ 9 all noble  
natures4 ,! anci5ts believ$ t ! groves 7
 ! fir/ temples ( ! gods4 ,*ri/oph]     
,nor? says t ! man :o loves n trees w\ld
 make no bones ( murd]+4  ,"s p give z  
an excuse = n plant+ trees t x takes s  

long = !m to gr[ t !y w n live to enjoy 
!m4 ,! selfi%ness ( ?is excuse is en\gh 
to condemn x2 b x is n t5able f any po9t
 ( view4 ,x has be5 said t he :o makes  
two blades ( grass gr[ :]e only "o grew 
be=e is a b5efactor ( 8 race2 & ( all ! 
pursuits connect$ ) ! int]e/s ( mank9d  
:at c be ! s\rce ( m true & dis9t]e/$   
happ9ess ?an ! k t "o has be5 in/rum5tal
 9 *ang+ a wa/e & unproductive piece (  
l& into a sc5e ( umbrage\s & wav+       
beauty8 ,cic]o speaks ( tree-plant+ z ! 
mo/ delightful occupation ( advanc$     
life2 & ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole once said t
 among ! v>i\s actions ( 8 busy life    
none _h giv5 him s mu* satisfaction 9 ! 
p]=mance & s mu* unsulli$ pleasure 9 !  
retrospect z ! plant+ ) 8 own h&s _m (  
^? magnific5t trees t n[ =m ! pride (   
,h\ghton4  ,( c\rse x is n claim$ t e "o
 %\ld h exp5sive build+s ^u 8 home/ead1 
or wide-spread+ lawns ar\nd 8 h\se4 ,_m 
are s situat$ t !y _c af=d to live 9    
co/ly h\ses or to sp5d mu* money on _!  
surr\nd+s2 b e "o c make 8 home1 h[ev]  

humble1 pleasant & homelike1 & c keep 8 
doory>d & wayside free f old rubbi%4 ,i 
c und]/& h[ love c be happy 9 a cottage1
 b ,i d n believe x possible = a family 
to gr[ 9 k & virtue & enjoy life :ile   
dwell+ 9 mean & dirty ap>tm5ts4         
,cleanl9ess is next to godl9ess1 & x is 
j z true ( ! outside ( ! h\se z ( !     
inside4 ,a pleasant & beautiful ext]ior 
usually signifies pleasantness & peace  
)94 ,:ile well-f5c$ & well-till$ f>ms   
are always pleas+ to ! eyesight1 &      
neatly dress$ roadsides are g5]ally     
desirable1 x does n foll[ t no %rubb]y  
or sylvan tangles ( trees %\ld be all[$ 
to gr[ on f>ms or by ! wayside4 ,a b>e &
 rocky hill or knoll sugge/s images (   
bleak & b>r5 desolation1 cold bla/s1 &  
p>*+ sun2 :ile a hill clo!d & capp$ )   
woods gives ! impression ( a ri* & *>m+ 
c\ntry4 ,!re=e ! l& unsuitable =        
pa/urage or cultivation on a f>m _h     
bett] be cov]$ ) clu/]s ( trees or )    
=e/s2 & frequ5tly an old /one-wall or   
heaps ( /ones c be advantage\sly hidd5  

by v9es & %rubb]y1 z !y add beauty to ! 
l&scape1 furni% %elt] to birds1 & (t5   
protect ! crops f cold w9ds4 ,_m a      
wayside 9 c\ntry by-roads is s r\gh &   
unev51 s rocky & full ( e>?-pits1 t x _h
 bett] be cov]$ ) ! wild %rubb]y (      
,nature ?an to be cle>$ up 9 su* a way z
 to expose to view all its unsightly    
objects4 ,:5ev] ! roadside _c be cov]$  
by gre5sw>d1 ! native %rubs & wild v9es 
ought to be all[$ to hide its nak$ness )
 gre5 foliage & beautiful fl[]s4 ,!y    
give beauty to wayside sc5]y1 & increase
 ! int]e/ & pleasure ( ^? travell+ along
 ! road4     ,,*apt] ,,xix4  ,,enjoym5t 
,,( ,,! ,,road4   ,9 travell+1 :e!r "o  
is rid+ or walk+1 x is n suffici5t = !  
prop] enjoym5t ( ! way to "k h[ to get  
along 9 a legal mann]1 b he %\ld "k h[  
to put himself 9 h>mony ) ! elem5ts (   
,nature1 & to feel ! gay1 fre% s5tim5t (
 ! road4 ,! fir/ requisite = ?is        
enjoym5t is to h a hopeful & sun%9y     
disposition4 ,:5 p are buoy$ up by hope 
!y w f9d enjoym5t "u v adv]se           

circum/ances4 ,adam & ,eve1 accord+ to  
,milton1 saw )\t t]ror = ! fir/ "t ! sun
 desc5d b5ea? ! horizon1 & ! d>kness    
close 9 ^u ! e>?1 & ! firmam5t gl[ )    
liv+ sapphires1 al?\gh !y did n !n "k ( 
a sunrise to come4 ,yet ev5 9 su* a "t z
 t1 accord+ to ?is poet1 ^! hopeful     
natures walk$ h& 9 h& 9 ! grateful ev5+ 
mild1 & held su* sweet conv]se ) ea* o!r
 t !y =got all "t1 all seasons & _!     
*ange1 = all pleas$ alike4 ,?us x 0 9 ! 
beg9n+1 & ?us x w be at ! end2 = ev5 9 !
 d>ke/ z 9 ! brighte/ h\rs hopeful      
humanity looks =w>d to some?+ bett]1 z--
      ,( bett] & bright] days to come   
,man is talk+ & dream+ ev]4  ,& :o w\ld 
h x o!rwise8 ,z sun%9e is ! mo/         
important ?+ 9 ! natural _w1 s x is !   
be/ ?+ 9 human life4 ,p ) sun%9y        
dispositions are always happy & welcome 
ev]y:]e1 :e!r on ! road1 9 ! sick-room1 
or 9 ! halls ( gayety4 ,!y drive away ! 
blues & br+ 9 hope & good *e]2 )\t !m1  
life w\ld n be wor? liv+4  ,! ,fr5*     
philosoph] ,figui] 0 s impress$ ) !     

value ( sun%9e 9 human nature t he      
taught t ! rays ( ! sun1 :i* br+ light &
 heat & life & all bless+s to ! e>?1 are
 no?+ b ! lov+ emanations ( ! j spirits 
:o h rea*$ ! sun1 ! f9al abode ( all    
immortal s\ls2 & its light & heat are ! 
result ( _! effulg5t goodness & sun%9y  
dispositions4  ,e travell]1 !n1 :o wi%es
 to exp]i5ce ev5 ! common & app>5t      
enjoym5ts ( ! way1 %\ld />t out ) a     
light he>t & ri* 9 hope2 b if he wi%es  
to ta/e also ! lat5t enjoym5ts ( ! way1 
he mu/ h an obs]v+ eye1 & ! love (      
,nature 9 8 he>t4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ !    
sy/ematic cultivation ( ! obs]v+        
faculties w develop 9 "o ! habit ( see+ 
& enjoy+ 8 environm5t4 ,?is habit gr[s z
 rapidly z heav5ly wisdom 9 "o :o has   
made an hone/ attempt to obta9 a k (    
,god1 :5--            ,ea* faculty task$
 to p]ceive ,him     ,has ga9$ an abyss 
:]e a dewdrop 0 ask$4  ,:at a s\rce (   
pleasure1 solace1 & recreation1 !n1 is  
op5 to him :o kn[s h[ to di/+ui% &      
appreciate ! beautiful 9 ,nature6 ,he   

he>s 9 e breeze & e ripple ( wat] a     
voice :i* ! uncultivat$ e> _c he>2 & he 
sees 9 e fleet+ cl\d & v>i$ aspect (    
,nature "s beauty :i* ! ignorant _c see4
        ,e>?'s cramm$ ) heav51     ,& e 
common bu% afire ) ,god2     ,b only he 
:o sees takes (f 8 %oes4  ,!re is tru? 9
 ! qua9t language ( ,plat53 ,! m ?+s ?\ 
le>ne/ to "k & to enjoy1 ! m complete & 
full w be = !e ! delight ( liv+4  ,we   
frequ5tly f9d t :5 two p]sons are plac$ 
9 ! same situation1 "o w f9d mu* to     
enjoy :ile ! o!r w n1 & simply because  
"o has ! love ( ,nature 9 8 he>t1 & !   
o!r has n4 ,"o p]son1 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! 
mo/ beautiful natural sc5]y1 is n *>m$  
by any?+ he sees on ! e>? or 9 ! sky4   
,to him all ,nature is l an empty       
b>ny>d1 9 :i* !re is no?+ to inspire him
 ) a noble ?\ght or /ir him ) a g5]\s   
emotion4 ,ano!r p]son liv+ 9 ! same     
vic9ity sees mu* 9 8 surr\nd+s to admire
 & to enjoy4 ,he looks at ! sunset gl[s 
) delight2 he sees beauty 9 ! grass1 &  
glory 9 ! fl[]s2 he sees ) admiration & 

awe ! /orm-cl\ds1 black & t]rible1 ru%+ 
toge!r l v]itable w>-horses1 or pil+    
!mselves up l m\nta9s1 rev]b]at+ ) !    
artill]y ( heav5 & tongu$ ) fire2 :]ev] 
he looks ne>ly e prospect pleases2 & to 
him ,nature1 l ! ,scriptures1 is new e  
morn+ & new e night4 ,su* a p]son is m  
likely to be a bett] neighbor1 a bett]  
citiz51 & a bett] ,*ri/ian ?an "o :o has
 n ! love ( ,nature 9 8 he>t4 ,rusk9    
says3 ,! love ( ,nature is an inv>iable 
sign ( goodness ( he>t & ju/ice ( moral 
p]ception2 t 9 proportion to ! degree 9 
:i* x is felt1 w probably be ! degree 9 
:i* all nobl5ess & beauty ( "* w also be
 felt2 t :5 x is abs5t f any m9d1 t m9d 
9 _m o!r respects is h>d1 worldly1 &    
degrad$4 ,! love ( ,nature has ev] be5  
*>act]i/ic ( ! greate/ & ! noble/ m9ds4 
,to ,wordswor? ! meane/ fl[] t bl[s gave
 him ?\ghts too deep = te>s2 & to ,*ri/ 
! lily ( ! field 0 m beautifully array$ 
?an ,solomon 9 all 8 glory4 ,likewise we
 (t5 f9d t two travell]s w pass toge!r  
ov] ! same r\te1 & "o w see mu* to      

admire & to enjoy by ! way1 & ! o!r w   
see no?+ to admire or to enjoy4 ,! "o :o
 has an obs]v+ eye1 & enjoys beautiful &
 gr& natural sc5]y1 sees 9 e nook &     
corn] by ! way "s lovely fl[] or comely 
%rub to admire1 &1 l ,wordswor?1--      
,beside ! lake1 b5ea? ! trees1          
,flutt]+ & danc+ 9 ! breeze1       ,he  
sees ! gold5 daffodils4  ,& he n only   
enjoys ! pres5t sight1 b he enjoys !    
sc5e z (t5 z he ?9ks ( x aft]w>ds1 z 9  
imag9ation he views ! sc5e ov] & ov]    
aga91--      ,= (t :5 on 8 c\* he lies  
,9 vacant or 9 p5sive mood1     ,!y fla%
 ^u ! inw>d eye       ,:i* is ! bliss ( 
solitude2     ,& !n 8 he>t ) pleasure   
fills1     ,& dances ) ! daffodils4  ,& 
9 ! common & unnotic$ grass by !        
roadside or 9 ! field1 he c see 9 ea*   
blade a sy/em ( masonry & ar*itecture t 
no human skill has ev] be5 able to      
equal4 ,! /em is v sl5d]1 b is s ela/ic 
& /rong t x waves gracefully 9 ! breeze 
& b5ds to ! e>? 9 ! /orm )\t break+1 &  
assumes an upright attitude aga94 ,x is 

made up ( delicate cells & p]fect &     
intricate *annels1 ?r\gh :i* hidd5      
curr5ts ( life ?rob & fl[ z my/]i\sly z 
! vital blood ?r\gh ! human frame4 ,x is
 color$ ) an em]ald t9t ( su* beautiful 
hues t x has be5 ! despair ( arti/s to  
imitate x 9 e age4 ,ages & ages be=e !  
human h& le>n$ its cunn+1 ! comm& w5t =?
 = grass to br+ =? se$ aft] its k9d2 &  
to-day x is wav+ gracefully 9 e field1 &
 cr[n$ ) ! same beautiful fl[]s &       
tassell$ se$-vessels z ( old4 ,m5 9 _!  
haughty ambition h build$ mu* l>g]      
/ructures4 ,!y h erect$ t[]s1 pyramids1 
obelisks1 spires1 monum5ts1 & triumphal 
ar*es1 :i* h comm&$ ! admiration ( _!   
build]s & ( _! fell[-m5 9 e "p ( ! _w2 b
 e pr9ciple ( _! masonry & ar*itecture  
is an imitation ( t 9 ! humble/ spe> (  
grass4 ,?us e travell] on a c\ntry road 
is surr\nd$ by monum5ts m anci5t1 m     
impressive1 & m beautiful ?an ! anci5t  
or mod]n _w c %[ z ! production ( human 
h&s4  ,he f9ds mu* enjoym5t 9 ! /udy ( !
 =ms & *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t trees by 

! wayside4 ,if ! road passes ov] highl&1
 on a breezy day he c look d[n ^u or    
across ! tops ( undulat+ =e/ trees1 ^:  
sway+ movem5ts rem9d him ( ! waves ( !  
sea4 ,he c see 9 ea* species n only a   
v>iety 9 ! color & =m ( its foliage1 b  
"s *>act]i/ic :i* rem9ds him ( "s human 
be+4 ,! rugg$ oak or apple tree recalls 
to 8 m9d "s /urdy man1 ( great /r5g? &  
hone/y ( "*1 ) picturesque b awkw>d     
mann]s4 ,! gracefully sway+ bran*es ( ! 
/ately elm or weep+ will[ rem9d him ( "s
 woman ^: elegant =m & mann]s make h] z 
lovely z ! moon & z beautiful z light4  
,! rapid & con/ant motion ( ! foliage ( 
! popl> & ! asp5 rem9ds him ( "s n]v\s &
 excitable p]son :o is nev] quiet or    
easy = a mom5t4 ,! prim spruce-tree     
sugge/s to him "s p]son ( =mal habits & 
primness ( dress4 ,! symmetrical maple &
 p9e rem9d him ( "s quiet & dignifi$ "* 
:o is well balanc$ & r\nd$ at e po9t4 ,!
 patri>*al tree :i* has outliv$ all its 
companions & /&s alone ) few & )]$      
bran*es1 b /ill rais+ its maje/ic head  

to heav5 z if 9 supplication = bless+s  
on ! e>?1 rem9ds him ( "s gray-hair$    
p]son :o1 full ( ye>s & ri* 9 fai?1 aft]
 a well-sp5t life is approa*+ & c almo/ 
see ! o!r side ( ! riv] :i* sep>ates ?is
 life f ! et]nal _w4  ,if he has a ta/e 
= dome/ic & pa/oral sc5]y1 x is gratifi$
 z he views ! gre5 pa/ures & mead[s1 !  
wav+ gra9-fields1 & ! occasional gleam (
 wat] ?r\gh ! foliage4 ,ev] & anon he   
passes by "s dwell+ :]e ! *>ms ( culture
 h be5 add$ to ! *>ms ( ,nature4 ,by k9d
 treatm5t ! grass-plat be=e ! door has  
become a refre%+ piece ( v]dure4 ,by    
c>eful prun+ & tra9+ ! trees on ! lawn h
 become objects ( beauty1 & ca/ _!      
graceful %ad[s ov] ! velvety gre5sw>d   
b5ea?4 ,! woodb9e ta/efully tra9$ ov] ! 
por*1 ! fl[]-b$ 9 ! y>d brilliant )     
fl[]s1 & ! g>d5 & ! fruit or*>d 9 !     
field1 all t5d to *e] & sanctify human  
life 9 su* an abode4 ,p]*ance ! road    
runs by "s rural home/ead :i* rem9ds him
 ( 8 own ance/ral home1 humble yet      
beautiful to him1 & all ! sc5es ( 8     

*ildhood come vividly to m9d z fond     
recollection pres5ts !m to view4 ,he is 
once m a b>efoot boy1 & all is outw>d   
sun%9e & inw>d joy4 ,he slacks 8 ?ir/   
once m f ! well by ! door or at ! spr+  
on ! hillside2 & he visits aga9 ! old   
famili> play-gr\nd1 ! lane ?r\gh :i* !  
c[s are driv51 ! brook :]e ! %eep are   
wa%$1 ! fi% are caught1 & ! boys g 9    
swimm+4  ,:5 ! road leads him into !    
m\nta9s or 9 sight ( !m1 he is *>m$ by  
_! maje/y & aw$ by _! sublimity4 ,a     
m\nta9 panorama pres5ts all ! *>act]i/ic
 phases ( ,nature & all ! mov+ v>iation 
( ! atmosph]e4 ,at "o "t !y are         
cl\d-capp$ & surr\nd$ ) fog1 & !n 9 an  
incr$ibly %ort "t !y are glitt]+ 9 a    
halo ( sunlight4 ,z "o beholds _!       
maje/ic heads1 ar\nd :i* ! /orms (      
c5turies h beat1 disappe> z twilight    
*anges into night1 he c b feel oppress$ 
) ! gloom & melan*oly ( ! sc5e4 ,b 9 !  
morn+1 :5--      ,night's c&les are     
burnt out1 & jocund day     ,/&s tiptoe 
on ! mi/y m\nta9-tops1  he c b conclude 

) ,rusk91 t m\nta9 sc5]y has be5 prep>$ 
9 ord] to unite z f> z possible & 9 !   
close/ compass e means ( delight+ &     
sanctify+ ! he>t ( man4 ,m\nta9s seem to
 h be5 built = ! human race1 z at once  
_! s*ools & ca!drals1 full ( treasures (
 illum9at$ manuscript = ! s*ol>1 k9dly 9
 simple lessons to ! work]1 quiet 9 pale
 cloi/]s = ! ?9k]1 gl[+ 9 hol9ess = !   
wor%ipp]4  ,!n1 aga91 a c\ntry road is a
 good place to become acqua9t$ ) "s =ms 
( animal & vegetable life4 ,! odors (   
gr[+ vegetation1 ! movem5t ( squirrels &
 o!r creatures1 & ! song ( birds1 all h 
a t5d5cy to impress "o ) ! idea t !     
mat]ial _w is animat$ ) life4 ,& :5 !   
sun p\rs d[n a flood ( gl[+ sunlight1 & 
swa!s ! travell] & ! :ole _w ) its gl[+ 
& life-giv+ beams1 he realizes t ! sun  
is ! s\rce ( e mat]ial bless+4 ,9 ! city
 p "k 9 a g5]al way t ! sun is ! s\rce (
 heat & light1 & t he adds to _! com=t &
 conv5i5ce1 z d ! electric light & !    
fire on ! he>?2 b !y h>dly realize t 8  
rays are necess>y = _! exi/5ce1 to say  

no?+ ( _! com=t1 = ev5 a week4 ,b :5 a  
travell] 9 ! morn+ sees all animat$     
,nature /irr+ & rejoic+ ) ! ?robb+s (   
w>m$ & rejuv5at$ life2 :5 he looks out  
ov] ! l&scape & sees ! sun rais+ 9 mi/y 
vapors ! wat] :i* supplies our spr+s1   
lakes1 & /reams1 & refre%es ! e>? 9 %[]s
 ( ra91 he realizes t ! sun is n only ! 
fire :i* w>ms ! _w1 b x is also ! mighty
 hydraulic eng9e ( ,nature4  ,^! are "s 
( ! enjoym5ts ( ! way2 b e ?\ghtful &   
obs]v+ travell] kn[s t !y _c be         
enum]at$4 ,l ,burr\ghs1 he is n isolat$1
 b "o ) ?+s1 ) ! f>ms & indu/ries on    
ei!r h&4 ,! vital1 univ]sal curr5ts play
 ?r\gh him4 ,he kn[s ! gr\nd is alive3  
he feels ! pulses ( ! w9d1 & reads !    
mute language ( ?+s4 ,8 sympa?ies are   
all ar\s$2 8 s5ses are cont9ually       
report+ messages to 8 m9d4 ,w9d1 fro/1  
ra91 heat1 cold1 are some?+ to him4 ,he 
is n m]ely a spectator ( ! panorama (   
,nature1 b a p>ticipator 9 x4 ,he       
exp]i5ces ! c\ntry he passes            
?r\gh1--ta/es x1 feels x1 absorbs x4    

,nei!r is he conf9$ to ! mat]ial        
demon/rations ( ,nature = 8 enjoym5t ( !
 way4 ,"s ( ! greate/ s]mons & spee*es h
 be5 ?\ght out on ! road4 ,a solit>y    
travell] c ?9k calmly & ?\ghtfully on ! 
great problems ( life & dea?1 & c le>n  
to appreciate ! fact t ! gods approve ! 
dep?1 & n ! tumult1 ( ! s\l4            
99      99      99      99      99      
,univ]sity ,press3 ,john ,wilson  ,son1 
,cambridge4