,libr>ies47 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! punctuation & spell+ f ! orig9al text h be5 fai?fully pres]v$4 ,only obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! adv]tisem5t f ! beg9n+ ( ! book has be5 jo9$ ) ! o!r adv]tisem5ts ne> ! end ( ! book4 ,greek words are spell$ out & repres5t$ z ^w4 ,greek lett]s are repres5t$ z a = alpha4 ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,to-,,day ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,augu/ #cj,,?1 #aije4 ,! ,corona2 f a wat]-col\r sket*1 made at ,burgos1 9 ,spa91 dur+ ! total phase1 by ! ,fr5* ,arti/1 ,mdlle4 ,,&r,e ,,mo*4 ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,to-,,day ,a ,,popul> ,,introduction ,,9 ,,non-,,te*nical ,,language ,by ,,cecil ,g4 ,,dolmage1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society2 ,memb] ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association2 ,memb] ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society ( ! ,pacific2 ,membre de la ,socit ,a/ronomique de ,france2 ,membre de la ,socit ,belge d',a/ronomie ,) a ,frontispiece 9 ,col\r & #de ,illu/rations ,diagrams ,,?ird ,,edition ,,london ,,seeley ,,& ,,co4 ,,limit$ #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet #aiaj ,,preface ,! object ( ?is book is to give an acc\nt ( ! sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy1 z x is kn[n at ! pres5t day1 9 a mann] acceptable to ! g5]al read]4 ,x is too (t5 suppos$ t x is impossible to acquire any useful k ( ,a/ronomy )\t mu* labori\s /udy1 & )\t adv5tur+ into q a new _w ( ?\ght4 ,! reason+ appli$ to ! /udy ( ! cele/ial orbs is1 h[ev]1 ( no diff]5t ord] f t :i* is employ$ 9 ! affairs ( ev]yday life4 ,! sci5ce ( ma!matics is p]haps responsible = ! idea t "s k9d ( diff]5ce does exi/2 b ma!matical processes are1 9 effect1 no m ?an ord9>y logic 9 conc5trat$ =m1 ! %or?& ( reason+1 s to speak4 ,i h attempt$ 9 ! foll[+ pages to take ! ma9 facts & !ories ( ,a/ronomy out ( ^? ma!matical =ms :i* repel ! g5]al read]1 & to pres5t !m 9 ! ord9>y language ( our workaday _w4 ,! few diagrams introduc$ are altoge!r supplem5t>y1 & are n connect$ ) ! text by any we>y+ cross-ref]5ces4 ,ea* diagram is complete 9 itself1 be+ int5d$ to s]ve z a pictorial aid1 9 case ! word+ ( ! text %\ld n h p]fectly convey$ ! desir$ mean+4 ,! full page illu/rations are also describ$ z adequately z possible at ! foot ( ea*4 ,z to ! col\r$ frontispiece1 ?is mu/ be plac$ 9 a category by itself4 ,x is ! "w ( ! arti/ z di/9ct f ! sci5ti/4 ,! book itself conta9s incid5tally a good deal ( matt] conc]n$ ) ! ,a/ronomy ( ! pa/1 ! introduction ( :i* has be5 f\nd necess>y 9 ord] to make cle>] ! ,a/ronomy ( our "t4 ,x w\ld be q impossible = me to enum]ate "h ! _m s\rces f :i* in=mation has be5 drawn4 ,b ,i ackn[l$ge my especial indebt$ness to ,pr(essor ,f4,r4 ,m\lton's ,introduction to ,a/ronomy 7,macmillan1 #aijf71 to ! works on ,eclipses ( ! late ,rev4 ,s4,j4 ,johnson & ( ,mr4 ,w4,t4 ,lynn1 & to ! excell5t ,j\rnals ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association4 ,fur!r1 = ^? gr& que/ions conc]n$ ) ! ,/ell> ,univ]se at l>ge1 ,i owe a v deep debt to ! writ+s ( ! fam\s ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,simon ,newcomb1 & ( our own c\ntryman1 ,mr4 ,john ,ell>d ,gore2 to ! latt] ( :om ,i am "u an additional obligation = mu* valuable in=mation privately r5d]$4 ,9 my se>* = suitable illu/rations1 ,i h be5 greatly aid$ by ! k9dly advice ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wesley1 ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,to ^? :o h be5 s good z to p]mit me to reproduce pictures & photographs1 ,i desire to record my be/ ?anks z foll[s3--,to ! ,fr5* ,arti/1 ,mdlle4 ,&re ,mo*2 to ! ,a/ronom] ,royal2 to ,sir ,david ,gill1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s42 to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society2 to ,pr(essor ,e4,b4 ,fro/1 ,director ( ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory2 to ,m4,p4 ,puiseux1 ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory2 to ,dr4 ,max ,wolf1 ( ,heidelb]g2 to ,pr(essor ,p]cival ,l[ell2 to ! ,rev4 ,!odore ,e4,r4 ,phillips1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s42 to ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,wesley2 to ! ,w>n] & ,swasey ,co41 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a42 to ! publi%]s ( ,k1 & to ,messrs4 ,sampson1 ,l[ ,co4 ,= p]mission to reproduce ! beautiful photograph ( ! ,spiral ,nebula 9 ,canes ,v5atici 7,plate ,,xxii471 ,i am indebt$ to ! di/+ui%$ a/ronom]1 ! late ,dr4 ,w4,e4 ,wilson1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 ^: untimely dea?1 ,i regret to /ate1 occurr$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is ye>4 ,f9ally1 my be/ ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,john ,ell>d ,gore1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 to ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,wesley1 & to ,mr4 ,john ,butl] ,burke1 ,m4,a41 ( ,cambridge1 = _! k9dness 9 read+ ! pro(-%eets4 ,,cecil ,g4 ,,dolmage4 ,,london1 ,s4,w41 ,augu/ #d1 #aijh4 ,,prefatory ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,! au?or ( ?is book liv$ only long en\gh to he> ( ! fav\r ) :i* x _h be5 receiv$1 & to make a few corrections 9 view ( ! second edition :i* x has s soon rea*$4 ,decemb] #aijh4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,! ,,anci5t ,,view #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,mod]n ,,view #bj ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em #bi ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,cele/ial ,,me*anism #ch ,,*apt] ,v ,,cele/ial ,,di/ances #df ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,cele/ial ,,measurem5t #ee ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,eclipses ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,ph5om5a #fa ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,fam\s ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun #hc ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,fam\s ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,moon #aja ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,obs]vation #aje ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,spectrum ,,analysis #aba ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,sun #abg ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,sun--cont9u$ #acd ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,inf]ior ,,planets #adf ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,e>? #aeh ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,moon #ahc ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,sup]ior ,,planets #bji ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,sup]ior ,,planets--cont9u$ #bbi ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,comets #bdg ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,rem>kable ,,comets #bei ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,meteors ,,or ,,%oot+ ,,/>s #bff ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,/>s #bgh ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,/>s--cont9u$ #bhg ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,/>s #cjj ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,/ell> ,,univ]se #cai ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,/ell> ,,univ]se--cont9u$ #cbi ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,?+s #ccc ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,?+s #cdb ,,index #cea ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,plate ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,augu/ #cj1 #aije ,frontispiece ,i4 ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,may #ag1 #ahhb ,to face page #if ,,ii4 ,,great ,,telescope ,,( ,,hevelius #aaj ,,iii4 ,a ,,tubeless1 ,,or ,,a]ial ,,telescope #aab ,,iv4 ,,! ,,great ,,y]kes ,,telescope #aah ,v4 ,,! ,,sun1 ,,%[+ ,,sev]al ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,spots #acd ,,vi4 ,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,sunspot #acf ,,vii4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,corona ,,at ,,! ,,epo*s ,,( ,,sunspot ,,maximum ,,& ,,sunspot ,,m9imum ,,respectively4 7,a7 ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,decemb] #bb1 #ahgj4 7,b7 ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,may #bh1 #aijj #adb ,,viii4 ,,! ,,moon ,to face page #aif ,,ix4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,moon1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,crat]s1 ,,m\nta9 ,,ranges ,,& ,,seas #aih ,x4 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,int]e/+ ,,regions ,,on ,,! ,,moon #bjj ,,xi4 ,,! ,,moon 7,,%[+ ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,rays7 #bjd ,,xii4 ,a ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,planet ,,m>s #baf ,,xiii4 ,,m9or ,,planet ,,trails #bbf ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,planet ,,jupit] #bcj ,,xv4 ,,! ,,planet ,,saturn #bcf ,,xvi4 ,,e>ly ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,saturn #bdb ,,xvii4 ,,donati',s ,,comet #bef ,,xviii4 ,,daniel',s ,,comet ,,( #aijg #beh ,,xix4 ,,! ,,sky ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,nor? ,,pole #bib ,,xx4 ,,orion ,,& ,,8 ,,neighb\rs #bif ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,great ,,globul> ,,clu/] ,,9 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,c5taurus #cjf ,,xxii4 ,,spiral ,,nebula ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,canes ,,v5atici #cad ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,&rom$a ,to face page #caf ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,orion #cah ,,li/ ,,( ,,diagrams ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,,! ,,ptolemaic ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se #ai #b4 ,,! ,,cop]nican ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em #ba #c4 ,,total ,,& ,,p>tial ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,moon #fd #d4 ,,total ,,& ,,p>tial ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun #fg #e4 ,,baily',s ,,beads #gj #f4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,on ,,m]cator',s ,,projection1 ,,%[+ ,a ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,total ,,sol> ,,eclipse ,,( ,,augu/ #cj1 #aije1 ,,across ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,e>? #ha #g4 ,,! ,,r+ ,,) ,,w+s #hg #h4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,types ,,( ,,telescope #aac #i4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,spectrum #abc #aj4 ,a ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,sun1 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,! ,,prom95ces ,,rise ,,f ,,! ,,*romosph]e #aca #aa4 ,,orbit ,,& ,,phases ,,( ,,an ,,inf]ior ,,planet #adh #ab4 ,,! ,,black ,,drop #aec #ac4 ,,summ] ,,& ,,w9t] #agf #ad4 ,,orbit ,,& ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,moon #ahd #ae4 ,,! ,,rotation ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,,on ,,h] ,,axis #ahg #af4 ,,laplace',s ,,p]5nial ,,full ,,moon #aia #ag4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,app>5t ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,cele/ial ,,objects #aie #ah4 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,! ,,tail ,,( ,a ,,comet ,,is ,,direct$ ,,away ,,f ,,! ,,sun #bdh #ai4 ,,! ,,comet ,,( #ajff1 ,,z ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,bayeux ,,tape/ry #bfc #bj4 ,,passage ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,?icke/ ,,portion ,,( ,a ,,meteor ,,sw>m #bfi ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,to-,,day ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,anci5t ,,view ,x is nev] safe1 z we "k1 to judge by appe>ances1 & ?is is p]haps m true ( a/ronomy ?an ( any?+ else4 ,= in/ance1 ! idea :i* "o w\ld mo/ naturally =m ( ! e>? & heav5 is t ! solid e>? on :i* we live & move ext5ds to a great di/ance 9 e direction1 & t ! heav5 is an imm5se dome ^u ! inn] surface ( :i* ! />s are fix$4 ,su* mu/ ne$s h be5 ! idea ( ! univ]se held by m5 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,9 _! view ! e>? 0 ( p>am\nt importance4 ,! sun & moon 7 m]e lamps = ! day & = ! night2 & ^!1 if n gods !mselves1 7 at any rate "u ! *>ge ( special deities1 ^: task x 0 to guide _! motions across ! vault$ sky4 ,little by little1 h[ev]1 ?is simple e/imate ( nature began to be ov]turn$4 ,difficult problems agitat$ ! human m9d4 ,on :at1 = in/ance1 did ! solid e>? re/1 & :at prev5t$ ! vault$ heav5 f fall+ 9 ^u m5 & cru%+ !m out ( exi/5ce8 ,fanta/ic my?s sprang f ! va9 attempts to solve ^! riddles4 ,! ,h9doos1 = example1 imag9$ ! e>? z support$ by f\r elephants :i* /ood ^u ! back ( a gigantic tortoise1 :i*1 9 its turn1 float$ on ! surface ( an elem5tal ocean4 ,! e>ly ,we/]n civilisations conceiv$ ! fable ( ! ,titan ,atlas1 :o1 z a puni%m5t = revolt aga9/ ! ,olympian gods1 0 condemn$ to hold up ! expanse ( sky = ev] & ev]4 ,lat] on glimm]+s ( ! true light began to break 9 ^u m54 ,! ,greek philosoph]s1 :o busi$ !mselves mu* ) su* matt]s1 gradually became conv9c$ t ! e>? 0 sph]ical 9 %ape1 t is to say1 r\nd l a ball4 ,9 ?is op9ion we n[ "k t !y 7 "r2 b 9 _! o!r important belief1 viz4 t ! e>? 0 plac$ at ! c5tre ( all ?+s1 !y 7 inde$ v f> f ! tru?4 ,by ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ideas ( ! e>ly philosoph]s _h become h>d5$ into a def9ite !ory1 :i*1 ?\gh x appe>s v incorrect to u to-day1 nev]!less dem&s exceptional notice f ! fact t x 0 ev]y:]e accept$ z ! true explanation until s late z "s f\r c5turies ago4 ,?is !ory ( ! univ]se is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,ptolemaic ,sy/em1 because x 0 fir/ set =? 9 def9ite t]ms by "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! a/ronom]s ( antiquity1 ,claudius ,ptolemu ,pelus95sis 7#ajj-agj ,a4,d471 bett] kn[n z ,ptolemy ( ,alex&ria4 ,9 8 sy/em ! ,e>? occupi$ ! c5tre2 :ile ar\nd x circl$ 9 ord] outw>ds ! ,moon1 ! planets ,m]cury & ,v5us1 ! ,sun1 & !n ! planets ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn4 ,beyond ^! aga9 revolv$ ! backgr\nd ( ! heav51 ^u :i* x 0 believ$ t ! />s 7 fix$-- ,/ellis ard5tibus aptum1 z ,virgil puts x 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,! ,ptolemaic idea ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! ,ptolemaic sy/em p]si/$ un%ak5 = ab\t f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( its au?or4 ,cle>ly m5 7 flatt]$ by ! notion t _! e>? 0 ! mo/ important body 9 nature1 t x /ood /ill at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & 0 ! pivot ^u :i* all ?+s revolv$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,mod]n ,,view ,x is /ill well "u f\r hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! mod]n1 or ,cop]nican1 !ory ( ! univ]se supplant$ ! ,ptolemaic1 :i* _h held sway dur+ s _m c5turies4 ,9 ?is new !ory1 prop\nd$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury by ,ni*olas ,cop]nicus 7#adgc-aedc71 a ,prussian a/ronom]1 ! e>? 0 de?ron$ f its c5tral position & consid]$ m]ely z "o ( a numb] ( planet>y bodies :i* revolve ar\nd ! sun4 ,z x is n a "p ( our purpose to foll[ 9 detail ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce1 x seems advisable to beg9 by /at+ 9 a broad fa%ion ! conception ( ! univ]se z accept$ & believ$ 9 to-day4 ,! ,sun1 ! mo/ important ( ! cele/ial bodies s f> z we are conc]n$1 occupies ! c5tral position2 n1 h[ev]1 9 ! :ole univ]se1 b only 9 t limit$ portion :i* is kn[n z ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,ar\nd x1 9 ! foll[+ ord] outw>ds1 circle ! planets ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune 7see ,fig4 #b1 p4 #ba74 ,at an imm5se di/ance beyond ! sol> sy/em1 & scatt]$ irregul>ly ?r\gh ! dep? ( space1 lie ! />s4 ,! two fir/-m5tion$ memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 ,m]cury & ,v5us1 are kn[n z ! ,inf]ior ,planets2 & 9 _! c\rses ab\t ! sun1 !y always keep well inside ! pa? along :i* our e>? moves4 ,! rema9+ memb]s 7exclusive ( ! e>?7 are call$ ,sup]ior ,planets1 & _! pa?s lie all outside t ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,! ,cop]nican !ory ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,! five planets1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn1 h be5 kn[n f all antiquity4 ,no?+ !n c br+ home to u m /rongly ! imm5se advance :i* has tak5 place 9 a/ronomy dur+ mod]n times ?an ! fact t x is only #abg ye>s s9ce obs]vation ( ! skies fir/ add$ a planet to t "t-hon\r$ numb]4 ,x 0 inde$ on ! #ac? ( ,m>* #agha1 :ile engag$ 9 obs]v+ ! con/ellation ( ! ,tw9s1 t ! ju/ly fam\s ,sir ,william ,h]s*el caught sight ( an object :i* he did n recognise z hav+ met ) be=e4 ,he at fir/ took x = a comet1 b obs]vations ( its movem5ts dur+ a few days %[$ x to be a planet4 ,?is body1 :i* ! p[] ( ! telescope alone _h ?us %[n to belong to ! sol> family1 has s9ce become kn[n to sci5ce "u ! "n ( ,uranus4 ,by its discov]y ! hi!rto accept$ limits ( ! sol> sy/em 7 at once pu%$ out to twice _! =m] ext5t1 & ! hope naturally arose t o!r planets w\ld quickly reveal !mselves 9 ! imm5sities beyond4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s prior to ,h]s*el's great discov]y1 x _h be5 notic$ t ! di/ances at :i* ! !n kn[n planets circulat$ appe>$ to be arrang$ 9 a some:at ord]ly progression outw>ds f ! sun4 ,?is seem+ plan1 kn[n to a/ronom]s by ! "n ( ,bode's ,law1 0 closely confirm$ by ! di/ance ( ! new planet ,uranus4 ,!re /ill lay1 h[ev]1 a broad gap betwe5 ! planets ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,_h ano!r planet inde$ circuit$ !re1 ! sol> sy/em w\ld h pres5t$ an appe>ance ( almo/ p]fect ord]4 ,b ! void betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] 0 unfill$2 ! space 9 :i* "o w\ld reasonably expect to f9d ano!r planet circl+ 0 unacc\ntably empty4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! my/]y 0 h[ev] expla9$1 a body be+ discov]$#a :i* revolv$ 9 ! space t _h hi!rto be5 consid]$ planetless4 ,b x 0 a t9y globe h>dly wor?y ( ! "n ( planet4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a second body 0 discov]$ revolv+ 9 ! same space2 b x 0 ev5 small] 9 size ?an ! fir/4 ,dur+ ! ensu+ five ye>s two m ( ^! little planets 7 discov]$4 ,!n came a pause1 no m su* bodies be+ add$ to ! sy/em until half-way ?r\gh ! c5tury1 :5 sudd5ly ! discov]y ( ^! s-call$ m9or planets began anew4 ,s9ce !n additions to ?is portion ( our sy/em h ra9$ ?ick & fa/4 ,! small bodies h receiv$ ! "n ( ,a/]oids or ,planetoids2 & up to ! pres5t "t "s six hundr$ ( !m are kn[n to exi/1 all revolv+ 9 ! previ\sly unfill$ space betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdf ! out] b\nd>y ( ! sol> sy/em 0 aga9 ext5d$ by ! discov]y t a great planet circulat$ beyond ,uranus4 ,! new body1 :i* receiv$ ! "n ( ,neptune1 0 br\ght to light z ! result ( calculations made at ! same "t1 ?\gh q indep5d5tly1 by ! ,cambridge ma!matician ,adams1 & ! ,fr5* a/ronom] ,le ,v]ri]4 ,! discov]y ( ,neptune diff]$1 h[ev]1 f t ( ,uranus 9 ! foll[+ respect4 ,uranus 0 f\nd m]ely 9 ! c\rse ( ord9>y telescopic survey ( ! heav5s4 ,! position ( ,neptune1 on ! o!r h&1 0 pr$ict$ z ! result ( rigor\s ma!matical inve/igations und]tak5 ) ! object ( fix+ ! position ( an unse5 & /ill m di/ant body1 ! attraction ( :i*1 9 pass+ by1 0 di/urb+ ! position ( ,uranus 9 its revolution ar\nd ! sun4 ,adams actually complet$ 8 inve/igation fir/2 b a delay at ,cambridge 9 exam9+ t portion ( ! sky1 :]e he ann\nc$ t ! body ought j !n to be1 all[$ ,france to snat* ! hon\r ( discov]y1 & ! new planet 0 f\nd by ! obs]v] ,galle at ,b]l91 v ne> ! place 9 ! heav5s :i* ,le ,v]ri] _h ma!matically pr$ict$ = x4 ,ne>ly fifty ye>s lat]1 t is to say1 9 our own "t1 ano!r important planet>y discov]y 0 made4 ,"o ( ! rec5t additions to ! num]\s & con/antly increas+ family ( ! a/]oids1 a t9y body br\ght to light 9 #ahih1 turn$ out aft] all n to be circulat+ 9 ! cu/om>y space betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 b actually 9 t betwe5 our e>? & ,m>s4 ,?is body is v small1 n m ?an ab\t tw5ty miles across4 ,x has receiv$ ! "n ( ,eros 7! ,greek equival5t = ,cupid71 9 allusion to its insignificant size z comp>$ ) ! o!r lead+ memb]s ( ! sy/em4 ,?is completes ! li/ ( ! planets :i*1 s f>1 h reveal$ !mselves to u4 ,:e!r o!rs exi/ "t alone w %[4 ,two or ?ree h be5 suspect$ to revolve beyond ! pa? ( ,neptune2 & x has ev5 be5 ass]t$1 on m ?an "o occasion1 t a planet circulates ne>] to ! sun ?an ,m]cury4 ,?is suppos$ body1 to :i* ! "n ( ,vulcan 0 provisionally giv51 is said to h be5 discov]$ 9 #ahei by a ,fr5* doctor nam$ ,lesc>bault1 ( ,orgres ne> ,orleans2 b up to ! pres5t !re has be5 no suffici5t evid5ce ( its exi/5ce4 ,! reason :y su* unc]ta9ty %\ld exi/ ^u ?is po9t is easy en\gh to und]/&1 :5 we consid] ! ov]p[]+ gl>e :i* fills our atmosph]e all ar\nd ! sun's place 9 ! sky4 ,m]cury1 ! ne>e/ kn[n planet to ! sun1 is = ?is reason always v difficult to see2 & ev5 :51 9 its c\rse1 x gets suffici5tly f> f ! sun to be left = a %ort "t above ! horizon aft] sunset1 x is by no means an easy object to obs]ve on acc\nt ( ! mi/s :i* usually hang ab\t l[ d[n ne> ! e>?4 ,"o opportunity1 h[ev]1 (f]s itself f "t to "t to solve ! riddle ( an intra-,m]curial planet1 t is to say1 ( a planet :i* circulates )9 ! pa? foll[$ by ,m]cury4 ,! opportunity 9 "q is furni%$ by a total eclipse ( ! sun2 = :51 dur+ an eclipse ( t k9d1 ! body ( ! moon = a few m9utes entirely hides ! sun's face1 & ! dazzl+ gl>e is ?us completely cut (f1 a/ronom]s are enabl$ to give an unimp$$1 ?\gh all too hurri$1 se>* to ! region close ar\nd4 ,a goodly numb] ( total eclipses ( ! sun h1 h[ev]1 come & gone s9ce ! days ( ,lesc>bault1 & no planet1 s f>1 has reveal$ itself 9 ! intra-,m]curial space4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 q safe to affirm t no globe ( suffici5t size to be se5 by means ( our mod]n telescopes circulates ne>] to ! sun ?an ! planet ,m]cury4 ,next 9 importance to ! planets1 z p]man5t memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 come ! relatively small & second>y bodies kn[n by ! "n ( ,satellites4 ,! "n satellite is d]iv$ f a ,lat9 ^w signify+ an att5dant2 = ! bodies s-call$ move along always 9 close proximity to _! respective prim>ies1 z ! planets :i* !y accompany are te*nically t]m$4 ,! satellites _c be consid]$ z allott$ ) any p>ticul> regul>ity among ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! sy/em2 sev]al ( ! planets1 = in/ance1 hav+ a goodly numb] ( ^! bodies accompany+ !m1 :ile o!rs h b "o or two1 & "s aga9 h none at all4 ,tak+ ! planets 9 _! ord] ( di/ance outw>d f ! ,sun1 we f9d t nei!r ,m]cury nor ,v5us are provid$ ) satellites2 ! ,e>? has only "o1 viz4 our neighb\r ! ,moon2 :ile ,m>s has b two t9y ones1 s small inde$ t "o might imag9e !m to be m]ely a/]oids1 :i* _h w&]$ out ( _! prop] region & atta*$ !mselves to t planet4 ,= ! re/1 s f> z we at pres5t "k1 ,jupit] possesses sev51#b ,saturn t51 ,uranus f\r1 & ,neptune "o4 ,x is inde$ possible1 nay m1 x is extremely probable1 t ! two la/-nam$ planets h a great] numb] ( ^! second>y bodies revolv+ ar\nd !m2 b1 un=tunately1 ! ,uranian & ,neptunian sy/ems are at su* imm5se di/ances f u1 t ev5 ! magnific5t telescopes ( to-day c extract v little in=mation conc]n+ !m4 ,f ! di/ribution ( ! satellites1 ! read] w notice t ! planets relatively ne> to ! sun are provid$ ) few or none1 :ile ! m di/ant planets are ri*ly end[$4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 seems to be t ne>ness to ! sun is 9 "s way unfav\rable ei!r to ! production1 or to ! cont9u$ exi/5ce1 ( satellites4 ,a planet & its satellites =m a repetition ( ! sol> sy/em on a t9y scale4 ,j z ! planets revolve ar\nd ! sun1 s d ^! second>y bodies revolve ar\nd _! prim>ies4 ,:5 ,galileo1 9 #afaj1 turn$ 8 newly inv5t$ telescope ^u ,jupit]1 he quickly recognis$ 9 ! f\r circl+ moons :i* met 8 gaze1 a m9iature edition ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,besides ! planets & _! satellites1 !re are two o!r classes ( bodies :i* claim memb]%ip ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,^! are ,comets & ,meteors4 ,comets diff] f ! bodies :i* we h j be5 describ+ 9 t !y appe> filmy & transp>5t1 :]eas ! o!rs are solid & opaque4 ,aga91 ! pa?s ( ! planets ar\nd ! sun & ( ! satellites ar\nd _! prim>ies are n actually circles2 !y are ovals1 b _! ovalness is n ( a m>k$ degree4 ,! pa?s ( comets on ! o!r h& are usually v oval2 s t 9 _! c\rses _m ( !m pass out z f> z ! kn[n limits ( ! sol> sy/em1 & ev5 f> beyond4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t n[adays ! t5d5cy is to consid] comets z p]man5t memb]s ( ! sy/em1 ?\gh ?is 0 =m]ly n by any means an article ( fai? ) a/ronom]s4 ,meteors are v small bodies1 z a rule p]haps no l>g] ?an pebbles1 :i* move ab\t unse5 9 space1 & ( :i* we d n become aw>e until !y arrive v close to ! e>?4 ,!y are !n made visible to u = a mom5t or two 9 consequ5ce ( be+ heat$ to a :ite heat by ! friction ( ru%+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 & are ?us usually turn$ into a%es & vap\r long be=e !y rea* ! surface ( our globe4 ,?\gh occasionally a meteoric body survives ! fi]y ordeal1 & rea*es ! e>? m or less 9 a solid /ate to bury itself deep 9 ! soil1 ! majority ( ^! cele/ial visitants con/itute no s\rce ( dang] :atev] = u4 ,any "o :o w take ! tr\ble to gaze at ! sky = a %ort "t on a cle> night1 is fairly c]ta9 to be rew>d$ ) ! view ( a meteor4 ,! impression receiv$ is z if "o ( ! />s _h sudd5ly left its accu/om$ place1 & da%$ across ! heav5s1 leav+ 9 its c\rse a trail ( light4 ,x is = ?is reason t meteors are popul>ly kn[n "u ! "n ( %oot+ />s4 #a ,by ! ,italian a/ronom]1 ,piazzi1 at ,pal]mo4 #b ,probably eight4 7,see note1 page #bcb47 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em ,we h se51 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ *apt]1 t ! sol> sy/em is compos$ z foll[s3--!re is a c5tral body1 ! sun1 ar\nd :i* revolve along /at$ pa?s a numb] ( important bodies kn[n z planets4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! planets1 9 _! c\rses1 c>ry along 9 company /ill small] bodies call$ satellites1 :i* revolve ar\nd !m4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! sy/em1 viz4 ! comets & ! meteors1 x is n advisable at ?is /age to add m to :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,= ! "t be+1 !re=e1 we w devote our att5tion m]ely to ! sun1 ! planets1 & ! satellites4 ,( :at %ape !n are ^! bodies8 ,( "o %ape1 & t "o alone :i* appe>s to *>act]ise all solid objects 9 ! cele/ial spaces3 !y are sph]ical1 :i* means r\nd l a ball4 ,ea* ( ^! sph]ical bodies rotates2 t is to say1 turns r\nd & r\nd1 z a top does :5 x is sp9n+4 ,?is rotation is said to take place ^u an axis1 a /atem5t :i* may be expla9$ z foll[s3--,imag9e a ball ) a knitt+-ne$le run "r ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,!n imag9e ?is ne$le held po9t+ 9 "o fix$ direction :ile ! ball is turn$ r\nd & r\nd4 ,well1 x is ! same ?+ ) ! e>?4 ,z x j\rneys ab\t ! sun1 x keeps turn+ r\nd & r\nd cont9ually z if pivot$ ^u a mighty knitt+ ne$le transfix+ x f ,nor? ,pole to ,s\? ,pole4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !re is no su* mat]ial axis to regulate ! con/ant direction ( ! rotation1 j z !re are no actual supports to uphold ! e>? itself 9 space4 ,! causes :i* keep ! cele/ial sph]es pois$1 & :i* control _! motions1 are f> m wond]ful ?an any me*anical device4 ,at ?is juncture x w be well to emphasise ! %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! t]ms rotation & revolution4 ,! t]m rotation is inv>iably us$ by a/ronom]s to signify ! motion :i* a cele/ial body has ^u an axis2 ! t]m revolution1 on ! o!r h&1 is us$ = ! movem5t ( "o cele/ial body ar\nd ano!r4 ,speak+ ( ! e>?1 = in/ance1 we say1 t x rotates on its axis1 & t x revolves ar\nd ! sun4 ,s f>1 no?+ has be5 said ab\t ! sizes ( ! memb]s ( our sy/em4 ,is !re any /ock size1 any patt]n accord+ to :i* !y may be judg$8 ,none :atev]6 ,!y v>y enorm\sly4 ,v mu* ! l>ge/ ( all is ! ,sun1 :i* is sev]al hundr$ times l>g] ?an all ! planets & satellites ( ! sy/em roll$ toge!r4 ,next comes ,jupit] & aft]w>ds ! o!r planets 9 ! foll[+ ord] ( size3--,saturn1 ,uranus1 ,neptune1 ! ,e>?1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 & ,m]cury4 ,v mu* small] ?an any ( ^! are ! a/]oids1 ( :i* ,c]es1 ! l>ge/1 is less ?an #ejj miles 9 diamet]4 ,x is1 by ! way1 a /range fact t ! zone ( a/]oids %\ld m>k ! sep>ation ( ! small planets f ! giant ones4 ,! foll[+ table1 giv+ r\ghly ! v>i\s diamet]s ( ! sun & ! pr9cipal planets 9 miles1 w cle>ly illu/rate ! great discrepancy 9 size :i* prevails 9 ! sy/em4 ,sun #hff1edj miles ,m]cury #b1gfe ,v5us #g1hbf ,e>? #g1iah ,m>s #d1ccb ,,zone ,,( ,,a/]oids ,jupit] #hg1chj ,saturn #gc1abe ,uranus#c #cd1ijj ,neptune#c #cb1ijj ,x does n seem possible to arrive at any g5]alisation f ! above data1 except x be to /ate t !re is a cont9u\s increase 9 size f ,m]cury to ! e>?1 & a simil> decrease 9 size f ,jupit] outw>ds4 ,7 ,m>s great] ?an ! e>?1 ! planets c\ld !n ) tru? be said to increase 9 size up to ,jupit]1 & !n to decrease4 ,b ! zone ( a/]oids1 & ! relative smallness ( ,m>s1 negative any attempt to reg>d ! dim5sions ( ! planets z an ord]ly sequ5ce4 ,next ) respect to relative di/ance f ! sun1 ,v5us circulates ne>ly twice z f> f x z ,m]cury1 ! e>? ne>ly ?ree times z f>1 & ,m>s ne>ly f\r times4 ,aft] ?is1 j z we f\nd a sudd5 increase 9 size1 s d we meet ) a sudd5 increase 9 di/ance4 ,jupit]1 = in/ance1 is ab\t ?irte5 times z f> z ,m]cury1 ,saturn ab\t tw5ty-five times1 ,uranus ab\t =ty-n9e times1 & ,neptune ab\t sev5ty-sev54 7,see ,fig4 #b1 p4 #ba47 ,x w ?us be se5 h[ enorm\sly ! sol> sy/em 0 enl>g$ 9 ext5t by ! discov]y ( ! out]mo/ planets4 ,! f9d+ ( ,uranus pla9ly d\bl$ its bread?2 ! f9d+ ( ,neptune made x m ?an half z broad aga94 ,no?+ inde$ c bett] %[ ! import ( ^! great discov]ies ?an to take a pair ( compasses & r\ghly set out ! above relative pa?s 9 a s]ies ( conc5tric circles ^u a l>ge %eet ( pap]1 & !n to consid] t ! pa? ( ,saturn 0 ! suppos$ b\nd>y ( our sol> sy/em prior to ! ye> #agha4 ,we h se5 t ! usual %ape ( cele/ial bodies !mselves is sph]ical4 ,( :at =m !n are _! pa?s1 or orbits1 z ^! are call$8 ,"o might be incl9$ at a v5ture to answ] circul>1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,! orbits ( ! planets _c be reg>d$ z true circles4 ,!y are ovals1 or1 to speak 9 te*nical language1 ellipses4 ,_! ovalness or ellipticity is1 h[ev]1 9 ea* case n by any means ( ! same degree4 ,"s orbits--= in/ance1 t ( ! e>?--diff] only slightly f circles2 :ile o!rs--^? ( ,m>s or ,m]cury1 = example--are m>k$ly elliptic4 ,! orbit ( ! t9y planet ,eros is1 h[ev]1 f> & away ! mo/ elliptic ( all1 z we %all see :5 we come to deal ) t little planet 9 detail4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! sun & planets are always rotat+4 ,! v>i\s rates at :i* !y d s w1 h[ev]1 be be/ appreciat$ by a comp>ison ) ! rate at :i* ! e>? itself rotates4 ,b fir/ ( all1 let u see :at gr\nd we h1 if any1 = ass]t+ t ! e>? rotates at all8 ,if we c>efully wat* ! heav5s we notice t ! backgr\nd ( ! sky1 ) all ! brilliant objects :i* sp>kle 9 x1 appe>s to turn once r\nd u 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 & t ! pivot ^u :i* ?is movem5t takes place is situat$ some:]e ne> :at is kn[n to u z ! ,pole ,/>4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ facts not$ ) reg>d to ! sky2 & to ! m5 ( old x !re=e seems z if ! heav5s & all !re9 7 always revolv+ ar\nd ! e>?4 ,x 0 natural en\gh = !m to take ?is view1 = !y _h n ! slighte/ idea ( ! imm5se di/ance ( ! cele/ial bodies1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any k ( ! k9d !y 7 incl9$ to imag9e !m comp>atively ne>4 ,x 0 inde$ only aft] ! lapse ( _m c5turies1 :5 m5 _h at la/ realis$ ! enorm\s gulf :i* sep>at$ !m f ev5 ! ne>e/ object 9 ! sky1 t a m reasonable op9ion began to prevail4 ,x 0 !n se5 t ?is revolution ( ! heav5s ab\t ! e>? c\ld be m easily & m satisfactorily expla9$ by suppos+ a m]e rotation ( ! solid e>? ab\t a fix$ axis1 po9t$ 9 ! direction ( ! pol> />4 ,! probability ( su* a rotation on ! "p ( ! e>? itself 0 fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! obs]vations made ) ! telescope4 ,:5 ! surfaces ( ! sun & planets 7 c>efully /udi$ ^! bodies 7 se5 to be rotat+4 ,?is be+ ! case1 !re c\ld n surely be mu* hesitation 9 grant+ t ! e>? rotat$ also2 p>ticul>ly :5 x s simply expla9$ ! daily movem5t ( ! sky1 & sav$ m5 f ! almo/ inconceivable notion t ! :ole /up5d\s vault$ heav5 0 turn+ ab\t !m once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if ! sun be regul>ly obs]v$ ?r\gh a telescope1 x w gradually be ga!r$ f ! sl[ displacem5t ( sunspots across its face1 _! disappe>ance at "o edge & _! reappe>ance aga9 at ! o!r edge1 t x is rotat+ on an axis 9 a p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty-six days4 ,! movem5t1 too1 ( v>i\s well-kn[n m>k+s on ! surfaces ( ! planets ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn proves to u t ^! bodies are rotat+ 9 p]iods1 :i* are ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs = ! fir/1 & ab\t t5 h\rs = ea* ( ! o!r two4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ,uranus & ,neptune !re is mu* m unc]ta9ty1 z ^! planets are at su* great di/ances t ev5 our be/ telescopes give b a confus$ view ( ! m>k+s :i* !y display2 /ill a p]iod ( rotation ( f t5 to twelve h\rs appe>s to be accept$ = !m4 ,on ! o!r h& ! con/ant blaze ( sunlight 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m]cury & ,v5us equally hamp]s a/ronom]s 9 ?is que/4 ,! old] telescopic obs]v]s consid]$ t ! rotation p]iods ( ^! two planets 7 ab\t ! same z t ( ! e>?2 b ( rec5t ye>s ! op9ion has be5 ga9+ gr\nd t !y turn r\nd on _! axes 9 exactly ! same "t z !y revolve ab\t ! sun4 ,?is "q is1 h[ev]1 a v d\btful "o1 & w be aga9 ref]r$ to lat] on2 b1 putt+ x on "o side1 x w be se5 f :at we h said above1 t ! rotation p]iods ( ! o!r planets ( our sy/em are usually ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or "u4 ,! fact t ! rotation p]iod ( ! sun %\ld run into days ne$ n seem extraord9>y :5 "o consid]s its enorm\s size4 ,! p]iods tak5 by ! v>i\s planets to revolve ar\nd ! sun is ! next po9t :i* has to be consid]$4 ,"h1 too1 x is well to />t ) ! e>?'s p]iod ( revolution z ! /&>d1 & to see h[ ! p]iods tak5 by ! o!r planets comp>e ) x4 ,! e>? takes ab\t #cfe-a_/d days to revolve ar\nd ! sun4 ,?is p]iod ( "t is kn[n to u z a ye>4 ,! foll[+ table %[s 9 days & ye>s ! p]iods tak5 by ea* ( ! o!r planets to make a complete revolution r\nd ! sun3-- ,m]cury ab\t #hh days4 ,v5us #bbf ,m>s #a ye> & #cba days4 ,jupit] #aa ye>s & #cac days4 ,saturn #bi ye>s & #afg days4 ,uranus #hd ye>s & #g days4 ,neptune #afd ye>s & #bhd days4 ,f ^! p]iods we ga!r an important fact1 namely1 t ! ne>] a planet is to ! sun ! fa/] x revolves4 ,comp>$ ) "o ( our ye>s :at a long "t does an ,uranian1 or ,neptunian1 ye> seem8 ,= in/ance1 if a ye> _h comm5c$ 9 ,neptune ab\t ! middle ( ! reign ( ,george ,,ii41 t ye> w\ld be only j com+ to a close2 = ! planet is b n[ arriv+ back to ! position1 ) reg>d to ! sun1 :i* x !n occupi$4 ,uranus1 too1 has only complet$ a little m ?an #a-a_/b ( its ye>s s9ce ,h]s*el discov]$ x4 ,hav+ accept$ ! fact t ! planets are revolv+ ar\nd ! sun1 ! next po9t to be inquir$ into is3--,:at are ! positions ( _! orbits1 or pa?s1 relatively to ea* o!r8 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! v>i\s planet>y orbits to be repres5t$ by a set ( hoops ( diff]5t sizes1 plac$ "o )9 ! o!r1 & ! sun by a small ball 9 ! middle ( ! :ole2 9 :at positions w ^! hoops h to be arrang$ s z to imitate exactly ! true condition ( ?+s8 ,fir/ ( all let u suppose ! entire arrangem5t1 ball & hoops1 to be on "o level1 s to speak4 ,?is may be easily compass$ by imag9+ ! hoops z float+1 "o surr\nd+ ! o!r1 ) ! ball 9 ! middle ( all1 ^u ! surface ( /ill wat]4 ,su* a set ( objects w\ld be describ$ 9 a/ronomical p>lance z be+ 9 ! same plane4 ,suppose1 on ! o!r h&1 t "s ( ^! float+ hoops are tilt$ ) reg>d to ! o!rs1 s t "o half ( a hoop rises out ( ! wat] & ! o!r half consequ5tly s9ks b5ea? ! surface4 ,?is inde$ is ! actual case ) reg>d to ! planet>y orbits4 ,!y d n by any means lie all exactly 9 ! same plane4 ,ea* "o ( !m is tilt$1 or incl9$1 a little ) respect to ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit1 :i* a/ronom]s1 = conv5i5ce1 reg>d z ! level ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is tilt+1 or incl9ation1 is1 9 ! l>g] planets1 greate/ = ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 lea/ = t ( ,uranus4 ,m]cury's orbit is incl9$ to t ( ! e>? at an angle ( ab\t #g1 t ( ,v5us at a little ov] #c1 t ( ,saturn #b-a_/b2 :ile 9 ^? ( ,m>s1 ,neptune1 & ,jupit] ! incl9ation is less ?an #b4 ,b great] ?an any ( ^! is ! incl9ation ( ! orbit ( ! t9y planet ,eros1 viz4 ne>ly #aa4 ,! sy/ems ( satellites revolv+ ar\nd _! respective planets be+1 z we h already po9t$ out1 m]e m9iature editions ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! consid]ations s f> detail$1 :i* regulate ! behavi\r ( ! planets 9 _! relations to ! sun1 w ( necessity apply to ! satellites v closely4 ,9 "o respect1 h[ev]1 a sy/em ( satellites diff]s mat]ially f a sy/em ( planets4 ,! c5tral body ar\nd :i* planets are 9 motion is self-lum9\s1 :]eas ! planet>y body ar\nd :i* a satellite revolves is n4 ,true1 planets %9e1 & %9e v brightly too2 z1 = in/ance1 ,v5us & ,jupit]4 ,b !y d n give =? any light ( _! own1 z ! sun does2 !y m]ely reflect ! sunlight :i* !y receive f him4 ,putt+ ?is "o fact aside1 ! analogy betwe5 ! planet>y sy/em & a satellite sy/em is rem>kable4 ,! satellites are sph]ical 9 =m1 & diff] m>k$ly 9 size2 !y rotate1 s f> z we "k1 ^u _! axes 9 v>y+ times2 !y revolve ar\nd _! gov]n+ planets 9 orbits1 n circul>1 b elliptic2 & ^! orbits1 fur!rmore1 d n ( necessity lie 9 ! same plane4 ,la/ ( all ! satellites revolve ar\nd _! prim>ies at rates :i* are directly comp>able ) ^? at :i* ! planets revolve ar\nd ! sun1 ! rule 9 fact hold+ good t ! ne>] a satellite is to its prim>y ! fa/] x revolves4 #c ,z !re seems to be mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ ! diamet]s ( ,uranus & ,neptune1 x %\ld "h be m5tion$ t ! above figures are tak5 f ,pr(essor ,f4,r4 ,m\lton's ,introduction to ,a/ronomy 7#aijf74 ,!y are !re /at$ to be giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,b>n>d's _m measures at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,cele/ial ,,me*anism ,z soon z we beg9 to inquire closely into ! actual condition ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em we are /ruck ) a c]ta9 di/9ction4 ,we f9d t !re are two q diff]5t po9ts ( view f :i* ^! bodies c be reg>d$4 ,= in/ance1 we may make our e/imates ( !m ei!r z reg>ds volume--t is to say1 ! m]e room :i* !y take up2 or z reg>ds mass--t is to say1 ! am\nt ( matt] :i* !y conta94 ,let u imag9e two globes ( equal volume2 9 o!r words1 :i* take up an equal am\nt ( space4 ,"o ( ^! globes1 h[ev]1 may be compos$ ( mat]ial mu* m tightly put toge!r ?an 9 ! o!r2 or ( great] d5sity1 z ! t]m goes4 ,t globe is said to be ! great] ( ! two 9 mass4 ,7 su* a pair ( globes to be weigh$ 9 scales1 "o globe 9 ea* pan1 we %\ld see at once1 by its weigh+ d[n ! o!r1 :i* ( ! two 0 compos$ ( ! m tightly pack$ mat]ials2 & we %\ld1 9 a/ronomical p>lance1 say ( ?is "o t x _h ! great] mass4 ,volume be+ m]ely ano!r ^w = size1 ! ord] ( ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 ) reg>d to _! volumes1 w be z foll[s1 beg9n+ ) ! greate/3--! ,sun1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 ,neptune1 ! ,e>?1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 & ,m]cury4 ,) reg>d to mass ! same ord] /rangely en\gh holds good4 ,! actual d5sities ( ! bodies 9 "q are1 h[ev]1 v diff]5t4 ,! d5se/ or close/ pack$ body ( all is ! ,e>?1 :i* is ab\t five & a half times z d5se z if x 7 compos$ entirely ( wat]4 ,v5us foll[s next1 !n ,m>s1 & !n ,m]cury4 ,! rema9+ bodies1 on ! o!r h&1 are relatively loose 9 /ructure4 ,saturn is ! lea/ d5se ( all1 less s ?an wat]4 ,! d5sity ( ! ,sun is a little great] ?an t ( wat]4 ,?is me?od ( e/imat+ is1 h[ev]1 subject to a qualification4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 speak+ ( ! ,sun1 = in/ance1 z be+ only a little d5s] ?an wat]1 we are m]ely treat+ ! "q f ! po9t ( view ( an av]age4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( x 9 fact w be ev] s mu* d5s] ?an wat]3 ^? are ! p>ts 9 ! c5tre4 ,o!r portions1 = in/ance1 ! outside portions1 w be v mu* less d5se4 ,x w easily be und]/ood t 9 all su* bodies ! d5se/ or mo/ compress$ portions are to be f\nd t[>ds ! c5tre2 :ile ! portions t[>ds ! ext]ior be+ less press$ ^u1 w be less d5se4 ,we n[ rea* a v important po9t1 ! "q ( ,gravitation4 ,gravitation1 or gravity1 z x is (t5 call$1 is ! attractive =ce :i*1 = in/ance1 causes objects to fall to ! e>?4 ,n[ x seems r /range t "o %\ld say t x is ow+ to a c]ta9 =ce t ?+s fall t[>ds ! e>?4 ,all ?+s seem to u to fall s ( _! own accord1 z if x 7 q natural1 or r mo/ unnatural if !y did n4 ,:y !n require a =ce to make !m fall8 ,! /ory goes t ! great ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 set a-?9k+ on ?is subject by see+ an apple fall f a tree to ! e>?4 ,he !n c>ri$ ! tra9 ( ?\ght fur!r2 &1 by /udy+ ! movem5ts ( ! moon1 he rea*$ ! conclusion t a body ev5 s f> (f z our satellite w\ld be drawn t[>ds ! e>? 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is be+ ! case1 "o w naturally ask :y ! moon h]self does n fall 9 ^u ! e>?4 ,! answ] is inde$ f\nd to be t ! moon is travell+ r\nd & r\nd ! e>? at a c]ta9 rapid pace1 & x is ?is v same rapid pace :i* keeps h] f fall+ 9 ^u u4 ,any "o c te/ ?is simple fact = himself4 ,if we tie a /one to ! end ( a /r+1 & keep :irl+ x r\nd & r\nd fa/ en\gh1 !re w be a /rong pull f ! /one 9 an outw>d direction1 & ! /r+ w rema9 tight all ! "t t ! /one is be+ :irl$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we gradually slack5 ! spe$ at :i* we are mak+ ! /one :irl1 a mom5t w come at l5g? :5 ! /r+ w become limp1 & ! /one w fall back t[>ds our h&4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t !re are two causes :i* ma9ta9 ! /one at a regul> di/ance all ! "t x is be+ /eadily :irl$4 ,"o ( ^! is ! cont9ual pull inw>d t[>ds our h& by means ( ! /r+4 ,! o!r is ! cont9ual pull away f u caus$ by ! rate at :i* ! /one is travell+4 ,:5 ! rate ( :irl+ is s regulat$ t ^! pulls exactly balance ea* o!r1 ! /one travels com=tably r\nd & r\nd1 & %[s no t5d5cy ei!r to fall back ^u our h& or to break ! /r+ & fly away into ! air4 ,x is inde$ precisely simil> ) reg>d to ! moon4 ,! cont9ual pull ( ! e>?'s gravitation takes ! place ( ! /r+4 ,if ! moon 7 to g r\nd & r\nd sl[] ?an x does1 x w\ld t5d to fall 9 t[>ds ! e>?2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 7 to g fa/]1 x w\ld t5d to ru% away into space4 ,! same k9d ( pull :i* ! e>? ex]ts ^u ! objects at its surface1 or ^u its satellite1 ! moon1 exi/s ?r\gh space s f> z we "k4 ,e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se is f\nd 9 fact to attract e o!r p>ticle4 ,! moon1 = in/ance1 attracts ! e>? also1 b ! controll+ =ce is on ! side ( ! mu* great] mass ( ! e>?4 ,?is =ce ( gravity or attraction ( gravitation1 z x is also call$1 is p]fectly regul> 9 its action4 ,its p[] dep5ds fir/ ( all exactly ^u ! mass ( ! body :i* ex]ts x4 ,! gravitational pull ( ! sun1 = in/ance1 rea*es out to an enorm\s di/ance1 controll+ p]haps1 9 _! c\rses1 unse5 planets circl+ f> beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune4 ,aga91 ! /r5g? ) :i* ! =ce ( gravity acts dep5ds ^u di/ance 9 a regul>ly dim9i%+ proportion4 ,?us1 ! ne>] an object is to ! e>?1 = in/ance1 ! /rong] is ! gravitational pull :i* x gets f x2 ! f>!r (f x is1 ! weak] is ?is pull4 ,if !n ! moon 7 to be br\ght ne>] to ! e>?1 ! gravitational pull ( ! latt] w\ld become s mu* /rong] t ! moon's rate ( motion w\ld h also to increase 9 due proportion to prev5t h] f be+ drawn into ! e>?4 ,la/ ( all1 ! po9t 9 a body f :i* ! attraction ( gravitation acts1 is n necess>ily ! c5tre ( ! body1 b r :at is kn[n z its c5tre ( gravity1 t is to say1 ! balanc+ po9t ( all ! matt] :i* ! body conta9s4 ,x %\ld "h be not$ t ! moon does n actually revolve ar\nd ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! e>?4 ,:at really happ5s is t bo? orbs revolve ar\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity1 :i* is a po9t )9 ! body ( ! e>?1 & situat$ ab\t ?ree ?\s& miles f its c5tre4 ,9 ! same mann] ! planets & ! sun revolve ar\nd ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! sol> sy/em1 :i* is a po9t )9 ! body ( ! sun4 ,! neatly pois$ movem5ts ( ! planets ar\nd ! sun1 & ( ! satellites ar\nd _! respective planets1 w !re=e be readily und]/ood to result f a nice balance betwe5 gravitation & spe$ ( motion4 ,! mass ( ! e>? is asc]ta9$ to be ab\t eighty times t ( ! moon4 ,our k ( ! mass ( a planet is le>n$ f comp>+ ! revolutions ( its satellite or satellites ar\nd x1 ) ^? ( ! moon ar\nd ! e>?4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to d$uce :at ! mass ( su* a planet w\ld be comp>$ to ! e>?'s mass2 t is to say1 a /udy1 = in/ance1 ( ,jupit]'s satellite sy/em %[s t ,jupit] mu/ h a mass ne>ly ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 times t ( our e>?4 ,9 ! same mann] we c argue out ! mass ( ! sun f ! movem5ts ( ! planets & o!r bodies ( ! sy/em ar\nd x4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ,v5us & ,m]cury1 ! problem is by no means su* an easy "o1 z ^! bodies h no satellites4 ,= in=mation 9 ?is latt] case we h to rely ^u su* unc]ta9 evid5ce z1 = in/ance1 ! slight di/urbances caus$ 9 ! motion ( ! e>? by ! attraction ( ^! planets :5 !y pass close/ to u1 or _! obs]v$ effect ^u ! motions ( su* comets z may happ5 to pass ne> to !m4 ,mass & weight1 ?\gh (t5 spok5 ( z "o & ! same ?+1 are by no means s4 ,mass1 z we h se51 m]ely means ! am\nt ( matt] :i* a body conta9s4 ,! weight ( a body1 on ! o!r h&1 dep5ds entirely ^u ! gravitational pull :i* x receives4 ,! =ce ( gravity at ! surface ( ! e>? is1 = in/ance1 ab\t six times z great z t at ! surface ( ! moon4 ,all bodies1 !re=e1 weigh ab\t six times z mu* on ! e>? z !y w\ld ^u ! moon2 or1 r1 a body transf]r$ to ! moon's surface w\ld weigh only ab\t "o-six? ( :at x did on ! t]re/rial surface4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t if a body ( giv5 mass 7 to be plac$ ^u planet aft] planet 9 turn1 its weight w\ld regul>ly alt] accord+ to ! =ce ( gravity at ea* planet's surface4 ,gravitation is inde$ "o ( ! greate/ my/]ies ( nature4 ,:at x is1 ! means by :i* x acts1 or :y su* a =ce %\ld exi/ at all1 are que/ions to :i* s f> we h n _h ev5 ! m]e/ h9t ( an answ]4 ,its action across space appe>s to be in/antane\s4 ,! int5sity ( gravitation is said 9 ma!matical p>lance to v>y inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,?is means t at twice ! di/ance ! pull w become only "o-qu>t] z /rong1 & n "o-half z o!rwise might be expect$4 ,at f\r times ! di/ance1 !re=e1 x w be "o-sixte5? z /rong4 ,at ! e>?'s surface a body is pull$ by ! e>?'s gravitation1 or falls1 z we ord9>ily t]m x1 ?r\gh #af feet 9 "o second ( "t2 :]eas at ! di/ance ( ! moon ! attraction ( ! e>? is s v mu* weak5$ t a body w\ld take z long z "o m9ute to fall ?r\gh ! same space4 ,newton's inve/igations %[$ t if a body 7 to be plac$ at re/ 9 space entirely away f ! attraction ( any o!r body x w\ld rema9 always 9 a motionless condition1 because !re w\ld pla9ly be no reason :y x %\ld move 9 any "o direction r ?an 9 ano!r4 ,&1 simil>ly1 if a body 7 to be project$ 9 a c]ta9 direction & at a c]ta9 spe$1 x w\ld move always 9 ! same direction & at ! same spe$ s long z x did n come )9 ! gravitational attraction ( any o!r body4 ,! possibility ( an int]action betwe5 ! cele/ial orbs _h occurr$ to a/ronom]s be=e ! "t ( ,newton2 = in/ance1 9 ! n9? c5tury to ! ,arabian ,musa-b5-,%akir1 to ,camillus ,agrippa 9 #aeec1 & to ,kepl]1 :o suspect$ its exi/5ce f obs]vation ( ! tides4 ,horrox also1 writ+ 9 #afce1 spoke ( ! moon z mov$ by an emanation f ! e>?4 ,b no "o prior to ,newton attempt$ to exam9e ! "q f a ma!matical /&po9t4 ,not)/&+ ! ackn[l$g$ tru? & f>-rea*+ scope ( ! law ( gravitation--= we f9d its effects exemplifi$ 9 e portion ( ! univ]se--!re are yet "s m9or movem5ts :i* x does n acc\nt =4 ,= in/ance1 !re are small irregul>ities 9 ! movem5t ( ,m]cury :i* _c be expla9$ by ! influ5ce ( possible intra-,m]curial planets1 & simil>ly !re are slight unacc\ntable deviations 9 ! motions ( our neighb\r ! ,moon4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,cele/ial ,,di/ances ,up to ?is we h m]ely tak5 a g5]al view ( ! sol> sy/em--a bird's-eye view1 s to speak1 f space4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry we not$ 9 a r\gh way ! relative di/ances at :i* ! v>i\s planets move ar\nd ! sun4 ,b we h n yet /at$ :at ^! di/ances actually are1 & x 7 !re=e well n[ to turn our att5tion to ?is important matt]4 ,ea* ( u has a fair idea ( :at a mile is4 ,x is a qu>t] ( an h\r's %>p walk1 = in/ance2 or yond] village or build+1 we "k1 lies su* & su* a numb] ( miles away4 ,! measurem5ts :i* h already be5 giv5 ( ! diamet]s ( ! v>i\s bodies ( ! sol> sy/em appe> v great to u1 :o f9d t a walk ( a few miles at a "t taxes our /r5g?2 b !y are a m]e no?+ :5 we consid] ! di/ances f ! sun at :i* ! v>i\s planets revolve 9 _! orbits4 ,! foll[+ table gives ^! di/ances 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,z "h /at$ !y are :at are call$ mean di/ances2 =1 z ! orbits are oval1 ! planets v>y 9 _! di/ances f ! sun1 & we are !re=e oblig$ to /rike a k9d ( av]age = ea* case3-- ,m]cury ab\t #cf1jjj1jjj miles4 ,v5us #fg1bjj1jjj ,e>? #ib1ijj1jjj ,m>s #ada1ejj1jjj ,jupit] #dhc1cjj1jjj ,saturn #hhf1jjj1jjj ,uranus #a1gha1ijj1jjj ,neptune #b1gia1fjj1jjj ,f ! above x w be se5 at a glance t we h ent]$ ^u a /ill great] scale ( di/ance ?an 9 deal+ ) ! diamet]s ( ! v>i\s bodies ( ! sy/em4 ,9 t case ! di/ances 7 limit$ to ?\s&s ( miles2 9 ?is1 h[ev]1 we h to deal ) millions4 ,a million be+ t5 hundr$ ?\s&1 x w be notic$ t ev5 ! diamet] ( ! huge sun is well "u a million miles4 ,h[ inde$ are we to get a grasp ( su* di/ances1 :5 ^? to :i* we are ord9>ily accu/om$--! few miles' walk1 ! little /ret* ( sea or l& :i* we gaze ^u ar\nd u--are s utt]ly m9ute 9 comp>ison8 ,! fact is1 t ?\gh m5 may ?9k t !y c picture 9 _! m9ds su* imm5se di/ances1 !y actually c n4 ,9 matt]s l ^! we unconsci\sly employ a k9d ( conv5tion1 & we e/imate a ?+ z be+ two or ?ree or m times ! size ( ano!r4 ,m ?an ?is we are unable to d4 ,= in/ance1 our ord9>y exp]i5ce ( a mile enables u to judge1 9 a way1 ( a /ret* ( sev]al miles1 su* z "o c take 9 ) a glance2 b 9 our e/imation ( a ?\s& miles1 or ev5 ( "o hundr$1 we are driv5 back ^u a m5tal trick1 s to speak4 ,9 our attempts to realise su* imm5se di/ances z ^? 9 ! sol> sy/em we are oblig$ to h rec\rse to analogies2 to comp>isons ) o!r & simpl] facts1 ?\gh ?is is at ! be/ a m]e self-*eat+ device4 ,! analogy :i* seems mo/ suit$ to our purpose "h1 & "o :i* has (t5 be5 employ$ by writ]s1 is borr[$ f ! rate at :i* an express tra9 travels4 ,let u imag9e1 = in/ance1 t we possess an express tra9 :i* is capable ( runn+ any:]e1 nev] /ops1 nev] requires fuel1 & always goes along at sixty miles an h\r4 ,suppose we comm5ce by employ+ x to gauge ! size ( our own planet1 ! e>?4 ,let u s5d x on a trip ar\nd ! equator1 ! span ( :i* is ab\t #bd1jjj miles4 ,at its sixty-miles-an-h\r rate ( go+1 ?is j\rney w take ne>ly #ag days4 ,next let u s5d x f ! e>? to ! moon4 ,?is di/ance1 #bdj1jjj miles1 be+ t5 times z great z ! la/1 w ( c\rse take t5 times z long to cov]1 namely1 #agj days2 t is to say1 ne>ly half a ye>4 ,aga91 let u s5d x /ill fur!r afield1 to ! sun1 = example4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x ent]s ^u a j\rney :i* is n to be measur$ 9 ?\s&s ( miles1 z ! o!rs 71 b 9 millions4 ,! di/ance f ! e>? to ! sun1 z we h se5 9 ! =ego+ table1 is ab\t #ic millions ( miles4 ,our express tra9 w\ld take ab\t #agh ye>s to trav]se ?is4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! sun1 let u suppose t our tra9 makes a t\r "r r\nd x4 ,?is w take m ?an five ye>s4 ,suppos+1 f9ally1 t our tra9 7 />t$ f ! sun1 & made to run /raight out to ! kn[n b\nd>ies ( ! sol> sy/em1 t is to say1 z f> z ! orbit ( ,neptune1 x w\ld take ov] #ejjj ye>s to trav]se ! di/ance4 ,t sixty miles an h\r is a v great spe$ any "o1 ,i ?9k1 w admit :o has /ood ^u ! plat=m ( a c\ntry /ation :ile "o ( ! great mail tra9s has da%$ pa/4 ,b are n ! imm5sities ( space appall+ to contemplate1 :5 "o realises t a body mov+ incessantly at su* a rate w\ld take s long z #aj1jjj ye>s to trav]se m]ely ! bread? ( our sol> sy/em8 ,t5 ?\s& ye>s6 ,j try to conceive x4 ,:y1 x is only a little m ?an half t "t s9ce ! ,pyramids 7 built1 & !y m>k = u ! ,dawn ( ,hi/ory4 ,& s9ce !n half-a-doz5 mighty empires h come & gone6 ,hav+ ?us conclud$ our g5]al survey ( ! appe>ance & dim5sions ( ! sol> sy/em1 let u next inquire into its position & size 9 relation to :at we call ! ,univ]se4 ,a m]e glance at ! night sky1 :5 x is free f cl\ds1 %[s u t 9 e direction !re are />s2 & ?is holds good1 no matt] :at portion ( ! globe we visit4 ,! same is really true ( ! sky by day1 ?\gh 9 t case we _c actually see ! />s1 = _! light is q ov]p[]$ by ! dazzl+ light ( ! sun4 ,we ?us rea* ! conclusion t our e>?1 t our sol> sy/em 9 fact1 lies plung$ )9 ! mid/ ( a great tangle ( />s4 ,:at position1 by ! way1 d we occupy 9 ?is mighty maze8 ,are we at ! c5tre1 or any:]e ne> ! c5tre1 or :]e8 ,x has be5 inde$ amply prov$ by a/ronomical rese>* t ! />s are bodies giv+ (f a light ( _! own1 j z our sun does2 t !y are 9 fact suns1 & t our sun is m]ely "o1 p]haps inde$ a v unimportant memb]1 ( ?is great univ]se ( />s4 ,ea* ( ^! />s1 or suns1 besides1 may be ! c5tre ( a sy/em simil> to :at we call our sol> sy/em1 compris+ planets & satellites1 comets & meteors2--or p]*ance inde$ "s fur!r v>iety ( att5dant bodies ( :i* we h no example 9 our t9y corn] ( space4 ,b z to :e!r "o is "r 9 a conjecture ( ?is k9d1 !re is up to ! pres5t no pro( :atev]4 ,no telescope has yet %[n a planet 9 att5dance ^u "o ( ^! di/ant suns2 = su* bodies1 ev5 if !y d exi/1 are entirely out ( ! range ( our mightie/ in/rum5ts4 ,on :at !n c we gr\nd su* an assumption8 ,m]ely ^u analogy2 ^u ! common-s5se d$uction t z ! />s h *>act]i/ics simil> to our p>ticul> />1 ! sun1 x w\ld seem unlikely t ours %\ld be ! only su* body 9 ! :ole ( space :i* is att5d$ by a planet>y sy/em4 ,! ,/>s1 us+ t expression 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 d n lie at "o fix$ di/ance f u1 set "h & !re ^u a backgr\nd ( sky4 ,!re is 9 fact no backgr\nd at all4 ,! brilliant orbs are all ar\nd u 9 space1 at diff]5t di/ances f u & f ea* o!r2 & we c gaze betwe5 !m out into ! blackness ( ! void :i*1 p]haps1 cont9ues to ext5d unceas+ly long aft] ! v outpo/s ( ! /ell> univ]se has be5 left beh9d4 ,%all we !n />t our imag9>y express tra9 once m1 & s5d x out t[>ds ! ne>e/ ( ! />s8 ,?is w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a useless exp]im5t4 ,our express-tra9 me?od ( gaug+ space w\ld fail mis]ably 9 ! attempt to br+ home to u ! mighty gulf by :i* we are n[ fac$4 ,let u !re=e halt = a mom5t & look back ^u ! ord]s ( di/ance ) :i* we h be5 deal+4 ,fir/ ( all we dealt ) ?\s&s ( miles4 ,next we saw h[ !y %rank into insignificance :5 we emb>k$ ^u millions4 ,we f\nd1 inde$1 t our sixty-mile-an-h\r tra91 ru%+ along )\t ceas+1 w\ld consume ne>ly ! :ole ( hi/orical "t 9 a j\rney f ! sun to ,neptune4 ,9 ! spaces beyond ! sol> sy/em we are fac$1 h[ev]1 by a new ord] ( di/ance4 ,f sun to planets is measur$ 9 millions ( miles1 b f sun to sun is measur$ 9 billions4 ,b does ! m]e /at+ ( ?is fact convey any?+8 ,i fe> n4 ,= ! ^w billion runs z glibly (f ! tongue z million1 & bo? are s :olly unrealisable by u t ! actual diff]5ce betwe5 !m might easily pass unnotic$4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 make a c>eful comp>ison4 ,:at is a million8 ,x is a ?\s& ?\s&s4 ,b :at is a billion8 ,x is a million millions4 ,consid] = a mom5t6 ,a million ( millions4 ,t means a million1 ea* unit ( :i* is aga9 a million4 ,9 fact e sep>ate #a 9 ?is million is itself a million4 ,"h is a way ( try+ to realise ?is gigantic numb]4 ,a million seconds make only elev5 & a half days & nights4 ,b a billion seconds w make actually m ?an ?irty ?\s& ye>s6 ,hav+ accept$ ?is1 let u try & probe ) our express tra9 ev5 a little ( ! new gulf :i* n[ lies be=e u4 ,at our old rate ( go+ x took almo/ two ye>s to cov] a million miles4 ,to cov] a billion miles--t is to say1 a million times ?is di/ance--w\ld ?us take ( c\rse ne>ly two million ye>s4 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 ! ne>e/ /> to our e>?1 is "s tw5ty-five billions ( miles away4 ,our express tra9 w\ld ?us take ab\t fifty millions ( ye>s to rea* x6 ,?is %[s h[ useless our illu/ration1 appropriate ?\gh x seem$ = int]planet>y space1 becomes :5 appli$ to ! int]/ell> spaces4 ,x m]ely gives u millions 9 return = billions2 & s ! m9d1 driv5 9 ^u itself1 :irls r\nd & r\nd l a squirrel 9 its revolv+ cage4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a useful illu/ration /ill left u1 & x is ! "o :i* a/ronom]s usually employ 9 deal+ ) ! di/ances ( ! />s4 ,! illu/ration 9 "q is tak5 f ! velocity ( light4 ,light travels at ! trem5d\s spe$ ( ab\t #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,x !re=e takes only ab\t a second & a qu>t] to come to u f ! moon4 ,x trav]ses ! #ic1jjj1jjj ( miles :i* sep>ate u f ! sun 9 ab\t eight m9utes4 ,x travels f ! sun out to ,neptune 9 ab\t f\r h\rs1 :i* means t x w\ld cross ! sol> sy/em f end to end 9 eight4 ,to pass1 h[ev]1 across ! di/ance :i* sep>ates u f ,alpha ,c5tauri x w\ld take s long z ab\t f\r & a qu>t] ye>s6 ,a/ronom]s1 !re=e1 agree 9 e/imat+ ! di/ances ( ! />s f ! po9t ( view ( ! "t :i* light w\ld take to pass f !m to our e>?4 ,!y speak ( t di/ance :i* light takes a ye> to trav]se z a light ye>4 ,accord+ to ?is notation1 ,alpha ,c5tauri is spok5 ( z be+ ab\t f\r & a qu>t] light ye>s di/ant f u4 ,n[ z ! rays ( light com+ f ,alpha ,c5tauri to u are *as+ "o ano!r incessantly across ! gulf ( space1 & z ea* ray left t /> "s f\r ye>s be=e x rea*es u1 our view ( ! /> itself mu/ !re=e be always "s f\r ye>s old4 ,7 !n ?is /> to be sudd5ly remov$ f ! univ]se at any mom5t1 we %\ld cont9ue to see x /ill 9 its place 9 ! sky = "s f\r ye>s m1 aft] :i* x w\ld sudd5ly disappe>4 ,! rays :i* _h already />t$ ^u _! j\rney t[>ds our e>? mu/ inde$ cont9ue travell+1 & rea*+ u 9 _! turn until ! la/ "o _h arriv$2 aft] :i* no m w\ld come4 ,we h drawn att5tion to ,alpha ,c5tauri z ! ne>e/ ( ! />s4 ,! majority ( ! o!rs inde$ are ev] s mu* f>!r4 ,we c only haz>d a guess at ! "t x takes = ! rays f _m ( !m to rea* our globe4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 we see a sudd5 *ange 9 ! light ( any ( ^! remote />s1 we are incl9$ to ask ourselves :5 t *ange did actually occur4 ,0 x 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 or at ! "t ( ! ,norman ,conque/2 or 0 x :5 ,rome 0 at ! height ( h] glory1 or p]haps ages be=e t :5 ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt 7 be+ built8 ,ev5 ! la/ ( ^! suppositions _c be treat$ lightly4 ,we h inde$ no real k ( ! di/ance f u ( ^? />s :i* our giant telescopes h br\ght into view out ( ! dep?s ( ! cele/ial spaces4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,cele/ial ,,measurem5t ,_h ! telescope nev] be5 inv5t$ our k ( a/ronomy w\ld be trifl+ inde$4 ,prior to ! ye> #afaj1 :5 ,galileo fir/ turn$ ! new in/rum5t ^u ! sky1 all t m5 knew ( ! />ry realms 0 ga!r$ f obs]vation ) _! own eyes unaid$ by any artificial means4 ,9 su* rese>*es !y _h be5 v mu* at a disadvantage4 ,! sun & moon1 9 _! op9ion1 7 no d\bt ! l>ge/ bodies 9 ! heav5s1 = ! m]e reason t !y look$ s6 ,! mighty sol> di/urbances1 :i* are n[ su* common-places to u1 7 !n q undream$ (4 ,! moon display$ a pat*y surface1 & t 0 all2 h] crat]s & r+-m\nta9s 7 surprises z yet 9 /ore = m54 ,no?+ ( c\rse 0 kn[n ab\t ! surfaces ( ! planets4 ,^! objects _h inde$ no p>ticul> *>act]i/ics to di/+ui% !m f ! great ho/ ( ! />s1 except t !y cont9ually *ang$ _! positions 9 ! sky :ile ! re/ did n4 ,! />s !mselves 7 consid]$ z fix$ inalt]ably ^u ! vault ( heav54 ,! sun1 moon1 & planets app>5tly mov$ ab\t 9 ! int]m$iate space1 support$ 9 _! c\rses by /range & fanciful devices4 ,! idea ( satellites 0 z yet unkn[n4 ,comets 7 reg>d$ z cele/ial port5ts1 & meteors z small conflagrations tak+ place 9 ! upp] air4 ,9 ! entire abs5ce ( any k ) reg>d to ! actual sizes & di/ances ( ! v>i\s cele/ial bodies1 m5 naturally consid]$ !m z small2 &1 conclud+ t !y 7 comp>atively ne>1 assign$ to !m 9 consequ5ce a p]man5t connection ) t]re/rial affairs4 ,?us arose ! qua9t & errone\s beliefs ( a/rology1 accord+ to :i* ! ev5ts :i* took place ^u our e>? 7 consid]$ to dep5d ^u ! v>i\s positions 9 :i* ! planets1 = in/ance1 f\nd !mselves f "t to "t4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be ackn[l$g$ t ! /udy ( a/rology1 fallaci\s ?\gh its conclusions 71 indirectly p]=m$ a great s]vice to a/ronomy by reason ( ! accurate obs]vations & dilig5t /udy ( ! />s :i* x entail$4 ,we w n[ inquire into ! means by :i* ! di/ances & sizes ( ! cele/ial orbs h be5 asc]ta9$1 & see h[ x 0 t ! anci5ts 7 s entirely 9 ! d>k 9 ?is matt]4 ,!re are two di/9ct me?ods ( f9d+ out ! di/ance at :i* any object happ5s to be situat$ f u4 ,"o me?od is by actual measurem5t4 ,! o!r is by mov+ oneself a little to ! "r or left1 & obs]v+ :e!r ! di/ant object appe>s 9 any degree alt]$ 9 position by our own *ange ( place4 ,"o ( ! be/ illu/rations ( ?is relative *ange ( position :i* objects und]go z a result ( our own *ange ( place1 is to obs]ve ! l&scape f ! w9d[ ( a mov+ railway c>riage4 ,z we are borne rapidly along we notice t ! telegraph po/s :i* are set close to ! l9e appe> to fly pa/ u 9 ! contr>y direction2 ! trees1 h\ses1 & o!r ?+s beyond g by too1 b n s fa/2 objects a good way (f displace sl[ly2 :ile "s spire1 or tall l&m>k1 9 ! f> di/ance appe>s to rema9 unmov$ dur+ a comp>atively long "t4 ,actual *ange ( position on our own "p is f\nd inde$ to be inv>iably accompani$ by an app>5t displacem5t ( ! objects ab\t u1 su* app>5t displacem5t z a result ( our own *ange ( position be+ kn[n z p>allax4 ,! dep5d5ce betwe5 ! two is s ma!matically exact1 t if we "k ! am\nt ( our own *ange ( place1 & if we obs]ve ! am\nt ( ! consequ5t displacem5t ( any object1 we are enabl$ to calculate its precise di/ance f u4 ,?us x comes to pass t di/ances c be measur$ )\t ! necessity ( mov+ ov] !m2 & ! bread? ( a riv]1 = in/ance1 or ! di/ance f u ( a %ip at sea1 c be f\nd m]ely by su* means4 ,x is by ! application ( ?is pr9ciple to ! wid] field ( ! sky t we are able to asc]ta9 ! di/ance ( cele/ial bodies4 ,we h not$ t x requires a goodly *ange ( place on our own "p to %ift ! position 9 :i* "s object 9 ! f> di/ance is se5 by u4 ,to two p]sons sep>at$ by1 say1 a few hundr$ y>ds1 a %ip ^u ! horizon w appe> pretty mu* 9 ! same direction4 ,!y w\ld require1 9 fact1 to be mu* f>!r ap>t 9 ord] to displace x suffici5tly = ! purpose ( e/imat+ _! di/ance f x4 ,x is ! same ) reg>d to ! moon4 ,two obs]v]s1 /&+ ^u our e>?1 w require to be "s ?\s&s ( miles ap>t 9 ord] to see ! position ( our satellite suffici5tly alt]$ ) reg>d to ! />ry backgr\nd1 to give ! necess>y data ^u :i* to gr\nd _! calculations4 ,! *ange ( position ?us (f]$ by "o side ( ! e>?'s surface at a "t is1 h[ev]1 n suffici5t to displace any b ! ne>e/ cele/ial bodies4 ,:5 we h occasion to g f>!r afield we h to seek a great] *ange ( place4 ,?is we c get z a consequ5ce ( ! e>?'s movem5t ar\nd ! sun4 ,obs]vations1 tak5 sev]al days ap>t1 w %[ ! effect ( ! e>?'s *ange ( place dur+ ! int]val ^u ! positions ( ! o!r bodies ( our sy/em4 ,b :5 we desire to s\nd ! dep?s ( space beyond1 & to rea* out to measure ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ />1 we f9d ourselves at once ?r[n ^u ! greate/ *ange ( place :i* we c possibly hope =2 & ?is we get dur+ ! long j\rney ( _m millions ( miles :i* our e>? p]=ms ar\nd ! sun dur+ ! c\rse ( ea* ye>4 ,b ev5 ?is la/ *ange ( place1 great z x seems 9 comp>ison ) t]re/rial measurem5ts1 is insuffici5t to %[ any?+ m ?an ! t9ie/ displacem5ts 9 a paltry =ty-?ree out ( ! entire ho/ ( ! />s4 ,we c ?us realise at :at a disadvantage ! anci5ts 74 ,! measur+ in/rum5ts at _! comm& 7 utt]ly inadequate to detect su* small displacem5ts4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! telescope to reveal !m2 & ev5 !n x requir$ ! great telescopes ( rec5t times to %[ ! slight *anges 9 ! position ( ! ne>] />s1 :i* 7 caus$ by ! e>?'s be+ at "o "t at "o end ( its orbit1 & "s six mon?s lat] at ! o!r end--/ations sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a gulf ( ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty-six millions ( miles4 ,! actual di/ances ( c]ta9 cele/ial bodies be+ ?us asc]ta9able1 x becomes a matt] ( no great difficulty to det]m9e ! actual sizes ( ! measurable ones4 ,x is a matt] ( ev]yday exp]i5ce t ! size :i* any object appe>s to h1 dep5ds exactly ^u ! di/ance x is f u4 ,! f>!r (f x is ! small] x looks2 ! ne>] x is ! bigg]4 ,if1 !n1 an object :i* lies at a kn[n di/ance f u looks su* & su* a size1 we c ( c\rse asc]ta9 its real dim5sions4 ,take ! moon1 = in/ance4 ,z we h already %[n1 we are able to asc]ta9 its di/ance4 ,we obs]ve also t x looks a c]ta9 size4 ,x is !re=e only a matt] ( calculation to f9d :at its actual dim5sions %\ld be1 9 ord] t x may look t size at t di/ance away4 ,simil>ly we c asc]ta9 ! real dim5sions ( ! sun4 ,! planets1 appe>+ to u z po9ts ( light1 seem at fir/ to (f] a difficulty2 b1 by means ( ! telescope1 we c br+ !m1 z x 71 s mu* ne>] to u1 t _! broad expanses may be se54 ,we fail1 h[ev]1 signally ) reg>d to ! />s2 = !y are s v di/ant1 & !re=e su* t9y po9ts ( light1 t our mightie/ telescopes _c magnify !m suffici5tly to %[ any bread? ( surface4 ,in/ead ( say+ t an object looks a c]ta9 bread? across1 su* z a y>d or a foot1 a /atem5t :i* w\ld really mean no?+1 a/ronom]s speak ( x z measur+ a c]ta9 angle4 ,su* angles are e/imat$ 9 :at are call$ degrees ( arc2 ea* degree be+ divid$ into sixty m9utes1 & ea* m9ute aga9 into sixty seconds4 ,popul>ly consid]$ ! moon & sun look ab\t ! same size1 or1 z an a/ronom] w\ld put x1 !y measure ab\t ! same angle4 ,?is is an angle1 r\ghly1 ( ?irty-two m9utes ( arc2 t is to say1 slightly m ?an half a degree4 ,! broad expanse ( surface :i* a cele/ial body %[s to u1 :e!r to ! nak$ eye1 z 9 ! case ( ! sun & moon1 or 9 ! telescope1 z 9 ! case ( o!r memb]s ( our sy/em1 is te*nically kn[n z its disc4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,eclipses ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,ph5om5a ,s9ce "s memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em are ne>] to u ?an o!rs1 & all are aga9 mu* ne>] ?an any ( ! />s1 x mu/ (t5 happ5 t "o cele/ial body w pass betwe5 u & ano!r1 & ?us int]cept its light = a :ile4 ,! moon1 be+ ! ne>e/ object 9 ! univ]se1 w1 ( c\rse1 dur+ its motion across ! sky1 tempor>ily blot out e "o ( ! o!rs :i* happ5 to lie 9 its pa?4 ,:5 x passes 9 ?is mann] across ! face ( ! sun1 x is said to eclipse x4 ,:5 x ?us hides a planet or />1 x is said to occult x4 ,! reason :y a sep>ate t]m is us$ = :at is m]ely a case ( obscur+ light 9 exactly ! same way1 w be pla9 :5 "o consid]s t ! disc ( ! sun is almo/ ( ! same app>5t size z t ( ! moon1 & s ! complete hid+ ( ! sun c la/ b a few m9utes at ! mo/2 :]eas a planet or a /> looks s v small 9 comp>ison1 t x is always entirely swall[$ up = "s "t :5 x passes beh9d ! body ( our satellite4 ,! sun1 ( c\rse1 occults planets & />s 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! moon does1 b we _c see ^! occultations on acc\nt ( ! blaze ( sunlight4 ,by reason ( ! small size :i* ! planets look :5 view$ ) ! nak$ eye1 we are n able to note !m 9 ! act ( pass+ ov] />s & s blott+ !m out2 b su* occurr5ces may be se5 9 ! telescope1 = ! planet>y bodies !n display broad discs4 ,!re is yet ano!r occurr5ce ( ! same class :i* is kn[n z a transit4 ,?is takes place :5 an app>5tly small body passes across ! face ( an app>5tly l>ge "o1 ! ph5om5on be+ 9 fact ! exact rev]se ( an occultation4 ,z !re is no appreciable body ne>] to u ?an ! moon1 we c nev] see any?+ 9 transit across h] disc4 ,b s9ce ! planets ,v5us & ,m]cury are bo? ne>] to u ?an ! sun1 !y w occasionally be se5 to pass across 8 face1 & ?us we get ! well-kn[n ph5om5a call$ ,transits ( ,v5us & ,transits ( ,m]cury4 ,z ! satellites ( ,jupit] are cont9ually revolv+ ar\nd him1 !y w (t5 pass beh9d or across 8 disc4 ,su* occultations & transits ( satellites c be well obs]v$ 9 ! telescope4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a way 9 :i* ! light ( a cele/ial body may be obscur$ )\t ! necessity ( its be+ hidd5 f u by "o ne>]4 ,x w no d\bt be grant$ t any opaque object ca/s a %ad[ :5 a /rong light falls directly ^u x4 ,?us ! e>?1 "u ! p[]ful light :i* is direct$ ^u x f ! sun1 ca/s an ext5sive %ad[1 ?\gh we are n aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is %ad[ until x falls ^u some?+4 ,! %ad[ :i* ! e>? ca/s is inde$ n noticeable to u until "s cele/ial body passes into x4 ,z ! sun is v l>ge1 & ! e>? 9 comp>ison v small1 ! %ad[ ?r[n by ! e>? is comp>atively %ort1 & rea*es out 9 space = only ab\t a million miles4 ,!re is no visible object except ! moon1 :i* circulates )9 t di/ance f our globe1 & !re=e %e is ! only body :i* c pass into ?is %ad[4 ,:5ev] su* a ?+ happ5s1 h] surface at once becomes d>k1 = ! reason t %e nev] emits any light ( h] own1 b m]ely reflects t ( ! sun4 ,z ! moon is cont9ually revolv+ ar\nd ! e>?1 "o w\ld be incl9$ to imag9e t once 9 e mon?1 namely at :at is call$ full moon1 :5 %e is on ! o!r side ( ! e>? ) respect to ! sun1 %e ought to pass ?r\gh ! %ad[ 9 "q4 ,b ?is does n occur e "t1 because ! moon's orbit is n q ^u ! same plane ) ! e>?'s4 ,x ?us happ5s t "t aft] "t ! moon passes cle> ( ! e>?'s %ad[1 sometimes above x1 & sometimes bel[ x4 ,x is inde$ only at int]vals ( ab\t six mon?s t ! moon c be ?us obscur$4 ,?is d>k5+ ( h] light is kn[n z an eclipse ( ! moon4 ,x seems a great pity t cu/om %\ld oblige u to employ ! "o t]m eclipse = ?is & also = ! q diff]5t occurr5ce1 an eclipse ( ! sun2 9 :i* ! sun's face is hidd5 z a consequ5ce ( ! moon's body com+ directly betwe5 x & our eyes4 ,! popul> m9d seems always to h f\nd x m difficult to grasp ! causes ( an eclipse ( ! moon ?an an eclipse ( ! sun4 ,z ,mr4 ,j4,e4 ,gore#d puts x3 ,! d>k5+ ( ! sun's light by ! int]position ( ! moon's body seems m obvi\s ?an ! pass+ ( ! moon ?r\gh ! e>?'s %ad[4 ,eclipses ( ! moon furni% /rik+ spectacles1 b really add little to our k4 ,!y exhibit1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable evid5ces ( ! globul> %ape ( our e>?2 = ! outl9e ( its %ad[ :5 se5 creep+ ov] ! moon's surface is always circul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,total & ,p>tial ,eclipses ( ! ,moon4 ,! ,moon is "h %[n 9 two positions2 i4e4 entirely plung$ 9 ! e>?'s %ad[ & !re=e totally eclips$1 & only p>tly plung$ 9 x or p>tially eclips$4 ,eclipses ( ! ,moon1 or ,lun> ,eclipses1 z !y are also call$1 are ( two k9ds--,total1 & ,p>tial4 ,9 a total lun> eclipse ! moon passes entirely into ! e>?'s %ad[1 & ! :ole ( h] surface is consequ5tly d>k5$4 ,?is d>k5+ la/s = ab\t two h\rs4 ,9 a p>tial lun> eclipse1 a portion only ( ! moon passes ?r\gh ! %ad[1 & s only "p ( h] surface is d>k5$ 7see ,fig4 #c74 ,a v /rik+ ph5om5on dur+ a total eclipse ( ! moon1 is t ! d>k5+ ( ! lun> surface is usually by no means s int5se z "o w\ld expect1 :5 "o consid]s t ! sunlight at t "t %\ld be :olly cut (f f x4 ,! occasions inde$ ^u :i* ! moon has completely disappe>$ f view dur+ ! progress ( a total lun> eclipse are v r>e4 ,on ! majority ( ^! occasions %e has appe>$ ( a copp]y-r$ col\r1 :ile sometimes %e has assum$ an a%5 hue4 ,! explanations ( ^! v>iations ( col\r is to be f\nd 9 ! !n /ate ( ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds our e>?4 ,:5 ^? portions ( our e>?'s atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* ! sun's rays h to filt] on _! way t[>ds ! moon are free f wat]y vap\r1 ! lun> surface w be t+$ ) a r$di% light1 su* z we ord9>ily exp]i5ce at sunset :5 our air is dry4 ,! a%5 col\r is ! result ( our atmosph]e be+ lad5 ) wat]y vap\r1 & is simil> to :at we see at sunset :5 ra9 is ab\t4 ,la/ly1 :5 ! air ar\nd ! e>? is ?ickly *>g$ ) cl\d1 no light at all c pass2 & on su* occasions ! moon disappe>s altoge!r = ! "t be+ f ! night sky4 ,eclipses ( ! ,sun1 o!rwise kn[n z ,sol> ,eclipses1 are divid$ into ,total1 ,p>tial1 & ,annul>4 ,a total eclipse ( ! sun takes place :5 ! moon comes betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?1 9 su* a mann] t x cuts (f ! sunlight entirely = ! "t be+ f a portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,a p]son situat$ 9 ! region 9 "q w1 !re=e1 at t mom5t f9d ! sun tempor>ily blott$ out f 8 view by ! body ( ! moon4 ,s9ce ! moon is a v mu* small] body ?an ! sun1 & also v mu* ! ne>] to u ( ! two1 x w readily be und]/ood t ! portion ( ! e>? f :i* ! sun is se5 ?us totally eclips$ w be ( small ext5t4 ,9 places n v di/ant f ?is region1 ! moon w appe> s mu* %ift$ 9 ! sky t ! sun w be se5 only p>tially eclips$4 ,! moon be+ 9 con/ant movem5t r\nd ! e>?1 ! portion ( ! e>?'s surface f :i* an eclipse is se5 z total w be always a comp>atively n>r[ b& ly+ r\ghly f we/ to ea/4 ,?is b&1 kn[n z ! track ( totality1 c1 at ! utmo/1 nev] be m ?an ab\t #afe miles 9 wid?1 & z a rule is v mu* less4 ,= ab\t #bjjj miles on ei!r side ( x ! sun is se5 p>tially eclips$4 ,outside ^! limits no eclipse ( any k9d is visible1 z f su* regions ! moon is n se5 to come 9 ! way ( ! sun 7see ,fig4 #d 7i471 p4 #fg74 ,x may occur to ! read] t eclipses c also take place 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! positions1 :]e ! eclipse w\ld ord9>ily be se5 z total1 w lie outside ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,su* an eclipse is ?us n dignifi$ ) ! "n ( total eclipse1 b is call$ a p>tial eclipse1 because f ! e>?'s surface ! sun is only se5 p>tly eclips$ at ! utmo/ 7see ,fig4 #d 7ii471 p4 #fg74 ,illu/ration3 7i47 ,total ,eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,illu/ration3 7ii47 ,p>tial ,eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,,fig4 #d4--,total & ,p>tial ,eclipses ( ! ,sun4 ,f ! position ,a ! ,sun _c be se51 z x is entirely blott$ out by ! ,moon4 ,f ,b x is se5 p>tially blott$ out1 because ! ,moon is to a c]ta9 degree 9 ! way4 ,f ,c no eclipse is se51 because ! ,moon does n come 9 ! way4 ,x is to be not$ t 9 a ,p>tial ,eclipse ( ! ,sun1 ! position ,a lies outside ! surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,an ,annul> eclipse is an eclipse :i* j fails to become total = yet ano!r reason4 ,we h po9t$ out t ! orbits ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em are n circul>1 b oval4 ,su* oval figures1 x w be rememb]$1 are te*nically kn[n z ellipses4 ,9 an elliptic orbit ! controll+ body is situat$ n 9 ! middle ( ! figure1 b r t[>ds "o ( ! ends2 ! actual po9t :i* x occupies be+ kn[n z ! focus4 ,! sun be+ at ! focus ( ! e>?'s orbit1 x foll[s t ! e>? is1 at times1 a little ne>] to him ?an at o!rs4 ,! sun w !re=e appe> to u to v>y a little 9 size1 look+ sometimes slightly l>g] ?an at o!r times4 ,x is s1 too1 ) ! moon1 at ! focus ( ^: orbit ! e>? is situat$4 ,%e !re=e also appe>s to u at times to v>y slightly 9 size4 ,! result is t :5 ! sun is eclips$ by ! moon1 & ! moon at ! "t appe>s ! l>g] ( ! two1 %e is able to blot out ! sun completely1 & s we c get a total eclipse4 ,b :51 on ! o!r h&1 ! sun appe>s ! l>g]1 ! eclipse w n be q total1 = a portion ( ! sun's disc w be se5 protrud+ all ar\nd ! moon l a r+ ( light4 ,?is is :at is kn[n z an annul> eclipse1 f ! ,lat9 ^w annulus1 :i* means a r+4 ,! t]m is consecrat$ by long usage1 b x seems an un=tunate "o on acc\nt ( its simil>ity to ! ^w annual4 ,! ,g]mans speak ( ?is k9d ( eclipse z r+-=m$1 :i* is c]ta9ly mu* m to ! po9t4 ,!re c nev] be a ye> )\t an eclipse ( ! sun4 ,inde$ !re mu/ be always two su* eclipses at lea/ dur+ t p]iod1 ?\gh !re ne$ be no eclipse ( ! moon at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! greate/ numb] ( eclipses :i* c ev] take place dur+ a ye> are sev52 t is to say1 ei!r five sol> eclipses & two lun>1 or f\r sol> & ?ree lun>4 ,?is g5]al /atem5t ref]s m]ely to eclipses 9 _! broade/ significance1 & in=ms u 9 no way :e!r !y w be total or p>tial4 ,( all ! ph5om5a :i* arise f ! hid+ ( any cele/ial body by "o ne>] com+ 9 ! way1 a total eclipse ( ! sun is f> ! mo/ important4 ,x is1 inde$1 int]e/+ to consid] h[ mu* poor] mod]n a/ronomy w\ld be b = ! extraord9>y co9cid5ce :i* makes a total sol> eclipse j possible4 ,! sun is ab\t #djj times f>!r (f f u ?an ! moon1 & enorm\sly great] ?an h] 9 bulk4 ,yet ! two are relatively s di/anc$ f u z to look ab\t ! same size4 ,! result ( ?is is t ! moon1 z has be5 se51 c (t5 blot out ! sun entirely f our view = a %ort "t4 ,:5 ?is takes place ! great blaze ( sunlight :i* ord9>ily dazzles our eyes is completely cut (f1 & we are ?us enabl$1 unimp$$1 to note :at is go+ on 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! sun itself4 ,9 a total sol> eclipse1 ! "t :i* elapses f ! mom5t :5 ! moon's disc fir/ beg9s to imp+e ^u t ( ! sun at 8 we/]n edge until ! eclipse becomes total1 la/s ab\t an h\r4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ! black lun> disc may be wat*$ mak+ its way /eadily across ! sol> face4 ,not)/&+ ! gradual obscuration ( ! sun1 "o does n notice mu* dim9ution ( light until ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( 8 disc are cov]$4 ,!n a wan1 une>?ly appe>ance beg9s to p]vade all ?+s1 ! temp]ature falls noticeably1 & nature seems to halt 9 expectation ( ! com+ ( some?+ unusual4 ,! decreas+ portion ( sun becomes m & m n>r[1 until at l5g? x is r$uc$ to a cresc5t-%ap$ /rip ( exce$+ f95ess4 ,/range1 ill-def9$1 flick]+ %ad[s 7kn[n z ,%ad[ ,b&s7 may at ?is mom5t be se5 *as+ ea* o!r across any :ite expanse su* z a wall1 a build+1 or a %eet /ret*$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! we/]n side ( ! sky has n[ assum$ an appe>ance d>k & l[]+1 z if a ra9/orm ( great viol5ce 7 approa*+4 ,?is is caus$ by ! mighty mass ( ! lun> %ad[ sweep+ rapidly along4 ,x flies onw>d at ! t]rific velocity ( ab\t half a mile a second4 ,if ! gradually dim9i%+ cresc5t ( sun be n[ wat*$ ?r\gh a telescope1 ! obs]v] w notice t x does n ev5tually vani% all at once1 z he might h expect$4 ,r1 x breaks up fir/ ( all along its l5g? into a s]ies ( brilliant dots1 kn[n z ,baily's ,beads4 ,! reason ( ?is ph5om5on is p]haps n entirely agre$ ^u1 b ! majority ( a/ronom]s incl9e to ! op9ion t ! s-call$ beads are m]ely ! la/ remnants ( sunlight peep+ betwe5 ^? lun> m\nta9 peaks :i* happ5 at ! mom5t to fr+e ! advanc+ edge ( ! moon4 ,! beads are no soon] =m$ ?an !y rapidly disappe> "o aft] ! o!r1 aft] :i* no portion ( ! sol> surface is left to view1 & ! eclipse is n[ total 7see ,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,9 a total ,eclipse ,9 an annul> ,eclipse ,,fig4 #e4--;,baily's ,beads4 ,b ) ! disappe>ance ( ! sun !re spr+s into view a new & /range appe>ance1 ord9>ily unse5 because ( ! blaze ( sunlight4 ,x is a k9d ( aureole1 or halo1 pe>ly :ite 9 col\r1 :i* is se5 to surr\nd ! black disc ( ! moon4 ,?is :ite radiance is none o!r ?an ! celebrat$ ph5om5on widely kn[n z ! ,sol> ,corona4 ,x 0 once ^u a "t ?\ght to belong to ! moon1 & to be p]haps a lun> atmosph]e illum9at$ by ! sunlight %9+ ?r\gh x f beh9d4 ,b ! sudd5ness ) :i* ! moon always blots out />s :5 occult+ !m1 has amply prov$ t %e possesses no atmosph]e wor? speak+ ab\t4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 satisfactorily det]m9$ t ! corona belongs to ! sun1 = dur+ ! %ort "t t x rema9s 9 view ! black body ( ! moon c be se5 creep+ across x4 ,all ! "t t ! total phase 7z x is call$7 la/s1 ! corona gl[s ) its pale une>?ly light1 %$d+ ^u ! e>?'s surface an illum9ation some:at ak9 to full moonlight4 ,usually ! planet ,v5us & a few />s %9e out ! :ile 9 ! d>k5$ heav54 ,meantime ar\nd ! obs]v] animal & plant life behave z at nightfall4 ,birds g to roo/1 bats fly out1 worms come to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 fl[]s close up4 ,9 ! ,norwegian eclipse ( #ahif fi% 7 se5 ris+ to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! total phase at l5g? is ov]1 & ! moon 9 h] progress across ! sky has all[$ ! brilliant disc ( ! sun to spr+ into view once m at ! o!r side1 ! corona disappe>s4 ,!re is ano!r fam\s accompanim5t ( ! sun :i* p>tly reveals itself dur+ total sol> eclipses4 ,?is is a lay] ( r$ flame :i* closely envelops ! body ( ! sun & lies betwe5 x & ! corona4 ,?is lay] is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,*romosph]e4 ,j z at ord9>y times we _c see ! corona on acc\nt ( ! blaze ( sunlight1 s are we likewise unable to see ! *romosph]e because ( ! dazzl+ :ite light :i* %9es ?r\gh f ! body ( ! sun und]nea? & completely ov]p[]s x4 ,:51 h[ev]1 dur+ a sol> eclipse1 ! lun> disc has entirely hidd5 ! brilliant face ( ! sun1 we are /ill able = a few mom5ts to see an edgewise portion ( ! *romosph]e 9 ! =m ( a n>r[ r$ /rip1 fr++ ! advanc+ bord] ( ! moon4 ,lat] on1 j be=e ! moon beg9s to uncov] ! face ( ! sun f ! o!r side1 we may aga9 get a view ( a /rip ( *romosph]e4 ,! out] surface ( ! *romosph]e is n by any means ev54 ,x is r\gh & bill[y1 l ! surface ( a /orm-toss$ sea4 ,portions ( x1 inde$1 rise at times to su* heights t !y may be se5 /&+ out l blood-r$ po9ts ar\nd ! black disc ( ! moon1 & rema9 ?us dur+ a good "p ( ! total phase4 ,^! projections are kn[n z ! ,sol> ,prom95ces4 ,9 ! same way z ! corona1 ! *romosph]e & prom95ces 7 = a "t suppos$ to belong to ! moon4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 soon f\nd n to be ! case1 = ! lun> disc 0 notic$ to creep sl[ly across !m also4 ,! total phase1 or totality1 z x is also call$1 la/s = diff]5t l5g?s ( "t 9 diff]5t eclipses4 ,x is usually ( ab\t two or ?ree m9utes' duration1 & at ! utmo/ x c nev] la/ long] ?an ab\t eight m9utes4 ,:5 totality is ov] & ! corona has fad$ away1 ! moon's disc creeps little by little f ! face ( ! sun1 light & heat returns once m to ! e>?1 & nature recov]s gradually f ! gloom 9 :i* %e has be5 plung$4 ,ab\t an h\r aft] totality1 ! la/ remnant ( moon draws away f ! sol> disc1 & ! eclipse is entirely at an end4 ,! corona1 ! *romosph]e1 & ! prom95ces are ! mo/ important ( ^! accompanim5ts ( ! sun :i* a total eclipse reveals to u4 ,our fur!r consid]ation ( !m mu/1 h[ev]1 be res]v$ = a subsequ5t *apt]1 9 :i* ! sun w be treat$ ( at l5g?4 ,e "o :o has _h ! good =tune to see a total eclipse ( ! sun w1 ! writ] feels sure1 agree ) ! v]dict ( ,sir ,norman ,locky] t x is at once "o ( ! gr&e/ & mo/ awe-inspir+ sights :i* man c witness4 ,ne$less to say1 su* an occurr5ce us$ to cause great con/]nation 9 less civilis$ ages2 & t x has n 9 mod]n times q p>t$ ) its t]rors = "s p]sons1 is %[n by ! fact t 9 ,i[a1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a woman di$ f fright dur+ ! eclipse ( #ahfi4 ,to ! s]i\s obs]v] ( a total sol> eclipse e in/ant is extremely preci\s4 ,_m di/9ct obs]vations h to be cr[d$ into a "t all too limit$1 & ?is 9 an eclipse-p>ty necessitates con/ant rehe>sals 9 ord] t n a mom5t may be wa/$ :5 ! long$-= totality arrives4 ,su* prep>ation is v necess>y2 = ! r>ity & uncommon nature ( a total eclipse ( ! sun1 c\pl$ ) its exce$+ %ort duration1 t5ds to flurry ! m9d1 & to r5d] x sl[ to seize ^u sali5t po9ts ( detail4 ,&1 ev5 aft] e precaution has be5 tak51 wea!r possibilities rema9 to be reckon$ )1 s t success is r a lott]y4 ,above all ?+s1 !re=e1 a total sol> eclipse is an occurr5ce = ! prop] utilisation ( :i* p]sonal exp]i5ce is ( absolute necessity4 ,x 0 manife/ly out ( ! "q t su* exp]i5ce c\ld be ga9$ by any individual 9 e>ly times1 z ! imp]fection ( a/ronomical !ory & geographical k r5d]$ ! pr$ict+ ( ! exact position ( ! track ( totality well-nigh impossible4 ,?us *ance alone w\ld h enabl$ "o 9 ^? days to witness a total phase1 & ! probabilities1 ( c\rse1 7 mu* aga9/ a second su* exp]i5ce 9 ! span ( a life-"t4 ,& ev5 9 m mod]n times1 :5 ! cele/ial motions _h come to be bett] und]/ood1 ! difficulties ( =eign travel /ill 7 9 ! way2 = x is1 inde$1 a notable fact t dur+ _m ye>s foll[+ ! inv5tion ( ! telescope ! tracks 7 plac$ = ! mo/ "p 9 f>-(f regions ( ! e>?1 & ,europe 0 visit$ by s+ul>ly few total sol> eclipses4 ,?us x came to pass t ! build+ up ( a body ( organis$ k ^u ?is subject 0 greatly delay$4 ,no?+ p]haps bett] %[s ! s\ndness ( mod]n a/ronomical !ory ?an ! almo/ exact agreem5t ( ! "t pr$ict$ = an eclipse ) its actual occurr5ce4 ,simil>ly1 by calculat+ backw>ds1 a/ronom]s h discov]$ ! times & seasons at :i* _m anci5t eclipses took place1 & valuable opportunities h ?us aris5 = *eck+ c]ta9 disput$ dates 9 hi/ory4 ,x %\ld n be omitt$ "h t ! anci5ts 7 actually able1 9 a r\gh way1 to pr$ict eclipses4 ,! ,*aldean a/ronom]s _h inde$ notic$ v e>ly a curi\s circum/ance1 i4e4 t eclipses t5d to repeat !mselves aft] a lapse ( slightly m ?an eighte5 ye>s4 ,9 ?is connection x mu/1 h[ev]1 be po9t$ out1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t ! eclipses :i* occur 9 any p>ticul> ye> are 9 no way associat$ ) ^? :i* occurr$ 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m]e fact t an eclipse takes place ^u a c]ta9 day ?is ye> w n br+ ab\t a repetition ( x at ! same "t next ye>4 ,h[ev]1 ! nicely balanc$ behavi\r ( ! sol> sy/em1 an equilibrium result+ f ons ( orbital ebb & fl[1 naturally t5ds to make ! memb]s :i* compose t family repeat _! anci5t comb9ations aga9 & aga92 s t aft] def9ite lapses ( "t ! same ord] ( ?+s w almo/ exactly recur4 ,?us1 z a consequ5ce ( _! beautifully pois$ motions1 ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! e>? t5d1 aft] a p]iod ( #ah ye>s & #aj-a_/c days1#e to occupy v ne>ly ! same positions ) reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,! result ( ?is is t1 dur+ ea* recurr+ p]iod1 ! eclipses compris$ )9 x w be repeat$ 9 _! ord]4 ,to give examples3-- ,! total sol> eclipse ( ,augu/ #cj1 #aije1 0 a repetition ( t ( ,augu/ #ai1 #ahhg4 ,! p>tial sol> eclipse ( ,febru>y #bc1 #aijf1 correspond$ to t :i* took place on ,febru>y #aa1 #ahhh4 ,! annul> eclipse ( ,july #aj1 #aijg1 0 a recurr5ce ( t ( ,june #bh1 #ahhi4 ,9 ?is way we c g on until ! eighte5 ye> cycle has run out1 & we come ^u a total sol> eclipse pr$ict$ = ,septemb] #aj1 #aibc1 :i* w repeat ! above-m5tion$ ones ( #aije & #ahhg2 & s on too ) ! o!rs4 ,f m]e obs]vation alone1 ext5d+ no d\bt ov] _m ages1 ^? "t-hon\r$ wat*]s ( ! sky1 ! e>ly ,*aldeans1 _h arriv$ at ?is rem>kable g5]alisation2 & !y us$ x = ! r\gh pr$iction ( eclipses4 ,to ! p]iod ( recurr5ce !y give ! "n ( ,s>os4 ,& "h we f9d ourselves l$ into "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & fasc9at+ by-pa?s 9 a/ronomy1 to :i* writ]s1 z a rule1 pay all too little he$4 ,9 ord] n to complicate matt]s unduly1 ! recurr5ce ( sol> eclipses alone w fir/ be dealt )4 ,?is limitation w1 h[ev]1 n affect ! argum5ts 9 ! slighte/1 & x w be all ! m easy 9 consequ5ce to %[ _! application to ! case ( eclipses ( ! moon4 ,! read] w p]haps h notic$ t1 ) reg>d to ! repetition ( an eclipse1 x has be5 /at$ t ! conditions :i* br+ x on at ea* recurr5ce are reproduc$ almo/ exactly4 ,"h1 !n1 lies ! crux ( ! situation4 ,= x is q evid5t t 7 ! conditions exactly reproduc$1 ! recurr5ces ( ea* eclipse w\ld g on = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,= in/ance1 if ! lapse ( a s>os p]iod f\nd ! sun1 moon1 & e>? aga9 9 ! precise relative situations :i* !y _h previ\sly occupi$1 ! recurr5ces ( a sol> eclipse w\ld t5d to duplicate its =]unn] ) reg>d to ! position ( ! %ad[ ^u ! t]re/rial surface4 ,b ! conditions n be+ exactly reproduc$1 ! %ad[-track does n pass across ! e>? 9 q ! same regions4 ,x is %ift$ a little1 s to speak2 & ea* "t ! eclipse comes r\nd x is f\nd to be %ift$ a little f>!r4 ,e sol> eclipse has !re=e a def9ite life ( its own ^u ! e>?1 la/+ ab\t #aaej ye>s1 or #fd s>os returns1 & work+ its way little by little across our globe f nor? to s\?1 or f s\? to nor?1 z ! case may be4 ,let u take an imag9>y example4 ,a p>tial eclipse occurs1 say1 some:]e ne> ! ,nor? ,pole1 ! edge ( ! p>tial %ad[ j graz+ ! e>?1 & ! track ( totality be+ z yet ca/ into space4 ,"h we h ! beg9n+ ( a s]ies4 ,at ea* s>os recurr5ce ! p>tial %ad[ encroa*es ^u a great] ext5t ( e>?-surface4 ,at l5g?1 9 its turn1 ! track ( totality beg9s to imp+e ^u ! e>?4 ,?is track /reaks across our globe at ea* return ( ! eclipse1 repeat+ itself e "t 9 a slightly m s\!rly latitude4 ,s\? & s\? x moves1 pass+ 9 turn ! ,tropic ( ,canc]1 ! ,equator1 ! ,tropic ( ,capricorn1 until x rea*es ! ,s\? ,pole2 aft] :i* x t\*es ! e>? no long]1 b is ca/ into space4 ,! re> portion ( ! p>tial %ad[1 9 its turn1 gr[s less & less 9 ext5t2 & x too 9 "t f9ally passes (f4 ,our imag9>y eclipse s]ies is n[ no m--its life has end$4 ,we h tak51 z an example1 an eclipse s]ies mov+ f nor? to s\?4 ,we might h tak5 "o mov+ f s\? to nor?1 = !y progress 9 ei!r direction4 ,f ! description j giv5 ! read] might suppose t1 if ! tracks ( totality ( an eclipse s]ies 7 plott$ ^u a *>t ( ! _w1 !y w\ld lie "o b5ea? ano!r l a set ( /eps4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! case1 & ! reason is easily f\nd4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! s>os does n comprise an exact numb] ( days1 b includes1 z we h se51 "o-?ird ( a day 9 addition4 ,x w be grant$1 ( c\rse1 t if ! numb] ( days 0 exact1 ! same p>ts ( ! e>? w\ld always be br\ght r\nd by ! axial rotation to front ! sun at ! mom5t ( ! recurr5ce ( ! eclipse4 ,b z !re is /ill "o-?ird ( a day to complete ! s>os p]iod1 ! e>? has yet to make "o-?ird ( a rotation ^u its axis be=e ! eclipse takes place4 ,?us at e recurr5ce ! track ( totality f9ds itself plac$ "o-?ird ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce to ! we/w>d4 ,?ree ( ! recurr5ces w1 ( c\rse1 complete ! circuit ( ! globe2 & s ! f\r? recurr5ce w duplicate ! "o :i* prec$$ x1 ?ree s>os returns1 or #ed ye>s & #a mon? be=e4 ,?is duplication1 z we h already se51 w1 h[ev]1 be situat$ 9 a latitude to ! s\? or nor? ( its pr$ecessor1 accord+ z ! eclipse s]ies is progress+ 9 a s\!rly or nor!rly direction4 ,la/ly1 e eclipse s]ies1 aft] work+ its way across ! e>?1 w return aga9 to g ?r\gh ! same process aft] "s #ab1jjj ye>s2 s t1 at ! end ( t great lapse ( "t1 ! entire life ( e eclipse %\ld repeat itself1 provid$ t ! conditions ( ! sol> sy/em h n alt]$ appreciably dur+ ! int]val4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to consid] ?is gradual s\!rly or nor!rly progress ( eclipse recurr5ces 9 its application to ! case ( eclipses ( ! moon4 ,x %\ld be evid5t t1 j z 9 sol> eclipses ! lun> %ad[ is l[]$ or rais$ 7z ! case may be7 ea* "t x /rikes ! t]re/rial surface1 s 9 lun> eclipses w ! body ( ! moon %ift its place at ea* recurr5ce relatively to ! position ( ! e>?'s %ad[4 ,e lun> eclipse1 !re=e1 w comm5ce on our satellite's disc z a p>tial eclipse at ! nor!rn or s\!rn extremity1 z ! case may be4 ,let u take1 z an example1 an imag9>y s]ies ( eclipses ( ! moon progress+ f nor? to s\?4 ,at ea* recurr5ce ! p>tial phase w gr[ great]1 its b\nd>y encroa*+ m & m to ! s\?w>d1 until ev5tually ! :ole disc is envelop$ by ! %ad[1 & ! eclipse becomes total4 ,x w !n repeat itself z total dur+ a numb] ( recurr5ces1 until ! entire bread? ( ! %ad[ has be5 pass$ ?r\gh1 & ! nor!rn edge ( ! moon at l5g? spr+s out into sunlight4 ,?is illum9at$ portion w gr[ m & m ext5sive at ea* succe$+ return1 ! edge ( ! %ad[ appe>+ to rec$e f x until x f9ally passes (f at ! s\?4 ,simil>ly1 :5 a lun> eclipse comm5ces z p>tial at ! s\? ( ! moon1 ! edge ( ! %ad[ at ea* subsequ5t recurr5ce f9ds itself m & m to ! nor?w>d4 ,9 due c\rse ! total phase w sup]v5e1 & w p]si/ dur+ a numb] ( recurr5ces until ! s\!rly tr5d ( ! moon results 9 ! uncov]+ ( ! lun> surface at ! s\?4 ,?us1 z ! b\nd>y ( ! %ad[ is left m & m to ! nor?w>d1 ! illum9at$ portion on ! s\!rn side ( ! moon becomes at ea* recurr5ce great] & ! d>k5$ portion on ! nor!rn side less1 until ! %ad[ ev5tually passes (f at ! nor?4 ,! life ( an eclipse ( ! moon happ5s1 = c]ta9 reasons1 to be mu* %ort] ?an t ( an eclipse ( ! sun4 ,x la/s dur+ only ab\t #hfj ye>s1 or #dh s>os returns4 ,fig4 #f1 p4 #ha1 is a map ( ! _w on ,m]cator's ,projection1 %[+ a portion ( ! m>* ( ! total sol> eclipse ( ,augu/ #cj1 #aije1 across ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! projection 9 "q has be5 employ$ because x is ! "o ) :i* p are mo/ famili>4 ,?is eclipse began by /rik+ ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,nor? ,pole 9 ! guise ( a p>tial eclipse dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & became total on ! e>? = ! fir/ "t on ! #bd? ( ,june #agig4 ,its next appe>ance 0 on ! #f? ( ,july #ahae4 ,x has n be5 possible to %[ ! tracks ( totality ( ^! two e>ly visitations on acc\nt ( ! di/ortion ( ! pol> regions consequ5t on ! fiction ( ,m]cator's ,projection4 ,x is !re=e made to comm5ce ) ! track ( its ?ird appe>ance1 viz4 on ,july #ag1 #ahcc4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^? v>iations 9 ! app>5t sizes ( ! sun & moon1 :i* result1 z we h se51 f ! v>iations 9 _! di/ances f ! e>?1 ?is eclipse w *ange f a total into an annul> eclipse t[>ds ! end ( ! tw5ty-fir/ c5tury4 ,by t "t ! track w h pass$ to ! s\!rn side ( ! equator4 ,! track w ev5tually leave ! e>? ne> ! ,s\? ,pole ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5ty-six? c5tury1 & ! re> portion ( ! p>tial %ad[ w 9 its turn be cle> ( ! t]re/rial surface by ab\t #bgjj ,a4,d41 :5 ! s]ies comes to an end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,map ( ! ,_w on ,m]cator's ,projection1 %[+ a portion ( ! progress ( ! ,total ,sol> ,eclipse ( ,augu/ #cj1 #aije1 across ! surface ( ! e>?4 #d ,a/ronomical ,essays 7p4 #dj71 ,london1 #aijg4 #e ,9 "s cases ! p]iods betwe5 ! dates ( ! correspond+ eclipses appe> to include a great] numb] ( days ?an t52 b ?is is easily expla9$ :5 all[ance is made = int]v5+ leap ye>s 79 ea* ( :i* an extra day has ( c\rse be5 add$71 & also = v>iations 9 local "t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,fam\s ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,:at is ?\ght to be ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to an eclipse comes d[n to u f ! anci5t ,*9ese records1 & is ov] f\r ?\s& ye>s old4 ,! eclipse 9 "q 0 a sol> "o1 & occurr$1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 dur+ ! tw5ty-second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! /ory runs t ! two /ate a/ronom]s1 ,ho & ,hi by "n1 be+ exce$+ly intoxicat$1 7 unable to p]=m _! requir$ duties1 :i* consi/$ 9 sup]9t5d+ ! cu/om>y rites ( beat+ drums1 %oot+ arr[s1 & ! l1 9 ord] to fright5 away ! mighty dragon :i* x 0 believ$ 0 ab\t to swall[ up ! ,"l ( ,day4 ,?is eclipse seems to h be5 only p>tial2 nev]!less a great turmoil ensu$1 & ! two a/ronom]s 7 put to dea?1 no d\bt ) ! usual cele/ial cruelty4 ,! next eclipse m5tion$ 9 ! ,*9ese annals is also a sol> eclipse1 & appe>s to h tak5 place m ?an a ?\s& ye>s lat]1 namely 9 #ggf ,b4,c4 ,records ( simil> eclipses foll[ f ! same s\rce2 b z !y are m]e notes ( ! ev5ts1 & d n ent] into any detail1 !y are ( little int]e/4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! ,*9ese h tak5 practically no notice ( eclipses ( ! moon1 b h left u a comp>atively c>eful record ( comets1 :i* has be5 ( value to mod]n a/ronomy4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( a total eclipse ( ! sun 7= x %\ld be not$ t ! anci5t ,*9ese eclipse above-m5tion$ 0 m]ely p>tial7 0 deciph]$ 9 #aije1 on a v anci5t ,babylonian tablet1 by ,mr4 ,l4,w4 ,k+ ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is eclipse took place 9 ! ye> #ajfc ,b4,c4 ,assyrian tablets record ?ree sol> eclipses :i* occurr$ betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an ?is4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 9 #gfc ,b4,c42 ! total phase be+ visible ne> ,n9eveh4 ,! next record ( an eclipse ( ! sun comes to u f a ,grecian s\rce4 ,?is eclipse took place 9 #ehe ,b4,c41 & has be5 ! subject ( mu* inve/igation4 ,h]odotus1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! acc\nt1 tells u t x occurr$ dur+ a battle 9 a w> :i* _h be5 wag+ = "s ye>s betwe5 ! ,lydians & ,m$es4 ,! sudd5 com+ on ( d>kness l$ to a t]m9ation ( ! conte/1 & peace 0 aft]w>ds made betwe5 ! combatants4 ,! hi/orian goes on to /ate t ! eclipse _h be5 =etold by ,?ales1 :o is look$ ^u z ! ,f\nd] ( ,grecian a/ronomy4 ,?is eclipse is 9 consequ5ce kn[n z ! ,eclipse ( ,?ales4 ,x w\ld seem z if t philosoph] 7 acqua9t$ ) ! ,*aldean s>os4 ,! next sol> eclipse wor?y ( note 0 an annul> "o1 & occurr$ 9 #dca ,b4,c41 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,plut>* relates t ! pilot ( ! %ip1 :i* 0 ab\t to convey ,p]icles to ! ,peloponnesus1 0 v mu* fright5$ by x2 b ,p]icles calm$ him by hold+ up a cloak be=e 8 eyes1 & say+ t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! eclipse 0 t some?+ l>g] ?an ! cloak prev5t$ 8 see+ ! sun = ! "t be+4 ,an eclipse ( great hi/orical int]e/ is t kn[n z ! ,eclipse ( ,aga?ocles1 :i* occurr$ on ! morn+ ( ! #ae? ( ,augu/1 #caj ,b4,c4 ,aga?ocles1 ,tyrant ( ,syracuse1 _h be5 blockad$ 9 ! h>b\r ( t t[n by ! ,c>?ag9ian fleet1 b effect$ ! escape ( 8 squadron "u cov] ( night1 & sail$ = ,africa 9 ord] to invade ! enemy's t]ritory4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ day he & 8 vessels exp]i5c$ a total eclipse1 9 :i* day :olly put on ! appe>ance ( night1 & ! />s 7 se5 9 all p>ts ( ! sky4 ,a few sol> eclipses are suppos$ to be ref]r$ to 9 e>ly ,roman hi/ory1 b _! id5tity is v d\btful 9 comp>ison ) ^? :i* ! ,greeks h record$4 ,additional d\bt is ca/ ^u !m by ! fact t !y are usually associat$ ) fam\s ev5ts4 ,! bir? & dea? ( ,romulus1 & ! ,passage ( ! ,rubicon by ,julius ,cs>1 are /at$ inde$ to h be5 accompani$ by ^! m>ks ( ! approval or disapproval ( ! gods6 ,ref]5ce to our subject 9 ! ,bible is scanty4 ,amos viii4 #i is ?\ght to ref] to ! ,n9eveh eclipse ( #gfc ,b4,c41 to :i* allusion has already be5 made2 :ile ! fam\s episode ( ,hezekiah & ! %ad[ on ! dial ( ,ahaz has be5 connect$ ) an eclipse :i* 0 p>tial at ,j]usalem 9 #fhi ,b4,c4 ,! fir/ sol> eclipse1 record$ dur+ ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 is kn[n z ! ,eclipse ( ,phlegon1 f ! fact t we are indebt$ = ! acc\nt to a pagan writ] ( t "n4 ,?is eclipse took place 9 ,a4,d4 #bi1 & ! total phase 0 visible a little to ! nor? ( ,pale/9e4 ,x has sometimes be5 conf\nd$ ) ! d>kness ( ! ,crucifixion1 :i* ev5t took place ne> ! date 9 "q2 b x is suffici5t "h to say t ! ,crucifixion is well kn[n to h occurr$ dur+ ! ,passov] ( ! ,jews1 :i* is always celebrat$ at ! full moon1 :]eas an eclipse ( ! sun c only take place at new moon4 ,dion ,cassius1 comm5t+ on ! ,emp]or ,claudius ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #de1 writes z foll[s3-- ,z !re 0 go+ to be an eclipse on 8 bir?day1 ?r\gh fe> ( a di/urbance1 z !re _h be5 o!r prodigies1 he put =? a public notice1 n only t ! obscuration w\ld take place1 & ab\t ! "t & magnitude ( x1 b also ab\t ! causes t produce su* an ev5t4 ,?is is a rem>kable piece ( in=mation2 = ! ,romans1 an ess5tially milit>y nation1 appe> hi!rto to h tr\bl$ !mselves v little ab\t a/ronomical matt]s1 & 7 cont5t1 z we h se51 to look ^u ph5om5a1 l eclipses1 z m]e cele/ial prodigies4 ,:at is ?\ght to be ! fir/ def9ite m5tion ( ! sol> corona occurs 9 a passage ( ,plut>*4 ,! eclipse to :i* he ref]s is probably "o :i* took place 9 ,a4,d4 #ga4 ,he says t ! obscuration caus$ by ! moon has no "t to la/ & no ext5siv5ess1 b "s light %[s itself r\nd ! sun's circumf]5ce1 :i* does n all[ ! d>kness to become deep & complete4 ,no fur!r ref]5ce to ?is ph5om5on occurs until ne> ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be "h m5tion$ t ,mr4 ,e4,w4 ,maund] has po9t$ out ! probability#f t we h a v anci5t symbolic repres5tation ( ! corona 9 ! w+$ circle1 w+$ disc1 or r+ ) w+s1 z x is v>i\sly call$1 :i* appe>s s (t5 ^u ,assyrian & ,egyptian monum5ts1 z ! symbol ( ! ,deity 7,fig4 #g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,! ,r+ ) ,w+s4 ,! upp] is ! ,assyrian =m ( ! symbol1 ! l[] ! ,egyptian4 7,f ,k47 ,comp>e ! =m ( ! corona on ,plate ,,vii4 7,b71 p4 #adb4 ,! fir/ sol> eclipse record$ to h be5 se5 9 ,engl& is t ( ,a4,d4 #ech1 m5tion ( :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle4 ,! track ( totality did n1 h[ev]1 come ne> our isl&s1 = only two-?irds ( ! sun's disc 7 eclips$ at ,london4 ,9 #hdj a great eclipse took place 9 ,europe1 :i* 0 total = m ?an five m9utes across :at is n[ ,bav>ia4 ,t]ror at ?is eclipse is said to h ha/5$ ! dea? ( ,l\is le ,debonnaire1 ,emp]or ( ! ,we/1 :o lay ill at ,worms4 ,9 #hgh--temp4 ,k+ ,alfr$--an eclipse ( ! sun took place :i* 0 total at ,london4 ,f ?is until #agae no o!r eclipse 0 total at ,london itself2 ?\gh ?is does n apply to o!r portions ( ,engl&4 ,an eclipse1 g5]ally kn[n z ! ,eclipse ( ,/ikla/ad1 is said to h tak5 place 9 #ajcj1 dur+ ! sea-fight 9 :i* ,olaf ( ,norway is suppos$ to h be5 sla94 ,longfell[1 9 8 ,saga ( ,k+ ,olaf1 has x t ,! ,sun hung r$ ,z a drop ( blood1 b1 z 9 ! case ( mo/ poets1 ! dramatic value ( an eclipse seems to h escap$ 8 notice4 ,9 ! ye> #aadj !re occurr$ a total eclipse ( ! sun1 ! la/ to be visible 9 ,engl& = m ?an five c5turies4 ,inde$ !re h be5 only two su* s9ce--namely1 ^? ( #agae & #agbd1 to :i* we %all allude 9 due c\rse4 ,! eclipse ( #aadj took place on ! #bj? ,m>*1 & is ?us ref]r$ to 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle3-- ,9 ! ,l5t1 ! sun & ! day d>k5$1 ab\t ! noon-tide ( ! day1 :5 m5 7 eat+1 & !y light$ c&les to eat by4 ,t 0 ! #ac? day be=e ! cal5ds ( ,april4 ,m5 7 v mu* /ruck ) wond]4 ,sev]al ( ! old] hi/orians speak ( a fe>ful eclipse z hav+ tak5 place on ! morn+ ( ! ,battle ( ,crecy1 #acdf4 ,l+>d1 = in/ance1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 has z foll[s3-- ,nev]1 p]haps1 7 prep>ations = battle made "u circum/ances s truly awful4 ,on t v day ! sun suff]$ a p>tial eclipse3 birds1 9 cl\ds1 ! precursors ( a /orm1 flew scream+ ov] ! two armies1 & ! ra9 fell 9 torr5ts1 accompani$ by incessant ?und] & lightn+4 ,ab\t five 9 ! aft]noon ! wea!r cle>$ up2 ! sun 9 full spl5d\r d>t$ 8 rays 9 ! eyes ( ! enemy4 ,calculations1 h[ev]1 %[ t no eclipse ( ! sun took place 9 ,europe dur+ t ye>4 ,?is error is f\nd to h aris5 f ! mi/ranslation ( an obsolete ,fr5* ^w escli/re 7lightn+71 :i* is employ$ by ,froiss>t 9 8 description ( ! battle4 ,9 #aeih an eclipse 0 total ov] ,scotl& & "p ( ,nor? ,g]many4 ,x 0 obs]v$ at ,torgau by ,jess5ius1 an ,hung>ian physician1 :o notic$ a bright light ar\nd ! moon dur+ ! "t ( totality4 ,?is is said to be ! fir/ ref]5ce to ! corona s9ce t ( ,plut>*1 to :i* we h already drawn att5tion4 ,m5tion ( ,scotl& recalls ! fact t an unusual numb] ( eclipses happ5 to h be5 visible 9 t c\ntry1 & ! occult b5t natural to ! ,scotti% "* has traditionalis$ a few ( !m 9 su* t]ms z ! ,black ,h\r 7an eclipse ( #adcc71 ,black ,saturday 7! eclipse ( #aeih :i* has be5 allud$ to above71 & ,mirk ,monday 7#afeb74 ,! track ( ! la/-nam$ also pass$ ov] ,c>rickf]gus 9 ,irel&1 :]e x 0 obs]v$ by a c]ta9 ,dr4 ,wybord1 9 ^: acc\nt ! t]m corona is fir/ employ$4 ,?is eclipse is ! la/ :i* has be5 total 9 ,scotl&1 & x is calculat$ t !re w n be ano!r eclipse se5 z total !re until ! tw5ty-second c5tury4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun :i* took place on ,may #cj1 #afab1 is record$ z hav+ be5 se5 ?r\gh a tube4 ,?is probably ref]s to ! !n rec5t inv5tion--! telescope4 ,! eclipses :i* we h be5 describ+ are *iefly int]e/+ f an hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,! old my/]y & confusion to ! behold]s seem to h l+]$ ev5 into comp>atively enlight5$ times1 = we see h[ late x is be=e ! corona attracts def9ite att5tion = ! sake ( itself alone4 ,x is n a f> cry f notice ( ! corona to t ( o!r accompanim5ts ( a sol> eclipse4 ,?us ! eclipse ( #agjf1 ! total phase ( :i* 0 visible 9 ,switz]l&1 is ( great int]e/2 = x 0 on ?is occasion t ! fam\s r$ prom95ces seem fir/ to h be5 not$4 ,a c]ta9 ,capta9 ,/annyan obs]v$ ?is eclipse f ,b]ne 9 ,switz]l&1 & describ$ x 9 a lett] to ,flam/e$1 ! !n ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,he says ! sun's gett+ out ( 8 eclipse 0 prec$$ by a blood-r$ /reak ( light f its left limb1 :i* cont9u$ n long] ?an six or sev5 seconds ( "t2 !n "p ( ! ,sun's disc appe>$ all ( a sudd51 z bright z ,v5us 0 ev] se5 9 ! night1 nay bright]2 & 9 t v in/ant gave a ,light & ,%ad[ to ?+s z /rong z ,moonlight uses to d4 ,h[ little 0 !n expect$ ( ! sun is1 h[ev]1 %[n by ,flam/e$'s words1 :5 communicat+ ?is in=mation to ! ,royal ,society3-- ,! ,capta9 is ! fir/ man ,i ev] he>d ( t took notice ( a ,r$ ,/reak ( ,light prec$+ ! ,em]sion ( ! ,sun's body f a total ,eclipse4 ,& ,i take notice ( x to y because x inf]s t ! ,moon has an atmosph]e2 & its %ort cont9uance ( only six or sev5 seconds ( "t1 tells u t its height is n m ?an ! five or six hundr$? "p ( h] diamet]4 ,:at a *ange has s9ce come ov] ! ideas ( m56 ,! sun has prov$ a v]itable m9e ( discov]y1 :ile ! moon has yield$ up no?+ new4 ,! eclipse ( #agae1 ! fir/ total at ,london s9ce t ( #hgh1 0 obs]v$ by ! fam\s a/ronom]1 ,edmund ,halley1 f ! rooms ( ! ,royal ,society1 !n 9 ,crane ,c\rt1 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,on ?is occasion bo? ! corona & a r$ projection 7 not$4 ,halley fur!r makes allusion to t curi\s ph5om5on1 :i* lat] on became celebrat$ "u ! "n ( ,baily's beads4 ,x 0 also on ! occasion ( ?is eclipse t ! e>lie/ record$ draw+s ( ! corona 7 made4 ,cambridge happ5$ to be )9 ! track ( totality2 & a c]ta9 ,pr(essor ,cotes ( t ,univ]sity1 :o is responsible = "o ( ! draw+s 9 "q1 =w>d$ !m to ,sir ,isaac ,newton toge!r ) a lett] describ+ 8 obs]vations4 ,9 #agbd !re occurr$ an eclipse1 ! total phase ( :i* 0 visible f ! s\?-we/ ( ,engl&1 b n f ,london4 ,! wea!r 0 unfav\rable1 & ! eclipse consequ5tly appe>s to h be5 se5 by only "o p]son1 a c]ta9 ,dr4 ,/ukeley1 :o obs]v$ x f ,h>ad5 ,hill ne> ,salisbury ,pla94 ,?is is ! la/ eclipse ( :i* ! total phase 0 se5 9 any "p ( ,engl&4 ,! next w n be until ,june #bi1 #aibg1 & w be visible along a l9e across ,nor? ,wales & ,lanca%ire4 ,! discs ( ! sun & moon w j !n be almo/ ( ! same app>5t size1 & s totality w be ( extremely %ort duration2 9 fact only a few seconds4 ,london itself w n see a totality until ! ye> #baea--;a circum/ance :i* ne$ h>dly di/ress any ( u p]sonally6 ,x is only f ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t s]i\s sci5tific att5tion to eclipses ( ! sun c be dat$4 ,an annul> eclipse1 visible 9 #ahcf 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 drew ! c>eful notice ( ,francis ,baily ( ,j$burgh 9 ,roxburgh%ire to t curi\s ph5om5on :i* we h already describ$1 & :i* has ev] s9ce be5 kn[n by ! "n ( ,baily's beads4 ,spurr$ by 8 obs]vation1 ! lead+ a/ronom]s ( ! day det]m9$ to pay p>ticul> att5tion to a total eclipse1 :i* 9 ! ye> #ahdb 0 to be visible 9 ! s\? ( ,france & ! nor? ( ,italy4 ,! public int]e/ ar\s$ on ?is occasion 0 also v great1 = ! region across :i* ! track ( totality 0 to pass 0 v popul\s1 & inhabit$ by races ( a high degree ( culture4 ,?is eclipse occurr$ on ! morn+ ( ! #h? ,july1 & f x may be dat$ t great en?usiasm ) :i* total eclipses ( ! sun h ev] s9ce be5 receiv$4 ,airy1 our !n ,a/ronom] ,royal1 obs]v$ x f ,tur92 ,arago1 ! celebrat$ director ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 f ,p]pignan 9 ! s\? ( ,france2 ,francis ,baily f ,pavia2 & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el f ,milan4 ,! corona & ?ree l>ge r$ prom95ces 7 n only well obs]v$ by ! a/ronom]s1 b drew trem5d\s applause f ! wat*+ multitudes4 ,! success ( ! obs]vations made dur+ ?is eclipse prompt$ a/ronom]s to pay simil> att5tion to t ( ,july #bh1 #ahea1 ! total phase ( :i* 0 to be visible 9 ! s\? ( ,norway & ,sw$51 & across ! ea/ ( ,prussia4 ,?is eclipse 0 also a success1 & x 0 n[ asc]ta9$ t ! r$ prom95ces belong$ to ! sun & n to ! moon2 = ! lun> disc1 z x mov$ onw>d1 0 se5 to cov] & to uncov] !m 9 turn4 ,x 0 also not$ t ^! prom95ces 7 m]ely upru%es f a lay] ( gl[+ gase\s matt]1 :i* 0 se5 closely to envelop ! sun4 ,! total eclipse ( ,july #ah1 #ahfj1 0 obs]v$ 9 ,spa91 & photography 0 = ! fir/ "t sy/ematically employ$ 9 its obs]vation4#g ,9 ! photographs tak5 ! /ation>y appe>ance ( bo? ! corona & prom95ces ) respect to ! mov+ moon1 def9itely confirm$ ! view already put =w>d t !y 7 actual app5dages ( ! sun4 ,! eclipse ( ,augu/ #ah1 #ahfh1 ! total phase ( :i* la/$ ne>ly six m9utes1 0 visible 9 ,india1 & drew ?i!r a l>ge conc\rse ( a/ronom]s4 ,9 ?is eclipse ! spectroscope came to ! front1 & %[$ t bo? ! prom95ces1 & ! *romosph]ic lay] f :i* !y rise1 are compos$ ( gl[+ vap\rs--*ief among :i* is ! vap\r ( hydrog54 ,! direct result ( ! obs]vations made on ?is occasion 0 ! spectroscopic me?od ( exam9+ prom95ces at any "t 9 full daylight1 & )\t a total eclipse4 ,?is me?od1 :i* has giv5 su* an imm5se impetus to ! /udy ( ! sun1 0 ! outcome ( indep5d5t & simultane\s inve/igation on ! "p ( ! ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ! late ,m4 ,janss51 & ! ,engli% a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor 7n[ ,sir ,norman7 ,locky]1 a circum/ance /rangely rem9isc5t ( ! discov]y ( ,neptune4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* ! me?od 0 f\nd$ seem1 h[ev]1 to h occurr$ to ,dr4 7n[ ,sir ,william7 ,hugg9s "s "t previ\sly4 ,! eclipse ( ,decemb] #bb1 #ahgj1 0 total = a little m ?an two m9utes1 & its track pass$ across ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,m4 ,janss51 ( :om m5tion has j be5 made1 escap$ 9 a balloon f !n besieg$ ,p>is1 tak+ 8 in/rum5ts ) him1 & made 8 way to ,oran1 9 ,alg]ia1 9 ord] to obs]ve x2 b 8 expectations 7 disappo9t$ by cl\dy wea!r4 ,! exp$ition s5t out f ,engl& _h ! mis=tune to be %ipwreck$ (f ! coa/ ( ,sicily4 ,b ! occasion 0 r$eem$ by a memorable obs]vation made by ! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ! late ,pr(essor ,"y1 :i* reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,rev]s+ ,lay]4 ,?is is a %all[ lay] ( gases :i* lies imm$iately b5ea? ! *romosph]e4 ,an illu/ration ( ! corona1 z x 0 se5 dur+ ! above eclipse1 w be f\nd on ,plate ,,vii4 7,a71 p4 #adb4 ,9 ! eclipse ( ,decemb] #ab1 #ahga1 total across ,s\!rn ,india1 ! photographs ( ! corona obta9$ by ,mr4 ,davis1 assi/ant to ,"l ,l9dsay 7n[ ! ,e>l ( ,craw=d71 display$ a weal? ( detail hi!rto unapproa*$4 ,! eclipse ( ,july #bi1 #ahgh1 total across ! we/]n /ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 0 a rem>kable success1 & a magnific5t view ( ! corona 0 obta9$ by ! well-kn[n ,am]ican a/ronom] & physici/1 ! late ,pr(essor ,langley1 f ! summit ( ,pike's ,peak1 ,colorado1 ov] #ad1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! coronal /ream]s 7 se5 to ext5d to a mu* great] di/ance at ?is altitude ?an at po9ts less elevat$1 & ! corona itself rema9$ visible dur+ m ?an f\r m9utes aft] ! end ( totality4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n entirely a "q ( altitude2 ! coronal /ream]s 7 actually v mu* long] on ?is occasion ?an 9 mo/ ( ! eclipses :i* _h previ\sly be5 obs]v$4 ,! eclipse ( ,may #ag1 #ahhb1 obs]v$ 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 is notable f ! fact t1 9 "o ( ! photographs tak5 by ,dr4 ,s*u/] at ,sohag1 a bright comet appe>$ ne> ! out] limit ( ! corona 7see ,plate ,i41 p4 #if74 ,! comet 9 "q _h n be5 se5 be=e ! eclipse1 & 0 nev] se5 aft]w>ds4 ,?is is ! ?ird occasion on :i* att5tion has be5 drawn to a comet m]ely by a total eclipse4 ,! fir/ is m5tion$ by ,s5eca2 & ! second by ,philo/orgius1 9 an acc\nt ( an eclipse obs]v$ at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #dah4 ,a f\r? case ( ! k9d occurr$ 9 #ahic1 :5 fa9t evid5ces ( "o ( ^! filmy objects 7 f\nd on photographs ( ! corona tak5 by ! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,s*aeb]le1 dur+ ! total eclipse ( ,april #af ( t ye>4 ,! eclipse ( ,may #f1 #ahhc1 _h a totality ( ov] five m9utes1 b ! c5tral track un=tunately pass$ across ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & ! sole po9t ( l& available = obs]v+ x f 0 "o ( ! ,m>quesas ,gr\p1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&1 a coral atoll sev5 & a half miles long by "o & a half broad4 ,nev]!less a/ronom]s did n hesitate to take up _! po/s ^u t little spot1 & 7 rew>d$ ) good wea!r4 ,! next eclipse ( importance 0 t ( ,april #af1 #ahic4 ,x /ret*$ f ,*ili across ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,atlantic ,ocean to ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 &1 z ! wea!r 0 f9e1 _m good results 7 obta9$4 ,photographs 7 tak5 at bo? ends ( ! track1 & ^! %[$ t ! appe>ance ( ! corona rema9$ un*ang$ dur+ ! int]val ( "t occupi$ by ! passage ( ! %ad[ across ! e>?4 ,x 0 on ! occasion ( ?is eclipse t ,pr(essor ,s*aeb]le f\nd ^u 8 photographs ^? traces ( ! pres5ce ( a comet1 to :i* allusion has already be5 made4 ,ext5sive prep>ations 7 made to obs]ve ! eclipse ( ,augu/ #i1 #ahif4 ,totality la/$ f two to ?ree m9utes1 & ! track /ret*$ f ,norway to ,japan4 ,bad wea!r disappo9t$ ! obs]v]s1 ) ! exception ( ^? tak5 to ,nova ,zembla by ,sir ,george ,bad5 ,p[ell 9 8 ya*t ,ot>ia4 ,! eclipse ( ,janu>y #bb1 #ahih1 across ,india vi ,bombay & ,b5>es1 0 fav\r$ ) good wea!r1 & is notable = a photograph obta9$ by ,mrs4 ,e4,w4 ,maund]1 :i* %[$ a ray ( ! corona ext5d+ to a mo/ unusual di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,may #ag,,?1 #ahhb ,a comet is "h %[n 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! corona4 ,drawn by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,wesley f ! photographs4 7,page #ie7 ,( v great influ5ce 9 ! gr[? ( our k ) reg>d to ! sun1 is ! rem>kable piece ( good =tune by :i* ! c\ntries ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean1 s easy ( access1 h be5 fav\r$ ) a comp>atively l>ge numb] ( total eclipses dur+ ! pa/ sixty ye>s4 ,tracks ( totality h1 = in/ance1 trav]s$ ! ,spani% p59sula on no less ?an five occasions dur+ t p]iod4 ,two ( ^! are among ! mo/ notable eclipses ( rec5t ye>s1 namely1 ^? ( ,may #bh1 #aijj1 & ( ,augu/ #cj1 #aije4 ,9 ! =m] ! track ( totality /ret*$ f ! we/]n seabo>d ( ,mexico1 ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & across ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 aft] :i* x pass$ ov] ,portugal & ,spa9 into ,nor? ,africa4 ,! total phase la/$ = ab\t a m9ute & a half1 & ! eclipse 0 well obs]v$ f a great _m po9ts along ! l9e4 ,a repres5tation ( ! corona1 z x appe>$ on ?is occasion1 w be f\nd on ,plate ,,vii4 7,b71 p4 #adb4 ,! track ( ! o!r eclipse to :i* we h allud$1 i4e4 t ( ,augu/ #cj1 #aije1 cross$ ,spa9 ab\t #bjj miles to ! nor?w>d ( t ( #aijj4 ,x /ret*$ f ,w9nipeg 9 ,canada1 ?r\gh ,labrador1 & ov] ! ,atlantic2 !n trav]s+ ,spa91 x pass$ across ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s1 ,nor? ,africa1 & ,egypt1 & end$ 9 ,arabia 7see ,fig4 #f1 p4 #ha74 ,mu* 0 to be expect$ f a comp>ison betwe5 ! photographs tak5 9 ,labrador & ,egypt on ! "q z to :e!r ! corona w\ld %[ any alt]ation 9 %ape dur+ ! "t t ! %ad[ 0 trav]s+ ! int]v5+ space--"s #fjjj miles4 ,! duration ( ! total phase 9 ?is eclipse 0 ne>ly f\r m9utes4 ,bad wea!r1 h[ev]1 int]f]$ a good deal ) ! obs]vations4 ,x 0 n possible1 = in/ance1 to d any?+ at all 9 ,labrador4 ,9 ,spa9 ! wea!r conditions 7 by no means fav\rable2 ?\gh at ,burgos1 :]e an imm5se numb] ( p _h assembl$1 ! total phase 01 =tunately1 well se54 ,on ! :ole1 ! be/ results 7 obta9$ at ,guelma 9 ,alg]ia4 ,! corona on ! occasion ( ?is eclipse 0 a v f9e "o1 & "s magnific5t gr\ps ( prom95ces 7 pla9ly visible to ! nak$ eye 7see ! ,frontispiece74 ,! next total eclipse aft] t ( #aije 0 "o :i* occurr$ on ,janu>y #ad1 #aijg4 ,x pass$ across ,c5tral ,asia & ,sib]ia1 & _h a totality la/+ two & a half m9utes at mo/2 b x 0 n obs]v$ z ! wea!r 0 extremely bad1 a circum/ance n surpris+ ) reg>d to ^? regions at t "t ( ye>4 ,! eclipse ( ,janu>y #c1 #aijh1 pass$ across ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,only two small coral isl&s--,hull ,isl& 9 ! ,pho5ix ,gr\p1 & ,fl9t ,isl& ab\t #djj miles nor? ( ,tahiti--lay 9 ! track4 ,two exp$itions set out to obs]ve x1 i4e4 a comb9$ ,am]ican p>ty f ! ,lick ,obs]vatory & ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton1 & a private "o f ,engl& "u ,mr4 ,f4,k4 ,mc,clean4 ,z ,hull ,isl& af=d$ few facilities1 bo? p>ties in/all$ _! in/rum5ts on ,fl9t ,isl&1 al?\gh x 0 v little bett]4 ,! duration ( ! total phase 0 fairly long--ab\t f\r m9utes1 & ! sun v fav\rably plac$1 be+ ne>ly ov]head4 ,heavy ra9 & cl\ds1 h[ev]1 m>r$ obs]vation dur+ ! fir/ m9ute ( totality1 b ! rema9+ ?ree m9utes 7 successfully utilis$1 good photographs ( ! corona be+ obta9$4 ,! next few ye>s to come are un=tunately by no means fav\rable f ! po9t ( view ( ! eclipse obs]v]4 ,an eclipse w take place on ,june #ag1 #aiji1 ! track /ret*+ f ,gre5l& across ! ,nor? ,pol> regions into ,sib]ia4 ,! geographical situation is1 h[ev]1 a v awkw>d "o1 & totality w be extremely %ort--only six seconds 9 ,gre5l& & tw5ty-?ree seconds 9 ,sib]ia4 ,! eclipse ( ,may #i1 #aiaj1 w be visible 9 ,tasmania4 ,totality w la/ s long z f\r m9utes1 b ! sun w be at ! "t mu* too l[ 9 ! sky = good obs]vation4 ,! eclipse ( ! foll[+ ye>1 ,april #bh1 #aiaa1 w also be conf9$1 r\ghly speak+1 to ! same qu>t] ( ! e>?1 ! track pass+ across ! old convict settlem5t ( ,norfolk ,isl&1 & !n out into ! ,pacific4 ,! eclipse ( ,april #ag1 #aiab1 w /ret* f ,portugal1 ?r\gh ,france & ,belgium into ,nor? ,g]many4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be ( practically no s]vice to a/ronomy4 ,totality1 = in/ance1 w la/ = only ?ree seconds 9 ,portugal2 &1 ?\gh ,p>is lies 9 ! c5tral track1 ! eclipse1 :i* beg9s z b>ely total1 w h *ang$ into an annul> "o by ! "t x passes ov] t city4 ,! fir/ really fav\rable eclipse 9 ! ne> future w be t ( ,augu/ #ba1 #aiad4 ,its track w /ret* f ,gre5l& across ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,russia4 ,?is eclipse is a return1 aft] "o s>os1 ( ! eclipse ( ,augu/ #i1 #ahif4 ,! la/ sol> eclipse :i* we w t\* ^u is t pr$ict$ = ,june #bi1 #aibg4 ,x has be5 already allud$ to z ! fir/ ( ^? 9 ! future to be total 9 ,engl&4 ,! c5tral l9e w /ret* f ,wales 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction4 ,/onyhur/ ,obs]vatory1 9 ,lanca%ire1 w lie 9 ! track2 b totality !re w be v %ort1 only ab\t tw5ty seconds 9 duration4 #f ,k1 vol4 xx4 p4 #i1 ,janu>y #ahig4 #g ,! fir/ photographic repres5tation ( ! corona _h1 h[ev]1 be5 made dur+ ! eclipse ( #ahea4 ,?is 0 a dagu]reotype tak5 by ,dr4 ,bus* at ,knigsb]g 9 ,prussia4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,fam\s ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,! e>lie/ lun> eclipse1 ( :i* we h any tru/wor?y in=mation1 0 a total "o :i* took place on ! #ai? ,m>*1 #gba ,b4,c41 & 0 obs]v$ f ,babylon4 ,= our k ( ?is eclipse we are indebt$ to ,ptolemy1 ! a/ronom]1 :o copi$ x1 along ) two o!rs1 f ! records ( ! reign ( ! ,*aldean k+1 ,m]oda*-,baladan4 ,! next eclipse ( ! moon wor? not+ 0 a total "o1 :i* took place "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 namely1 9 #dbe ,b4,c4 ,?is eclipse 0 obs]v$ at ,a!ns1 & is m5tion$ by ,ari/ophanes 9 8 play1 ,! ,cl\ds4 ,plut>* relates t a total eclipse ( ! moon1 :i* occurr$ 9 #dac ,b4,c41 s greatly fright5$ ,nicias1 ! g5]al ( ! ,a!nians1 !n w>r+ 9 ,sicily1 z to cause a delay 9 8 retreat f ,syracuse :i* l$ to ! de/ruction ( 8 :ole army4 ,sev5 ye>s lat]--namely1 9 #djf ,b4,c41 ! tw5ty-six? ye> ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>--!re took place ano!r total lun> eclipse ( :i* m5tion is made by ,x5ophon4 ,omitt+ a numb] ( o!r eclipses allud$ to by anci5t writ]s1 we come to "o record$ by ,josephus z hav+ occurr$ a little be=e ! dea? ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,x is probable t ! eclipse 9 "q 0 ! total lun> "o1 :i* calculation %[s to h tak5 place on ! #ae? ,septemb] #e ,b4,c41 & to h be5 visible 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,?is is v important1 = we are ?us enabl$ to fix t ye> z ! date ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 = ,h]od is kn[n to h di$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> foll[+ ! ,nativity4 ,9 ^? acc\nts ( total lun> eclipses1 :i* h come d[n to u f ! ,d>k & ,middle ,ages1 ! col\r ( ! moon is ne>ly always lik5$ to blood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 an acc\nt ( ! eclipse ( ,janu>y #bc1 ,a4,d4 #gec1 our satellite is describ$ z cov]$ ) a horrid black %ield4 ,we ?us h examples ( ! two di/9ct appe>ances allud$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,vii41 i4e4 :5 ! moon appe>s ( a copp]y-r$ col\r1 & :5 x is entirely d>k5$4 ,x appe>s1 inde$1 t1 9 ! majority ( lun> eclipses on record1 ! moon has appe>$ ( a ruddy1 or r ( a copp]y hue1 & ! details on its surface h be5 ?us r5d]$ visible4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( a bright eclipse ( ?is k9d is t ( ! #ai? ,m>* #ahdh1 :5 ! illum9ation ( our satellite 0 s great t _m p]sons c\ld n believe t an eclipse 0 actually tak+ place4 ,a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,fo/]1 :o obs]v$ ?is eclipse f ,bruges1 /ates t ! m>k+s on ! lun> disc 7 almo/ z visible z on an ord9>y dull moonlight night4 ,he goes on to say t ! ,briti% ,consul at ,gh5t1 n kn[+ t !re _h be5 any eclipse1 wrote to him = an explanation ( ! r$ col\r ( ! moon on t ev5+4 ,out ( ! d>k eclipses record$1 p]haps ! be/ example is t ( ,may #ah1 #agfa1 obs]v$ by ,w>g5t9 at ,/ockholm4 ,on ?is occasion ! lun> disc is said to h disappe>$ s completely1 t x c\ld n be discov]$ ev5 ) ! telescope4 ,ano!r su* in/ance is ! eclipse ( ,june #aj1 #ahaf1 obs]v$ f ,london4 ,! summ] ( t ye> 0 p>ticul>ly wet--a po9t wor?y ( notice 9 connection ) ! !ory t ^! diff]5t appe>ances are due to ! v>y+ /ate ( our e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 x has happ5$ t an eclipse ( ! moon has p>tak5 ( bo? appe>ances1 "p ( ! disc be+ visible & "p invisible4 ,an in/ance ( ?is occurr$ 9 ! eclipse ( ,july #ab1 #ahgj1 :5 ! late ,rev4 ,s4,j4 ,johnson1 "o ( ! lead+ au?orities on eclipses1 :o obs]v$ x1 /ates t he f\nd "o-half ! moon's surface q invisible1 bo? ) ! nak$ eye & ) ! telescope4 ,9 addition to ! examples giv5 above1 !re are ?ree total lun> eclipses :i* des]ve especial m5tion4 #a4 ,a4,d4 #gee1 ,novemb] #bc4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ?is eclipse ! moon occult$ ! /> ,aldeb>an 9 ! con/ellation ( ,taurus4 #b4 ,a4,d4 #adic1 ,april #b4 ,?is is ! celebrat$ eclipse :i* is said to h s well s]v$ ! purposes ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,c]ta9 natives hav+ refus$ to supply him ) provisions :5 9 sore /raits1 he ann\nc$ to !m t ! moon w\ld be d>k5$ z a sign ( ! ang] ( heav54 ,:5 ! ev5t duly came to pass1 ! savages 7 s t]rifi$ t !y br\ght him provisions z mu* z he ne$$4 #c4 ,a4,d4 #afaj1 ,july #f4 ,! eclipse 9 "q is notable z hav+ be5 se5 ?r\gh ! telescope1 !n a rec5t inv5tion4 ,x 0 )\t d\bt ! fir/ s obs]v$1 b un=tunately ! "n ( ! obs]v] has n come d[n to u4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,obs]vation ,! e>lie/ a/ronomical obs]vations mu/ h be5 made 9 ! ,dawn ( ,hi/oric ,"t by ! m5 :o t5d$ _! flocks ^u ! great pla9s4 ,z !y wat*$ ! cle> night sky !y no d\bt soon notic$ t1 ) ! exception ( ! moon & ^? brilliant w&]+ objects kn[n to u z ! planets1 ! individual />s 9 ! heav5 rema9$ app>5tly fix$ ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r4 ,^! seem+ly *angeless po9ts ( light came 9 "t to be reg>d$ z sign-po/s to guide ! w&]] across ! trackless des]t1 or ! voyag] ^u ! wide sea4 ,j z :5 look+ into ! r$ coals ( a fire1 or :5 wat*+ ! cl\ds1 our imag9ation conjures up /range & grotesque =ms1 s did ! m5 ( old see 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! />s ! outl9es ( weird & curi\s %apes4 ,f$ ) my?ological lore1 !y imag9$ ^! to be r\gh repres5tations ( anci5t h]oes & fabl$ bea/s1 :om !y suppos$ to h be5 elevat$ to ! heav5s z a rew>d = great de$s done ^u ! e>?4 ,we "k ^! gr\p+s ( />s to-day "u ! "n ( ! ,con/ellations4 ,look+ up at !m we f9d x extremely difficult to fit 9 ! majority ) ! figures :i* ! anci5ts believ$ !m to repres5t4 ,nev]!less1 a/ronomy has accept$ ! arrangem5t1 = want ( a bett] me?od ( fix+ ! lead+ />s 9 ! memory4 ,our e>ly ance/ors liv$ ! great] "p ( _! lives 9 ! op5 air1 & s came to pay m att5tion 9 g5]al to ! heav5ly orbs ?an we d4 ,_! clock & _! cal5d> 01 s to speak1 9 ! cele/ial vault4 ,!y regulat$ _! h\rs1 _! days1 & _! nights by ! *ang+ positions ( ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s2 & recognis$ ! p]iods ( se$-"t & h>ve/1 ( calm & /ormy wea!r1 by ! ris+ or sett+ ( c]ta9 well-kn[n con/ellations4 ,/ud5ts ( ! classics w recall _m allusions to ?is1 especially 9 ! ,odes ( ,horace4 ,z "t w5t on & civilisation progress$1 m5 soon devis$ measur+ in/rum5ts1 by means ( :i* !y c\ld note ! positions ( ! cele/ial bodies 9 ! sky ) respect to ea* o!r2 &1 f obs]vations ?us made1 !y con/ruct$ *>ts ( ! />s4 ,! e>lie/ complete survey ( ?is k9d1 ( :i* we h a record1 is ! great ,catalogue ( />s :i* 0 made1 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 by ! celebrat$ ,greek a/ronom]1 ,hipp>*us1 & 9 :i* he is said to h not$ d[n ab\t #ajhj />s4 ,x is unnecess>y to foll[ 9 detail ! t$i\s progress ( a/ronomical discov]y prior to ! adv5t ( ! telescope4 ,c]ta9 x is t1 z "t w5t on1 ! measur+ in/rum5ts to :i* we h allud$ _h become greatly improv$2 b1 _h !y ev5 be5 p]fect1 !y w\ld h be5 utt]ly inadequate to reveal ^? m9ute displacem5ts1 f :i* we h le>n$ ! actual di/ance ( ! ne>e/ ( ! cele/ial orbs4 ,f ! e>ly times1 !re=e1 until ! m$ival p]iod ( our own era1 a/ronomy grew up ^u a faulty basis1 = ! e>? ev] seem$ s mu* ! l>ge/ body 9 ! univ]se1 t x cont9u$ f c5tury to c5tury to be reg>d$ z ! v c5tre ( ?+s4 ,to ! ,arabians is due ! cr$it ( hav+ kept alive ! /udy ( ! />s dur+ ! d>k ages ( ,european hi/ory4 ,!y erect$ "s f9e obs]vatories1 notably 9 ,spa9 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bagdad4 ,foll[+ !m1 "s ( ! ,ori5tal peoples embrac$ ! sci5ce 9 e>ne/2 ,ulugh ,beigh1 gr&son ( ! fam\s ,tam]lane1 f\nd+1 = in/ance1 a great obs]vatory at ,sam>c& 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! ,mongol emp]ors ( ,india also e/abli%$ l>ge a/ronomical in/rum5ts 9 ! *ief cities ( _! empire4 ,:5 ! revival ( le>n+ took place 9 ! ,we/1 ! ,europeans came to ! front once m 9 sci5ce1 & rapidly =g$ ahead ( ^? :o _h s assidu\sly kept alight ! lamp ( k ?r\gh ! long c5turies4 ,! de?ronem5t ( ! old] !ories by ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 9 :i* ! e>? 0 relegat$ to its true place1 0 =tunately soon foll[$ by an inv5tion ( imm5se import1 ! inv5tion ( ! ,telescope4 ,x is to ?is in/rum5t1 inde$1 t we are indebt$ = our k ( ! actual scale ( ! cele/ial di/ances4 ,x p5etrat$ ! dep?s ( space2 x br\ght ! di/ant orbs s ne>1 t m5 c\ld note ! detail on ! planets1 or measure ! small *anges 9 _! positions 9 ! sky :i* result$ f ! movem5t ( our own globe4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #afji t ! telescope 0 fir/ con/ruct$4 ,a ye> or s previ\s to ?is a spectacle-mak] ( ,middleburgh 9 ,holl&1 "o ,hans ,lipp]%ey1 _h1 x appe>s1 hit ^u ! fact t di/ant objects1 :5 view$ ?r\gh c]ta9 glass l5ses suitably arrang$1 look$ ne>]4#h ,news ( ?is discov]y rea*$ ! e>s ( ,galileo ,galilei1 ( ,flor5ce1 ! =emo/ philosoph] ( ! day1 & he at once appli$ 8 great sci5tific atta9m5ts to ! con/ruction ( an in/rum5t bas$ ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,! result 0 :at 0 call$ an optick tube1 :i* magnifi$ di/ant objects "s few times4 ,x 0 n mu* l>g] ?an :at we n[adays contemptu\sly ref] to z a spy-glass1 yet its employm5t ^u ! lead+ cele/ial objects in/antly s5t a/ronomical sci5ce onw>d ) a b\nd4 ,9 rapid succession ,galileo ann\nc$ _w-mov+ discov]ies2 l>ge spots ^u ! face ( ! sun2 crat]-l m\nta9s ^u ! moon2 f\r subord9ate bodies1 or satellites1 circl+ ar\nd ! planet ,jupit]2 & a /range appe>ance 9 connection ) ,saturn1 :i* lat] telescopic obs]v]s f\nd to be a broad flat r+ encircl+ t planet4 ,& m important /ill1 ! magnifi$ image ( ,v5us %[$ itself 9 ! telescope at c]ta9 p]iods 9 cresc5t & o!r =ms2 a result :i* ,cop]nicus is said to h ann\nc$ %\ld ( necessity foll[ if 8 sy/em 7 ! true "o4 ,! discov]ies made ) ! telescope produc$1 z "t w5t on1 a great alt]ation 9 ! notions ( m5 ) reg>d to ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,x mu/ h be51 inde$1 a revelation to f9d t ^? po9ts ( light :i* !y call$ ! planets1 71 aft] all1 globes ( a size comp>able ) ! e>?1 & peopl$ p]*ance ) s5ti5t be+s4 ,ev5 to u1 :o h be5 accu/om$ s9ce our e>ly y\? to su* an idea1 x /ill requires a c]ta9 /ret* ( imag9ation to enl>ge1 say1 ! ,bright ,/> ( ,eve1 into a body simil> 9 size to our e>?4 ,! read] w p]haps recollect ,t5nyson's allusion to ?is 9 ,locksley ,hall1 ,sixty ,ye>s ,aft]3-- ,hesp]--,v5us--7 we native to t spl5d\r or 9 ,m>s1 ,we %\ld see ! ,globe we groan 91 faire/ ( _! ev5+ />s4 ,c\ld we dream ( w>s & c>nage1 craft & madness1 lu/ & spite1 ,ro>+ ,london1 rav+ ,p>is1 9 t po9t ( peaceful light8 ,! =m ( in/rum5t z devis$ by ,galileo is call$ ! ,refract+ ,telescope1 or ,refractor4 ,z we "k x to-day x is ! same 9 pr9ciple z 8 optick tube1 b x is n q ! same 9 con/ruction4 ,! e>ly object-glass1 or l>ge glass at ! end1 0 a s+le convex l5s 7see ,fig4 #h1 p4 #aac1 ,galilean72 ! mod]n "o is1 on ! o!r h&1 compos$ ( two l5ses fitt$ toge!r4 ,! attempts to con/ruct l>ge telescopes ( ! ,galilean type met 9 c\rse ( "t ) a great difficulty4 ,! magnifi$ image ( ! object obs]v$ 0 n q pure2 its edges1 inde$1 7 fr+$ ) ra9b[-l col\rs4 ,?is defect 0 f\nd to be aggravat$ ) increase 9 ! size ( object-glasses4 ,a me?od 01 h[ev]1 discov]$ ( dim9i%+ ?is col\ration1 or *romatic ab]ration z x is call$ f ! ,greek ^w *rma 7*roma71 :i* means col\r1 viz4 by mak+ telescopes ( great l5g? & only a few in*es 9 wid?4 ,b ! rem$y 01 9 a way1 worse ?an ! disease2 = telescopes ?us became ( su* huge proportions z to be too unwieldy = use4 ,attempts 7 made to evade ?is unwield9ess by con/ruct+ !m ) skeleton tubes 7see ,plate ,,ii41 p4 #aaj71 or1 inde$1 ev5 )\t tubes at all2 ! object-glass 9 ! tubeless or a]ial telescope be+ fix$ at ! top ( a high po/1 & ! eye-piece1 t small l5s or comb9ation ( l5ses1 :i* ! eye looks directly into1 be+ kept 9 l9e ) x by means ( a /r+ & manoeuvr$ ab\t ne> ! gr\nd 7,plate ,,iii41 p4 #aab74 ,! idea ( a telescope )\t a tube may appe> a contradiction 9 t]ms2 b x is n really s1 = ! tube adds no?+ to ! magnify+ p[] ( ! in/rum5t1 & is1 9 fact1 no m ?an a m]e device = keep+ ! object-glass & eye-piece 9 a /raight l9e1 & = prev5t+ ! obs]v] f be+ h9d]$ by /ray lights 9 8 neighb\rhood4 ,x goes )\t say+1 ( c\rse1 t ! image ( a cele/ial object w be m cle> & def9$ :5 exam9$ 9 ! d>kness ( a tube4 ,! anci5ts1 ?\gh !y knew no?+ ( telescopes1 _h1 h[ev]1 f\nd out ! m]it ( a tube 9 ?is respect2 = !y employ$ simple tubes1 black5$ on ! inside1 9 ord] to obta9 a cle>] view ( di/ant objects4 ,x is said t ,julius ,cs>1 be=e cross+ ! ,*annel1 survey$ ! opposite coa/ ( ,brita9 ?r\gh a tube ( ?is k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,great ,,telescope ,,( ,,hevelius ,?is in/rum5t1 #aej feet 9 l5g?1 ) a skeleton tube1 0 con/ruct$ by ! celebrat$ sev5te5? c5tury a/ronom]1 ,hevelius ( ,danzig4 ,f an illu/ration 9 ! ,ma*9a ,cele/is4 7,page #aaj7 ,a few ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! imm5sely long telescopes above allud$ to are wor?y ( m5tion4 ,"o ( ^!1 #abc feet 9 l5g?1 0 pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london by ! ,dut* a/ronom] ,huygh5s4 ,hevelius ( ,danzig con/ruct$ a skeleton "o ( #aej feet 9 l5g? 7see ,plate ,,ii41 p4 #aaj74 ,bradley us$ a tubeless "o #bab feet long to measure ! diamet] ( ,v5us 9 #agbb2 :ile "o ( #fjj feet is said to h be5 con/ruct$1 b to h prov$ q unworkable6 ,su* difficulties1 h[ev]1 produc$ _! natural result4 ,!y set m5 at "w to devise ano!r k9d ( telescope4 ,9 ! new =m1 call$ ! ,reflect+ ,telescope1 or ,reflector1 ! light com+ f ! object "u obs]vation 0 reflect$ into ! eye-piece f ! surface ( a highly poli%$ concave metallic mirror1 or speculum1 z x 0 call$4 ,x is to ,sir ,isaac ,newton t ! _w is indebt$ = ! reflect+ telescope 9 its be/ =m4 ,t philosoph] _h set himself to inve/igate ! causes ( ! ra9b[-l1 or prismatic col\rs :i* = a long "t _h be5 su* a s\rce ( annoyance to telescopic obs]v]s2 & he po9t$ out t1 z ! col\rs 7 produc$ 9 ! passage ( ! rays ( light ?r\gh ! glass1 !y w\ld be entirely abs5t if ! light 7 reflect$ f ! surface ( a mirror in/ead4 ,! reflect+ telescope1 h[ev]1 _h 9 turn c]ta9 drawbacks ( its own4 ,a mirror1 = in/ance1 c pla9ly nev] be poli%$ to su* a high degree z to reflect z mu* light z a piece ( transp>5t glass w let ?r\gh4 ,fur!r1 ! position ( ! eye-piece is by no means s conv5i5t4 ,x _c1 ( c\rse1 be po9t$ directly t[>ds ! mirror1 = ! obs]v] w\ld !n h to place 8 head "r 9 ! way ( ! light com+ f ! cele/ial object1 & w\ld ?us1 ( c\rse1 cut x (f4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is difficulty1 ! foll[+ device 0 employ$ by ,newton 9 8 telescope1 ( :i* he con/ruct$ 8 fir/ example 9 #affh4 ,a small1 flat mirror 0 fix$ by ?9 wires 9 ! c5tre ( ! tube ( ! telescope1 & ne> to its op5 end4 ,x 0 set slant-wise1 s t x reflect$ ! rays ( light directly into ! eye-piece1 :i* 0 screw$ into a hole at ! side ( ! tube 7see ,fig4 #h1 p4 #aac1 ,newtonian74 ,al?\gh ! ,newtonian =m ( telescope _h ! imm5se advantage ( do+ away ) ! prismatic col\rs1 yet x wa/$ a great deal ( light2 = ! objection 9 ?is respect ) reg>d to loss ( light by reflection f ! l>ge mirror appli$1 ( c\rse1 to ! small mirror also4 ,9 addition1 ! position ( ! flat1 z ! small mirror is call$1 _h ! fur!r effect ( exclud+ f ! great mirror a c]ta9 proportion ( light4 ,b ! reflector _h ! advantage1 on ! o!r h&1 ( co/+ less to make ?an ! refractor1 z x 0 n necess>y to procure flawless glass = ! purpose4 ,a disc ( a c]ta9 metallic composition1 an alloy ( copp] & t91 kn[n 9 consequ5ce z speculum metal1 _h m]ely to be ca/2 & ?is _h to be gr\nd & poli%$ ^u "o side only1 :]eas a l5s has to be ?us treat$ ^u bo? its sides4 ,x 01 !re=e1 possible to make a mu* l>g] in/rum5t at a great deal less lab\r & exp5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,a ,,tubeless1 ,,or ,,a]ial ,,telescope ,f an illu/ration 9 ! ,op]a ,v>ia ( ,*ri/ian ,huygh5s4 7,page #aaj7 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,! v>i\s types ( ,telescope4 ,all ! above telescopes are po9t$ 9 ! same direction2 t is to say1 ! rays ( light f ! object are com+ f ! left-h& side4 ,we h giv5 ! ,newtonian =m z an example ( ! pr9ciple ( ! reflect+ telescope4 ,a some:at simil> in/rum5t _h1 h[ev]1 be5 project$1 ?\gh n actually con/ruct$1 by ,james ,gregory a few ye>s e>li] ?an ,newton's1 i4e4 9 #affc4 ,9 ?is =m ( reflector1 kn[n z ! ,gregorian telescope1 a hole 0 made 9 ! big concave mirror2 & a small mirror1 also concave1 :i* fac$ x at a c]ta9 di/ance1 receiv$ ! reflect$ rays1 & reflect$ !m back aga9 ?r\gh ! hole 9 "q into ! eye-piece1 :i* 0 fix$ j beh9d 7see ,fig4 #h1 p4 #aac1 ,gregorian74 ,! ,gregorian _h ?us ! s5tim5tal advantage ( be+ po9t$ directly at ! object4 ,! hole 9 ! big mirror did n cause any loss ( light1 = ! c5tral portion 9 :i* x 0 made 0 anyway unable to receive light ?r\gh ! small mirror be+ directly 9 front ( x4 ,an adaptation ( ! ,gregorian 0 ! ,cassegra9ian telescope1 devis$ by ,cassegra9 9 #afgb1 :i* diff]$ f x *iefly 9 ! small mirror be+ convex in/ead ( concave 7see ,fig4 #h1 p4 #aac1 ,cassegra9ian74 ,^! direct-view =ms ( ! reflect+ telescope 7 mu* 9 vogue ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 _m beautiful examples ( ,gregorians 7 made by ! fam\s optician1 ,james ,%ort1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,an adaptation ( ! ,newtonian type ( telescope is kn[n z ! ,h]s*elian1 f be+ ! k9d fav\r$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only suitable 9 imm5se in/rum5ts1 su* z ,h]s*el 0 9 ! habit ( employ+4 ,9 ?is =m ! object-glass is set at a slight slant1 s t ! light com+ f ! object is reflect$ /raight into ! eye-piece1 :i* is fix$ fac+ x 9 ! side ( ! tube 7see ,fig4 #h1 p4 #aac1 ,h]s*elian74 ,?is telescope has an advantage ov] ! o!r =ms ( reflector ?r\gh ! sav+ ( light consequ5t on do+ away ) ! second reflection4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! objection t ! slant ( ! object-glass is productive ( "s di/ortion 9 ! appe>ance ( ! object obs]v$2 b ?is slant is ( necessity slight :5 ! l5g? ( ! telescope is v great4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is type ( telescope _h be5 describ$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces z e>ly z #agbh by ,le ,maire1 b no "o avail$ himself ( ! idea until #aggf1 :5 ,h]s*el tri$ x4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 he reject$ x2 b 9 #aghf he seems to h f\nd t x suit$ ! huge in/rum5ts :i* he 0 !n mak+4 ,h]s*el's l>ge/ telescope1 con/ruct$ 9 #aghi1 0 ab\t f\r feet 9 diamet] & =ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,x is g5]ally spok5 ( z ! ,=ty-foot ,telescope1 ?\gh all o!r in/rum5ts h be5 kn[n by _! diamet]s1 r ?an by _! l5g?s4 ,to return to ! refract+ telescope4 ,a solution ( ! col\r difficulty 0 arriv$ at 9 #agbi 7two ye>s aft] ,newton's dea?7 by an ,essex g5tleman nam$ ,*e/] ,moor ,hall4 ,he discov]$ t by mak+ a d\ble object-glass1 compos$ ( an out] convex l5s & an inn] concave l5s1 made respectively ( diff]5t k9ds ( glass1 i4e4 cr[n glass & fl9t glass1 ! tr\blesome col\r effects c\ld be1 to a v great ext5t1 remov$4 ,hall's inve/igations appe> to h be5 r ( an academic nature2 &1 al?\gh he is believ$ to h con/ruct$ a small telescope ^u ^! l9es1 yet he seems to h kept ! matt] s mu* to himself t x 0 n until ! ye> #ageh t ! fir/ example ( ! new in/rum5t 0 giv5 to ! _w4 ,?is 0 done by ,john ,dollond1 f\nd] ( ! well-kn[n optical firm ( ,dollond1 ( ,ludgate ,hill1 ,london1 :o _h1 q indep5d5tly1 re-discov]$ ! pr9ciple4 ,?is ,a*romatic telescope1 or telescope free f col\r effects1 is ! k9d ord9>ily 9 use at pres5t1 :e!r = a/ronomical or = t]re/rial purposes 7see ,fig4 #h1 p4 #aac1 ,a*romatic74 ,! exp5se ( mak+ l>ge in/rum5ts ( ?is type is v great1 =1 9 ! object-glass alone1 no less ?an f\r surfaces h to be gr\nd & poli%$ to ! requir$ curves2 &1 usually1 ! two l5ses ( :i* x is compos$ h to fit q close toge!r4 ,) ! object ( evad+ ! exp5se ref]r$ to1 & ( secur+ complete fre$om f col\r effects1 telescopes h ev5 be5 made1 ! object-glasses ( :i* 7 compos$ ( v>i\s transp>5t liquids plac$ betwe5 ?9 l5ses2 b leakages1 & curr5ts set up )9 !m by *anges ( temp]ature1 h defeat$ ! +5uity ( ^? :o devis$ ^! sub/itutes4 ,! solution ( ! col\r difficulty by means ( ,dollond's a*romatic refractor has n1 h[ev]1 ou/$ ! reflect+ telescope 9 its be/1 or ,newtonian =m1 = :i* great concave mirrors made ( glass1 cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( silv] & highly poli%$1 h be5 us$ s9ce ab\t #ahgj in/ead ( metal mirrors4 ,!y are v mu* light] 9 weight & *eap] to make ?an ! old specula2 & ?\gh ! silv]+1 ne$less to say1 det]iorates ) "t1 x c be r5ew$ at a comp>atively trifl+ co/4 ,also ^! mirrors reflect mu* m light1 & give a cle>] view1 ?an did ! old metallic ones4 ,:5 an object is view$ ?r\gh ! type ( a/ronomical telescope ord9>ily 9 use1 x is se5 upside d[n4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( v small mom5t 9 deal+ ) cele/ial objects2 =1 z !y are usually r\nd1 x is really n ( mu* consequ5ce :i* "p we reg>d z top & :i* z bottom4 ,su* an inv]sion w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be mo/ inconv5i5t :5 view+ t]re/rial objects4 ,9 ord] to obs]ve ! latt] we !re=e employ :at is call$ a t]re/rial telescope1 :i* is m]ely a refractor ) "s extra l5ses add$ 9 ! eye portion = ! purpose ( turn+ ! inv]t$ image ! "r way up aga94 ,^! extra l5ses1 ne$less to say1 absorb a c]ta9 am\nt ( light2 :]e=e x is bett] 9 a/ronomical obs]vation to save light by do+ away ) !m1 & putt+ up ) ! slight inconv5i5ce ( see+ ! object inv]t$4 ,?is inv]sion ( images by ! a/ronomical telescope mu/ be specially borne 9 m9d ) reg>d to ! photographs ( ! moon 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbe ! l>ge/ a*romatic refractor 9 exi/5ce 0 "o ( n9e & a half in*es 9 diamet] con/ruct$ by ,fraunh(] = ! ,obs]vatory ( ,dorpat 9 ,russia4 ,! l>ge/ refractors 9 ! _w to-day are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 i4e4 ! =ty-in* ( ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory 7see ,plate ,,iv41 p4 #aah71 & ! ?irty-six in* ( ! ,lick4 ,! object-glasses ( ^! & ( ! ?irty-in* telescope ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,pulk[a1 9 ,russia1 7 made by ! great optical h\se ( ,alvan ,cl>k ,sons1 ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,! tubes & o!r portions ( ! ,y]kes & ,lick telescopes 71 h[ev]1 con/ruct$ by ! ,w>n] & ,swasey ,co41 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,! l>ge/ reflector1 & s ! l>ge/ telescope 9 ! _w1 is /ill ! six-foot erect$ by ! late ,"l ,rosse at ,p>son/[n 9 ,irel&1 & complet$ 9 ! ye> #ahde4 ,x is ab\t fifty-six feet 9 l5g?4 ,next come two ( five feet1 ) mirrors ( silv] on glass2 "o ( !m made by ! late ,dr4 ,common1 ( ,eal+1 & ! o!r by ! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,g4,w4 ,rit*ey4 ,! latt] ( ^! is in/all$ 9 ! ,sol> ,obs]vatory belong+ to ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton1 :i* is situat$ on ,m\nt ,wilson 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! =m] is n[ at ! ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 & is consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,m\lton to be probably ! mo/ effici5t reflector 9 use at pres5t4 ,ano!r l>ge reflector is ! ?ree-foot made by ,dr4 ,common4 ,x came into ! possession ( ,mr4 ,crossley ( ,halifax1 :o pres5t$ x to ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 :]e x is n[ kn[n z ! ,crossley ,reflector4 ,al?\gh to ! h\se ( ,cl>k belongs1 z we h se51 ! cr$it ( con/ruct+ ! object-glasses ( ! l>ge/ refract+ telescopes ( our "t1 x has nev]!less ke5 competitors 9 ,sir ,h[>d ,grubb1 ( ,dubl91 & su* well-kn[n firms z ,cooke ( ,york & ,/e9heil ( ,muni*4 ,9 ! f\r-foot reflector1 made 9 #ahgj = ! ,obs]vatory ( ,melb\rne by ! firm ( ,grubb1 ! ,cassegra9ian pr9ciple 0 employ$4 ,) reg>d to ! v>i\s m]its ( refractors & reflectors mu* might be said4 ,ea* k9d ( in/rum5t has1 inde$1 its special advantages2 ?\gh p]haps1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ p]fect type ( telescope is ! a*romatic refractor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,! ,,great ,,y]kes ,,telescope ,great telescope at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,williams ,bay1 ,wiscons91 ,u4,s4,a4 ,x 0 erect$ 9 #ahif-g1 & is ! l>ge/ refract+ telescope 9 ! _w4 ,diamet] ( object-glass1 #dj in*es2 l5g? ( telescope1 ab\t #fj feet4 ,! object-glass 0 made by ! firm ( ,alvan ,cl>k & ,sons1 ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts2 ! o!r portions ( ! in/rum5t by ! ,w>n] & ,swasey ,co41 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 7,page #aag7 ,9 connection ) telescopes c]ta9 devices h f "t to "t be5 introduc$1 b ^! m]ely aim at ! conv5i5ce ( ! obs]v] & d n supplant ! broad pr9ciples ^u :i* are bas$ ! v>i\s types ( in/rum5t above describ$4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! ,sid]o/at1 & ano!r =m ( x call$ ! ,coelo/at1 9 :i* a plane mirror is made to revolve 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 s z to reflect ^? portions ( ! sky :i* are to be obs]v$1 into ! tube ( a telescope kept fix$4 ,su* too are ! ,equatorial ,c\d ( ! late ,m4 ,loewy1 ,director ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 & ! ,%eep%anks ,telescope ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,cambridge1 9 :i* a telescope is sep>at$ into two portions1 ! eye-piece portion be+ fix$ ^u a d[nw>d slant1 & ! object-glass portion jo9t$ to x at an angle & po9t$ up at ! sky4 ,9 ^! two in/rum5ts 7:i*1 by ! way1 diff] mat]ially7 an arrangem5t ( slant+ mirrors 9 ! tubes directs ! j\rney ( ! rays ( light f ! object-glass to ! eye-piece4 ,! obs]v] c ?us sit at ! eye-end ( 8 telescope 9 ! w>m? & com=t ( 8 room1 & obs]ve ! />s 9 ! same uncon/ra9$ mann] z if he 7 m]ely look+ d[n into a microscope4 ,ne$less to say1 devices su* z ^! are subject to ! drawback t ! mirrors employ$ sap a c]ta9 proportion ( ! rays ( light4 ,x w be rememb]$ t we made allusion to loss ( light 9 ?is way1 :5 po9t+ out ! advantage 9 light grasp ( ! ,h]s*elian =m ( telescope1 :]e only "o reflection takes place1 ov] ! ,newtonian 9 :i* !re are two4 ,x is an int]e/+ "q z to :e!r telescopes c be made mu* l>g]4 ,! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,g4,e4 ,hale1 concludes t ! limit ( refractors is ab\t five feet 9 diamet]1 b he ?9ks t reflectors z l>ge z n9e feet 9 diamet] might n[ be made4 ,z reg>ds refractors !re are sev]al /rong reasons aga9/ augm5t+ _! proportions4 ,fir/ ( all comes ! great co/4 ,secondly1 s9ce ! l5ses are held 9 position m]ely r\nd _! rims1 !y w b5d by _! weight 9 ! c5tres if !y are made mu* l>g]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 attempts to obviate ?is1 by mak+ ! l5ses ?ick]1 w\ld cause a decrease 9 ! am\nt ( light let ?r\gh4 ,b p]haps ! greate/ /umbl+-block to ! con/ruction ( l>g] telescopes is ! fact t ! un/ead9ess ( ! air w be increas+ly magnifi$4 ,& fur!r1 ! l>g] ! tubes become1 ! m difficult w x be to keep ! air )9 !m at "o con/ant temp]ature ?r\gh\t _! l5g?s4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 seem z if telescopes are n de/9$ greatly to increase 9 size1 b t ! means ( obs]vation w break out 9 "s new direction1 z x has already done 9 ! case ( photography & ! spectroscope4 ,! direct use ( ! eye is gradually giv+ place to indirect me?ods4 ,we are1 9 fact1 n[ feel+ r ?an see+ our way ab\t ! univ]se4 ,up to ! pres5t1 = in/ance1 we h n ! slighte/ pro( t life exi/s else:]e ?an ^u our e>?4 ,b :o %all say t ! tw5tie? c5tury has n t 9 /ore = u1 by :i* ! pres5ce ( life 9 o!r orbs may be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh "s =m ( vibration transmitt$ across illimitable space8 ,!re is no use speak+ ( ! impossible or ! inconceivable4 ,aft] ! extraord9>y revelations ( ! spectroscope--nay1 aft] ! a/\nd+ discov]y ( ,rntg5--! ^w impossible %\ld be ca/ aside1 & inconceivability cease to be reg>d$ z any crit]ion4 #h ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! telescope is bas$ appe>s to h be5 kn[n !oretically = a long "t previ\s to ?is4 ,! monk ,rog] ,bacon1 :o liv$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 describes x v cle>ly2 & sev]al writ]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury h also dealt ) ! idea4 ,ev5 ,lipp]%ey's claims to a practical solution ( ! "q 7 hotly conte/$ at ! "t by two ( 8 own c\ntrym51 i4e4 a c]ta9 ,jacob ,metius1 & ano!r spectacle-mak] ( ,middleburgh1 nam$ ,jans54 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,spectrum ,,analysis ,if :ite light 7t ( ! sun1 = in/ance7 be pass$ ?r\gh a glass prism1 namely1 a piece ( glass ( triangul> %ape1 x w issue f x 9 ra9b[-t9t$ col\rs4 ,x is a common exp]i5ce ) any ( u to notice ?is :5 ! sunlight %9es ?r\gh cut-glass1 z 9 ! p5dant ( a *&eli]1 or 9 ! /opp] ( a w9e-decant]4 ,! same effect may be produc$ :5 light passes ?r\gh wat]4 ,! ,ra9b[1 :i* we all "k s well1 is m]ely ! result ( ! sunlight pass+ ?r\gh drops ( fall+ ra94 ,:ite light is compos$ ( rays ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet1 tak5 all toge!r1 g1 9 fact1 to make up t effect :i* we call :ite4 ,x is 9 ! c\rse ( ! refraction1 or b5d+ ( a beam ( light1 :5 x passes 9 c]ta9 conditions ?r\gh a transp>5t & d5s] m$ium1 su* z glass or wat]1 t ! con/itu5t rays are sort$ out & spread 9 a r[ accord+ to _! v>i\s col\rs4 ,?is production ( col\r takes place usually ne> ! edges ( a l5s2 &1 z w be recollect$1 prov$ v obnoxi\s to ! us]s ( ! old =m ( refract+ telescope4 ,x is1 inde$1 a /range irony ( fate t ?is v same production ( col\r1 :i* s h9d]$ a/ronomy 9 ! pa/1 %\ld h aid$ x 9 rec5t ye>s to a rem>kable degree4 ,if sunlight1 = in/ance1 be admitt$ ?r\gh a n>r[ slit be=e x falls ^u a glass prism1 x w issue f ! latt] 9 ! =m ( a b& ( v>iegat$ col\r1 ea* col\r bl5d+ ins5sibly ) ! next4 ,! col\rs arrange !mselves always 9 ! ord] :i* we h m5tion$4 ,?is seem+ b& is1 9 reality1 an array ( c\ntless col\r$ images ( ! orig9al slit rang$ side by side2 ! col\r ( ea* image be+ ! slighte/ possible %ade diff]5t f t next to x4 ,?is /rip ( col\r :5 produc$ by sunlight is call$ ! ,sol> ,spectrum 7see ,fig4 #i1 p4 #abc74 ,a simil> /rip1 or spectrum1 w be produc$ by any o!r light2 b ! appe>ance ( ! /rip1 ) reg>d to prepond]ance ( p>ticul> col\rs1 w dep5d ^u ! "* ( t light4 ,electric light & gas light yield spectra n unlike t ( sunlight2 b t ( gas is less ri* 9 blue & violet ?an t ( ! sun4 ,! ,spectroscope1 an in/rum5t devis$ = ! exam9ation ( spectra1 is1 9 its simple/ =m1 compos$ ( a small tube ) a n>r[ slit & prism at "o end1 & an eye-piece at ! o!r4 ,if we drop ord9>y table salt into ! flame ( a gas light1 ! flame becomes /rongly yell[4 ,if1 !n1 we obs]ve ?is yell[ flame ) ! spectroscope1 we f9d t its spectrum consi/s almo/ entirely ( two bright yell[ transv]se l9es4 ,*emically consid]$ ord9>y table salt is sodium *loride2 t is to say1 a comp\nd ( ! metal sodium & ! gas *lor9e4 ,n[ if o!r comp\nds ( sodium be exp]im5t$ ) 9 ! same mann]1 x w soon be f\nd t ^! two yell[ l9es are *>act]i/ic ( sodium :5 turn$ into vap\r by great heat4 ,9 ! same mann] x c be asc]ta9$ t e elem5t1 :5 heat$ to a condition ( vap\r1 gives z its spectrum a set ( l9es peculi> to itself4 ,?us ! spectroscope enables u to f9d out ! composition ( sub/ances :5 !y are r$uc$ to vap\r 9 ! laboratory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,! ,sol> ,spectrum4 ,9 ord] to increase ! p[] ( a spectroscope1 x is necess>y to add to ! numb] ( prisms4 ,ea* extra prism has ! effect ( l5g!n+ ! col\r$ /rip /ill m1 s t l9es1 :i* at fir/ appe>$ to be s+le m]ely ?r\gh be+ cr[d$ toge!r1 are ev5tually drawn ap>t & become sep>ately di/+ui%able4 ,on ?is pr9ciple x has gradually be5 det]m9$ t ! sun is compos$ ( elem5ts simil> to ^? :i* g to make up our e>?4 ,fur!r1 ! composition ( ! />s c be asc]ta9$ 9 ! same mann]2 & we f9d !m =m$ on a l patt]n1 ?\gh ) c]ta9 elem5ts 9 great] or less proportion z ! case may be4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( our ?us def9itely asc]ta9+ t ! />s are self-lum9\s1 & ( a sun-l "*1 t we are enabl$ to speak ( !m z suns1 or to call ! sun a />4 ,9 endeav\r+ to discov] ! elem5ts ( :i* ! planets & satellites ( our sy/em are compos$1 we1 h[ev]1 f9d ourselves baffl$1 = ! simple reason t ^! bodies emit no real light ( _! own4 ,! light :i* rea*es u f !m1 be+ m]ely reflect$ sunlight1 gives only ! ord9>y sol> spectrum :5 exam9$ ) ! spectroscope4 ,b 9 c]ta9 cases we f9d t ! sol> spectrum ?us view$ %[s traces ( be+ weak5$1 or r ( suff]+ absorption2 & x is conclud$ t ?is may be due to ! sunlight hav+ _h to pass ?r\gh an atmosph]e on its way to & f ! surface ( ! planet f :i* x is reflect$ to u4 ,s9ce ! sun is f\nd to be compos$ ( elem5ts simil> to ^? :i* g to make up our e>?1 we ne$ n be di%e>t5$ at ?is failure ( ! spectroscope to in=m u ( ! composition ( ! planets & satellites4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 inde$1 9 assum+ t m or less ! same con/itu5ts run ?r\gh our sol> sy/em2 & t ! elem5ts ( :i* ^! bodies are compos$ are simil> to ^? :i* are f\nd ^u our e>? & 9 ! sun4 ,! spectroscope supplies u ) ev5 m in=mation4 ,x tells u1 inde$1 :e!r ! sun-l body :i* we are obs]v+ is mov+ away f u or t[>ds u4 ,a c]ta9 slight %ift+ ( ! l9es t[>ds ! r$ or violet end ( ! spectrum respectively1 is f\nd to foll[ su* movem5t4 ,?is me?od ( obs]vation is kn[n by ! "n ( ,doppl]'s ,me?od1#i & by x we are enabl$ to confirm ! evid5ce :i* ! sunspots give u ( ! rotation ( ! sun2 = we f9d ?us t "o edge ( t body is cont9ually approa*+ u1 & ! o!r edge is cont9ually rec$+ f u4 ,also1 we c asc]ta9 9 ! same mann] t c]ta9 ( ! />s are mov+ t[>ds u1 & c]ta9 ( !m away f u4 #i ,! idea1 initiat$ by ,*ri/ian ,doppl] at ,prague 9 #ahdb1 0 orig9ally appli$ to s\nd4 ,! approa* or recession ( a s\rce f :i* s\nd is com+ is inv>iably accompani$ by alt]ations ( pit*1 z ! read] has no d\bt notic$ :5 a :i/l+ railway-eng9e has approa*$ him or rec$$ f him4 ,x is to ,sir ,william ,hugg9s1 h[ev]1 t we are indebt$ = ! application ( ! pr9ciple to spectroscopy4 ,?is he gave exp]im5tal pro( ( 9 ! ye> #ahfh4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,sun ,! sun is ! *ief memb] ( our sy/em4 ,x controls ! motions ( ! planets by its imm5se gravitative p[]4 ,besides ?is x is ! mo/ important body 9 ! entire univ]se1 s f> z we are conc]n$2 = x p\rs out cont9ually t flood ( light & heat1 )\t :i* life1 z we "k x1 w\ld quickly become ext9ct ^u our globe4 ,light & heat1 ?\gh n precisely ! same ?+1 may be reg>d$1 h[ev]1 z next-door neighb\rs4 ,! light rays are ^? :i* directly affect ! eye & are compris$ 9 ! visible spectrum4 ,we feel ! heat rays1 ! *ief ( :i* are beyond ! r$ portion ( ! spectrum4 ,!y may be inve/igat$ ) ! bolomet]1 an in/rum5t inv5t$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,langley4 ,*emical rays--= in/ance1 ^? radiations :i* affect ! photographic plate--are = ! mo/ "p also outside ! visible spectrum4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 at ! o!r end ( x1 namely1 beyond ! violet4 ,su* a scale ( radiations may be comp>$ to ! keybo>d ( an imag9>y piano1 ! s\nd f only "o ( ^: octaves is audible to u4 ,! brighte/ light we "k on ! e>? is dull comp>$ ) ! light ( ! sun4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 look q d>k if held up aga9/ x4 ,x is extremely difficult to arrive at a precise notion ( ! temp]ature ( ! body ( ! sun4 ,h[ev]1 x is f> 9 excess ( any temp]ature :i* we c obta9 "h1 ev5 9 ! mo/ p[]ful electric furnace4 ,a r\gh idea ( ! sol> heat may be ga!r$ f ! calculation t if ! sun's surface 7 coat$ all ov] ) a lay] ( ice #djjj feet ?ick1 x w\ld melt ?r\gh ?is completely 9 "o h\r4 ,! sun _c be a hot body m]ely cool+2 = ! rate at :i* x is at pres5t giv+ (f heat c\ld n 9 su* circum/ances be kept up1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,m\lton1 = m ?an #cjjj ye>s4 ,fur!r1 x is n a m]e burn+ mass1 l a coal fire1 = in/ance2 z 9 t case ab\t a ?\s& ye>s w\ld %[ a c]ta9 drop 9 temp]ature4 ,no p]ceptible dim9ution ( sol> heat hav+ tak5 place )9 hi/oric exp]i5ce1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 we are driv5 to seek "s m ab/ruse explanation4 ,! !ory :i* seems to h receiv$ mo/ acceptance is t put =w>d by ,helmholtz 9 #ahed4 ,8 idea 0 t gravitation produces cont9ual contraction1 or fall+ 9 ( ! out] p>ts ( ! sun2 & t ?is fall+ 91 9 its turn1 g5]ates en\gh heat to comp5sate = :at is be+ giv5 (f4 ,! calculations ( ,helmholtz %[$ t a contraction ( ab\t #ajj feet a ye> f ! surface t[>ds ! c5tre w\ld suffice = ! purpose4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 ?is e/imate has be5 ext5d$ to ab\t #ahj feet4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ) ?is increas$ figure1 ! %r9kage requir$ is s slight 9 comp>ison ) ! imm5se gir? ( ! sun1 t x w\ld take a cont9ual contraction at ?is rate = ab\t #fjjj ye>s1 to %[ ev5 9 our f9e/ telescopes t any *ange 9 ! size ( t body 0 tak+ place at all4 ,^u ?is assumption ( cont9u\s contraction1 a "t %\ld1 h[ev]1 ev5tually be rea*$ :5 ! sun w h %runk to su* a degree ( solidity1 t x w n be able to %r9k any fur!r4 ,!n1 ! loss ( heat n be+ made up = any long]1 ! body ( ! sun %\ld beg9 to gr[ cold4 ,b we ne$ n be di/ress$ on ?is acc\nt2 = x w take "s #aj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 accord+ to ! above !ory1 be=e ! sol> orb becomes too cold to support life ^u our e>?4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( radium x has1 on ! o!r h&1 be5 sugge/$1 & n unreasonably1 t radio-active matt] may possibly play an important "p 9 keep+ up ! heat ( ! sun4 ,b ! body ( sci5tific op9ion appe>s to consid] ! !ory ( contraction z a result ( gravitation1 :i* has be5 outl9$ above1 to be ( itself q a s\nd explanation4 ,inde$1 ! late ,"l ,kelv9 is said to h held to ! la/ t x 0 amply suffici5t to acc\nt = ! und]gr\nd heat ( ! e>?1 ! heat ( ! sun1 & t ( all ! />s 9 ! univ]se4 ,"o great difficulty 9 =m+ !ories ) reg>d to ! sun1 is ! fact t ! temp]ature & gravitation !re are enorm\sly 9 excess ( any?+ we meet ) ^u our e>?4 ,! =ce ( gravity at ! sun's surface is1 inde$1 ab\t tw5ty-sev5 times t at ! surface ( our globe4 ,! e>?'s atmosph]e appe>s to absorb ab\t "o-half ( ! radiations :i* come to u f ! sun4 ,?is absorptive effect is v noticeable :5 ! sol> orb is l[ d[n 9 our sky1 = its light & heat are !n cle>ly mu* r$uc$4 ,( ! light rays1 ! blue ones are ! mo/ easily absorb$ 9 ?is way2 :i* expla9s :y ! sun looks r$ :5 ne> ! horizon4 ,x has !n1 ( c\rse1 to %9e ?r\gh a mu* great] ?ickness ( atmosph]e ?an :5 high up 9 ! heav5s4 ,:at a/oni%es "o mo/ ab\t ! sol> radiation1 is ! imm5se am\nt ( x t is app>5tly wa/$ into space 9 comp>ison ) :at falls directly ^u ! bodies ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,only ab\t ! "o-hundr$-million? is caught by all ! planets toge!r4 ,:at becomes ( ! re/ we _c tell4 ,t brilliant :ite body ( ! sun1 :i* we see1 is envelop$ by sev]al lay]s ( gases & vapor\s matt]1 9 ! same mann] z our globe is envelop$ by its atmosph]e 7see ,fig4 #aj1 p4 #aca74 ,^! are transp>5t1 j z our atmosph]e is transp>5t2 & s we see ! :ite bright body ( ! sun "r ?r\gh !m4 ,?is :ite bright portion is call$ ! ,photosph]e4 ,f x comes mo/ ( t light & heat :i* we see & feel4 ,we d n "k :at lies "u ! photosph]e1 b1 no d\bt1 ! m solid portions ( ! sun are !re situat$4 ,j above ! photosph]e1 & ly+ close ^u x1 is a veil ( smoke-l haze4 ,next ^u ?is is :at is kn[n z ! ,rev]s+ ,lay]1 :i* is betwe5 #ejj & #ajjj miles 9 ?ickness4 ,x is cool] ?an ! und]ly+ photosph]e1 & is compos$ ( gl[+ gases4 ,_m ( ! elem5ts :i* g to make up our e>? are pres5t 9 ! rev]s+ lay] 9 ! =m ( vap\r4 ,! ,*romosph]e1 ( :i* especial m5tion has already be5 made 9 deal+ ) eclipses ( ! sun1 is ano!r lay] ly+ imm$iately ^u ! la/ "o4 ,x is betwe5 #ejjj & #aj1jjj miles 9 ?ickness4 ,l ! rev]s+ lay]1 x is compos$ ( gl[+ gases1 *ief among :i* is ! vap\r ( hydrog54 ,! col\r ( ! *romosph]e is1 9 reality1 a brilliant sc>let2 b1 z we h already said1 ! int5sely :ite light ( ! photosph]e %9es ?r\gh x f beh9d1 & entirely ov]p[]s its r$ness4 ,! upp] portion ( ! *romosph]e is 9 viol5t agitation1 l ! waves ( a /ormy sea1 & f x rise ^? r$ prom95ces :i*1 x w be recollect$1 are su* a notable feature 9 total sol> eclipses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,a section ?r\gh ! ,sun1 %[+ h[ ! prom95ces rise f ! *romosph]e4 ,! ,corona lies next 9 ord] outside ! *romosph]e1 & is1 s f> z we "k1 ! out]mo/ ( ! accompanim5ts ( ! sun4 ,?is halo ( pe>ly-:ite light is irregul> 9 outl9e1 & fades away into ! surr\nd+ sky4 ,x ext5ds outw>ds f ! sun to sev]al millions ( miles4 ,z has be5 /at$1 we c nev] see ! corona unless1 :5 dur+ a total sol> eclipse1 ! moon has1 = ! "t be+1 hidd5 ! brilliant photosph]e completely f our view4 ,! sol> spectrum is really compos$ ( ?ree sep>ate spectra comm+l$1 i4e4 ^? ( ! photosph]e1 ( ! rev]s+ lay]1 & ( ! *romosph]e respectively4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! photosph]e c\ld be entirely remov$1 or cov]$ up1 we %\ld see only ! spectra ( ^? lay]s :i* lie ^u x4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s actually occurs 9 a total eclipse ( ! sun4 ,:5 ! moon's body has crept across ! sol> disc1 & hidd5 ! la/ piece ( photosph]e1 ! sol> spectrum sudd5ly becomes :at is te*nically call$ rev]s$1--! d>k l9es cross+ x *ang+ into bright l9es4 ,?is occurs because a /rip ( ^? lay]s :i* lie imm$iately ^u ! photosph]e rema9s /ill uncov]$4 ,! l[] ( ^! lay]s has !re=e be5 call$ ! rev]s+ lay]1 = want ( a bett] "n4 ,aft] a second or two ?is rev]s$ spectrum mo/ly vani%es1 & an alt]$ spectrum is left to view4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! rate at :i* ! moon is mov+ across ! face ( ! sun1 & ! v %ort "t dur+ :i* ! spectrum ( ! rev]s+ lay] la/s1 ! ?ickness ( t lay] is e/imat$ to be n m ?an a few hundr$ miles4 ,9 ! same way ! la/ ( ! ?ree spectra--namely1 t ( ! *romosph]e--rema9s visible = su* a "t z all[s u to e/imate its dep? at ab\t t5 times t ( ! rev]s+ lay]1 or sev]al ?\s& miles4 ,:5 ! *romosph]e1 9 its turn dur+ a total eclipse1 has be5 cov]$ by ! moon1 ! corona alone is left4 ,?is has a di/9ct spectrum ( its own also2 :]e9 is se5 a /range l9e 9 ! gre5 portion1 :i* does n tally ) t ( any elem5t we are acqua9t$ ) ^u ! e>?4 ,?is unkn[n elem5t has receiv$ = ! "t be+ ! "n ( ,coronium4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,sun--cont9u$ ,! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,sun w n[ be treat$ ( 9 detail4 ,i4 ,,photosph]e4 ,! photosph]e1 or light-sph]e1 f ! ,greek phs 7phos71 :i* means light1 is1 z we h already said1 ! inn]mo/ portion ( ! sun :i* c be se54 ,exam9$ ?r\gh a good telescope x %[s a f9ely mottl$ /ructure1 z ( brilliant granules1 some:at l rice gra9s1 ) small d>k spaces ly+ 9 betwe5 !m4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t we h "h ! process ( "s sy/em ( circulation by :i* ! sun keeps s5d+ =? its radiations4 ,9 ! bright granules we p]haps see masses ( int5sely heat$ matt]1 ris+ f ! int]ior ( ! sun4 ,! d>k int]spaces may repres5t matt] :i* has become cool$ & d>k5$ ?r\gh hav+ p>t$ ) its heat & light1 & is fall+ back aga9 into ! sol> furnace4 ,! sun spots1 s famili> to e "o n[adays1 are d>k pat*es :i* are (t5 se5 to break out 9 ! photosph]e 7see ,plate ,v41 p4 #acd74 ,!y la/ dur+ v>i\s p]iods ( "t2 sometimes only = a few days1 sometimes s long z a mon? or m4 ,a spot is usually compos$ ( a d>k c5tral portion call$ ! umbra1 & a less d>k fr+e ar\nd ?is call$ ! p5umbra 7see ,plate ,,vi41 p4 #acf74 ,! umbra ord9>ily has ! appe>ance ( a deep hole 9 ! photosph]e2 b1 t x is a hole at all1 has by no means be5 def9itely prov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,! ,,sun1 ,,%[+ ,,sev]al ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,spots ,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,! cross-l9es se5 on ! disc are 9 no way connect$ ) ! ,sun1 b belong to ! telescope ?r\gh :i* ! photograph 0 tak54 7,page #acd7 ,sun spots are1 z a rule1 "s ?\s&s ( miles across4 ,! umbra ( a good-siz$ spot c\ld inde$ engulf at once _m bodies ! size ( our e>?4 ,sun spots d n usually appe> s+ly1 b 9 gr\ps4 ,! total area ( a gr\p ( ?is k9d may be ( imm5se ext5t2 ev5 s great z to cov] ! "o-hundr$? "p ( ! :ole surface ( ! sun4 ,v l>ge spots1 :5 su* are pres5t1 may be se5 )\t any telescope2 ei!r ?r\gh a piece ( smok$ glass1 or m]ely ) ! nak$ eye :5 ! air is mi/y1 or ! sun l[ on ! horizon4 ,! umbra ( a spot is n actually d>k4 ,x only appe>s s 9 contra/ ) ! brilliant photosph]e ar\nd4 ,spots =m1 gr[ to a l>ge size 9 comp>atively %ort p]iods ( "t1 & !n quickly disappe>4 ,!y seem to %r9k away z a consequ5ce ( ! photosph]e clos+ 9 ^u !m4 ,t ! sun is rotat+ ^u an axis1 is %[n by ! cont9ual *ange ( position ( all spots 9 "o con/ant direction across 8 disc4 ,! "t 9 :i* a spot is c>ri$ completely r\nd dep5ds1 h[ev]1 ^u ! position :i* x occupies ^u ! sun's surface4 ,a spot situat$ ne> ! equator ( ! sun goes r\nd once 9 ab\t tw5ty-five days4 ,! fur!r a spot is situat$ f ?is equator1 ! long] x takes4 ,ab\t tw5ty-sev5 days is ! "t tak5 by a spot situat$ midway betwe5 ! equator & ! sol> poles4 ,spots occur to ! nor? ( ! sun's equator1 z well z to ! s\?2 ?\gh1 s9ce regul> obs]vations h be5 made--t is to say1 dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s or s--!y appe> to h brok5 out a little m frequ5tly 9 ! s\!rn p>ts4 ,f ^! consid]ations x w be se5 t ! sun does n rotate z ! e>? does1 b t diff]5t portions appe> to move at diff]5t spe$s4 ,:e!r 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sol> poles ! "t ( rotation exce$s tw5ty-sev5 days we are unable to asc]ta91 = spots are n se5 9 ^? regions4 ,no explanation has yet be5 giv5 ( ?is peculi> rotation2 & ! mo/ we c say on ! subject is t ! sun is n by any means a solid body4 ,facul 7,lat91 little tor*es7 are brilliant pat*es :i* appe> "h & !re ^u ! sun's surface1 & are 9 "s way associat$ ) spots4 ,_! displacem5t1 too1 across ! sol> face confirms ! evid5ce :i* ! spots give u ( ! sun's rotation4 ,our pro(s ( ?is rotation are /ill fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! ,doppl] spectroscopic me?od ( obs]vation allud$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,z 0 !n /at$1 "o edge ( ! sun is ?us f\nd to be cont9ually approa*+ u1 & ! o!r side cont9ually rec$+ f u4 ,! v>y+ rates ( rotation1 :i* ! spots & facul give u1 are duly confirm$ by ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,sunspot ,?is f9e picture 0 tak5 by ! late ,m4 ,janss54 ,! granul> /ructure ( ! ,sun's surface is "h well repres5t$4 7,f ,k47 7,page #ace7 ,! fir/ attempt to br+ "s regul>ity into ! "q ( sunspots 0 ! discov]y by ,s*wabe1 9 #aheb1 t !y 7 subject to a regul> v>iation4 ,z a matt] ( fact !y wax & wane 9 _! numb]1 & ! total area :i* !y cov]1 9 ! c\rse ( a p]iod1 or cycle1 ( on an av]age ab\t #aa-a_/d ye>s2 be+ at "o "p ( ?is p]iod l>ge & abundant1 & at ano!r few & small4 ,?is p]iod ( #aa-a_/d ye>s is kn[n z ! sun spot cycle4 ,no explanation has yet be5 giv5 ( ! curi\s r\nd ( *ange1 b ! p]iod 9 "q seems to gov]n mo/ ( ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ! sun4 ,,ii4 ,,rev]s+ ,,lay]4 ,?is is a lay] ( relatively cool gases ly+ imm$iately ^u ! photosph]e4 ,we nev] see x directly2 & ! only pro( we h ( its pres5ce is t rem>kable rev]sal ( ! spectrum already describ$1 :5 dur+ an in/ant or two 9 a total eclipse1 ! advanc+ edge ( ! moon1 hav+ j hidd5 ! brilliant photosph]e1 is mov+ across ! f9e /rip :i* ! lay] !n pres5ts edgewise t[>ds u4 ,! fleet+ mom5ts dur+ :i* ?is rev]s$ spectrum la/s1 in=ms u t ! lay] is comp>atively %all[2 little m inde$ ?an ab\t #ejj miles 9 dep?4 ,! spectrum ( ! rev]s+ lay]1 or fla% spectrum1 z x is sometimes call$ on acc\nt ( ! in/antane\s "* ) :i* ! *ange takes place1 01 z we h se51 fir/ notic$ by ,"y 9 #ahgj2 & has be5 successfully photograph$ s9ce !n dur+ sev]al eclipses4 ,! lay] itself appe>s to be 9 a fairly quiesc5t /ate2 a m>k$ contra/ to ! see?+ photosph]e b5ea?1 & ! agitat$ *romosph]e above4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*romosph]e4 ,! ,*romosph]e--s call$ f ! ,greek *rma 7*roma71 :i* signifies col\r--is a lay] ( gases ly+ imm$iately ^u ! prec$+ "o4 ,its ?ickness is1 h[ev]1 pla9ly mu* ! great] ( ! two2 = :]eas ! rev]s+ lay] is only reveal$ to u indirectly by ! spectroscope1 a portion ( ! *romosph]e may cle>ly be se5 9 a total eclipse 9 ! =m ( a /rip ( sc>let light4 ,! "t :i* ! moon's edge takes to trav]se x tells u t x mu/ be ab\t t5 times z deep z ! rev]s+ lay]1 namely1 f #ejjj to #aj1jjj miles 9 dep?4 ,its spectrum %[s t x is compos$ *iefly ( hydrog51 calcium & helium1 9 ! /ate ( vap\r4 ,its r$ col\r is ma9ly due to gl[+ hydrog54 ,! elem5t helium1 :i* x also conta9s1 has receiv$ its appellation f hlios 7helios71 ! ,greek "n = ! sun2 because1 at ! "t :5 x fir/ attract$ att5tion1 !re appe>$ to be no elem5t correspond+ to x ^u our e>?1 & x 0 consequ5tly imag9$ to be conf9$ to ! sun alone4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 h[ev]1 discov]$ x to be also a t]re/rial elem5t 9 #ahie1 & s9ce !n x has come into mu* prom95ce z "o ( ! products giv5 (f by radium4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! excessive =ce ( gravity on ! sun1 "o w\ld expect to f9d ! *romosph]e & rev]s+ lay] gr[+ gradually ?ick] 9 ! direction ( ! photosph]e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,bo? ^! lay]s are /rangely en\gh ( ! same d5sities all ?r\gh2 :i* makes x suspect$ t1 9 ^! regions1 ! =ce ( gravity may be c\nt]act$ by "s o!r =ce or =ces1 ex]t+ a p[]ful pressure outw>ds f ! sun4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,prom95ces4 ,we h already se51 9 deal+ ) total eclipses1 t ! ext]ior surface ( ! *romosph]e is agitat$ l a /ormy sea1 & f x bill[s ( flame are toss$ up to gigantic heights4 ,^! flam+ jets are kn[n "u ! "n ( prom95ces1 because !y 7 fir/ notic$ 9 ! =m ( brilliant po9ts project+ f beh9d ! rim ( ! moon :5 ! sun 0 totally eclips$4 ,prom95ces are ( two k9ds1 eruptive & quiesc5t4 ,! eruptive prom95ces spurt up directly f ! *romosph]e ) imm5se spe$s1 & *ange _! %ape ) great rapidity4 ,quiesc5t prom95ces1 on ! o!r h&1 h a =m some:at l trees1 & alt] _! %ape b sl[ly4 ,9 ! eruptive prom95ces gl[+ masses ( gas are %ot up to altitudes sometimes z high z #cjj1jjj miles1#aj ) velocities ev5 s great z f #ejj to #fjj miles a second4 ,x has be5 notic$ t ! eruptive prom95ces are mo/ly f\nd 9 ^? portions ( ! sun :]e spots usually appe>1 namely1 9 ! regions ne> ! sol> equator4 ,! quiesc5t prom95ces1 on ! o!r h&1 are conf9$1 z a rule1 to ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun's poles4 ,prom95ces 7 at fir/ nev] visible except dur+ total eclipses ( ! sun4 ,b 9 ! ye> #ahfh1 z we h already se51 a me?od ( employ+ ! spectroscope 0 devis$1 by means ( :i* !y c\ld be obs]v$ & /udi$ at any "t1 )\t ! necessity ( wait+ = an eclipse4 ,a /ill fur!r developm5t ( ! spectroscope1 ! ,spectroheliograph1 an in/rum5t inv5t$ almo/ simultane\sly by ,pr(essor ,hale & ! ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,m4 ,desl&res1 p]mits ( photographs be+ tak5 ( ! sun1 ) ! light emanat+ f only "o ( its gl[+ gases at a "t4 ,= in/ance1 we c ?us obta9 a record ( :at ! gl[+ hydrog5 alone is do+ on ! sol> body at any p>ticul> mom5t4 ,) ?is in/rum5t x is also possible to obta9 a s]ies ( photographs1 %[+ :at is tak+ place ^u ! sun at v>i\s levels4 ,?is is v useful 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ! spots2 = we are1 9 consequ5ce1 enabl$ to ga!r m evid5ce on ! subject ( _! actual =m ?an is giv5 u by _! highly =e%ort5$ appe>ances :5 obs]v$ directly 9 ! telescope4 ,v4 ,,corona4 7,lat91 a ,cr[n47 ,?is m>vell\s halo ( pe>ly-:ite light1 :i* displays itself to our view only dur+ ! total phase ( an eclipse ( ! sun1 is by no means a lay] l ^? o!r envelopm5ts ( ! sun ( :i* we h j be5 treat+4 ,x appe>s1 on ! o!r h&1 to be compos$ ( filmy matt]1 radiat+ outw>ds 9 e direction1 & fad+ away gradually into space4 ,its /ructure is not$ to be> a /rong resemblance to ! tails ( comets1 or ! /ream]s ( ! aurora borealis4 ,our k conc]n+ ! corona has1 h[ev]1 advanc$ v sl[ly4 ,we h n1 s f>1 be5 z =tunate ) reg>d to x z ) reg>d to ! prom95ces2 &1 = all we c ga!r conc]n+ x1 we are /ill entirely dep5d5t ^u ! *anges & *ances ( total sol> eclipses4 ,all attempts1 9 fact1 to apply ! spectroscopic me?od1 s z to obs]ve ! corona at leisure 9 full sunlight 9 ! way 9 :i* ! prom95ces c be obs]v$1 h up to ! pres5t met ) failure4 ,! g5]al =m "u :i* ! corona appe>s to our eyes v>ies m>k$ly at diff]5t eclipses4 ,sometimes its /ream]s are _m1 & radiate all r\nd2 at o!r times !y are conf9$ only to ! middle portions ( ! sun1 & are v elongat$1 ) %ort fea!ry-look+ wisps adorn+ ! sol> poles4 ,x is notic$ t ?is *ange ( %ape v>ies 9 close accordance ) t #aa-a_/d ye> p]iod dur+ :i* ! sun spots wax & wane2 ! _m-/ream]$ regul> type correspond+ to ! "t ( great sunspot activity1 :ile ! irregul> type ) ! long /ream]s is pres5t only :5 ! spots are few 7see ,plate ,,vii41 p4 #adb74 ,/ream]s h (t5 be5 not$ to issue f ^? regions ( ! sun :]e active prom95ces are at ! mom5t 9 exi/5ce2 b x _c be laid d[n t ?is is always ! case4 ,no hypo!sis has yet be5 =mulat$ :i* w acc\nt = ! /ructure ( ! corona1 or = its v>iation 9 %ape4 ,! great difficulty ) reg>d to !oris+ ^u ?is subject1 is ! fact t we see s mu* ( ! corona "u conditions ( m>k$ =e%ort5+4 ,assum+1 :at inde$ seems natural1 t ! rays ( :i* x is compos$ issue 9 e direction f ! sol> body1 9 a mann] :i* may be r\ghly imitat$ by /ick+ p9s all ov] a ball2 x is pla9ly impossible to =m any def9ite idea conc]n+ /ream]s1 :i* actually may owe mo/ ( ! %ape !y pres5t to u1 to ! mix+ up ( multitudes ( rays at all k9ds ( angles to ! l9e ( sight4 ,9 a ^w1 we h to try & =m an op9ion conc]n+ an arrangem5t :i*1 broadly speak+1 is sph]ical1 b :i*1 on acc\nt ( its di/ance1 mu/ ne$s appe> to u z absolutely flat4 ,! mo/ kn[n ab\t ! composition ( ! corona is t x is made up ( p>ticles ( matt]1 m+l$ ) a gl[+ gas4 ,x is an elem5t 9 ! composition ( ?is gas :i*1 z has be5 /at$1 is n f\nd to tally ) any kn[n t]re/rial elem5t1 & has1 !re=e1 receiv$ ! "n ( coronium = want ( a bett] designation4 ,"o def9ite conclusion appe>s to be rea*$ ) reg>d to ! corona1 i4e4 t ! matt] ( :i* x is compos$1 mu/ be exce$+ly r>efi$2 z x is n f\nd1 = in/ance1 to ret>d appreciably ! spe$ ( comets1 on occasions :5 ^! bodies pass v close to ! sun4 ,a calculation has inde$ be5 made :i* w\ld t5d to %[ t ! p>ticles compos+ ! coronal matt]1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a di/ance ( p]haps betwe5 two & ?ree y>ds6 ,! d5sity ( ! corona is f\nd n to increase inw>ds t[>ds ! sun4 ,?is is :at has already be5 not$ ) reg>d to ! lay]s ly+ b5ea? x4 ,p[]ful =ces1 act+ 9 opposition to gravity1 mu/ hold sway "h also4 ,illu/ration3 7,a47 ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,decemb] #bb,,nd1 #ahgj ,drawn by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,wesley f a photograph tak5 at ,syracuse by ,mr4 ,bro!rs4 ,?is is ! type ( corona se5 at ! "t ( greate/ sunspot activity4 ,! coronas ( #ahhb 7,plate ,i41 p4 #if7 & ( #aije 7,frontispiece7 are ( ! same type4 7,b47 ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,may #bh,,?1 #aijj ,drawn by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,wesley f photographs tak5 by ,mr4 ,e4,w4 ,maund]4 ,?is is ! type ( corona se5 :5 ! sunspots are lea/ active4 ,comp>e ! ,r+ ) ,w+s1 ,fig4 #g1 p4 #hg4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,corona ,,at ,,! ,,epo*s ,,( ,,sunspot ,,maximum ,,& ,,sunspot ,,m9imum1 ,,respectively 7,page #ada7 ,! #aa-a_/d ye> p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! sun spots v>y 9 numb] & size1 appe>s to gov]n ! activities ( ! sun mu* 9 ! same way t our ye> does ! *ang+ seasonal conditions ( our e>?4 ,n only1 z we h se51 does ! corona v>y its %ape 9 accordance ) ! said p]iod1 b ! activity ( ! prom95ces1 & ( ! facul1 foll[ suit4 ,fur!r1 ?is con/ant r\nd ( ebb & fl[ is n conf9$ to ! sun itself1 b1 /rangely en\gh1 affects ! e>? also4 ,! displays ( ! aurora borealis1 :i* we exp]i5ce "h1 co9cide closely ) x1 z does also ! v>y+ /ate ( ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,! connection may be /ill bett] appreciat$ :5 a great spot1 or gr\p ( spots1 has made its appe>ance ^u ! sun4 ,x has1 = example1 (t5 be5 not$ t :5 ! sol> rotation c>ries a spot1 or gr\p ( spots1 across ! middle ( ! visible surface ( ! sun1 our magnetic & electrical arrangem5ts are di/urb$ = ! "t be+4 ,! magnetic ne$les 9 our obs]vatories are1 = in/ance1 se5 to oscillate viol5tly1 telegraphic communication is = a :ile upset1 & magnific5t displays ( ! aurora borealis illum9e our night skies4 ,mr4 ,e4,w4 ,maund]1 ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 :o has made a v c>eful inve/igation ( ?is subject1 suspects t1 :5 elongat$ coronal /ream]s are :irl$ r\nd 9 our direction by ! sol> rotation1 p[]ful magnetic impulses may be project$ ^u u at ! mom5ts :5 su* /ream]s are po9t+ t[>ds ! e>?4 ,"s int]e/+ inve/igations ) reg>d to sunspots h rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ,mrs4 ,e4,w4 ,maund]4 ,9 an able pap]1 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society on ,may #aj1 #aijg1 %e reviews ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory /ati/ics deal+ ) ! numb] & ext5t ( ! spots :i* h appe>$ dur+ ! p]iod f #ahhi to #aija--;a :ole sunspot cycle4 ,f a detail$ /udy ( ! dates 9 "q1 %e f9ds t ! numb] ( ^? spots :i* are =m$ on ! side ( ! sun turn$ away f u1 & die out ^u ! side turn$ t[>ds u1 is mu* great] ?an ! numb] ( ^? :i* are =m$ on ! side turn$ t[>ds u & die out ^u ! side turn$ away4 ,x us$1 = in/ance1 to be consid]$ t ! influ5ce ( a planet might produce sunspots2 b ^! inve/igations make x look r z if "s influ5ce on ! "p ( ! e>? t5ds1 on ! contr>y1 to ext+ui% !m4 ,mrs4 ,maund]1 s f>1 pref]s to call ! influ5ce ?us trac$ an app>5t influ5ce only1 =1 z %e v fairly po9ts out1 x seems difficult to attribute a real influ5ce 9 ?is matt] to ! e>?1 :i* is s small a ?+ 9 comp>ison n only ) ! sun1 b ev5 ) _m individual spots4 ,! above inve/igation 0 to a c]ta9 degree anticipat$ by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,cord] 9 #ahie2 b ,mrs4 ,maund]'s rese>*es cov] a mu* long] p]iod1 & ! conclusions d$uc$ are ( a wid] & m def9$ nature4 ,) reg>d to its *emical composition1 ! spectroscope %[s u t ?irty-n9e ( ! elem5ts :i* are f\nd ^u our e>? are also to be f\nd 9 ! sun4 ,( ^! ! be/ kn[n are hydrog51 oxyg51 helium1 c>bon1 calcium1 alum9ium1 iron1 copp]1 z9c1 silv]1 t91 & lead4 ,"s elem5ts ( ! metallic ord] h1 h[ev]1 n be5 f\nd !re1 z1 = in/ance1 gold & m]cury2 :ile a few ( ! o!r class ( elem5t1 su* z nitrog51 *lor9e1 & sulphur1 are also abs5t4 ,x mu/ n1 inde$1 be conclud$ t ! elem5ts app>5tly miss+ d n exi/ at all 9 ! sol> body4 ,gold & m]cury h1 9 consequ5ce ( _! great atomic weight1 p]haps sunk away into ! c5tre4 ,aga91 ! fact t we _c f9d traces ( c]ta9 o!r elem5ts1 is no real pro( ( _! entire abs5ce4 ,"s ( !m may1 = in/ance1 be resolv$ into ev5 simpl] =ms1 "u ! unusual conditions :i* exi/ 9 ! sun2 & s we are unable to trace !m ) ! spectroscope1 ! exp]i5ce ( :i* re/s on laboratory exp]im5ts conduct$1 at be/1 9 conditions :i* obta9 ^u ! e>?4 #aj ,on ,novemb] #ae1 #aijg1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,rambaut1 ,radcliffe ,obs]v] at ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 not$ a prom95ce :i* rose to a height ( #cbd1fjj miles4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,inf]ior ,,planets ,/>t+ f ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! fir/ body we meet ) is ! planet ,m]cury4 ,x circulates at an av]age di/ance f ! sun ( ab\t ?irty-six millions ( miles4 ,! next body to x is ! planet ,v5us1 at ab\t sixty-sev5 millions ( miles1 namely1 ab\t d\ble ! di/ance ( ,m]cury f ! sun4 ,s9ce our e>? comes next aga91 a/ronom]s call ^? planets :i* circulate )9 its orbit1 i4e4 ,m]cury & ,v5us1 ! ,inf]ior ,planets1 :ile ^? :i* circulate outside x !y call ! ,sup]ior ,planets4#aa ,9 /udy+ ! inf]ior planets1 ! circum/ances 9 :i* we make our obs]vations are s v simil> ) reg>d to ea*1 t x is be/ to take !m toge!r4 ,let u beg9 by consid]+ ! v>i\s positions ( an inf]ior planet1 z se5 f ! e>?1 dur+ ! c\rse ( its j\rneys r\nd ! sun4 ,:5 fur!/ f u x is at ! o!r side ( ! sun1 & _c !n be se5 ow+ to ! blaze ( light4 ,z x cont9ues its j\rney x passes to ! left ( ! sun1 & is !n suffici5tly away f ! gl>e to be pla9ly se54 ,x next draws 9 aga9 t[>ds ! sun1 & is once m lo/ to view 9 ! blaze at ! "t ( its pass+ ne>e/ to u4 ,!n x gradually comes out to view on ! "r h&1 sep>ates f ! sun up to a c]ta9 di/ance z be=e1 & aga9 rec$es beyond ! sun1 & is = ! "t be+ once m lo/ to view4 ,to ^! v>i\s positions te*nical names are giv54 ,:5 ! inf]ior planet is on ! f> side ( ! sun f u1 x is said to be 9 ,sup]ior ,conjunction4 ,:5 x has drawn z f> z x c to ! left h&1 & is !n z ea/ z possible ( ! sun1 x is said to be at its ,greate/ ,ea/]n ,elongation4 ,aga91 :5 x is pass+ ne>e/ to u1 x is said to be 9 ,inf]ior ,conjunction2 &1 f9ally1 :5 x has drawn z f> z x c to ! "r h&1 x is spok5 ( z be+ at its ,greate/ ,we/]n ,elongation 7see ,fig4 #aa1 p4 #adh74 ,! cont9ual v>iation 9 ! di/ance ( an int]ior planet f u1 dur+ its revolution ar\nd ! sun1 w ( c\rse be productive ( great alt]ations 9 its app>5t size4 ,at sup]ior conjunction x ought1 be+ !n f>!/ away1 to %[ ! smalle/ disc2 :ile at inf]ior conjunction1 be+ ! ne>e/1 x %\ld look mu* l>g]4 ,:5 at greate/ elongation1 :e!r ea/]n or we/]n1 x %\ld naturally pres5t an appe>ance midway 9 size betwe5 ! two4 ,illu/ration3 ,v>i\s positions1 & illum9ation by ! ,sun1 ( an ,inf]ior ,planet 9 ! c\rse ( its orbit4 ,correspond+ views ( ! same situations ( an ,inf]ior ,planet z se5 f ! ,e>?1 %[+ consequ5t phases & alt]ations 9 app>5t size4 ,,fig4 #aa4--,orbit & ,phases ( an ,inf]ior ,planet4 ,f ! above consid]ations "o w\ld be incl9$ to assume t ! be/ "t = /udy+ ! surface ( an int]ior planet ) ! telescope is :5 x is at inf]ior conjunction1 or1 ne>e/ to u4 ,b t ?is is n ! case w at once appe> if we consid] t ! sunlight is !n fall+ ^u ! side away f u1 leav+ ! side :i* is t[>ds u unillum9$4 ,9 sup]ior conjunction1 on ! o!r h&1 ! light falls full ^u ! side ( ! planet fac+ u2 b ! disc is !n s small-look+1 & our view besides is s dazzl$ by ! proximity ( ! sun1 t obs]vations are ( little avail4 ,9 ! elongations1 h[ev]1 ! sunlight comes f ! side1 & s we see "o half ( ! planet lit up2 ! "r half at ea/]n elongation1 & ! left half at we/]n elongation4 ,piec+ toge!r ! results giv5 u at ^! m fav\rable views1 we are enabl$1 bit by bit1 to ga!r "s small k conc]n+ ! surface ( an inf]ior planet4 ,f ^! consid]ations x w be se5 at once t ! inf]ior planets %[ v>i\s phases comp>able to ! wax+ & wan+ ( our moon 9 its mon?ly r\nd4 ,sup]ior conjunction is1 9 fact1 simil> to full moon1 & inf]ior conjunction to new moon2 :ile ! ea/]n & we/]n elongations may be comp>$ respectively to ! moon's fir/ & la/ qu>t]s4 ,x w be recollect$ h[1 :5 ^! phases 7 fir/ se5 by ! e>ly telescopic obs]v]s1 ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 felt to be imm5sely /r5g!n$2 = x _h be5 po9t$ out t if ?is sy/em 7 ! correct "o1 ! planets ,v5us & ,m]cury1 7 x possible to see !m m di/9ctly1 w\ld ( necessity pres5t phases l ^! :5 view$ f ! e>?4 ,x %\ld "h be not$ t ! telescope 0 n inv5t$ until ne>ly sev5ty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! app>5t sw+ ( an inf]ior planet f side to side ( ! sun1 at "o "t on ! ea/ side1 !n pass+ into & lo/ 9 ! sun's rays to appe> once m on ! we/ side1 is ! explanation ( :at is meant :5 we speak ( an ev5+ or a morn+ />4 ,an inf]ior planet is call$ an ev5+ /> :5 x is at its ea/]n elongation1 t is to say1 on ! left-h& ( ! sun2 =1 be+ !n on ! ea/]n side1 x w set aft] ! sun sets1 z bo? s9k 9 _! turn bel[ ! we/]n horizon at ! close ( day4 ,simil>ly1 :5 su* a planet is at its we/]n elongation1 t is to say1 to ! "r-h& ( ! sun1 x w g 9 advance ( him1 & s w rise above ! ea/]n horizon be=e ! sun rises1 receiv+ !re=e ! designation ( morn+ />4 ,9 v e>ly times1 h[ev]1 be=e any def9ite ideas _h be5 come to ) reg>d to ! cele/ial motions1 x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ! morn+ & ev5+ />s 7 q di/9ct bodies4 ,?us ,v5us1 :5 a morn+ />1 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts "u ! "n ( ,phosphorus1 or ,lucif]2 :]eas !y call$ x ,hesp]us :5 x 0 an ev5+ />4 ,s9ce an inf]ior planet circulates betwe5 u & ! sun1 "o w\ld be incl9$ to expect t su* a body1 ea* "t x pass$ on ! side ne>e/ to ! e>?1 %\ld be se5 z a black spot aga9/ ! bright sol> disc4 ,n[ ?is w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be ! case 7 ! orbit ( an inf]ior planet 9 ! same plane ) ! orbit ( ! e>?4 ,b we h already se5 h[ ! orbits 9 ! sol> sy/em1 :e!r ^? ( planets or ( satellites1 are by no means 9 ! "o plane2 & t x is = ?is v reason t ! moon is able to pass "t aft] "t 9 ! direction ( ! sun1 at ! epo* kn[n z new moon1 & yet n to eclipse him save aft] ! lapse ( sev]al su* passages4 ,transits1 !n1 z ! passages ( an inf]ior planet across ! sun's disc are call$1 take place1 = ! same reason1 only aft] c]ta9 regul> lapses ( "t2 &1 z reg>ds ! circum/ances ( _! occurr5ce1 are on a p> ) eclipses ( ! sun4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 happ5 mu* m frequ5tly1 because ! moon passes 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun1 r\ghly speak+1 once a mon?1 :]eas ,v5us comes to ea* inf]ior conjunction at int]vals s long ap>t z a ye> & a half1 & ,m]cury only ab\t e f\r mon?s4 ,f ?is x w be fur!r ga!r$ t transits ( ,m]cury take place mu* (t5] ?an transits ( ,v5us4 ,until rec5t ye>s ,transits ( ,v5us 7 ph5om5a ( great importance to a/ronom]s1 = !y furni%$ ! be/ means !n available ( calculat+ ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>?4 ,?is 0 arriv$ at ?r\gh comp>+ ! am\nt ( app>5t displacem5t 9 ! planet's pa? across ! sol> disc1 :5 ! transit 0 obs]v$ f widely sep>at$ /ations on ! e>?'s surface4 ,! la/ transit ( ,v5us took place 9 #ahhb1 & !re w n be ano!r until ! ye> #bjjd4 ,transits ( ,m]cury1 on ! o!r h&1 are n ( mu* sci5tific importance4 ,!y are ( no int]e/ z a popul> spectacle2 = ! dim5sions ( ! planet are s small1 t x c be se5 only ) ! aid ( a telescope :5 x is 9 ! act ( cross+ ! sun's disc4 ,! la/ transit ( ,m]cury took place on ,novemb] #ad1 #aijg1 & !re w be ano!r on ,novemb] #f1 #aiad4 ,! fir/ p]son kn[n to h obs]v$ a transit ( an inf]ior planet 0 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* philosoph]1 ,gass5di4 ,?is 0 ! transit ( ,m]cury :i* took place on ! #g? ( ,decemb] #afca4 ,! fir/ "t a transit ( ,v5us 0 ev] se51 s f> z is kn[n1 0 on ! #bd? ( ,novemb] #afci4 ,! obs]v] 0 a c]ta9 ,j]emiah ,horrox1 curate ( ,hoole1 ne> ,pre/on1 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,! transit 9 "q comm5c$ %ortly be=e sunset1 & 8 obs]vations 9 consequ5ce 7 limit$ to only ab\t half-an-h\r4 ,horrox happ5$ to h a great fri5d1 "o ,william ,crabtree1 ( ,man*e/]1 :om he _h advis$ by lett] to be on ! look out = ! ph5om5on4 ,! wea!r 9 ,crabtree's neighb\rhood 0 cl\dy1 ) ! result t he only got a view ( ! transit = ab\t t5 m9utes be=e ! sun set4 ,t ?is transit 0 obs]v$ at all is due entirely to ! rem>kable ability ( ,horrox4 ,accord+ to ! calculations ( ! great ,kepl]1 no transit c\ld take place t ye> 7#afci71 z ! planet w\ld j pass cle> ( ! l[] edge ( ! sun4 ,horrox1 h[ev]1 n be+ satisfi$ ) ?is1 work$ ! "q out = himself1 & came to ! conclusion t ! planet w\ld actually trav]se ! l[] portion ( ! sun's disc4 ,! ev5t1 z we h se51 prov$ him to be q 9 ! "r4 ,horrox is said to h be5 a v]itable prodigy ( a/ronomical skill2 & _h he liv$ long] w\ld1 no d\bt1 h become v fam\s4 ,un=tunately he di$ ab\t two ye>s aft] 8 celebrat$ transit1 9 8 tw5ty-second ye> only1 accord+ to ! acc\nts4 ,8 fri5d ,crabtree1 :o 0 !n also a "y man1 is said to h be5 kill$ at ! battle ( ,naseby 9 #afde4 ,!re is an int]e/+ ph5om5on 9 connection ) transits :i* is kn[n z ! ,black ,drop4 ,:5 an inf]ior planet has j made its way on to ! face ( ! sun1 x is usually se5 to rema9 = a %ort "t z if atta*$ to ! sun's edge by :at looks l a d>k ligam5t 7see ,fig4 #ab1 p4 #aec74 ,?is gives to ! planet = ! "t be+ an elongat$ appe>ance1 some?+ l t ( a pe>2 b :5 ! ligam5t1 :i* all ! :ile keeps gett+ ?9n] & ?9n]1 has at la/ brok51 ! black body ( ! planet is se5 to /& out r\nd aga9/ ! sol> disc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,! ,black ,drop4 ,?is appe>ance may be r\ghly comp>$ to ! mann] 9 :i* a drop ( liquid 7or1 pref]ably1 ( "s glut9\s sub/ance7 t5ds = a :ile to adh]e to an object f :i* x is fall+4 ,:5 ! planet is 9 turn mak+ its way (f ! face ( ! sun1 ! ligam5t is aga9 se5 to =m & to atta* x to ! sun's edge be=e its due "t4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! black drop1 or ligam5t1 is entirely an illusion1 &1 broadly speak+1 ( an optical orig94 ,some?+ v simil> w be notic$ if "o br+s "o's ?umb & =ef+] sl[ly toge!r aga9/ a v bright backgr\nd4 ,?is peculi> ph5om5on has prov$ "o ( ! greate/ drawbacks to ! prop] obs]vation ( transits1 = x is q impossible to note ! exact in/ant ( ! planet's entrance ^u & dep>ture f ! sol> disc 9 conditions su* z ^!4 ,! black drop seems to be> a family resemblance1 s to speak1 to ! ph5om5on ( ,baily's beads4 ,9 ! latt] in/ance ! lun> peaks1 z !y approa* ! sun's edge1 appe> to l5g!n out 9 a simil> mann] & bridge ! int]v5+ space be=e _! "t1 ?us giv+ prom95ce to an effect :i* o!rwise %\ld sc>cely be noticeable4 ,! la/ transit ( ,m]cury1 :i*1 z has be5 already /at$1 took place on ,novemb] #ad1 #aijg1 0 n successfully obs]v$ by a/ronom]s 9 ,engl&1 on acc\nt ( ! cl\d9ess ( ! wea!r4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,moye1 ( ,montpelli]1 saw x "u good conditions1 & m5tions t ! black drop rema9$ v conspicu\s = fully a m9ute4 ,! transit 0 also obs]v$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! reports f :i* speak ( ! black drop z v tr\blesome4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( transits x %\ld be m5tion$ t x 0 9 ! capacity ( comm&] ( an exp$ition to ,otaheite1 9 ! ,pacific1 to obs]ve ! transit ( ,v5us ( ,june #c1 #agfi1 t ,capta9 ,cook emb>k$ ^u ! fir/ ( 8 celebrat$ voyages4 ,9 /udy+ ! surfaces ( ,v5us & ,m]cury ) ! telescope1 obs]v]s are1 ne$less to say1 v mu* h9d]$ by ! proximity ( ! sun4 ,v5us1 :5 at ! greate/ elongations1 c]ta9ly draws "s di/ance out ( ! gl>e2 b h] surface is1 ev5 !n1 s dazzl+ly bright1 t ! m>k+s ^u x are difficult to see4 ,m]cury1 on ! o!r h&1 is mu* dull] 9 contra/1 b ! disc x %[s 9 ! telescope is exce$+ly small2 &1 9 addition1 :5 t planet is left above ! horizon = a %ort "t aft] sunset1 z necess>ily happ5s aft] c]ta9 int]vals1 ! mi/s ne> ! e>?'s surface r5d] obs]vation ( x v difficult4 ,until ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 x 0 g5]ally believ$ t bo? ^! planets rotat$ on _! axes 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 a notion1 no d\bt1 orig9ally f\nd$ ^u an unconsci\s desire to br+ !m into "s con=mity ) our e>?4 ,b ,s*iap>elli1 obs]v+ 9 ,italy1 & ,p]cival ,l[ell1 9 ! cle> skies ( ,arizona & ,mexico1 h lately come to ! conclusion t bo? planets rotate ^u _! axes 9 ! same "t z !y revolve 9 _! orbits1#ab ! result be+ t !y turn "o face ev] t[>ds ! sun 9 ! same mann] t ! moon turns "o face ev] t[>ds ! e>?--a curi\s /ate ( ?+s1 :i* w be dealt ) m fully :5 we come to treat ( our satellite4 ,! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! brightness betwe5 ! two planets has already be5 allud$ to4 ,! surface ( ,v5us is1 inde$1 ab\t five times z bright z t ( ,m]cury4 ,! actual brightness ( ,m]cury is ab\t equival5t to t ( our moon1 & a/ronom]s are1 !re=e1 incl9$ to ?9k t x may resemble h] 9 hav+ a v rugg$ surface & practically no atmosph]e4 ,?is probable lack ( atmosph]e is fur!r corroborat$ by two circum/ances4 ,"o ( ^! is t :5 ,m]cury is j ab\t to transit ! face ( ! sun1 no r+ ( diffus$ light is se5 to encircle its disc z w\ld be ! case if x possess$ an atmosph]e4 ,su* a lack ( atmosph]e is1 inde$1 only to be expect$ f :at is kn[n z ! ,k9etic ,!ory ( ,gases4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! behavi\r ( v>i\s k9ds ( gas1 x is f\nd t ^! elem5ts t5d to escape into space f ! surface ( bodies ^: =ce ( gravitation is weak4 ,hydrog5 gas1 = example1 t5ds to fly away f our e>?1 z any "o may see = himself :5 a balloon rises into ! air4 ,! gravitation ( ! e>? seems1 h[ev]1 p[]ful en\gh to hold d[n o!r gases1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( :i* ! air is *iefly compos$1 namely1 oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,9 due accordance ) ! ,k9etic !ory1 we f9d ! moon & ,m]cury1 :i* are mu* ab\t ! same size1 de/itute ( atmosph]es4 ,m>s1 too1 ^: diamet] is only ab\t d\ble t ( ! moon1 has v little atmosph]e4 ,we f9d1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,v5us1 :i* is ab\t ! same size z our e>?1 cle>ly possesses an atmosph]e1 z j be=e ! planet is 9 transit across ! sun1 ! outl9e ( its d>k body is se5 to be surr\nd$ by a bright r+ ( light4 ,! results ( telescopic obs]vation %[ t m m>k+s are visible on ,m]cury ?an on ,v5us4 ,! int5se brilliancy ( ,v5us is1 inde$1 ab\t ! same z t ( our :ite cl\ds :5 ! sun is %9+ directly ^u !m4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 suppos$ t ! planet is ?ickly envelop$ 9 cl\d1 & t we d n ev] see any "p ( its surface1 except p]*ance ! summit ( "s l(ty m\nta9 project+ ?r\gh ! fleecy mass4 ,) reg>d to ! great brilliancy ( ,v5us1 x may be m5tion$ t %e has frequ5tly be5 se5 9 ,engl&1 ) ! nak$ eye 9 full sun%9e1 :5 at ! "t ( h] greate/ brightness4 ,! writ] has se5 h] ?us at noonday4 ,ne$less to say1 ! sky at ! mom5t 0 int5sely blue & cle>4 ,! orbit ( ,m]cury is v oval1 & mu* m s ?an t ( any o!r planet4 ,! consequ5ce is t1 :5 ,m]cury is ne>e/ to ! sun1 ! heat :i* x receives is twice z great z :5 x is f>!/ away4 ,! orbit ( ,v5us1 on ! o!r h&1 is 9 m>k$ contra/ ) t ( ,m]cury1 & is1 besides1 m ne>ly ( a circul> %ape ?an t ( any ( ! o!r planets4 ,v5us1 !re=e1 always keeps ab\t ! same di/ance f ! sun1 & s ! heat :i* %e receives dur+ ! c\rse ( h] ye> c only be subject to v slight v>iations4 #aa ,9 employ+ ! t]ms ,inf]ior & ,sup]ior ! writ] b[s to a/ronomical cu/om1 ?\gh he _c help feel+ t1 9 ! circum/ances1 ,int]ior & ,ext]ior w\ld be mu* m appropriate4 #ab ,?is "q is1 h[ev]1 unc]ta91 = "s v rec5t spectroscopic obs]vations ( ,v5us seem to %[ a rotation p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,e>? ,we h already se5 79 ,*apt] ,i47 h[1 9 v e>ly times1 m5 naturally en\gh consid]$ ! e>? to be a flat plane ext5d+ to a v great di/ance 9 e direction2 b t1 z ye>s w5t on1 c]ta9 ( ! ,greek philosoph]s suspect$ x to be a sph]e4 ,"o or two ( ! latt] are1 inde$1 said to h fur!r believ$ 9 its rotation ab\t an axis1 & ev5 9 its revolution ar\nd ! sun2 b1 z ! ideas 9 "q 7 f\nd$ ^u fancy1 r ?an ^u any direct evid5ce1 !y did n g5]ally attract att5tion4 ,! small effect1 !re=e1 :i* ^! !ories _h ^u a/ronomy1 may well be ga!r$ f ! fact t 9 ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ! e>? 0 consid]$ z fix$ & at ! c5tre ( ?+s2 & ?is belief1 z we h se51 cont9u$ unalt]$ d[n to ! days ( ,cop]nicus4 ,x 01 inde$1 q impossible to be c]ta9 ( ! real %ape ( ! e>? or ! reality ( its motions until k became m ext5d$ & sci5tific in/rum5ts mu* great] 9 precision4 ,we w n[ consid] 9 detail a few ( ! m obvi\s argum5ts :i* c be put =w>d to %[ t our e>? is a sph]e4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! e>? 7 a plane surface1 a %ip sail+ away f u ov] ! sea w\ld appe> to gr[ small] & small] z x rec$$ into ! di/ance1 becom+ ev5tually a t9y speck1 & fad+ gradually f our view4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n at all :at actually takes place4 ,z we wat* a vessel rec$+1 its hull appe>s bit by bit to slip g5tly d[n ov] ! horizon1 leav+ ! ma/s alone visible4 ,!n1 9 _! turn1 ! ma/s are se5 to slip d[n 9 ! same mann]1 until ev5tually e trace ( ! vessel is gone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a %ip comes into view1 ! ma/s are ! fir/ portions to appe>4 ,!y gradually rise up f bel[ ! horizon1 & ! hull foll[s 9 its turn1 until ! :ole vessel is visible4 ,aga91 :5 "o is ^u a %ip at sea1 a set ( ma/s w (t5 be se5 /ick+ up alone above ! horizon1 & ^! may %ort5 & gradually disappe> f view )\t ! body ( ! %ip to :i* !y belong becom+ visible at all4 ,s9ce "o kn[s f exp]i5ce t !re is no edge at ! horizon ov] :i* a vessel c drop d[n1 ! appe>ance :i* we h be5 describ+ c only be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! surface ( ! e>? is always curv+ gradually 9 e direction4 ,! di/ance at :i* :at is kn[n z ! horizon lies away f u dep5ds entirely ^u ! height above ! e>?'s surface :]e we happ5 at ! mom5t to be4 ,a %ip :i* has appe>$ to s9k bel[ ! horizon = a p]son /&+ on ! bea*1 w be f\nd to come back aga9 into view if he at once asc5ds a high hill4 ,exp]im5t %[s t ! horizon l9e lies at ab\t ?ree miles away = a p]son /&+ at ! wat]'s edge4 ,! curv+ ( ! e>?'s surface is f\nd1 inde$1 to be at ! rate ( eight in*es 9 e mile4 ,n[ x c be asc]ta9$1 by calculation1 t a body curv+ at ?is rate 9 e direction mu/ be a globe ab\t #hjjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,aga91 ! fact t1 if n /opp$ by su* insup]able ob/acles z ! pol> ice & sn[1 ^? :o travel cont9ually 9 any "o direction ^u ! e>?'s surface always f9d !mselves back aga9 at ! regions f :i* !y orig9ally set out1 is additional gr\nd = conclud+ t ! e>? is a globe4 ,we c f9d /ill fur!r evid5ce4 ,= in/ance1 9 an eclipse ( ! moon ! e>?'s %ad[1 :5 se5 creep+ across ! moon's face1 is not$ to be always circul> 9 %ape4 ,"o _c imag9e h[ su* a ?+ c\ld take place unless ! e>? 7 a sph]e4 ,also1 x is f\nd f obs]vation t ! sun1 ! planets1 & ! satellites are1 all ( !m1 r\nd4 ,?is r\ndness _c be ! r\ndness ( a flat plate1 = in/ance1 = !n ! objects 9 "q w\ld sometimes pres5t _! ?9 sides to our view4 ,x happ5s1 also1 t ^u ! discs :i* ^! bodies %[1 we see c]ta9 m>k+s %ift+ along cont9ually 9 "o direction1 to disappe> at "o side & to reappe> aga9 at ! o!r4 ,su* bodies mu/1 inde$1 be sph]es 9 rotation4 ,! cresc5t & o!r phases1 %[n by ! moon & ! inf]ior planets1 %\ld fur!r impress ! tru? ( ! matt] ^u u1 z su* appe>ances c only be caus$ by ! sunlight fall+ f v>i\s directions ^u ! surfaces ( sph]ical bodies4 ,ano!r pro(1 p]haps inde$ ! weightie/ ( all1 is ! cont9u\s mann] 9 :i* ! />s ov]head give place to o!rs z "o travels ab\t ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,:5 9 nor!rn regions ! ,pole ,/> & its neighb\rs--! />s compos+ ! ,pl\gh1 = in/ance--are ov] our heads4 ,z "o j\rneys s\? ^! gradually s9k t[>ds ! nor!rn horizon1 :ile o!r />s take _! place1 & yet o!rs are uncov]$ to view f ! s\?4 ,! regul>ity ) :i* ^! *anges occur %[s t e po9t on ! e>?'s surface faces a diff]5t direction ( ! sky1 & su* an arrangem5t w\ld only be possible if ! e>? 7 a sph]e4 ,! celebrat$ ,greek philosoph]1 ,ari/otle1 is kn[n to h believ$ 9 ! globul> %ape ( ! e>?1 & x 0 by ?is v argum5t t he _h conv9c$ himself t x 0 s4 ,! idea ( ! sph]icity ( ! e>? does n appe>1 h[ev]1 to h be5 g5]ally accept$ until ! voyages ( ! great navigators %[$ t x c\ld be sail$ r\nd4 ,! next po9t we h to consid] is ! rotation ( ! e>? ab\t its axis4 ,f ! e>lie/ times m5 notic$ t ! sky & ev]y?+ 9 x appe>$ to revolve ar\nd ! e>? 9 "o fix$ direction1 namely1 t[>ds :at is call$ ! ,we/1 & t x made "o complete revolution 9 ! p]iod ( "t :i* we "k z tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! />s 7 se5 to come up1 "o aft] ano!r1 f bel[ ! ea/]n horizon1 to m\nt ! sky1 & !n to s9k 9 turn bel[ ! we/]n horizon4 ,! sun 0 se5 to p]=m exactly ! same j\rney1 & ! moon1 too1 :5ev] %e 0 visible4 ,"o or two ( ! anci5t ,greek philosoph]s p]ceiv$ t ?is might be expla9$1 ei!r by a movem5t ( ! entire heav5s ar\nd ! e>?1 or by a turn+ motion on ! "p ( ! e>? itself4 ,( ^! div]se explanations1 t :i* suppos$ an actual movem5t ( ! heav5s appeal$ to !m ! mo/1 = !y c\ld h>dly conceive t ! e>? %\ld cont9ually rotate & m5 n be aw>e ( its movem5t4 ,! "q may be comp>$ to :at we exp]i5ce :5 borne along 9 a railway tra94 ,we see ! telegraph po/s & ! trees & build+s ne> ! l9e fly pa/ u "o aft] ano!r 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,ei!r ^! mu/ be mov+1 or we mu/ be mov+2 & z we happ5 to "k t x is1 inde$1 we :o are mov+1 !re c be no "q !re=e ab\t ! matt]4 ,b x w\ld n be at all s easy to be sure ( ?is movem5t 7 "o unable to see ! objects close at h& displac+ !mselves4 ,= in/ance1 if "o is %ut up 9 a railway c>riage at night ) ! bl9ds d[n1 !re is really no?+ to %[ t "o is mov+1 except ! jolt+ ( ! tra94 ,& ev5 !n x is h>d to be sure 9 :i* direction "o is actually travell+4 ,! way we are situat$ ^u ! e>? is !re=e z foll[s4 ,!re are no o!r bodies suffici5tly ne> to be se5 fly+ pa/ u 9 turn2 our e>? sp9s )\t a jolt2 we & all ?+s ar\nd u1 includ+ ! atmosph]e itself1 are borne along toge!r ) precisely ! same impetus1 j z all ! objects scatt]$ ab\t a railway c>riage %>e 9 ! =w>d movem5t ( ! tra94 ,su* be+ ! case1 :at wond] t we are unconsci\s ( ! e>?'s rotation1 ( :i* we %\ld "k no?+ at all1 7 x n = t sl[ displacem5t ( ! di/ant objects 9 ! heav5s1 z we are borne pa/ !m 9 turn4 ,if ! night sky be wat*$1 x w be soon f\nd t its app>5t turn+ movem5t seems to take place ar\nd a c]ta9 po9t1 :i* appe>s z if fix$4 ,?is po9t is kn[n z ! nor? pole ( ! heav5s2 & a r bright />1 :i* is situat$ v close to ?is hub ( movem5t1 is 9 consequ5ce call$ ! ,pole ,/>4 ,= ! dwell]s 9 s\!rn latitudes !re is also a po9t 9 _! sky :i* appe>s to rema9 simil>ly fix$1 & ?is is kn[n z ! s\? pole ( ! heav5s4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! heav5s d n turn r\nd at all1 b ! e>? does1 x w easily be se5 t ^! app>5tly /ation>y regions 9 ! sky are really ! po9ts t[>ds :i* ! axis ( ! e>? is direct$4 ,! positions on ! e>?'s surface itself1 kn[n z ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,poles1 are m]ely ! places :]e ! e>?'s axis1 if !re 7 actually su* a ?+1 w\ld be expect$ to jut out4 ,! nor? pole ( ! e>? w ?us be situat$ exactly b5ea? ! nor? pole ( ! heav5s1 & ! s\? pole ( ! e>? exactly b5ea? ! s\? pole ( ! heav5s4 ,we h se5 t ! e>? rotates ^u its imag9>y axis once 9 ab\t e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is means t ev]y?+ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? is c>ri$ r\nd once dur+ t "t4 ,! measurem5t ar\nd ! e>?'s equator is ab\t #bd1jjj miles2 &1 !re=e1 an object situat$ at ! equator mu/ be c>ri$ r\nd ?r\gh a di/ance ( ab\t #bd1jjj miles 9 ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ev]y?+ at ! equator is ?us mov+ along at ! rapid rate ( ab\t #ajjj miles an h\r1 or betwe5 sixte5 & sev5te5 times z fa/ z an express tra94 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o 7 to take measurem5ts ar\nd ! e>? p>allel to ! equator1 "o w\ld f9d ^! measurem5ts becom+ less & less1 accord+ z ! poles 7 approa*$4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t ! spe$ ) :i* any po9t moves1 9 consequ5ce ( ! e>?'s rotation1 w be greate/ at ! equator1 & less & less 9 ! direction ( ! poles2 :ile at ! poles !mselves !re w be practically no movem5t1 & objects !re situat$ w m]ely turn r\nd4 ,! consid]ations above set =?1 ) reg>d to ! diff]5t spe$s at :i* diff]5t portions ( a rotat+ globe w necess>ily be mov+1 is ! f\ndation ( an int]e/+ exp]im5t1 :i* gives u fur!r evid5ce ( ! rotation ( our e>?4 ,! measurem5t ar\nd ! e>? at any di/ance bel[ ! surface1 say1 = in/ance1 at ! dep? ( a mile1 w cle>ly be less ?an a simil> measurem5t at ! surface itself4 ,! spe$ ( a po9t at ! bottom ( a m9e1 :i* results f ! actual rotation ( ! e>?1 mu/ !re=e be less ?an ! spe$ ( a po9t at ! surface ov]head4 ,?is c be def9itely prov$ by dropp+ a heavy object d[n a m9e %aft4 ,! object1 :i* />ts ) ! great] spe$ ( ! surface1 w1 :5 x rea*es ! bottom ( ! m9e1 be f\nd1 z might be inde$ expect$1 to be a little ahead 7i4e4 to ! ea/7 ( ! po9t :i* orig9ally lay exactly und]nea? x4 ,! di/ance by :i* ! object ga9s ^u ?is po9t is1 h[ev]1 v small4 ,9 our latitudes x am\nts to ab\t an in* 9 a fall ( #ejj feet4 ,! great spe$ at :i*1 z we h se51 ! equatorial regions ( ! e>? are mov+1 %\ld result 9 giv+ to ! matt] !re situat$ a c]ta9 t5d5cy to fly outw>ds4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 ! fir/ to appreciate ?is po9t1 & he conclud$ f x t ! e>? mu/ be bulg$ a little all r\nd ! equator4 ,?is is1 inde$1 f\nd to be ! case1 ! diamet] at ! equator be+ ne>ly tw5ty-sev5 miles great] ?an x is f pole to pole4 ,! read] w1 no d\bt1 be "h rem9d$ ( ! famili> comp>ison 9 geographies betwe5 ! %ape ( ! e>? & t ( an orange4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to consid] t1 7 ! e>? to rotate sev5te5 times z fa/ z x does 7i4e4 9 "o h\r tw5ty-five m9utes1 in/ead ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs71 bodies at ! equator w\ld h su* a /rong t5d5cy to fly outw>ds t ! =ce ( t]re/rial gravity act+ ^u !m w\ld j be c\nt]pois$1 & !y w\ld virtually h no weight4 ,&1 fur!r1 7 ! e>? to rotate a little fa/] /ill1 objects ly+ loose ^u its surface w\ld be %ot (f into space4 ,! e>? is1 !re=e1 :at is te*nically kn[n z an oblate sph]oid2 t is1 a body ( sph]ical %ape flatt5$ at ! poles4 ,x foll[s ( c\rse f ?is1 t objects at ! pol> regions are slightly ne>] to ! e>?'s c5tre ?an objects at ! equatorial regions4 ,we h already se5 t gravitation acts f ! c5tral p>ts ( a body1 & t its =ce is great] ! ne>] are ^? c5tral p>ts4 ,! result ( ?is ^u our e>? w pla9ly be t objects 9 ! pol> regions w be pull$ ) a slightly /rong] pull1 & w !re=e weigh a trifle m ?an objects 9 ! equatorial regions4 ,?is is1 inde$1 f\nd by actual exp]im5t to be ! case4 ,z an example ( ! diff]5ce 9 "q1 ,pr(essor ,"y1 9 8 ,manual ( ,a/ronomy1 po9ts out t a man :o weighs #aij p\nds at ! equator w\ld weigh #aia at ! pole4 ,9 su* an exp]im5t ! weigh+ w\ld1 h[ev]1 h to be made ) a spr+ balance1 & n ) scales2 =1 9 ! latt] case1 ! weights us$ w\ld alt] 9 _! weight 9 exactly ! same degree z ! objects to be weigh$4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght t ! e>? 0 compos$ ( a relatively ?9 cru/1 ) a molt5 int]ior4 ,sci5tific m5 n[ believe1 on ! o!r h&1 t su* a condition _c aft] all prevail1 & t ! e>? mu/ be m or less solid all ?r\gh1 except p]haps 9 c]ta9 isolat$ places :]e collections ( molt5 matt] may exi/4 ,! atmosph]e1 or air :i* we brea!1 is 9 ! =m ( a lay] ( limit$ dep? :i* closely envelops ! e>?4 ,actually1 x is a mixture ( sev]al gases1 ! mo/ important be+ nitrog5 & oxyg51 :i* betwe5 !m practically make up ! air1 = ! proportion ( ! o!r gases1 ! *ief ( :i* is c>bonic acid gas1 is exce$+ly small4 ,x is h>d to picture our e>?1 z we "k x1 )\t ?is atmosph]e4 ,depriv$ ( x1 m5 at once w\ld die2 b ev5 if !y c\ld be made to g on liv+ )\t x by any miracul\s means1 !y w\ld be l unto deaf be+s1 = !y w\ld nev] he> any s\nd4 ,:at we call s\nds are m]ely vibrations set up 9 ! air1 :i* travel along & /rike ^u ! drum ( ! e>4 ,! atmosph]e is d5se/ ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 & becomes less & less d5se away f x1 z a result ( dim9i%+ pressure ( air f above4 ,! great] portion ( x is accumulat$ )9 f\r or five miles ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e exactly at :at di/ance f ! e>?'s surface ! air ceases altoge!r1 = x gr[s cont9ually m & m r>efi$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two di/9ct me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ! di/ance beyond :i* x c be said practically n to exi/4 ,"o ( ^! me?ods we get f twilight4 ,twilight is1 9 fact1 m]ely light reflect$ to u f ^? upp] regions ( ! air1 :i* /ill cont9ue to be illum9at$ by ! sun aft] x has disappe>$ f our view bel[ ! horizon4 ,! "t dur+ :i* twilight la/s1 %[s u t ! atmosph]e mu/ be at lea/ fifty miles high4 ,b ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! height to :i* ! atmosph]e ext5ds is f ! obs]vation ( meteors4 ,x is f\nd t ^! bodies become ignit$1 by ! friction ( pass+ into ! atmosph]e1 at a height ( ab\t #ajj miles above ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,we ?us ga!r t ! atmosph]e has a c]ta9 degree ( d5sity ev5 at ?is height4 ,x may1 inde$1 ext5d z f> z ab\t #aej miles4 ,! lay] ( atmosph]e surr\nd+ our e>? acts some:at 9 ! mann] ( ! glass cov]+ ( a gre5h\se1 bottl+ 9 ! sun's rays1 & ?us /or+ up _! w>m? = our b5efit4 ,7 ?is n s1 ! heat :i* we get f ! sun w\ld1 aft] fall+ ^u ! e>?1 be quickly radiat$ aga9 into space4 ,x is ow+ to ! un/ead9ess ( ! air t />s are se5 to tw9kle4 ,a night :5 ?is takes place1 ?\gh x may please ! av]age p]son1 is worse ?an useless to ! a/ronom]1 = ! un/ead9ess is greatly magnifi$ 9 ! telescope4 ,?is tw9kl+ is1 no d\bt1 9 a great measure responsible = ! conv5tional po9ts ) :i* ,art has elect$ to embelli% />s1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 h no exi/5ce 9 fact4 ,! ph5om5a ( ,refraction1#ac namely1 t b5d+ :i* rays ( light und]go1 :5 pass+ slant-wise f a r>e into a d5se transp>5t m$ium1 are v m>k$ ) reg>d to ! atmosph]e4 ,! d5s] ! m$ium into :i* su* rays pass1 ! great] is ?is b5d+ f\nd to be4 ,s9ce ! lay] ( air ar\nd u becomes d5s] & d5s] t[>ds ! surface ( ! e>?1 x w readily be grant$ t ! rays ( light rea*+ our eyes f a cele/ial object1 w suff] ! great] b5d+ ! l[] ! object happ5s to be 9 ! sky4 ,cele/ial objects1 unless situat$ directly ov]head1 are ?us n se5 9 _! true places1 & :5 ne>e/ to ! horizon are mo/ out ( place4 ,! b5d+ allud$ to is upw>ds4 ,?us ! sun & ! moon1 = in/ance1 :5 we see !m re/+ ^u ! horizon1 are actually entirely b5ea? x4 ,:5 ! sun1 too1 is s9k+ t[>ds ! horizon1 ! l[] edge ( its disc w1 = ! above reason1 look some:at m rais$ ?an ! upp]4 ,! result is a c]ta9 appe>ance ( flatt5+2 :i* may pla9ly be se5 by any "o :o wat*es ! orb at sett+4 ,9 obs]vations to det]m9e ! exact positions ( cele/ial objects correction has to be made = ! effects ( refraction1 accord+ to ! app>5t elevation ( ^! objects 9 ! sky4 ,su* effects are lea/ :5 ! objects 9 "q are directly ov]head1 = !n ! rays ( light1 com+ f !m to ! eye1 ent] ! atmosph]e p]p5dicul>ly1 & n at any slant4 ,a v curi\s effect1 due to refraction1 has occasionally be5 obs]v$ dur+ a total eclipse ( ! moon4 ,to produce an eclipse ( ?is k9d1 ! e>? mu/1 ( c\rse1 lie directly betwe5 ! sun & ! moon4 ,!re=e1 :5 we see ! %ad[ creep+ ov] ! moon's surface1 ! sun %\ld actually be well bel[ ! horizon4 ,b :5 a lun> eclipse happ5s to come on j ab\t sunset1 ! sun1 al?\gh really sunk bel[ ! horizon1 appe>s /ill above x ?r\gh refraction1 & ! eclips$ moon1 situat$1 ( c\rse1 exactly opposite to x 9 ! sky1 is also lift$ up above ! horizon by ! same cause4 ,pl9y1 writ+ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 describes an eclipse ( ?is k9d1 & ref]s to x z a prodigy4 ,! ph5om5on is kn[n z a horizontal eclipse4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 p>tly ow+ to x t ! anci5ts took s long to decide t an eclipse ( ! moon 0 really caus$ by ! %ad[ ca/ by ! e>?4 ,plut>*1 inde$1 rem>ks t x 0 easy en\gh to und]/& t a sol> eclipse 0 caus$ by ! int]position ( ! moon1 b t "o c\ld n imag9e by ! int]position ( :at body ! moon itself c\ld be eclips$4 ,9 t app>5t movem5t ( ! heav5s ab\t ! e>?1 :i* m5 n[ "k to be caus$ by ! m]e rotation ( ! e>? itself1 a slight *ange is obs]v$ to be cont9ually tak+ place4 ,! />s1 inde$1 are always f\nd to be gradually draw+ we/w>d1 i4e4 t[>ds ! sun1 & los+ !mselves "o aft] ! o!r 9 ! blaze ( 8 light1 only to reappe>1 h[ev]1 on ! o!r side ( him aft] a c]ta9 lapse ( "t4 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t ! sun itself seems always creep+ sl[ly ea/w>d 9 ! heav54 ,! rate at :i* ?is appe>s to take place is su* t ! sun f9ds itself back aga9 to its orig9al position1 ) reg>d to ! />ry backgr\nd1 at ! end ( a ye>'s "t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sun seems to make a complete t\r ( ! heav5s 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we h ano!r illusion1 j z ! daily movem5t ( ! sky ar\nd ! e>? 0 an illusion4 ,! tru? inde$ is1 t ?is app>5t movem5t ( ! sun ea/w>d among ! />s dur+ a ye>1 arises m]ely f a cont9u\s displacem5t ( 8 position caus$ by an actual motion ( ! e>? itself ar\nd him 9 t v "t4 ,9 a ^w1 x is ! e>? :i* really moves ar\nd ! sun1 & n ! sun ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! /ress laid ^u ?is fundam5tal po9t by ,cop]nicus1 m>ks ! sep>ation ( ! mod]n f ! anci5t view4 ,n t ,cop]nicus1 inde$1 _h obta9$ any real pro( t ! e>? is m]ely a planet revolv+ ar\nd ! sun2 b x seem$ to 8 pr(\nd intellect t a movem5t ( ?is k9d on ! "p ( our globe 0 ! m likely explanation ( ! cele/ial riddle4 ,! idea 0 n new2 =1 z we h already se51 c]ta9 ( ! anci5t ,greeks 7,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 = example7 _h held su* a view2 b _! notions on ! subject 7 v fanciful1 & unsupport$ by any good argum5t4 ,:at ,cop]nicus1 h[ev]1 really seems to h done 0 to insi/ ^u ! idea t ! sun occupi$ ! c5tre1 z be+ m consonant ) common s5se4 ,no d\bt1 he 0 l$ to take up ?is position by ! fact t ! sun appe>$ entirely ( a diff]5t "* f ! o!r memb]s ( ! sy/em4 ,! "o body 9 ! s*eme1 :i* p]=m$ ! important function ( disp5s] ( light & heat1 w\ld inde$ be m likely to occupy a position ap>t f ! re/2 & :at position m appropriate = its purposes ?an ! c5tre6 ,b "h ,cop]nicus only p>tially solv$ ! difficult "q4 ,he un=tunately /ill clung to an anci5t belief1 :i* z yet rema9$ unque/ion$2 i4e4 ! great virtue1 "o might almo/ say1 ! div95ess1 ( circul> motion4 ,! anci5ts _h be5 hag-ridd51 s to speak1 by ! circle2 & x appe>$ to !m t su* a p]fectly =m$ curve 0 alone fitt$ = ! cele/ial motions4 ,ptolemy employ$ x ?r\gh\t 8 sy/em4 ,accord+ to him ! planets 7:i* includ$1 "u ! anci5t view1 bo? ! sun & ! moon71 mov$ ar\nd ! e>? 9 circles2 b1 z _! *ang+ positions 9 ! sky c\ld n be altoge!r acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way1 x 0 fur!r suppos$ t !y p]=m$ additional circul> movem5ts1 ar\nd peculi>ly plac$ c5tres1 dur+ ! c\rse ( _! orbital revolutions4 ,?us ! ,ptolemaic sy/em grew to be extremely complicat$2 = a/ronom]s did n hesitate to add new circul> movem5ts :5ev] ! cele/ial positions calculat$ = ! planets 7 f\nd n to tally ) ! positions obs]v$4 ,9 ?is mann]1 inde$1 !y succe$$ 9 doctor+ ! !ory1 s t x fairly satisfi$ ! obs]vations made ) ! r\gh in/rum5ts ( pre-telescopic times4 ,al?\gh ,cop]nicus p]=m$ ! imm5se s]vice to a/ronomy ( boldly direct+ g5]al att5tion to ! c5tral position ( ! sun1 he un=tunately took ov] = ! new s*eme ! circul> ma*9]y ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,x !re=e rema9$ = ! fam\s ,kepl]1 :o liv$ ab\t a c5tury aft] him1 to f9d ! complete solution4 ,j z ,cop]nicus1 = in/ance1 _h brok5 free f tradition ) reg>d to ! place ( ! sun2 s did ,kepl]1 9 turn1 break free f ! spell ( circul> motion1 & ?us set ! cop+-/one to ! new a/ronomical edifice4 ,?is a/ronom] %[$1 9 fact1 t if ! pa?s ( ! planets ar\nd ! sun1 & ( ! moon ar\nd ! e>?1 7 n circles1 b ellipses1 ! movem5ts ( ^! bodies ab\t ! sky c\ld be correctly acc\nt$ =4 ,! extreme simplicity ( su* an arrangem5t 0 f> m acceptable ?an ! bewild]+ intricacy ( movem5t requir$ by ! ,ptolemaic !ory4 ,! ,cop]nican sy/em1 z am5d$ by ,kepl]1 !re=e c>ri$ ! day2 & 0 fur!r /r5g!n$1 z we h already se51 by ! telescopic obs]vations ( ,galileo & ! rese>*es ( ,newton into ! effects ( gravitation4 ,& "h a ^w on ! circle1 n[ fall5 f its high e/ate4 ,! anci5ts 7 9 error 9 suppos+ t x /ood entirely ap>t--! curve ( curves4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is m]ely a special k9d ( ellipse4 ,to put x p>adoxically1 x is an ellipse :i* has no ellipticity1 an oval )\t any ovalness6 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 a/ronomy _h to wait yet a long "t = a def9ite pro( ( ! revolution ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun4 ,! lead+ argum5t advanc$ by ,ari/otle1 aga9/ ! reality ( any movem5t ( ! e>?1 /ill held good up to ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,t philosoph] _h po9t$ out t ! e>? c\ld n move ab\t 9 space to any great ext5t1 or ! />s w\ld be f\nd to alt] _! app>5t places 9 ! sky1 a ?+ :i* _h nev] be5 obs]v$ to happ54 ,c5turies ran on1 & in/rum5ts became m & m p]fect1 yet no displacem5ts ( />s 7 not$4 ,9 accept+ ! ,cop]nican !ory m5 7 !re=e oblig$ to suppose ^! objects z immeasurably di/ant4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahce & #ahdj1 x 0 discov]$ by ! ,prussian a/ronom]1 ,bessel1 t a /> kn[n z #fa ,cygni--t is to say1 ! /> m>k$ 9 cele/ial atlases z ,no4 #fa 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan--appe>$1 dur+ ! c\rse ( a ye>1 to p]=m a t9y circle 9 ! heav5s1 su* z w\ld result f a movem5t on our own "p ar\nd ! sun4 ,s9ce !n ab\t =ty-?ree />s h be5 f\nd to %[ m9ute displacem5ts ( a simil> k9d1 :i* _c be acc\nt$ = ^u any o!r supposition ?an t ( a cont9u\s revolution ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun4 ,! triumph ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em is n[ at la/ supreme4 ,if ! axis ( ! e>? /ood /raight up1 s to speak1 :ile ! e>? revolv$ 9 its orbit1 ! sun w\ld pla9ly keep always on a level ) ! equator4 ,?is is equival5t to /at+ t1 9 su* circum/ances1 a p]son at ! equator w\ld see x rise ea* morn+ exactly 9 ! ea/1 pass ?r\gh ! z5i?1 t is1 ! po9t directly ov]head ( him1 at midday1 & set 9 ! ev5+ due 9 ! we/4 ,z ?is w\ld g on un*ang+ly at ! equator e day ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 x %\ld be cle> t1 at any p>ticul> place ^u ! e>?1 ! sun w\ld 9 ^! conditions always be se5 to move 9 an unv>y+ mann] across ! sky at a c]ta9 altitude dep5d+ ^u ! latitude ( ! place4 ,?us ! m nor? "o w5t ^u ! e>?'s surface1 ! m s\!rly 9 ! sky w\ld ! sun's pa? lie2 :ile at ! nor? pole itself1 ! sun w\ld always run r\nd & r\nd ! horizon4 ,simil>ly1 ! m s\? "o w5t f ! equator ! m nor!rly w\ld ! pa? ( ! sun lie1 :ile at ! s\? pole x w\ld be se5 to skirt ! horizon 9 ! same mann] z at ! nor? pole4 ,! result ( su* an arrangem5t w\ld be1 t ea* place ^u ! e>? w\ld always h "o unv>y+ climate2 9 :i* case !re w\ld n exi/ any ( ^? b5eficial *anges ( season to :i* we owe s mu*4 ,! *anges ( season1 :i* we =tunately exp]i5ce1 are due1 h[ev]1 to ! fact t ! sun does n appe> to move across ! sky ea* day at "o unv>y+ altitude1 b is cont9ually alt]+ ! position ( its pa?2 s t at "o p]iod ( ! ye> x passes across ! sky l[ d[n1 & rema9s above ! horizon = a %ort "t only1 :ile at ano!r x moves high up across ! heav5s1 & is above ! horizon = a mu* long] "t4 ,actually1 ! sun seems little by little to creep up ! sky dur+ "o half ( ! ye>1 namely1 f mid-w9t] to mid-summ]1 & !n1 j z gradually1 to slip d[n x aga9 dur+ ! o!r half1 namely1 f mid-summ] to mid-w9t]4 ,x w !re=e be cle> t e region ( ! e>? is mu* m ?or\ghly w>m$ dur+ "o portion ( ! ye> ?an dur+ ano!r1 i4e4 :5 ! sun's pa? is high 9 ! heav5s ?an :5 x is l[ d[n4 ,once m we f9d appe>ances exactly ! contr>y f ! tru?4 ,! e>? is 9 ?is case ! real cause ( ! deception1 j z x 0 9 ! o!r cases4 ,! sun does n actually creep sl[ly up ! sky1 & !n sl[ly dip d[n x aga91 b1 ow+ to ! e>?'s axis be+ set aslant1 diff]5t regions ( ! e>?'s surface are pres5t$ to ! sun at diff]5t times4 ,?us1 9 "o portion ( its orbit1 ! nor!rly regions ( ! e>? are pres5t$ to ! sun1 & 9 ! o!r portion ! s\!rly4 ,x foll[s ( c\rse f ?is1 t :5 x is summ] 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e x is w9t] 9 ! s\!rn1 & vice v]s 7see ,fig4 #ac1 p4 #agf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,summ] & ,w9t]4 ,! fact t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is slant ( ! e>?'s axis1 ! sun is = "p ( ! ye> on ! nor? side ( ! equator & "p ( ! ye> on ! s\? side1 leads to a v peculi> result4 ,! pa? ( ! moon ar\nd ! e>? is ne>ly on ! same plane ) ! e>?'s pa? ar\nd ! sun4 ,! moon1 !re=e1 always keeps to ! same regions ( ! sky z ! sun4 ,! slant ( ! e>?'s axis ?us regul>ly displaces ! position ( bo? ! sun & ! moon to ! nor? & s\? sides ( ! equator respectively 9 ! mann] we h be5 describ+4 ,7 ! e>?1 h[ev]1 a p]fect sph]e1 su* *ange ( position w\ld n produce any effect4 ,we h %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! e>? is n a p]fect sph]e1 b t x is bulg$ out all r\nd ! equator4 ,! result is t ?is bulg$-out portion sw+s sl[ly "u ! pulls ( sol> & lun> gravitation1 9 response to ! displacem5ts ( ! sun & moon to ! nor? & to ! s\? ( x4 ,?is sl[ sw+ ( ! equatorial regions results1 ( c\rse1 9 a c]ta9 sl[ *ange ( ! direction ( ! e>?'s axis1 s t ! nor? pole does n g on po9t+ cont9ually to ! same region ( ! sky4 ,! *ange 9 ! direction ( ! axis is1 h[ev]1 s extremely slight1 t x %[s up only aft] ! lapse ( ages4 ,! nor? pole ( ! heav5s1 t is1 ! region ( ! sky t[>ds :i* ! nor? pole ( ! e>?'s axis po9ts1 displaces !re=e extremely sl[ly1 trac+ out a wide circle1 & arriv+ back aga9 to ! same position 9 ! sky only aft] a p]iod ( ab\t #be1jjj ye>s4 ,at pres5t ! nor? pole ( ! heav5s is q close to a bright /> 9 ! tail ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,little ,be>1 :i* is consequ5tly kn[n z ! ,pole ,/>2 b 9 e>ly ,greek times x 0 at lea/ t5 times z f> away f ?is /> z x is n[4 ,aft] "s #ab1jjj ye>s ! pole w po9t to ! con/ellation ( ,lyra1 & ,vega1 ! mo/ brilliant /> 9 t con/ellation1 w !n be consid]$ z ! pole />4 ,?is sl[ twi/+ ( ! e>?'s axis is te*nically kn[n z ,precession1 or ! ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes 7see ,plate ,,xix41 p4 #bib74 ,! sl[ displacem5t ( ! cele/ial pole appe>s to h attract$ ! att5tion ( m5 9 v e>ly times1 b x 0 n until ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 t precession 0 e/abli%$ z a fact by ! celebrat$ ,greek a/ronom]1 ,hipp>*us4 ,= ! anci5ts ?is /range cyclical movem5t _h a my/ic significance2 & !y look$ t[>ds ! end ( ! p]iod z ! end1 s to speak1 ( a disp5sation1 aft] :i* ! life ( ! univ]se w\ld beg9 anew3-- ,magnus ab integro sclorum nascitur ordo4 ,jam r$it et ,virgo1 r$eunt ,saturnia regna2 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,alt] erit tum ,tiphys1 et alt]a qu vehat ,argo ,delectos h]oas2 erunt etiam alt]a bella1 ,atque it]um ad ,trojam magnus mittetur ,a*illes4 ,we h se5 t ! orbit ( ! e>? is an ellipse1 & t ! sun is situat$ at :at is call$ ! focus1 a po9t n 9 ! middle ( ! ellipse1 b r t[>ds "o ( its ends4 ,!re=e1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ye> ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun v>ies4 ,! sun1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 is ab\t #c1jjj1jjj miles ne>] to u 9 our nor!rn w9t] ?an x is 9 our nor!rn summ]1 a /atem5t :i* s\nds some:at p>adoxical4 ,?is v>iation 9 di/ance1 l>ge z x appe>s 9 figures1 c1 h[ev]1 n be productive ( mu* alt]ation 9 ! am\nt ( sol> heat :i* we receive1 = dur+ ! fir/ week 9 ,janu>y1 :5 ! di/ance is lea/1 ! sun only looks ab\t "o-eighte5? broad] ?an at ! comm5cem5t ( ,july1 :5 ! di/ance is greate/4 ,! great disp>ity 9 temp]ature betwe5 w9t] & summ] dep5ds1 z we h se51 ^u causes ( q ano!r k9d1 & v>ies betwe5 su* wide limits t ! effects ( ?is slight alt]ation 9 ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>? may be neglect$ = practical purposes4 ,! ,tides are caus$ by ! gravitational pull ( ! sun & moon ^u ! wat] ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,( ! two1 ! moon1 be+ s mu* ! ne>]1 ex]ts ! /rong] pull1 & !re=e may be reg>d$ z ! *ief cause ( ! tides4 ,?is pull always draws t portion ( ! wat]1 :i* happ5s to be "r und]nea? ! moon at ! "t1 into a heap2 & !re is also a second heap+ ( wat] at ! same mom5t at ! contr>y side ( ! e>?1 ! reasons = :i* c be %[n ma!matically1 b _c be conv5i5tly dealt ) "h4 ,z ! e>? rotates on its axis ea* portion ( its surface passes b5ea? ! moon1 & is swell$ up by ?is pull2 ! wat]y portions be+1 h[ev]1 ! only ones to yield visibly4 ,a simil> swell+ up1 z we h se51 takes place at ! po9t exactly away f ! moon4 ,?us ea* portion ( our globe is borne by ! rotation ?r\gh two tide-areas e day1 & ?is is ! reason :y !re are two tides dur+ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! cre/ ( ! wat]y swell+ is kn[n z high tide4 ,! j\rney ( ! moon ar\nd ! e>? takes ab\t a mon?1 & ?is br+s h] pa/ ea* place 9 turn by ab\t fifty m9utes lat] ea* day1 :i* is ! reason :y high tide is usually ab\t tw5ty-five m9utes lat] ea* "t4 ,! moon is1 h[ev]1 n ! sole cause ( ! tides1 b ! sun1 z we h said1 has a "p 9 ! matt] also4 ,:5 x is new moon ! gravitational attractions ( bo? sun & moon are cle>ly act+ toge!r f precisely ! same direction1 &1 !re=e1 ! tide w be pull$ up high] ?an at o!r times4 ,at full moon1 too1 ! same ?+ happ5s2 =1 al?\gh ! bodies are n[ act+ f opposite directions1 !y d n neutralise ea* o!r's pulls z "o might imag9e1 s9ce ! sun1 9 ! same mann] z ! moon1 produces a tide bo? "u x & also at ! opposite side ( ! e>?4 ,?us bo? ^! tides are actually increas$ 9 height4 ,! exceptionally high tides :i* we exp]i5ce at new & full moons are kn[n z ,spr+ ,tides1 9 contradi/9ction to ! m9imum high tides1 :i* are kn[n z ,neap ,tides4 ,! anci5ts appe> to h _h "s idea ( ! cause ( ! tides4 ,x is said t z e>ly z #ajjj ,b4,c4 ! ,*9ese notic$ t ! moon ex]t$ an influ5ce ^u ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans1 too1 _h notic$ ! same ?+2 & ,cs> tells u t :5 he 0 emb>k+ 8 troops = ,brita9 ! tide 0 high because ! moon 0 full4 ,pl9y w5t ev5 fur!r ?an ?is1 9 recognis+ a simil> connection betwe5 ! wat]s & ! sun4 ,f casual obs]vation "o is incl9$ to suppose t ! high tide always rises _m feet4 ,b t ?is is n ! case is evid5c$ by ! fact t ! tides 9 ! mid/ ( ! great oceans are only f ?ree to f\r feet high4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! seas & /raits ar\nd our ,isles1 = in/ance1 ! tides rise v _m feet inde$1 b ?is is m]ely ow+ to ! extra heap+ up :i* ! l>ge volumes ( wat] und]go 9 =c+ _! passage ?r\gh n>r[ *annels4 ,z ! e>?1 9 rotat+1 is cont9ually pass+ ?r\gh ^! tide-areas1 "o might expect t ! friction ?us set up w\ld t5d to sl[ d[n ! rotation itself4 ,su* a sl[+ d[n1 or tidal drag1 z x is call$1 is inde$ cont9ually go+ on2 b ! effects produc$ are s exce$+ly m9ute t x w take _m millions ( ye>s to make ! rotation appreciably sl[]1 & s to l5g!n ! day4 ,rec5tly x has be5 prov$ t ! axis ( ! e>? is subject to a v small displacem5t1 or r1 wobbl+1 9 ! c\rse ( a p]iod ( some:at ov] a ye>4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! pole %ifts its place ?r\gh a circle (1 r\ghly1 a few y>ds 9 wid? dur+ ! "t 9 "q4 ,?is movem5t is1 p]haps1 ! comb9$ result ( two causes4 ,"o ( ^! is ! *ange ( place dur+ ! ye> ( l>ge masses ( mat]ial ^u our e>?2 su* z occurs1 = in/ance1 :5 ice & sn[ melt1 or :5 atmosph]ic & ocean curr5ts transport f place to place great bodies ( air & wat]4 ,! o!r cause is suppos$ to be ! fact t ! e>? is n absolutely rigid1 & s yields to c]ta9 /ra9s ^u x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( inve/igation ( ?is latt] po9t ! int]e/+ conclusion has be5 rea*$ by ! fam\s ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,simon ,newcomb1 t our globe z a :ole is a little m rigid ?an /eel4 ,we w br+ ?is *apt] to a close by allud+ briefly to two /range appe>ances :i* are sometimes se5 9 our night skies4 ,^! are kn[n respectively z ! ,zodiacal ,light & ! ,geg5s*e94 ,! ,zodiacal ,light is a fa9t cone-%ap$ illum9ation :i* is se5 to ext5d upw>ds f ! we/]n horizon aft] ev5+ twilight has end$1 & f ! ea/]n horizon be=e morn+ twilight has begun4 ,x appe>s to rise into ! sky f ab\t ! position :]e ! sun w\ld be at t "t4 ,! prop] season ( ! ye> = obs]v+ x dur+ ! ev5+ is 9 ! spr+1 :ile 9 autumn x is be/ se5 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,9 our latitudes its light is n /rong en\gh to r5d] x visible :5 ! moon is full1 b 9 ! tropics x is report$ to be v bright1 & easily se5 9 full moonlight4 ,"o !ory reg>ds x z ! reflection ( light f sw>ms ( meteors revolv+ r\nd ! sun2 ano!r supposes x to be a v r>efi$ ext5sion ( ! corona4 ,! ,geg5s*e9 7,g]man = c\nt]-gl[7 is a fa9t oval pat* ( light1 se5 9 ! sky exactly opposite to ! place ( ! sun4 ,x is usually treat$ ( 9 connection ) ! zodiacal light1 & "o !ory reg>ds x simil>ly z ( meteoric orig94 ,ano!r !ory1 h[ev]--t ( ,mr4 ,ev]%$--consid]s x a sort ( tail to ! e>? 7l a comet's tail7 compos$ ( hydrog5 & helium--! two lighte/ gases we "k--driv5 (f f our planet 9 ! direction contr>y to ! sun4 #ac ,e "o kn[s ! simple exp]im5t 9 :i* a co9 ly+ at ! bottom ( an empty bas91 & hidd5 f ! eye by its side1 becomes visible :5 a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] has be5 p\r$ 94 ,?is is an example ( refraction4 ,! rays ( light com+ f ! co9 ought n to rea* ! eye1 on acc\nt ( ! bas9's side be+ 9 ! way2 yet by ! action ( ! wat] !y are refract$1 or b5t ov] its edge1 9 su* a mann] t !y d4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,moon ,:at we call ! moon's phases are m]ely ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* we see ! sun %9+ ^u h] surface dur+ ! c\rse ( h] mon?ly revolutions ar\nd ! e>? 7see ,fig4 #ad1 p4 #ahd74 ,:5 %e passes 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun all 8 light falls ^u t side :i* is turn$ away f u1 & s ! side :i* is turn$ t[>ds u is unillum9$1 & !re=e invisible4 ,:5 9 ?is position ! moon is spok5 ( z new4 ,z %e cont9ues h] motion ar\nd ! e>?1 %e draws gradually to ! ea/ ( ! sun's place 9 ! sky4 ,! sunlight !n comes some:at f ! side2 & s we see a small portion ( ! "r side ( ! lun> disc illum9at$4 ,?is is ! phase kn[n z ! cresc5t moon4 ,z %e moves on 9 h] orbit m & m ( h] illum9at$ surface is br\ght into view2 & s ! cresc5t ( light becomes broad] & broad]1 until we get :at is call$ half-moon1 or fir/ qu>t]1 :5 we see exactly "o-half ( h] surface lit up by ! sun's rays4 ,z %e draws /ill fur!r r\nd yet m ( h] illum9at$ surface is br\ght into view1 until ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! disc appe> light$ up4 ,%e is !n said to be gibb\s4 ,ev5tually %e moves r\nd s t %e faces ! sun completely1 & ! :ole ( h] disc appe>s illum9at$4 ,%e is !n spok5 ( z full4 ,:5 9 ?is position x is cle> t %e is on ! contr>y side ( ! e>? to ! sun1 & !re=e rises ab\t ! same "t t he is sett+4 ,%e is n[1 9 fact1 at h] fur!/ f ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,direction f :i* ! sun's rays are com+4 ,v>i\s positions & illum9ation ( ! mooon by ! sun dur+ h] revolution ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! correspond+ positions z view$ f ! e>?1 %[+ ! consequ5t phases4 ,,fig4 #ad4--,orbit & ,phases ( ! ,moon4 ,aft] ?is1 ! motion ( ! moon 9 h] orbit c>ries h] on back aga9 9 ! direction ( ! sun4 ,%e ?us goes ?r\gh h] phases z be=e1 only ^! ( c\rse are 9 ! rev]se ord]4 ,! full phase is se5 to give place to ! gibb\s1 & ?is 9 turn to ! half-moon & to ! cresc5t2 aft] :i* h] motion c>ries h] into ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun1 & %e is once m new1 & lo/ to our sight 9 ! sol> gl>e4 ,foll[+ ?is %e draws away to ! ea/ ( ! sun aga91 & ! old ord] ( phases repeat !mselves z be=e4 ,! e>ly ,babylonians imag9$ t ! moon _h a bright & a d>k side1 & t h] phases 7 caus$ by ! bright side com+ m & m into view dur+ h] movem5t ar\nd ! sky4 ,! ,greeks1 notably ,ari/otle1 set to "w to exam9e ! "q f a ma!matical /&po9t1 & came to ! conclusion t ! cresc5t & o!r appe>ances 7 su* z w\ld necess>ily result if ! moon 7 a d>k body ( sph]ical %ape illum9$ m]ely by ! light ( ! sun4 ,al?\gh ! true explanation ( ! moon's phases has ?us be5 kn[n = c5turies1 x is un=tunately n unusual to see pictures--adv]tisem5t po/]s1 = in/ance--9 :i* />s appe> )9 ! horns ( a cresc5t moon6 ,c x be t !re are to-day educat$ p]sons :o believe t ! moon is a ?+ :i* gr[s to a c]ta9 size & !n wa/es away aga92 :o1 9 fact1 d n "k t ! entire body ( ! moon is !re all ! :ile8 ,:5 ! moon %[s a v ?9 cresc5t1 we are able dimly to see h] /ill d>k portion /&+ out aga9/ ! sky4 ,?is appe>ance is popul>ly kn[n z ! old moon 9 ! new moon's arms4 ,! d>k "p ( h] surface mu/1 inde$1 be to "s degree illum9$1 or we %\ld n be able to see x at all4 ,:5ce !n comes ! light :i* illum9es x1 s9ce x cle>ly _c come f ! sun8 ,! riddle is easily solv$1 if we consid] :at k9d ( view ( our e>? an obs]v] situat$ on ?is d>k5$ "p ( ! moon w\ld at t mom5t get4 ,he w\ld1 z a matt] ( fact1 j !n see ne>ly ! :ole disc ( ! e>? brightly lit up by sunlight4 ,! lun> l&scape all ar\nd w\ld1 !re=e1 be ba!d 9 :at to him w\ld be e>?light1 :i* ( c\rse takes ! place !re ( :at we call moonlight4 ,if1 !n1 we recollect h[ mu* great] 9 size ! e>? is ?an ! moon1 x %\ld n surprise u t ?is e>?light w be _m times bright] ?an moonlight4 ,x is consid]$1 inde$1 to be "s tw5ty times bright]4 ,x is ?us n at all a/oni%+ t we c see ! d>k portion ( ! moon illum9$ m]ely by sunlight reflect$ ^u x f our e>?4 ,! anci5ts 7 greatly ex]cis$ 9 _! m9ds to acc\nt = ?is e>?light1 or e>?%9e1 z x is also call$4 ,posidonius 7#ace-ea ,b4,c47 tri$ to expla9 x by suppos+ t ! moon 0 p>tially transp>5t1 & t "s sunlight consequ5tly filt]$ ?r\gh f ! o!r side4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! fifte5? c5tury t ! correct solution 0 arriv$ at4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o side ( ! moon only is ev] pres5t$ to ! e>?4 ,?is side is "h indicat$ by ! lett]s ,s4,f4,e4 7side fac+ e>?74 ,by plac+ ! above positions 9 a r[1 we c see at once t ! moon makes "o complete rotation on h] axis 9 exactly ! same "t z %e revolves ar\nd ! e>?4 ,,fig4 #ae4--,! ,rotation ( ! ,moon on h] ,axis4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ :i* "o notices ab\t ! moon is t %e always turns ! same side t[>ds u1 & s we nev] see h] o!r side4 ,"o might be l$ f ?is to jump to ! conclusion t %e does n rotate ^u an axis1 z d ! o!r bodies :i* we see2 b1 p>adoxical z x may appe>1 ! fact t %e turns "o face always t[>ds ! e>?1 is actually a pro( t %e does rotate ^u an axis4 ,! rotation1 h[ev]1 takes place ) su* sl[ness1 t %e turns r\nd b once dur+ ! "t 9 :i* %e revolves ar\nd ! e>? 7see ,fig4 #ae74 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! matt] cle>ly1 let ! read] place an object 9 ! c5tre ( a room & walk ar\nd x once1 keep+ 8 face turn$ t[>ds x ! :ole "t1 ,:ile he is do+ ?is1 x is evid5t t he w face e "o ( ! f\r walls ( ! room 9 succession4 ,n[ 9 ord] to face ea* ( ! f\r walls ( a room 9 succession "o w\ld be oblig$ to turn oneself entirely r\nd4 ,!re=e1 dur+ ! act ( walk+ r\nd an object ) 8 face turn$ directly t[>ds x1 a p]son at ! same "t turns 8 body once entirely r\nd4 ,9 ! long1 long pa/ ! moon mu/ h turn$ r\nd mu* fa/] ?an ?is4 ,h] rate ( rotation has no d\bt be5 sl[$ d[n by ! action ( "s =ce4 ,x w be recollect$ h[1 9 ! c\rse ( ! previ\s *apt]1 we f\nd t ! tides 7 t5d+1 ?\gh exce$+ly gradually1 to sl[ d[n ! rotation ( ! e>? ^u its axis4 ,b1 on acc\nt ( ! e>?'s mu* great] mass1 ! =ce ( gravitation ex]cis$ by x ^u ! surface ( ! moon is1 ( c\rse1 mu* m p[]ful ?an t :i* ! moon ex]cises ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! t5d5cy to tidal action on ! moon itself mu/1 !re=e1 be mu* 9 excess ( any?+ :i* we "h exp]i5ce4 ,x is1 9 consequ5ce1 probable t su* a tidal drag1 ext5d+ ov] a v long p]iod ( "t1 has result$ 9 sl[+ d[n ! moon's rotation to its pres5t rate4 ,! fact t we nev] see b "o side ( ! moon has giv5 rise f "t to "t to fanta/ic speculations ) reg>d to ! o!r side4 ,"s1 inde$1 h wi%$ to imag9e t our satellite is %ap$ l an egg1 ! m po9t$ end be+ direct$ away f u4 ,we are "h1 ( c\rse1 fac$ ) a riddle1 :i* is all ! m tantalis+ f its appe>+ = ev] insoluble to m51 *a9$ z !y are to ! e>?4 ,h[ev]1 x seems go+ too f> to suppose t any abnormal conditions necess>ily exi/ at ! o!r side ( ! moon4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 inde$1 small portions ( t side are br\ght into our view f "t to "t 9 consequ5ce ( slight irregul>ities 9 ! moon's movem5t2 & ^! portions diff] 9 no way f ^? :i* we ord9>ily see4 ,on ! :ole1 we obta9 a view ( ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! entire lun> surface2 t is to say1 a good deal m ?an "o-half4 ,! actual diamet] ( ! moon is ab\t #bafc miles1 :i* is some:at m ?an "o-qu>t] ! diamet] ( ! e>?4 ,= a satellite1 !re=e1 %e seems v l>ge comp>$ ) h] prim>y1 ! e>?2 :5 we consid] t ,jupit]'s greate/ satellite1 al?\gh ne>ly twice z broad z our moon1 has a diamet] only "o tw5ty-fif? t ( ,jupit]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! moon moves ar\nd ! e>? comp>atively sl[ly1 mak+ only ab\t ?irte5 revolutions dur+ ! entire ye>4 ,se5 f space1 !re=e1 %e w\ld n give ! impression ( a circl+ body1 z o!r satellites d4 ,h] revolutions are1 inde$1 relatively s v sl[ t %e w\ld appe> r l a small] planet accompany+ ! e>? 9 its orbit4 ,9 view ( all ?is1 "s a/ronom]s are incl9$ to reg>d ! e>? & moon r z a d\ble planet ?an z a sy/em ( planet & satellite4 ,:5 ! moon is full %e attracts m att5tion p]haps ?an 9 any ( h] o!r phases4 ,! moon1 9 ord] to be full1 mu/ ne$s be 9 t region ( ! heav5s exactly opposite to ! sun4 ,! sun appe>s to g once entirely r\nd ! sky 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 & ! moon p]=ms ! same j\rney 9 ! space ( ab\t a mon?4 ,! moon1 :5 full1 hav+ got half-way r\nd ?is j\rney1 occupies1 !re=e1 t region ( ! sky :i* ! sun itself w occupy half a ye> lat]4 ,?us 9 w9t] ! full moon w be f\nd r\ghly to occupy ! sun's summ] position 9 ! sky1 & 9 summ] ! sun's w9t] position4 ,x !re=e foll[s t ! full moon 9 w9t] "t is high up 9 ! heav5s1 :ile 9 summ] "t x is l[ d[n4 ,we ?us get ! greate/ am\nt ( full moonlight :5 x is ! mo/ ne$$4 ,! great ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,laplace1 be+ /ruck by ! fact t ! less] light did n rule ! night to any?+ l ! same ext5t t ! great] light rul$ ! day1 set to "w to exam9e ! conditions "u :i* x might h be5 made to d s4 ,! result ( 8 speculations %[$ t if ! moon 7 remov$ to su* a di/ance t %e took a ye> in/ead ( a mon? to revolve ar\nd ! e>?2 & if %e 7 />t$ (f 9 h] orbit at full moon1 %e w\ld always cont9ue to rema9 full--a great advantage = u4 ,:ewell1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out t 9 ord] to get ! moon to move ) ! requisite degree ( sl[ness1 %e w\ld h to revolve s f> f ! e>? t %e w\ld only look "o-sixte5? z l>ge z %e does at pres5t1 :i* r militates aga9/ ! advantage ,laplace _h 9 m9d6 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 x 0 %[n by ,m4 ,li\ville1 9 #ahde1 t ! position ( a p]5nial full moon1 su* z ,laplace dream$ (1 w\ld be un/able--t is to say1 ! body 9 "q c\ld n = long rema9 undi/urb$ 9 ! situation sugge/$ 7see ,fig4 #af1 p4 #aia74 ,illu/ration3 ,v>i\s positions ( ,laplace's ,moon ) reg>d to ! e>? & sun dur+ ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,! same positions ( ,laplace's ,moon1 arrang$ ar\nd ! e>?1 %[ t x w\ld make only "o revolution 9 a ye>4 ,,fig4 #af4--,laplace's ,p]5nial ,full ,moon4 ,!re is a well-kn[n ph5om5on call$ h>ve/ moon1 conc]n+ ! nature ( :i* !re seems to be mu* popul> confusion4 ,an idea 9 fact appe>s to prevail among a good _m p t ! moon is a h>ve/ moon :51 at ris+1 x looks bigg] & r$d] ?an usual4 ,su* an appe>ance has1 h[ev]1 no?+ at all to say to ! matt]2 = ! moon always looks l>g] :5 l[ d[n 9 ! sky1 &1 fur!rmore1 x usually looks r$ 9 ! lat] mon?s ( ! ye>1 :5 !re is m mi/ & fog ab\t ?an !re is 9 summ]4 ,:at a/ronom]s actually t]m ! h>ve/ moon is1 inde$1 some?+ entirely diff]5t f ?is4 ,ab\t ! mon? ( ,septemb] ! slant at :i* ! full moon comes up f bel[ ! horizon happ5s to be su* t1 dur+ sev]al ev5+s toge!r1 %e rises almo/ at ! same h\r1 in/ead ( "s fifty m9utes lat]1 z is usually ! case4 ,z ! h>ve/ is be+ ga!r$ 9 ab\t t "t1 x has come to be popul>ly consid]$ t ?is is a provision ( nature1 accord+ to :i* ! sunlight is1 dur+ sev]al ev5+s1 replac$ )\t delay by m or less full-moonlight1 9 ord] t h>ve/]s may cont9ue _! "w /raight on into ! night1 & n be oblig$ to break (f aft] sunset to wait until ! moon rises4 ,! same ph5om5on is almo/ exactly repeat$ a mon? lat]1 b by reason ( ! pursuits !n c>ri$ on x is kn[n z ! hunt]'s moon4 ,9 ?is connection %\ld be m5tion$ t curi\s ph5om5on above allud$ to1 & :i* seems to attract univ]sal notice1 namely1 t ! moon looks mu* l>g] :5 ne> ! horizon--at its ris+1 = in/ance1 ?an :5 high] up 9 ! sky4 ,?is seem+ enl>gem5t is1 h[ev]1 by no means conf9$ to ! moon4 ,t ! sun also looks mu* l>g] :5 l[ d[n 9 ! sky ?an :5 high up1 seems to /rike ev5 ! mo/ casual wat*] ( a sunset4 ,! same k9d ( effect w1 inde$1 be not$ if close att5tion be paid to ! />s !mselves4 ,a con/ellation1 = in/ance1 appe>s m spread out :5 l[ d[n 9 ! sky ?an :5 high up4 ,?is enl>gem5t ( cele/ial objects :5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! horizon is1 h[ev]1 only app>5t & n real4 ,x mu/ be entirely an illusion2 = ! mo/ c>eful measurem5ts ( ! discs ( ! sun & ( ! moon fail to %[ t ! bodies are any l>g] :5 ne> ! horizon ?an :5 high up 9 ! sky4 ,9 fact1 if !re be any diff]5ce 9 measurem5ts ) reg>d to ! moon1 x w be f\nd to be ! o!r way r\nd2 = h] disc1 :5 c>efully measur$1 is actually ! slighte/ degree great] :5 high 9 ! sky1 ?an :5 l[ d[n4 ,! reason = ?is is t1 on acc\nt ( ! rotundity ( ! e>?'s surface1 %e is a trifle ne>] ! obs]v] :5 ov]head ( him4 ,?is app>5t enl>gem5t ( cele/ial objects1 :5 l[ d[n 9 ! sky1 is grant$ on all sides to be an illusion2 b al?\gh ! "q has be5 discuss$ ) animation "t out ( m9d1 none ( ! explanations propos$ c be said to h receiv$ unres]v$ acceptance4 ,! "o :i* usually figures 9 text-books is t we unconsci\sly comp>e ! sun & moon1 :5 l[ d[n 9 ! sky1 ) ! t]re/rial objects 9 ! same field ( view1 & are !re=e incl9$ to exagg]ate ! size ( ^! orbs4 ,"s p]sons1 on ! o!r h&1 imag9e ! illusion to h its s\rce 9 ! /ructure ( ! human eye2 :ile o!rs1 aga91 put x d[n to ! atmosph]e1 ma9ta9+ t ! cele/ial objects 9 "q loom l>ge 9 ! ?ick5$ air ne> ! horizon1 9 ! same way t !y d :5 view$ ?r\gh fog or mi/4 ,! writ]#ad v5tures1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t ! illusion has its orig9 9 our notion ( ! %ape ( ! cele/ial vault4 ,"o w\ld be incl9$1 inde$1 to suppose t ?is vault ought to appe> to u z ! half ( a holl[ sph]e2 b he ma9ta9s t x does n s appe>1 z a consequ5ce ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! eyes ( m5 are set q close toge!r 9 _! heads4 ,if "o looks1 = in/ance1 high up 9 ! sky1 ! horizon _c come )9 ! field ( view1 & s !re is no?+ to make "o ?9k t ! expanse !n gaz$ ^u is o!r ?an q flat--let u say l ! ceil+ ( a room4 ,b1 z ! eyes are l[]$1 a portion ( ! encircl+ horizon comes gradually into ! field ( view1 & ! region ( ! sky !n gaz$ ^u t5ds 9 consequ5ce to assume a holl[$-out =m4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t our idea ( ! %ape ( ! cele/ial vault is1 t x is flatt5$ d[n ov] our heads & holl[$ out all ar\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! horizon 7see ,fig4 #ag1 p4 #aie74 ,n[1 z a consequ5ce ( _! v great di/ance1 all ! objects 9 ! heav5s necess>ily appe> to u to move z if !y 7 plac$ on ! backgr\nd ( ! vault2 ! result be+ t ! m9d is oblig$ to conceive !m z exp&$ or contract$1 9 its unconsci\s attempts to make !m always fill _! due proportion ( space 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ?is abnormally %ap$ sky4 ,f su* consid]ations ! writ] concludes t ! app>5t enl>gem5t 9 "q is m]ely ! natural consequ5ce ( ! idea we h ( ! %ape ( ! cele/ial vault--an idea gradually built up 9 *ildhood1 to become lat] on :at is call$ second nature4 ,& 9 support ( ?is cont5tion1 he w\ld po9t to ! fact t ! enl>gem5t is n by any means conf9$ to ! sun & moon1 b is e :it z m>k$ 9 ! case ( ! con/ellations4 ,to "o :o has n notic$ ?is be=e1 x is really q a revelation to comp>e ! appe>ance ( "o ( ! l>ge con/ellations 7,orion1 = in/ance7 :5 high up 9 ! sky & :5 l[ d[n4 ,! wid5+ ap>t ( ! v>i\s />s compos+ ! gr\p1 :5 9 ! latt] position1 is v noticeable inde$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,illu/rat+ ! au?or's explanation ( ! app>5t enl>gem5t ( cele/ial objects4 ,fur!r1 if a p]son 7 to /& 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge dome1 he w\ld be exactly situat$ z if he 7 b5ea? ! vault$ heav51 & "o w\ld consequ5tly expect him to suff] ! same illusion z to ! %ape ( ! dome4 ,objects fix$ ^u its backgr\nd w\ld !re=e appe> to him "u ! same conditions z objects 9 ! sky1 & ! illusions z to _! app>5t enl>gem5t %\ld hold good "h also4 ,"s ye>s ago a ,belgian a/ronom]1 ,m4 ,/roobant1 9 an inve/igation ( ! matt] at issue1 *anc$ to make a s]ies ( exp]im5ts "u ! v conditions j detail$4 ,to v>i\s portions ( ! inn] surface ( a l>ge dome he atta*$ pairs ( electric lights2 & on plac+ himself at ! c5tre ( ! build+1 he notic$ t1 9 e case1 ^? pairs :i* 7 high up appe>$ clos] toge!r ?an ^? :i* 7 l[ d[n6 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 seem to h s\ght = ! cause 9 ! vault$ expanse4 ,on ! contr>y1 he attribut$ ! effect to some?+ connect$ ) our upright /ature1 to "s physiological reason :i* regul>ly makes u e/imate objects z l>g] :5 9 front ?an :5 ov]head4 ,9 connection ) ?is matt]1 x may be not$ t x always appe>s extremely difficult to e/imate ) ! eye ! exact height above ! horizon at :i* any object 7say a />7 happ5s to be4 ,ev5 skill$ obs]v]s f9d !mselves 9 error 9 attempt+ to d s4 ,?is seems to be> out ! writ]'s cont5tion t ! =m "u :i* ! cele/ial vault really appe>s to u is a peculi> "o1 & t5ds to give rise to false judgm5ts4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "q1 x %\ld also be m5tion$ t no?+ p]haps is m deceptive ?an ! size :i* objects 9 ! sky appe> to pres5t4 ,! full moon looks s l a huge plate1 t x a/oni%es "o to f9d t a ?reep5ny bit held at arm's l5g? w a long way m ?an cov] its disc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,! ,,moon ,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory by ,m4,p4 ,puiseux4 7,page #aig7 ,! moon is j too f> (f to all[ u to see ! actual detail on h] surface ) ! nak$ eye4 ,:5 ?us view$ %e m]ely displays a pat*y appe>ance1#ae & ! imag9>y =ms :i* h] d>k] m>k+s sugge/ to ! fancy are popul>ly express$ by ! t]m ,man 9 ! ,moon4 ,an exam9ation ( h] surface ) v mod]ate optical aid is1 h[ev]1 q a revelation1 & ! view we !n get is n easily comp>able to :at we see ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,ev5 ) an ord9>y op]a-glass1 an obs]v] w be able to note a good deal ( detail ^u ! lun> disc4 ,if x be 8 fir/ obs]vation ( ! k9d1 he _c fail to be /ruck by ! fact to :i* we h j made allusion1 namely1 ! great *ange :i* ! moon appe>s to und]go :5 view$ ) magnify+ p[]4 ,ca9 & 8 ,dog1 ! ,man 9 ! ,moon ga!r+ /icks1 or :atev] inde$ 8 fancy 0 wont to conjure up f ! lights & %ades ^u ! %9+ surface1 h n[ completely disappe>$2 & he sees in/ead a silv]y globe m>k$ "h & !re ) ext5sive d>k areas1 & pitt$ all ov] ) crat]-l =mations 7see ,plate ,,viii41 p4 #aif74 ,! d>k areas reta9 ev5 to ! pres5t day _! anci5t "n ( seas1 = ,galileo & ! e>ly telescopic obs]v]s believ$ !m to be su*1 & !y are /ill catalogu$ "u ! my/ic appellations giv5 to !m 9 ! long ago2 z1 = in/ance1 ,sea ( ,%[]s1 ,bay ( ,ra9b[s1 ,lake ( ,dreams4#af ,! improv$ telescopes ( lat] times %[$1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 n really seas 7!re is no wat] on ! moon71 b m]ely areas ( d>k] mat]ial4 ,! crat]-l =mations above allud$ to are ! lun> m\nta9s4 ,a p]son exam9+ ! moon = ! fir/ "t ) telescopic aid1 w p]haps n at once grasp ! fact t 8 view ( lun> m\nta9s mu/ ne$s be :at is call$ a bird's-eye "o1 namely1 a view f above1 l t f a balloon & t he _c1 ( c\rse1 expect to see !m f ! side1 z he does ! m\nta9s ^u ! e>?4 ,b once he has realis$ ?is novel po9t ( view1 he w no d\bt m>vel at ! =mations :i* lie scatt]$ z x 7 at 8 feet4 ,! type ( lun> m\nta9 is inde$ 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! t]re/rial type4 ,on our e>? ! range-=mation is supreme2 on ! moon ! crat]-=mation is ! rule1 & is s-call$ f analogy to our volcanoes4 ,a typical lun> crat] may be describ$ z a circul> wall1 enclos+ a c5tral pla91 or floor1 :i* is (t5 mu* depress$ bel[ ! level ( ! surface outside4 ,^! s-call$ crat]s1 or r+-m\nta9s1 z !y are also t]m$1 are (t5 ( gigantic proportions4 ,= in/ance1 ! c5tral pla9 ( "o ( !m1 kn[n z ,ptolemu1#ag is ab\t #aae miles across1 :ile t ( ,plato is ab\t #fj4 ,! walls ( crat]s (t5 rise to great heights2 :i*1 9 proportion to ! small size ( ! moon1 are v mu* 9 excess ( our highe/ t]re/rial elevations4 ,nev]!less1 a p]son po/$ at ! c5tre ( "o ( ! l>g] crat]s might be surpris$ to f9d t he c\ld n see ! encompass+ crat]-walls1 :i* w\ld 9 e direction be bel[ 8 horizon4 ,?is w\ld arise n alone f ! great bread? ( ! crat] itself1 b also f ! fact t ! curv+ ( ! moon's surface is v %>p comp>$ ) t ( our e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,moon1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,crat]s1 ,,m\nta9 ,,ranges1 ,,& ,,seas ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r plates ( ! ,moon1 ! ,s\? w be f\nd at ! top ( ! picture2 su* be+ ! view giv5 by ! ord9>y a/ronomical telescope1 9 :i* all objects are se5 inv]t$4 7,page #aii7 ,we h m5tion$ ,ptolemu z among ! v l>ge crat]s1 or r+-m\nta9s1 on ! moon4 ,its encompass+ walls rise to ne>ly #ac1jjj feet1 & x has ! fur!r di/9ction ( be+ almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! lun> disc4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al o!rs mu* wid]1 b !y are by no means 9 su* a conspicu\s position4 ,= in/ance1 ,s*ick>d1 close to ! s\?-ea/]n bord]1 is ne>ly #acj miles 9 diamet]1 & its wall rises 9 "o po9t to ov] #aj1jjj feet4 ,grimaldi1 almo/ exactly at ! ea/ po9t1 is ne>ly z l>ge z ,s*ick>d4 ,ano!r crat]1 ,clavius1 situat$ ne> ! s\? po9t1 is ab\t #adj miles across2 :ile its neighb\r ,bailly--nam$ aft] a fam\s ,fr5* a/ronom] ( ! eighte5? c5tury--is #ahj1 & ! l>ge/ ( ^? :i* we c see 7see ,plate ,,ix41 p4 #aih74 ,_m ( ! lun> crat]s encroa* ^u "o ano!r2 9 fact !re is n really room = !m all ^u ! visible hemisph]e ( ! moon4 ,ab\t #cj1jjj h be5 mapp$2 b ?is is only a small portion1 = accord+ to ! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,w4,h4 ,pick]+1 !re are m ?an #bjj1jjj 9 all4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t ! crat] is ! type ( m\nta9 associat$ 9 ! m9d ) ! moon1 x mu/ n be imag9$ t ^u our satellite !re are no m\nta9s at all ( ! t]re/rial type4 ,!re are inde$ _m isolat$ peaks1 b /rangely en\gh !y are ne>ly always to be f\nd 9 ! c5tres ( crat]s4 ,"s ( ^! peaks are ( great altitude1 t 9 ! c5tre ( ! crat] ,cop]nicus be+ ov] #aa1jjj feet high4 ,a few m\nta9 ranges also exi/2 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* are /yl$1 ! ,lun> ,alps & ,lun> ,ap5n9es 7see ,plate ,x41 p4 #bjj74 ,s9ce ! mass ( ! moon is only ab\t "o-eightie? t ( ! e>?1 x w be und]/ood t ! =ce ( gravity :i* %e ex]cises is mu* less4 ,x is calculat$ t1 at h] surface1 ?is is only ab\t "o-six? ( :at we exp]i5ce4 ,a man transport$ to ! moon w\ld ?us be able to jump six times z high z he c "h4 ,a build+ c\ld !re=e be six times z tall z ^u our e>?1 )\t caus+ any m /ra9 ^u its f\ndations4 ,x %\ld n1 !n1 be any subject = wond]1 t ! highe/ peaks 9 ! ,lun> ,ap5n9es atta9 to su* heights z #bb1jjj feet4 ,su* a height1 ^u a comp>atively small body l ! moon1 = h] volume is only "o-fiftie? t ( ! e>?1 is relatively v mu* 9 excess ( ! #bi1jjj feet ( ,himalayan /ructure1 ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 ! boa/ ( our planet1 #hjjj miles across6 ,high z are ! ,lun> ,ap5n9es1 ! highe/ peaks on ! moon are yet n f\nd among !m4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 on ! extreme s\!rn edge ( ! lun> disc1 a range kn[n z ! ,leibnitz ,m\nta9s2 sev]al peaks ( :i* rise to a height ( ne>ly #cj1jjj feet1 "o peak 9 p>ticul> be+ said to atta9 to #cf1jjj feet 7see ,plate ,,ix41 p4 #aih74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,int]e/+ ,,regions ,,on ,,! ,,moon ,we h "h 7see ,map1 ,plate ,,ix41 p4 #aih7 ! m\nta9 ranges ( ! ,ap5n9es1 ! ,caucasus & ! ,alps2 also ! crat]s ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,eudoxus1 ,cass9i1 ,ari/illus1 ,autolycus1 ,ar*im$es & ,l9n4 ,! crat] ,l9n is ! v bright spot 9 ! d>k area at ! upp] left h& side ( ! picture4 ,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory by ,m4,m4 ,loewy & ,puiseux4 7,page #bjj7 ,b ! read] w surely ask ! "q3 ,h[ is x possible to det]m9e ! actual height ( a lun> m\nta91 if "o _c g ^u ! moon to measure x8 ,! answ] is1 t we c calculate its height f not+ ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ :i* x ca/s4 ,any "o w all[ t ! l5g? ( a %ad[ ca/ by ! sun dep5ds ^u two ?+s3 fir/ly1 ^u ! height ( ! object :i* causes ! %ad[1 & secondly1 ^u ! elevation ( ! sun at ! mom5t 9 ! sky4 ,! mo/ casual obs]v] ( nature ^u our e>? c sc>cely h fail$ to notice t %ad[s are %orte/ at noonday1 :5 ! sun is at its highe/ 9 ! sky2 & t !y l5g!n out z ! sun decl9es t[>ds its sett+4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! clue4 ,to asc]ta91 !re=e1 ! height ( a lun> m\nta91 we h fir/ to consid] at :at elevation ! sun is at t mom5t above ! horizon ( ! place :]e ! m\nta9 9 "q is situat$4 ,!n1 hav+ measur$ ! actual l5g? 9 miles ( ! %ad[ ext5d$ be=e u1 all t is left is to ask ourselves ! "q3 ,:at height mu/ an object be ^: %ad[ ca/ by ! sun1 :5 at t elevation 9 ! sky1 w ext5d to ?is l5g?8 ,!re is no trace :atev] ( wat] ^u ! moon4 ,! op9ion1 inde$1 :i* seems g5]ally held1 is t wat] has nev] exi/$ ^u its surface4 ,erosions1 s$im5t>y deposits1 & all ^? m>ks :i* po9t to a =m] occupation by wat] are notably abs5t4 ,simil>ly !re appe>s to be no atmosph]e on ! moon2 or1 at any rate1 su* an excessively r>e "o1 z to be q inappreciable4 ,( ?is !re are sev]al pro(s4 ,= in/ance1 9 a sol> eclipse ! moon's disc always /&s out q cle>-cut aga9/ t ( ! sun4 ,aga9 dur+ occultations1 />s disappe> beh9d ! moon ) a sudd5ness1 :i* c\ld n be ! case 7 !re any appreciable atmosph]e4 ,la/ly1 we see no traces ( twilight ^u ! lun> surface1 nor any s(t5+ at ! edges ( %ad[s2 bo? :i* effects w\ld be app>5t if !re 7 an atmosph]e4 ,! moon's surface is r\gh & rocky1 & displays no m>ks ( ! wea!r+ t w\ld necess>ily foll[1 _h x possess$ any?+ ( an atmosph]e 9 ! pa/4 ,?is makes u r incl9$ to d\bt t x ev] _h "o at all4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t x did possess an atmosph]e 9 ! pa/1 x is int]e/+ to inquire :at may h become ( x4 ,9 ! fir/ place x might h gradually disappe>$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! gases :i* compos$ x unit+ *emically ) ! mat]ials ( :i* ! lun> body is con/ruct$2 or1 aga91 its con/itu5t gases may h escap$ into space1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( t k9etic !ory ( :i* we h already spok54 ,! latt] solution seems1 inde$1 ! mo/ reasonable ( ! two1 = ! =ce ( gravity at ! lun> surface appe>s too weak to hold d[n any kn[n gases4 ,?is argum5t seems also to dispose ( ! "q ( abs5ce ( wat]2 = ,dr4 ,george ,john/one ,/oney1 9 a c>eful inve/igation ( ! subject1 has %[n t ! liquid 9 "q1 :5 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 w escape f a planet if its mass is less ?an "o-f\r? t ( our e>?4 ,& ! mass ( ! moon is v mu* less ?an ?is2 inde$ only ! "o-eightie?1 z we h already /at$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is lack ( atmosph]e1 ! condition ( ?+s ^u ! moon w be 9 m>k$ contra/ to :at we exp]i5ce ^u ! e>?4 ,! atmosph]e "h p]=ms a d\ble s]vice 9 %ield+ u f ! direct rays ( ! sun1 & 9 bottl+ ! heat z a glass-h\se does4 ,on ! moon1 h[ev]1 ! sun beats d[n 9 ! day-"t ) a m]ciless =ce2 b its rays are reflect$ away f ! surface z quickly z !y are receiv$1 & s ! cold ( ! lun> night is excessive4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! day temp]ature on ! moon may1 inde$1 be z high z our boil+-po9t1 :ile ! night temp]ature may be m ?an twice z l[ z ! greate/ cold kn[n 9 our arctic regions4 ,t a c]ta9 am\nt ( sol> heat is reflect$ to u f ! moon is %[n by ! %>p drop 9 temp]ature :i* c]ta9 heat-measur+ in/rum5ts record :5 ! moon becomes obscur$ 9 a lun> eclipse4 ,! sol> heat :i* is ?us reflect$ to u by ! moon is1 h[ev]1 on ! :ole extremely small2 m light & heat1 inde$1 rea* u direct f ! sun 9 half a m9ute ?an we get by reflection f ! moon dur+ ! entire c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! lun> crat]s !re has be5 mu* discussion4 ,"s h consid]$ !m to be evid5ce ( viol5t volcanic action 9 ! dim pa/2 o!rs1 aga91 z ! result ( ! impact ( meteorites ^u ! lun> surface1 :5 ! moon 0 /ill 9 a pla/ic condition2 :ile a ?ird !ory holds t !y 7 =m$ by ! bur/+ ( huge bubbles dur+ ! escape into space ( gases f ! int]ior4 ,! "q is1 inde$1 a v difficult "o4 ,?\gh volcanic action1 su* z w\ld result 9 crat]s ( ! size ( ,ptolemu1 is h>d = u to picture1 & ?\gh ! lone peaks :i* adorn ! c5tres ( _m crat]s h no?+ rem9isc5t ( !m 9 our t]re/rial volcanoes1 nev]!less ! volcanic !ory seems to receive m fav\r ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 addition to ! crat]s !re are two m features :i* dem& notice1 namely1 :at are kn[n z rays & rills4 ,! rays are long1 light-col\r$ /reaks :i* radiate f sev]al ( ! l>ge crat]s1 & ext5d to a di/ance ( "s hundr$s ( miles4 ,t !y are m]e m>k+s on ! surface is prov$ by ! fact t !y ca/ no %ad[s ( any k9d4 ,"o !ory is1 t !y 7 orig9ally great cracks :i* h be5 fill$ ) light] col\r$ mat]ial1 well+ up f b5ea?4 ,! rills1 on ! o!r h&1 are actually fissures1 ab\t a mile or s 9 wid? & ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile 9 dep?4 ,! rays are se5 to ! be/ advantage 9 connection ) ! crat]s ,ty*o & ,cop]nicus 7see ,plate ,,xi41 p4 #bjd74 ,9 consequ5ce ( its fairly =w>d position on ! lun> disc1 & ( ! rem>kable sy/em ( rays :i* issue f x l spokes f ! axle ( a :eel1 ,ty*o comm&s especial att5tion4 ,! late ,rev4 ,t4,w4 ,webb1 a fam\s obs]v]1 *ri/5$ x1 v happily1 ! metropolitan crat] ( ! moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,! ,,moon ,! sy/ems ( rays f ! crat]s ,ty*o1 ,cop]nicus & ,kepl] are well %[n "h4 ,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory by ,m4,p4 ,puiseux4 7,page #bjd7 ,a great deal ( att5tion is1 & has be51 paid by c]ta9 a/ronom]s to ! moon1 9 ! hope ( f9d+ out if any *anges are actually 9 progress at pres5t ^u h] surface4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 inde$1 once ?\ght t he saw a lun> volcano 9 eruption1 b ?is prov$ to be m]ely ! effect ( ! sunlight /rik+ ! top ( ! crat] ,ari/>*us1 :ile ! region ar\nd x 0 /ill 9 %ad[--sunrise ^u ,ari/>*us1 9 fact6 ,no *ange ( any real importance has1 h[ev]1 be5 not$1 al?\gh x is suspect$ t "s m9or alt]ations h f "t to "t tak5 place4 ,= in/ance1 slight v>iations ( t9t h be5 notic$ 9 c]ta9 areas ( ! lun> surface4 ,pr(essor ,w4,h4 ,pick]+ puts =w>d ! conjecture t ^! may be caus$ by ! gr[? & decay ( "s l[ =m ( vegetation1 br\ght into exi/5ce by vap\rs ( wat]1 or c>bonic acid gas1 mak+ _! way out f ! int]ior ?r\gh cracks ne> at h&4 ,aga91 dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s "o small crat] kn[n z ,l9n 7,l9nu71 situat$ 9 ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis 7,sea ( ,s]5ity71 has appe>$ to und]go slight *anges1 & is ev5 said to h be5 invisible = a :ile 7see ,plate ,x41 p4 #bjj74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 believ$ t ! *anges 9 "q may be due to ! v>y+ angles at :i* ! sunlight falls ^u ! crat]2 = x is an und]/ood fact t ! irregul>ities ( ! moon's motion give u views ( h] surface :i* always diff] slightly4 ,! sugge/ion has m ?an once be5 put =w>d t ! surface ( ! moon is cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( ice4 ,?is is g5]ally consid]$ improbable1 & consequ5tly ! idea has receiv$ v little support4 ,x fir/ orig9at$ ) ! late ,mr4 ,s4,e4 ,peal1 an ,engli% obs]v] ( ! moon1 & has rec5tly be5 resuscitat$ by ! ,g]man obs]v]1 ,h]r ,fau?4 ,! mo/ unfav\rable "t = telescopic /udy ( ! moon is :5 %e is full4 ,! sunlight is !n fall+ directly ^u h] visible hemisph]e1 & s ! m\nta9s ca/ no %ad[s4 ,we ?us d n get t impression ( hill & holl[ :i* is s v noticeable 9 ! o!r phases4 ,! fir/ map ( ! moon 0 con/ruct$ by ,galileo4 ,tobias ,may] publi%$ ano!r 9 #agge2 :ile dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury greatly improv$ ones 7 made by ,be] & ,mdl]1 ,s*midt1 ,neison & o!rs4 ,9 #aijc1 ,pr(essor ,w4,h4 ,pick]+ br\ght out a complete photographic lun> atlas2 & a simil> publication has rec5tly appe>$1 ! "w ( ,,mm4 ,loewy & ,puiseux ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,p>is4 ,! s-call$ seas ( ! moon are1 z we h se51 m]ely d>k areas1 & !re appe>s to be no pro( t !y 7 ev] occupi$ by any liquid4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p f\nd 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! moon2 a /rik+ contra/ to our seas & oceans1 :i* take up s mu* ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e ( ! e>?4 ,!re are _m errone\s ideas popul>ly held ) reg>d to c]ta9 influ5ces :i* ! moon is suppos$ to ex]cise ^u ! e>?4 ,= in/ance1 a *ange 9 ! wea!r is widely believ$ to dep5d ^u a *ange 9 ! moon4 ,b ! ^w *ange z "h us$ is mean+less1 = ! moon is cont9ually *ang+ h] phase dur+ ! :ole ( h] mon?ly r\nd4 ,besides1 ! moon is visible ov] a great portion ( ! e>? at ! same mom5t1 & c]ta9ly all ! places f :i* x c !n be se5 d n get ! same wea!r6 ,fur!r1 c>eful obs]vations1 & records ext5d+ ov] ! pa/ "o hundr$ ye>s & m1 fail to %[ any reliable connection betwe5 ! phases ( ! moon & ! condition ( ! wea!r4 ,x has be5 /at$1 on v good au?ority1 t no telescope ev] %[s ! surface ( ! moon z cle>ly z we c\ld see x ) ! nak$ eye 7 x only #bdj miles di/ant f u4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t we 7 able to approa* our satellite1 & view x )\t optical aid at su* comp>atively close qu>t]s1 x is int]e/+ to consid] :at w\ld be ! smalle/ detail :i* our eye c\ld take 94 ,! "q ( ! limit ( :at c be appreciat$ ) ! nak$ eye is some:at unc]ta91 b x appe>s safe to say t at a di/ance ( #bdj miles ! m9ute/ speck visible w\ld h to be at lea/ "s #fj y>ds across4 ,atmosph]e & liquid bo? want+1 ! lun> surface mu/ be ! seat ( an et]nal calm2 :]e no s\nd breaks ! /illness & :]e *ange1 z we "k x1 does n exi/4 ,! sun beats d[n ^u ! arid rocks1 & inky %ad[s lie a?w>t ! valleys4 ,!re is no mell[+ ( ! h>% contra/s4 ,we _c inde$ absolutely affirm t ,life has no place at all ^u ?is airless & wat]less globe1 s9ce we "k n "u :at /range conditions x may manife/ its pres5ce2 & our mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 besides1 d n br+ ! lun> surface suffici5tly ne> to u to disprove ! exi/5ce !re ( ev5 su* l>ge creatures z disport !mselves ^u our planet4 ,/ill1 we f9d x h>d to rid ourselves ( ! feel+ t we are 9 ! pres5ce ( a dead _w4 ,on %e sw+s ar\nd ! e>? mon? aft] mon?1 ) "o face ev] turn$ t[>ds u1 leav+ a c]ta9 my/]y to hang ar\nd t hidd5 side1 ! great] "p ( :i* m5 c nev] hope to see4 ,! rotation ( ! moon ^u h] axis--! lun> day--has become1 z we h se51 equal to h] revolution ar\nd ! e>?4 ,an epo* may likewise ev5tually be rea*$ 9 ! hi/ory ( our own planet1 :5 ! l5g? ( ! t]re/rial day has be5 s sl[$ d[n by tidal friction t x w be equal to ! ye>4 ,!n w ! e>? revolve ar\nd ! c5tral orb1 ) "o side plung$ 9 et]nal night & ! o!r 9 et]nal sun%9e4 ,b su* a vi/a ne$ n imm$iately di/ress u4 ,x is millions ( ye>s =w>d 9 "t4 #ad ,j\rnal ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 vol4 x4 7#ahii-aijj71 ,nos4 #a & #c4 #ae ,c]ta9 ( ! anci5t ,greeks ?\ght ! m>k+s on ! moon to be m]ely ! reflection ( ! seas & l&s ( our e>?1 z 9 a badly poli%$ mirror4 #af ,m>e ,imbrium1 ,s9us ,iridum1 ,lacus ,somniorum4 #ag ,! lun> crat]s h1 z a rule1 receiv$ _! names f celebrat$ p]sons1 usually m5 ( sci5ce4 ,?is sy/em ( nom5clature 0 orig9at$ by ,riccioli1 9 #afea4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,sup]ior ,,planets ,hav+1 9 a previ\s *apt]1 not$ ! v>i\s aspects :i* an inf]ior planet pres5ts to our view1 9 consequ5ce ( its orbit be+ ne>] to ! sun ?an ! orbit ( ! e>?1 x w be well "h to consid] 9 ! same way ! case ( a sup]ior planet1 & to m>k c>efully ! diff]5ce4 ,to beg9 )1 x %\ld be q evid5t t we _c ev] h a transit ( a sup]ior planet4 ,! orbit ( su* a body be+ entirely outside t ( ! e>?1 ! body itself c1 ( c\rse1 nev] pass betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,a sup]ior planet w be at its greate/ di/ance f u :5 on ! f> side ( ! sun4 ,x is said !n to be 9 conjunction4 ,z x comes r\nd 9 its orbit x ev5tually passes1 s to speak1 at ! back ( u4 ,x is !n at its ne>e/1 or 9 opposition1 z ?is is te*nically t]m$1 & !re=e 9 ! mo/ fav\rable position = telescopic obs]vation ( its surface4 ,be+1 besides1 se5 by u at t "t 9 ! direction ( ! heav5s exactly opposite to :]e ! sun is1 x w ?us at midnight be high up 9 ! s\? side ( ! sky1 a fur!r advantage to ! obs]v]4 ,la/ ( all1 a sup]ior planet _c %[ cresc5t %apes l an int]ior2 = :e!r x be on ! f> side ( ! sun1 or beh9d u1 or aga9 to our "r or left1 ! sunlight mu/ ne$s appe> to fall m or less full ^u its face4 ,,! ,,planetoid ,,eros ,! ne>e/ to u ( ! sup]ior planets is ! t9y body1 ,eros1 :i*1 z has be5 already /at$1 0 discov]$ s late z ! ye> #ahih4 ,9 po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 ( its small size1 x c h>dly be consid]$ z a true planet1 & ! "n planetoid seems mu* m appropriate to x4 ,eros 0 n discov]$1 l ,uranus1 9 ! c\rse ( telescopic exam9ation ( ! heav5s1 nor yet1 l ,neptune1 z ! direct result ( difficult calculations1 b 0 reveal$ by ! impress ( its light ^u a photographic plate1 :i* _h be5 expos$ = "s l5g? ( "t to ! />ry sky4 ,s9ce _m ( ! m rec5t additions to ! a/]oids h be5 discov]$ 9 ! same mann]1 we %all h some:at m to say ab\t ?is special employm5t ( photography :5 we come to deal ) ^? bodies lat] on4 ,! pa? ( ,eros ar\nd ! sun is s v elliptical1 or1 to use ! exact te*nical t]m1 s v ecc5tric1 t ! planetoid does n keep all ! "t entirely 9 ! space betwe5 our orbit & t ( ,m>s1 :i* latt] happ5s to be ! next body 9 ! ord] ( planet>y succession outw>ds4 ,9 portions ( its j\rney ,eros1 inde$1 actually goes outside ! ,m>tian orbit4 ,! pa?s ( ! planetoid & ( ,m>s are1 h[ev]1 n ^u ! same plane1 s ! bodies always pass cle> ( ea* o!r1 & !re is ?us z little *ance ( _! da%+ toge!r z !re w\ld be ( tra9s :i* run across a bridge at an upp] level1 collid+ ) ^? :i* pass b5ea? x at a l[] level4 ,:5 ,eros is 9 opposition1 x comes )9 ab\t #ac-a_/b million miles ( our e>?1 &1 aft] ! moon1 is !re=e by a long way our ne>e/ neighb\r 9 space4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 extremely small1 n m1 p]haps1 ?an tw5ty miles 9 diamet]1 & is subject to m>k$ v>iations 9 brightness1 :i* d n appe> up to ! pres5t to meet ) a satisfactory explanation4 ,b1 insignificant z is ?is little body1 x is ( great importance to a/ronomy2 = x happ5s to furni% ! be/ me?od kn[n ( calculat+ ! sun's di/ance f our e>?--a me?od :i* ,galle1 9 #ahgb1 & ,sir ,david ,gill1 9 #ahgg1 sugge/$ t a/]oids might be employ$ =1 & :i* has 9 consequ5ce supplant$ ! old "o f\nd$ ^u transits ( ,v5us4 ,! sun's di/ance is n[ an asc]ta9$ fact to )9 #ajj1jjj miles1 or less ?an half ! di/ance ( ! moon4 ,,! ,,planet ,,m>s ,we next come to ! planet ,m>s4 ,?is body rotates 9 a p]iod ( slightly m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! incl9ation1 or slant1 ( its axis is ab\t ! same z t ( ! e>?1 s t1 putt+ aside its great] di/ance f ! sun1 ! v>iations ( season :i* x exp]i5ces ought to be v mu* l ours4 ,! fir/ m>k+ detect$ ^u ,m>s 0 ! notable "o call$ ! ,syrtis ,major1 also kn[n1 on acc\nt ( its %ape1 z ! ,h\r-,glass ,sea4 ,?is obs]vation 0 made by ! fam\s ,huygh5s 9 #afei2 &1 f ! movem5t ( ! m>k+ 9 "q across ! disc1 he inf]r$ t ! planet rotat$ on its axis 9 a p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!re appe>s to be v little atmosph]e ^u ,m>s1 ! result be+ t we almo/ always obta9 a cle> view ( ! detail on its surface4 ,inde$1 x is only to be expect$ f ! k9etic !ory t ,m>s c\ld n reta9 mu* ( an atmosph]e1 z ! =ce ( gravity at its surface is less ?an "o-half ( :at we exp]i5ce ^u ! e>?4 ,x %\ld "h be m5tion$ t rec5t rese>*es ) ! spectroscope seem to %[ t1 :atev] atmosph]e !re may be ^u ,m>s1 its d5sity at ! surface ( ! planet _c be m ?an ! "o-f\r? "p ( ! d5sity ( ! air at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,pr(essor ,l[ell1 inde$1 ?9ks x may be m r>efi$ ?an t ^u our highe/ m\nta9-tops4 ,se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 ,m>s appe>s ( a r$ col\r4 ,view$ 9 ! telescope1 its surface is f\nd to be 9 g5]al ( a ruddy hue1 v>i$ "h & !re ) d>k] pat*es ( a blui%-gre5 col\r4 ,^! m>k+s are p]man5t1 & 7 suppos$ by ! e>ly telescopic obs]v]s to imply a di/ribution ( ! planet's surface into l& & wat]1 ! ruddy portions be+ consid]$ z cont95tal areas 7p]haps s&y des]ts71 & ! blui%-gre5 z seas4 ,! simil>ity to our e>? ?us sugge/$ 0 fur!r height5$ by ! fact t broad :ite caps1 situat$ at ! poles1 7 se5 to v>y ) ! planet's seasons1 dim9i%+ greatly 9 ext5t dur+ ! ,m>tian summ] 7! s\!rn cap 9 #ahid ev5 disappe>+ altoge!r71 & develop+ aga9 9 ! ,m>tian w9t]4#ah ,read]s ( ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes w no d\bt recollect t poet's /rik+ l9es3-- ,! sn[s t glitt]$ on ! disc ( ,m>s ,h melt$1 & ! planet's fi]y orb ,rolls 9 ! crimson summ] ( its ye>4 ,a /ate ( ?+s s /rongly analog\s to :at we exp]i5ce "h1 naturally fir$ ! imag9ations ( m51 & caus$ !m to look on ,m>s z a _w l ours1 only ^u a mu* small] scale4 ,be+ small]1 x 0 conclud$ to h cool$ quick]1 & to be n[ long pa/ its prime2 & its inhabitants 71 !re=e1 pictur$ z at a lat] /age ( developm5t ?an ! inhabitants ( our e>?4 ,not)/&+ ! /rong temptation to assume t ! :it5ess ( ! ,m>tian pol> caps is due to fall5 sn[1 su* a solution is1 h[ev]1 by no means s simple z x looks4 ,! deposition ( wat] 9 ! =m ( sn[1 or ev5 ( ho> fro/1 w\ld at lea/ imply t ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s %\ld n[ & !n display traces ( aque\s vap\r1 :i* x does n appe> to d4#ai ,x has1 inde$1 be5 sugge/$ t ! :it5ess may n aft] all be due to ?is cause1 b to c>bonic acid gas 7c>bon dioxide71 :i* is kn[n to freeze at a v l[ temp]ature4 ,! sugge/ion is pla9ly bas$ ^u ! assumption t1 z ,m>s is s mu* fur!r f ! sun ?an we are1 x w\ld receive mu* less heat1 & t ! little ?us receiv$ w\ld be quickly radiat$ away into space ?r\gh lack ( atmosph]e to bottle x 94 ,we n[ come to ^? well-kn[n m>k+s1 popul>ly kn[n z ! canals ( ,m>s1 :i* h be5 ! subject ( s mu* discussion s9ce _! discov]y ?irty ye>s ago4 ,x 01 9 fact1 9 ! ye> #ahgg1 :5 ,m>s 0 9 opposition1 & ?us at its ne>e/ to u1 t ! fam\s ,italian a/ronom]1 ,s*iap>elli1 ann\nc$ to ! _w t he _h f\nd t ! ruddy areas1 ?\ght to be cont95ts1 7 int]sect$ by a network ( /raight d>k l9es4 ,^! l9es1 he report$1 appe>$ 9 _m cases to be ( great l5g?1 s long1 inde$1 z sev]al ?\s&s ( miles1 & f ab\t tw5ty to sixty miles 9 wid?4 ,he *ri/5$ ! l9es *annels1 ! ,italian ^w = :i*1 canali1 0 un=tunately translat$ into ,engli% z canals4 ,! analogy1 ?us accid5tally sugge/$1 gave rise to ! idea t !y might be actual wat]ways4#bj ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahha-ahhb1 :5 ,m>s 0 aga9 9 opposition1 ,s*iap>elli fur!r ann\nc$ t he _h f\nd "s ( ^! l9es d\bl$2 t is to say1 c]ta9 ( !m 7 accompani$ by simil> l9es runn+ exactly p>allel at no great di/ance away4 ,!re 0 at fir/ a good deal ( scepticism on ! subject ( ,s*iap>elli's discov]ies1 b gradually o!r obs]v]s f\nd !mselves see+ bo? ! l9es & _! d\bl+s4 ,we h 9 ?is a good example ( a curi\s circum/ance 9 a/ronomical obs]vation1 namely1 ! fact t :5 f9e detail has once be5 not$ by a compet5t obs]v]1 x is n long be=e o!r obs]v]s see ! same detail ) ease4 ,an imm5se am\nt ( close att5tion has be5 paid to ! planet ,m>s dur+ rec5t ye>s by ! ,am]ican obs]v]1 ,pr(essor ,p]cival ,l[ell1 at 8 fam\s obs]vatory1 #gcjj feet above ! sea1 ne> ! t[n ( ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,8 obs]vations h n1 l ^? ( mo/ a/ronom]s1 be5 conf9$ m]ely to oppositions1 b he has sy/ematically kept ! planet 9 view1 s f> z possible1 s9ce ! ye> #ahid4 ,! in/rum5tal equipm5t ( 8 obs]vatory is ( ! v be/1 & ! see+ at ,flag/aff is describ$ z excell5t4 ,9 support ( ! latt] /atem5t1 ,mr4 ,lampl&1 ( ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 ma9ta9s t ! fa9te/ />s %[n on *>ts made at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory ) ! #cf-;in* telescope !re1 are p]fectly visible ) ! #bd-;in* telescope at ,flag/aff4 ,pr(essor ,l[ell is1 inde$1 g5]ally at issue ) ! o!r obs]v]s ( ,m>s4 ,he f9ds ! canals extremely n>r[ & %>ply def9$1 & he attributes ! blurr$ & hazy appe>ance1 :i* !y h pres5t$ to o!r a/ronom]s1 to ! un/eady & imp]fect atmosph]ic conditions 9 :i* _! obs]vations h be5 made4 ,he assigns to ! ?9ne/ a wid? ( two or ?ree miles1 & f fifte5 to tw5ty to ! l>g]4 ,relatively to _! wid?1 h[ev]1 he f9ds _! l5g? enorm\s4 ,_m ( !m are #bjjj miles long1 :ile "o is ev5 z mu* z #cedj4 ,su* l5g?s z ^! are v great 9 comp>ison ) ! smallness ( ! planet4 ,he consid]s t ! canals /& 9 "s peculi> relation to ! pol> cap1 = !y cr[d toge!r 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,9 place1 too1 ( ill-def9$ cond5sations1 he sees %>p black spots :]e ! canals meet & int]sect1 & to ^! he gives ! "n ( ,oases4 ,he fur!r lays p>ticul> /ress ^u a d>k b& ( a blue t9t1 :i* is always se5 closely to surr\nd ! edges ( ! pol> caps all ! "t t !y are disappe>+2 & ?is he takes to be a pro( t ! :ite mat]ial is some?+ :i* actually melts4 ,( all sub/ances :i* we "k1 wat] alone1 he affirms1 w\ld act 9 su* a mann]4 ,! "q ( melt+ at all may seem /range 9 a planet :i* is situat$ s f> f ! sun1 & possesses su* a r>efi$ atmosph]e4 ,b ,pr(essor ,l[ell consid]s t ?is v ?9ness ( ! atmosph]e all[s ! direct sol> rays to fall ) great int5sity ^u ! planet's surface1 & t ?is heat+ effect is acc5tuat$ by ! great l5g? ( ! ,m>tian summ]4 ,9 consequ5ce he concludes t1 al?\gh ! g5]al climate ( ,m>s is decid$ly cold1 x is above ! freez+ po9t ( wat]4 ,! obs]vations at ,flag/aff appe> to d away ) ! old idea t ! d>ki% areas are seas1 = num]\s l9es belong+ to ! s-call$ canal sy/em are se5 to trav]se !m4 ,aga91 !re is no />-l image ( ! sun reflect$ f !m1 z !re w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 f ! surface ( a great %eet ( wat]4 ,la/ly1 !y are obs]v$ to v>y 9 tone & col\r ) ! *ang+ ,m>tian seasons1 ! blue-gre5 *ang+ into o*re1 & lat] on back aga9 into blue-gre54 ,pr(essor ,l[ell reg>ds ^! areas z great tracts ( vegetation1 :i* are br\ght into activity z ! liquid rea*es !m f ! melt+ sn[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,a ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,planet ,,m>s ,we see "h ! ,syrtis ,major 7or ,h\r-,glass ,sea71 ! pol> caps1 sev]al oases1 & a l>ge numb] ( canals1 "s ( :i* are d\ble4 ,! ,s\? is at ! top ( ! picture1 9 accordance ) ! inv]t$ view giv5 by an a/ronomical telescope4 ,f a draw+ by ,pr(essor ,p]cival ,l[ell4 7,page #baf7 ,) respect to ! canals1 ! ,l[ell obs]vations fur!r in=m u t ^! are invisible dur+ ! ,m>tian w9t]1 b beg9 to appe> 9 ! spr+ :5 ! pol> cap is disappe>+4 ,pr(essor ,l[ell1 !re=e1 incl9es to ! view t 9 ! middle ( ! s-call$ canals !re exi/ actual wat]ways :i* s]ve ! purposes ( irrigation1 & t :at we see is n ! wat]ways !mselves1 = !y are too n>r[1 b ! fr+e ( vegetation :i* spr+s up along ! banks z ! liquid is borne ?r\gh !m f ! melt+ ( ! pol> sn[s4 ,he supports ?is by 8 obs]vation t ! canals beg9 to appe> 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! pol> caps1 & gradually gr[1 z x 71 9 ! direction ( ! planet's equator4 ,x is ! idea ( life on ,m>s :i* has giv5 ?is planet su* a fasc9ation 9 ! eyes ( m54 ,a great deal ( nons5se has1 h[ev]1 be5 writt5 9 newspap]s ^u ! subject1 & _m p]sons h ?us be5 l$ to ?9k t we h obta9$ "s actual evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( liv+ be+s ^u ,m>s4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ,pr(essor ,l[ell's advocacy ( ! exi/5ce ( life ^u t planet is by no means ( ?is wild ord]4 ,at ! be/ he m]ely indulges 9 su* !ories z 8 rem>kable obs]vations naturally call =?4 ,8 views are z foll[s3--,he consid]s t ! planet has rea*$ a "t :5 wat] has become s sc>ce t ! inhabitants are oblig$ to employ _! utmo/ skill to make _! scanty supply suffice = purposes ( irrigation4 ,! *anges ( tone & col\r ^u ! ,m>tian surface1 z ! irrigation produces its effects1 are simil> to :at a telescopic obs]v]--say1 ^u ,v5us--w\ld notice on our e>? :5 ! h>ve/ rip5s ov] huge tracts ( c\ntry2 t is1 ( c\rse1 if ! e>?'s atmosph]e all[$ a cle> view ( ! t]re/rial surface--a v d\btful po9t inde$4 ,pr(essor ,l[ell ?9ks t ! p]fect /raightness ( ! l9es1 & ! geometrical mann] 9 :i* !y are arrang$1 are cle> evid5ces ( artificiality4 ,on a globe1 too1 !re is pla9ly no reason :y ! liquid :i* results f ! melt+ ( ! pol> caps %\ld tr5d at all 9 ! direction ( ! equator4 ,^u our e>?1 = in/ance1 ! transf]5ce ( wat]1 z 9 riv]s1 m]ely foll[s ! slope ( ! gr\nd1 & no?+ else4 ,! ,l[ell obs]vations %[1 h[ev]1 t ! ,m>tian liquid is app>5tly c>ri$ f "o pole t[>ds ! equator1 & !n pa/ x to ! o!r pole1 :]e x once m freezes1 only to melt aga9 9 due season1 & to rev]se ! process t[>ds & across ! equator z be=e4 ,pr(essor ,l[ell !re=e holds1 & x seems a /rong po9t 9 fav\r ( 8 !ory1 t ! liquid mu/1 9 "s artificial mann]1 z by pump+1 = in/ance1 be help$ 9 its passage across ! surface ( ! planet4 ,a numb] ( attempts h be5 made to expla9 ! d\bl+ ( ! canals m]ely z effects ( refraction or reflection2 & x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ t x may arise f ! telescope n be+ accurately focuss$4 ,! actual d\bl+ ( ! canals once hav+ be5 d\bt$1 x 0 an easy /ep to ! ca/+ ( d\bt on ! reality ( ! canals !mselves4 ,! idea1 inde$1 0 put =w>d t ! human eye1 9 deal+ ) detail s v close to ! limit ( visibility1 may unconsci\sly treat z an actual l9e sev]al po9t-l m>k+s :i* m]ely happ5 to lie 9 a l9e4 ,9 ord] to te/ ?is !ory1 exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 #aijb by ,mr4 ,e4,w4 ,maund] ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 & ,mr4 ,j4,e4 ,evans ( ! ,royal ,hospital ,s*ool at ,gre5wi*1 9 :i* c]ta9 s*oolboys 7 set to make draw+s ( a :ite disc ) "s fa9t m>k+s ^u x4 ,! boys 7 plac$ at v>i\s di/ances f ! disc 9 "q2 & x 0 f\nd t ! draw+s made by ^? :o 7 j too f> (f to see di/9ctly1 bore out ! above !ory 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ! plausibility ( ! illusion view has be5 %ak5 by photographs ( ,m>s tak5 dur+ ! opposition ( #aije by ,mr4 ,lampl& at ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 9 :i* a numb] ( ! m prom95t canals come out z /raight d>k l9es4 ,fur!r /ill1 9 "s photographs made !re q lately1 sev]al canals are said to appe> visibly d\ble4 ,foll[+ up ! idea allud$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi41 t ! moon may be cov]$ ) a lay] ( ice1 ,mr4 ,w4,t4 ,lynn has rec5tly sugge/$ t ?is may be ! case on ,m>s2 & t1 at c]ta9 seasons1 ! wat] may break ?r\gh along def9ite l9es1 & ev5 along l9es p>allel to ^!4 ,?is1 he ma9ta9s1 w\ld acc\nt = ! canals becom+ gradually visible across ! disc1 )\t ! necessity ( ,pr(essor ,l[ell's pump+ !ory4 ,& n[ = ! views ( ,pr(essor ,l[ell himself ) reg>d to ! d\bl+ ( ! canals4 ,f 8 obs]vations1 he consid]s t no pairs ( railway l9es c\ld app>5tly be laid d[n ) great] p>allelism4 ,he draws att5tion to ! fact t ! d\bl+ does n take place by any means 9 e canal2 inde$1 out ( #djj canals se5 at ,flag/aff1 only fifty-"o--or1 r\ghly1 "o-eigh?--h at any "t be5 se5 d\ble4 ,he lays great /ress ^u ?is1 :i* he consid]s po9ts /rongly aga9/ ! duplication be+ an optical ph5om5on4 ,he f9ds t ! di/ance sep>at+ pairs ( canals is mu* less 9 "s d\bles ?an 9 o!rs1 & v>ies on ! :ole f #ge to #bjj miles4 ,accord+ to him1 ! d\ble canals appe> to be conf9$ to )9 #dj degrees ( ! equator3 or1 to quote 8 own words1 !y are an equatorial feature ( ! planet1 conf9$ to ! tropic & temp]ate belts4 ,f9ally1 he po9ts out t !y seem to avoid ! blue-gre5 areas4 ,b1 /rangely en\gh1 ,pr(essor ,l[ell does n s f> attempt to fit 9 ! d\bl+ ) 8 body ( !ory4 ,he makes ! obvi\s rem>k t !y may be *annels & return *annels1 & ) t he leaves u4 ,! conclusions ( ,pr(essor ,l[ell h rec5tly be5 subject$ to /r5u\s criticism by ,pr(essor ,w4,h4 ,pick]+ & ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace4 ,x 0 ,pr(essor ,pick]+ :o discov]$ ! oases1 & :o orig9at$ ! idea t we did n see ! s-call$ canals !mselves1 b only ! gr[? ( vegetation along _! bord]s4 ,he holds t ! oases are crat]lets1 & t ! canals are cracks :i* radiate f !m1 z d ! rifts & /reaks f crat]s ^u ! moon4 ,he goes on to sugge/ t vap\rs ( wat]1 or ( c>bonic acid gas1 escap+ f ! int]ior1 f9d _! way out ?r\gh ^! cracks1 & promote ! gr[? ( a l[ =m ( vegetation on ei!r side ( !m4 ,9 support ( ?is view he draws att5tion to ! exi/5ce ( long /eam-cracks1 bord]$ by vegetation1 9 ! des]ts ( ! highly volcanic isl& ( ,hawaii4 ,we h already se51 9 an e>li] *apt]1 h[ he has appli$ ?is idea to ! explanation ( c]ta9 *anges :i* are suspect$ to be tak+ place ^u ! moon4 ,9 deal+ ) ! ,l[ell canal sy/em1 ,pr(essor ,pick]+ po9ts out t "u su* a slight atmosph]ic pressure z exi/s on ,m>s1 ! evaporation ( ! pol> caps--suppos+ !m to be =m$ ( sn[--w\ld take place ) su* extraord9>y rapidity t ! result+ wat] c\ld nev] be made to travel along op5 *annels1 b t a sy/em ( gigantic tubes or wat]-ma9s w\ld h to be employ$6 ,z w be ga!r$ f 8 !ories reg>d+ vegetation1 ,pr(essor ,pick]+ does n d5y ! exi/5ce ( a =m ( life ^u ,m>s4 ,b he w n he> ( civilisation1 or ( any?+ ev5 approa*+ x4 ,he ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t z ,m>s is int]m$iate physically betwe5 ! moon & e>?1 ! =m ( life :i* x supports may be high] ?an t on ! moon & l[] ?an t on ! e>?4 ,9 a small book publi%$ 9 ! latt] "p ( #aijg1 & entitl$ ,is ,m>s ,habitable8 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace sets himself1 among o!r ?+s1 to combat ! idea ( a comp>atively high temp]ature1 su* z ,pr(essor ,l[ell has allott$ to ,m>s4 ,he %[s ! imm5se s]vice :i* ! wat]-vap\r 9 our atmosph]e ex]cises1 ?r\gh keep+ ! sol> heat f escap+ f ! e>?'s surface4 ,he !n draws att5tion to ! fact t !re is no spectroscopic evid5ce ( wat]-vap\r on ,m>s#ba2 & po9ts out t its abs5ce is only to be expect$1 z ,dr4 ,george ,john/one ,/oney has %[n t x w escape f a body ^: mass is less ?an "o-qu>t] ! mass ( ! e>?4 ,! mass ( ,m>s is1 9 fact1 mu* less ?an ?is1 i4e4 only "o-n9?4 ,dr4 ,wallace consid]s1 !re=e1 t ! temp]ature ( ,m>s ought to be extremely l[1 unless ! con/itution ( its atmosph]e is v diff]5t f ours4 ,) reg>d to ! latt] /atem5t1 x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! ,sw$i% physici/1 ,arrh5ius1 has rec5tly %[n t ! c>bonic acid gas 9 our atmosph]e has an important influ5ce ^u climate4 ,! am\nt ( x 9 our air is1 z we h se51 extremely small2 b ,arrh5ius %[s t1 if x 7 d\bl$1 ! temp]ature w\ld be m uni=m & mu* high]4 ,we ?us see h[ futile x is1 ) our pres5t k1 to dogmatise on ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( life 9 o!r cele/ial orbs4 ,z to ! canals ,dr4 ,wallace puts =w>d a !ory ( 8 own4 ,he cont5ds t aft] ,m>s _h cool$ to a /ate ( solidity1 a great sw>m ( meteorites & small a/]oids fell 9 ^u x1 ) ! result t a ?9 molt5 lay] 0 =m$ all ov] ! planet4 ,z ?is lay] cool$1 ! imprison$ gases escap$1 produc+ v5ts or crat]lets2 & z x attempt$ to contract fur!r ^u ! solid int]ior1 x split 9 fissures radiat+ f po9ts ( weakness1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! crat]lets4 ,& he goes on to sugge/ t ! two t9y ,m>tian satellites1 ) :i* we %all deal next1 are ! la/ survivors ( 8 hypo!tical sw>m4 ,f9ally1 ) reg>d to ! habitability ( ,m>s1 ,dr4 ,wallace n only d5ies x1 b ass]ts t ! planet is absolutely un9habitable4 ,= a long "t x 0 suppos$ t ,m>s did n possess any satellites4 ,9 #ahgg1 h[ev]1 dur+ t fam\s opposition 9 :i* ,s*iap>elli fir/ saw ! canals1 two t9y satellites 7 discov]$ at ! ,wa%+ton ,obs]vatory by an ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,asaph ,hall4 ,^! satellites are s m9ute1 & s ne> to ! planet1 t !y c only be se5 ) v l>ge telescopes2 & ev5 !n ! bright disc ( ! planet mu/ be %ield$ (f4 ,!y h be5 *ri/5$ ,phobos & ,deimos 7,fe> & ,dread72 ^! be+ ! names ( ! two subord9ate deities :o1 accord+ to ,hom]1 att5d$ ^u ,m>s1 ! god ( w>4 ,x is impossible to measure ! exact sizes ( ^! satellites1 z !y are too small to %[ any discs1 b an e/imate has be5 =m$ f _! brightness4 ,! diamet] ( ,phobos 0 at fir/ ?\ght to be six miles1 & t ( ,deimos1 sev54 ,z lat] e/imates1 h[ev]1 consid]ably exce$ ?is1 x w1 p]haps1 be n f> f ! tru? to /ate t !y are ea* r\ghly ab\t ! size ( ! planetoid ,eros4 ,phobos revolves ar\nd ,m>s 9 ab\t #g-a_/b h\rs1 at a di/ance ( ab\t only #djjj miles f ! planet's surface1 & ,deimos 9 ab\t #cj h\rs1 at a di/ance ( ab\t #ab1jjj miles4 ,z ,m>s rotates on its axis 9 ab\t #bd h\rs1 x w be se5 t ,phobos makes m ?an ?ree revolutions :ile ! planet is rotat+ once--a v int]e/+ condition ( ?+s4 ,a /range =e%ad[+ ( ! discov]y ( ! satellites ( ,m>s w be famili> to read]s ( ,gulliv]'s ,travels4 ,accord+ to ,dean ,swift's h]o1 ! a/ronom]s on ! ,fly+ ,isl& ( ,laputa _h f\nd two t9y satellites to ,m>s1 "o ( :i* revolv$ ar\nd ! planet 9 t5 h\rs4 ,! correctness ( ?is guess is extraord9>ily close1 ?\gh at be/ x is1 ( c\rse1 no?+ m ?an a pure co9cid5ce4 ,x ne$ n be at all surpris+ t mu* unc]ta9ty %\ld exi/ ) reg>d to ! actual condition ( ! surface ( ,m>s4 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* we are able to see t planet at ! be/ are1 inde$1 h>dly suffici5t to w>rant u 9 prop\nd+ any h>d & fa/ !ories4 ,"o ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ ( liv+ obs]v]s1 ! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,e4,e4 ,b>n>d1 consid]s t ! view we get ( ,m>s ) ! be/ telescope may be fairly comp>$ ) our nak$ eye view ( ! moon4 ,s9ce we h se5 t a view ) q a small telescope entirely alt]s our orig9al idea ( ! lun> surface1 a slight magnification reveal+ features ( ^: exi/5ce we _h n previ\sly ! slighte/ conception1 x does n seem too mu* to say t a fur!r improvem5t 9 optical p[] might entirely subv]t ! pres5t notions ) reg>d to ! ,m>tian canals4 ,!re=e1 until we get a /ill ne>] view ( ^! /range m>k+s1 x seems some:at futile to !orise4 ,! l9es :i* we see are p]haps1 inde$1 a =e%ort5$ & all too dim view ( "s type ( =mation entirely novel to u1 & possibly peculi> to ,m>s4 ,diff]5ces ( gravity & o!r conditions1 su* z obta9 ^u diff]5t planets1 may p]haps produce v div]se results4 ,! e>?1 ! moon1 & ,m>s diff] greatly f "o ano!r 9 size1 gravitation1 & o!r su* *>act]i/ics4 ,m\nta9-ranges s f> appe> typical ( our globe1 & r+-m\nta9s typical ( ! moon4 ,may n ! s-call$ canals be m]ely "s special =mation peculi> to ,m>s1 ?\gh q a natural result ( its p>ticul> conditions & ( its pa/ hi/ory8 ,,! ,,a/]oids 7,,or ,,m9or ,,planets7 ,we n[ come to t belt ( small planets :i* are kn[n by ! "n ( a/]oids4 ,9 ! g5]al survey ( ! sol> sy/em giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 we saw h[ x 0 long ago notic$ t ! di/ances ( ! planet>y orbits f ! sun w\ld h pres5t$ a m>k$ appe>ance ( ord]ly sequ5ce1 7 x n = a gap betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit] :]e no l>ge planet 0 kn[n to circulate4 ,! suspicion ?us ar\s$ t "s planet might1 aft] all1 be mov+ 9 ?is seem+ly empty space1 gave rise to ! gradual discov]y ( a great numb] ( small bodies2 ! l>ge/ ( :i*1 ,c]es1 is less ?an #ejj miles 9 diamet]4 ,up to ! pres5t day "s #fjj ( ^! bodies h be5 discov]$2 ! f\r lead+ ones1 9 ord] ( size1 be+ nam$ ,c]es1 ,pallas1 ,juno1 & ,ve/a4 ,all ! a/]oids are invisible to ! nak$ eye1 ) ! exception ( ,ve/a1 :i*1 ?\gh by no means ! l>ge/1 happ5s to be ! brighte/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only j visible to ! eye "u fav\rable conditions4 ,no trace ( an atmosph]e has be5 not$ ^u any ( ! a/]oids1 b su* a /ate ( ?+s is only to be expect$ f ! k9etic !ory4 ,= a good _m ye>s ! discov]ies ( a/]oids 7 made by means ( ! telescope4 ,:51 9 ! c\rse ( se>*+ ! heav5s1 an object 0 notic$ :i* did n appe> ^u any ( ! recognis$ /> *>ts1 x 0 kept "u obs]vation = sev]al nights to see :e!r x *ang$ its place 9 ! sky4 ,s9ce a/]oids move ar\nd ! sun 9 orbits1 j z planets d1 !y1 ( c\rse1 quickly reveal !mselves by _! *ange ( position aga9/ ! />ry backgr\nd4 ,! ye> #ahia />t$ a new era 9 ! discov]y ( a/]oids4 ,x occurr$ to ! ,heidelb]g obs]v]1 ,dr4 ,max ,wolf1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! hunt]s ( ^! t9y planets1 t photography might be employ$ 9 ! que/ ) success4 ,?is photographic me?od1 to :i* allusion has already be5 made 9 deal+ ) ,eros1 is an extremely simple "o4 ,if a photograph ( a portion ( ! heav5s be tak5 ?r\gh an equatorial--t is1 a telescope1 mov+ by ma*9]y1 s z to keep ! />s1 at :i* x is po9t$1 always exactly 9 ! field ( view dur+ _! app>5t movem5t across ! sky--! images ( ^! />s w naturally come out 9 ! photograph z %>ply def9$ po9ts4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re happ5s to be an a/]oid1 or o!r planet>y body1 9 ! same field ( view1 its image w come out z a %ort :ite /reak2 because ! body has a comp>atively rapid motion ( its own1 & w1 dur+ ! p]iod ( exposure1 h mov$ suffici5tly aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! />s to leave a %ort trail1 in/ead ( a dot1 ^u ! photographic plate4 ,by ?is me?od ,wolf himself has succe$$ 9 discov]+ m ?an a hundr$ a/]oids 7see ,plate ,,xiii41 p4 #bbf74 ,x 01 inde$1 a little /reak ( ?is k9d1 appe>+ ^u a photograph tak5 by ! a/ronom] ,witt1 at ,b]l91 9 #ahih1 :i* fir/ in=m$ ! _w ( ! exi/5ce ( ,eros4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,m9or ,,planet ,,trails ,two trails ( m9or planets 7a/]oids7 impr9t$ at ! same "t ^u "o photographic plate4 ,9 ! :ite /reak on ! left-h& side ( ! picture we witness ! discov]y ( a new m9or planet4 ,! /reak on ! "r 0 made by a body already kn[n--! m9or planet ,fiducia4 ,?is photograph 0 tak5 by ,dr4 ,max ,wolf1 at ,heidelb]g1 on ! #d? ( ,novemb]1 #aija1 ) ! aid ( a #af-;in* telescope4 ,! "t ( exposure 0 two h\rs4 7,page #bbg7 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! total mass ( ! a/]oids mu/ be mu* less ?an "o-qu>t] t ( ! e>?4 ,!y circulate z a rule )9 a space ( "s #cj1jjj1jjj miles 9 bread?1 ly+ ab\t midway betwe5 ! pa?s ( ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,two or ?ree1 h[ev]1 ( ! mo/ rec5tly discov]$ ( ^! small bodies h be5 f\nd to pass q close to ,jupit]4 ,! orbits ( ! a/]oids are by no means 9 ! "o plane1 t ( ,pallas be+ ! mo/ incl9$ to ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,x is actually ?ree times z mu* incl9$ z t ( ,eros4 ,two notable !ories h be5 put =w>d to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! a/]oids4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! celebrat$ ,g]man a/ronom]1 ,olb]s1 :o 0 ! discov]] ( ,pallas & ,ve/a4 ,he sugge/$ t !y 7 ! fragm5ts ( an explod$ planet4 ,?is !ory 0 = a "t g5]ally accept$1 b has n[ be5 ab&on$ 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 def9ite objections4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! objections is t1 9 accordance ) ! !ory ( gravitation1 ! orbits ( su* fragm5ts w\ld all h to pass ?r\gh ! place :]e ! explosion orig9ally occurr$4 ,b ! wide area ov] :i* ! a/]oids are spread po9ts r aga9/ ! notion t !y all set out orig9ally f "o p>ticul> spot4 ,ano!r objection is t x does n appe> possible t1 )9 a planet already =m$1 =ces c\ld orig9ate suffici5tly p[]ful to te> ! body asund]4 ,! second !ory is t = "s reason a planet "h fail$ 9 ! mak+4 ,possibly ! p[]ful gravitational action ( ! huge body ( ,jupit] h>d by1 di/urb$ ?is region s mu* t ! matt] di/ribut$ ?r\gh x 0 nev] able to collect itself into a s+le mass4 #ah ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 0 ! fir/ to note ^! pol> *anges4 #ai ,q rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,l[ell has ann\nc$ t 8 obs]v]1 ,mr4 ,e4,c4 ,sliph]1 f9ds ) ! spectroscope fa9t traces ( wat] vap\r 9 ! ,m>tian atmosph]e4 #bj ,9 a some:at simil> mann] ! t]m crat]1 z appli$ to ! r+-m\nta9 =mation on ! moon1 has evid5tly giv5 a bias 9 fav\r ( ! volcanic !ory z an explanation ( t peculi> /ructure4 #ba ,mr4 ,sliph]'s results 7see note #b1 page #bac7 7 n !n kn[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,sup]ior ,,planets--cont9u$ ,! planets1 s f>1 h be5 divid$ into inf]ior & sup]ior4 ,su* a division1 h[ev]1 ref]s m]ely to ! situation ( _! orbits ) reg>d to t ( our e>?4 ,!re is1 inde$1 ano!r mann] 9 :i* !y are (t5 class$1 namely1 accord+ to size4 ,on ?is pr9ciple !y are divid$ into two gr\ps2 "o gr\p call$ ! ,t]re/rial ,planets1 or ^? :i* h *>act]i/ics l our e>?1 & ! o!r call$ ! ,major ,planets1 because !y are all ( v great size4 ,! t]re/rial planets are ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! e>?1 & ,m>s4 ,! major planets are ! rema9d]1 namely1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,z ! e>?'s orbit is ! b\nd>y :i* sep>ates ! inf]ior f ! sup]ior planets1 s does ! a/]oidal belt divide ! t]re/rial f ! major planets4 ,we f\nd ! division into inf]ior & sup]ior useful = emphasis+ ! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 aspect :i* ^? two classes pres5t z se5 f our e>?2 ! inf]ior planets %[+ phases l ! moon :5 view$ 9 ! telescope1 :]eas ! sup]ior planets d n4 ,b ! division into t]re/rial & major planets is ! m f>-rea*+ classification ( ! two1 = x includes ! :ole numb] ( planets1 :]eas ! o!r arrangem5t necess>ily excludes ! e>?4 ,! memb]s ( ea* ( ^! classes h _m def9ite *>act]i/ics 9 common4 ,! t]re/rial planets are all ( !m relatively small 9 size1 comp>atively ne> toge!r1 & h few or no satellites4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 r d5se 9 /ructure4 ,! major planets1 on ! o!r h&1 are huge bodies1 circulat+ at great di/ances f ea* o!r1 & are1 z a rule1 provid$ ) a numb] ( satellites4 ,) respect to /ructure1 !y may be fairly describ$ z be+ loosely put toge!r4 ,fur!r1 ! m>k+s on ! surfaces ( ! t]re/rial planets are p]man5t1 :]eas ^? on ! major planets are cont9ually %ift+4 ,,! ,,planet ,,jupit] ,jupit] is ! greate/ ( ! major planets4 ,x has be5 ju/ly call$ ! ,giant planet1 = bo? 9 volume & 9 mass x exce$s all ! o!r planets put toge!r4 ,:5 se5 ?r\gh ! telescope x exhibits a surface pl5tifully cov]$ ) m>k+s1 ! mo/ rem>kable be+ a s]ies ( broad p>allel belts4 ,! *ief belt lies 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ! planet1 & is at pres5t ab\t #aj1jjj miles wide4 ,x is b\nd$ on ei!r side by a r$di% br[n belt ( ab\t ! same wid?4 ,bright spots also appe> ^u ! surface ( ! planet1 la/ = a :ile1 & !n disappe>4 ,! mo/ notable ( ! latt] is "o kn[n z ! ,great ,r$ ,spot4 ,?is is situat$ a little b5ea? ! s\!rn r$ belt1 & appe>$ = ! fir/ "t ab\t ?irty ye>s ago4 ,x has und]gone a good _m *anges 9 col\r & brightness1 & is /ill fa9tly visible4 ,?is spot is ! mo/ p]man5t m>k+ :i* has yet be5 se5 ^u ,jupit]4 ,9 g5]al1 ! m>k+s *ange s (t5 t ! surface :i* we see is evid5tly n solid1 b ( a fleet+ nature ak9 to cl\d 7see ,plate ,,xiv41 p4 #bcj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,planet ,,jupit] ,! ,giant ,planet z se5 at #aa4cj p4m41 on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y1 #aijh1 ) a #ab-a_/b-;in* reflect+ telescope4 ,! ext5sive oval m>k+ 9 ! upp] portion ( ! disc is ! ,great ,r$ ,spot4 ,! ,s\? is at ! top ( ! picture1 ! view be+ ! inv]t$ "o giv5 by an a/ronomical telescope4 ,f a draw+ by ! ,rev4 ,!odore ,e4,r4 ,phillips1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,director ( ! ,jupit] ,section ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association4 7,page #bca7 ,obs]vations ( ,jupit]'s m>k+s %[ t on an av]age ! planet rotates on its axis 9 a p]iod ( ab\t #i h\rs #ed m9utes4 ,! m5tion "h ( an av]age ) ref]5ce to ! rotation w1 no d\bt1 recall to ! read]'s m9d ! simil> case ( ! sun1 ! diff]5t portions ( :i* rotate ) diff]5t velocities4 ,! p>ts ( ,jupit] :i* move quicke/ take #i h\rs #ej m9utes to g r\nd1 :ile ^? :i* move sl[e/ take #i h\rs #eg m9utes4 ,! middle portions rotate ! fa/e/1 a ph5om5on :i* ! read] w recollect 0 also ! case ) reg>d to ! sun4 ,jupit] is a v loosely pack$ body4 ,its d5sity is on an av]age only ab\t #a-a_/b times t ( wat]1 or ab\t "o-f\r? ! d5sity ( ! e>?2 b its bulk is s great t ! gravitation at t surface :i* we see is ab\t #b-a_/b times :at x is on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 accordance1 !re=e1 ) ! k9etic !ory1 we may expect ! planet to reta9 an ext5sive lay] ( gases ar\nd x2 & ?is is confirm$ by ! spectroscope1 :i* gives evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( a d5se atmosph]e4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 x may be safely inf]r$ t ! int]ior ( ,jupit] is v hot1 & t :at we call its surface is n ! actual body ( ! planet1 b a volum9\s lay] ( cl\ds & vap\rs driv5 upw>ds f ! heat$ mass und]nea?4 ,! planet 0 inde$ =m]ly ?\ght to be self-lum9\s2 b ?is c h>dly be ! case1 = ^? portions ( ! surface :i* happ5 to lie at any mom5t 9 ! %ad[s ca/ by ! satellites appe> to be q black4 ,aga91 :5 a satellite passes into ! great %ad[ ca/ by ! planet x becomes entirely invisible1 :i* w\ld n be ! case did ! planet emit any p]ceptible light ( its own4 ,9 its revolutions ar\nd ! sun1 ,jupit] is att5d$1 s f> z we "k1 by sev5#bb satellites4 ,f\r ( ^! 7 among ! fir/ cele/ial objects :i* ,galileo discov]$ ) 8 optick tube1 & he nam$ !m ! ,m$icean ,/>s 9 hon\r ( 8 patron1 ,cosmo de ,m$ici4 ,be+ comp>atively l>ge bodies !y might inde$ j be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 7 x n = ! ov]p[]+ gl>e ( ! planet4 ,x 0 only 9 q rec5t times1 namely1 9 #ahib1 t a fif? satellite 0 add$ to ! sy/em ( ,jupit]4 ,?is body1 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,e4,e4 ,b>n>d1 is v small4 ,x circulates ne>] to ! planet ?an ! inn]mo/ ( ,galileo's moons2 &1 on acc\nt ( ! gl>e1 is a mo/ difficult object to obta9 a glimpse (1 ev5 9 ! be/ ( telescopes4 ,9 ,decemb] #aijd & ,janu>y #aije respectively1 two m moons 7 add$ to ! sy/em1 ^! be+ f\nd by photography1 by ! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,c4,d4 ,p]r9e4 ,bo? ! bodies 9 "q revolve at a great] di/ance f ! planet ?an ! out]mo/ ( ! old] kn[n satellites4 ,galileo's moons1 ?\gh ! l>ge/ bodies ( ,jupit]'s satellite sy/em1 are1 z we h already po9t$ out1 v small inde$ :5 comp>$ ) ! planet itself4 ,! diamet]s ( two ( !m1 ,europa & ,io1 are1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! same z t ( our moon1 :ile ^? ( ! o!r two1 ,calli/o & ,ganym$e1 are m ?an half z l>ge aga94 ,! rec5tly discov]$ satellites are1 on ! o!r h&1 insignificant2 t f\nd by ,b>n>d1 = example1 be+ only ab\t #ajj miles 9 diamet]4 ,( ! f\r orig9al satellites ,io is ! ne>e/ to ,jupit]1 &1 se5 f ! planet1 x w\ld %[ a disc some:at l>g] ?an t ( our moon4 ,! o!rs w\ld appe> some:at small]4 ,h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! great di/ance ( ! sun1 ! entire light reflect$ to ,jupit] by all ! satellites %\ld be v mu* less ?an :at we get f our moon4 ,b>n>d's satellite circles ar\nd ,jupit] at a di/ance less ?an our moon is f u1 & 9 a p]iod ( ab\t #ab h\rs4 ,galileo's f\r satellites revolve 9 p]iods ( ab\t #b1 #c-a_/b1 #g1 & #af-a_/b days respectively1 at di/ances ly+ r\ghly betwe5 a qu>t] ( a million & "o million miles4 ,p]r9e's two satellites are at a di/ance ( ab\t sev5 million miles1 & take ab\t n9e mon?s to complete _! revolutions4 ,! l>g] satellites1 :5 view$ 9 ! telescope1 exhibit c]ta9 def9$ m>k+s2 b ! bodies are s f> away f u1 t only ^? details :i* are ( great ext5t c be se54 ,! satellite ,io1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1 %[s a d>ki% disc1 ) a broad :ite belt across its middle regions4 ,mr4 ,d\glass1 "o ( ! obs]v]s at ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 has not$ ^u ,ganym$e a numb] ( m>k+s some:at resembl+ ^? se5 on ,m>s1 & he concludes1 f _! movem5t1 t ?is satellite rotates on its axis 9 ab\t sev5 days4 ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1 on ! o!r h&1 does n corroborate ?is1 ?\gh he claims to h discov]$ bright pol> caps on bo? ,ganym$e & ,calli/o4 ,9 an e>li] *apt] we dealt at l5g? ) eclipses1 occultations1 & transits1 & endeav\r$ to make cle> ! di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,! sy/em ( ,jupit]'s satellites furni%es excell5t examples ( all ^! ph5om5a4 ,! planet ca/s a v ext5sive %ad[1 & ! satellites are con/antly und]go+ obscuration by pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,su* occurr5ces are pla9ly comp>able to our lun> eclipses4 ,aga91 ! satellites may1 at "o "t1 be occult$ by ! huge disc ( ! planet1 & at ano!r "t se5 9 transit ov] its face4 ,a f\r? ph5om5on is :at is kn[n z an eclipse ( ! planet by a satellite1 :i* is ! exact equival5t ( :at we /yle on ! e>? an eclipse ( ! sun4 ,9 ?is la/ case ! %ad[1 ca/ by ! satellite1 appe>s z a r\nd black spot 9 movem5t across ! planet's surface4 ,9 ! passages ( ^! att5dant bodies beh9d ! planet1 into its %ad[1 or across its face1 respectively1 x occasionally happ5s t ,galileo's f\r satellites all disappe> f view1 & ! planet is !n se5 = a :ile 9 ! unusual condition ( be+ app>5tly )\t its cu/om>y att5dants4 ,an in/ance ( ?is ph5om5on took place on ! #crd ( ,octob] #aijg4 ,on t occasion1 ! satellites kn[n z ,i4 & ,,iii4 7i4e4 ,io & ,ganym$e7 7 eclips$1 t is to say1 obscur$ by pass+ into ! planet's %ad[2 ,satellite ,,iv4 7,calli/o7 0 occult$ by ! planet's disc2 :ile ,satellite ,,ii4 7,europa71 be+ at ! same mom5t 9 transit across ! planet's face1 0 invisible aga9/ t brilliant backgr\nd4 ,a numb] ( in/ances ( ?is k9d ( occurr5ce are on record4 ,galileo1 = example1 not$ "o on ! #ae? ( ,m>* #afaa1 :ile ,h]s*el obs]v$ ano!r on ! #bcrd ( ,may #ahjb4 ,x 0 indirectly to ,jupit]'s satellites t ! _w 0 fir/ indebt$ = its k ( ! velocity ( light4 ,:5 ! p]iods ( revolution ( ! satellites 7 orig9ally det]m9$1 ,jupit] happ5$1 at ! "t1 to be at 8 ne>e/ to u4 ,f ! p]iods ?us f\nd tables 7 made = ! pr$iction ( ! mom5ts at :i* ! eclipses & o!r ph5om5a ( ! satellites %\ld take place4 ,z ,jupit]1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 orbit1 drew fur!r away f ! e>?1 x 0 notic$ t ! disappe>ances ( ! satellites into ! %ad[ ( ! planet occurr$ regul>ly lat] ?an ! "t pr$ict$4 ,9 ! ye> #afge1 ,roem]1 a ,dani% a/ronom]1 inf]r$ f ?is1 n t ! pr$ictions 7 faulty1 b t light did n travel in/antane\sly4 ,x appe>$1 9 fact1 to take long] to rea* u1 ! great] ! di/ance x _h to trav]se4 ,?us1 :5 ! planet 0 f> f ! e>?1 ! la/ ray giv5 out by ! satellite1 be=e its passage into ! %ad[1 took a long] "t to cross ! int]v5+ space1 ?an :5 ! planet 0 ne>4 ,mod]n exp]im5ts 9 physics h q confirm$ ?is1 & h prov$ = u t light does n travel across space 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 z might ha/ily be suppos$1 b actually moves1 z has be5 already /at$1 at ! rate ( ab\t #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,,! ,,planet ,,saturn ,se5 9 ! telescope ! planet ,saturn is a wond]ful & v beautiful object4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f all ! o!r planets1 9 fact f all kn[n cele/ial bodies1 ?r\gh be+ girt ar\nd its equator by :at looks l a broad1 flat r+ ( exce$+ ?9ness4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ^u clos] exam9ation1 is f\nd to be actually compos$ ( ?ree conc5tric r+s4 ,! out]mo/ ( ^! is ne>ly ( ! same brightness z ! body ( ! planet itself4 ,! r+ :i* comes imm$iately )9 x is also bright1 & is sep>at$ f ! out] "o all ! way r\nd by a relatively n>r[ space1 kn[n z ,cass9i's division1 because x 0 discov]$ by ! celebrat$ ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,j4,d4 ,cass9i1 9 ! ye> #afge4 ,inside ! second r+1 & m]g+ ins5sibly into x1 is a ?ird "o1 kn[n z ! crape r+1 because x is d>k] 9 hue ?an ! o!rs & p>tly transp>5t1 ! body ( ,saturn be+ visible ?r\gh x4 ,! inn] b\nd>y ( ?is ?ird & la/ r+ does n adjo9 ! planet1 b is ev]y:]e sep>at$ f x by a def9ite space4 ,?is r+ 0 discov]$ indep5d5tly#bc 9 #ahej by ,bond 9 ,am]ica & ,dawes 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,! ,,planet ,,saturn ,f a draw+ made by ,pr(essor ,b>n>d ) ! ,great ,lick ,telescope4 ,! black b& fr++ ! out] r+1 :]e x crosses ! disc1 is portion ( ! %ad[ :i* ! r+s ca/ ^u ! planet4 ,! black w$ge-%ap$ m>k1 :]e ! r+s disappe> beh9d ! disc at ! left-h& side1 is portion ( ! %ad[ :i* ! planet ca/s ^u ! r+s4 7,page #bcg7 ,z di/+ui%$ f ! crape r+1 ! bright r+s mu/ h a consid]able clos5ess ( texture2 = ! %ad[ ( ! planet may be se5 project$ ^u !m1 & _! %ad[s 9 turn project$ ^u ! surface ( ! planet 7see ,plate ,,xv41 p4 #bcf74 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1 ! entire bread? ( ! r+ sy/em1 t is to say1 f "o side to ! o!r ( ! out] r+1 is #agb1caj miles1 or some:at m ?an d\ble ! planet's diamet]4 ,9 ! v>y+ views :i* we get ( ,saturn1 ! sy/em ( ! r+s is pres5t$ to u at v diff]5t angles4 ,sometimes we are enabl$ to gaze ^u its broad expanse2 at o!r times1 h[ev]1 its ?9 edge is turn$ exactly t[>ds u1 an occurr5ce :i* takes place aft] int]vals ( ab\t fifte5 ye>s4 ,:5 ?is happ5$ 9 #ahib ! r+s are said to h disappe>$ entirely f view 9 ! great ,lick telescope4 ,we ?us get an idea ( _! small degree ( ?ickness1 :i* w\ld appe> to be only ab\t #ej miles4 ,! la/ "t ! sy/em ( r+s 0 exactly edgewise to ! e>? 0 on ! #crd ( ,octob] #aijg4 ,! "q ( ! composition ( ^! r+s has giv5 rise to a good deal ( speculation4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t !y 7 ei!r solid or liquid1 b 9 #aheg x 0 prov$ by ,cl]k ,maxwell t a /ructure ( ?is k9d w\ld n be able to /&4 ,he %[$1 h[ev]1 t !y c\ld be fully expla9$ by suppos+ !m to consi/ ( an imm5se numb] ( sep>ate solid p>ticles1 or1 z "o might o!rwise put x1 extremely small satellites1 circl+ 9 d5se sw>ms ar\nd ! middle portions ( ! planet4 ,x is !re=e believ$ t we h "h ! mat]ials ready = ! =mation ( a satellite or satellites2 b t ! p[]ful gravitative action1 aris+ ?r\gh ! planet's be+ s ne> at h&1 is too great ev] to all[ ^! mat]ials to aggregate !mselves into a solid mass4 ,!re is1 z a matt] ( fact1 a m9imum di/ance f ! body ( any planet )9 :i* x c be %[n t a satellite w be unable to =m on acc\nt ( gravitational /ress4 ,?is is kn[n z ,ro*e's limit1 f ! "n ( a ,fr5* a/ronom] :o specially inve/igat$ ! "q4 ,!re ?us appe>s to be a c]ta9 degree ( analogy betwe5 ,saturn's r+s & ! a/]oids4 ,empty spaces1 too1 exi/ 9 ! a/]oidal zone1 ! relative position ( "o ( :i* be>s a /rik+ resemblance to t ( ,cass9i's division4 ,x is sugge/$1 inde$1 t ?is division _h its orig9 9 gravitational di/urbances produc$ by ! attraction ( ! l>g] satellites1 j z ! empty spaces 9 ! a/]oidal zone are suppos$ to be ! result ( p]turbations caus$ by ! ,giant ,planet h>d by4 ,x has long be5 und]/ood t ! sy/em ( ! r+s mu/ be rotat+ ar\nd ,saturn1 = if !y 7 n 9 motion 8 int5se gravitational attraction w\ld quickly te> !m 9 pieces4 ,?is 0 at l5g? prov$ to be ! fact by ! late ,pr(essor ,keel]1 ,director ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 :o f spectroscopic obs]vations f\nd t ^? portions ( ! r+s situat$ ne> to ! planet rotat$ fa/] ?an ^? f>!r f x4 ,?is directly supports ! view t ! r+s are compos$ ( satellites2 =1 z we h already se51 ! ne>] a satellite is to its prim>y ! fa/] x w revolve4 ,on ! o!r h&1 7 ! r+s solid1 _! out] portions w\ld move ! fa/e/2 z we h se5 takes place 9 ! body ( ! e>?1 = example4 ,! mass ( ! r+ sy/em1 h[ev]1 mu/ be exce$+ly small1 = x does n appe> to produce any di/urbances 9 ! movem5ts ( ,saturn's satellites4 ,f ! k9etic !ory1 !re=e1 "o w\ld n expect to f9d any atmosph]e on ! r+s1 & ! abs5ce ( x is duly %[n by spectroscopic obs]vations4 ,! diamet] ( ,saturn1 r\ghly speak+1 is ab\t "o-fif? less ?an t ( ,jupit]4 ,! planet is v flatt5$ at ! poles1 ?is flatt5+ be+ q noticeable 9 a good telescope4 ,= in/ance1 ! diamet] across ! equator is ab\t #gf1dgj miles1 :ile f pole to pole x is mu* less1 namely1 #fi1ggj4 ,! surface ( ,saturn be>s a /rong resemblance to t ( ,jupit]4 ,its m>k+s1 ?\gh n s well def9$1 are ( ! same belt-l description2 & f obs]vation ( !m x appe>s t ! planet rotates on an av]age 9 a little ov] t5 h\rs4 ,! rotation is 9 fact ( ! same peculi> k9d z t ( ! sun & ,jupit]2 b ! diff]5ce ( spe$ at :i* ! v>i\s portions ( ,saturn g r\nd are ev5 m m>k$ ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,giant ,planet4 ,! d5sity ( ,saturn is less ?an t ( ,jupit]2 s t x mu/ be l>gely 9 a condition ( vap\r1 & 9 all probability at a /ill e>li] /age ( planet>y evolution4 ,up to ! pres5t we "k ( z _m z t5 satellites circl+ ar\nd ,saturn1 :i* is m ?an any o!r planet ( ! sol> sy/em c lay claim to4 ,two ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are v rec5t discov]ies2 "o1 ,phoebe1 hav+ be5 f\nd by photography 9 ,augu/ #ahih1 & ! o!r1 ,!mis1 9 #aijd1 also by ! same means4 ,= bo? ( ^! we are indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,w4,h4 ,pick]+4 ,!mis is said to be ! fa9te/ object 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,x _c be se51 ev5 ) ! l>ge/ telescope 9 exi/5ce2 a fact :i* %\ld h>dly fail to impress ^u "o ! great advantage ! photographic plate possesses 9 ^! rese>*es ov] ! human eye4 ,! mo/ important ( ! :ole ,saturnian family ( satellites are ! two kn[n z ,titan & ,japetus4 ,^! 7 discov]$ respectively by ,huygh5s 9 #afee & by ,cass9i 9 #afga4 ,japetus is ab\t ! same size z our moon2 :ile ! diamet] ( ,titan1 ! l>ge/ ( ! satellites1 is ab\t half z mu* aga94 ,titan takes ab\t sixte5 days to revolve ar\nd ,saturn1 :ile ,japetus takes m ?an two mon?s & a half4 ,! =m] is ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million miles di/ant f ! planet1 & ! latt] ab\t two & a qu>t] millions4 ,to ,sir ,william ,h]s*el we are indebt$ = ! discov]y ( two m satellites1 "o ( :i* he f\nd on ! ev5+ t he us$ 8 celebrat$ #dj-;foot telescope = ! fir/ "t4 ,! n9? satellite1 ,phoebe1 "o ( ! two discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 is p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable body 9 ! sol> sy/em1 = all ! o!r kn[n memb]s ( t sy/em p]=m _! revolutions 9 "o fix$ direction1 :]eas ?is satellite revolves 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great di/ance ( ,saturn1 ! sun1 z se5 f ! planet1 w\ld appe> s small t x w\ld sc>cely %[ any disc4 ,! planet1 inde$1 only receives f ! sun ab\t "o-n9etie? ( ! heat & light :i* ! e>? receives4 ,ow+ to ?is dim9i%$ int5sity ( illum9ation1 ! comb9$ light reflect$ to ,saturn by ! :ole ( its satellites mu/ be v small4 ,) ! sole exception ( ,jupit]1 n "o ( ! planets circulat+ ne>] to ! sun c\ld be se5 f ,saturn1 z !y w\ld be entirely lo/ 9 ! sol> gl>e4 ,= an obs]v] ^u ,saturn1 ,jupit] w\ld1 !re=e1 fill mu* ! same position z ,v5us does = u1 regul>ly display+ phases & be+ alt]nately a morn+ & an ev5+ />4 ,x is r int]e/+ to consid] ! appe>ances :i* w\ld be produc$ 9 our skies 7 ! e>? embelli%$ ) a sy/em ( r+s simil> to ^? ( ,saturn4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! curv+ ( ! t]re/rial surface1 !y w\ld n be se5 at all f )9 ! ,arctic or ,ant>ctic circles1 z !y w\ld be always bel[ ! horizon4 ,f ! equator !y w\ld be cont9ually se5 edgewise1 & s w\ld appe> m]ely z l9e ( light /ret*+ "r across ! heav5 & pass+ ?r\gh ! z5i?4 ,b ! dwell]s 9 ! rema9+ regions w\ld f9d !m v objectionable1 = !y w\ld cut (f ! light ( ! sun dur+ l5g?y p]iods ( "t4 ,saturn 0 a sore puzzle to ! e>ly telescopic obs]v]s4 ,!y did n = a long "t grasp ! fact t x 0 surr\nd$ by a r+--s sl[ is ! human m9d to seek = explanations out ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 ,! protrusions ( ! r+ on ei!r side ( ! planet1 at fir/ look$ to ,galileo l two m9or globes plac$ on opposite sides ( x1 & slightly ov]lapp+ ! disc4 ,he !re=e in=m$ ,kepl] t ,saturn consi/s ( ?ree />s 9 contact ) "o ano!r4 ,yet he 0 g5u9ely puzzl$ by ! fact t ! two att5dant bodies 7z he ?\ght !m7 always reta9$ ! same position ) reg>d to ! planet's disc1 & did n appe> to revolve ar\nd x1 nor to be 9 any wise %ift$ z a consequ5ce ( ! movem5ts ( our e>?4 ,ab\t a ye> & a half elaps$ be=e he aga9 exam9$ ,saturn2 &1 if he 0 previ\sly puzzl$1 he 0 n[ ?or\ghly amaz$4 ,x happ5$ j !n to be "o ( ^? p]iods :5 ! r+ is edgewise t[>ds ! e>?1 & ( c\rse he only saw a r\nd disc l t ( ,jupit]4 ,:at1 inde$1 _h become ( ! att5dant orbs8 ,0 "s demon mock+ him8 ,_h ,saturn dev\r$ 8 own *ildr58 ,he 01 h[ev]1 fat$ to be /ill m puzzl$1 = soon ! m9or orbs reappe>$1 &1 becom+ l>g] & l>g] z "t w5t on1 !y end$ by los+ _! globul> appe>ance & became l two pairs ( arms clasp+ ! planet f ea* side6 7see ,plate ,,xvi41 p4 #bdb74 ,galileo w5t to 8 grave ) ! riddle /ill unsolv$1 & x rema9$ = ! fam\s ,dut* a/ronom]1 ,huygh5s1 to cle> up ! matt]4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 "s little "t be=e he hit ^u ! real explanation4 ,hav+ notic$ t !re 7 d>k spaces betwe5 ! /range app5dages & ! body ( ! planet1 he imag9$ ,saturn to be a globe fitt$ ) h&les at ea* side2 ans ^! came to be call$1 f ! ,lat9 ansa1 :i* means a h&le4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! ye> #afef1 he solv$ ! problem1 & ?is he did by means ( t #abc-;foot tubeless telescope1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made4 ,! r+ happ5$ !n to be at its edgewise p]iod1 & a c>eful /udy ( ! behavi\r ( ! ans :5 disappe>+ & reappe>+ soon reveal$ to ,huygh5s ! true explanation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,e>ly ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,saturn ,f an illu/ration 9 ! ,sy/ema ,saturnium ( ,*ri/ian ,huygh5s4 7,page #bdb7 ,,! ,,planets ,,uranus ,,& ,,neptune ,we h already expla9$ 79 ,*apt] ,,ii47 ! circum/ances 9 :i* bo? ,uranus & ,neptune 7 discov]$4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be add$ t aft] ! discov]y ( ,uranus1 t planet 0 f\nd to h be5 already not$ ^u sev]al occasions by diff]5t obs]v]s1 b always )\t ! lea/ suspicion t x 0 o!r ?an a m]e fa9t />4 ,aga91 ) ref]5ce to ! discov]y ( ,neptune1 x may "h be m5tion$ t ! app>5t am\nt by :i* t planet _h pull$ ,uranus out ( its place ^u ! />ry backgr\nd 0 exce$+ly small--s small1 inde$1 t no eye c\ld h detect$ x )\t ! aid ( a telescope6 ,( ! two pr$ictions ( ! place ( ,neptune 9 ! sky1 t ( ,le ,v]ri] 0 ! ne>]4 ,inde$1 ! position calculat$ by ,adams 0 m ?an twice z f> out4 ,b ,adams 0 by a long way ! fir/ 9 ! field ) 8 results1 & only = un=tunate delays ! prize w\ld c]ta9ly h fall5 to him4 ,= in/ance1 !re 0 no />-map at ,cambridge1 & ,pr(essor ,*allis1 ! director ( ! obs]vatory !re1 0 9 consequ5ce oblig$ to make a labori\s exam9ation ( ! />s 9 ! suspect$ region4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all t ,galle _h to d 0 to comp>e t "p ( ! sky :]e ,le ,v]ri] told him to look ) ! ,b]l9 />-*>t :i* he _h by him4 ,?is he did on ,septemb] #bc1 #ahdf1 ) ! result t he quickly not$ an eigh? magnitude /> :i* did n figure 9 t *>t4 ,by ! next night ?is /> _h alt]$ its position 9 ! sky1 ?us disclos+ ! fact t x 0 really a planet4 ,six days lat] ,pr(essor ,*allis succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! planet1 b ( c\rse he 0 n[ too late4 ,on review+ 8 lab\rs he asc]ta9$ t he _h actually not$ d[n its place e>ly 9 ,augu/1 & _h he only be5 able to sift 8 obs]vations z he made !m1 ! discov]y w\ld h be5 made !n4 ,lat] on x 0 f\nd t ,neptune _h only j miss$ be+ discov]$ ab\t fifty ye>s e>li]4 ,9 c]ta9 obs]vations made dur+ #agie1 ! fam\s ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,lal&e1 f\nd t a />1 :i* he _h mapp$ 9 a c]ta9 position on ! #h? ( ,may ( t ye>1 0 9 a diff]5t position two days lat]4 ,! idea ( a planet does n appe> to h ent]$ 8 m9d1 & he m]ely treat$ ! fir/ obs]vation z an error6 ,! read] w1 no d\bt1 recollect h[ ! discov]y ( ! a/]oids 0 due 9 effect to an app>5t break 9 ! seem+ly regul> sequ5ce ( ! planet>y orbits outw>ds f ! sun4 ,?is curi\s sequ5ce ( relative di/ances is usually kn[n z ,bode's ,law1 because x 0 fir/ br\ght into g5]al notice by an a/ronom] ( t "n4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 previ\sly be5 inve/igat$ ma!matically by ,titius 9 #aggb4 ,long be=e ?is1 inde$1 ! unnecess>ily wide space betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit] _h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! great ,kepl] to su* a degree1 t he pr$ict$ t a planet w\ld "s day be f\nd to fill ! void4 ,not)/&+ ! s]vice :i* ! s-call$ ,law ( ,bode has indirectly r5d]$ to a/ronomy1 x has /rangely en\gh be5 f\nd aft] all n to re/ ^u any sci5tific f\ndation4 ,x w n acc\nt = ! di/ance f ! sun ( ! orbit ( ,neptune1 & ! v sequ5ce seems on ! :ole to be 9 ! nature ( a m]e co9cid5ce4 ,neptune is invisible to ! nak$ eye2 ,uranus is j at ! limit ( visibility4 ,bo? planets are1 h[ev]1 s f> f u t we c get b ! poore/ k ( _! condition & surr\nd+s4 ,uranus1 up to ! pres5t1 is kn[n to be att5d$ by f\r satellites1 & ,neptune by "o4 ,! planets !mselves are ab\t equal 9 size2 _! diamet]s1 r\ghly speak+1 be+ ab\t "o-half t ( ,saturn4 ,"s m>k+s h1 inde$1 be5 se5 ^u ! disc ( ,uranus1 b !y are v indi/9ct & fleet+4 ,f obs]vation ( !m1 x is assum$ t ! planet rotates on its axis 9 a p]iod ( "s t5 to twelve h\rs4 ,no def9ite m>k+s h z yet be5 se5 ^u ,neptune1 :i* body is describ$ by sev]al obs]v]s z resembl+ a fa9t planet>y nebula4 ,) reg>d to _! physical condition1 ! mo/ t c be said ab\t ^! two planets is t !y are probably 9 mu* ! same vapor\s /ate z ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,on acc\nt ( _! great di/ance f ! sun !y c receive b little sol> heat & light4 ,se5 f ,neptune1 9 fact1 ! sun w\ld appe> only ab\t ! size ( ,v5us at h] be/1 ?\gh ( a brightness suffici5tly int5se to illum9e ! ,neptunian l&scape ) ab\t sev5 hundr$ times our full moonlight4 #bb ,mr4 ,p4 ,melotte1 ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 :ile exam9+ a photograph tak5 !re on ,febru>y #bh1 #aijh1 discov]$ ^u x a v fa9t object :i* x is firmly believ$ w prove to be an eigh? satellite ( ,jupit]4 ,?is object 0 aft]w>ds f\nd on plates expos$ z f> back z ,janu>y #bg4 ,x has s9ce be5 photograph$ sev]al times at ,gre5wi*1 & also at ,heidelb]g 7by ,dr4 ,max ,wolf7 & at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,its movem5t is probably retrograde1 l t ( ,phoebe 7p4 #bdj74 #bc ,9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy two sali5t po9ts /& out4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! numb] ( indep5d5t discov]ies :i* h tak5 place2 su*1 = in/ance1 z 9 ! cases ( ,le ,v]ri] & ,adams ) reg>d to ,neptune1 & ( ,locky] & ,janss5 9 ! matt] ( ! spectroscopic me?od ( obs]v+ sol> prom95ces4 ,! o!r is ! great am\nt ( anticipation4 ,cop]nicus1 z we h se51 0 anticipat$ by ! ,greeks2 ,kepl] 0 n actually ! fir/ :o ?\ght ( elliptic orbits2 o!rs be=e ,newton _h imag9$ an attractive =ce4 ,bo? ^! po9ts furni% mu* food = ?\ght6 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,comets ,! read] has1 no d\bt1 be5 /ruck by ! m>k$ uni=mity :i* exi/s among ^? memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em ) :i* we h dealt up to ! pres5t4 ,! sun1 ! planets1 & _! satellites are all :at we call solid bodies4 ,! planets move ar\nd ! sun1 & ! satellites ar\nd ! planets1 9 orbits :i*1 ?\gh /rictly speak+1 ellipses1 are yet n 9 any in/ance ( a v oval =m4 ,two results naturally foll[ f ^! consid]ations4 ,fir/ly1 ! bodies 9 "q hide ! light com+ to u f ^? fur!r (f1 :5 !y pass 9 front ( !m4 ,secondly1 ! planets nev] get s f> f ! sun t we lose sight ( !m altoge!r4 ,) ! objects kn[n z ,comets x is1 h[ev]1 q ! contr>y4 ,^! objects d n con=m to our notions ( solidity4 ,!y are s transp>5t t !y c pass across ! smalle/ /> )\t dimm+ its light 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,aga91 !y are only visible to u dur+ a portion ( _! orbits4 ,a comet may be briefly describ$ z an illum9at$ filmy-look+ object1 made up usually ( ?ree portions--a head1 a nucleus1 or bright] c5tral portion )9 ?is head1 & a tail4 ,! heads ( comets v>y greatly 9 size2 "s1 inde$1 appe> q small1 l />s1 :ile o!rs look ev5 z l>ge z ! moon4 ,occasionally ! nucleus is want+1 & sometimes ! tail also4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,%[+ h[ ! ,tail ( a ,comet is direct$ away f ! ,sun4 ,^! my/]i\s visitors to our skies come up into view out ( ! imm5sities beyond1 move t[>ds ! sun at a rapidly increas+ spe$1 &1 hav+ gone ar\nd x1 da% away aga9 into ! dep?s ( space4 ,z a comet approa*es ! sun1 its body appe>s to gr[ small] & small]1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x gradually ?r[s out beh9d x an app5dage l a tail4 ,z ! comet moves r\nd ! c5tral orb ?is tail is always direct$ away f ! sun2 & :5 x dep>ts aga9 into space ! tail goes 9 advance4 ,z ! comet's di/ance f ! sun increases1 ! tail gradually %r9ks away & ! head once m gr[s 9 size 7see ,fig4 #ah74 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! *anges1 & ( ! fact t we lose sight ( comets comp>atively quickly1 "o is mu* incl9$ to wond] :at fur!r *anges may take place aft] ! bodies h pass$ beyond our k54 ,! orbits ( comets are1 z we h se51 v elliptic4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is ellipticity is s great z to take ! bodies out into space to ne>ly six times ! di/ance ( ,neptune f ! sun4 ,= a long "t1 inde$1 x 0 consid]$ t comets 7 ( two k9ds1 namely1 ^? :i* actually belong$ to ! sol> sy/em1 & ^? :i* 7 m]ely visitors to x = ! fir/ & only "t--ru%+ 9 f ! dep?s ( space1 rapidly circuit+ ! sun1 & f9ally da%+ away into space aga91 nev] to return4 ,on ! contr>y1 n[adays1 a/ronom]s are g5]ally incl9$ to reg>d comets z p]man5t memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 ( decid+ absolutely :e!r ! orbits ( comets are really always clos$ curves1 t is to say1 curves :i* mu/ soon] or lat] br+ ! bodies back aga9 t[>ds ! sun1 is1 inde$1 v great4 ,comets1 9 ! fir/ place1 are always s diffuse1 t x is impossible to det]m9e _! exact position1 or1 r1 ! exact position ( t important po9t )9 !m1 kn[n z ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,secondly1 t /ret* ( its orbit along :i* we c foll[ a comet1 is su* a v small portion ( ! :ole pa?1 t ! slighte/ errors ( obs]vation :i* we make w result 9 consid]ably alt]+ our e/imate ( ! actual %ape ( ! orbit4 ,comets h be5 describ$ z s transp>5t t !y c pass across ! sky )\t dimm+ ! lu/re ( ! smalle/ />s1 :i* ! ?9ne/ fog or mi/ w\ld d4 ,?is is1 inde$1 true ( e portion ( a comet except ! nucleus1 :i* is1 z its "n implies1 ! d5se/ "p4 ,& yet1 9 contra/ to ?is gho/like "*1 is ! /range fact t :5 comets are ( a c]ta9 brightness !y may actually be se5 9 full daylight4 ,z might be ga!r$ f _! extreme t5uity1 comets are s exce$+ly small 9 mass t !y d n appe> to ex]t any gravitational attraction ^u ! o!r bodies ( our sy/em4 ,x is1 inde$1 a kn[n fact t 9 ! ye> #ahhf a comet pass$ "r amid/ ! satellites ( ,jupit] )\t di/urb+ !m 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,! attraction ( ! planet1 on ! o!r h&1 s alt]$ ! comet's orbit1 z to cause x to revolve ar\nd ! sun 9 a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s1 in/ead ( tw5ty-sev51 z _h previ\sly be5 ! case4 ,also1 9 #aggi1 ! comet kn[n z ,lexell's pass$ q close to ,jupit]1 & its orbit 0 s *ang$ by t planet's attraction t x has nev] be5 se5 s9ce4 ,! d5sity ( comets mu/1 z a rule1 be v mu* less ?an ! "o-?\s&? "p ( t ( ! air at ! surface ( our globe2 =1 if ! d5sity ( ! comet 7 ev5 s small z ?is1 its mass w\ld n be inappreciable4 ,if comets are really und\bt$ memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 evolv$ mu/ h be5 diff]5t f ^? :i* produc$ ! planets & satellites4 ,! axial rotations ( bo? ! latt]1 & also _! revolutions1 take place 9 "o c]ta9 direction2#bd _! orbits1 too1 are ellipses :i* d n diff] mu* f circles1 & :i*1 fur!rmore1 are situat$ fairly 9 ! "o plane4 ,comets1 on ! o!r h&1 d n necess>ily travel r\nd ! sun 9 ! same fix$ direction z ! planets4 ,_! orbits1 besides1 are exce$+ly elliptic2 &1 f> f keep+ to "o plane1 or ev5 ne> x1 !y approa* ! sun f all directions4 ,broadly speak+1 comets may be divid$ into two di/9ct classes1 or families4 ,9 ! fir/ class1 ! same orbit appe>s to be %>$ 9 common by a s]ies ( comets :i* travel along x1 "o foll[+ ! o!r4 ,! comets :i* appe>$ 9 ! ye>s #affh1 #ahdc1 #ahhj1 #ahhb1 & #ahhg are in/ances ( a numb] ( diff]5t bodies pursu+ ! same pa? ar\nd ! sun4 ,! memb]s ( a comet family ( ?is k9d are obs]v$ to h simil> *>act]i/ics4 ,! idea is t su* comets are m]ely portions ( "o mu* l>g] comet>y body1 :i* became brok5 up by ! gravitational action ( o!r bodies 9 ! sy/em1 or ?r\gh viol5t enc\nt] ) ! sun's surr\nd+s4 ,! second class is compos$ ( comets :i* are suppos$ to h be5 seiz$ by ! gravitative action ( c]ta9 planets1 & ?us =c$ to revolve 9 %ort ellipses ar\nd ! sun1 well )9 ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,^! comets are1 9 consequ5ce1 spok5 ( z captures4 ,!y move ar\nd ! sun 9 ! same direction z ! planets d4 ,jupit] has a fairly l>ge comet family ( ?is k9d atta*$ to him4 ,z a result ( 8 ov]p[]+ gravitation1 x is imag9$ t dur+ ! ages he mu/ h attract$ a l>ge numb] ( ^! bodies on 8 own acc\nt1 &1 p]haps1 h robb$ o!r planets ( _! captures4 ,8 family at pres5t numb]s ab\t ?irty4 ,( ! o!r planets1 s f> z we "k1 ,saturn possesses a comet family ( two1 ,uranus ?ree1 & ,neptune six4 ,!re are1 inde$1 a few comets :i* appe> z if "u ! influ5ce ( "s =ce situat$ outside ! kn[n b\nds ( ! sol> sy/em1 a circum/ance :i* goes to /r5g!n ! idea t o!r planets may revolve beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune4 ,! t]re/rial planets1 on ! o!r h&1 _c h comet families2 because ! enorm\s gravitative action ( ! sun 9 _! vic9ity entirely ov]p[]s ! attractive =ce :i* !y ex]t ^u ^? comets :i* pass close to !m4 ,besides ?is1 a comet1 :5 9 ! inn] regions ( ! sol> sy/em1 moves ) su* rapidity1 t ! gravitational pull ( ! planets !re situat$ is n p[]ful en\gh to deflect x to any ext5t4 ,x mu/ n be presum$1 h[ev]1 t a comet once captur$ %\ld always rema9 a prison]4 ,fur!r di/urb+ causes might unsettle its newly acquir$ orbit1 & s5d x out aga9 into ! cele/ial spaces4 ,) reg>d to ! matt] ( :i* comets are compos$1 ! spectroscope %[s ! pres5ce 9 !m ( hydroc>bon comp\nds 7a notable *>act]i/ic ( ^! bodies71 & at times1 also1 ( sodium & iron4 ,"s ( ! light :i* we get f comets is1 h[ev]1 m]ely reflect$ sunlight4 ,! fact t ! tails ( comets are always direct$ away f ! sun1 has giv5 rise to ! idea t ?is is caus$ by "s repell+ action emanat+ f ! sun itself1 :i* is cont9ually driv+ (f ! smalle/ p>ticles4 ,two lead+ !ories h be5 =mulat$ to acc\nt = ! tails !mselves ^u ! above assumption4 ,"o ( ^!1 fir/ sugge/$ by ,olb]s 9 #ahab1 & n[ associat$ ) ! "n ( ! ,russian a/ronom]1 ! late ,pr(essor ,brdikh9e1 :o c>efully work$ x out1 presumes an electrical action emanat+ f ! sun2 ! o!r1 t ( ,arrh5ius1 supposes a pressure ex]t$ by ! sol> light 9 its radiation outw>ds into space4 ,x is possible1 inde$1 t repell+ =ces ( bo? ^! k9ds may be at "w toge!r4 ,m9ute p>ticles are probably be+ cont9ually produc$ by friction & collisions among ! m solid p>ts 9 ! heads ( comets4 ,suppos+ t su* p>ticles are driv5 (f altoge!r1 "o may !re=e assume t ! s-call$ captur$ comets are dis9tegrat+ at a comp>atively rapid rate4 ,kepl] long ago ma9ta9$ t comets die1 & ?is actually appe>s to be ! case4 ,! ord9>y p]iodic ones1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,encke's ,comet1 are v fa9t1 & becom+ fa9t] at ea* return4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! comets h1 inde$1 fail$ altoge!r to reappe>4 ,x is notable t ! memb]s ( ,jupit]'s comet family are n v conspicu\s objects4 ,!y h small tails1 & ev5 9 "s cases h none at all4 ,! family1 too1 does n conta9 _m memb]s1 & yet "o _c b suppose t ,jupit]1 on acc\nt ( 8 great mass1 has _h _m opportunities = mak+ captures ad[n ! ages4 ,( ! two !ories to :i* allusion has above be5 made1 t ( ,brdikh9e has be5 work$ out s c>efully1 & ) su* a %[ ( plausibility1 t x "h calls = a detail$ description4 ,x appe>s besides to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( comets' tails s mu* m satisfactorily ?an t ( ,arrh5ius1 t a/ronom]s are incl9$ to accept x ! m readily ( ! two4 ,accord+ to ,brdikh9e's !ory ! electrical repulsive =ce1 :i* he assumes = ! purposes ( 8 argum5t1 w drive ! m9ute/ p>ticles ( ! comet 9 a direction away f ! sun mu* m readily ?an ! gravitative action ( t body w pull !m t[>ds x4 ,?is may be comp>$ to ! ease ) :i* f9e du/ may be bl[n upw>ds1 al?\gh ! e>?'s gravitation is act+ ^u x all ! "t4 ,! rese>*es ( ,brdikh9e1 :i* began s]i\sly ) 8 inve/igation ( ,coggia's ,comet ( #ahgd1 l$ him to classify ! tails ( comets 9 ?ree types4 ,presum+ t ! repulsive =ce emanat+ f ! sun did n v>y1 he came to ! conclusion t ! diff]5t =ms assum$ by comet>y tails mu/ be ascrib$ to ! special action ( ?is =ce ^u ! v>i\s elem5ts :i* happ5 to be pres5t 9 ! comet4 ,! tails :i* he classes z ( ! fir/ type1 are ^? :i* are long & /raight & po9t directly away f ! sun4 ,examples ( su* tails are f\nd 9 ! comets ( #ahaa1 #ahdc1 & #ahfa4 ,tails ( ?is k9d1 he ?9ks1 are 9 all probability =m$ ( hydrog54 ,8 second type comprises ^? :i* are po9t$ away f ! sun1 b at ! same "t are consid]ably curv$1 z 0 se5 9 ! comets ( ,donati & ,coggia4 ,^! tails are =m$ ( hydroc>bon gas4 ,! ?ird type ( tail is %ort1 bru%-l1 & /rongly b5t1 & is =m$ ( ! vap\r ( iron1 mix$ ) t ( sodium & o!r elem5ts4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be not$ t comets h occasionally be5 se5 :i* possess sev]al tails ( ^! v>i\s types4 ,we w n[ t\* ^u a few ( ! be/ kn[n comets ( mod]n times4 ,! comet ( #afhj 0 ! fir/ ^: orbit 0 calculat$ accord+ to ! laws ( gravitation4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by ,newton1 & he f\nd t ! comet 9 "q complet$ its j\rney r\nd ! sun 9 a p]iod ( ab\t #fjj ye>s4 ,9 #afhb !re appe>$ a great comet1 :i* has become fam\s "u ! "n ( ,halley's ,comet1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pr(\nd inve/igations made into its motion by ! great a/ronom]1 ,edmund ,halley4 ,he fix$ its p]iod ( revolution ar\nd ! sun at ab\t sev5ty-five ye>s1 & pr$ict$ t x w\ld reappe> 9 ! e>ly "p ( #agei4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 live to see ?is fulfill$1 b ! comet duly return$--! fir/ body ( ! k9d to v]ify su* a pr$iction--& 0 detect$ on ,*ri/mas ,day1 #ageh1 by ,george ,palitz*1 an amateur obs]v] liv+ ne> ,dresd54 ,halley also inve/igat$ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! comet1 & trac$ x back to ! ye> #adef4 ,! orbit ( ,halley's comet passes out slightly beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune4 ,at its la/ visit 9 #ahce1 ?is comet pass$ comp>atively close to u1 namely1 )9 five million miles ( ! e>?4 ,accord+ to ! calculations ( ,messrs ,p4,h4 ,c[ell & ,a4,c4,d4 ,crommel9 ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 its next return w be 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaj2 ! ne>e/ approa* to ! e>? tak+ place ab\t ,may #ab4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahaa1 a great comet appe>$1 :i* rema9$ visible = ne>ly a ye> & a half4 ,x 0 a magnific5t object2 ! tail be+ ab\t #ajj millions ( miles 9 l5g?1 & ! head ab\t #abg1jjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,a detail$ /udy :i* he gave to ?is comet prompt$ ,olb]s to put =w>d t !ory ( electrical repulsion :i*1 z we h se51 has s9ce be5 s c>efully work$ out by ,brdikh9e4 ,olb]s _h notic$ t ! p>ticles expell$ f ! head appe>$ to travel to ! end ( ! tail 9 ab\t elev5 m9utes1 ?us %[+ a velocity p] second v simil> to t ( light4 ,! discov]y 9 #ahai ( ! comet kn[n z ,encke's1 because its orbit 0 det]m9$ by an a/ronom] ( t "n1 drew att5tion = ! fir/ "t to ,jupit]'s comet family1 &1 inde$1 to %ort-p]iod comets 9 g5]al4 ,?is comet revolves ar\nd ! sun 9 ! %orte/ kn[n p]iod ( any ( ^! bodies1 namely1 #c-a_/c ye>s4 ,encke pr$ict$ t x w\ld return 9 #ahbb4 ,?is duly occurr$1 ! comet pass+ at its ne>e/ to ! sun )9 ?ree h\rs ( ! "t indicat$2 be+ ?us ! second in/ance ( ! fulfilm5t ( a pr$iction ( ! k9d4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( irregul>ity :i* ,encke's ,comet displays 9 ! dates ( its returns to ! sun1 has be5 suppos$ to indicate t x passes 9 ! c\rse ( its orbit ?r\gh "s ret>d+ m$ium1 b no def9ite conclusions h s f> be5 arriv$ at 9 ?is matt]4 ,a comet1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahbf1 goes by ! "n ( ,biela's ,comet1 because ( its discov]y by an ,au/rian milit>y (fic]1 ,wilhelm von ,biela4 ,?is comet 0 f\nd to h a p]iod ( betwe5 six & sev5 ye>s4 ,c]ta9 calculations made by ,olb]s %[$ t1 at its return 9 #ahcb1 x w\ld pass ?r\gh ! e>?'s orbit4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ?is gave rise to a panic2 = p did n wait to inquire :e!r ! e>? w\ld be any:]e ne> t "p ( its orbit :5 ! comet pass$4 ,! panic1 h[ev]1 subsid$ :5 ! ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,arago1 %[$ t at ! mom5t 9 "q ! e>? w\ld be "s #ej millions ( miles away f ! po9t indicat$6 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,donati',s ,,comet ,f a draw+ made on ,octob] #i?1 #aheh1 by ,g4,p4 ,bond1 ( ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,a good illu/ration ( ,brdikh9e's !ory3 note ! /raight tails ( 8 fir/ type1 & ! curv$ tail ( 8 second4 7,page #beg7 ,9 #ahdf1 %ortly aft] "o ( its returns1 ,biela's ,comet divid$ into two portions4 ,at its next appe>ance 7#aheb7 ^! portions _h sep>at$ to a di/ance ( ab\t #a-a_/b millions ( miles f ea* o!r4 ,?is comet1 or r its con/itu5ts1 h nev] s9ce be5 se54 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable comet ( rec5t times 0 t ( #aheh1 kn[n z ,donati's1 x hav+ be5 discov]$ at ,flor5ce by ! ,italian a/ronom]1 ,g4,b4 ,donati4 ,?is comet1 a magnific5t object1 0 visible = m ?an ?ree mon?s ) ! nak$ eye4 ,its tail 0 !n #ed millions ( miles 9 l5g?4 ,x 0 f\nd to revolve ar\nd ! sun 9 a p]iod ( ov] #bjjj ye>s1 & to g out 9 its j\rney to ab\t #e-a_/b times ! di/ance ( ,neptune4 ,its motion is retrograde1 t is to say1 9 ! contr>y direction to ! usual movem5t 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,a numb] ( beautiful draw+s ( ,donati's ,comet 7 made by ! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,g4,p4 ,bond4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^! is reproduc$ on ,plate ,,xvii41 p4 #bef4 ,9 #ahfa !re appe>$ a great comet4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,june ( t ye> ! e>? & moon actually pass$ ?r\gh its tail2 b no effects 7 notic$1 o!r ?an a peculi> lum9osity 9 ! sky4 ,9 ! ye> #ahha !re appe>$ ano!r l>ge comet1 kn[n z ,tebbutt's ,comet1 f ! "n ( its discov]]4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ comet ( :i* a satisfactory photograph 0 obta9$4 ,! photograph 9 "q 0 tak5 by ! late ,m4 ,janss54 ,! comet ( #ahhb 0 ( va/ size & brilliance4 ,x approa*$ s close to ! sun t x pass$ ?r\gh "s #ajj1jjj miles ( ! sol> corona4 ,?\gh its orbit 0 n f\nd to h be5 alt]$ by ?is exp]i5ce1 its nucleus display$ signs ( break+ up4 ,"s v f9e photographs ( ?is comet 7 obta9$ at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope by ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,david7 ,gill4 ,! comet ( #ahhi 0 foll[$ ) ! telescope ne>ly up to ! orbit ( ,saturn1 :i* seems to be ! greate/ di/ance at :i* a comet has ev] be5 se54 ,! fir/ discov]y ( a comet by photographic means#be 0 made by ,pr(essor ,b>n>d 9 #ahib2 &1 s9ce !n1 photography has be5 employ$ ) m>k$ success 9 ! detection ( small p]iodic comets4 ,! be/ comet se5 9 ! ,nor!rn hemisph]e s9ce t ( #ahhb1 appe>s to h be5 ,daniel's ,comet ( #aijg 7see ,plate ,,xviii41 p4 #beh74 ,?is comet 0 discov]$ on ,june #i1 #aijg1 by ,mr4 ,z4 ,daniel1 at ,pr9ceton ,obs]vatory1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,x became visible to ! nak$ eye ab\t mid-,july ( t ye>1 & rea*$ its greate/ brilliancy ab\t ! end ( ,augu/4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 attract mu* popul> att5tion1 z its position 9 ! sky all[$ x to be se5 only j be=e dawn4 #bd ,) ! exception1 ( c\rse1 ( su* an anomaly z ! retrograde motion ( ! n9? satellite ( ,saturn4 #be ,if we except ! case ( ! comet :i* 0 photograph$ ne> ! sol> corona 9 ! eclipse ( #ahhb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,daniel',s ,,comet ,,( #aijg ,f a photograph tak51 on ,augu/ #aa?1 #aijg1 by ,dr4 ,max ,wolf1 at ! ,a/rophysical ,obs]vatory1 ,heidelb]g4 ,! in/rum5t us$ 0 a #bh-;in* reflect+ telescope1 & ! "t ( exposure 0 fifte5 m9utes4 ,z ! telescope 0 guid$ to foll[ ! mov+ comet1 ! />s h impr9t$ !mselves ^u ! photographic plate z %ort trails4 ,?is is cle>ly ! opposite to :at is depict$ on ,plate ,,xiii4 7,page #beh7 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,rem>kable ,,comets ,if eclipses 7 a cause ( t]ror 9 pa/ ages1 comets appe> to h be5 d\bly s4 ,_! mu* long] cont9uance 9 ! sight ( m5 _h no d\bt some?+ to say to ?is1 & also ! fact t !y arriv$ )\t w>n+2 x n be+ !n possible to give ev5 a r\gh pr$iction ( _! return1 z 9 ! case ( eclipses4 ,z bo? ^! ph5om5a 7 occasional1 & out ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 !y drew exceptional att5tion z unusual ev5ts always d2 = x mu/ be all[$ t q z wond]ful ?+s exi/1 b !y pass unnotic$ m]ely because m5 h gr[n accu/om$ to !m4 ,= "s reason ! anci5ts elect$ to class comets along ) meteors1 ! aurora borealis1 & o!r ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e1 r ?an ) ! planets & ! bodies ( ! spaces beyond4 ,! sudd5 appe>ance ( ^! objects l$ !m to be reg>d$ z signs s5t by ! gods to ann\nce rem>kable ev5ts1 *ief among ^! be+ ! dea?s ( mon>*s4 ,%akespe>e has rem9d$ u ( ?is 9 ^? celebrat$ l9es 9 ,julius ,cs>3-- ,:5 begg>s die !re are no comets se51 ,! heav5s !mselves blaze =? ! dea? ( pr9ces4 ,numb$ by fe>1 ! m5 ( old bl9dly accept$ ^! presages ( fate2 & did n too closely "q :e!r ! ?reat5$ dang] 0 to _! own nation or to "s o!r1 to _! rul] or to 8 enemy4 ,n[ & !n1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,roman ,emp]or ,vespasian1 !re 0 a cynical attempt to apply "s reason+ to ! port5t4 ,t emp]or1 9 allud+ to ! comet ( ,a4,d4 #gi1 is report$ to h said3 ,?is hairy /> does n conc]n me2 x m5aces r ! ,k+ ( ! ,p>?ians1 = he is hairy & ,i am bald4 ,vespasian1 all ! same1 di$ %ortly aft]w>ds6 ,pl9y1 9 8 natural hi/ory1 gives sev]al in/ances ( ! t]rible significance :i* ! anci5ts atta*$ to comets4 ,a comet1 he says1 is ord9>ily a v fe>ful />2 x ann\nces no small effusion ( blood4 ,we h se5 an example ( ?is dur+ ! civil commotion ( ,octavius4 ,a v brilliant comet appe>$ 9 #cga ,b4,c41 & ab\t ! same "t an e>?quake caus$ ,helic & ,bura1 two t[ns 9 ,a*aia1 to be swall[$ up by ! sea4 ,! foll[+ rem>k made by ,s5eca conc]n+ x %[s t ! anci5ts did n consid] comets m]ely z precursors1 b ev5 z actual causes ( fatal ev5ts3 ,?is comet1 s anxi\sly obs]v$ by e "o1 because ( ! great cata/rophe :i* x produc$ z soon z x appe>$1 ! subm]sion ( ,bura & ,helic4 ,comets are by no means r>e visitors to our skies1 & v few ye>s h elaps$ 9 hi/orical times )\t su* objects mak+ _! appe>ance4 ,9 ! ,d>k & ,middle ,ages1 :5 ,europe 0 split up into _m small k+doms & pr9cipalities1 x 01 ( c\rse1 h>dly possible = a comet to appe> )\t ! dea? ( "s rul] occurr+ ne> ! "t4 ,critical situations1 too1 7 cont9ually aris+ 9 ^? di/urb$ days4 ,! end ( ,l\is le ,debonnaire 0 ha/5$1 z ! read] w1 no d\bt1 recollect1 by ! great eclipse ( #hdj2 b x 0 firmly believ$ t a comet :i* _h appe>$ a ye> or two previ\sly presag$ 8 dea?4 ,! comet ( #aeef is report$ to h influ5c$ ! abdication ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v42 b curi\sly en\gh1 ?is ev5t _h already tak5 place be=e ! comet made its appe>ance6 ,su* beliefs1 no d\bt1 _h a v real effect ^u rul]s ( a sup]/iti\s nature1 or 9 a weak /ate ( heal?4 ,= in/ance1 ,gian ,galeazzo ,visconti1 ,duke ( ,milan1 0 sick :5 ! comet ( #adjb appe>$4 ,aft] see+ x1 he is said to h exclaim$3 ,i r5d] ?anks to ,god = hav+ decre$ t my dea? %\ld be ann\nc$ to m5 by ?is cele/ial sign4 ,8 malady !n became worse1 & he di$ %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,x is inde$ n improbable t su* sup]/iti\s fe>s 9 mon>*s 7 fann$ by ^? :o w\ld pr(it by _! dea?s1 & yet did n wi% to /a9 _! own h&s ) blood4 ,evil ?\gh its effects may h be51 ?is morbid int]e/ :i* pa/ ages took 9 comets has prov$ ( ! greate/ s]vice to our sci5ce4 ,_h x n be5 believ$ t ! appe>ance ( ^! objects 0 att5d$ ) f>-rea*+ effects1 x is v d\btful :e!r ! old *ronicl]s w\ld h giv5 !mselves ! tr\ble ( allud+ to !m at all2 & ?us ! mod]n inve/igators ( comet>y orbits w\ld h lack$ a great deal ( important mat]ial4 ,we w n[ m5tion a few ( ! mo/ notable comets :i* hi/orians h record$4 ,a comet :i* appe>$ 9 #cdd ,b4,c4 0 ?\ght to betok5 ! success ( ! exp$ition und]tak5 9 t ye> by ,timoleon ( ,cor9? aga9/ ,sicily4 ,! gods by an extraord9>y prodigy ann\nc$ 8 success & future greatness3 a burn+ tor* appe>$ 9 ! heav5s ?r\gh\t ! night & prec$$ ! fleet ( ,timoleon until x arriv$ (f ! coa/ ( ,sicily4 ,! comet ( #dc ,b4,c4 0 g5]ally believ$ to be ! s\l ( ,cs> on its way to heav54 ,josephus tells u t 9 ,a4,d4 #fi sev]al prodigies1 & among/ !m a comet 9 ! %ape ( a sword1 ann\nc$ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is comet is said to h rema9$ ov] ! city = ! space ( a ye>6 ,a comet :i* appe>$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ccf 0 consid]$ to h ann\nc$ ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ celebrat$ comet ( e>ly times 0 ! "o :i* appe>$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ajjj4 ,t ye> 01 9 m ?an "o way1 big ) port5t1 = !re _h long be5 a firm belief t ! ,*ri/ian era c\ld n possibly run into f\r figures4 ,m51 inde$1 /eadfa/ly believ$ t :5 ! ?\s& ye>s _h end$1 ! mill5nium w\ld imm$iately beg94 ,!re=e !y did n reap nei!r did !y s[1 !y toil$ n1 nei!r did !y sp91 & ! appe>ance ( ! comet /r5g!n$ _! convictions4 ,! fateful ye>1 h[ev]1 pass$ by )\t any?+ rem>kable tak+ place2 b ! neglect ( husb&ry br\ght great fam9e & pe/il5ce ov] ,europe 9 ! ye>s :i* foll[$4 ,9 ,april #ajff1 t ye> fraught ) su* imm5se consequ5ces = ,engl&1 a comet appe>$4 ,no "o d\bt$ b t x 0 a presage ( ! success ( ! ,conque/1 & p]haps1 inde$1 x _h its due weight 9 det]m9+ ! m9ds & actions ( ! m5 :o took "p 9 ! exp$ition4 ,nova /ella1 novus rex 7a new />1 a new sov]eign7 0 a fav\rite prov]b ( ! "t4 ,! *ronicl]s1 ) "o accord1 h delight$ to relate t ! ,normans1 guid$ by a comet1 invad$ ,engl&4 ,a repres5tation ( ?is object appe>s 9 ! ,bayeux ,tape/ry 7see ,fig4 #ai1 p4 #bfc74bf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,! comet ( #ajff1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,bayeux ,tape/ry4 7,f ! ,_w ( ,comets47 ,we h m5tion$ ,halley's ,comet ( #afhb1 & h[ x revisits ! neighb\rhood ( ! e>? at int]vals ( sev5ty-six ye>s4 ,! comet ( #ajff has = _m ye>s be5 suppos$ to be ,halley's ,comet on "o ( its visits4 ,! id5tity ( ^! two1 h[ev]1 0 only q rec5tly plac$ beyond all d\bt by ! inve/igations ( ,messrs ,c[ell & ,crommel94 ,?is comet appe>$ also 9 #adef1 :5 ,john ,huniades 0 def5d+ ,belgrade aga9/ ! ,turks l$ by ,mahomet ,,ii41 ! conqu]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 & is said to h p>alys$ bo? armies ) fe>4 ,! ,middle ,ages h left u descriptions ( comets1 :i* %[ only too well h[ ! imag9ation w run riot "u ! /imulus ( t]ror4 ,= in/ance1 ! hi/orian1 ,nicetas1 ?us describes ! comet ( ! ye> #aahb3 ,aft] ! ,romans 7 driv5 f ,con/ant9ople a progno/ic 0 se5 ( ! excesses & crimes to :i* ,&ronicus 0 to ab&on himself4 ,a comet appe>$ 9 ! heav5s simil> to a wri?+ s]p5t2 sometimes x ext5d$ itself1 sometimes x drew itself 92 sometimes1 to ! great t]ror ( ! spectators1 x op5$ a huge m\?2 x seem$ t1 z if ?ir/+ = human blood1 x 0 ^u ! po9t ( satiat+ itself4 ,&1 aga91 ! celebrat$ ,ambrose ,p>1 ! fa!r ( surg]y1 has left u ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! comet ( #aebh1 :i* appe>$ 9 8 own "t3 ,?is comet1 said he1 0 s horrible1 s frightful1 & x produc$ su* great t]ror 9 ! vulg>1 t "s di$ ( fe>1 & o!rs fell sick4 ,x appe>$ to be ( excessive l5g?1 & 0 ( ! col\r ( blood4 ,at ! summit ( x 0 se5 ! figure ( a b5t arm1 hold+ 9 its h& a great sword1 z if ab\t to /rike4 ,at ! end ( ! po9t !re 7 ?ree />s4 ,on bo? sides ( ! rays ( ?is comet 7 se5 a great numb] ( axes1 knives1 blood-col\r$ swords1 among :i* 7 a great numb] ( hide\s human faces1 ) be>ds & bri/l+ hair4 ,p>1 x is true1 0 no a/ronom]2 yet ?is %[s ! effect ( ! ph5om5on1 ev5 ^u a man ( great le>n+1 z und\bt$ly he 04 ,x %\ld "h be m5tion$ t no?+ v rem>kable happ5$ at or ne> ! ye> #aebh4 ,conc]n+ ! comet ( #afhj1 ! extraord9>y /ory got ab\t t1 at ,rome1 a h5 _h laid an egg on :i* appe>$ a repres5tation ( ! comet6 ,b ! sup]/itions ) reg>d to comets 7 n[ ne>+ _! end4 ,! la/ bl[ 0 giv5 by ,halley1 :o def9itely prov$ t !y obey$ ! laws ( gravitation1 & circulat$ ar\nd ! sun z planets d2 & fur!r ann\nc$ t ! comet ( #afhb _h a p]iod ( sev5ty-six ye>s1 :i* w\ld cause x to reappe> 9 ! ye> #agei4 ,we h se5 h[ ?is pr$iction 0 duly v]ifi$4 ,we h se51 too1 h[ ?is comet appe>$ aga9 9 #ahce1 & h[ x is due to return 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiaj4 #bf ,) reg>d to ! words ,i/i mirant /ella 9 ! figure1 ,mr4 ,w4,t4 ,lynn sugge/s t !y may n1 aft] all1 be ! grammatically bad ,lat9 :i* !y appe>1 b t ! leg5d is really ,i/i mirantur /ellam1 ! miss+ lett]s be+ suppos$ to be hidd5 by ! build+ & ! comet4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,meteors ,,or ,,%oot+ ,,/>s ,any "o :o happ5s to gaze at ! sky = a %ort "t on a cle> night is pretty c]ta9 to be rew>d$ ) a view ( :at is popul>ly kn[n z a %oot+ />4 ,su* an object1 h[ev]1 is n a /> at all1 b has receiv$ its appellation f an analogy2 = ! ph5om5on gives to ! inexp]i5c$ 9 ^! matt]s an impression z if "o ( ! _m po9ts ( light1 :i* glitt] 9 ! vault$ heav51 _h sudd5ly become loos5$ f its place1 & 0 fall+ t[>ds ! e>?4 ,9 its passage across ! sky ! mov+ object leaves beh9d a trail ( light :i* usually la/s = a few mom5ts4 ,%oot+ />s1 or meteors1 z !y are te*nically t]m$1 are = ! mo/ "p v small bodies1 p]haps no l>g] ?an peas or pebbles1 :i*1 da%+ t[>ds our e>? f space beyond1 are heat$ to a :ite heat1 & r$uc$ to p[d] by ! friction result+ f _! rapid passage into our atmosph]e4 ,?is !y ent] at v>i\s degrees ( spe$1 9 "s cases s great z #de miles a second4 ,! spe$1 ( c\rse1 w dep5d greatly ^u :e!r ! e>? & ! meteors are ru%+ t[>ds ea* o!r1 or :e!r ! latt] are m]ely ov]tak+ ! e>?4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! cases ! meteors w naturally collide ) ! atmosph]e ) great =ce2 9 ! o!r case !y w pla9ly come into x ) mu* less rapidity4 ,z has be5 already /at$1 x is f obs]vations ( su* bodies t we are enabl$ to e/imate1 ?\gh v imp]fectly1 ! height at :i* ! air ar\nd our globe practically ceases1 & ?is height is imag9$ to be some:]e ab\t #ajj miles4 ,=tunate1 inde$1 is x = u t !re is a goodly lay] ( atmosph]e ov] our heads1 =1 7 ?is n s1 ^! visitors f space w\ld /rike ^u ! surface ( our e>? night & day1 & r5d] exi/5ce /ill m un5durable ?an _m p]sons *oose to consid] x4 ,to :at a bomb>dm5t mu/ ! moon be cont9ually subject1 de/itute z %e is ( su* an atmosph]ic %ield6 ,x is only 9 ! mom5t ( _! dissolution t we really le>n any?+ ab\t meteors1 = ^! bodies are mu* too small to be se5 be=e !y ent] our atmosph]e4 ,! dbris aris+ f _! de/ruction is waft$ ov] ! e>?1 &1 settl+ d[n ev5tually ^u its surface1 goes to augm5t ! accumulation ( t humble dome/ic commodity :i* m5 call du/4 ,?is cont9ual addition ( mat]ial t5ds1 ( c\rse1 to increase ! mass ( ! e>?1 ?\gh ! effect ?us produc$ w be on an exce$+ly small scale4 ,! total numb] ( meteors mov+ ab\t 9 space mu/ be practically c\ntless4 ,! numb] :i* actually da% into ! e>?'s atmosph]e dur+ ea* ye> is1 inde$1 v great4 ,pr(essor ,simon ,newcomb1 ! well-kn[n ,am]ican a/ronom]1 has e/imat$ t1 ( ! latt]1 ^? l>ge en\gh to be se5 ) ! nak$ eye _c be 9 all less ?an #adf1jjj1jjj1jjj p] annum4 ,t5 times m num]\s /ill are ?\ght to be ^? insignificant ones :i* are se5 to pass l m]e sp>ks ( light across ! field ( an obs]v]'s telescope4 ,until comp>atively rec5t times1 p]haps up to ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 x 0 ?\ght t meteors 7 purely t]re/rial ph5om5a :i* _h _! orig9 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air4 ,x1 h[ev]1 began to be notic$ t at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye> ^! mov+ objects appe>$ to come f def9ite areas ( ! sky4 ,consid]ations1 !re=e1 respect+ _! obs]v$ velocities1 directions1 & altitudes1 gave rise to ! !ory t !y are sw>ms ( small bodies travell+ ar\nd ! sun 9 elongat$ elliptical orbits1 all along ! l5g? ( :i* !y are scatt]$1 & t ! e>?1 9 its annual revolution1 ru%+ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( su* sw>ms at ! same epo* ea* ye>1 naturally entangles _m ( !m 9 its atmosph]ic net4 ,! dates at :i* ! e>? is expect$ to pass ?r\gh ! pr9cipal meteor-sw>ms are n[ pretty well kn[n4 ,^! sw>ms are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by ! direction ( ! sky f :i* ! meteors seem to arrive4 ,_m ( ! sw>ms are s wide t ! e>? takes days1 & ev5 weeks1 to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,9 "s ( ^! sw>ms1 or /reams1 z !y are also call$1 ! meteors are di/ribut$ ) fair ev5ness along ! entire l5g? ( _! orbits1 s t ! e>? is greet$ ) a some:at simil> %[] at ea* ye>ly enc\nt]4 ,9 o!rs1 ! *ief portions are bun*$ toge!r1 s t1 9 c]ta9 ye>s1 ! display is exceptional 7see ,fig4 #bj1 p4 #bfi74 ,t "p ( ! heav5s f :i* a %[] ( meteors is se5 to emanate is call$ ! radiant1 or radiant po9t1 because ! =e%ort5$ view we get ( ! /reaks ( light makes x appe> z if !y radiat$ outw>ds f ?is po9t4 ,9 obs]vations ( ^! bodies ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s is direct$ to regi/]+ ! pa? & spe$ ( ea* meteor1 & to asc]ta9+ ! position ( ! radiant4 ,x is f data su* z ^! t computations conc]n+ ! sw>ms & _! orbits are made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,passage ( ! ,e>? ?r\gh ! ?icke/ portion ( a ,meteor ,sw>m4 ,! ,e>? & ! ,meteors are "h repres5t$ z approa*+ ea* o!r f opposite directions4 ,= ! pres5t /ate ( k conc]n+ meteors1 a/ronomy is l>gely indebt$ to ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,w4,f4 ,d5n+1 ( ,bri/ol1 & ( ! late ,pr(essor ,a4,s4 ,h]s*el4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ea* ye> ! e>? enc\nt]s a goodly numb] ( meteor-sw>ms4 ,?ree ( ^!1 giv+ rise to f9e displays1 are v well kn[n--! ,p]seids1 or ,augu/ ,meteors1 & ! ,leonids & ,bielids1 :i* appe> 9 ,novemb]4 ,( ! above ?ree ! ,leonid display is by f> ! mo/ important1 & ! high degree ( att5tion paid to x has laid ! f\ndation ( meteoric a/ronomy 9 mu* ! same way t ! /udy ( ! fasc9at+ corona has giv5 su* an impetus to our k ( ! sun4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is %[] ( meteors may be trac$ back z f> z ,a4,d4 #ijb1 :i* 0 kn[n z ! ,ye> ( ! ,/>s4 ,x is relat$ t 9 t ye>1 on ! night ( ,octob] #ab?--! %[] n[ comes ab\t a mon? lat]--:il/ ! ,moori% ,k+1 ,ibrahim ,b5 ,ahm$1 lay dy+ be=e ,cos5za1 9 ,calabria1 a multitude ( fall+ />s scatt]$ !mselves across ! sky l ra91 & ! behold]s %udd]$ at :at !y consid]$ a dread cele/ial port5t4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 little k ( ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,leonids until #afih1 s9ce :i* "t ! maximum %[] has appe>$ ) consid]able regul>ity at int]vals ( ab\t ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,b x 0 n until #agii t !y sprang into especial notice4 ,on ! #aa? ,novemb] 9 t ye> a spl5did display 0 witness$ at ,cumana1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 by ! celebrat$ travell]s1 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&4 ,f9] /ill1 & surpass+ all displays ( ! k9d ev] se51 0 t ( ,novemb] #ab1 #ahcc1 :5 ! meteors fell ?ick z sn[flakes1 #bdj1jjj be+ e/imat$ to h appe>$ dur+ sev5 h\rs4 ,"s ( !m 7 ev5 s bright z to be se5 9 full daylight4 ,! radiant f :i* ! meteors seem to div]ge 0 asc]ta9$ to be situat$ 9 ! head ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,lion1 or ,sickle ( ,leo1 z x is popul>ly t]m$1 :5ce _! "n--,leonids4 ,x 0 f a discussion ( ! obs]vations !n made t ! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,olm/$1 conclud$ t ^! meteors sprang ^u u f int]planet>y space1 & 7 n1 z _h be5 hi!rto ?\ght1 born ( our atmosph]e4 ,lat] on1 9 #ahcg1 ,olb]s =mulat$ ! !ory t ! bodies 9 "q travell$ ar\nd ! sun 9 an elliptical orbit1 & at ! same "t he e/abli%$ ! p]iodicity ( ! maximum %[]4 ,! p]iodic "t ( recurr5ce ( ?is maximum1 namely1 ab\t ?irty-?ree ye>s1 l$ to eag] expectancy z #ahff drew ne>4 ,hopes 7 !n fulfill$1 & ano!r spl5did display took place1 ( :i* ,sir ,rob]t ,ball1 :o obs]v$ x1 has giv5 a graphic description 9 8 ,/ory ( ! ,heav5s4 ,! display 0 repeat$ ^u a small] scale 9 ! two foll[+ ye>s4 ,! ,leonids 7 h5ce=? deem$ to hold an anomal\s position among meteor sw>ms4 ,accord+ to !ory ! e>? cut ?r\gh _! orbit at ab\t ! same date ea* ye>1 & s a c]ta9 numb] 7 !n se5 to issue f ! radiant4 ,b1 9 addition1 aft] int]vals ( ?irty-?ree ye>s1 z has be5 se51 an exceptional display always took place2 & ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 n limit$ to "o ye> alone1 b 0 repeat$ at ea* meet+ = ab\t ?ree ye>s runn+4 ,! fur!r assumption 01 !re=e1 made t ! sw>m 0 mu* d5s] 9 "o portion ( ! orbit ?an else:]e1#bg & t ?is conge/$ "p 0 drawn out to su* an ext5t t ! e>? c\ld pass ?r\gh ! cross+ place dur+ sev]al annual meet+s1 & /ill f9d x go+ by l a long procession 7see ,fig4 #bj1 p4 #bfi74 ,9 accordance ) ?is asc]ta9$ p]iod ( ?irty-?ree ye>s1 ! recurr5ce ( ! great ,leonid %[] 0 tim$ to take place on ! #ae? ( ,novemb] #ahii4 ,b !re 0 disappo9tm5t !n1 & ! displays :i* occurr$ dur+ ! few ye>s foll[+ 7 n ( mu* importance4 ,a good deal ( comm5t 0 made at ! "t1 & !ories 7 accord+ly put =w>d to acc\nt = ! failure ( ! great %[]4 ,! mo/ probable explanation seems to be1 t ! attraction ( "o ( ! l>g] planets--,jupit] p]haps--has div]t$ ! orbit some:at f its old position1 & ! e>? does n 9 consequ5ce cut ?r\gh ! sw>m 9 ! same mann] z x us$ to d4 ,! o!r ,novemb] display allud$ to takes place betwe5 ! #bcrd & #bg? ( t mon?4 ,x is call$ ! ,&rom$id ,%[]1 because ! meteors appe> to issue f ! direction ( ! con/ellation ( ,&rom$a1 :i* at t p]iod ( ! ye> is well ov]head dur+ ! e>ly h\rs ( ! night4 ,^! meteors are also kn[n by ! "n ( ,bielids1 f a connection :i* ! orbit assign$ to !m appe>s to h ) t ( ! well-kn[n comet ( ,biela4 ,m4 ,eg5itis1 ,director ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,a!ns1 accords to ! ,bielids a high antiquity4 ,he traces ! %[] back to ! days ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian4 ,!ophanes1 ! ,*ronicl] ( t epo*1 writ+ ( ! fam\s revolt ( ,nika 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ecb1 says3--,dur+ ! same ye> a great fall ( />s came f ! ev5+ till ! dawn4 ,m4 ,eg5itis notes ano!r e>ly ref]5ce to ^! meteors 9 ,a4,d4 #geb1 dur+ ! reign ( ! ,ea/]n ,emp]or1 ,con/ant9e ,copronym\s4 ,writ+ ( t ye>1 ,nicephorus1 a ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 has z foll[s3--,all ! />s appe>$ to be deta*$ f ! sky1 & to fall ^u ! e>?4 ,! ,bielids1 h[ev]1 d n seem to h attract$ p>ticul> notice until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,att5tion fir/ began to be rivet$ ^u !m on acc\nt ( _! suspect$ connection ) ,biela's comet4 ,x appe>$ t ! same orbit 0 %>$ bo? by t comet & ! ,bielid sw>m4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! comet 9 "q 0 n se5 aft] its appe>ance 9 #aheb4 ,s9ce t date1 h[ev]1 ! ,bielid %[] has %[n an increas$ activity2 :i* 0 fur!r notic$ to be especially great 9 ^? ye>s 9 :i* ! comet1 _h x /ill exi/$1 w\ld be due to pass ne> ! e>?4 ,! ?ird ( ^! great %[]s to :i* allusion has above be5 made1 namely1 ! ,p]seids1 /rikes ! e>? ab\t ! #aj? ( ,augu/2 = :i* reason x is kn[n on ! ,cont95t "u ! "n ( ! te>s ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! day 9 "q be+ sacr$ to t ,sa9t4 ,?is %[] is traceable back _m c5turies1 ev5 z f> z ! ye> ,a4,d4 #haa4 ,! "n giv5 to ^! meteors1 ,p]seids1 arises f ! fact t _! radiant po9t is situat$ 9 ! con/ellation ( ,p]seus4 ,?is %[] is1 h[ev]1 n by any means limit$ to ! p>ticul> night ( ,augu/ #aj?1 = meteors belong+ to ! sw>m may be obs]v$ to fall 9 m or less v>y+ quantities f ab\t ,july #h? to ,augu/ #bbnd4 ,! ,p]seid meteors sometimes fall at ! rate ( ab\t sixty p] h\r4 ,!y are not$ = _! great rapidity ( motion1 & _! trails besides (t5 p]si/ = a m9ute or two be=e be+ dissem9at$4 ,unlike ! o!r well-kn[n %[]s1 ! radiants ( :i* are /ation>y1 t ( ! ,p]seids %ifts ea* night a little 9 an ea/]ly direction4 ,! orbit ( ! ,p]seids cuts t ( ! e>? almo/ p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! bodies are g5]ally suppos$ to be ! result ( ! dis9tegration ( an anci5t comet :i* travell$ 9 ! same orbit4 ,tuttle's ,comet1 :i* pass$ close to ! e>? 9 #ahfb1 also belongs to ?is orbit2 & its p]iod ( revolution is calculat$ to be #aca ye>s4 ,! ,p]seids appe> to be dissem9at$ all along ?is great orbit1 = we meet !m 9 consid]able quantities ea* ye>4 ,! bodies 9 "q are 9 g5]al p>ticul>ly small4 ,! sw>m has1 h[ev]1 l mo/ o!rs1 a some:at d5s] portion1 & ?r\gh ?is ! e>? pass$ 9 #ahdh4 ,! aphelion1 or po9t :]e ! f> end ( ! orbit turns back aga9 t[>ds ! sun1 is situat$ "r away beyond ! pa? ( ,neptune1 at a di/ance ( =ty-eight times t ( ! e>? f ! sun4 ,! comet ( #aecb also belongs to ! ,p]seid orbit4 ,x revisit$ ! neighb\rhood ( ! e>? 9 #affa1 & %\ld h return$ 9 #aghi4 ,b we h no record ( x 9 t ye>2 = :i* omission ! !n politically di/urb$ /ate ( ,europe may acc\nt4 ,if n already dis9tegrat$1 ?is comet is due to return 9 #aiai4 ,?is suppos$ connection betwe5 comets & meteor-sw>ms mu/ be also ext5d$ to ! case ( ! ,leonids4 ,^! meteors appe> to travel along ! same track z ,tempel's ,comet ( #ahff4 ,x is consid]$ t ! attractions ( ! v>i\s bodies ( ! sol> sy/em ^u a meteor sw>m mu/ ev5tually result 9 break+ up ! bun*$ portion1 s t 9 "t ! individual meteors %\ld become di/ribut$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ! orbit4 ,^u ?is assumption ! ,p]seid sw>m1 9 :i* ! meteors are fairly well scatt]$ along its pa?1 %\ld be ( great] age ?an ! ,leonid4 ,z to ! ,leonid sw>m itself1 ,le ,v]ri] held t x 0 fir/ br\ght into ! sol> sy/em 9 ,a4,d4 #abf1 hav+ be5 captur$ f out] space by ! gravitative action ( ! planet ,uranus4 ,! ackn[l$g$ !ory ( meteor sw>ms has naturally giv5 rise to an idea1 t ! sunlight %9+ ^u su* a l>ge collection ( p>ticles ought to r5d] a sw>m visible be=e its collision ) ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,sev]al attempts h !re=e be5 made to se>* = approa*+ sw>ms by photography1 b1 s f>1 x appe>s )\t success4 ,x has also be5 propos$1 by ,mr4 ,w4,h4,s4 ,monck1 t ! />s 9 ^? regions f :i* sw>ms are due1 %\ld be c>efully wat*$1 to see if _! light exhibits su* tempor>y dim9utions z w\ld be likely to arise f ! mom5t>y int]position ( a cl\d ( mov+ p>ticles4 ,betwe5 t5 & fifte5 ye>s ago x happ5$ t sev]al well-kn[n obs]v]s1 employ$ 9 telescopic exam9ation ( ! sun & moon1 report$ t f "t to "t !y _h se5 small d>k bodies1 sometimes s+ly1 sometimes 9 numb]s1 9 passage across ! discs ( ! lum9>ies4 ,x 0 conclud$ t ^! 7 meteors mov+ 9 space beyond ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?4 ,! bodies 7 call$ d>k meteors1 to emphasise ! fact t !y 7 se5 9 _! natural condition1 & n 9 t mom5t>y "o 9 :i* !y _h hi!rto be5 always se52 i4e4 :5 heat$ to :ite heat1 & rapidly vaporis$1 9 ! c\rse ( _! passage ?r\gh ! upp] regions ( our air4 ,?is discov]y gave promise ( su* assi/ance to meteor !ories1 t calculations 7 made f ! directions 9 :i* !y _h be5 se5 to travel1 & ! spe$s at :i* !y _h mov$1 9 ! hope t "s in=mation conc]n+ _! orbits might be reveal$4 ,b aft] a :ile "s d\bt began to be ?r[n ^u _! be+ really meteors1 & ev5tually an ,au/ralian obs]v] solv$ ! my/]y4 ,he f\nd t !y 7 m]ely t9y p>ticles ( du/1 or ( ! black coat+ on ! inn] "p ( ! tube ( ! telescope1 becom+ deta*$ f ! sides ( ! eye-piece & fall+ across ! field ( view4 ,he 0 l$ to ?is conclusion by hav+ not$ t a g5tle tapp+ ( 8 in/rum5t produc$ ! d>k bodies 9 great numb]s6 ,?us ! opportunity ( obs]v+ meteors beyond our atmosph]e _h once m fail$4 ,meteorites1 also kn[n z rolites & fireballs1 are usually plac$ 9 q a sep>ate category f meteors4 ,!y greatly exce$ ! latt] 9 size1 are comp>atively r>e1 & d n appe> 9 any way connect$ ) ! v>i\s %[]s ( meteors4 ,! friction ( _! passage ?r\gh ! atmosph]e causes !m to %9e ) a great light2 & if n %att]$ to pieces by int]nal explosions1 !y rea* ! gr\nd to bury !mselves deep 9 x ) a great ru%+ & noise4 ,:5 f\nd by uncivilis$ peoples1 or savages1 !y are1 on acc\nt ( _! cele/ial orig91 usually reg>d$ z objects ( wond] & ( wor%ip1 & ?us h aris5 _m my?ological leg5ds & deifications ( black5$ /ones4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 !y get into ! possession ( ! civilis$1 !y are subject$ to c>eful exam9ations & te/s 9 *emical laboratories4 ,! bodies are1 z a rule1 compos$ ( /one1 9 conjunction ) iron1 nickel1 & su* elem5ts z exi/ 9 abundance ^u our e>?2 ?\gh occasionally specim5s are f\nd :i* are practically pure metal4 ,9 ! museums ( ! great capitals ( bo? ,cont95ts are to be se5 "s f9e collections ( meteorites4 ,sev]al c\ntries--,gre5l& & ,mexico1 = in/ance--conta9 9 ! soil mu* meteoric iron1 (t5 9 masses s l>ge z to baffle all attempts at removal4 ,blocks ( ?is k9d h be5 kn[n to furni% ! natives 9 _! vic9ity = _m ye>s ) s\rces ( workable iron4 ,! l>ge/ meteorite 9 ! _w is "o kn[n z ! ,anighito meteorite4 ,x 0 br\ght to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! explor] ,pe>y1 :o f\nd x at ,cape ,york 9 ,gre5l&4 ,he e/imates its weight at f #ij to #ajj tons4 ,"o f\nd 9 ,mexico1 call$ ! ,bacubirito1 comes next1 ) an e/imat$ weight ( #bg-a_/b tons4 ,! ?ird 9 size is ! ,willamette meteorite1 f\nd at ,willamette 9 ,oregon 9 #aijb4 ,x measures #aj #f-a_/b #d-a_/b feet1 & weighs ab\t #ae-a_/b tons4 #bg ,! gem ( ! meteor r+1 z x has be5 t]m$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,/>s ,9 ! =ego+ *apt]s we h dealt at l5g? ) ^? cele/ial bodies ^: ne>ness to u br+s !m into our especial notice4 ,! entire room1 h[ev]1 tak5 up by ^! bodies1 is z a m]e po9t 9 ! imm5sities ( />-fill$ space4 ,! sun1 too1 is b an ord9>y />2 p]haps q an insignificant "o#bh 9 comp>ison ) ! majority ( ^? :i* /ud t backgr\nd ( sky aga9/ :i* ! planets are se5 to p]=m _! w&]+ c\rses4 ,dropp+ our e>? & ! sol> sy/em beh9d1 let u g afield & explore ! dep?s ( space4 ,we h se5 h[1 9 v e>ly times1 m5 portion$ out ! great mass ( ! s-call$ fix$ />s into divisions kn[n z con/ellations4 ,! v>i\s arrangem5ts1 into :i* ! brilliant po9ts ( light fell z a result ( p]spective1 7 notic$ & r\ghly comp>$ ) su* =ms z 7 famili> to m5 ^u ! e>?4 ,imag9ation quickly saw 9 !m ! semblances ( h]oes & ( mighty fabl$ bea/s2 &1 ar\nd ^! mon/r\s %apes1 leg5ds 7 wov51 :i* told h[ ! great de$s done 9 ! mi/y dawn ( hi/orical "t _h be5 en%r9$ by ! gods 9 ! sky z an example & a memorial = m54 ,?\gh ! c5turies h long outliv$ su* fantasies1 yet ! con/ellation figures & _! anci5t names h be5 reta9$ to ?is day1 pretty well unalt]$ = want ( any bett] arrangem5t4 ,! ,great & ,little ,be>s1 ,cassiopeia1 ,p]seus1 & ,&rom$a1 ,orion & ! re/1 glitt] 9 our night skies j z !y did c5turies & c5turies ago4 ,_m p]sons seem to despair ( ga9+ any real k ( a/ronomy1 m]ely because !y are n v]s$ 9 recognis+ ! con/ellations4 ,= in/ance1 !y w say3--,:at is ! use ( my read+ any?+ ab\t ! subject8 ,:y1 ,i believe ,i c\ldn't ev5 po9t out ! ,great ,be>1 7 ,i ask$ to d s6 ,b if su* p]sons w only consid] = a mom5t t :at we call ! ,great ,be> has no exi/5ce 9 fact1 !y ne$ n be at all di%e>t5$4 ,c\ld we b view ?is famili> con/ellation f a diff]5t position 9 space1 we %\ld p]haps be q unable to recognise x4 ,m\nta9 masses1 = in/ance1 :5 se5 f new directions1 are (t5 unrecognisable4 ,x took1 z we h se51 a v long "t = m5 to ackn[l$ge ! imm5se di/ances ( ! />s f our e>?4 ,_! seem+ un*angeabl5ess ( position 01 z we h se51 l>gely responsible = ! idea t ! e>? 0 immovable 9 space4 ,x is a wond] t ! ,cop]nican sy/em ev] ga9$ ! day 9 ! face ( ?is app>5t fixity ( ! />s4 ,z "t w5t on1 x became inde$ necess>y to accord to ^! objects an almo/ inconceivable di/ance1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! fact t !y rema9$ app>5tly q undisplac$1 not)/&+ ! j\rney ( millions ( miles :i* ! e>? 0 n[ ackn[l$g$ to make ea* ye> ar\nd ! sun4 ,9 ! face ( ! gradual & imm5se improvem5t 9 telescopes1 ?is app>5t immobility ( ! />s 01 h[ev]1 n de/9$ to la/4 ,! fir/ asc]ta9$ displacem5t ( a />1 namely t ( #fa ,cygni1 not$ by ,bessel 9 ! ye> #ahch1 def9itely prov$ to m5 ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,s9ce !n "s =ty m />s h be5 f\nd to %[ simil> t9y displacem5ts4 ,we are1 !re=e1 9 possession ( ! fact1 t ! actual di/ances ( a few out ( ! great ho/ c be calculat$4 ,to m5tion "s ( ^!4 ,! ne>e/ /> to ! e>?1 s f> z we yet "k1 is ,alpha ,c5tauri1 :i* is di/ant f u ab\t #be billions ( miles4 ,! light f ?is />1 travell+ at ! /up5d\s rate ( ab\t #ahf1jjj miles p] second1 takes ab\t #d-a_/d ye>s to rea* our e>?1 or1 to speak a/ronomically1 ,alpha ,c5tauri is ab\t #d-a_/d light ye>s di/ant f u4 ,sirius--! brighte/ /> 9 ! :ole sky--is at twice ?is di/ance1 i4e4 ab\t #h-a_/b light ye>s4 ,vega is ab\t #cj light ye>s di/ant f u1 ,capella ab\t #cb1 & ,arcturus ab\t #ajj4 ,! displacem5ts1 consequ5t on ! e>?'s movem5t1 h1 h[ev]1 pla9ly no?+ to say to any real movem5ts on ! "p ( ! />s !mselves4 ,! old idea 0 t ! />s 7 absolutely fix$2 h5ce arose ! t]m fix$ />s--a t]m :i*1 ?\gh inaccurate1 has n yet be5 entirely bani%$ f ! a/ronomical vocabul>y4 ,b c>eful obs]vations ext5d+ ov] a numb] ( ye>s h %[n slight *anges ( position among ^! bodies2 & su* alt]ations _c be ascrib$ to ! revolution ( ! e>? 9 its orbit1 = !y appe> to take place 9 e direction4 ,^! evid5ces ( movem5t are kn[n z prop] motions1 t is to say1 actual motions 9 space prop] to ! />s !mselves4 ,/>s :i* are comp>atively ne> to u %[1 z a rule1 great] prop] motions ?an ^? :i* are f>!r (f4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be conclud$ t ^! prop] motions are ( any v noticeable am\nts4 ,!y are1 z a matt] ( fact1 m]ely ^u ! same app>5tly m9ute scale z o!r *anges 9 ! heav5s2 & w\ld l>gely rema9 unnotic$ 7 x n = ! great precision ( mod]n a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 ,"o ( ! swifte/ mov+ ( ! />s is a /> ( ! six? magnitude 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>2 :i* is kn[n z #ahcj ,groombridge1 because ?is 0 ! numb] assign$ to x 9 a catalogue ( />s made by an a/ronom] ( t "n4 ,x is popul>ly kn[n z ! ,runaway ,/>1 a "n giv5 to x by ,pr(essor ,newcomb4 ,its spe$ is e/imat$ to be at lea/ #ach miles p] second4 ,x may be actually mov+ at a mu* great] rate1 = x is possible t we see its pa? some:at =e%ort5$4 ,a /ill great] prop] motion--! greate/1 9 fact1 kn[n--is t ( an eigh? magnitude /> 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 9 ! con/ellation ( ,pictor4 ,no?+1 inde$1 bett] %[s ! enorm\s di/ance ( ! />s f u1 & ! consequ5t inability ( ev5 su* rapid movem5ts to alt] ! appe>ance ( ! sky dur+ ! c\rse ( ages1 ?an ! fact t x w\ld take m ?an two c5turies = ! /> 9 "q to *ange its position 9 ! sky by a space equal to ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon2 a /atem5t :i* is equival5t to say+ t1 7 x possible to see ?is /> ) ! nak$ eye1 :i* x is n1 at lea/ tw5ty-five ye>s w\ld h to elapse be=e "o w\ld notice t x _h *ang$ its place at all6 ,bo? ! />s j m5tion$ are v fa9t4 ,t 9 ,pictor is1 z has be5 said1 n visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,x appe>s besides to be a v small body1 = ,sir ,david ,gill f9ds a p>allax :i* makes x only z f> (f f u z ,sirius4 ,! ,groombridge />1 too1 is j ab\t ! limit ( ord9>y visibility4 ,x is1 inde$1 a curi\s fact t ! fa9t] />s seem1 on ! av]age1 to be mov+ m rapidly ?an ! bright]4 ,inve/igations into prop] motions lead u to ?9k t e "o ( ! />s mu/ be mov+ 9 space 9 "s p>ticul> direction4 ,to take a few ( ! be/ kn[n4 ,sirius & ,vega are bo? approa*+ our sy/em at a rate ( ab\t #aj miles p] second1 ,arcturus at ab\t #e miles p] second1 :ile ,capella is rec$+ f u at ab\t #ae miles p] second4 ,( ! tw9 bre?r51 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ,ca/or is mov+ away f u at ab\t #d-a_/b miles p] second1 :ile ,pollux is com+ t[>ds u at ab\t #cc miles p] second4 ,mu* ( our k ( prop] motions has be5 obta9$ indirectly by means ( ! spectroscope1 on ! ,doppl] pr9ciple already treat$ (1 by :i* we are enabl$ to asc]ta9 :e!r a s\rce f :i* light is com+ is approa*+ or rec$+4 ,! sun be+1 aft] all1 a m]e />1 x w appe> only natural = x also to h a prop] motion ( its own4 ,?is is inde$ ! case2 & x is ru%+ along 9 space at a rate ( betwe5 t5 & twelve miles p] second1 c>ry+ ) x its :ole family ( planets & satellites1 ( comets & meteors4 ,! direction 9 :i* x is advanc+ is t[>ds a po9t 9 ! con/ellation ( ,lyra1 n f> f its *ief /> ,vega4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t ! />s ab\t ! region 9 "q appe> to be op5+ out slightly1 :ile ^? 9 ! contr>y portion ( ! sky appe> simil>ly to be clos+ toge!r4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 0 ! fir/ to discov] ?is motion ( ! sun ?r\gh space2 ?\gh 9 ! idea t su* a movem5t might take place he seems to h be5 anticipat$ by ,may] 9 #agfj1 by ,mi*ell 9 #agfg1 & by ,lal&e 9 #aggf4 ,a sugge/ion has be5 made t our sol> sy/em1 9 its motion ?r\gh ! cele/ial spaces1 may occasionally pass ?r\gh regions :]e abnormal magnetic conditions prevail1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* di/urbances may manife/ !mselves ?r\gh\t ! sy/em at ! same in/ant4 ,?us ! sun may be gett+ ! cr$it ( produc+ :at x m]ely reacts to 9 common ) ! re/ ( its family4 ,b ?is sugge/ion1 plausible ?\gh x may seem1 w n expla9 :y ! magnetic di/urbances exp]i5c$ ^u our e>? %[ a c]ta9 dep5d5ce ^u su* purely local facts1 z ! p]iod ( ! sun's rotation1 = in/ance4 ,"o w\ld v mu* l to "k :e!r ! movem5t ( ! sun is along a /raight l9e1 or 9 an enorm\s orbit ar\nd "s c5tre4 ,! idea has be5 put =w>d t x may be mov+ ar\nd ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole visible /ell> univ]se4 ,mdl]1 inde$1 prop\nd$ ! notion t ,alcyone--! *ief /> 9 ! gr\p kn[n z ! ,pleiades--occupi$ ?is c5tre1 & t ev]y?+ revolv$ ar\nd x4 ,he w5t ev5 fur!r to proclaim t "h 0 ! ,place ( ! ,almighty1 ! ,mansion ( ! ,et]nal6 ,b ,mdl]'s ideas ^u ?is po9t h long be5 %elv$4 ,to return to ! g5]al "q ( ! prop] motion ( />s4 ,9 sev]al in/ances ^! motions appe> to take place 9 gr\ps1 z if c]ta9 />s 7 9 "s way associat$ toge!r4 ,= example1 a l>ge numb] ( ! />s compos+ ! ,pleiades appe> to be mov+ ?r\gh space 9 ! same direction4 ,also1 ( ! sev5 />s compos+ ! ,pl\gh1 all b two--! /> at ! end ( its h&le1 & t "o ( ! po9t]s1 z !y are call$1 :i* is ! ne>] to ! pole />--h a common prop] motion1 i4e4 are mov+ 9 ! same direction & ne>ly at ! same rate4 ,fur!r /ill1 ! well-kn[n ,dut* a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,kapteyn1 ( ,gron+51 has lately rea*$ ! a/oni%+ conclusion t a great "p ( ! visible univ]se is occupi$ by two va/ /reams ( />s travell+ 9 opposite directions4 ,9 bo? ^! great /reams1 ! individual bodies are f\nd1 besides1 to be alike 9 design1 alike 9 *emical con/itution1 & alike 9 ! /age ( _! developm5t4 ,a fable relat$ by ! ,p]sian a/ronom]1 ,al ,sufi 7t5? c5tury1 ,a4,d47 %[s well ! *anges 9 ! face ( ! sky :i* prop] motions are b\nd to produce aft] great lapses ( "t4 ,accord+ to ?is fable ! />s ,sirius & ,procyon 7 ! si/]s ( ! /> ,canopus4 ,canopus m>ri$ ,rigel 7ano!r />17 b1 hav+ murd]$ h]1 he fl$ t[>ds ! ,s\? ,pole1 fe>+ ! ang] ( 8 si/]s4 ,! fable goes on to relate1 among o!r ?+s1 t ,sirius foll[$ him across ! ,milky ,way4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,gore1 9 comm5t+ on ! /ory1 ?9ks t x may be bas$ ^u a tradition ( ,sirius hav+ be5 se5 by ! m5 ( ! ,/one ,age on ! opposite side ( ! ,milky ,way to t on :i* x n[ is4 ,sirius is 9 t portion ( ! heav5s f :i* ! sun is advanc+4 ,its prop] motion is su* t x is ga9+ ^u ! e>? at ! rate ( ab\t t5 miles p] second1 & s x mu/ ov]take ! sun aft] ! lapse ( great ages4 ,vega1 on ! o!r h&1 is com+ t[>ds u f t "p ( ! sky t[>ds :i* ! sun is travell+4 ,x %\ld be ab\t half a million ye>s be=e ! sun & ,vega pass by "o ano!r4 ,^? :o h specially inve/igat$ ?is "q say t1 z reg>ds ! probability ( a ne> approa*1 x is mu* m likely t ,vega w be !n s f> to "o side ( ! sun1 t h] brightness w n be mu* great] ?an x is at ?is mom5t4 ,consid]ations l ^! call up ! *ances ( /ell> collisions4 ,su* possibilities ne$ n1 h[ev]1 give rise to al>m2 = ! />s1 z a rule1 are at su* great di/ances f ea* o!r1 t ! probability ( relatively ne> approa*es is slight4 ,we ?us see t ! con/ellations d n 9 effect exi/1 & t !re is 9 tru? no real backgr\nd to ! sky4 ,we f9d fur!r t ! />s are /rewn ?r\gh space at imm5se di/ances f ea* o!r1 & are mov+ 9 v>i\s directions hi!r & ?i!r4 ,! sun1 :i* is m]ely "o ( !m1 is mov+ also 9 a c]ta9 direction1 c>ry+ ! sol> sy/em along ) x4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 b natural to suppose t _m a /> may be surr\nd$ by "s planet>y sy/em 9 a way simil> to ours1 :i* accompanies x ?r\gh space 9 ! c\rse ( its cele/ial j\rney+s4 #bh ,vega1 = in/ance1 %9es "o hundr$ times m brightly ?an ! sun w\ld d1 7 x to be remov$ to ! di/ance at :i* t /> is f u4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,/>s--cont9u$ ,! />s appe> to u to be scatt]$ ab\t ! sky )\t any ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,fur!r1 !y are ( v>y+ degrees ( brightness2 "s be+ extremely brilliant1 :il/ o!rs c b b>ely be se54 ,! brightness ( a /> may arise f ei!r ( two causes4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! body may be really v bright 9 itself2 on ! o!r h&1 x may be situat$ comp>atively ne> to u4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 bo? ^! circum/ances may come into play toge!r4 ,s9ce v>iation 9 brightness is ! mo/ noticeable *>act]i/ic ( ! />s1 m5 h agre$ to class !m 9 divisions call$ magnitudes4 ,?is t]m1 x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood1 is employ$ 9 su* classification )\t any ref]5ce :atev] to actual size1 be+ m]ely tak5 to designate r\ghly ! am\nt ( light :i* we receive f a />4 ,! tw5ty brighte/ />s 9 ! sky are usually class$ 9 ! fir/ magnitude4 ,9 desc5d+ ! scale1 ea* magnitude w be notic$ to conta91 broadly speak+1 ?ree times z _m />s z ! "o imm$iately above x4 ,?us ! second magnitude conta9s #fe1 ! ?ird #aij1 ! f\r? #dbe1 ! fif? #aajj1 & ! six? #cbjj4 ,! la/ ( ^! magnitudes is ab\t ! limit ( ! />s :i* we are able to see ) ! nak$ eye4 ,add+1 !re=e1 ! above numb]s toge!r1 we f9d t1 )\t ! aid ( ! telescope1 we _c see m ?an ab\t #ejjj />s 9 ! entire sky--nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es includ$4 ,q a small telescope w1 h[ev]1 all[ u to see d[n to ! n9? magnitude1 s t ! total numb] ( />s visible to u ) su* v mod]ate in/rum5tal means w be well ov] #ajj1jjj4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ! />s includ$ )9 ea* magnitude are all ( exactly ! same brightness4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld be difficult to say if !re exi/ 9 ! :ole sky two />s :i* s5d u precisely ! same am\nt ( light4 ,9 arrang+ ! magnitudes1 all t 0 done 0 to make c]ta9 broad divisions1 & to class )9 !m su* />s z 7 mu* on a p> ) reg>d to brightness4 ,x may "h be not$ t a /&>d /> ( ! fir/ magnitude gives u ab\t "o hundr$ times z mu* light z a /> ( ! six? magnitude1 & ab\t "o million times z mu* z "o ( ! sixte5? magnitude--:i* is ne> ! limit ( :at we c see ) ! v be/ telescope4 ,?\gh ! fir/ tw5ty />s 9 ! sky are popul>ly consid]$ z be+ ( ! fir/ magnitude1 yet sev]al ( !m are mu* bright] ?an an av]age fir/ magnitude /> w\ld be4 ,= in/ance1 ,sirius--! brighte/ /> 9 ! :ole sky--is equal to ab\t elev5 fir/ magnitude />s1 l1 say1 ,aldeb>an4 ,9 consequ5ce ( su* diff]5ces1 a/ronom]s are agre$ 9 classify+ ! brighte/ ( !m z bright] ?an ! /&>d fir/ magnitude />4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ,sirius w\ld be ab\t two & a half magnitudes above ! fir/4 ,?is notation is usefully employ$ 9 mak+ comp>isons betwe5 ! am\nt ( light :i* we receive f ! sun1 & t :i* we get f an individual />4 ,?us ! sun w be ab\t tw5ty-sev5 & a half magnitudes above ! fir/ magnitude4 ,! range1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! light :i* we receive f ! sun 7consid]$ m]ely z a v bright />7 & ! fir/ magnitude />s is v mu* great] ?an t betwe5 ! latt] & ! fa9te/ /> :i* c be se5 ) ! telescope1 or ev5 regi/]$ ^u ! photographic plate4 ,to classify />s m]ely by _! magnitudes1 )\t "s def9ite note ( _! relative position 9 ! sky1 w\ld be inde$ ( little avail4 ,we mu/ h "s simple me?od ( locat+ !m 9 ! memory1 & ! con/ellations ( ! anci5ts "h happily come to our aid4 ,a sy/em comb9+ magnitudes ) con/ellations 0 introduc$ by ,bay] 9 #afjc1 & is /ill adh]$ to4 ,accord+ to ?is ! />s 9 ea* con/ellation1 beg9n+ ) ! brighte/ />1 are designat$ by ! lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet tak5 9 _! usual ord]4 ,= example1 9 ! con/ellation ( ,canis ,major1 or ! ,great] ,dog1 ! brighte/ /> is ! well-kn[n ,sirius1 call$ by ! anci5ts ! ,dog ,/>2 & ?is />1 9 accordance ) ,bay]'s me?od1 has receiv$ ! ,greek lett] a 7alpha71 & is consequ5tly kn[n z ,alpha ,canis ,majoris4#bi ,z soon z ! ,greek lett]s are us$ up 9 ?is way ! ,roman alphabet is br\ght into requisition1 aft] :i* rec\rse is _h to ord9>y numb]s4 ,not)/&+ ?is conv5i5t arrangem5t1 "s ( ! brighte/ />s are ne>ly always ref]r$ to by c]ta9 prop] names giv5 to !m 9 old times4 ,= in/ance1 x is m usual to speak ( ,sirius1 ,arcturus1 ,vega1 ,capella1 ,procyon1 ,aldeb>an1 ,regulus1 & s on1 ?an ( a ,canis ,majoris1 a ,botis1 a ,lyr1 a ,aurig1 a ,canis ,m9oris1 a ,tauri1 a ,leonis1 c4 c4 ,9 ord] t future g5]ations might be able to asc]ta9 :at *anges 7 tak+ place 9 ! face ( ! sky1 a/ronom]s h f "t to "t drawn up catalogues ( />s4 ,^! li/s h includ$ />s ( a c]ta9 degree ( brightness1 _! positions 9 ! sky be+ not$ ) ! utmo/ accuracy possible at ! p]iod4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n catalogue ( ?is k9d 0 made1 z we h se51 by ! celebrat$ ,greek a/ronom]1 ,hipp>*us1 ab\t ! ye> #abe ,b4,c4 ,x conta9$ #ajhj />s4 ,x 0 revis$ & br\ght up to date by ,ptolemy 9 ,a4,d4 #aej4 ,ano!r celebrat$ li/ 0 t drawn up by ! ,p]sian a/ronom]1 ,al ,sufi1 ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ifd4 ,9 x #ajbb />s 7 not$ d[n4 ,a catalogue ( #ajje />s 0 made 9 #aehj by ! fam\s ,dani% a/ronom]1 ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,among mod]n catalogues t ( ,argel&] 7#agii-ahge7 conta9$ z _m z #cbd1aih />s4 ,x 0 ext5d$ by ,s*nfeld s z to include a portion ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 9 :i* way #acc1fei m />s 7 add$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s a project 0 plac$ on foot ( mak+ a photographic survey ( ! sky1 ! "w to be portion$ out among v>i\s nations4 ,a great "p ( ?is "w has already be5 br\ght to a conclusion4 ,ab\t #ae1jjj1jjj />s w appe> ^u ! plates2 b1 s f>1 x has be5 propos$ to catalogue only ab\t a million & a qu>t] ( ! brighte/ ( !m4 ,?is idea ( survey+ ! face ( ! sky by photography sprang indirectly f ! f9e photographs :i* ,sir ,david ,gill took1 :5 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ( ! ,comet ( #ahhb4 ,! imm5se numb] ( />-images :i* _h appe>$ ^u 8 plates sugge/$ ! idea t photography c\ld be v usefully employ$ to regi/] ! relative positions ( ! />s4 ,! arrangem5t ( sev5 />s kn[n z ! ,pl\gh is p]haps ! mo/ famili> configuration 9 ! sky 7see ,plate ,,xix41 p4 #bib74 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is call$ ! ,dipp]1 on acc\nt ( its lik5ess to ! outl9e ( a saucepan1 or ladle4 ,*>les' ,wa9 0 ! old ,engli% "n = x1 & read]s ( ,cs> w recollect x "u ,sept5triones1 or ! ,sev5 ,/>s1 a t]m :i* t writ] uses z a synonym = ! ,nor?4 ,?\gh id5tifi$ 9 mo/ p]sons' m9ds ) ,ursa ,major1 or ! ,great ,be>1 ! ,pl\gh is actually only a small portion ( t fam\s con/ellation4 ,six out ( ! sev5 />s :i* g to make up ! well-kn[n figure are ( ! second magnitude1 :ile ! rema9+ "o1 :i* is ! middle /> ( ! gr\p1 is ( ! ?ird4 ,! ,greek lett]s1 z borne by ! individual />s ( ! ,pl\gh1 are a pla9 transgression ( ,bay]'s me?od z above describ$1 = !y h c]ta9ly n be5 allott$ "h 9 accordance ) ! prop] ord] ( brightness4 ,= in/ance1 ! ?ird magnitude />1 j allud$ to z be+ 9 ! middle ( ! gr\p1 has be5 m>k$ ) ! ,greek lett] d 7,delta72 & s is made to take rank be=e ! />s compos+ :at is call$ ! h&le ( ! ,pl\gh1 :i* are all ( ! second magnitude4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el long ago drew att5tion to ! irregul> mann] 9 :i* ,bay]'s sy/em _h be5 appli$4 ,x is1 inde$1 a great pity t ?is notation 0 n orig9ally work$ out ) great] c>e & correctness2 =1 7 x only reliable1 x w\ld af=d great assi/ance to a/ronom]s 9 judg+ ( :at *anges 9 relative brightness h tak5 place among ! />s4 ,?\gh we may speak ( us+ ! con/ellations z a me?od ( f9d+ our way ab\t ! sky1 x is1 h[ev]1 to c]ta9 m>k$ gr\p+s 9 !m ( ! bright] />s t we look = our sign-po/s4 ,mo/ ( ! con/ellations conta9 a gr\p or s ( noticeable />s1 ^: accid5tal arrangem5t dimly recalls ! outl9e ( "s famili> geometrical figure & ?us arre/s ! att5tion4#cj ,= in/ance1 9 an almo/ exact l9e ) ! two front />s ( ! ,pl\gh1 or po9t]s z !y are call$1#ca & at a di/ance ab\t five times z f> away z ! int]val betwe5 !m1 !re w be f\nd a ?ird /> ( ! second magnitude4 ,?is is kn[n z ,pol>is1 or ! ,pole ,/>1 = x v ne>ly occupies t po9t ( ! heav5 t[>ds :i* ! nor? pole ( ! e>?'s axis is at pres5t direct$ 7see ,plate ,,xix41 p4 #bib74 ,?us dur+ ! app>5tly daily rotation ( ! heav5s1 ?is /> looks always practically /ation>y4 ,x w1 no d\bt1 be rememb]$ h[ ,%akespe>e has put into ! m\? ( ,julius ,cs> ^! memorable words3-- ,b ,i am con/ant z ! nor!rn />1 ,( ^: true-fix'd & re/+ quality ,!re is no fell[ 9 ! firmam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,! ,,sky ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,nor? ,,pole ,we see "h ! ,pl\gh1 ! ,pole ,/>1 ,ursa ,m9or1 ,auriga1 ,cassiopeia's ,*air1 & ,lyra4 ,also ! ,circle ( ,precession1 along :i* ! ,pole makes a complete revolution 9 a p]iod ( #be1hfh ye>s1 & ! ,tempor>y ,/> discov]$ by ,ty*o ,brahe 9 ! ye> #aegb4 7,page #bia7 ,on acc\nt ( ! curvature ( ! e>?'s surface1 ! height at :i* ! ,pole ,/> is se5 above ! horizon at any place dep5ds regul>ly ^u ! latitude2 t is to say1 ! di/ance ( ! place 9 "q f ! equator4 ,= in/ance1 at ! nor? pole ( ! e>?1 :]e ! latitude is greate/1 namely1 #ij1 ! ,pole ,/> w appe> directly ov]head2 :]eas 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! latitude is ab\t #ej1 x w be se5 a little m ?an half way up ! nor!rn sky4 ,at ! equator1 :]e ! latitude is nil1 ! ,pole ,/> w be on ! horizon due nor?4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its unique position1 ! ,pole ,/> is ( v great s]vice 9 ! /udy ( ! con/ellations4 ,x is a k9d ( c5tre ar\nd :i* to hang our cele/ial ideas--a />t+ po9t1 s to speak1 9 our voyages ab\t ! sky4 ,accord+ to ! con/ellation figures1 ! ,pole ,/> is 9 ,ursa ,m9or1 or ! ,little ,be>1 & is situat$ at ! end ( ! tail ( t imag9>y figure 7see ,plate ,,xix41 p4 #bib74 ,! *ief />s ( ?is con/ellation =m a gr\p n unlike ! ,pl\gh1 except t ! h&le is turn$ 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,! ,am]icans1 9 consequ5ce1 speak ( x z ! ,little ,dipp]4 ,be=e leav+ ?is region ( ! sky1 x w be well to draw att5tion to ! second magnitude /> z 9 ! ,great ,be> 7,zeta ,urs ,majoris71 :i* is ! middle /> 9 ! h&le ( ! ,pl\gh4 ,?is /> is usually kn[n z ,miz>1 a "n giv5 to x by ! ,arabians4 ,a p]son ) good eyesight c see q ne> to x a fif? magnitude />1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,alcor4 ,we h "h a v good example ( t deception 9 ! e/imation ( objects 9 ! sky1 :i* has be5 allud$ to 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,alcor is inde$ di/ant f ,miz> by ab\t "o-?ird ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon1 yet no "o w\ld ?9k s6 ,on ! o!r side ( ,pol>is f ! ,pl\gh1 & at ab\t an equal app>5t di/ance1 w be f\nd a figure 9 ! =m ( an irregul> ,w1 made up ( second & ?ird magnitude />s4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n ,cassiopeia's ,*air--portion ( ! con/ellation ( ,cassiopeia 7see ,plate ,,xix41 p4 #bib74 ,on ei!r side ( ! ,pole ,/>1 ab\t midway betwe5 ! ,pl\gh & ,cassiopeia's ,*air1 b a little fur!r (f f x ?an ^!1 are ! con/ellations ( ,auriga & ,lyra 7see ,plate ,,xix41 p4 #bib74 ,! =m] con/ellation w be easily recognis$1 because its *ief features are a brilliant yell[i% fir/ magnitude />1 ) "o ( ! second magnitude n f> f x4 ,! fir/ magnitude /> is ,capella1 ! o!r is b ,aurig4 ,lyra conta9s only "o fir/ magnitude />--,vega1 pale blue 9 col\r4 ,?is /> has a c]ta9 int]e/ = u f ! fact t1 z a consequ5ce ( t sl[ %ift ( direction ( ! e>?'s axis kn[n z ,precession1 x w be v ne> ! nor? pole ( ! heav5s 9 "s #ab1jjj ye>s1 & s w !n be consid]$ ! pole /> 7see ,plate ,,xix41 p4 #bib74 ,! con/ellation ( ,lyra itself1 x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d1 occupies t region ( ! heav5s t[>ds :i* ! sol> sy/em is travell+4 ,! h&le ( ! ,pl\gh po9ts r\ghly t[>ds ! con/ellation ( ,botes1 9 :i* is ! brilliant fir/ magnitude /> ,arcturus4 ,?is /> is ( an orange t9t4 ,betwe5 ,botes & ,lyra lie ! con/ellations ( ,corona ,borealis 7or ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n7 & ,h]cules4 ,! *ief feature ( ,corona ,borealis1 :i* is a small con/ellation1 is a semicircle ( six small />s1 ! brighte/ ( :i* is ( ! second magnitude4 ,! con/ellation ( ,h]cules is v ext5sive1 b conta9s no /> bright] ?an ! ?ird magnitude4 ,ne> to ,lyra1 on ! side away f ,h]cules1 are ! con/ellations ( ,cygnus & ,aquila4 ,( ! two1 ! =m] is ! ne>] to ! ,pole ,/>1 & w be recognis$ by an arrangem5t ( />s widely set 9 ! =m ( a cross1 or p]haps inde$ m l ! framework ( a boy's kite4 ,! position ( ,aquila w be f\nd ?r\gh ! fact t ?ree ( its brighte/ />s are almo/ 9 a l9e & close toge!r4 ,! middle ( ^! is ,altair1 a yell[i% /> ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,at a little di/ance f ,ursa ,major1 on ! side away f ! ,pole ,/>1 is ! con/ellation ( ,leo1 or ! ,lion4 ,its *ief feature is a s]ies ( sev5 />s1 suppos$ to =m ! head ( t animal4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! />s is1 h[ev]1 mu* m l a sickle1 :]e=e ?is portion ( ! con/ellation is usually kn[n z ! ,sickle ( ,leo4 ,at ! end ( ! h&le ( ! sickle is a :ite fir/ magnitude />--,regulus4 ,! read] w1 no d\bt1 recollect t x is f a po9t 9 ! ,sickle ( ,leo t ! ,leonid meteors appe> to radiate4 ,! /> second 9 brightness 9 ! con/ellation ( ,leo is kn[n z ,d5ebola4 ,?is />1 n[ bel[ ! second magnitude1 seems to h be5 v mu* bright] 9 ! pa/4 ,x is not$1 inde$1 z a brilliant fir/ magnitude /> by ,al ,sufi1 t fam\s ,p]sian a/ronom] :o liv$1 z we h se51 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,ptolemy also notes x z ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,auriga1 & fur!r ?an x f ! ,pole ,/>1 are sev]al rem>kable con/ellations--,taurus1 ,orion1 ,gem9i1 ,canis ,m9or1 & ,canis ,major 7see ,plate ,,xx41 p4 #bif74 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,taurus 7or ! ,bull71 conta9s two conspicu\s /> gr\ps--! ,pleiades & ! ,hyades4 ,! ,pleiades are six or sev5 small />s q close toge!r1 ! majority ( :i* are ( ! f\r? magnitude4 ,?is gr\p is sometimes occult$ by ! moon4 ,! way 9 :i* ! />s compos+ x are arrang$ is some:at simil> to t 9 ! ,pl\gh1 ?\gh ( c\rse on a scale ev] s mu* small]4 ,! impression :i* ! gr\p itself gives to ! casual glance is ?us admirably pictur$ 9 ,t5nyson's ,locksley ,hall3-- ,_m a night ,i saw ! ,pleiads1 ris+ ?r\gh ! mell[ %ade1 ,glitt] l a sw>m ( fire-flies tangl$ 9 a silv] braid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,orion ,,& ,,8 ,,neighb\rs ,we see "h t magnific5t region ( ! sky :i* conta9s ! brighte/ /> ( all--,sirius4 ,note also especially ! ,milky ,way1 ! ,pleiades1 ! ,hyades1 & ! ,belt & ,sword ( ,orion4 7,page #bif7 ,! gr\p ( ! ,hyades occupies ! head ( ! ,bull1 & is mu* m spread out ?an t ( ! ,pleiades4 ,x is compos$ besides ( bright] />s1 ! brighte/ be+ "o ( ! fir/ magnitude1 ,aldeb>an4 ,?is /> is ( a r$ col\r1 & is sometimes kn[n z ! ,eye ( ! ,bull4 ,! con/ellation ( ,orion is easily recognis$ z an irregul> quadrilat]al =m$ ( f\r bright />s1 two ( :i*1 ,betelgeux 7r$di%7 & ,rigel 7brilliant :ite71 are ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,9 ! middle ( ! quadrilat]al is a r[ ( ?ree second magnitude />s1 kn[n z ! ,belt ( ,orion4 ,jutt+ (f f ?is is ano!r r[ ( />s call$ ! ,sword ( ,orion4 ,! con/ellation ( ,gem9i1 or ! ,tw9s1 conta9s two bright />s--,ca/or & ,pollux--close to ea* o!r4 ,pollux1 ?\gh m>k$ ) ! ,greek lett] b1 is ! bright] ( ! two1 & ne>ly ( ! /&>d fir/ magnitude4 ,j fur!r f ! ,pole ?an ,gem9i1 is ! con/ellation ( ,canis ,m9or1 or ! ,less] ,dog4 ,its *ief /> is a :ite fir/ magnitude "o--,procyon4 ,/ill fur!r aga9 f ! ,pole ?an ,canis ,m9or is ! con/ellation ( ,canis ,major1 or ! ,great] ,dog4 ,x conta9s ! brighte/ /> 9 ! :ole sky1 ! fir/ magnitude /> ,sirius1 blui%-:ite 9 col\r1 also kn[n z ! ,dog ,/>4 ,?is /> is almo/ 9 l9e ) ! />s =m+ ! ,belt ( ,orion1 & is n f> f t con/ellation4 ,tak5 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 ! />s ,capella1 b ,aurig1 ,ca/or1 ,pollux1 ,procyon1 & ,sirius1 :5 !y are all above ! horizon at ! same "t1 =m a beautiful curve /ret*+ across ! heav54 ,! gr\ps ( />s visible 9 ! s\!rn skies h by no means ! same fasc9ation = u z ^? 9 ! nor!rn4 ,! anci5ts 7 9 g5]al unacqua9t$ ) ! regions beyond ! equator1 & s _! s*eme ( con/ellations did n include ! sky ar\nd ! ,s\? ,pole ( ! heav5s4 ,9 mod]n times1 h[ev]1 ?is "p ( ! cele/ial expanse 0 also portion$ out into con/ellations = ! purpose ( easy ref]5ce2 b ^! gr\p+s pla9ly lack t simplicity ( conception & leg5d>y int]e/ :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( ! old] ones4 ,! brighte/ /> 9 ! s\!rn skies is f\nd 9 ! con/ellation ( ,argo1 & is kn[n z ,canopus4 ,9 brightness x comes next to ,sirius1 & s is second 9 t respect 9 ! entire heav54 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 rise above ! ,engli% horizon4 ,( ! o!r s\!rn con/ellations1 two call = especial notice1 & ^! adjo9 ea* o!r4 ,"o is ,c5taurus 7or ! ,c5taur71 :i* conta9s ! two fir/ magnitude />s1 a & b ,c5tauri4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 comes next 9 brightness to ,canopus1 & is notable z be+ ! ne>e/ ( all ! />s to our e>?4 ,! o!r con/ellation is call$ ,crux1 & conta9s five />s set 9 ! =m ( a r\gh cross1 kn[n z ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,! brighte/ ( ^!1 a ,crucis1 is ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,ow+ to ! ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes1 :i*1 z we h se51 gradually %ifts ! position ( ! ,pole among ! />s1 c]ta9 con/ellations us$ to be visible 9 anci5t times 9 m nor!rly latitudes ?an at pres5t4 ,= in/ance1 "s five ?\s& ye>s ago ! ,s\!rn ,cross rose above ! ,engli% horizon1 & 0 j visible 9 ! latitude ( ,london4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 long ago ev5 ceas$ to be se5 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe4 ,! con/ellation ( ,crux happ5s to be situat$ 9 t rem>kable region ( ! s\!rn skies1 9 :i* are f\nd ! />s ,canopus & ,alpha ,c5tauri1 & also ! mo/ brilliant portion ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,x is believ$ to be to ?is gr& cele/ial region t allusion is made 9 ! ,book ( ,job 7ix4 #i71 "u ! title ( ! ,*amb]s ( ! ,s\?4 ,! ,cross mu/ h be5 /ill a notable feature 9 ! sky ( ,pale/9e 9 ! days :5 t anci5t poem 0 writt54 ,!re is no /> ne> en\gh to ! s\!rn pole ( ! heav5s to e>n ! di/9ction ( ,s\? ,pol> ,/>4 ,! ,galaxy1 or ,milky ,way 7see ,plate ,,xx41 p4 #bif71 is a broad b& ( diffus$ light :i* is se5 to /ret* "r ar\nd ! sky4 ,! telescope1 h[ev]1 %[s x to be actually compos$ ( a great ho/ ( v fa9t />s--too fa9t1 inde$1 to be sep>ately di/+ui%$ ) ! nak$ eye4 ,along a goodly /ret* ( its l5g? x is cleft 9 two2 :ile ne> ! s\? pole ( ! heav5s x is entirely cut across by a d>k /reak4 ,9 ?is rapid survey ( ! face ( ! sky1 we h n be5 able to d m ?an t\* 9 ! broade/ mann] ^u "s ( ! mo/ noticeable /> gr\ps & a few ( ! mo/ rem>kable />s4 ,to g any fur!r is n a "p ( our purpose2 our object be+ to deal ) cele/ial bodies z !y actually are1 & n 9 ^? gr\p+s "u :i* !y display !mselves to u z a m]e result ( p]spective4 #bi ,att5tion mu/ "h be drawn to ! fact t ! "n ( ! con/ellation is always put 9 ! g5itive case4 #cj ,! e>ly peoples1 z we h se51 appe> to h be5 attract$ by ^? gr\p+s ( ! />s :i* rem9d$ !m 9 a way ( ! figures ( m5 & animals4 ,we mod]ns1 on ! o!r h&1 seek almo/ in/9ctively = geometrical arrangem5ts4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 symptomatic ( ! evolution ( ! race4 ,9 ! gr[? ( ! individual we f9d1 = example1 some?+ analog\s4 ,a *ild1 :o has be5 giv5 p5cil & pap]1 is almo/ c]ta9 to produce grotesque draw+s ( m5 & animals2 :]eas ! idle & half-consci\s scribbl+s :i* a man may make ^u 8 blott+-pap] are usually ( a geometrical "*4 #ca ,because ! l9e jo9+ !m po9ts 9 ! direction ( ! ,pole ,/>4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,/>s ,_m />s are se5 comp>atively close toge!r4 ,?is may pla9ly arise f two reasons4 ,fir/ly1 ! />s may happ5 to be almo/ 9 ! same l9e ( sight2 t is to say1 se5 9 ne>ly ! same direction2 & ?\gh "o /> may be ev] s mu* ne>] to u ?an ! o!r1 ! result w give all ! appe>ance ( a relat$ pair4 ,a seem+ arrangem5t ( two />s 9 ?is way is kn[n z a d\ble1 or d\ble />2 or1 inde$1 to be v precise1 an optical d\ble4 ,secondly1 9 a pair ( />s1 bo? bodies may be ab\t ! same di/ance f u1 & actually connect$ z a sy/em l1 = in/ance1 ! moon & ! e>?4 ,a pair+ ( />s 9 ?is way1 ?\gh (t5 casually allud$ to z a d\ble />1 is prop]ly t]m$ a b9>y1 or b9>y sy/em4 ,b collocations ( />s are by no means limit$ to two4 ,we f9d1 inde$1 all ov] ! sky su* arrangem5ts 9 :i* !re are ?ree or m />s2 & ^! are te*nically kn[n z triple or multiple />s respectively4 ,fur!r1 gr\ps are f\nd 9 :i* a great numb] ( />s are closely mass$ toge!r1 su* a mass+ toge!r ( />s be+ kn[n z a clu/]4 ,! ,pole ,/> 7,pol>is7 is a d\ble />1 "o ( ! compon5ts be+ ( a little bel[ ! second magnitude1 & ! o!r a little bel[ ! n9?4 ,!y are s close toge!r t !y appe> z "o /> to ! nak$ eye1 b !y may be se5 sep>ate ) a mod]ately siz$ telescope4 ,! bright] /> is yell[i%1 & ! fa9t "o :ite4 ,?is bright] /> is f\nd by means ( ! spectroscope to be actually compos$ ( ?ree />s s v close toge!r t !y _c be se5 sep>ately ev5 ) a telescope4 ,x is ?us a triple />1 & ! ?ree bodies ( :i* x is compos$ are 9 circulation ab\t ea* o!r4 ,two ( !m are d>k] ?an ! ?ird4 ,! me?od ( detect+ b9>y />s by means ( ! spectroscope is an application ( ,doppl]'s pr9ciple4 ,x w1 no d\bt1 be rememb]$ t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple 9 "q1 we are enabl$1 f c]ta9 %ift+s ( ! l9es 9 ! spectrum ( a lum9\s body1 to asc]ta9 :e!r t body is approa*+ u or rec$+ f u4 ,n[ !re are c]ta9 />s :i* always appe> s+le ev5 9 ! l>ge/ telescopes1 b :5 ! spectroscope is direct$ to !m a spectrum ) two sets ( l9es is se54 ,su* />s mu/1 !re=e1 be d\ble4 ,fur!r1 if ! %ift+s ( ! l9es1 9 a spectrum l ?is1 tell u t ! compon5t />s are mak+ small movem5ts to & f u :i* g on cont9u\sly1 we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ^! are ! orbital revolutions ( a b9>y sy/em greatly compress$ by di/ance4 ,su* connect$ pairs ( />s1 s9ce !y _c be se5 sep>ately by means ( any telescope1 no matt] h[ l>ge1 are kn[n z spectroscopic b9>ies4 ,9 obs]vations ( spectroscopic b9>ies we d n always get a d\ble spectrum4 ,inde$1 if "o ( ! compon5ts be bel[ a c]ta9 magnitude1 its spectrum w n appe> at all2 & s we are left 9 ! /range unc]ta9ty z to :e!r ?is compon5t is m]ely fa9t or actually d>k4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f ! %ift+s ( ! l9es 9 ! spectrum ( ! o!r compon5t t we see t an orbital movem5t is go+ on1 & are ?us enabl$ to conclude t two bodies are "h connect$ into a sy/em1 al?\gh "o ( ^! bodies resolutely refuses directly to reveal itself ev5 to ! all-conqu]+ spectroscope4 ,miz>1 t /> 9 ! h&le ( ! ,pl\gh to :i* we h already drawn att5tion1 w be f\nd ) a small telescope to be a f9e d\ble1 "o ( ! compon5ts be+ :ite & ! o!r gre5i%4 ,actually1 h[ev]1 z ! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,f4,r4 ,m\lton1 po9ts out1 ^! />s are s f> f ea* o!r t if we c\ld be transf]r$ to "o ( !m we %\ld see ! o!r m]ely z an ord9>y bright />4 ,! spectroscope %[s t ! bright] ( ^! />s is aga9 a b9>y sy/em ( two huge suns1 ! compon5ts revolv+ ar\nd ea* o!r 9 a p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty days4 ,?is discov]y made by ,pr(essor ,e4,c4 ,pick]+1 ! fir/ ( ! k9d by means ( ! spectroscope1 0 ann\nc$ 9 #ahhi f ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a /> close to ,vega1 kn[n z e 7,epsilon7 ,lyr 7see ,plate ,,xix41 p4 #bib71 is a d\ble1 ! compon5ts ( :i* may be se5 sep>ately ) ! nak$ eye by p]sons ) v ke5 eyesight4 ,if ?is />1 h[ev]1 be view$ ) ! telescope1 ! two companions w be se5 f> ap>t2 & x w be notic$ t ea* ( !m is aga9 a d\ble4 ,by means ( ! spectroscope ,capella is %[n to be really compos$ ( two />s 7"o ab\t twice z bright z ! o!r7 situat$ v close toge!r & =m+ a b9>y sy/em4 ,sirius is also a b9>y sy/em2 b x is :at is call$ a visual "o1 = its compon5t />s may be se5 sep>ately 9 v l>ge telescopes4 ,its d\ble1 or r b9>y1 nature1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfb by ! celebrat$ optician ,alvan ,g4 ,cl>k1 :ile 9 ! act ( te/+ ! #ah-;in* refract+ telescope1 !n j con/ruct$ by 8 firm1 & n[ at ! ,de>born ,obs]vatory1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,! companion is only ( ! t5? magnitude1 & revolves ar\nd ,sirius 9 a p]iod ( ab\t fifty ye>s1 at a mean di/ance equal to ab\t t ( ,uranus f ! sun4 ,se5 f ,sirius1 x w\ld %9e only some?+ l our full moon4 ,x mu/ be self-lum9\s & n a m]e planet2 = ,mr4 ,gore has %[n t if x %one only by ! light reflect$ f ,sirius1 x w\ld be q invisible ev5 9 ! ,great ,y]kes ,telescope4 ,procyon is also a b9>y1 its companion hav+ be5 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,j4,m4 ,s*aeb]le at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory 9 #ahif4 ,! p]iod ( revolution 9 ?is sy/em is ab\t =ty ye>s4 ,obs]vations by ,mr4 ,t4 ,lewis ( ,gre5wi* seem1 h[ev]1 to po9t to ! companion be+ a small nebula r ?an a />4 ,! /> 7,eta7 ,cassiopei 7see ,plate ,,xix41 p4 #bib71 is easily se5 z a f9e d\ble 9 telescopes ( mod]ate size4 ,x is a b9>y sy/em1 ! compon5t bodies revolv+ ar\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity 9 a p]iod ( ab\t two hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is sy/em is comp>atively ne> to u1 i4e4 ab\t n9e light ye>s1 or a little fur!r (f ?an ,sirius4 ,9 a small telescope ! /> ,ca/or w be f\nd d\ble1 ! compon5ts1 "o ( :i* is bright] ?an ! o!r1 =m+ a b9>y sy/em4 ,! fa9t] ( ^! 0 f\nd by ,belopolsky1 ) ! spectroscope1 to be compos$ ( a sy/em ( two />s1 "o bright & ! o!r ei!r d>k or n s bright1 revolv+ ar\nd ea* o!r 9 a p]iod ( ab\t ?ree days4 ,! bright] compon5t ( ,ca/or is also a spectroscopic b9>y1 ) a p]iod ( ab\t n9e days2 s t ! :ole ( :at we see ) ! nak$ eye z ,ca/or1 is 9 reality a rem>kable sy/em ( f\r />s 9 mutual orbital movem5t4 ,alpha ,c5tauri--! ne>e/ /> to ! e>?--is a visual b9>y1 ! compon5t bodies revolv+ ar\nd ea* o!r 9 a p]iod ( ab\t eighty-"o ye>s4 ,! ext5t ( ?is sy/em is ab\t ! same z t ( ,sirius4 ,view$ f ea* o!r1 ! bodies w\ld %9e only l our sun z se5 f ,neptune4 ,among ! num]\s b9>y />s ! orbits ( "s fifty h be5 satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,_m d\ble />s1 = :i* ?is has n yet be5 done1 are1 h[ev]1 believ$ to be1 )\t d\bt1 b9>y4 ,9 "s cases a p>allax has be5 f\nd2 s t we are enabl$ to e/imate 9 miles ! actual ext5t ( su* sy/ems1 & ! masses ( ! bodies 9 t]ms ( ! sun's mass4 ,mo/ ( ! spectroscopic b9>ies appe> to be ^u a small] scale ?an ! telescopic ones4 ,"s are1 inde$1 comp>atively speak+1 q small4 ,= in/ance1 ! compon5t />s =m+ b ,aurig are ab\t eight million miles ap>t1 :ile 9 z ,gem9orum1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! bodies is only a little m ?an a million miles4 ,spectroscopic b9>ies are probably v num]\s4 ,pr(essor ,w4,w4 ,campbell1 ,director ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 e/imates1 = in/ance1 t1 out ( ab\t e half-a-doz5 />s1 "o is a spectroscopic b9>y4 ,x is only 9 ! case ( b9>y sy/ems t we c discov] ! masses ( />s at all4 ,^! are asc]ta9$ f _! movem5ts ) reg>d to ea* o!r "u ! influ5ce ( _! mutual gravitative attractions4 ,9 ! case ( simple />s we h cle>ly no?+ ( ! k9d to judge by2 ?\gh1 if we c obta9 a p>allax1 we may haz>d a guess f _! brightness4 ,b9>y />s 7 incid5tally discov]$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,9 8 rese>*es to get a /ell> p>allax he _h select$ a numb] ( d\ble />s = te/ purposes1 on ! assumption t1 if "o ( su* a pair 7 mu* ne>] ?an ! o!r1 x might %[ a displacem5t ) reg>d to its neighb\r z a direct consequ5ce ( ! e>?'s orbital movem5t ar\nd ! sun4 ,he1 h[ev]1 fail$ entirely to obta9 any p>allaxes1 ! triumph 9 ?is be+1 z we h se51 res]v$ = ,bessel4 ,b 9 "s ( ! d\ble />s :i* he _h select$1 he f\nd c]ta9 alt]ations 9 ! relative positions ( ! bodies1 :i* pla9ly 7 n a consequ5ce ( ! e>?'s motion1 b %[$ r t !re 0 an actual circl+ movem5t ( ! bodies !mselves "u _! mutual attractions4 ,x is to be not$ t ! exi/5ce ( su* connect$ pairs _h be5 =etold z probable by ! ,rev4 ,john ,mi*ell1 :o liv$ a %ort "t be=e ,h]s*el4 ,! rese>*es into b9>y sy/ems--bo? ^? :i* c be se5 ) ! eye & ^? :i* c be obs]v$ by means ( ! spectroscope1 ought to impress ^u u v =cibly ! wide sway ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,( /> clu/]s ab\t #ajj are kn[n1 & su* sy/ems (t5 conta9 sev]al ?\s& />s4 ,!y usually cov] an area ( sky some:at small] ?an ! moon appe>s to fill4 ,9 mo/ clu/]s ! />s are v fa9t1 &1 z a rule1 are betwe5 ! twelf? & sixte5? magnitudes4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ^! are actually small bodies1 or :e!r _! fa9tness is due m]ely to _! great di/ance f u1 s9ce !y are mu* too f> (f to %[ any appreciable p>allactic displacem5t4 ,mr4 ,gore1 h[ev]1 ?9ks !re is good evid5ce to %[ t ! />s 9 clu/]s are really close1 & t ! clu/]s !mselves fill a comp>atively small space4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ examples ( a clu/] is ! great globul> "o1 9 ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules1 discov]$ by ,halley 9 #agad4 ,x conta9s ov] #ejjj />s1 & ^u a cle>1 d>k night is visible to ! nak$ eye z a pat* ( light4 ,9 ! telescope1 h[ev]1 x is a wond]ful object4 ,!re are also f9e clu/]s 9 ! con/ellations ( ,auriga1 ,pegasus1 & ,canes ,v5atici4 ,9 ! s\!rn heav5s !re are "s magnific5t examples ( globul> clu/]s4 ,?is hemisph]e seems1 inde$1 to be ri*] 9 su* objects ?an ! nor!rn4 ,= in/ance1 !re is a great "o 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,c5taur1 conta9+ "s #fjjj />s 7see ,plate ,,xxi41 p4 #cjf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,great ,,globul> ,,clu/] ,,9 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,c5taurus ,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,cape ,obs]vatory1 on ,may #bd?1 #aijc4 ,"t ( exposure1 #a h\r4 7,page #cjf7 ,c]ta9 rem>kable gr\ps ( />s1 ( a nature simil> to clu/]s1 ?\gh n conta9+ su* fa9t or d5sely pack$ />s z ^? we h j allud$ to1 call = a m5tion 9 ?is connection4 ,! be/ example ( su* /> gr\ps are ! ,pleiades & ! ,hyades 7see ,plate ,,xx41 p4 #bif71 ,coma ,b]5ices1 & ,prsepe 7or ! ,beehive71 ! la/-nam$ be+ 9 ! con/ellation ( ,canc]4 ,/>s :i* alt] 9 _! brightness are call$ ,v>iable ,/>s1 or v>iables4 ,! fir/ /> ^: v>iability attract$ att5tion is t kn[n z ,omicron ,ceti1 namely1 ! /> m>k$ ) ! ,greek lett] o 7,omicron7 9 ! con/ellation ( ,cetus1 or ! ,:ale1 a con/ellation situat$ n f> f ,taurus4 ,?is />1 ! v>iability ( :i* 0 discov]$ by ,fabricius 9 #aeif1 is also kn[n z ,mira1 or ! ,wond]ful1 on acc\nt ( ! extraord9>y mann] 9 :i* its light v>ies f "t to "t4 ,! /> kn[n by ! "n ( ,algol1#cb popul>ly call$ ! ,demon ,/>--^: a/ronomical designation is b 7,beta7 ,p]sei1 or ! /> second 9 brightness 9 ! con/ellation ( ,p]seus--0 discov]$ by ,goodricke1 9 ! ye> #aghc1 to be a v>iable />4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> b ,lyr1 ! /> 9 ,lyra next 9 ord] ( brightness aft] ,vega1 0 also f\nd by ! same obs]v] to be a v>iable4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to ! read] to "k t ,goodricke 0 deaf & dumb1 & t he di$ 9 #aghf at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s6 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t mu* att5tion 0 paid to v>iable />s4 ,n[ sev]al hundr$s ( ^! are kn[n1 ?anks *iefly to ! obs]vations (1 among/ o!rs1 ,pr(essor ,s4,c4 ,*&l] ( ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,mr4 ,john ,ell>d ,gore ( ,dubl91 & ,dr4 ,a4,w4 ,rob]ts ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,?is bran* ( a/ronomy has n1 inde$1 attract$ z mu* popul> att5tion z x des]ves1 no d\bt because ! nature ( ! "w requir$ does n call = ! glam\r ( an obs]vatory or a l>ge telescope4 ,! *ief discov]ies ) reg>d to v>iable />s h be5 made by ! nak$ eye1 or ) a small b9ocul>4 ,! am\nt ( v>iation is e/imat$ by a comp>ison ) o!r />s4 ,z 9 _m o!r bran*es ( a/ronomy1 photography is n[ employ$ 9 ?is que/ ) m>k$ success2 & lately _m v>iable />s h be5 f\nd to exi/ 9 clu/]s & nebul4 ,x 0 at "o "t consid]$ t a v>iable /> 0 9 all probability a body1 a portion ( ^: surface _h be5 relatively d>k5$ 9 "s mann] ak9 to t 9 :i* sun spots m> ! face ( ! sun2 & t :5 its axial rotation br\ght ! less illum9at$ portions 9 turn t[>ds u1 we witness$ a consequ5t dim9ution 9 ! />'s g5]al brightness4 ,h]s*el1 inde$1 incl9$ to ?is explanation1 = 8 belief 0 t all ! />s bore spots l ^? ( ! sun4 ,x appe>s pref]ably ?\ght n[adays t di/urbances take place p]iodically 9 ! atmosph]e or surr\nd+s ( c]ta9 />s1 p]haps ?r\gh ! escape ( imprison$ gases1 & t ?is may be a fruitful cause ( *anges ( brilliancy4 ,! !ory 9 "q w1 h[ev]1 app>5tly acc\nt = only "o class ( v>iable />1 namely1 t ( :i* ,mira ,ceti is ! be/-kn[n example4 ,! scale on :i* x v>ies 9 brightness is v great1 = x *anges f ! second to ! n9? magnitude4 ,= ! o!r lead+ type ( v>iable />1 ,algol1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made1 is ! be/ in/ance4 ,! %ortness ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ! *anges ( brightness 9 su* />s g _! r\nd1 is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ?is latt] class4 ,! p]iod ( ,algol is a little "u ?ree days4 ,?is /> :5 at its brighte/ is ( ab\t ! second magnitude1 & :5 lea/ bright is r$uc$ to bel[ ! ?ird magnitude2 f :i* x foll[s t its light1 :5 at ! m9imum1 is only ab\t "o-?ird ( :at x is :5 at ! maximum4 ,x seems def9itely prov$ by means ( ! spectroscope t v>iables ( ?is k9d are m]ely b9>y />s1 too close to be sep>at$ by ! telescope1 :i*1 z a consequ5ce ( _! orbits *anc+ to be edgewise t[>ds u1 eclipse ea* o!r 9 turn "t aft] "t4 ,if1 = in/ance1 bo? compon5ts ( su* a pair are bright1 !n :5 "o ( !m is "r beh9d ! o!r1 we w n1 ( c\rse1 get ! same am\nt ( light z :5 !y are side by side4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 "o ( ! compon5ts happ5s to be d>k or less lum9\s & ! o!r bright1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! light ( ! bright /> w be dim9i%$ :5 ! d>k] /> crosses its face %\ld easily be und]/ood4 ,x is to ! second ( ^! types t ,algol is suppos$ to belong4 ,! ,algol sy/em appe>s to be compos$ ( a body ab\t z broad z our sun1 :i* regul>ly eclipses a bright] body :i* has a diamet] ab\t half z great aga94 ,s9ce ! companion ( ,algol is (t5 spok5 ( z a d>k body1 x 7 well "h to po9t out t we h no evid5ce at all t x is entirely devoid ( light4 ,we h already f\nd1 9 deal+ ) spectroscopic b9>ies1 t :5 "o ( ! compon5t />s is bel[ a c]ta9 magnitude#cc its spectrum w n be se52 s "o is left 9 ! glori\s unc]ta9ty z to :e!r ! body 9 "q is absolutely d>k1 or d>ki%1 or fa9t1 or inde$ only j out ( range ( ! spectroscope4 ,x is ?\ght probable by good au?orities t ! companion ( ,algol is n q d>k1 b has "s inh]5t light ( its own4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 mu* too ne> ,algol to be se5 ) ! l>ge/ telescope4 ,!re is 9 fact a di/ance ( only f two to ?ree millions ( miles betwe5 ! bodies1 f :i* ,mr4 ,gore inf]s t !y w\ld probably rema9 unsep>at$ ev5 9 ! l>ge/ telescope :i* c\ld ev] be con/ruct$ by man4 ,! numb] ( kn[n v>iables ( ! ,algol type is1 s f>1 small2 n mu* inde$ ov] ?irty4 ,9 "s ( !m ! compon5ts are believ$ to revolve t\*+ ea* o!r1 or ne>ly s4 ,an extreme example ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! rem>kable /> ,v4 ,puppis1 an ,algol v>iable ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,bo? its compon5ts are bright1 & ! p]iod ( light v>iation is ab\t "o & a half days4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,rob]ts f9ds t ! bodies are revolv+ ar\nd ea* o!r 9 actual contact4 ,tempor>y />s are />s :i* h sudd5ly blaz$ out 9 regions ( ! sky :]e no /> 0 previ\sly se51 & h fad$ away m or less gradually4 ,x 0 ! appe>ance ( su* a />1 9 ! ye> #acd ,b4,c41 :i* prompt$ ,hipp>*us to make 8 celebrat$ catalogue1 ) ! object ( leav+ a record by :i* future obs]v]s c\ld note cele/ial *anges4 ,9 #aegb ano!r /> ( ?is k9d fla%$ out 9 ! con/ellation ( ,cassiopeia 7see ,plate ,,xix41 p4 #bib71 & 0 detect$ by ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,x became z bright z ! planet ,v5us1 & ev5tually 0 visible 9 ! day-"t4 ,two ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 x disappe>$1 & has nev] s9ce be5 se54 ,9 #afjd ,kepl] record$ a simil> /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ,ophiu*us :i* grew to be z bright z ,jupit]4 ,x also la/$ = ab\t two ye>s1 & !n fad$ away1 leav+ no trace beh9d4 ,x is r>ely1 h[ev]1 t tempor>y />s atta9 to su* a brilliance2 & s possibly 9 =m] times a numb] ( !m may h appe>$1 b n h ris5 to a suffici5t magnitude to attract att5tion4 ,ev5 n[1 unless su* a /> becomes cle>ly visible to ! nak$ eye1 x runs a good *ance ( n be+ detect$4 ,a curi\s po9t1 wor? not+1 ) reg>d to tempor>y />s is t ! majority ( !m h appe>$ 9 ! ,milky ,way4 ,^! sudd5 visitations h 9 our day receiv$ ! "n ( ,nov2 t is to say1 ,new ,/>s4 ,two1 9 rec5t ye>s1 attract$ a good deal ( att5tion4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 kn[n z ,nova ,aurig1 or ! ,new ,/> 9 ! con/ellation ( ,auriga1 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,t4,d4 ,&]son at ,ed9burgh 9 ,janu>y #ahib4 ,at its greate/ brightness x atta9$ to ab\t ! f\r? magnitude4 ,by ,april x _h sunk to ! twelf?1 b dur+ ,augu/ x recov]$ to ! n9? magnitude4 ,aft] ?is la/ fl>e-up x gradually fad$ away4 ,! />tl+ sudd5ness ) :i* tempor>y />s usually spr+ into be+ is ! gr\ndwork ^u :i* !ories to acc\nt = _! orig9 h be5 erect$4 ,t numb]s ( d>k />s1 ext+ui%$ suns1 s to speak1 may exi/ 9 space1 !re is a /rong suspicion2 & x is j possible t we h an in/ance ( "o d>k /ell> body 9 ! companion ( ,algol4 ,t su* d>k />s might be 9 rapid motion is reasonable to assume f ! already kn[n movem5ts ( bright />s4 ,two d>k bodies might1 inde$1 collide toge!r1 or a collision might take place betwe5 a d>k /> & a /> too fa9t to be se5 ev5 ) ! mo/ p[]ful telescope4 ,! conflagration produc$ by ! impact w\ld ?us appe> :]e no?+ _h be5 se5 previ\sly4 ,aga91 a simil> effect might be produc$ by a d>k body1 or a /> too fa9t to be se51 be+ heat$ to inc&esc5ce by plung+ 9 its c\rse ?r\gh a nebul\s mass ( matt]1 ( :i* !re are _m examples ly+ ab\t 9 space4 ,! la/ explanation1 :i* is /rongly rem9isc5t ( :at takes place 9 %oot+ />s1 appe>s m probable ?an ! collision !ory4 ,! fl>e-up ( new />s cont9ues1 inde$1 only = a comp>atively %ort "t2 :]eas a collision betwe5 two bodies w\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 produce an enorm\s nebula :i* might take ev5 millions ( ye>s to cool d[n4 ,we h1 inde$1 no record ( any su* sudd5 appe>ance ( a la/+ nebula4 ,! o!r tempor>y />1 kn[n z ,nova ,p]sei1 or ! new /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ,p]seus1 0 discov]$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ,febru>y #bb1 #aija1 also by ,dr4 ,&]son4 ,a day lat] x _h gr[n to be bright] ?an ,capella4 ,photographs :i* _h be5 tak51 "s ?ree days previ\s to its discov]y1 ( ! v region ( ! sky 9 :i* x _h bur/ =?1 7 c>efully exam9$1 & x 0 n f\nd 9 ^!4 ,at ! end ( two days aft] its discov]y ,nova ,p]sei _h lo/ "o-?ird ( its light4 ,dur+ ! ensu+ six mon?s x pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( rem>kable fluctuations1 v>y+ 9 brightness betwe5 ! ?ird & fif? magnitudes4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ x 0 se5 to be surr\nd$ by lum9\s matt] 9 ! =m ( a nebula1 :i* appe>$ to be gradually spread+ to "s di/ance ar\nd4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! great way (f at :i* all ?is 0 tak+ place1 x look$ z if ! new /> _h eject$ matt] :i* 0 travell+ outw>d ) a velocity equival5t to t ( light4 ,! rem>kable !ory 01 h[ev]1 put =w>d by ,pr(essor ,kapteyn & ! late ,dr4 ,w4,e4 ,wilson t !re might be aft] all no actual transmission ( matt]2 b t p]haps ! real explanation 0 ! gradual illum9ation ( hi!rto invisible nebul\s matt]1 z a consequ5ce ( ! fl>e-up :i* _h tak5 place ab\t six mon?s be=e4 ,x 01 !re=e1 imag9$ t "s d>k body mov+ ?r\gh space at a v rapid rate _h plung$ ?r\gh a mass ( invisible nebul\s matt]1 & _h consequ5tly become heat$ to inc&esc5ce 9 its passage1 v mu* l :at happ5s to a meteor :5 mov+ ?r\gh our atmosph]e4 ,! illum9ation ?us set up tempor>ily 9 "o po9t1 be+ transmitt$ ?r\gh ! nebul\s wa/es ar\nd ) ! ord9>y velocity ( light1 _h gradually r5d]$ ?is surr\nd+ matt] visible4 ,on ! assumptions requir$ to fit 9 ) su* a !ory1 x 0 %[n t ,nova ,p]sei mu/ be at a di/ance f :i* light w\ld take ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 com+ to u4 ,! actual outbur/ ( illum9ation1 :i* gave rise to ?is tempor>y />1 w\ld !re=e h tak5 place ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,james ,i4 ,"s rec5t inve/igations ) reg>d to ,nova ,p]sei h1 h[ev]1 greatly n>r[$ d[n ! above e/imate ( its di/ance f u4 ,= in/ance1 ,b]g/r& proposes a di/ance ( ab\t n9ety-n9e light ye>s2 :ile ! conclusions ( ,mr4 ,f4,w4 ,v w\ld br+ x /ill ne>]1 i4e4 ab\t sixty-five light ye>s4 ,! la/ cele/ial objects ) :i* we h "h to deal are ! ,nebul4 ,^! are masses ( diffus$ %9+ matt] scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh ! dep?s ( space4 ,nebul are ( sev]al k9ds1 & h be5 classifi$ "u ! v>i\s head+s ( ,spiral1 ,planet>y1 ,r+1 & ,irregul>4 ,a typical spiral nebula is compos$ ( a disc-%ap$ c5tral portion1 ) long curv$ arms project+ f opposite sides ( x1 :i* give an impression ( rapid rotatory movem5t4 ,! discov]y ( spiral nebul 0 made by ,"l ,rosse ) 8 great #f-;foot reflector4 ,two good examples ( ^! objects w be f\nd 9 ,ursa ,major1 :ile !re is ano!r f9e "o 9 ,canes ,v5atici 7see ,plate ,,xxii41 p4 #cad71 a con/ellation :i* lies betwe5 ,ursa ,major & ,botes4 ,b ! f9e/ spiral ( all1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable nebula kn[n to u1 is ! ,great ,nebula 9 ! con/ellation ( ,&rom$a1 7see ,plate ,,xxiii41 p4 #caf7--;a con/ellation j fur!r f ! pole ?an ,cassiopeia4 ,:5 ! moon is abs5t & ! night cle> ?is nebula c be easily se5 ) ! nak$ eye z a small pat* ( hazy light4 ,x is ref]r$ to by ,al ,sufi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,spiral ,,nebula ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,canes ,,v5atici ,f a photograph by ! late ,dr4 ,w4,e4 ,wilson1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,page #cad7 ,spiral nebul are :ite 9 col\r1 :]eas ! o!r k9ds ( nebula h a gre5i% t+e4 ,!y are also by f> ! mo/ num]\s2 & ! late ,pr(essor ,keel]1 :o consid]$ ?is ! normal type ( nebula1 e/imat$ t !re 7 at lea/ #abj1jjj ( su* spirals )9 ! rea* ( ! ,crossley reflector ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,pr(essor ,p]r9e has inde$ lately rais$ ?is e/imate to half a million1 & ?9ks t ) m s5sitive photographic plates & long] exposures ! numb] ( spirals w\ld exce$ a million4 ,! majority ( ^! objects are v small1 & appe> to be di/ribut$ ov] ! sky 9 a fairly uni=m mann]4 ,planet>y nebul are small fa9t r\ndi% objects :i*1 :5 se5 9 ! telescope1 recall ! appe>ance ( a planet1 h5ce _! "n4 ,"o ( ^! nebul1 kn[n a/ronomically z ,g4,c4 #dcgc1 has rec5tly be5 f\nd to be ru%+ ?r\gh space t[>ds ! e>? at a rate ( betwe5 ?irty & =ty miles p] second4 ,x seems /range1 inde$1 t any gase\s mass %\ld move at su* a spe$6 ,:at are kn[n z r+ nebul 7 until rec5tly believ$ to =m a special class4 ,^! objects h ! appe>ance ( m]e r+s ( nebul\s matt]4 ,mu* d\bt has1 h[ev]1 be5 ?r[n ^u _! be+ r+s at all2 & ! be/ au?orities reg>d !m m]ely z spiral nebul1 ( :i* we happ5 to get a =e%ort5$ view4 ,v few examples are kn[n1 ! mo/ fam\s be+ "o 9 ! con/ellation ( ,lyra1 usually kn[n z ! ,annul> ,nebula 9 ,lyra4 ,?is object is s remote f u z to be entirely invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,x conta9s a /> ( ! fifte5? magnitude ne> to its c5tre4 ,f photographs tak5 ) ! ,crossley reflector1 ,pr(essor ,s*aeb]le f9ds 9 ?is nebula evid5ces ( spiral /ructure4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t ! ,great ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 :i* has n[ turn$ out to be a spiral1 _h 9 e>li] photographs ! appe>ance ( a r+4 ,!re also exi/ nebul ( irregul> =m1 ! mo/ notable be+ ! ,great ,nebula 9 ! con/ellation ( ,orion 7see ,plate ,,xxiv41 p4 #cah74 ,x is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,sword ( ,orion 7see ,plate ,,xx41 p4 #bif74 ,9 l>ge telescopes x appe>s z a magnific5t object1 & 9 actual dim5sions x mu/ be mu* on ! same scale z ! ,&rom$a ,nebula4 ,! spectroscope tells u t x is a mass ( gl[+ gas4 ,! ,trifid ,nebula1 situat$ 9 ! con/ellation ( ,sagitt>ius1 is an object ( v /range %ape4 ,?ree d>k clefts radiate f its c5tre1 giv+ x an appe>ance z if x _h be5 torn into %r$s4 ,! ,dumb-bell ,nebula1 a celebrat$ object1 s call$ f its lik5ess to a dumb-bell1 turns out1 f rec5t photographs tak5 by ,pr(essor ,s*aeb]le1 :i* br+ additional detail into view1 to be aft] all a great spiral4 ,!re is a ne/1 or r a clu/] ( nebul 9 ! con/ellation ( ,coma ,b]5ices2 ov] a hundr$ ( ^! objects be+ "h ga!r$ into a space ( sky ab\t ! size ( our full moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,&rom$a ,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 7,page #cad7 ,! spectroscope in=ms u t spiral nebul are compos$ ( p>tially-cool$ matt]4 ,_! col\r1 z we h se51 is :ite4 ,nebul ( a gre5i% t9t are1 on ! o!r h&1 f\nd to be entirely 9 a gase\s condition4 ,j z ! sol> corona conta9s an unkn[n elem5t1 :i* = ! "t be+ has be5 call$ ,coronium1 s d ! gase\s nebul give evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ano!r unkn[n elem5t4 ,to ?is ,sir ,william ,hugg9s has giv5 ! provisional "n ( ,nebulium4 ,! ,magellanic ,cl\ds are two pat*es ( nebul\s-look+ light1 m or less circul> 9 =m1 :i* are situat$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ( ! sky4 ,!y be> a c]ta9 resemblance to portions ( ! ,milky ,way1 b are1 h[ev]1 n connect$ ) x4 ,!y h receiv$ _! "n f ! celebrat$ navigator1 ,magellan1 :o seems to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ p]sons to draw att5tion to !m4 ,nubecul is ano!r "n by :i* !y are kn[n1 ! l>g] cl\d be+ /yl$ nubecula major & ! small] "o nubecula m9or4 ,!y conta9 )9 !m />s1 clu/]s1 & gase\s nebul4 ,no p>allax has yet be5 f\nd = any object :i* =ms "p ( ! nubecul1 s x is v difficult to e/imate at :at di/ance f u !y may lie4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 consid]$ to be well )9 our /ell> univ]se4 ,hav+ ?us br\ght to a conclusion our all too brief review ( ! />s & ! nebul--( ! lead+ objects 9 f9e :i* ! cele/ial spaces h reveal$ to man--we w close ?is *apt] ) a rec5t summation by ,sir ,david ,gill ( ! relations :i* appe> to obta9 betwe5 ^! v>i\s bodies4 ,hugg9s's spectroscope1 he says1 has %[n t _m nebul are n />s at all2 t _m well-cond5s$ nebul1 z well z va/ pat*es ( nebul\s light 9 ! sky1 are b in*oate masses ( lum9\s gas4 ,evid5ce ^u evid5ce has accumulat$ to %[ t su* nebul consi/ ( ! matt] out ( :i* />s 7i4e4 suns7 h be5 & are be+ evolv$4 ,! diff]5t types ( /> spectra =m su* a complete & gradual sequ5ce 7f simple spectra resembl+ ^? ( nebul onw>ds ?r\gh types ( gradually increas+ complexity7 z to sugge/ t we h be=e u1 writt5 9 ! cryptograms ( ^! spectra1 ! complete /ory ( ! evolution ( suns f ! in*oate nebula onw>ds to ! mo/ active sun 7l our own71 & !n d[nw>d to ! almo/ heatless & invisible ball4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* human life has exi/$ ^u our globe is probably too %ort--ev5 if our fir/ p>5ts _h begun ! "w--to af=d obs]vational pro( ( su* a cycle ( *ange 9 any p>ticul> />2 b ! fact ( su* evolution1 ) ! evid5ce be=e u1 c h>dly be d\bt$4#cd #cb ,! "n ,al gl1 mean+ ! ,demon1 0 :at ! old ,arabian a/ronom]s call$ x1 :i* looks v mu* z if !y _h already notic$ its rapid fluctuations 9 brightness4 #cc ,mr4 ,gore ?9ks t ! companion ( ,algol may be a /> ( ! six? magnitude4 #cd ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 7,leice/]1 #aijg71 by ,sir ,david ,gill1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,orion ,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 7,page #caf7 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,/ell> ,,univ]se ,! />s appe> fairly ev5ly di/ribut$ all ar\nd u1 except 9 "o portion ( ! sky :]e !y seem v cr[d$1 & s give "o an impression ( be+ v di/ant4 ,?is portion1 kn[n z ! ,milky ,way1 /ret*es1 z we h already said1 9 ! =m ( a broad b& "r r\nd ! entire heav5s4 ,9 ^? regions ( ! sky mo/ di/ant f ! ,milky ,way ! />s appe> to be ?9ly s[n1 b become m & m closely mass$ toge!r z ! ,milky ,way is approa*$4 ,?is app>5t di/ribution ( ! />s 9 space has giv5 rise to a !ory :i* 0 mu* fav\r$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 & :i* is usually cr$it$ to him1 al?\gh x 0 really sugge/$ by "o ,?omas ,wright ( ,durham 9 #agej2 t is to say1 "s ?irty ye>s or m be=e ,h]s*el prop\nd$ x4 ,accord+ to ?is1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,disc or ,gr9d/one ,!ory1 ! />s are consid]$ z arrang$ 9 space some:at 9 ! =m ( a ?ick disc1 or gr9d/one1 close to ! c5tral p>ts ( :i* our sol> sy/em is situat$4#ce ,?us we %\ld see a great] numb] ( />s :5 we look$ out ?r\gh ! l5g? ( su* a disc 9 any direction1 ?an :5 we look$ out ?r\gh its bread?4 ,?is !ory 01 = a "t1 suppos$ to acc\nt q reasonably = ! ,milky ,way1 & = ! gradual increase 9 ! numb] ( />s 9 its vic9ity4 ,x is q impossible to v]ify directly su* a !ory1 = we "k ! actual di/ance ( only ab\t =ty-?ree />s4 ,we are unable1 !re=e1 def9itely to assure ourselves :e!r1 z ! gr9d/one !ory presupposes1 ! /ell> univ]se actually rea*es out v mu* fur!r f u 9 ! direction ( ! ,milky ,way ?an 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! sky4 ,! !ory is cle>ly f\nd$ ^u ! supposition t ! />s are m or less equal 9 size1 & are scatt]$ ?r\gh space at fairly regul> di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,brightness1 !re=e1 _h be5 tak5 z imply+ ne>ness to u1 & fa9tness great di/ance4 ,b we "k to-day t ?is is n ! case1 & t ! />s ar\nd u are1 on ! o!r h&1 ( v>i\s degrees ( brightness & ( all ord]s ( size4 ,"s ( ! fa9t />s--= in/ance1 ! gallop+ /> 9 ,pictor--are inde$ ne>] to u ?an _m ( ! bright] ones4 ,sirius1 on ! o!r h&1 is twice z f> (f f u z a ,c5tauri1 & yet x is v mu* bright]2 :ile ,canopus1 :i* 9 brightness is second only to ,sirius out ( ! :ole sky1 is too f> (f = its di/ance to be asc]ta9$6 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t no p>allax _h yet be5 f\nd = any /> 9 ! days ( ,h]s*el1 & s 8 e/imations ( /ell> di/ances 7 necess>ily ( a v circum/antial k9d4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 cont9ue always to build ^u su* unc]ta9 gr\nd2 b1 aft] "s fur!r exam9ation ( ! ,milky ,way1 he gave up 8 idea t ! />s 7 equally dispos$ 9 space1 & ev5tually ab&on$ ! gr9d/one !ory4 ,s9ce we h no means ( satisfactorily te/+ ! matt]1 ?r\gh f9d+ out ! v>i\s di/ances f u at :i* ! />s are really plac$1 "o might j z well g to ! o!r extreme1 & assume t ! ?ick5+ ( />s 9 ! region ( ! ,milky ,way is n an effect ( p]spective at all1 b t ! />s 9 t "p ( ! sky are actually m cr[d$ toge!r ?an else:]e--a ?+ :i* a/ronom]s n[ believe to be ! case4 ,look$ at 9 ?is way1 ! %ape ( ! /ell> univ]se might be t ( a globe-%ap$ aggregation ( />s1 9 :i* ! individuals are set at fairly regul> di/ances f ea* o!r2 ! :ole be+ closely encircl$ by a belt ( d5sely pack$ />s4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be all[$ t ! gradual increase 9 ! numb] ( />s t[>ds ! ,milky ,way appe>s a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! gr9d/one !ory2 yet ! belt !ory1 z above detail$1 seems to meet ) m acceptance4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 "o m>k$ circum/ance :i* is rem>kably difficult ( explanation by means ( ! gr9d/one !ory4 ,?is is ! exi/5ce ( vacant spaces--holes1 s to speak1 9 ! gr\ndwork ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,= in/ance1 !re is a cleft runn+ = a good di/ance along its l5g?1 & !re is also a />less gap 9 its s\!rn portion4 ,x seems r improbable t su* a great numb] ( />s c\ld h arrang$ !mselves s conv5i5tly1 z to give u a cle> view "r out into empty space ?r\gh su* a sy/em 9 its greate/ ?ickness2 z if1 9 fact1 holes _h be5 bor$1 & clefts made1 f ! b\nd>y ( ! disc clean up to :]e our sol> sy/em lies4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el long ago drew att5tion to ?is po9t v =cibly4 ,x is pla9 t su* vacant spaces c1 on ! o!r h&1 be m simply expla9$ z m]e holes 9 a belt2 & ! be/ au?orities ma9ta9 t ! appe>ance ( ! ,milky ,way confirms a view ( ?is k9d4 ,:i*ev] !ory be inde$ ! correct "o1 x appe>s at any rate t ! />s d n /ret* out 9 e direction to an inf9ite di/ance2 b t ! /ell> sy/em is ( limit$ ext5t1 & has 9 fact a b\nd>y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,sci5ce has no gr\nds = suppos+ t light is 9 any way absorb$ or de/roy$ m]ely by its passage ?r\gh ! e!r1 t impond]able m$ium :i* is believ$ to transmit ! lum9\s radiations ?r\gh space4 ,?is ( c\rse is tantam\nt to say+ t all ! direct light f all ! />s %\ld rea* u1 except+ t little :i* is absorb$ 9 its passage ?r\gh our own atmosph]e4 ,if />s1 & />s1 & />s exi/$ 9 e direction outw>ds )\t end1 x c be prov$ ma!matically t 9 su* circum/ances !re c\ld n rema9 ! t9ie/ space 9 ! sky )\t a /> to fill x1 & t !re=e ! heav5s w\ld always blaze ) light1 & ! night w\ld be z bright z ! noonday4#cf ,h[ v f> inde$ ?is is f be+ ! case1 may be ga!r$ f an e/imate :i* has be5 made ( ! g5]al am\nt ( light :i* we receive f ! />s4 ,accord+ to ?is e/imate ! sky is consid]$ z m or less d>k1 ! comb9$ illum9ation s5t to u by all ! />s be+ only ab\t ! "o-hundre? "p ( :at we get f ! full moon4#cg ,secondly1 x has be5 sugge/$ t al?\gh light may n suff] any ext9ction or dim9ution f ! e!r itself1 /ill a great deal ( illum9ation may be prev5t$ f rea*+ u ?r\gh myriads ( ext+ui%$ suns1 or d>k meteoric matt] ly+ ab\t 9 space4 ,! idea ( su* ext+ui%$ suns1 d>k />s 9 fact1 seems h[ev] to be m]ely f\nd$ ^u ! sole in/ance ( ! invisible companion ( ,algol2 b1 z we h se51 !re is no pro( :atev] t x is a d>k body4 ,aga91 "s a/ronom]s h ?\ght t ! d>k holes 9 ! ,milky ,way1 ,coal ,sacks1 z !y are call$1 are due to masses ( cool1 or p>tially cool$ matt]1 :i* cuts (f ! light ( ! />s beyond4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! holes is "o 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 kn[n z ! ,coal ,sack 9 ,crux4 ,b ,mr4 ,gore ?9ks t ! cause ( ! holes is to be s\ght = r 9 :at ,sir ,william ,h]s*el t]m$ clu/]+ p[]1 i4e4 a t5d5cy on ! "p ( />s to accumulate 9 c]ta9 places1 ?us leav+ o!rs vacant2 & ! fact t globul> & o!r clu/]s are to be f\nd v ne> to su* holes c]ta9ly seems corroborative ( ?is !ory4 ,9 summ+ up ! :ole "q1 ,pr(essor ,newcomb ma9ta9s t !re does n appe> any evid5ce ( ! light f ! ,milky ,way />s1 :i* are app>5tly ! fur!/ bodies we see1 be+ int]cept$ by d>k bodies or d>k matt]4 ,z f> z our telescopes c p5etrate1 he holds t we see ! />s j z !y are4 ,also1 if !re did exi/ an inf9ite numb] ( />s1 "o w\ld expect to f9d evid5ce 9 "s direction ( an ov]p[]+ly great =ce1--! c5tre ( gravity ( all ^! bodies4 ,x is notic$1 too1 t al?\gh ! />s increase 9 numb] ) decrease 9 magnitude1 s t z we desc5d 9 ! scale we f9d ?ree times z _m />s 9 ea* magnitude z 9 ! "o imm$iately above x1 yet ?is progression does n g on aft] a :ile4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a rapid fall+ (f 9 numb]s bel[ ! twelf? magnitude2 :i* looks z if1 at a c]ta9 di/ance f u1 ! /ell> univ]se 7 beg9n+ to ?9 out4 ,aga91 x is e/imat$1 by ,mr4 ,gore & o!rs1 t only ab\t #ajj millions ( />s are to be se5 9 ! :ole ( ! sky ) ! be/ optical aids4 ,?is %[s well ! limit$ ext5t ( ! /ell> sy/em1 = ! numb] is n really great4 ,= in/ance1 !re are f fifte5 to sixte5 times z _m p]sons alive ^u ! e>? at ?is mom5t6 ,la/ ( all1 !re appe>s to be /rong photographic evid5ce t our sid]eal sy/em is limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,two photographs tak5 by ! late ,dr4 ,isaac ,rob]ts ( a region ri* 9 /ell> objects 9 ! con/ellation ( ,cygnus1 cle>ly %[ :at has be5 s eloqu5tly call$ ! d>kness beh9d ! />s4 ,"o ( ^! photographs 0 tak5 9 #ahie1 & ! o!r 9 #ahih4 ,on bo? occasions ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e 0 practically ! same1 & ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! films 0 ( ! same degree4 ,! exposure 9 ! fir/ case 0 only "o h\r2 9 ! second x 0 ab\t two h\rs & a half4 ,& yet bo? photographs %[ exactly ! same />s1 ev5 d[n to ! fa9te/4 ,f ?is "o w\ld ga!r t ! region 9 "q1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ ?ickly />-/rewn 9 ! ,milky ,way1 is p5etrable "r ?r\gh ) ! means at our comm&4 ,dr4 ,rob]ts himself 9 comm5t+ ^u ! matt] drew att5tion to ! fact1 t _m a/ronom]s seem$ to h tacitly adopt$ ! assumption t ! />s ext5d indef9itely ?r\gh space4 ,f consid]ations su* z ^! ! =emo/ a/ronomical au?orities ( our "t consid] !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t ! collection ( />s ar\nd u is f9ite2 & t al?\gh our be/ telescopes may n yet be p[]ful en\gh to p5etrate to ! f9al />s1 /ill ! rapid decrease 9 numb]s z space is s\nd$ ) increas+ telescopic p[]1 po9ts /rongly to ! conclusion t ! b\nd>ies ( ! /ell> sy/em may n lie v f> beyond ! utt]mo/ to :i* we c at pres5t see4 ,is x possible !n to make an e/imate ( ! ext5t ( ?is /ell> sy/em8 ,:atev] e/imates we may attempt to =m _c h[ev] be reg>d$ z at all exact1 = we "k ! actual di/ances ( su* a v few only ( ! ne>e/ ( ! />s4 ,b our k ( ! di/ances ev5 ( ^! few1 p]mits u to assume t ! />s close ar\nd u may be situat$1 on an av]age1 at ab\t eight light-ye>s f ea* o!r2 & t ?is holds good ( ! /ell> spaces1 ) ! exception ( ! encircl+ girdle ( ! ,milky ,way1 :]e ! />s seem actually to be m closely pack$ toge!r4 ,?is girdle fur!r appe>s to conta9 ! great] numb] ( ! />s4 ,argu+ along ^! l9es1 ,pr(essor ,newcomb rea*es ! conclusion t ! f>!/ /ell> bodies :i* we see are situat$ at ab\t betwe5 #cjjj & #djjj light-ye>s f u4 ,/>t+ our inquiry f ano!r direction1 we c try to =m an e/imate by consid]+ ! "q ( prop] motions4 ,x w be notic$ t su* motions d n dep5d entirely ^u ! actual spe$ ( ! />s !mselves1 b t "s ( ! app>5t movem5t arises indirectly f ! spe$ ( our own sun4 ,! "p 9 a prop] motion :i* c be ascrib$ to ! movem5t ( our sol> sy/em ?r\gh space is cle>ly a displacem5t 9 ! nature ( a p>allax--,sir ,william ,h]s*el call$ x ,sy/ematic ,p>allax2 s t kn[+ ! di/ance :i* we move ov] 9 a c]ta9 lapse ( "t1 we are able to haz>d a guess at ! di/ances ( a good _m ( ! />s4 ,an inquiry ^u su* l9es mu/ ne$s be v r\gh1 & is pla9ly bas$ ^u ! assumption t ! />s ^: di/ances we attempt to e/imate are mov+ at an av]age spe$ mu* l t ( our own sun1 & t !y are n runaway />s ( ! #ahcj ,groombridge ord]4 ,be t z x may1 ! results arriv$ at by ,pr(essor ,newcomb f ?is me?od ( reason+ are curi\sly en\gh v mu* on a p> ) ^? f\nd$ on ! few p>allaxes :i* we are really c]ta9 ab\t2 ) ! exception t !y po9t to some:at clos] int]vals betwe5 ! individual />s1 & s t5d to n>r[ d[n our previ\s e/imate ( ! ext5t ( ! /ell> sy/em4 ,?us f> we get1 & no f>!r4 ,our sol> sy/em appe>s to lie some:]e ne> ! c5tre ( a great collection ( />s1 sep>at$ ea* "o f ! o!r1 on an av]age1 by "s #dj billions ( miles2 ! :ole be+ arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a mighty globul> clu/]4 ,light f ! ne>e/ ( ^! />s takes "s f\r ye>s to come to u4 ,x takes ab\t #ajjj times z long to rea* u f ! conf9es ( ! sy/em4 ,?is globe ( />s is wrapt ar\nd closely by a /ell> girdle1 ! individual />s 9 :i* are set toge!r m d5sely ?an ^? 9 ! globe itself4 ,! entire arrangem5t appe>s to be con/ruct$ ^u a v regul> plan4 ,"h & !re1 z ,pr(essor ,newcomb po9ts out1 ! aspect ( ! heav5s diff]s 9 small detail2 b g5]ally x may be laid d[n t ! opposite portions ( ! sky1 :e!r 9 ! ,milky ,way itself1 or 9 ^? regions di/ant f x1 %[ a m>k$ degree ( symmetry4 ,! prop] motions ( />s 9 correspond+ portions ( ! sky reveal ! same k9d ( h>mony1 a h>mony :i* may ev5 be ext5d$ to ! v>i\s col\rs ( ! />s4 ,! /ell> sy/em1 :i* we see dispos$ all ar\nd u1 appe>s 9 f9e to be> all ! m>ks ( an organis$ :ole4 ,! old] a/ronom]s1 to take ,sir ,william ,h]s*el z an example1 suppos$ "s ( ! nebul to be di/ant univ]ses4 ,sir ,william 0 l$ to ?is conclusion by ! idea he _h =m$ t1 :5 8 telescopes fail$ to %[ ! sep>ate />s ( :i* he imag9$ ^! objects to be compos$1 he mu/ put d[n ! failure to _! /up5d\s di/ance f u4 ,= in/ance1 he ?\ght ! ,orion ,nebula1 :i* is n[ kn[n to be made up ( gl[+ gas1 to be an ext]nal /ell> sy/em4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 he *ang$ 8 m9d ^u ?is po9t1 & came to ! conclusion t %9+ fluid w\ld bett] acc\nt bo? = ?is nebula1 & = o!rs :i* 8 telescopes _h fail$ to sep>ate into compon5t />s4 ,! old ideas ) reg>d to ext]nal sy/ems & di/ant univ]ses h be5 %elv$ z a consequ5ce ( rec5t rese>*4 ,all kn[n clu/]s & nebul are n[ firmly believ$ to lie )9 our /ell> sy/em4 ,?is view ( ! univ]se ( />s z a sort ( isl& 9 ! imm5sities1 does n1 h[ev]1 give u ! lea/ idea ab\t ! actual ext5t ( space itself4 ,:e!r :at is call$ space is really inf9ite1 t is to say1 /ret*es out un5d+ly 9 e direction1 or :e!r x has ev5tually a b\nd>y some:]e1 are alike que/ions :i* ! human m9d seems utt]ly unable to picture to itself4 #ce ,! ,ptolemaic idea dies h>d6 #cf ,ev5 ! ,milky ,way itself is f> f be+ a blaze ( light1 :i* %[s t ! />s compos+ x d n ext5d outw>ds indef9itely4 #cg ,mr4 ,gore has rec5tly made "s rem>kable d$uctions1 ) reg>d to ! am\nt ( light :i* we get f ! />s4 ,he consid]s t mo/ ( ?is light comes f />s bel[ ! six? magnitude2 & consequ5tly1 if all ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye 7 to be blott$ out1 ! gl[ ( ! night sky w\ld rema9 practically ! same z x is at pres5t4 ,go+ to ! o!r end ( ! scale1 he ?9ks also t ! comb9$ light :i* we get f all ! />s bel[ ! sev5te5? magnitude is s v small1 t x may be neglect$ 9 su* an e/imation4 ,he f9ds1 inde$1 t if !re are />s s l[ z ! tw5tie? magnitude1 "o hundr$ millions ( !m w\ld only be equal 9 brightness to a s+le fir/-magnitude /> l ,vega4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is possible t ! light ( ! sky at night is n entirely due to />light1 b t "s ( x may be caus$ by phosphoresc5t gl[4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,/ell> ,,univ]se--cont9u$ ,x is v int]e/+ to consid] ! prop] motions ( />s ) ref]5ce to su* an isolat$ /ell> sy/em z has be5 pictur$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,^! prop] motions are s m9ute z a rule1 t we are q unable to det]m9e :e!r ! />s :i* %[ !m are mov+ along 9 /raight l9es1 or 9 orbits ( imm5se ext5t4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 take ?\s&s ( ye>s ( c>eful obs]vation to det]m9e :e!r ! pa?s 9 "q %[$ any degree ( curv+4 ,9 ! case ( ! m di/ant />s1 ! accurate obs]vations :i* h be5 conduct$ dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s h n s f> reveal$ any prop] motions ) reg>d to !m2 b "o _c escape ! conclusion t ^! />s move z ! o!rs d4 ,if space outside our /ell> sy/em is inf9ite 9 ext5t1 & if all ! />s )9 t sy/em are mov+ un*eck$ 9 e conceivable direction1 ! result mu/ happ5 t aft] imm5se ages ^! />s w h drawn ap>t to su* a di/ance f ea* o!r1 t ! sy/em w h entirely dis9tegrat$1 & w cease to exi/ z a connect$ :ole4 ,ev5tually1 inde$1 z ,pr(essor ,newcomb po9ts out1 ! />s w h sep>at$ s f> f ea* o!r t ea* w be left by itself 9 ! mid/ ( a black & />less sky4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 proportion ( />s h a spe$ suffici5tly sl[1 !y w t5d "u mutual attraction to be br\ght to re/ by collisions1 or =c$ to move 9 orbits ar\nd ea* o!r4 ,b ^? />s :i* move at excessive spe$s1 su*1 = in/ance1 z #ahcj ,groombridge1 or ! /> 9 ! s\!rn con/ellation ( ,pictor1 seem utt]ly incapable ( be+ held back 9 _! c\rses by ev5 ! entire gravitative =ce ( our /ell> sy/em act+ z a :ole4 ,^! />s mu/1 !re=e1 move ev5tually "r ?r\gh ! sy/em & pass out aga9 into ! empty spaces beyond4 ,add to ?is2 c]ta9 inve/igations1 made into ! spe$ ( #ahcj ,groombridge1 furni% a rem>kable result4 ,x is calculat$1 inde$1 t _h ?is /> be5 fall+ ?r\gh inf9ite space = ev]1 pull$ t[>ds u by ! comb9$ gravitative =ce ( our entire sy/em ( />s1 x c\ld n h ga!r$ up any?+ l ! spe$ ) :i* x is at pres5t mov+4 ,no =ce1 !re=e1 :i* we c conjure out ( our visible univ]se1 seems p[]ful en\gh ei!r to h impress$ ^u ?is runaway /> ! motion :i* x n[ has1 or to /ay x 9 its wild c\rse4 ,:at an a/\nd+ condition ( ?+s6 ,speculations l ?is call up a suspicion t !re may yet exi/ o!r univ]ses1 o!r c5tres ( =ce1 not)/&+ ! app>5t solitude ( our /ell> sy/em 9 space4 ,x w be recollect$ t ! idea ( ?is isolation is f\nd$ ^u su* facts z1 t ! heav5s d n blaze ) light1 & t ! />s gradually appe> to ?9 out z we p5etrate ! sy/em ) increas+ telescopic p[]4 ,b p]*ance !re is some?+ :i* h9d]s u f see+ out into space beyond our clu/] ( />s2 :i* prev5ts light1 9 fact1 f rea*+ u f o!r possible sy/ems scatt]$ ?r\gh ! dep?s beyond4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,gore#ch t ! light-transmitt+ e!r may be aft] all m]ely a k9d ( atmosph]e ( ! />s2 & t x may1 !re=e1 ?9 (f & cease a little beyond ! conf9es ( our /ell> sy/em1 j z ! air ?9s (f & practically ceases at a comp>atively %ort di/ance f ! e>?4 ,a cla%+ toge!r ( solid bodies outside our atmosph]e c\ld pla9ly s5d u no s\nd1 = !re is no air ext5d+ ! :ole way to be> to our e>s ! vibrations ?us set up2 s light emitt$ f any body ly+ beyond our sy/em ( />s1 w\ld n be able to come to u if ! e!r1 ^: function x is to convey ! rays ( light1 ceas$ at or ne> ! conf9es ( t sy/em4 ,p]*ance we h 9 ?is sugge/ion ! key to ! my/]y ( h[ our sun & ! o!r /ell> bodies ma9ta9 _! functions ( temp]ature & illum9ation4 ,! radiations ( heat & light arriv+ at ! limits ( ?is e!r1 & unable to pass any fur!r1 may be ?r[n back aga9 into ! sy/em 9 "s alt]$ =m ( en]gy4 ,b ^!1 at be/1 are m]e airy & fasc9at+ speculations4 ,we h1 inde$1 no evid5ce :atev] t ! lum9if]\s e!r ceases at ! b\nd>y ( ! /ell> sy/em4 ,if1 !re=e1 x ext5ds outw>ds inf9itely 9 e direction1 & if x has no absorb+ or weak5+ effect on ! vibrations :i* x transmits1 we _c escape f ! conclusion t practically all ! rays ( light ev] emitt$ by all ! />s mu/ *ase "o ano!r et]nally ?r\gh ! nev]-end+ abysses ( space4 #ch ,planet>y & ,/ell> ,/udies1 by ,john ,ell>d ,gore1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,?+s ,,laplace',s ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis ,dwell+ ^u ! fact t all ! motions ( revolution & rotation 9 ! sol> sy/em1 z kn[n 9 8 day1 took place 9 ! same direction & ne>ly 9 ! same plane1 ! great ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,laplace1 ab\t ! ye> #agif1 put =w>d a !ory to acc\nt = ! orig9 & evolution ( t sy/em4 ,he conceiv$ t x _h come into be+ z a result ( ! gradual contraction1 ?r\gh cool+1 ( an int5sely heat$ gase\s l5s-%ap$ mass1 :i* _h orig9ally occupi$ its place1 & _h ext5d$ outw>ds beyond ! orbit ( ! fur!/ planet4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 attempt to expla9 h[ su* a mass might h orig9at$6 ,he w5t on to suppose t ?is mass1 9 "s mann]1 p]haps by mutual gravitation among its p>ts1 _h acquir$ a motion ( rotation 9 ! same direction z ! planets n[ revolve4 ,z ?is nebul\s mass p>t$ ) its heat by radiation1 x contract$ t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,becom+ small] & small]1 x 0 oblig$ to rotate fa/] & fa/] 9 ord] to pres]ve its equilibrium4 ,mean:ile1 9 ! c\rse ( contraction1 r+s ( matt] became sep>at$ f ! nucleus ( ! mass1 & 7 left beh9d at v>i\s int]vals4 ,^! r+s 7 swept up into subord9ate masses simil> to ! orig9al nebula4 ,^! subord9ate masses also contract$ 9 ! same mann]1 leav+ r+s beh9d !m :i*1 9 turn1 7 swept up to =m satellites4 ,saturn's r+ 0 consid]$1 by ,laplace1 z ! only portion ( ! sy/em left :i* /ill %[$ traces ( ?is evolution>y process4 ,x is ev5 probable t x may h sugge/$ ! :ole ( ! idea to him4 ,laplace 01 h[ev]1 n ! fir/ philosoph] :o _h speculat$ along ^! l9es conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! _w4 ,ne>ly fifty ye>s be=e1 9 #agej to be exact1 ,?omas ,wright1 ( ,durham1 _h put =w>d a !ory to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! :ole sid]eal univ]se4 ,9 8 !ory1 h[ev]1 ! bir? ( our sol> sy/em 0 treat$ m]ely z an incid5t4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ! subject 0 tak5 up by ! fam\s ,g]man philosoph]1 ,kant1 :o dealt ) ! "q 9 a /ill m ambiti\s mann]1 & endeav\r$ to acc\nt 9 detail = ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em z well z ( ! sid]eal univ]se4 ,some?+ ( ! tr5d ( su* !ories may be ga!r$ f ! rem>kable l9es 9 ,t5nyson's ,pr9cess3-- ,?is _w 0 once a fluid haze ( light1 ,till t[>d ! c5tre set ! />ry tides1 ,& eddi$ into suns1 t :eel+ ca/ ,! planets4 ,! !ory1 z work$ out by ,kant1 01 h[ev]1 at ! be/ m]ely a t\r de =ce ( philosophy4 ,laplace's conception 0 mu* less ambiti\s1 = x did n attempt to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! entire univ]se1 b only ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,be+ ?us reasonably limit$ 9 its scope1 x m easily obta9$ cr$5ce4 ,! argum5ts ( ,laplace 7 fur!r f\nd$ ^u a ma!matical basis4 ,! great place :i* he occupi$ among ! a/ronom]s ( t "t caus$ 8 !ory to ex]t a prepond]at+ influ5ce on sci5tific ?\ght dur+ ! c5tury :i* foll[$4 ,a modification ( ,laplace's !ory is ! ,meteoritic ,hypo!sis ( ,sir ,norman ,locky]4 ,accord+ to ! views ( t a/ronom]1 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! orig9al nebula 0 compos$ is presum$ to h be5 9 ! meteoric1 r ?an 9 ! gase\s1 /ate4 ,sir ,norman ,locky] holds1 inde$1 t nebul are1 9 reality1 va/ sw>ms ( meteors1 & ! light !y emit results f cont9ual collisions betwe5 ! con/itu5t p>ticles4 ,! ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,faye1 also propos$ to modify ,laplace's !ory by assum+ t ! nebula broke up into r+s all at once1 & n 9 detail1 z ,laplace _h wi%$ to suppose4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,laplace fits 9 rem>kably well ) ! !ory put =w>d 9 lat] times by ,helmholtz1 t ! heat ( ! sun is kept up by ! cont9ual contraction ( its mass4 ,x c\ld ?us h only contract$ to its pres5t size f "o v mu* l>g]4 ,plausible1 h[ev]1 z ,laplace's great hypo!sis appe>s on ! surface1 clos] exam9ation %[s sev]al vital objections1 a few ( ^? set =? by ,pr(essor ,m\lton be+ "h enum]at$-- ,al?\gh ,laplace held t ! orbits ( ! planets 7 suffici5tly ne> to be+ 9 ! "o plane to support 8 views1 yet lat] inve/igators consid] t _! v deviations f ?is plane are a /rong argum5t aga9/ ! hypo!sis4 ,aga91 x is ?\ght t if ! !ory 7 ! correct explanation1 ! v>i\s orbits ( ! planets w\ld be mu* m ne>ly circul> ?an !y are4 ,x is also ?\ght t su* int]lac$ pa?s1 z ^? 9 :i* ! a/]oids & ! little planet ,eros move1 are mo/ unlikely to h be5 produc$ z a result ( ,laplace's nebula4 ,fur!r1 :ile ea* ( ! r+s 0 sweep+ up its matt] into a body ( respectable dim5sions1 its gravitative p[] w\ld h be5 = ! "t be+ s weak1 ?r\gh be+ ?us spread out1 t any light] elem5ts1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( ! gase\s ord]1 w\ld h escap$ into space 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! k9etic !ory4 ,! idea t r+s w\ld at all be left beh9d at c]ta9 int]vals dur+ ! contraction ( ! nebula is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! weake/ po9ts 9 ,laplace's hypo!sis4 ,ma!matical inve/igation does n g to %[ t ! r+s1 presum+ !y c\ld be left beh9d dur+ ! contraction ( ! mass1 w\ld h aggregat$ into planet>y bodies4 ,inde$1 x r po9ts to ! rev]se4 ,la/ly1 su* a discov]y z t ! n9? satellite ( ,saturn revolves 9 a retrograde direction--t is to say1 9 a direction contr>y to ! o!r revolutions & rotations 9 our sol> sy/em--appe>s directly to contradict ! hypo!sis4 ,al?\gh ,laplace's hypo!sis seems to break d[n "u ! ke5 criticism to :i* x has be5 subject$1 yet a/ronom]s h n rel9qui%$ ! idea t our sol> sy/em has probably _h its orig9 f a nebul\s mass4 ,b ! app>5t failure ( ! ,laplacian !ory is emphasis$ by ! fact1 t n a s+le example ( a nebula1 9 ! c\rse ( break+ up into conc5tric r+s1 is kn[n to exi/ 9 ! entire heav54 ,inde$1 z we saw 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv41 !re seems to be no reliable example ( ev5 a r+ nebula at all4 ,mr4 ,gore has po9t$ ?is out v succ9ctly 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ "w1 ,a/ronomical ,essays1 :]e he says3--,to any "o :o /ill p]si/s 9 ma9ta9+ ! hypo!sis ( r+ =mation 9 nebul1 x may be said t ! :ole heav5s are aga9/ him4 ,! conclusions ( ,keel] already allud$ to1 t ! spiral is ! normal type ( nebula1 has l$ dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s to a new !ory by ! ,am]ican a/ronom]s1 ,pr(essors ,*amb]l9 & ,m\lton4 ,9 ! detail$ acc\nt ( x :i* !y h set =?1 !y %[ t ^? anomalies :i* 7 /umbl+-blocks to ,laplace's !ory d n contradict !irs4 ,to deal at l5g? ) ?is !ory1 to :i* ! "n ( ,planetesimal ,hypo!sis has be5 giv51 w\ld n be possible 9 a book ( ?is k9d4 ,b x may be ( int]e/ to m5tion t ! au?ors ( ! !ory 9 "q rem\nt ! /ream ( "t /ill fur!r ?an did ,laplace1 & seek to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! spiral nebul !mselves 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,hav+ begun by assum+ t ! />s are mov+ app>5tly 9 e direction ) great velocities1 !y proce$ to po9t out t soon] or lat]1 al?\gh ! lapse ( "t may be extraord9>ily long1 collisions or ne> approa*es betwe5 />s are b\nd to occur4 ,9 ! case ( collisions ! *ances are aga9/ ! bodies /rik+ toge!r c5trally1 x be+ v mu* m likely t !y w hit ea* o!r r t[>ds ! side4 ,! nebul\s mass =m$ z a result ( ! dis9tegration ( ! bodies ?r\gh _! furi\s impact w\ld ?us come into be+ ) a sp9n+ movem5t1 & a spiral w\ld ensue4 ,aga91 ! />s may n actually collide1 b m]ely approa* ne> to ea* o!r4 ,if v close1 ! int]action ( gravitation w give rise to int5se /ra9s1 or tides1 :i* w entirely dis9tegrate ! bodies1 & a spiral nebula w simil>ly result4 ,z happ5s ^u our e>?1 two su* tides w\ld rise opposite to ea* o!r2 &1 consequ5tly1 x is a noticeable fact t spiral nebul h almo/ inv>iably two opposite bran*es 7see ,plate ,,xxii41 p #cad74 ,ev5 if n s close1 ! gravitational /ra9s set up w\ld produce trem5d\s eruptions ( matt]2 & 9 ?is case1 a spiral movem5t w\ld also be g5]at$4 ,on su* an assumption ! v>i\s bodies ( ! sol> sy/em may be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 eject$ f p>5t masses4 ,! acceptance ( ! ,planetesimal ,hypo!sis 9 ! place ( ! ,hypo!sis ( ,laplace w n1 z we h se51 by any means d away ) ! probability t our sol> sy/em1 & simil> sy/ems1 h orig9at$ f a nebul\s mass4 ,on ! contr>y x puts t idea on a firm] foot+ ?an be=e4 ,! spiral nebul :i* we see 9 ! heav5s are on a va/ scale1 & may repres5t ! =mation ( /ell> sy/ems & globul> clu/]s4 ,our sol> sy/em may h aris5 f a small spiral4 ,we w close ^! speculations conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ?+s ) a %ort sket* ( c]ta9 inve/igations made 9 rec5t ye>s by ,sir ,george ,h4 ,d>w91 ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 into ! "q ( ! probable bir? ( our moon4 ,he comes to ! conclusion t at lea/ fifty-f\r millions ( ye>s ago ! e>? & moon =m$ "o body1 :i* _h a diamet] ( a little ov] #hjjj miles4 ,?is body rotat$ on an axis 9 ab\t five h\rs1 namely1 ab\t five times z fa/ z x does at pres5t4 ,! rapidity ( ! rotation caus$ su* a trem5d\s /ra9 t ! mass 0 9 a condition (1 :at is call$1 un/able equilibrium2 v little m1 9 fact1 be+ requir$ to r5d x asund]4 ,! gravitational pull ( ! sun1 :i*1 z we h already se51 is 9 "p ! cause ( our ord9>y tides1 suppli$ ?is extra /ra91 & a portion ( ! mass consequ5tly broke (f1 :i* rec$$ gradually f ! re/ & became :at we n[ "k z ! moon4 ,sir ,george ,d>w9 holds t ! gravitational action ( ! sun w 9 "t succe$ 9 also di/urb+ ! pres5t app>5t h>mony ( ! e>?-moon sy/em1 & w ev5tually br+ ! moon back t[>ds ! e>?1 s t aft] ! lapse ( great ages !y w re-unite once aga94 ,9 support ( ?is !ory ( ! t]re/rial orig9 ( ! moon1 ,pr(essor ,w4,h4 ,pick]+ has put =w>d a bold hypo!sis t our satellite _h its orig9 9 ! great bas9 ( ! ,pacific4 ,?is ocean is r\ghly circul>1 & conta9s no l>ge l& masses1 except ! ,au/ralian ,cont95t4 ,he supposes t1 prior to ! moon's bir?1 our globe 0 already cov]$ ) a slight cru/4 ,9 ! te>+ away ( t portion :i* 0 aft]w>ds de/9$ to become ! moon ! rema9+ area ( ! cru/ 0 r5t 9 twa9 by ! %ock2 & ?us 7 =m$ ! two great cont95tal masses ( ! ,old & ,new ,worlds4 ,^! masses float$ ap>t across ! fi]y ocean1 & at la/ settl$ 9 ! positions :i* !y n[ occupy4 ,9 ?is way ,pr(essor ,pick]+ expla9s ! rem>kable p>allelism :i* exi/s betwe5 ! opposite %ores ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! fact ( ?is p>allelism _h1 h[ev]1 be5 notic$ be=e2 z1 = example1 by ! late ,rev4 ,s4,j4 ,johnson1 9 8 book ,eclipses1 ,pa/ & ,future1 :]e we f9d ! foll[+ passage3-- ,if we look at our maps we %all see ! p>ts ( "o ,cont95t t jut out agree ) ! ind5t$ portions ( ano!r4 ,! prom95t coa/ ( ,africa w\ld fit 9 ! opposite op5+ betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & s 9 num]\s o!r in/ances4 ,a g5]al r5d+ asund] ( ! ,_w w\ld seem to h tak5 place :5 ! f\ndations ( ! great deep 7 brok5 up4 ,al?\gh ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s !ory is to a c]ta9 degree anticipat$ 9 ! above words1 /ill he has work$ out ! idea mu* m fully1 & giv5 x an additional fasc9ation by connect+ x ) ! bir? ( ! moon4 ,he po9ts out1 9 fact1 t !re is a rem>kable simil>ity betwe5 ! lun> volcanoes & ^? 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,he goes ev5 fur!r to sugge/ t ,au/ralia is ano!r portion ( ! primal cru/ :i* 0 deta*$ out ( ! region n[ occupi$ by ! ,indian ,ocean1 :]e x 0 orig9ally connect$ ) ! s\? ( ,india or ! ea/ ( ,africa4 ,c]ta9 objections to ! !ory h be5 put =w>d1 "o ( :i* is t ! p>allelism notic$ betwe5 ! opposite %ores ( ! ,atlantic is almo/ too p]fect to h rema9$ ?r\gh "s sixty millions ( ye>s d[n to our own day1 9 ! face ( all ^? geological movem5ts ( upheaval & subm]g5ce1 :i* are p]petually at "w ^u our globe4 ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 h[ev]1 replies to ?is objection by /at+ t _m geologi/s believe t ! ma9 divisions ( l& & wat] on ! e>? are p]man5t1 & t ! geological alt]ations :i* h tak5 place s9ce ^! 7 =m$ h be5 m]ely ( a tempor>y & sup]ficial nature4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,?+s ,we h be5 try+ to picture ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,we w n[ try to picture ! end4 ,9 attempt+ ?is1 we f9d t our !ories mu/ ( necessity be limit$ to ! e>?1 or at mo/ to ! sol> sy/em4 ,! "t-hon\r$ expression ,end ( ! ,_w really applies to v little beyond ! end ( our own e>?4 ,to ! p ( pa/ ages x1 ( c\rse1 meant v mu* m4 ,= !m1 z we h se51 ! e>? 0 ! c5tre ( ev]y?+2 & ! heav5s & all ar\nd 7 m]ely a k9d ( m9or accompanim5t1 creat$1 z !y no d\bt ?\ght1 = _! especial b5efit4 ,9 ! anci5t view1 !re=e1 ! beg9n+ ( ! e>? meant ! beg9n+ ( ! univ]se1 & ! end ( ! e>? ! ext9ction ( all ?+s4 ,! belief1 too1 0 g5]al t ?is end w\ld be accompli%$ ?r\gh fire4 ,9 ! mod]n view1 h[ev]1 ! bir? & dea? ( ! e>?1 or inde$ ( ! sol> sy/em1 might pass z incid5ts almo/ unnotic$ 9 space4 ,!y w\ld be b m]e l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( cosmic happ5+s4 ,a numb] ( !ories h be5 =w>d f "t to "t progno/icat+ ! end ( ! e>?1 & consequ5tly ( human life4 ,we w conclude ) a recital ( a few ( !m1 ?\gh :i*1 if any1 is ! true "o1 ! ,la/ ,m5 alone c "k4 ,j z a liv+ creature may at any mom5t die 9 ! fulness ( /r5g? ?r\gh sudd5 malady or accid5t1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 may meet ) dea? z a m]e consequ5ce ( old age1 s may our globe be de/roy$ by "s sudd5 cataclysm1 or end 9 sl[ processes ( decay4 ,b>r+ accid5ts1 !re=e1 x w\ld seem probable t ! gr[+ cold ( ! e>?1 or ! gradual ext9ction ( ! sun1 %\ld aft] _m millions ( ye>s close ! *apt] ( life1 z we "k x4 ,on ! =m] ( ^! suppositions1 ! decrease ( temp]ature on our globe might p]haps be accel]at$ by ! ?9n+ ( ! atmosph]e1 ?r\gh ! sl[ escape into space ( its con/itu5t gases1 or _! gradual *emical comb9ation ) ! mat]ials ( ! e>?4 ,! subt]ranean heat entirely radiat$ away1 !re w\ld no long] rema9 any ( ^? volcanic elevat+ =ces :i* s f> h c\nt]act$ ! sl[ we>+ d[n ( ! l& surface ( our planet1 & ?us :at wat] rema9$ w\ld 9 "t wa% ov] all4 ,if ?is prec$$ ! gr[+ cold ( ! sun1 c]ta9 /range evolutions ( m>9e =ms ( life w\ld be ! la/ to endure1 b ^!1 too1 w\ld h to g 9 ! end4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! actual process be ! rev]se ( ?is1 & ! sun cool d[n ! quick]1 !n man w\ld1 z a consequ5ce ( 8 sci5tific k1 t5d 9 all probability to outlive ! o!r =ms ( t]re/rial life4 ,9 su* a vi/a we c picture ! regions ( ! e>? t[>ds ! nor? & s\? becom+ gradually m & m un9habitable ?r\gh cold1 & human be+s )draw+ be=e ! sl[ m>* ( ! icy b\nd>y1 until ! only regions capable ( habitation w\ld lie )9 ! tropics4 ,9 su* a /ruggle betwe5 man & de/9y sci5ce w\ld be press$ to ! utt]mo/1 9 ! devis+ ( means to c\nt]act ! sl[ dim9ution ( ! sol> heat & ! gradual disappe>ance ( air & wat]4 ,by t "t ! axial rotation ( our globe might possibly h be5 sl[$ d[n to su* an ext5t t "o side alone ( its surface w\ld be turn$ ev] t[>ds ! fa/ dy+ sun4 ,& ! m9d's eye c picture ! la/ survivors ( ! human race1 huddl$ toge!r = w>m? 9 a glass-h\se some:]e on ! equator1 wait+ = ! end to come4 ,! m]e idea ( ! decay & dea? ( ! sol> sy/em almo/ br+s to "o a cold %udd]4 ,all t sun's light & heat1 :i* means s mu* to u1 entirely a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,a d>k1 cold ball ru%+ along 9 space1 accompani$ by sev]al d>k1 cold balls circl+ ceaselessly ar\nd x4 ,"o ( ^! a m]e cemet]y1 9 :i* !re w\ld be no long] any recollection ( ! mighty empires1 ! loves & hates1 & all t teem+ play ( life :i* we call ,hi/ory4 ,tomb/ones ( m5 & ( de$s1 :irl+ along =gott5 9 ! d>kness & sil5ce4 ,sic transit gloria mundi4 ,9 t brilliant flight ( sci5tific fancy1 ! ,"t ,ma*9e1 ,mr4 ,h4,g4 ,wells has pictur$ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! e>? 9 "s su* long-drawn agony z ?is4 ,he has giv5 u a vision ( a desolate bea* by a salt & almo/ motionless sea4 ,f\l mon/]s ( crab-l =m crawl sl[ly ab\t1 b5ea? a huge hull ( sun1 r$ & fix$ 9 ! sky4 ,! rocks ar\nd are p>tly coat$ ) an int5sely gre5 vegetation1 l ! li*5 9 caves1 or ! plants :i* gr[ 9 a p]petual twilight4 ,& ! air is n[ ( an exce$+ ?9ness4 ,he dips /ill fur!r into ! future1 & ?us pr$icts ! f9al =m ( life3-- ,i saw aga9 ! mov+ ?+ ^u ! %oal--!re 0 no mi/ake n[ t x 0 a mov+ ?+--aga9/ ! r$ wat] ( ! sea4 ,x 0 a r\nd ?+1 ! size ( a football p]haps1 or x may be bigg]1 & t5tacles trail$ d[n f x2 x seem$ black aga9/ ! welt]+ blood-r$ wat]1 & x 0 hopp+ fitfully ab\t4 ,:at a description ( ! ,heir ( all ! ,ages6 ,to picture ! end ( our _w z ! result ( a cataclysm ( "s k9d1 is1 on ! o!r h&1 a =m ( speculation z int5sely dramatic z t ) :i* we h j be5 deal+ is unutt]ably sad4 ,x is n s _m ye>s ago1 = in/ance1 t m5 fe>$ a sudd5 cata/rophe f ! possible collision ( a comet ) our e>?4 ,! unreason+ t]ror ) :i* ! anci5ts 7 wont to reg>d ^! my/]i\s visitants to our skies _h1 inde$1 be5 replac$ by an appreh5sion ( q ano!r k9d4 ,= in/ance1 z we h se51 ! ann\ncem5t 9 #ahcb t ,biela's ,comet1 !n visible1 w\ld cut ?r\gh ! orbit ( ! e>? on a c]ta9 date ?rew _m p]sons into a v]itable panic4 ,!y did n /op to f9d out ! real facts ( ! case1 namely1 t1 at ! "t m5tion$1 ! e>? w\ld be ne>ly a mon?'s j\rney f ! po9t indicat$6 ,x is1 inde$1 v difficult to say :at =m ( damage ! e>? w\ld suff] f su* a collision4 ,9 #ahfa x pass$1 z we h se51 ?r\gh ! tail ( ! comet )\t any noticeable result4 ,b ! head ( a comet1 on ! o!r h&1 may1 = aught we "k1 conta9 )9 x elem5ts ( p]il = u4 ,a collision ) ?is "p might1 = in/ance1 result 9 a viol5t bomb>dm5t ( meteors4 ,b ^! meteors c\ld n be bodies ( any great size1 = ! masses ( comets are s v m9ute t "o c h>dly suppose !m to conta9 any l>ge or d5se con/itu5t portions4 ,! dang]1 h[ev]1 f a comet's head might aft] all be a dang] to our atmosph]e4 ,x might precipitate1 into ! air1 gases :i* w\ld asphyxiate u or cause a g5]al conflagration4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out t dire results w\ld foll[ ^u any int]f]5ce ) ! balance ( our atmosph]e4 ,= in/ance1 ! well-kn[n ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,m4 ,camille ,flamm>ion1#ci has imag9$ ! absorption ( ! nitrog5 ( ! air 9 ?is way2 & has gone on to picture m5 & animals r$uc$ to brea?+ only oxyg51 fir/ becom+ excit$1 !n mad1 & f9ally end+ 9 a p]fect saturnalia ( delirium4 ,la/ly1 ?\gh we h no pro( t />s ev5tually become d>k & cold1 = human "t has s f> be5 all too %ort to give u ev5 ! smalle/ evid5ce z to :e!r heat & light are dim9i%+ 9 our own sun1 yet x seems natural to suppose t su* bodies mu/ at la/ cease _! functions1 l ev]y?+ else :i* we "k (4 ,we may1 !re=e1 reasonably presume t !re are d>k bodies scatt]$ 9 ! dep?s ( space4 ,we h1 inde$1 a suspicion ( at lea/ "o1 ?\gh p]haps x p>takes r ( a planet>y nature1 namely1 t d>k body :i* cont9ually eclipses ,algol1 & s causes ! tempor>y dim9ution ( its light4 ,z ! sun ru%es t[>ds ! con/ellation ( ,lyra su* an ext+ui%$ sun may *ance to f9d itself 9 8 pa?2 j z a d]elict hulk may loom up out ( ! d>kness "r b5ea? ! b[s ( a vessel sail+ ! great ocean4 ,un=tunately a collision betwe5 ! sun & a body ( ?is k9d c\ld n occur ) su* m]ciful sudd5ness4 ,a t$i\s w>n+ ( its approa* w\ld be giv5 f t region ( ! heav5s :i!r our sy/em is kn[n to be t5d+4 ,z ! d>k object w\ld become visible only :5 suffici5tly ne> our sun to be 9 "s degree illum9at$ by 8 rays1 x might run ! *ance at fir/ ( be+ mi/ak5 = a new planet4 ,if su* a body 7 z l>ge1 = in/ance1 z our own sun1 x %\ld1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gore's calculations1 reveal itself to ! telescope "s fifte5 ye>s be=e ! great cata/rophe4 ,/eadily its disc w\ld appe> to enl>ge1 s t1 ab\t n9e ye>s aft] its discov]y1 x w\ld become visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,at l5g? ! doom$ inhabitants ( ! e>?1 p>alys$ ) t]ror1 w\ld see _! rel5tless enemy %9+ l a second moon 9 ! nor!rn skies4 ,rapidly increas+ 9 app>5t size1 z ! gravitational attractions ( ! sol> orb & ( itself int]act$ m p[]fully ) dim9i%+ di/ance1 x w\ld at la/ draw quickly 9 t[>ds ! sun & disappe> 9 ! gl>e4 ,x is impossible = u to conceive any?+ m t]rible ?an ^! clos+ days1 = no m5ace ( cata/rophe :i* we c picture c\ld be> )9 x su* a c]ta9ty ( fulfilm5t4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 useless to speculate on ! probable actions ( m5 9 _! n[ t]re/rial prison4 ,hope1 :i* s f> _h buoy$ !m up 9 ! dire/ calamities1 w\ld "h h no place4 ,humanity1 9 ! fulness ( its /r5g?1 w\ld await a :olesale execution f :i* !re c\ld be no *ance at all ( a reprieve4 ,obs]vations ( ! approa*+ body w\ld h enabl$ a/ronom]s to calculate its pa? ) great exactness1 & to pr$ict ! in/ant & "* ( ! impact4 ,eight m9utes aft] ! mom5t allott$ = ! collision ! result+ tide ( flame w\ld surge across ! e>?'s orbit1 & our globe w\ld quickly pass away 9 vap\r4 ,& :at !n8 ,a nebula1 no d\bt2 & aft] untold ages ! =mation possibly f x ( a new sy/em1 ris+ pho5ix-l f ! va/ crematorium & fill+ ! place ( ! old "o4 ,a new c5tral sun1 p]haps1 ) its att5dant ret9ue ( planets & satellites4 ,& teem+ life1 p]*ance1 appe>+ once m 9 ! fulness ( "t1 :5 temp]ature 9 "o or o!r ( ^! bodies _h fall5 )9 c]ta9 limits1 & o!r pr$ispos+ conditions _h sup]v5$4 ,! _w's great age beg9s anew1 ,! gold5 ye>s return1 ,! e>? do? l a snake r5ew ,h] w9t] we$s outworn3 ,heav5 smiles1 & fai?s & empires gleam ,l wrecks ( a dissolv+ dream4 ,a bright] ,hellas re>s its m\nta9s ,f waves s]5] f>2 ,a new ,p5eus rolls 8 f\nta9s ,aga9/ ! morn+ />2 ,:]e fair] ,tempes bloom1 !re sleep ,"y ,cyclads on a sunni] deep4 ,a l(ti] ,argo cleaves ! ma91 ,fraught ) a lat] prize2 ,ano!r ,orpheus s+s aga91 ,& loves1 & weeps1 & dies2 ,a new ,ulysses leaves once m ,calypso = 8 native %ore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,oh cease6 mu/ hate & dea? return8 ,cease6 mu/ m5 kill & die8 ,cease6 dra9 n to its dregs ! urn ,( bitt] prophecy6 ,! _w is we>y ( ! pa/1-- ,oh might x die or re/ at la/6 #ci ,see 8 "w1 ,la ,f9 du ,monde1 :]e9 ! v>i\s ways by :i* our _w may come to an end are dealt ) at l5g?1 & 9 a pr(\ndly int]e/+ mann]4 ,,index ,a*romatic telescope1 #aae1 #aaf ,adams1 #bd1 #bcf1 #bdc ,a]ial telescopes1 #aaj1 #aaa ,aga?ocles1 ,eclipse (1 #he ,agrippa1 ,camillus1 #dd ,ahaz1 dial (1 #he ,air1 #aff ,airy1 ,sir ,g4,b41 #ib ,al gl1 #cjg ,al ,sufi1 #bhd1 #bij1 #bif1 #cae ,alcor1 #bid ,alcyone1 #bhd ,aldeb>an1 #ajc1 #bhh1 #bij1 #big ,algol1 #cjg1 #cji-caj1 #cab1 #cbc1 #cdg ,alpha1 ,c5tauri1 #eb-ec1 #bhj1 #bih-bii1 #cjd1 #cbj ,alpha ,crucis1 #bih ,alps1 ,lun>1 #bjj ,altair1 #bie ,altitude ( objects 9 sky1 #aif ,alum9ium1 #ade ,amos viii4 #i1 #he ,&]son1 ,t4,d41 #caa-cab ,&rom$a 7con/ellation71 #bgi1 #cad2 ,great ,nebula 91 #cad1 #caf ,&rom$id meteors1 #bgb ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 #hg-hh ,anighito meteorite1 #bgg ,annul> eclipse1 #fe-fh1 #hj1 #ib1 #ii ,annul> ,nebula 9 ,lyra1 #cae-caf ,annulus1 #fh ,ans1 #bdb-bdc ,anticipation 9 discov]y1 #bcf-bcg ,ap5n9es1 ,lun>1 #bjj ,aphelion1 #bgd ,app>5t enl>gem5t ( cele/ial objects1 #aib-aif ,app>5t size ( cele/ial objects deceptive1 #aif1 #bid ,app>5t sizes ( sun & moon1 v>iations 91 #fg1 #hj1 #agh ,aquila 7con/ellation71 #bie ,arabian a/ronom]s1 #ajg1 #cjg ,arago1 #ib1 #beg ,arc1 degrees m9utes & seconds (1 #fj ,arcturus1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bij1 #bie ,argel&]1 #bij ,argo 7con/ellation71 #bih ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 #aga ,ari/>*us 7lun> crat]71 #bje ,ari/ophanes1 #aja ,ari/otle1 #afa1 #agc1 #ahe ,arrh5ius #bbb1 #bec-bed ,assyrian tablet1 #hd ,a/]oidal zone1 analogy (1 to ,saturn's r+s1 #bch ,a/]oids 7or m9or planets71 #cj-ca1 #bbe-bbh1 #ccf2 discov]y ( !1 #bc1 #bdd2 ,wolf's me?od ( discov]+1 #bbf-bbg ,a/rology1 #ef ,a/ronomical ,essays1 #fc1 #ccg ,a/ronomical ,society1 ,royal1 #add ,a/ronomy1 ,manual (1 #aff ,atlantic ,ocean1 p>allelism ( opposite %ores1 #cdj-cda ,atlas1 ! ,titan1 #ah ,atmosph]e1 absorption by e>?'s1 #abi-acj2 asc]ta9m5t (1 by spectroscope1 #abd-abe1 #bab2 height ( e>?'s1 #afg1 #bfg2 ( a/]oids1 #bbf2 ( e>?1 #abi1 #acj1 #aff-afi1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bfg1 #cdf2 ( ,m>s1 #aef1 #bab1 #baf2 ( ,m]cury1 #aef2 ( moon1 #gj-ga1 #aef1 #bja-bjc2 ( ,jupit]1 #bca2 ( planets1 #abe2 ( ,saturn's r+s1 #bci ,atmosph]e ( ! />s1 #cca ,atmosph]ic lay] & glass-h\se comp>$1 #afg1 #bjc ,augu/ ,meteors 7,p]seids71 #bgj ,auriga 7con/ellation71 #bid-bif1 #cjf1 #caa2 ,new ,/> 91 #caa ,aurig1 b 7,beta71 #bid1 #big1 #cjd ,aurora ,borealis1 #ada1 #adc1 #bei ,au/ralia1 sugge/$ orig9 (1 #cdj ,axis1 #bi-cj2 ( e>?1 #afc1 #ahj2 small movem5t ( e>?'s1 #ahj-aha ,babylonian tablet1 #hd ,babylonian idea ( ! moon1 #ahe ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #ajh ,bacubirito meteorite1 #bgg ,bagdad1 #ajg ,baily1 ,francis1 #ib ,baily's ,beads1 #fi1 #gj1 #ia-ib1 #aed ,bailly 7lun> crat]71 #aii ,ball1 ,sir ,rob]t1 #bga ,b>n>d1 ,e4,e41 #ca1 #bbd1 #bcb-bcd1 #bcg1 #beh ,bay ( ,ra9b[s1 #aig ,bay]'s classification ( />s1 #bhi1 #bia-bib ,bayeux ,tape/ry1 #bfc ,be>1 ,great 7con/ellation74 ,see ,ursa ,major2 ,little1 see ,ursa ,m9or ,beehive 7,prsepe71 #cjg ,be]1 #bjf ,belopolsky1 #cjd ,belt ( ,orion1 #big ,belt !ory ( ,milky ,way1 #cba ,belts ( ,jupit]1 #bcj ,b]g/r&1 #cad ,b]l9 /> *>t1 #bdd ,bessel1 #agc1 #bhj1 #cje ,beta 7b7 ,lyr1 #cjg ,beta 7b7 ,p]sei4 ,see ,algol ,betelgeux1 #big ,bible1 eclipses 91 #he ,biela's ,comet1 #bef-beg1 #bgb-bgc1 #cde ,bielids1 #bgj1 #bgb-bgc ,billion1 #ea-eb ,b9>y />s1 spectroscopic1 #cja-cjf1 #cji2 visual1 #cjj1 #cjc-cjf ,black ,drop1 #aeb-aed ,black ,h\r1 #hi ,black ,saturday1 #hi ,blood1 moon 9 eclipse l1 #ajb ,blue 7rays ( light71 #aba1 #acj ,bode's ,law1 #bb-bc1 #bdd-bde ,bolomet]1 #abg ,bond1 ,g4,p41 #bcf1 #beg ,bonpl&1 #bgj ,botes 7con/ellation71 #bie1 #cad ,bradley1 #aaa ,brahe1 ,ty*o1 #bij1 #caa ,brdikh9e's !ory ( comets' tails1 #bec-bed1 #bef ,bright eclipses ( moon1 #fe1 #ajb ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #cah ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 ,j\rnal (1 #aid ,briti% ,museum1 #hd ,bull 7con/ellation74 ,see ,taurus2 ,eye ( !1 #big2 ,head ( !1 #big ,burgos1 #ih ,bus*1 #ic ,cs>1 ,julius1 #he1 #aaj1 #ahj1 #bei1 #bfb1 #bia1 #bic ,calcium1 #ach1 #ade ,calli/o1 #bcc-bcd ,cambridge1 #bd1 #ia1 #aai1 #bdc ,campbell1 #cje ,canali1 #bad ,canals ( ,m>s1 #bad-bbb1 #bbd-bbe ,canc] 7con/ellation71 #cjg ,canes ,v5atici 7con/ellation71 #cjf1 #cad ,canis ,major 7con/ellation71 #bhi1 #bif-big2 ,m9or1 #bif-big ,canopus1 #bhe1 #bih-bii1 #cbj ,capella1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bij1 #bid1 #big1 #cjc1 #cac ,c>bon1 #ade ,c>bon dioxide4 ,see ,c>bonic acid gas ,c>bonic acid gas1 #aff1 #bac1 #bba-bbb ,c>negie ,in/itution1 ,sol> ,obs]vatory (1 #aah ,cassegra9ian telescope1 #aad1 #aah ,cass9i1 ,j4,d41 #bcf1 #bdj ,cass9i's ,division 9 ,saturn's r+1 #bcf1 #bch ,cassiopeia 7con/ellation71 #bgi1 #bid1 #caa1 #cad ,cassiopei1 7,eta71 #cjc ,cassiopeia's ,*air1 #bid ,cassius1 ,dion1 #hf ,ca/or1 #bhb1 #big1 #cjd ,catalogues ( />s1 #ajf1 #bij-bia1 #caa ,c5taur4 ,see ,c5taurus ,c5taurus 7con/ellation71 #bih1 #cjf ,c5tre ( gravity1 #db1 #bhc-bhd1 #cbd ,c]es1 diamet] (1 #cj1 #bbe ,ceti1 ,omicron 7or ,mira71 #cjg-cjh ,cetus1 or ! ,:ale 7con/ellation71 #cjg ,*aldean a/ronom]s1 #gd1 #gf ,*allis1 #bdc-bdd ,*amb]l91 #ccg ,*amb]s ( ! ,s\?1 #bii ,*&l]1 #cjh ,*>les ,v41 #bfa ,*>les' ,wa91 #bia ,*emical rays1 #abg ,*9ese & eclipses1 #hc ,*loride ( sodium1 #abb ,*lor9e1 #abb1 #ade ,*ri/1 ,bir? (1 #ajb ,*ri/ian ,era1 fir/ record$ sol> eclipse 91 #he ,*romatic ab]ration1 #aaj ,*romosph]e1 #ga-gb1 #ic-id1 #acj-acb1 #ach-aci ,circle1 #aga-agc ,cl>k1 ,alvan1 ,sons1 #aag-aah1 #cjc ,claudius1 ,emp]or1 #hf ,clavius 7lun> crat]71 #aii ,cl]k ,maxwell1 #bcg ,cl\ds 7( ,ari/ophanes71 #aja ,clu/]+ p[]1 #cbe ,clu/]s ( />s1 #cjj1 #cjf1 #cad1 #cbh ,coal ,sacks4 ,see ,holes 9 ,milky ,way ,coelo/at1 #aai ,coggia's ,comet1 #bed ,col\r1 production (1 9 telescopes1 #aji-aaa1 #aae1 #aba ,collision ( comet ) e>?1 #cde-cdf2 ( d>k /> ) sun1 #cdf-cdh2 ( />s1 #bhe1 #cab ,columbus1 #ajc ,coma ,b]5ices 7con/ellation71 #cjg1 #caf ,comet1 fir/ discov]y ( by photography1 #beh2 fir/ orbit calculat$1 #bee2 fir/ photograph (1 #beg-beh2 fur!/ di/ance se51 #beh2 passage ( among satellites ( ,jupit]1 #bej2 passage ( e>? & moon ?r\gh tail (1 #beg1 #cdf ,comet ( #ajjj ,a4,d41 #bfb2 #ajff1 #bfb-bfd2 #afhj1 #bee1 #bfe2 #ahaa1 #bed-bee2 #ahfa1 #bed1 #beg1 #cdf2 #ahha1 #beg-beh2 #ahhb1 #bea1 #beh1 #bia2 #ahhi1 #beh2 #aijg1 #beh ,comets1 #bg-bh1 #eh1 ,*aps4 ,,xix4 & ,,xx41 #cde-cdf2 anci5t view (1 #bei-bfa2 captur$1 #bea-bec2 ,*9ese records (1 #hc-hd2 composition (1 #beb2 contra/$ ) planets1 #bdg2 families (1 #bea-beb1 #bef2 meteor sw>ms &1 #bgd2 reveal$ by sol> eclipses1 #ie-if2 tails (1 #ada1 #ahb1 #bdh1 #beb-bed ,common1 telescopes ( ,dr4 ,a4,a41 #aah ,conjunction1 #bji ,con/ellations1 #aje1 #bgh-bgi1 #bhe1 #bhi ,contraction !ory ( sun's heat1 #abh-abi1 #cce ,cook1 ,capta91 #aed ,cooke1 #aah ,cop]nican sy/em1 #bj1 #ajg1 #adi1 #agj-agc1 #bgi1 #bhj ,cop]nicus1 #bj1 #ajh1 #adi1 #aeh1 #agj-agb1 #bcf ,cop]nicus 7lun> crat]71 #bjj1 #bjd ,copp]1 #ade ,cord]1 ,h41 #add ,corona1 #gj-gb1 #ij1 #ib-ig1 #acb1 #adj-ada1 #bgj2 e>lie/ draw+ (1 #ia2 e>lie/ employm5t ( t]m1 #ij2 e>lie/ m5tion (1 #hf2 e>lie/ photograph (1 #ic2 illum9ation giv5 by1 #ga2 possible *ange 9 %ape ( dur+ eclipse1 #if-ih2 /ructure (1 #adb-adc2 v>iations 9 %ape (1 #ada ,corona ,borealis 7con/ellation71 #bie ,coronal matt]1 #adb2 /ream]s1 #ie-if1 #ada-adc ,coronium1 #acc1 #adb1 #cag ,cotes1 #ia ,c\d1 equatorial1 #aai ,c[ell1 ,p4,h41 #bee1 #bfd ,crabtree1 #aeb ,crape r+ ( ,saturn1 #bcf-bcg ,crat]lets on ,m>s1 #bbj ,crat]s 7r+-m\nta9s7 on moon1 #aig-bje1 #bad1 #cdj2 sugge/$ orig9 (1 #bjc-bjd1 #bad ,craw=d1 ,e>l (1 #id ,crecy1 suppos$ eclipse at battle (1 #hh-hi ,cresc5t moon1 #ahc1 #ahe ,crommel91 ,a4,c4,d41 #bee1 #bfd ,crossley ,reflector1 #aah1 #cae-caf ,cr[n glass1 #aae ,crucifixion1 d>kness (1 #hf ,crucis1 a 7,alpha71 #bih ,crux1 or ,s\!rn ,cross 7con/ellation71 #bih-bii1 #cbc ,cycle1 sunspot1 #acf-acg1 #ada1 #adc-add ,cygni1 #fa1 #agc1 #bhj ,cygnus1 or ! ,swan 7con/ellation71 #bie1 #cbe ,daniel's ,comet ( #ahig1 #beh ,danzig1 #aaa ,d>k ,ages1 #ajb1 #ajg1 #bfj ,d>k eclipses ( moon1 #fe1 #ajb-ajc ,d>k matt] 9 space1 #cbc ,d>k meteors1 #bge-bgf ,d>k />s1 #cji-caj1 #cab1 #cbc1 #cdf-cdg ,d>kness beh9d ! />s1 #cbe ,d>w91 ,sir ,g4,h41 #cci ,davis1 #id ,dawes1 #bcf ,de>born ,obs]vatory1 #cjc ,dea? f fright at eclipse1 #gc ,debonnaire1 ,l\is le1 #hh1 #bfa ,deimos1 #bbc ,deity1 symbol ( !1 #hg ,demon />4 ,see ,algol ,d5ebola1 #bif ,d5n+1 ,w4,f41 #bfi ,d5sities ( sun & planets1 #ci ,d5sity1 #ch ,desl&res1 #adj ,diamet]s ( sun & planets1 #ca ,disappe>ance ( moon 9 lun> eclipse1 #fe1 #ajb-ajc ,disc1 #fj ,disc !ory4 ,see ,gr9d/one !ory ,discov]ies1 indep5d5t1 #bcf ,discov]y1 anticipation 91 #bcf-bcg2 indirect me?ods (1 #abj ,dipp]1 !1 #bia2 ! ,little1 #bid ,di/ance ( a cele/ial body1 h[ asc]ta9$1 #ef-eh2 ( sun f e>?1 h[ det]m9$1 #aea1 #baa ,di/ances ( planets f sun1 #dg ,di/ances ( sun & moon1 relative1 #fh ,dog1 ! ,great]4 ,see ,canis ,major2 ! ,less]1 see ,canis ,m9or ,dog ,/>1 #bhi1 #big ,dollond1 ,john1 #aae-aaf ,donati's ,comet1 #bed1 #beg ,doppl]'s me?od1 #abe1 #acf1 #bhb1 #cja-cjb ,dorpat1 #aag ,d\ble canals ( ,m>s1 #bad-bae1 #bah-bbj ,d\ble planet1 e>? & moon a1 #ahi ,d\ble />s1 #cjj ,d\glass1 #bcc ,dreams1 ,lake (1 #aig ,dumb-bell ,nebula1 #caf ,e>?1 #bj1 #bb1 #ca1 #ci1 #dh1 #fd1 ,*ap4 ,,xv41 #bfg2 cool+ (1 #cdc2 diamet] (1 #ca2 int]ior (1 #aff2 mean di/ance ( f sun1 #dg2 rigidity (1 #aha2 rotation (1 #cj1 #cc1 #afa-afe1 #agj2 %ape (1 #afe2 tail to1 #ahb ,e>?light1 or ,e>?%9e1 #ahf ,e>?'s axis1 ,precessional movem5t (1 #age-agg1 #bie1 #bih-bii ,e>?'s %ad[1 circul> %ape (1 #fd1 #afj ,eclipse1 #fa ,eclipse k1 delay (1 #gd ,eclipse p>ty1 "w (1 #gc ,eclipse ( sun1 advance ( %ad[ 9 total1 #fi2 animal & plant life dur+1 #ga2 e>lie/ record ( total1 #hd2 description ( total1 #fi-gc2 duration ( total1 #fi1 #gb2 importance ( total1 #fh ,eclipses1 asc]ta9m5t ( dates ( pa/1 #gd2 exp]i5ce a necessity 9 sol>1 #gc-gd2 ( moon1 #fc-fe1 ,*ap4 ,,ix41 #bjc2 photography 91 #ic2 pr$iction ( future1 #gd2 recurr5ce (1 #gd-hj ,eclipses ( sun1 #be1 #fe-gd1 ,*ap4 ,,viii41 #bja-bjb1 #bcd2 #afab ,a4,d41 #ij2 #agae1 #hh1 #ia2 #agbd1 #hh1 #ia2 #ahcf1 #ib2 #ahdb1 #ib-ic2 #ahea1 #ha1 #ic2 #ahfh1 #ic2 #ahgj1 #id2 #ahga1 #id2 #ahgh1 #ie2 #ahhb1 #ie2 #ahhc1 #ie-if2 #ahic1 #ie-if2 #ahif1 #if1 #ii2 #ahih1 #if1 #ih2 #aijj1 #ig2 #aije1 #ge-gf1 #hj-ha1 #ig-ih2 #aijg1 #ih2 #aijh1 #ih2 #aiad1 #ii2 #aibg1 #ib1 #ii-ajj ,eclipses1 ,pa/ & ,future1 #cdj ,eg5itis1 #bgb ,electric furnace1 #abh ,electric light1 spectrum (1 #abb ,elem5ts compos+ sun1 #add-ade ,ellipses1 #cb1 #ff1 #agb-agc1 #agg-agh ,elliptic orbit1 #ff1 #agg ,ellipticity1 #cb ,elongation1 ,ea/]n1 #adg1 #adi2 ,we/]n1 #adg1 #adi ,encke's ,comet1 #bec1 #bef ,end ( ! ,_w1 #cdb ,engl&1 sol> eclipses visible 91 #hg-hh1 #ia-ib ,epsilon1 7e7 ,lyr1 #cjb ,equator1 #dh ,equatorial telescope1 #bbf ,equ9oxes4 ,see ,precession ( ,eros1 #baj-baa1 #bbc1 #bbf-bbg2 discov]y (1 #bd1 #baj1 #bbg2 importance (1 #baa2 orbit (1 #cb1 #cg1 #baj1 #ccf ,eruptive prom95ces1 #aci ,escli/re1 #hi ,e!r1 #cbb-cbc1 #cca-ccb ,europa1 #bcc1 #bce ,evans1 ,j4,e41 #bai ,ev5+ />1 #adi-aej1 #bda ,ev]e/1 ,m\nt1 #bjj ,ev]%$1 #ahb ,eye-piece1 #aaj ,fabricius1 #cjg ,facul1 #acf1 #adc ,fau?1 #bje ,faye1 #cce ,f9 du ,monde1 #cdf ,fir/ qu>t]1 #ahc ,fix$ />s1 #bhj ,flag/aff1 #bae-baf1 #bbj ,flamm>ion1 ,camille1 #cdf ,flam/e$1 #ij ,fla% spectrum1 #acg ,flat1 #aab ,fl9t glass1 #aae ,focus1 #ff1 #agg ,=ty-foot ,telescope1 #aae ,fo/]1 #ajb ,fraunh(]1 #aag ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 #aae ,froiss>t1 #hi ,full moon ( ,laplace1 #aij ,galaxy4 ,see ,milky ,way4 ,galilean telescope1 #aji ,galileo1 #ee1 #aji1 #agb1 #aig1 #bjf1 #bcb-bce1 #bdb ,galle1 #bd1 #baa1 #bdd ,ganym$e1 #bcc-bcd ,gas light1 spectrum (1 #abb ,geg5s*e91 #aha-ahb ,gem ( meteor r+1 #bga ,gem9i1 or ! ,tw9s 7con/ellation71 #bb1 #bif-big ,gem9orum1 z 7,zeta71 #cjd ,geometrical gr\p+s ( />s1 #bib ,giant planet1 #bcj1 #bch-bci ,gibb\s1 #ahc1 #ahe ,gill1 ,sir ,david1 #baa1 #beh1 #bia1 #cag-cah ,gold1 #ade ,goodricke1 #cjg ,gore1 ,j4,e41 #fc1 #bhe1 #cjc1 #cjg-cjh1 #caj1 #cbc-cbd1 #cca1 #ccg1 #cdg ,granulat$ /ructure ( photosph]e1 #acd ,gravitation 7or gravity71 #ci1 #da-de1 #abh1 #cjf ,greek ideas1 #ah1 #aeh1 #afa-afb1 #aga1 #ahf1 #aig ,gre5 7rays ( light71 #aba ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 #adc-add1 #bcb1 #bee1 #cjc ,gregorian telescope1 #aac-aad ,grimaldi 7lun> crat]71 #aii ,gr9d/one !ory1 #cai-cbb ,groombridge1 #ahcj1 #bha-bhb1 #cbf1 #ccj ,gr\ps ( />s1 #cjf-cjg ,grubb1 ,sir ,h[>d1 #aah ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 #bbd ,hale1 ,g4,e41 #aai1 #adj ,half moon1 #ahc1 #ahe ,hall1 ,asaph1 #bbc ,hall1 ,*e/] ,moor1 #aae ,halley1 ,edmund1 #ia1 #bee1 #bfd-bfe1 #cjf ,halley's ,comet1 #bee1 #bfd-bfe ,h>ad5 ,hill1 #ia ,h>v>d1 #aah1 #cjb ,h>ve/ moon1 #aij-aib ,hawaii1 #bba ,heat rays1 #abg ,heidelb]g1 #bbf1 #bcb ,height ( lun> m\nta9s1 h[ det]m9$1 #bja ,height ( objects 9 sky1 e/imation (1 #aif ,helium1 #ach1 #ade1 #ahb ,helmholtz1 #abh1 #cce ,h]cules 7con/ellation71 #bie ,h]od ! ,great1 #aja-ajb ,h]odotus1 #hd ,h]s*el1 ,a4,s41 #bfi ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 #ib1 #cbb ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,william1 #bb1 #cf1 #aad-aae1 #bjd1 #bac1 #bce1 #bhc1 #bib1 #cjh1 #cai-cbj1 #cbf-cbh ,h]s*elian telescope1 #aad1 #aai ,hesp]1 #aji ,hesp]us1 #aej ,hevelius1 #aaa ,hezekiah1 #he ,hi1 #hc ,h9doos1 #ah ,hipp>*us1 #ajf1 #agg1 #bij1 #caa ,ho1 #hc ,holes 9 ,milky ,way1 #cba-cbc ,holmes1 ,oliv] ,w5dell1 #bac ,hom]1 #bbc ,horace1 ,odes (1 #ajf ,horizon1 #aei ,horizontal eclipse1 #afi ,horrox1 #dd1 #aea-aeb ,h\r ,glass ,sea1 #bab ,hugg9s1 ,sir ,william1 #id1 #abe1 #cag ,humboldt1 #bgj ,hunt]'s moon1 #aib ,huygh5s1 #aaa-aab1 #bdj1 #bdb-bdc ,hyades1 #bif-big1 #cjg ,hydroc>bon gas1 #bed ,hydrog51 #id1 #aca1 #ach1 #adj1 #add1 #aef1 #ahb1 #bed ,ibrahim b5 ,ahm$1 #bgj ,ice-lay] !ory3 ,m>s1 #bai2 moon1 #bje1 #bai ,illusion !ory ( ,m>tian canals1 #bai ,imbrium1 ,m>e1 #aig ,incl9ation ( orbits1 #cf-cg ,indigo 7rays ( light71 #aba ,inf]ior conjunction1 #adg1 #adi ,inf]ior planets1 #bj1 #bb1 ,*ap4 ,,xiv41 #bbi ,in/rum5ts1 pre-telescopic1 #ajf-ajg1 #agb ,int]national photographic survey ( sky1 #bij-bia ,intra-,m]curial planet1 #be-bf ,introduction to ,a/ronomy1 #ca ,inv]t$ view 9 a/ronomical telescope1 #aaf-aag ,io1 #bcc-bcd ,iridum1 ,s9us1 #aig ,iron1 #ade1 #bed ,is ,m>s ,habitable8 #bba ,jans51 #ajh ,janss51 #id1 #bcf1 #beh ,japetus1 #bdj ,jess5ius1 #hi ,job1 ,book (1 #bii ,johnson1 ,s4,j41 #ajc1 #cdj ,josephus1 #aja1 #bfb ,juno1 #bbe ,jupit]1 #bj1 #bb-bc1 #ca1 #cd1 #cg1 #db1 #bbg-bbh1 #bcj-bcf1 #bda1 #bgb1 #caa2 comet family (1 #bea-bec1 #bef2 discov]y ( eigh? satellite1 #bf1 #bcb2 eclipse (1 by satellite1 #bcd2 )\t satellites1 #bcd-bce ,jupit]1 satellites (1 #bf1 #fb1 #ajh1 #ahi1 #bcb-bce2 _! eclipses1 #bcd-bce2 _! occultations1 #fb1 #bcd2 _! transits1 #fb1 #bcd ,kant1 #ccd ,kapteyn1 #bhd1 #cac ,keel]1 #cae1 #ccg ,kelv91 ,"l1 #abi ,kepl]1 #dd1 #aeb1 #agb1 #bcg1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bec1 #caa ,k9etic !ory1 #aef1 #bjb1 #bab1 #bbf1 #bca1 #bci1 #ccf ,k+1 ,l4,w41 #hd ,k1 #hg ,labrador1 #ig ,lacus ,somniorum1 #aig ,lake ( ,dreams1 #aig ,lal&e1 #bdd1 #bhc ,lampl&1 #bae1 #bai ,langley1 #ie1 #abg ,laplace1 #aij1 #ccc ,laputa1 #bbd ,le ,maire1 #aae ,le ,v]ri]1 #bd1 #bcf1 #bdc-bdd1 #bge ,lead1 #ade ,leibnitz ,m\nta9s 7lun>71 #bjj ,leo 7con/ellation71 #bgj1 #bie-bif ,leonids1 #bgj-bgb1 #bgd-bge ,lesc>bault1 #be ,lewis1 ,t41 #cjc ,lexell's ,comet1 #bej ,lick ,obs]vatory1 #ca1 #ih1 #aag-aah1 #bae1 #bcb1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cae2 ,great ,telescope (1 #aag1 #bae1 #bcg ,life ( an eclipse ( ! moon1 #hj2 ( ! sun1 #gg-gh ,life on ,m>s1 ,l[ell's views1 #bag-bah2 ,pick]+'s1 #bba2 ,wallace's1 #bba-bbc ,light1 no ext9ction (1 #cbb-cbd2 rays (1 #abg2 velocity (1 #eb1 #bce-bcf2 :ite1 #aba ,light ye>1 #ec1 #bhj ,l9dsay1 ,"l1 #id ,l9n 7lun> crat]71 #bje ,li\ville1 #aij ,lipp]%ey1 #ajh ,liquid-fill$ l5ses1 #aaf ,locksley ,hall1 #bif2 ,sixty ,ye>s ,aft]1 #aji ,locky]1 ,sir ,norman1 #gc1 #id1 #bcf1 #cce ,loewy1 #aai1 #bjf ,london1 eclipses visible at1 #hg-hh1 #ia-ib ,longfell[1 #hh ,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 #bae1 #bai1 #bcc-bcd ,l[ell1 ,p]cival1 #aee1 #bab-bac1 #bae-bba ,lucif]1 #aej ,lynn1 ,w4,t41 #bai1 #bfc ,lyra 7con/ellation71 #agg1 #bhc1 #bid-bie1 #cjg1 #cae1 #cdg ,mdl]1 #bjf1 #bhd ,magellanic ,cl\ds1 #cag ,magnetism1 di/urbances ( t]re/rial1 #adc1 #bhc ,magnitudes ( />s1 #bhg-bhi ,major planets1 #bbi-bcj ,man 9 ! ,moon1 #aig ,manual ( ,a/ronomy1 #aff ,maps ( ! moon1 #bjf ,m>e ,imbrium1 #aig ,m>e ,s]5itatis1 #bje ,m>s1 #bj1 #bb-bc1 #ca-cb1 #cd1 #cg1 #aji1 #aee1 #baj-bbe1 #bcd2 comp>$ ) e>? & moon1 #bba1 #bbe2 pol> caps (1 #bab-bad1 #baf2 satellites (1 #bf1 #bbc-bbd2 temp]ature (1 #bac1 #baf1 #bba-bbb ,mass1 #ch2 ( a />1 h[ det]m9$1 #cje ,masses ( cele/ial bodies1 h[ asc]ta9$1 #db2 ( e>? & moon comp>$1 #db2 ( sun & planets comp>$1 #ci ,maund]1 ,e4,w41 #hg1 #adc1 #bai ,maund]1 ,mrs41 ,e4,w41 #if1 #add ,maxwell1 ,cl]k1 #bcg ,may]1 ,tobias1 #bjf1 #bhc ,mc,clean1 ,f4,k41 #ih ,mean di/ance1 #df ,m$icean ,/>s1 #bcb ,m$it]ranean1 eclipse tracks across1 #id1 #ig ,melb\rne telescope1 #aah ,melotte1 ,p41 #bcb ,m]cator's ,projection1 #hj-ha ,m]cury 7! metal71 #ade ,m]cury 7! planet71 #bj1 #bb1 #be-bf1 #ca-cb1 #cd1 #cg1 ,*ap4 ,,xiv42 m>k+s on1 #aef2 possible planets )9 orbit (1 #be-bf2 transit (1 #fb1 #aea1 #aed ,metals 9 sun1 #ade ,meteor sw>ms1 #bfh-bfi1 #bga1 #bgd-bge ,meteors1 #bh1 #ef1 #afg1 #bei1 ,*ap4 ,,xxi4 ,meteors beyond e>?'s atmosph]e1 #bge-bgf ,meteorites1 #bgf-bgg ,meteoritic ,hypo!sis1 #cce ,metius1 ,jacob1 #ajh ,mi*ell1 #bhc1 #cje ,middle ,ages1 #ajb1 #bfj1 #bfd ,middleburgh1 #ajh ,milky ,way 7or ,galaxy71 #bhe1 #bii1 #caa1 #cag1 #cai-cbg2 p5etration (1 by photography1 #cbe ,million1 #dg1 #ea-eb ,m9or planets4 ,see ,a/]oids4 ,mira ,ceti1 #cjg-cjh ,mirk ,monday1 #hi ,mirror 7speculum71 #aaa1 #aaf ,miz>1 #bid1 #cjb ,monck1 ,w4,h4,s41 #bge ,mongol ,emp]ors ( ,india1 #ajg ,moon1 #bf1 ,*ap4 ,,xvi42 appe>ance (1 9 lun> eclipse1 #fe1 #ajb-ajc2 diamet] (1 #ahi2 di/ance (1 h[ asc]ta9$1 #eh2 di/ance (1 f e>?1 #dh2 full1 #fc1 #hf1 #adi1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bjf2 mass (1 #bjj1 #bjb2 m\nta9s on1 #aig-bje2 h[ _! height is det]m9$1 #bja2 movem5t (1 #dj-db2 new1 #hf1 #adi1 #ahc1 #ahe2 orig9 (1 #cci-cda2 plane ( orbit (1 #fc2 possible *anges on1 #bjd-bje1 #bba2 seas (1 #aig1 #bjf2 smalle/ detail visible on1 #bjg2 volume (1 #bjj ,morn+ />1 #adi-aej1 #bda ,m\lton1 ,f4,r41 #ca1 #aah1 #abh1 #cjb1 #cce1 #ccg ,moye1 #aed ,multiple />s1 #cjj ,musa-b5-,%akir1 #dd ,my?ology1 #aje ,neap-tides1 #agi ,nebul1 #cad-cah1 #cbh1 #cce1 #cde2 evolution ( />s f1 #cag-cah ,nebul> ,hypo!sis ( ,laplace1 #ccc-cch ,nebul> hypo!ses1 ,*ap4 ,,xxvii4 ,nebulium1 #cag ,neison1 #bjf ,neptune1 #bj1 #be1 #ca1 #cd1 #cg1 #bdc-bdf1 #bdi1 #beb1 #bgd1 #cjd2 discov]y (1 #bc-bd1 #id1 #baj1 #bcf1 #bdc-bdd2 ,lal&e &1 #bdd2 possible planets beyond1 #be1 #beb2 satellite (1 #bf1 #bde2 ye> 91 #ce-cf ,new 7or tempor>y71 />s1 #caj-cad ,newcomb1 ,simon1 #aha1 #bfg1 #bha1 #cbd1 #cbf-cbg1 #cbi ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 #dj1 #dd1 #ia1 #aaa-aac1 #aae1 #afe1 #agb1 #bcg1 #bee ,newtonian telescope1 #aab1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aai ,n9eveh ,eclipse1 #hd-he ,nitrog51 #ade1 #aef1 #aff1 #cdf ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 #bie ,nova ,aurig1 #caa ,nova ,p]sei1 #cab-cad ,nov4 ,see ,new 7or tempor>y7 />s ,nubecul1 #cag ,oases ( ,m>s1 #baf1 #bbj ,object-glass1 #aji ,oblate sph]oid1 #afe ,occultation1 #fa-fb1 #bjb1 #bif ,olaf1 ,saga ( ,k+1 #hh ,olb]s1 #bbg1 #bec1 #bef1 #bga ,old moon 9 new moon's arms1 #ahe ,olm/$1 #bga ,omicron 7or ,mira7 ,ceti1 #cjg-cjh ,opposition1 #bji ,optick tube1 #ajh-aji1 #bcb ,orange 7rays ( light71 #aba ,orbit ( moon1 plane (1 #fc ,orbits1 #cb1 #cf-cg1 #ff1 #aej1 #aeg ,ori5tal a/ronomy1 #ajg ,orion 7con/ellation71 #aie1 #bgi1 #bif-big1 #caf2 ,great ,nebula 91 #caf1 #cbh ,ox=d1 #aci ,oxyg51 #ade1 #aef1 #aff1 #cdf ,pacific ,ocean1 orig9 ( moon 91 #cci ,palitz*1 #bee ,pallas1 #bbe1 #bbg ,p>allax1 #eg1 #agc1 #bhj1 #cje1 #cbj1 #cbf ,p>1 ,ambrose1 #bfd-bfe ,peal1 ,s4,e41 #bje ,pe>y1 #bgg ,pegasus 7con/ellation71 #cjf ,p5umbra ( sunspot1 #ace ,p]5nial full moon ( ,laplace1 #aij ,p]icles1 #hd ,p]r9e1 ,c4,d41 #bcb-bcc1 #cae ,p]seids1 #bgj1 #bgc-bge ,p]seus 7con/ellation71 #bgc1 #bgi1 #cjg1 #cab ,phases ( an inf]ior planet1 #adi1 #afj2 ( ! moon1 #adi1 #afj1 #ahc-ahe ,phlegon1 ,eclipse (1 #he-hf ,phobos1 #bbc ,phoebe1 retrograde motion (1 #bdj1 #bej1 #ccf ,phosphoresc5t gl[ 9 sky1 #cbc ,phosphorus 7,v5us71 #aej ,photographic survey ( sky1 int]national1 #bij-bia ,photosph]e1 #acj-aca1 #acd ,piazzi1 #bc ,pick]+1 ,e4,c41 #cjb ,pick]+1 ,w4,h41 #aii1 #bje-bjf1 #bbj-bba1 #bdj1 #cci-cda ,pictor1 runaway /> 9 con/ellation (1 #bha-bhb1 #cbj1 #ccj ,plane ( orbit1 #cf1 #aej ,planet>y nebul1 #bde1 #cae ,planet>y & ,/ell> ,/udies1 #cca ,planetesimal hypo!sis1 #ccg-cch ,planetoids4 ,see ,a/]oids ,planets1 classification (1 #bbi2 contra/$ ) comets1 #bdg2 9 ,ptolemaic s*eme1 #aga2 relative di/ances (1 f sun1 #ca-cb ,plato 7lun> crat]71 #aih ,pleiades1 #bhd1 #bif-big1 #cjg ,pl9y1 #afi1 #bfj ,pl\gh1 #bhd1 #bia-bif1 #cjb ,plut>*1 #hf1 #hi1 #afi1 #aha ,po9t]s1 #bib ,pol>is4 ,see ,pole ,/> ,pole ( e>?1 ,precessional movem5t (1 #agf-agg1 #bie1 #bih-bii ,pole ,/>1 #cc1 #afc1 #agg1 #bib-bif1 #cjj-cja ,poles1 #cj1 #afc-afd2 ( e>?1 spe$ ( po9t at1 #afd ,pollux1 #bhb1 #big ,posidonius1 #ahf ,p[ell1 ,sir ,george ,bad51 #if ,prsepe 7! ,beehive71 #cjg ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes1 #agg1 #bie1 #bih-bii ,pre-telescopic notions1 #ee ,prim>ies1 #bf ,pr9cess1 ,! 7,t5nyson71 #ccd ,pr9ceton ,obs]vatory1 #beh ,prism1 #aba ,prismatic col\rs1 #aaa1 #aba ,procyon1 #bhd1 #bij1 #big1 #cjc ,prom95ces1 ,sol>1 #gb1 #ic1 #aca1 #aci-adj1 #adc2 fir/ obs]vation (1 ) spectroscope1 #id1 #adj1 #bcf ,prop] motions ( />s1 #abf1 #bha-bhe1 #cbf1 #cbi-ccj ,ptolemu 7lun> crat]71 #aih-aii1 #bjd ,ptolemaic idea1 #cai2 sy/em1 #ah1 #ai1 #aeh1 #aga-agb ,ptolemy1 #ah1 #aja1 #aga1 #bij1 #bif ,puiseux1 ,p41 #bjf ,pulk[a telescope1 #aag ,puppis1 ,v41 #caj ,quiesc5t prom95ces1 #aci ,radcliffe ,obs]v]1 #aci ,radiant1 or radiant po9t1 #bfi ,radiation f sun1 #acj1 #acd ,radium1 #abi1 #ach ,ra9b[1 #aba ,ra9b[s1 ,bay (1 #aig ,rambaut1 ,a41 #aci ,ramsay1 ,sir ,william1 #ach ,rays 7on moon71 #bjd ,recurr5ce ( eclipses1 #gd-hj ,r$ 7rays ( light71 #aba1 #abe1 #abg1 #acj ,r$ ,spot1 ! ,great1 #bcj ,reflect+ telescope1 #aaa-aaf2 future (1 #aai ,reflector4 ,see ,reflect+ telescope ,refract+ & reflect+ telescopes contra/$1 #aah ,refract+ telescope1 #aji-aaa1 #aae-aag2 limits to size (1 #aai-abj ,refraction1 #aba1 #afh-afi ,refractor1 ,see ,refract+ telescope ,regulus1 #bij1 #bif ,retrograde motion ( ,phoebe1 #bdj1 #bej1 #ccf ,rev]s+ ,lay]1 #id1 #acj1 #acb1 #acg-ach ,revival ( le>n+1 #ajg ,revolution1 #cj2 ( e>? ar\nd sun1 #agj-agc2 p]iods ( sun & planets1 #ce ,riccioli1 #aih ,rice-gra9 /ructure ( photosph]e1 #acd ,rigel1 #bhe1 #big ,rills 7on moon71 #bjd ,r+-m\nta9s ( moon4 ,see ,crat]s ,r+ nebul1 #cae1 #ccg ,r+ ) w+s1 #hg ,r+s ( ,saturn1 #ajh1 #bcf-bci1 #bda-bdc1 #ccd ,rit*ey1 ,g4,w41 #aah ,rob]ts1 ,a4,w41 #cjh1 #caj ,rob]ts1 ,isaac1 #cbe ,ro*e's limit1 #bch ,roem]1 #bce ,roman hi/ory1 eclipses 91 #he-hf ,romulus1 #he ,rntg51 #abj ,rosse1 great telescope ( ,"l1 #aag1 #cad ,rotation1 #cj2 ( e>?1 #cc1 #afa-afe1 #agj2 ( sun1 #cd1 #abe1 #ace-acf1 #bca2 p]iods ( sun & planets1 #ce ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #ij-ia1 #aaa ,rubicon1 ,passage ( !1 #he ,runaway />s1 #bha1 #cbf1 #ccj ,sagitt>ius 7con/ellation71 #caf ,salt1 spectrum ( table1 #abb ,sam>c&1 #ajg ,s>os1 ,*aldean1 #gf-gh1 #hd ,satellites1 #bf-bg1 #cg ,saturn1 #bj1 #bb1 #cd1 #cg1 #ajh1 #bcf-bdc1 #beh2 comet family (1 #beb2 a puzzle to ! e>ly telescope obs]v]s1 #bda-bdc2 retrograde motion ( satellite ,phoebe1 #bdj1 #bej1 #ccf2 r+ sy/em (1 #bda2 satellites (1 #cf1 #bci-bdj2 %ad[s ( planet on r+s & ( r+s on planet1 #bcg ,s*aeb]le1 #ie-if1 #cjc1 #caf ,s*iap>elli1 #aee1 #bad1 #bbc ,s*ickh>d 7lun> crat]71 #aii ,s*midt1 #bjf ,s*nfeld1 #bij ,s*u/]1 #ie ,s*wabe1 #acf ,scotl&1 sol> eclipses visible 91 #hi-ij1 #ib ,sea ( ,s]5ity1 #bje ,sea ( ,%[]s1 #aig ,seas ( moon1 #aig1 #bjf ,seasons on e>?1 #agd-age2 on ,m>s1 #baa ,second>y bodies1 #bf ,s5eca1 #ie1 #bfj ,sept5triones1 #bia ,s]5itatis1 ,m>e1 #bje ,sev5 ,/>s1 #bia ,%ad[ ,b&s1 #fi ,%ad[ ( e>?1 circul> %ape (1 #fb-fd ,%ad[s on moon1 inky blackness (1 #bjb ,%akespe>e1 #bei1 #bic ,%eep%anks ,telescope1 #aai ,%9+ fluid ( ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 #cbh ,%oot+ ,/>s4 ,see ,meteors ,%ort 7( ,ed9burgh71 #aad ,%[]s1 ,sea (1 #aig ,sickle ( ,leo1 #bgj-bga1 #bif ,sid]o/at1 #aah ,silv]1 #ade ,silv]$ mirrors = reflect+ telescopes1 #aaf ,s9us ,iridum1 #aig ,sirius1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bhd-bhe1 #bhh-bij1 #big1 #cjc-cjd1 #cbj2 companion (1 #cjc2 /ell> magnitude (1 #bhi ,size ( cele/ial bodies1 h[ asc]ta9$1 #ei ,skeleton telescopes1 #aaj ,sky1 int]national photographic survey (1 #bij-bia2 light ( !1 #cbc ,sliph]1 ,e4,c41 #bac1 #bbb ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton1 #ih ,sn[ on ,m>s1 #bac ,sodium1 #abb1 #abd1 #bed ,sohag1 #ie ,sol> sy/em1 #bj-ba1 #bi-ca2 c5tre ( gravity (1 #db2 decay & dea? (1 #cdd ,somniorum1 ,lacus1 #aig ,s\nd1 #abe1 #aff1 #cca ,s\? pole ( heav5s1 #afc1 #bhe1 #bih-bii ,s\!rn con/ellations1 #bih-bii ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,see ,crux ,space1 #cbh ,spa91 e>ly a/ronomy 91 #ajg2 eclipse tracks across #ic1 #ig-ih ,spectroheliograph1 #adj ,spectroscope1 #abj1 #abb1 #abd-abe1 #add-ade1 #bab1 #bca2 prom95ces fir/ obs]v$ )1 #id1 #adj1 #bcf ,spectrum ( *romosph]e1 #acb-acc2 ( corona1 #acc2 ( photosph]e1 #acb2 ( rev]s+ lay]1 #acb1 #acg2 sol>1 #abb-abc1 #abg1 #acb ,speculum1 #aaa1 #aaf2 metal1 #aab ,sph]ical bodies1 #bi ,sph]ical %ape ( e>?1 pro(s (1 #aeh-afa ,sph]ical %apes ( sun1 planets1 & satellites1 #afj ,spiral nebul1 #cad-caf1 #ccg-cch ,spr+ balance1 #aff ,spr+ tides1 #aib ,spy-glass1 #ajh ,squ>e ( ! di/ance1 #dc-dd ,/annyan1 ,capta91 #ij ,/>1 mass (1 h[ det]m9$1 #cje2 p>allax (1 fir/ asc]ta9$1 #agc1 #bhj ,/>s1 !1 #bj1 #abd1 #abf1 #bgh et seq42 brightness (1 #bhg1 #cbj2 di/ances betwe51 #cbf-cbg2 di/ances ( "s1 #agc1 #bhj1 #cbj2 dim9ution (1 bel[ twelf? magnitude1 #cbd2 evolution (1 f nebul1 #cag-cah2 fa9te/ magnitude (1 #bhh2 numb] ( ^? visible altoge!r1 #cbd2 numb] ( ^? visible to nak$ eye1 #bhh ,/eam cracks1 #bba ,/e9heil1 #aah ,/ell> sy/em1 e/imat$ ext5t (1 #cbe-cbg2 an organis$ :ole1 #cbg2 limit$ ext5t (1 #cbb-cbh1 #ccj2 possible dis9tegration (1 #cbi ,/ikla/ad1 eclipse (1 #hh ,/one ,age1 #bhe ,/oney1 ,g4,j41 #bjb1 #bbb ,/onyhur/ ,obs]vatory1 #ajj ,/ory ( ! ,heav5s1 #bga ,/reams ( />s1 ,kapteyn's two1 #bhd ,/roobant1 #aif ,/ukeley1 #ia ,sulphur1 #ade ,summ]1 #age1 #agh ,sun1 ,*aps ,,xii4 & ,,xiii42 z a />1 #abd1 #bgh1 #bhi2 z se5 f ,neptune1 #bdf1 #cjd2 *emical composition (1 #add-ade2 di/ance (1 h[ asc]ta9$1 #aea1 #baa2 equator (1 #ace-acf1 #aci2 gravitation at surface (1 #abi1 #ach-aci2 gr[+ cold (1 #cdc-cdd2 mean di/ance (1 f e>?1 #dg1 #baa2 motion (1 ?r\gh space1 #bhb-bhf1 #cbf2 n a solid body1 #acf2 poles (1 #acf2 radiations f1 #acj2 revolution ( e>? ar\nd1 #agj-agc2 /ell> magnitude (1 #bhh-bhi2 v>iation 9 di/ance (1 #ff1 #agh ,sunspots1 #cd1 #abe1 #acd-acg1 #adj-ada1 #adc-add1 #cjh2 influ5ce ( e>? on1 #add ,suns & possible sy/ems1 #ej1 #bhf ,sup]ior conjunction1 #adg-adi ,sup]ior planets1 #bb1 #adf1 #bji-baj1 #bbi ,swan 7con/ellation74 ,see ,cygnus ,swift1 ,dean1 #bbd ,sword ( ,orion1 #big1 #caf ,syrtis ,major4 ,see ,h\r ,glass ,sea ,sy/ematic ,p>allax1 #cbf ,sy/ems1 o!r possible1 #ej1 #bhf ,tails ( comets1 #ahb ,tam]lane1 #ajg ,taurus 7con/ellation71 #ajc1 #bif-big1 #cjg ,te>s ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 #bgc ,tebbutt's ,comet1 #beg-beh ,telescope1 #cc1 #ee1 #ajg-ajh1 #adi2 fir/ eclipse ( moon se5 ?r\gh1 #ajd2 ( sun1 #ij ,telescopes1 direct view reflect+1 #aad2 gigantic1 #aaa2 great con/ructors (1 #aag-aah2 great mod]n1 #aag-aah ,tempel's ,comet1 #bgd ,temp]ature on moon1 #bjc2 ( sun1 #abh ,tempor>y 7or new7 />s1 #caj-cad ,t5nyson1 ,"l1 #aji1 #bif1 #ccd ,t]re/rial planets1 #bbi-bcj ,t]re/rial telescope1 #aag ,?ales1 ,eclipse (1 #hd ,!mis1 #bdj ,tidal drag1 #ahj1 #ahh1 #bjh1 #cdd ,tide areas1 #agi-ahj ,tides1 #agh-ahj1 #cch-cci ,"t ,ma*9e1 #cdd ,t91 #ade ,titan1 #bdj ,titius1 #bde ,total phase1 #ga-gb ,totality1 #gb2 track (1 #ff ,trail ( a m9or planet1 #bbf-bbg ,transit1 #fb1 #aej-aed2 ( ,m]cury1 #fb1 #aea1 #aed2 ( ,v5us1 #fb1 #aea-aeb1 #aed1 #baa ,trifid ,nebula1 #caf ,triple />s1 #cjj ,tubeless telescopes1 #aaj-aaa1 #bdc ,tubes us$ by anci5ts1 #aaj ,tuttle's ,comet1 #bgd ,twilight1 #afg1 #bjb ,tw9kl+ ( />s1 #afh ,tw9s 7con/ellation74 ,see ,gem9i ,ty*o ,brahe1 #bij1 #caa ,ty*o 7lun> crat]71 #bjd ,ulugh ,beigh1 #ajg ,umbra ( sunspot1 #acd-ace ,univ]se1 e>ly ideas conc]n+1 #ag-ah1 #aeh1 #agg1 #cdb ,univ]ses1 possibility ( o!r1 #ccj-cca ,uranus1 #bb-bd1 #ca1 #baj1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bge2 comet family (1 #beb2 discov]y (1 #bb1 #baj1 #bdc2 rotation p]iod ( #cd1 #bde2 satellites (1 #bf1 #bde2 ye> 91 #ce-cf ,ursa ,major 7con/ellation71 #bgi1 #bha1 #bia1 #bie1 #cad2 m9or1 #agg1 #bgi1 #bic-bid ,urs ,majoris1 7z7 ,zeta4 ,see ,miz> ,v>iable />s1 #cjg-caj ,v>iations 9 app>5t sizes ( sun & moon1 #fg1 #hj1 #agh ,vault1 %ape ( ! cele/ial1 #aid-aif ,vega1 #agg1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhb-bhc1 #bhe1 #bij1 #bid1 #cjb1 #cjg1 #cbc ,vegetation on ,m>s1 #bba1 #bag-bah2 on moon1 #bje ,v5us1 #bj1 #bb1 #ca1 #ga1 #ij1 #ajh-aji1 #aaa1 ,*ap4 ,,xiv41 #bdf1 #caa2 rotation p]iod (1 #cd1 #aee ,v1 ,f4,w41 #cad ,ve/a1 #bbe1 #bbg ,violet 7rays ( light71 #aba-abb1 #abe ,virgil1 #ai ,volcanic !ory ( lun> crat]s1 #bjc-bjd1 #bad ,volume1 #ch ,volumes ( sun & planets comp>$1 #ch-ci ,vulcan1 #be ,wallace1 ,a4,r41 on ,m>s1 #bbj-bbc ,wat]1 lack (1 on moon1 #bja-bjb ,wat] vap\r1 #bjb1 #bac1 #bbb ,w>g5t91 #ajc ,w>n] & ,swasey ,co41 #aag ,wea!r1 moon &1 #bjf-bjg ,wea!r+1 #bjb ,webb1 ,rev4 ,t4,w41 #bjd ,weight1 #dc1 #afe-aff ,wells1 ,h4,g41 #cdd ,:ale 7con/ellation74 ,see ,cetus ,:ewell1 #aij ,willamette meteorite1 #bgg ,wilson1 ,m\nt1 #aah ,wilson1 ,w4,e41 #cac ,w+$ circle 7or disc71 #hg ,w9t]1 #age1 #agh ,witt1 #bbg ,wolf1 ,max1 #bbf-bbg1 #bcb ,wright1 ,?omas1 #cai1 #ccd ,wybord1 #hi ,x5ophon1 #aja ,ye>1 #ce ,ye> 9 ,uranus & ,neptune1 #ce-cf ,ye>1 numb] ( eclipses 9 a1 #fh ,ye> ( ! ,/>s1 #bgj ,yell[ 7rays ( light71 #aba-abb1 #abd ,y]kes ,telescope ,great1 #aag1 #cjc ,"y1 #id1 #acg1 #aff ,z5i?1 #agd ,z9c1 #ade ,zodiacal light1 #aha ,zone ( a/]oids1 #cj-ca1 #bbg ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,ed9burgh ,london ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,to-,,day ,,s]ies ,) _m illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,botany ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,evolution ( ,mod]n ,botany4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,au?or ( ,! ,romance ( ,plant ,life1 c4 c4 ,"o ( ! books t turn botany f a dryasdu/ into a fasc9at+ /udy4--,ev5+ ,/&>d4 ,,a]ial ,,navigation ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,evolution ( ,a]onautics4 ,by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,turn]4 ,mr4 ,turn] is well qualifi$ to write ) au?ority on ! subject4 ,! book sets =? ! pr9ciples ( flight 9 pla9 non-te*nical language4 ,"o is impress$ by ! complete ?or\ghness ) :i* ! subject is treat$4--,daily ,graphic4 ,,sci5tific ,,ideas ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt1 9 ,non-te*nical ,language1 ( ! ,nature ( ,matt]1 ,electricity1 ,light1 ,heat1 ,electrons1 c4 c4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e41 ,au?or ( ,electricity ( ,to-,day1 c4 ,supplies a real ne$4444 ,mr4 ,gibson has a f9e gift ( exposition4--,birm+ham ,po/4 ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,introduction 9 ,non-te*nical ,language4 ,by ,,cecil ,g4 ,,dolmage1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,) frontispiece 9 col\rs1 #de o!r illu/rations4 ,dr4 ,dolmage has absolutely kept to 8 promise to introduce ! read] to an acqua9tance ) ! a/ronomy ( to-day 9 non-te*nical language4--,saturday ,review4 ,,electricity ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,its ,"w & ,my/]ies ,expla9$4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,mr4 ,gibson has giv5 u "o ( ! be/ examples ( popul> sci5tific exposition t we rememb] see+4 ,8 book may be /rongly comm5d$ to all :o wi% to realise :at electricity means & does 9 our daily life4--,! ,tribune4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,to-,,day ,,s]ies ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,,a]ial ,,navigation ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,evolution ( ,a]onautics4 ,by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,turn]4 ,if ev] ! publication ( a book 0 well tim$1 surely x is ! case ) ?is book on aviation4444 ,( ! te*nical *apt]s we ne$ only say t !y are s simply writt5 z to pres5t no grave difficulties to ! beg9n] :o is equipp$ ) an av]age education4--,globe4 ,,botany ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,evolution ( ,mod]n ,botany4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4,f4 ,,scott-,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,au?or ( ,! ,romance ( ,plant ,life1 c4 c4 ,?is mo/ ent]ta9+ & in/ructive book4 ,x is ! fruit ( wide read+ & mu* pati5t indu/ry4--,globe4 ,,sci5tific ,,ideas ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt1 9 ,non-te*nical ,language1 ( ! ,nature ( ,matt]1 ,electricity1 ,light1 ,heat1 ,electrons1 c4 c4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e41 ,au?or ( ,electricity ( ,to-,day1 c4 ,z a kn[l$geable writ]1 gift$ ) ! p[] ( imp>t+ :at he kn[s 9 a mann] intelligible to all1 ,mr4 ,c4,r4 ,gibson has e/abli%$ a well-des]v$ reputation4--,field4 ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a ,popul> ,introduction 9 ,non-te*nical ,language4 ,by ,,cecil ,g4 ,,dolmage1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,) frontispiece 9 col\rs1 #de o!r illu/rations4 ,a lucid exposition mu* help$ by abundant illu/rations4--,! ,times4 ,f cov] to cov] ! book is readable1 & e ^w is intelligible to ! layman4 ,dr4 ,dolmage displays lit]>y p[]s ( a v high ord]4 ,^? :o read x )\t any previ\s k ( a/ronomy w f9d t a new int]e/ has be5 add$ to _! lives1 & t 9 a matt] ( #cej pages !y h ga9$ a true conception ( ! mean+ ( a/ronomy4--,! ,/&>d4 ,,electricity ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,its ,"w & ,my/]ies ,expla9$4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,mr4 ,gibson has giv5 u "o ( ! be/ examples ( popul> sci5tific exposition t we rememb] see+4 ,8 aim has be5 to produce an acc\nt ( ! *ief mod]n applications ( electricity )\t us+ te*nical language or mak+ any /atem5ts :i* are beyond ! compreh5sion ( any read] ( ord9>y intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is he has succe$$ to admiration1 & 8 book may be /rongly comm5d$ to all :o wi% to realise :at electricity means & does 9 our daily life4--,! ,tribune4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,,ltd41 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity ,,describ+ ,,9 ,,non-,,te*nical ,,language ,,:at ,,is ,,kn[n ,,ab\t ,,electricity ,,_m ,,( ,,its ,,int]e/+ ,,applications ,,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,,au?or or ,,electricity ( ,,to-,,day1 ,,etc4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) #cd ,illu/rations & #aa ,diagrams4 #es4 ,ev]y:]e ,mr4 ,*>les ,r4 ,gibson makes admirable use ( simple analogies :i* bespeak ! practis$ lectur]1 & br+ ! matt] home )\t te*nical detail4 ,! att5tion is fur!r su/a9$ by a s]ies ( surprises4 ,! description ( electric units1 ! volt1 ! ohm1 & especially ! amp]e1 is bett] ?an we h f\nd 9 m pret5ti\s works4--,academy4 ,mr4 ,gibson's /yle is v unlike ! ord9>y text-book4 ,x is fre%1 & is non-te*nical4 ,its facts are /rictly sci5tific1 h[ev]1 & ?or\ghly up to date4 ,if we wi% to ga9 a ?or\gh k ( electricity pleasantly & )\t too mu* tr\ble on our own "p1 we w read ,mr4 ,gibson's ',romance4'--,expository ,times4 ,a book :i* ! m]e/ tyro totally unacqua9t$ ) elem5t>y electrical pr9ciples c und]/&1 & %\ld !re=e especially appeal to ! lay read]4 ,especial int]e/ atta*es to ! *apt] on wireless telegraphy1 a subject :i* is apt to 'floor' ! un9itiat$4 ,! au?or r$uces ! subject to its simple/ aspect1 & describes ! fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ ! action ( ! coh]] 9 language s simple t anyone c grasp !m4--,electricity4 ,conta9s a cle> & concise acc\nt ( ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* electricity is us$ at ! pres5t day1 & ! work+ ( ! telephone1 wireless telegraphy1 tramc>s1 & dynamos is expla9$ ) ! greate/ possible lucidity1 :ile ! m>vels ( ! ,x-rays & ( radium receive _! due notice4 ,n[ t electricity plays su* an all-important "p 9 our daily life1 su* a book z ?is %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e boy4 ,inde$1 old] p w\ld le>n mu* f its pages4 ,= in/ance1 h[ few p c\ld expla9 ! pr9ciples ( wireless telegraphy 9 a few words if sudd5ly que/ion$ on ! subject4 ,! book is well & appropriately illu/rat$4--,graphic4 ,mr4 ,gibson sets out to describe 9 non-te*nical language ! m>vell\s discov]ies & adaptation ( ?is p]vasive & p[]ful ess5ce1 & be+ a mo/ ?or\gh ma/] ( ! subject1 he leads ! read] ?r\gh its mazes ) a sure h&4 ,?r\gh\t he pres]ves a cle> & au?oritative /yle ( exposition :i* w be und]/ood by any intellig5t read]4--,york%ire ,obs]v]4 ,a popul> & em95tly readable manual = ^? int]e/$ 9 electrical appliances4 ,x describes 9 simple & non-te*nical language :at is kn[n ab\t electricity & _m ( its int]e/+ applications4 ,!re are a numb] ( capital illu/rations & diagrams :i* w help ! read] greatly 9 ! /udy ( ! book4--,record4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,,ltd41 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,savage ,,life ,,describ+ ,,! ,,habits1 ,,cu/oms1 ,,ev]yday ,,life1 c41 ,,( ,,primitive ,,man ,,by ,,pr(4 ,g4,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,,sc41 ,c4 ,) ,?irty ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,mr4 ,scott ,elliot has hit ^u a good idea 9 ?is attempt to set =? ! life ( ! primitive savage4 ,on ! :ole1 too1 he has c>ri$ x out well & fai?fully4444 ,we c recomm5d ! book z fill+ a gap4--,a!num4 ,a readable contribution to ! excell5t s]ies ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,mr4 ,scott ,elliot writes pleasantly 444 he possesses a suffici5tly vivid imag9ation to grasp ! relation ( a savage to 8 environm5t4--,nature4 ,!re are ?+s ( rem>kable int]e/ 9 ?is volume1 & x makes excell5t read+ & repres5ts mu* rese>*4--,spectator4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,plant ,,life ,,describ+ ,,! ,,curi\s ,,& ,,int]e/+ ,,9 ,,! ,,plant ,,_w ,,by ,,pr(4 ,g4,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,,sc41 ,c4 ,) ,?irty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,! au?or has work$ skilfully into 8 book details ( ! facts & inf]5ces :i* =m ! gr\ndwork ( mod]n ,botany4 ,! illu/rations are /rik+1 & cov] a wide field ( int]e/1 & ! /yle is lively4--,a!num4 ,9 tw5ty-n9e fasc9at+1 well-pr9t$1 & well-illu/rat$ *apt]s1 ,pr(4 ,scott ,elliot describes a few ( ! wond]s ( plant life4 ,a v *>m+ & int]e/+ volume4--,daily ,telegraph4 ,mr4 ,scott ,elliot is ( c\rse a well-kn[n au?ority on all t conc]ns plants1 & ! numb] ( facts he has br\ght toge!r w n only surprise b fasc9ate all 8 read]s4--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,,ltd41 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life ,,describ+ ,,! ,,curi\s ,,int]e/+ ,,9 ,,! ,,insect ,,_w ,,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w1 ,,etc4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,an ent]ta9+ volume1 "o m ( a s]ies :i* seeks ) mu* success to describe ! wond]s ( nature & sci5ce 9 simple1 attractive =m4--,graphic4 ,(f]s mo/ int]e/+ descriptions ( ! /range & curi\s inhabitants ( ! insect _w1 sure to excite inquiry & to fo/] obs]vation4 ,!re are ants :ite & yell[1 locu/s & cicadas1 bees & butt]flies1 spid]s & beetles1 scorpions & cockroa*es--& especially ants--) a really sci5tific inve/igation ( _! wond]ful habits n 9 dry detail1 b 9 free & *>m+ exposition & n>rative4 ,an admirable book to put 9 ! h&s ( a boy or girl ) a turn = natural sci5ce--& :e!r or n4--,educational ,times4 ,bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,su* a "w z ?is is g5u9ely educative4 ,!re are num]\s illu/rations4--,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 ,) beautiful orig9al draw+s by ,c>ton ,moore ,p>k & ,lancelot ,spe$1 & effectively b\nd 9 d>k blue clo?1 blazon$ ) sc>let & gold4--,lady4 ,admirably writt5 & h&somely produc$4 ,mr4 ,sel\s's volume %[s c>eful rese>*1 & ! illu/rations ( insects & ! results ( _! p[]s are well done4--,_w4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,,int]e/+ ,,descriptions ,,9 ,,non-,,te*nical ,,language ,,( ,,wond]ful ,,ma*9]y1 ,,me*anical4 ,,devices1 ,,m>vell\sly ,,delicate ,,sci5tific ,,in/rum5ts ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration1 ,,etc4 ,) ,tw5ty-six ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,no boy w be able to resi/ ! delights ( ?is book1 full to ! brim ( in/ructive & wond]ful matt]4--,briti% ,weekly4 ,?is book has kept y\r review] awake :5 he reasonably expect$ to be o!rwise engag$4 ,we d n rememb] com+ across a m fasc9at+ volume1 ev5 to a some:at blas read] ^: bus9ess x is to read all t comes 9 8 way4 ,! m>vels miracles !y %\ld be call$1 ( ! mod]n work%op are "h exploit$ by ,mr4 ,williams = ! b5efit ( read]s :o h n ! opportunity ( see+ ^! wond]s or ! necess>y ma!matical k to und]/& a sci5tific treatise on _! work+4 ,only ! simple/ language is us$ & e ef=t is made1 by illu/ration or by analogy1 to make suffici5tly cle> to ! non-sci5tific read] h[ ! p>ticul> bit ( ma*9]y works & :at its "w really is4 ,delicate in/rum5ts1 calculat+ ma*9es1 work%op ma*9]y1 portable tools1 ! p$rail1 motors a%ore & afloat1 fire eng9es1 automatic ma*9es1 sculptur+ ma*9es--^! are a few ( ! *apt]s :i* cr[d ?is spl5did volume4--,educational ,news4 ,x is difficult to make descriptions ( ma*9]y & me*anism int]e/+1 b ,mr4 ,williams has ! enviable knack ( do+ s1 & x is h>dly possible to op5 ?is book at any page )\t turn+ up some?+ :i* y feel y mu/ read2 & !n y _c /op till y come to ! end ( ! *apt]4--,electricity4 ,?is book is full ( int]e/ & in/ruction1 & is a welcome addition to ,messrs4 ,seeley & ,company's ,romance ,s]ies4--,le$s ,m]cury4 ,a book ( absorb+ int]e/ = ! boy ) a me*anical turn1 & inde$ = ! g5]al read]4--,educational ,times4 ,an in/ructive & well-writt5 volume4--,hobbies4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,,ltd41 #hh ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet4 ,a ,catalogue ( ,books on ,art1 ,hi/ory1 & ,g5]al ,lit]ature ,publi%$ by ,seeley1 ,s]vice ,co ,ltd4 #ch ,great ,russell ,/4 ,london ,"s ( ! ,cont5ts ,cr[n ,libr>y1 ,! #d ,elzevir ,libr>y1 ,! #e ,ev5ts ( ,our ,own ,times ,s]ies #f ,illum9at$ ,s]ies1 ,! #h ,m9iature ,libr>y ( ,devotion1 ,! #i ,m9iature ,portfolio ,monographs1 ,! #i ,missions1 ,! ,libr>y ( #aj ,new ,art ,libr>y1 ,! #aa ,portfolio ,monographs #aa ,sci5ce ( ,to-,day ,s]ies1 ,! #ad ,seeley's ,illu/rat$ ,pocket ,libr>y #ad ,seeley's ,/&>d ,libr>y #ae ,/ory ,s]ies1 ,! #ae ,?+s ,se5 ,s]ies1 ,! #af ,! ,publi%]s w be pleas$ to po/ _! complete ,catalogue or _! ,illu/rat$ ,m9iature ,catalogue on receipt ( a po/-c>d ,,catalogue ,,( ,,books ,arrang$ alphabetically "u ! names ( ,au?ors & ,s]ies ,,abbott1 ,rev4 ,e4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,h[ to ,p>se4 ,an ,engli% ,gramm>4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,h[ to ,tell ! ,p>ts ( ,spee*4 ,an ,introduction to ,engli% ,gramm>4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #bs4 ,h[ to ,write ,cle>ly4 ,rules & ,ex]cises on ,engli% ,composition4 #as4 #f;d4 ,lat9 ,gate1 ,!4 ,a ,fir/ ,lat9 ,translation ,book4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,via ,lat9a4 ,a ,fir/ ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,abbott1 ,rev4 ,e4,a41 & ,sir ,j4,r4 ,,seeley4 ,engli% ,lessons = ,engli% ,p4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,ady1 ,mrs4 ,see ,,c>twright1 ,,julia4 ,,kempis1 ,,?omas4 ,( ! ,imitation ( ,*ri/4 ,) ,illum9at$ ,frontispiece & ,title ,page1 & ,illum9at$ ,sub-,titles to ea* book4 ,9 :ite or blue clo?1 ) inset m9iatures4 ,gilt top2 cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 nett2 also b\nd 9 same mann] 9 real classic vellum4 ,ea* copy 9 a box1 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett2 ,antique lea!r ) clasps1 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,x may well be que/ion$ :e!r ! great "w ( ,?omas ,kempis has ev] be5 pres5t$ to bett] advantage4--,! ,gu>dian4 ,,&]son1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,japanese ,wood ,engrav+s4 ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 also small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lambsk91 #cs4 nett4 ,,arm/rong1 ,sir ,,walt]4 ,! ,art ( ,velazquez4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,! ,life ( ,velazquez4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,velazquez4 ,a ,/udy ( 8 ,life & ,art4 ,) ,eight ,copp] ,plates & _m m9or ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 clo?1 #is4 nett4 ,?omas ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,also new edition small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett & #es4 nett4 ,! ,peel ,collection & ! ,dut* ,s*ool ( ,pa9t+4 ,) ,illu/rations 9 ,photogravure & ,half-tone4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett2 clo?1 #gs4 nett4 ,w4,q4 ,or*>dson4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d42 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,augu/9e1 ,s4 ,confessions ( ,s4 ,augu/9e4 ,) ,illum9at$ pages4 ,9 :ite or blue clo?1 gilt top1 cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 nett2 also 9 vellum1 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,bak]1 ,capta9 ,b4 ,,granville ,! ,pass+ ( ! ,turki% ,empire 9 ,europe4 ,) ,?irty-two ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 nett4 ,,b>+-,,g\ld1 ,rev4 ,s4 ,family ,names & _! ,/ory4 ,demy #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 #es4 nett4 ,,b$=d1 ,rev4 ,w4,k4,r4 ,malta & ! ,knights ,hospitall]s4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,b5ham1 ,rev4 ,canon ,d4,d41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,) ,f\r ,plates 9 ,col\rs & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett2 clo?1 #gs4 nett4 ,m$ival ,london4 ,) a ,frontispiece 9 ,photogravure1 ,f\r ,plates 9 ,col\r1 & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett2 clo?1 gilt top1 #gs4 nett4 ,also extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,old ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,) a ,frontispiece 9 ,photogravure1 ,f\r ,plates pr9t$ 9 ,col\r1 & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett1 or clo?1 gilt top1 #gs4 nett4 ,,b5nett1 ,,edw>d4 ,! ,po/ ,(fice & its ,/ory4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! activities ( a great ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5t4 ,) ,tw5ty-five ,illu/rations4 ,ex4 crn4 #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,,bick]/e?1 ,rev4 ,e4 ,family ,pray]s = ,six ,weeks4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,companion to ! ,holy ,communion4 #cbmo1 clo?1 #as4 ,,b9yon1 ,,laur5ce4 ,dut* ,et*]s ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d42 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,john ,crome & ,john ,sell ,cotman4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo sew$1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,bir*1 ,g4,h4 ,london on ,?ames 9 ,bygone ,days4 ,) ,f\r ,plates pr9t$ 9 ,col\r & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett2 clo?1 #gs4 nett4 ,,bridges1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,an ,exposition ( ,psalm ,,cxix4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,but*]1 ,e4,l4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,egypt4 ,) ,fifty ,illu/rations4 ,small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lambsk91 #cs4 nett2 velvet lea!r1 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,poems1 #as4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,ca*emaille1 ,rev4 ,e4,p41 ,m4,a4 ,,xxvi ,pres5t-,day ,pap]s on ,prophecy4 ,an explanation ( ! visions ( ,daniel & ( ! ,revelation1 on ! cont9u\s hi/oric sy/em4 ,) ,maps & ,diagrams4 #gjj pp4 #fs4 nett4 ,,c>twright1 ,,julia4 ,jules ,ba/i5-,lepage4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d42 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,sa*>issa4 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ,doro?y ,sidney1 ,c\ntess ( ,sund]l&1 h] ,family & ,fri5ds4 ,) ,five ,portraits4 ,demy #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,raphael 9 ,rome4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d42 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 also 9 small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett & #es4 nett4 ,! ,e>ly ,"w ( ,raphael4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$ #bs4 #f;d42 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 ,also new edition1 revis$1 9 small #dto1 9 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett4 ,raphael3 ,a ,/udy ( 8 ,life & ,"w4 ,) ,eight ,copp] ,plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,ces>esco1 ,! ,c\ntess ,,m>t95go ,! ,lib]ation ( ,italy4 ,) ,portraits on ,copp]4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,*att]ton1 ,e4 ,,keble4 ,=e & ,aft4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,=e & ,aft ,rig f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,sq4 ex4 royal #hvo4 ,) #aej ,illu/rations & ,col\r$ ,frontispiece by ,c4 ,dixon1 ,r4,i4 #afs4 nett4 ,?r\gh ,holl& 9 ! ,vivette4 ,! ,cruise ( a #d-,tonn] f ! ,sol5t to ! ,zuyd] ,zee1 ?r\gh ! ,dut* ,wat]ways4 ,) ,sixty ,illu/rations & ,*>ts1 #fs4 nett4 ,,*itty1 ,j4,r4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,*9a4 ,) ,fifty ,illu/rations4 ,small #dto2 clo?1 #bs42 lea!r1 #cs42 velvet lea!r 9 a box1 #es4 nett4 ,,*oral ,,s]vice-,,book ,,= ,,p>i% ,,*ur*es1 ,,!4 ,compil$ & ,edit$ by ,j4,w4 ,,elliott1 ,organi/ & ,*oirma/] ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,hamilton ,t]race1 ,london4 ,) "s ,practical ,c\nsels tak5 by p]mission f ,notes on ! ,*ur* ,s]vice1 by ,bi%op ,,wal%am ,,h[4 ,a4 ,royal #hvo1 sew$1 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,b4 #afmo1 sew$1 #f;d42 clo?1 #h;d4 ,! foll[+ portions may be _h sep>ately3-- ,! ,f]ial & ,fe/al ,responses & ! ,litany4 ,arrang$ by ,j4,w4 ,,elliott4 ,sew$1 #d;d4 ,! ,communion ,s]vice1 ,kyrie1 ,cr$o1 ,sanctus1 & ,gloria 9 ,excelsis4 ,set to ,music by ,dr4 ,j4 ,,naylor1 ,organi/ ( ,york ,m9/]4 ,sew$1 #d;d4 ,,*ur*1 ,sir ,,ar?ur ,h41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,josiah ,w$gwood1 ,ma/] ,pott]4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett2 clo?1 #gs4 nett2 also small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 & #es4 nett4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,pa9ts & ,pa9t+4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,*ur*1 ,rev4 ,a4,j4 ,nicias1 & ! ,sicilian ,exp$ition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,= o!r books by ,pr(essor ,,*ur* see ,complete ,catalogue4 ,,cl>k1 ,j4,w41 ,m4,a4 ,cambridge4 ,) a col\r$ ,frontispiece & _m o!r ,illu/rations by ,a4 ,,brunet-,,deba9es & ,h4 ,,t\ssa9t c4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #fs42 also cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs42 special lea!r1 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,,cody1 ,rev4 ,h4,a4 ,an ,apo/le ( ! ,nor?4 ,! ,biography ( ! late ,bi%op ,,bompas1 ,fir/ ,bi%op ( ,a?abasca1 & ) an ,introduction by ! ,,ar*bi%op ( ,,rup]ts-,,l&4 ,) #db ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 #es4 nett4 ,,corb91 ,t4,w4 ,eng9e]+ ( ,to-day4 ,) ,sev5ty-?ree ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,me*anical ,inv5tions ( ,to-,day4 ,ex4 ,cr[n #hvo2 ) ,n9ety-f\r ,illu/rations1 #es4 nett4 ,,corni%1 ,c4,j4 ,animals ( ,to-day3 ,_! ,life & ,conv]sation4 ,) ,illu/rations f ,photographs by ,c4 ,,reid ( ,wi%aw4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 also a new edition1 small #dto1 clo?1 #bs42 lea!r1 #cs4 & #es4 ,life at ! ,zoo4 ,notes & ,traditions ( ! ,reg5t's ,p>k ,g>d5s4 ,illu/rat$ f ,photographs by ,,gambi] ,,bolton4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,! ,naturali/ on ! ,?ames4 ,_m ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,! ,new ,=e/4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 also new edition1 small #dto1 clo?1 #bs42 lea!r1 #cs4 nett2 & special velvet lea!r1 ea* copy 9 a box1 #es4 ,! ,new ,=e/ & ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,) ,eight ,plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,nights ) an ,old ,gunn]1 & o!r ,/udies ( ,wild ,life4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations by ,,lancelot ,,spe$1 ,,*>les ,,:ymp]1 & f ,photographs4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cr[n ,,libr>y ,a s]ies ( notable copyright books issu$ 9 uni=m b9d+4 ,extra cr[n #hvo4 ,) _m illu/rations1 #es4 nett4 ,,j ,,issu$4 ,,second ,,& ,,*eap] ,,edition4 ,,swann1 ,a4,j4 ,fight+ ! ,slave ,hunt]s 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,a ,record ( ,tw5ty-six ,ye>s ( ,travel & ,adv5ture r\nd ! ,great ,lakes1 & ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,tip-pu-,tib1 ,rumaliza1 & o!r great ,slave ,trad]s4 ,) #de ,illu/rations & a ,map1 #es4 nett4 ,,rec5tly ,,issu$4 ,,grubb1 ,w4 ,,b>brooke4 ,an ,unkn[n ,p 9 an ,unkn[n ,l&4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,life & ,cu/oms ( ! ,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco1 ) ,adv5tures & ,exp]i5ces met ) dur+ ,tw5ty ,ye>s' ,pione]+ & ,exploration among/ !m4 ,) ,tw5ty-f\r ,illu/rations & a ,map4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,,fras]1 ,sir ,a4,h4,l41 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d41 ex-,lieut5ant-,gov]nor ( ,b5gal4 ,among ,indian ,rajahs & ,ryots4 ,a ,civil ,s]vants' ,recollections & ,impressions ( ,?irty-sev5 ,ye>s ( ,"w & ,sport 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & ,b5gal4 ,?ird ,edition1 #es4 nett4 ,,cody1 ,rev4 ,h4,a4 ,an ,apo/le ( ! ,nor?4 ,! ,/ory ( ,bi%op ,bompas's ,life among/ ! ,r$ ,indians ,eskimo4 ,?ird ,edition1 #es4 nett4 ,,p5nell1 ,t4,l41 ,m4,d41 ,b4,sc4 ,among ! ,wild ,tribes ( ! ,afghan ,fronti]4 ,a ,record ( ,sixte5 ,ye>s' close int]c\rse ) ! natives ( ,afghani/an & ! ,nor?-,we/ ,fronti]4 ,introduction by ,,e>l ,,rob]ts4 ,extra cr[n #hvo4 ,tw5ty-six ,illu/rations & ,map4 ,fif? ,edition1 #es4 net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cu/1 ,,lionel4 ,! ,engrav+s ( ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,pa9t+s & ,draw+s ( ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,a ,/udy ( 8 ,life & ,"w4 ,) ,eight ,copp] ,plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,dav5port1 ,,cyril4 ,cameos4 ,) examples 9 ,col\r & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett2 clo?1 #gs4 nett4 ,royal ,engli% ,bookb9d+s4 ,) ,col\r$ ,plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #cs4 #f;d42 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,davies1 ,,r&all1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,engli% ,society ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 9 ,contempor>y ,art4 ,) ,f\r ,col\r$ & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup] royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett2 clo?1 #gs4 nett4 ,,dawson1 ,rev4 ,e4,c4 ,! ,life ( ,bi%op ,hann+ton4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pap] bo>ds1 #bs4 #f;d42 or ) ,map & ,illu/rations1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,de/r,e1 ,o4,g4 ,! ,r5aissance ( ,sculpture 9 ,belgium4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,dolmage1 ,,cecil ,g41 ,m4,a41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,a/ronomy ( ,to-,day4 ,a popul> acc\nt 9 non-te*nical language4 ,) ,=ty-six ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,,domville-,,fife1 ,,*>les ,w4 ,subm>9e ,eng9e]+ ( ,to-,day4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,,elzevir ,,libr>y1 ,,!4 ,selections f ! *oice/ ,engli% ,writ]s4 ,exquisitely ,illu/rat$1 ) ,frontispiece & ,title-page 9 ,col\rs by ,h4,m4 ,,brock1 & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,half b\nd 9 clo?1 col\r$ top1 #as4 nett2 full lea!r1 #as4 #f;d4 nett2 velvet lea!r1 gilt edges1 9 a box1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,volume ,i4 ,fancy ,hum\r ( ,lamb4 ,,ii4 ,wit ,imag9ation ( ,disraeli4 ,,iii4 ,vignettes f ,oliv] ,goldsmi?4 ,,iv4 ,wit ,sagacity ( ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,v4 ,insight ,imag9ation ( ,john ,rusk94 ,,vi4 ,vignettes ( ,london ,life f ,dick5s4 ,,vii4 ,x,v,i,i,ith ,c5tury ,vignettes f ,?ack]ay4 ,,viii4 ,vignettes ( ,c\ntry ,life f ,dick5s4 ,,ix4 ,wisdom ,hum\r ( ,c>lyle4 ,decid$ly natty & orig9al 9 get-up4--,! ,saturday ,review4 ,,evans1 ,,willmott1 ,m4,d4 ,m$ical ,sci5ce ( ,to-,day4 ,ex4 crn4 #hvo2 #bd ,illu/rations1 #es4 nett4 ,,wilmot1 ,,e>dley1 ,re>-,admiral ,s4 ,our ,fleet ,to-day & its ,developm5t dur+ ! la/ ,half ,c5tury4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,times ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,illu/rations1 #es4 ea*4 ,! ,w> 9 ! ,crimea4 ,by ,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,,hamley1 ,k4,c4,b4 ,! ,indian ,mut9y4 ,by ,colonel ,,malleson1 ,c4,s4,i4 ,! ,afghan ,w>s1 #ahci-db1 & #ahgh-hj4 ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,=bes4 ,our ,fleet ,to-,day & its ,developm5t dur+ ! la/ ,half-,c5tury4 ,by ,re>-,admiral ,s4 ,,e>dley ,,wilmot4 ,! ,ref\nd+ ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,by ,colonel ,,malleson1 ,c4,s4,i4 ,! ,lib]ation ( ,italy4 ,by ! ,c\ntess ,,m>t95go ,,ces>esco4 ,great ,brita9 9 ,mod]n ,africa4 ,by ,,edg> ,,s&]son1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,w> 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,by ,a4 ,,innes ,,%&4 ,,flet*]1 ,w4,y4 ,bookb9d+ 9 ,france4 ,col\r$ ,plates4 ,sup]-royal1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,=bes1 ,,ar*ibald4 ,! ,afghan ,w>s ( #ahci-ahdb & #ahgh-ahhj4 ,) ,f\r ,portraits on ,copp]1 & ,maps & ,plans4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,fras]1 ,sir ,,&rew ,h4,l4 ,among ,indian ,rajahs & ,ryots4 ,) #cd ,illu/rations & a ,map4 ,demy #hvo1 #ahs4 nett4 ,?ird & ,*eap] ,edition1 #es4 nett4 ,,fras]1 ,,donald4 ,w9n+ a ,primitive ,p4 ,illu/rat$4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,,fripp1 ,sir ,,alfr$ ,d41 ,k4,c4,v4,o41 ,r4 ,,?ompson1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,human ,anatomy = ,art ,/ud5ts4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) ,photographs & ,draw+s by ,,innes ,,fripp1 ,a4,r4,c4,a4 ,squ>e extra cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,frob5ius1 ,,leo4 ,! ,*ildhood ( ,man4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,lives & ,?\ghts ( ,primitive ,races4 ,translat$ by ,pr(4 ,a4,h4 ,,keane1 ,,ll4,d4 ,) #daf ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 nett4 ,,fry1 ,,rog]4 ,disc\rses ,deliv]$ to ! ,/ud5ts ( ! ,royal ,academy by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,) an ,introduction & ,notes by ,,rog] ,,fry4 ,) ,?irty-?ree ,illu/rations4 ,squ>e ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,g>dn]1 ,j4 ,,/>kie4 ,arm\r 9 ,engl&4 ,) ,eight ,col\r$ ,plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,=eign ,arm\r 9 ,engl&4 ,) ,eight ,col\r$ ,plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,arm\r 9 ,engl&4 ,) ,sixte5 ,col\r$ ,plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,! two p>ts 9 "o volume4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 clo?1 gilt top1 #is4 nett4 ,,g>nett1 ,r41 ,,ll4,d4 ,ri*mond on ,?ames4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,gib]ne1 ,,agnes4 ,beside ! ,wat]s ( ,com=t4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,gibson1 ,,*>les ,r41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,electricity ( ,to-,day4 ,its ,works & ,my/]ies describ$ 9 non-te*nical language4 ,) #cj ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-day4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt 9 non-te*nical language ( ! ,nature ( ,matt]1 ,electricity1 ,light1 ,heat1 c41 c4 ,) #be ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,h[ ,telegraphs & ,telephones ,"w4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 nett4 ,! ,autobiography ( an ,electron4 ,) #h ,illu/rations4 ,long #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,ex4 crn4 #hvo1 #bs4 nett4 ,,godley1 ,a4,d4 ,socrates & ,a!nian ,society 9 8 ,day4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,aspects ( ,mod]n ,ox=d4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lambsk91 #cs4 nett2 velvet lea!r1 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,,gold5 ,,recit] 7,see ,,james1 ,pr(4 ,,cairns47 ,,gomes1 ,,edw9 ,h41 ,m4,a4 ,sev5te5 ,ye>s among ! ,sea ,dyaks ( ,borneo4 ,) #dj ,illu/rations & a ,map4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 nett4 ,,grahame1 ,,george4 ,claude ,lorra94 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,griffi?1 ,m4,e4 ,,hume4 ,beh9d ! ,veil 9 ,p]sia & ,turki% ,arabia4 ,an ,acc\nt ( an ,engli%woman's ,eight ,ye>s' ,resid5ce among/ ! ,wom5 ( ! ,ea/4 ,) #cg ,illu/rations & a ,map4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 nett4 ,,gr9don1 ,,leo4 ,lanca%ire4 ,brief ,hi/orical & ,descriptive ,notes4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,grubb1 ,w4 ,,b>brooke 7,pione] & ,explor] ( ! ,*aco74 ,an ,unkn[n ,p 9 an ,unkn[n ,l&4 ,) ,sixty ,illu/rations & a ,map4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 nett4 ,?ird & ,*eap] ,edition1 #es4 ,a ,*ur* 9 ! ,wilds4 ,illu/rat$4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,,had[1 ,w4,h4 ,a ,croatian ,compos]4 ,notes t[>d ! ,/udy ( ,joseph ,haydn4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,/udies 9 ,mod]n ,music4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,b]lioz1 ,s*umann1 ,wagn]4 ,) an ,essay on ,music & ,musical ,criticism4 ,) ,five ,portraits4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,/udies 9 ,mod]n ,music4 ,second ,s]ies4 ,*op91 ,dvork1 ,brahms4 ,) an ,essay on ,musical ,=m4 ,) ,f\r ,portraits4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,ham]ton1 ,p4,g4 ,! ,et*+s ( ,rembr&t1 & ,dut* ,et*]s ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,by ,p4,g4 ,,ham]ton & ,,laur5ce ,,b9ton4 ,) ,eight ,copp] ,plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,! ,m\nt4 ,n>rative ( a ,visit to ! ,site ( a ,gauli% ,city on ,m\nt ,beuvray4 ,) a ,description ( ! neighb\r+ ,city ( ,autun4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,r\nd my ,h\se4 ,notes on ,rural ,life 9 ,peace & ,w>4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,*eap] edition1 #bs4 nett4 ,p>is4 ,illu/rat$4 ,new edition4 ,clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett 9 special lea!r1 full gilt1 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,,hamley1 ,g54 ,sir ,e4 ,! ,w> 9 ! ,crimea4 ,) ,copp] ,plates & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,han\m ,,zeyneb 7,h]o9e ( ,pi]re ,loti's ,novel ,les ,ds5*antes47 ,a ,turki% ,woman's ,european ,impressions4 ,edit$ by ,,grace ,,ellison4 ,) a portrait by ,,augu/e ,,rod9 & #bc o!r ,illu/rations f photographs4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 nett4 ,,h>tley1 ,c4 ,,gasquo9e4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,spa94 ,) ,fifty ,illu/rations4 ,small #dto1 clo?1 #bs42 lea!r1 #cs42 velvet lea!r 9 a box1 #es4 nett4 ,,haywood1 ,capt4 ,a4,h4,w4 ,?r\gh ,timbuctu ,across ! ,great ,sah>a4 ,demy #hvo1 ) #da ,illu/rations & a ,map4 #afs4 nett4 ,,h5d]son1 ,major ,,p]cy ,e4 ,a ,briti% ,(fic] 9 ! ,balkans4 ,?r\gh ,dalmatia1 ,mont5egro1 ,turkey 9 ,au/ria1 ,magy>l&1 ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a4 ,) #ej ,illu/rations & a ,map4 ,gilt top4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 nett4 ,,h]b]t1 ,,george4 ,! ,temple4 ,sacr$ ,poems & ,ejaculations4 ,! ,text repr9t$ f ! ,fir/ ,edition4 ,) ,sev5ty-six ,illu/rations aft] ,,alb]t ,d,,r]1 ,,holbr91 & o!r ,ma/]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett42 velvet lea!r 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,,holl&1 ,,clive4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,japan4 ,) ,fifty beautiful illu/rations ( ,japanese life 9 ,t[n & ,c\ntry4 ,small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett2 velvet lea!r1 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,,hut*9son1 ,rev4 ,h4,n4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,hills4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ,m\nta9s & ,h[ ,!y 7 ,made4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,hutton1 ,c4,a4 ,greek ,t]racotta ,/atuettes4 ,) a ,preface by ,a4,s4 ,,murray1 ,,ll4,d4 ,) ,sev5te5 ,examples pr9t$ 9 ,col\r & ,?irty-six pr9t$ 9 ,mono*rome4 #es4 nett2 or clo?1 #gs4 nett4 ,,hutton1 ,,samuel ,,k+1 ,m4,b4 ,among ! ,eskimos ( ,labrador4 ,demy #hvo2 ) ,=ty-sev5 ,illu/rations & a ,map4 #afs4 nett4 ,,james1 ,,cairns4 ,! ,gold5 ,recit]4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,cairns ,,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,elocution at ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music1 c4 ,) ,selections f ,rudy>d ,kipl+1 ,?omas ,h>dy1 ,r4,l4 ,/ev5son1 ,seton ,m]riman1 ,h4,g4 ,wells1 ,*ri/9a ,rossetti1 ,an?ony ,hope1 ,au/9 ,dobson1 ,maurice ,hewlett1 ,conan ,doyle1 c4 c4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #gjd pp4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d41 & ?9 pap] edition 9 clo? ) gilt edges1 #es4 ,a m admirable book ( its k9d c\ld n well be desir$4--,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 ,! ,gold5 ,humor\s ,recit]4 ,edit$1 & ) a ,practical ,introduction1 by ,,cairns ,,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,elocution at ! ,royal ,college ( ,music & ! ,guildhall ,s*ool ( ,music4 ,a volume ( ,recitations & ,read+s select$ f ! writ+s ( ,f4 ,an/ey1 ,j4,m4 ,b>rie1 ,s4,r4 ,crockett1 ,j]ome ,k4 ,j]ome1 ,b>ry ,pa91 ,a4,w4 ,p9]o1 ,ow5 ,seaman1 ,g4,b4 ,%aw1 c4 c4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 ov] #gjj pages1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d42 also a ?9 pap] edition1 ) gilt edges1 #es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,s]ies ,,new ,,b9d+4 ,b\nd 9 antique lea!r ) metal clasps4 ,) illum9at$ frontispiece & title-page1 & o!r illum9at$ pages4 ,f9ely pr9t$ at ! ,ballantyne ,press1 ,ed9burgh4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,ea* copy 9 a box1 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,also 9 real classic vellum4 ,ea* copy 9 a box4 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,! ,confessions ( ,s4 ,augu/9e4 ,( ! ,imitation ( ,*ri/4 ,by ,,?omas ,,kempis4 ,! ,sacr$ ,seasons4 ,by ! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,durham4 ,also clo?1 #fs4 & #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,joy1 ,,b$=d4 ,a ,synopsis ( ,roman ,hi/ory4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,keane1 ,pr(4 ,a4,h4 7,see ,,frob5ius47 ,,lang1 ,,&rew4 ,ox=d4 ,new ,edition4 ,) #ej ,illu/rations by ,j4,h4 ,,lorim]1 ,r4,s4,a41 ,t4 ,,hamilton ,,craw=d1 ,r4,s4,w41 ,j4 ,,p5nell1 ,a4 ,,brunet-,,deba9es1 ,a4 ,,t\ssa9t1 & ,r4 ,,k5t ,,?omas4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,also ,pocket ,edition1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett4 ,special yapp lea!r1 full gilt1 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,,lee1 ,sir ,,sidney4 ,/rat=d-on-,avon4 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,dea? ( ,%akespe>e4 ,new revis$ edition1 ) additional ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,pocket ,edition1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett2 & 9 special yapp lea!r1 full gilt1 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,,lefroy1 ,w4 ,,*amb]s4 ,! ,ru9$ ,abbeys ( ,york%ire4 ,) _m ,illu/rations by ,a4 ,,brunet-,,deba9es & ,h4 ,,t\ssa9t4 ,cr4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 #es4 nett4 ,,leyl&1 ,,john4 ,! ,peak ( ,d]by%ire4 ,) ,map1 ,et*+s1 & o!r ,illu/rations by ,,h]b]t ,,railton & ,,alfr$ ,,dawson4 ,new ,edition1 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #bs42 lea!r1 #cs42 velvet lea!r1 9 a box1 #es4 nett4 ,,l(tie1 ,rev4 ,w4,j4 ,! ,inns ( ,c\rt & ,*anc]y4 ,) _m ,illu/rations1 *iefly by ,,h]b]t ,,railton4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett & #es4 nett4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,) ,sev5ty-f\r ,illu/rations1 *iefly by ,,h]b]t ,,railton4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,:itehall4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,mack5zie1 ,rev4 ,w4,b4 ,m>ri$ ,life & ! ,dwell+s ( ! ,righte\s4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,malleson1 ,colonel ,g4,b41 ,c4,s4,i4 ,! ,indian ,mut9y4 ,) ,copp] ,plates & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,! ,ref\nd+ ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,) ,portrait & ,plans4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m9iature ,,libr>y ,,( ,,devotion ,little ,volumes ( ,%ort ,extracts f ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs4 ,) ,decorative ,title-page & ,photogravure ,frontispiece4 #cbmo1 clo? extra1 ea* #as4 nett2 lea!r1 ea* #as4 #f;d4 nett4 ,also ,?ree ,volumes 9 lea!r 9 case1 #ds4 #f;d4 nett4 ,:ite vellum ) gilt edges1 ea* volume 9 a box1 #bs4 nett4 #a4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 #b4 ,j]emy ,taylor4 #c4 ,sa9t ,*ryso/om4 #d4 ,bi%op ,&rewes4 #e4 ,john ,keble4 #f4 ,?omas ,kempis4 #g4 ,canon ,liddon4 #h4 ,fnelon4 #i4 ,william ,law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m9iature ,,portfolio ,,monographs ,a ,new ,edition 9 #afmo4 ,mo/ ( ! ,volumes h be5 c>efully revis$ by ! ,au?ors4 ,ea* ,volume pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett2 velvet lea!r1 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s4 ,by ,r4,a4,m4 ,,/ev5son4 ,japanese ,wood ,engrav+s4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,,&]son4 ,josiah ,w$gwood4 ,by ,sir ,a4,h4 ,,*ur*1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,royal ,academy ( ,arts4 ,new ,revis$ ,edition4 ,d4,g4 ,rossetti4 ,by ,f4,g4 ,,/eph5s1 ,"o ( ! ,sev5 ,memb]s ( ! ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood4 ,! ,e>ly ,"w ( ,raphael4 ,by ,,julia ,,c>twright 7,mrs4 ,ady74 ,fair ,wom5 9 ,pa9t+ & ,poetry4 ,by ,,william ,,%>p 7,fiona ,macleod74 ,anto9e ,watteau4 ,by ,,claude ,,phillips1 ,keep] ( ! ,wallace ,collection4 ,raphael 9 ,rome4 ,by ,,julia ,,c>twright 7,mrs4 ,ady74 ,! ,new ,=e/4 ,by ,c4,j4 ,,corni%1 ,au?or ( ,life ( ! ,zoo1 c4 ,! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,by ,c4,j4 ,,corni%4 ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,by ,sir ,,walt] ,,arm/rong1 ,keep] ( ! ,national ,gall]y ( ,irel&4 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,missions ,illu/rat$4 ,extra ,cr[n1 #es4 #hvo1 nett4 ,a ,*ur* 9 ! ,wilds4 ,! ,rem>kable ,/ory ( ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,mission among/ ! hi!rto ,savage & ,intractable ,natives ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco4 ,by ,w4 ,,b>brooke ,,grubb4 ,w9n+ a ,primitive ,p4 ,sixte5 ,ye>s' ,"w among ! ,w>like ,tribe ( ! ,ngoni & ! ,s5ga & ,tumbuka ,peoples ( ,c5tral ,africa4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,donald ,,fras]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mit=d1 ,,m>y ,,russell4 ,c\ntry ,/ories4 ,) #fh ,illu/rations by ,,george ,,morr[4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 gilt top1 #bs4 nett2 also 9 lea!r1 #cs4 nett2 & lea!r yapp1 full gilt 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,,m\le1 ,ar*deacon ,a4,e4 ,new ,*9a & ,old4 ,notes on ! ,c\ntry & ,p made dur+ a ,resid5ce ( ,?irty ,ye>s4 ,) ,?irty ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,m\le1 ,"r ,rev4 ,h4,c4,g41 ,d4,d4 7,bi%op ( ,durham74 ,! ,sacr$ ,seasons4 ,read+s = ! ,sundays & ,holy ,days ( ! ,*ri/ian ,ye>4 ,pr9t$ 9 r$ & black ?r\gh\t1 & illum9at$ ) specially drawn initial lett]s & ornam5ts1 & ) #ab illum9at$ pages pr9t$ 9 ?ree col\rs & gold aft] illum9ations 9 manuscripts at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 nett2 also :ite clo?1 9 box1 #gs4 #f;d4 nett2 antique lea!r ) clasps1 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,at ! ,holy ,communion4 ,helps = ,prep>ation & ,reception4 ,clo?1 #as42 lea!r1 #bs4 nett2 calf1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,*ri/'s ,witness to ! ,life to ,come4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,grace & ,godl9ess4 ,/udies 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,pilgrimage4 ,hymns & ,sacr$ ,songs4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,imitations & ,translations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,jesus & ! ,resurrection4 ,expository ,/udies on ,/4 ,john xx4 & xxi4 ,?ird ,edition1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,"l's ,supp]1 ,!4 ,by ,,bi%op ,,ridley4 ,edit$ ) ,notes & a ,life by ! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,durham4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,our ,pray] ,book4 ,%ort ,*apt]s on ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 #afmo1 #as42 lea!r1 #bs4 nett4 ,pl$ges ( ,8 ,love1 ,!4 ,?\ghts on ! ,holy ,communion4 #afmo1 #as42 lea!r1 #bs4 nett4 ,pray]s = ! ,home4 ,a ,mon?'s ,cycle ( ,morn+ & ,ev5+ ,family ,wor%ip1 ) "s ,occasional ,pray]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,pray]s & ,promises4 ,messages f ! ,holy ,scriptures4 #afmo1 #as42 lea!r1 #bs4 nett2 calf1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,! ,secret ( ! ,pres5ce1 & o!r ,s]mons4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,temptation & ,escape4 ,%ort ,*apt]s = ,beg9n]s 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,life4 #afmo1 #as42 lea!r1 #bs4 nett4 ,?\ghts on ,*ri/ian ,sanctity4 #afmo1 clo?1 #as42 lea!r1 #bs4 nett4 ,?\ghts on ,secret ,pray]4 #afmo1 clo?1 #as42 lea!r1 #bs4 nett2 calf1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,?\ghts on ! ,spiritual ,life4 #afmo1 clo?1 #as42 lea!r1 #bs4 nett4 ,?\ghts on ,union ) ,*ri/4 #afmo1 clo?1 #as42 lea!r1 #bs4 nett4 ,,murray1 ,a4,s41 ,,ll4,d4 ,greek ,bronzes4 ,) ,f\r ,copp] ,plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 nett4 ,greek ,bronzes1 by ,dr4 ,,murray1 & ,greek ,t]racotta ,/atuettes1 by ,c4,a4 ,,hutton4 ,) ,f\r ,photogravures1 ,eight ,col\r$ ,plates1 & ,sev5ty-sev5 o!r ,illu/rations4 ,9 "o ,volume4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,nettle%ip1 ,j4,t4 ,morl&1 ,george4 ,) ,six ,copp] ,plates & ,?irty o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett2 clo?1 #fs4 nett4 ,,! ,,new ,,art ,,libr>y ,,edit$ ,,by ,m4,h4 ,,spielmann1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,p4,g4 ,,konody4 ,! admirable ,new ,art ,libr>y4444 ,?or\ghly practical4--,! ,connoisseur4 ,,! ,,practice ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,draw+4 ,by ,,h>old ,,spe$1 ,associ de la ,socit ,nationale des ,beaux-,arts2 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,portrait ,pa9t]s2 ,pr(essor ( ,draw+ at ! ,goldsmi?s' ,college1 c4 ,) ,n9ety-six ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,squ>e ex4 crn4 #hvo1 #fs4 nett4 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,oil ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,draw+4 ,by ,,solomon ,j4 ,,solomon1 ,r4,a4 ,) ,eighty ,illu/rations4 #fs4 nett4 ,,human ,,anatomy ,,= ,,art ,,/ud5ts4 ,by ,sir ,,alfr$ ,,d[n+ ,,fripp1 ,k4,c4,v4,o41 ,lectur] ^u ,anatomy at ,guy's ,hospital1 ,london1 & ,,ralph ,,?ompson1 ,*4,m41 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ) a *apt] on ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 & ,draw+s by ,,h>ry ,,dixon4 ,) ,"o hundr$ & fifty-n9e ,photographs & ,draw+s4 ,squ>e extra cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,modell+ ,,& ,,sculpture4 ,by ,,alb]t ,,t(t1 ,a4,r4,c4,a41 ,m4,s4,b4,s4 ,) #aai ,photographs & ,draw+s4 ,squ>e extra cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 nett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,page1 ,j4 ,ll4 ,,w>d54 ,exmoor1 ,an ,exploration (4 ,) ,maps1 ,et*+s1 & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,*eap ,edition1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,p5nell1 ,t4,l41 ,m4,d41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,among ! ,wild ,tribes ( ! ,afghan ,fronti]4 ,a ,record ( ,sixte5 ,ye>s' ,close ,int]c\rse ) ! ,natives ( ! ,indian ,m>*es4 ,) an ,introduction by ,field-,m>%al ,,"l ,,rob]ts1 ,v4,c4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) #bf ,illu/rations & a ,map4 #es4 nett4 ,f\r? & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,) #ej ,illu/rations4 #bs41 #cs41 #es4 nett4 ,,phillips1 ,,claude4 ,! ,e>li] ,"w ( ,titian4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 nett4 ,! ,lat] ,"w ( ,titian4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 nett4 ,titian1 a ,/udy ( 8 ,life & ,"w4 ,) ,eight ,copp] ,plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #is4 nett4 ,! ,picture ,gall]y ( ,*>les ,i4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 nett4 ,fr$]ick ,walk]4 ,sup4-roy4 #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,anto9e ,watteau4 ,sup4-roy4 #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 also small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 & #cs4 & #es4 nett 9 lea!r4 ,,poll>d1 ,a4,w4 ,italian ,book ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,portfolio ,,monographs ,,on ,,arti/ic ,,subjects ,a triumph ( magnific5t illu/ration & ma/]ly edit+4--,! ,times4 ,_m ( ! ,volumes are issu$ 9 two =ms & at v>i\s nett prices4 ,:]e two prices are giv51 ! fir/ is t ( ! pap] cov] edition2 ! second t ( ! clo?4 ,:5 only "o price is giv51 ! ,volume is b\nd 9 pap] only4 ,,&]son1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,japanese ,wood ,engrav+s4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,arm/rong1 ,sir ,,walt]4 ,! ,art ( ,velazquez4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,life ( ,velazquez4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,peel ,collection & ! ,dut* ,s*ool ( ,pa9t+4 #es4 & #gs4 ,?omas ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 ,w4,q4 ,or*>dson4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,b$=d1 ,w4,k4,r4 ,malta4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,b5ham1 ,canon1 & ,,*>les ,,wel*1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,m$ival ,london4 #cs4 #f;d41 #es41 & #gs4 ,! ,t[] ( ,london4 #es4 & #gs4 ,,b5ham1 ,canon4 ,old ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 #es4 & #gs4 ,,b9yon1 ,,laur5ce4 ,dut* ,et*]s ( ,x,v,i,ith ,c5tury4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,john ,crome & ,j4,s4 ,cotman4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,bir*1 ,g4,h41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london on ,?ames4 #es4 & #gs4 ,,c>twright1 ,,julia 7,mrs4 ,,ady74 ,jules ,ba/i5-,lepage4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,e>ly ,"w ( ,raphael4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,raphael 9 ,rome4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,*ur*1 ,a4,h41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,josiah ,w$gwood4 #es4 & #gs4 ,,corni%1 ,c4,j4 ,! ,isle ( ,wight4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,new ,=e/4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,cu/1 ,,lionel1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,! ,engrav+s ( ,alb]t ,dr]4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,pa9t+s & ,draw+s ( ,alb]t ,dr]4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,dav5port1 ,,cyril1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,royal ,engli% ,bookb9d+s4 #cs4 #f;d4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,cameos4 #es4 #gs4 ,,davies1 ,,r&all1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,engli% ,society ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 9 ,contempor>y ,art4 ,,de/r,e1 ,o4,g4 ,! ,r5aissance ( ,sculpture 9 ,belgium4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,flet*]1 ,w4,y4 ,bookb9d+ 9 ,france4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,g>dn]1 ,j4 ,,/>kie4 ,arm\r 9 ,engl&4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,=eign ,arm\r 9 ,engl&4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,g>nett1 ,,ri*>d1 ,c4,b41 ,,ll4,d4 ,ri*mond on ,?ames4 #cs4 #f;d4 & #ds4 #f;d4 ,,grahame1 ,,george4 ,claude ,lorra94 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ham]ton1 ,p4,g4 ,! ,et*+s ( ,rembr&t4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hutton1 ,c4,a4 ,greek ,t]racotta ,/atuettes4 #es4 & #gs4 ,,l(tie1 ,w4,j4 ,:itehall4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,murray1 ,a4,s41 ,,ll4,d4 ,greek ,bronzes4 #cs4 #f;d4 & #ds4 #f;d4 ,,nettle%ip1 ,j4,t4 ,george ,morl&4 #es4 & #fs4 ,,phillips1 ,,claude4 ,fr$]ick ,walk]4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,anto9e ,watteau4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,picture ,gall]y ( ,*>les ,i4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,e>li] ,"w ( ,titian4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! ,lat] ,"w ( ,titian4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,poll>d1 ,,alfr$ ,w4 ,italian ,book ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,prior1 ,e4,s41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,! ,ca!dral ,build]s 9 ,engl&4 #es4 & #gs4 ,,%>p1 ,,william4 ,fair ,wom54 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,/eph5s1 ,f4,g4 ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,/ev5son1 ,r4,a4,m4 ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,wa]n1 ,,cecilia4 ,john ,la ,f>ge4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,weale1 ,w4,h4 ,,james4 ,g]>d ,david1 ,pa9t] & ,illum9ator4 #bs4 #f;d4 & #cs4 #f;d4 ,,prior1 ,canon ,e4,s41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,! ,ca!dral ,build]s ( ,engl&4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett2 clo?1 extra gilt top1 #gs4 nett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,quill] ,,c\*1 ,,sir ,a4,t4 ,! ,pilgrims' ,way4 ,a ,little ,scrip = ,travell]s4 ,9 ,prose & ,v]se4 ,) end pap]s 9 col\r1 & gilt top4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett2 on ?9 pap]1 lea!r1 #es4 nett4 ,,ragg1 ,,lonsdale1 ,b4,d4 7,oxon471 & ,l4,m4 ,,ragg4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,v5ice4 ,) ,fifty ,illu/rations4 #bs41 #cs41 #es4 nett4 ,,rannie1 ,,d\glas 7late ,gov]nm5t ,ag5t = ,que5sl&47 ,my ,adv5tures ,among ,s\? ,sea ,cannibals4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) ,?irty-n9e ,illu/rations & a ,map1 #afs4 nett4 ,,rawl+1 ,capta9 ,c4,g4 ,! ,l& ( ! ,new ,gu9ea ,pygmies4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) ,=ty-eight ,illu/rations & a ,map1 #afs4 nett4 ,,reynolds1 ,sir ,,jo%ua4 ,disc\rses ,deliv]$ to ! ,/ud5ts ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,) an ,introduction & ,notes by ,,rog] ,,fry4 ,) ,?irty-,?ree ,illu/rations4 ,squ>e extra ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,ro*e1 ,c4,e4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,holl&4 ,) ,fifty ,illu/rations4 ,small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lambsk91 #cs4 nett2 velvet lea!r1 #es4 nett4 ,,ropes1 ,a4,r4 ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu4 ,) #h ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,russell1 ,w4 ,,cl>k4 ,! ,briti% ,seas4 ,) upw>ds ( ,fifty ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs42 lea!r1 #cs42 special yapp lea!r 9 box1 #es4 nett4 ,,s&by1 ,w4 ,?omas & ,paul ,s&by1 ,royal ,academicians4 ,_! ,lives & ,works4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,s&]son1 ,e4 ,great ,brita9 9 ,mod]n ,africa4 ,) ,f\r ,portraits on ,copp] & a ,map4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,scott-,,elliot1 ,pr(essor ,g4,f41 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,botany ( ,to-day4 ,) ,tw5ty-sev5 ,illu/rations4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #es4 nett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,to-,,day ,,s]ies ,! volumes ( ?is s]ies give an attractive1 lucid1 yet at ! same "t sci5tifically accurate acc\nt ( v>i\s subjects 9 non-te*nical language4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,subm>9e ,eng9e]+ ( ,to-day4 ,by ,,*>les ,w4 ,,domville-,,fife4 ,photography ( ,to-day4 ,by ,h4 ,,*apman ,,jones1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,a]ial ,navigation ( ,to-day4 ,by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,turn]4 ,a/ronomy ( ,to-,day4 ,by ,c4,g4 ,,dolmage1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,botany ( ,to-day4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4,f4 ,,scott-,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,electricity ( ,to-,day4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,eng9e]+ ( ,to-day4 ,by ,,?omas ,w4 ,,corb94 ,me*anical ,inv5tions ( ,to-,day4 ,by ,t4,w4 ,,corb94 ,m$ical ,sci5ce ( ,to-,day4 ,by ,,willmott ,,evans1 ,m4,d4 ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-,day4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,seeley',s ,,illu/rat$ ,,pocket ,,libr>y ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 gilt edge1 #bs4 nett2 also 9 lea!r1 #cs4 nett2 & yapp lea!r 9 box at #es4 ,,addison & ,,/eele4 ,! ,spectator 9 ,london4 ,) ,fifty-six ,illu/rations by ,,ralph ,,cleav]1 & ,headpieces by ,w4,a4 ,,atk9 ,,b]ry1 ,,cl\gh ,,bromley1 c4 ,,cl>k1 ,j4,w41 ,regi/r>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,cambridge4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,godley1 ,a4,d4 ,aspects ( ,mod]n ,ox=d4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,ham]ton1 ,p4,g4 ,p>is4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,lee1 ,sir ,,sidney4 ,/rat=d-on-,avon4 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,dea? ( ,%akespe>e4 ,) #eb ,illu/rations by ,,h]b]t ,,railton & ,e4 ,,hull4 ,,mit=d1 ,,m>y ,,russell4 ,c\ntry ,/ories4 ,) #fh ,illu/rations by ,,george ,,morr[4 ,,h]b]t1 ,,george4 ,! ,temple4 ,sacr$ ,poems & ,ejaculations4 ,! ,text repr9t$ f ! fir/ edition4 ,) #gf ,illu/rations aft] ,d,,r]1 ,,holbe91 & o!r ,ma/]s4 ,,lang1 ,,&rew4 ,ox=d4 ,) #dj ,illu/rations by v>i\s arti/s4 ,,lefroy1 ,w4 ,,*amb]s4 ,! ,ru9$ ,abbeys ( ,york%ire4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,leyl&1 ,,john4 ,! ,peak ( ,d]by%ire3 its ,sc5]y & ,antiquities4 ,,l(tie1 ,w4,j4 ,! ,inns ( ,c\rt4 ,) #fj ,illu/rations4 ,,russell1 ,w4 ,,cl>k4 ,briti% ,seas4 ,) #ej ,illu/rations by ,j4,c4 ,,hook1 ,r4,a41 ,,hamilton ,,maccallum1 ,,col9 ,,hunt]1 c4 ,,/ev5son1 ,r4,l4 ,ed9burgh4 ,) _m ,illu/rations by ,t4 ,,hamilton ,,craw=d1 ,r4,s4,a4 7,?is volume is only to be _h 9 ?is s]ies 9 lea!r1 #es4 nett4 ,= o!r editions ( ?is book1 see bel[47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,solomon1 ,,solomon ,j41 ,r4,a4 ,! ,practice ( ,oil ,pa9t+ & ,draw+4 ,) #hj ,illu/rations4 #fs4 nett4 ,,spe$1 ,,h>old4 ,! ,practice & ,sci5ce ( ,draw+4 ,) ,n9ety-six ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,squ>e extra cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,libr>y ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu4 ,by ,a4,r4 ,,ropes4 ,mrs4 ,?rale4 ,by ,l4,b4 ,,seeley4 ,r\nd ,my ,h\se4 ,by ,p4,g4 ,,ham]ton4 ,fanny ,burney ,h] ,fri5ds4 ,by ,l4,b4 ,,seeley4 ,,/ory ,,s]ies1 ,,!4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,! ,po/ ,(fice & its ,/ory4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,b5nett4 ,) #ca ,illus4 ,family ,names & _! ,/ory4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,,b>+ ,,g\ld4 ,! ,press & its ,/ory4 ,by ,,james ,d4 ,,symon4 ,,seeley1 ,sir ,j4,r4 ,goe! ,review$ aft] ,sixty ,ye>s4 ,) ,portrait4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,napoleon ! ,fir/4 ,) ,portrait4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,seeley1 ,sir ,j4,r41 & ,dr4 ,,abbott4 ,engli% ,lessons = ,engli% ,p4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,seeley1 ,l4,b4 ,mrs4 ,?rale1 aft]w>ds ,mrs4 ,piozzi4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d nett4 ,fanny ,burney & h] ,fri5ds4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d nett4 ,,%&1 ,a4 ,,innes4 ,! ,w> 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,) ,portraits & ,plans4 #es4 ,,%>p1 ,,william4 ,fair ,wom54 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,also new edition1 small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 & #es4 nett4 ,,%ipley1 ,m4,e4 ,daily ,help = ,daily ,ne$4 ,a ,selection ( ,scripture ,v]ses & ,poetry = ,e ,day 9 ! ,ye>4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,/eph5s1 ,f4,g4 ,rossetti1 ,d4,g4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 also small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett2 velvet lea!r1 9 a box1 #es4 nett4 ,,/ev5son1 ,r4,l4 ,ed9burgh4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 ) ,frontispiece1 gilt top1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,illu/rat$1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,roxburgh1 gilt top1 #es4 ,libr>y ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 buckram1 d>k blue1 gilt top1 ,sixte5 ,full-page ,illu/rations1 #fs4 ,pres5tation ,edition4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 ) ,sixty-f\r ,illu/rations1 #fs4 nett2 also ,p's ,edition1 demy #hvo1 #f;d4 nett4 ,) ,tw5ty-f\r ,illu/rations 9 col\r1 by ,,james ,,h]on4 ,cr[n #dto4 ,pr9t$ by ,messrs4 ,t4 ,a4 ,con/able1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,ord9>y ,edition1 #abs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,edition ,,de ,,luxe1 limit$ to #che copies1 ( :i* only #cge are = sale1 pr9t$ on unblea*$ ,arnold h&made pap]1 & b\nd 9 buckram1 ) pap] label1 ea* copy numb]$1 #bes4 nett4 ,,/ev5son1 ,r4,a4,m4 ,rub5s1 ,pet] ,paul4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett1 sew$4 ,also small #dto1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett & #es4 nett4 ,,/ig&1 ,capta9 ,c4,h41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,z4,s4 ,to ,abyss9ia ,?r\gh an ,unkn[n ,l&4 ,) ,?irty-six ,illu/rations & ,two ,maps4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 nett4 ,,swann1 ,,alfr$ ,j4 ,fight+ ! ,slave ,hunt]s 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,) ,=ty-five ,illu/rations & a ,map4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 nett4 ,extra cr[n #hvo4 #es4 nett4 ,,talbot1 ,f4,a4 ,! ,mak+s ( a ,great ,canadian ,railway4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) ,=ty-"o ,illu/rations & a ,map4 #afs4 nett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,?+s ,,se5 ,,s]ies ,ea* volume ) #ej ,illu/rations4 ,small #dto1 clo?1 #bs42 lea!r1 #cs42 & velvet lea!r1 9 a box1 #es4 nett4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,ox=d4 ,by ,n4,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,russia4 ,by ,w4 ,,b>nes ,,/ev5i4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,pale/9e4 ,by ,a4 ,,goodri* ,,fre]4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,japan4 ,by ,,clive ,,holl&4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,*9a4 ,by ,j4,r4 ,,*itty4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,egypt4 ,by ,e4,l4 ,,but*]4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,holl&4 ,by ,c4,e4 ,,ro*e4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,spa94 ,by ,c4 ,,gasquo9e ,,h>tley4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,by ,t4,l4 ,,p5nell1 ,m4,d41 ,b4,sc4 ,?+s ,se5 9 ,v5ice4 ,by ,,lonsdale ,,ragg1 ,b4,d4 7,oxon47 ,,t(t1 ,,alb]t1 ,hon41 ,a4,r4,c4,a41 ,m4,s4,b4,s4 ,modell+ & ,sculpture4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) #aai ,photographs & ,draw+s4 ,squ>e extra cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 nett4 ,,torday1 ,e4 ,camp & ,tramp 9 ,african ,wilds4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) ,=ty-five ,illu/rations & a ,map1 #afs4 nett4 ,,t[n%5d1 ,capta9 ,a4,t4 ,a ,milit>y ,consul 9 ,turkey4 ,) #bi ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 nett4 ,,treme>ne1 ,major ,a4,j4,n4 ,! ,tail$ ,head-,hunt]s ( ,nig]ia4 ,demy #hvo1 ) #ch ,illu/rations & a ,map4 #afs4 nett4 ,,turn]1 ,,*>les ,c4 ,a]ial ,navigation ( ,to-day4 ,) ,sev5ty ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 ,,wa]n1 ,c4 ,john ,la ,f>ge4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,weale1 ,w4,h4 ,,james4 ,g]>d ,david1 ,pa9t] & ,illum9ator4 ,illu/rat$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #bs4 #f;d4 nett2 half-l951 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,weeks1 ,,john ,h4 ,among ,congo ,cannibals4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) ,fifty-f\r ,illu/rations & a ,map1 #afs4 nett4 ,,wel*1 ,c41 & ,canon ,,b5ham4 ,m$ival ,london4 ,) a ,frontispiece 9 ,photogravure1 ,f\r ,plates 9 ,col\r1 & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 sew$1 #es4 nett2 clo?1 gilt top1 #gs4 nett4 ,also extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,wicks1 ,,m>k4 ,to ,m>s via ! ,moon4 ,an ,a/ronomical ,/ory4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4