,,! ,,indu/rial ,,read]s ,book ,,iii ,,mak]s ,,( ,,_m ,,?+s ,,by ,,eva ,,m>* ,,tappan1 ,,ph4,d4 ,au?or ( ,engl&'s ,/ory1 ,am]ican ,h]o ,/ories1 ,old ,_w ,h]o ,/ories1 ,/ory ( ! ,greek ,p1 ,/ory ( ! ,roman ,p1 etc4 ,editor ( ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\r4 ,illu/ration ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,,eva ,,m>* ,,tappan ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,! ,riv]side ,press ,,cambridge 4 ,,massa*usetts ,u 4 ,s 4 ,a ,,preface ,! f\r books ( ?is s]ies h be5 writt5 n m]ely to provide agreeable read+ matt] = *ildr51 b to give !m in=mation4 ,:5 a *ild c look at a /eel p5 n simply z an article furni%$ by ! city = 8 use1 b r z ! result ( _m int]e/+ processes1 he has made a di/9ct gr[? 9 intellig5ce4 ,:5 he has begun to appreh5d ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1 bo? above gr\nd & bel[1 & ! be/ way 9 :i* its products may be utiliz$ & c>ri$ to ! places :]e !y are ne$$1 he has n only acquir$ a k ( _m k9ds ( indu/rial life :i* may help him to *oose 8 life-"w wisely f among !m1 b he has le>n$ ! dep5d5ce ( "o p]son ^u o!r p]sons1 ( "o "p ( ! _w ^u o!r p>ts1 & ! necessity ( peaceful int]c\rse4 ,be/ ( all1 he has le>n$ to see4 ,wordswor?'s famili> l9es say ( a man ^: eyes _h n be5 op5$1-- ,a primrose by a riv]'s brim ,a yell[ primrose 0 to him1 ,& x 0 no?+ m4 ,^! books are plann$ to %[ ! *ildr5 t !re is some?+ m2 to broad5 _! horizon2 to reveal to !m :at inv5tion has accompli%$ & :at wide room = inv5tion /ill rema9s2 to tea* !m t rew>d comes to ! man :o improves 8 output beyond ! task ( ! mom5t2 & t success is wait+1 n = him :o works because he mu/1 b = him :o works because he may4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is due to ! ,diamond ,mat* ,company1 ,hood ,rubb] ,company1 ,s4 ,d4 ,w>r5 ,pap] ,company1 ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,e4 ,fab]1 ,c4 ,h[>d ,hunt ,p5 ,company1 ,wal?am ,wat* ,company1 ,m>k ,cross ,company1 ,i4 ,pr\ty ,company1 ,*5ey ,bro!rs1 & o!rs1 ^: advice & criticism h be5 ( mo/ valuable aid 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is volume4 ,,eva ,,m>* ,,tappan4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,! ,,little ,,friction ,,mat* #a ,,ii4 ,,ab\t ,,india ,,rubb] #f ,,iii4 ,,kid ,,gloves #af ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,rags ,,& ,,trees ,,become ,,pap] #be ,v4 ,,h[ ,,books ,,are ,,made #cf ,,vi4 ,,f ,,goose ,,quills ,,to ,,f\nta9 ,,p5s ,,& ,,lead ,,p5cils #df ,,vii4 ,,! ,,di%es ,,on ,,our ,,tables #ef ,,viii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,:eels ,,( ,a ,,wat* ,,g ,,ar\nd #fd ,,ix4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,%oes #gc ,x4 ,,9 ,,! ,,cotton ,,mill #hb ,,xi4 ,,silkworms ,,& ,,_! ,,"w #ib ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,read]s ,,book ,,iii ,,mak]s ,,( ,,_m ,,?+s ,i ,,! ,,little ,,friction ,,mat* ,i rememb] be+ once ^u a "t t5 miles f a /ore & "o mile f a neighbor2 ! fire _h gone out 9 ! night1 & ! la/ mat* fail$ to blaze4 ,we _h no fl9t & /eel4 ,we 7 nei!r ,indians nor ,boy ,sc\ts1 & we did n "k h[ to make a fire by twirl+ a /ick4 ,!re 0 no?+ to d b to trudge (f ?r\gh ! sn[ to ! neighbor a mile away & beg "s mat*es4 ,!n 0 ! "t :5 we appreciat$ ! little mat* & ?\ght ) pr(\nd respect ( ! m5 :o inv5t$ & p]fect$ x4 ,x is a long way f ! safe & reliable mat* ( to-day back to ! spl9t]s t 7 soak$ 9 *emicals & sold toge!r ) little bottles ( sulphuric acid4 ,! spl9t] 0 expect$ to blaze :5 dipp$ into ! acid4 ,sometimes x did blaze1 & sometimes x did n2 b x 0 reasonably c]ta9 h[ ! acid w\ld behave1 = x w\ld always sputt] & d its be/ to spoil "s "o's clo!s4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 su* mat*es z ^! 7 reg>d$ z a wond]ful conv5i5ce1 & 7 sold at five doll>s a hundr$4 ,) ! next k9d ( mat* t appe>$1 a piece ( fold$ s&pap] 0 sold1 & ! buy] 0 told to p9* x h>d & draw ! mat* ?r\gh ! fold4 ,^! mat*es 7 amaz+ly *eap--eighty-f\r ( !m = only tw5ty-five c5ts6 ,!re h be5 all sorts ( odd mat*es4 ,"o k9d actually _h a t9y glass ball at ! end full ( sulphuric acid4 ,to light ?is1 y _h to p9* ! ball & ! acid t 0 ?us let out act$ ^u ! o!r *emicals on ! mat* & k9dl$ x--or 0 expect$ to k9dle x1 :i* 0 n always ! same ?+4 ,mak+ mat*es is a big bus9ess1 ev5 if "o hundr$ ( !m are sold = a c5t4 ,x is e/imat$ t on an av]age ea* p]son uses sev5 mat*es e day4 ,to provide s _m w\ld require "s sev5 hundr$ million mat*es a day 9 ?is c\ntry alone4 ,x seems l a v simple matt] to cut a spl9t] ( wood1 dip x into "s *emicals1 & pack x into a box = sale2 & x w\ld be simple if x 7 all done by h&1 b ! mat*es w\ld also be irregul> & extremely exp5sive4 ,! way to make any?+ *eap & uni=m is to manufacture x by ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,endless ,,mat* ,,ma*9e ,! mat* spl9ts are set 9 t9y holes l p9s 9 a p9cu%ion1 & ! belt revolves1 pass+ _! heads ?r\gh v>i\s *emicals4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 mak+ mat*es is to select "s :ite-p9e plank ( good quality & cut x into blocks ( ! prop] size4 ,^! are f$ into a ma*9e :i* s5ds %>p dies ?r\gh !m & ?us cuts ! mat* spl9ts4 ,ov] ! spl9t cutt] a c>ri] *a9 is cont9u\sly mov+1 & into holes 9 ?is *a9 ! ends ( ! mat* spl9ts are =c$ at ! rate ( t5 or twelve ?\s& a m9ute4 ,! spl9ts rema9 9 ! *a9 = ab\t an h\r1 & dur+ ?is h\r all sorts ( ?+s happ5 to !m4 ,fir/1 !y are dipp$ into hot p>aff9 wax1 because ?is w light ev5 m easily ?an wood4 ,z soon z ! wax is dry1 ! indu/ri\s *a9 c>ries !m ov] a dipp+-roll cov]$ ) a lay] consi/+ p>tly ( glue & ros94 ,curr5ts ( air n[ play ^u ! spl9t1 & 9 ab\t t5 m9utes ! glue & ros9 on "o end ( x h h>d5$ into a h>d bulb4 ,x is n a mat* yet by any means1 = scrat*+ x w\ld n make x light4 ,! phosphorus :i* is to make x into a mat* is on ano!r dipp+-roll4 ,?is is sesqui-sulphide ( phosphorus4 ,! common yell[ phosphorus is poison\s1 & workm5 9 mat* factories :]e x 0 us$ 7 9 dang] ( suff]+ f a t]rible disease ( ! jaw bone4 ,at l5g? x 0 discov]$ t sesqui-sulphide ( phosphorus w\ld make j z good mat*es & 0 h>mless4 ,our l>ge/ mat* company held ! pat5t giv+ !m ! exclusive "r to c]ta9 processes by :i* ! sesqui-sulphide 0 made2 & ?is pat5t !y g5]\sly gave up to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,aft] ! spl9ts h be5 dipp$ into ! prep>ation ( phosphorus1 !y are c>ri$ ab\t on ! *a9 v]tically1 horizontally1 on ! outside ( "s :eels & ! inside ( o!rs1 & ?r\gh curr5ts ( air4 ,!n !y are turn$ ov] to a *a9 divid$ into sections :i* c>ries !m to a pack+-ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e packs !m into boxes1 a c]ta9 numb] 9 ea* box1 & !y are slid d[n to girls :o make ! boxes into packages4 ,^! are put into wood5 conta9]s & are ready = sale4 ,z 9 mo/ manufactures1 ^! processes mu/ be c>ri$ on ) great c>e & exactness4 ,! wood mu/ be c>efully select$ & ( /raight gra91 ! dipp+-rolls mu/ be kept cov]$ ) a fre% supply ( composition1 & its dep? mu/ be always uni=m4 ,ev5 ! curr5ts ( air 9 :i* ! spl9ts are dri$ mu/ be j w>m en\gh to dry !m & j moi/ en\gh n to dry !m too rapidly4 ,! old sulphur mat*es made 9 c>d & block c no long] be b\ght 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! safety mat* has tak5 _! place4 ,"o k9d ( safety mat* has ! phosphorus on ! box & ! o!r ignit+ sub/ances on ! mat*1 s t ! mat* w n light unless x is scrat*$ on ! box2 b ?is k9d has nev] be5 a favorite 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! second k9d1 ! "o g5]ally us$1 may be /ruck any:]e1 b ^! mat*es are safe because ev5 /epp+ ^u "o w n light x2 x mu/ be scrat*$4 ,a mat* is a little ?+1 b no?+ else c d its "w4 ,,ii ,,ab\t ,,india ,,rubb] ,:5 y pick a d&elion or a milkwe$1 a :ite /icky milk oozes out2 & ?is looks j l ! juice ( ! v>i\s sorts ( trees1 %rubs1 & v9es f :i* ,india rubb] is made4 ,! rubb] plant :i* has be5 su* a favorite 9 h\ses is "o ( ^!2 9 ,india x becomes a l>ge tree :i* has ! peculi> habit ( dropp+ d[n f its bran*es bu%-ropes1 z !y are call$4 ,^! take root & become /\t trunks4 ,!re is lit]ally a rubb] belt ar\nd ! _w1 = ne>ly all rubb] comes f ! c\ntries ly+ betwe5 ! ,tropic ( ,canc] & ! ,tropic ( ,capricorn4 ,m ?an half ( all t is br\ght to m>ket is produc$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,amazon ,riv]2 & "s ( ?is ,p>a rubb]1 z x is call$1 f ! seaport :5ce x is %ipp$1 is ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,g5]al ,rubb] ,co4 ,,tapp+ ,,rubb] ,,trees ,,9 ,,sumatra ,! plantation on :i* ?is photograph 0 tak5 has #de1jjj acres ( plant$ rubb] trees1 & employs #ad1jjj coolies4 ,! juice or latex fl[s be/ ab\t sunrise1 & s ! natives :o collect x h to be e>ly ris]s4 ,!y make little cuts 9 ! b>k ( ! tree1 /ick on ) a bit ( clay a t9y cup und]nea? ea* cut1 & move on ?r\gh ! =e/ to ! next tree4 ,sometimes !y make n>r[ ,v-%ap$ cuts 9 ! b>k1 "o above ano!r1 b all com+ into a p]p5dicul> *annel lead+ to ! foot ( ! tree4 ,lat] 9 ! day ! collectors empty ! cups into great jugs & c>ry !m to ! camp4 ,:5 ! rubb] juice rea*es ! camp1 x is p\r$ into a great b[l4 ,! m5 build a fire ( /icks1 & always add a great _m palm nuts1 :i* are oily & make a good deal ( smoke4 ,ov] ! fire !y place an e>!n j> %ap$ l a cone1 b )\t top or bottom4 ,n[ "w beg9s4 ,x is =tunate t x c be done 9 ! op5 air1 & t ! man c sit on ! w9dw>d side1 = ! smoke rises ?r\gh ! small] hole ?ick & black & suffocat+4 ,! man takes a /ick %ap$ l a paddle1 dips x into ! b[l1 & holds x 9 ! smoke & heat1 turn+ x rapidly ov] & ov] till ! wat] is ne>ly dri$ out ( ! rubb] & x is no long] milky1 b d>k-color$4 ,!n he dips ?is paddle 9 aga9 & aga94 ,x gr[s heavi] at ea* dipp+1 b he keeps on till he has five or six p\nds ( rubb]4 ,) a wet knife he cuts ?is (f1 mak+ :at are call$ biscuits4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( ?is sort ( "w1 "s "o f\nd t by re/+ "o end ( a pole 9 a crot*$ /ick & hold+ ! o!r 9 8 h&1 a man c\ld make a mu* l>g] biscuit4 ,= a long "t p ?\ght t rubb] trees c\ld n be cultivat$4 ,"o difficulty 9 tak+ !m away f _! orig9al home to plant is t ! se$s are s ri* 9 oil z to become rancid unusually soon4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 a consignm5t ( !m 0 pack$ 9 op5work baskets betwe5 lay]s ( dri$ wild banana leaves & slung up on deck 9 op5work crates s z to h pl5ty ( air4 ,by ?is means sev5 ?\s& heal?y little plants 7 soon gr[+ 9 ,engl&1 & f !re 7 c>ri$ to ,ceylon & ! ,ea/4 ,on ! rubb] plantations collect+ juice f trees /&+ ne> toge!r & 9 op5 gr\nd is an altoge!r diff]5t matt] f cutt+ a n>r[ pa? & =c+ "o's way ?r\gh a ,s\? ,am]ican or ,african jungle4 ,! b>k ( ! trees is cut 9 h]r+bone fa%ion4 ,! collector simply slices a ?9 piece (f ! b>k & at once milk beg9s to ooze out4 ,on ! great plantations ( ! ,ea/ ! rubb] is collect$ *iefly by ,*9ese & ,indians4 ,!y are c>efully taught j h[ to tap ! trees4 ,!y beg9 f\r or five feet f ! gr\nd1 & "w d[n1 cutt+ ! ?9ne/ possible slice at ea* visit4 ,:5 !y h almo/ rea*$ ! gr\nd1 !y beg9 on ! opposite side ( ! trunk2 & by ! "t !y h rea*$ ! gr\nd on t side ! b>k on ! fir/ side has r5ew$ itself4 ,! latex is /ra9$ & mix$ ) "s acid1 usually acetic1 9 ord] to coagulate or ?ick5 x4 ,x is !n run betwe5 roll]s1 hung 9 a dry+ h\se1 & g5]ally 9 a smokeh\se4 ,! rubb] arrives at ! factory 9 bales or cases4 ,fir/ ( all x mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 ord] to get rid ( s& or bits ( leaves & wood4 ,a ma*9e call$ a wa%] does ?is "w4 ,x =ces ! rubb] betwe5 groov$ rolls :i* break x up2 & z ?is is done "u a spray ( wat]1 ! rubb] is mu* clean] :5 x comes out4 ,ano!r ma*9e makes x /ill clean] & =ms x into long %eets ab\t two feet wide4 ,hav+ ?or\ghly wet ! rubb]1 ! next /ep is to dry x ?or\ghly4 ,! old way 0 to hang x up = sev]al weeks4 ,! new way is to cut x into /rips1 lay x ^u /eel trays1 & place x 9 a vacuum dry]4 ,?is is kept hot1 & :atev] moi/ure is 9 ! rubb] is ei!r evaporat$ or suck$ out by a vacuum pump4 ,x n[ passes ?r\gh ano!r ma*9e mu* l ! wa%]1 & is =m$ into %eets4 ,! squ>e ?reads f :i* ela/ic webb+ is made may be cut f ^! %eets1 ?\gh sometimes ! %eet is w\nd on an iron drum1 vulcaniz$ by be+ put into hot wat]1 lightly v>ni%$ ) %ellac to /iff5 x1 !n w\nd on a wood5 cyl9d]1 & cut into squ>e ?reads4 ,boil+ ^! 9 cau/ic soda removes ! %ellac4 ,to make r\nd ?reads1 s(t5$ rubb] is =c$ ?r\gh a die4 ,rubb] b&s are made by cem5t+ a %eet ( rubb] into a tube & !n cutt+ !m (f at :atev] wid? may be desir$4 ,toy balloons are made ( su* rubb]4 ,two pieces are /amp$ out & jo9$ by a p>ticul>ly noisy ma*9e1 & !n ! balloon is bl[n out by compress$ air4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 kn[n t rubb] w\ld keep out wat]1 b x 0 /icky & unmanageable4 ,aft] a :ile a ,scot* *emi/ nam$ ,mc,intosh succe$$ 9 dissolv+ rubb] 9 naph?a & spread+ x betwe5 two ?icknesses ( clo?4 ,t is :y 8 "n is giv5 to ra9coats made 9 ?is way4 ,ov]%oes1 too1 7 made ( pure rubb] p\r$ ov] clay la/s :i* 7 brok5 aft] ! rubb] _h dri$4 ,^! ov]%oes 7 wat]pro(1--!re 0 no d5y+ t2 b !y 7 heavy & clumsy & %apeless4 ,:5 !y 7 tak5 (f1 !y did n /& up1 b promptly fell ov]4 ,9 hot wea!r !y became s /icky t !y _h to be kept 9 ! cell>2 & 9 w9t] !y became /iff & inela/ic1 b !y nev] wore out4 ,h[ to get rid ( ! undesirable qualities & n lose ! desirable ones 0 ! "q4 ,x 0 f\nd out t if sulphur 0 mix$ ) rubb]1 ! disagreeable /ick9ess w\ld vani%2 b ! rubb]s cont9u$ to melt & to freeze by turns until an ,am]ican nam$ ,*>les ,goodye> discov]$ t if rubb] mix$ ) sulphur 0 expos$ to ab\t #cjj ,f4 ( heat = a numb] ( h\rs1 ! rubb] w\ld rema9 ela/ic1 b w\ld n be /icky & w\ld no long] be affect$ by heat or cold4 ,?is is :y y (t5 see ! "n ,goodye> on ! bottom ( rubb]s4 ,rubb] ov]%oes 7 improv$ at once4 ,z !y n[ are made1 ! rubb] is mix$ ) sulphur1 :it+1 li?>ge1 & sev]al o!r sub/ances4 ,an hone/ firm w add only ^? mat]ials t w be ( s]vice 9 mak+ ! rubb] m easy to m\ld or w improve x 9 "s way4 ,un=tunately1 sub/ances are (t5 add$1 n = ?is purpose1 b to increase ! weight & app>5t value ( ! articles4 ,t is :y "s rubb] ov]%oes1 = in/ance1 we> out s mu* fa/] ?an o!rs4 ,to make an ov]%oe1 ! rubb] is run ?r\gh roll]s & =m$ into ?ick %eets = soles & ?9n] %eets = upp]s4 ,ano!r ma*9e coats ) gum ! clo? us$ = l9+ & /ays4 ,rubb] & rubb]-l9$ clo? g to ! cutt+-room1 :]e all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! %oes are cut out4 ,!y are !n put toge!r & v>ni%$4 ,:ile /ill on ! la/1 !y are dipp$ into a tank ( v>ni% & vulcaniz$--a v simple matt] n[ t ,goodye> has %[n u h[1 = !y are m]ely left 9 l>ge1 ?or\ghly heat$ ov5s = eight or t5 h\rs4 ,! rubb] %oe or boot is n[ ela/ic1 /rong1 wat]pro(1 ready = any temp]ature1 & s firmly cem5t$ toge!r ) rubb] cem5t t x is practically all 9 "o piece4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s !re h be5 frequ5t calls f v>i\s *>ities = old rubb] ov]%oes1 pieces ( rubb] hose1 etc4 ,^! are ( consid]able value 9 rubb] manufactur+4 ,!y are run ?r\gh a ma*9e :i* te>s !m to %r$s1 !n ?r\gh a sort ( fann+-mill :i* bl[s away ! bits ( l9+4 ,t9y pieces ( iron may be pres5t f nails or rivets2 b ^! are easily remov$ by magnets4 ,?is reclaim$ rubb] is p[d]$ & mix$ ) ! new1 & = "s purposes ! mixture answ]s v well4 ,imitation rubb] has be5 made by heat+ oil ( l9se$1 hemp1 maize1 etc41 ) sulphur2 b no sub/itute = rubb] is a success = all uses4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,u4 ,s4 ,tire ,co4 ,,h[ ,,rubb] ,,goes ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,factory ,splitt+ ,p>a biscuits1 mix+ ! rubb]1 roll+ ! rubb] fabric on cyl9d]s1 & build+ tires on ! tire ma*9es4 ,!re are _m little conv5i5ces made ( rubb] :i* we %\ld greatly miss1 su* z ! little tips put into p5cil ends = eras+ p5cil m>ks4 ,^! are made by fill+ a m\ld ) rubb]4 ,rubb] corks are made 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,tips = ! legs ( *airs are made 9 a two-piece m\ld l>g] at ! bottom ?an at ! top1 & ) a plung] t ne>ly fits ! small end4 ,(t5 on *air tips & 9 ! cup-%ap$ eras] t goes ov] ! ends ( "s p5cils y c see ! f91 z ! glasswork]s call x1 :]e ! two pieces ( ! m\ld did n exactly fit4 ,rubb] _c be melt$ & ca/ 9 m\lds l iron1 b x c be g5tly heat$ & s(t5$1 & !n press$ into a m\ld4 ,rubb] /amps are made 9 ?is way4 ,! mak+ ( rubb] heels & soles is n[ a l>ge indu/ry2 hose = wat]+ & = vacuum & ,we/+h\se brakes is made 9 increas+ quantities4 ,! mak+ ( rubb] tires = automobiles & c>riages is an important indu/ry4 ,! enorm\s & increas+ use ( electricity requires mu* use ( rubb] z an insulator4 ,rubb] gloves w protect an electrical workman f %ock & a surgeon f infection4 ,rubb] b$s & cu%ions fill$ ) air are a great com=t 9 illness4 ,rubb] has great & important uses2 b we %\ld p]haps miss q z mu* ! little com=ts & conv5i5ces :i* x has made possible4 ,rubb] & gutta-p]*a are n ! same sub/ance by any means4 ,bo? ( !m are made ( ! milky juice ( trees1 b ( entirely diff]5t trees4 ,! gutta-p]*a milk is collect$ 9 an absurdly wa/eful mann]1 namely1 by cutt+ d[n ! trees & scrap+ up ! juice4 ,:5 ?is juice rea*es ! m>ket1 x is 9 l>ge r$di% lumps :i* look l cork & smell l *eese4 ,x has to be clean$1 pass$ ?r\gh a ma*9e t te>s x into bits1 !n betwe5 roll]s be=e x is ready to be manufactur$4 ,x is n ela/ic l rubb]2 x may be /ret*$2 b x w n snap back aga9 z rubb] does4 ,x is a rem>kably good nonconductor ( electricity1 & !re=e x has be5 g5]ally us$ to protect ocean cables1 ?\gh rec5tly rubb] has be5 tak+ its place4 ,x makes p>ticul>ly excell5t ca/s1 = :5 x is w>m x is n /icky1 b s(t5s s p]fectly t x w %[ ! t9ie/ ind5tation ( a m\ld4 ,x is ! be/ k9d ( spl9t = a brok5 bone4 ,if a boy breaks 8 arm1 a surgeon c put a piece ( gutta-p]*a into hot wat]1 set ! bone1 b9d on ! s(t5$ gutta-p]*a = a spl9t1 & 9 a few m9utes x w be m\ld$ to ! exact %ape ( ! arm1 b s /iff z to keep ! bone 9 place4 ,ano!r good s]vice :i* gutta-p]*a r5d]s to ! physician results f its will+ness to dissolve 9 *lor(orm4 ,if ! sk9 is torn (f1 leav+ a raw surface1 ?is dissolv$ gutta-p]*a c be p\r$ ov] x1 & soon x is protect$ by an artificial sk9 :i* keeps ! air f ! raw fle% & gives ! real sk9 an opportunity to gr[ aga94 ,,iii ,,kid ,,gloves ,!re is an old prov]b :i* says1 ,= a good glove1 ,spa9 mu/ dress ! lea!r1 ,france mu/ cut x1 & ,engl& mu/ sew x4 ,_m pairs ( mo/ excell5t gloves h nev] se5 any "o ( ^! c\ntries1 b ! moral ( ! prov]b rema9s1 namely1 t x takes consid]able "w & c>e to make a really good glove4 ,! fir/ gloves made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ( ?ick bucksk91 = !re 0 mu* heavy "w to be done 9 ! =e/ & on ! l&4 ,! sk9 0 tann$ 9 ,indian fa%ion1 by rubb+ into ! fle% side ! bra9s ( ! de]--?\gh h[ ! ,indians ev] ?\ght ( us+ !m is a my/]y4 ,lat]1 ! :ite folk tri$ to tan ) pigs' bra9s2 b h[ev] valuable ! bra9s ( a pig may be to himself1 !y d n conta9 ! prop]ties ( soda a% :i* made ^? ( ! de] useful = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,hides ,,into ,,gloves ,! hides are kept 9 racks1 & be=e cutt+ are /ret*$ by h&4 ,!n ! /eel die cuts out ! %ape ( ! glove4 ,notice ! curi\sly %ap$ cut = ! ?umb4 ,ye>s ago1 :5 a man set out to manufacture gloves1 usually only a few doz5 pairs1 he cut out a patt]n f a %+le or a piece ( pa/ebo>d1 laid x ^u a sk91 m>k$ ar\nd x1 & cut x out ) %e>s4 ,p5cils 7 n common1 b ! glovemak] 0 fully equal to mak+ 8 own4 ,he melt$ "s lead1 ran x into a crack 9 ! kit*5 floor--& cracks 7 pl5tiful--& !n us$ ?is plummet1 z x 0 call$1 = a m>k]4 ,aft] cutt+ ! l>ge piece = ! front & back ( ! glove1 he cut out f ! scraps rema9+ ! f\r*ettes1 or =ks2 t is1 ! n>r[ /rips t make ! sides ( ! f+]s4 ,small] scraps 7 put 9 to welt ! seams2 & all ?is w5t (f 9 great bundles to f>mh\ses to be sew$ by ! f>m]s' wives & daught]s = ! e>n+ ( p9-money4 ,if ! gloves 7 to be ! mo/ g5teel memb]s ( ! bucksk9 race1 !re 0 add$ to ! bundle a ske9 ( silk1 ) :i* a sl5d] v9e 0 to be work$ on ! back ( ! h&4 ,! sew+ 0 done ) a ne$le ?ree-sid$ at ! po9t1 & a /\t wax$ ?read 0 us$4 ,a ne$le ( ?is sort w5t 9 m easily ?an a r\nd "o1 b ev5 !n x 0 r we>isome to pu% x ?r\gh ?ree ?icknesses ( /\t bucksk94 ,moreov]1 if ! sew] happ5$ to take hold ( ! ne$le too ne> ! po9t1 ! %>p edges 7 likely to make little cuts 9 h] f+]s4 ,aft] a :ile sew+ ma*9es 7 inv5t$1 & factories 7 built1 & n[ 9 a s+le c\nty ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york _m ?\s& p are at "w mak+ v>i\s k9ds ( lea!r cov]+s = _! own h&s & ^? ( o!r folk4 ,bett] me?ods ( tann+ h be5 discov]$1 & _m sorts ( lea!r are n[ us$1 especially = ! heavi] gloves4 ,de] are n s common z !y us$ to be1 & a bucksk9 glove is q likely to h be5 made ( ! hide ( a c[ or a horse4 ,kid g5]ally comes f ! body ( a %eep in/ead ( t ( a "y goat4 ,our be/ real kidsk9 comes f a c]ta9 "p ( ,france1 :]e ! climate seems to be j suit$ to ! "y kids1 !re is pl5ty ( ! food t !y l1 &1 :at is fully z important1 !y receive ! be/ ( c>e4 ,x is said t to produce ! v f9e/ kidsk91 ! kids are f$ on no?+ b milk1 are treat$ ) ! utmo/ g5tl5ess1 & are kept 9 coops or p5s c>efully made s t !re %all be no?+ to scrat* _! t5d] sk9s4 ,glovemak]s are always on ! look\t = new k9ds ( mat]ial1 & :51 n _m ye>s ago1 !re came f ,arabia ) a %ipm5t ( ,mo*a c(fee two bales ( an unkn[n sort ( sk91 !y 7 eag] to try x4 ,x tann$ well & made a glove t has be5 a favorite f ! fir/4 ,! sk9 0 f\nd to come f a %eep liv+ 9 ,arabia1 ,abyss9ia1 & ne> ! headwat]s ( ! riv] ,nile4 ,x 0 nam$ ,mo*a f ! c(fee ) :i* x came1 & ,mo*a x has be5 ev] s9ce4 ,! ,sude glove has a surface mu* l t ( ! ,mo*a4 ,its "n came f ,sw$e1 because ! ,sw$es 7 ! fir/ to use ! sk9 ) ! outside 94 ,mo/ ( our ?9n] kid gloves are made ( lambsk92 b dress+ ! sk9s is n[ done s skillfully 9 ?is c\ntry t homemade gloves are 9 _m respects fully z good z ! import$2 inde$1 "s judges decl>e t 9 %ape & /it*+ c]ta9 grades are bett]4 ,:5 %eepsk9s & lambsk9s come to m>ket f a di/ance1 !y are salt$4 ,!y h to be soak$ 9 wat]1 all bits ( fle% scrap$ (f1 & ! hair remov$1 g5]ally by ! use ( lime4 ,aft] ano!r wa%+1 !y are put into alum & salt = a few m9utes2 & aft] wa%+ ?is (f1 !y are dri$1 /ret*$1 & !n are ready = ! s(t5+4 ,no?+ has be5 f\nd t w s(t5 ! sk9s s p]fectly z a mixture ( fl\r1 salt1 & ! yolk ( eggs--cu/>d1 z ! workm5 call x4 ,! cu/>d & ! sk9s are tumbl$ toge!r into a great iron drum :i* revolves till ! cu/>d has be5 absorb$ & ! sk9s are s(t & yield+4 ,n[ !y are /ret*$ "o way & ano!r1 & wet s ?or\ghly t !y lose all ! alum & salt t may be left & also mu* ( ! cu/>d4 ,n[ comes dye+4 ,! sk9 is laid ^u a table1 smoo? side up1 & bru%$ ov] sev]al times ) ! color+ matt]2 v lightly1 h[ev]1 = if ! color+ goes ?r\gh ! lea!r1 ! h&s ( ! cu/om]s may be /a9$ & !y w buy no m gloves ( t make4 ,! sk9s are n[ moi/5$ & roll$ & left = sev]al weeks to season4 ,:5 !y are unroll$1 ! :ole sk9 is s(t & pliable4 ,x is ?ick1 h[ev]1 & no "o :o is n an exp]t c ?9 x prop]ly4 ,! process is call$ moon+ because ! knife us$ is %ap$ l a cresc5t moon4 ,x is flat1 its c5t] is cut out1 & ! out] edge is %>p5$4 ,ov] ! inn] curve is a h&le4 ,! sk9 is hung on a pole1 & ! exp]t workman draws ! moon+ knife d[n x until any bit ( dri$ fle% rema9+ has be5 remov$1 & ! sk9 is ( ! same ?ickness1 or1 r1 ?9ness ?r\gh\t4 ,all ?is sl[1 c>eful "w is ne$$ to prep>e ! sk9 = cutt+ out ! glove2 & n[ x goes to ! cutt]4 ,!re is no long] any cutt+ out ( gloves ) %e>s & pa/ebo>d patt]ns1 b !re is a quick way & a sl[ way nev]!less4 ,! man :o cuts 9 ! quick way1 ! block-cutt]1 z he is call$1 spreads out ! sk9 on a big block made by bolt+ toge!r planks ( wood ) ! gra9 runn+ up & d[n4 ,he places a die 9 ! %ape ( ! glove ^u ! lea!r1 gives "o bl[ ) a heavy maul1 & ! glove is cut out4 ,?is answ]s v well = ! *eap] & co>s] gloves1 b to cut f9e gloves is q a diff]5t matt]4 ,?is ne$s skill1 & x is said t no man c d good table-cutt+ :o has n _h at lea/ ?ree ye>s' exp]i5ce2 & ev5 !n he may n be able to d really fir/-class "w4 ,he damp5s ! sk91 /ret*es x fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r1 & exam9es x closely = flaws or scrat*es or weak places4 ,he mu/ put on 8 die 9 su* a way z to get two pairs ( ord9>y gloves or "o pair ( elb[ gloves out ( ! sk9 if possible1 & yet he mu/ avoid ! poor places if !re are any4 ,no glove manufactur] c af=d to employ an unskill$ or c>eless cutt]1 = he w wa/e mu* m ?an 8 wages am\nt to4 ,!re us$ to be "o die = ! "r h& & ano!r = ! left1 & x 0 "s "t be=e x occurr$ to any "o t ! same die w\ld cut bo? gloves if only ! sk9 0 turn$ ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clos+ ,,! ,,glove ,:5 sew+ "t comes1 ! glove goes f h& to h& d[n ! workroom1 ea* /it*] do+ a c]ta9 seam or seams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,! ,,glove ,,gets ,,its ,,%ape ,aft] inspection ! glove goes to a r[ ( m5 :o fit x on a /eam-heat$ brass h&1 giv+ x its f9al %ape & f9i%4 ,n[ comes ! sew+4 ,c\nt ! pieces 9 a glove1 & ?is w give "s idea ( ! "w ne$$ to sew !m toge!r4 ,notice t ! f\r*ettes are sew$ toge!r on ! wrong side1 ! o!r seams on ! "r side1 & t ! t9y bits ( fac+ & l9+ are hemm$ d[n by h&4 ,notice t two ( ! f+]s h only "o f\r*ette1 :ile ! o!rs h two f\r*ettes ea*4 ,notice h[ neatly ! ends ( ! f+]s are f9i%$1 ) nev] an end ( ?read left on ! "r side4 ,! embroid]y mu/ be 9 exactly ! "r place1 & x mu/ be fa/5$ firmly at bo? ends4 ,?is embroid]y is n a mean+less fa%ion1 = ! l9es make ! h& look mu* m sl5d] & ( a bett] %ape4 ,sew+ 9 ! ?umbs ne$s special c>e & skill4 ,!re mu/ be no puck]+1 & ! seam mu/ n be s tightly drawn z to leave a r$ l9e on ! h& :5 ! glove is tak5 (f4 ,no "o p]son does all ! sew+ on a glove2 x mu/ pass ?r\gh a numb] ( h&s1 ea* do+ a little4 ,ev5 aft] all ! c>e t is giv5 x1 a glove is a %apeless ?+ :5 x comes f ! sew+ ma*9es4 ,x is n[ c>ri$ to a room :]e /&s a long table ) a r />tl+ r[ ( brass h&s ( diff]5t sizes /ret*+ up f x4 ,^! are heat$1 ! gloves are drawn ^u !m1 & 9 a mom5t !y h %ape & f9i%1 & are ready to be inspect$ & sold4 ,! glove is s closely associat$ ) ! h& & ) ! p]son to :om ! h& belongs t 9 old5 times x 0 look$ ^u z repres5t+ him4 ,:51 = in/ance1 a fair c\ld n be op5$ )\t ! pres5ce ( "s noble1 x 0 en\gh if he s5t 8 glove to repres5t him4 ,to ?r[ d[n "o's glove be=e a man 0 to *all5ge him to a combat4 ,at ! coronation ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 z ( _m o!r sov]eigns ( ,engl&1 ! ,que5's *ampion1 a knight 9 full armor1 rode into ! great hall & ?rew d[n 8 glove1 cry+1 ,if !re be any mann] ( man t w say & ma9ta9 t our sov]eign ,lady1 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 is n ! rightful & und\bt$ inh]itrix to ! imp]ial cr[n ( ?is realm ( ,engl&1 ,i say he lie? l a false traitor1 & !re=e ,i ca/ him my gage4 ,,iv ,,h[ ,,rags ,,& ,,trees ,,become ,,pap] ,x 0 a great day = ! *ildr5 on ! f>m :5 ! t9 p$dl] came ar\nd4 ,he _h a high r$ wagon1 fairly bri/l+ ) brooms1 mop-h&les1 wa%tubs1 wat]-pails1 & bru%es4 ,:5 he op5$ 8 my/]i\s draw]s & cav]ns1 ! sun%9e fla%$ ^u t9 pans1 dipp]s1 du/pans1 & bas9s4 ,put away r m *oicely 7 wood5-h&l$ knives1 two-t9$ =ks1 & di%es ( glass & *9a2 & sometimes little t9 cups pa9t$ r$ or blue & *>m+ly gild$1 or cooky-cutt]s 9 ! %ape ( dogs & horses4 ,all ^! r>e & delightful articles he 0 will+ to ex*ange = rags4 ,is x any wond] t ! ?rifty h\sewife sav$ h] rags ) ! utmo/ c>e1 keep+ "o bag = :ite clipp+s & "o = color$8 ,^! p$dl]s 7 ! great dep5d5ce ( ! pap] mills1 = ! f9e/ pap] is made f l95 & cotton rags4 ,:5 ! rags rea* ! factory1 !y are c>efully sort$4 ,all day long ! sort]s sit be=e tables ^: tops are cov]$ ) co>se wire scre5s1 & f masses ( rags !y pick out buttons1 hooks & eyes1 p9s1 bits ( rubb]1 & any?+ else t _c possibly be made into pap]4 ,at ! same "t !y sort ! rags c>efully into diff]5t grades1 & ) a knife %ap$ l a small sickle fa/5$ upright to ! table !y cut !m into small pieces4 ,"s ( ! du/ falls ?r\gh ! scre52 b to remove ! re/ ( x1 ! cut-up rags are toss$ ab\t 9 a wire drum4 ,sometimes !y are s du/y t :5 !y come out ( ! drum !y weigh only n9e t5?s z mu* z :5 !y g 94 ,! du/ is out ( !m1 b n ! dirt4 ,to remove t1 !y are n[ put into great boil]s full ( /eam2 & "h !y cook & turn ov]1 & turn ov] & cook = h\rs4 ,lime & sometimes soda are put ) !m to cleanse !m & remove ! color+ mat]ial2 b :5 !y are p\r$ out1 !y look any?+ b clean1 = !y are ( a p>ticul>ly dirty br[n2 & ! wat] t is dra9$ away f !m looks ev5 m un9t]e/+4 ,( c\rse ! next /ep is to wa% ?is dirty br[n mass2 & = at lea/ f\r h\rs x is scrubb$ 9 a ma*9e :i* beats x & rolls x & *ops x & tumbles x ab\t until ! wond] is t any?+ is left ( x4 ,all ?is :ile1 ! wat] has be5 fl[+ ?r\gh x1 com+ 9 clean & go+ out dirty2 & at l5g? ! mass becomes s light a gray t mak+ :ite pap] ( x does n seem q hopeless4 ,x is n[ blea*$ ) *loride ( lime1 & wa%$ till x is ( a creamy :ite color & free f ! lime1 & !n beat5 aga94 ,if y fold a piece ( *eap pap] & te> x at ! fold1 x w te> easily2 b if y d ! same ?+ ) pap] made ( l95 & cotton1 y w f9d x decid$ly t\gh4 ,moreov]1 if y look closely at ! torn edge ( ! latt]1 y w see ! fib]s cle>ly4 ,x is because ( ! beat+ t ! fib]s are s matt$ toge!r & ?us make ! pap] t\gh4 ,:ile ! pulp is 9 ! beat]1 ! manufactur] puts 9 ! color+ matt]1 if he wi%es x to be t9t$ blue or rose or lav5d] or any o!r color4 ,no "o w\ld guess t ?is :ite or creamy or azure liquid _h ev] be5 ! dirty rags t came into ! mill & 7 sort$ on ! wire tables4 ,besides ! color+1 a fill] is usually add$ at ?is "t1 su* z kaol91 ! f9e clay ( :i* *9a is made4 ,?is fills ! pores & gives a smoo!r surface to ! f9i%$ pap]--a good ?+ if too mu* is n put 94 ,a little siz+ is also add$1 made ( ros94 ,save = ?is siz+1 ink w\ld s9k into ev5 ! f9i%$ pap] z x does into blott+ pap]4 ,aft] ?is1 m wat] is add$ to ! pulp & x is run into tanks4 ,n[ ! prep>ation is complet$1 & ! pulp is pump$ to l>ge & complicat$ ma*9es :i* und]take to make x into pap]4 ,x fir/ fl[s ?r\gh scre5s :i* are %ak5 all ! :ile z if !y 7 trembl+4 ,?is %ak+ lets ! liquid & ! f9] fib]s ?r\gh1 b holds back ! little lumps1 if any rema9 aft] all ! beat+ & /ra9+ & cutt+ t x has _h4 ,! pulp fl[s ^u an endless wire scre54 ,rubb] /raps at ! sides keep x 91 b ! extra wat] drops ?r\gh ! me%es4 ,! pulp is fl[+ onw>d1 & s ! t9y fib]s w\ld naturally /raight5 out & fl[ ) x1 l /icks 9 a riv]2 b ! wire scre5 is kept %ak+ sideways1 & ?is helps ! fib]s to int]lace1 & ! pap] becomes ne>ly z /rong "o way z ! o!r4 ,if y hold a %eet ( pap] up to ! light1 x w %[ pla9ly :at is next done to x4 ,sometimes y c see t x is m>k$ by light p>allel l9es runn+ across x close toge!r1 & cross$ by o!r & /\t] l9es an in* or two ap>t4 ,sometimes ! "n ( ! pap] or t ( ! manufactur] is m>k$ 9 ! same way by lett]s light] ?an ! re/ ( ! %eet4 ,sometimes ! pap] is pla9 ) no m>k+s :atev]4 ,?is diff]5ce is made by :at is call$ ! d&y1 a cyl9d] cov]$ ) wire4 ,= ! fir/1 or laid pap]1 ! small wires run ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d] & ! /\t] ones ar\nd x4 ,:]ev] ! wires are1 ! pap] is a little ?9n]4 ,9 "s pap]s ?is ?9ness c be se5 & felt4 ,= ! second k9d ( pap] ! design1 or wat]m>k1 is =m$ by wires a little ?ick] ?an ! re/ ( ! cov]+4 ,= ! ?ird1 or wove pap]1 ! d&y is cov]$ ) pla9 wov5 wire l t ( ! wire clo?2 s !re are no m>k+s at all4 ,?is "w c be easily done because at ?is po9t ! pap] is s moi/4 ,! pap] is n[ n 9 %eets1 b 9 a long web l a web ( clo?4 ,x passes betwe5 felt-cov]$ roll]s to press out all ! wat] possible1 !n ov] /eam-heat$ cyl9d]s to be dri$1 f9ally go+ betwe5 cold iron roll]s to be made smoo?1 & is w\nd on a reel1 trimm$ & cut into %eets ( :atev] size is desir$4 ,! f9e/ note pap]s are n f9i%$ 9 ?is way1 b are p>tly dri$1 pass$ ?r\gh a vat ( ?9 glue1 any excess be+ squeez$ (f by roll]s1 !n cut into %eets1 & hung up to dry ?or\ghly at _! leisure4 ,pap] made ( prop]ly prep>$ l95 & cotton is by f> ! be/1 b !re are s _m new uses = pap] t !re are n rags en\gh 9 ! _w to make ne>ly :at is ne$$4 ,!re are scores ( newspap]s & magaz9es :]e !re us$ to be "o2 & z = pap] bags & c>tons & boxes1 !re is no limit to _! numb] & v>iety4 ,a s+le manufactur] ( p5s & p5cils calls = f\r ?\s& diff]5t sorts & sizes ( boxes4 ,s*ool-*ildr5's use ( pap] in/ead ( slates1 ! fa%ion ( wrapp+ ,*ri/mas gifts 9 :ite tissue1 & ! inv5tion ( ! l[-pric$ cam]as h increas$ enorm\sly ! am\nt ( pap] call$ =4 ,9 ! attempt to supply ! dem& all sorts ( mat]ials h be5 us$1 su* z hemp1 old rope1 peat1 ! /ems ( flax1 /raw1 ! ,spani% & ,african esp>to grass1 & especially wood2 b mu* m pap] is made ( wood ?an ( all ! re/ toge!r4 ,popl>1 gum1 & *e/nut trees1 & especially ^? trees :i* be> cones1 su* z ! spruce1 fir1 balsam1 & p9e are us$4 ,!re are two me?ods ( manufactur+ wood pulp2 ! me*anical1 by gr9d+ up ! wood1 & ! *emical1 by treat+ x *emically4 ,by ! me*anical me?od ! wood is press$ aga9/ a l>ge gr9d/one :i* revolves at a high spe$4 ,z fa/ z ! wood is gr\nd (f1 x is wa%$ away by a curr5t ( wat]1 & /ra9$ ?r\gh a %ak+ sieve & a revolv+ scre5 :i* drives out "p ( ! wat] by c5trifugal =ce4 ,9 a great vat ( pulp a drum cov]$ ) wire clo? revolves1 & on x a ?9 %eet ( pulp settles4 ,felt+1 press$ aga9/ ?is %eet1 c>ries x onw>d ?r\gh rolls4 ,! %eets are press$ betwe5 co>se sack+4 ,su* pap] is v poor /uff4 ,9 its manufacture ! fib] ( ! wood is s gr\nd up t x has little /r5g?4 ,x is us$ = c>dbo>d1 c>tons1 & pack+-pap]s4 ,un=tunately1 x is also us$ = newspap]s2 & :ile x is a good ?+ = "s ( !m to drop to pieces1 x is a great loss n to h ! o!rs p]man5t4 ,:5 we wi% to "k :at p ?\ght ab\t any ev5t fifty ye>s ago1 we c look back to ! pap]s ( t "t2 b :5 p fifty ye>s f n[ wi% to le>n :at we ?\ght1 _m ( ! newspap]s w h fall5 to pieces long be=e t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,s4 ,d4 ,w>r5 ,co4 ,,:]e ,,rags ,,become ,,pap] ,! vat :]e ! rags cook & turn ov]1 & ! big room :]e ! web ( f9i%$ pap] is pass$ ?r\gh roll]s & cut into a neat pile ( trimm$ %eets4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a me?od call$ ! sulphite process1 us$ pr9cipally 9 treat+ ! conif]\s woods1 by :i* a mu* bett] pap] c be made4 ,9 all plants !re is a sub/ance call$ cellulose4 ,?is is :at gives /r5g? to _! /ems4 ,! wood is *ipp$ & put into dige/]s l>ge en\gh to hold tw5ty tons1 & is /eam-cook$ toge!r ) bisulphite ( magnesium or calcium = sev5 or eight h\rs4 ,ano!r me?od us$ = cook+ su* woods z popl> & gum1 is to boil ! wood 9 cau/ic soda1 :i* de/roys ev]y?+ except ! cellulose4 ,wood pap] ( "o k9d or ano!r is us$ = all daily pap]s & = mo/ books4 ,:e!r ! be/ wood pap] w la/ z long z ! be/ rag pap]1 "t only c tell4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates te/s pap] 9 sev]al ways be=e buy+ x4 ,fir/1 a s+le %eet is weigh$2 !n a ream is put on ! scales to see if x weighs f\r hundr$ & eighty times z mu*4 ,?is %[s :e!r ! pap] runs ev5ly 9 weight4 ,_m %eets are fold$ toge!r & measur$ to see if ! ?ickness is regul>4 ,to te/ its /r5g?1 a %eet is clamp$ ov] a hole "o squ>e in* 9 area1 & liquid is press$ aga9/ x f bel[ to see h[ mu* x w /& be=e bur/+4 ,/rips ( ! pap] are pull$ 9 a ma*9e to te/ its break+ /r5g?4 ,a %eet is fold$ ov] & ov] aga9 to see :e!r holes w appe> at ! corn]s ( ! folds4 ,x is exam9$ "u ! microscope to see ( :at k9d ( fib]s x is made & h[ mu* load+ has be5 us$ 9 its manufacture4 ,to te/ blott+ pap]1 /rips are also put into wat] to see h[ high ! wat] w rise on !m4 ,besides writ+ & wrapp+ pap]s & ! v>i\s k9ds ( bo>d1 !re are _m sorts :i* are us$ = special purposes4 ,india pap]1 = in/ance1 is light1 smoo?1 & /rong1 s opaque t pr9t+ w n %[ ?r\gh x1 & s la/+ t if x is crumpl$1 x c be iron$ out & be z good z new4 ,?is is us$ = books t are expect$ to h h>d we> b mu/ be ( light weight4 ,!re are tissue pap]s1 crpe pap]s = napk9s1 & t>r$ pap] to make ro(s & ev5 boats wat]-tight4 ,if t> is bru%$ on1 x may make bubbles :i* w break aft]w>ds & let wat] 92 b if t> is made a "p ( ! pap] itself1 x la/s4 ,pap] c easily be wax$ or p>aff9$1 & w !n keep out air & moi/ure = "s "t4 ,bett] /ill1 x c be treat$ ) oil & w !n make a ra9coat t w /& a ye>'s we>1 or ev51 if put on a bamboo frame1 make a v good h\se1 z ! ,japanese f\nd out long ago4 ,pap] coat$ ) p[d]$ gum & t9 is us$ = pack+ tea & c(fee4 ,transf] or c>bon pap]s s mu* us$ 9 mak+ sev]al copies ( an article on ! typewrit] are made by coat+ pap] ) />*1 fl\r1 gum1 & color+ matt]4 ,pap] c be us$ = %oes & hats1 ties1 coll>s1 & ev5 = rubb]s4 ,x has be5 successfully us$ = sails = light vessels1 & is excell5t made into light g>m5ts = hospital use because x is s *eap t x c be burn$ aft] we>+4 ,wood pulp c be run ?r\gh f9e tubes into wat] & made s pliable t x c be twi/$ into cord or spun & wov5 into silk4 ,n only wat] b also fire c be kept out by pap] if x is treat$ ) ! prop] sub/ances4 ,an object c be cov]$ ) a pa/e ( wood pulp1 silica1 & hemp2 & :5 ?is is dry1 a coat ( wat]-glass w af=d consid]able protection4 ,!re has be5 "s degree ( success 9 mak+ transp>5t pap] films = mov+ pictures2 & if ^! are coat$ ) wat]-glass1 !y w n burn4 ,pap] c be s treat$ t x w ei!r conduct electricity or become a nonconductor1 z may be desir$4 ,9 ,g]many1 a s&wi* pap] has be5 made by press+ toge!r f\r lay]s--felt1 pulp1 cotton1 pulp--:i* is *eap & /rong & useful = _m purposes4 ,:5 we come to papi] ma*1 !re is no end to ! k9ds ( articles t are made ( x4 ,! papi] ma*1 or pap] pulp$1 is made by knead+ old newspap]s or wrapp+ pap]s ) w>m wat] into a pulp4 ,clay & color+ are add$ & some?+ ( ! nature ( glue2 & x is !n put into a m\ld4 ,sometimes to make x /rong] = l>ge m\ld+s1 bits ( canvas or ev5 wire are also us$4 ,! be/ papi] ma* is made ( pure wood cellulose4 ,! beautiful boxes & trays cov]$ ) lacqu] :i* ! ,japanese & ,*9ese make are =m$ ( ?is2 b x has _m mu* humbl] uses ?an ^!4 ,pap] screws are employ$ 9 ornam5tal wood "w1 & if a hole is begun = su* a screw1 x w twi/ its way into s(t wood z well z /eel w\ld d4 ,b>rels ( pap] re9=c$ ) wire are common4 ,ge> :eels & belt pulleys are made ( papi] ma*1 & ev5 ! :eels ( railroad coa*es2 at lea/ ! body ( ! :eels is made ( x1 al?\gh ! tire1 hub1 & axle are ( ca/-/eel4 ,circul> saws ( pulp are 9 use :i* cut ?9 slices ( v5e] s smoo?ly t !y c be us$ )\t plan+4 ,papi] ma* is us$ = wat] pipes1 ! bodies ( c>riages1 h5coops1 & g>ages4 ,inde$1 x is q possible to build a h\se1 %+le x1 decorate x ) elaborate m\ld+s & cornices1 f9i% x ) panels1 wa9scot+1 imitation til+1 & furni% x ) light1 com=table furniture cov]$ ) imitation lea!r1 silk1 or clo?1 & spread on its floors s(t1 ?ick c>pets or rugs wov5 9 beautiful designs--& all made ( wood pulp4 ,ev5 ! w9d[ panes c\ld be made ( pulp2 & if !y 7 n p]fectly transp>5t1 !y w\ld at lea/ let 9 a s(t1 agreeable light1 & !y w\ld n break4 ,pails1 wa%tubs1 ba?tubs1 & ev5 di%es ( pap] c be easily f\nd4 ,!re are n only ! pap] cups provid$ on railroad tra9s & ! *eap picnic plates & sauc]s1 b "s t are really pretty4 ,ice cream is sometimes s]v$ 9 pap] di%es & eat5 ) pap] spoons4 ,milk bottles are successfully made ( pap]1 ) a long /rip ( "s transp>5t mat]ial runn+ up & d[n ! side to %[ h[ mu*--or h[ little--cream is )94 ,napk9s & tableclo?s made ( pap] ?read wov5 into clo? are *eap] ?an l95 & c be wa%$ z easily4 ,pap] t[els & di%clo?s are already common2 b :5 pap] %all fully come to its own1 x is q possible t !re w be little wa%+ ( di%es4 ,!y c be z pretty z any "o c\ld wi%1 b s *eap t aft] ea* meal !y c be dropp$ into ! fire4 ,inde$1 !re are few ?+s 9 a h\se1 except a /ove1 t _c be made ( "s =m ( pap]1--& p]haps t too w be "s day4 ,v ,,h[ ,,books ,,are ,,made ,! fir/ /ep 9 mak+ ready to pr9t a manuscript is to f9d out h[ _m words !re are 9 x1 :at k9d ( type to use1 h[ mu* lead+ or space betwe5 ! l9es !re %all be1 & :at %all be ! size ( ! page4 ,9 decid+ ^! que/ions1 consid]able ?9k+ has to be done4 ,if ! manuscript is a %ort /ory by a popul> au?or1 x may be pr9t$ ) wide m>g9s & wide lead+ 9 ord] to make a book ( fair size4 ,if x is a l5g?y manuscript :i* w be likely to sell at a mod]ate b n a high price1 x is be/ to use only z mu* lead+ z is necess>y to make ! l9e /& out cle>ly1 & to pr9t ) a m>g9 n s wide z to increase ! exp5se ( ! book4 ,! pr9t] pr9ts a sample ( ! page decid$ ^u1 any desir$ *anges are made1 & !n ! mak+ ( ! book beg9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,! ,riv]side ,press4 ,,:]e ,,?is ,,book ,,0 ,,set ,,up ,! monotype girl wrote ^! words on h] keybo>d1 :]e !y made t9y holes 9 a roll ( pap]4 ,! roll w5t to ! ca/+-room :]e x guid$ a ma*9e to make ! type mu* z a p]=at$ music-roll guides a piano to play a tune4 ,! type is kept 9 a case at :i* ! compositor /&s4 ,?is case is divid$ into %all[ comp>tm5ts1 ea* comp>tm5t conta9+ a great _m e's or m's z ! case may be4 ,! upp] case conta9s capitals2 ! l[] case1 small lett]s4 ,^? lett]s :i* are us$ mo/ (t5 are put :]e ! compositor c rea* !m mo/ readily4 ,he /&s be=e 8 case ) a compos+ /ick 9 8 h&4 ,?is /ick is a little iron frame ) a slide at ! side1 s t ! l9e c be made ( any l5g? desir$4 ,! workman soon le>ns :]e ea* lett] is1 & ev5 an appr5tice c set ! type 9 8 /ick reasonably rapidly4 ,on "o side ( e piece ( type !re is a groove1 s t he c tell by t\* :e!r x is "r side up or n4 ,he mu/ look out especially to make 8 "r-h& m>g9s regul>4 ,y w notice 9 books t ! l9es are all ( ! same l5g?1 al?\gh !y d n conta9 ! same numb] ( lett]s4 ,! compositor br+s ?is ab\t by arrang+ 8 words & spaces skillfully4 ,! spaces mu/ be z ne>ly z possible ( ! same l5g?1 & yet ! l9e mu/ be prop]ly fill$4 ,if a l9e is too full1 he c sometimes place ! la/ syllable on ! foll[+ l9e2 if x is n full en\gh1 he c borr[ a syllable1 & he c at lea/ divide 8 space s ev5ly t ! l9e w n look z if x 7 brok5 9 two4 ,n _m ye>s ago all type 0 set 9 ?is mann]2 b sev]al ma*9es h n[ be5 inv5t$ :i* w d ?is "w4 ,9 "o ( ! be/ ( !m ! op]ator sits be=e a keybo>d mu* l t ( a typewrit]4 ,:5 he presses key a1 = in/ance1 a m\ld or matrix ( ! lett] a is set free f a tube ( a's1 & slides d[n to its place 9 ! /ick4 ,at ! end ( ! l9e1 ! matrices =m+ x are c>ri$ 9 front ( a slot :]e melt$ type metal f a res]voir meets !m4 ,?us a ca/ is made ( ! matrices1 & f ?is ca/ ! pr9t+ is done4 ,?is ma*9e is call$ a l9otype because x ca/s a :ole l9e ( type at a "t4 ,mo/ book "w is done on ! monotype ma*9e4 ,:5 a manuscript goes to ! press to be set up 9 ?is way1 ! copy is giv5 to ! keybo>d op]ator :o sets x up on a ma*9e :i* looks mu* l a typewrit]4 ,in/ead ( writ+ lett]s1 h[ev]1 ! ma*9e pun*es t9y holes 9 a /rip ( pap] :i* is w\nd on a roll4 ,:5 ! roll is full x goes to ! ca/+ room :]e x is put on ano!r ma*9e conta9+ hot type metal & bronze matrices f :i* ! lett]s ( ! words are to be ca/4 ,! holes 9 ! pap] guide ! ma*9e to make ! type mu* z a p]=at$ music roll guides a piano to play a tune4 ,! reason :y ! ma*9e is call$ a monotype is t ! lett]s are made "o at a "t1 & monos is ! ,greek ^w = "o4 ,by ! l9otype & monotype ma*9es type c be set 9 a galley1 a n>r[ tray ab\t two feet long1 ) l$ges on ?ree sides4 ,:5 a conv5i5t numb] ( ^! galleys h be5 fill$1 long slips are pr9t$ f !m call$ galley pro(s4 ,^! h wide m>g9s1 b ! pr9t is ( ! wid? t ! page ( ! book w be4 ,!y are read by ! pro(-read]s1 & all su* mi/akes z ! slipp+ 9 ( a wrong lett]1 or a brok5 type1 ! repetition ( a ^w1 or ! omission ( space betwe5 words are correct$4 ,!n ! pro( goes to ! au?or1 :o makes any *anges 9 8 "p ( ! "w :i* seem to him desirable2 & x is also read by "s memb] ( ! editorial dep>tm5t4 ,if !re are _m *anges to be made1 ano!r pro( is usually tak5 & s5t to ! au?or4 ,! reason = ?is extreme c>efulness is t x co/s mu* less to make *anges 9 ! galley pro( ?an 9 ! page pro(4 ,?is latt] is made by divid+ ! galley into pages1 leav+ space = ! beg9n+s ( *apt]s & = pictures1 if any are to appe> on ! pr9t$ pages1 & sett+ up ! numb]s ( ! pages & _! runn+ titles4 ,page pro( also goes to pro(-read]s & to ! au?or4 ,corrections on page pro( are m exp5sive ?an on galley pro( because add+ or /rik+ out ev5 a few words may make x necess>y to *ange ! arrangem5t on e page to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,ye>s ago all books 7 pr9t$ directly f ! type2 & "s are /ill pr9t$ s4 ,aft] pr9t+1 ! lett]s 7 return$ to _! comp>tm5ts4 ,if a second edition 0 call$ =1 ! type _h to be set aga94 ,n[1 h[ev]1 books are g5]ally pr9t$ n f type1 b f a copp] model ( ! type4 ,to make ?is1 an impression ( ! page ( type is made 9 wax & cov]$ ) graphite1 :i* w conduct electricity4 ,^! m\lds are hung 9 a ba? ( copp] sulphate1 :]e !re are also l>ge plates ( copp]4 ,a curr5t ( electricity is pass$ ?r\gh x1 & :]ev] ! graphite is1 a %ell ( copp] is deposit$1 :i* is exactly l ! face ( ! type4 ,?is %ell is v ?91 b x is made /rong by add+ a heavy back ( melt$ metal4 ,f ^! plates ! books are pr9t$4 ,a correction made 9 ! plate is m exp5sive ?an x w\ld h be5 if made 9 ! galley or 9 ! page1 because saw+ out a ^w or a l9e is sl[1 delicate "w2 & ev5 if "o ( ! same l5g? is sub/itut$1 ! types spell+ x h to be set up1 a small new plate ca/1 & sold]$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,! ,riv]side ,press4 ,,:]e ,,?is ,,book ,,0 ,,pr9t$ ,! girls are fe$+ big %eets ( pap] into ! presses1 ?irty-two pages be+ pr9t$ at "o "t4 ,! pap] is f$ into _m mod]n presses by means ( a ma*9e atta*$ to ! press4 ,! pressm5 see t ! pr9t+ is done prop]ly4 ,pr9t+ "o page at a "t w\ld be altoge!r too sl[2 !re=e ! plates are arrang$ 9 su* a way t sixte51 ?irty-two1 or sometimes sixty-f\r pages c be pr9t$ on "o side ( ! pap]1 & ! same numb] on ! o!r side4 ,e page mu/ come 9 its prop] place :5 ! %eet is fold$ = b9d+4 ,try to arrange a %eet ( ev5 sixte5 pages1 eight on ea* side1 s t :5 x is fold$ e page w be 9 ! "r place ) its pr9t+ "r side up1 & y w f9d t x is n v easy until y h _h consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,if ! %eet is fold$ into f\r leaves1 ! book is call$ a qu>to1 or #dto2 if into eight1 x is an octavo1 or #hvo2 if into twelve1 a duodecimo1 or #abmo4 ,books are sometimes adv]tis$ 9 ^! t]ms2 b !y are n def9ite1 because ! %eets ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( pap] v>y 9 size4 ,( late ye>s1 publi%]s h (t5 giv5 ! l5g? & wid? ( _! books 9 in*es4 ,aft] ! %eets come f ! press1 !y are fold$ to page size4 ,sometimes ?is is done by h&1 b m (t5 by a fold+ ma*9e ?r\gh :i* ! %eet ( pap] travels1 meet+ blunt knives :i* crease x & fold x4 ,if y look at ! top ( a book y w see t ! leaves are put toge!r 9 gr\ps or signatures4 ,^! signatures usually conta9 eight1 sixte51 or ?irty-two pages4 ,if ! pap] is v ?ick1 n m ?an eight leaves w be 9 a signature2 if ( ord9>y ?ickness1 sixte5 are g5]ally us$4 ,! signatures are pil$ up 9 ord]1 & a ga!r] collects "o f ea* pile = e book4 ,! book is n[ ga!r$ & sma%$1 or press$ en\gh to make x solid & firm = b9d+4 ,next ! signatures are sew$ & ! book is trimm$ s ! edges w be ev54 ,if ! edges are to be gild$1 ! book is put 9 a gild+ press & a skillful workman cov]s ! edges ) a siz+ made ( ! :ite ( eggs4 ,gold leaf is !n laid ^u !m & !y are burni%$ ) tools head$ ) agate & blood/one or in/rum5ts ( v>i\s sorts until !y are bright4 ,sometimes ! edges are m>bl$1 & ?is is an int]e/+ process to wat*4 ,on ! surface ( a vat ( ?9 siz+ ! m>bl] drops a little ( _m colors ( pa9t4 ,!n he draws a comb lightly across ! surface1 mak+ all sorts ( odd figures1 no two alike4 ,! book is held tight & ! edges are all[$ to t\* ! siz+4 ,all ^! odd figures are n[ transf]r$ to ! edges ( ! leaves & w /& a va/ am\nt ( h>d use be=e !y w we> (f4 ,?us f> ! book is flat at ! edges ( ! leaves & at ! back4 ,books are sometimes b\nd 9 ?is way1 b ! backs are usually r\nd$ into an outw>d curve1 & ! fronts into an inw>d curve4 ,?is is done by a ma*9e4 ,at ea* end ( ! outw>d curve a deep groove is press$ to receive ! cov]4 ,to make ! cov]s ( a clo?-b\nd book1 two pieces ( pa/ebo>d ( ! "r size are cut & laid ^u a piece ( clo? coat$ ) glue4 ,! edges ( ! clo? are turn$ ov] & press$ d[n1 z y c (t5 see if ! pap] l9+ ( ! cov] is n too heavy4 ,! cov] ne$s n[ only its decorations to be complete4 ,a die is made = ^!1 & ! lett]+ & ornam5tation are /amp$ on 9 colors4 ,if m ?an "o color is us$1 a sep>ate die has to be made = ea*4 ,if ?is "w is to be done 9 gold1 ! design is /amp$ on lightly & siz+ made ( :ite ( eggs is bru%$ on :]ev] ! gold is to come4 ,gold leaf is laid ^u ?is siz+1 & ! cov] is /amp$ aga94 ,! same die is us$1 b ?is "t x is hot en\gh to make ! gold & egg /ick firmly to ! cov]4 ,to put ! cov] on1 a piece ( musl9 call$ a sup] is glu$ to ! back ( ! book ) its ends project+ ov] ! sides1 & a /rip ( c>tridge pap] is glu$ ov] ! sup]4 ,!n ! book is pa/$ into ! cov]4 ,x is n[ kept "u heavy pressure = a numb] ( h\rs until x is ?or\ghly dry & ready to be s5t away = sale4 ,s x is t a well-made clo?-b\nd book is manufactur$4 ,lea!r-b\nd books are m exp5sive1 n only because _! mat]ials co/ m1 b also because ! great] "p ( ! "w ( b9d+ & decorat+ has to be done by h&4 ,if a book is to be illu/rat$1 ?is mu/ also be att5d$ to1 ! numb] & /yle ( ! pictures decid$ ^u1 & ! arti/ engag$ be=e ! book is put 9 press1 9 ord] t !re may be no delay 9 complet+ x4 ,_m publi%]s d n pr9t at all1 b h _! "w done at "s pr9t+ e/abli%m5t4 ,:]e all ! mak+ ( a book1 h[ev]1 f manuscript to cov]1 is 9 ! h&s ( "o firm1 !re is a c]ta9 fell[-feel+ among ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 & a :olesome pride 9 mak+ ea* "o ( our books z excell5t z possible 9 e detail4 ,z "o ( ! wom5 work]s 9 su* an e/abli%m5t said to me1 ,i (t5 ?9k t we become almo/ z int]e/$ 9 a book z ! au?or is4 ,,vi ,,f ,,goose ,,quills ,,to ,,f\nta9 ,,p5s ,,& ,,lead ,,p5cils ,:5ev] !re 0 a conv5i5t goosepond on ! way to s*ool1 ! *ildr5 ( less ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ago us$ to /op !re to hunt = goose quills4 ,!y c>ri$ ^! to ! tea*]1 & ) 8 p5knife--:i* took its "n f ! "w x did--he cut !m into ! %ape ( p5s4 ,! po9ts soon wore out1 & ,tea*]1 w y please m5d my p58 0 a frequ5t reque/4 ,:5 p began to make p5s ( /eel1 !y made !m z ne>ly l quill p5s z possible1 ) p5 & hold] all 9 "o4 ,^! 7 call$ b>rel p5s4 ,!y 7 /iff1 h>d1 & exp5sive1 especially z ! :ole ?+ 0 useless z soon z ! p5 0 worn out1 b !y 7 highly e/eem$ because !y la/$ long] ?an quills & did n h to be m5d$4 ,aft] a :ile sep>ate p5s 7 manufactur$ t c\ld be slipp$ into a hold]2 & "o improvem5t aft] ano!r foll[$ until little by little ! *eap1 conv5i5t writ+ tool t we h to-day 0 produc$4 ,a p5 is a small ?+1 b ea* "o is work$ ^u by tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r p]sons be=e x is all[$ to be sold4 ,! mat]ial is ! be/ /eel4 ,x comes 9 %eets five feet long & n9ete5 in*es wide1 & ab\t "o =tie? ( an in* ?ick1 t is1 ?ree times z ?ick z ! f9i%$ p54 ,! fir/ ma*9e cuts ! %eet crosswise into /rips f two to ?ree in*es wide1 v>y+ accord+ to ! size ( ! p5 to be made4 ,^! /rips are put into iron boxes & kept at a r$ heat = a numb] ( h\rs to anneal or s(t5 !m4 ,!n !y pass betwe5 heavy roll]s1 a process :i* n only helps to t\gh5 !m1 b also /ret*es ! /eel s t x is n[ fifty in*es long in/ead ( n9ete54 ,at lea/ six or sev5 p h h&l$ ! mat]ial already1 & ev5 n[ !re is no?+ t looks l p5s2 b ! next ma*9e cuts !m out1 by dies1 ( c\rse4 ,! po9ts int]lap2 & ! cutt+ leaves odd-%ap$ op5work /rips ( /eel = ! scrap-heap4 ,?is "p ( ! "w is v quick1 = ! ma*9e w cut ?\s&s ( p5s 9 an h\r4 ,n[ is :5 ! little hole above ! slit is pun*$ & ! side slits cut4 ,to make ! /eel s(t & pliable1 x mu/ be anneal$ aga91 kept r$ hot = sev]al h\rs1 & !n cool$4 ,?us f> x has look$ l a t9y f5ce pal+1 b at l5g? x beg9s to resemble a p51 = x is n[ /amp$ ) :atev] lett]s or designs may be desir$1 usually ! "n ( ! mak] & ! "n & numb] ( ! v>iety ( p51 & x is press$ betwe5 a pair ( dies to =m x into a curve4 ,! la/ anneal+ left ! metal s(t s t all ?is c\ld be done1 b too s(t to "w well z a p52 & x has to be heat$ r$ hot aga91 & !n dropp$ into cold oil to h>d5 x4 ,c5trifugal =ce1 :i* helps 9 s _m manufactures1 drives ! oil away1 & ! p5s are dri$ 9 sawdu/4 ,!y are n[ suffici5tly h>d1 b too brittle4 ,!y mu/ be temp]$4 ,to d ?is1 !y are plac$ 9 an iron cyl9d] ov] a fire1 & ! cyl9d] revolv$ till ! p5 is z ela/ic z a spr+4 ,! p5 is ( ! correct %ape1 is t\gh & ela/ic2 & n[ x is put into tumbl+ b>rels :i* revolve till x is bright & ready = ! f9i%+ t\*es4 ,if y look closely at ! outside ( a /eel p5 j above ! nib1 y w see t across x run t9y l9es4 ,!y h a use1 = !y hold ! ink back s t x w n roll d[n 9 drops1 & !y help to make ! po9t m spr+y & easi] to write )4 ,! p5 mu/ be slit up f ! po9t4 ,?is is done by a ma*9e1 & a mo/ accurate "o1 = ! cut mu/ g exactly ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! po9t & n rea* beyond ! little hole t 0 pun*$4 ,only "o ?+ is lack+ n[ to make ! p5 a useful memb] ( society1 ready to d its "w 9 ! _w2 & t is to gr9d (f ! po9ts & r\nd !m 9 ord] to keep !m f /ick+ into ! pap]4 ,aft] s mu* c>eful "w1 x does seem z if n "o p5 out ( a ?\s& c\ld be faulty2 b e "o has to be c>efully exam9$ to make sure t ! cutt+1 pi]c+1 m>k+1 =m+1 temp]+1 gr9d+1 & slitt+1 are j :at !y %\ld be4 ,^! p5s c>ry ! mak]'s "n1 & a few poor ones gett+ into ! m>ket might spoil ! sale ( ?\s&s ( boxes2 !re=e ! exam9] sits be=e a desk cov]$ ) black glass & looks at e p54 ,! faulty ones are heat$ s t !y _c be us$1 & !y g to ! scrap-heap4 ,n[ ! p5s are ready s f> z usefulness goes1 b p h pref]5ces 9 color4 ,"s pref] bronze1 "s gray1 & "s black2 s (f ! p5s g to ! temp]+-room1 _! la/ trip1 & !re are heat$ 9 a revolv+ cyl9d] till ! "r color appe>s2 !n !y are *ill$ & lacqu]$1 put into boxes1 label$1 pack$1 & sold = su* l[ prices t ! good folk ( a c5tury ago1 :o paid f tw5ty-five to fifty c5ts = a p51 w\ld h op5$ _! eyes 9 amazem5t4 ,:5 ! typewrit] 0 inv5t$1 "s p said1 ,t w be ! dea? ( ! /eel p52 b z a matt] ( fact1 x has greatly increas$ its sale4 ,! typewrit] makes writ+ s easy & s quick t _m m lett]s are writt5 ?an =m]ly4 ,all ^! lett]s h to be answ]$1 & few p comp>$ ) ! :ole numb] own typewrit]s1 & !re=e ! p5 /ill holds its place4 ,! lacqu] on a /eel p5 protects x until x has be5 us$ = a :ile4 ,aft] t1 x w ru/1 if x is n wip$1 & x w we> out :e!r x is wip$ or n4 ,all t ! gold p5 asks is n to be b5t or brok51 & x w la/ almo/ =ev]4 ,x has ! flexibility ( ! quill1 b does n h to be m5d$4 ,gold p5s are made 9 mu* ! same way z are /eel p5s2 b j at ! po9t a t9y %elf is squeez$4 ,^u ?is %elf a bit ( ! alloy ( two exce$+ly h>d metals1 iridium & osmium1 is secur$ by melt+ ! gold ar\nd x2 & x is ?is bit :i* /&s all ! we> ( rubb+ on ! pap]4 ,:5 gold p5s 7 fir/ made1 t9y bits ( diamonds or rubies 7 sold]$ on = po9ts2 b !y 7 exp5sive1 & !y _h a disagreeable fa%ion ( fall+ (f4 ,a c5tury ago1 writ]s w\ld h ?\ght x ! height ( luxury to h a gold p52 b n[ !y are n satisfi$ unless !y c be sav$ ! tr\ble ( dipp+ x into an ink/&1 & !y look ^u ! f\nta9 p5 z _! special fri5d4 ,! f\nta9 p5 c>ries its supplies ) x4 ,! p5 itself is l any o!r gold p51 b ! b>rel is full ( ink4 ,a little tube c>ries ! ink to ! po9t1 & ! slight b5d+ back ( ! p5 z "o writes lets x run out ^u ! pap]4 ,at ! end ( ! slit1 at ! back ( ! p51 is a hole to let air into ! b>rel z ! ink runs out4 ,a p]fect f\nta9 p5 ought to be prep>$ to write--)\t %ak+--:5ev] ! cap is tak5 (f1 & n to refuse to "w s long z a drop ( ink rema9s 9 ! b>rel4 ,x %\ld nev] drop ink at ! po9t &1 :e!r ! po9t is up or d[n1 x %\ld nev] leak !re or any:]e else4 ,! /ylographic p5 is q a diff]5t article4 ,!re is no p5 to x2 ! writ+ is done ) ! end ( a ne$le :i* projects ?r\gh a hole at ! po9t4 ,! b>rel & po9t are full ( ink2 b ev5 if ! p5 is held po9t d[n1 x w n leak because ! ne$le fills up ! hole4 ,:5 y press ! po9t on pap] to write1 ! ne$le falls back j en\gh to let out :at ink is ne$$4 ,! fl[ /ops ! in/ant ! p5 ceases to t\* ! pap]4 ,! special advantage ( ! /ylographic is t ! m]e weight ( ! p5 is suffici5t pressure1 & !re=e _m h\rs ( writ+ d n tire ! muscles ( ! h&4 ,! advantage ( ! f\nta9 p5 is t x has ! famili> action ( ! gold p51 & t x w adapt itself to any /yle ( h&writ+4 ,a p5 ( almo/ any k9d is a valuable article1 b = r\gh-&-ready use we %\ld f9d x h>d to get on )\t its humble fri5d1 ! lead p5cil4 ,a lead p5cil1 by ! way1 has n a p>ticle ( lead 9 x4 ,! lead is all graphite1 or plumbago4 ,ye>s ago /icks ( lead 7 us$ = m>k+1 & made a pale-gray l9e4 ,:5 graphite 0 introduc$1 its m>k 0 s black t p call$ x black lead1 & ! "n has /uck4 ,no "o :o has ev] tri$ to use a p5cil ( real lead c\ld fail to appreciate graphite1 & :5 a graphite m9e 0 discov]$ 9 ,engl&1 x 0 gu>d$ by arm$ m5 z wat*fully z if x _h be5 a m9e ( diamonds4 ,t m9e 0 exhau/$ long ago1 b _m o!rs h be5 f\nd4 ,! be/ graphite 9 ! _w comes f ,ceylon & ,mexico4 ,:5 graphite 0 fir/ us$ = p5cils1 x 0 cut into slabs & ^! slabs into small /rips4 ,! brok5 & p[d]$ graphite 0 n us$ until x 0 discov]$ t x c\ld be mix$ ) clay & s made into /icks4 ,9 a lead p5cil !re are only ?ree sub/ances1 graphite1 clay1 & wood1 b a really good "o mu/ be manufactur$ ) z mu* c>e z if x 7 made up ( tw5ty4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! graphite is gr\nd & gr\nd & gr\nd1 until1 if y take a p9* ( x betwe5 y\r ?umb & f+]1 y c h>dly feel t any?+ is !re4 ,x is n[ sift$ ?r\gh f9e silk & mix$ ) wat] & f9ely p[d]$ clay1 & becomes a wet1 inky mass4 ,?is clay comes f ,au/ria & ,bohemia & is p>ticul>ly smoo? & f9e4 ,! am\nt put 9 is c>efully weigh$4 ,if y h a h>d p5cil1 x 0 made by us+ consid]able clay2 if y\r p5cil is s(t1 by us+ v little2 & if x is v s(t & black1 x is possible t a little lampblack 0 add$4 ,?is inky mass is gr\nd toge!r betwe5 mill/ones = sev]al weeks4 ,!n x goes betwe5 roll]s1 & at l5g? is squeez$ ?r\gh a die & comes out 9 s(t1 d\ghy black /r+s4 ,^! are ! leads ( ! p5cils4 ,!y h be5 ?or\ghly wet1 & n[ !y mu/ be made ?or\ghly dry4 ,!y are laid on bo>ds1 !n tak5 (f1 cut into pieces ! l5g? ( a p5cil1 & put into ov5s & bak$ = h\rs 9 a heat tw5ty times z great z t ( a hot summ] day4 ,!y c]ta9ly ought to be well dri$ & ready = ! wood4 ,! r$ c$> ( ,florida1 ,t5nessee1 ,georgia1 & ,alabama is ! be/ wood = p5cils because x is s(t & has a f9e1 /raight gra94 ,x is cut into slabs ab\t z long z "o p5cil1 z wide z six1 & a little ?ick] ?an half a p5cil4 ,e piece mu/ be exam9$ to make sure t x is p]fect1 & x mu/ be ?or\ghly season$ & kiln-dri$ to free x f oil4 ,!n x goes ?r\gh a groov+-ma*9e :i* cuts out a groove half z deep z ! lead4 ,! lead is laid into "o piece1 ano!r is glu$ on top ( x2 & !re is a p5cil ready = "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,joseph ,dixon ,crucible ,co4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,lead ,,gets ,,into ,a ,,p5cil 7#a7 ,! c$> slab4 7#b7 ,plan$ & groov$4 7#c7 ,! leads 9 place4 7#d7 ,cov]$ ) ! o!r half ( ! slab4 7#e7 ,! r\nd p5cils cut out4 7#f7 ,! p5cil sep>at$ & smoo!d4 7#g7 ,! p5cil v>ni%$ & /amp$4 ,su* a p5cil w\ld be useful1 b to sell well x mu/ also be pretty2 & !re=e x goes ?r\gh ma*9]y :i* makes x r\nd or oval or six-sid$1 z ! case may be1 rubs x smoo?1 & v>ni%es x1 & !n1 ) gold leaf or silv] leaf or alum9um or ink1 /amps ^u x ! "n ( ! mak]1 & also a numb] or lett] to %[ h[ h>d ! lead is4 ,! p5cil is n[ ready = sale1 b _m p l to h an eras] 9 ! end1 & ?is requires /ill m "w4 ,^! eras]s are r\nd or flat or six-sid$ or w$ge-%ap$4 ,!y are let into ! p5cil itself1 or into a nickel tip1 or drawn ov] ! end l a cap1 s t any "o's special :im may be gratifi$4 ,inde$1 h[ev] h>d to please any "o may be1 he ought to be able to f9d a p5cil to suit 8 ta/e1 = a s+le factory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates makes m ?an six hundr$ k9ds ( p5cils1 & makes s _m ( !m t if !y 7 laid end to end !y w\ld rea* ?ree times across ! cont95t4 ,!re are _m exce$+ly *eap p5cils1 b !y are exp5sive 9 ! end1 because !y are poorly made4 ,! wood w (t5 split 9 %>p5+1 & ! lead is ( poor mat]ials s badly mix$ t x may write black] 9 "o place ?an ano!r1 & is almo/ sure to break4 ,good p5cils be>+ ! "n ( a reliable firm are *eape/4 ,,vii ,,! ,,di%es ,,on ,,our ,,tables ,if any "o %\ld give y a lump ( clay & ask y to make a b[l1 h[ %\ld y set ab\t x8 ,! fir/ ?+ w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 to put x on a table s y c\ld "w on x ) bo? h&s4 ,y w\ld make a depression at ! top & pu% out ! sides & smoo? !m z be/ y c\ld4 ,x w\ld result 9 a r\gh1 unev5 sort ( b[l1 & be=e x 0 done1 y w\ld h made "o discov]y1 namely1 t if ! table only turn$ ar\nd 9 front ( y1 y c\ld see all sides ( ! b[l f ! same position1 & x w\ld be easi] to make x regul>4 ,?is is j :at ! pott]'s :eel does4 ,x is really two horizontal :eels4 ,! upp] "o is a disk a foot or two 9 diamet]4 ,?is is connect$ by a %aft ) ! l[] "o1 :i* is mu* l>g]4 ,:5 ! pott] 0 at "w at a :eel ( ?is sort1 he /ood on "o foot & turn$ ! l[] :eel ) ! o!r1 ?us sett+ ! upp] :eel 9 motion4 ,?is 0 call$ a kick-:eel4 ,z :eels are made n[1 ! pott] sits at 8 "w & turns ! :eel by means ( a treadle4 ,almo/ any k9d ( clay w make a di%1 b no "o k9d w make x s well t ! addition ( "s o!r k9d w\ld n improve x4 ,:atev] clays are *os51 !y mu/ be prep>$ ) great c>e to make sure t n "o gra9 9 !m is co>s] ?an any o!r4 ,sometimes "o w slip ?r\gh1 & y c see on ! f9i%$ di% :at a bad-look+ place x makes4 ,ev5 = ! co>se/ e>!nw>e1 su* z fl[]-pots1 ! moi/ clay is =c$ d[n a cyl9d] & ?r\gh a wire sieve2 & = /onew>e & porcela9 x has to g ?r\gh sev]al processes4 ,:5 fl9t & feldsp> are us$1 !y are gr\nd f9e at ! qu>ry4 ,on rea*+ ! factory1 !y are mix$ ) ! prop] quantities ( o!r clays--b 9 j :at proportions is "o ( ! secrets ( ! trade4 ,!n !y g into plung]s or blung]s1 great r\nd tanks ) arms ext5d+ f a %aft 9 ! c5t]4 ,! %aft revolves & ! arms beat ! clay till all ! s& & pebbles h settl$ on ! bottom1 & ! f9e clay gra9s are float+ 9 ! wat] above !m4 ,^! pass into canvas bags4 ,! wat] is =c$ out ?r\gh ! canvas1 & on e bag !re is left a ?9 %eet ( moi/ clay4 ,if ?is is to be us$ = ! f9e/ "w1 x is gr\nd & p\nd$ & wa%$ /ill m1 until x is a wond] t any ( x survives2 !n x is sift$ ?r\gh a scre5 s f9e t its me%es are only "o "o hundr$ & fiftie? ( an in* across4 ,n[ x becomes slip1 & aft] a little m beat+ & tumbl+ ab\t1 x is ready to g to ! man at ! :eel4 ,?is man is call$ ! ?r[]1 because he lifts ! lump ( clay above 8 head & ?r[s x d[n heavily ^u ! c5t] ( ! :eel4 ,! ?+s t happ5 to t lump ( clay :5 he t\*es x & ! :eel revolves seem l ! "w ( magic4 ,he presses 8 ?umbs into x f above & draws ! walls up betwe5 8 ?umbs & f+]s4 ,he clasps 8 h&s ar\nd x1 & x gr[s tall & sl5d]4 ,he lays 8 f+] on ! top ( ! little column ( clay1 & x flatt5s 9 a mom5t4 ,he po9ts 8 f+] at x1 b>ely t\*+ x1 & a little groove appe>s1 runn+ ar\nd ! :ole mass4 ,he seems to be wa/+ consid]able "t 9 play+ ) x1 b all ! :ile he is mak+ sure t ! clay is p]fectly uni=m & t !re are no bubbles ( air 9 x4 ,he holds a piece ( lea!r aga9/ ! outside surface & a wet sponge aga9/ ! inside1 to make !m p]fectly smoo?2 & 9 a mom5t he has made a b[l4 ,he holds 8 b5t f+] aga9/ ! top ( ! b[l1 & x becomes a vase4 ,) ano!r t\* ( 8 magical f+] ! top ( ! vase rolls ov] into a lip4 ,if he makes a cup or a mug1 he models a h&le 9 clay & fa/5s x 9 place ) slip4 ,:5 x is done1 he draws a wire deftly betwe5 ! article & ! table1 & puts x on a bo>d to dry4 ,:5 y wat* a pott] at "w1 x all looks s simple & easy t y feel sure y c\ld d x2 b see h[ skillfully he uses 8 h&s1 h[ /rong !y are1 & yet h[ li! & delicate 9 _! movem5ts4 ,see into :at odd positions he sometimes /ret*es !m2 & yet ^! are pla9ly ! only positions 9 :i* !y c\ld d _! "w4 ,see h[ e f+] does j :at he wi%es x to d4 ,notice all ^! ?+s1 & y w n be s c]ta9 t mak+ pott]y is ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,no two pieces ( h& "w are exactly ! same2 & skillful z ! pott] is1 8 pieces are n precisely alike4 ,_m ( !m !re=e are pass$ ov] to ! turn] = f9i%+4 ,he uses an ord9>y la!1 & ) ?is he ?9s any place t may be a little too ?ick1 r\nds ! edge1 & smoo?s x4 ,! article is p>tly dri$ :5 he takes x1 & s its walls c be cut ?9n]4 ,:5 x leaves 8 la!1 all signs ( h& "w h vani%$1 b ! di% is exactly l ! o!rs ( ! set1 & ?is is :at ! great] numb] ( p want4 ,9 "s pott]ies !re is h>dly a ?r[+ :eel 9 use1 & articles are =m$ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is m\lds4 ,!re are two ways ( us+ ^! m\lds4 ,by "o me?od1 ! m\ld is put ^u a jigg]1 a p[] ma*9e :i* keeps x revolv+1 & clay is press$ aga9/ its walls f )94 ,above ! m\ld is a piece ( iron cut 9 ! %ape ( ! inside curve ( ! b[l or :atev] is be+ made4 ,?is skims (f all ! extra clay f ! inside ( ! walls4 ,plates & sauc]s are made on a jigg]4 ,! m\ld us$ = ?is "w is a model ( ! top ( ! plate4 ,! workman makes a sort ( pancake ( clay & ?r[s x ^u ! m\ld4 ,a second m\ld1 %ap$ l half ( ! bottom ( ! plate1 is br\ght d[n close & revolves1 cutt+ (f all ! extra clay & %ap+ ! bottom ( ! plate4 ,:5 ! v f9e/ w>e is to be made1 ! m\ld is us$ 9 q ano!r fa%ion4 ,if a pit*]1 = in/ance1 is to be ca/1 ! m\ld is made 9 two sections & ti$ tightly toge!r4 ,!n ! slip is p\r$ into x & left = a :ile4 ,! pla/] ( ,p>is absorbs ! wat] & a lay] ( clay is =m$ all ab\t ! walls4 ,:5 ?is is ?ick en\gh1 ! liquid is p\r$ out1 & aft] ! pit*] has dri$ a:ile1 ! m\ld is c>efully op5$ & ! pit*] is v g5tly tak5 out4 ,! h&le is made 9 a little m\ld ( its own & fa/5$ on ) slip4 ,egg%ell porcela9 is made 9 ?is way4 ,! clay %ell becomes small] z x dries1 s !re is no tr\ble ab\t remov+ x f ! m\ld--if "o kn[s h[4 ,if a l>ge article is to be ca/1 ! m\ld is made 9 sections4 ,( c\rse ?is f9e w>e mu/ all be made by h&1 especially z ma*9es d n "w well ) ! f9e/ clays2 b *eap di%es are all made by ma*9]y4 ,aft] any clay article is ?r[n1 or m\ld$1 or ca/1 x is pass$ ?r\gh a little doorway & set ^u a %elf 9 a great revolv+ cage4 ,! air 9 ?is cage is kept at ab\t #he ,f42 b ?is heat is no?+ to :at is to foll[2 & aft] ! articles are ?or\ghly dry1 !y are plac$ 9 boxes ( co>se fire-clay1 :i* are call$ sagg]s1 pil$ up 9 a kiln1 ! doors are clos$1 & ! fires are light$4 ,= a day & night1 sometimes = two days & two nights1 ! fires burn4 ,! heat goes up to #bjjj or #bejj ,f4 ,e few h\rs te/ pieces1 :i* 7 put 9 = ?is purpose1 are tak5 out4 ,:5 !y are f\nd to be suffici5tly bak$1 ! fire-holes are brick$ up & ! furnace is left = two days long] to cool4 ,! w>e is !n call$ biscuit4 ,biscuit is dull & por\s4 ,x is soon to be glaz$1 b fir/ :atev] und]glaze decorat+ is desir$ may be done4 ,sometimes ! decorations are pa9t$ by h&1 & sometimes !y are pr9t$ on ?9 pap]1 laid ^u ! w>e1 & rubb$ s(tly till !y /ick fa/4 ,aft] a :ile ! pap] is pull$ (f1 b ! colors rema94 ,gold mu/ be appli$ ov] ! glaze1 & ! article fir$ a second "t4 ,aft] ?is decorat+1 ! w>e is g5]ally pass$ to a man :o /&s be=e a tub ( glaze1 & dips 9 ea* article1 ?\gh sometimes he /&s be=e ! pieces ( w>e & sprays !m ) an air bru%4 ,_m diff]5t k9ds ( glaze are us$1 made ( gr\nd fl9t1 feldsp>1 :ite clay1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,common sea salt works exce$+ly well1 n 9 liquid =m1 b ?r[n directly into ! fire4 ,! *ief ?+ to look out = 9 mak+ a glaze is to see t ! mat]ials 9 x are s ne>ly l ^? 9 ! w>e t !y w n contract unev5ly & make little cracks4 ,?is glaze is dri$ 9 a hot room1 !n look$ ov] by trimm]s1 :o scrape x (f f su* p>ts z ! feet ( cups & plates1 s t !y w n /ick to ! sagg]s 9 fir+4 ,besides ?is1 little props ( burn$ clay are us$ to hold ! di%es up & keep !m f t\*+ "o ano!r4 ,^! props h fanciful names1 su* z spurs1 /ilts1 cockspurs1 etc4 ,(t5 y c see on ! bottom ( a plate ! m>ks made by ^! supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,pott]y ,pieces ( co>se pott]y be+ deliv]$ to ! kiln = fir+4 ,! articles n[ are s5t to a kiln to be fir$4 ,:5 !y come out !re is ano!r *ance = decorat+1 = colors may be put on1 & ano!r fir+ w make !m look l und]glaze pa9t+ ,if ! decorator wi%es ! w>e to h ! appe>ance ( be+ ornam5t$ ) masses ( gold1 he c trace 8 design 9 yell[ pa/e1 fire x1 cov] x ) gold1 & fire x aga94 ,to make ! gilt-b& *9a s belov$ by ! good h\sewives ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! decorator puts ! plate ^u a horizontal :eel1 holds 8 bru% full ( gold aga9/ x1 & turns ! :eel sl[ly4 ,sometimes ! outl9es ( a design are pr9t$ & ! color+ put 9 by h&4 ,:5 broad b&s ( color are desir$ to be put ar\nd a plate or o!r article1 ! decorator sometimes bru%es on an adhesive oil :]e ! color is to g1 & pa9ts ! re/ ( ! plate ) "s wat]-color & sug>2 !n :5 ! oil is p>tly dry1 he du/s on ! color 9 ! =m ( p[d]4 ,a plunge into wat] w wa% away ! wat]-color & leave ! oil ) ! p[d] /ick+ to x4 ,%ad$ gr\ndwork is made ) an atomiz]4 ,inde$1 !re are almo/ z _m me?ods ( decorat+ w>es ( clay z !re are p]sons :o "w at x4 ,! results are :at might be expect$ f ! prices2 "s articles are s *eap & gaudy t any "o w soon tire ( !m4 ,o!rs are really arti/ic & w be a joy =ev]--until !y break4 ,,viii ,,h[ ,,! ,,:eels ,,( ,a ,,wat* ,,g ,,ar\nd ,if an electric automobile c\ld be *>g$ 9 fifte5 seconds & !n w\ld run = =ty h\rs )\t re*>g+1 x w\ld be look$ ^u z a great wond]2 b to w9d a wat* 9 fifte5 seconds & h x run = =ty h\rs is s common t we =get :at a wond] x is4 ,:5 y w9d y\r wat*1 y put "s ( ! /r5g? ( y\r own "r h& into x1 & t is :at makes x g4 ,e turn ( ! key or ! /em w9ds up tight] & tight] a spr+ f "o to two feet long1 b s sl5d] t x w\ld take ?\s&s to weigh a p\nd4 ,?is is ! ma9 spr+4 ,x is coil$ up 9 a cup-%ap$ piece ( metal call$ a b>rel2 & s y\r own en]gy is lit]ally b>rel$ up 9 y\r wat*4 ,! out] end ( ?is spr+ is held fa/ by a hook on ! inside ( ! b>rel2 ! inn] end is hook$ to ! hub ( a :eel :i* is call$ ! ma9 :eel1 & ar\nd ?is hub ! spr+ is coil$4 ,?is spr+ has ?ree ?+s to d4 ,x mu/ s5d ! %ort h&1 or h\r h&1 ar\nd ! dial or face ( ! wat*1 once 9 twelve h\rs2 x mu/ s5d ! long h&1 or m9ute h&1 ar\nd once an h\r2 & x mu/ also s5d ! little second h& ar\nd its own t9y circle once a m9ute4 ,to d ?is "w requires f\r :eels4 ,! fir/ or ma9 :eel is connect$ ) ! w9d+ arrangem5ts1 & sets 9 motion ! second1 or c5t] :eel1 s call$ because x is usually 9 ! c5t] ( ! wat*4 ,?is c5t] :eel revolves once an h\r & turns ! m9ute h&4 ,by a skillful arrangem5t ( cogs x also moves ! h\r h& ar\nd ! dial once 9 twelve h\rs4 ,! c5t] :eel moves ! ?ird :eel4 ,! *ief bus9ess ( ! ?ird :eel is to make ! f\r? turn 9 ! same direction z ! c5t] :eel4 ,! f\r? :eel revolves once a m9ute1 & ) x turns ! t9y second h&4 ,suppose t a wat* has be5 made ) only ! ma9 spr+1 ! f\r :eels1 & ! ?ree h&s1 :at w\ld happ5 :5 x 0 w\nd8 ,y c tell v easily by w9d+ up a me*anical m\se or a tra9 ( c>s or any o!r toy t goes by a spr+4 ,x w g fa/ at fir/1 !n m & m sl[ly1 !n x w /op4 ,?is sort ( motion might d = a m\se1 b x w\ld n answ] = a wat*4 ,a wat* mu/ move ) /ead9ess & regul>ity4 ,to br+ ?is ab\t1 !re is a fif? :eel4 ,its fifte5 tee? are %ap$ l hooks1 & x has sev5 accompanim5ts1 ! balance :eel1 ! hair spr+1 & five o!rs4 ,?is :eel1 toge!r ) its accompanim5ts1 is able to /op ! motion ( ! wat* five times a second & />t x aga9 s quickly t we d n realize its hav+ be5 /opp$ at all4 ,a t9y arm holds ! :eel firmly1 & !n lets x escape4 ,!re=e1 ! fif? :eel & its accompanim5ts are call$ ! escapem5t4 ,?is cat*+ & lett+ g is :at makes ! tick+4 ,a wat* made 9 ?is way w\ld run v well until a hot day or a cold day came2 !n !re w\ld be tr\ble4 ,heat makes metals exp& & makes spr+s less ela/ic4 ,!re=e 9 a hot day ! wat* w\ld g m sl[ly & s lose "t2 :ile 9 a cold day x w\ld g too fa/ & w\ld ga9 "t4 ,?is fault is correct$ by ! balance1 a :eel ^: rim is n "o circle1 b two half-circles1 & s cunn+ly made t ! hott] ?is rim gr[s1 ! small] its diamet] becomes4 ,9 ! rim ( ! :eel are t9y holes into :i* screws may be screw$4 ,by add+ screws or tak+ "s away1 or *ang+ ! position ( "s ( !m1 ! movem5t ( ! wat* c be made to g fa/] or sl[]4 ,all ?is w\ld be difficult en\gh to manage if a wat* 0 z l>ge z a c>t :eel1 ) :eels a foot 9 diamet]2 b x does seem a m>vel h[ s _m k9ds ( :eels & screws & spr+s1 "o hundr$ & fifty 9 all1 c be put into a case sometimes n m ?an an in* 9 diamet]1 & c f9d room to "w2 & x is q z mu* ( a m>vel h[ !y c be manufactur$ & h&l$4 ,rememb]+ h[ accurate e piece mu/ be1 x is no wond] t 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e all ?is "w us$ to be done by h&1 a boy _h to g to a wat* s*ool = f\rte5 ye>s be=e he 0 consid]$ able to make a really f9e wat*4 ,he began at ! beg9n+ & 0 taught to make1 fir/1 wood5 h&les = 8 tools1 !n ! tools !mselves1 su* z files1 screw driv]s1 etc4 ,8 next "w 0 to make wood5 wat*cases z l>ge z d9n]-plates4 ,aft] ?is1 he 0 giv5 ! frame to :i* ! v>i\s :eels ( a wat* are fa/5$ & 0 taught h[ & :]e to drill ! holes = :eels & screws4 ,aft] lessons 9 mak+ ! f9] tools to be us$1 he 0 all[$ to make a wat* frame4 ,all ?is took sev]al ye>s1 = he _h to d ! same "w ov] & ov] until 8 tea*]s 7 satisfi$ ) x4 ,!n he 0 promot$ to ! second room4 ,"h he le>n$ to adju/ ! /em-w9d+ p>ts1 to d f9e cutt+ & fil+1 & to make wat*es t w\ld /rike ! h\r & ev5 ! m9ute4 ,room ?ree 0 call$ ! tra9 room1 because ! :eels ( a wat* are spok5 ( z ! tra94 ,! model wat* 9 ?is room 0 z l>ge z a sauc]4 ,! "y man _h to /udy e detail ( ?is1 & also to le>n ! use ( a delicate little ma*9e do+ su* f9e "w t x c\ld cut tw5ty-f\r hundr$ t9y cogs on "o ( ! little :eels ( a wat*4 ,9 ! f\r? room he le>n$ to make ! escapem5t :eel & "s o!r p>ts2 & he _h to make !m1 n m]ely passably1 b excell5tly4 ,9 ! fif? & la/ room1 he mu/ d ! c>eful1 pati5t "w t makes a wat* g p]fectly4 ,!re are special little curves t mu/ be giv5 to ! hair spr+2 & ! screws on ! balance :eel mu/ be c>efully adju/$4 ,if ! wat* ran fa/] :5 x 0 ly+ d[n ?an :5 x 0 hang+ up1 he le>n$ t c]ta9 ones ( ! be>+s 7 too co>se & mu/ be made f9]4 ,9 %ort1 he mu/ be able to make a wat* t1 :e!r hang+ up or ly+ d[n1 & :e!r ! wea!r 0 hot or cold1 w\ld n v>y f correct "t m ?an two & a half seconds a day at ! mo/4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 0 ! /ud5t reg>d$ z a fir/-class wat*mak]4 ,! graduate ( su* a s*ool knew h[ to make a :ole wat*1 b he usually limit$ 8 "w to "s "o "p4 ,e "p ( a wat* 0 made expressly = t wat*1 b sometimes a hundr$ diff]5t p]sons work$ on x4 ,! v be/ ( ! ,swiss wat*es 7 exce$+ly good2 ! poore/ 7 v bad1 & mu* worse to own ?an a poor ,am]ican wat* because x co/s m to repair a ,swiss wat* ?an an ,am]ican wat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,wal?am ,wat* ,co4 ,,:]e ,,wat*es ,,are ,,made ,once a s+le man made a :ole wat* by h&4 ,n[ "o wat* may be ! product ( a hundr$ h&s1 ea* man do+ 8 p>ticul> "p4 ,ev5 ?\gh 9 ,am]ica ! p>ts ( wat*es are made by ma*9]y1 an appr5tice has to und]go j z c>eful & j z ext5d$ tra9+ "h z 9 ,switz]l&4 ,a poor wat* is worse ?an none at all1 & c>eless "w w\ld n be tol]at$ 9 any wat* factory4 ,( late ev5 ,switz]l& has be5 import+ ,am]ican ma*9]y 9 ord] to compete ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! ma*9es d su* c>eful1 m9ute1 intricate "w t1 z y /& & wat* !m1 y feel z if !y mu/ "k :at !y are ab\t4 ,"o ( !m takes ! frame1--t is1 ! plates to :i* ! :eels are fa/5$1--makes x ( ! prop] ?9ness1 cuts ! necess>y holes 9 x1 & passes x ov] to ! next ma*9e1 :i* is rea*+ out = x4 ,! fe$] gives ! fir/ ma*9e ano!r plate2 & s ! "w goes on d[n a :ole l9e ( ma*9es4 ,at l5g? ! plate is tak5 9 h& by a ma*9e1 or r a gr\p ( ma*9es1 :i* c d almo/ any?+4 ,be=e !y let x g1 !y actually p]=m "o hundr$ & =ty-two diff]5t op]ations1 ea* br++ x ne>] completion4 ,^! ma*9es are automatic1 b nev]!less !y mu/ be con/antly wat*$ by exp]t ma*9i/s to keep !m 9 ord] & make sure ( _! turn+ out p]fect "w4 ,:ile "o l9e ( ma*9es has be5 p]fect+ ! plate1 o!rs h be5 at "w on screws & :eels & spr+s4 ,z _m ( ^! z are ne$$ = "o wat* are put into a little division ( a tray & c>ri$ to ano!r room = its jewels & ! re/ ( its outfit4 ,! jewels1 :i* are pieces ( rubies1 sapphires1 g>nets1 or ev5 diamonds1 are v valuable to a wat*4 ,:5 y "k t ! little :eels are 9 con/ant motion1 & t ! balance :eel1 = in/ance1 vibrates eighte5 ?\s& times an h\r1 x is pla9 t a va/ am\nt ( we> comes ^u ! spot :]e ! pivots ( ^! :eels re/4 ,no metal c be made smoo? en\gh to prev5t friction1 & !re is no metal h>d en\gh to prev5t we>4 ,! jewels are smoo!r & h>d]4 ,!y are saw$ into slabs s ?9 t fifty ( !m pil$ up w\ld measure only an in*4 ,^! are /uck to blocks to be poli%$1 cut into disks flat on "o side b ) a little depression on ! o!r to receive oil1 bor$ ?r\gh ! c5t]1 & plac$ :]ev] ! we> is greate/--provid$ ! pur*as] is will+ to pay = !m4 ,a full-jewel$ wat* conta9s tw5ty-?ree jewels2 t is1 9 tw5ty-?ree ( ! places :]e ! mo/ sev]e we> comes1 or :]e friction might prev5t ! wat* f go+ ) p]fect smoo?ness1 !re w be practically no we> & no friction4 ,a l[-pric$ wat* conta9s only sev5 jewels1 b if y want a wat* to la/1 x pays to buy "o t is full-jewel$4 ,& n[ ^! plates & :eels & screws are to be put toge!r1 or assembl$1 z ?is "w is call$4 ,?is is a simple matt] j z soon z "o has le>n$ :]e ! diff]5t p>ts belong1 = !y are made by ma*9]y & are sure to fit4 ,aft] ! assembl+ comes ! adju/+ ( ! balance :eel & ! hair spr+4 ,!re is no?+ simple ab\t ?is "w1 = ! t9y screws ) ! l>ge heads mu/ be put into ! rim ( ! balance :eel ) ! utmo/ c>e1 or else all ! o!r "w w be useless1 & ! wat* w n be a p]fect "t keep]2 t is1 "o t nei!r loses nor ga9s m ?an ?irty seconds a mon?4 ,x is said t ! e>lie/ wat*es made 9 ,europe co/ fifte5 hundr$ doll>s & took a ye> to make4 ,!re has always be5 a dem& = a *eap pocket timepiece1 & ( late ?is dem& has be5 satisfi$ by ! manufacture ( ! doll> wat*4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ?is is n a wat* at all1 b a small spr+ clock4 ,x has no jewels1 & its p>ts are /amp$ out ( %eets ( brass or /eel by ma*9]y4 ,! hair spr+s are made 9 coils ( eight & !n brok5 ap>t2 & ! ma9 spr+s are made by ! mile4 ,tw5ty holes are drill$ at a "t1 & ! factory 9 :i* doll> wat*es 7 fir/ manufactur$ is n[ able to turn out fifte5 ?\s& a day4 ,,ix ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,%oes ,did y ev] /op to ?9k h[ _m diff]5t qualities y expect 9 a %oe8 ,y want ! sole to be h>d & firm s z to protect y\r feet 9 r\gh walk+2 & also s(t & yield+ s z to feel spr+y & n bo>d-l4 ,y want ! upp] lea!r to keep ! cold air f com+ 92 & also por\s en\gh to let ! p]spiration out4 ,y\r feet are n exactly l ^? ( any "o else2 & yet y expect to f9d at any %oe /ore a com=table %oe ready-made4 ,y expect t %oe to come close to y\r foot1 & yet all[ y to move x ) p]fect fre$om4 ,y expect all ^! good qualities1 & :at is m rem>kable1 x does n seem difficult = mo/ p to get !m4 ,!re is an old say+1 ,to him :o we>s %oes1 ! :ole e>? is cov]$ ) lea!r2 & al?\gh _m diff]5t mat]ials h be5 tri$ 9 %oemak+1 lea!r is ! only "o t has prov$ satisfactory1 = ! sole ( ! %oe at lea/4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 rubb] & rubb] comb9ations & felts & felt comb9ations h be5 us$4 ,mo/ hides ( :i* soles are made come f ! l>ge beef pack+-h\ses or f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,goatsk9s come f ,africa & ,india4 ,! great] "p ( a hide is made up ( a sort ( gelat9e4 ,?is easily spoils1 & !re=e x has to be tann$2 t is1 soak$ 9 tann9 & wat]4 ,:5 a man set out to build a tann]y1 he us$ to g into ! woods :]e he c\ld be sure ( en\gh oak trees to supply him = _m ye>s ) ! b>k f :i* tann9 is made2 b x has be5 f\nd t ! b>k ( sev]al o!r k9ds ( trees1 su* z l>*1 *e/nut1 spruce1 p9e1 & hemlock1 w tan z well z t ( oak4 ,tann9 is n[ prep>$ 9 ! =e/ & br\ght to ! tann]s1 :o put _! tann]ies :]e !y please1 usually ne> "s l>ge city4 ,! hides are fir/ soak$ 9 wat]1 & e p>ticle ( fle% is scrap$ away4 ,!y are laid 9 heaps = a :ile1 !n hung 9 a w>m room till ! hair loos5s & c be easily remov$1 !n soak$ 9 tannic extract & wat]4 ,! tann9 unites ) ! gelat9e2 & ?us ! hide becomes lea!r4 ,?is process requires sev]al mon?s4 ,hides are also tann$ by ! use ( *emicals1 9 :at is call$ *rome tann+4 ,?is process requires only a few h\rs1 b x is exp5sive4 ,9 e>li] times ! %oemak] us$ to g f h\se to h\se ) 8 lap/one1 wax$ end1 awl1 & o!r tools4 ,! f>m] provid$ ! lea!r1 :i* he _h tann$ f ! hides ( 8 own cattle4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 manufactur]s c buy ! soles ( "o m]*ant1 ! heels ( ano!r1 ! box toe & /iff5+s ( ano!r1 & s on4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are _m factories :i* d no?+ b cut soles1 or r /amp !m out ) dies1 a hundr$ or m 9 a m9ute4 ,^! soles & also ! less heavy inn] soles g ?r\gh ma*9es t make all p>ts ( !m ( a uni=m ?ickness4 ,! travel+ %oemak] always hamm]$ 8 sole lea!r to make x we> bett]2 b n[ a mom5t betwe5 v heavy roll]s answ]s ! same purpose4 ,ano!r ma*9e splits ! inn] sole = p]haps a qu>t] ( an in* all ! way ar\nd1 & ?us makes a little lip to :i* to sew ! welt4 ,a numb] ( lay]s or lifts ( lea!r are cem5t$ toge!r = ! heel1 & are put "u heavy pressure4 ,! upp] p>ts ( a %oe1 ! upp]s1 z !y are call$1 are ! vamp or front ( ! %oe1 ! top1 ! tip1 & 79 a lac$ %oe7 ! tongue4 ,ne>ly all ! upp] lea!r t %[s :5 a %oe is on is made f ! hides ( cattle1 calves1 goats1 & %eep2 b besides ! p>ts t %[ !re are /iff5]s = ! box toe & ! c\nt]s to support ! qu>t]s ov] ! heel2 !re are l9+s1 & _m o!r necess>y f9d+s1 =ty-f\r p>ts 9 all 9 an ord9>y %oe4 ,mu* exp]im5t+ & m ?9k+ h gone into e "o ( ^! =ty-f\r p>ts2 & mu* rememb]+ t %oes h h>d] we> ?an any?+ else 9 "o's w>drobe4 ,! cotton l9+s1 = in/ance1 mu/ be wov5 9 a special way 9 ord] to make !m la/ & n rub up :5 !y are wet ) wat] or p]spiration4 ,!y are blea*$ ) ! utmo/ c>e n to weak5 !m1 & !y are s+$ betwe5 r$-hot copp] plates to remove all ! nap4 ,!n1 too1 a good deal ( metal is us$ 9 mak+ a %oe1 n only ! ornam5tal buckles on dress %oes & ! heavy1 useful buckles on /orm boots1 b v>i\s pieces t help to make ! %oe /rong & endur+4 ,!re are nails1 %anks to /r5g!n ! ar* ( ! %oe1 metal %anks to ! buttons1 & eyelets4 ,n _m ye>s ago1 eyelets soon wore brassy1 & !n ! %oe look$ old & *eap4 ,!y are n[ enamel$1 or ! top ( !m is made ( celluloid 9 a color to mat* ! %oe4 ,! tags on lac+s & ! hooks = hold+ lac+s are also enamel$4 ,a box-toe gum is us$ to support ! box-toe /iff5+4 ,cem5t cov]s ! /it*es2 & _m sorts ( black+ are us$ 9 f9i%+ ! "w4 ,x is by no means a simple op]ation to make a pair ( %oes4 ,at a busy %oe factory x is always tag day1 = :5 an ord] is receiv$1 ! fir/ /ep 9 fill+ x is to make out a tag or =m /at+ h[ ! %oe is to be made up & :5 x is to be f9i%$4 ,^! records are pres]v$1 & if a cu/om] writes1 ,s5d me #ajj pairs ( %oes l ^? ord]$ ,octob] #aj1 #aiaj1 ! manufactur] has only to read ! record 9 ord] to "k exactly :at is want$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,unit$ ,%oe ,m*y4 ,co4 ,,! ,,goodye> ,,pull+-,,ov] ,,ma*9e ,?is ma*9e co/ #a1ejj1jjj & five ye>s ( exp]im5t to p]fect4 ,x %apes ! =ep>t ( ! upp] ( a %oe ov] a wood5 la/4 ,next1 ! lea!r is select$1 fir/ grade or second grade1 accord+ to ! price to be paid4 ,! patt]ns = ! upp]s are n[ br\ght into play--&1 by ! way1 x is no small matt] to prep>e ! hundr$s ( patt]ns ne$$ = a new l9e ( %oes 9 all ! diff]5t wid?s & sizes4 ,9 "s factories ! cutt+ is done by ma*9]y2 9 o!rs ! upp] cutt] lays ! lea!r on a block & cuts ar\nd ! patt]n ) a small b v %>p knife4 ,x ne$s skill & judgm5t to be a cutt]2 = a c>eless workman c easily wa/e ! sk9s badly by n lay+ ! patt]ns on to ! be/ advantage4 ,:ile ?is "w is go+ on1 ! l9+s1 trimm+s1 soles1 & o!r p>ts are also be+ prep>$1 & all ^! _m pieces n[ meet 9 ! /it*+-room4 ,at ! fir/ glance1 x does n seem z if ! "r ones c\ld ev] come toge!r1 ev5 ?\gh !y are m>k$1 & sometimes x does happ5 t a #d;a vamp1 = in/ance1 is put ) #e;a qu>t]s1 & nobody kn[s ! diff]5ce until ! exp]i5c$ eye ( ! =eman notices t some?+ is wrong ) ! %oe4 ,! upp]s ( ! %oe are n[ /it*$ up1 & aft] a c>eful inspection1 !y are s5t on to ! la/+-room4 ,! la/ ( ! e>li] times 0 r\ghly :ittl$ out1 & x 0 ! same = bo? feet2 b ! la/ ( to-day is almo/ a "w ( art1 s c>efully is x made & poli%$4 ,! %oe manufactur]s jok+ly decl>e t la/s mu/ be *ang$ ?ree times a day 9 ord] to keep up ) ! fa%ions4 ,feet d n *ange 9 =m1 save :5 !y h be5 di/ort$ by badly %ap$ %oes2 b 9 spite ( ?is1 p insi/ ^u hav+ _! %oes long & n>r[1 or %ort & wide1 ) high heels or ) l[ heels1 ) broad toes or ) po9t$ toes1 z ! :im ( ! mom5t may be4 ,x really is a big problem = ! %oe manufactur]s to suit p's fancies & yet give !m "s degree ( com=t4 ,:ile ! upp]s are be+ /it*$1 ! soles & inn] soles & c\nt]s h be5 made ready & br\ght to ! la/+-room4 ,! toe /iff5]s & also ! c\nt]s are n[ cem5t$ into _! places4 ,! inn] sole is tack$ to ! la/1 & ! upp]s are put 9 place & held !re by a tack at ! heel4 ,?is is done by ma*9es2 b _! work+ is simple comp>$ ) t ( ! ma*9e :i* n[ takes *>ge ( ! half-made %oe4 ,?is ma*9e puts out /urdy little p9c]s :i* seize ! edge ( ! upp]s1 pull x smoo?ly & ev5ly into place1 & drive a tack f> en\gh 9 to keep x f slipp+4 ,n[ comes ! welt+4 ,a welt is a n>r[ /rip ( lea!r :i* is sew$ to ! l[] edge ( ! upp] all ! way ar\nd ! %oe except at ! heel4 ,?is br+s ! upp]1 ! lip ( ! inn] sole1 & ! welt toge!r4 ,! inside ( ! %oe is n[ smoo? & ev51 b ar\nd ! outside ( ! sole is ! ridge made by ! welt & ! sew+1 & )9 ! ridge a depression t mu/ be fill$ up4 ,t>r$ pap] or cork 9 a sort ( cem5t are us$ = ?is4 ,! %ank is fa/5$ into its place & ! welt made smoo? & ev54 ,! out] sole is coat$ ) rubb] cem5t1 put into position "u heavy pressure to %ape x exactly l ! sole ( ! la/1 & !n sew$ to ! welt4 ,if x 0 n = ! welt1 ! out] sole w\ld h to be sew$ directly to ! inn] sole4 ,! nail+ & pegg+ ( ! old-fa%ion$ %oemak] are also reproduc$ by ! mod]n ma*9e4 ,! %oe is /ill op5 at ! heel2 b n[ ! heel p>ts ( bo? sole & upp]s are fa/5$ toge!r2 ! edges h be5 nicely trimm$1 & next ! heels are nail$ to ! %oe by ano!r ma*9e :i* does ! "w at a bl[1 leav+ ! nails /&+ out a little bel[ ! l[e/ lift4 ,ano!r lift is =c$ ^u ^!2 & t is :y ! heel ( a new %oe %[s no signs ( nails4 ,! heel is trimm$1 & !n come ! f9al s&pap]+ & black5+4 ,! bottom ( a new %oe has a peculi> s(t1 velvety appe>ance & feel+2 & ?is is produc$ by rubb+ x ) f9e em]y pap] fa/5$ ^u a little rubb] pad4 ,a /amp+-ma*9e m>ks ! sole ) ! "n ( ! manufactur]4 ,la/ ( all1 ! %oe is put ^u a tree+ ma*9e1 :]e an iron foot /ret*es x into precisely ! %ape ( ! wood5 la/ on :i* x 0 made4 ,?is is ! me?od by :i* l>ge numb]s ( %oes are made1 b !re are _m details :i* diff]4 ,lac$ %oes mu/ h tongues z well z eyelets1 :ile button$ %oes mu/ h buttons & buttonholes4 ,turn$ %oes h no inn] sole1 b upp]s & out] sole are sew$ toge!r wrong side out & !n turn$4 ,9 %oemak+1 z 9 all o!r bus9ess1 if a manufactur] is to succe$1 he mu/ see t !re is no wa/e4 ,he has ( c\rse no use = a c>eless cutt]1 :o w\ld p]haps wa/e l>ge pieces ( lea!r2 b ev5 ! t9ie/ scraps are ( value = "s purpose4 ,!y c be treat$ ) *emicals1 s(t5$ by boil+1 & press$ into bo>ds or o!r articles or made into floor cov]+s4 ,at any rate1 !y mu/ be us$ = some?+4 ,no bus9ess is small en\gh or l>ge en\gh to endure wa/e4 ,x ,,9 ,,! ,,cotton ,,mill ,if y ravel a bit ( cotton clo?1 y w f9d t x is made up ( t9y ?reads1 "s go+ up & d[n1 & o!rs go+ f "r to left4 ,^! ?reads are rem>kably /rong = _! size4 ,look at "o "u a magnify+ glass1 9 a brilliant light1 & y w see t ! little fib]s ( :i* x is made %9e almo/ l glass4 ,exam9e x m closely1 & y w see t x is twi/$4 ,break x1 & y w f9d t x does n break (f %>p1 b r pulls ap>t1 leav+ _m fib]s /&+ out f bo? ends4 ,cotton comes to ! factory tightly press$ 9 bales1 & ! "w ( ! manufactur] is to make x into ^! little ?reads4 ,! bales are big1 weigh+ f\r or five hundr$ p\nds apiece4 ,!y are g5]ally some:at ragg$1 = !y are done up 9 co>se1 heavy jute4 ,! fir/ glance at an op5$ cotton bale is a little disc\rag+1 = x is n p]fectly clean by any means4 ,bits ( leaves & /ems are mix$ 9 ) ! cotton1 & ev5 "s ( ! small] se$s :i* h slipp$ ?r\gh ! g94 ,!re is du/1 & pl5ty ( x1 t ! co>se burlap has n kept out4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to loos5 ! cotton & make x clean4 ,great armfuls are ?r[n into a ma*9e call$ a bale-break]4 ,roll]s ) spikes1 blunt s z n to injure ! fib]1 cat* x up & te> ! lumps to pieces1 & beat]s toss x into a light1 foamy mass4 ,some?+ else happ5s to ! cotton :ile x is 9 ! ma*9e1 = a curr5t ( air is pass+ ?r\gh x all ! :ile1 & ?is bl[s out ! du/ & bits ( rubbi%4 ,?is curr5t is controll$ l ! draft ( a /ove1 & x is all[$ to be j /rong en\gh to draw ! cotton away f ! beat] :5 x has become light & op51 leav+ ! h>d] masses = m beat+4 ,:5 x comes out ( ! op5]1 x is 9 %eets or laps ?ree or f\r feet wide & only half an in* ?ick4 ,!y are :ite & fleecy & almo/ cl\dlike2 & s ?9 t any s& or brok5 leaves /ill rema9+ w drop out ( _! own weight4 ,9 ?is "w ! manufactur] has be5 aim+1 n only at clean+ ! cotton & mak+ x fluffy1 b also at mix+ x4 ,!re are _m sorts ( cotton1 "s ( long] or f9] or m curly or /rong] fib] ?an o!rs1 "s :ite & "s t+$ ) color2 b ! clo? wov5 ( cotton mu/ be uni=m2 !re=e all ^! k9ds mu/ be ?or\ghly mix$4 ,ev5 ! toss+ & turn+ & beat+ t x has already receiv$ is n en\gh1 & x has to g into a scut*]1 ?ree or f\r laps at a "t1 "o on top ( ano!r1 to h /ill m beat+ & du/+4 ,:5 x comes out1 x is 9 a long roll or %eet1 s ev5 t any y>d ( x w weigh v ne>ly ! same z any o!r y>d4 ,! fib]s1 h[ev]1 are ly+ e :i* way1 & be=e !y c be drawn out into ?read1 !y mu/ be made to lie p>allel4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t 9 "p by c>d+4 ,:5 p us$ to sp9 & weave 9 _! own h\ses1 !y us$ h& c>ds4 ,^! 7 some:at l bru%es = ! hair1 b in/ead ( bri/les !y _h wires %ap$ mu* z if wire hairp9s _h be5 b5t twice & put ?r\gh lea!r 9 su* a way z to =m hooks on "o side ( x4 ,?is lea!r 0 !n nail$ to a wood5 back & a h&le add$4 ,! c>d] took "o c>d 9 ea* h&1 & ) ! hooks po9t+ opposite ways bru%$ ! cotton betwe5 !m1 ?us mak+ ! fib]s lie p>allel4 ,?is is j :at is done 9 a mill1 only by ma*9]y1 ( c\rse4 ,in/ead ( ! little h& c>ds1 !re are great cyl9d]s cov]$ ) :at is call$ c>d clo?+2 t is1 canvas bri/l+ ) ! b5t wires1 six or sev5 hundr$ to ! squ>e in*4 ,?is takes ! place ( "o c>d4 ,! place ( ! o!r is fill$ by :at are call$ flats1 or n>r[ b>s ( iron cov]$ ) c>d clo?+4 ,! cyl9d]s move rapidly1 ! flats sl[ly1 & ! cotton passes betwe5 !m4 ,x comes out 9 a da9ty :ite film n s v mu* heavi] ?an a spid]'s web1 & s beautifully :ite & %9+ t x does n seem z if ! big1 oily1 noisy ma*9es c\ld ev] h produc$ x4 ,9 a mom5t1 h[ev]1 x is gone some:]e into ! dep?s ( ! ma*9e4 ,we h se5 ! la/ ( ! fleecy %eet1 = ! ma*9]y n>r[s x & r\nds x1 & :5 x comes into sight aga91 x looks l a s(t r\nd cord ab\t an in* ?ick1 & is coil$ up 9 cans ne>ly a y>d high4 ,?is cord is call$ sliv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,a ,,cotton ,,mill ,! sliv] com+ ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 & ! rov+ be+ twi/$ & w\nd on bobb9s4 ,! sliv] is n uni=m2 ev5 n[ its fib]s are n entirely p>allel1 & x is z weak z wet tissue pap]4 ,x n[ pays a visit to ! draw+-frame4 ,f\r or six sliv]s are put toge!r & run ?r\gh ?is frame4 ,!y g betwe5 f\r pairs ( roll]s1 ! fir/ pair mov+ sl[ly1 ! o!rs m rapidly4 ,! sl[ pair hold ! sliv]s back1 :ile ! fa/ "o pull !m on4 ,! result is t :5 ! sliv] comes out f ! roll]s1 its fib]s are mu* /raight]4 ,?is process is repeat$ sev]al times2 & at la/ :5 ! f9al sliv] comes out1 al?\gh x looks almo/ ! same z :5 x came f ! c>d+-ma*9e1 its fib]s are p>allel4 ,x is mu* m uni=m1 b x is v fragile1 & /ill has to be h&l$ ) great c>e4 ,x is n ne>ly /rong en\gh to be twi/$ into ?read2 & be=e ?is c be done1 x mu/ pass ?r\gh ?ree o!r ma*9es4 ,! fir/1 or slubb]1 gives x a v slight twi/1 j en\gh to sugge/ :at is com+ lat]1 & ( c\rse 9 do+ ?is makes x small]4 ,! cotton *anges its "n at e op]ation1 & n[ x is call$ rov+4 ,x has tak5 "o long /ep =w>d1 = n[ x is n coil$ up 9 cans1 b is w\nd on bobb9s1 or great spools4 ,! second ma*9e1 ! int]m$iate spe$]1 twi/s x a v little m & w9ds x on fre% bobb9s4 ,x also puts two rov+s toge!r1 s t if "o happ5s to be ?9 9 "o place1 !re is a *ance = x to be /r5g!n$ by a ?ick] place 9 ! o!r4 ,! ?ird ma*9e1 ! f9e spe$]1 simply makes a f9] rov+4 ,all ?is "w mu/ be done m]ely to prep>e ! raw cotton to be twi/$ into ! t9y ?reads t y see by ravel+ a piece ( cotton clo?4 ,n[ comes ! actual twi/+4 ,if y fa/5 "o end ( a v s(t /r+ & twi/ ! o!r & w9d x on a spool1 y w get a spool ( f9]1 /rong]1 & h>d]-twi/$ /r+ ?an y _h at fir/4 ,?is is exactly :at ! r+-sp9n] does4 ,imag9e a bobb9 full ( rov+ /&+ on a frame4 ,d[n bel[ x are "s rolls betwe5 :i* ! ?read f ! bobb9 passes to a second bobb9 :i* is fa/ on a sp9dle4 ,ar\nd ?is sp9dle is ! sp9n+-r+1 a r+ :i* is made to :irl ar\nd by an endless belt4 ,?is :irl+ twi/s ! ?read1 & ano!r "p ( ! ma*9e w9ds x ^u ! second bobb94 ,hundr$s ( ^! r+-sp9n]s & bobb9s are on a s+le sp9n+-frame & accompli% a great deal 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! ?reads t are to be us$ = ! weft or fill+ g directly into ! %uttles ( ! weav]s aft] be+ spun2 b ^? :i* are to be us$ = w>p are w\nd fir/ on spools1 !n on beams to g into ! loom4 ,little *ildr5 weave toge!r /rips ( pap]1 /raws1 & spl9ts1--ov] "o1 "u "o1--& ! weav+ ( pla9 cotton clo? is 9 pr9ciple no?+ m ?an ?is4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d 9 weav+ is to /ret* out ! w>p ev5ly4 ,?is w>p is simply _m hundr$s ( t9y ?reads z long z ! clo? is to be1 sometimes =ty or fifty y>ds4 ,!y mu/ be /ret*$ out side by side & close toge!r4 ,to make !m regul>1 !y are pass$ betwe5 ! tee? ( a sort ( upright comb2 !n !y are w\nd ^u ! loom beam1 a horizontal beam at ! back ( ! loom4 ,"h !y are z close toge!r z !y w be 9 ! clo?4 ,) a magnify+ glass x is easy to c\nt ! ?reads ( ! w>p 9 an in* ( clo?4 ,"s k9ds ( clo? h a hundr$ or ev5 m to ! in*4 ,9 ord] to make clo?1 ! weav] mu/ manage 9 "s way to l[] e o!r "o ( ^! little ?reads & run 8 %uttle ov] !m1 z ! *ildr5 d ! /rips ( pap] 9 _! pap] weav+4 ,!n he mu/ l[] ! o!r set & run ! %uttle ov] !m4 ,draw+ 9 makes ?is possible4 ,aft] ! ?reads leave ! beam1 !y are drawn ?r\gh ! h>nesses4 ,^! are hang+ frames1 "o 9 front ( ! o!r1 fill$ ) /iff1 p]p5dicul> ?reads or wires drawn tight1 & ) an eye 9 ea* ?read4 ,?r\gh ^! eyes ! ?reads ( ! w>p are drawn1 ! odd ones ?r\gh "o1 & ! ev5 ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,!n1 keep+ ! ?reads 9 ! same ord]1 !y pass ?r\gh ! tee? ( a re$1--t is1 a hang+ frame %ap$ l a great comb z long z ! loom is wide2 & la/1 !y are fa/5$ to ! front beam1 :i* runs 9 front ( ! weav]'s seat & on :i* ! clo? is to be roll$ :5 x has be5 wov54 ,ea* h>ness is connect$ ) a treadle4 ,! weav] puts 8 foot on ! treadle ( ! odd ?reads & presses !m d[n4 ,!n he s5ds 8 %uttle1 conta9+ a bobb9 full ( ?read1 slid+ across ov] ! odd ?reads & "u ! ev54 ,he puts 8 foot on ! treadle ( ! ev5 ?reads & s5ds ! %uttle back ov] ! ev5 & "u ! odd4 ,at ea* trip ( ! %uttle1 ! heavy re$ is drawn back t[>d ! weav] to pu% ! la/ ?read ( ! wo( or fill+ firmly into place4 ,?is is ! way clo? is wov5 9 ! h& looms :i* us$ to be 9 e h\sehold4 ,! p[] loom us$ 9 factories is1 ev5 9 its simple/ =m1 a complicat$ ma*9e2 b its pr9ciple is exactly ! same4 ,if colors are to be us$1 great c>e is ne$$ 9 arrang+ w>p & wo(4 ,if y ravel a piece ( *eck$ g+ham1 y w see t half ! w>p is :ite & half color$2 & t 9 putt+ 9 ! wo( or fill+1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! ?reads are :ite & an equal numb] are color$4 ,if y look closely at ! weav+ ( a tableclo?1 y w see t ! sat9-l figures are wov5 by br++ ! fill+ ?read n ov] "o & "u "o1 b (t5 ov] two or ?ree & "u "o4 ,9 drill+ or any o!r twill$ goods1 sev]al h>nesses h to be us$ because ! w>p ?read is n l[]$ directly 9 l9e ) ! "o prec$+1 b diagonally4 ,su* "w z ?is us$ to require a va/ am\nt ( skill & pati5ce2 b ! fam\s ,jacqu>d ma*9e w d x ) ease1 & w d m complicat$ weav+ ?an any "o ev] dream$ ( be=e its inv5tion1 = x w weave n only regul> figures ext5d+ across ! clo?1 b c be made to introduce clu/]s ( fl[]s1 a figure1 or a face :]ev] x is desir$4 ,by ! aid ( ?is1 e little w>p ?read or clu/] ( ?reads c be lift$ by its own hook$ wire )\t int]f]+ ) any o!r ?read4 ,c>ds ( pap] or ?9 metal are made = ea* patt]n1 leav+ a hole :]ev] ! hook is to slip ?r\gh & lift up a ?read4 ,aft] ! c>ds are once made1 ! "w is z easy z pla9 weav+2 b !re mu/ be a sep>ate c>d = e ?read ( fill+ 9 ! patt]n1 & sometimes a s+le design has requir$ z _m z ?irty ?\s& patt]n c>ds4 ,! ma*9es 9 a cotton mill are ! result ( exp]im5t+1 la/+ ?r\gh _m ye>s4 ,!y d n seem q s human z ^? :i* help to c>ry on "s p>ts ( o!r manufactures2 b !y are wond]fully +5i\s4 ,= in/ance1 ! sliv] is s light t x seems to h h>dly any weight1 b x balances a t9y support4 ,if ! sliv] breaks1 ! support falls1 & ?is /ops ! ma*9e4 ,aga91 if "o ( ! ?reads ( ! w>p breaks :5 x is be+ w\nd on ! beam1 a sl5d] b5t wire t has be5 hung on x falls4 ,x drops betwe5 two roll]s & /ops !m4 ,!n ! workman kn[s t some?+ is wrong1 & a glance w %[ :]e att5tion is ne$$4 ,success 9 a cotton mill dem&s con/ant att5tion to details4 ,a mill manag] :o has be5 v successful has giv5 to ^? ( less exp]i5ce "s wise directions ab\t runn+ a mill4 ,= "o ?+1 he rem9ds !m t build+ is exp5sive & t floor space c\nts4 ,if by re>rang+ looms space c be made = m sp9dles1 x is well wor? :ile to re>range4 ,he tells !m to /udy _! ma*9es & see :e!r !y are work+ s sl[ly t !y _c d z mu* z possible1 or s fa/ z to /ra9 ! "w4 ,he bids !m to keep _! ge>+s clean1 to be cle> & def9ite 9 _! ord]s1 & to read ! trade pap]s2 b above ev]y?+ else to look out = ! little ?+s1 a little leak 9 ! mill dam1 a little too mu* tightness 9 a belt1 or ! idl5ess ( j "o sp9dle4 ,h]e9 lies1 he says1 "o ( ! great diff]5ces betwe5 a successful & an unsuccessful sup]9t5d5t4 ,weav+ z practic$ 9 factories is a complicat$ bus9ess2 b :e!r x is done ) a simple h& loom 9 a cottage or ) a big p[] loom 9 a great factory1 !re are always ?ree movem5ts4 ,"o sep>ates ! w>p ?reads2 "o drives ! %uttle betwe5 !m2 & "o sw+s ! re$ aga9/ ! fill+ ?read j put 94 ,,xi ,,silkworms ,,& ,,_! ,,"w ,ab\t silk !re is some?+ p>ticul>ly agreeable4 ,!re are few p :o d n l ! %e5 ( a s(t silk1 ! sp>kle ( light on a taffeta1 & ! ri*ness ( ! silk t c /& alone4 ,its delicate ru/le is *>m+1 & ! feel ( x is a delight4 ,x has n ! *ill ( l951 ! deadness ( cotton1 or ! scrat*9ess ( wool54 ,x pleases ! eye1 ! e>1 & ! t\*4 ,! cat]pill>s ( a few butt]flies & ( _m mo?s are sp9n]s ( fib]s simil> to silk4 ,among ^! la/ is ! beautiful pale-gre5 lun> mo?4 ,spid]s sp9 a lu/r\s fib]1 & x is said t a lov] ( spid]s succe$$1 by a good deal ( pett+ & att5tion1 9 gett+ consid]able mat]ial f a company ( !m4 ,silkworms1 h[ev]1 are ! only provid]s ( real silk = ! _w4 ,once 9 a :ile gl[+ acc\nts are publi%$ ( ! ease ) :i* !y c be rais$ & ! am\nt ( money :i* c be made f !m ) v small capital4 ,?is bus9ess1 h[ev]1 l all o!r k9ds ( bus9ess1 requires close att5tion & skill if x is to be a success4 ,an exp]t has said t x ne$s m "t to build a spool ( silk ?an a locomotive4 ,! way to beg9 to raise silkworms is fir/ ( all to provide some?+ = !m to eat4 ,!y are v p>ticul> ab\t _! bill ( f>e4 ,! leaf ( ! osage orange w answ]1 b !y l mu* bett] ! leaf ( ! :ite mulb]ry4 ,!n s5d to a reliable deal] = a qu>t] ( an ounce ( silkworm eggs4 ,t s\nds l a small ord]1 b x w br+ y n9e or t5 ?\s& eggs1 ready to become /urdy little silkworms if all goes well ) !m4 ,put !m on a table ) a top ( wire nett+ cov]$ ) br[n pap]1 & keep !m com=tably w>m4 ,9 a week or two1 !re w appe> "s little worms ab\t an eigh? ( an in* long & cov]$ ) black hairs4 ,^! t9y worms h to become ?ree in*es or m 9 l5g?1 & !y are expect$ to accompli% ! feat 9 ab\t a mon?4 ,if a boy f\r feet tall %\ld gr[ at ! silkworm's rate = "o mon?1 he w\ld become =ty-eight feet tall4 ,x is no wond] t ! worms h to make a bus9ess ( eat+1 or t ! keep] has to make a bus9ess ( provid+ !m ) food4 ,!y eat mo/ ( ! "t1 & !y make a que] little crackl+ s\nd :ile !y are ab\t x4 ,!y h f f\r to eight meals a day ( mulb]ry leaves4 ,! worms f a qu>t] ( an ounce ( eggs beg9 ) "o p\nd a day1 & "w up to betwe5 =ty & fifty4 ,silkworms l pl5ty ( fre% air1 & if !y are to ?rive1 _! table mu/ be kept clean4 ,a good way to manage ?is is to put ov] !m pap] full ( holes l>ge en\gh = !m to climb ?r\gh4 ,lay ! leaves ^u ! pap]2 ! worms w come up ?r\gh ! holes to eat1 & ! litt] on _! table c be cle>$ away4 ,z ! worms gr[ l>g]1 ! holes mu/ be made l>g]4 ,x is no wond] t _! sk9s soon become too tight = !m4 ,!y actually lose _! appetite = a day or two1 & !y slip away to "s quiet corn] "u ! leaves1 & pla9ly wi% !re 7 no o!r worms to bo!r !m4 ,soon ! sk9 comes (f1 & !y make up = lo/ "t s en]getically t !y h to drop _! tight sk9s ?ree times m be=e !y are fully gr[n4 ,wet mulb]ry leaves mu/ n be giv5 !m1 or !y w become sick & die1 & !re w be an end ( ! silkworm bus9ess f t qu>t]-ounce ( eggs4 ,!y mu/ h pl5ty ( room on _! table z well z 9 _! sk9s4 ,at fir/ a tray or table two feet long & a little m ?an "o foot wide w be l>ge en\gh2 b :5 !y are full-gr[n1 !y w ne$ ab\t eighty squ>e feet ( table or %elves4 ,at sp9n+ "t1 ev5 ?is w n be en\gh4 ,aft] ! worms h %$ _! sk9s f\r times & !n eat5 z mu* z !y possibly c = eight or t5 days1 !y beg9 to feel z if !y _h _h en\gh4 ,!y n[ eat v little & really become small]4 ,!y are re/less & w&] ab\t4 ,n[ & !n !y ?r[ out ?reads ( silk z f9e z a spid]'s web4 ,!y "k exactly :at !y want2 ea* little worm wants to make a cocoon1 & all !y ask ( y is to give !m ! "r sort ( place to make x 94 ,:5 !y live out ( doors 9 fre$om1 !y fa/5 _! cocoons to twigs2 & if y wi% to give !m :at !y l be/1 get pl5ty ( dry twigs & weave !m toge!r 9 ar*es /&+ ov] ! %elves4 ,pretty soon y w see "o worm aft] ano!r climb up ! twigs & select a place = its cocoon4 ,be=e long x ?r[s out ?reads f its sp9n]et1 a t9y op5+ ne> ! m\?1 & makes a k9d ( net to support ! cocoon :i* x is ab\t to weave4 ,! silkworm may h seem$ gre$y1 b he did n eat "o leaf too mu* = ! task t lies be=e him4 ,!re is no?+ lazy ab\t him2 & n[ he works ) all 8 might1 mak+ 8 cocoon4 ,he beg9s at ! outside & %apes x l a p>ticul>ly plump peanut ( a cle>1 pale yell[4 ,! silk is /iff5$ ) a sort ( gum z x comes out ( ! sp9n]et4 ,! busy little worm works away1 lay+ its ?reads 9 place 9 ! =m ( a figure eight4 ,= "s "t ! cocoon is s ?9 t "o c wat* him4 ,x is calculat$ t 8 t9y head makes sixty-n9e movem5ts e m9ute4 ,! cov]+ gr[s ?ick] & ! room = ! silkworm gr[s small]4 ,aft] ab\t sev5ty-two h\rs1 put y\r e> to ! cocoon1 & if all is quiet )91 x is complet$ & ! worm is %ut up )9 x4 ,/range ?+s happ5 to him :ile he sleeps 9 ! quiet ( 8 silk5 b$1 = he becomes a dry br[n *rysalis )\t head or feet4 ,!n o!r ?+s ev5 m m>vel\s come to pass1 = 9 ab\t ?ree weeks ! little creature pu%es ! ?reads ap>t at "o end ( ! cocoon & comes out1 n a silkworm at all1 b a mo? ) head & w+s & legs & eyes4 ,?is mo? lays hundr$s ( eggs1 & 9 less ?an ?ree weeks x dies4 ,?is is :at ! silkworm w d if x is left alone2 b x is ! bus9ess ( ! silk-rais] to see t x is n left alone4 ,ab\t eight days aft] ! cocoon is begun1 x is /eam$ or bak$ to kill ! *rysalis s t x _c make its way out & s spoil ! silk4 ,! qu>t] ( an ounce ( eggs w make ab\t ?irty p\nds ( cocoons4 ,n[ is ! "t to be specially wat*ful1 = !re is no?+ 9 :i* rats & mice s delight z a plump1 sweet *rysalis2 & !y c>e no?+ :atev] = ! ?ree or f\r ?\s& y>ds ( silk t is w\nd ab\t ea* "o4 ,to take ?is silk (f is a delicate piece ( "w4 ,a s+le fib] is n mu* l>g] ?an ! ?read ( a cobweb1 & be=e ! silk c be us$1 sev]al ?reads mu/ be unit$ 9 "o4 ,fir/1 ! cocoon is soak$ 9 w>m wat] to loos5 ! gum t ! worm us$ to /ick its ?reads toge!r4 ,ends ( silk f half a doz5 or m cocoons are br\ght toge!r1 run ?r\gh a little hole 9 a guide1 & w\nd on a reel z "o ?read4 ,?is ne$s skill & practice1 = ! reel$ silk mu/ be kept ( ! same size4 ,! cocoon ?read is s sl5d] t1 ( c\rse1 x breaks v easily2 & :5 ?is happ5s1 ano!r ?read mu/ be piec$ on4 ,!n1 too1 ! inn] silk ( ! cocoon is f9] ?an ! out]2 s unless c>e is tak5 to add ?reads1 ! reel$ silk w be irregul>4 ,! wat] mu/ also be kept j w>m en\gh to s(t5 ! gum1 b n too hot4 ,! silk is tak5 (f ! reel1 & ! ske9s are pack$ up 9 bales z if x 7 ( no m value ?an cotton4 ,inde$1 x does n look ne>ly s pretty & attractive z a lap ( pure :ite cotton1 = x is /iff & gummy & has h>dly any lu/]4 ,n[ x is s5t to ! manufactur]4 ,x is soak$ 9 hot soapy wat] = sev]al h\rs1 & x is drawn betwe5 plates s close toge!r t1 :ile !y all[ ! silk to g ?r\gh1 !y w n p]mit ! lea/ bit ( r\ghness or dirt to pass4 ,if ! ?read breaks1 a t9y fall]1 su* z are us$ 9 cotton mills1 falls d[n & /ops ! ma*9e4 ,! silk mu/ n[ be twi/$1 subject$ to two or ?ree processes to increase its lu/]1 & dy$1--& if y w\ld l to feel z if y 7 pay+ a visit to a ra9b[1 g into a mill & wat* ! looms ) _! smoo?1 brilliant silks ( all ! colors t c be imag9$4 ,aft] ! silk is wov51 x is poli%$ on lu/]+ ma*9es1 s+$ to de/roy all bits ( free fib]s or l9t1 fre$ ( all ?reads t may project1 & sc\r$ if x is ( a light color2 !n sold4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,*5ey ,bros4 ,,h[ ,,spun ,,silk ,,is ,,made ,e manufactur] saves ev]y?+ he c1 & ev5 ! wa/e silk :i* _c be w\nd on reels is turn$ into a salable product ,! mo? ^: cocoon provides mo/ ( our silk is call$ ! bombyx mori4 ,!re are o!rs1 h[ev]1 & f "s ( ^! tussah silk1 ,yamamai1 & ,%antung pongee are wov54 ,^! wild mo?s produce a /rong] ?read1 b x is mu* less smoo? ?an t ( ! bombyx4 ,!re is also a great am\nt ( wood silk1 or artificial silk1 on ! m>ket4 ,to make ?is1 wood pulp is dissolv$ 9 e!r & squirt$ ?r\gh f9e jets into wat]4 ,x is soon h>d en\gh to be twi/$ into ?reads & wov54 ,x makes an imitation ( silk1 bright & lu/r\s1 b n we>+ s well z ! silk ( ! silkworm4 ,nev]!less1 = _m purposes x is us$ z a sub/itute = silk1 & _m braids & passem5t]ies are made ( x4 ,!n1 too1 !re are ! m]c]iz$ goods1 :i* (t5 closely resemble real silk1 al?\gh !re is n a ?read ( silk 9 !m4 ,x 0 discov]$ _m ye>s ago t if a piece ( cotton clo? 0 boil$ 9 cau/ic soda1 x w\ld become s(t & ?ick & bett] able to receive delicate dyes4 ,un=tunately1 x also %rank badly4 ,at l5g? x occurr$ to "s "o t ! clo? might be kept f %r9k+ by be+ /ret*$ out dur+ ! boil+ 9 soda4 ,he 0 delight$ to f9d t ?is process made x m brilliant ?an _m silks4 ,! ?reads t fa/5 ! cocoon to ! bu% & ^? 9 ! he>t ( ! cocoon are (t5 us$1 toge!r ) ! fib] f any cocoons ?r\gh :i* ! worms h made _! way out4 ,?is is real silk1 ( c\rse1 b x is made ( %ort fib]s :i* _c be w\nd4 ,x is c>d$ & spun & made into fabric call$ spun silk1 :i* is us$ ext5sively = ! heavi] classes ( goods4 ,!n1 too1 silks are (t5 weight$2 t is1 j be=e !y are dy$1 salts ( iron or t9 are add$4 ,"o p\nd ( silk w absorb two or ?ree p\nds ( ^! *emicals1 & w app>5tly be a heavy silk1 :ile x is really ?9 & poor4 ,moreov]1 ?is metallic weight+ rubs aga9/ ! silk fib] & my/]i\s holes soon beg9 to appe>4 ,a wise dry clean] w h no?+ to d ) su* silks1 le/ he %\ld be held responsible = ^! holes4 ,x is ?is weight+ :i* produces ! peculi> ru/le ( taffeta2 & if wom5 w\ld be satisfi$ ) a taffeta t 0 s(t & ?91 ! manufactur]s w\ld gladly leave out ! salts ( iron1 & ! silks w\ld we> mu* bett]4 ,cotton is seldom mix$ ) ! silk w>p ?read2 b x is us$ z fill+ 9 a l>ge class ( goods ) silk w>p4 ,! cu/om has aris5 ( adv]tis+ su* goods z silk1 :i* ( c\rse is n a fair description ( !m4 ,adv]tisem5ts sometimes give notice ( amaz+ sales ( ,%antung pongee1 :i* has be5 made 9 ,am]ican looms & is a v diff]5t article f ! import$ wild silk pongee4 ,) s _m %ams 9 ! m>ket1 h[ is a woman to "k :at %e is buy+ & :e!r x w we>8 ,!re are a few simple te/s t are helpful4 ,ravel a piece ( silk & exam9e ! w>p & wo(4 ,if !y are ( ne>ly ! same size1 ! silk is n s likely to split4 ,see h[ /rong ! ?read is4 ,burn a ?read4 ,if x burns ) a little flame1 x is cotton4 ,if x curls up & smells l burn+ wool1 x is probably silk4 ,ano!r te/ by fire is to burn a piece ( ! goods4 ,if x is silk1 x w curl up2 if x is heavily weight$1 x w keep its %ape4 ,if y boil a sample 9 cau/ic pota%1 all ! silk 9 x w dissolve1 b ! cotton w rema94 ,if ! :ole sample disappe>s1 y may be sure t x 0 all silk4 ,s(t1 f9ely wov5 silks are safe/ because !y w n hold s mu* weight+4 ,crpe de *9e is made ( a h>d twi/$ ?read & !re=e we>s well4 ,taffeta c c>ry a l>ge am\nt ( weight+1 & is always d\btful2 x may we> well1 & x may n4 ,!re is always a reason = a b>ga9 sale ( silks4 ,! /ore may wi% to cle> out a collection ( remnants or to get rid ( a l9e ( goods :i* are no long] to be c>ri$2 b aside f ?is1 !re is usually "s defect 9 ! goods !mselves or else !y h fail$ to please ! fa%ionable :im ( ! mom5t4 ,silk is always silk1 & if y want x1 y mu/ pay = x4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,"s illu/rations h be5 mov$ f _! orig9al locations to p>agraph breaks1 s z to be ne>] to _! correspond+ text1 or = ease ( docum5t navigation4