,transcriber's ,note ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected4 ,a list of corrections is found at the end of the text4 ,inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been maintained4 ,a list of inconsistently spelled and hyphenated words is found at the end of the text4 ,text surrounded by was printed in ,greek in the original text4 ,text surrounded by was printed in a black-letter typeface in the original4 ,the following codes are used for characters that are not present in the character set used for this version of the book4 99499 ,asterism ,dagger ,,hints ,,on ,,horsemanship4 ,illustration ,,hints ,,on ,,horsemanship1 ,,to ,a ,nephew and ,niece4 ,,by ,,an ,,officer ,,of ,,the ,,household ,,brigade ,,of ,,cavalry4 ,illustration ,,london4 ,,edward ,,moxon ,co4 ,,dover ,,street4 #ahfa4 ,,hints ,,on ,,horsemanship1 ,,to ,a ,nephew and ,niece2 ,,or1 ,,common ,,sense ,,and ,,common ,,errors ,,in ,,common ,,riding4 ,,by ,,colonel ,,george ,,greenwood1 ,,late ,,lieut4-,,col4 ,,commanding #b,,nd ,,life ,,guards4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,edward ,,moxon ,,co41 ,,dover ,,street4 #ahfa4 ,,london ,,bradbury ,,and ,,evans1 ,,printers1 ,,whitefriars4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,military ,,riding ,,not ,,fit ,,for ,,common ,,riding4 ,,page ,throughout ,europe there is only one style of riding taught #b ,that is the soldier's one-handed style #b ,two hands should be used to the reins #e ,a soldier's horse must turn on the wrong rein #g ,common riders generally turn their horses on the wrong rein #i ,result of this with colts or restive horses #aj ,indications are not aids #ab ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,holding ,,and ,,handling ,,the ,,reins4 ,reins at full length #ad ,the downward clutch #af ,the ,grecian mode of holding and handling the reins #ah ,the side clutch #bj ,the two reins crossed in one hand #ba ,a rein in each hand #bc ,turn to the right1 and left #bf ,the hunting hand #bf ,the rough-rider's hand #bg ,fixing the hands #bh ,use of both bridles at once #cj ,shortening the reins when held one in each hand1 system of taught1 and of untaught horsemen #cj ,use of the whip #cd ,horses swerve and turn only to the left #cd ,fault in the great untaught1 two-handed1 ,english rider #ce ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,of ,,indications4 ,retaining1 urging1 and guiding indications #cf ,to make a horse collect himself #cg ,canter1 right turn1 right pass #ch ,left shoulder in #ch ,bearing on the mouth #ci ,the horse must be made to collect himself in turning #db ,and should not be turned on one rein only #dc ,lady's canter #dd ,the quicker the pace1 the greater degree of collection #dd ,french and ,english mistake in this #de ,the shy horse #df ,the restive horse #dh ,truth may be paradoxical #di ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,mechanical ,,aid ,,of ,,the ,,rider4 ,the rider cannot raise the falling horse #ej ,harm is done by the attempt #ea ,the bearing-rein #ed ,mechanical assistance of the jockey to his horse #ef ,standing on the stirrups #eh ,difference between the gallop and the leap #eh ,steeple-chases and hurdle-races unfair on the horse #ei ,the rider should not attempt to lift his horse at a fence #fa ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,seat4 ,there is one direction which applies to all seats #fe ,different seats for different styles of riding #fe ,the mange and the ,eastern seats are the extremes #ff ,the long stirrup is necessary for cavalry to act in line #fg ,medium length of stirrup for common riding #fi ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,mounting ,,and ,,dismounting4 ,directions to place a lady in her saddle #gj ,directions to mount at a halt #ga ,to mount in movement #ga ,to dismount in movement #ga ,to vault on or over in movement #gb ,to vault on at a halt #gb ,circus for practising these movements #gb ,to pick a whip from the ground #gb ,to face about in the saddle #gc ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,bit4 ,place of the bit in the horse's mouth #gd ,principle of the bit #gd ,action of the common bit #gf ,action of the ,chifney bit #gg ,the loose eye #gg ,the nose-band #gg ,the horse's defence against the bit by the tongue #gh ,effect of the porte against this defence #gh ,defence of the horse by the lip #hj ,defence by the teeth #hj ,bar of the military and driving bit #ha ,martingale #ha ,danger does not result from power #hd ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,saddle ,,and ,,side-,,saddle4 ,a side-saddle should have no right hand pummel #hf ,the leaping-horn #hf ,surcingle #hh ,stirrup-leather #hi ,stirrup-iron #ij ,girthing #ij ,to avoid riding on the buckles of the girths #ia ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,short ,,rein4 ,the short rein should be used when one hand is occupied #ic ,its use to a soldier #id ,its use with the restive horse #id ,it should not be used in hunting1 or in swimming a horse #ie ,objection to it for common riding #ie ,used by postilion #ii ,short rein of the ,eastern horseman #if ,,chapter ,x4 ,,colt-,,breaking4 ,colt-breaking is the best possible lesson for the rider #ig ,the head-stall #ih ,the snaffle #ii ,longeing #aja ,saddling #ajb ,mounting #ajb ,sermon to the colt-breaker #ajc ,the noblest horse resists the most #ajc ,the horse has a natural right to resist #ajc ,the colt wants no suppling #aje ,he wants to be taught the meaning of your indications #aje ,and to be brought to obey them #aaj ,the leaping-bar #aaj ,fetch and carry #aac ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,horse ,,and ,,his ,,stable4 ,condition depends on food1 work1 and warmth #aae ,so does the difference between the breeds of horses #aaf ,the terseness of the ,arab is the result of hard food #aaf ,so is that of our thorough-bred horse #aag ,different breeds result from different natural conditions #aah ,crossing only necessary where natural conditions are against you #aai ,we do not attend enough to warmth #abj ,we should get fine winter coats by warmth1 instead of singeing #abj ,no fear of cold from fine coats #aba ,the horse's foot should be stopped with clay #aba ,the sore ridge #abb ,stable breast-plate #abd ,the head-stall #abe ,never physic1 bleed1 blister1 or fire your horse #abf ,food for condition #abf ,rest for strains #abf ,nature for wounds #abf ,miles for shoeing #abg ,the horse should have water always by him #abg ,and should stand loose #abh ,no galloping on hard ground1 either by master or man #abh ,he who cripples the horse kills him #abh ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,frontispiece ,to face ,title4 ,,vignette ,title4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4--,,strict ,,regimental #c #b4--,,varied ,,regimental #d #c4--,,reins ,,at ,,full ,,length #ae #d4--;,,down ,,clutch #ag #e4--;,,down ,,clutch1 ,,rein ,,in ,,each ,,hand #ah #f4--,,side ,,clutch #ai #g4--,,side ,,clutch1 ,,rein ,,in ,,each ,,hand #bj #h4--;,,cross #bb #i4--,,rein ,,in ,,each ,,hand #bc #aj4--,,turn ,,to ,,the ,,right #be #aa4--,,turn ,,to ,,the ,,left #bf #ab4--;,,hunting ,,gallop #bg #ac4--,,rough-,,rider #bh #ad4--;,,fixing ,,hands #bi ,,hints ,,on ,,horsemanship4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,military ,,riding ,,not ,,fit ,,for ,,common ,,riding4 ,throughout ,europe there is only one style of riding taught2 that is1 the soldier's one-handed style4--,two hands should be used to the reins4--,a soldier's horse must turn on the wrong rein4--,common riders generally turn their horses on the wrong rein4 ,result of this with colts or restive horses4--,indications are not aids4 ,when you wish to turn to the right pull the right rein stronger than the left4 ,this is common sense4 ,the common error is precisely the reverse4 ,the common error is1 when you wish to turn to the right to pass the hand to the right4 ,by this the right rein is slackened1 and the left rein is tightened1 across the horse's neck1 and the horse is required to turn to the right when the left rein is pulled4 ,it is to correct this common error1 this monstrous and perpetual source of bad riding and of bad usage to good animals1 that these pages are written4 ,sidenote3 ,only one style of riding taught4 ,sidenote3 ,that is1 a one-handed style4 ,england is the only ,european country which admits of more than one style of riding4 ,but in all ,europe1 even in ,england1 there is but one style of riding taught1 as a system2 that style is the mange or military style4 ,the military style is1 and must ever be essentially a one-handed style1 for the soldier must have his right hand at liberty for his weapons4 ,the recruit is indeed made to ride with a single snaffle in two hands1 but only as a preparatory step to the one-handed style4 ,his left hand then becomes his bridle hand1 and that hand must hold the reins in such a manner as will require the least possible aid from the sword hand to shorten them as occasion may require4 ,this is with the fourth finger only between them 7,fig4 #a74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,strict ,,regimental4 ,for these reasons1 as far as soldiers are concerned1 ,i do not see how the present system can be altered for the better1 unless it be by placing the three last fingers of the left hand between the reins 7,fig4 #b71 instead of the fourth finger only4 ,the reins held in this way are as easily and as quickly shortened1 by drawing them with the right hand through the left1 as if they were separated by the fourth finger only4 ,i always adopted this mode myself when my sword was in my hand2 and ,i should think it worth trial for all soldiers4 ,my two last chargers had been notoriously restive horses1 and ,i could not have ridden them in the strictly regimental mode4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,varied ,,regimental4 ,sidenote3 ,two hands should be used to the reins4 ,but ,i see no reason why1 because soldiers are compelled to guide their horses with the left hand only1 and with the fourth finger only between the reins1 that ladies and civilians should be condemned to the same system4 ,on the contrary1 ,i would have ladies as well as gentlemen use both hands to the reins1 whether of the curb or of the snaffle1 somewhat as the rough-rider or colt-breaker uses the reins of a single snaffle2 but the reins should enter the hands outside instead of inside the fourth fingers1 and they should quit the hands between the first and second fingers instead of between the first finger and thumb1 as will be explained in the next chapter4 ,fasten the end of a rein to the upper part of the back of a chair2 pull the reins enough to raise two of the legs off the ground1 and to keep the chair balanced on the other two4 ,take your reins as ladies and soldiers are taught to take them 7,fig4 #a71 both grasped in the left hand1 the fourth finger only between them1 and 7,i quote from the regulations of the ,english cavalry7 the top of the thumb firmly closed on them--the upper part of the arm hanging straight down from the shoulder--the left elbow lightly touching the hip--the lower part of the arm square to the upper--little finger on a level with the elbow--wrist rounded outwards--the back of the hand to the front--the thumb pointing across the body1 and three inches from it4 ,in this position we are taught that the little finger of the bridle-hand has four lines of action--first1 towards the breast 7to stop or rein back72 second1 towards the right shoulder 7to turn to the right72 third1 towards the left shoulder 7to turn to the left72 fourth1 towards the horse's head 7to advance74 ,try the second motion3 you will find it a very nice operation1 and that you are capable of shortening the right rein only in a very slight degree2 you will also find that1 if the hand ceases to be precisely opposite the centre of the body1 the moment it is passed to the right the right rein becomes slackened1 and the left rein is pulled4 ,this is still more the case when the horse's neck is between the reins2 the left rein is then instantly shortened across the neck4 ,sidenote3 ,a soldier's horse must turn on the wrong rein4 ,i will not assert that the art of riding thus is impossible1 though it has ever been so to me2 and though1 in my own experience1 ,i never saw a cavalry soldier1 rough-rider1 riding-master1 or any horseman whatever1 who turned his horse1 single-handed1 on the proper rein4 ,but ,i may assert that it is an exceedingly nice and delicate art4 ,it is the opera-dancing of riding4 ,and it would be as absurd to put the skill of its professors in requisition in common riding or across country1 as to require ,taglioni to chasser over a ploughed field4 ,for single-handed indications1 supposing them to be correctly given--which1 as ,i have said1 ,i have never known2 but supposing them to be correctly given--they are not sufficiently distinct to turn a horse1 except in a case of optimism4 ,that is1 supposing for a short time a perfectly broken horse1 in perfect temper1 perfectly on his haunches1 going perfectly up to his bit1 and on perfect ground4 ,without all these perfections--suppose even the circumstance of the horse being excited or alarmed1 or becoming violent from any other cause2 that he is sluggish or sullen2 that he stiffens his neck or pokes his nose--single-handed indications are worth nothing4 ,but as for riding a horse perfectly on his haunches through a long day's journey1 or in rough or deep ground1 or across country1 one might as well require infantry to make long forced marches at ordinary time1 and to strictly preserve their touch and dressing2 or1 still to compare it to opera-dancing1 ,coulon to go through a day's shooting with the pas de zephir4 ,but correct single-handed indications1 with the fourth finger only between the reins1 will not be obeyed by one horse in ten thousand4 ,try them in driving4 ,there the terret-pad prevents their being given incorrectly1 and a bearing-rein1 a severe bit1 and a whip1 give you every advantage in keeping your horse collected2 yet you will find them wholly inefficient4 ,the soldier1 who is compelled to turn to the right by word of command1 when the correct indication is unanswered1 in despair throws his hand to the right4 ,the consequence is1 that no horse is a good soldier's horse1 till he has been trained to turn on the wrong rein4 ,sidenote3 ,common riders turn on the wrong rein4 ,without the same excuse for it1 the same may be said of all ladies and civilians who ride with one hand only1 and of almost all who ride with two hands4 ,for1 strange to say1 in turning1 both hands are generally passed to the right or left1 and ,i have known many of what may be called the most perfect straight-forward hands2 that is1 men who on the turf would hold the most difficult three-year-old to the steady stroke of the two-mile course1 and place him as a winner to half-a-length--who in the hunting-field would ride the hottest1 or the most phlegmatic made hunter1 with equal skill1 through all difficulties of ground1 and over every species of fence1 with admirable precision and equality of hand--or who on the exercise ground would place his broken charger on his haunches1 and make him walk four miles an hour1 canter six and a half1 trot eight and a half1 and gallop eleven1 without being out in either pace a second of time1 but who marred all by the besetting sin of side-feeling--of turning the horse on the wrong rein4 ,the consequence is1 that they can ride nothing but what has been trained to answer the wrong indications4 ,sidenote3 ,result of this with colts or restive horses4 ,this is something like steaming without steering4 ,set them on a finely broken horse1 on a colt1 or a restive horse1 and they become helpless children--the powerless prisoners of the brutes they bestride4 ,how often does one see one's acquaintance in this distressing situation1 with courage enough to dare what man dare1 but without the power to do what the rough-rider has just done6 ,first comes the false indication of the rider1 then the confusion and hesitation of the horse2 next the violence of the rider2 then the despair and rebellion of the horse4 ,the finish is a fractured limb from a rear or a runaway4 ,the poor brute is set down as restive and in fact becomes more or less a misanthrope for the rest of his days4 ,i have seen the gentle and brave1 under such circumstances1 act very much like the cruel and cowardly2 that is to say1 first rough an innocent animal for their own fault1 and then yield to his resistance4 ,it is in consequence of this that we find so many restive horses2 that so few thorough-bred horses--that is1 horses of the highest courage--can be made hunters2 that1 in fact1 almost all high-couraged young horses become restive after leaving the colt-breaker's hands4 ,it is1 indeed1 in consequence of this that the class of people called colt-breakers exists at all4 ,for if we all rode on their principle1 which is the true principle1 any groom or moderately good rider could break any colt or ride any restive horse4 ,no horse becomes restive in the colt-breaker's hands2 nor do any remain so when placed in his hands4 ,the reason is that he invariably rides with one bridle and two hands1 instead of two bridles and one hand4 ,when he wishes to go to the right he pulls the right rein stronger than the left4 ,when he wishes to go to the left he pulls the left rein stronger than the right4 ,these are indications which1 if the colt will not obey1 he will at least understand1 the very first time that he is mounted1 and which the most obstinate will not long resist4 ,but as may be supposed1 it takes a long time to make him understand that he is to turn to the right when the left rein is pulled1 and to the left when the right rein is pulled4 ,and it is only the meek-spirited and docile who will do this at all4 ,such1 however1 is the general docility of the half-bred horse1 that a great proportion of them are1 after long ill-usage1 taught to answer these false indications1 in the same way that a carthorse is brought to turn right or left by the touch of the whip on the opposite side of the neck1 or the word of the driver2 and indeed such is the nicety to which it may be brought1 that you constantly hear people boast that their horses will turn by the weight of the reins on the neck4 ,this1 however1 only proves the docility of the horse1 and how badly he has been ridden4 ,for a horse which has been finely broken should take notice only of the indications of his rider's hands on his mouth1 not of any side-feeling of the reins against his neck4 ,sidenote3 ,indications are not aids4 ,by indications generally1 ,i mean the motions and applications of the hands1 legs1 and whip1 to direct and determine the paces1 turnings1 movements1 and carriage of the horse4 ,i have used the word throughout instead of aids1 as being more explanatory and certainly less liable to abuse4 ,for common sense tells us that a horse receives no aid from a pull in the mouth with a piece of iron1 or a blow with a whip1 or a kick in the side with an armed heel1 however these may indicate to him the wishes or commands of his rider4 ,i have also used the term bearing on the horse's mouth instead of appui1 since to those who do not understand ,french appui will convey no meaning at all1--and to those who do understand ,french it will convey the false ideas of the necessity and power of the rider to support his horse4 ,i promise my pupil every aid and support from his horse4 ,but ,i beg him not to think of offering either aid or support to his horse4 ,i beg him to believe that the horse carries the rider1 and not the rider the horse4 ,but this we will discuss in another chapter4 ,that the horse supports the rider is common sense3 that the rider supports the horse is the common error4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,holding ,,and ,,handling ,,the ,,reins4 ,reins at full length4--,the downward clutch4--,grecian mode of holding and handling the reins4--,the side-clutch4--,the two reins crossed in the hand4--,a rein in each hand4--,turn to the right1 and left4--,the hunting hand4--,the rough-rider's hand4--,fixing the hands4--,use of both bridles at once4--,shortening the reins when held1 one in each hand1 mode of taught and of untaught horsemen4--,use of the whip4--,horses swerve1 turn1 and refuse only to the left4--,fault in the great untaught1 ,english1 two-handed rider4 ,sidenote3 ,reins at full length4 ,to practise the indications of the hands1 take the bridle which is attached to the chair at full length 7,fig4 #c71 with the tips of the four fingers of the left hand between the reins at the centre1 the first and fourth fingers detached to facilitate their working on the rein proper to each2 the hand pendant1 with the back to the front1 and balance the chair on two legs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,reins ,,at ,,full ,,length4 ,if the length of the rein suits1 it may be so held in long rides when the horse is going quietly at an extended walk1 for directly as the slowness of the pace is the length of the horse1 and so should be the length of the rein4 ,the horse is at his greatest length when standing still1 and if you force him to collect himself then1 he will be uneasy and fidget4#af-99 ,but the reins must never be loose4 ,the bearing on the mouth1 however lightly1 must still be felt2 and if the horse1 in attempting to stare about1 as colts and ill-ridden horses will1 should throw his head to the right1 it must be stopped by the feeling of the tip of the fourth finger on the left rein2 if he throws his head to the left1 by the feeling of the first finger on the right rein4 ,but provided that the bearing on the horse's mouth1 and this power of keeping his head straight1 are preserved1 a horse cannot have too much liberty under the circumstances supposed4 ,to turn to the right both reins must be pulled1 the right the strongest1 by feeling the tip of the first finger towards you2 both legs must be pressed1 the left the strongest2 the whip shown on the left4 ,to turn to the left the reverse indications4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,down ,,clutch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,down ,,clutch1 ,,rein ,,in ,,each ,,hand4 ,sidenote3 ,down clutch4 ,sidenote3 ,grecian mode4 ,to take up the reins use the downward clutch#af- 7,fig4 #d72 that is1 place the two first fingers of the right hand between the reins at the greatest convenient distance1 and slide them smoothly back4 ,repeat this movement1 changing from hand to hand1 and keeping the chair balanced and steady4 ,this clutch is excellent for a straight-forward1 hot horse2 it shortens the reins any length at one movement1 with a very low1 steady bearing4 ,two hands may be used 7,fig4 #e74 ,i conceive this to be the ,grecian mode of holding and handling the reins 7see frontispiece and vignette1 from the ,elgin ,marbles71 except that the ,greeks had one finger between the reins instead of two2 and they held the reins1 whether together or divided1 between the thumb and the second finger4 ,the first finger was thus detached1 and used only for guiding1 by which very distinct indications may be given on either rein when both are in one hand4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,side ,,clutch4 ,sidenote3 ,side clutch4 ,at a walk1 with a quiet horse1 this down clutch may be turned into the side-clutch 7,fig4 #f and ,fig4 #g72 it is nearly the same as the ,english mode of driving1 but the right rein is uppermost1 which facilitates the dividing the reins and placing them together again1 and when the reins are in the left hand1 the right rein quits the hand between the second and third finger4 ,this allows you to hold one rein while you slip the other1 besides that the left rein is not disturbed in taking the right rein in the right hand1 and in returning it to the left hand4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,side ,,clutch1 ,,rein ,,in ,,each ,,hand4 ,sidenote3 ,cross4 ,but the following position 7,fig4 #h7 is the foundation of all fine handling1 and therefore of all fine riding4 ,and if the pupil will only thoroughly acquire this one movement he shall have my leave to consign the rest of my book protervis in mare ,creticum portare ventis4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,cross4 ,sidenote3 ,rein in each hand ,we will call this movement cross1 because the reins1 when in one hand1 are crossed inside the hand4 ,take the left rein with the three last fingers of the left hand1 so that it enters the hand outside the little finger1 and quits the hand between the first and second finger4 ,place the right rein in the left hand over the first and second finger1 so that it enters the hand outside the first finger and quits the hand between the second and third finger1 so that the whole hand is between the reins where they enter the hand1 and the second finger is between them where they quit the hand4 ,fig4 #i shows the rein in each hand4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,rein ,,in ,,each ,,hand4 ,at every change from hand to hand the reins may be shortened to any extent4 ,to lengthen them they must be slipped while a rein is in each hand1 turning the two fore fingers towards you4 ,you cannot pay too much attention to practising the cross from hand to hand on the balanced chair4 ,there should be nothing approaching to a jerk or shake of either rein4 ,neither rein should be for an instant loosened1 but an equal tension kept on both1 and both should be of precisely equal length when crossed in one hand4 ,be assured1 however childish it may appear to you1 this practice will teach you the true principle of handling your horse1 and will give to the bearings and indications of your hands on his mouth a delicate elasticity and resilience resulting from the play of every articulation from the tips of the fingers to the shoulders4 ,at the same time if power is required1 instead of having the left hand only1 with the fourth finger only between the reins1 by taking them in the full grasp of the hands it allows you to employ the whole strength of both shoulders4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,turn ,,to ,,the ,,right4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,turn ,,to ,,the ,,left4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,hunting ,,gallop4 ,sidenote3 ,turn to the right and left4 ,sidenote3 ,hunting and rough-rider's hand4 ,sidenote3 ,fixing the hands4 ,the cross together with the rein in each hand should be so constantly going on as to give the appearance of playing with the reins whenever anything like riding and handling is required4 ,in fact1 he who can use his reins in this manner with a riotous horse1 without disturbing the bearing is a rider1 he who cannot is not4 ,fig4 #aj shows the turn to the right when the reins are crossed in the left hand1 with the use of the whip4 ,fig4 #aa the turn to the left4 ,fig4 #ab for holding the horse to a hunting or racing gallop on a snaffle is the same as ,fig4 #i1 but with the fists closed4 ,fig4 #ac is the same in a different position4 ,it is the rough-rider's hand for working a horse up and making him collect himself with a snaffle4 ,and this is the only case where a little working of the bit on his mouth 7the scier le bridon of the ,french7 is to be allowed4 ,fig4 #ad is the same1 with the thumbs fixed on the back of a chair4 ,if a thumb is fixed in this way behind the lower part of each pummel1 the lady acquires a hold which no horse can force2 at the same time it gives the lowest possible and the steadiest possible bearing4 ,the hand should be as open as is possible and as much closed as is necessary4 ,modifications of this position1 with the hands closed1 are used in holding the horse to his gallop in hunting and racing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,rough-,,rider4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,fixing ,,hands4 ,sidenote3 ,use of both bridles at once4 ,to use the two bridles at once1 that is1 the four reins1 place the little fingers between the reins1 the snaffle inside1 the curb outside4 ,let them quit the hands over the first finger1 the thumb on them4 ,in the left hand1 the snaffle to the left of the thumb1 the curb to the right4 ,in the right hand the snaffle to the right1 the curb to the left4 ,this keeps them distinct1 and allows the power of slipping or dropping either1 by pressing the thumb only on the other4 ,the two bridles should be always in two hands1 except when placed together to shorten them4 ,in a storm1 that is1 till you have time for nicety1 treat the two bridles as if they were one4 ,sidenote3 ,two handed shortening the rein1 taught and untaught4 ,the mode of shortening the reins in two-handed riding1 which ,i have seen rough-riders use1 and which ,i have seen recruits taught when using the single snaffle in all riding-houses1 civil or military1 foreign or ,english1 and which is detailed in the cole du cavalier in the ,french cavalry ordonnance1 is wholly vicious4 ,there are no directions at all given for this in the treatise on military equitation in the regulations for the ,english cavalry1 nor have ,i ever met with any in any book1 foreign or ,english1 except in the ,french ordonnance4 ,to shorten the right rein on the ,french system1 bring the thumbs together1 take the right rein with the thumb and first finger of the left hand1 the thumbs touching1 raise the left hand1 and let the right rein slip till the thumbs are one inch apart4 ,with the right rein thus1 one inch shorter than the left1 when it is required to shorten the left equally1 by management you may bring the two thumbs together again without loosening the left rein4 ,i say1 by management1 you may do so1 but the chances are that the longest rein is invariably thus slackened previously to being shortened1 and consequently1 that the bearing on the horse's mouth is disturbed4 ,but supposing it possible to manage this by an inch at a time1 it is quite impossible to manage it at a greater distance4 ,if1 therefore1 you have to shorten both reins a foot1 you cannot effect it without twenty-four operations4 ,this is not at all an unlikely occurrence in riding unruly horses1 for such horses are commanded by being made to bend or collect themselves4 ,their most frequent defence is jerking their heads away and extending themselves2 and the facility of adjusting the length of the reins to the degree in which they extend or collect themselves1 makes the difference of whether you can ride such horses or not4 ,if1 in riding a half-broken1 hot1 or violent horse1 he jerks his head down so as to draw one rein six inches longer than the other1 it is impossible to bring the thumbs together without slackening the longest rein--at the moment you wish it tightened--four or five inches4 ,i need not dilate on the effect of this in riding such a horse as ,i have supposed4 ,this ,french military system1 then1 of shortening the reins in two-handed riding is actually ridiculous4 ,but a ridiculous system is better than no system at all4 ,and except this ,french system1 ,i know of none taught save those which ,i have attempted to teach in this chapter4 ,what mistakes are made in this way1 even by the finest untaught horseman1 are shown in the last paragraph of this chapter4 ,in all the practices enjoined above1 the hand which quits the rein should slide along it behind the hand which receives the rein4 ,and in all these positions the hand should always be at right angles with the reins2 you then have the play of all the joints4 ,if the hand is in the same line with the reins1 the play is only from the elbow4 ,the thumb should not be used where delicacy is required1 since it acts in a contrary direction to the fingers1 and entirely stops the play of all the joints of the hand and fingers4 ,close your thumb on your fingers and you will see4 ,where power is required1 the change from the utmost resilience to the utmost rigidity is effected in the time necessary to close the fists4 ,every gradation1 however1 between the closed fists and the tips of the open fingers is at the option of the rider4 ,sidenote3 ,use of the whip4 ,gentlemen having a leg and spur on each side of the horse to urge and to guide him1 should ride without any whip at all if the horse has been subjected to the leg1 so as to have the right hand as free for the reins as the left3 there should be no such thing as a bridle hand4 ,if a whip is carried1 it should be as light as possible4 ,it should be held up like a hunter or a rough-rider1 not down like a jockey2 and so completely between the hand and the thumb as to leave the fingers free for the reins4 ,to carry that club called the handle of a hunting whip is a frightful enormity4 ,the excuse is1 to open gates2 but if you put your horse's side against a gate1 it is better opened by the hand1 but keep your leg from your horse's side4 ,the fingering of the reins should not be impeded even by thick gloves2 as thick muffettees as you like1 but no gloves thicker than kid4 ,sidenote3 ,horses swerve and turn only to the left4 ,sidenote3 ,fault in ,english two-handed riding4 ,the action of the whip1 by the turn of the wrist1 on either side of the horse1 is of every importance in lady's riding1 in colt-breaking1 in riding the restive horse1 and ,i had well nigh said1 in hunting and race riding4 ,for how often do we see the race lost by a swerve to the left 7attributed to distress74 ,the hunter invariably refuses by turning to the left4 ,the restive horse invariably turns to the left4 ,have all horses joined in ,holy ,alliance to fight on one plan8 ,if not1 why do they all turn to the left8 ,because the whip is only used on the right4 ,there is1 however1 another cause which acts in conjunction with this4 ,even our finest two-handed ,english riders 7who1 in my opinion1 are the finest riders in the world71 when they use the right hand on the right rein1 continue to hold both reins with the left hand1 and they slip the right rein a little through the left hand in order to place both hands even4 ,this is a most vicious habit4 ,when they quit the right rein to use the whip1 or to throw the arm back at a fence 7another most vicious habit71 by their system of holding and handling the reins they have not the power to place the lengthened right rein short in the left hand4 ,alas6 poor horse6 ,he is then pulled to the left by the left rein1 driven to the left by the whip on the right1 and then abused for answering these natural indications1 which he has been trained habitually to obey4 ,,footnotes3 #af-99 ,this is one reason against an unalterable bearing-rein4 #af- ,have mercy on this little word1 great reader1 and do compound a sesquipedalian clutch for me1 out of digitus and daktylos4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,of ,,indications4 ,retaining1 urging1 and guiding indications4--,to make the horse collect himself4--,canter1 right turn1 right pass4--,left shoulder in4--,bearing on the mouth4--,the horse must be made to collect himself in turning4--,and should not be turned on one rein only4--,lady's canter4--,the quicker the pace1 the greater degree of collection4--,french and ,english mistake here4--,the shy horse4--,the restive horse4--,truth may be paradoxical4 ,sidenote3 ,retaining1 urging1 and guiding indications4 ,there are three sorts of indications1 retaining1 urging1 and guiding4 ,sidenote3 ,to make the horse collect himself4 ,the indications of the hands are of two sorts1 guiding and retaining4 ,those of the legs and whip are also of two sorts1 guiding and urging4 ,suppose a horse standing still with full liberty and fully extended4 ,if the retaining indication of the hands only are given1 he will go backward in a loose and extended form4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the urging indication of the legs or whip only are given1 he will move forward in a loose and extended form4 ,if these two opposite indications 7that is1 retaining and urging7 be given equally at the same time1 the horse will1 as it is termed1 collect himself2 that is1 being pulled backward1 and urged forward1 at the same time1 in obeying both indications a sort of condensation of the horse results1 he bends his neck and brings his head in1 and brings his haunches under him4 ,if both indications are continued and increased1 the horse will piaff1 that is1 continue collected1 in motion1 without progressing1 or he will make the courbette or terre terre or rear4 ,if both indications are discontinued1 he will resume the extended position of repose4 ,if1 again1 from this position1 both indications are given1 but the retaining the strongest1 the horse will go backward in a collected form4 ,if both are given1 but the urging indication the strongest1 he will move forward in a collected form1 at a walk1 trot1 or canter1 according to the vivacity with which the indications are given4 ,sidenote3 ,canter1 right turn1 right pass4 ,as far as this is clear enough4 ,but now come some niceties which ,i am puzzled to explain4 ,if the retaining and urging indications are given1 but the right rein is felt the strongest1 which is the guiding indication of the hand to the right1 and the left leg is pressed the strongest1 which is the guiding indication of the leg to the right1 the horse should either turn to the right1 or canter with the right leg1 or he should pass1 that is1 cross his legs and go sideways to the right1 bending and looking to the right4 ,when the same indications are given it seems monstrous to require the horse to discover which of three different movements is required of him4 ,in practice the skilful horseman finds no difficulty in making himself clear to his horse1 by different modifications of the indications1 and of the position of his weight4 ,in theory ,i can give no rules for it short enough to be read4 ,sidenote3 ,left shoulder in4 ,when the horse is passing to the right1 if the indications of the legs are continued the same and those of hands reversed1 that is1 if the left rein is felt stronger than the right1 the horse changes from right pass to left shoulder in 7in towards the centre of the school7 that is1 he continues to cross his legs and go sideways to the right1 but he bends and looks to the left4 ,as the hands alone make this change1 they may be said to guide here4 ,if1 from the left shoulder in1 the indications of the hands are continued the same1 and those of the legs reversed1 that is1 if the right leg is pressed stronger than the left1 the horse changes from left shoulder in to left pass1 that is1 he continues to look to the left1 but crosses his legs and goes sideways to the left4 ,as the legs alone make this change they may be said to guide here4 ,these are useful lessons1 and1 together with reining back1 should be taught to all horses and all horsemen4 ,tie a string from eye to eye of the snaffle behind the horse's chin1 hold his head by this against a wall1 and make him pass1 the head leading1 by showing him the whip4 ,make him do the same mounted in obedience to the leg1 with the snaffle as in ,fig4 #ac4 ,sidenote3 ,bearing on the mouth4 ,when the horse is in movement there should be a constant touch1 or feeling1 or play1 or bearing between his mouth and the rider's hands4 ,it is impossible to bestow too much pains and attention on the acquirement of this4 ,it is the index of the horse's actions1 temper1 and intentions4 ,it forewarns the rider of what he is about to do1 and by it the rider feels muscularly without mental attention whether his horse requires more liberty or more collecting4 ,and it is impossible that in this bearing on the horse's mouth1 or in the indications of the hands and legs generally1 or in shortening and lengthening the reins1 the rider can be too delicate1 gradual1 smooth1 firm1 and light4 ,the hands should be perfectly free from any approach to a jerk1 a loose rein1 or uneven feeling on the mouth4 ,the legs should be kept from any action approaching to a kick1 except when the spur is given2 that should be always present1 and when used should be given smartly and withdrawn instantly1 but the pressure of the legs should be perfectly smooth and gradual1 though1 if necessary1 strong4 ,if good riding is worth your attention do not think these things beneath your notice4 ,for the acquirement of the bearing on the horse's mouth1 the turning your horse on the proper rein1 smoothness of indications1 and1 in shortening the reins1 the power of making your horse collect himself1 and the working together of your hands and legs1 are the unseen and unappreciated foundation on which good riding stands4 ,these1 and not strength or violence1 command the horse4 ,with these your horse will rely on your hand1 comply to it1 and1 without force on your part1 he will bend to your hand in every articulation4 ,without these1 however unintentionally on your part1 you will be perpetually subjecting him to the severest torture1 to defend himself against which he will resist your hand1 poke his nose1 and stiffen his neck1 and every other part of his body4 ,the horse can endure no greater torture than that resulting from an uneven hand4 ,this is known to every hack-cabman4 ,every hack-cabman has hourly experience that a job in the mouth will compel his jaded slave into a trot1 when the solicitations of the whip have been long unanswered4 ,the single case in which a jerk in the mouth is admissible is when your horse is about to kick1 and some one is within reach of his heels4 ,the jerk causes him to throw up his head1 and he cannot without difficulty raise his croupe at the same time4 ,but except to save life or limb--supposing no one within reach--hold your hands high1 and pull severely1 but smoothly2 do not jerk4 ,this will in general be sufficient to prevent his kicking1 but it is better that your horse should occasionally kick than that he should always go as stiff as a stake1 which is the inevitable result of jerking4 ,sidenote3 ,collect the horse to turn4 ,sidenote3 ,do not turn on one rein only4 ,to keep the horse when in movement to a collected pace1 the opposite indications of urging and retaining him must be continued4 ,this working together of the hands and legs and the power of making the horse collect himself are also most essential in turning4 ,a horse should never be turned without being made to collect himself--without being retained by the hands1 and urged by the legs1 as well as guided by both4 ,that is1 in turning to the right both hands should retain him1 and the right guide him by being felt the strongest1 both legs should urge him1 and the left guide him by being pressed the strongest4 ,the rider should also lean his weight to the right1 and the shorter the turn and the quicker the pace1 the more the horse should be made to collect himself1 and the more both he and his rider should lean to the right4 ,this is well seen1 when a man standing on the saddle gallops round the circus4 ,there the man must keep his position by balance alone1 and were he not to lean inward--were he for a moment to stand perpendicularly1 he would be thrown outside the circle by the centrifugal force4 ,in turning suddenly and at a quick pace to the right1 unless the rider leans his weight to the right1 he will in like manner have a tendency to fall off on the left4 ,if1 by clasping his legs1 he prevents this1 his horse will be overbalanced to the left when turning to the right4 ,it is bad1 in turning to the right1 to run into the contrary extreme to the one-handed system1 and1 slackening the left rein1 to haul the horse's head round with the right rein only4 ,the horse's head should not be pulled farther round than to allow the rider to see the right eye2 both legs1 and particularly the left leg1 should then urge the horse to follow the guiding rein4 ,a lady1 till very skilful1 should ride with one bridle only at a time4 ,the other bridle should be knotted loosely1 and should lie on the horse's neck4 ,sidenote3 ,lady's canter4 ,the indications for a lady's horse to canter are an over collection and a tapping on the mane with the whip2 that is1 take your reins too short in the left hand1 and tap the horse's mane till he canters4 ,when off1 if the reins are too short1 take one in each hand1 turn the fore fingers towards you1 and let the reins slip4 ,if the horse goes freely up to your hand1 keep a rein in each hand4 ,if not1 return the right rein to the left hand1 and keep the whip ready to urge him up to his bit4 ,if a lady has her reins at full length at a walk she should clutch1 cross1 canter4 ,if the lady has her reins already crossed in the left hand at a walk1 she should by two changes place them too short in the left hand before she uses the whip4 ,sidenote3 ,the quicker the pace the greater collection4 ,sidenote3 ,french and ,english mistake here4 ,every change of pace from slow to quick should be indicated to the horse by a greater collection2 the bride abattu1 and the reines flottantes system is a great mistake4 ,so is the direction to the ,english cavalry 7quoted p4 #f71 to advance the little finger to make the horse advance4 ,to make the horse advance the reins should be tightened2 he should be made to collect himself1 or he will advance in a loose and extended form4 ,on account of ease to the rider1 a lady's horse is only permitted to canter with the right leg4 ,he should never be cantered circles to left1 or turned at a canter to the left1 as unless the horse shifts his leg it will be an unfair exertion to ask of him4 ,cantering circles to the right1 in open ground1 where the horse has nothing to bias him but the indications he receives from the rider1 is an admirable practice for a lady4 ,an occasional race--who can canter slowest--is also good practice both for horse and rider4 ,this must not be often repeated1 nor must the horse be forced from a fair canter into a hobble or amble4 ,parade riders are too apt to be contented with wooden paces provided they are short4 ,this is very vicious4 ,really to collect himself1 a horse must bend himself4 ,we cannot too often repeat ,ovid's line1-- ,flectitis aut freno colla sequacis equi4 ,with horses obstinately addicted to the left leg1 which is frequently a result of being longed only to the left1 it is a good plan to canter them side-footed to the right1 that is1 on a level line1 on the side of a hill which rises to the right4 ,in this case a very slight slope will incline the horse to take his right leg1 and on the side of a steep hill he can scarcely avoid it4 ,sidenote3 ,the shy horse4 ,there are three gradations in riding the shy horse4 ,a man who pulls his horse's head towards what he expects him to shy at1 and uses violence1 makes his horse shy4 ,a man who leaves his horse's head entirely loose1 lets his horse shy4 ,and a man who turns his horse's head from what he expects him to shy at1 prevents his horse from shying4 ,do not imagine that there will be any danger of the horse getting into trouble on the side opposite to what he shies at3 the very contrary will be the case4 ,if1 indeed1 you pull his head towards the object of his alarm1 and oblige him to face it1 there is every probability that he will run blindly backward from it4 ,and while his whole attention is fixed before him1 he will go backward over ,dover cliff if it chance to be behind him4 ,under such circumstances you cannot too rapidly turn your horse's head and his attention from the fancied1 to the substantial ill4 ,but on common occasions the turning his head from what he shies at should be as gradual and imperceptible as possible4 ,no chastisement should be allowed in any case4 ,if he makes a start1 you should endeavour not to make a return start4 ,you should not1 indeed1 take more notice of a shy than you can possibly avoid2 and unless the horse has been previously brutalised1 and to re-assure him1 you should not even caress him1 lest even that should make him suspect that something awful is about to happen4 ,the common error is the reverse of all this4 ,the common error is to pull the horse's head towards the object of his fear1 and when he is facing it1 to begin with whip and spur4 ,expecting to be crammed under the carriage-wheel1 the horse probably rears or runs back into a ditch1 or at least becomes more nervous and more riotous at every carriage that he meets4 ,horses are instantaneously made shy by this treatment1 and as instantaneously cured by the converse of it4 ,it is thus that all bad riders make all high-couraged horses shy1 but none ever remain so in the hands of a good horseman4 ,sidenote3 ,the restive horse4 ,there is a common error1 both in theory and practice1 with regard to the restive horse4 ,he is very apt to rear sideways against the nearest wall or paling4 ,it is the common error to suppose that he does so with the view of rubbing his rider off4 ,do not give him credit for intellect sufficient to generate such a scheme4 ,it is that when there1 the common error is to pull his head from the wall4 ,this brings the rider's knee in contact with the wall1 consequently all farther chastisement ceases2 for were the rider to make his horse plunge1 his knee would be crushed against the wall4 ,the horse1 finding this1 probably thinks that it is the very thing desired1 and remains there2 at least he will always fly to a wall for shelter4 ,instead of from the wall1 pull his head towards it1 so as to place his eye1 instead of your knee1 against it2 continue to use the spur1 and the horse will never go near a wall again4 ,sidenote3 ,truth may be paradoxical4 ,to pull a horse from what he shies at1 and towards the wall he rubs you against1 are very paradoxical doctrines4 ,but1 ho mythos dloi1 the fable shows1 that truth may be paradoxical--that we can blow hot and blow cold with the same breath2 and it was only the brutal wild man of the woods who drove the civilised man from his den1 for performing the feat4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,mechanical ,,aid ,,of ,,the ,,rider4 ,the rider cannot raise the falling horse4--,harm is done by the attempt4--,the bearing rein4--,mechanical assistance of the jockey to his horse4--,standing on the stirrups4--,difference between the gallop and the leap4--,steeple-chases and hurdle-races unfair on the horse4--,the rider should not attempt to lift his horse at a fence4 ,sidenote3 ,the rider cannot raise the falling horse4 ,there is no more common error than to believe that the rider can hold his horse up when he is falling4 ,how often do we hear a man assert that his horse would have been down with him forty times if he had not held him up2 that he has taken his horse up between his hands and legs and lifted him over a fence2 or that he has recovered his horse on the other side6 ,these are vulgar errors1 and mechanical impossibilities4 ,could ten men1 with hand-spikes1 lift the weight of a horse8 ,probably4 ,attach the weight to the thin rein of a lady's bridle4 ,could a lady lift it with the left hand8 ,i think not2 though it is commonly supposed that she could4 ,a pull from a curb will indeed give the horse so much pain in the mouth that he will throw his head up1 and this so flatters the hand that its prowess has saved him1 that the rider exclaims ,it may be impossible1 but it happens every day4 ,shall ,i not believe my own senses8 ,the answer is1 ,no1 not if it can be explained how the senses are deceived4 ,otherwise1 we should still believe1 as1 till some few centuries ago1 the world did believe1 that the diurnal motion was in the sun1 and not in the earth4 ,otherwise we must subscribe to the philosophy of the ,turk1 who ,saw with his own eyes the moon was round1 ,was also certain that the earth was square1 ,because he'd journey'd fifty miles and found ,no sign of its being circular anywhere4 ,sidenote3 ,harm is done by the attempt4 ,but these errors are not harmless errors4 ,they induce an ambitious interference with the horse at the moment in which he should be left unconfined to the use of his own energies4 ,if by pulling1 and giving him pain in the mouth1 you force him to throw up his head and neck1 you prevent his seeing how to foot out any unsafe ground1 or where to take off at a fence1 and in the case of stumbling you prevent an action practically dictated by nature and theoretically justified by philosophy4 ,when an unmounted horse stumbles1 nature teaches him to drop his head and neck2 philosophy teaches us the reason of it4 ,during the instant that his head and neck are dropping the shoulders are relieved from their weight1 and that is the instant in which the horse makes his effort to recover himself4 ,if by giving him pain in his mouth1 you force him to raise his head and neck instead of sinking them1 his shoulders will still remain encumbered with the weight of them2 more than this1 as action and reaction are equal and in contrary directions1 the muscular power employed to raise the head and neck will act to sink the shoulders and knees4 ,the mechanical impossibility of the rider assisting his horse when falling may be demonstrated thus3 no motion can be given to a body without a foreign force or a foreign fulcrum4 ,your strength is not a foreign force1 since it is employed entirely on the horse4 ,nor can it be employed on the foreign fulcrum1 the ground1 through the medium of your reins2 as much as you pull up1 so much you pull down4 ,if a man in a boat uses an oar1 he can accelerate or impede the motion of the boat1 because his strength is employed through the medium of the oar on the water1 which is a foreign fulcrum4 ,but if he takes hold of the chain at the head of the boat1 his whole strength will not accelerate or impede the motion of the boat1 because there is neither foreign force nor foreign fulcrum4 ,his whole strength is employed within the boat1 and as much as he pulls backward with his hands1 he pushes forward with his feet4 ,the baker can lift his basket1 but not when he is himself in it4 ,sidenote3 ,bearing-rein4 ,all the arguments which ,i have heard adduced against the doctrine here laid down would also go to prove that a horse cannot fall which has a bearing-rein and a crupper1 that is1 whose head is tied to his tail4 ,sir ,francis ,head's observations on bearing-reins1 in the ,bubbles of the ,brunnen1 are quite philosophical4 ,they should only be used for purposes of parade1 or to acquire greater power over a difficult team1 or loosely to keep cart-horses out of mischief4 ,sir ,francis's observations are also true of the harness used by the peasantry of ,nassau which he describes1 but this arises from the poverty1 not the philosophy of the peasants2 those among them1 who have money enough to buy smart harness have the most elaborate bearing-reins that ,i have ever seen4 ,one1 a chain1 from the lower part of the collar1 which binds the horse's chin to his breast1 and another over the upper part of the collar1 along and above the back to the tail1 independent of the terret-pad and crupper4 ,this is tying the horse's head to his tail with a vengeance4#ed-99 ,to be consistent1 the opponents of the theory which ,i have laid down should act on this principle--though ,i have never known them go quite so far4 ,sed quis custodes custodiet ipsos8 ,what is to prevent the tail from falling forward with the body8 ,they indeed argue1 ,surely if you throw back the weight of the shoulders over the croupe of the horse1 you relieve his fore-hand1 and diminish the chance of his falling4 ,this is rather to propose a new method of preventing a horse from falling1 than to prove the advantage of pulling at the mouth while he is falling2 for if it is of any advantage to throw your weight back1 then the less you pull at the mouth the better1 for the more you pull1 the less you are at liberty to throw the weight back4 ,but1 in truth1 it is of no advantage to throw the weight back when the stumble is made4 ,if a position is previously taken up on the croupe of the horse1 the pressure will be less on the fore-hand than if you were placed in a forward position4 ,but during the time that the position is in the act of being shifted1 that is1 during the time that the horse is falling1 the act of throwing your own weight back produces an exactly equivalent pressure forward1 in all respects the counterpart of your own motion backward1 in intensity and duration4 ,it is useless to dwell on this subject1 or to adduce the familiar illustrations which it admits of4 ,it is a simple proposition of mechanical equilibrium1 and any one who is conversant with such subjects must assent to it4 ,sidenote3 ,mechanical assistance of jockey4 ,the question whether a jockey can mechanically assist his horse1 does not rest on the same footing4 ,i believe he can1 thus4 ,if a man sits astride of a chair1 with his feet off the ground1 and clasps the chair with his legs1 by the muscular exertion of his lower limbs he can jump the chair along4 ,the muscular force is there employed on the foreign fulcrum1 the ground1 through the medium of the legs of the chair4 ,the muscular action strikes the chair downward and backward1 and if the chair was on ice it would recede1 so also would the feet of a horse in attempting to strike forward4 ,if the chair was on soft ground1 it would sink1 so also would a horse1 in proportion to the force of the muscular stroke4 ,but if the resistance of the ground is complete1 the reaction1 which is precisely equal and in a contrary direction to the action1 will throw the body of the man upward and forward1 and by clasping with his legs he will draw the chair also with him4 ,but he can only accomplish in this way a very little distance with a very great exertion4 ,if the jockey made this muscular exertion every time that his horse struck with his hind feet1 his strength would be employed on the foreign fulcrum1 the ground1 through the medium of his horse's bony frame4 ,thus the jockey would contribute to the horizontal impulse of his own weight1 and exactly in proportion to the muscular power exerted by the jockey1 the muscular system of the horse would be relieved4 ,at the same time no additional task is thrown on the bony frame of the horse1 since1 if the jockey had not used his muscular power on it in impelling his own weight1 the muscular system of the horse must have been so employed4 ,it is true1 that not much is done after all with a prodigious exertion1 but if that little gains six inches in a hardly contested race it may make the difference of its being lost or won4 ,thus an easy race is no exertion to a jockey1 but after a hardly contested one1 he returns with his lips parched1 his tongue sticking to the roof of his mouth1 and every muscle quivering4 ,the working a horse up with both hands on his mouth is easier to the jockey than using the whip1 and more effective in rousing the horse to his greatest exertion4 ,sidenote3 ,standing on the stirrups4 ,what is called standing on the stirrups consists chiefly in bringing the weight forward on to both thighs4 ,in this position the rider has a greater power of adjusting the balance of his weight to the movements of his horse4 ,in racing it is practically proved to be essential4 ,and it is of infinite service to the horse in the long and severe galloping of hunting4 ,it is surprising that the ,english are the only people who rise in the stirrup at a trot2 it is not surprising that other nations are beginning to follow their example4 ,sidenote3 ,difference between the gallop and the leap4 ,in galloping1 the horse's legs catch the eye most when they are from under him1 and he is drawn with all four from under him4 ,in truth1 his hind legs are under him when his fore legs are from under him1 and his fore legs are under him when his hind legs are from under him2 his hind feet pass over where his fore feet rested1 so that from footprint to footprint he clears very little space4 ,in fact1 owing to what is called leading with one leg1 the line between his two fore feet and the line between his two hind feet are by no means at right angles to the line of his direction2 so that the greatest distance from footprint to footprint is not nearly half his stroke4 ,the leap differs from the gallop not only in the greater space of ground cleared by the feet1 but in the greater space of time for which the feet quit the ground2 this last difference is of more importance than might be imagined4 ,sidenote3 ,steeple-chases unfair on the horse4 ,antus was not peculiar in his dependence for strength on contact with his mother earth4 ,in leaping1 neither man nor horse can draw breath while in the air1 that is1 from the time the feet leave the ground till they again touch it4 ,but quick breathing 7the creber anhelitus7 is not only a consequence of distress for wind1 but it is a vital necessity when distressed for wind4 ,and the impossibility to draw breath when off the ground is the reason of the death of horses in steeple-chasing and hurdle-racing2 they die of suffocation4 ,the reason is a sufficient one for the discontinuance of such racing and chasing4 ,a mounted horse will overtake a dismounted horse1 his superior in speed4 ,it is the common error to suppose that this results from the mechanical assistance of the rider4 ,the real reason is1 that the dismounted horse goes off1 like an inexperienced jockey1 at his utmost speed4 ,i do not believe that a horse can do this for more than a hundred yards without being distressed for wind 7and ,i speak from experience with ,mr4 ,drummond ,hay's barbs at ,tangier1 which were trained to the feat74 ,the rider starts at a pace which he knows his horse can keep1 and the dismounted horse1 though he gains on him at first1 comes back to him as the jockeys say3 for a horse which has been distressed for wind in the first hundred yards1 will not arrive at the end of a mile nearly so soon as if he had gone the whole at the best pace he could stay at4 ,here the assistance from the rider is mental not mechanical4 ,when mounted it never happens to any horse but an arab or a barb to go his best muscular pace4 ,what we call best pace is the best pace a horse can stay at for wind4 ,if a common hack were started fresh for the last hundred yards against the best horses in ,england when finishing their race1 he would have it hollow4 ,sidenote3 ,the rider should not lift his horse at a fence4 ,woe to the sportsman who ambitiously attempts to lift his horse mechanically over a fence on the principle discussed above2 he is much more likely to throw him into it4 ,he had better content himself with sitting quietly on his horse1 holding him only just enough to keep his head straight and to regulate his pace1 and trust the rest to his horse's honour4 ,the horse should feel sufficiently commanded to know that he must go1 and sufficiently at liberty to know that he may use all his capabilities4 ,the body should not previously be thrown back1 but as the horse springs1 the lower part of the rider being firmly fixed in the saddle1 and the upper part perfectly pliable1 the body will fall back of itself2 and with strong jumping horses1 or at down leaps1 the shoulders of fine riders will constantly meet their horse's croupes4 ,a bad horseman throws his horse down1 which a good one does not4 ,that is1 because the bad horseman hurries his horse over hard or rough ground1 or down hill1 or over loose stones--allows him to choose his own ground--lets him flounder into difficulties1 and when there1 hauls him so that he cannot see1 or exert himself to get out of them1 and expecting chastisement1 the horse springs and struggles to avoid it before he has recovered his feet1 and goes down with a tremendous impetus4 ,if he has to cross a rut to the right he probably forces his horse across it when the right foot is on the ground4 ,in this case1 unless the horse collects himself and jumps--if he attempts to step across it1 the probability is that in crossing his legs he knocks one against the other and falls4 ,the reverse of all this should be the case4 ,if you have not sufficient tact to feel which of your horse's feet is on the ground1 you must allow him to choose his own time for crossing1 which will be when the left foot is on the ground4 ,you should habitually choose your horse's ground for him1 for1 notwithstanding his often vaunted sagacity and safety1 the wisest among horses will1 to avoid a moving leaf1 put his foot over a precipice4 ,this will become as easy to you as choosing your own path in walking4 ,if your horse has made a false step1 or is in difficulties1 you cannot leave him too much at liberty1 or be too quiet with him4 ,the only notice to be taken is to re-assure him by caressing him1 if you see that he expects chastisement from previous brutal treatment4 ,i will add that you should habitually prevent your horse out-walking or lagging behind his companions2 he is either very unsociable or a bad horseman1 who does not keep abreast of his companions4 ,besides1 horses1 being gregarious1 are apt to follow one another4 ,this should not be4 ,your horse should be in perpetual obedience to the indications which your hands and legs give him1 and to nothing else4 ,these indications should not only decide the pace which he is to take1 but deal out to him the rate at which each pace is to be executed1 and also determine his carriage during the performance of it2 that is1 the degree in which he is to collect himself1 or the degree of liberty which is to be allowed him4 ,,footnote3 #ed-99 ,of all stupid appliances of man to his horse1 the most dense is the ,austrian and south ,german mode of driving the einspanner or single horse or a leader4 ,the rein goes single from the driver's hand1 and divides into two at the horse's neck4 ,the driver1 therefore1 has no power of making a distinct indication on either rein3 and to turn1 he whips and jerks till the horse guesses his meaning4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,seat4 ,there is one direction which applies to all seats4--,different seats for different styles of riding4--,the mange and the ,eastern seats are the extremes4--,the long stirrup is necessary for cavalry to act in line4--,medium length of stirrup for common riding4 ,sidenote3 ,one direction for all seats4 ,there is one direction which1 ,i think1 applies to all seats4 ,turn the thigh from the hip1 so as to bring the hollow to the saddle2 this places the foot straight to the front1 with the heel out and the toe in4 ,trotting without stirrups1 on the thigh only1 with the heel down and the toe up1 shoulders back1 a snaffle-rein in each hand1 like a rough-rider 7,fig4 #ac71 is the best possible practice for sitting4 ,sidenote3 ,different seats for different styles of riding4 ,sidenote3 ,mange and ,eastern seats the extremes4 ,farther than this ,i abstain from giving any particular directions about the seat2 because1 though ,i consider the rules here laid down for the hands as applicable to every species of riding 7,i have excepted the soldier with his weapon in his right hand71 ,i think there is a peculiar seat proper to many different styles of riding4 ,the extremes of these are the mange and the ,eastern styles1 both admirable in their way1 and perfectly practical1 but each wholly inapplicable to the performances of the other4 ,sidenote3 ,long stirrups are necessary for cavalry4 ,what can be more perfect than the seats of ,m4 de ,kraut and the ,marquis de ,beauvilliers1 in ,de la ,gurinire's work1 or the engraving of ,m4 de ,nestier8 ,but ,i do not think that a man in such a seat would look well1 or perform well1 in a five-pound saddle1 over the beacon course3 still less that he could lay the reins on the neck of a well-bred horse1 and at full speed lie along his horse's side1 and with his own body below his horse's back1 prime and load a long ,persian gun1 jump up and use both hands to fire to the right or left1 or over his horse's croupe2 or that he could wield a long heavy lance with the power of a ,cossack2 or at full gallop hurl the djerrid to the rear with the force of a ,persian1 and again1 without any diminution of speed1 pick it from the ground4 ,on the other hand1 his peculiar seat renders the ,eastern horseman so utterly helpless in the performances of the mange1 that he is unable to make his horse rein back1 or pass sideways a step4 ,and ,i have seen three hundred ,mussulman troops from the northern parts of ,persia 7each of whom would perform forty such feats as ,i have mentioned7 take more than an hour to form a very bad parade line1 in single rank4 ,when one of them was the least too far forward1 or had an interval between him and the dressing hand1 however small1 as he could neither make his horse rein back1 nor pass sideways1 he was obliged to ride out to the front1 turn round to the rear1 and ride into the rank afresh1 and so in succession every man beyond him4 ,this was an affair of seat2 the ,eastern horseman's leg does not come low enough to give his horse what are called sides4 ,on sides depend reining back and passing2 on reining back and passing depend closing and dressing1 and consequently the power of acting in line4 ,on sides also depends the central wheel of threes on their own ground4 ,this is an invaluable attribute to cavalry1 regular or irregular4 ,on the plain1 the central wheel of threes affords the only true principle of correcting intervals between squadrons1 regiments1 or brigades1 whether in line or in line of columns4 ,threes also supply the most perfect principle of retiring in line in the presence of an enemy1 with the power of instantly showing front1 provided that 7according to regulation7 leaders are appointed to the rear1 the same as to the front4 ,in the defile1 for advanced or rear-guard movements1 threes alone afford the power to occupy the entire width of a lane1 road1 street1 or defile1 with the perfect facility of constant and instant alternation of retiring and advancing4 ,without some central wheel1 columns or divisions occupying the width of a road or street1 can not retire2 or when retiring1 cannot show front to the enemy4 ,with reining back and passing 7and they are easily acquired7 irregular cavalry might move with the precision of regular cavalry4 ,i should say1 that the most perfect seat for the mange should be shortened for the soldier to give him power with his weapons2 that the military rider should take up his stirrups when he goes hunting2 the hunter the same when he rides a race2 and for tours de force1 ,i consider the short stirrup-leather and the broad stirrup-iron of the ,east indispensable--they give1 in fact1 the strength of the standing instead of the sitting posture4 ,the ,cossack retains this standing posture even at a trot2 few ,eastern horsemen allow that pace at all1 but make their horses walk1 amble1 or gallop4 ,sidenote3 ,medium for common riding4 ,the ,english hunting seat is1 in point of length1 the medium of those mentioned2 and perhaps that seat1 or something between that and the military seat1 is the best adapted to common riding4 ,it unites1 in a greater degree than any other1 ease1 utility1 power1 and grace4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,mounting ,,and ,,dismounting4 ,directions to place a lady on her saddle4--,directions to mount at a halt4--,in movement4--,to dismount in movement4--,to vault on at a halt4--,circus for practising these movements4--,to pick a whip from the ground4--,to face about in the saddle4 ,sidenote3 ,to mount a side-saddle4 ,to mount1 a lady should place her left hand on the pummel or leaping horn1 the right hand on the off side of the cantle1 or as far towards it as possible1 and should seat herself between her two hands2 she should give the left foot1 this should be kept precisely under the weight2 if it is given forward 7which is the common error7 each person is pushed backward one from the other4 ,this should be practised on any piece of furniture2 the man should use both his hands1 and in this way a weak person may put up the heaviest weight4 ,you may put a man of fifteen stone on the top of a door with the greatest ease1--try if you can do this in any other way4 ,sidenote3 ,to mount at a halt4 ,sidenote3 ,or in movement4 ,to mount1 a man should place his left shoulder to his horse's left shoulder1 so as to look to the horse's rear2 take your whip1 reins1 and the mane in the left hand1 with the right hand take the lower part of the stirrup-leather between the fore-finger and thumb1 the little finger on the upper part of the stirrup-iron2 take a hop forward facing the saddle and turning your toe to the horse's front without touching his side1 take the cantle with the right hand and up4 ,if the horse moves on1 he only spares you the previous hop1 and by walking or running backward with him you may mount almost at a gallop4 ,in taking the right stirrup1 avoid touching the horse with the spur1 or even pressing him with the leg4 ,if he has been made shy by such usage1 place your left hand on the pummel1 and with the right hand place the stirrup on the foot1 keeping both legs from the horse's sides4 ,sidenote3 ,to dismount in movement4 ,sidenote3 ,to vault on or over in movement4 ,sidenote3 ,to vault on at a halt4 ,to dismount in movement1 lay the reins on the neck1 one or both knotted short2 take the pummel with the left hand the cantle with the right1 pass the right leg over the neck1 shift the right hand to the pummel1 and as you descend1 the left hand to the flap4 ,with the strength of both arms throw your feet forward in the direction in which the horse is going1 this may be done at a gallop4 ,if it is wished to vault on again1 while the right hand holds the pummel take the mane with the left1 and without taking a step you may go up or over1 the quicker the pace the easier4 ,it is difficult to jump on to the saddle at a halt1 the easiest way is to take the mane as directed for mounting and to jump from the left foot1 the right hand coming on to the pummel as you descend into the saddle4 ,sidenote3 ,circus for practice4 ,to practise these movements1 form a circus by placing wattle hurdles on end1 leaning outward against the shores or staves2 take the stirrups off1 tie a string over the flaps and the horse's head loosely to this--a man with a driving whip in the middle4 ,circus riding1 ,i believe1 originated in ,england1 in the time of our grandfathers2 in ,germany it is called ,english reiten4 ,sidenote3 ,to pick a whip from the ground4 ,to pick a whip from the ground1 take the pummel with the right hand1 place the side of the left foot against the girth1 the toe between the horse's elbows1 bring the back of the right leg on to the top of the saddle1 and let yourself down to the full stretch of your right arm2 this is very easy at the halt1 still easier on the move1 if your horse is quiet4 ,if you fail1 you only dismount on your hands instead of your feet1 which on turf may be done innocuously at a canter4 ,sidenote3 ,to face about in the saddle4 ,to face about in the saddle place the palms of the hands on the pummel1 throw your legs out horizontally over the horse's croupe1 turn and come into the saddle facing to the tail4 ,if ,m4 ,cui ,bono remarks that the last two feats are1 like others which ,i might detail1 useless1 ,i answer1 that the practice of no feat of activity or strength is useless4 ,activity and strength1 the unct dona palstr1 form a firm assurance against perils1 not only to your own life but to the lives of others4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,bit4 ,place of the bit in the mouth4--,principle of the bit4--,action of the common bit4--,action of the ,chifney bit4--,the loose eye4--,the noseband4--,the horse's defence against the bit by the tongue4--,effect of the porte against this defence4--,defence by the lip4--,defence by the teeth4--,bar of the military and driving bit4--,martingale4--,danger does not result from power4 ,sidenote3 ,place of bit in the mouth4 ,to give the bit its most powerful action it should be placed so low as only just to clear the tusks in a horse's mouth1 and to be one inch above the corner teeth in a mare's mouth4 ,the curb-chain should be so tight as not to admit more than one finger freely between it and the chin2 these rules are simple1 and should be attended to by all riders2 a horseman should no more mount with his bit improperly placed1 than a seaman should set sail with his helm out of order4 ,sidenote3 ,principle of the bit4 ,a twitch round the lower jaw1 under the tongue1 on the bars or parts of the mouth bare of teeth1 is perhaps the most certain1 powerful1 and severe instrument to hold a horse with1 and it may be tightened till it becomes a dreadful implement of torture4 ,next to this is what is called the dealer's halter1 which is merely a narrow thong of leather in like manner tied round the lower jaw1 under the tongue1 but incapable of being tightened or slackened like the twitch4 ,the bit is a most ingenious attempt to grasp the lower jaw by the same bare parts1 with the capability of contracting or of perfectly relaxing the grasp1 by the application or withdrawal of the powers of the lever4 ,this is the intended action of the bit1--the philosopher's stone1--after which all bit-projectors and bit-makers have laboured2 the obstacles to be overcome are various and perhaps insuperable1 and indeed could the powers of the lever be employed on such exquisitely sensitive parts as the bare jaws1 when within this iron vice1 perhaps no hand could be found sufficiently delicate to use them4 ,by pressing your finger-nail against your own gums1 you may form some idea of the agony such an implement would have the power of giving to a horse2 anything approaching to harsh1 hard1 handling with it would drive him desperate1 and force him to throw himself over backward2 the idea of lifting his weight by such parts grasped with iron is absurd1 still more preposterously barbarous that of arresting the headlong impetus of a falling horse by them4 ,fortunately the power of the rider is here very limited1 and the horse defends himself against it by throwing his head upward and backward1 and thus the rider only breaks his horse's knees instead of his jaws4 ,sidenote3 ,action of common bit4 ,sidenote3 ,action of a ,chifney bit4 ,but a common bit placed in the common way never touches the horse's bars at all1 it is usually placed higher than as directed above1 and1 as it pivots on the eye 7that part to which the headstall is attached7 when in use1 it rises in the horse's mouth--higher directly as the length of the cheek 7the upper part of the branch or side of the bit7 and inside the mouth it has a mixed action1 on the fleshy part of the gums above the bars1 on the lips1 and 7owing to the narrowness of the porte7 on the tongue4 ,outside the mouth1 the bit acts on the coarse part of the two jawbones1 above the fine part of the chin1 where the two jawbones meet1 where the curb-chain was originally placed1 and where it should act2 and ,i consider this sort of upward grating action as calculated to excite1 rather than to restrain a horse4 ,a ,chifney bit1 as it pivots on the mouthpiece1 avoids this2 its action is quite independent of the headstall1 and is precisely on the parts where it is originally placed4 ,sidenote3 ,the loose eye4 ,the square-cut eye of the regimental bit greatly impedes its action1 besides cutting the leather of the headstall2 to remedy this1 about a quarter of a century ago1 ,i placed on the bit of the #bnd ,life ,guards what has since received the name of the loose eye1 and ,i am proud to see it still where ,i placed it4 ,it was not intended for common bits2 the round eye and the snap hook give them perfect freedom of action4 ,the loose eye has1 however1 become common on common bits4 ,sidenote3 ,the noseband4 ,a noseband prevents the cheek of the bit and of the headstall from going forward1 and so impedes the true action of the bit4 ,to close the horse's mouth1 in order that a high porte may act against the roof of the mouth1 is a monstrous notion4 ,i had the honour to abolish nosebands in the #bnd ,life ,guards4 ,sidenote3 ,defence against the bit by the tongue4 ,sidenote3 ,effect of the porte4 ,the horse employs his tongue as a defence against the bit1 passively as a cushion to protect the more tender parts on which the bit is intended to work1 and actively he uses the muscles of the tongue1 in resistance to it3 this may be proved by using a straight mouthpiece1 or one arched upward or downward1 but without a porte4 ,from under these a horse will never withdraw his tongue1 and he will go with a dead bearing on the hand1 though equal1 that is1 not more on one side of the mouth than on the other4 ,even a very narrow porte1 not a quarter the width of the tongue1 will suffice1 when pressure is used1 to defeat this defence1 and completely to engage the tongue within the porte4 ,but being then much compressed1 it will sustain a great part of the leverage1 and the horse will endeavour still more to make his tongue the fulcrum of the bit1 and to relieve his bars from that office1 by protruding his tongue1 and thus forcing the thick part of it within the porte4 ,if the porte is made wide so as to allow space for the tongue1 the corners formed by the porte and the cannons 7those parts between the porte and the branches7 are apt to work injuriously against the bars1 and also to slip quite off them1 which makes the action of such bits uncertain1 though they are very effective and severe if the mouthpiece is no wider than the horse's mouth4 ,but the mouthpiece which gives complete room for the tongue1 and yet brings the cannons into perfect contact with the bars1 is that of which ,m4 de ,solleysell claims the invention1 and which he describes as pas d'asne1 with the porte gained from the thickness of the heels4 ,let the mouthpiece be in width four inches inside1 this ,i believe1 will be sufficient for most horses1 since the part of a horse's mouth where the bit should work is narrowest1 and the cheeks should consequently be set outward4 ,let the entrance to the porte1 between the heels be three-fourths of an inch1 and let the porte open laterally to two and a half inches inside4 ,sidenote3 ,defence by the lip4 ,but when the tongue is perfectly disengaged from the bars by the porte1 the horse will still defend them by drawing his lip in on one side1 interposing it between one bar and one cannon of the bit1 and pulling on one side of his mouth only4 ,it is the common error to attribute this to nature having formed one bar stronger than the other2 but these and other tricks are not to be looked on as the results of natural defects1 but as habitual defences against the pain caused by a hard1 harsh bearing on the horse's bars2 with a smooth and gentle bearing he will not take to them1 or will discontinue them4 ,for callous bars ,xenophon prescribes gentle friction with oil6 and the practice of the ,augustan age of the mange1 recommended by ,berenger was to amputate that part of the tongue which a horse protruded or lolled out6 ,sidenote3 ,defence by the teeth4 ,one of the most common defences against the bit is taking the leg 7the lower part of the branch7 of the bit with the corner tooth4 ,this is easily counteracted by a lip-strap4 ,it should fasten round the leg of the bit1 so as to slide up and down1 and should be tight enough to be horizontal4 ,sidenote3 ,bar of the military and driving bit4 ,the reason for the bar at the lower part of a driving bit or a military bit1 is to prevent the horse catching his bit over his neighbour's reins4 ,the ,french cavalry ordonnance1 in discussing the merits of this bar1 does not seem to be aware of its origin and meaning4 ,sidenote3 ,martingale4 ,if the theories here laid down are true1 it will result that the common bits are best for the common run of coarse hands1 as being less severe1 from their action being divided and on less sensible parts2 and also1 that they should be curbed more loosely1 and placed higher in the horse's mouth1 in proportion to the degree of coarseness to be expected in the rider's hand4 ,so although a martingale spoils hands1 it may be used as a defence1 that is1 supposing the necessity of mounting a high1 harsh hand on a susceptible horse4 ,in this case an easy snaffle with a running martingale will at least counteract the height of the hand1 and the friction will to a certain degree steady and counteract the unequal bearing on the horse's mouth4 ,a low smooth hand is the only true martingale3 this will never be acquired as long as an implement is used which tends to permit harsh1 high handling with impunity to the rider4 ,the snaffle1 even of a double bridle1 should be sewed to the bridle2 it is safer for leading1 and it is only the curb bit which you wish to have the power of changing4 ,the reins should be thin and supple1 they will last the longer for it2 for reins break from being stiff and cracking1 and suppleness of reins is essential to delicacy of hand4 ,as the collected paces of the parade are not in vogue in ,england1 a gentleman rarely has occasion for his curb at all1 except to train a horse for a lady1 or in the case where a commanding power is required over a horse who1 by bad or cruel handling1 has become a puller1 or habitually restive1 or whose animal impetuosity or ferocity leads him to attack his neighbours4 ,in such a case a ,chifney bit1 with the mouth-piece described1 with half the length of leg1 and a third part of the weight1 will be found more effective than a clipper bit2 and at the same time that weight is got rid of1 danger is avoided1 which1 with branches running far below the horse's mouth1 is very great in going through living fences or coverts4 ,with such a bit1 so placed1 ,i have seen the taper tips of the most beautiful fingers in the world constrain the highest-mettled and hottest thorough-bred horses1 and rule them when they're wildest4 ,it is an implement which will give to the weakest hand the power of the strongest1 which most of the strongest hands cannot be trusted to wield1 and which1 if ladies' hands are light1 equal1 and smooth1 will give them the power of riding horses such as few men might venture to mount4 ,sidenote3 ,danger does not result from power4 ,provided the indications from the hand are true and gentle1 no danger to the rider nor resistance from the horse will result from power1 but on the contrary1 safety to the rider and obedience from the horse4 ,this is the only mode of accounting for the fact that there are thousands of hands which perform to admiration in driving1 with the most severe bits1 but which are quite unfit to be trusted in riding with anything but a snaffle bridle2 for1 in driving1 the terret-pad prevents false indications on the bit1 therefore to ensure true ones being given1 two hands are used1 or when one only1 two fingers are placed between the reins instead of the fourth finger only1 consequently the horse obeys the slightest touch1 and consequently his mouth and the driver's hand become mutually more light2 but put the driver and driven together1 as rider and ridden1 with the same bit1 the reins in one hand1 and the fourth finger only between them1 and what will follow8 ,the rider gives a wrong indication2 the horse turns the wrong way1 or stops2 the rider insists1 and applies force2 the horse rears2 one or both fall backwards2 the blame is laid on the severity of the bit1 instead of the wrong application of it1 and the brute force of the rider4 ,and observe1 that it is power which ,i advocate1 and not force2 ',tis well to have the giant's strength1 but tyrannous to use it like a giant4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,saddle ,,and ,,side-,,saddle4 ,a side-saddle should have no right-hand pummel4--,the leaping horn4--,surcingle4--,stirrup-leather4--, stirrup-iron4--,girthing4--,to avoid riding on the buckles of the girths4 ,sidenote3 ,no right-hand pummel4 ,sidenote3 ,leaping horn4 ,a side-saddle should have no right-hand pummel2 it is useless to the seat1 and impedes the working of the right hand on the reins4 ,the appearance when mounted is infinitely improved by the absence of it4 ,the saddle should have what is called a third pummel1 or leaping-horn4 ,in case of any unusual motion of the horse1 such as leaping1 an ebullition of gaiety1 or violence from any other cause1 by pressing upwards with the front part above the left knee1 and downwards with the back part above the right knee1 a wonderfully strong grasp is obtained1 much stronger than the grasp obtained by the mode in which men ride4 ,this will be quite clear to you if1 when sitting in your chair1 you press your two knees together1 and afterwards1 by crossing them over1 press them1 one down and the other up4 ,besides this1 when a man clasps his horse1 however firmly it fixes the clasping parts1 it has a tendency to raise the seat from the saddle4 ,this is not the case with the clasp obtained in a side-saddle2 and1 for a tour de force1 ,i find ,i am much stronger in a side-saddle than in my own4 ,there is no danger in this third pummel1 since there is not the danger of being thrown on it2 more than this1 it renders it next to impossible that the rider should be thrown against or upon the other pummels4 ,in the case of the horse bucking1 without the leaping-horn1 there is nothing to prevent the lady from being thrown up2 the right knee is thus disengaged from the pummel1 and all hold lost4 ,the leaping-horn prevents the left knee from being thrown up1 and from that fulcrum great force may be employed to keep the right knee down in its proper place4 ,if the horse1 in violent action1 throws himself suddenly to the left1 the upper part of the rider's body will tend downwards to the right1 the lower limbs upwards to the left4 ,nothing can counteract this but the bearing afforded by the leaping-horn4 ,this tendency to over-balance to the right causes so many ladies to guard themselves against it by hanging off their saddles to the left4 ,the leaping-horn is also of infinite use with a hard puller1 or in riding down steep places2 without it1 in either case1 there is nothing to prevent the lady from sliding forward4 ,it has also the advantage that1 should one rider like it1 and another not1 it is easily screwed on or taken off4 ,sidenote3 ,surcingle4 ,sidenote3 ,stirrup leather4 ,sidenote3 ,stirrup-iron4 ,the saddle should be kept in its place by the elastic webbing girths1 and not1 as the common error is--probably from the facility of tightening it--by the hard1 unyielding1 leather surcingle4 ,the use of this surcingle is to prevent the small flap on the off side from turning up1 and the large flap on the off side from being blown about with wind2 and it should not be drawn tighter than is sufficient for these purposes4 ,the part coming from the near side should not be attached1 as at present1 to the small flap1 but to the lower part of the large flap on the near side4 ,this will leave the small flap on the near side loose1 as in a man's saddle1 and will allow liberty for the use of the spring bar4 ,it will also lessen the friction against the habit and leg1 by rendering the side of the saddle perfectly smooth1 except the stirrup-leather4 ,to lessen the friction from that ,i recommend a single thin strap1 as broad as a man's stirrup-leather1 instead of the present double1 narrow1 thick one4 ,of three sorts of single stirrup-leathers the smoothest is with a loop to go over the spring-bar1 and with an adjusting buckle just above the stirrup-iron3 or the strap may take off and on the iron by a slip loop1 and passing over the spring-bar as usual1 be fastened1 and its length adjusted1 by a loose buckle1 which1 though it is only attached to the strap by the tongue1 is perfectly secure4 ,for hunting ,i always use a single strap1 sewn to the iron1 with a ,d above the knee1 and with a double strap and buckle between the ,d and the spring-bar4 ,the lady's stirrup-leather1 which passes under the horse's body1 and is fixed to the off side of the side-saddle1 is supposed to prevent the saddle from turning round4 ,this is a mechanical error4 ,but the great objection to this sort of stirrup-leather is1 that it cannot with safety be used with the spring-bar2 for when off the bar it remains attached to the saddle1 and acts as a scourge to the horse4 ,i once saw a frightful instance of this4 ,the lady's stirrup-iron should be in all respects the same as a man's1 and1 to make assurance doubly sure1 it should open at the side with a spring4 ,this might be useful in case of a fall on the off side1 when the action of the spring-bar of the saddle might be impeded4 ,but if the stirrup is large and heavy1 it is next to impossible that the foot should be caught by it4 ,it is the common error to suppose that persons are dragged owing to the stirrup being too large and the foot passing through it1 but the reason is its being too small and light1 it then sticks to the foot and clasps it by the pressure of the upper part of the stirrup above the foot1 and the lower part on the sole of the foot4 ,sidenote3 ,girthing4 ,a side-saddle should be girthed very tightly1 since a lady sits only by the saddle4 ,the girths should always be felt after the weight of the rider is in the saddle4 ,the girths of a man's saddle should never be tight4 ,the inner girth only should loosely hold the saddle2 the outer girth is merely a safety girth1 in case of the inner one giving4 ,this is of consequence for the horse's breathing in galloping1 since his ribs must expand every time he inhales1 or draws breath4 ,sidenote3 ,to avoid buckles of girths4 ,i think that one holder on each side of a man's saddle should be placed as far forward1 and one on each side as far backward1 as possible without showing beyond the outside stirrup flap4 ,this separates the buckles of the girths1 and makes a smooth flat bearing for the thigh of the rider4 ,the girths must cross from the front holder on one side to the back holder on the other2 or they may be passed through a loose loop below to prevent their separating4 ,the double-stirrup leather and the riding exactly on the buckles of the girths1 are great abominations4 ,i go farther in this way myself1 and cut off the inside girth flap immediately below the tree of the saddle4 ,it is wholly unnecessary when the buckles of the girths are removed from under the weight of the rider4 ,the absence of this inner girth-flap gives a much firmer1 and to me a much pleasanter1 seat2 while to the horse the saddle is much cooler1 and a little lighter4 ,if1 on trial1 this is not liked1 the girth-flap is easily sewed on again1 or the holders are still more easily replaced4 ,it is very rash to recommend even the smallest possible change which one has not tested well2 and ,i have never tried dividing the girth buckles with the side-saddle4 ,but ,i should think that if they were divided on the near side only1 with a loop to keep the girths together below1 it might be an improvement4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,short ,,rein4 ,the short rein should be used when one hand is occupied4--,its use to a soldier4--,its use with the restive horse4--,it should not be used in hunting1 or in swimming a horse4--,objection to it for common riding4--,used by postilion4--,short rein of the ,eastern horseman4 ,sidenote3 ,should be used when one hand is occupied4 ,if you have anything to carry which entirely occupies one hand1 and which occasionally may require both1 such as an umbrella in wind1 or an over-fresh horse to lead at a quick pace1 tie up one or both reins2 it obviates the possibility of a horse1 wild with his head1 drawing the reins through the hand1 and consequently the necessity of using both hands to shorten them4 ,at the same time1 being held with the breadth of the whole hand1 at the centre1 distinct single-handed indications can be given on the reins4 ,sidenote3 ,its use to a soldier4 ,sidenote3 ,its use with the restive horse4 ,a soldier should go to single combat with one of his reins in this way4 ,to have to use his sword hand to shorten his reins may make the difference of life or death to him4 ,in the case of his adversary gaining his left rear1 by dropping the reins the sword is instantly shifted to the left hand1 and the short rein is instantly grasped with the right hand at the proper length4 ,as the soldier is only trained to use his sword with his right hand 7this might be remedied by my sword exercise71 it is not likely that his left hand should be a match for his adversary's right1 but he will at least be able to keep his adversary at a distance by striking or pointing at his horse's head4 ,this would be a hopeless affair with the right hand1 particularly for a cuirassier4 ,to be able to present a pistol to the rear with the left hand would be invaluable in such a case4 ,the power to drop and instantly resume the short rein also allows two hands to be occasionally used to the lance or carbine2 a skirmisher therefore should have one rein tied up4 ,a pulling horse may be ridden with one or both reins tied1 also a restive horse2 his usual mode of resistance is running back and rearing1 because from fear of his falling backward chastisement usually ceases then4 ,in such a case quit the reins1 lay hold of the mane with both hands1 ply both spurs1 even while the horse is on his hind legs1 and the moment he flies from them1 the reins are seized in the mode to be used most powerfully without requiring any adjustment4 ,if the horse will not answer the spur1 with the left hand hold the mane1 and with the right ply the whip under the flank even when he is on his hind legs4 ,sidenote3 ,should not be used in hunting1 or swimming a horse4 ,the reins should never be tied in hunting1 or in swimming a horse1 since1 by catching across the neck1 they act like a bearing rein1 and oblige the horse to carry his head up and his nose in4 ,in hunting this would bring his hind legs on his fences1 and oblige him to leap from the top of his banks and to land all fours1 instead of extending himself and letting himself down gently4 ,in swimming it obliges him to keep his whole head and neck out of water2 ,i very nearly drowned a horse in this way in the ,serpentine4 ,sidenote3 ,objection for common riding4 ,sidenote3 ,short rein of the ,east4 ,sidenote3 ,used by postilion4 ,for common riding the objection is that you cannot lengthen or shorten the rein2 therefore1 to give more liberty1 or to shorten the rein1 the hand must go from or to the body4 ,if1 therefore1 the reins are tied so that the hands should be at a convenient distance from the body when the horse is collected1 they would be at a very inconvenient distance when he is extended4 ,to remedy this1 in the ,east1 where the short rein is very universal1 the double part of the bridle is prolonged by a single strap2 this strap is used as a whip1 and hence the whip of the ,hussar attached to the reins2 hence1 also1 as ,i imagine1 the ,austrian driving rein described page #ed4 ,when fossil remains of the extinct postboy shall be discovered1 it will be seen that he used the short rein1 and with great propriety2 since his horse may be said to have been always au trot1 and needed only one degree of collection4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,colt-,,breaking4 ,colt-breaking is the best possible lesson for the rider4--,the head-stall4--,the snaffle4--,longeing4--,saddling4--,mount ing4--,sermon to the colt-breaker4--,the noblest horse resists the most4--,the horse has a natural right to resist4--,the colt wants no suppling4--,he wants to be taught the meaning of your indications4--,and to be brought to obey them4--,the leaping-bar4--,fetch and carry4 ,sidenote3 ,colt-breaking the best lesson for riding4 ,the very best lesson for a horseman1 young or old1 is colt-breaking2 and if in the attempt the young horseman fails to do the colt justice1 he will at least do him less injury than the country colt-breaker1 or the generality of grooms4 ,i shall detail the plan of an old horseman2 though1 perchance1 its want of dresses1 scenery1 and decoration may offend1 my chief implements being a stick1 some string1 and some carrots4 ,i have always said that the colt is half broken when he will come to your whistle or call in the field1 and eat carrots out of your hand2 and that he is quite broken when you have got the head-stall on him4 ,sidenote3 ,the head-stall4 ,the colt should wear a head-stall from the earliest days1 and be held by the head while he is rubbed and caressed4 ,if this has been neglected1 get him into a loose box2 take the front off the head-stall1 described page #abe4 ,do not 7as is the common error in this and in bridling7 face the colt1 and hold out the head-stall with both hands1 as if you wished to frighten him2 but keep the head-stall in your left hand1 caress the colt with your right hand1 and1 with your right shoulder to his left shoulder1 pass the right hand under his jaws on to the front part of his head4 ,bring the left hand up to the right1 and1 with a hand on each cheek-strap1 pass the top over the ears on to the neck1 if you can4 ,fasten the throat-lash tight enough to prevent its being rubbed over the ears4 ,tie a piece of cord1 a yard long1 to the off side1 ,d1 of the head-stall2 pass the cord through the near side1 ,d4 ,accustom the colt to see and to be held by this4 ,it is very powerful1 as it forms a slip knot round his nose1 and prevents his pulling with the top of his head2 and it keeps the two cheek-straps back1 which otherwise might injure the colt's eyes4 ,when he is used to the short cord1 tie a long knotted cord to it4 ,use gloves when you first take the colt out1 and place yourself so that if he bolts you may pull him sideways gradually into a circle4 ,sidenote3 ,the snaffle4 ,to get him to lead1 place him between you and a fence2 keep abreast of his shoulder1 and show the stick towards his croupe4 ,when he is subjected to the cord1 take a snaffle-bit with a piece of string to each eye 7what is called a ,t is best71 tie it to the off side1 ,d1 hold the nose-band with the right hand1 take the snaffle with the left1 induce him to open his mouth by passing the thumb between his lips on to the bars 7part bare of teeth71 place the snaffle in his mouth1 and tie it to the near side1 ,d4 ,if you have any difficulty1 a long string may be used to the near side of the snaffle1 and passed through the ,d4 ,if the colt runs back you still hold him with the snaffle under the jaws4 ,when bridled tie a piece of string from eye to eye of the snaffle1 so as to hang under the chin2 fasten the long cord to this and lead him by it1 and use him to be held by this chin-strap4 ,by the common method1 he is never held by the mouth till he is mounted4 ,next tie a piece of cord round his girthing place1 the two ends on the ridge of his back4 ,make a rein of string and tie it with these ends just tight enough to prevent the colt grazing2 you may then pick grass and give it to him1 whistling at the same time4 ,he will soon follow you loose1 play by your side1 leap fences1 and come to your whistle like a dog4 ,to accustom the colt to be tied by the head1 pass the long cord over a gate1 and slacken and tighten as may be required4 ,ask leave of the colt to hang your tackle in his hovel2 or if he lives in a field1 lay it in the hedge to be ready whenever you can spare time to go for a walk with him4 ,for these lessons1 and as far as possible for all lessons1 the law should be dulcia sunto2 but after teaching your child its alphabet in ginger-bread1 the time must come when he must go to school4 ,sidenote3 ,longeing4 ,the simplest act of obedience is longeing4 ,in longeing you should walk a circle inside the colt's circle4 ,the long stick should be constantly held up towards his croupe1 to keep him on1 but ready to be shown towards his head to keep him out4 ,when you stop1 and lower the stick1 the colt comes in for a piece of carrot4 ,the long cord should never be tight4 ,if the colt's head is pulled in and his croupe driven out of the circle1 mental sulks and muscular mischief must ensue4 ,nothing so surely generates spavins1 curbs1 and thorough-pins4 ,when skilful1 you may make the colt change without stopping1 or longe a figure of #h4 ,this may be done1 even without the long cord1 by the centripetal force of carrots and the centrifugal force of the stick4 ,when this is done in the open field it looks like mesmerism or magic4 ,when in this way you have made the colt thoroughly to love1 honour1 and obey you1 the saddling1 mounting1 and riding1 follow almost of course4 ,sidenote3 ,saddling4 ,sidenote3 ,mounting4 ,without stirrups1 and with only one girth turned over the seat1 place the pummel of the saddle on your right shoulder1 and your right hand under its cantle1 caress the colt with your left hand1 and do not attempt to put the saddle on him till your left shoulder touches his4 ,when girthed tie the string surcingle over the saddle2 besides holding the reins1 it now prevents the flaps flying up4 ,when used to this1 use him to the stirrups4 ,mount in a loose box with three girths1 the head tied loosely to the saddle and a second snaffle bridle4 ,fill your pockets with tares or hay and feed him from his back4 ,out of doors mount while the colt is browsing a hedge4 ,quiet riding must do the rest1 the main thing to keep the colt straight on1 or to turn him1 being the stick shown instantly on either side by the turn of the wrist4 ,thus far the practice of colt-breaking2 and in this way the colt will be very easily tackled3 ,i do not expect so easily to tackle his rider1 but ,i will try4 ,sidenote3 ,sermon to the colt-breaker4 ,sidenote3 ,the noblest horse resists the most4 ,sidenote3 ,has a right to resist4 ,as ,lord ,pembroke remarks in his admirable treatise1 his hand is the best who gets his horse to do what he wishes with the least force1 whose indications are so clear that his horse cannot mistake them1 and whose gentleness and fearlessness alike induce obedience to them4 ,the noblest animal will obey such a rider1 as surely as he will disregard the poltroon1 or rebel against the savage4 ,i say the noblest1 because it is ever the noblest among them which rebel the most4 ,for the dominion of man over the horse is an usurped dominion4 ,and in riding a colt1 or a restive horse1 we should never forget that he has by nature the right to resist2 and that1 at least1 as far as he can judge1 we have not the right to insist4 ,when the stag is taken in the toils1 the hunter feels neither surprise nor anger at his struggles and alarm2 and indeed he would be very unreasonable were he to chastise the poor animal on account of them4 ,but there is no more reason in nature why a horse should submit1 without resistance1 to be ridden1 than the stag to be slain--why the horse should give up his liberty to us1 than the stag his life4 ,in both cases our wish is father to the deed4 ,and if our arrogance insinuates that a bountiful ,nature created these animals simply for our service1 assuredly bountiful ,nature left them in ignorance of the fact4 ,and it is to the sportsman and the colt-breaker that we must apply1 if we wish to know whose victims are the most willing4 ,not to the cockney casuist1 whose knowledge of the stag is confined to his venison1 and who never trusts himself on the horse till it has been long trained1 in shackles1 to procession pace4 ,if he did1 he would find that the unfettered four-year-old shows precisely the same alarm and resistance to the halter as the stag does to the toils2 and in breaking horses1 the thing to be aimed at1 next to the power of indicating our wishes1 is the power of winning obedience to those wishes4 ,these1 and these only1 are the two things to be aimed at1 from the putting the first halter on the colt1 to his performance of the pirouette renverse au galop--which is perhaps the most perfect trial and triumph of the most exquisitely finished horsemanship1 and in which the horse must exert every faculty of his mind to discover1 and every muscle of his body to execute1 the wishes of his rider4 ,sidenote3 ,the colt needs no suppling4 ,sidenote3 ,he wants to know your meaning4 ,sidenote3 ,and that he must obey4 ,it is a vulgar error--an abuse of terms--the mere jargon of jockeyship1 to say that the horse needs suppling to perform this1 or any other air of the mange1 or anything else that man can make him do2 all that he wants is to be made acquainted with the wishes of his rider1 and inspired with the desire to execute them4 ,for example1 among the innumerable antics which ,i have seen fresh young troopers go through1 when being led to and from the farrier's shop1 ,i have seen them perform this very air1 the pirouette renverse au galop to the right1 round the man who leads them2 ,i have seen them perform the figure perfectly1 with the exception that1 instead of the right nostril leading1 the head and neck have been straight on the diameter of the circle4 ,at the same time dtacher l'aiguillette1 and mingle courbettes1 ballotades1 and even cabrioles with it1--combinations which ,la ,broue1 the ,duke of ,newcastle1 ,de la ,guerinire1 or ,pellier would scarcely dream of4 ,this a horse will do in the gaiety of his heart1 and without requiring any suppling2 take the same horse into the school1 follow him with the whip1 and try to make him do it1 he will think you a most unreasonable person2 he will by no means be able to discover your meaning1 and will1 if you press him1 finish by being exceedingly sulky4 ,mount him1 and try to indicate your wishes to him through the medium of your hands1 legs1 and whip1 or if you prefer the terms1 to give him their aid and support4 ,i will venture to say that you will be nearer two years than one1 before you can get him to do what he has not only done but done for his own delight4 ,in the mean time1 if during his two years of suppling you have never given him a false indication or ever forced him1 he will be no more stiff than when he first began to be suppled4 ,but if1 as a million riders out of a million and one would have done1 you have been in the constant habit of doing both1 the horse will long ago have become as stiff as a piece of wood4 ,is it to be supposed that the best suppled mange horse is more supple than the colt at the foot of his dam8 ,can any one who has watched his pranks think so8 ,how often have ,i been told by a rider to observe how supple his horse's neck had become6 ,that he could now get his horse's head round to his knee1 whereas he could not at first accomplish more than to see his horse's eye4 ,if the same horse1 loose1 wished to scratch his shoulder or his ribs1 would he not forthwith do it with his teeth8 ,when a cabriolet or cart is turned in a narrow street or road1 the horse is forced to make half a pirouette1 without any questions being asked as to his capabilities or suppleness2 and the rein being pulled strongest on one side1 the whip applied on the other1 the shafts to prevent his turning short1 and with evident reason why he cannot go a-head1 he sees what is required1 and does it without difficulty2 but the same horse will not do the same mounted1 in the middle of a grass-field1 with nothing but his rider's aids to bias him1 or to indicate what is required of him4 ,why8 either because he can't understand your aids1 or you can't enforce obedience to them3 these will be the reasons1 not his want of suppleness4 ,the great thing in horsemanship is to get your horse to be of your party--not only to obey1 but to obey willingly4 ,for this reason a young horse cannot be begun with too early1 and his lessons cannot be too gradually progressive4 ,the great use of longeing is1 not that it supples your horse--it is a farce to suppose that--but that1 next to leading1 it is the easiest act of obedience which you can exact from him4 ,in this way it is an admirable lesson4 ,sidenote3 ,the leaping-bar4 ,placing the colt between the pillars of the stall is admirable as a lesson of submission and obedience2 by degrees he may be even cleaned there4 ,the brush acts as the urging indication2 the reins inform him that he is not to advance2 the result is that he collects himself to the bit4 ,here1 then1 the common theory would make him to be taken up and collected1 not between the hands and legs1 not dans la main et dans les talons1 but dans the sides of the stall and dans the horse brush4 ,it is precisely the same as putting the horse between the pillars in a mange1 which is an admirable explanatory practice to a horse4 ,with the whip in skilful hands1 the sides of the stall give infinite advantage over the pillars in the mange2 both teach the horse the same lesson1 namely1 that when urged up to the bit--that is1 when urged and retained at the same time--these contradictory indications mean that he is required to collect himself4 ,anything which facilitates the understanding of this bit of information is of infinite value2 for the colt1 like the satyr in the fable1 is apt to kick against this blowing hot and blowing cold at the same time4 ,mount the colt1 and try these opposite indications2 he will do anything but obey them1 anything but collect himself4 ,if you insist1 he will resist4 ,he will end in overt acts of rebellion1 or at least in dogged sulks2 and that from not understanding1 or not choosing to obey your aids1 not from want of suppleness4 ,let art supple the temper and understanding of the colt1 and leave nature to supple his limbs4 ,by holding the colt's head against a wall by the chin-strap1 he may be made to pass sideways to either hand by showing him the whip4 ,he should also be taught to rein back2 this is best done in a narrow gangway4 ,the leaping-bar is a good exercise of obedience4 ,the bar itself should be only six feet long2 the posts which support it should be four feet six inches high2 the side-rails thirty feet in length1 and they should slope down to three feet2 they should rest on the tops of the posts1 and be flush with them1 and perfectly smooth1 so that the long cord may pass freely over them without catching4 ,the colt should walk half way up the gangway1 thence a slow trot4 ,pass the reins of the snaffle through the left eye of the snaffle1 and fasten the long cord to them4 ,hold the right rein close to where it passes through the eye1 it will clasp the lower jaw like a slip-knot and give you great power4 ,all over-fresh horses should be led in this way2 without it a horse will pull with the top of his head with force sufficient to beat any man4 ,keep the bar low1 or even on the ground1 as long as the horse is nervous4 ,the whole affair of colt-breaking is an affair of patience1 you cannot have too much forbearance3 put off the evil day of force4 ,forgive him seventy times seven times a-day1 and be assured that what does not come to-day will to-morrow4 ,the grand thing is to get rid of dogged sulks and coltishness2 of that wayward1 swerving1 hesitating gait1 which says1 here's my foot1 and there's my foot2 or1 there is a lion in the street1 ,i cannot go forth4 ,this is the besetting sin of colts2 and this it is which1 on the turf1 gives so great an advantage to a young horse to have another to make play1 or cut out the running for him4 ,for this indisposition to go freely forward results as well from their seeing no necessity to give up their will to yours1 as from their incapacity to perceive and obey the indications of their rider without swerving1 shifting the leg1 c41 and additional labour to themselves4 ,all this is spared to the young horse by the follow-my-leader system4 ,everything should be resorted to to avoid alarm on the colt's side and force on the man's1 and gradually to induce familiarity and cheerful obedience--to reconcile him to the melancholy change from gregarious liberty to a solitary stall and a state of slavery4 ,i should say that he is the best colt-breaker who soonest inspires him with the animus eundi--who soonest gets him to go freely straight forward--who soonest1 and with least force1 gets the colt without company five miles along the road from home4 ,violence never did this yet2 but violence increases his reluctance1 and makes it last ten times longer4 ,indeed1 it causes the colt to stiffen and defend himself1 and this never is got rid of4 ,it is true that by force you may make him your sullen slave1 but that is not the object2 the object is to make him your willing subject4 ,above all things1 do not be perpetually playing the wolf to him2 deal in rewards where it is possible1 and in punishment only where it cannot be avoided4 ,be assured that the system will answer4 ,crede mihi1 res est ingeniosa dare4 ,it is1 no doubt1 our duty to create the happiness and to prevent the misery of every living thing2 but with our horse this is also a matter of policy4 ,the colt should be caressed1 rubbed1 and spoken to kindly4 ,he should be fed from the hand with anything he may fancy1 such as carrot1 or apple1 or sugar1 and be made to come for it when whistled to or called by name4 ,quis expedivit ,psittaco suum chaire8444 ,venter4 ,sidenote3 ,fetch and carry4 ,on an unlittered part of the stable1 with the horse loose1 throw pieces of carrot on the floor2 he will learn to watch your hand like a dog4 ,then tie a piece of carrot to a piece of stick4 ,when he lifts this push a piece of carrot between his lips where there are no teeth1 and take the stick from his mouth4 ,he will soon learn to pick up your stick1 whip1 glove1 or handkerchief1 and to bring it in exchange for the reward2 or when mounted1 will put his head back to place it in your hand4 ,stand on the outside of a door which opens towards you4 ,show the horse carrots through the opening3 he will push the door open to get the carrot4 ,by always repeating the word door1 he will soon open or shut a door at command1 or a gate1 even when mounted4 ,these may be foolish things to all the wise1 but nothing is useless which familiarises the horse1 which increases the confidence and intimacy between him and his rider1 or which teaches him to look to man for the indications of his will1 and to obey them1 whether from fear1 interest1 or attachment4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,horse ,,and ,,his ,,stable4 ,condition depends on food1 work1 and warmth4--,so does the difference between the breeds of horses4--,the terseness of the ,arab is the result of hard food4--,so is that of our thorough-bred horse4--,different breeds result from different natural conditions4--,crossing is only necessary where natural conditions are against you4--,we do not attend enough to warmth4--,we should get fine winter coats by warmth instead of singeing4--,no fear of cold from fine coats4--,the foot should be stopped with clay4--,the sore ridge4--,stable breastplate4--,the head-stall4--,never physic1 bleed1 blister1 or fire4--,food for condition4--,rest for strains4--,nature for wounds4--,miles for shoeing4--,the horse should have water always by him4--,and should stand loose4--,no galloping on hard ground1 either by master or man4--,he who cripples the horse kills him4 ,sidenote3 ,condition depends on food1 work1 warmth4 ,for perfect health and condition three things are necessary1 good food1 work1 warmth4 ,for appearance a fourth may be added1 cleaning4 ,to suppose cleaning necessary for health is nonsense4 ,do you clean your sheep8--the stags in your park8--or the horses young and old in the breeding stud8 ,but1 speaking liberally1 a horse which is not worked cannot be clean and a horse which is worked and clothed cannot be dirty4 ,a horse cannot be clothed too heavily summer or winter short of perspiring4 ,sidenote3 ,so does the difference between breeds of horses4 ,but it is not only that the present passing condition of the horse depends solely on food1 work1 and warmth1 but the permanent structure and stature of the horse depend on them2 that is1 the difference between what are called different breeds of horses depends solely on these three things4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,arab the result of hard food4 ,the ,arab has a legend that his horse came from the stable of ,king ,solomon4 ,from the book of ,kings it appears that ,solomon was a great horse dealer4 ,he imported them largely from ,egypt1 and he supplied certain kings with them4 ,the merchandise which he received from ,arabia is enumerated1 and though it is not stated that he supplied horses in part payment for this merchandise1 it is not improbable that he did so4 ,speaking liberally1 in ,arabia the sole food of the horse is barley and straw2 and the terseness of structure of the ,arab may be said to be the result of three thousand years of hard food1 if we reckon only from the modern horse-keeper ,king ,solomon4 ,fuerant autem in ,egypto semper prstantissimi equi4 ,and1 shades of ,bunsen6 how many thousand years of hard food shall we add to the account for our horses' ,egyptian ancestry8 ,moses and ,miriam sang their dirge on the shore of the ,red ,sea1 in the reign of a medival ,pharaoh1 but their early progenitors1 as ,mr4 ,darwin would phrase it1 might have enjoyed the barley of the ancient ,king ,menes4 ,to hard food we must add early work1 for the ,arab is worked at two years old4 ,sidenote3 ,so is our thorough-bred horse4 ,our thorough-bred horse1 the descendant of the ,arab1 has been bred under the same natural conditions somewhat improved2 that is1 he has had better hard food in unlimited quantity1 he is earlier trained1 the goodness of both sire and dam are proved to an ounce1 and performance only is bred from4 ,what is the consequence8 ,in ,evelyn's days ,arabs and barbs raced at ,newmarket4 ,in later days1 in the give and take plates there1 winners are recorded of thirteen hands high1 and the size of a stud horse of fourteen hands was advertised4 ,now1 if a horse is under sixteen hands his size is not mentioned1 and all the world is our customer at #ejjj or #fjjj a horse4 ,and if more people had the skill to ride him1 the merits of the thorough-bred horse as a hunter would be better known2 though1 indeed1 under any circumstances1 it is but the sweepings of the training stable which descends to the hunting field or private life4 ,sidenote3 ,all breeds result from natural conditions4 ,the first axiom of the breeder is--est in equis patrum virtus--,like produces like4 ,but the second axiom is1 ,the goodness of the horse goes in at his mouth4 ,the moral is1 that like produces like only under like natural conditions4 ,turn out all the winners of the last ten years to breed on ,dartmoor or in ,shetland2 what would be the betting about a colt or a filly so bred for the ,derby or ,oaks8 ,the qualities of the race-horse--the accumulation of thousands of years--are lost in the first generation4 ,continue to breed him under these conditions1 and the finest horse in the world1 or that the world ever saw1 becomes a ,dartmoor or ,shetland pony1 worth #e instead of #ejjj4 ,such are the changes worked by natural conditions2 though with ,mr4 ,darwin they count for nothing1 or for next to nothing4 ,in the permanent fat pastures of the temperate and insular climes1 the horse is built up to eighteen hands high1 with a width and weight infinitely more than proportionate to his height1 if we compare him to the southern horse4 ,in the arid south1 by no contrivance of man or natural selection can a horse of weight be produced2 though you may breed the terse horse of the south in the north by keeping him on terse food4 ,sidenote3 ,crossing not necessary4 ,crossing is only good where you wish to breed animals against natural conditions1 as heavy horses on terse food1 or ,leicester sheep on the downs1 or small ,alderney cows on rich pastures4 ,then1 the more the breed is crossed by animals bred under favourable natural conditions the better4 ,no horse is so bred in-and-in as our thorough-bred horse and the ,arab1 and1 of course1 all pure breeds must be bred in-and-in4 ,sidenote3 ,we do not attend enough to warmth4 ,the above effects of food and work are evident and well understood4 ,but we do not sufficiently attend to warmth4 ,we see that if the finest-coated ,arab or thorough-bred horse is turned out year after year1 he will get a winter coat as thick as a ,shetland pony4 ,but besides this1 nature thickens his skin2 the hide of the southern horse sells higher than that of the northern horse1 because it is thinner4 ,change the skin of a horse for that of a rhinoceros1 will he race or hunt as well8 ,sidenote3 ,warmth instead of singeing4 ,mr4 ,darwin does not seem to be aware that the horse changes his coat6 or that there is any difference between his summer and winter coat6 or that the new coat of the same individual comes thick directly he is exposed to cold4 ,fine winter coats should be got by clothing and warmth1 not by singeing and cold4 ,starvation itself is not more terrible than cold4 ,nature comes to the rescue of the out-door horse1 but frightful enormities result from singeing horses in the winter1 and leaving them to shiver in the stall inadequately clothed1 to say nothing of the frightful figures which result4 ,sidenote3 ,no fear of cold from fine coats4 ,fear not your horse suffering from cold because he is stripped to work4 ,do not labourers strip to work8 ,if a horse had a coat thick enough to keep him warm when at rest in winter1 he could not hunt in this without being sweated to death any more than he could with four or five blankets on him4 ,sidenote3 ,stop foot with clay4 ,fire and water are equally disastrous to the horse's skin4 ,allow neither singeing nor washing above the hoof1 and even this only for appearance4 ,for there is no more reason for washing the horse's foot when he is kept in a stable1 than there is when he is kept in a paddock4 ,but there are good reasons for keeping his foot full of dirt in the form of clay in the stable4 ,without it he fills his foot with the contents of the stall1 which the shoe holds there4 ,now1 which is worst for the foot1 dirt or dung8 ,nothing can be more injurious to the frog than this4 ,but1 alas6 all is right1 even with the master1 provided that there is not a speck on the outside insensible horn2 and perhaps that is oiled and blacked 767 when the horse is brought out1 while inside1 the soft frog is left night and day soaked and saturated with the most frightful horrors4 ,hence the most fetid thrushes1 and hence the contracted heel2 for the contracted heel is the consequence1 not the cause of the rotted frog4 ,the clay should not be mixed up with any of the horrors which grooms are so fond of4 ,besides defending the frog from the highly injurious juices of the stall this gives a natural support to the interior of the foot which the artificial shoe deprives it of4 ,sidenote3 ,the sore ridge4 ,every joint of the backbone or spinal bone is surmounted by a spine4 ,these are sharp and topped with gristle1 and will not support weight1 still less attrition4 ,hence the necessity of the wooden tree of a saddle1 and even of a terret-pad to bridge the ridge4 ,the old plan of fastening the horse's clothing1 taken from the ,persians1 was by rolling a long strip loosely round and round him2 hence our name of roller for the stable surcingle4 ,this avoided injury to the ridge3 the objection is the trouble4 ,the bridge or channel of our roller is never effective1 and every stabled horse has a sore ridge4 ,this is a great calamity to him as well as to his master4 ,the play of the ribs in breathing saws the sore2 he is disinclined to lie down because the roller is tightened by this position4 ,the groom puts his hand towards the ridge2 the ears go back and a leg is lifted4 ,the horse gets a kick in the stomach or a blow with the fist1 and becomes shy in the stall as well as vicious4 ,in cleaning him underneath1 the groom rests his hand on the sore ridge and the horse dashes his teeth against the wall1 and lashes out from pain2 he becomes shy to saddle1 shy to girth1 shy to mount1 and he hogs his back1 and perhaps plunges when you are up4 ,sidenote3 ,stable breastplate4 ,i have used two remedies2 first1 a more efficient bridge4 ,let the pads of the channel be deep and steep towards each other and die off on the side from each other1 set them wide apart and have the channel clear4 ,the common error is to stuff the channel1 which increases the evil4 ,next a loose roller1 but this involves the necessity of a breast-girth to prevent the roller going back under the flank4 ,if the breast-girth is loose it falls below the breast and is burst by the legs of the horse in getting up4 ,if it is tight it pulls the roller on to the rise of the withers4 ,i have used1 and ,i recommend a breastplate on the principle of a hunting breastplate4 ,the bearing should be only from the top of the neck to the lower part of the roller2 a long upper strap to prevent it falling forward when the head is down1 should take off and on the channel by a slip loop4 ,the lower strap is also taken off and on the roller with a slip loop4 ,the breast-piece buckles or ties on the near shoulder4 ,when taken off1 it pulls out of the lower strap1 and remains attached to the channel by the upper strap2 the lower strap remains attached to the lower part of the roller4 ,i wish my pupil would make a model with my favourite bit of string1 and then call the saddler to his aid4 ,he may have it of scarlet1 if he is fond of ornament1 of webbing bis ,afro murice tincta1 or of scarlet and gold if he likes4 ,the roller must keep the cloths forward2 if they are fastened tight across the chest1 the horse bursts them in getting up or in putting his head down4 ,sidenote3 ,the head-stall4 ,the head-stall should have a buckle on each cheek-strap2 the throat-lash should be sewed to the top1 and should have a buckle on each side4 ,if the horse slips his head-stall1 take the throat-lash out of the front1 and you may buckle it almost as tight as a neck-strap1 which is the safest of all fastenings4 ,the objection is that1 when a horse has to raise heavy logs in the stall for each mouthful of hay1 the strap wears his mane4 ,for this reason a front is used to the head-stall2 it however then wears the horse's head1 and is the origin of what is called pole-evil2 the bone of the nose is often worn through by the nose-band1 forming abscesses inside the nostrils4 ,small horses and ponies are particularly liable to this1 in getting their hay from high racks4 ,these are reasons for horses standing loose where this is possible4 ,a quarter of a century ago ,i had the honour to arrange the head-stalls of the #bnd ,life ,guards as above1 and ,i am proud to see them still in use4 ,sidenote3 ,never physic1 blister1 or fire4 ,on no occasion and on no persuasion give your horse physic1 or bleed him1 or blister him1 or fire him1 or let the blacksmith have anything to do with any part of him which is more sensible than the callous crust of his hoof4 ,sidenote3 ,food for condition4 ,rest for strains4 ,nature for wounds4 ,condition depends on food1 not physic4 ,rest is the cure for sprains and strains4 ,nature cures wounds unless prevented by art4 ,nature stops the bleeding by the glue of the blood coagulating about the wound2 staunching with cloths wipes this off and promotes the bleeding4 ,lint assists1 but when ,nature has formed a plaister over a wound it should not be interfered with or washed2 leave it to come off of itself4 ,where great discharge ensues wash it off sound parts1 and grease them to prevent the skin coming off4 ,don't believe in what is called proud flesh4 ,the granulations of new flesh are always called so1 and burnt off as fast as they grow by corrosive sublimate or oils as'll cut a broomstick in two4 ,sidenote3 ,miles for shoeing4 ,as a brother officer of the #bnd ,life ,guards has published a perfect book on shoeing1 and as he did me the honour to dedicate it to me1 ,i have only to say that on that subject ,i am completely ,miles's boy4 ,sidenote3 ,water always by the horse4 ,about a quarter of a century ago ,i recommended in print that all horses should have water by them in the stall3 it is now so universally the practice1 that ,i need not here repeat the reasons for it4 ,i have not heard of any horse drinking till he burst1 though all grooms assured me that all stabled horses would do so4 ,it is distending food1 not drink1 which forms the large carcase4 ,food takes long to digest1 but it is astonishing how quickly what the horse drinks is absorbed4 ,the late ,mr4 ,field having a horse condemned to die1 kept him two days without water1 gave him two buckets1 and killed him five minutes after4 ,there was not a drop of water in his stomach4 ,sidenote3 ,the horse should stand loose4 ,a horse should have a loose standing if possible2 if he must be tied in a stall it should be flat4 ,a horse cannot stand up hill without muscular exertion1 and the toe constantly up1 and the heel constantly down1 induces ruinous distress to the back sinews4 ,sidenote3 ,no galloping on hard ground4 ,sidenote3 ,he who cripples the horse kills him4 ,do not let your groom gallop your hunter on the hard ground in autumn2 and my last word shall be a petition on this subject to master as well as man--to deprecate a piece of inhumanity practised1 indeed1 as much by ladies as by gentlemen--the riding the horse fast on hard ground4 ,i pray them to consider that horses do not die of old age1 but that they are killed because they become crippled1 and that he who cripples them is guilty of their death1 not he who pulls the trigger4 ,the practice is as unhorsemanlike as it is inhuman4 ,it is true that money will replace the poor slaves as you use them up1 and if occasion requires it they must1 alas6 be used up4 ,but in my opinion1 nothing but a case of life and death can justify the deed4 ,if the ground is hard and even1 a collected canter may be allowed2 but if hard and uneven1 a moderate trot at most4 ,one hour's gallop on such ground would do the soundest horse irremediable mischief4 ,those who boast of having gone such a distance in such a time1 on the ground supposed1 show ignorance or inhumanity4 ,such feats require cruelty only1 not courage4 ,nay1 they are performed most commonly by the very horsemen who are too cowardly or too unskilful to dare to trust their horse with his foot on the elastic turf1 or to stand with him the chances of the hunting-field4 ,and such is the inconsistency of human nature1 that they are performed by persons who would shudder at the sight of the bleeding flank of the race-horse1 or who would lay down with disgust1 and some expression of maudlin1 morbid humanity1 the truly interesting narrative of that most intrepid and enduring of all gallopers1 ,sir ,francis ,head4 ,but compare the cases4 ,in the case of the race-horse1 his skin is wounded to urge him to his utmost exertion for a few seconds1 from which in a few minutes he is perfectly recovered1 and ready1 nay eager1 to start again4 ,in the case of the wild horse of the ,pampas1 he is urged for two1 three1 or perhaps five hours1 to the utmost distress for wind1 as well as muscular fatigue4 ,he is enlarged1 and in a day or two he is precisely the same as if he had never been ridden4 ,but in the case of the ,english road-rider1 though no spur is used1 unfair advantage is taken of the horse's impetuous freedom of nature1 his sinews are strained1 his joints permanently stiffened1 he is deprived at once and for ever of his elasticity and action1 and brought prematurely a cripple to the grave4 ,,bradbury ,,and ,,evans1 ,,printers1 ,,whitefriars4 ,,april1 #ahfa4 ,a ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,published ,,by ,,edward ,,moxon ,,co41 ,,dover ,,street4 ,,illustrated ,,edition ,,of ,,tennyson',s ,,princess4 ,,with ,,maclise',s ,,illustrations4 ,in royal #hvo1 cloth1 price #afs41 morocco #bas42 morocco1 by ,,hayday1 #cas4 #f;d41 illustrated with #bf ,wood ,engravings by ,,thomas ,,dalziel1 ,,green1 and ,,williams1 from ,designs by ,d4 ,,maclise1 ,r4,a41 ,,the ,,princess2 ,a ,,medley4 ,,by ,,alfred ,,tennyson1 ,,esq41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,poet ,,laureate4 ,also1 by the same ,author1 ,,tennyson',s ,,poems4 ,,thirteenth ,,edition4 ,in one volume1 foolscap #hvo1 price #is4 cloth4 ,,tennyson',s ,,princess4 ,a ,,medley4 ,,ninth ,,edition4 ,price #es4 cloth4 ,,tennyson',s ,,maud2 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,,third ,,edition4 ,price #es4 cloth4 ,,tennyson',s ,,idylls ,,of ,,the ,,king4 ,price #gs4 cloth4 ,,in ,,memoriam4 ,,tenth ,,edition4 ,price #fs4 cloth4 99499 ,the above works are always to be had in ,morocco ,bindings1 by ,hayday4 ,,greenwood',s 7,,col4 ,,george7 ,,hints ,,on ,,horsemanship ,,to ,a ,,nephew ,,and ,,niece2 ,,or1 ,,common ,,sense ,,and ,,common ,,errors ,,in ,,common ,,riding4 ,a new1 revised1 and ,illustrated ,edition4 ,the wood engravings1 photographed from life1 are illustrative of the management of the reins in accordance with the principles enunciated in the work4 ,one volume1 sm4 #hvo4 7,just published47 ,price #fs4 ,,dyce',s ,,shakespeare4 ,in ,six ,vols41 demy #hvo1 price #dl4 #ds4 ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,william ,,shakespeare4 ,,the ,,text ,,revised ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,alexander ,,dyce4 ,a minute examination has satisfied us that this is the best text of ,shakespeare which has yet been given to the world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this at least is beyond doubt1 that we have never possessed so admirable a text of ,shakespeare before2 and we would suggest to the thousands of people who are always inquiring for something interesting to read1 that they should read again the works of the monarch of literature1 and read him in the edition of ,mr4 ,dyce4--,,quarterly ,,review1 ,january1 #ahei4 ,,new ,,and ,,illustrated ,,edition ,,of ,,sharpe',s ,,egypt4 ,in ,two ,vols41 demy #hvo1 price #bds4 cloth1 with upwards of #cej illustrations and ,two ,coloured ,maps1 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,egypt1 ,,from ,,the ,,earliest ,,times ,,to ,,the ,,conquest ,,by ,,the ,,arabs1 ,a4,d4 #fdj4 ,,by ,,samuel ,,sharpe4 ,mr4 ,sharpe's is the only ,english book in which the student can find a complete consecutive history of ,egypt under the ,ptolemies and ,csars4444 ,the book has become handsome1 as well as useful1 being enriched with many illustrations1 representing buildings1 hieroglyphics1 and other ,egyptian remains4--,saturday ,review1 ,sept4 #ae1 #ahfj4 ,,haydn',s ,,dictionary ,,of ,,dates4 ,in ,one ,vol41 demy #hvo1 price #ahs4 cloth2 in calf1 by ,,hayday1 #bds4 ,,haydn',s ,,dictionary ,,of ,,dates4 ,,relating ,,to ,,all ,,ages ,,and ,,nations2 ,,for ,,universal ,,reference2 ,comprehending ,remarkable ,occurrences1 ,ancient and ,modern--the ,foundation1 ,laws1 and ,governments of ,countries--their ,progress in ,civilisation1 ,industry1 ,literature1 ,arts1 and ,science--their ,achievements in ,arms--their ,civil1 ,military1 and ,religious ,institutions1 and particularly of the ,british ,empire4 ,by ,,joseph ,,haydn4 ,,ninth ,,edition1 revised and greatly enlarged by ,,benjamin ,,vincent1 ,assistant ,secretary and ,keeper of the ,library of the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain4 ,a volume containing upwards of #ae1jjj articles1 and1 perhaps1 more than #ae times #ae1jjj facts4 ,what the ,london ,directory is to the merchant1 this ,dictionary of ,dates will be found to be to those who are searching after information1 whether classical1 political1 domestic1 or general4--,times4 ,,lamb',s ,,works4 ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,charles ,,lamb4 ,in four volumes1 foolscap #hvo1 price #bjs4 cloth4 ,,contents3 #a4 ,the ,letters of ,charles ,lamb1 with a ,sketch of his ,life4 ,by ,sir ,t4 ,n4 ,,talfourd4--#b4 ,final ,memorials of ,charles ,lamb2 consisting chiefly of his ,letters not before published1 with ,sketches of some of his ,companions4 ,by ,sir ,t4 ,n4 ,,talfourd4--#c4 ,the ,essays of ,elia4--#d4 ,rosamund ,gray1 ,recollections of ,christ's ,hospital1 ,poems1 c4 ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,charles ,,lamb4 ,in one volume #hvo1 with ,portrait and ,vignette1 price #afs4 cloth4 ,,the ,,essays ,,of ,,elia4 ,in one volume1 foolscap #hvo1 price #fs4 cloth4 ,,memorials ,,of ,,thomas ,,hood4 ,collated1 ,arranged1 and ,edited by his ,daughter1 with a ,preface and ,notes by his ,son4 ,illustrated with many ,copies from his own ,sketches1 and of a ,,ms4 page of ,the ,song of the ,shirt4 ,the most elaborate biography could not give a better idea of ,thomas ,hood than we obtain from the simple ,memorials now published4444 ,these letters perfectly reflect his character with all its fun1 geniality1 and tenderness4444 ,much or little1 however1 all is well done4444 ,the work is a complete success4 ,times1 ,sept4 #g1 #ahfj4 ,,works ,,by ,,the ,,late ,,thomas ,,hood4 ,a ,,second ,,series ,,of ,,hood',s ,,own2 ,,or1 ,,laughter ,,from ,,year ,,to ,,year4 ,in one volume #hvo1 illustrated by numerous ,woodcuts1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,also1 ,,hood',s ,,own4 ,,first ,,series4 ,a ,,new ,,edition4 ,in one volume #hvo1 illustrated by #cej ,woodcuts1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,,hood',s ,,poems4 ,,thirteenth ,,edition4 ,in one volume1 foolscap #hvo1 price #gs4 cloth4 ,,hood',s ,,poems ,,of ,,wit ,,and ,,humour4 ,,tenth ,,edition4 ,in one volume1 foolscap #hvo1 price #es4 cloth4 ,,hood',s ,,whims ,,and ,,oddities1 ,,in ,,prose ,,and ,,verse4 ,with #hg ,original ,designs4 ,a ,,new ,,edition4 ,in one volume1 foolscap #hvo1 price #es4 cloth4 ,,works ,,by ,,the ,,late ,s4 ,t4 ,,coleridge4 ,,coleridge',s ,,poems4 ,a ,,new ,,edition4 ,in one volume1 foolscap #hvo1 price 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changed to daktylos #cc resiliance changed to resilience ,ads p4 #f ,wordsworth s changed to ,wordsworth's ,the following words had inconsistent spelling and hyphenation3 breastplate _/ breast-plate ,gurinire _/ ,guerinire headstall _/ head-stall mange _/ mange mouthpiece _/ mouth-piece noseband _/ nose-band