,pres]vation ,dep>tm5t ,digital ,libr>y7 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,words italiciz$ 9 ! orig9al are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,*>act]s sup]script$ 9 ! orig9al are enclos$ 9 braces4 ,9 ?is text1 9 words translat$ f ,hebrew1 repres5ts an aleph1 & ' repres5ts an ay94 ,"s typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$4 ,a complete li/ foll[s ! text4 ,!re are diacritic acc5ts 9 ! orig9al4 ,9 ?is text1 !y are repres5t$ z foll[s3 a a ) a macron 7e e ) a breve e e ) a macron vs s ) a c>on i i ) a macron v,s ,s ) a c>on o o ) a macron ,h4 ,h ) an und]dot u u ) a macron h4 h ) an und]dot ,,! ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,! ,,bible ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,pa9t+ by ,sir ,edw>d ,burne-,jones 9 ! ,birm+ham ,art ,gall]y4 ,,! ,,/> ,,( ,,be?lehem4 ,we h se5 ,8 /> 9 ! ea/1 & are come to wor%ip ,him4 ,frontispiece4 ,,! ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,! ,,bible ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,comm5t>y ,,on ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,ref]5ces ,,( ,,holy ,,scripture ,,by ,e4 ,,walt] ,,maund]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( ',,! ,,royal ,,obs]vatory1 ,,gre5wi*3 ,,its ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,"w1' ,,& ',,a/ronomy ,,)\t ,a ,,telescope' ,,) ,,?irty-,,f\r ,,illu/rations ,,new ,,york ,,mit*ell ,,k5n]ley ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 ,to ,,my ,,wife ,my help] 9 ?is ,book & 9 all ?+s4 ,,preface ,:y %\ld an a/ronom] write a comm5t>y on ! ,bible8 ,because comm5tators z a rule are n a/ronom]s1 & !re=e ei!r pass ov] ! a/ronomical allusions ( ,scripture 9 sil5ce1 or else annotate !m 9 a way :i*1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,a/ronomical allusions 9 ! ,bible1 direct & indirect1 are n few 9 numb]1 &1 9 ord] to br+ out _! full significance1 ne$ to be treat$ a/ronomically4 ,a/ronomy fur!r gives u ! p[] ( plac+ ourselves to "s degree 9 ! position ( ! patri>*s & prophets ( old4 ,we "k t ! same sun & moon1 />s & planets1 %9e ^u u z %one ^u ,abraham & ,moses1 ,david & ,isaiah4 ,we c1 if we w1 see ! un*ang+ heav5s ) _! eyes1 & und]/& _! attitude t[>ds !m4 ,x is wor? :ile = u s to d4 ,= ! imm5se advances 9 sci5ce1 made s9ce ! ,canon ( ,holy ,scripture 0 clos$1 & especially dur+ ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 may enable u to realize ! significance ( a mo/ rem>kable fact4 ,ev5 9 ^? e>ly ages1 :5 to all ! nations surr\nd+ ,israel ! heav5ly bodies 7 objects = div9ation or idolatry1 ! attitude ( ! sacr$ writ]s t[>d !m 0 p]fect 9 its sanity & tru?4 ,a/ronomy has a yet fur!r "p to play 9 ,biblical /udy4 ,! dat+ ( ! sev]al books ( ! ,bible1 & ! relation ( c]ta9 hea!n my?ologies to ! ,scripture n>ratives ( ! _w's e>lie/ ages1 h receiv$ mu* att5tion ( late ye>s4 ,lit]>y analysis has ?r[n mu* light on ^! subjects1 b hi!rto any evid5ce t a/ronomy c\ld give has be5 almo/ :olly neglect$2 al?\gh1 f ! nature ( ! case1 su* evid5ce1 s f> z x is available1 mu/ be mo/ decisive & exact4 ,i h endeav\r$1 9 ! pres5t book1 to make an a/ronomical comm5t>y on ! ,bible1 9 a mann] t %all be bo? cle> & int]e/+ to ! g5]al read]1 disp5s+ z f> z possible ) a/ronomical te*nicalities1 s9ce ! pr9ciples conc]n$ are1 = ! mo/ "p1 q simple4 ,i tru/1 also1 t ,i h tak5 ! fir/ /ep 9 a new inquiry :i* promises to give results ( no small importance4 ,e4 ,,walt] ,,maund]4 ,/4 ,john's1 ,london1 ,s4,e4 ,janu>y #aijh4 ,,cont5ts ,,book ,i ,,! ,,heav5ly ,,bodies ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,& ,,a/ronomy ,mod]n ,a/ronomy--,a/ronomy 9 ! ,classical ,age--,! ,canon ( ,holy ,scripture clos$ be=e ! ,classical ,age--,"* ( ! ,scriptural ,ref]5ces to ! ,heav5ly ,bodies--,tradition ( ,solomon's ,em95ce 9 ,sci5ce--,attitude t[>ds ,nature ( ! ,sacr$ ,writ]s--,plan ( ! ,book #c ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,creation ,indian ,eclipse ( #ahih--;,contra/ betwe5 ! ,hea!n & ,sci5tific ,attitudes--,! ,law ( ,causality--,inconsi/5t ) ,poly!ism--,fai? 9 ,"o ,god ! ,s\rce to ! ,hebrews ( ,intellectual ,fre$om--,! ,fir/ ,words ( ,g5esis ! ,*>t] ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces--,! ,limitations ( ,sci5ce--,explanations ( ! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ,g5esis--,its ,real ,purposes--,! ,sabba? #ab ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,deep ,babylonian ,creation ,my?--,tiamat1 ! ,dragon ( ,*aos--,ov]come by ,m]oda*--,simil>ity to ! ,sc&9avian ,my?--,no ,resemblance to ! ,n>rative 9 ,g5esis--,mean+s ( ! ,hebrew ,^w tehom--,date ( ! ,babylonian ,creation ,/ory #be ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,firmam5t ,tw(old ,application ( ! ,hebrew ,^w raqia--,its ,etymological ,mean+--,! ,idea ( ,solidity introduc$ by ! ,sev5ty--,n ! ,hebrew ,idea--,! ,f\ndations ( ,heav5 & ,e>?--,! ,canopy ( ,heav5--,! ,/ories ( ,heav5--,cl\ds & ,ra9--,! ,atmosph]ic ,circulation--,hebrew ,appreciation ev5 ( ! ,t]rible 9 ,nature--,! ,balanc+s & ,spread+s ( ! ,cl\ds--,! ,w9d[s ( ,heav5--,n ,lit]al ,sluice-gates--,! ,f\r ,w9ds--,! ,f\r ,qu>t]s--,! ,circle ( ! ,e>?--,! ,wat]s "u ! ,e>?--,! ,dep?s #ce ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,ord9ances ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s ,! ,ord] ( ! ,heav5ly ,movem5ts--,daily ,movem5t ( ! ,sun--,nightly ,movem5ts ( ! ,/>s--,! ,ho/ ( ,heav5-- ,symbolic ( ! ,angelic ,ho/--,morn+ ,/>s--,! ,scripture ,view ( ! ,heav5ly ,ord] #ee ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,sun ,! ,d\ble ,purpose ( ! ,two ,great ,heav5ly ,bodies--,symbolic ,use ( ! ,sun z ,light-giv]--,no ,deification ( ! ,sun or ( ,light--,sol> ,idolatry 9 ,israel--,%eme% & ,h4eres-- ,sun-spots--,light be=e ! ,sun--,"u ! ,sun--,! ,circuit ( ! ,sun--,sun/roke--,v>iabl5ess--,our pres5t ,k ( ! ,sun--,sir ,william ,h]s*el's ,!ory--,conflict betwe5 ! ,old ,sci5ce & ! ,new--,galileo--,a ,"q ( ,evid5ce--,a ,"q ( ,pr9ciple #fc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,moon ,importance ( ! ,moon 9 ,old5 ,times--,especially to ! ,%eph]d--,jewi% ,fea/s at ! ,full ,moon--,! ,h>ve/ ,moon--,! ,hebrew ,mon? a ,natural "o--,diff]5t ,hebrew ,words = ,moon-- ,moon-wor%ip =bidd5--,similitudes ( ! ,moon--,wor%ip ( ,a%tore?--,no m5tion ( ,lun> ,phases--,! ,moon = ,seasons #gi ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,/>s ,numb] ( ! ,/>s--,magnitudes ( ! ,/>s--,di/ances ( ! ,/>s #ie ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,comets ,great ,comets unexpect$ ,visitors--,description ( ,comets-- ,=mation ( ! ,tail--,possible ,ref]5ces 9 ,scripture to ,comets #ajc ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,meteors ,a]olites--,diana ( ! ,ephesians--,/>-%[]s--,! ,leonid ,meteors--,ref]5ces 9 ,scripture--,! ,aurora ,borealis #aaa ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,moon ,vivid ,impression produc$ by a ,total ,sol> ,eclipse--,eclipses n ,om5s to ! ,hebrews--,eclipses visible 9 ,anci5t ,pale/9e-- ,explanation ( ,eclipses--,! ,s>os--,scripture ,ref]5ces to ,eclipses--,! ,corona--,! ,egyptian ,w+$ ,disc--,! ,babylonian ,r+ ) ,w+s--,! ,corona at ,m9imum #aah ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,saturn ,,& ,,a/rology ,! ,sev5 ,planets--,possible ,scripture ,ref]5ces to ,v5us & ,jupit]--,y\r ,god ,remphan probably ,saturn--,! ,sabba? & ,saturn's ,day--,r4 ,a4 ,proctor on ! ,names ( ! ,days ( ! ,week--,ord] ( ! ,planets--,alex&rian ,orig9 ( ! ,weekday ,names--,! ,relation ( ,a/rology to ,a/ronomy--,e>ly ,babylonian ,a/rology--,hebrew ,contempt = ,div9ation #acj ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,con/ellations ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,con/ellations ,! ,greek ,sph]e--,aratus--,/ ,paul's ,s]mon at ,a!ns--,! ,con/ellations ( ,ptolemy's ,catalogue--,ref]5ces to ! ,con/ellations 9 ,hesiod & ,hom]--,! ,con/ellation ,figures on ,greek ,co9s--,& on ,babylonian ,b\nd>y-/ones--,! ,unmapp$ ,space 9 ! ,s\?--,its ,explanation--,precession--,date & ,place ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,con/ellations--,significant ,positions ( ! ,s]p5t ,=ms 9 ! ,con/ellations--,! ,f\r ,royal ,/>s--,! ,con/ellations e>li] ?an ! ,old ,te/am5t #adi ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5esis ,,& ,,! ,,con/ellations ,! ,b[ set 9 ! ,cl\d--,! ,conflict ) ! ,s]p5t--,! ,se$ ( ! ,woman--,! ,*]ubim--,! ,mighty ,hunt] #afb ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,deluge ,resemblance betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ,g5esis ,deluge ,/ories--,! ,deluge ,/ories 9 ,g5esis--,_! ,special ,features--,! ,babylonian ,deluge ,/ory--,"q z to its ,date--,its ,correspond5ce ) bo? ! ,g5esis ,n>ratives--,! ,con/ellation ,deluge ,picture--,its ,correspond5ce ) bo? ! ,g5esis ,n>ratives--,! ,g5esis ,deluge ,/ory indep5d5t ( ,/> ,my? & ,babylonian ,leg5d #agj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,tribes ,,( ,,israel ,,& ,,! ,,zodiac ,joseph's ,dream--,alleg$ ,association ( ! ,zodiacal ,figures ) ! ,tribes ( ,israel--,! ,/&>ds ( ! ,f\r ,camps ( ,israel--,! ,bless+s ( ,jacob & ,moses--,! ,prophecies ( ,balaam--,! ,gold5 ,calf--,! ,lion ( ,judah #ahf ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,levia?an ,! ,f\r ,s]p5t-l ,=ms 9 ! ,con/ellations--,_! ,significant ,positions--,! ,dragon's ,head & ,tail--,! ,symbols = ! ,nodes--,! ,dragon ( ,eclipse--,h9du ,my? ( ,eclipses--,levia?an--,ref]5ces to ! ,/ell> ,s]p5ts 9 ,scripture--,rahab--,&rom$a--,! ,eyelids ( ! ,morn+--,poetry1 ,sci5ce1 & ,my? #aif ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,pleiades ,difficulty ( ,id5tification--,! mo/ ,attractive ,con/ellations--,kimah--,n a ,babylonian ,/> ,"n--,a ,pre-exilic ,hebrew ,t]m--,! ,pleiades traditionally ,sev5--,mdl]'s ,sugge/ion--,pleiades associat$ 9 ,tradition ) ! ,ra9y ,season--,& ) ! ,deluge--,_! ,sweet ,influ5ces--,! ,return ( ,spr+--,! ,pleiades 9 rec5t ,photographs--,great ,size & ,di/ance ( ! ,clu/] #bac ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,orion ,kesil--,probably ,orion--,appe>ance ( ! ,con/ellation-- ,id5tifi$ 9 ,jewi% ,tradition ) ,nimrod1 :o 0 probably ,m]oda*--,altitude ( ,orion 9 ! ,sky--,kesilim--,! ,b&s ( ,orion--,! ,b[-/> & ,lance-/>1 ,orion's ,dogs--,id5tification ( ,tiamat ) ,cetus #bca ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,mazz>o? ,probably ! ,signs ( ! ,zodiac--,babylonian ,creation ,/ory--,significance ( its ,a/ronomical ,ref]5ces--,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,signs & ! ,con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac--,date ( ! ,*ange--,& ( ! ,babylonian ,creation ,epic--,/ages ( ,a/rology--,a/rology ,y\ng] ?an ,a/ronomy by #bjjj ,ye>s-- ,mazz>o? & ! ,*amb]s ( ! ,s\?--,mazzalo?--,! ,sol> & ,lun> ,zodiacs--,mazz>o? 9 8 ,season #bdc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,arcturus ,a% & ,ayi%--,unc]ta9ty z to _! ,id5tification-- ,probably ! ,great ,be>--,mez>im--,probably ano!r ,"n = ! ,be>s--,can/ ?\ guide ! ,be>8--,prop] ,motions ( ! ,pl\gh-/>s--,e/imat$ ,di/ance #beh ,,book ,,iii ,,times ,,& ,,seasons ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,day ,,& ,,its ,,divisions ,rotation ,p]iod ( ,v5us--,difficulty ( ! ,"t ,problem on ,v5us--,! ,sun & ,/>s z ,"t ,measur]s--,! app>5t ,sol> ,day ! ,fir/ 9 ,use--,x began at ,sunset--,subdivisions ( ! ,day ,int]val--,betwe5 ! ,two ,ev5+s--,! ,wat*es ( ! ,night--,! #ab-;h\r ,day & ! #bd-;h\r ,day #bfi ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sabba? ,,& ,,! ,,week ,! ,week n an ,a/ronomical ,p]iod--,diff]5t ,weeks employ$ by ! ,anci5ts--,f\r ,orig9s assign$ = ! ,week--,! ,qu>t]-mon?--,! ,babylonian ,sy/em--,! ,babylonian ,sabba? n a ,re/ ,day--,! ,jewi% ,sabba? among/ ! ,romans--,alleg$ ,a/rological ,orig9 ( ! ,week--,orig9 ( ! ,week giv5 9 ! ,bible #bhc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,mon? ,! ,new ,moon a ,holy ,day ) ! ,hebrews--,! ,full ,moons at ! ,two ,equ9oxes also ,holy ,days--,! ,beg9n+s ( ! ,mon?s det]m9$ f actual ,obs]vation--,rule = f9d+ ,ea/]--,names ( ! ,jewi% ,mon?s--,pho5ician & ,babylonian ,mon? ,names-- ,numb] ( ,days 9 ! ,mon?--,babylonian ,dead ,reckon+--,pres5t ,jewi% ,cal5d> #bic ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ye> ,! ,jewi% ,ye> a ,luni-sol> "o--,ne$ = an ,int]cal>y ,mon?--,! ,metonic ,cycle--,! ,sid]eal & ,tropical ,ye>s--,! ,hebrew a ,tropical ,ye>--,beg9n+ ne> ! ,spr+ ,equ9ox--,mean+ ( ! ,end ( ! ,ye>--,e>ly ,babylonian ,me?od ( det]m9+ ! ,fir/ ,mon?--,capella z ! ,indicator ,/>--,! ,triad ( ,/>s--,! ,tropical ,ye> 9 ! ,deluge ,/ory #cje ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,sabbatic ,,ye> ,,& ,,! ,,jubilee ,law ( ! ,sabbatic ,ye>--,a ,ye> ( ,re/ & ,release--,! ,jubilee--,difficulties connect$ ) ! ,sabbatic ,ye> & ! ,jubilee--,! ,sabbatic ,ye>1 an ,agricultural "o--,int]val betwe5 ! ,jubilees1 ,=ty-n9e ,ye>s1 n ,fifty--,=ty-n9e ,ye>s an ,a/ronomical ,cycle #cbf ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,cycles ,,( ,,daniel ,! ,jubilee ,cycle possess$ only by ! ,hebrews--,high ,e/imation ( ,daniel & 8 ,companions ent]ta9$ by ,nebu*adnezz>--,due possibly to ,daniel's ,k ( ,luni-sol> ,cycles--,cycles 9 ,daniel's ,prophecy--#bcjj ,ye>s & #abfj ,ye>s z ,a/ronomical ,cycles--,e>ly ,a/ronomical ,progress ( ! ,babylonians mu* ov]rat$--,yet _! ,real ,a*ievem5ts n ,small--,limitations ( ! ,babylonian--,fre$om ( ! ,hebrew #ccg ,,book ,,iv ,,?ree ,,a/ronomical ,,m>vels ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,jo%ua',s ,,long ,,day ,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,! ,,record--,to be discuss$ z x /&s--,an e>ly ,a/ronomical ,obs]vation4 ,,be=e ,,! ,,battle--,movem5ts ( ! ,israelites--,reasons = ! ,gibeonites' ,action--,rapid ,movem5ts ( all ! ,p>ties4 ,,day1 ,,h\r1 ,,& ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,miracle--,indication ( ! ,sun's ,decl9ation--,jo%ua 0 at ,gibeon--,& at ,high ,noon--,on ! #ba/ ,day ( ! ,f\r? ,mon?4 ,,jo%ua',s ,,/rategy--,key to x 9 ! ,flight ( ! ,amorites by ! ,be?-horon ,r\te--,! ,amorites defeat$ b n surr\nd$--,k+ ,david z a ,/rategi/4 ,,! ,,miracle--,! ,noon-day ,heat1 ! great ,h9drance to ! ,israelites--,jo%ua desir$ ! ,heat to be temp]$--,! ,sun made to be sil5t--,! ,hail/orm--,! ,m>* to ,makk$ah--,a ,full ,day's ,m>* 9 ! ,aft]noon--,! ,miracle n a ,poetic ,hyp]bole--,exact ,accord ( ! ,poem & ! ,prose ,*ronicle--,! ,record made at ! ,"t--,_! ,m>*1 ! ,israelites' ,measure ( ,"t #cea ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,dial ,,( ,,ahaz ,! ,n>rative--,sugge/$ ,explanations--,! ,dial ( ,ahaz1 probably a ,/aircase--,probable ,hi/ory & ,position ( ! ,/aircase--,significance ( ! ,sign #che ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,/> ,,( ,,be?lehem ,! ,n>rative--,no ,a/ronomical ,details giv5--,purpose ( ! ,scripture ,n>rative--,kepl]'s sugge/$ ,id5tification ( ! ,/>--,! ,new ,/> ( #aegb--,leg5d ( ! ,well ( ,be?lehem--,true ,significance ( ! ,retic5ce ( ! ,gospel ,n>rative #cic ,a ,,table ,,( ,,scriptural ,,ref]5ce #dja ,,index #dje ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,! ,,/> ,,( ,,be?lehem 7,burne-,jones7 ,frontispiece ,,! ,,ra9b[ 7,rub5s7 #b ,,m]oda* ,,& ,,tiamat #be ,,cirrus ,,& ,,cumuli #dg ,a ,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,milky ,,way #id ,,! ,,great ,,comet ,,( #ahdc #ajb ,,fall ,,( ,,an ,,a]olite #aaj ,,meteoric ,,%[] ,,( #agii #aae ,,! ,,assyrian ',,r+ ,,) ,,w+s' #abf ,,corona ,,( ,,m9imum ,,type #abg ,,/4 ,,paul ,,prea*+ ,,at ,,a!ns 7,raphael7 #adh ,,! ,,anci5t ,,con/ellations ,,s\? ,,( ,,! ,,ecliptic #aee ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,sph]e #aef ,,! ,,midnight ,,con/ellations ,,( ,,spr+1 ,b4,c4 #bgjj #afd ,,! ,,midnight ,,con/ellations ,,( ,,w9t]1 ,b4,c4 #bgjj #afe ,,ophiu*us ,,& ,,! ,,neighb\r+ ,,con/ellations #ahi ,,aqu>ius ,,& ,,! ,,neighb\r+ ,,con/ellations #aib ,,h]cules ,,& ,,draco #aig ,,hydra ,,& ,,! ,,neighb\r+ ,,con/ellations #bjj ,,&rom$a ,,& ,,cetus #bjg ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,pleiades #bai ,,inn] ,,nebulosities ,,( ,,! ,,pleiades #bbg ,,/>s ,,( ,,orion #bcb ,,orion ,,& ,,! ,,neighb\r+ ,,con/ellations #bcf ,,position ,,( ,,spr+ ,,equ9ox1 ,b4,c4 #bgjj #bdf ,,position ,,( ,,spr+ ,,equ9ox1 ,a4,d4 #aijj #bdg ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,pl\gh1 ,,z ,,! ,,w9n[+ ,,fan #bfc ',,bl[ ,,up ,,! ,,trumpet ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,moon' #bfh ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,moon ,,at ,,! ,,equ9oxes #caf ,,b\nd>y-,,/one ,,9 ,,! ,,l\vre #cah ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,sun-,,god ,,at ,,sipp>a #cbb ',,sun1 ,,/& ,,?\ ,,/ill ,,^u ,,gibeon1 ,,& ,,?\ ,,moon ,,9 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,ajalon' #cej ,,map ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,pale/9e #ceg ,,be>+s ,,( ,,! ,,ris+ ,,& ,,sett+ ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,f ,,gibeon #cfc ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,autotype ,co4 #gd1 ,new ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,london ,w4,c4 ,,! ,,ra9b[ 7by ,rub5s74 ,! b[ t is 9 ! cl\d on ! day ( ra94 ,,! ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,! ,,bible ,,book ,i ,,! ,,heav5ly ,,bodies ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,hebrew ,,& ,,a/ronomy ,mod]n a/ronomy began a little m ?an ?ree c5turies ago ) ! inv5tion ( ! telescope & ,galileo's application ( x to ! /udy ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,?is new in/rum5t at once reveal$ to him ! m\nta9s on ! moon1 ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 & ! spots on ! sun1 & br\ght ! cele/ial bodies "u obs]vation 9 a way t no "o _h dream$ ( be=e4 ,9 our view to-day1 ! planets ( ! sol> sy/em are worlds2 we c exam9e _! surfaces & judge :]e9 !y resemble or diff] f our e>?4 ,to ! anci5ts !y 7 b po9ts ( light2 to u !y are va/ bodies t we h be5 able to measure & to weigh4 ,! telescope has enabl$ u also to p5etrate deep into out] space2 we h le>nt ( o!r sy/ems besides t ( our own sun & its dep5d5ts1 _m ( !m f> m complex2 clu/]s & cl\ds ( />s h be5 reveal$ to u1 & my/]i\s nebul1 :i* sugge/ by _! =ms t !y are sy/ems ( suns 9 ! mak+4 ,m lately ! inv5tion ( ! spectroscope has in=m$ u ( ! v elem5ts :i* g to ! composition ( ^! numb]less />s1 & we c di/+ui% ^? :i* are 9 a simil> condition to our sun f ^? diff]+ f him4 ,& photography has record$ = u objects too fa9t = m]e sight to detect1 ev5 :5 aid$ by ! mo/ p[]ful telescope2 too detail$ & intricate = ! mo/ skilful h& to depict4 ,galileo's fri5d & contempor>y1 ,kepl]1 laid ! f\ndations ( ano!r dep>tm5t ( mod]n a/ronomy at ab\t ! same "t4 ,he /udi$ ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! planets until !y yield$ him _! secret s f> t he 0 able to express !m 9 ?ree simple laws1 laws :i*1 two g5]ations lat]1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton demon/rat$ to be ! outcome ( "o gr& & simple law ( univ]sal range1 ! law ( gravitation4 ,^u ?is law ! m>vell\s ma!matical conque/s ( a/ronomy h be5 bas$4 ,all ^! wond]ful results h be5 atta9$ by ! free ex]cise ( m5's m5tal abilities1 & x _c be imag9$ t ,god w\ld h int]v5$ to hamp] _! gr[? 9 intellectual p[] by reveal+ to m5 facts & me?ods :i* x 0 )9 _! own ability to discov] = !mselves4 ,m5's m5tal p[]s h develop$ by _! ex]cise2 !y w\ld h be5 /unt$ _h m5 be5 l$ to look to revelation r ?an to dilig5t ef=t = ! satisfaction ( _! curiosity4 ,we !re=e d n f9d any ref]5ce 9 ! ,bible to t :i* mod]n a/ronomy has taught u4 ,yet x may be not$ t "s expressions1 appropriate at any "t1 h become mu* m appropriate1 mu* m =cible1 9 ! light ( our pres5t-day k4 ,! age ( a/ronomy :i* prec$$ ! ,mod]n1 & may be call$ ! ,classical age1 0 almo/ z %>ply def9$ 9 its beg9n+ z its successor4 ,x la/$ ab\t two ?\s& ye>s1 & began ) ! inve/igations into ! movem5ts ( ! planets made by "s ( ! e>ly ,greek ma!maticians4 ,classical1 l ,mod]n a/ronomy1 _h its two sides1--! in/rum5tal & ! ma!matical4 ,on ! in/rum5tal side 0 ! inv5tion ( graduat$ in/rum5ts = ! det]m9ation ( ! positions ( ! heav5ly bodies2 on ! ma!matical1 ! developm5t ( geometry & trigonometry = ! int]pretation ( ^? positions :5 ?us det]m9$4 ,among/ ! great names ( ?is p]iod are ^? ( ,eudoxus ( ,knidus 7,b4,c4 #djh-cee71 & ,hipp>*us ( ,bi?ynia1 :o liv$ r m ?an two c5turies lat]4 ,"u its fir/ lead]s a/ronomy 9 ! ,classical age began to advance rapidly1 b x soon exp]i5c$ a deadly blight4 ,m5 7 n cont5t to obs]ve ! heav5ly bodies = :at !y 72 !y endeav\r$ to make !m ! s\rces ( div9ation4 ,! great s*ool ( ,alex&ria 7f\nd$ ab\t #cjj ,b4,c471 ! headqu>t]s ( a/ronomy1 became invad$ by ! _s ( a/rology1 ! ba/>d sci5ce :i* has always tri$--p>asite-l--to suck its life f a/ronomy4 ,?us f ! days ( ,claudius ,ptolemy to ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages ! gr[? ( a/ronomy 0 arre/$1 & x bore b little fruit4 ,x w be notic$ t ! ,classical age did n comm5ce until ab\t ! "t ( ! completion ( ! la/ books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 s we d n f9d any ref]5ce 9 ,holy ,scripture to ! a/ronomical a*ievem5ts ( t p]iod1 among/ :i* ! fir/ attempts to expla9 ! app>5t motions ( sun1 moon1 />s1 & planets 7 ! mo/ consid]able4 ,we h a complete hi/ory ( a/ronomy 9 ! ,mod]n & ,classical p]iods1 b !re 0 an e>li] a/ronomy1 n inconsid]able 9 am\nt1 ( :i* no hi/ory is pres]v$4 ,= :5 ,eudoxus comm5c$ 8 lab\rs1 ! l5g? ( ! ye> _h already be5 det]m9$1 ! equ9oxes & sol/ices _h be5 recogniz$1 ! ecliptic1 ! cele/ial equator1 & ! poles ( bo? great circles 7 kn[n1 & ! five pr9cipal planets 7 famili> objects4 ,?is ,e>ly a/ronomy mu/ h _h its hi/ory1 its /ages ( developm5t1 b we c only ) difficulty trace !m out4 ,x _c h sprung into exi/5ce full-gr[n any m ?an ! o!r sci5ces2 x mu/ h />t$ f z]o1 & m5 mu/ h sl[ly f\ght _! way f "o obs]vation to ano!r1 ) gradually wid5+ conceptions1 be=e !y c\ld br+ x ev5 to t /age ( developm5t 9 :i* x 0 :5 ! obs]v]s ( ! ,museum ( ,alex&ria began _! "w4 ,! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 writt5 at diff]5t times dur+ ! progress ( ?is ,e>ly age ( a/ronomy4 ,we %\ld !re=e naturally expect to f9d ! a/ronomical allusions writt5 f ! /&po9t ( su* sci5tific k z _h !n be5 acquir$4 ,we _c = a mom5t expect t any sup]natural revelation ( purely mat]ial facts w\ld be imp>t$ to ! writ]s ( sacr$ books1 two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ! progress ( sci5ce _h br\ght ^? facts to light1 & we ought n to be surpris$ if expressions are occasionally us$ :i* we %\ld n ourselves use to-day1 if we 7 writ+ ab\t ! ph5om5a ( nature f a te*nical po9t ( view4 ,x mu/ fur!r be borne 9 m9d t ! a/ronomical ref]5ces are n num]\s1 t !y occur mo/ly 9 poetic imag]y1 & t ,holy ,scripture 0 n int5d$ to give an acc\nt ( ! sci5tific a*ievem5ts1 if any1 ( ! ,hebrews ( old4 ,its purpose 0 :olly diff]5t3 x 0 religi\s1 n sci5tific2 x 0 meant to give spiritual1 n intellectual enlight5m5t4 ,an exce$+ly valuable & int]e/+ "w has rec5tly be5 br\ght out by ! mo/ em95t ( liv+ ,italian a/ronom]s1 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,v4 ,s*iap>elli1 on ?is subject ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 to :i* "w ,i %\ld l "h to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness4 ,yet ,i feel t ! av[$ object ( 8 book1#g3a--to discov] :at ideas ! anci5t ,jewi% sages held reg>d+ ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 :at obs]vations !y made ( ! />s1 & h[ f> !y made use ( !m = ! measurem5t & division ( "t--is op5 to ?is criticism1--t suffici5t mat]ial = c>ry+ x out is n )9 our rea*4 ,if we 7 to accept implicitly ! argum5t f ! sil5ce ( ,scripture1 we %\ld conclude t ! ,hebrews--?\gh _! cal5d> 0 ess5tially a lun> "o1 bas$ ^u ! actual obs]vation ( ! new moon--_h nev] notic$ t ! moon *ang$ its app>5t =m z ! mon? wore on1 = !re is no m5tion 9 ! ,bible ( ! lun> phases4 ,! ref]5ces to ! heav5ly bodies 9 ,scripture are n num]\s1 & deal ) !m ei!r z "t-measur]s or z subjects = dev\t allusion1 poetic simile1 or symbolic use4 ,b !re is "o *>act]i/ic ( all ^! ref]5ces to ! ph5om5a ( ,nature1 t may n be ignor$4 ,none ( ! anci5ts ev] approa*$ ! great ,hebrew writ]s 9 spiritual elevation2 none equall$ !m 9 poetic sublimity2 & few1 if any1 surpass$ !m 9 ke5ness ( obs]vation1 or 9 quick sympa?y ) e "w ( ! ,creator4 ,^! *>act]i/ics imply a natural fitness ( ! ,hebrews = successful sci5tific "w1 & we %\ld h a "r to believe t "u propiti\s circum/ances !y w\ld h %[n a pre-em95ce 9 ! field ( physical rese>* z /rik+ z is ! sup]iority ( _! religi\s conceptions ov] ^? ( ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,we _c1 ( c\rse1 conceive ( ! av]age ,jew z an ,isaiah1 any m ?an we c conceive ( ! av]age ,engli%man z a ,%akespe>e1 yet ! "o man1 l ! o!r1 is an index ( ! advancem5t & capacity ( 8 race2 nor c\ld ,isaiah's writ+s h be5 pres]v$1 m ?an ^? ( ,%akespe>e1 )\t a true appreciation ( !m on ! "p ( _m ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,b ! necess>y conditions = any great sci5tific developm5t 7 lack+ to ,israel4 ,a small nation1 plant$ betwe5 p[]ful & aggressive empires1 _! hi/ory 0 = ! mo/ "p ! record ( a /ruggle = b>e exi/5ce2 & aft] ?ree or f\r c5turies ( ! unequal conflict1 fir/ ! "o & !n ! o!r ( ! two si/] k+doms 0 ov]:elm$4 ,!re 0 b little opportunity dur+ ^! ye>s ( /orm & /ress = m5 to indulge 9 any curi\s se>*+s into ! secrets ( nature4 ,once only 0 !re a long int]val ( prosp]ity & peace2 viz4 f ! "t t ,david _h consolidat$ ! k+dom to ! "t :5 x suff]$ disruption "u 8 gr&son1 ,rehoboam2 & x is significant t tradition has ascrib$ to ,solomon & to 8 times j su* a sci5tific activity z ! ability & temp]am5t ( ! ,hebrew race w\ld lead u to expect x to display :5 ! conditions %\ld be fav\rable = x4 ,?us1 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,k+s1 n only are ! atta9m5ts ( ,solomon himself describ$1 b o!r m51 contempor>ies ei!r ( 8 fa!r ,david or himself1 are ref]r$ to1 z di/+ui%$ 9 ! same direction1 ?\gh to a less degree4 ,& ,god gave ,solomon wisdom & und]/&+ exce$+ mu*1 & l>g5ess ( he>t1 ev5 z ! s& t is on ! sea%ore4 ,& ,solomon's wisdom excell$ ! wisdom ( all ! *ildr5 ( ! ea/ c\ntry1 & all ! wisdom ( ,egypt4 ,= he 0 wis] ?an all m52 ?an ,e?an ! ,ezrahite1 & ,heman1 & ,*alcol1 & ,d>da1 ! sons ( ,mahol3 & 8 fame 0 9 all nations r\nd ab\t4 ,& he spake ?ree ?\s& prov]bs3 & 8 songs 7 a ?\s& & five4 ,& he spake ( trees1 f ! c$>-tree t is 9 ,lebanon ev5 unto ! hyssop t spr+e? out ( ! wall3 he spake also ( bea/s1 & ( f[l1 & ( creep+ ?+s1 & ( fi%es4 ,& !re came ( all p to he> ! wisdom ( ,solomon1 f all k+s ( ! e>?1 :i* _h he>d ( 8 wisdom4 ,! tradition ( 8 great em95ce 9 sci5tific rese>* is also pres]v$ 9 ! words put into 8 m\? 9 ! ,book ( ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 n[ includ$ 9 ! ,apocrypha4 ,= 7,god7 ,himself gave me an un]r+ k ( ! ?+s t are1 to "k ! con/itution ( ! _w1 & ! op]ation ( ! elem5ts2 ! beg9n+ & end & middle ( times1 ! alt]nations ( ! sol/ices & ! *anges ( seasons1 ! circuits ( ye>s & ! positions 7m>g91 con/ellations7 ( />s2 ! natures ( liv+ creatures & ! rag+s ( wild bea/s1 ! viol5ces ( w9ds & ! ?\ghts ( m51 ! div]sities ( plants & ! virtues ( roots3 all ?+s t are ei!r secret or manife/ ,i le>n$1 = %e t is ! artific] ( all ?+s taught me1 ev5 ,wisdom4 ,two great names h impress$ !mselves ^u e "p ( ! ,ea/3--! "o1 t ( ,solomon ! son ( ,david1 z ! ma/] ( e secret s\rce ( k2 & ! o!r t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 z ! mightie/ ( conqu]ors4 ,x is n unreasonable to believe t ! traditions respect+ ! fir/ h be5 f\nd$ ^u z real a basis ( actual a*ievem5t z ^? respect+ ! second4 ,b to su* sci5tific a*ievem5ts we h no express allusion 9 ,scripture1 o!r ?an is af=d$ u by ! two quotations j made4 ,natural objects1 natural ph5om5a are n ref]r$ to = _! own sake4 ,e ?\ght leads up to ,god or to man's relation to ,him4 ,nature1 z a :ole & 9 its e aspect & detail1 is ! h&iwork ( ,jehovah3 t is ! tru? :i* ! heav5s are always decl>+2--& x is ,8 p[]1 ,8 wisdom1 & ,8 goodness to man :i* x is s\ght to illu/rate1 :5 ! beauty or wond] ( natural objects is describ$4 ,:5 ,i consid] ,?y heav5s1 ! "w ( ,?y f+]s1 ,! moon & ! />s1 :i* ,?\ ha/ orda9$2 ,:at is man1 t ,?\ art m9dful ( him8 ,& ! son ( man1 t ,?\ visite/ him8 ,! fir/ purpose1 !re=e1 ( ! foll[+ /udy ( ! a/ronomy ( ! ,bible is1--n to recon/ruct ! a/ronomy ( ! ,hebrews1 a task = :i* ! mat]ial is manife/ly incomplete1--b to exam9e su* a/ronomical allusions z occur ) respect to _! appropriat5ess to ! lesson :i* ! writ] desir$ to tea*4 ,foll[+ ?is1 x w be ( int]e/ to exam9e :at connection c be trac$ betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures & ! ,con/ellations2 ! arrangem5t ( ! />s into con/ellations hav+ be5 ! *ief a/ronomical "w effect$ dur+ ! c5turies :5 ^? ,scriptures 7 sev]ally compos$4 ,! use made ( ! heav5ly bodies z "t-measur]s among/ ! ,hebrews w =m a ?ird division ( ! subject2 :il/ !re are two or ?ree incid5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel :i* appe> to call = exam9ation f an a/ronomical po9t ( view1 & may suitably be treat$ 9 a f\r? & conclud+ section4 ,,footnotes3 #g3a ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,creation ,a few ye>s ago a great eclipse ( ! sun1 se5 z total along a broad belt ( c\ntry "r across ,india1 drew ?i!r a/ronom]s f ! v ends ( ! e>?4 ,n only did _m ,engli% obs]v]s travel ?i!r1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ! f> we/1 & ,japan 9 ! f> ea/ s5t _! cont+5ts1 & ! entire l5g? ( c\ntry cov]$ by ! pa? ( ! %ad[ 0 dott$ ) ! tempor>y obs]vatories set up by ! m5 ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 a wond]ful sight t 0 v\*saf$ to ^! travell]s 9 pursuit ( k4 ,9 a sky ( unbrok5 purity1 undimm$ ev5 = a mom5t by haze or cl\d1 !re %one d[n ! fi]ce ,indian sun4 ,gradually a d>k my/]i\s circle invad$ its l[] edge1 & cov]$ its brightness2 coolness replac$ ! burn+ heat2 sl[ly ! d>k cov]+ crept on2 sl[ly ! sunlight dim9i%$ until at l5g? ! :ole ( ! sun's disc 0 hidd54 ,!n 9 a mom5t a wond]ful />like =m fla%$ out1 a noble =m ( gl[+ silv] light on ! deep purple-col\r$ sky4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no "t = ! a/ronom]s to devote to admiration ( ! beauty ( ! sc5e1 or indulg5ce 9 rhapsodies4 ,two %ort m9utes alone 7 allott$ !m to note all t 0 happ5+1 to take all _! photographs1 to ask all ! que/ions1 & obta9 all ! answ]s = :i* ?is /range veil+ ( ! sun1 & /ill /rang] unveil+ ( 8 halo-l surr\nd+s1 gave opportunity4 ,x 0 two m9utes ( int5se/ /ra91 ( hurri$ ?\gh ord]ly "w2 & !n a sudd5 ru% ( sunlight put an end to all4 ,! my/]i\s vision _h )drawn itself2 ! col\r ru%$ back to ! l&scape1 s corpse-l :il/ 9 ! %ad[2 ! black veil slid rapidly f (f ! sun2 ! heat return$ to ! air2 ! eclipse 0 ov]4 ,b ! a/ronom]s f di/ant l&s 7 n ! only p engag$ 9 wat*+ ! eclipse4 ,at _! "w1 !y c\ld he> ! s\nd ( a great multitude1 a s\nd ( weep+ & wail+1 a p dismay$ at ! di/ress ( _! god4 ,x 0 s at e po9t along ! %ad[ track1 b especially :]e t track met ! c\rse ( ! sacr$ riv]4 ,along a hundr$ roads ! pilgrims _h p\r$ 9 unceas+ /reams t[>ds ,holy ,"m ,gunga2 t[>ds ,b5>es1 ! sacr$ city2 t[>ds ,bux>1 :]e ! eclipse 0 c5tral at ! riv] bank4 ,x is always m]itori\s--s ! ,h9doo holds--to ba! 9 t sacr$ riv]1 b su* a "t z ?is1 :5 ! sun is 9 eclipse1 is ! mo/ propiti\s mom5t ( all = su* lu/ration4 ,c\ld !re be a great] contra/ ?an t (f]$ betwe5 ! millions trembl+ & dismay$ at ! signs ( heav51 & ! little companies :o _h come = ?\s&s ( miles ov] l& & sea1 rejoic+ 9 ! brief *ance t 0 giv5 !m = le>n+ a little m ( ! secrets ( ! wond]s ( ,nature8 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! hea!n & ! sci5ti/s 0 9 bo? _! spiritual & _! intellectual /&po9t1 &1 z we %all see lat]1 ! intellectual contra/ is a result ( ! spiritual4 ,! hea!n idea is t ! orbs ( heav5 are div9e1 or at lea/ t ea* expresses a div9ity4 ,?is does n 9 itself seem an unnatural idea :5 we consid] ! great b5efits t come to u ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! sun & moon4 ,x is ! sun t morn+ by morn+ rolls back ! d>kness1 & br+s light & w>m? & return+ life to m52 x is ! sun t r\ses ! e>? aft] h] w9t] sleep & quick5s vegetation4 ,x is ! moon t has p[] ov] ! great _w ( wat]s1 ^: pulse beats 9 "s k9d ( my/]i\s ob$i5ce to h] w4 ,natural1 !n1 has x be5 = m5 to g fur!r1 & to suppose t n only is p[] lodg$ 9 ^!1 & 9 ! o!r memb]s ( ! heav5ly ho/1 b t x is liv+1 intellig5t1 p]sonal p[]2 t ^! %9+ orbs are be+s1 or ! manife/ations ( be+s2 exalt$1 mighty1 immortal2--t !y are gods4 ,b if ^! are gods1 !n x is sacrilegi\s1 x is pr(ane1 to treat !m z m]e ?+s2 to obs]ve !m m9utely 9 ! microscope or telescope2 to dissect !m1 z x 71 9 ! spectroscope2 to id5tify _! elem5ts 9 ! laboratory2 to be curi\s ab\t _! prop]ties1 influ5ces1 relations1 & actions on ea* o!r4 ,& if ^! are gods1 !re are _m gods1 n ,"o ,god4 ,& if !re are _m gods1 !re are _m laws1 n "o law4 ,?us sci5tific obs]vations _c be reconcil$ ) poly!ism1 = sci5tific obs]vations dem& ! assumption ( "o univ]sal law4 ,! wise k+ express$ ?is law ?us3-- ,! ?+ t ha? be51 x is t :i* %all be4 ,! actual language ( sci5ce1 z express$ by ,pr(essor ,?iele1 a lead+ ,cont95tal a/ronom]1 /ates t-- ,ev]y?+ t exi/s1 & ev]y?+ t happ5s1 exi/s or happ5s z a necess>y consequ5ce ( a previ\s /ate ( ?+s4 ,if a /ate ( ?+s is repeat$ 9 e detail1 x mu/ lead to exactly ! same consequ5ces4 ,any diff]5ce betwe5 ! results ( causes t are 9 "p ! same1 mu/ be expla9able by "s diff]5ce 9 ! o!r "p ( ! causes4#ae3a ,! law /at$ 9 ! above words has be5 call$ ! ,law ( ,causality4 ,x _c be prov$1 b mu/ be believ$2 9 ! same way z we believe ! fundam5tal assumptions ( religion1 ) :i* x is closely & intimately connect$4 ,! law ( causality =ces itself ^u our belief4 ,x may be d5i$ 9 !ory1 b n 9 practice4 ,any p]son :o d5ies x1 w1 if he is wat*ful en\gh1 cat* himself con/antly ask+ himself1 if no "o else1 :y ?is has happ5$1 & n t4 ,b 9 t v "q he be>s witness to ! law ( causality4 ,if we are consi/5tly to d5y ! law ( causality1 we mu/ repudiate all obs]vation1 & p>ticul>ly all pr$iction bas$ on pa/ exp]i5ce1 z useless & mislead+4 ,if we c\ld imag9e = an in/ant t ! same complete comb9ation ( causes c\ld h a def9ite numb] ( diff]5t consequ5ces1 h[ev] small t numb] might be1 & t among ^! ! occurr5ce ( ! actual consequ5ce 01 9 ! old s5se ( ! ^w1 accid5tal1 no obs]vation w\ld ev] be ( any p>ticul> value4#af3a ,s long z m5 hold1 z a practical fai?1 t ! results :i* att5d _! ef=ts dep5d ^u :e!r ,jupit] is awake & active1 or ,neptune is tak+ an unfair advantage ( 8 bro!r's sleep2 ^u :e!r ,diana is b5d+ h] silv] b[ = ! battle1 or fly+ weep+ & discomfit$ because ,juno has box$ h] e>s--s long is x useless = !m to make or consult obs]vations4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,?iele goes on to say-- ,if ! law ( causality is ackn[l$g$ to be an assumption :i* always holds good1 !n e obs]vation gives u a revelation :i*1 :5 correctly apprais$ & comp>$ ) o!rs1 tea*es u ! laws by :i* ,god rules ! _w4 ,by :at means h ! mod]n sci5ti/s arriv$ at a position s diff]5t f t ( ! hea!n8 ,x _c h be5 by any process ( natural evolution t ! intellectual /&po9t :i* has made sci5tific obs]vation possible %\ld be d]iv$ f ! spiritual /&po9t ( poly!ism :i* r5d]$ all sci5tific obs]vation n only pr(ane b useless4 ,9 ! old days ! hea!n 9 g5]al reg>d$ ! heav5ly ho/ & ! heav5ly bodies z ! hea!n d to-day4 ,b by "o nation1 ! ,hebrews1 ! tru? t-- ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>? 0 pres]v$ 9 ! fir/ words ( _! ,sacr$ ,book4 ,t nation decl>$-- ,all ! gods ( ! p are idols3 b ! ,"l made ! heav5s4 ,= t same nation ! wat*word 0-- ,he>1 ,o ,israel3 ! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l4 ,f ^! words ! ,hebrews n only le>n$ a great spiritual tru?1 b d]iv$ intellectual fre$om4 ,= by ^! words !y 7 taught t all ! ho/ ( heav5 & ( e>? 7 creat$ ?+s--m]ely ?+s1 n div9ities--& n only t1 b t ! ,creator 0 ,"o ,god1 n _m gods2 t !re 0 b "o law-giv]2 & t !re=e !re c\ld be no conflict ( laws4 ,^! fir/ words ( ,g5esis1 !n1 may be call$ ! *>t] ( all ! physical sci5ces1 = by !m is conf]r$ fre$om f all ! bonds ( unsci5tific sup]/ition1 & by !m also d m5 "k t consi/5t law holds ?r\gh\t ! :ole univ]se4 ,x is ! intellectual fre$om ( ! ,hebrew t ! sci5ti/ ( to-day inh]its4 ,he may n inde$ be able to rise to ! spiritual /&po9t ( ! ,hebrew1 & consci\sly ackn[l$ge t-- ,?\1 ev5 ,?\1 art ,"l alone2 ,?\ ha/ made heav51 ! heav5 ( heav5s1 ) all _! ho/1 ! e>?1 & all ?+s t are !re91 ! seas1 & all t is !re91 & ,?\ pres]ve/ !m all2 & ! ho/ ( heav5 wor%ippe? ,!e4 ,b he mu/ at lea/ unconsci\sly ass5t to x1 = x is on ! fir/ great fundam5tal assumption ( religion z /at$ 9 ! fir/ words ( ,g5esis1 t ! fundam5tal assumption ( all 8 sci5tific reason+ dep5ds4 ,sci5tific reason+ & sci5tific obs]vation c only hold good s long & 9 s f> z ! ,law ( ,causality holds good4 ,we mu/ assume a pre-exi/+ /ate ( affairs :i* has giv5 rise to ! obs]v$ effect2 we mu/ assume t ?is obs]v$ effect is itself antec$5t to a subsequ5t /ate ( affairs4 ,sci5ce !re=e _c g back to ! absolute beg9n+s ( ?+s1 or =w>d to ! absolute ends ( ?+s4 ,x _c reason ab\t ! way matt] & en]gy came into exi/5ce1 or h[ !y might cease to exi/2 x _c reason ab\t "t or space1 z su*1 b only 9 ! relations ( ^! to ph5om5a t c be obs]v$4 ,x does n deal ) ?+s !mselves1 b only ) ! relations betwe5 ?+s4 ,sci5ce inde$ c only consid] ! univ]se z a great ma*9e :i* is 9 go+ ord]1 & x conc]ns itself ) ! relations :i* "s p>ts ( ! ma*9e be> to o!r p>ts1 & ) ! laws & mann] ( ! go+ ( ! ma*9e 9 ^? p>ts4 ,! relations ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 "o to ! o!r1 & ! way 9 :i* !y "w toge!r1 may af=d "s idea ( ! design & purpose ( ! ma*9e1 b x c give no in=mation z to h[ ! mat]ial ( :i* x is compos$ came into exi/5ce1 nor z to ! me?od by :i* x 0 orig9ally con/ruct$4 ,once />t$1 ! ma*9e comes "u ! scrut9y ( sci5ce1 b ! actual />t+ lies outside its scope4 ,m5 !re=e _c f9d out = !mselves h[ ! worlds 7 orig9ally made1 h[ ! worlds 7 fir/ mov$1 or h[ ! _s ( man 0 fir/ =m$ )9 him2 & ?is1 n m]ely because ^! beg9n+s ( ?+s 7 ( necessity outside 8 exp]i5ce1 b also because beg9n+s1 z su*1 mu/ lie outside ! law by :i* he reasons4 ,by no process ( rese>*1 !re=e1 c\ld man f9d out = himself ! facts t are /at$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,!y mu/ h be5 reveal$4 ,sci5ce _c inquire into !m = ! purpose ( *eck+ _! accuracy2 x mu/ accept !m1 z x accepts ! fundam5tal law t gov]ns its own work+1 )\t ! possibility ( pro(4 ,& ?is is :at has be5 reveal$ to man3--t ! heav5 & ! e>? 7 n self-exi/5t f all et]nity1 b 7 9 _! fir/ beg9n+ creat$ by ,god4 ,z ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews expresses x3 ,?r\gh fai? we und]/& t ! worlds 7 fram$ by ! ^w ( ,god1 s t ?+s :i* are se5 7 n made ( ?+s :i* d appe>4 ,& a fur!r fact 0 reveal$ t man c\ld n h f\nd out = himself2 viz4 t ?is creation 0 made & f9i%$ 9 six ,div9e act+s1 compris$ 9 :at ! n>rative d5om9ates days4 ,x has n be5 reveal$ :e!r ! duration ( ^! days c be express$ 9 any a/ronomical units ( "t4 ,s9ce "u ^! conditions sci5ce c af=d no in=mation1 x is n to be wond]$ at t ! hypo!ses t h be5 fram$ f "t to "t to expla9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 or to express x 9 sci5tific t]ms1 are n :olly satisfactory4 ,at "o "t ! *apt] 0 int]pret$ to mean t ! entire univ]se 0 call$ into exi/5ce ab\t #f1jjj ye>s ago1 9 six days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*4 ,lat] x 0 recogniz$ t bo? geology & a/ronomy seem$ to indicate ! exi/5ce ( matt] = untold millions ( ye>s in/ead ( "s six ?\s&4 ,x 0 !n po9t$ out t1 s f> z ! n>rative 0 conc]n$1 !re might h be5 a p]iod ( almo/ unlimit$ duration betwe5 its fir/ v]se & its f\r?2 & x 0 sugge/$ t ! six days ( creation 7 six days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*1 9 :i*1 aft] "s great cataclysm1 #f1jjj ye>s ago1 ! face ( ! e>? 0 r5ew$ & repl5i%$ = ! habitation ( man1 ! prec$+ geological ages be+ left entirely unnotic$4 ,"s writ]s h conf9$ ! cataclysm & r5ewal to a small portion ( ! e>?'s surface--to ,ed51 & its neighb\rhood4 ,o!r comm5tators h laid /ress on ! tru? reveal$ 9 ,scripture t "o day is ) ! ,"l z a ?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day1 & h urg$ ! argum5t t ! six days ( creation 7 really va/ p]iods ( "t1 dur+ :i* ! e>?'s geological *anges & ! evolution ( its v>i$ =ms ( life 7 runn+ _! c\rse4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h urg$ t ! six days ( creation 7 six lit]al days1 b in/ead ( be+ consecutive 7 sep>at$ by long ages4 ,& yet aga91 z no man 0 pres5t dur+ ! creation p]iod1 x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ,div9e revelation ( x 0 giv5 to ,moses or "s o!r inspir$ prophet 9 six successive visions or dreams1 :i* con/itut$ ! six days 9 :i* ! *ief facts ( creation 7 set =?4 ,all su* hypo!ses are bas$ on ! assumption t ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis are int5d$ to reveal to man c]ta9 physical details 9 ! mat]ial hi/ory ( ?is planet2 to be 9 fact a little comp5dium ( ! geological & zoological hi/ory ( ! _w1 & s a suitable introduction to ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly days ( mank9d :i* foll[$ x4 ,x is surely m reasonable to conclude t !re 0 no purpose :atev] ( tea*+ u any?+ ab\t ! physical relation%ips ( l& & sea1 ( tree & plant1 ( bird & fi%2 x seems1 inde$1 sc>cely conceivable t x %\ld h be5 ! ,div9e int5tion s to supply ! ages ) a cond5s$ manual ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,:at useful purpose c\ld x h s]v$8 ,:at man w\ld h be5 ! wis] or bett] = x8 ,:o c\ld h und]/ood x until ! "t :5 m51 by _! own intellectual /riv+s1 _h atta9$ suffici5t k ( _! physical surr\nd+s to d )\t su* a revelation at all8 ,b al?\gh ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis 7 n design$ to tea* ! ,hebrew c]ta9 physical facts ( nature1 !y gave him ! k t he might lawfully /udy nature4 ,= he le>nt f !m t nature has no p[] nor vitality ( its own2 t sun1 & sea1 & cl\d1 & w9d are n sep>ate deities1 nor ! expression ( deities t !y are b ?+s1 h[ev] glori\s & admirable2 t !y are ! h&iwork ( ,god2 &-- ,! works ( ! ,"l are great1 ,s\ght out ( all !m t h pleasure !re94 ,8 "w is hon\r & maje/y2 ,& ,8 righte\sness endure? = ev]4 ,he ha? made ,8 wond]ful works to be rememb]$4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! significance ( ! detail$ acc\nt giv5 u ( ! works effect$ on ! successive days ( creation8 ,:y are we told t light 0 made on ! fir/ day1 ! firmam5t on ! second1 dry l& on ! ?ird1 & s on8 ,probably = two reasons4 ,fir/1 t ! rehe>sal1 z 9 a catalogue1 ( ! lead+ classes ( natural objects1 might give def9it5ess & precision to ! tea*+ t ea* & all 7 creatures1 ?+s made by ! ^w ( ,god4 ,! bald /atem5t t ! heav5 & ! e>? 7 made by ,god might /ill h left room = ! imag9ation t ! p[]s ( nature 7 co-et]nal ) ,god1 or 7 at lea/ subord9ate div9ities2 or t o!r p[]s ?an ,god _h work$ up into ! pres5t ord] ! mat]ials ,he _h creat$4 ,! detail$ acc\nt makes x cle> t n only 0 ! univ]se 9 g5]al creat$ by ,god1 b t !re 0 no "p ( x t 0 n fa%ion$ by ,him4 ,! next purpose 0 to set a seal ( sanctity ^u ! ,sabba?4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis we read-- ,on ! sev5? day ,god end$ ,8 "w :i* ,he _h made2 & ,he re/$ on ! sev5? day f all ,8 "w :i* ,he _h made4 ,& ,god bless$ ! sev5? day1 & sanctifi$ x3 because t 9 x ,he _h re/$ f all ,8 "w :i* ,god creat$ & made4 ,9 ?is we get ! in/itution ( ! week1 ! fir/ ord9ance impos$ by ,god ^u man4 ,= 9 ! f\r? ( ! t5 comm&m5ts :i* ,god gave ?r\gh ,moses1 x is said-- ,! sev5? day is ! sabba? ( ! ,"l ?y ,god3 9 x ?\ %alt n d any "w4 4 4 4 ,= 9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is1 & re/$ ! sev5? day3 :]e=e ! ,"l bless$ ! sabba? day1 & hall[$ x4 ,& aga91 :5 ! tab]nacle 0 be+ build$1 x 0 comm&$-- ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all keep ! sabba?1 to obs]ve ! sabba? ?r\gh\t _! g5]ations1 = a p]petual cov5ant4 ,x is a sign betwe5 ,me & ! *ildr5 ( ,israel = ev]3 = 9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 & on ! sev5? day ,he re/$1 & 0 refre%$4 ,god made ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 & appo9t$ !m = signs1 & = seasons1 & = days1 & ye>s4 ,! sun m>ks out ! days2 ! moon by h] *anges makes ! mon?s2 ! sun & ! />s m>k out ! seasons & ! ye>s4 ,^! 7 divisions ( "t :i* man w\ld naturally adopt4 ,b !re is n an exact numb] ( days 9 ! mon?1 nor an exact numb] ( days or mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,/ill less does ! p]iod ( sev5 days fit precisely into mon? or season or ye>2 ! week is m>k$ out by no phase ( ! moon1 by no fix$ relation betwe5 ! sun1 ! moon1 or ! />s4 ,x is n a division ( "t t man w\ld naturally adopt = himself2 x runs across all ! natural divisions ( "t4 ,:at are ! six days ( creative "w1 & ! sev5? day--! ,sabba?--( creative re/8 ,!y are n days ( man1 !y are days ( ,god2 & our days ( "w & re/1 our week ) its ,sabba?1 c only be ! figure & %ad[ ( t week ( ,god2 some?+ by :i* we may ga9 "s fa9t appreh5sion ( its realities1 n t by :i* we c compreh5d & measure x4 ,our week1 !re=e1 is ,god's own direct appo9tm5t to u2 & ,8 revelation t ,he fulfill$ ! "w ( creation 9 six acts or /ages1 dignifies & exalts ! toil ( ! lab\r+ man1 ) 8 six days ( ef=t & "o ( re/1 into an emblem ( ! creative "w ( ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #ae3a ,t4 ,n4 ,?iele1 ,director ( ! ,cop5hag5 ,obs]vatory1 ,!ory ( ,obs]vations1 p4 #a4 #af3a ,t4 ,n4 ,?iele1 ,director ( ! ,cop5hag5 ,obs]vatory1 ,!ory ( ,obs]vations1 p4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m]oda* ,,& ,,tiamat4 ,to face p4 #be4 ,sculpture f ! ,palace ( ,assur-nazir-pel1 ,k+ ( ,assyria4 ,n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,damag$ by fire4 ,suppos$ to repres5t ! defeat ( ,tiamat by ,m]oda*4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,deep ,! second v]se ( ,g5esis /ates1 ,& ! e>? 0 )\t =m & void i4 e4 wa/e & empty & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep4 ,! ^w tehom1 "h translat$ deep1 has be5 us$ to support ! !ory t ! ,hebrews d]iv$ _! ,creation /ory f "o :i*1 :5 exiles 9 ,babylon1 !y he>d f _! conqu]ors4 ,if ?is !ory 7 sub/antiat$1 x w\ld h su* an important be>+ ^u ! subject ( ! attitude ( ! inspir$ writ]s t[>ds ! objects ( nature1 t a little space mu/ be sp>$ = its exam9ation4 ,! purpose ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis is to tell u t-- ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,f x we le>n t ! univ]se & all ! p>ts t make x up--all ! diff]5t =ms ( en]gy1 all ! diff]5t =ms ( matt]--are nei!r deities !mselves1 nor _! embodim5ts & expressions1 nor ! "w ( conflict+ deities4 ,f x we le>n t ! univ]se is n self-exi/5t1 nor ev5 7z ! pan!i/ ?9ks ( x7 ! expression ( "o vague1 imp]sonal & unconsci\s1 b all-p]vad+ influ5ce4 ,x 0 n self-made2 x did n exi/ f all et]nity4 ,x is n ,god1 = ,god made x4 ,b ! problem ( its orig9 has ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( _m nations beside ! ,hebrews1 & an especial int]e/ atta*es to ! solution arriv$ at by ^? nations :o 7 ne> neighb\rs ( ! ,hebrews & came ( ! same great ,semitic /ock4 ,f ! nature ( ! case1 acc\nts ( ! orig9 ( ! _w _c proce$ f exp]i5ce1 or be ! result ( sci5tific exp]im5t4 ,!y _c =m items ( hi/ory1 or arise f tradition4 ,!re are only two possible s\rces = !m2 "o1 ,div9e revelation2 ! o!r1 ! inv5tion ( m54 ,! acc\nt curr5t among/ ! ,babylonians has be5 pres]v$ to u by ! ,syrian writ] ,damascius1 :o gives x z foll[s3-- ,b ! ,babylonians1 l ! re/ ( ! ,b>b>ians1 pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! "o pr9ciple ( ! ,univ]se1 & !y con/itute two1 ,tav? & ,apasn1 mak+ ,apasn ! husb& ( ,tav?1 & d5om9at+ h] ! "m ( ! gods4 ,& f ^! proce$s an only-begott5 son1 ,mumis1 :i*1 ,i conceive1 is no o!r ?an ! intelligible _w proce$+ f ! two pr9ciples4 ,f !m also ano!r prog5y is d]iv$1 ,lakh & ,lakhos2 & aga9 a ?ird1 ,kiss> & ,assros1 f :i* la/ ?ree o!rs proce$1 ,anos & ,ill9os & ,aos4 ,& ( ,aos & ,dakh is born a son call$ ,blos1 :o1 !y say1 is ! fabricator ( ! _w4#bf3a ,! actual /ory1 ?us summ>iz$ by ,damascius1 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,george ,smi?1 9 ! =m ( a long epic poem1 on a s]ies ( tablets1 br\ght f ! royal libr>y ( ,k\yunjik1 or ,n9eveh1 & he publi%$ !m 9 #ahge1 9 8 book on ,! ,*aldean ,acc\nt ( ,g5esis4 ,none ( ! tablets 7 p]fect2 & ( "s only v small portions rema94 ,b portions ( o!r copies ( ! poem h be5 discov]$ 9 o!r localities1 & x has be5 f\nd possible to piece toge!r satisfactorily a consid]able section1 s t a fair idea ( ! g5]al scope ( ! poem has be5 giv5 to u4 ,x op5s ) ! introduction ( a be+1 ,tiamtu--! ,tav? ( ! acc\nt ( ,damascius1--:o is reg>d$ z ! primeval "m ( all ?+s4 ,:5 on high ! heav5s 7 unnam$1 ,b5ea? ! e>? bore n a "n3 ,! primeval ocean 0 _! produc]2 ,mummu ,tiamtu 0 %e :o begot ! :ole ( !m4 ,_! wat]s 9 "o unit$ !mselves1 & ,! pla9s 7 n outl9$1 m>%es 7 n to be se54 ,:5 none ( ! gods _h come =?1 ,!y bore no "n1 ! fates 7_h n be5 det]m9$7 ,!re 7 produc$ ! gods 7all ( !m74#bg3a ,! g5ealogy ( ! gods foll[s1 & aft] a gap 9 ! /ory1 ,tiamat1 or ,tiamtu1 is repres5t$ z prep>+ = battle1 ,%e :o creat$ ev]y?+ 4 4 4 produc$ giant s]p5ts4 ,%e *ose "o ( ! gods1 ,k+u1 to be h] husb& & ! g5]al ( h] =ces1 & deliv]$ to him ! tablets ( fate4 ,! second tablet %[s ! god ,anvsar1 ang]$ at ! ?reat5+ attitude ( ,tiamat1 & s5d+ 8 son ,anu to speak soo?+ly to h] & calm h] rage4 ,b fir/ ,anu & !n ano!r god turn$ back baffl$1 & f9ally ,m]oda*1 ! son ( ,ea1 0 ask$ to become ! *ampion ( ! gods4 ,m]oda* gladly cons5t$1 b made good t]ms = himself4 ,! gods 7 to assi/ him 9 e possible way by entru/+ all _! p[]s to him1 & 7 to ackn[l$ge him z fir/ & *ief ( all4 ,! gods 9 _! extremity 7 no?+ lo?4 ,!y fea/$ ,m]oda* &1 :5 swoll5 ) w9e1 endu$ him ) all magical p[]s1 & hail$ him-- ,m]oda*1 ?\ art he :o is our av5g]1 7,ov]7 ! :ole univ]se h we giv5 !e ! k+dom4#bh3a ,at fir/ ! sight ( 8 t]rible enemy caus$ ev5 ,m]oda* to falt]1 b pluck+ up c\rage he advanc$ to meet h]1 caught h] 9 8 net1 &1 =c+ an evil w9d into h] op5 m\?-- ,he made ! evil w9d ent] s t %e c\ld n close h] lips4 ,! viol5ce ( ! w9ds tortur$ h] /oma*1 & h] he>t 0 pro/rat$ & h] m\? 0 twi/$4 ,he swung ! club1 he %att]$ h] /oma*2 he cut out h] entrails2 he ov]-ma/]$ 7h]7 he>t2 he b\nd h] & end$ h] life4 ,he ?rew d[n h] corpse2 he /ood ^u x4#bh3b ,! battle ov] & ! enemy sla91 ,m]oda* consid]$ h[ to dispose ( ! corpse4 ,he /r5g!ns 8 m9d1 he =ms a clev] plan1 ,& he /ripp$ h] ( h] sk9 l a fi%1 accord+ to 8 plan4#bh3c ,( "o half ( ! corpse ( ,tiamat he =m$ ! e>?1 & ( ! o!r half1 ! heav5s4 ,he !n proc$$ to furni% ! heav5s & ! e>? ) _! respective equipm5ts2 ! details ( ?is "w occupy+ app>5tly ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? tablets ( ! s]ies4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances su* a leg5d z ! =ego+ w\ld n h attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,x is z b>b>\s & un9tellig5t z any my? ( ,zulu or ,fijian4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is n a ,creation my? at all4 ,tiamat & h] s]p5t-brood & ! gods are all exi/5t be=e ,m]oda* comm5ces 8 "w1 & all t ! god effects is a recon/ruction ( ! _w4 ,! me?od ( ?is recon/ruction possesses no features sup]ior to ^? ( ! ,creation my?s ( o!r b>b>\s nations4 ,our own ,sc&9avian ance/ors _h a simil> "o1 ! sett+ ( :i* 0 c]ta9ly n inf]ior to ! grotesque battle ( ,m]oda* ) ,tiamat4 ,! prose ,edda tells u t ! fir/ man1 ,bur1 0 ! fa!r ( ,br1 :o 0 9 turn ! fa!r ( ,od9 & 8 two bro!rs ,vili & ,ve4 ,^! sons ( ,br slew ,ymir1 ! old fro/ giant4 ,!y dragg$ ! body ( ,ymir into ! middle ( ,g9nungagap1 & ( x =m$ ! e>?4 ,f ,ymir's blood !y made ! sea & wat]s2 f 8 fle%1 ! l&2 f 8 bones1 ! m\nta9s2 & 8 tee? & jaws1 toge!r ) "s bits ( brok5 bones1 s]v$ !m to make ! /ones & pebbles4 ,x w be se5 t !re is a rem>kable lik5ess betwe5 ! ,babylonian & ,sc&9avian my?s 9 ! c5tral & ess5tial feature ( ea*1 viz4 ! way 9 :i* ! _w is suppos$ to h be5 built up by ! gods f ! fragm5ts ( ! anatomy ( a huge primval mon/]4 ,yet x is n urg$ t !re is any direct g5etic connection betwe5 ! two2 t ! ,babylonians ei!r taught _! leg5d to ! ,sc&9avians or le>nt x f !m4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances x w\ld h>dly h occurr$ to any "o to try to d]ive ! mono!i/ic n>rative ( ,g54 i4 f ei!r ( ^! pagan my?s1 cr[d$ z !y are ) unc\? & b>b>\s details4 ,b x happ5$ t ,mr4 ,george ,smi?1 :o br\ght to light ! ,assyrian ,creation tablets1 br\ght also to light a ,babylonian acc\nt ( ! ,flood1 :i* _h a l>ge numb] ( features 9 common ) ! n>rative ( ,g54 vi4-ix4 ,! actual resemblance betwe5 ! two ,deluge n>ratives has caus$ a resemblance to be imag9$ betwe5 ! two ,creation n>ratives4 ,x has be5 well br\ght out 9 "s ( ! lat] comm5ts ( ,assyriologi/s t1 s f> f !re be+ any resemblance 9 ! ,babylonian leg5d to ! n>rative 9 ,g5esis1 ! two acc\nts diff] 9 toto4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es1 = example1 po9ts out t 9 ! ,babylonian acc\nt !re is-- ,no direct /atem5t ( ! creation ( ! heav5s & ! e>?2 ,no sy/ematic division ( ! ?+s creat$ into gr\ps & classes1 su* z is f\nd 9 ,g5esis2 ,no ref]5ce to ! ,days ( ,creation2 ,no appe>ance ( ! ,deity z ! fir/ & only cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s4#cj3a ,inde$1 9 ! ,babylonian acc\nt1 ! heav5s & ! e>? are repres5t$ z exi/+1 ?\gh 9 a *aotic =m1 f ! fir/4 ,yet on ?is purely imag9>y resemblance betwe5 ! ,biblical & ,babylonian ,creation n>ratives ! leg5d has be5 f\nd$ t ! introductory *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis pres5t to u ! ,hebrew v]sion ( a my?ology common to _m ( ! ,semitic peoples4 ,& ! leg5d has be5 yet fur!r develop$1 until writ]s ( ! /&+ ( ,pr(4 ,fri$ri* ,delitzs* h claim$ t ! ,g5esis n>rative 0 borr[$ f ! ,babylonian1 ?\gh ! prie/ly s*ol> :o compos$ ,g5esis1 *apt] i4 endeav\r$ ( c\rse to remove all possible my?ological features ( ?is ,creation /ory4#ca3a ,if ! ,hebrew prie/ did borr[ f ! ,babylonian my?1 :at 0 x t he borr[$8 ,n ! exi/5ce ( sea & l&1 ( sun & moon1 ( plants & animals1 ( birds & bea/s & fi%es4 ,= surely ! ,hebrew may be cr$it$ ) kn[+ ?is mu* ( himself1 )\t any ne$ = a transportation to ,babylon to le>n x4 ,9 writ+ an acc\nt ( ! ,creation1 /atem5ts z to :at are ! ?+s creat$ mu/ ( necessity be ins]t$1#ca3b :5ev]1 :]ev]1 & by :omsoev] t acc\nt is writt54 ,:at else1 !n1 is !re common to ! two acc\nts8 ,tiamat is ! "n giv5 to ! ,babylonian "m ( ! univ]se1 ! dragon ( ! deep2 & 9 ,g5esis x is writt5 t d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep 7tehom74 ,"h1 & "h only1 is a po9t ( possible connection2 b if x be evid5ce ( a connection1 :at k9d ( a connection does x imply8 ,x implies t ! ,babylonian bas$ 8 b>b>\s my? ^u ! ,hebrew n>rative4 ,!re is no o!r possible way ( int]pret+ ! connection1--if connection !re be4 ,! ,hebrew ^w w\ld seem to mean1 etymologically1 surges1 /orm-toss$ wat]s1--,deep calle? unto deep at ! noise ( ,?y wat]sp\ts4 ,our ^w deep is apt to give u ! idea ( /illness--we h ! prov]b1 ,/ill wat]s run deep1--:]eas 9 "s in/ances tehom is us$ 9 ,scripture ( wat]s :i* 7 c]ta9ly %all[1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? pass$ ?r\gh by ,israel at ! ,r$ ,sea3-- ,ph>aoh's *>iots & 8 ho/ ha? ,he ca/ into ! sea3 8 *os5 capta9s also are dr[n$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! dep?s h cov]$ !m4 ,9 o!r passages ! words us$ 9 our ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 deep or dep?s1 give ! correct signification4 ,b deep wat]s1 or wat]s 9 commotion1 are 9 ei!r case natural objects4 ,we get ! ^w tehom us$ cont9ually 9 ,scripture 9 a p]fectly matt]-(-fact way1 :]e !re is no possibility ( p]sonification or my? be+ int5d$4 ,tiamat1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,babylonian dragon ( ! wat]s1 is a my?ological p]sonification4 ,n[ ! natural object mu/ come fir/4 ,x nev] yet has be5 ! case t a nation has ga9$ its k ( a p]fectly common natural object by de-my?ologiz+ "o ( ! my?ological p]sonifications ( ano!r nation4 ,! ,israelites did n le>n ab\t tehom1 ! surg+ wat] ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 t roll$ ov] ! ,egyptians 9 _! sight1 f any ,babylonian fable ( a dragon ( ! wat]s1 read by _! desc5dants hundr$s ( ye>s lat]4 ,yet fur!r1 ! ,babylonian acc\nt ( ,creation is comp>atively late2 ! ,hebrew acc\nt1 z c]ta9ly1 comp>atively e>ly4 ,x is n m]ely t ! actual cunei=m tablets are ( date ab\t #gjj ,b4,c41 com+ z !y d f ! ,k\yunjik m\nd1 ! ru9s ( ! palace ( ,s5na*]ib & ,assurbanipal1 built ab\t t date4 ,! poem itself1 z ,pr(4 ,sayce has po9t$ out1 indicates1 by ! peculi> pre-em95ce giv5 9 x to ,m]oda*1 t x is ( late composition4 ,x 0 late 9 ! hi/ory ( ,babylon t ,m]oda* 0 adopt$ z ! supreme deity4 ,! a/ronomical ref]5ces 9 ! poem are m conclusive /ill1 =1 z w be %[n lat] on1 !y po9t to a developm5t ( a/ronomy t _c be dat$ e>li] ?an #gjj ,b4,c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis 0 compos$ v e>ly4 ,! ref]5ces to ! heav5ly bodies 9 v]se #af be> ! m>ks ( ! mo/ primitive condition possible ( a/ronomy4 ,! heav5ly bodies are simply ! great] light1 ! less] light1 & ! />s--! la/ be+ introduc$ q p>5!tically4 ,x is ! simple/ ref]5ce to ! heav5ly bodies t is made 9 ,scripture1 or t1 inde$1 c\ld be made4 ,!re may well h be5 ,babylonians :o held high] conceptions ( ,god & nature ?an ^? giv5 9 ! ,tiamat my?4 ,x is c]ta9 t v _m ,hebrews fell %ort ( ! tea*+ convey$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,b ! fact rema9s t ! "o nation pres]v$ ! ,tiamat my?1 ! o!r ! n>rative ( ,g5esis1 & ea* c\nt$ its own ,creation /ory sacr$4 ,we c only rightly judge ! two nations by :at !y valu$4 ,?us judg$1 ! ,hebrew nation /&s z high above ! ,babylonian 9 intellig5ce1 z well z 9 fai?1 z ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis is above ! ,tiamat my?4 ,,footnotes3 #bf3a ,records ( ! ,pa/1 vol4 i4 p4 #abd4 #bg3a ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,hi/orical ,records ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 by ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es1 p4 #af4 #bh3a ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,hi/orical ,records ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 by ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es1 p4 #af4 #bh3b ,records ( ! ,pa/1 vol4 i4 p4 #adj4 #bh3c ,ibid4 p4 #adb4 #cj3a ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,hi/orical ,records ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 by ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es1 p4 #di4 #ca3a ,babel & ,bible1 ,johns' translation1 pp4 #cf & #cg4 #ca3b ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,hi/orical ,records ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 by ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es1 p4 #dh4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,firmam5t ,! six? v]se ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis pres5ts a difficulty z to ! precise mean+ ( ! pr9cipal ^w1 viz4 t translat$ firmam5t4 ,& ,god said1 ,let !re be a raqia 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s1 & let x divide ! wat]s f ! wat]s4 ,& ,god made ! raqia1 & divid$ ! wat]s :i* 7 "u ! raqia f ! wat]s :i* 7 above ! raqia3 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god call$ ! raqia ,%amayim4 ,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! second day4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 p]fectly cle> t by ! ^w raqia 9 ! prec$+ passage x is ! atmosph]e t is allud$ to4 ,b lat] on 9 ! *apt] ! ^w is us$ 9 a slightly diff]5t connection4 ,god said1 ,let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t ( heav54 ,z we look upw>d f ! e>?1 we look ?r\gh a tw(old m$ium4 ,ne> ! e>? we h our atmosph]e2 above t !re is int]-/ell> space1 void ( any?+1 s f> z we "k1 except ! ,e!r4 ,we are n able to detect any l9e ( dem>cation :]e our atmosph]e ends1 & ! out] void beg9s4 ,bo? !re=e are equally spok5 ( z ! firmam5t2 & yet !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,! l[] supports ! cl\ds2 9 ! upp] are set ! two great lights & ! />s4 ,! upp]1 !re=e1 is emphatically reqia has%amayim1 ! firmam5t ( heav51 ( ! uplift$4 ,x is 9 ! face (--t is1 be=e1 or "u ! eyes (1 b5ea?1--?is high] expanse t ! f[ls ( ! air fly to & fro4 ,! firmam5t1 !n1 is t :i* ,t5nyson s+s ( z ! c5tral blue1 ! seem+ vault ( ! sky1 :i* we c consid] z at any height above u t we please4 ,! cl\ds are above x 9 "o s5se2 yet 9 ano!r1 sun1 moon & />s1 :i* are cle>ly f> high] ?an ! cl\ds1 are set 9 x4 ,!re is no "q !re=e z to :at is ref]r$ to by ! ^w firmam5t2 b !re is a "q z to ! etymological mean+ ( ! ^w1 & associat$ ) t1 a "q z to h[ ! ,hebrews !mselves conceiv$ ( ! cele/ial vault4 ,! ^w raqia1 translat$ firmam5t1 prop]ly signifies an expanse1 or ext5sion1 some?+ /ret*$ or beat5 out4 ,! v]b f :i* ?is n\n is d]iv$ is (t5 us$ 9 ,scripture1 bo? z ref]r+ to ! heav5s & 9 o!r connections4 ,?us 9 ,job xxxvii4 #ah1 ! "q is ask$1 ,can/ ?\ ) ,him spread out ! sky1 :i* is /rong z a molt5 mirror8 ,eleaz>1 ! prie/1 aft] ! rebellion ( ,korah1 ,da?an & ,abiram took ! braz5 c5s]s ( ! rebels1 & !y 7 made broad plates = a cov]+ ( ! alt>4 ,! goldsmi? describ$ by ,isaiah z mak+ an idol1 spreade? x ov] ) gold2 :il/ ,j]emiah says1 silv] spread into plates is br\ght f ,t>%i%4 ,aga91 9 ,psalm cxxxvi41 9 ! acc\nt ( creation we h ! same ^w us$ ) ref]5ce to ! e>?1 ,to him t /ret*$ out ! e>? above ! wat]s4 ,9 ?is & 9 _m o!r passages ! idea ( ext5sion is cle>ly t :i* ! ^w is int5d$ to convey4 ,b ! ,sev5ty1 9 mak+ ! ,greek ,v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 7 naturally influ5c$ by ! views ( a/ronomical sci5ce !n held 9 ,alex&ria1 ! c5tre ( ,greek a/ronomy4 ,"h1 & at ?is "t1 ! doctr9e ( ! cry/all9e sph]es--a misund]/&+ ( ! ma!matical rese>*es ( ,eudoxus & o!rs--held curr5cy4 ,^! sph]es 7 suppos$ to be a succession ( p]fectly transp>5t & invisible solid %ells1 9 :i* ! sun1 moon1 & planets 7 sev]ally plac$4 ,! ,sev5ty no d\bt consid]$ t 9 r5d]+ raqia1 by /]eoma1 i4 e4 firmam5t1 ?us convey+ ! idea ( a solid /ructure1 !y 7 speak+ ! la/ ^w ( up-to-date sci5ce4 ,!re %\ld be no reluctance 9 ascrib+ to ! ,hebrews an errone\s sci5tific conception if !re is any evid5ce t !y held x4 ,we _c too cle>ly realize t ! writ]s ( ! ,scriptures 7 n sup]naturally inspir$ to give correct te*nical sci5tific descriptions2 & suppos+ !y _h be5 s inspir$1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t we %\ld (t5 consid] ^? descriptions wrong j 9 proportion to _! correctness1 = ! v suffici5t reason t n ev5 our own sci5ce ( to-day has yet rea*$ f9ality 9 all ?+s4 ,!re %\ld be no reluctance 9 ascrib+ to ! ,hebrews an errone\s sci5tific conception if !re is any evid5ce t !y held x4 ,9 ?is case1 !re is no su* evid5ce2 inde$1 !re is /rong evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,! ,hebrew ^w raqia1 z already %[n1 really signifies ext5sion1 j z ! ^w = heav51 %amayim means ! uplift$4 ,9 ^! two words1 !re=e1 significant respectively ( a surface & ( height1 !re is a recognition ( ! ?ree dim5sions1--9 o!r words1 ( ,space4 ,:5 we wi% to ref] to sup]-t]re/rial space1 we h two expressions 9 mod]n ,engli% by :i* to describe x3 we c speak ( ! vault ( heav51 or ( ! canopy ( heav54 ,! vault ( heav5 is mo/ us$1 x has inde$ be5 rec5tly adopt$ z ! title ( a sci5tific "w by a well-kn[n a/ronom]4 ,b ! ^w vault c]ta9ly gives ! sugge/ion ( a solid /ructure2 :il/ ! ^w canopy calls up ! idea ( a slight] cov]+1 probably ( "s textile fabric4 ,! reasons = ?9k+ t ! ,hebrews did n consid] ! firmam5t a solid /ructure are1 fir/1 t ! ^w does n necess>ily convey t mean+2 next1 t ! attitude ( ! ,hebrew m9d t[>ds nature 0 n su* z to require ?is idea4 ,! "q1 ,:at holds up ! wat]s above ! firmam5t8 w\ld n h tr\bl$ !m4 ,x w\ld h be5 suffici5t = !m1 z = ! writ] to ! ,hebrews1 to consid] t ,god 0 uphold+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( ,8 p[]1 & !y w\ld n h tr\bl$ ab\t ! ma*9]y4 ,b besides ?is1 !re are _m passages 9 ,scripture1 "s occurr+ 9 ! e>lie/ books1 :i* expressly speak ( ! cl\ds z c>ry+ ! wat]2 s t ! expressions plac+ wat]s above ! firmam5t1 or above ! heav5s1 c mean no m ?an 9 ! cl\ds4 ,inde$1 z we %all see1 q a cle> acc\nt is giv5 ( ! atmosph]ic circulation1 su* z c\ld h>dly be m5d$ by a mod]n poet4 ,x is true t ,david sang t ! f\ndations ( heav5 mov$ & %ook1 because ,he 0 wro?1 & ,job says t ! pill>s ( heav5 tremble & are a/oni%$ at ,8 repro(4 ,b n only are ! ref]5ces to f\ndations & pill>s evid5tly int5d$ m]ely z poetic imag]y1 b !y are also us$ mu* m frequ5tly ( ! e>?1 & yet at ! same "t ,job expressly po9ts out t ,god /ret*e? out ! nor? ov] ! empty place1 & hange? ! e>? ^u no?+4 ,! ,hebrew =m$ no ideas l ^? ( ! ,h9dus1 :o ?\ght ! e>? support$ by elephants1 ! elephants by a tortoise1 ! tortoise by a snake4 ,9 ,scripture1 9 mo/ cases ! ^w e>? 7eretz7 does n mean ! solid mass ( ?is our planet1 b only its surface2 ! dry l& z oppos$ to ! seas2 ! c\ntries1 ! dwell+ place ( man & bea/4 ,! pill>s or f\ndations ( ! e>? 9 ?is s5se are ! great sy/ems ( ! rocks1 & ^! 7 conceiv$ ( z directly support$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 )\t any ne$ ( int]m$i>y /ructures4 ,! ,hebrew cle>ly recogniz$ t x is ! w ( ,god alone t keeps ! :ole secure4 ,?us ,hannah sang-- ,! pill>s ( ! e>? are ! ,"l's1 ,& ,he ha? set ! _w ^u !m4 ,& ,asaph repres5ts ! ,"l z say+3-- ,! e>? & all ! inhabitants !re( are dissolv$3 ,i be> up ! pill>s ( x4 ,yet aga91 j z we speak ( ! cele/ial canopy1 s ,psalm civ4 describes ! ,"l z ,he :o /ret*e/ out ! heav5s l a curta91 & ,isaiah gives ! image 9 a full] =m1--t /ret*e? out ! heav5s z a curta91 & spreade? !m out z a t5t to dwell 94 ,! same expression ( /ret*+ out ! heav5s is repeat$ly us$ 9 ,isaiah2 x is inde$ "o ( 8 typical phrases4 ,"h1 beyond "q1 ext5sion1 spread+ out1 is ! idea s\ght to be convey$1 n t ( solidity4 ,! prophet ,amos uses yet ano!r p>allel4 ,x is ,he t builde? ,8 /ories 9 ! heav54 ,:ile ,isaiah speaks ( ! entire /ell> univ]se z ! t5t or pavilion ( ,jehovah1 ,amos lik5s ! height ( ! heav5s z ! /eps up to ,8 ?rone2 ! /ories are ! asc5t1 z ,moses speaks ( ! asc5t ( ,akrabbim1 & ,david makes ! asc5t ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,! ,hebrews _c h reg>d$ ! heav5s z1 lit]ally1 bo? /aircase & res]voir4 ,! firmam5t1 i4 e4 ! atmosph]e1 is spok5 ( z divid+ betwe5 ! wat]s t are "u ! firmam5t1 i4 e4 oceans1 seas1 riv]s1 etc41 f ! wat]s t are above ! firmam5t1 i4 e4 ! masses ( wat] vap\r c>ri$ by ! atmosph]e1 se5 9 ! cl\ds1 & cond5s+ f !m z ra94 ,we get ! v same expression z ?is ( ! wat]s :i* 7 above 9 ! ,psalm ( ,praise3-- ,praise ,him1 ye heav5s ( heav5s1 ,& ye wat]s t be above ! heav5s2 & aga9 9 ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr53-- ,o all ye wat]s t be above ! heav51 bless ye ! ,"l4 ,9 ! lat] books ( ! ,bible ! subject ( ! circulation ( wat] ?r\gh ! atmosph]e is ref]r$ to mu* m fully4 ,twice ov] ! prophet ,amos describes ,jehovah z ,he t calle? = ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & p\re? !m out ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,?is is n m]ely a ref]5ce to ! tides1 = ! ,prea*] 9 ! book ( ,ecclesia/es expressly po9ts out t all ! riv]s run into ! sea1 yet ! sea is n full2 unto ! place f :5ce ! riv]s come1 ?i!r !y return aga92 & ,isaiah seems to employ some?+ ( ! same ?\ght3 ,= z ! ra9 come? d[n & ! sn[ f heav51 & returne? n ?i!r1 b wat]e? ! e>?1 & make? x br+ =? & bud1 & give? se$ to ! s[] & bread to ! eat]4 ,s*iap>elli inde$ argues t ?is v passage f ,isaiah expressly excludes any idea ( an atmosph]ic circulation ( wat]s#da3a on ! gr\nd t ! wat] s fall+ is ?\ght to be transmut$ into se$s & fruits4 ,b surely ! image is z true z x is beautiful6 ,! ra9 is absorb$ by vegetation1 & is transmut$ into se$s & fruit1 & x w\ld g h>d to say t ! same p>ticles ( ra9 are aga9 evaporat$ & tak5 up afre% into ! cl\ds4 ,besides1 if we complete ! quotation we f9d t :at is /at$ is t ! ra9 does n return until x has accompli%$ its purpose3-- ,s %all ,my ^w be t goe? =? out ( ,my m\?3 x %all n return unto ,me void1 b x %all accompli% t :i* ,i please1 & x %all prosp] 9 ! ?+ :]eto ,i s5t x4 ,elihu describes ! process ( evaporation precisely3-- ,behold1 ,god is great1 & we "k ,him n2 ,! numb] ( ,8 ye>s is unse>*able4 ,= ,he drawe? up ! drops ( wat]1 ,:i* di/il 9 ra9 f ,8 vap\r3 ,:i* ! skies p\r d[n ,& drop ^u man abundantly4 ,?r\gh\t ! books ( ,holy ,scripture1 ! connection betwe5 ! cl\ds & ! ra9 is cle>ly borne 9 m9d4 ,deborah says 9 h] song ! cl\ds dropp$ wat]4 ,9 ! ,psalms !re are _m ref]5ces4 ,9 lxxvii4 #ag1 ,! cl\ds p\r$ out wat]2 9 cxlvii4 #h1 ,:o cov]e? ! heav5 ) cl\ds1 ,:o prep>e? ra9 = ! e>?4 ,prov]bs xvi4 #ae1 ,8 fav\r is z a cl\d ( ! latt] ra94 ,! ,prea*] says t cl\ds return aft] ! ra92 & ,isaiah1 ,i w also comm& ! cl\ds t !y ra9 no ra9 ^u x2 & ,jude1 ,cl\ds !y are )\t wat]1 c>ri$ ab\t ( w9ds4 ,! cl\ds1 too1 7 n conceiv$ z be+ heavy4 ,nahum says t ! cl\ds are ! du/ ( ,8 feet1 & ,isaiah speaks ( a cl\d ( dew 9 ! heat ( h>ve/4 ,! ,prea*] cle>ly und]/ood t ! wat]s above 7 n p5t 9 by solid b>ri]s2 t !y 7 c>ri$ by ! cl\ds2 = if ! cl\ds be full ( ra91 !y empty !mselves ^u ! e>?4 ,& ,job says ( ,jehovah1 ,he b9de? up ! wat]s 9 ,8 ?ick cl\ds1 & ! cl\d is n r5t "u !m2 &1 lat]1 ,jehovah ,himself asks3-- ,can/ ?\ lift up ?y voice to ! cl\ds1 ,t abundance ( wat]s may cov] !e8 99 99 99 99 99 ,:o c numb] ! cl\ds by wisdom1 ,or :o c p\r out ! bottles ( heav58 ,! ,hebrews1 !re=e1 7 q aw>e t ! wat]s ( ! sea 7 drawn up into ! atmosph]e by evaporation1 & 7 c>ri$ by x 9 ! =m ( cl\ds4 ,no d\bt _! k 9 ?is respect1 z 9 o!rs1 0 ! gr[? ( "t4 ,b !re is no ne$ to suppose t1 ev5 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! developm5t1 ! ,hebrews ?\ght ( ! wat]s t be above ! heav5s z conta9$ 9 a lit]al ci/]n ov]head4 ,/ill less is !re reason to adopt ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli's /range d$uction3 ,consid]+ ! sph]ical & convex %ape ( ! firmam5t1 ! upp] wat]s c\ld n rema9 above )\t a second wall to hold !m 9 at ! sides & ! top4 ,s a second vault above ! vault ( ! firmam5t closes 91 toge!r ) ! firmam5t1 a space :]e are ! /oreh\ses ( ra91 hail1 & sn[4#dc3a ,!re seems to be n[h]e 9 ,scripture ! slighte/ h9t or sugge/ion ( any su* second vault2 c]ta9ly n 9 ! beautiful passage to :i* ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli is "h ref]r+4 ,:]e is ! way to ! dwell+ ( light1 ,& z = d>kness1 :]e is ! place !re(2 ,t ?\ %\lde/ take x to ! b\nd !re(1 ,& t ?\ %\ld/ disc]n ! pa?s to ! h\se !re(4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ha/ ?\ ent]$ ! treasuries ( ! sn[1 ,or ha/ ?\ se5 ! treasuries ( ! hail1 ,:i* ,i h res]v$ aga9/ ! "t ( tr\ble1 ,aga9/ ! day ( battle & w>8 ,by :at way is ! light p>t$1 ,or ! ea/ w9d scatt]$ ^u ! e>?8 ,:o ha? cleft a *annel = ! wat]-flood1 ,or a way = ! lightn+ ( ! ?und]2 99 99 99 99 99 ,ha? ! ra9 a fa!r8 ,or :o ha? begott5 ! drops ( dew8 ,out ( ^: womb came ! ice8 ,& ! ho>y fro/ ( heav51 :o ha? g5d]$ x8 ,! ,song ( ,david1 ,psalm xviii41 cle>ly %[s t its writ] held no fantasy ( a solidly built ci/]n ( wat]s 9 ! sky1 b ?\ght ( ! d>k wat]s 9 ! heav5s1 z id5tical ) ! ?ick cl\ds4 ,! passage is wor? quot+ at "s l5g?1 n m]ely z supply+ a magnific5t ^w picture ( a /orm1 b z %[+ ! free & c\rage\s _s ( ! ,hebrew poet1 a _s m emancipat$ ?an c be f\nd 9 any o!r nation ( antiquity4 ,x 0 n only ! g5tl] aspect ( nature t attract$ him2 ev5 = its mo/ t]rible1 he _h a sympa?y1 ris+1 "u ! influ5ce ( 8 /rong fai? 9 ,god1 into positive exultation 9 x4 ,9 my di/ress ,i call$ ^u ! ,"l1 ,& cri$ unto my ,god3 ,he he>d my voice out ( ,8 temple1 ,& my cry be=e ,him came into ,8 e>s4 ,!n ! e>? %ook & trembl$1 ,! f\ndations also ( ! m\nta9s mov$ ,& 7 %ak51 because ,he 0 wro?4 ,!re w5t up a smoke out ( ,8 no/rils1 ,& fire out ( ,8 m\? dev\r$3 ,coals 7 k9dl$ by x4 ,he b[$ ! heav5s also1 & came d[n2 ,& ?ick d>kness 0 "u ,8 feet4 ,& ,he rode ^u a *]ub1 & did fly3 ,yea1 ,he flew swiftly ^u ! w+s ( ! w9d4 ,he made d>kness ,8 hid+ place1 ,8 pavilion r\nd ab\t ,him2 ,d>kness ( wat]s1 ?ick cl\ds ( ! skies4 ,at ! brightness be=e ,him ,8 ?ick cl\ds pass$1 ,hail/ones & coals ( fire4 ,! ,"l also ?und]$ 9 ! heav5s1 ,& ! ,mo/ ,high utt]$ ,8 voice2 ,hail/ones & coals ( fire4 ,& ,he s5t out ,8 arr[s1 & scatt]$ !m2 ,yea lightn+s manifold1 & discomfit$ !m4 ,!n ! *annels ( wat]s appe>$1 ,& ! f\ndations ( ! _w 7 laid b>e1 ,at ,?y rebuke1 ,o ,"l1 ,at ! bla/ ( ! brea? ( ,?y no/rils4 ,he s5t f on high1 ,he took me2 ,he drew me out ( _m wat]s4 ,he deliv]$ me f my /rong enemy1 ,& f !m t hat$ me1 = !y 7 too mighty = me4 ,two o!r passages po9t to ! circulation ( wat] vap\r upw>d f ! e>? be=e its desc5t z ra92 "o 9 ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah1 ! o!r1 almo/ id5tical ) x1 9 ,psalm cxxxv4 #g3 ,:5 ,he utt]e? ,8 voice1 !re is a tumult ( wat]s 9 ! heav5s1 & ,he cause? ! vap\rs to asc5d f ! ends ( ! e>?2 ,he make? lightn+s = ! ra91 & br+e? =? ! w9d out ( ,8 treasuries4 ,"h we get a h9t ( a close obs]v+ ( nature among ! ,hebrews4 ,= by ! =e%ort5+ t cl\ds und]go 9 ! di/ance1 !y inevitably appe> to =m *iefly on ! horizon1 at ! ends ( ! e>?1 :5ce !y move upw>ds t[>ds ! z5i?4 ,a fur!r ref]5ce to cl\ds reveals n obs]vation only b acute reflection1 ?\gh x leaves ! my/]y )\t solution4 ,do/ ?\ "k ! balanc+s ( ! cl\ds1 ! wondr\s works ( ,him ,:i* is p]fect 9 k8 ,!re is a deep my/]y "h1 :i* sci5ce is f> f hav+ completely solv$1 h[ x is t ! cl\ds float1 ea* 9 its own place1 at its own level2 ea* p]fectly balanc$ 9 ! ?9 air4 ,t mi/ :i* lies 9 ! morn+ s s(tly 9 ! valley1 level & :ite1 ?r\gh :i* ! tops ( ! trees rise z if ?r\gh an inundation--:y is x s heavy8 & :y does x lie s l[1 be+ yet s ?9 & frail t x w melt away utt]ly into spl5d\r ( morn+1 :5 ! sun has %one on x b a few mom5ts m8 ,^? colossal pyramids1 huge & firm1 ) outl9es z ( rocks1 & /r5g? to be> ! beat+ ( ! high sun full on _! fi]y flanks--:y are !y s light--_! bases high ov] our heads1 high ov] ! heads ( ,alps8 :y w ^! melt away1 n z ! sun rises1 b z he desc5ds1 & leave ! />s ( twilight cle>1 :ile ! valley vap\r ga9s aga9 ^u ! e>? l a %r\d8#df3a ,! fact ( ! balanc+ has be5 br\ght home to u dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s v vividly by ! progress ( arial navigation4 ,balloons are objects too famili> ev5 to our *ildr5 to cause !m any surprise1 & e "o kn[s h[ in/antly a balloon1 :5 9 ! air1 rises up high] if a few p\nds ( balla/ are ?r[n out1 or s9ks if a little ( ! gas is all[$ to escape4 ,we "k ( no balanc+ m delicate ?an ?is1 ( a body float+ 9 ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cirrus ,,f ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton1 #aijf1 ,,may #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cumuli ,,f ,,tunbridge ,,wells1 #aijf1 ,,may #bj4 7,photographs ( cl\ds1 tak5 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,s4 ,locky]47 ,do/ ?\ "k ! balanc+ ( ! cl\ds8 ,! spread+s ( ! cl\ds1 m5tion$ by ,elihu are ( ! same nature z _! balanc+s1 b ! expression is less rem>kable4 ,! spread+ is a ?+ manife/ to all1 b x requir$ ! m9d bo? ( a poet & a man ( sci5ce to appreciate t su* spread+ involv$ a delicate pois+ ( ea* cl\d 9 its place4 ,! heavy ra9 :i* fell at ! "t ( ! ,deluge is inde$ spok5 ( z if x 7 wat] let out ( a res]voir by its floodgates1--! w9d[s ( heav5 7 op5$2 b x seems to %[ "s dulness on ! "p ( an objector to argue t ?is expression involves ! idea ( a lit]al /one built res]voir ) its sluices4 ,^? :o h actually se5 tropical ra9 9 full viol5ce w f9d ! ,scriptural phrase n m]ely appropriate b almo/ inevitable4 ,! ra9 does inde$ fall l hi!rto p5t-up wat]s ru%+ =? at ! op5+ ( a sluice1 & x seems unreasonable to try to place too lit]al an int]pretation ^u s suitable a simile4 ,!re is ! less reason to insi/ ^u ?is v matt]-(-fact r5d]+ ( ! w9d[s ( heav51 t 9 two out ( ! ?ree connections 9 :i* x occurs1 ! expression is c]ta9ly us$ metaphorically4 ,on ! occasion ( ! fam9e 9 ! city ( ,sam>ia1 ,eli%a prophesi$ t-- ,to-morr[ ab\t ?is "t %all a measure ( f9e fl\r be sold = a %ekel1 & two measures ( b>ley = a %ekel1 9 ! gate ( ,sam>ia4 ,!n a "l on ^: h& ! k+ lean$ answ]$ ! man ( ,god1 & said1 ,behold1 if ! ,"l w\ld make w9d[s 9 heav51 might ?is ?+ be8 ,s aga9 ,mala*i exhort$ ! ,jews aft] ! ,return f ,babylon3-- ,br+ ye all ! ti!s into ! /oreh\se1 t !re may be meat 9 ,m9e h\se1 & prove ,me n[ h]e)1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s1 if ,i w n op5 y ! w9d[s ( heav51 & p\r y out a bless+1 t !re %all n be room en\gh to receive x4 ,9 nei!r case c ! w9d[s ( heav5 h be5 meant by ! speak] to convey ! idea ( ! sluice-gates ( an actual1 solidly-built res]voir 9 ! sky4 ,"o o!r cl\d fact--_! dissipation z ! sun rises high 9 ! heav5s--is notic$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ t5d] & pa!tic passages 9 all ! prophetic ,scriptures4 ,! ,"l1 by ! m\? ( ,hosea1 is m\rn+ ov] ! in/ability ( ,8 p4 ,o ,ephraim1 :at %all ,i d unto !e8 ,o ,judah1 :at %all ,i d unto !e8 ,= y\r goodness is z a morn+ cl\d1 & z ! e>ly dew x goe? away4 ,! w9ds ( heav5 7 consid]$ z f\r 9 numb]1 correspond+ to our own f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,?us ! great horn ( ,daniel's he-goat 0 brok5 & succe$$ by f\r notable horns t[>d ! f\r w9ds ( heav52 z ! empire ( ,alex&] ! ,great 0 divid$ among/ 8 f\r g5]als4 ,9 ,ezekiel's vision ( ! dry bones ! prophet prays1 ,come f ! f\r w9ds1 ,o brea?1 & brea! ^u ^! sla92 & ,j]emiah =etells t ! f\r w9ds f ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav5 %all be br\ght ^u ,elam1 & scatt] its outca/s into e nation4 ,! circulation ( ! w9ds is cle>ly set =? by ! ,prea*] 9 ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es4 ,! w9d goe? t[>d ! s\?1 & turne? ab\t unto ! nor?2 x :irle? ab\t cont9ually1 & ! w9d returne? aga9 accord+ to 8 circuits4 ,( ! f\r qu>t]s1 ! ,hebrews reckon$ ! ea/ z fir/4 ,x 0 to ! ea/ t !y suppos$ !mselves always look+4 ,! *ief ^w = ea/1 !re=e1 k$em1 means t :i* is be=e1 ! front2 & ! ^w next 9 use is1 naturally1 mizra*1 ! ris+ ( ! sun4 ,! we/ is1 z naturally1 mebo has%eme%1 ! go+ d[n ( ! sun2 b z ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea lay to ! we/w>d ( ,pale/9e ! sea 7yam7 is frequ5tly put in/ead ( t po9t ( ! compass4 ,) ! ea/ 9 front1 ! s\? becomes ! "r1 & ! nor? ! left4 ,! s\? also 0 negeb1 ! des]t1 s9ce ! des]t %ut 9 ,pale/9e to ! s\?1 z ! sea to ! we/4 ,9 opposition to tsaphon1 ! d>k or hidd5 nor?1 ! s\? is d>om1 ! bright & sunny region4 ,! phrase f\r corn]s ( ! e>? does n imply t ! ,hebrews ?\ght ( ! e>? z squ>e4 ,sev]al expressions on ! contr>y %[ t !y ?\ght ( x z circul>4 ,! ,"l sitte? ^u ! circle ( ! e>?1 & 9 ano!r passage ! same =m is appli$ to ! ocean4 ,he set a compass 7m>g9 circle7 ^u ! face ( ! dep?4 ,?is circle is no d\bt ! circle ( ! visible horizon1 )9 :i* e>? & sea are spread out app>5tly z a pla92 above x ! vault ( heav5 7,job xxii4 #ad2 ,r4,v4 m>g97 is ar*$4 ,!re does n appe> to be allusion1 any:]e 9 ,scripture1 to ! sph]ical =m ( ! e>?4 ,! ,hebrew k ( ! ext5t ( ! t]re/rial pla9 0 ( c\rse v limit$1 b x w\ld seem t1 l _m o!r nations ( antiquity1 !y suppos$ t ! ocean occupi$ ! out] "p ( ! circle surr\nd+ ! l& :i* 0 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is may be inf]r$ f ,job's /atem5t-- ,he ha? describ$ a b\nd>y ^u ! face ( ! wat]s1 ,unto ! conf9es ( light & d>kness4 ,! b\nd>y ( ! _w is repres5t$ z be+ describ$1 or m prop]ly circumscrib$1 drawn z a circle1 ^u ! ocean4 ,?is ocean is consid]$ z ess5tially "o1 exactly z by actual exploration we n[ "k x to be2--,let ! wat]s "u ! heav5 be ga!r$ toge!r unto "o place2--all ! oceans & seas communicate4 ,b5ea? ! e>? !re are ! wat]s4 ,! ,"l ha? f\nd$ ! _w ^u ! seas1 & e/abli%$ x ^u ! floods1 & 7,psalm cxxxvi4 #f7 /ret*$ out ! e>? above ! wat]s4 ,?is = ! mo/ "p means simply t ! wat] surface lies l[] ?an ! l& surface4 ,b !re are wat]s1--o!r ?an ^? ( ! ocean1--:i* are1 9 a /rict s5se1 b5ea? ! e>?2 ! subt]ranean wat]s1 :i* ?\gh 9 ! v sub/ance ( ! e>?1 & exi/+ !re 9 an altoge!r diff]5t way f ! great masses ( wat] we see ^u ! surface1 =m a wat] sy/em1 :i* may legitimately be t]m$ a k9d ( ocean und]gr\nd4 ,f ^! subt]ranean wat]s our spr+s issue =?1 & x is ^! wat]s we tap 9 our wells4 ,( ! c$> 9 ,lebanon ,ezekiel spoke3 ,! wat]s made him great1 ! deep set him up on high ) h] riv]s runn+ r\nd ab\t 8 plants1 & s5t out h] little riv]s 7m>g91 conduits7 unto all ! trees ( ! field4 ,! deep1 tehom1 applies !re=e1 n m]ely to ! re/less wat]s ( ! ocean1 b to ^! unse5 wat]s z well2 & means1 n m]ely surg+ wat]s1 b dep?s ( any k9d4 ,:5 9 ! great ,deluge ! floodgates ( heav5 7 op5$1 ^! f\nta9s ( ! great deep 7 brok5 up z well4 ,& lat] bo? f\nta9s & w9d[s 7 /opp$4 ,s ! ,"l asks ,job1 ,ha/ ?\ ent]$ into ! spr+s ( ! sea8 or ha/ ?\ walk$ 9 ! se>* ( ! dep?8 & 9 ,prov]bs x is said ( ! ,"l1 ,by ,8 k ! dep?s are brok5 up1 & ! cl\ds drop d[n ! dew4 ,! tides ^u ! sea-coa/ ( ,pale/9e are v slight1 b "s h se5 a ref]5ce to !m 9 ,j]4 v4 #bb :]e ! ,"l says1 ,i h plac$ ! s& = ! b\nd ( ! sea by a p]petual decree1 t x _c pass x3 & ?\gh ! waves !re( toss !mselves1 yet c !y n prevail2 ?\gh !y ro>1 yet c !y n pass ov] x4 ,m probably ! idea to be convey$ is m]ely t ( ! re/ra9t ( ! sea to its prop] bas91 z 9 ! passage :]e ! ,"l asks ,job1 ,:o %ut up ! sea ) doors :5 x brake =?1 z if x _h issu$ out ( ! womb8 ,& ! writ] ( ,prov]bs sums all up3-- ,:5 ,he prep>$ ! heav5s ,i ,wisdom 0 !re3 :5 ,he set a compass ^u ! face ( ! dep?3 :5 ,he e/abli%$ ! cl\ds above3 :5 ,he /r5g!n$ ! f\nta9s ( ! deep3 :5 ,he gave to ! sea ,8 decree1 t ! wat]s %\ld n pass ,8 comm&m5t3 :5 ,he appo9t$ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?4 ,,footnotes3 #da3a ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #cc note4 #dc3a ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #cb4 #df3a ,rusk91 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 "p vii4 *ap4 i4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,ord9ances ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s ,z has be5 already po9t$ out1 ! a/ronomical ref]5ces 9 ,scripture are n num]\s1 & probably give b an inadequate idea ( ! actual degree ( progress atta9$ by ! ,hebrews 9 a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,yet x is cle>1 ev5 f ! record :i* we h1 t !re 0 "o great a/ronomical fact :i* !y _h obs]v$1 & t x _h made a deep impression ^u !m4 ,t fact 0 ! sublime ,ord] ( ! heav5ly movem5ts4 ,fir/ among/ ^! 0 ! ord] ( ! daily progress ( ! sun2 ris+ 9 ! ea/ & mov+ sl[ly1 maje/ically1 & resi/lessly upw>d to ! m]idian1--! mid/ or bisection ( heav51 ( ,jo%4 x4 #ac1--;& !n pass+ d[nw>ds z smoo?ly & unfalt]+ly to 8 sett+ 9 ! we/4 ,?is motion ( ! sun inspires ! simile employ$ by ! ,psalmi/ 9 ! a/ronomical psalm1 ! n9ete5?4 ,he s+s-- ,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 !m ha? ,he set a tab]nacle = ! sun1 ,:i* is z a bridegroom com+ out ( 8 *amb]1 ,& rejoice? z a /rong man to run 8 c\rse4 ,8 go+ =? is f ! end ( ! heav51 ,& 8 circuit unto ! ends ( x3 ,& !re is no?+ hid f ! heat !re(4 ,! night reveal$ ano!r ,ord]1 9 its way m maje/ic /ill4 ,z ! twilight fad$ away ! bright & sil5t wat*]s ( ! heav5s mu/]$ ea* 9 8 place4 ,& ea*1 l ! sun dur+ ! day1 0 mov+1 sl[ly1 maje/ically1 resi/lessly1 )\t ha/e1 )\t re/4 ,ea* _h its appo9t$ place1 its appo9t$ pa?4 ,"s mov$ 9 small circles 9 ! nor?2 "s rose 9 ! ea/1 & swept 9 long curves ov] t[>ds _! sett+ 9 ! we/1 "s sc>cely lift$ !mselves above ! s\!rn horizon4 ,b ea* "o kept its own place4 ,none jo/l$ ano!r1 or hurri$ 9 advance1 or lagg$ beh9d4 ,x is no wond] t z ! multitude ( ! />s 0 obs]v$1 & ! unbrok5 ord] ( _! go+1 t ! simile sugge/$ itself ( an army on ! m>*--! ho/ ( heav54 ,& ! sight ( ! unbrok5 ord] ( ^! bright cele/ial orbs sugge/$ a comp>ison ) ! unse5 army ( exalt$ be+s1 ! angels2 ! army or ho/ ( heav5 9 ano!r s5se1 m>%all$1 l ! />s1 9 p]fect ob$i5ce to ! ,div9e w4 ,s 9 ! vision ( ,micaiah1 ! son ( ,imlah1 ! ho/ ( heav5 are ! ?\s&s ( att5dant spirits wait+ ar\nd ! ?rone ( ,god to fulfil ,8 bidd+4 ,i saw ! ,"l sitt+ on ,8 ?rone1 & all ! ho/ ( heav5 /&+ by him on ,8 "r h& & on ,8 left4 ,b m frequ5tly x is ! />ry1 n ! angelic1 army to :i* ref]5ce is made4 ,s ,j]emiah prophesies-- ,z ! ho/ ( heav5 _c be numb]$1 ,nei!r ! s& ( ! sea measur$3 ,s w ,i multiply ! se$ ( ,david ,my s]vant1 ,& ! ,levites t m9i/] unto ,me4 ,! prophets ( ,israel recogniz$ cle>ly1 t ! />ry ho/ ( heav5 & ! angelic ho/ 7 di/9ct2 t ! fir/1 9 _! brightness1 ord]1 & ob$i5ce =m$ fitt+ comp>ison = ! second2 b t bo? 7 creat$ be+s2 nei!r 7 div9ities4 ,! hea!n nations ar\nd recogniz$ also ! ho/s bo? ( ! />s & ( spiritual be+s1 b ! fir/ !y took z ! manife/ations ( ! second1 :om !y c\nt$ z div9ities4 ,!re 0 (t5 a great confusion betwe5 ! two1 & ! obs]vance or wor%ip ( ! fir/ c\ld n be kept di/+ui%$ f ! recognition or wor%ip ( ! o!r2 ! v ideogram = a god 0 an #h-ray$ />4 ,! ,hebrews 7 w>n$ aga9 & aga9 le/1 confus+ 9 _! m9ds ^! two great ho/s ( />s & angels1 !y %\ld deem ! "o ! div9e manife/ation ( ! o!r1 ! div9ity1 n acc\nt+ !m bo? fell[-s]vants1 ! h&iwork ( ,god4 ,?us1 9 ! wild]ness1 ! ,"l comm&s !m ?r\gh ,moses-- ,take ye !re=e good he$ unto y\rselves1 4 4 4 le/ ?\ lift up ?9e eyes unto heav51 & :5 ?\ see/ ! sun1 & ! moon1 & ! />s1 ev5 all ! ho/ ( heav51 %\lde/ be driv5 to wor%ip !m1 & s]ve !m1 :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god ha? divid$ di/ribut$ unto all nations "u ! :ole heav54 ,b ! "o cele/ial army cont9ually sugge/s ! o!r1 & ! two are plac$ 9 ! close/ p>allelism :5 ref]5ce is made to ! "t :5 ! f\ndations ( ! e>? 7 fa/5$1 & ! corn] /one !re( 0 laid1 ,:5 ! morn+ />s sang toge!r1 ,& all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy4 ,s :5 ,deborah s+s ( ! deliv]ance :i* ! ,"l gave to ,israel at ! battle ( ! ,ki%on1 %e puts ! />s = ! angelic legions t %e feels assur$ 7 engag$ 9 w>r+ 9 _! support4 ,!y f\ght f heav52 ,! />s 9 _! c\rses f\ght aga9/ ,sis]a4 ,! c\rses ( ! />s are ! pa?s :i* !y appe> to foll[ z !y move r\nd ! pole ( ! heav5s z ! night proce$s1 :il/ ! />s !mselves /& = ! heav5ly help]s :o1 unse51 _h m+l$ 9 ! battle & discom=t$ ! squadrons ( ,sis]a's w>-*>iots4 ,x almo/ reads z if to ,deborah _h be5 v\*saf$ su* a vision z ,eli%a pray$ might be giv5 to 8 s]vant3-- ,!re=e s5t ! ,k+ ( ,syria ?i!r horses1 & *>iots1 & a great ho/3 & !y came by night1 & compass$ ! city ab\t4 ,& :5 ! s]vant ( ! man ( ,god 0 ris5 e>ly1 & gone =?1 behold1 an ho/ compass$ ! city bo? ) horses & *>iots4 ,& 8 s]vant said unto him1 ,alas1 my ma/]6 h[ %all we d8 ,& he answ]$1 ,fe> n3 = !y t be ) u are m ?an !y t be ) !m4 ,& ,eli%a pray$1 & said1 ,"l1 ,i pray ,!e1 op5 8 eyes t he may see4 ,& ! ,"l op5$ ! eyes ( ! "y man2 & he saw3 &1 behold1 ! m\nta9 0 full ( horses & *>iots ( fire r\nd ab\t ,eli%a4 ,! solemn procession ( ! />ry ho/ ?r\gh ! long night--! ris+ 9 ! ea/1 ! s\?+1 & ! sett+ 9 ! we/--is n ! only ord]$ movem5t ( ! />s ( heav5 t may be recogniz$4 ,z night by night bright5s to its dawn1 if we wat* ! ea/]n horizon & note :at />s are ! la/ to rise above x be=e ! gr[+ daylight ov]p[]s ! feeble /ell> rays1 !n we see t "s bright />1 invisible on ! prec$+ morn+s1 %9es out = a few mom5ts l[ d[n 9 ! glimm] ( ! dawn4 ,z morn+ succe$s morn+ x rises e>li]1 until at la/ x m\nts :5 x is yet d>k1 & "s o!r /> takes its place z ! h]ald ( ! ris+ sun4 ,we recognize to-day ?is heliacal ris+ ( ! />s4 ,?\gh we d n make use ( x 9 our sy/em ( "t-measur+1 x play$ an important "p 9 ! cal5d>-mak+ ( ! anci5ts4 ,su* h]alds ( ! ris+ sun 7 call$ morn+ />s by ! ,hebrews1 & !y us$ !m = seasons & = ye>s4 ,"o /> or con/ellation ( />s w\ld h]ald by its heliacal ris+ ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 ano!r ! com+ ( w9t]2 ! "t to pl\gh1 ! "t to s[1 ! "t ( ! ra9s1 w\ld all be indicat$ by ! successive morn+ />s z !y appe>$4 ,& aft] an int]val ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five or ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six days ! same /> w\ld aga9 %[ itself z a morn+ /> = a second "t1 m>k+ out ! ye>1 :il/ ! o!r morn+ />s w\ld foll[1 ea* 9 its due season4 ,s we read 9 ,job1 t ,god l$ =? ! ,mazz>o? 9 _! season4 ,?is wond]ful procession ( ! midnight sky is n kn[n & admir$ by ^? :o live 9 wall$ cities & ceil$ h\ses1 z x is by ^? :o live 9 ! op51 9 ! wild]ness4 ,x is n !re=e to be wond]$ at1 t we f9d praise ( ^! works ( ! ,"l 4 4 4 s\ght out ( all !m t h pleasure !re91 mo/ly among/ ! %eph]ds1 ! h]dsm51 ! w&]]s 9 ! op5--9 ! words & prophecies ( ,job1 ( ,jacob1 ,moses1 ,david & ,amos4 ,! ?\ght t ea* new day1 beg9n+ ) a new outbur/ ( light1 01 9 its degree1 a k9d ( new creation1 an emblem ( ! orig9al act by :i* ! _w 0 br\ght into be+1 r5d]s appropriate & beautiful ! ascription ( ! t]m morn+ />s to ^? sons ( ,god1 ! angels4 ,z ! />s 9 ! ea/]n sky are poetically ?\ght ( z s++ toge!r to h]ald ! creation ( ea* new day1 s 9 ! v]ses already quot$ f ! ,book ( ,job1 ! angels ( ,god are repres5t$ z %\t+ = joy :5 ! f\ndations ( ! e>? 7 laid4 ,! morn+ /> aga9 /&s z ! type & e>ne/ ( t new creation :i* ,god has promis$ to ,8 s]vants4 ,! epi/le to ,?yatira concludes ) ! promise--,he t ov]come?1 & keepe? my works unto ! end1 4 4 4 ,i w give him ! morn+ />4 ,! brighte/ ( ^! h]alds ( ! sun is ! planet ,v5us1 & su* a morn+ /> = p[]1 glory1 & magnific5ce1 ! k+ ( ,babylon _h once be52 l "o ( ! angels ( ,god4 ,b z address$ 9 ,isaiah's prophecy1 he has be5 br\ght d[n to ,%eol3-- ,h[ art ?\ fall5 f heav51 ,o ,lucif]1 son ( ! morn+64 4 4 ,= ?\ ha/ said 9 ?9e he>t1 ,i w asc5d into heav51 ,i w exalt my ?rone above ! />s ( ,god 4 4 4 ,i w asc5d above ! heights ( ! cl\ds2 ,i w be l ! mo/ ,high4 ,b ! morn+ /> is tak5 z a high] type1 ev5 ( our ,"l ,himself1 & ( ,8 future com+ 9 glory4 ,/4 ,pet] bids ! disciples1 to :om he writes1 take he$ unto ! ^w ( prophecy z unto a lamp %9+ 9 a d>k place until ! day dawn1 & ! ,day /> arise 9 y\r he>ts4 ,9 almo/ ! la/ words ( ! ,bible1 ! ,"l uses ! same image ,himself3-- ,i1 ,jesus1 h s5t ,m9e angel to te/ify unto y ^! ?+s 9 ! ,*ur*es4 ,i am ! root & ! (fspr+ ( ,david1 ! bright & morn+ />4 ,9 ! sublime & ord]$ movem5ts ( ! v>i\s heav5ly bodies1 ! ,hebrews recogniz$ ! ord9ances ( ,god4 ,! po9t ( view always tak5 9 ,scripture is ! !o-c5tric "o2 ! relation s\ght to be br\ght out is n ! relation ( ?+ to ?+--:i* is ! objective ( physical sci5ce--b ! relation ( creature to ,creator4 ,we h no means ( kn[+ :e!r !y made attempt to f9d any me*anical explanation ( ! movem5ts2 su* inquiry w\ld lie entirely outside ! scope ( ! books ( ,holy ,scripture1 & o!r anci5t ,hebrew lit]ature has n be5 transmitt$ to u4 ,! lesson :i* ! ,psalmi/s & ! ,prophets desir$ to tea* 0 n ! daily rotation ( ! e>? ^u its axis1 nor its ye>ly revolution r\nd ! sun1 b t-- ,if ^? ord9ances dep>t f be=e ,me1 sai? ! ,"l1 !n ! se$ ( ,israel also %all cease f be+ a nation be=e ,me = ev]4 ,9 ! ,bible all int]m$iate /eps are omitt$1 & ! result is l9k$ imm$iately to ! fir/ ,cause4 ,god ,himself is ! !me1 & tru/ 9 ,him ! lesson4 ,lift up y\r eyes on high1 & see ,:o ha? creat$ ^!1 ,t br+e? out _! ho/ by numb]3 ,he calle? !m all by "n2 by ! greatness ( ,8 might1 & = t ,he is /rong 9 p[]1 n "o is lack+4 ,:y saye/ ?\1 ,o ,jacob1 & speake/1 ,o ,israel1 ,my way is hid f ! ,"l1 & my judgm5t is pass$ away f my ,god4 ,ha/ ?\ n kn[n8 ha/ ?\ n he>d8 ! ev]la/+ ,god1 ! ,"l1 ! ,creator ( ! ends ( ! e>?1 fa9te? n1 nei!r is we>y2 !re is no se>*+ ( ,8 und]/&+4 ,he give? p[] to ! fa9t2 & to him t ha? no might ,he increase? /r5g?4 ,ev5 ! y\?s %all fa9t & be we>y1 & ! "y m5 %all utt]ly fall3 b !y t wait ^u ! ,"l %all r5ew _! /r5g?2 !y %all m\nt up ) w+s z eagles2 !y %all run1 & n be we>y2 !y %all walk1 & n fa9t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,sun ,& ,god said ,let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5 to divide ! day f ! night2 & let !m be = signs1 & = seasons & = days1 & ye>s3 & let !m be = lights 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav51 to give light ^u ! e>?3 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god made two great lights2 ! great] light to rule ! day1 & ! less] light to rule ! night3 ,he made ! />s also4 ,& ,god set !m 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5 to give light ^u ! e>?1 & to rule ov] ! day & ov] ! night1 & to divide ! light f ! d>kness3 & ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! f\r? day4 ,a d\ble purpose = ! two great heav5ly bodies is indicat$ "h1--fir/1 ! obvi\s "o ( giv+ light2 next1 t ( "t measurem5t4 ,^!1 f ! human & practical po9t ( view1 are ! two ma9 s]vices :i* ! sun & moon r5d] to u1 & naturally suffic$ = ! object t ! writ] _h be=e him4 ,!re is no evid5ce t he _h any idea t ! moon simply %one by reflect+ ! light ( ! sun2 /ill less t ! sun 0 a light = worlds o!r ?an our own2 b if he _h kn[n ^! facts we c h>dly suppose t he w\ld h m5tion$ !m2 !re w\ld h be5 no purpose to be s]v$ by s do+4 ,b x is rem>kable t no ref]5ce is made ei!r to ! incalculable b5efits conf]r$ by ! action ( ! sun 9 rip5+ ! fruits ( ! e>?1 or to ! s]vices ( ! moon z a "t-measur]1 9 divid+ (f ! mon?s4 ,bo? ^! actions are cle>ly indicat$ lat] on 9 ! ,scriptures1 :]e ,moses1 9 ! bless+ :i* he pron\nc$ ^u ! tribe ( ,joseph1 pray$ t 8 l& might be bless$ = ! preci\s ?+s ( ! fruits ( ! sun1 s t we may take _! omission "h1 toge!r ) ! omission ( all m5tion ( ! planets1 & ! slight p>5!tical ref]5ce to ! />s1 z indicat+ t ?is *apt] 0 compos$ at an exce$+ly e>ly date4 ,! *ief purpose ( ! sun is to give light2 x rules or regulates ! day & divides ! light f ! d>kness4 ,z su* x is ! appropriate emblem ( ,god ,himself1 ,:o is ,light1 & 9 ,him is no d>kness at all4 ,^! images are frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 & x is only possible to give a few in/ances4 ,david s+s1 ,! ,"l is my light & my salvation4 ,! ,"l %all be unto !e an ev]la/+ light1 is ! promise made to ,zion4 ,/4 ,john expressly uses ! t]m ( ! ,son ( ,god1 our ,"l3 ,t 0 ! true ,light :i* lighte? e man t come? into ! _w4 ,:il/ ! m concrete emblem is us$ z (t54 ,9 ! eighty-f\r? psalm1 ! psalm ( pilgrimage1 we read1 ,! ,"l ,god is a sun & %ield2 ,mala*i pr$icts t ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness %all arise ) heal+ 9 ,8 w+s1 & ,/ ,james1 ) ! same ?\ght ( ! sun 9 8 m9d1 speaks ( ,god z ! ,fa!r ( lights4 ,b 9 none ( ^! or ! o!r p>allel passages is !re ! remote/ approa* to any deification ( ! sun1 or ev5 ( t mo/ e!real ( influ5ces1 light itself4 ,bo? are creatures1 bo? are made by ,god2 !y are ?+s & ?+s only1 & are n ev5 ! %r9es ( a deity4 ,!y may be us$ z emblems ( ,god 9 "s ( ,8 attributes2 !y d n ev5 furni% any indication ( ,8 special pres5ce1 = ,he is equally pres5t :]e sun & light are n4 ,! d>kness hide? n f ,!e2 b ! night %9e? z ! day3 ! d>kness & ! light are bo? alike to ,!e4 ,! wor%ip ( ! sun & ( o!r heav5ly bodies is "o ( ! s9s mo/ unsp>+ly d5\nc$ 9 ,scripture4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ w>n+s ( ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy t ,israel z a p 7 to take he$ le/ ?\ lift up ?9e eyes unto heav51 & :5 ?\ see/ ! sun1 & ! moon1 & ! />s1 ev5 all ! ho/ ( heav51 %\lde/ be driv5 to wor%ip !m & s]ve !m1 & ! utt] ov]?r[ ( ! nation 0 =etold %\ld !y break ?is law4 ,& z = ! nation1 s = ! individual1 any man or woman t ha? wr\ght wick$ness 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l ?y ,god1 9 transgress+ ,8 cov5ant & ha? gone & s]v$ o!r gods1 & wor%ipp$ !m1 ei!r ! sun1 or moon1 or any ( ! ho/ ( heav5 0 :5 convict$ ( work+ su* abom9ation unsp>+ly to be put to dea?4 ,yet ) all ?is1 sun-wor%ip prevail$ 9 ,israel aga9 & aga94 ,two ( ! re=m+ k+s ( ,judah1 ,asa & ,josiah1 f\nd x necess>y to take away ! sun-images2 inde$1 ! latt] k+ f\nd t ! horses & *>iots :i* 8 pr$ecessors1 ,manasseh & ,amon1 _h d$icat$ to sun wor%ip 7 kept at ! v entrance to ! temple4 ,9 spite ( 8 re=mation1 h[ev]1 ! evil spread until ! f9al corruption ( ,j]usalem 0 %[n 9 vision to ,ezekiel1 ,sev5ty m5 ( ! anci5ts--t is ! complete ,sanh$rim--(f]$ inc5se to creep+ ?+s & abom9able bea/s2 ! wom5 wept = ,tammuz1 probably ! sun-god 9 8 decl9e to w9t] dea?2 & deepe/ apo/asy ( all1 five & tw5ty m51 ! high-prie/1 & ! *ief prie/s ( ! tw5ty-f\r c\rses1 ) _! backs t[>d ! temple ( ! ,"l1 & _! faces t[>d ! ea/2 & !y wor%ipp$ ! sun t[>d ! ea/4 ,! entire nation1 z repres5t$ 9 its *ief memb]s 9 ,/ate1 ,society1 & ,*ur*1 0 apo/ate1 & its ru9 foll[$4 ,five ye>s m & ! temple 0 burn$ & ,j]usalem de/roy$1 & 9 captivity & exile ! nation le>n$ to abhor ! idolatry t _h br\ght ab\t its ov]?r[4 ,f\r words are translat$ sun 9 our ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion4 ,( ^! "o1 us$ ,job xxxi4 #bf1 %\ld really be light1 z 9 ! m>g9--,if ,i beheld ! light :5 x %9$1--?\gh ! sun is obvi\sly meant4 ,! second ^w is "o us$ 9 poetry *iefly 9 conjunction ) a poetical ^w = ! moon1 & ref]s to ! sun's w>m?1 z ! o!r does to ! :it5ess ( ! moon4 ,?us ! ,bride 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon is describ$ z fair z ! moon1 cle> z ! sun4 ,! ?ird ^w has giv5 use to "s ambiguity4 ,9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ,judges 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 x is /at$ t ,gideon1 ! son ( ,joa%1 return$ f ! battle be=e ! sun 0 up1 b 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion t he return$ f ! battle f ! asc5t ( ,h]es4 ,!re 0 a m\nt ,h4eres1 a m\nt ( ! sun1 9 ! portion ( ! ,danites held by ! ,amorites1 b t _c h be5 ! ,h4eres ( ,gideon4 ,/ill ! probability is t a m\nt sacr$ to ! sun is meant "h z well z 9 ! ref]5ce to ! ,danites2 ?\gh h4eres z mean+ ! sun itself occurs 9 ! /ory ( ,samson's riddle1 = ! m5 ( ! city gave him ! answ] to x :i* !y _h extort$ f 8 wife1 be=e ! sun 7h4eres7 w5t d[n4 ,%eme%1 ! ,samas ( ! ,babylonians1 is ! usual ^w = ! sun2 & we f9d x 9 ,be?-%eme%1 ! h\se ( ! sun1 a ,levitical city )9 ! tribe ( ,judah1 ! sc5e ( ! return ( ! ark aft] its captivity among/ ! ,phili/9es4 ,!re 0 ano!r ,be?-%eme% 9 ,naphtali on ! bord]s ( ,issa*>1 & ,j]emiah prophesies t ,nebu*adnezz> %all break also ! images ( ,be?-%eme%1 t is 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 probably ! obelisks ( ! sun 9 ,on1 or ,heliopolis4 ,x 0 f ?is city t ,joseph1 :5 vizi] ( ,egypt1 took 8 wife1 ! daught] ( ! high prie/ !re4 ,! images ( ! sun1 & ( ,baal z ! sun-god1 seem to h be5 obelisks or pill>s ( /one1 & h5ce _h to be brok5 d[n2 :il/ ! ,a%]ah1 ! groves ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 ! images ( ,a%tore? z ! moon-goddess1 7 wood5 pill>s1 to be cut or hewn d[n4 ,ano!r city ( ! sun 9 ! l& ( ,egypt is also m5tion$ by ,isaiah1 9 8 prophecy ( ! conv]sion & re/oration ( ! ,egyptians4 ,five cities 9 ! l& ( ,egypt %all speak ! language ( ,canaan1 & swe> to ! ,"l ( ho/s2 "o %all be call$ ,! city ( de/ruction2 lit4 ( ,h4eres1 or ( ! sun4 ,x 0 ^u ! /r5g? ( ?is text t ,onias1 ! son ( ,onias ! high prie/1 appeal$ to ,ptolemy ,philomet] to be all[$ to build a temple to ,jehovah 9 ! prefecture ( ,heliopolis 7! city ( ! sun71 & obta9$ 8 p]mission to d s1 ,b4,c4 #adi4fh3a ,! epi!t appli$ to ! sun 9 ,cant4 vi4 already quot$1 ,cle> z ! sun1 may be tak5 z equival5t to spotless4 ,t is its ord9>y appe>ance to ! nak$ eye1 ?\gh f "t to "t--f> m frequ5tly ?an mo/ p]sons h any idea--!re are spots ^u ! sun suffici5tly l>ge to be se5 )\t any optical assi/ance4 ,?us 9 ! tw5ty ye>s f #ahhb to #aija inclusive1 su* a ph5om5on occurr$ on ! av]age once 9 ea* week4 ,no ref]5ce to ! exi/5ce ( sun-spots occurs 9 ,scripture4 ,nor is ?is surpris+1 = x w\ld n h fall5 )9 ! purpose ( ,scripture to record su* a fact4 ,b x is surpris+ t :il/ ! ,*9ese detect$ _! occasional appe>ance1 !re is no di/9ct acc\nt ( su* an obs]vation giv5 ei!r on ,babylonian tablets or by classical or m$ival writ]s4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ! ,*9ese 9 ?is direction is v notable1 = ! difficulty ( look+ directly at ! sun1 "u ord9>y circum/ances is s great1 & ! v l>ge/ sunspots are s small z comp>$ ) ! entire disc1 t x argues great p]sev]ance 9 wat*+ su* appe>ances on ! "p ( ! ,*9ese1 = !m to h assur$ !mselves t !y 7 n due to v small di/ant cl\ds 9 our own atmosph]e4 ,x has (t5 be5 ! subject ( comm5t t light is m5tion$ 9 ,g54 i4 z hav+ be5 creat$ on ! fir/ day1 b ! sun n until ! f\r?4 ,! ord] is entirely appropriate f an a/ronomical po9t ( view1 = we "k t our sun is n ! only s\rce ( light1 s9ce x is b "o out ( millions ( />s1 _m ( :i* greatly exce$ x 9 spl5d\r4 ,fur!r1 mo/ a/ronom]s consid] t our sol> sy/em exi/$ z a lum9\s nebula long ages be=e ! sun 0 =m$ z a c5tral cond5sation4 ,b ! true explanation ( ! creation ( light be+ put fir/ is probably ?is--t !re might be no imag9+ t1 ?\gh gross solid bodies1 l e>? & sea1 sun & moon might require a ,creator1 yet some?+ s e!real & all-p]vad+ z light 0 self-exi/5t1 & by its own nature1 et]nal4 ,?is 0 a tru? t ne$$ to be /at$ fir/4 ,god is light1 b light is n ,god4 ,! o!r ref]5ces to ! sun 9 ,scripture d n call = mu* comm5t4 ,its app>5t un*angeabl5ess qualifies x = use z an expression = et]nal duration1 z 9 ! sev5ty-second1 ! ,royal1 ,psalm1 ,!y %all fe> ,!e z long z ! sun & moon endure2 & aga91 ,8 "n %all endure = ev]3 ,8 "n %all be cont9u$ z long z ! sun4 ,& aga91 9 ! eighty-n9? ,psalm1 x is said ( ,david3 ,8 se$ %all endure = ev]1 & 8 ?rone z ! sun be=e ,me4 ,! daily c\rse ( ! sun f beyond ! ea/]n horizon to beyond ! we/]n gives ! wide/ expression = ! compass ( ! :ole e>?4 ,! mighty ,god1 ev5 ! ,"l1 ha? spok51 & call$ ! e>?1 f ! ris+ ( ! sun unto ! go+ d[n !re(4 ,f ! ris+ ( ! sun1 unto ! go+ d[n ( ! same1 ! ,"l's "n is to be prais$4 ,! sun's rays p5etrate ev]y:]e4 ,8 go+ =? is f ! end ( ! heav51 & 8 circuit unto ! ends ( x3 & !re is no?+ hid f ! heat !re(4 ,:il/ 9 ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es1 ! melan*oly words ( ! ,prea*] rev]t ov] & ov] aga9 to t :i* is done "u ! sun4 ,:at pr(it ha? a man ( all 8 lab\r :i* he take? "u ! sun8 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?is same ,book ( ,ecclesia/es %[s a mu* cle>] idea ( ! sun's daily app>5t motion ?an 0 held by _m ( ! writ]s ( antiquity4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 n[h]e 9 ,scripture any m5tion ( ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis z ! me*anical explanation ( ! sun's daily app>5t motion2 any m ?an we %\ld ref] to x ourselves to-day except :5 writ+ f a purely te*nical po9t ( view4 ,z said already1 ! ,hebrews _h probably n discov]$ ?is explanation1 & w\ld c]ta9ly h n gone out ( _! way to m5tion x 9 any ( _! ,scriptures if !y _h4 ,"o passage ( great beauty has sometimes be5 quot$ z if x conta9$ a ref]5ce to ! e>?'s rotation1 b :5 c>efully exam9$ x is se5 to be deal+ simply ) ! app>5t motion ( ! sun 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> & ( ! day4 ,ha/ ?\ comm&$ ! morn+ s9ce ?y days2 ,& caus$ ! dayspr+ to "k 8 place2 ,t x might take hold ( ! ends ( ! e>?1 ,t ! wick$ might be %ak5 out ( x8 ,x is turn$ z clay to ! seal2 ,& !y /& z a g>m5t4 ,! e>? appe>s to be spok5 ( z be+ turn$ to ! sun1 ! dayspr+2 & ?is1 we "k1 takes place1 morn+ by morn+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! diurnal rotation4 ,b ! la/ two l9es are bett] r5d]$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion-- ,x is *ang$ z clay "u ! seal2 ,& all ?+s /& =? z a g>m5t4 ,! anci5t seals 7 cyl9d]s1 roll$ ov] ! clay1 :i*1 =mless be=e1 took ^u x ! desir$ relief z ! seal pass$ ov] x4 ,s a g>m5t1 laid aside & fold$ up dur+ ! night1 is %apeless1 b once aga9 takes =m :5 ! we>] puts x on4 ,& ! e>?1 =mless 9 ! d>kness1 ga9s %ape & col\r & relief ) ! impress ^u x ( ! morn+ light4 ,x is q cle> t ! ,hebrews did n suppose t x 0 a new sun t came up f ! ea/ ea* morn+1 z did ,x5ophanes & ! ,epicureans among/ ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 ! same sun ?r\gh\t4 ,nor is !re any idea ( 8 hid+ himself beh9d a my/]i\s m\nta9 dur+ ! night4 ,! sun1 ! ,prea*] tells u1 arise? & ! sun goe? d[n1 & ha/e? to 8 place :]e he arose4 ,! ,hebrew 0 q aw>e t ! e>? 0 unsupport$ 9 space1 = he knew t ! ,"l /ret*e? out ! nor? ov] ! empty place1 & hange? ! e>? ^u no?+4 ,!re 0 !re=e no?+ to h9d] ! sun pass+ freely "u ! e>? f we/ to ea/1 & ?us mak+ 8 pa?1 n a m]e m>* onw>d end+ 9 8 dissolution at sunset1 b a complete circuit1 z not$ by ! writ] ( ! n9ete5? ,psalm4 ,! fi]c5ess ( ! sun's heat 9 ,pale/9e r5d]$ sun-/roke a s]i\s dang]4 ,! little son ( ! ,%unammite 0 probably s smitt5 z he wat*$ 8 fa!r at "w ) ! reap]s4 ,s ! promise is giv5 to ,god's p m ?an once3 ,! sun %all n smite !e by day4 ,!y %all n hung] nor ?ir/2 nei!r %all ! heat nor sun smite !m4 ,! m>tyrs :o pass ?r\gh ! great tribulation %all hung] no m1 nei!r ?ir/ any m2 nei!r %all ! sun light on !m1 nor any heat4 ,!re are few] ref]5ces 9 ,scripture to ! vivify+ effects ( sunlight ^u vegetation ?an we might h expect$4 ,! explanation is possibly to be f\nd 9 ! t]rible p]v]sion m5 _h made ( ! b5efits :i* came to !m by means ( ?is action ( sunlight1 by us+ !m z an excuse = plung+ into all k9ds ( nature-wor%ip4 ,yet !re are "o or two allusions n )\t int]e/4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! preci\s fruits br\ght =? by ! sun 7 promis$ to ! tribe ( ,joseph1 :il/ ! great mod]n discov]y t ne>ly e =m ( t]re/rial en]gy is d]iv$ ultimately f ! en]gy ( ! sun's rays gives a mo/ /rik+ appropriat5ess to ! imag]y made use ( by ,/4 ,james4 ,e good gift & e p]fect gift is f above1 & come? d[n f ! ,fa!r ( ,lights1 ) ,:om is no v>iabl5ess1 nei!r %ad[ ( turn+4 ,god1 t is to say1 is ! true ,sun1 ! true ,orig9 ( all ,lights1 ! true be/[] ( e good & p]fect gift4 ,! ^w r5d]$ v>iabl5ess1 is a te*nical ^w1 us$ by ourselves 9 mod]n ,engli% z p>allax1 & employ$ 9 ! ,septuag9t ,v]sion to d5ote ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 describ$ 9 ! ?irty-eigh? *apt] ( ! book ( ,job1 z ! ord9ances ( ! heav5s4 ,) ! natural sun1 !re=e1 !re is v>iabl5ess1 t is to say1 real or app>5t *ange ( place2 !re is none ) ,god4 ,nei!r is !re ) ,him any d>kness ( eclipse2 any %ad[ caus$ z 9 ! case ( ! mat]ial sun1 by ! turn+ ( e>? & moon 9 _! orbits4 ,! k ( ! alt]nations ( ! turn+ ( ! sun1 describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom z a feature ( ! le>n+ ( ,solomon1 0 a k ( ! laws ( ?is v>iabl5ess & turn+2 especially ( ! turn+ ( its ris+ & sett+ po9ts at ! two sol/ices2 & ,/4 ,james may well h _h t passage 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote4 ,= ,sci5ce deals ) ! k ( ?+s t *ange1 z !y *ange1 & ( _! *anges1 b ,fai? ) ! k ( ,him t abide? = ev]1 & x is to ?is high] k t ,/4 ,james wi%$ to po9t 8 read]s4 ,sci5ce deals ) ! k ( ?+s t *ange1 z !y *ange & ( _! *anges4 ,! physical facts t we h le>n$ 9 ! la/ ye>s ab\t t *angeful body ! sun are briefly ^!3-- ,its core or inn] nucleus is n accessible to obs]vation1 its nature & con/itution be+ a m]e matt] ( inf]5ce4 ,! photosph]e is a %ell ( inc&esc5t cl\d surr\nd+ ! nucleus1 b ! dep?1 or ?ickness ( ?is %ell is q unkn[n4 ,! out] surface--:i* we see--( ! photosph]e is c]ta9ly pretty %>ply def9$1 ?\gh v irregul>1 ris+ at po9ts into :it] aggregations1 call$ facul1 & p]haps depress$ at o!r places 9 ! d>k spots4 ,imm$iately above ! photosph]e lies ! rev]s+ lay] 9 :i* are f\nd ! sub/ances :i* give rise to ! gaps 9 ! sun's spectrum--! ,fraunh(] l9es4 ,above ! rev]s+ lay] lies ! sc>let *romosph]e ) prom95ces ( v>i\s =ms & dim5sions ris+ high above ! sol> surface2 & ov]1 & embrac+ all1 is ! corona1 ) its my/]i\s petal-l =ms & rod-l rays4 ,! great body ( ! sun is gase\s1 ?\gh x is impossible = u to conceive ( ! condition ( ! gase\s core1 subject$1 z x is1 at once to temp]ature & pressure bo? enorm\sly great4 ,probably x is a gas s visc\s t x w\ld resi/ motion z pit* or putty does4 ,nor d we "k mu* ( ! nature ( ei!r ! sun-spots or ! sol> corona4 ,bo? seem to be produc$ by causes :i* lie )9 ! sun2 bo? und]go *anges t are p]iodical & connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,!y ex]cise "s influ5ce ^u ! e>?'s magnetism1 b :e!r ?is influ5ce ext5ds to t]re/rial wea!r1 to ra9fall & /orms1 is /ill a matt] ( controv]sy4 ,! sun itself is di/ant f ! e>? 9 ! mean1 ab\t #ib1hhe1jjj miles1 b ?is di/ance v>ies betwe5 ,janu>y & ,june by #c1ajj1jjj miles4 ,! diamet] ( ! sun is #hff1djj miles1 b p]haps ?is is v>iable to ! ext5t ( "s hundr$s ( miles4 ,x w\ld conta9 #a1cje1jjj times ! bulk ( ! e>?1 b its mean d5sity is b "o-qu>t] t ( ! e>?4 ,! =ce ( gravity at its surface is #bg-a_/b times t at ! surface ( ! e>?1 & x rotates on its axis 9 ab\t #be days4 ,b ! sun's surface does n appe> to rotate z a :ole1 s ?is "t ( rotat+ v>ies by z mu* z two days if we consid] a region on ! sun's equator or at a di/ance f x ( #de4 ,! int5sity ( sunlight at ! surface ( ! sun is ab\t #aij1jjj times t ( a c&le-flame1 & ! effective temp]ature ( ! sol> surface is eight or t5 ?\s& degrees c5tigrade4 ,su* are "s ( ! facts ab\t ! sun t are receiv$1 or1 z x w\ld be te*nically express$1 adopt$ to-day4 ,d\btless a v few ye>s w f9d !m alt]$ & r5d]$ m accurate z obs]vations accumulate4 ,9 a few hundr$ ye>s1 k ( ! con/itution ( ! sun may h s increas$ t ^! data & sugge/ions may seem s errone\s z to be absurd4 ,x is little m ?an a c5tury s9ce "o ( ! greate/ ( a/ronom]s1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 cont5d$ t ! c5tral globe ( ! sun might be a habitable _w1 %elt]$ f ! blaz+ photosph]e by a lay] ( cool non-lum9\s cl\ds4 ,su* an hypo!sis 0 n incompatible ) :at 0 !n kn[n ( ! con/itution ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ?\gh x is incompatible ) :at we "k n[4 ,x 0 simply a matt] on :i* m evid5ce 0 to be accumulat$1 & ! hold+ ( su* a view does n1 & did n1 detract f ! sci5tific /atus ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,! hypo!ses ( sci5ce require cont9ual re/atem5t 9 ! light ( new evid5ce1 &1 z to ! weight & int]pretation to be giv5 to su* evid5ce1 !re is cont9ual conflict--if x may s be call$--betwe5 ! old & ! new sci5ce1 betwe5 ! sci5ce t is e/abli%$ & ! sci5ce t is be+ e/abli%$4 ,x is by ?is conflict t k is r5d]$ sure4 ,su* a conflict took place r m ?an #cjj ye>s ago at ! op5+ ( ! ,mod]n ,era ( a/ronomy4 ,x 0 a conflict betwe5 two s*ools ( sci5ce--betwe5 ! disciples ( ,ari/otle & ,claudius ,ptolemy on ! "o h& & ! disciples ( ,cop]nicus on ! o!r4 ,x has (t5 be5 repres5t$ z a conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 :]eas t :i* happ5$ 0 t ! repres5tatives ( ! old] s*ool ( sci5ce made use ( ! p[]s ( ! ,*ur* to p]secute ! new] s*ool z repres5t$ by ,galileo4 ,t p]secution 0 no d\bt a flagrant abuse ( au?ority1 b x %\ld be impossible at ! pres5t day = any "o to claim a !ological /&+ = ei!r !ory1 :e!r ,cop]nican or ,ptolemaic4 ,s long z evid5ce suffici5t to demon/rate ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis 0 n =?com+1 x 0 possible = a man to hold ! ,ptolemaic1 )\t detract+ f 8 sci5tific position1 j z x is ?\ght no discr$it to ,sir ,william ,h]s*el t he held 8 curi\s idea ( a cool sun "u ! conditions ( k ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 we habitually use ! ,ptolemaic phraseology4 ,n only d we speak ( sunrise & sunset1 b a/ronom]s 9 /rictly te*nical pap]s use ! expression1 accel]ation ( ! sun's motion :5 accel]ation ( ! e>?'s motion is meant4 ,! "q z to :e!r ! e>? goes r\nd ! sun or ! sun goes r\nd ! e>? has be5 decid$ by ! accumulation ( evid5ce4 ,x 0 a "q = evid5ce to decide4 ,x 0 an op5 "q s long z ! evid5ce available 0 n suffici5t to decide x4 ,x 0 p]fectly possible at "o "t = a sci5tific or a religi\s man to hold ei!r view4 ,nei!r view int]f]$ ) 8 fundam5tal /&+ or ) 8 m5tal attitude t[>ds ei!r sun or e>?4 ,9 ?is respect--important z ! "q is 9 itself--x might be said to be a m]e detail1 almo/ a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,b x is n a m]e detail1 a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ei!r sci5ti/ or religi\s man1 z to :at ! sun & e>? are--:e!r he c treat !m z ?+s t c be weigh$1 measur$1 comp>$1 analyz$1 z1 a few pages back1 we h %[n has be5 done1 or :e!r1 z "o ( ! *ief a/rolog]s ( to-day puts x1 he-- ,believes t ! sun is ! body ( ! ,logos ( ?is sol> sy/em1 '9 ,him we live & move & h our be+4' ,! planets are 8 angels1 be+ modifications 9 ! consci\sness ( ! ,logos1 & t ! sun ,/&s z ,p[]1 hav+ ,love & ,w unit$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two po9ts ( view is fundam5tal1 & "o ( root pr9ciple4 ,! f\ndation1 ! common f\ndation on :i* bo? ! believ] & ! sci5ti/ build1 is ?reat5$ by ?is false sci5ce & false religion4 ,! call+1 ! v exi/5ce ( bo? is assail$1 & !y mu/ /& or fall toge!r4 ,! believ] 9 "o ,god _c ackn[l$ge a ,sun-god1 a ,sol> ,logos1 ^! planet>y angels2 ! a/ronom] _c admit ! intrusion ( planet>y influ5ces t obey no kn[n laws1 & ! suppos$ effects ( :i* are 9 no way proportional to ! suppos$ causes4 ,! ,law ( ,causality does n run )9 ! bord]s ( a/rology4 ,x is ! old anti!sis re/at$ ( ! ,hebrew & ! hea!n4 ,! believ] 9 "o ,god & ! sci5ti/ alike d]ive _! h]itage f ! ,hebrew1 :il/ ! mod]n a/rolog] claims t ! a/rology ( to-day is once m a revelation ( ! ,*aldean & ,assyrian religions4 ,b poly!ism--:e!r 9 its gross =m ( _m gods1 ( planet>y angels1 or 9 ! m subtle =m ( pan!ism1--is ! v negation ( sane religion2 & a/rology is ! negation ( sane a/ronomy4 ,= ! invisible ?+s ( ,him f ! creation ( ! _w are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made1 ev5 ,8 et]nal p[] & ,godhead2 s t !y are )\t excuse3 because t1 :5 !y knew ,god1 !y glorifi$ ,him n z ,god1 nei!r 7 ?ankful2 b became va9 9 _! imag9ations1 & _! fooli% he>t 0 d>k5$4 ,pr(ess+ !mselves to be wise1 !y became fools1 & *ang$ ! glory ( ! uncorruptible ,god into an image made l to corruptible man1 & to birds1 & f\rfoot$ bea/s1 & creep+ ?+s4 ,,footnotes3 #fh3a ,josephus1 ,antiquities1 ,,xiii4 iii4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,moon ,! balmy moon ( bless$ ,israel ,floods all ! deep-blue gloom ) beams div9e3 ,all night ! spl9t]$ crags t wall ! dell ,) spires ( silv] %9e4 ,s1 9 ,t5nyson's words1 sang ,jeph?ah's daught]1 z %e recall$ ! days ( h] m\rn+ be=e %e accompli%$ h] self-sacrifice4 ,x is h>d = mod]n dwell]s 9 t[ns to realize ! imm5se importance ( ! moon to ! p ( old4 ,! night come? :5 no man c "w fitly describes _! condition :5 %e 0 abs5t4 ,9 sub-tropical c\ntries l ,pale/9e1 twilight is %ort1 &1 ! sun once set1 deep d>kness soon cov]s ev]y?+4 ,su* artificial lights z m5 !n _h w\ld n[ be deem$ v ineffici5t4 ,!re 0 little opportunity1 :5 once d>kness _h fall51 = ei!r "w or enjoym5t4 ,b1 :5 ! moon 0 up1 h[ v diff]5t 0 ! case4 ,!n m5 might say-- ,?is night1 me?9ks1 is b ! daylight sick2 ,x looks a little pal]3 'tis a day1 ,su* z ! day is :5 ! sun is hid4 ,9 ! long moonlit nights1 travell+ 0 easy & safe2 ! lab\rs ( ! field & h\se c\ld /ill be c>ri$ on2 ! fri5dly fea/ ne$ n be int]rupt$4 ,b ( all m51 ! %eph]d w\ld mo/ rejoice at ?is season2 all 8 toils1 all 8 dang]s 7 immeasurably light5$ dur+ ! nights ne> ! full4 ,z 9 ! beautiful r5d]+ :i* ,t5nyson has giv5 u ( "o ( ! f9e/ passages 9 ! ,iliad-- ,9 heav5 ! />s ab\t ! moon ,look beautiful1 :5 all ! w9ds are laid1 ,& e height comes out1 & jutt+ peak ,& valley1 & ! immeasurable heav5s ,break op5 to _! highe/1 & all ! />s ,%9e1 & ! ,%eph]d gladd5s 9 8 he>t4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! p ( ,israel1 long aft] _! settlem5t 9 ,pale/9e1 ma9ta9$ ! habits ( _! =efa!rs1 & l$ ! %eph]d's life4 ,to !m1 !re=e1 ! full ( ! moon mu/ h be5 ( special importance2 yet !re is no s+le ref]5ce 9 ,scripture to ?is phase z su*2 nor inde$ to any *ange ( ! moon's app>5t figure4 ,9 two cases 9 our ,revis$ ,v]sion we d inde$ f9d ! expression at ! full moon1 b if we comp>e ^! passages ) ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 we f9d !m !re r5d]$ 9 ! "t appo9t$1 or at ! day appo9t$4 ,?is latt] appe>s to be ! lit]al mean+1 ?\gh !re c be no "q1 z is se5 by a comp>ison ) ! ,syriac1 t ! p]iod ( ! full moon is ref]r$ to4 ,no d\bt x 0 because travell+ 0 s mu* m safe & easy ?an 9 ! moonless nights1 t ! two great spr+ & autumn fe/ivals ( ! ,jews 7 held at ! full moon4 ,inde$1 ! latt] fea/1 :5 ! ,israelites camp$ out = a week 9 boo?s1 0 held at ! "t ( ! h>ve/ moon4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! h>ve/ moon may be briefly expla9$ z foll[s4 ,at ! autumnal equ9ox1 :5 ! sun is cross+ f ! nor? side ( ! equator to ! s\?1 ! full moon is cross+ f ! s\? side ( ! equator to ! nor?4 ,x is ?us high] 9 ! sky1 :5 x s\?s1 on ea* succe$+ night1 & is !re=e up = a great] l5g? ( "t4 ,?is c\nt]balances to a consid]able ext5t its movem5t ea/w>d among/ ! />s1 s t1 = sev]al nights 9 succession1 x rises almo/ at sund[n4 ,^! nights ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 :5 all ,israel 0 rejoic+ ov] ! +a!r$ fruits1 ea* family 9 its t5t or arb\r ( gre5 b\ghs1 7 !re=e ! fulle/ ( moonlight 9 ! ye>4#ha3a ,mod]n civilization has almo/ %ut u (f f ! heav5s1 at lea/ 9 our great t[ns & cities4 ,^! (f] _m conv5i5ces1 b !y remove u f n a few ( ! beauties :i* nature has to (f]4 ,& s x comes t1 tak+ ! population z a :ole1 !re is p]haps less practically kn[n ( a/ronomy 9 ,engl& to-day ?an !re 0 "u ! ,plantag5ets4 ,a v few are a/ronom]s1 pr(essional & amateur1 & "k immeasurably m ?an our =efa!rs did ( ! sci5ce4 ,!n !re is a l>ge1 m or less cultur$1 public t "k some?+ ( ! sci5ce at secondh& ?r\gh books4 ,b ! great majority "k no?+ ( ! heav5ly bodies except ( ! sun2 !y ne$ to look 9 ! almanack to f9d out moon%9e4 ,b to simpl] peoples ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! light half ( ! mon?1 f ! fir/ qu>t] to ! la/ qu>t] ?r\gh ! full ( ! moon1 & ! d>k half1 f ! la/ qu>t] to ! fir/ qu>t]1 ?r\gh new1 is v great4 ,indian a/ronom]s s divide ! mon? to ?is day4 ,9 "o passage ( ,holy ,scripture1 ! description :i* ,isaiah gives ( ! ,city ( ! ,"l1 ! ,zion ( ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel1 !re is a ref]5ce to ! d>k "p ( ! mon?4 ,?y sun %all no m g d[n2 nei!r %all ?y moon 7lit]ally mon?7 )draw itself3 = ! ,"l %all be ?9e ev]la/+ light1 & ! days ( ?y m\rn+ %all be end$4 ,! p>allelism express$ 9 ! v]se lies betwe5 ! d>kness ( night :il/ ! sun is bel[ ! horizon1 & ! special d>kness ( ^? nights :5 ! moon1 be+ ne> conjunction ) ! sun1 is abs5t f ! sky dur+ ! great] "p or :ole ( ! night h\rs1 & has b a small portion ( h] disc illum9at$4 ,j z half ! day is d>k because ! sun has )drawn itself1 s half ! nights ( ! mon? are d>k because ! moon has )drawn itself4 ,! ,hebrew mon? 0 a natural "o1 det]m9$ by actual obs]vation ( ! new moon4 ,!y us$ ?ree words 9 _! ref]5ces to ! moon1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 *ode%1 d]iv$ f a root mean+ to be new1 indicates ! fact t ! new moon1 z actually obs]v$1 gov]n$ _! cal5d>4 ,! ^w !re=e signifies ! new moon--! day ( ! new moon3 & ?us a mon?2 t is1 a lun> mon? beg9n+ at ! new moon4 ,?is is ! ,hebrew ^w us$ 9 ! ,deluge /ory 9 ! sev5? *apt] ( ,g5esis2 & 9 all ref]5ces to fea/s dep5d+ on a day 9 ! mon?4 ,z :5 ! ,"l spake to ,moses1 say+1 ,also 9 ! day ( y\r gladness1 & 9 y\r solemn days1 & 9 ! beg9n+s ( y\r mon?s1 ye %all bl[ ) y\r trumpets ov] y\r burnt (f]+s1 & ov] ! sacrifices ( y\r peace (f]+s4 ,& aga9 9 ! ,psalm ( ,asaph to ! *ief musician ^u ,gitti?3 ,bl[ up ! trumpet 9 ! new moon1 9 ! "t appo9t$1 on our solemn fea/ day4 ,?is is ! ^w also t ,isaiah uses 9 describ+ ! brav]y ( ! daught]s ( ,zion1 ! t9kl+ ornam5ts ab\t _! feet1 & _! cauls1 & _! r\nd tires l ! moon1 ! *a9s1 & ! bracelets4 ,! r\nd tires 7 n discs1 l ! full moon1 b 7 r\nd l ! cresc5t4 ,g5]ally speak+1 *ode% is employ$ :]e ei!r ref]5ce is made to ! %ape or newness ( ! cresc5t moon1 or :]e mon? is us$ 9 any precise way4 ,?is is ! ^w = mon? employ$ ?r\gh\t by ! prophet ,ezekiel1 :o is s precise 9 ! dat+ ( 8 prophecies4 ,:5 ! moon is m5tion$ z ! less] light ( heav51 )\t p>ticul> ref]5ce to its =m1 or :5 a mon? is m5tion$ z a some:at indef9ite p]iod ( "t1 !n ! ,hebrew ^w y>ea*1 is us$4 ,"h ! ^w has ! root mean+ ( pal5ess2 x is ! silv] moon4 ,y>ea* is ! ^w always us$ :]e ! moon is class$ among ! heav5ly bodies2 z :5 ,joseph dream$ ( ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! elev5 con/ellations2 or 9 ,j]4 viii4 #b1 :]e ! ,"l says t !y %all br+ out ! bones ( ! k+s1 pr9ces1 prie/s1 prophets1 & inhabitants ( ,j]usalem1 & !y %all spread !m be=e ! sun1 & ! moon1 & all ! ho/ ( heav51 :om !y h lov$1 & :om !y h s]v$1 & aft] :om !y h walk$1 & :om !y h s\ght1 & :om !y h wor%ipp$4 ,! same ^w is us$ = ! moon 9 its "* ( mak+ ord9ances4 ,?us we h x sev]al times 9 ! ,psalms3 ,he 7! ,"l7 appo9t$ ! moon = seasons4 ,8 se$ %all endure = ev]1 & 8 ?rone z ! sun be=e ,me4 ,x %all be e/abli%$ = ev] z ! moon1 & z a fai?ful witness 9 heav54 ,& aga93 ,! moon & />s rule by night2 :il/ ,j]emiah says1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,:i* give? ! sun = a light by day1 & ! ord9ances ( ! moon & ( ! />s = a light by night4 ,9 all passages :]e ref]5ce seems to be made to ! d>k5+ or )draw+ ( ! moon's light 7,eccl4 xii4 #b2 ,isa4 xiii4 #aj2 ,ezek4 xxxii4 #g2 ,joel ii4 #aj1 #ca1 & iii4 #ae2 & ,hab4 iii4 #aa7 ! ^w y>ea* is employ$4 ,a slight v>iant ( ! same ^w indicates ! mon? :5 view$ z a p]iod ( "t n q def9$1 & n 9 ! /rict s5se ( a lun> mon?4 ,?is is ! t]m us$ 9 ,exod4 ii4 #b1 = ! ?ree mon?s t ! "m ( ,moses hid him :5 %e saw t he 0 a goodly *ild2 by ,moses1 9 8 prophecy = ,joseph1 ( ,bless$ ( ! ,"l be 8 l& 4 4 4 = ! preci\s fruits br\ght =? by ! sun1 & = ! preci\s ?+s put =? by ! mon?s4 ,su* a full mon? ( days did ,%allum ! son ( ,jabe% reign 9 ,sam>ia 9 ! n9e & ?irtie? ye> ( ,uzziah1 k+ ( ,judah4 ,su* also 7 ! twelve mon?s ( w>n+ giv5 to ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,babylon1 be=e 8 madness fell ^u him4 ,! same ^w is once us$ = a true lun> mon?1 viz4 9 ,ezra vi4 #ae1 :5 ! build+ ( ! h\se 0 f9i%$ on ! ?ird day ( ! mon? ,ad>1 :i* 0 9 ! six? ye> ( ! reign ( ,d>ius ! k+4 ,9 all o!r ref]5ces to ! mon?s d]iv$ f ! ,babylonians1 su* z ! mon? ,*isleu 9 ,neh4 i4 #a1 ! t]m *ode% is us$1 s9ce ^!1 l ! ,hebrew mon?s1 7 def9$ by ! obs]vation ( ! new moon2 b = ! ,tyrian mon?s1 ,zif1 ,bul1 ,e?anim1 we f9d ! t]m y]a* 9 ?ree out ( ! f\r in/ances4 ,9 ?ree in/ances a ?ird ^w is us$ poetically to express ! moon4 ,?is is lebanah1 :i* has ! mean+ ( :it5ess4 ,9 ,song ( ,sol4 vi4 #aj1 x is ask$-- ,:o is %e t looke? =? z ! morn+1 fair z ! moon1 cle> z ! sun1 & t]rible z an army ) bann]s8 ,isaiah also says-- ,!n ! moon %all be conf\nd$1 & ! sun a%am$1 :5 ! ,"l ( ,ho/s %all reign 9 ,m\nt ,zion1 & 9 ,j]usalem1 & be=e ,8 anci5ts glori\sly4 ,& yet aga9-- ,moreov] ! light ( ! moon %all be z ! light ( ! sun1 & ! light ( ! sun %all be sev5fold1 z ! light ( sev5 days1 9 ! day t ! ,"l b9de? up ! brea* ( ,8 p1 & heale? ! /roke ( _! w\nd4 ,x may n be )\t significance t ea* ( ^! ?ree passages1 :]e9 ! moon is d5om9at$ by its "n ( :it5ess or purity1 looks =w>d prophetically to ! same great ev5t1 pictur$ yet m cle>ly 9 ! ,revelation-- ,& ,i he>d z x 7 ! voice ( a great multitude1 & z ! voice ( _m wat]s1 & z ! voice ( mighty ?und]+s1 say+1 ,alleluia3 = ! ,"l ,god omnipot5t reigne?4 ,let u be glad & rejoice1 & give hon\r to ,him3 = ! m>riage ( ! ,lamb is come1 & ,8 wife ha? made h]self ready4 ,& to h] 0 grant$ t %e %\ld be array$ 9 f9e l951 clean & :ite3 = ! f9e l95 is ! righte\sness ( sa9ts4 ,*ode% & y>ea* are mascul9e words2 lebanah is fem99e4 ,b n[h]e ?r\gh\t ! ,old ,te/am5t is ! moon p]sonifi$1 & 9 only "o in/ance is x us$ figuratively to repres5t a p]son4 ,?is is 9 ! case ( ,jacob's read+ ( ,joseph's dream1 already ref]r$ to1 :]e he said-- ,behold ,i h dream$ a dream m2 &1 behold1 ! sun & ! moon & ! elev5 />s made obeisance to me4 ,& 8 fa!r quickly rebuk$ him1 say+-- ,:at is ?is dream t ?\ ha/ dream$8 ,%all ,i & ?y "m & ?y bre?r5 inde$ come to b[ d[n ourselves to !e to ! e>?8 ,"h ,jacob und]/&s t ! moon 7y>ea*7 /&s = a woman1 8 wife4 ,b 9 ,mesopotamia1 :5ce 8 gr&fa!r ,abraham _h come out1 ,s91 ! moon-god1 0 held to be a male god1 high inde$ among ! deities at t "t1 & sup]ior ev5 to ,samas1 ! sun-god4 ,t]ah1 ! fa!r ( ,abraham1 0 held by ,jewi% tradition to h be5 an especial wor%ipp] ( ! moon-god1 ^: great temple 0 9 ,h>an1 :]e he dwelt4 ,:]ev] ! l& ( ,uz may h be51 at :atev] p]iod ,job may h liv$1 !re & !n x 0 an iniquity to wor%ip ! moon or ! moon-god4 ,9 8 f9al def5ce to 8 fri5ds1 :5 ! ?ree m5 ceas$ to answ] ,job1 because he 0 righte\s 9 8 own eyes1 ,job1 ju/ify+ 8 life1 said-- ,if ,i beheld ! sun :5 x %9$1 ,or ! moon walk+ 9 brightness2 ,& my he>t ha? be5 secretly entic$1 ,& my m\? ha? kiss$ my h&3 ,?is also 7 an iniquity to be puni%$ by ! judges3 ,= ,i %\ld h li$ to ,god t is above4 ,! ,hebrews1 too1 7 =bidd5 to wor%ip ! sun1 ! moon1 or ! />s1 ! ho/ ( heav51 & disobey$ ! comm&m5t bo? e>ly & late 9 _! hi/ory4 ,:5 ,moses spake unto all ,israel on ?is side ,jordan 9 ! wild]ness 9 ! pla9 ov] aga9/ ! ,r$ ,sea1 he said to !m-- ,! ,"l spake unto y out ( ! mid/ ( ! fire3 ye he>d ! voice ( ! words1 b saw no similitude2 only ye he>d a voice4 4 4 4 ,take ye !re=e good he$ unto y\rselves2 = ye saw no mann] ( similitude on ! day t ! ,"l spake unto y 9 ,horeb out ( ! mid/ ( ! fire3 ,le/ ye corrupt y\rselves1 & make y a grav5 image1 ! similitude ( any figure1 ! lik5ess ( male or female4 4 4 4 ,& le/ ?\ lift up ?9e eyes unto heav51 & :5 ?\ see/ ! sun1 & ! moon1 & ! />s1 ev5 all ! ho/ ( heav51 %\ld/ be driv5 to wor%ip !m1 & s]ve !m1 :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god ha? divid$ unto all nations "u ! :ole heav54 ,we "k :at ! similitude ( ! sun & ! moon 7 l among ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,we see _! hi]oglyphs on numb]less seals & images f ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh or ,babylon4 ,t ( ! sun 0 fir/ a ray$ /> or disc1 lat] a figure1 ray$ & w+$4 ,t ( ! moon 0 a cresc5t1 "o ly+ on its back1 l a b[l or cup1 ! actual attitude ( ! new moon at ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye>4 ,j su* moon similitudes did ! soldi]s ( ,gideon take f (f ! camels ( ,zebah & ,zalmunna2 j su* 7 ! r\nd tires l ! moon t ,isaiah condemns among ! brav]y ( ! daught]s ( ,zion4 ,! similitude or tok5 ( ,a%tore?1 ! p>am\nt goddess ( ! ,zidonians1 0 ! a%]a1 ! grove ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 probably 9 mo/ cases m]ely a wood5 pill>4 ,?is goddess1 ! abom9ation ( ! ,zidonians1 0 a moon-goddess1 conc]n+ :om ,eusebius pres]ves a /atem5t by ! ,pho5ician hi/orian1 ,san*onia?on1 t h] images _h ! head ( an ox4 ,9 ! w>s 9 ! days ( ,abraham we f9d ,*$orlaom]1 & ! k+s t 7 ) him1 smit+ ! ,rephaim 9 ,a%t]o? ,k>naim1 t is1 9 ! ,a%tore?s ( ! horns4 ,x is impossible to decide at ?is date :e!r ! horns :i* gave ! di/9ctive title to ?is %r9e ( ,a%tore? ow$ _! orig9 to ! horns ( ! animal m]g$ 9 ! goddess1 or to ! horns ( ! cresc5t moon1 ) :i* %e 0 to "s ext5t id5tifi$4 ,possibly !re 0 always a confusion betwe5 ! two 9 ! m9ds ( h] wor%ipp]s4 ,! cult ( ,a%tore? 0 spread n only among ! ,hebrews1 b ?r\gh\t ! :ole pla9 ( ,mesopotamia4 ,9 ! times ( ! ,judges1 & 9 ! days ( ,samuel1 we f9d cont9ually ! /atem5t t ! p s]v$ ,baalim & ,a%t>o?--! plurals ( ,baal & ,a%tore?--^! repres5t+ ! sun & moon1 & reign+ z k+ & que5 9 heav54 ,:5 ! ,phili/9es f\ght ) ,saul at ,m\nt ,gilboa1 & he 0 sla91 !y /ripp$ (f 8 arm\r & put x 9 ! h\se ( ,a%t>o?4 ,yet lat] we f9d t ,solomon lov$ /range wom5 ( ! ,zidonians1 :o turn$ 8 he>t aft] ,a%tore?1 ! goddess ( ! ,zidonians1 & he built a high place = h] on ! "r h& ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 :i* rema9$ = "s ?ree & a half c5turies1 until ,josiah1 ! k+1 defil$ x4 ,nev]!less1 ! wor%ip ( ,a%tore? cont9u$1 & ! prophet ,j]emiah describes h] cult3-- ,! *ildr5 ga!r wood1 & ! fa!rs k9dle ! fire1 & ! wom5 knead _! d\gh1 to make cakes to ! que5 ( heav54 ,?is 0 done 9 ! cities ( ,judah & /reets ( ,j]usalem1 b ! ,jews c>ri$ ! cult ) !m ev5 :5 !y fl$ into ,egypt1 & :il/ !re !y answ]$ ,j]emiah-- ,we w c]ta9ly d :atsoev] ?+ goe? =? out ( our own m\?1 to burn inc5se unto ! que5 ( heav51 & to p\r out dr9k (f]+s unto h]1 z we h done1 we1 & our fa!rs1 our k+s1 & our pr9ces1 9 ! cities ( ,judah1 & 9 ! /reets ( ,j]usalem3 = !n _h we pl5ty ( victuals1 & 7 well1 & saw no evil4 ,b s9ce we left (f to burn inc5se to ! que5 ( heav51 & to p\r out dr9k (f]+s unto h]1 we h want$ all ?+s1 & h be5 consum$ by ! sword & by ! fam9e4 ,a%tore?1 accord+ to ,p9*es#ij3a is evid5tly a l5g!n+ ( ! "n ( ! ,assyrio-,babylonian goddess ,ivst>1 & ! ,babylonian leg5d ( ! ,desc5t ( ,ivst> may well h be5 a my? f\nd$ on ! v>y+ phases ( ! moon4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 ?\gh ,a%tore? or ,ivst> might be ! que5 ( heav51 ! moon 0 n necess>ily ! only aspect 9 :i* h] wor%ipp]s recogniz$ h]4 ,9 o!rs1 ! planet ,v5us may h be5 *os5 z h] repres5tative2 9 o!rs ! con/ellation ,taurus1 at "o "t ! lead] ( ! ,zodiac2 9 o!rs1 yet aga91 ! actual =m ( a mat]ial bull or c[4 ,! ,hebrews recogniz$ ! great sup]iority 9 brightness ( ! sun ov] ! moon1 z te/ifi$ 9 _! names ( ! great] & less] lights1 & 9 su* passages z t already quot$ f ,isaiah 7xxx4 #bf74 ,! ^w "h us$ = moon is ! poetic "o1 lebanah4 ,( c\rse no argum5t c be f\nd$ on ! p>allelism employ$ s z to lead to ! conclusion t ! ,hebrews consid]$ t ! sol> light exce$$ ! lun> by only sev5 times1 in/ead ( ! #fjj1jjj times indicat$ by mod]n photometric measurem5t4 ,9 only "o in/ance 9 ,scripture--t already quot$ ( ! moon )draw+ itself--is !re ev5 an allusion to ! *ang+ phases ( ! moon1 o!r ?an t impli$ 9 ! frequ5t ref]5ces to ! new moons4 ,! appo9tm5t ( c]ta9 fea/s to be held on ! fifte5? day ( ! mon? is a confirmation ( ! supposition t _! mon?s 7 truly lun>1 = !n ! moon is fully light$1 & rides ! sky ! :ole night long f sunset to sunrise4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! ,hebrews1 n only notic$ ! phases ( ! moon1 b made regul> use ( !m4 ,yet1 if we adopt$ ! argum5t f sil5ce1 we %\ld suppose t !y _h nev] obs]v$ its *anges ( %ape1 = !re is no direct allusion to !m 9 ,scripture4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 argue f sil5ce z to :e!r or no !y _h div9$ ! cause ( ^? *anges1 namely t ! moon %9es by reflect+ ! light ( ! sun4 ,nor are !re any ref]5ces to ! m>k+s on ! moon4 ,x is q obvi\s to ! nak$ eye t !re are grey /a9s ^u h] silv] surface1 t ^! grey /a9s are always !re1 mo/ ( !m =m+ a *a9 :i* curves ?r\gh ! upp] hemisph]e4 ,( ! bright p>ts ( ! moon1 "s %9e out ) great] lu/re ?an o!rs1 p>ticul>ly "o spot 9 ! l[] left-h& quadrant1 n f> f ! edge ( ! full disc4 ,! edges ( ! moon gleam m brightly z a rule ?an ! c5tral p>ts4 ,all ?is 0 app>5t to ! ,hebrews ( old1 z x is to our unassi/$ sight to-day4 ,! moon's influ5ce 9 rais+ ! tides is naturally n m5tion$4 ,! ,hebrews 7 n a seaf>+ race1 nor are ! tides on ! coa/ ( ,pale/9e pron\nc$ en\gh to draw mu* att5tion4 ,"o influ5ce is ascrib$ to ! moon2 an influ5ce /ill obscure1 or ev5 disput$4 ,= ! promise t-- ,! sun %all n smite !e by day1 ,nor ! moon by night1 q obvi\s 9 its application to ! sun1 ) ! moon seems to ref] to its suppos$ influ5ce on c]ta9 diseases & 9 caus+ moon-bl9dness4 ,! *ief function ( ! moon1 z indicat$ 9 ,scripture1 is to regulate ! cal5d>1 & m>k out ! times = ! days ( solemnity4 ,9 ! words ( ! #ajd? ,psalm3-- ,he 7,god7 appo9t$ ! moon = seasons3 ,! sun kn[e? 8 go+ d[n4 ,?\ make/ d>kness1 & x is night2 ,:]e9 all ! bea/s ( ! =e/ d creep =?4 ,! "y lions ro> aft] _! prey1 ,& seek _! meat f ,god4 ,! sun arise?1 !y get !m away1 ,& lay !m d[n 9 _! d5s4 ,man goe? =? unto 8 "w ,& to 8 lab\r until ! ev5+4 ,o ,"l1 h[ manifold are ,?y works6 ,9 wisdom ha/ ,?\ made !m all3 ,! e>? is full ( ,?y ri*es4 ,,footnotes3 #ha3a ,h[ ! little *ildr5 mu/ h revell$ 9 t ye>ly holiday6 #ij3a ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,hi/orical ,records ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 p4 #bgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,milky ,,way4 ,! ,am]ica ,nebula3 photograph$ by ,dr4 ,max ,wolf1 at ,heidelb]g4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,/>s ,! />s & ! heav51 ^: ho/ !y are1 7 us$ by ! ,hebrew writ]s to express ! sup]latives ( numb]1 ( height1 & ( expanse4 ,to an obs]v]1 wat*+ ! heav5s at any p>ticul> "t & place1 n m ?an "s two ?\s& />s are sep>ately visible to ! unassi/$ sight4 ,b x 0 evid5t to ! ,hebrew1 z x is to any "o to-day1 t ! />s sep>ately visible d n by any means make up _! :ole numb]4 ,on cle> nights ! :ole vault ( heav5 seems cov]$ ) a tape/ry or curta9 ! patt]n ( :i* is =m$ ( pat*es ( v>i\s int5sities ( light1 & spr9kl$ ^u ?is patt]n$ curta9 are ! bright] />s t may be sep>ately se54 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 ! patt]n is ! ,milky ,way1 & x may be easily disc]n$ t its texture is made up ( innum]able m9ute po9ts ( light1 a granulation1 ( :i* "s ( ! gra9s are set m closely toge!r1 =m+ ! m brilliant pat*es1 & "s m loosely1 giv+ ! d>k] %ades4 ,! m9d easily conceives t ! m9ute po9ts ( light ^: aggregations make up ! v>y+ patt]n ( ! ,milky ,way1 ?\gh too small to be individually se51 are also />s1 diff]+ p]haps f ! />s ( ! ,pleiades or ! ,be>s only 9 _! great] di/ance or small] size4 ,x 0 ( all ^! t ! ,"l said to ,abram-- ,look n[ t[>d heav51 & tell ! />s1 if ?\ be able to numb] !m3 & ,he said unto him1 ,s %all ?y se$ be4 ,! fir/ catalogue ( ! />s ( :i* we h record 0 t ( ,hipp>*us 9 #abi ,b4,c4 ,x conta9$ #a1jbe />s1 & ,ptolemy br\ght ?is catalogue up to date 9 ! ,almage/ ( #acg ,a4,d4 ,ty*o ,brah 9 #afjb made a catalogue ( #ggg />s1 & ,kepl] republi%$ ?is 9 #afbg1 & increas$ ! numb] to #a1jje4 ,^! 7 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 & consequ5tly conta9$ only nak$-eye />s4 ,s9ce a/ronom]s h be5 able to s\nd ! heav5s m deeply1 catalogues h increas$ 9 size & numb]4 ,flam/e$1 ! fir/ ,a/ronom] ,royal1 made "o ( #c1caj />s2 f ! obs]vations ( ,bradley1 ! ?ird1 a yet m fam\s catalogue has be5 compil$4 ,9 our own day m ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& />s h be5 catalogu$ 9 ! ,bonn ,dur*mu/]ung2 & ! great ,int]national ,photographic ,*>t ( ! ,heav5s w probably %[ n less ?an fifty millions ( />s1 & 9 ?is x has limit$ itself to />s exce$+ ! f\rte5? magnitude 9 brightness1 ?us leav+ out ( its pages _m millions ( />s t are visible ?r\gh our m p[]ful telescopes4 ,s :5 ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,job or ,j]emiah speaks ( ! ho/ ( heav5 t _c be numb]$1 x does n mean simply t ^! m5 _h b small p[]s ( num]ation4 ,to u1--:o c c\nt beyond t :i* we c conceive1--z to ! ,psalmi/1 x is a sign ( inf9ite p[]1 wisdom & k t ,he telle? ! numb] ( ! />s2 ,he calle? !m all by _! names4 ,isaiah describes ! ,"l z ,he t sitte? ^u ! circle ( ! e>?1 4 4 4 t /ret*e? out ! heav5s z a curta91 & spreade? !m out z a t5t to dwell 94 ,& _m o!rs ( ! prophets use ! same simile ( a curta9 :i* we h se5 to be s appropriate to ! appe>ance ( ! />ry sky4 ,n[h]e1 h[ev]1 h we any indication :e!r or n !y consid]$ ! />s 7 all set on ?is curta91 t is to say 7 all at ! same di/ance f u4 ,we n[ "k t !y are n equidi/ant f u1 b ?is we l>gely base on ! fact t ! />s are ( v diff]5t ord]s ( brightness1 & we judge t1 on an av]age1 ! fa9t] a /> appe>s1 ! fur!r is x di/ant f u4 ,to ! ,hebrews1 z to u1 x 0 evid5t t ! />s diff] 9 magnitude1 & ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians express$ ?is :5 he wrote-- ,!re is "o glory ( ! sun1 & ano!r glory ( ! moon1 & ano!r glory ( ! />s3 = "o /> diff]e? f ano!r /> 9 glory4 ,! anci5t ,greek a/ronom]s divid$ ! />s accord+ to _! brightness into six classes1 or six magnitudes1 to use ! mod]n te*nical t]m4 ,! av]age /> ( any p>ticul> magnitude gives ab\t two & a half times z mu* light z ! av]age /> ( ! next magnitude4 ,m exactly1 ! av]age fir/ magnitude /> gives "o hundr$ times ! light ( ! av]age /> ( ! six? magnitude4 ,9 a few in/ances we h be5 able to measure1 9 ! v r\ghe/ degree1 ! di/ances ( />s2 n a hundr$ />s h _! p>allaxes kn[n1 & ^! h all be5 measur$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,& s f> away are ^! />s1 ev5 ! ne>e/ ( !m1 t we d n express _! di/ance f u 9 millions ( miles2 we express x 9 ! "t t _! light takes 9 travell+ f !m to u4 ,n[ x takes light only "o second to trav]se #ahf1cjj miles1 & yet x requires f\r & a ?ird ye>s = ! light f ! ne>e/ /> to rea* u4 ,?is is a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude1 ,alpha 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,c5taur4 ,! next ne>e/ /> is a fa9t "o ( betwe5 ! sev5? & eigh? magnitudes1 & its light takes sev5 ye>s to come4 ,f a six? magnitude /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan1 ! light requires eight ye>s2 & f ,sirius1 ! brighte/ /> 9 ! heav5s1 light requires eight & a half ye>s4 ,^! f\r />s are ! ne>e/ to u2 f no o!r />1 t we "k (1 does light take less ?an t5 ye>s to travel2 f ! majority ( ^? ^: di/ance we h succe$$ 9 measur+1 ! light takes at lea/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,to get "s conception ( :at a light-ye> means1 let u rememb] t light c\ld travel "r r\nd ! e>? at its equator sev5 times 9 ! space ( a s+le second1 & t !re are #ca1eef1ibe seconds 9 a ye>4 ,light !n c\ld girdle ! e>? a ?\s& million times :il/ x comes f ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,or we may put x ano!r way4 ,! di/ance f ,alpha ,c5tauri exce$s ! equator ( ! e>? by z mu* z ?is exce$s an in* & a half2 or by z mu* z ! di/ance f ,london to ,man*e/] exce$s ! hundr$? ( an in*4 ,( all ! re/ ( ! innum]able />s1 z f> z actual measurem5t is conc]n$1 = u1 z = ! ,hebrews1 !y might all actually lie on ! texture ( a curta91 at practically ! same di/ance f u4 ,we h measur$ ! di/ances ( b a v few />s2 ! re/--z e "o ( !m 0 = ! ,hebrew--are at a great] di/ance ?an any ef=t ( ours c rea*1 be our telescopes ev] s great & p[]ful1 our measur+ in/rum5ts ev] s precise & delicate4 ,= !m1 z = u1 ! heav5 ( />s is = height1 = a height :i* is beyond measure & !re=e ! only fitt+ image = ! imm5sity ( ,god4 ,s ,zoph> ! ,naama?ite said-- ,can/ ?\ f9d out ! ,almighty unto p]fection8 ,x is z high z heav52 :at can/ ?\ d8 & ,eliphaz ! ,temanite reit]at$ /ill m /rongly-- ,is n ,god 9 ! height ( heav58 ,& behold ! height ( ! />s1 h[ high !y are4 ,god ,himself is repres5t$ z us+ ! expanse ( heav5 z a measure ( ! greatness ( 8 fidelity & m]cy4 ,! prophet ,j]emiah writes-- ,?us sai? ! ,"l2 if ,heav5 above c be measur$1 & ! f\ndations ( ! e>? se>*$ out b5ea?1 ,i w also ca/ (f all ! se$ ( ,israel = all t !y h done1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,z if he 7 us+ ! figure ( a great cross1 ^: height 0 t ( ! heav5s1 ^: arms /ret*$ f ea/ to we/1 ,david te/ifies ( ! same m]cy & =giv5ess3-- ,= z ! heav5 is high above ! e>?1 ,s great is ,8 m]cy t[>d !m t fe> ,him4 ,z f> z ! ea/ is f ! we/1 ,s f> ha? ,he remov$ our transgressions f u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,comet ,,( #ahdc4 ,runn+ l a road ?r\gh ! con/ellations 7see p4 #aje74 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,comets ,great comets are almo/ always unexpect$ visitors4 ,!re is only "o great comet t we "k has be5 se5 m ?an once1 & expect ) reasonable c]ta9ty to see aga94 ,?is is ,halley's comet1 :i* has be5 return+ to a ne> approa* to ! sun at some:at irregul> int]vals ( sev5ty-five to sev5ty-eight ye>s dur+ ! la/ c5turies3 inde$1 x is possible t x 0 ?is comet t 0 co9cid5t ) ! invasion ( ,engl& by ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,!re are o!r small comets t are also regul> inhabitants ( ! sol> sy/em2 b1 z ) ,halley's comet1 s ) ^!1 two circum/ances are to be borne 9 m9d4 ,fir/1 t ea* successive revolution r\nd ! sun involves an increas+ degradation ( _! brightness1 s9ce !re is a manife/ wa/e ( _! mat]ial at ea* ne> approa* to ! sun2 until at l5g? ! comet is se5 no m1 n because x has left ! w>m prec9cts ( ! sun = ! out] d>kness1 b because x has sp5t its sub/ance4 ,halley's comet 0 n z brilliant or z impressive 9 #ahce z x 0 9 #agei3 9 #aiaj x may h become degrad$ to an appe>ance ( q ! second ord]4 ,next1 we h no k1 no evid5ce1 t any ( ^! comets h always be5 memb]s ( ! sol> family4 ,"s ( !m1 inde$1 we "k 7 adopt$ into x by ! influ5ce ( "o or o!r ( ! great] planets3 ,uranus we "k is responsible = ! introduction ( "o1 ,jupit] ( a consid]able numb]4 ,! va/ majority ( comets1 great or small1 seem to blund] into ! sol> sy/em anyh[1 any:]e1 f any direction3 !y come )9 ! attractive influ5ce ( ! sun2 obey 8 laws :il/ )9 t influ5ce2 make "o close approa* to him1 pass+ rapidly across our sky2 & !n dep>t 9 an orbit :i* w nev] br+ !m to 8 neighb\rhood aga94 ,"s *ance ( direction1 "s compell+ influ5ce ( a planet t x may h approa*$1 s modifi$ ! pa? ( ,halley's comet :5 x fir/ ent]$ ! sol> sy/em1 t x has rema9$ a memb] ev] s9ce1 & may s rema9 until x has ceas$ to be a comet at all4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t1 z to ! numb] ( great comets t may be se5 9 any age1 we c sc>cely ev5 apply ! laws ( probability4 ,dur+ ! la/ c\ple ( ?\s& ye>s1 s9ce *ronicles h be5 abundant1 we "k t _m great comets h be5 se54 ,we may suppose1 !re=e1 t dur+ ! prec$+ age1 t 9 :i* ! ,scriptures 7 writt51 !re 7 also _m great comets se51 b we d n "k4 ,& mo/ emphatically we are n able to say1 f our k ( comets !mselves & ( _! motions1 t 9 ! days ( ?is or t writ] a comet 0 flam+ 9 ! sky4 ,if a comet _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ^? ages we might n recognize ! description ( x4 ,?us 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ! #aja/ ,olympiad1 ! ,greeks 7 />tl$ by a cele/ial port5t4 ,!y did n draw f9e di/9ctions1 & po/]ity might h rema9$ ignorant t ! t]rify+ object 0 possibly a comet1 _h n ,ari/otle1 :o saw x z a boy at ,/agira1 left a r m sci5tifically word$ description ( x4 ,x fl>$ up f ! sunset sky ) a n>r[ def9ite tail runn+ l a road ?r\gh ! con/ellations4 ,9 rec5t times ! great comet ( #ahdc may be m5tion$ z hav+ exactly su* an appe>ance4 ,s we _c expect to f9d 9 ! ,scriptures def9ite & precise descriptions t we c recognize z ^? ( comets4 ,at ! mo/ we may f9d "s expressions1 "s descriptions1 t to u may seem appropriate to ! =ms & appe>ances ( ^! objects1 & we may !re=e inf] t ! appe>ance ( a comet may h sugge/$ ^! descriptions or expressions4 ,! head ( a great comet is brilliant1 sometimes />like4 ,b its tail (t5 takes on ! mo/ impressive appe>ance4 ,donati's comet1 9 #aheh1 assum$ ! mo/ v>i$ %apes--sometimes its tail 0 broad1 ) "o bright & curv+ edge1 ! o!r fa9t] & f9]1 ! :ole mak+ up a /up5d\s semi-circul> blade-l object4 ,lat]1 ! tail 0 %ap$ l a scimit>1 & lat] aga91 x assum$ a duplex =m4 ,?\gh ! bulk ( comets is huge1 !y conta9 extraord9>ily little sub/ance4 ,_! heads mu/ conta9 "s solid matt]1 b x is probably 9 ! =m ( a loose aggregation ( /ones envelop$ 9 vapor\s mat]ial4 ,!re is "s reason to suppose t comets are apt to %$ "s ( ^! /ones z !y travel along _! pa?s1 = ! orbits ( ! meteors t cause "s ( our greate/ /> %[]s are co9cid5t ) ! pa?s ( comets t h be5 obs]v$4 ,b x is n only by %$d+ its loose /ones t a comet dim9i%es its bulk2 x loses also ?r\gh its tail4 ,z ! comet gets close to ! sun its head becomes heat$1 & ?r[s (f conc5tric envelopes1 mu* ( :i* consi/s ( matt] 9 an extremely f9e /ate ( division4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n t ! radiations ( ! sun h ! p[] ( repell+ matt]1 :il/ ! sun itself attracts by its gravitational =ce4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! action ( ! two =ces4 ,! light-pressure v>ies ) ! surface ( ! p>ticle ^u :i* x is ex]cis$2 ! gravitational attraction v>ies ) ! mass or volume4 ,if we consid] ! behavi\r ( v small p>ticles1 x foll[s t ! attraction due to gravitation 7dep5d+ on ! volume ( ! p>ticle7 w dim9i% m rapidly ?an ! repulsion due to light-pressure 7dep5d+ on ! surface ( ! p>ticle71 z we decrease cont9ually ! size ( ! p>ticle1 s9ce its volume dim9i%es m rapidly ?an its surface4 ,a limit !re=e w be rea*$ bel[ :i* ! repulsion w become great] ?an ! attraction4 ,?us = p>ticles less ?an ! #a_/bejjj "p ( an in* 9 diamet] ! repulsion ( ! sun is great] ?an its attraction4 ,p>ticles 9 ! out] envelope ( ! comet bel[ ?is size w be driv5 away 9 a cont9u\s /ream1 & w =m t ?91 lum9\s fog :i* we see z ! comet's tail4 ,we _c tell :e!r su* objects z ^! 7 pres5t to ! m9d ( ,joel :5 he spoke ( blood & fire & pill>s ( smoke2 possibly ^! metaphors are bett] expla9$ by a s&- or ?und]-/orm1 especially :5 we consid] t ! ,hebrew expression = ! pill>s ( smoke indicates a resemblance to a palm-tree1 z 9 ! spread+ out ( ! head ( a s&- or ?und]-cl\d 9 ! sky4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made1--foll[+ ! clos+ l9es ( ,p>adise ,lo/ 7= ,milton is responsible = _m ( our int]pretations ( ,scripture7 ,high 9 front advanc$1 ,! br&i%$ sword ( ,god be=e !m blaz$1 ,fi]ce z a comet1 --t a comet 0 inde$ ! flam+ sword :i* turn$ e way1 to keep ! way ( ! tree ( life4 ,!re is less improbability 9 ! sugge/ion made by sev]al writ]s t1 :5 ! pe/il5ce wa/$ ,j]usalem1 & ,david (f]$ up ! sacrifice ( int]cession 9 ! ?re%+ floor ( ,ornan ! ,jebusite1 ! k+ may h se51 9 ! scimit>-l tail ( a comet su* z ,donati's1 ,god's m9i/]1--a flame ( fire1--! angel ( ! ,"l /& betwe5 ! e>? & ! heav51 hav+ a drawn sword 9 8 h& /ret*$ out ov] ,j]usalem4 ,! late ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor describes ! w&]+s ( a comet ?us3-- ,a comet is se5 9 ! f> di/ant dep?s ( space z a fa9t & sc>cely disc]nible speck4 ,x draws ne>] & ne>] ) cont9ually increas+ velocity1 gr[+ cont9ually l>g] & bright]4 ,fa/] & fa/] x ru%es on until x makes its ne>e/ approa* to our sun1 & !n1 sweep+ r\nd him1 x beg9s its long return voyage into inf9ite space4 ,z x rec$es x gr[s fa9t] & fa9t]1 until at l5g? x passes beyond ! range ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes made by man1 & is se5 no m4 ,x has be5 se5 = ! fir/ & la/ "t by ! g5]ation ( m5 to :om x has display$ its glories4 ,x has be5 se5 = ! fir/ & la/ "t by ! race ( man itself4#ajh3a ,^! are 4 4 4 w&]+ />s1 to :om is res]v$ ! blackness ( d>kness = ev]4 ,,footnotes3 #ajh3a ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 ,! ,expanse ( ,heav51 p4 #acd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fall ,,( ,,an ,,a]olite4 ,!re fell a great /> f heav51 burn+ z x 7 a lamp4 7see p4 #aaf74 ,,*apt] ,x ,,meteors ,great meteorites--a]olites z !y are call$--are l great comets1 *ance visitors to our _w4 ,n[ & !n !y come1 b we _c =etell _! com+4 ,su* an a]olite explod$ "s fifte5 miles above ,madrid at ab\t #i;h #bim1 on ! morn+ ( ,febru>y #aj1 #ahif3-- ,a vivid gl>e ( bl9d+ light 0 foll[$ 9 #a-a_/b m9utes by a l\d report1 ! concussion be+ su* z n m]ely to create a panic1 b to break _m w9d[s1 & 9 "s cases to %ake d[n p>titions4 ,! sky 0 cle>1 & ! sun %9+ brightly1 :5 a :ite cl\d1 bord]$ ) r$1 0 se5 ru%+ f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 leav+ beh9d x a tra9 ( f9e :ite du/4 ,a r$-t9t$ cl\d 0 long visible 9 ! ea/4 ,_m fragm5ts 7 pick$ up1 & analyz$1 &1 l o!r a]olites1 7 f\nd to consi/ ( mat]ials already kn[n on ! e>?4 ,! out] cru/ %[$ ! signs ( fire1--! meteoric /one _h be5 fus$ & ignit$ by its v rapid ru% ?r\gh ! air--b ! int]ior 0 entirely unaffect$ by ! heat4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! elem5ts 7 comb9$ is some:at peculi> to a]olites2 ! ne>e/ t]re/rial aff9ity ( ! m9]als aggregat$ 9 !m1 is to be f\nd 9 ! volcanic products f great dep?s4 ,?us a]olites seem to be brok5-up fragm5ts f ! int]ior p>ts ( globes l our own4 ,!y d n come f our own volcanoes1 = ! velocities ) :i* !y ent]$ our atmosph]e prove _! cosmical orig94 ,_h our atmosph]e n entangl$ !m1 _m1 circuit+ ! sun 9 a p>abolic or hyp]bolic curve1 w\ld h escap$ = ev] f our sy/em4 ,! swift motions1 :i* !y _h on ent]+ our atmosph]e1 are consid]ably great] on ! av]age ?an ^? ( comets1 & probably _! true home is n 9 our sol> sy/em1 b 9 int]/ell> space4 ,! a]olites t rea* ! surface are n always explod$ into v small fragm5ts1 b e n[ & !n q l>ge masses rema9 intact4 ,mo/ ( ^! are /ony2 "s h bits ( iron scatt]$ ?r\gh !m2 o!rs are almo/ pure iron1 or ) a little nickel alloy1 or h pockets 9 !m lad5 ) /one4 ,!re are hundr$s ( acc\nts ( ! falls ( a]olites dur+ ! pa/ #b1ejj ye>s4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans consid]$ !m z cele/ial om5s1 & kept "s ( !m 9 temples4 ,"o at ,mecca is rev]$ by ! fai?ful ,mohamm$ans1 & ,jehangir1 ! great ,mogul1 is said to h _h a sword =g$ f an iron a]olite :i* fell 9 #afbj 9 ! ,panjab4 ,diana ( ,ephesus /ood on a %apeless block :i*1 tradition says1 0 a meteoric /one1 & ref]5ce may p]haps be f\nd to ?is 9 ! spee* ( ! t[n-cl]k ( ! city to appease ! riot /irr$ up aga9/ ,/4 ,paul by ,demetrius ! silv]smi? & 8 companions3-- ,ye m5 ( ,ephesus1 :at man is !re :o kn[e? n h[ t ! city ( ! ,ephesians is temple-keep] ( ! great ,diana1 & ( ! image :i* fell d[n f ,jupit]8 ,a]olites come s+ly & unexpect$ly1 fall+ actually to e>? on l& or sea4 ,%oot+ />s come usually 9 battalions4 ,!y travel toge!r 9 sw>ms1 & ! e>? may meet ! same sw>m aga9 & aga94 ,!y are small] ?an a]olites1 probably m]e p>ticles ( du/1 & = ! mo/ "p are entirely consum$ 9 our upp] atmosph]e1 s t !y d n actually rea* ! e>?4 ,! sw>ms travel along pa?s t resemble comet>y orbits2 !y are v elongat$ ellipses1 incl9$ at all angles to ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,inde$1 sev]al ( ! orbits are actually ^? ( kn[n comets1 & x is g5]ally held t ^! meteorites or %oot+ />s are ! dbris t a comet %$s on its j\rney4 ,we c nev] see ! same %oot+ /> twice2 its visibility implies its dissolution1 = x is only z x is entrapp$ & burnt up 9 our atmosph]e t we see x1 or c see x4 ,its companions 9 a great meteoric sw>m1 are1 h[ev]1 z ! s& on ! sea-%ore1 & we recognize !m z memb]s ( ! same sw>m by _! agreem5t 9 direction & date4 ,! sw>ms move 9 a clos$ orbit1 & x is :]e ?is orbit int]sects t ( ! e>? t we get a great /> %[]1 if bo? e>? & sw>m are pres5t toge!r at ! int]section4 ,if ! sw>m is drawn out1 s t _m meteorites are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole circuit ( its orbit1 !n we get a %[] e ye>4 ,if ! meteor sw>m is m cond5s$1 s z to =m a clu/]1 !n ! %[] only comes :5 ! gem ( ! r+1 z x is t]m$1 is at ! int]section ( ! orbits1 & ! e>? is !re too4 ,su* a conjunction may pres5t ! mo/ impressive spectacle t ! heav5s c af=d4 ,! ,leonid meteor %[] is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ fam\s4 ,x has be5 se5 at int]vals ( ab\t ?irty-?ree ye>s1 s9ce e>ly 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,:5 ,ibrahim b5 ,ahm$ lay dy+1 9 ! ye> #ijb ,a4,d41 x 0 record$ t an inf9ite numb] ( />s 7 se5 dur+ ! night1 scatt]+ !mselves l ra9 to ! "r & left1 & t ye> 0 kn[n z ! ye> ( />s4 ,:5 ! e>? enc\nt]$ ! same sy/em 9 #abjb ,a4,d4 ! ,mohamm$an record runs t on ! night ( ,saturday1 on ! la/ day ( ,muh>ram1 />s %ot hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! heav5s1 ea/w>d & we/w>d1 & flew aga9/ "o ano!r1 l a scatt]+ sw>m ( locu/s1 to ! "r & left4 ,!re are n records ( all ! returns ( ?is meteoric sw>m betwe5 ! ?irte5? c5tury & ! eighte5?1 b :5 ! e>? enc\nt]$ x 9 #agii1 ,humboldt report$ t f ! beg9n+ ( ! ph5om5on !re 0 n a space 9 ! firmam5t equal 9 ext5t to ?ree diamet]s ( ! moon t 0 n fill$ e in/ant ) bolides & fall+ />s2 & ,mr4 ,&rew ,ellicott1 an ag5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 cruis+ (f ! coa/ ( ,florida1 wat*$ ?is same meteoric display1 & made ! draw+ reproduc$ on ! opposite page4 ,9 #ahcc a plant] 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a wrote ( a return ( ?is same sy/em1 ,nev] did ra9 fall mu* ?ick] ?an ! meteors fell t[>ds ! e>?2 ea/1 we/1 nor?1 s\?1 x 0 ! same4 ,9 #ahff ! %[] 0 aga9 heavy & brilliant1 b at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! sw>m %\ld h return$1 ! display 0 meagre & ineffective4 ,illu/ration3 ,,meteoric ,,%[] ,,( #agii1 ,,novemb] #ab4 ,se5 (f ,cape ,florida1 by ,mr4 ,&rew ,ellicott4 ,! ,leonid sy/em ( meteorites did n always move 9 a clos$ orbit r\nd our sun4 ,trac+ back _! records & hi/ory1 we f9d t 9 ,a4,d4 #abf ! sw>m pass$ close to ,uranus1 & probably at t "t ! planet captur$ !m = ! sun4 ,b we _c d\bt t "s su* simil> sight z !y h af=d$ u sugge/$ ! imag]y employ$ by ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,john :5 he wrote1 ,! />s ( heav5 fell unto ! e>?1 ev5 z a fig-tree ca/e? h] untimely figs1 :5 %e is %ak5 ( a mighty w9d4 ,& ! heav5s dep>t$ z a scroll :5 x is roll$ toge!r4 ,& ! prophet ,isaiah us$ a v simil> figure-- ,all ! ho/ ( heav5 %all be dissolv$1 & ! heav5s %all be roll$ toge!r z a scroll3 & all _! ho/ %all fall d[n1 z ! leaf falle? (f f ! v9e1 & z a fall+ fig f ! fig-tree4 ,:il/ ! simile ( a great a]olite is t employ$ by ,/4 ,john 9 8 description ( ! /> ,wormwood-- ,! ?ird angel s\nd$1 & !re fell a great /> f heav51 burn+ z x 7 a lamp1 & x fell ^u ! ?ird "p ( ! riv]s1 & ^u ! f\nta9s ( wat]s4 ,/4 ,jude's simile ( ! w&]+ />s1 to :om is res]v$ ! blackness ( d>kness = ev]1 may h be5 drawn f meteors r ?an f comets4 ,b1 z has be5 se51 ! two classes ( objects are closely connect$4 ,! ^w meteor is sometimes us$ = any unusual light se5 9 ! sky4 ,! ,zodiacal ,light1 ! pale conical beam se5 aft] sunset 9 ! we/ 9 ! spr+1 & be=e sunrise 9 ! ea/ 9 ! autumn1 & kn[n to ! ,arabs z ! ,false ,dawn1 does n appe> to be m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 ,"s comm5tators wrongly consid] t ! expression1 ! eyelids ( ! morn+1 occurr+ twice 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 is int5d$ to describe x1 b ! metaphor does n 9 ! lea/ apply4 ,! ,aurora ,borealis1 on ! o!r h&1 seldom ?\gh x is se5 on an impressive scale 9 ,pale/9e1 seems cle>ly indicat$ 9 "o passage4 ,out ( ! nor? come? gold5 spl5d\r w\ld well fit ! gleam+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,lights1 se51 z !y (t5 are1 z %eaves ( gold5 rays4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,moon ,we d n "k :at great comets1 or a]olites1 or />-%[]s 7 se5 9 ,pale/9e dur+ ! c5turies 9 :i* ! books ( ! ,bible 7 compos$4 ,b we d "k t eclipses1 bo? ( ! sun & moon1 mu/ h be5 se51 = ^! are n ! results ( *ance conjunctions4 ,we "k m1 t n only p>tial eclipses ( ! sun1 b total eclipses1 fell )9 ! p]iod s cov]$4 ,!re is no ph5om5on ( nature :i* is s truly impressive z a total eclipse ( ! sun4 ,! beautiful pageants ( ! ev5+ & ! morn+ are too (t5 witness$ to produce ! same effect ^u u1 :il/ ! /orm & ! e>?quake & ! volcano 9 eruption1 by ! confusion & fe> = p]sonal safety !y produce1 r5d] m5 unfit to wat* _! developm5ts4 ,b ! eclipse awes & subdues by :at might almo/ be call$ moral means alone3 no noise1 no dang] accompanies x2 ! body is n tortur$1 nor ! m9d confus$ by ! ru% ( ! bla/1 ! cra% ( ! ?und]-peal1 ! rock+ ( ! e>?quake1 or ! fires ( ! volcano4 ,! only s5se appeal$ to is t ( sight2 ! movem5ts ( ! orbs ( heav5 g on )\t noise or confusion1 & ) a maje/ic smoo?ness 9 :i* !re is nei!r hurry nor delay4 ,?is impression is felt by e "o1 no matt] h[ p]fectly acqua9t$1 n only ) ! cause ( ! ph5om5on1 b also ) ! appe>ances to be expect$1 & sci5tific m5 h f\nd !mselves awe/ruck & ev5 ov]:elm$4 ,b if su* are ! feel+s call$ =? by an eclipse n[-a-days1 9 ^? :o are expect+ x1 :o are prep>$ = x1 kn[+ p]fectly :at w happ5 & :at br+s x ab\t1 h[ c we gauge aright ! unspeakable t]ror su* an ev5t mu/ h caus$ 9 ages long ago1 :5 x came utt]ly un=ese51 & x 0 impossible to und]/& :at 0 really tak+ place8 ,& s1 9 old5 "t1 an eclipse ( ! sun came z an om5 ( t]rible disa/]1 nay z be+ itself "o ( ! wor/ ( disa/]s4 ,x came s to all nations b "o4 ,b to t nation ! ^w ( ! prophet _h come-- ,le>n n ! way ( ! hea!n1 & be n dismay$ at ! signs ( heav52 = ! hea!n are dismay$ at !m4 ,god did n reveal ! physical explanation ( ! eclipse to ! ,hebrews3 t1 9 process ( "t1 !y c\ld le>n by ! ex]cise ( _! own m5tal p[]s4 ,b ,he set !m free f ! slavi% fe> ( ! hea!n2 !y c\ld look at all ^! t]ror-/rik+ signs )\t fe>2 !y c\ld look ) calmness1 ) confid5ce1 because !y look$ 9 fai?4 ,x is n easy to exagg]ate ! advantage :i* ?is mu/ h giv5 ! ,hebrews ov] ! neighb\r+ nations1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,! ^w ( ,god gave !m intellectual fre$om1 & s f> z !y 7 fai?ful to x1 !re 0 no h9drance to _! fully work+ out ! sci5tific problems :i* came be=e !m4 ,!y nei!r wor%ipp$ ! heav5ly bodies nor 7 dismay$ at _! signs4 ,we h no record z to h[ f> ! ,hebrews made use ( ?is fre$om1 =1 z already po9t$ out1 ! ,holy ,scriptures 7 n writt5 to *ronicle _! sci5tific a*ievem5ts4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t1 giv5 ! leisure ( peace1 x is a priori m likely t !y %\ld h taught a/ronomy to _! neighb\rs1 ?an h le>nt x ev5 f ! mo/ advanc$4 ,!re mu/ h be5 numb]less eclipses ( ! moon se5 9 ! ages dur+ :i* ! ,canon ( ,holy ,scripture 0 writt54 ,( eclipses ( ! sun1 total or v ne>ly total ov] ! regions ( ,pale/9e or ,mesopotamia1 9 ! times ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we "k ( f\r t 7 actually se51 ^: record is pres]v$ 9 contemporane\s hi/ory1 & a fif? t 0 ne>ly total 9 ,juda ab\t midday4 ,! fir/ ( ! f\r is record$ on a tablet f ,babylon1 lately deciph]$1 9 :i* x /ates t on ! #bf? day ( ,sivan1 day 0 turn$ into night1 & fire appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( heav54 ,?is has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! eclipse ( ,july #ca1 #ajfc ,b4,c41 & we d n f9d any ref]5ce to x 9 ,scripture4 ,! second is t ( ,aug4 #ae1 #hca ,b4,c4 ,no specific record ( ?is eclipse has be5 f\nd z yet1 b x took place dur+ ! lifetime ( ! prophets ,joel & ,amos1 & may h be5 se5 by !m1 & _! recollection ( x may h influ5c$ ! word+ ( _! prophecies4 ,! ?ird eclipse is record$ on a tablet f ,n9eveh1 /at+ ! co9cid5ce ( an eclipse 9 ,sivan ) a revolt 9 ! city ( ,assur4 ,?is has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! eclipse ( ,june #ae1 #gfc ,b4,c4 ,! f\r? is t kn[n z ! eclipse ( ,l>issa on ,may #ah1 #fjc ,b4,c41 :i* 0 co9cid5t ) ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! ,assyrian ,empire1 & ! fif? is t ( ,?ales on ,may #bh1 #ehe ,b4,c4 ,! e>? goes r\nd ! sun once 9 a ye>1 ! moon goes r\nd ! e>? once 9 a mon?1 & sometimes ! ?ree bodies are 9 "o /raight l9e4 ,9 ?is case ! int]m$iate body--e>? or moon--deprives ! o!r1 :olly or p>tially ( ! light f ! sun1 ?us caus+ an eclipse4 ,if ! orbits ( ! e>? & moon 7 9 ! same plane1 an eclipse w\ld happ5 e "t ! moon 0 new or full2 t is to say1 at e conjunction & e opposition1 or ab\t tw5ty-five times a ye>4 ,b ! plane ( ! moon's orbit is incl9$ to ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit at an angle ( ab\t #e1 & s an eclipse only occurs :5 ! moon is 9 conjunction or opposition & is at ! same "t at or v ne> "o ( ! nodes--t is1 "o ( ! two po9ts :]e ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit int]sects ! moon's orbit4 ,if ! moon is 9 opposition1 or full1 !n1 "u ^! conditions1 an eclipse ( ! moon takes place1 & ?is is visible at all places :]e ! moon is above ! horizon at ! "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! moon is 9 conjunction1 or new1 x is ! sun t is eclips$1 & z ! %ad[ ca/ by ! moon is b small1 only a portion ( ! e>?'s surface w exp]i5ce ! sol> eclipse4 ,! nodes ( ! moon's orbit are n /ation>y1 b h a daily retrograde motion ( #c #ajfd4 ,x takes ! moon !re=e #bg;d #e;h #em #cfs 7#bgbabbb;d7 to p]=m a j\rney 9 its orbit f "o node back to t node aga92 ?is is call$ a ,draconic p]iod4 ,b x takes ! moon #bi;d #ab;h #ddm #bhgs 7#biecjei;d7 to pass f new to new1 or f full to full1 i4 e4 to complete a lunation4 ,n[ #bdb ,draconic p]iods v ne>ly equal #bbc lunations1 be+ ab\t #ah ye>s #aj-a_/c days1 & bo? are v ne>ly equal to #ai returns ( ! sun to ! moon's node2 s t if ! moon is new or full :5 at a node1 9 #ah ye>s & #aj or #aa days x w be at t node aga91 & aga9 new or full1 & ! sun w be also pres5t 9 v ne>ly its =m] position4 ,if1 !re=e1 an eclipse occurr$ on ! =m] occasion1 x w probably occur on ! latt]4 ,?is recurr5ce ( eclipses aft] int]vals ( #ahjc ye>s is call$ ! ,s>os1 & 0 kn[n to ! ,*aldeans4 ,we d n "k :e!r x 0 kn[n to ! ,hebrews prior to _! captivity 9 ,babylon1 b possibly ! /atem5t ( ! wise k+1 already quot$ f ! ,apocryphal ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 may ref] to "s su* k4 ,our cal5d> to-day is a purely sol> "o2 our mon?s are twelve 9 numb]1 b ( purely arbitr>y l5g?1 divorc$ f all connection ) ! moon2 & to u1 ! ,s>os cycle does n readily leap to ! eye1 = eclipses ( sun or moon seem to fall haphaz>d on any day ( ! mon? or ye>4 ,b ) ! ,hebrews1 ,assyrians1 & ,babylonians x 0 n s4 ,_! cal5d> 0 a luni-sol> "o--_! ye> 0 on ! av]age a sol> ye>1 _! mon?s 7 true lunations2 ! fir/ day ( _! new mon? began on ! ev5+ :5 ! fir/ ?9 cresc5t ( ! moon appe>$ aft] its conjunction ) ! sun4 ,?is obs]vation is :at is meant 9 ! ,bible by ! new moon4 ,a/ronom]s n[ by new moon mean ! "t :5 x is actually 9 conjunction ) ! sun1 & is !re=e n visible4 ,nations ^: cal5d> 0 ( ?is description 7 c]ta9 to discov] ! ,s>os mu* soon] ?an ^? ^: mon?s 7 n true lunations1 l ! ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans4 ,!re are no direct ref]5ces to eclipses 9 ,scripture4 ,!y might h be5 us$ 9 ! hi/orical portions = ! purpose ( dat+ ev5ts1 z 0 ! great e>?quake 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,uzziah1 b !y 7 n s us$4 ,b we f9d n a few allusions to _! *>act]i/ic appe>ances & ph5om5a 9 ! books ( ! prophets4 ,god 9 ! beg9n+ set ! two great lights 9 ! firmam5t = signs z well z = seasons2 & ! prophets ?r\gh\t use ! relations ( ! sun & moon z types ( spiritual relations4 ,! ,messiah 0 ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness2 ! *os5 p1 ! ,*ur*1 0 z ! moon1 :i* d]ives h] light f ,him4 ,! signs ( heav5 7 symbols ( great spiritual ev5ts1 n om5s ( mundane disa/]s4 ,! prophets ,joel & ,amos are cle> & vivid 9 _! descriptions2 probably because ! eclipse ( #hca ,b4,c4 0 )9 _! recollection4 ,joel says fir/1 ,! sun & ! moon %all be d>k2 & aga91 m pla9ly1-- ,i w %[ wond]s 9 ! heav5s & 9 ! e>?1 blood1 & fire1 & pill>s ( smoke4 ,! sun %all be turn$ into d>kness1 & ! moon into blood1 be=e ! great & ! t]rible day ( ! ,"l come4 ,?is prophecy 0 quot$ by ,/4 ,pet] on ! day ( ,p5teco/4 ,& 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ,/4 ,john says t :5 ! six? seal 0 op5$1 ! sun became black z sackclo? ( hair1 & ! moon became z blood4 ,9 ^! ref]5ces1 ! two k9ds ( eclipses are ref]r$ to--! sun becomes black :5 ! moon is new & hides x2 ! moon becomes z blood :5 x is full & ! e>?'s %ad[ falls ^u x2 its deep copp] col\r1 l t ( dri$ blood1 be+ due to ! fact t ! light1 fall+ ^u x1 has pass$ ?r\gh a great dep? ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,^! two eclipses _c !re=e be co9cid5t1 b !y may occur only a =tnight ap>t--a total eclipse ( ! sun may be accompani$ by a p>tial eclipse ( ! moon1 a =tnight e>li] or a =tnight lat]2 a total eclipse ( ! moon may be accompani$ by p>tial eclipses ( ! sun1 bo? at ! prec$+ & foll[+ new moons4 ,writ+ at ab\t ! same p]iod1 ! prophet ,amos says-- ,sai? ! ,"l ,god1 ,i w cause ! sun to g d[n at noon1 & ,i w d>k5 ! e>? 9 ! cle> day1 & seems to ref] to ! fact t ! eclipse ( #hca ,b4,c4 occurr$ ab\t midday 9 ,juda4 ,lat] ,micah writes-- ,! sun %all g d[n ov] ! prophets1 & ! day %all be d>k ov] !m4 ,isaiah says t ! sun %all be d>k5$ 9 8 go+ =?1 & ,j]emiah t h] sun is gone d[n :ile x 0 yet day4 ,:il/ ,ezekiel says-- ,i w cov] ! sun ) a cl\d1 & ! moon %all n give h] light4 ,all ! bright lights ( heav5 w ,i make d>k ov] !e1 & set d>kness ^u ?y l&1 sai? ! ,"l ,god4 ,b a total eclipse is n all d>kness & t]ror2 x has a beauty & a glory all its own4 ,sc>cely has ! d>k moon hidd5 ! la/ ?read ( sunlight f view1 ?an spurs ( rosy light are se5 ar\nd ! black disc t n[ fills ! place s lately occupi$ by ! glori\s k+ ( day4 ,& ^! rosy spurs ( light %9e on a backgr\nd ( pe>ly glory1 z impressive 9 its beauty z ! swift m>* ( ! awful %ad[1 & ! seem+ desc5t ( ! d>k5$ heav5s1 7 9 t]ror4 ,!re x %9es1 pure1 lovely1 s]5e1 radiant ) a light l molt5 silv]1 wrea?+ ! d>k5$ sun ) a halo l t r\nd a sa9tly head 9 "s noble alt>-piece2 s t :ile 9 "s cases ! dreadful %ad[ has aw$ a laugh+ & frivol\s cr[d into sil5ce1 9 o!rs ! radiance ( t halo has br\ght spectators to _! knees ) an involunt>y exclamation1 ,! ,glory6 z if ,god ,himself _h made kn[n ,8 pres5ce 9 ! mom5t ( ! sun's eclipse4 ,& ?is1 inde$1 seems to h be5 ! ?\ght ( bo? ! ,babylonians & ,egyptians ( old4 ,bo? nations _h a specially sacr$ symbol to set =? ! ,div9e ,pres5ce--! ,egyptians1 a disc ) long out/ret*$ w+s2 ! ,babylonians1 a r+ ) w+s4 ,! latt] symbol on ,assyrian monum5ts is always %[n z float+ ov] ! head ( ! k+1 & is design$ to indicate ! pres5ce & protection ( ! ,deity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,assyrian ,,r+ ,,) ,,w+s4 ,we may take x = grant$ t ! ,egyptians & ,*aldeans ( old1 z mod]n a/ronom]s to-day1 _h at "o "t or ano!r pres5t$ to !m e type ( coronal =m4 ,b !re w\ld1 no d\bt1 be a difficulty 9 grasp+ or rememb]+ ! irregul> details ( ! corona z se5 9 mo/ eclipses4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! corona %[s itself 9 a /rik+ & simple =m--:5 sun-spots are few 9 numb]1 x spreads itself out 9 two great equatorial /ream]s4 ,at ! eclipse ( ,algi]s 9 #aijj1 already ref]r$ to1 "o obs]v] :o wat*$ ! eclipse f ! sea1 said-- ,! sky 0 blue all r\nd ! sun1 & ! effect ( ! silv]y corona project$ on x 0 beyond any "o to describe4 ,i c only say x seem$ to me :at angels' w+s w be l4#abi3a ,illu/ration3 ,,corona ,,( ,,m9imum ,,type4 ,draw+ made by ,w4 ,h4 ,wesley1 f photographs ( ! #aijj ,eclipse4 ,x seems exce$+ly probable t ! symbol ( ! r+ ) w+s ow$ its orig9 n to any suppos$ analogy betwe5 ! r+ & ! w+s & ! div9e attributes ( et]nity & p[]1 b to ! revelations ( a total eclipse ) a corona ( m9imum type4 ,moreov] ! ,assyrians1 :5 !y ins]t a figure ( _! deity )9 ! r+1 give him a kilt-l dress1 & ?is kilt$ or fea!r$ *>act]i/ic is (t5 reta9$ :]e ! figure is omitt$4 ,?is gives ! symbol a yet clos] lik5ess to ! corona1 ^: pol> rays are rem>kably l ! tail fea!rs ( a bird4 ,p]haps ! prophet ,mala*i makes a ref]5ce to ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! eclips$ sun1 ) its corona l angels' w+s1 :5 he pr$icts-- ,b unto y t fe> ,my "n %all ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness arise ) heal+ 9 ,8 w+s4 ,b1 if ?is be s1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! prophet uses ! corona z a simile only4 ,no m ?an ! sun itself1 is x ! ,deity1 or ! manife/ation ( ! ,deity4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we may f9d p]haps a ref]5ce to :at causes an eclipse--to ! %ad[ ca/ by a heav5ly body 9 its revolution--its turn+4 ,e good gift & e p]fect boon is f above1 com+ d[n f ! ,fa!r ( ,lights1 ) ,:om c be no v>iation1 nei!r %ad[ t is ca/ by turn+4 ,,footnotes3 #abi3a ,! ,total ,sol> ,eclipse ( ,may1 #aijj1 p4 #bb4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,saturn ,,& ,,a/rology ,! planets1 z su*1 are n[h]e m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,9 ! "o in/ance 9 :i* ! ^w appe>s 9 our v]sions1 x is giv5 z a translation ( ,mazzalo?1 bett] r5d]$ 9 ! m>g9 z ! twelve signs or con/ellations4 ,! evid5ce is n fully conclusive t allusion is made to any planet1 ev5 9 its capacity ( a god wor%ipp$ by ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,( planets1 besides ! e>?1 mod]n a/ronomy kn[s ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 _m planetoids1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,& ( satellites revolv+ r\nd planets !re are at pres5t kn[n1 ! moon :i* owns our e>? z prim>y1 two satellites to ,m>s1 sev5 satellites to ,jupit]1 t5 to ,saturn1 f\r to ,uranus1 & "o to ,neptune4 ,! anci5ts c\nt$ ! planets z sev51 numb]+ ! moon & ! sun among/ !m4 ,! re/ 7 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,!y recogniz$ no satellites to any planet4 ,we h no evid5ce t ! anci5t ,semitic nations consid]$ t ! moon 0 m intimately connect$ ) ! e>? ?an any ( ! o!r six4 ,b ?\gh ! planets 7 sometimes reg>d$ z sev5 9 numb]1 ! anci5ts p]fectly recogniz$ t ! sun & moon /ood 9 a diff]5t category altoge!r f ! o!r five4 ,& ?\gh ! hea!n recogniz$ !m z deities1 confusion result$ z to ! id5tity ( ! deity ( :i* ea* 0 a manife/ation4 ,samas 0 ! sun-god & ,baal 0 ! sun-god1 b ,samas & ,baal1 or ,bel1 7 n id5tical1 & bo? 7 some?+ m ?an m]ely ! sun p]sonifi$4 ,aga91 ,m]oda*1 or ,m>duk1 is sometimes expressly id5tifi$ ) ,bel z sun-god1 sometimes ) ! div9ity ( ! planet ,jupit]4 ,simil>ly ,a%tore?1 or ,ivst>1 is sometimes id5tifi$ ) ! goddess ( ! moon1 sometimes ) ! planet ,v5us4 ,x w\ld n be safe1 !re=e1 to assume t ref]5ce is int5d$ to any p>ticul> heav5ly body1 because a deity is m5tion$ t has be5 on occasions id5tifi$ ) t heav5ly body4 ,/ill less safe w\ld x be to assume a/ronomical allusions 9 ! description ( ! qualities or *>act]i/ics ( t deity4 ,?\gh ,a%tore?1 or ,ivst>1 may h be5 (t5 id5tifi$ ) ! planet ,v5us1 x is ridicul\s to argue1 z "s h done1 f ! expression ,a%t]o?-,k>naim1 ,a%t]o? ( ! horns1 t ! anci5ts _h sight or in/rum5ts suffici5tly p[]ful to enable !m to obs]ve t ,v5us1 l ! moon1 _h h] phases1 h] horns4 ,?\gh ,nebo has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! planet ,m]cury1 we mu/ n see any a/ronomical allusion to its be+ ! ne>e/ planet to ! sun 9 ,isaiah's c\pl+ ! two toge!r1 :]e he says1 ,bel b[e? d[n1 ,nebo /oope?4 ,isaiah speaks ( ! ,k+ ( ,babylon-- ,h[ art ?\ fall5 f ,heav51 ,o ,lucif]1 son ( ! morn+6 ,! ^w "h translat$ ,lucif]1 light-be>]1 is ! ^w helel f ! root halal1 & means spread+ brightness4 ,9 ! ,assyrio-,babylonian1 ! planet ,v5us is sometimes t]m$ ,mu/elel1 f ! root elil1 & %e is ! mo/ lu/r\s ( all ! morn+ />s1 ( ! />s t h]ald ! dawn4 ,b except t h] great] brilliancy m>ks h] z especially appropriate to ! expression1 ,sirius or any o!r 9 its capacity ( morn+ /> w\ld be suitable z an explanation ( ! t]m4 ,/4 ,pet] uses ! equival5t ,greek expression ,phosphorus 9 8 second epi/le3 ,a light t %9e? 9 a d>k place1 until ! day dawn & ! day-/> 7light-br+]7 arise 9 y\r he>ts4 ,isaiah aga9 says-- ,ye are !y t =sake ! ,"l1 t =get ,my holy m\nta91 t prep>e a table = t ,troop1 & t furni% ! dr9k (f]+ unto t ,numb]4 ,gad & ,m5i1 "h lit]ally translat$ z ,troop & ,numb]1 are 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion r5d]$ z ,=tune & ,de/9y4 ,a ref]5ce to ?is god ,m5i has be5 sugge/$ 9 ! my/]i\s inscription :i* ! ,k+ ( ,babylon saw writt5 by a h& ^u ! wall1 :i* ,daniel int]pret$ z ,god ha? numb]$ ?y k+dom1 & br\ght x to an end4 ,by "s comm5tators ,m5i is und]/ood to be ! planet ,v5us1 & ,gad to be ,jupit]1 = ^! are associat$ 9 ,arabian a/rology ) ,=tune or ,fate 9 ! s5se ( good luck4 ,or1 f ! simil>ity ( ,m5i ) ! ,greek mene1 moon1 t ,numb] might be id5tifi$ ) ! moon1 & t ,troop1 by analogy1 ) ! sun4 ,x is m probable1 if any a/rological deities are int5d$1 t ! two little /> clu/]s--! ,pleiades & ! ,hyades--situat$ on ! back & head ( ! ,bull1 may h be5 acc\nt$ ! manife/ations ( ! div9ities :i* are by _! names s intimately associat$ ) ! idea ( multitude4 ,! numb] sev5 has be5 held a sacr$ numb]1 & has be5 traditionally associat$ ) bo? ! little /> gr\ps4 ,9 "o in/ance alone does !re seem to be any /rong evid5ce t ref]5ce is int5d$ to "o ( ! five planets kn[n to ! anci5ts1 :5 wor%ipp$ z a god2 & ev5 t is n conclusive4 ,! prophet ,amos1 *>g+ ! ,israelites ) idolatry ev5 9 ! wild]ness1 asks-- ,h ye (f]$ unto ,me sacrifices & (f]+s 9 ! wild]ness =ty ye>s1 ,o h\se ( ,israel8 ,b ye h borne ! tab]nacle ( y\r ,molo* & ,*iun y\r images1 ! /> ( y\r god1 :i* ye made to y\rselves4 ,b ! ,septuag9t ,v]sion makes ! accusation run ?us3-- ,ye took up ! tab]nacle ( ,molo* & ! /> ( y\r god ,remphan1 figures :i* ye made to wor%ip !m4 ,?is 0 ! v]sion :i* ,/4 ,/eph5 quot$ 9 8 def5ce be=e ! ,high ,prie/4 ,x is q cle> t x 0 /> wor%ip to :i* he 0 ref]r+1 = he prefaces 8 quotation by say+1 ,god turn$ & gave !m up to s]ve ! ho/ ( heav51 z x is writt5 9 ! book ( ! prophets4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! names ,*iun & ,remphan is expla9$ by a probable misread+ on ! "p ( ! ,septuag9t translators into ! ,greek1 :o seem$ to h transcrib$ ! initial ( ! ^w z re%1 :]e x %\ld h be5 caph--,r in/ead ( ,k1--?us ! real ^w %\ld be translit]at$ ,kaivan1 :i* 0 ! "n ( ! planet ,saturn bo? among/ ! anci5t ,arabs & ,syrians1 & also among/ ! ,assyrians1 :il/ ,kevan is ! "n ( t planet 9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,p>sees4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re seems to be "s difficulty 9 suppos+ t a deity is int5d$ ( :i* !re is no o!r m5tion 9 ,scripture1 see+ t ! ref]5ce1 bo? by ,amos & ,/4 ,/eph51 w\ld imply t ! p>ticul> object ( idolatry d5\nc$ 0 "o exce$+ly famili> to !m4 ,ges5ius1 !re=e1 aft] hav+ previ\sly accept$ ! view t we h "h a ref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( ,saturn1 f9ally adopt$ ! r5d]+ ( ! ,lat9 ,vulgate1 t ! ^w ,*iun %\ld be translat$ /atue or image4 ,! passage w\ld !n become-- ,ye h borne ! boo? ( y\r ,molo* & ! image ( y\r idols1 ! /> ( y\r god :i* ye made = y\rselves4 ,if we accept ! view t ! wor%ip ( ! planet ,saturn is inde$ ref]r$ to1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! prophet ,amos 0 /at+ t ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness actually obs]v$ & wor%ipp$ him z su*4 ,! prophet may mean no m ?an t ! ,israelites1 :il/ outw>dly con=m+ to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 7 9 _! secret desires hank]+ aft] ,sabism--! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly ho/4 ,& x may well be t he *ooses ,molo* & ,saturn z repres5t+ ! cruelle/ & mo/ debas$ =ms ( hea!nism4 ,! planet ,saturn gives its "n to ! sev5? day ( our week1 ,saturn's day1 ! sabba? ( ! week ( ! ,jews1 & ! co9cid5ce ( ! two has call$ =? n a few +5i\s !ories4 ,:y d ! days ( our week be> _! pres5t names1 & :at is ! explanation ( _! ord]8 ,! late well-kn[n a/ronom]1 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 gives ! explanation z foll[s3-- ,! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ea* day 7 devot$ to ^? planets 9 ! ord] ( _! suppos$ di/ance f ! e>?1--,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ! ,sun1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 & ! ,moon4 ,! out]mo/ planet1 ,saturn1 :i* also travels 9 ! longe/ p]iod1 0 reg>d$ 9 ?is arrangem5t z ( *ief dignity1 z encompass+ 9 8 movem5t all ! re/1 ,jupit] 0 ( high] dignity ?an ,m>s1 & s =?4 ,moreov] to ! out]mo/ planet1 p>tly because ( ,saturn's gloomy aspect1 p>tly because among half-savage races ! p[]s ( evil are always m respect$ ?an ! p[]s t "w = good1 a malefic5t influ5ce 0 attribut$4 ,n[1 if we assign to ! successive h\rs ( a day ! planets z above-nam$1 beg9n+ ) ,saturn on ! day assign$ to t p[]ful deity1 x w be f\nd t ! la/ h\r ( t day w be assign$ to ,m>s--'! less] in=tune1' z ,saturn 0 '! great] in=tune1' ( ! old sy/em ( a/rology--& ! fir/ h\r ( ! next day to ! next planet1 ! ,sun2 ! day foll[+ ,saturday w\ld ?us be ,sunday4 ,! la/ h\r ( ,sunday w\ld fall to ,m]cury1 & ! fir/ ( ! next to ! ,moon2 s ,monday1 ! ,moon's day1 foll[s ,sunday4 ,! next day w\ld be ! day ( ,m>s1 :o1 9 ! ,sc&9avian !ology1 is repres5t$ by ,tuisco2 s ,tuisco's day1 or ,tuesday 7,m>di71 foll[s ,monday4 ,!n1 by foll[+ ! same sy/em1 we come to ,m]cury's day 7,m]cr$i71 ,wod5's day1 or ,w$nesday2 next to ,jupit]'s day1 ,jove's day 7,jeudi71 ,?or's day1 or ,?ursday2 to ,v5us's day1 ,v5dr$i 7,v5]is dies71 ,freya's day1 or ,friday1 & s to ,saturday aga94 ,t ! day devot$ to ! mo/ evil & mo/ p[]ful ( all ! deities ( ! ,sabdans 7sic7 %\ld be set ap>t--fir/ z "o on :i* x 0 unlucky to "w1 & aft]w>ds z "o on :i* x 0 held to be s9ful to "w--0 b ! natural outcome ( ! sup]/iti\s belief t ! planets 7 gods rul+ ! fates ( m5 & nations4#acf3a ,?is !ory appe>s at fir/ sight s simple1 s plausible1 t _m are tempt$ to say1 ,x mu/ be true1 & x has accord+ly ga9$ a wide acceptance4 ,yet a mom5t's ?\ght %[s t x makes _m assumptions1 "s ( :i* re/ )\t any pro(1 & o!rs are kn[n to be false4 ,:5 7 ! planets discov]$8 ,n c]ta9ly at ! dawn ( a/ronomy4 ,! fix$ />s mu/ h become famili>1 & h be5 recogniz$ 9 _! v>i\s gr\p+s be=e x c\ld h be5 kn[n t !re 7 o!rs t 7 n fix$1--7 planets1 i4 e4 w&]]s4 ,?us1 among/ ! ,greeks1 no planet is allud$ to by ,hesiod1 & ,hom] m5tions no planet o!r ?an ,v5us1 & app>5tly reg>d$ h] z two di/9ct objects1 accord+ z %e 0 se5 z a morn+ & z an ev5+ />4 ,py?agoras is reput$ to h be5 ! fir/ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s to realize ! id5tity ( ,phosphorus & ,hesp]us1 t is ,v5us at h] two elongations1 s t ! ,greeks did n "k ?is until ! six? c5tury be=e our era4 ,we are yet )\t c]ta9 k z to :5 ! ,babylonians began to notice ! diff]5t planets1 b ! ord] ( discov]y c h>dly h be5 diff]5t f :at x seems to h be5 among/ ! ,greeks--t is to say1 fir/ ,v5us z two sep>ate objects1 !n ,jupit] & ,m>s1 &1 probably mu* lat]1 ,saturn & ,m]cury4 ,?is la/1 aga91 w\ld orig9ally be consid]$ a pair ( planets1 j z ,v5us _h be54 ,lat] ^! planets z morn+ />s w\ld be id5tifi$ ) _! appe>ances z ev5+ />s4 ,aft] ?is obscurity _h be5 cle>$ up1 !re 0 a /ill fur!r advance to be made be=e ! a/rolog]s c\ld h adopt$ _! /range gr\p+ ( ! sun & moon z planets equally ) ! o!r five4 ,?is c]ta9ly is no primitive conception2 = ! sun & moon h su* appreciable dim5sions & are ( su* great brightness t !y seem to be m>k$ (f 7z 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis7 z ( an entirely diff]5t ord] f all ! o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,! po9t 9 common ) ! o!r five planets1 namely _! app>5t p]iodical movem5ts1 c\ld only h be5 br\ght out by v c>eful & prolong$ obs]vation4 ,! recognition1 !re=e1 ( ! planets z be+ sev51 two ( ! sev5 be+ ! sun & moon1 mu/ h be5 q late 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! connection ( ! sev5 planets ) ! sev5 days ( ! week 0 some?+ mu* lat] /ill4 ,x implies1 z we h se51 ! adoption ( a p>ticul> ord] = ! planets1 & ?is ord] fur!r implies t a k _h be5 obta9$ ( _! relative di/ances1 & involves a p>ticul> !ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 t :i* we n[ "k z ! ,ptolemaic4 ,x is n ! ord] ( ! ,babylonians1 = !y arrang$ !m1 ,moon1 ,sun1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s4 ,!re are fur!r consid]ations :i* %[ t ! ,babylonians c\ld n h giv5 ^! planet>y names to ! days ( ! week4 ,! ord] ( ! names implies t a tw5ty-f\r h\r day 0 us$1 b ! ,babylonian h\rs 7 twice ! l5g? ( ^? :i* we use2 h5ce !re 7 only twelve ( !m4 ,fur!r1 ! ,babylonian week 0 n a true week runn+ on cont9u\sly2 x 0 ti$ to ! mon?1 & h5ce did n l5d itself to su* a notation4 ,b ! ord] adopt$ = ! planets is t curr5t among/ ! ,greek a/ronom]s ( ,alex&ria1 :o did use a tw5ty-f\r h\r day4 ,h5ce x 0 c]ta9ly lat] ?an #cjj ,b4,c4 ,b ! ,greeks & ,egyptians alike us$ a week ( t5 days1 n ( sev54 ,h[ !n did ! planet>y names come to be assign$ to ! sev5-day week8 ,x 0 a consequ5ce ( ! p[] :i* ! ,jews possess$ ( impress+ _! religi\s ideas1 & p>ticul>ly _! obs]vance ( ! sabba? day1 ^u _! conqu]ors4 ,!y did s ) ! ,romans4 ,we f9d su* writ]s z ,cic]o1 ,horace1 ,juv5al & o!rs rem>k+ ^u ! sabba?1 &1 inde$1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,empire !re 0 a consid]able obs]vance ( x4 ,mu* m1 !n1 mu/ ! ,alex&rian ,greeks h be5 aw>e ( ! ,jewi% sabba?1--:i* involv$ ! ,jewi% week1--at a "t :5 ! ,jews ( t city 7 bo? num]\s & p[]ful1 hav+ equal rights ) ! ,greek inhabitants1 & :5 ! ,ptolemies 7 sanction+ ! erection ( a ,jewi% temple 9 _! dom9ions1 & ! translation ( ! ,jewi% ,scriptures into ,greek4 ,x 0 aft] ! ,alex&rian ,greeks _h ?us le>n$ ( ! ,jewi% week t !y assign$ ! planets to ! sev5 days ( t week1 s9ce x suit$ _! a/rological purposes bett] ?an ! ,egyptian week ( t5 days4 ,t allotm5t c\ld n possibly h br\ght ei!r week or sabba? into exi/5ce4 ,bo? _h be5 recogniz$ _m c5turies e>li]4 ,x 0 foi/$ ^u t :i* _h already a v5]able antiquity4 ,z ,pr(essor ,s*iap>elli well rem>ks1 we are indebt$ = ^! names to ma!matical a/rology1 ! false sci5ce :i* came to be =m$ aft] ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great f ! /range int]m>riage betwe5 ,*aldean & ,egyptian sup]/itions & ! ma!matical a/ronomy ( ! ,greeks4#aci3a ,!re is a widespread notion t e>ly a/ronomy1 :e!r among/ ! ,hebrews or else:]e1 took ! =m ( a/rology2 t ! =tune-tell+ came fir/1 & ! legitimate sci5ce grew out ( x4 ,inde$1 a claim is n infrequ5tly made t no small hon\r is due to ! e>ly a/rolog]s1 s9ce f _! ef=ts1 ! mo/ maje/ic ( all ! sci5ces is said to h aris54 ,^! ideas are ! exact contr>y ( ! tru?4 ,ma!matical1 or p]haps z we might bett] call x1 planet>y a/rology1 z we h x to-day1 conc]ns itself ) ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! planets 9 ! s5se t x uses !m z its mat]ial2 j z a *ild play+ 9 a libr>y might use ! books z build+ blocks1 pil+1 x may be1 a book ( s]mons on a hi/ory1 & a novel on a ma!matical treatise4 ,a/rology does n contribute1 has n contribut$ a s+le obs]vation1 a s+le demon/ration to a/ronomy4 ,x owes to a/ronomy all t x kn[s ( ma!matical processes & planet>y positions4 ,9 a/ronomical language1 ! calculation ( a horoscope is simply ! calculation ( ! azimu?s ( ! diff]5t planets1 & ( c]ta9 imag9>y po9ts on ! ecliptic = a giv5 "t4 ,?is is an a/ronomical process1 c>ri$ out accord+ to c]ta9 simple =mul4 ,! calculation ( a horoscope is !re=e a /raight=w>d bus9ess1 b1 z a/rolog]s all admit1 its int]pretation is :]e ! skill is requir$1 & no real rules c be giv5 = t4 ,"h is ! explanation :y ! sun & moon are class$ toge!r ) su* relatively insignificant bodies z ! o!r five planets1 & are n ev5 rank$ z _! *ief4 ,! anci5t a/rolog]1 l ! mod]n1 c>$ no?+ = ! actual lum9>y 9 ! heav5s2 all he c>$ = 0 its writt5 symbol on 8 tablets1 & !re ,sun & ,saturn c\ld be look$ ^u z equal1 or ,saturn z ! great]4 ,x is a r>e ?+ = a mod]n a/rolog] to introduce ! place ( an actual /> into a horoscope2 ! calculations all ref] to ! positions ( ! ,signs ( ! ,zodiac1 :i* are purely imag9>y divisions ( ! heav5s2 n to ! ,con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac1 :i* are ! actual />-gr\ps4 ,until a/ronom]s _h det]m9$ ! app>5t orbits ( ! planets1 & drawn up tables by :i* _! app>5t places c\ld be pr$ict$ = "s "t 9 advance1 x 0 impossible = a/rolog]s to ca/ horoscopes ( ! pres5t k9d4 ,all !y c\ld d 0 to divide up "t among/ ! deities suppos$ to preside ov] ! v>i\s planets4 ,to h simply giv5 a planet to ea* day w\ld h all[$ ! a/rolog] a v small scope 9 :i* to "w = 8 prophecies2 ! +5i\s idea ( giv+ a planet to ea* h\r z well1 gave a wid] range ( possible comb9ations4 ,!re seems to h be5 delib]ate spitefulness 9 ! assignm5t ( ! mo/ evil ( ! planet>y div9ities to ! sacr$ day ( ! ,jews--_! sabba?4 ,x %\ld be notic$ at ! same "t t1 :il/ ! ,jewi% sabba? co9cides ) ! a/rological ,saturn's ,day1 t p>ticul> day is ! sev5? day ( ! ,jewi% week1 b ! fir/ ( ! a/rological4 ,= ! v nature ( ! reckon+ by :i* ! a/rolog]s allott$ ! planets to ! days ( ! week1 implies1 z %[n 9 ! extract quot$ f ,proctor1 t !y began ) ,saturn & work$ d[nw>ds f ! highe/ planet--z !y call$ x--to ! l[e/4 ,?is detail ( itself %\ld h suffic$ to h demon/rat$ to ,proctor1 or any o!r a/ronom]1 t ! a/rological week _h be5 foi/$ ^u ! already exi/+ week ( ! ,jews4 ,be=e a/rology took its pres5t ma!matical =m1 a/rolog]s us$ z _! mat]ial = pr$iction ! />s or con/ellations :i* happ5$ to be ris+ or sett+ at ! "t select$1 or 7 ^u ! same m]idian1 or _h ! same longitude1 z su* con/ellations4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! a/rological writ]s 0 ,zeu*ros ( ,babylon1 :o liv$ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 "s ( ^: writ+s h be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,f ^! x is cle> t ! a/rolog]s f\nd twelve signs ( ! zodiac did n give !m en\gh play4 ,!y !re=e introduc$ ! decans1 t is to say ! idea ( ?irty-six div9ities--?ree to ea* mon?--borr[$ f ! ,egyptian division ( ! ye> into ?irty-six weeks 7( t5 days71 ea* "u ! rule ( a sep>ate god4 ,( c\rse ?is ,egyptian ye> bore no fix$ relation to ! actual lun> mon?s or sol> ye>1 nor !re=e to ! ,jewi% ye>1 :i* 0 relat$ to bo?4 ,b ev5 ) ?is increase ( mat]ial1 ! a/rolog]s f\nd ! a/ronomical data insuffici5t = _! =tune-tell+ purposes4 ,additional figures q unrepres5t$ 9 ! heav5s1 7 devis$1 & 7 drawn ^u1 z ne$$1 to supplem5t ! g5u9e con/ellations1 & z x 0 impossible to recognize ^! additions 9 ! sky1 ! pr$ictions 7 made1 n f obs]vation ( ! heav5s1 b f obs]vations on globes1 (t5 v inaccurate4 ,e>li] /ill we h a/rological tablets f ,assyria & ,babylon1 _m ( :i* %[ t !y _h no?+ to d ) any actual obs]vation1 & 7 simply inv5t$ to give complet5ess to ! tables ( om5s4 ,?us an ,assyrian tablet has be5 f\nd ^u :i* are giv5 ! significations ( eclipses fall+ ^u ea* day ( ! mon? ,tammuz1 "r up to ! middle ( ! mon?4 ,x is amus+ to read ! nave comm5t ( a di/+ui%$ ,assyriologi/1 t tablets su* z ^! prove h[ c>eful1 & h[ long cont9u$ _h be5 ! obs]vations ^u :i* !y 7 bas$4 ,x 0 n recogniz$ t no eclipses ei!r ( sun or moon c\ld possibly occur on mo/ ( ! dates giv51 & t !y c\ld nev] occur 9 ! nor?1 :i* is "o ( ! qu>t]s indicat$4 ,!y 7 no m f\nd$ on actual obs]vation ?an ! port5t m5tion$ on ano!r tablet1 ( a woman giv+ bir? to a lion1 :i*1 aft] all1 is n m impossible ?an t an eclipse %\ld occur 9 ! nor? on ! second day ( ,tammuz4 ,9 all ages x has be5 ! same2 ! a/rolog] has _h no?+ to d ) sci5ce z su*1 ev5 9 its mo/ primitive =m2 he has c>$ no?+ = ! actual appe>ance ( ! heav5s ^u :i* he pret5d$ to base 8 pr$ictions2 an imag9>y planet1 an imag9>y eclipse1 an imag9>y con/ellation 7 j z good = 8 =tune-tell+ z real ones4 ,su* =tune-tell+ 0 =bidd5 to ! ,hebrews2 necess>ily =bidd51 = a/rology _h no excuse unless ! />s & planets 7 gods1 or ! vehicles & eng9es ( gods4 ,fur!r1 all attempts to extort f spirits or f inanimate ?+s a glimpse into ! future 0 likewise =bidd5 !m4 ,!y 7 to look to ,god1 & to ,8 reveal$ w alone = all su* light4 ,:5 !y %all say unto y1 ,seek unto !m t h famili> spirits1 & unto wiz>ds t peep1 & t mutt]3 %\ld n a p seek unto _! ,god8 ,! ,hebrews 7 few 9 numb]1 _! k+doms v small comp>$ ) ! great empires ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 or ,babylon1 b "h1 9 ?is "q ( div9ation or =tune-tell+1 !y /& on a plane f> above any ( ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,!re is j contempt 9 ! picture drawn by ,ezekiel ( ! k+ ( ,babylon1 great ?\gh 8 milit>y p[] might be-- ,! k+ ( ,babylon /ood at ! p>t+ ( ! way1 at ! head ( ! two ways1 to use div9ation3 he %ook ! arr[s to & fro1 he consult$ ! t]aphim1 he look$ 9 ! liv]4 ,& ,isaiah calls ^u ! city ( ,babylon-- ,/& n[ ) ?9e en*antm5ts1 & ) ! multitude ( ?y sorc]ies1 :]e9 ?\ ha/ lab\r$ f ?y y\?2 if s ?\ %alt be able to pr(it1 if s be ?\ maye/ prevail4 ,?\ art we>i$ 9 ! multitude ( ?y c\nsels3 let n[ ! a/rolog]s1 ! />gaz]s1 ! mon?ly progno/icators /& up1 & save !e f ^! ?+s t %all come ^u !e4 ,isaiah knew ! ,"l to be ,he t fru/rate? ! tok5s ( ! li>s & make? div9]s mad4 ,& ! ^w ( ! ,"l to ,israel ?r\gh ,j]emiah 0-- ,?us sai? ! ,"l4 ,le>n n ! way ( ! hea!n1 & be n dismay$ at ! signs ( heav52 = ! hea!n are dismay$ at !m4 ,x is to our %ame t ev5 to-day1 9 spite ( all our enlight5m5t & sci5tific advances1 a/rology /ill has a hold ^u multitudes4 ,a/rological almanacs & treatises are sold by ! t5s ( ?\s&s1 & a/rological sup]/itions are /ill curr5t4 ,! /> ( ! god ,*iun is n inde$ op5ly wor%ipp$2 b ,saturn is /ill look$ ^u z ! planet br++ su* diseases z too?a*e1 agues1 & all t proce$s f cold1 consumption1 ! sple5 p>ticul>ly1 & ! bones1 rheumatic g\ts1 jaundice1 dropsy1 & all compla9ts aris+ f fe>1 apoplexies1 etc42 & *>ms made ( ,saturn's metal1 lead1 are /ill worn ^u ,saturn's f+]1 9 ! belief t ^! w w>d (f ! ?reat5$ evil2 a tradition ( ! "t :5 by s do+ ! we>]s w\ld h proclaim$ !mselves vot>ies ( ! god1 & !re=e "u 8 protection4 ,a/rology is inevitably l9k$ ) hea!nism1 & bo? %ut up _s & m9d aga9/ ! k ( ,god ,himself1 :i* is religion2 & aga9/ ! k ( ,8 works1 :i* is sci5ce4 ,& ?\gh a man may be religi\s )\t be+ sci5tific1 or sci5tific )\t be+ religi\s1 religion & sci5ce alike bo? re/ on "o & ! same basis--! belief 9 ,"o ,god1 ,mak] ( heav5 & e>?4 ,t belief 0 ! reason :y ,israel ( old1 s f> z x 0 fai?ful to x1 0 free f ! sup]/itions ( a/rology4 ,x is no small hon\r = ?is nation to h be5 wise en\gh to see ! inanity ( ?is & all o!r =ms ( div9ation4 4 4 4 ,( :at o!r anci5t civiliz$ nation c\ld z mu* be said8#ade3a ,,footnotes3 #acf3a ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 ,! ,great ,pyramid1 pp4 #bgd-bgf4 #aci3a ,g4 ,v4 ,s*iap>elli1 ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #acg4 #ade3a ,g4 ,v4 ,s*iap>elli1 ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,autotype ,co4 #gd1 ,new ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,/4 ,,paul ,,prea*+ ,,at ,,a!ns 7by ,raphael74 ,z c]ta9 also ( y\r own poets h said1 ,= we are also ,8 (fspr+4 ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,con/ellations ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,con/ellations ,! age ( ,classical a/ronomy began ) ! lab\rs ( ,eudoxus & o!rs1 ab\t f\r c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 b !re 0 an ,e>li] a/ronomy ^: *ief feature 0 ! arrangem5t ( ! />s into con/ellations4 ,! be/ kn[n ( all su* arrangem5ts is t sometimes call$ ! ,greek ,sph]e1 because ^? con/ellations h be5 pres]v$ to u by ,greek a/ronom]s & poets4 ,! e>lie/ complete catalogue ( ! />s1 z ?us arrang$1 t has come d[n to u 0 compil$ by ,claudius ,ptolemy1 ! a/ronom] ( ,alex&ria1 & complet$ #acg ,a4,d4 ,9 ?is catalogue1 ea* /> is describ$ by its place 9 ! suppos$ figure ( ! con/ellation1 :il/ its cele/ial latitude & longitude are add$1 s t we c see ) consid]able exactness h[ ! a/ronom]s ( t "t imag9$ ! /> figures4 ,! e>lie/ complete description ( ! con/ellations1 ap>t f ! places ( ! individual />s1 is giv5 9 ! poem ( ,aratus ( ,soli--,! ,ph5om5a1 publi%$ ab\t #bgj ,b4,c4 ,7 ^! con/ellations kn[n to ! ,hebrews ( old8 ,we c answ] ?is "q )\t hesitation 9 ! case ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,= 9 8 s]mon to ! ,a!nians on ,m>s' ,hill1 he quotes f ! op5+ v]ses ( ?is con/ellation poem ( ,aratus3-- ,god t made ! _w & all ?+s !re91 see+ t ,he is ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 dwelle? n 9 temples made ) h&s2 nei!r is wor%ipp$ ) m5's h&s1 z ?\gh ,he ne$$ any?+1 see+ ,he give? to all life1 & brea?1 & all ?+s2 & ha? made ( "o blood all nations ( m5 = to dwell on all ! face ( ! e>?1 & ha? det]m9$ ! times be=e appo9t$1 & ! b\nds ( _! habitation2 t !y %\ld seek ! ,"l1 if haply !y might feel aft] ,him1 & f9d ,him1 ?\gh ,he be n f> f e "o ( u3 = 9 ,him we live1 & move1 & h our be+2 z c]ta9 also ( y\r own poets h said1 ,= we are also ,8 (fspr+4 ,! poem ( ,aratus beg9s ?us3-- ,to ,god above we d$icate our song2 ,to leave ,him unador$1 we nev] d>e2 ,= ,he is pres5t 9 ea* busy ?rong1 ,9 e solemn ga!r+ ,he is !re4 ,! sea is ,82 & ,8 ea* cr[d$ port2 ,9 e place our ne$ ( ,him we feel2 ,,= ,,we ,,8 ,,(fspr+ ,,are4 ,aratus1 l ,/4 ,paul himself1 0 a native ( ,cilicia1 & _h be5 educat$ at ,a!ns4 ,8 poem on ! con/ellations came1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,greeks1 next 9 hon\r to ! poems ( ,hom]1 s t ,/4 ,paul's quotation f x appeal$ to 8 he>]s ) special =ce4 ,! con/ellations ( ,ptolemy's catalogue are =ty-eight 9 numb]4 ,^? ( ,aratus correspond to !m 9 almo/ e p>ticul>1 b "o or two m9or diff]5ces may be m>k$4 ,accord+ to ,ptolemy1 ! con/ellations are divid$ into ?ree sets3--tw5ty-"o nor!rn1 twelve 9 ! zodiac1 & fifte5 s\!rn4 ,! nor!rn con/ellations are--to use ! names by :i* !y are n[ famili> to u--#a1 ,ursa ,m9or1 ! ,little ,be>2 #b1 ,ursa ,major1 ! ,great ,be>2 #c1 ,draco1 ! ,dragon2 #d1 ,cepheus1 ! ,k+2 #e1 ,botes1 ! ,h]dsman2 #f1 ,corona ,borealis1 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n2 #g1 ,h]cules1 ! ,kneel]2 #h1 ,lyra1 ! ,lyre or ,swoop+ ,eagle2 #i1 ,cygnus1 ! ,bird2 #aj1 ,cassiopeia1 ! ,?ron$ ,que51 or ! ,lady 9 ! ,*air2 #aa1 ,p]seus2 #ab1 ,auriga1 ! ,hold] ( ! ,re9s2 #ac1 ,ophiu*us1 ! ,s]p5t-hold]2 #ad1 ,s]p5s1 ! ,s]p5t2 #ae1 ,sagitta1 ! ,arr[2 #af1 ,aquila1 ! ,so>+ ,eagle2 #ag1 ,delph9us1 ! ,dolph92 #ah1 ,equuleus1 ! ,horse's ,head2 #ai1 ,pegasus1 ! ,w+$ ,horse2 #bj1 ,&rom$a1 ! ,*a9$ ,woman2 #ba1 ,triangulum1 ! ,triangle4 ,! zodiacal con/ellations are3 #a1 ,aries1 ! ,ram2 #b1 ,taurus1 ! ,bull2 #c1 ,gem9i1 ! ,tw9s2 #d1 ,canc]1 ! ,crab2 #e1 ,leo1 ! ,lion2 #f1 ,virgo1 ! ,virg92 #g1 ,libra1 ! ,scales1--also call$ ! ,claws1 t is ( ! ,scorpion2 #h1 ,scorpio1 ! ,scorpion2 #i1 ,sagitt>ius1 ! ,ar*]2 #aj1 ,capricornus1 ! ,sea-goat1 i4 e4 ,goat-fi%2 #aa1 ,aqu>ius1 ! ,wat]-p\r]2 #ab1 ,pisces1 ! ,fi%es4 ,! s\!rn con/ellations are3 #a1 ,cetus1 ! ,sea-,mon/]2 #b1 ,orion1 ! ,giant2 #c1 ,eridanus1 ! ,riv]2 #d1 ,lepus1 ! ,h>e2 #e1 ,canis ,major1 ! ,great ,dog2 #f1 ,canis ,m9or1 ! ,little ,dog2 #g1 ,argo1 ! ,%ip & ,rock2 #h1 ,hydra1 ! ,wat]-snake2 #i1 ,crat]1 ! ,cup2 #aj1 ,corvus1 ! ,rav52 #aa1 ,c5taurus1 ! ,c5taur2 #ab1 ,lupus1 ! ,bea/2 #ac1 ,ara1 ! ,alt>2 #ad1 ,corona ,au/ralis1 ! ,s\!rn ,cr[n2 #ae1 ,piscis ,au/ralis1 ! ,s\!rn ,fi%4 ,aratus1 liv+ f\r hundr$ ye>s e>li] ?an ,ptolemy1 diff]s only f him 9 t he reckons ! clu/] ( ! ,pleiades--c\nt$ by ,ptolemy 9 ,taurus--z a sep>ate con/ellation1 b he has no con/ellation ( ,equuleus4 ,! total numb] ( con/ellations 0 ?us /ill =ty-eight4 ,aratus fur!r describes ! ,s\!rn ,cr[n1 b gives x no "n2 & 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,little ,dog he only m5tions "o />1 ,procyon1 ! ,dog's ,=]unn]4 ,he also m5tions t ! two ,be>s 7 also kn[n z two ,wagons or ,*>iots4 ,7 ^! con/ellations1 s famili> to u to-day1 kn[n be=e ! "t ( ,aratus1 & if s1 by :om 7 !y devis$1 & :5 & :]e8 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly kn[n be=e ! "t ( ,aratus1 = 8 poem 0 confess$ly a v]sification ( an acc\nt ( !m writt5 by ,eudoxus m ?an a hundr$ ye>s previ\s4 ,at a yet e>li] date1 ,panyasis1 uncle to ! great hi/orian ,h]odotus1 incid5tally discusses ! "n ( "o ( ! con/ellations1 :i* mu/ !re=e h be5 kn[n to him4 ,e>li] /ill1 ,hesiod1 9 ! second book ( 8 ,works & ,days1 ref]s to sev]al3-- ,orion & ! ,dog1 ea* o!r nigh1 ,toge!r m\nt$ to ! midnight sky1 ,:5 9 ! rosy morn ,arcturus %9es1 ,!n pluck ! clu/]s f ! p>5t v9es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,next 9 ! r\nd d n to pl\gh =get ,:5 ! ,sev5 ,virg9s & ,orion set4 ,mu* ! same con/ellations are ref]r$ to by ,hom]4 ,?us1 9 ! fif? book ( ! ,odyssey1-- ,& n[1 rejoic+ 9 ! prosp]\s gales1 ,) beat+ he>t ,ulysses spreads 8 sails3 ,plac$ at ! helm he sate1 & m>k$ ! skies1 ,nor clos$ 9 sleep 8 ev]-wat*ful eyes4 ,!re view'd ! ,pleiads & ! ,nor!rn ,team1 ,& great ,orion's m refulg5t beam1 ,to :i* ar\nd ! axle ( ! sky ,! ,be>1 revolv+1 po9ts 8 gold5 eye4 ,?us x is cle> t sev]al ( ! con/ellations 7 p]fectly famili> to ! ,greeks a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 t is to say1 ab\t ! "t ( ,solomon4 ,we h o!r evid5ce t ! con/ellations 7 kn[n 9 e>ly times4 ,we (t5 f9d on ,greek co9s1 a bull1 a ram1 or a lion repres5t$2 ^! may well be ref]5ces to "s ( ! signs ( ! zodiac1 b (f] no conclusive evid5ce4 ,b sev]al ( ! con/ellation figures are v unusual 9 =m2 ?us ! ,sea-goat has ! head & =e-legs ( a goat1 b ! h9d] "p ( a fi%2 & ! ,ar*] has ! head & %\ld]s ( a man1 b ! body & legs ( a horse4 ,pegasus1 ! horse ) w+s1 n only %[s ?is unnatural comb9ation1 b ! con/ellation figure only gives "p ( ! animal--! head1 neck1 w+s1 brea/1 & =e-legs4 ,n[ "s ( ^! *>act]i/ic figures are f\nd on q e>ly ,greek co9s1 & yet e>li] on :at are kn[n z b\nd>y /ones f ,babylonia4 ,^! are little squ>e pill>s1 cov]$ ) inscriptions & sculptures1 & record = ! mo/ "p ! gift1 transf]1 or sale ( l&4 ,!y are dat$ accord+ to ! ye> ( ! reign+ k+1 s t a cle> idea c be =m$ z to _! age4 ,a great _m symbols1 :i* appe> to be a/ronomical1 occur ^u !m2 among/ ^! su* v di/+ui%+ %apes z ! ,ar*]1 ,sea-goat1 & ,scorpion 7see p4 #cah74 ,s t1 j z we "k f ,hom] & ,hesiod t ! pr9cipal con/ellations 7 kn[n ( old by ! same names z ^? by :i* we "k !m to-day1 we le>n f ,babylonian b\nd>y /ones t !y 7 !n kn[n z hav+ ! same =ms z we n[ ascribe to !m4 ,! date ( ! e>lie/ b\nd>y /ones ( ! k9d 9 our possession w\ld %[ t ! ,babylonians knew ( our con/ellations z f> back z ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c41 t is to say1 :il/ ,israel 0 "u ! ,judges4 ,we h direct evid5ce ?us f> back z to ! exi/5ce ( ! con/ellations4 ,b !y are old] ?an ?is1 s mu* old] t tradition z well z direct hi/orical evid5ce fails u4 ,! only e>li] evid5ce op5 to u is t ( ! con/ellations !mselves4 ,a mod]n cele/ial globe is cov]$ ov] ) figures f pole to pole1 b ! majority ( ^! are ( q rec5t orig9 & belong to ! ,mod]n p]iod ( a/ronomy4 ,!y h be5 fram$ s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 & s9ce ! progress ( geographical discov]y br\ght m5 to "k ! s\!rn skies4 ,if ^! mod]n con/ellations are cle>$ (f1 & only ^? ( ,aratus & ,ptolemy suff]$ to rema91 x becomes at once evid5t t ! anci5t a/ronom]s 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! entire heav5s4 ,= !re is a l>ge space 9 ! s\?1 left free f all ! old con/ellations1 & no explanation1 :y x %\ld h be5 s left free1 is s simple & satisfactory z ! obvi\s "o1 t ! anci5t a/ronom]s did n map out ! />s 9 t region because !y nev] saw !m2 ^? />s nev] rose above _! horizon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,con/ellations ,,s\? ,,( ,,! ,,ecliptic4 ,?us at ! pres5t "t ! heav5s = an obs]v] 9 ,engl& are naturally divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,9 ! nor?1 r\nd ! pole-/> are a numb] ( con/ellations t nev] set2 !y :eel unceas+ly ar\nd ! pole4 ,on e f9e night we c see ! ,great ,be>1 ! ,little ,be>1 ! ,dragon1 ,cepheus & ,cassiopeia4 ,b ! />s 9 ! l>g] portion ( ! sky h _! ris+s & sett+s1 & ! seasons 9 :i* !y are visible or are )drawn f sight4 ,?us we see ,orion & ! ,pleiades & ,sirius 9 ! w9t]1 n 9 ! summ]1 b ! ,scorpion & ,sagitt>ius 9 ! summ]4 ,simil>ly !re is a ?ird portion ( ! heav5s :i* nev] comes )9 our range4 ,we nev] see ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 & h>dly any /> 9 ! great con/ellation ( ! ,%ip1 ?\gh ^! are v famili> to ,new ,zeal&]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,sph]e4 ,z5i? 99 99 99 99 ,nor? ,pole 99 99 ,/>s _/ 4 99 ,always 4 ,visible 4 _/ 4 ,visible _/ 4 ,hemisph]e _/ 4 _/ 4 _/ 4 _/ 4 _/ 7,e>? surface7 4 _/ 7,e>? surface7 ,s\? --------------------------------------- ,nor? _/ 4 ,cele/ial _/ 4 _/ ,equator ,invisible 4 _/ 4 _/ ,hemisph]e 4 _/ 4 ,/>s _/ 4 ,nev] 4 _/ ,visible _/ ,s\? ,pole ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,sph]e4 ,! outl9e ( ?is unmapp$ region mu/ !re=e correspond r\ghly to ! horizon ( ! place :]e ! con/ellations 7 orig9ally design$1 or at lea/ be r\ghly p>allel to x1 s9ce we may well suppose t />s :i* only rose two or ?ree degrees above t horizon might h be5 neglect$4 ,f ?is we le>n t ! con/ellations 7 design$ by p liv+ n v f> f ! #dj? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 n fur!r s\? ?an ! #cg? or #cf?4 ,?is is important1 z x %[s t !y did n orig9ate 9 anci5t ,egypt or ,india1 nor ev5 9 ! city ( ,babylon1 :i* is 9 latitude #cb-a_/b4aeg3a ,b ?is vacant space reveals ano!r fact ( ev5 m importance4 ,x gives u a h9t z to ! date :5 ! con/ellations 7 design$4 ,an obs]v] 9 nor? latitude #dj at ! pres5t "t w\ld be v f> f see+ all ! />s includ$ 9 ! =ty-eight con/ellations4 ,he w\ld see no?+ at all ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,alt>1 & a good deal ( t ( ! ,c5taur w\ld be hidd5 f him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s bright con/ellations1 su* z ! ,pho5ix & ! ,crane1 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 :i* w\ld come )9 8 range ( vision4 ,?is is due to :at is kn[n z precession2 a sl[ movem5t ( ! axis ^u :i* ! e>? rotates4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! pole ( ! heav5s seems to trace out a circle among/ ! />s :i* x takes #be1hjj ye>s to complete4 ,x is !re=e a matt] ( v simple calculation to f9d ! position ( ! s\? pole ( ! heav5s at any giv5 date1 pa/ or future1 & we f9d t ! c5tre ( ! unmapp$ space 0 ! s\? pole ( ! heav5s some?+ l #d1fjj ye>s ago1 t is to say ab\t #b1gjj ,b4,c4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n possible to fix ei!r "t or latitude v closely1 s9ce ! limits ( ! unmapp$ space are a a little vague4 ,b x is significant t if we take a cele/ial globe1 arrang$ s z to repres5t ! heav5s = ! "t #b1gjj ,b4,c41 & = nor? latitude #dj1 we f9d sev]al /rik+ relations4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! ,great ,dragon !n l9k$ toge!r ! nor? pole ( ! cele/ial equator1 & ! nor? pole ( ! ecliptic2 x 0 z ne>ly z possible symmetrical ) reg>d to ! two2 x occupi$ ! v cr[n ( ! heav5s4 ,) ! s+le exception ( ! ,little ,be>1 :i* x ne>ly surr\nds1 ! ,dragon 0 ! only con/ellation t nev] set4 ,next1 ! ,wat]-snake 7see diagram1 p4 #bjj7 lay at ?is "t "r along ! equator1 ext5d+ ov] #aje ( ,"r ,asc5sion2 or1 to put x less te*nically1 x took sev5 h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r to cross ! m]idian4 ,x cov]$ ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! equatorial belt4 ,?irdly1 ! int]section ( ! equator ) "o ( ! pr9cipal m]idians ( ! sky 0 m>k$ by ! ,s]p5t1 :i* is c>ri$ by ! ,s]p5t-hold] 9 a v peculi> mann]4 ,! m]idian at midnight at ! "t ( ! spr+ equ9ox is call$ a colure1--! autumnal colure1 because ! sun crosses x 9 autumn4 ,n[ ! ,s]p5t 0 s arrang$ z to be %[n wri?+ itself = "s di/ance along ! equator1 & !n /ruggl+ upw>ds1 along ! autumnal colure1 m>k+ ! z5i? ) its head4 ,! l[] "p ( ! autumnal colure 0 m>k$ by ! ,scorpion1 & ! foot ( ! ,s]p5t-hold] press$ d[n ! creature's head1 j :]e ! colure1 ! equator1 & ! ecliptic int]sect$ 7see diagram1 p4 #afd74 ,x is sc>cely conceivable t ?is f\rfold arrangem5t1 n sugge/$ by any natural gr\p+ ( ! />s1 %\ld h come ab\t by accid5t2 x mu/ h be5 int5tional4 ,= "s reason1 ! equator1 ! colure1 ! z5i? & ! poles 7 all m>k$ out by ^! s]p5t9e or draconic =ms4 ,! unmapp$ space gives u a clue only to ! date & latitude ( ! design+ ( ! mo/ s\!rly con/ellations4 ,we n[ see t a numb] ( ! nor!rn hold positions :i* 7 specially significant "u ! same conditions1 indicat+ t !y 7 design$ at ab\t ! same date4 ,!re is !re=e little room = d\bt t "s "t 9 ! e>li] half ( ! ?ird mill5nium be=e our era1 & some:]e betwe5 ! #cf? & #dj? p>allels ( nor? latitude1 ! con/ellations 7 design$1 sub/antially z we h !m n[1 ! s]p5t =ms be+ int5tionally plac$ 9 ^! positions ( great a/ronomical importance4 ,x w h be5 notic$ t ,ptolemy makes ! ,ram ! fir/ con/ellation ( ! zodiac4 ,x 0 s 9 8 days1 b x 0 ! ,bull t 0 ! orig9al lead]1 z we "k f a v>iety ( traditions2 ! sun at ! spr+ equ9ox be+ 9 ! c5tre ( t con/ellation ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,at ! "t :5 ! con/ellations 7 design$1 ! sun at ! spr+ equ9ox 0 ne> ,aldeb>an1 ! brighte/ /> ( ! ,bull2 at ! summ] sol/ice x 0 ne> ,regulus1 ! brighte/ /> ( ! ,lion2 at ! autumnal equ9ox x 0 ne> ,ant>es1 ! brighte/ /> ( ! ,scorpion2 at ! w9t] sol/ice x 0 ne> ,fomalhaut1 ! brighte/ /> 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,wat]p\r]4 ,^! f\r />s h come d[n to u ) ! "n ( ! ,royal ,/>s1 probably because !y 7 s ne> to ! f\r mo/ important po9ts 9 ! app>5t pa? ( ! sun among/ ! />s4 ,!re is also a celebrat$ passage 9 ! fir/ ( ,virgil's ,georgics :i* speaks ( ! :ite bull ) gold5 horns t op5s ! ye>4 ,s :5 ! ,mi?raic religion adopt$ sev]al ( ! con/ellation figures among/ its symbols1 ! ,bull z /&+ = ! spr+ equ9ox1 ! ,lion = ! summ] sol/ice1 7 ! two to :i* mo/ prom95ce 0 giv51 & !y are f\nd ?us us$ 9 ,mi?raic monum5ts z late z ! second or ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 long aft] ! ,ram _h be5 recogniz$ z ! lead+ sign4 ,x is n possible to pu% back ! orig9 ( ! con/ellations to an indef9ite antiquity4 ,!y _c at ! v outside be m ?an #ejjj ye>s old2 !y mu/ be consid]ably m ?an #djjj4 ,b dur+ ! :ole ( ?is mill5nium ! sun at ! spr+ equ9ox 0 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,bull4 ,!re is !re=e no possible d\bt t ! ,bull--& n ! ,tw9s nor ! ,ram--0 ! orig9al lead] ( ! zodiac4 ,! con/ellations1 !re=e1 7 design$ long be=e ! nation ( ,israel _h its orig91 inde$ be=e ,abraham left ,ur ( ! ,*aldees4 ,! mo/ probable date--#bgjj ,b4,c4--w\ld take u to a po9t a little be=e ! ,flood1 if we accept ! ,hebrew *ronology1 a few c5turies aft] ! ,flood1 if we accept ! ,septuag9t *ronology4 ,j z ! next great age ( a/ronomical activity1 :i* ,i h t]m$ ! ,classical1 began aft] ! close ( ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t scriptures1 s ! con/ellation age began be=e ! fir/ books ( ^? scriptures 7 compil$4 ,broadly speak+1 x may be said t ! k ( ! con/ellation figures 0 ! *ief asset ( a/ronomy 9 ! c5turies :5 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 be+ writt54 ,see+ t ! k ( ^! figures 0 pres]v$ 9 ,mesopotamia1 ! c\ntry f :i* ,abraham came out1 & t !y 7 9 exi/5ce long be=e 8 day1 x is n unreasonable to suppose t bo? he & 8 desc5dants 7 acqua9t$ ) !m1 & t :5 he & !y look$ upw>d to ! glories ( ! sil5t />s1 & recall$ ! promise1 ,s %all ?y se$ be1 !y pictur$ r\nd ^? glitt]+ po9ts ( light mu* ! same =ms t we connect ) !m to-day4 ,,footnotes3 #aeg3a ,delitzs* is1 !re=e1 9 error :5 he ass]ts t :5 we divide ! zodiac into twelve signs & /yle !m ! ,ram1 ,bull1 ,tw9s1 etc4 4 4 4 ! ,sum]ian-,babylonian culture is /ill liv+ & op]at+ ev5 at ! pres5t day 7,babel & ,bible1 p4 #fg74 ,! con/ellations may h be5 orig9ally design$ by ! ,akkadians1 b if s x 0 be=e !y came d[n f _! native highl&s into ! ,mesopotamian valley4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,g5esis ,,& ,,! ,,con/ellations ,z we h j %[n1 ! con/ellations evid5tly 7 design$ long be=e ! e>lie/ books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t receiv$ _! pres5t =m4 ,b ! fir/ n9e *apt]s ( ,g5esis give ! hi/ory ( ! _w be=e any date t we c assign to ! con/ellations1 & are cle>ly d]iv$ f v e>ly docum5ts or traditions4 ,:5 ! con/ellations are comp>$ ) ^? n9e *apt]s1 sev]al correspond5ces appe> betwe5 ! two2 rem>kable1 :5 x is borne 9 m9d h[ few are ! ev5ts t c be pla9ly set =? 9 a gr\p ( =ty-eight figures on ! "o h&1 & h[ cond5s$ are ! n>ratives ( ^? n9e *apt]s on ! o!r4 ,look at ! six s\!rn con/ellations 7see pp4 #afd1 #afe7 :i* 7 se5 dur+ ! nights ( spr+ 9 t di/ant "t4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! six is a great ,%ip re/+ on ! s\!rn horizon4 ,j above1 a ,rav5 is p]*$ on ! /ret*$-out body ( a reptile4 ,a figure ( a ,c5taur appe>s to h j left ! ,%ip1 & is repres5t$ z (f]+ up an animal on an ,alt>4 ,! animal is n[ %[n z a ,wolf1 b ,aratus1 our e>lie/ au?ority1 /ates t he did n "k :at k9d ( animal x 0 t 0 be+ ?us (f]$ up4 ,! cl\d ( smoke f ! ,alt> is repres5t$ by ! bright coil+ wrea?s ( ! ,milky ,way1 & "h 9 ! mid/ ( t cl\d is set ! ,b[--! b[ ( ,sagitt>ius1 ! ,ar*]4 ,is x possible t ?is c be m]e co9cid5ce1 or 0 x inde$ int5d$ z a memorial ( ! cov5ant :i* ,god made ) ,noah1 & ) 8 *ildr5 = ev]8--,i d set ,my b[ 9 ! cl\d1 & x %all be = a tok5 ( a cov5ant betwe5 ,me & ! e>?4 ,close by ?is gr\p 0 ano!r1 made up ( five con/ellations4 ,t[>ds ! s\?1 ne> midnight 9 spr+1 ! obs]v] 9 ^? anci5t times saw ! ,scorpion4 ,! figure ( a man 0 /&+ ^u t v5om\s bea/1 ) 8 left foot press$ firmly d[n ^u its head2 b ! scorpion's tail 0 curl$ up to /+ him 9 ! "r heel4 ,ophiu*us1 ! ,s]p5t-hold]1 ! man tread+ on ! ,scorpion1 d]ives 8 "n f ! ,s]p5t :i* he holds 9 8 h&s & /rangles2 ! ,s]p5t t1 z we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 m>k$ ! autumnal colure4 ,! head ( ,ophiu*us rea*$ ne>ly to ! z5i?1 & !re close to x 0 ! head ( ano!r h]o1 s close t to complete ! =m ( ! two heads ! same />s mu/ be us$ to "s ext5t twice ov]4 ,fac+ nor?1 ?is second h]o1 n[ kn[n to u z ,h]cules1 b to ,aratus simply z ! ,kneel]1 0 se5 kneel+ ) 8 foot on ! head ( ! great nor!rn ,dragon4 ,?is great conflict betwe5 ! man & ! s]p5t1 !re=e1 0 pres5t$ 9 a tw(old =m4 ,look+ s\? !re 0 ! picture ( ,ophiu*us trampl+ on ! scorpion & /rangl+ ! snake1 yet w\nd$ 9 ! heel by ! scorpion's /+2 look+ nor?1 ! correspond+ picture ( ! kneel+ figure ( ,h]cules tread+ d[n ! dragon's head4 ,"h !re seems an evid5t ref]5ce to ! ^w spok5 by ,god to ! s]p5t 9 ! g>d5 9 ,ed53 ,i w put enmity betwe5 !e & ! woman1 & betwe5 ?y se$ & h] ,se$2 ,x %all bruise ?y head1 & ?\ %alt bruise ,8 heel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,midnight ,,con/ellations ,,( ,,spr+1 ,b4,c4 #bgjj4 ,^! two gr\ps ( />-figures seem !re=e to po9t to ! two great promises made to mank9d & record$ 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis2 ! ,promise ( ! ,deliv]]1 ,:o1 ,se$ ( ! woman1 %\ld bruise ! s]p5t's head1 & ! promise ( ! ,b[ set 9 ! cl\d1 ! pl$ge t ! _w %\ld n aga9 be de/roy$ by a flood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,midnight ,,con/ellations ,,( ,,w9t]1 ,b4,c4 #bgjj4 ,"o or two o!r con/ellations appe>1 less di/9ctly1 to ref] to ! fir/ ( ^! two promises4 ,! ,virg91 ! woman ( ! zodiac1 c>ries 9 h] h& a bright />1 ! e> ( corn1 ! se$2 :il/1 imm$iately "u h]1 ! great ,wat]-snake1 ,hydra1 is drawn out at enorm\s l5g?1 go+ on its belly2 n wri?+ upw>ds l ! ,s]p5t1 nor tw9$ r\nd ! cr[n ( ! sky l ! ,dragon4 ,yet aga91 ! n>rative 9 ,g5esis tells u t ,god drove out ! man 7i4 e4 ,adam71 & ,he plac$ at ! ea/ ( ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 ! *]ubim1 & ! flame ( a sword :i* turn$ e way1 to keep ! way ( ! tree ( life4 ,no description is giv5 ( ! =m ( ! *]ubim 9 t passage1 b !y are fully describ$ by ,ezekiel1 :o saw !m 9 vision :5 he 0 by ! riv] ,*eb>1 z ! lik5ess ( f\r liv+ creatures4 ,! same be+s 7 also se5 9 vision by ,/4 ,john1 & are describ$ by him 9 ! ,apocalypse z f\r liv+ creatures 7,zoa74 ,! fir/ creature 0 l a lion1 & ! second creature l a calf1 & ! ?ird creature _h a face z ( a man1 & ! f\r? creature 0 l a fly+ eagle4 ,ezekiel gives a full] & m complex description1 b agree+ 9 its ess5tial elem5ts ) t giv5 by ! ,apo/le1 &1 at ! close ( "o ( ^! descriptions1 he adds1 ,?is is ! liv+ creature t ,i saw "u ! ,god ( ,israel by ! riv] ( ,*eb>2 & ,i knew t !y 7 *]ubim--no d\bt because z a prie/ he _h be5 famili> ) ! *]ubic =ms z !y 7 embroid]$ ^u ! curta9s ( ! ,temple1 & c>v$ ^u its walls & doors4 ,! same f\r =ms 7 se5 among/ ! con/ellation figures2 n plac$ at r&om among/ !m1 b z f> z possible 9 ! f\r mo/ important positions 9 ! sky4 ,= ! con/ellations 7 orig9ally s design$ t ! sun at ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice 0 9 ! middle ( ! con/ellation ,leo1 ! ,lion2 at ! "t ( ! spr+ equ9ox 9 ! middle ( ,taurus1 ! ,bull2 & at ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 9 ! middle ( ,aqu>ius1 ! ,man be>+ ! wat]pot4 ,! f\r? po9t1 t held by ! sun at ! autumnal equ9ox1 w\ld appe> to h be5 already assign$ to ! foot ( ! ,s]p5t-hold] z he cru%es d[n ! ,scorpion's head2 b a fly+ eagle1 ,aquila1 is plac$ z ne> ! equ9octial po9t z seems to h be5 consi/5t ) ! ample space t x 0 desir$ to give to ! emblems ( ! great conflict betwe5 ! ,deliv]] & ! ,s]p5t4 ,?us1 z 9 ! vision ( ,ezekiel1 s 9 ! con/ellation figures1 ! ,lion1 ! ,ox1 ! ,man1 & ! ,eagle1 /ood z ! uphold]s ( ! firmam5t1 z ! pill>s ( heav54 ,!y look$ d[n l wat*]s ^u all creation2 !y seem$ to gu>d ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! sky4 ,if we accept an old ,jewi% tradition1 ! con/ellations may likewise give u "s h9t ( an ev5t record$ 9 ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,= x has be5 suppos$ t ! great /ell> giant ,orion is none o!r ?an ,nimrod1 ! mighty hunt] be=e ! ,"l1 & ! f\nd] ( ! ,babylonian k+dom2 id5tifi$ by "s ,assyriologi/s ) ,m]oda*1 ! tutel>y deity ( ,babylon3 & by o!rs ) ,gilgame%1 ! tyrant ( ,ere*1 ^: exploits h be5 pres]v$ to u 9 ! great epic n[ kn[n by 8 "n4 ,possibly bo? id5tifications may prove to be correct4 ,m ?an "o ?ird ( ! con/ellation figures ?us appe> to h a close connection ) "s ( ! *ief incid5ts record$ 9 ! fir/ t5 *apt]s ( ,g5esis z hav+ tak5 place 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,if we include ! ,h>e & ! two ,dogs z adjuncts ( ,orion1 & ! ,cup z well z ! ,rav5 ) ,hydra1 !n no few] ?an tw5ty-two out ( ! =ty-eight are directly or indirectly s connect$4 ,b ! con/ellation figures only deal ) a v few isolat$ incid5ts1 & ^! are necess>ily su* z l5d !mselves to graphic repres5tation4 ,! po9ts 9 common ) ! ,g5esis n>rative are inde$ /rik+1 b ! po9ts ( indep5d5ce are no less /rik+4 ,! majority ( ! con/ellation figures d n appe> to ref] to any incid5ts 9 ,g5esis2 ! majority ( ! incid5ts 9 ! ,g5esis n>rative f9d no record 9 ! sky4 ,ev5 9 ! treatm5t ( incid5ts common to bo? !re are diff]5ces1 :i* make x impossible to suppose t ei!r 0 directly d]iv$ f ! o!r4 ,b x is cle> t :5 ! con/ellations 7 devis$1--t is to say1 r\ghly speak+1 ab\t #b1gjj ,b4,c41--! promise ( ! ,deliv]]1 ! ,se$ ( ! woman :o %\ld bruise ! s]p5t's head1 0 well kn[n & highly valu$2 s highly valu$ t a l>ge "p ( ! sky 0 devot$ to its commemoration & to t ( ! curse on ! s]p5t4 ,! /ory ( ! ,flood 0 also kn[n1 & especially ! cov5ant made ) ^? :o 7 sav$ 9 ! ark1 t ! _w %\ld n aga9 be de/roy$ by wat]1 ! tok5 ( :i* cov5ant 0 ! ,b[ set 9 ! cl\d4 ,! f\rfold *]ubic =ms 7 kn[n1 ! keep]s ( ! way ( ! tree ( life1 ! symbols ( ! pres5ce ( ,god2 & !y 7 set 9 ! f\r p>ts ( ! heav51 m>k+ x out z ! tab]nacle :i* ,he spreade? abroad1 = ,he dwelle? betwe5 ! *]ubim4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,deluge ,beside ! n>rative ( ! ,flood giv5 to u 9 ,g5esis1 & ! pictorial repres5tation ( x pres]v$ 9 ! /> figures1 we h ,deluge /ories f _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b 9 p>ticul> we h a v /rik+ "o f ,babylonia4 ,9 ! ,epic ( ,gilgame%1 already allud$ to1 ! elev5? tablet is devot$ to an int]view betwe5 ! h]o & ,pir-napi/im1 ! ,babylonian ,noah1 :o rec\nts to him h[ he & 8 family 7 sav$ at ! "t ( ! great flood4 ,?is ,babylonian /ory ( ! ,deluge /&s 9 q a diff]5t relation f ! ,babylonian /ory ( ,creation 9 its be>+ on ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,g5esis4 ,z we h already se51 ! /ories ( ,creation h practically no?+ 9 common2 ! /ories ( ! ,deluge h _m mo/ /rik+ po9ts ( resemblance1 & may reasonably be suppos$ to h _h a common orig94 ,pr(4 ,fri$ri* ,delitzs*1 9 8 celebrat$ lectures ,babel & ,bible1 ref]s to ?is ,babylonian ,deluge /ory 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,! ,babylonians divid$ _! hi/ory into two great p]iods3 ! "o be=e1 ! o!r aft] ! ,flood4 ,babylon 0 9 q a peculi> s5se ! l& ( deluges4 ,! alluvial l[l&s along ! c\rse ( all great riv]s dis*>g+ into ! sea are1 ( c\rse1 expos$ to t]rible floods ( a special k9d--cyclones & tornadoes accompani$ by e>?quakes & trem5d\s d[np\rs ( ra94 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! great cyclone & tidal wave :i* wreck$ ! ,sund]bunds at ! m\?s ( ! ,ganges 9 #ahgf1 :5 #bae1jjj p]sons met _! dea? by dr[n+1 ,pr(4 ,delitzs* goes on-- ,x is ! m]it ( ! celebrat$ ,vi5nese geologi/1 ,edu>d ,suess1 to h %[n t !re is an accurate description ( su* a cyclone1 l9e = l9e1 9 ! ,babylonian ,deluge /ory4 4 4 4 ,! :ole /ory1 precisely z x 0 writt5 d[n1 travell$ to ,canaan4 ,b1 ow+ to ! new & entirely diff]5t local conditions1 x 0 =gott5 t ! sea 0 ! *ief factor1 & s we f9d 9 ! ,bible two acc\nts ( ! ,deluge1 :i* are n only sci5tifically impossible1 b1 fur!rmore1 mutually contradictory--! "o assign+ to x a duration ( #cfe days1 ! o!r ( #dj 7#c x #g7 #fa days4 ,sci5ce is indebt$ to ,jean ,a/ruc1 t /rictly or?odox ,ca?olic physician ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 = recogniz+ t two fundam5tally diff]5t acc\nts ( a deluge h be5 work$ up into a s+le /ory 9 ! ,bible4#aga3a ,! importance ( ! ,babylonian ,deluge /ory does n re/ 9 any?+ intr9sic to itself1 = !re are _m deluge /ories pres]v$ by o!r nations q z int]e/+ & z well told4 ,x d]ives its importance f its po9ts ( resemblance to ! ,g5esis /ory1 & f ! d$uction t "s h drawn f ^! t x 0 ! orig9al ( t /ory--or r ( ! two /ories--t we f9d imp]fectly recomb9$ 9 ,g5esis4 ,! sugge/ion ( ,jean ,a/ruc t two fundam5tally diff]5t acc\nts ( a deluge h be5 work$ up into a s+le /ory 9 ! ,bible has be5 g5]ally accept$ by ^? :o h foll[$ him 9 ! m9ute analysis ( ! lit]>y /ructure ( ,holy ,scripture2 & ! names ( ! ,prie/ly ,n>rative & ( ! ,jehovi/ic ,n>rative h1 = ! sake ( di/9ctness1 be5 appli$ to !m4 ,! =m] is s call$ because ! *apt]s 9 ,exodus & ! two foll[+ books1 :i* treat ) p>ticul> m9ut5ess ( ! v>i\s c]emonial in/itutions ( ,israel1 are consid]$ to be by ! same writ]4 ,! latt] has receiv$ its "n f ! pref]5ce %[n by ! writ] = ! use1 z ! ,div9e "n1 ( ! ^w ,jehovah1--s spelt :5 giv5 9 our ,engli% v]sions1 b g5]ally translat$ ! ,,"l4 ,!re is a v close accord betwe5 diff]5t au?orities z to ! way 9 :i* ,g5esis1 *apt]s vi4-ix41 %\ld be allott$ to ^! two s\rces4 ,! foll[+ is ,dr4 ,driv]'s arrangem5t3-- ,,prie/ly ,,n>rative4 ,,jehovi/ic ,,n>rative4 ,*ap4 ,v]se4 ,*ap4 ,v]se4 ,g5esis vi4 #i-bb4 ,g5esis vii4 #a-e4 vii4 #f4 #g-aj4 #aa4 #ab4 #ac-af;a4 #af;b4 #ag;a4 #ag;b4 #ah-ba4 #bb-bc4 #bd4 viii4 #b;b-#c;a4 viii4 #a-b;a4 #f-ab4 #c;b-#e4 #ac;b4 #ac;a4 #bj-bb4 #ad-ai4 ix4 #a-ag4 ,! ,prie/ly n>rative !re=e tells u ! cause ( ! ,flood--t is to say1 ! corruption ( mank9d2 describes ! dim5sions ( ! ark1 & in/ructs ,noah to br+ ( e liv+ ?+ ( all fle%1 two ( e sort %alt ?\ br+ into ! ark1 to keep !m alive ) !e2 !y %all be male & female4 ,x fur!r supplies ! dates ( ! *ief occurr5ces dur+ ! ,flood1 /ates t ! wat]s prevail$ above ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 t :5 ! ,flood dim9i%$ ! ark re/$ ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,ar>at2 & gives ! acc\nt ( ,noah & 8 family go+ =? f ! ark1 & ( ! cov5ant :i* ,god made ) !m1 ( :i* ! tok5 0 to be ! b[ se5 9 ! cl\d4 ,! mo/ /rik+ notes ( ! ,jehovi/ic n>rative are1--! incid5t ( ! s5d+ out ( ! rav5 & ! dove2 ! acc\nt ( ,noah's sacrifice2 & ! di/9ction made betwe5 clean bea/s & bea/s t are n clean--! comm& to ,noah be+1 ,( e clean bea/ ?\ %alt take to !e by sev5s1 ! male & 8 female3 & ( bea/s t are n clean by two1 ! male & 8 female4 ,! significant po9ts ( di/9ction betwe5 ! two acc\nts are t ! ,prie/ly writ] gives ! description ( ! ark1 ! ,flood prevail+ above ! m\nta9s1 ! gr\nd+ on ,m\nt ,ar>at1 & ! b[ 9 ! cl\d2 ! ,jehovi/ic gives ! s5d+ out ( ! rav5 & ! dove1 & ! acc\nt ( ,noah's sacrifice1 :i* involves ! recognition ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! clean & unclean bea/s & ! m abundant provision ( ! =m]4 ,he also lays emphasis on ! ,"l's smell+ a sweet sav\r & promis+ nev] aga9 to smite ev]y?+ liv+1 = ! imag9ation ( man's he>t is evil f 8 y\?4 ,! *ief features ( ! ,babylonian /ory ( ! ,deluge are z foll[s3--,! ,god ,ae spoke to ,pir-napi/im1 ! ,babylonian ,noah-- ',de/roy ! h\se1 build a %ip1 ,leave :at ?\ ha/1 see to ?y life4 ,de/roy ! ho/ile & save life4 ,take up ! se$ ( life1 all ( x1 into ! mid/ ( ! %ip4 ,! %ip :i* ?\ %alt make1 ev5 ?\4 ,let its size be measur$2 ,let x agree z to its height & its l5g?4' ,! description ( ! build+ ( ! %ip seems to h be5 v m9ute1 b ! record is mutilat$1 & :at rema9s is difficult to translate4 ,z 9 ! ,prie/ly n>rative1 x is expressly m5tion$ t x 0 pit*$ )9 & )\t4 ,! n>rative proce$s 9 ! words ( ,pir-napi/im3-- ,all ,i possess$1 ,i collect$ x1 ,all ,i possess$ ,i collect$ x1 ( silv]2 ,all ,i possess$ ,i collect$ x1 ( gold2 ,all ,i possess$ ,i collect$ x1 ! se$ ( life1 ! :ole4 ,i caus$ to g up into ! mid/ ( ! %ip1 ,all my family & relatives1 ,! bea/s ( ! field1 ! animals ( ! field1 ! sons ( ! artific]s--all ( !m ,i s5t up4 ,! ,god v,samavs appo9t$ ! "t-- ,muir ,kukki--',9 ! night ,i w cause ! heav5s to ra9 de/ruction1 ,ent] into ! mid/ ( ! %ip1 & %ut ?y door4' ,t "t approa*$-- ,muir ,kukki--,9 ! night ! heav5s ra9$ de/ruction ,i saw ! appe>ance ( ! day3 ,i 0 afraid to look ^u ! day-- ,i ent]$ into ! mid/ ( ! %ip1 & %ut my door 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! appe>ance ( dawn 9 ! morn+1 ,!re arose f ! f\ndation ( heav5 a d>k cl\d3 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ day1 ! /orm8 4 4 4 4 ,swiftly x swept1 & 4 4 4 4 ,l a battle aga9/ ! p x s\ght4 ,bro!r saw n bro!r4 ,! p 7 n to be recogniz$4 ,9 heav5 ,! gods fe>$ ! flood1 & ,!y fl$1 !y asc5d$ to ! heav5 ( ,anu4 ,! gods k5nel$ l dogs1 cr\*$ d[n 9 ! enclosures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! gods _h cr\*$ d[n1 seat$ 9 lam5tation1 ,cov]$ 7 _! lips 9 ! assemblies1 ,six days & nights ,! w9d blew1 ! deluge & flood ov]:elm$ ! l&4 ,! sev5? day1 :5 x came1 ! /orm ceas$1 ! rag+ flood1 ,:i* _h cont5d$ l a :irlw9d1 ,quiet$1 ! sea %rank back1 & ! evil w9d & deluge end$4 ,i notic$ ! sea mak+ a noise1 ,& all mank9d _h turn$ to corruption4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i not$ ! regions1 ! %ore ( ! sea1 ,= twelve measures ! region arose4 ,! %ip _h /opp$ at ! l& ( ,nisir4 ,! m\nta9 ( ,nisir seiz$ ! %ip1 & w\ld n let x pass4 ,! fir/ day & ! second day ! m\nta9s ( ,nisir seiz$ ! %ip1 & w\ld n let x pass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sev5? day1 :5 x came ,i s5t =? a dove1 & x left2 ,! dove w5t1 x turn$ ab\t1 ,b !re 0 no re/+-place1 & x return$4 ,i s5t =? a swall[1 & x left1 ,! swall[ w5t1 x turn$ ab\t1 ,b !re 0 no re/+-place1 & x return$4 ,i s5t =? a rav51 & x left1 ,! rav5 w5t1 ! ru%+ ( ! wat]s x saw1 ,x ate1 x wad$1 x croak$1 x did n return4 ,i s5t =? 7! animals7 to ! f\r w9ds1 ,i p\r$ out a libation1 ,i made an (f]+ on ! peak ( ! m\nta91 ,sev5 & sev5 ,i set inc5se-vases !re1 ,9 _! dep?s ,i p\r$ cane1 c$>1 & rosewood 7874 ,! gods smell$ a sav\r2 ,! gods smell$ a sweet sav\r4 ,! gods ga!r$ l flies ov] ! sacrific]4 ,!n ! goddess ,srtu1 :5 %e came1 ,rais$ ! great signets t ,anu _h made at h] wi%3 ',^! gods--by ! lapis-/one ( my neck--let me n =get2 ,^! days let me rememb]1 nor =get !m = ev]6 ,let ! gods come to ! sacrifice1 ,b let n ,bl come to ! sacrifice1 ,= he did n take c\nsel1 & made a flood1 ,& consign$ my p to de/ruction4' ,!n ,bl1 :5 he came1 ,saw ! %ip4 ,& ,bl /ood /ill1 ,fill$ ) ang] on acc\nt ( ! gods & ! spirits ( heav54 ',:at1 has a s\l escap$8 ,let n a man be sav$ f ! de/ruction4' ,n9ip op5$ 8 m\? & spake4 ,he said to ! w>rior ,bl3 ',:o b ,ae has done ! ?+8 ,& ,ae kn[s e ev5t4' ,ae op5$ 8 m\? & spake1 ,he said to ! w>rior ,bl3 ',?\ sage ( ! gods1 w>rior1 ,v]ily ?\ ha/ n tak5 c\nsel1 & ha/ made a flood4 ,! s9n] has committ$ 8 s91 ,! evil-do] has committ$ 8 misde$1 ,be m]ciful--let him n be cut (f--yield1 let n p]i%4 ,:y ha/ ?\ made a flood8 ,let ! lion come1 & let m5 dim9i%4 ,:y ha/ ?\ made a flood8 ,let ! hy5a come1 & let m5 dim9i%4 ,:y ha/ ?\ made a flood8 ,let a fam9e happ51 & let ! l& be 787 ,:y ha/ ?\ made a flood8 ,let ,ura 7pe/il5ce7 come1 & let ! l& be 787'#agf3a ,( ! f\r records be=e u1 we c only date "o approximately4 ,! con/ellations1 z we h already se51 7 mapp$ out "s "t 9 ! ?ird mill5nium be=e our era1 probably n v f> f #bgjj ,b4,c4 ,:5 0 ! ,babylonian /ory writt58 ,does x1 itself1 af=d any evid5ce ( date8 ,x occurs 9 ! elev5? tablet ( ! ,epic ( ,gilgame%1 & ! !ory has be5 />t$ t z ,aqu>ius1 a wat]y con/ellation1 is n[ ! elev5? sign ( ! zodiac1 !re=e we h 9 ?is epic ( twelve tablets a s]ies ( sol> my?s f\nd$ ^u ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac1 ! elev5? giv+ u a leg5d ( a flood to correspond to ! /ream ( wat] :i* ! man 9 ,aqu>ius p\rs f 8 pit*]4 ,if ?is !ory be accept$ we c date ! ,epic ( ,gilgame% ) mu* c]ta9ty3 x mu/ be lat]1 probably mu* lat]1 ?an #gjj ,b4,c4 ,= x _c h be5 till ab\t t "t t ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ! zodiacal signs--t is to say ) ,aries z ! fir/ & ,aqu>ius z ! elev5?--c h be5 adopt$4 ,we h !n to all[ = ! gr[? ( a my?ology ) ! twelve signs z its motif4 ,_h ?is suppos$ s]ies ( zodiacal my?s orig9at$ be=e #gjj ,b4,c41 be=e ,aries 0 adopt$ z ! lead+ sign1 !n ! ,bull1 ,taurus1 w\ld h giv5 rise to ! my? ( ! fir/ tablet & ,aqu>ius to ! t5?1 n to ! elev5? :]e we f9d ! /ory ( ! flood4 ,assyriologi/s d n assign s late a date to ?is poem1 & x mu/ be not$ t ! !ory supposes1 n m]ely t ! tablet itself1 b t ! poem & ! s]ies ( my?s ^u :i* x 0 bas$1 7 all lat] 9 conception ?an #gjj ,b4,c4 ,"o conclusive indication ( its e>ly date is giv5 by ! position 9 ! pan!on ( ,ae & ,bl4 ,ae has n rec$$ into comp>ative insignificance1 nor has ,bl atta9$ to t full supremacy :i*1 z ,m]oda*1 he possesses 9 ! ,babylonian ,creation /ory4 ,we may !re=e put on "o side z an unsupport$ & un=tunate guess ! sugge/ion t ! ,epic ( ,gilgame% is ! sett+ =? ( a s]ies ( zodiacal my?s4 ,any leg5ds1 any my?ology1 any pan!on bas$ ^u ! zodiac mu/ necess>ily be m rec5t ?an ! zodiac2 any sy/em involv+ ,aries z ! fir/ sign ( ! zodiac mu/ be lat] ?an ! adoption ( ,aries z ! fir/ sign1 t is to say1 lat] ?an #gjj ,b4,c4 ,sy/ems aris+ be=e t date w\ld inevitably be bas$ ^u ,taurus z fir/ con/ellation4 ,we _c !n1 f a/ronomical relation%ips1 fix ! date ( ! ,babylonian /ory ( ! ,flood4 ,is x possible1 h[ev]1 to =m any e/imate ( ! comp>ative ages ( ! ,babylonian leg5d & ( ! two n>ratives giv5 9 ,g5esis1 or ( ei!r ( ^! two8 ,does ! ,babylonian /ory connect itself ) "o ( ! ,g5esis n>ratives r ?an ! o!r8 ,! significant po9ts 9 ! ,babylonian /ory are ^!3--! comm& to ,pir-napi/im to build a %ip1 ) detail$ directions2 ! great rise ( ! flood s t ev5 ! gods 9 ! heav5 ( ,anu fe>$ x2 ! detail$ dat+ ( ! duration ( ! flood2 ! /r&+ ( ! %ip on ! m\nta9 ( ,nisir2 ! s5d+ =? ( ! dove1 ! swall[1 & _! return2 ! s5d+ =? ( ! rav51 & its non-return2 ! sacrifice2 ! gods smell+ its sweet sav\r2 ! v[ ( remembrance ( ! goddess by ! lapis-/one necklace2 ! det]m9ation ( ! gods n to s5d a flood aga9 ^u ! e>?1 s9ce s9 is inevitable f ! s9n]4 ,to all ^! po9ts we f9d p>allels 9 ! acc\nt z giv5 9 ,g5esis4 ,b x is 9 ! ,prie/ly n>rative t we f9d ! directions = ! build+ ( ! %ip2 ! great preval5ce ( ! flood ev5 to ! height ( ! m\nta9s2 ! /r&+ ( ! %ip on a m\nta92 & ! b[ 9 ! cl\ds z a cov5ant ( remembrance--?is la/ be+ p]haps p>allel$ 9 ! ,babylonian /ory by ! mottl$ 7blue-&-:ite7 lapis necklace ( ! goddess :i* %e swore by z a remembranc]4 ,!re is !re=e manife/ connection ) ! n>rative told by ! ,prie/ly writ]4 ,b x is 9 ! ,jehovi/ic n>rative1 on ! o!r h&1 t we f9d ! s5d+ =? ( ! rav51 & its non-return2 ! s5d+ =? ( ! dove1 & its return2 ! sacrifice1 & ! sweet sav\r t 0 smell$ ( ! ,"l2 & ! det]m9ation ( ! ,"l n to curse ! e>? any m = man's sake1 nor smite any m e liv+ ?+1 = ! imag9ation ( man's he>t is evil f 8 y\?4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no less manife/ connection ) ! n>rative told by ! ,jehovi/ic writ]4 ,b ! n>rative told by ! writ] ( ! ,babylonian /ory is "o s+le acc\nt2 ev5 if x 7 a comb9ation ( two sep>ate traditions1 !y h be5 s completely fus$ t !y _c n[ be brok5 up s z to =m two di/9ct n>ratives1 ea* complete 9 itself4 ,! :ole /ory precisely z x 0 writt5 d[n travell$ to ,canaan1--s we are told4 ,& !re1--we are ask$ to believe1--two ,hebrew writ]s ( v diff]5t temp]am5ts & s*ools ( ?\ght1 ea* indep5d5tly work$ up a complete /ory ( ! ,deluge f ?is ,gilgame% leg5d4 ,!y *ose out diff]5t incid5ts1 "o select+ :at ! o!r reject$1 & vice v]sa1 s t _! two acc\nts 7 mutually contradictory4 ,!y agre$1 h[ev]1 9 cleans+ x f its poly!i/ic sett+1 & giv+ x a /rictly mono!i/ic tone4 ,lat]1 an editor put ! two n>ratives toge!r1 ) all _! inconsi/5cies & contradictions1 & int]lock$ !m into "o1 :i* pres5ts all ! ma9 features ( ! orig9al ,gilgame% /ory except its poly!ism4 ,9 o!r words1 two ,hebrew scribes ea* told 9 8 own way a "p ( ! acc\nt ( ! ,deluge :i* he _h d]iv$ f ,babylon1 & a ?ird unwitt+ly s recomb9$ !m z to make !m repres5t ! ,babylonian orig9al6 ,! two acc\nts ( ! ,deluge1 suppos$ to be pres5t 9 ,g5esis1 !re=e _c be d]iv$ f ! ,gilgame% epic1 nor be lat] ?an x1 see+ t :at is /ill pla9ly sep>able 9 ,g5esis is insep>ably fus$ 9 ! epic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c ! ,babylonian n>rative be lat] ?an1 & d]iv$ f1 ! ,g5esis acc\nt8 ,s9ce s _m ( ! same circum/ances are repres5t$ 9 bo?1 ?is is a m reasonable proposition1 if we assume t ! ,babylonian n>rator _h ! ,g5esis acc\nt z x n[ /&s1 & did n h to comb9e two sep>ate /atem5ts4 ,= surely if he _h ! sep>ate ,prie/ly & ,jehovi/ic n>ratives we %\ld n[ be able to decompose ! ,babylonian n>rative j z easily z we d ! "o 9 ,g5esis4 ,! ,babylonian adapt] ( ! ,g5esis /ory mu/ h ei!r be5 less a/ute ?an ourselves1 & did n p]ceive t he _h really two di/9ct 7& contradictory7 n>ratives to deal )1 or he did n consid] ?is circum/ance ( ! slighte/ importance1 & _h no objection to m]g+ !m inextricably into "o cont9u\s acc\nt4 ,x is !re=e possible t ! ,babylonian acc\nt 0 d]iv$ f t 9 ,g5esis2 b x is n probable4 ,! ma9 circum/ances are ! same 9 bo?1 b ! details1 ! pres5tm5t1 ! attitude ( m9d are v diff]5t4 ,we c bett] expla9 ! agreem5t 9 ! g5]al circum/ances1 & ev5 9 _m ( ! details1 by presum+ t bo? are acc\nts--g5u9e traditions--( ! same actual occurr5ce4 ,! diff]5ces 9 detail1 pres5tm5t1 & attitude1 are fully & suffici5tly expla9$ by suppos+ t we h traditions f two1 if n ?ree1 witnesses ( ! ev5t4 ,we h also ! pictorial repres5tation ( ! ,flood giv5 u 9 ! con/ellations4 ,:at evid5ce d !y supply8 ,"h ! significant po9ts are3 ! %ip gr\nd$ ^u a high rock2 ! rav5 above x1 eat+ ! fle% ( a /ret*$-out reptile2 a sacrifice (f]$ up by a p]son1 :o has issu$ =? f ! %ip1 ^u an alt>1 ^: smoke goes up 9 a cl\d1 9 :i* a b[ is set4 ,9 ?is gr\p+ ( pictures we h two *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,prie/ly n>rative1 9 ! %ip gr\nd$ on a rock1 & 9 ! b[ set 9 ! cl\d2 we h also two *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,jehovi/ic n>rative1 9 ! smok+ alt> ( sacrifice1 & 9 ! c>rion bird4 ,!re is !re=e manife/ connection betwe5 ! con/ellation gr\p+ & bo? ! n>ratives giv5 9 ,g5esis4 ,b ! con/ellational picture /ory is ! only "o ( all ^! n>ratives t we c date4 ,x mu/ h be5 design$--z we h se5--ab\t #bgjj ,b4,c4 ,! "q aga9 comes up = answ]4 ,7 ! ,g5esis & ,babylonian n>ratives1 any or all ( !m1 d]iv$ f ! pictur$ /ory 9 ! con/ellations2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ?is d]iv$ f any or all ( !m8 ,! con/ellations 7 mapp$ out ne> ! nor? latitude ( #dj1 f> to ! nor? ( ,babylonia1 s ! pictur$ /ory _c h come f !nce4 ,we d n "k :]e ! ,g5esis n>ratives 7 writt51 b if ! ,flood ( ! con/ellations 0 pictur$ f !m1 !n !y mu/ h be5 already unit$ into ! acc\nt t is n[ pres5t$ to u 9 ,g5esis1 v e>ly 9 ! ?ird mill5nium be=e ,*ri/4 ,c\ld ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis h be5 d]iv$ f ! con/ellations8 ,if x is a d\ble acc\nt1 mo/ decid$ly n2 s9ce ! pictur$ /ory 9 ! con/ellations is "o1 & pres5ts imp>tially ! *>act]i/ic features ( bo? ! n>ratives4 ,& 7z 9 comp>+ ! ,g5esis & ! ,babylonian n>ratives7 we see t ?\gh ! ma9 circum/ances are ! same--9 s f> z !y l5d !mselves to pictorial repres5tations--! details1 ! pres5tm5t1 ! attitude are diff]5t4 ,9 ! ,g5esis n>rative1 ! b[ set 9 ! cl\d is a ra9b[ 9 a cl\d ( ra92 9 ! con/ellation picture1 ! b[ set 9 ! cl\d is ! b[ ( an ar*]1 & ! cl\d is ! pill> ( smoke f (f ! alt> ( sacrifice4 ,9 ! n>ratives ( ,g5esis & ,babylonia1 ,noah & ,pir-napi/im are m53 no h9t is giv5 any:]e t by _! physical =m or con/itution !y 7 m>k$ (f f o!r m52 9 ! /ori$ picture1 he :o issues f ! %ip is a c5taur3 8 upp] "p is ! head & body ( a man1 8 l[] "p is ! body ( a horse4 ,z be=e1 !re is no d\bt t we c be/ expla9 ! agreem5t 9 circum/ance ( all ! n>ratives by presum+ t !y are indep5d5t acc\nts ( ! same hi/orical occurr5ce4 ,we c1 at ! same "t1 expla9 ! diff]5ces 9 /yle & detail betwe5 ! n>ratives by presum+ t ! orig9als 7 by m5 ( diff]5t qualities ( m9d :o ea* wrote z ! occurr5ce mo/ appeal$ to him4 ,! ,babylonian n>rator laid hold ( ! promise t1 ?\gh bea/1 or fam9e1 or pe/il5ce might dim9i% m51 a flood %\ld n aga9 sweep away e liv+ ?+1 & connect$ ! promise ) ! signets--! lapis necklace ( ! goddess ,srtu t %e t\*$ z a remembranc]4 ,! pictur] ( ! con/ellations saw ! pl$ge 9 ! smoke ( ! sacrifice1 9 ! _s ( ! words ( ! ,"l z giv5 by ,asaph1 ,ga!r ,my sa9ts toge!r unto me2 ^? t h made a cov5ant ) ,me by sacrifice4 ,! writ] 9 ,g5esis saw ! promise 9 ! ra9-cl\d1 = ! ra9b[ c only appe> ) ! %9+ ( ! sun4 ,! writ] 9 ,g5esis saw 9 ,noah a righte\s man1 wor?y to escape ! flood ( desolation t swept away ! wick$ness ar\nd2 !re is no explanation app>5t1 at lea/ on ! surface1 z to :y ! design] ( ! con/ellations made him1 :o issu$ f ! %ip & (f]$ ! sacrifice1 a c5taur--"o :o p>took ( two natures4 ,! comp>ison ( ! ,deluge n>ratives f ,g5esis1 f ! con/ellations1 & f ,babylonia1 pres5ts a cle> issue4 ,if all ! acc\nts are indep5d5t1 & if !re are two acc\nts int]m+l$ into "o 9 ,g5esis1 !n ! *ief facts pres5t$ 9 bo? p>ts ( t dual n>rative mu/ h be5 s int]m+l$ at an e>li] date ?an #bgjj ,b4,c4 ,! editor :o fir/ unit$ ! two /ories into "o mu/ h done 8 "w be=e t date4 ,b if ! acc\nts are n indep5d5t hi/ories1 & ! n>rative z we h x 9 ,g5esis is d]iv$ ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p f ,babylonia or f ! con/ellations--if1 9 %ort1 ! ,g5esis /ory came f a ,babylonian or a /ell> my?--!n we _c escape f ?is conclusion3 t ! n>rative 9 ,g5esis is n1 & nev] has be51 two sep>able portions2 t ! s*ol>s :o h s divid$ x h be5 entirely 9 error4 ,b we _c s lightly put on "o side ! :ole ( ! results :i* ! le>n+ & rese>* ( s _m s*ol>s h giv5 u 9 ! la/ c5tury-&-a-half4 ,we mu/ !re=e unhesitat+ly reject ! !ory t ! ,g5esis ,deluge /ory owes any?+ ei!r to /> my? or to ,babylonian my?ology4 ,& if ! ,g5esis ,deluge /ory is n s d]iv$1 c]ta9ly no o!r portion ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,,footnotes3 #aga3a ,babel & ,bible1 ,johns' translation1 pp4 #db-df4 #agf3a ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,hi/orical ,records ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 pp4 #ajb-ajg4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,tribes ,,( ,,israel ,,& ,,! ,,zodiac ,! e>lie/ ref]5ce 9 ,scripture to ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac occurs 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,joseph4 ,9 relat+ 8 second dream to 8 bre?r5 he said-- ,behold1 ,i h dream$ a dream m2 &1 behold1 ! sun & ! moon1 & ! elev5 />s made obeisance to me4 ,! ^w ,ko*ab 9 ! ,hebrew means bo? /> & con/ellation4 ,! significance1 !re=e1 ( ! ref]5ce to ! elev5 />s is cle>4 ,j z ,joseph's elev5 bre?r5 7 elev5 out ( ! twelve sons ( ,jacob1 s ,joseph saw elev5 con/ellations out ( ! twelve come & b[ d[n to him4 ,& ! twelve con/ellations c only mean ! twelve ( ! zodiac4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ! zodiac 9 "q 0 practically ! same z we h n[1 ! "o transmitt$ to u ?r\gh ,aratus & ,ptolemy4 ,x _h be5 design$ q a ?\s& ye>s e>li] ?an ! days ( ,joseph2 x 0 kn[n 9 ,mesopotamia f :5ce 8 ance/ors _h come2 x 0 kn[n 9 ,egypt2 t is to say x 0 kn[n on bo? sides ( ,canaan4 ,!re h be5 o!r zodiacs3 ?us ! ,*9ese h "o ( _! own3 b we h no evid5ce ( any zodiac1 except ! "o transmitt$ to u by ! ,greeks1 z hav+ be5 at any "t adopt$ 9 ,canaan or ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,!re is no ne$ to suppose t ea* ( ! bre?r5 _h a zodiacal figure already assign$ to him z a k9d ( armorial be>+ or device4 ,! dream 0 appropriate1 & p]fectly intelligible to ,jacob1 to ,joseph1 & 8 bre?r51 )\t suppos+ t any su* arrangem5t _h !n be5 made4 ,x is q true t !re are ,jewi% traditions assign+ a con/ellation to ea* ( ! tribes ( ,israel1 b x does n appe> t any su* traditions c be di/9ctly trac$ to a great antiquity1 & !y are mo/ly some:at indef9ite4 ,josephus1 = in/ance1 makes a vague ass]tion ab\t ! twelve preci\s /ones ( ! ,high ,prie/'s brea/-plate1 ea* ( :i* bore ! "n ( "o ( ! tribes1 connect+ !m ) ! signs ( ! zodiac3-- ,n[ ! names ( all ^? sons ( ,jacob 7 engrav5 9 ^! /ones1 :om we e/eem ! heads ( our tribes1 ea* /one hav+ ! hon\r ( a "n1 9 ! ord] accord+ to :i* !y 7 born4 4 4 4 ,& = ! twelve /ones :e!r we und]/& by !m ! mon?s1 or :e!r we und]/& ! l numb] ( ! signs ( t circle :i* ! ,greeks call ! ,zodiac1 we %all n be mi/ak5 9 _! mean+4#ahg3a ,b :il/ !re is no suffici5t evid5ce t ea* ( ! sons ( ,jacob _h a zodiacal figure = 8 coat-(-arms1 nor ev5 t ! tribes d]iv+ _! names f !m 7 s furni%$1 !re is /rong & h>moni\s tradition z to ! "* ( ! devices borne on ! /&>ds c>ri$ by ! f\r divisions ( ! ho/ 9 ! m>* ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,! f\r divisions1 or camps1 ea* conta9$ ?ree tribes1 & 7 kn[n by ! "n ( ! pr9cipal tribe 9 ea*4 ,! camp ( ,judah 0 on ! ea/1 & ! division ( ,judah l$ on ! m>*4 ,! camp ( ,reub5 0 on ! s\?4 ,! camp ( ,ephraim 0 on ! we/4 ,! camp ( ,dan 0 on ! nor?1 & ! division ( ,dan br\ght up ! re>4 ,& ! traditional devices %[n on ! f\r /&>ds 7 ^!3--,= ,judah1 a lion2 = ,reub51 a man & a riv]2 = ,ephraim1 a bull2 = ,dan1 an eagle & a s]p5t4 ,9 ^! f\r /&>ds we _c fail to see aga9 ! f\r *]ubic =ms ( lion1 man1 ox & eagle2 b 9 two cases an addition 0 made to ! *]ubic =m1 an addition recall+ ! con/ellation figure4 ,= j z ! cre/ ( ,reub5 0 n a man only1 b a man & a riv]1 s ,aqu>ius is n a man only1 b a man p\r+ out a /ream ( wat]4 ,& z ! cre/ ( ,dan 0 n an eagle only1 b an eagle & a s]p5t1 s ! great gr\p ( con/ellations1 clu/]+ r\nd ! autumnal equ9ox1 includ$ n only ! ,eagle1 b also ! ,scorpion & ! ,s]p5t 7see diagram1 p4 #ahi74 ,!re appe>s to be an obvi\s connection betwe5 ^! devices & ! bless+s pron\nc$ by ,jacob ^u 8 sons1 & by ,moses ^u ! tribes2 inde$1 x w\ld seem probable t x 0 ! =m] t l>gely det]m9$ ! *oice ( ! devices adopt$ by ! f\r great divisions ( ! ho/ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! bless+ pron\nc$ by ,jacob on ,judah runs1 ,judah is a lion's :elp3 f ! prey1 my son1 ?\ art gone up3 he /oop$ d[n1 he c\*$ z a lion1 & z an old lion2 :o %all r\se him up8 ,! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah is ! title giv5 to our ,"l ,himself 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ophiu*us ,,& ,,! ,,neighb\r+ ,,con/ellations4 ,! bless+ pron\nc$ ^u ,joseph by ,moses be>s z emphatic a ref]5ce to ! bull4 ,! fir/l+ ( 8 bullock1 maje/y is 82 & 8 horns are ! horns ( ! wild-ox4 ,jacob's bless+ ^u ,joseph does n %[ any ref]5ce to ! ox or bull 9 our ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion4 ,b 9 our ,revis$ ,v]sion ,jacob says ( ,simeon & ,levi-- ,9 _! ang] !y slew a man1 ,& 9 _! self-w !y h\gh$ an ox4 ,! fir/ l9e appe>s to ref] to ! massacre ( ! ,%e*emites2 ! second is int]pret$ by ! ,j]usalem ,t>gum1 ,9 _! wilfulness !y sold ,joseph _! bro!r1 :o is lik5$ to an ox4 ,& 9 ! bless+ ( ,joseph x is said t 8 bran*es 7m>g91 daught]s71 run ov] ! wall4 ,"s translators h r5d]$ ?is1 ,! daught]s walk ^u ! bull1 wall & bull be+ only di/+ui%able 9 ! orig9al by a slight diff]5ce 9 ! po9t+4 ,( ,reub51 8 fa!r said1 ,un/able z wat]1 ?\ %alt n excel2 & ( ,dan1 ,dan %all be a s]p5t by ! way1 an add] 9 ! pa?1 t bite? ! horse heels1 s t 8 rid] %all fall backw>d4 ,^! two la/ prophecies supply ! wat] & ! s]p5t1 :i*1 add$ to ! man & eagle ( ! *]ubic =ms1 are ne$$ to complete ! traditional /&>ds1 & are ne$$ also to make !m con=m m closely to ! con/ellation figures4 ,no su* correspond5ce c be trac$ betwe5 ! eight rema9+ tribes & ! eight rema9+ con/ellations4 ,diff]5t writ]s comb9e !m 9 diff]5t ways1 & ! allusions to con/ellation figures 9 ! bless+s ( ^? tribes are 9 mo/ cases v d\btful & obscure1 ev5 if x c be suppos$ t any su* allusions are pres5t at all4 ,! connection _c be pu%$ safely beyond ! f\r *ief tribes1 & ! f\r *]ubic =ms z repres5t$ 9 ! con/ellations ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! sky4 ,^! f\r /&>ds1 or r1 ?ree ( !m1 meet u aga9 9 a v int]e/+ connection4 ,:5 ,israel rea*$ ! bord]s ( ,moab1 ,balak1 ! k+ ( ,moab1 s5t = a se] ( great reputation1 ,balaam1 ! son ( ,beor1 to ,come1 curse me ,jacob1 & come1 defy ,israel4 ,balaam came1 b in/ead ( curs+ ,jacob1 bless$ ! p 9 f\r prophecies1 :]e9 he made1 :at w\ld appe> to be1 di/9ct ref]5ces to ! /&>ds ( ,judah1 ,joseph & ,reub54 ,behold ! p rise? up z a lioness1 ,& z a lion do? he lift himself up4 ,!n aga9-- ,he c\*$1 he lay d[n z a lion1 ,& z a lioness2 :o %all r\se him up8 ,& 9 two passages-- ,god br+e? him =? out ( ,egypt2 ,he ha? z x 7 ! /r5g? ( ! wild ox4 ,! wild ox & lion are obvi\s similes to use conc]n+ a p[]ful & w>like p4 ,^! two similes are1 !re=e1 n suffici5t by !mselves to prove t ! tribal /&>ds are be+ ref]r$ to4 ,b ! o!rwise enigmatical v]se-- ,wat] %all fl[ f 8 buckets1 appe>s m expressly z an allusion to ! /&>d ( ,reub51 ! man ) ! riv]1 ,aqu>ius p\r+ wat] f 8 pit*]2 & if "o be a ref]5ce to a /&>d1 ! o!rs may also well be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aqu>ius ,,& ,,! ,,neighb\r+ ,,con/ellations4 ,x is surely some?+ m ?an co9cid5ce t ,joseph1 :o by 8 fa!r's fav\r & 8 own m]it 0 made ! lead] ( ! twelve bre?r51 %\ld be associat$ ) ! bull or wild ox1 see+ t ,taurus 0 ! lead] ( ! zodiac 9 ^? ages4 ,x may also well be m ?an co9cid5ce1 t :5 ,moses 0 9 ! m\nt & ! p ga!r$ !mselves unto ,a>on1 & said unto him1 ,up1 make u gods1 :i* %all g be=e u2 = z = ?is ,moses1 ! man t br\ght u up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 we wot n :at is become ( him1 ,a>on fa%ion$ ! gold5 e>r+s giv5 him into ! =m ( a molt5 calf2 into ! similitude1 t is to say1 ( ,taurus1 !n ,pr9ce ( ! ,zodiac4 ,if we turn to ,/4 ,/eph5's ref]5ce to ?is occurr5ce1 we f9d t he says-- ,& !y made a calf 9 ^? days1 & (f]$ sacrifice unto ! idol1 & rejoic$ 9 ! works ( _! own h&s4 ,!n ,god turn$1 & gave !m up to wor%ip ! ho/ ( heav54 ,9 o!r words1 _! wor%ip ( ! gold5 calf 0 /> wor%ip4 ,x has be5 (t5 po9t$ out t ?is s9 ( ! ,israelites1 deep z x 01 0 n 9 itself a brea* ( ! fir/ comm&m5t-- ,?\ %alt h no o!r gods be=e me4 ,x 0 a brea* ( ! second-- ,?\ %alt n make unto !e any grav5 image1 or any lik5ess ( any?+ t is 9 heav5 above1 or t is 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 or t is 9 ! wat] "u ! e>?3 ?\ %alt n b[ d[n ?yself to !m nor s]ve !m4 ,! ,israelites did n conceive t !y 7 ab&on+ ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah2 !y /ill consid]$ !mselves z wor%ipp+ ! "o true ,god4 ,!y 7 mono!i/s /ill1 n poly!i/s4 ,b !y _h tak5 ! fir/ false /ep t inevitably leads to poly!ism2 !y _h =gott5 t !y _h se5 no mann] ( similitude on ! day t ! ,"l spake unto !m 9 ,horeb out ( ! mid/ ( ! fire1 & !y _h wor%ipp$ ?is gold5 calf z ! similitude ( ,god2 !y _h *ang$ _! glory into ! similitude ( an ox t eate? grass4 ,& t 0 treason aga9/ ,him2 !re=e ,/4 ,/eph5 said1 ,god turn$1 & gave !m up to wor%ip ! ho/ ( heav52 ! "o s9 inevitably l$ to ! o!r1 inde$1 involv$ x4 ,9 a lat] day1 :5 ,j]oboam1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ by ,solomon rul] ov] all ! *>ge ( ! h\se ( ,joseph1 l$ ! rebellion ( ! t5 tribes aga9/ ,rehoboam1 k+ ( ,judah1 he set up gold5 calves at ,dan & ,be!l1 & said unto 8 p1 ,x is too mu* = y to g up to ,j]usalem3 behold ?y gods1 ,o ,israel1 :i* br\ght !e up out ( ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,!re c be little d\bt t1 9 ?is case1 ,j]oboam 0 n s mu* recall+ ! transgression 9 ! wild]ness--x 0 n an enc\rag+ prec$5t--z he 0 adopt+ ! well-kn[n cognizance ( ! tribe ( ,joseph1 t is to say1 ( ! two tribes ( ,ephraim & ,manasseh1 :i* toge!r made up ! m important "p ( 8 k+dom1 z ! symbol ( ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah4 ,! s\!rn k+dom w\ld naturally adopt ! device ( its pr$om9ant tribe1 ,judah1 & x 0 z ! und\bt$ cognizance ( ! k+dom ( ,judah t our ,ri*>d ,i41 ! ,crusad]1 plac$ ! ,lion on 8 %ield4 ,m def9itely /ill1 we f9d ?is "o ( ! *]ubic =ms appli$ to set =? ,*ri/ ,himself1 z ,! ,root ( ,david1 ,pr9ce ( ! h\se ( ,judah-- ,behold1 ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,juda1 ! ,root ( ,david1 ha? prevail$ to op5 ! book1 & to loose ! sev5 seals !re(4 ,,footnotes3 #ahg3a ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 ,,iii4 vii4 #e-g4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,levia?an ,!re are among/ ! con/ellations f\r great draconic or s]p5t-l =ms4 ,*ief ( ^! is ! great dragon coil$ r\nd ! pole ( ! ecliptic & ! pole ( ! equator z ! latt] 0 obs]v$ "s #dfjj ye>s ago4 ,?is is ! dragon ) :i* ! ,kneel]1 ,h]cules1 is fight+1 & ^: head he presses d[n ) 8 foot4 ,! second is ! great wat]snake1 ,hydra1 :i* #dfjj ye>s ago /ret*$ = #aje along ! cele/ial equator ( t day4 ,its head 0 direct$ t[>ds ! asc5d+ node1 t is to say ! po9t :]e ! ecliptic1 ! sun's app>5t pa?1 crosses ! equator at ! spr+ equ9ox2 & its tail /ret*$ ne>ly to ! desc5d+ node1 ! po9t :]e ! ecliptic aga9 meets ! equator at ! autumn equ9ox4 ,! ?ird 0 ! ,s]p5t1 ! "o held 9 ! grip ( ! ,s]p5t-hold]4 ,its head erect$ itself j above ! autumn equ9ox1 & rea*$ up z f> z ! z5i?2 its tail lay along ! equator4 ,! f\r? ( ^! draconic =ms 0 ! great ,sea-mon/]1 /ret*$ out along ! horizon1 ) a d\ble riv]--,eridanus--proce$+ f x1 j bel[ ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]cules ,,& ,,draco4 ,none ( ^! f\r figures 0 sugge/$ by ! natural gr\p+ ( ! />s4 ,v few ( ! con/ellation-figures 7 s sugge/$1 & ^! f\r 9 p>ticul>1 z s high an au?ority z ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli expressly po9ts out1 7 n among/ t few4 ,_! positions %[ t !y 7 design$ "s #dfjj ye>s ago1 & t !y h n be5 mat]ially alt]$ d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,?\gh no =ms or semblances ( =ms are !re 9 ! heav5s1 yet we /ill seem to see1 z we look upw>ds1 n m]ely ! />s !mselves1 b ! same snakes & dragons1 fir/ imag9$ s _m ages ago z coil+ among/ !m4 ,! tradition ( ^! s]p5t9e =ms & ( _! peculi> plac+ 9 ! heav5s 0 curr5t among ! ,babylonians q #aejj ye>s aft] ! con/ellations 7 devis$4 ,= ! little b\nd>y /ones (t5 display1 among/ _m o!r a/ronomical symbols1 ! coil$ dragon r\nd ! top ( ! /one1 ! ext5d$ snake at its base 7see p4 #cah71 & at "o or o!r corn] ! s]p5t b5t into a "r angle l t borne by ! ,s]p5t-hold]--t is to say1 ! ?ree out ( ! f\r s]p5t9e =ms t hold a/ronomically important positions 9 ! sky4 ,! positions held by ^! ?ree s]p5ts or dragons h giv5 rise to a significant set ( a/ronomical t]ms4 ,! ,dragon m>k$ ! poles ( bo? ecliptic & equator2 ! ,wat]snake m>k$ ! equator almo/ f node to node2 ! ,s]p5t m>k$ ! equator at "o ( ! nodes4 ,! ,dragon's ,head & ! ,dragon's ,tail !re=e h be5 tak5 z a/ronomical symbols ( ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ nodes ( ! sun's app>5t pa?--! po9ts :]e he seems to asc5d above ! equator 9 ! spr+1 & to desc5d bel[ x aga9 9 ! autumn4 ,! moon's orbit likewise int]sects ! app>5t pa? ( ! sun 9 two po9ts1 its two nodes2 & ! int]val ( "t betwe5 its passage ?r\gh "o ( ^! nodes & its return to t same node aga9 is call$ a ,draconic mon?1 a mon? ( ! ,dragon4 ,! same symbols are appli$ by analogy to ! moon's nodes4 ,inde$ ! ,dragon's ,head1 symbol1 is ! g5]al sign = ! asc5d+ node ( any orbit1 :e!r ( moon1 planet or comet1 & ! ,dragon's ,tail1 symbol1 = ! desc5d+ node4 ,we n only use ^! signs 9 a/ronomical works to-day1 b ! latt] sign frequ5tly occurs1 figur$ exactly z we figure x n[1 on ,babylonian b\nd>y /ones #cjjj ye>s old4 ,b an eclipse ei!r ( ! sun or ( ! moon c only take place :5 ! latt] is ne> "o ( its two nodes--is 9 ! ,dragon's ,head or 9 ! ,dragon's ,tail4 ,?is relation might be briefly express$ by say+ t ! ,dragon--t is ( ! nodes--causes ! eclipse4 ,h5ce ! num]\s my?s1 f\nd 9 s _m nations1 :i* relate h[ a dragon dev\rs ! sun 7or moon7 at ! "t ( an eclipse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hydra ,,& ,,! ,,neighb\r+ ,,con/ellations4 ,! dragon ( eclipse f9ds its way into ,h9doo my?ology 9 a =m :i* %[s cle>ly t ! my? arose f a misund]/&+ ( ! con/ellations4 ,! equatorial ,wat]-snake1 /ret*+ f "o node ne>ly to ! o!r1 has re/+ ^u x1 ,crat]1 ! ,cup4 ,comb9+ ?is ) ! expression = ! two nodes1 ! ,h9du my? has tak5 ! foll[+ =m4 ,! gods *urn$ ! surface ( ! sea to make ! ,amrita ,cup1 ! cup ( ! wat] ( life4 ,& :ile ! gods 7 dr9k+ t nect> aft] :i* !y _h s mu* hank]$1 a ,danava1 nam$ ,rahu1 0 dr9k+ x 9 ! guise ( a god4 ,& :5 ! nect> _h only rea*$ ,rahu's ?roat1 ! sun & ! moon discov]$ him1 & communicat$ ! fact to ! gods4 ,rahu's head 0 at once cut (f1 b1 z ! nect> _h rea*$ ?us f>1 x 0 immortal1 & rose to ! sky4 ,f t "t ha? aris5 a long-/&+ qu>rel betwe5 ,rahu's head & ! sun & moon1 & ! head swall[s !m f "t to "t1 caus+ eclipses4 ,rahu's head m>ks ! asc5d+1 ,ketu1 ! tail1 ! desc5d+ node4 ,?is my? is v in/ructive4 ,be=e x c\ld h aris51 n only mu/ ! con/ellations h be5 mapp$ out1 & ! equator & ecliptic bo? recogniz$1 b ! incl9ation ( ! moon's orbit to t ( ! sun mu/ also h be5 recogniz$1 toge!r ) ! fact t x 0 only :5 ! moon 0 ne> its node t ! eclipses1 ei!r ( ! sun or moon1 c\ld take place4 ,9 o!r words1 ! cause ( eclipses mu/ h be5 at "o "t und]/ood1 b t k mu/ h be5 aft]w>ds lo/4 ,we h se5 already1 9 ! *apt] on ,! ,deep1 t ! ,hebrew idea ( tehom c\ld n possibly h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,babylonian my? ( ,tiamat1 s9ce ! k ( ! natural object mu/ prec$e ! my? f\nd$ ^u x4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,g54 i4 & ! ,babylonian /ory ( ,creation be connect$1 ! "o z orig9al1 ! o!r z d]iv$ f t orig9al1 x is ! ,babylonian /ory t has be5 borr[$ f ! ,hebrew1 & x has be5 degrad$ 9 ! borr[+4 ,s 9 ?is case1 ! my? ( ! ,dragon1 ^: head & tail cause eclipses1 mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f a corruption & misund]/&+ ( a v e>ly a/ronomical a*ievem5t4 ,! my? is evid5ce ( k lo/1 ( sci5ce on ! d[n-grade4 ,"s may object t ! my? may h br\ght ab\t ! conception ( ! draconic con/ellations4 ,a v little reflection w %[ t su* a ?+ 0 impossible4 ,if ! sup]/ition t an eclipse is caus$ by an invisible dragon swall[+ ! sun or moon _h really be5 ! orig9 ( ! con/ellational dragons1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h all be5 put 9 ! zodiac1 ! only region ( ! sky :]e sun or moon c be f\nd2 n outside x1 :]e nei!r c ev] come1 & 9 consequ5ce :]e no eclipse c take place4 ,nor c\ld su* a sup]/ition h l$ on to ! discov]ies above-m5tion$3 t ! moon caus$ eclipses ( ! sun1 ! e>? ^? ( ! moon2 t ! moon's orbit 0 incl9$ to ! ecliptic1 & t eclipses took place only ne> ! nodes4 ,! idea ( an unse5 spiritual ag5t be+ at "w w\ld prev5t any se>* = a physical explanation1 s9ce poly!ism is necess>ily oppos$ to sci5ce4 ,!re is a ^w us$ 9 ,scripture to d5ote a reptilian mon/]1 :i* appe>s 9 "o in/ance at lea/ to ref] to ?is dragon ( eclipse1 & s to be us$ 9 an a/ronomical s5se4 ,job1 9 8 fir/ outbur/ ( grief curs$ ! day 9 :i* he 0 born1 & cri$-- ,let !m curse x t curse ! day1 ,:o are ready 7m>g91 skilful7 to r\se up ,levia?an4 ,let ! />s ( ! twilight !re( be d>k ,let x look = light1 b h none2 ,nei!r let x behold ! eyelids ( ! morn+4 ,levia?an d5otes an animal wrea!d1 ga!r+ itself 9 coils3 h5ce a s]p5t1 or "s great reptile4 ,! description 9 ,job xli4 is evid5tly t ( a mighty crocodile1 ?\gh 9 ,psalm civ4 levia?an is said to play 9 ! great & wide sea1 :i* has rais$ a difficulty z to its id5tification 9 ! m9ds ( "s comm5tators4 ,9 ! pres5t passage x is suppos$ to mean "o ( ! /ell> dragons1 & h5ce ! my?ical dragon ( eclipse4 ,job desir$ t ! day ( 8 bir? %\ld h be5 curs$ by ! magicians1 s t x _h be5 a day ( complete & entire eclipse1 n ev5 ! />s t prec$$ its dawn be+ all[$ to %9e4 ,! a/ronomical use ( ! ^w levia?an "h r5d]s x possible t !re may be 9 ,isa4 xxvii4 an allusion--q second>y & indirect h[ev]--to ! *ief /ell> dragons4 ,9 t day ! ,"l ) ,8 sore & great & /rong sword %all puni% levia?an ! pi]c+ s]p5t1 ev5 levia?an t crook$ s]p5t2 & ,he %all slay ! dragon t is 9 ! sea4 ,! m>g9al read+ gives u in/ead ( pi]c+1 cross+ l a b>2 a mo/ descriptive epi!t = ! long-drawn-out con/ellation ( ,hydra1 ! ,wat]-snake1 :i* /ret*$ itself = "o hundr$ & five degrees along ! primitive equator1 & cross$ ! m]idian l a b> = sev5 h\rs out ( e tw5ty-f\r4 ,! crook$ s]p5t w\ld d5ote ! dragon coil$ ar\nd ! poles1 :il/ ! dragon :i* is 9 ! sea w\ld naturally ref] to ,cetus1 ! ,sea-mon/]4 ,! prophecy w\ld mean !n1 t 9 t day ! ,"l w de/roy all ! p[]s ( evil :i* h1 z x 71 laid hold ( ! *ief places1 ev5 9 ! heav5s4 ,9 "o passage ! crook$ s]p5t1 "h us$ z a synonym ( levia?an1 di/9ctly po9ts to ! dragon ( ! con/ellations4 ,9 ,job's la/ answ] to ,bildad ! ,%uhite1 he says-- ,he divide? ! sea ) ,8 p[]1 ,& by ,8 und]/&+ ,he smite? ?r\gh ! pr\d4 7,r4,v4 ,rahab47 ,by ,8 _s ,he ha? g>ni%$ ! heav5s2 ,8 h& ha? =m$ ! crook$ s]p5t4 ,! passage gives a good example ( ! p>allelism ( ,hebrew poetry2 ! repetition ( ! sev]al t]ms ( a /atem5t1 t]m by t]m1 9 a slightly modifi$ s5se2 a rhyme1 if ! expression may be us$1 n ( s\nd1 b ( signification4 ,?us 9 ! f\r v]ses j quot$1 we h ?ree t]ms 9 ea*--ag5t1 action1 object2--ea* appe>s 9 ! fir/ /atem5t1 ea* appe>s likewise 9 ! second4 ,! ?ird /atem5t1 9 l mann]1 has its ?ree t]ms repeat$ 9 a v>i$ =m 9 ! f\r?4 ,?us-- ,8 p[] ,8 und]/&+4 ,divide? ,smite? ?r\gh4 ,! sea ,rahab 7! pr\d74 ,&-- ,8 _s ,8 h&4 ,ha? g>ni%$ ,ha? =m$4 ,! heav5s ,! crook$ s]p5t4 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! significance ( ! two p>allels4 ,9 ! fir/1 divid+ ! sea1 i4 e4 ! ,r$ ,sea1 is ! correlative ( smit+ ?r\gh ,rahab1 ! pr\d "o1 ! "n (t5 appli$ to ,egypt1 z 9 ,isa4 xxx4 #g3 ,= ,egypt helpe? 9 va91 & to no purpose3 !re=e h ,i call$ h] ,rahab t sitte? /ill4 ,9 ! second1 adorn+ ! heav5s is ! correlative ( =m+ ! crook$ s]p5t4 ,! great con/ellation ( ! wri?+ dragon1 emphatically a crook$ s]p5t1 plac$ at ! v cr[n ( ! heav5s1 is set = all ! con/ellations ( ! sky4 ,!re are sev]al ref]5ces to ,rahab1 z ! dragon :i* is 9 ! sea1 all cle>ly ref]r+ to ! k+dom ( ,egypt1 p]sonifi$ z "o ( h] own crocodiles ly+-9-wait 9 h] own riv]1 ! ,nile1 or transf]r$1 by a figure ( spee*1 to ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i* =m$ h] ea/]n bord]4 ,?us 9 *apt] li4 ,isaiah apo/rophizes ! arm ( ! ,"l4 ,art ,?\ n ,x t cut ,rahab 9 pieces1 ,t pi]c$ ! dragon8 ,art ,?\ n ,x t dri$ up ! sea1 ,! wat]s ( ! great deep2 ,t made ! dep?s ( ! sea a way = ! r$eem$ to pass ov]8 ,& 9 ,psalm lxxxix4 we h-- ,?\ rule/ ! rag+ ( ! sea2 ,:5 ! waves !re( arise ,?\ /ille/ !m4 ,?\ ha/ brok5 ,rahab 9 pieces z "o t is sla91 ,?\ ha/ scatt]$ ,?9e enemies ) ,?y /rong arm4 ,s ! prophet ,ezekiel is direct$-- ,son ( man1 take up a lam5tation = ,ph>aoh1 k+ ( ,egypt1 & say unto him1 ?\ wa/ lik5$ unto a "y lion ( ! nations3 yet art ?\ z a dragon 9 ! seas4 ,9 all ^! passages x is only 9 an indirect & second>y s5se t we c see any con/ellational ref]5ces 9 ! v>i\s descriptions ( ! dragon t is 9 ! sea4 ,x is ! crocodile ( ,egypt t is int5d$2 ,egypt ! great oppressor ( ,israel1 & "o ( ! great p[]s ( evil1 /&+ z a repres5tative ( !m all4 ,! s]p5t or dragon =ms 9 ! con/ellations also repres5t$ ! p[]s ( evil2 especially ! great enemy ( ,god & man1 ! dragon1 t old s]p5t1 :i* is ! ,devil1 & ,satan4 ,s !re is "s am\nt ( appropriat5ess to ! wat]y dragons ( ! sky--,hydra & ,cetus--9 ^! descriptions ( ,rahab1 ! dragon ( ,egypt1 )\t !re be+ any direct ref]5ce4 ,?us x is said ( ! ,egyptian dragon 9 ! seas1 ,i h giv5 !e = meat to ! bea/s ( ! e>?1 & to ! f[ls ( ! heav52 & aga91 ,i w cause all ! f[ls ( ! heav5 to settle ^u !e1 j z ,corvus1 ! ,rav51 is %[n z hav+ settl$ ^u ,hydra1 ! ,wat]-snake1 & is dev\r+ its fle%4 ,aga91 ,ph>aoh1 ! ,egyptian dragon1 says1 ,my riv] is m9e own1 & ,i h made x = myself2 j z ,cetus1 ! ,sea-mon/]1 is repres5t$ z p\r+ =? ,eridanus1 ! riv]1 f its m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,&rom$a ,,& ,,cetus4 ,b a cle> & direct allusion to ?is la/ gr\p+ ( ! con/ellations occurs 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,9 ! twelf? *apt]1 ! pr\d oppressor dragon f ! sea is %[n u aga9 ) mu* fulness ( detail4 ,!re ! ,apo/le describes 8 vision ( a woman1 :o evid5tly repres5ts ! p ( ,god1 be+ p]secut$ by a dragon4 ,!re is /ill a rem9isc5ce ( ! deliv]ance ( ,israel 9 ! ,exodus f ,egypt1 = ! woman fl$ into ! wild]ness1 :]e %e ha? a place prep>$ ( ,god1 t !re !y may n\ri% h] a ?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days4 ,& ! vision goes on3-- ,& ! s]p5t ca/ out ( 8 m\?1 aft] ! woman wat] z a riv]1 t he might cause h] to be c>ri$ away by ! /ream4 ,& ! e>? help$ ! woman1 & ! e>? op5$ h] m\?1 & swall[$ up ! riv] :i* ! dragon ca/ out ( 8 m\?4 ,?is appe>s to be precisely ! action :i* is pres5t$ to u 9 ! ?ree con/ellations ( ,&rom$a1 ,cetus1 & ,eridanus4 ,&rom$a is always %[n z a woman 9 di/ress1 & ! ,sea-mon/]1 ?\gh plac$ f> f h] 9 ! sky1 has always be5 und]/ood to be h] p]secutor4 ,?us ,aratus writes-- ,&rom$a1 ?\gh f> away %e flies1 ,dreads ! ,sea-mon/]1 l[ 9 s\!rn skies4 ,! latt]1 baffl$ 9 8 pursuit ( 8 victim1 has ca/ ! riv]1 ,eridanus1 out ( 8 m\?1 :i*1 fl[+ d[n bel[ ! s\!rn horizon1 is app>5tly swall[$ up by ! e>?4 ,x ne$ occasion no surprise t we %\ld f9d imag]y us$ by ,/4 ,john 9 8 prophecy already set =? 9 ! con/ellations ne>ly #c1jjj ye>s be=e he wrote4 ,j z1 9 ?is same book1 ,/4 ,john repeat$ ,daniel's vision ( ! f\r? bea/1 & ,ezekiel's vision ( ! liv+ creatures1 z he us$ ! well-kn[n details ( ! ,jewi% ,temple1 ! c&le/icks1 ! lav]1 ! alt> ( inc5se1 s he us$ a gr\p ( /ell> figures p]fectly well kn[n at ! "t :5 he wrote4 ,9 s do+ ! belov$ disciple only foll[$ ! example :i* 8 ,ma/] _h already set him4 ,= ! imag]y 9 ! p>ables ( our ,"l is always drawn f sc5es & objects kn[n & famili> to all m54 ,9 two in/ances 9 :i* levia?an is m5tion$1 a fur!r expression is us$ :i* has a di/9ct a/ronomical be>+4 ,9 ! passage already quot$1 :]e ,job curses ! day ( 8 bir?1 he desires t x may n behold ! eyelids ( ! morn+4 ,& 9 ! gr& description ( levia?an1 ! crocodile1 9 *apt] xli41 we h-- ,8 nees+s fla% =? light1 ,& 8 eyes are l ! eyelids ( ! morn+4 ,canon ,driv] consid]s ?is z an allusion1 probably to ! r$di% eyes ( ! crocodile1 :i* are said to appe> gleam+ ?r\gh ! wat] be=e ! head comes to ! surface4 ,?is is because ( ! position ( ! eyes on ! animal's head1 n because !y h any peculi> brilliancy4 ,x is an idea exclusively ,egyptian1 & is ano!r l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce :i* connects ! au?or ( ! poem ) ,egypt4 ,! crocodile's head is s =m$ t its highe/ po9ts are ! eyes2 & :5 x rises obliquely to ! surface ! eyes are ! fir/ "p ( ! :ole animal to em]ge4 ,! ,egyptians obs]v+ ?is1 comp>$ x to ! sun ris+ out ( ! sea1 & made x ! hi]oglyphic repres5tative ( ! idea ( sunrise4 ,?us ,horus ,apollo says3 ,:5 ! ,egyptians repres5t ! sunrise1 !y pa9t ! eye ( ! crocodile1 because x is fir/ se5 z t animal em]ges f ! wat]4#bji3a ,9 ?is lik5+ ( ! eyes ( ! crocodile to ! eyelids ( ! morn+1 we h ! comp>ison ( "o natural object ) ano!r4 ,su* comp>ison1 :5 us$ 9 "o way & = "o purpose1 is ! ess5ce ( poetry2 :5 us$ 9 ano!r way & = ano!r purpose1 is ! ess5ce ( sci5ce4 ,bo? poetry & sci5ce are oppos$ to my?1 :i* is ! confusion ( natural ) imag9>y objects1 ! mi/ak+ ! "o = ! o!r4 ,?us x is poetry :5 ! ,psalmi/ speaks ( ! sun z a bridegroom com+ out ( 8 *amb]2 = !re is no confusion 9 8 ?\ght betwe5 ! two natural objects4 ,! sun is l ! bridegroom 9 ! glory ( 8 appe>ance4 ,! ,psalmi/ does n ascribe to him a bride & *ildr54 ,x is sci5ce :5 ! a/ronom] comp>es ! spectrum ( ! sun ) ! spectra ( v>i\s metals 9 ! laboratory4 ,he is comp>+ natural object ) natural object1 & is enabl$ to draw conclusions z to ! elem5ts compos+ ! sun1 & ! condition 9 :i* !y !re exi/4 ,b x is my? :5 ! ,babylonian repres5ts ,bel or ,m]oda* z ! sol> deity1 de/roy+ ,tiamat1 ! dragon ( d>kness1 = !re is confusion 9 ! ?\ght4 ,! imag9>y god is sometimes giv5 sol>1 sometimes human1 sometimes sup]human *>act]i/ics4 ,!re is no actuality 9 mu* ( :at is ass]t$ z to ! sun or z to ! :olly imag9>y be+ associat$ ) x4 ,! mock+ words ( ,elijah to ! prie/s ( ,baal 7 ju/ifi$ by ! intellectual confusion ( _! ideas1 z well z by ! spiritual degradation ( _! idolatry4 ,cry al\d3 = he is a god2 ei!r he is talk+1 or he is pursu+1 or he is 9 a j\rney1 or p]adv5ture he sleepe?1 & mu/ be awak5$4 ,su* nature-my?s are n indications ( ! heal?y m5tal developm5t ( a primitive p2 !y are ! cle> signs ( a pa?ological condition1 ! symptoms ( intellectual disease4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d ?is di/9ction1 ?is opposition betwe5 poetry & my?1 = ignor+ x has l$ to n a little misconception z to ! occurr5ce ( my? 9 ,scripture1 especially 9 connection ) ! names associat$ ) ! crocodile4 ,?us x has be5 broadly ass]t$ t ! orig9al my?ical signification ( ! mon/]s tehm1 livya?an1 tannim1 rahb1 is unmi/akably evid5t4 ,( ^! names ! fir/ signifies ! _w ( wat]s2 ! second & ?ird real aquatic animals2 & ! la/1 ! pr\d "o1 is simply an epi!t ( ,egypt1 appli$ to ! crocodile z ! repres5tation ( ! k+dom4 ,!re is no m my? 9 sett+ =? ,egypt by ! crocodile or levia?an ?an 9 sett+ =? ,great ,brita9 by ! lion1 or ,russia by ! be>4 ,! ,hebrews 9 sett+ =? _! enemies by crocodile & o!r f]oci\s reptiles 7 n describ+ any imag9>y mon/]s ( ! primval *aos1 b real oppressors4 ,! ,egyptian1 ) 8 h\se ( bondage1 ! ,assyrian1 :i* smote ) a rod1 ! ,*aldean :o made havoc ( ,israel altoge!r1 7 n dreams4 ,& 9 besee*+ ,god to deliv] !m f _! late/ oppressor ! ,hebrews naturally recall$1 n "s idle tale ( ! fabul\s a*ievem5ts ( ,babylonian deities1 b ! actual deliv]ance ,god _h wr\ght = !m at ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,!re ! ,egyptian crocodile _h be5 made meat to ! p inhabit+ ! wild]ness :5 ! corpses ( ,ph>aoh's bodygu>d1 ca/ up on ! %ore1 suppli$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ) ! weapons & arm\r ( :i* !y /ood 9 ne$4 ,s 9 ! day ( _! utt] di/ress !y c\ld /ill cry 9 fai? & hope-- ,yet ,god is my ,k+ ( old1 ,work+ salvation 9 ! mid/ ( ! e>?4 ,?\ did/ divide ! sea by ,?y /r5g?3 ,?\ brake/ ! heads ( ! dragons 9 ! wat]s4 ,?\ brake/ ! heads ( levia?an 9 pieces1 ,& gave/ him to be meat to ! p inhabit+ ! wild]ness4 ,?\ did/ cleave ! f\nta9 & ! flood3 ,?\ dri$/ up mighty riv]s4 ,! day is ,?9e1 ! night also is ,?9e3 ,?\ ha/ prep>$ ! light & ! sun4 ,?\ ha/ set all ! bord]s ( ! e>?3 ,?\ ha/ made summ] & w9t]4 ,,footnotes3 #bji3a ,p4 ,h4 ,gosse1 9 ! ,imp]ial ,bible-,diction>y4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,pleiades ,! translators ( ! ,bible1 f "t to "t1 f9d !mselves 9 a difficulty z to ! correct r5d]+ ( c]ta9 words 9 ! orig9al4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! names ( plants & animals4 ,"s sort ( clue may be giv5 by ! context1 z1 = in/ance1 if ! region is m5tion$ 9 :i* a c]ta9 plant is f\nd1 or ! use t is made ( x2 or1 9 ! case ( an animal1 :e!r x is clean or unclean1 :at are its habits1 & ) :at o!r animals x is associat$4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! few ,scripture ref]5ces to special gr\ps ( />s1 we h no su* help4 ,we are 9 ! position 9 :i* ,macaulay's ,new ,zeal&] might be1 if1 long aft] ! ,engli% nation _h be5 disp]s$1 & its language _h ceas$ to be spok5 among/ m51 he 7 to f9d a book 9 :i* ! riv]s ,?ames1 ,tr5t1 ,tyne1 & ,twe$ 7 m5tion$ by "n1 b )\t ! slighte/ indication ( _! locality4 ,8 attempt to fit ^! names to p>ticul> riv]s w\ld be little m ?an a guess--a guess ! accuracy ( :i* he w\ld h no means = te/+4 ,?is is some:at our position ) reg>d to ! f\r ,hebrew names1 ,kimah1 ,k7esil1 ,ayi%1 & ,mazz>o?2 yet 9 ea* case !re are "s slight indications :i* h giv5 a clue to ! compil]s ( our ,revis$ ,v]sion1 & h1 9 all probability1 guid$ !m correctly4 ,! con/ellations are n all equally attractive4 ,a few h drawn ! att5tion ( all m51 h[ev] o!rwise inatt5tive4 ,nor?-,am]ican ,indians & ,au/ralian savages h equally not$ ! fla%+ brilliancy ( ,orion1 & ! compact little sw>m ( ! ,pleiades4 ,all nor!rn nations recognize ! sev5 bright />s ( ! ,great ,be>1 & !y are kn[n by a score ( famili> names4 ,!y are ! ,pl\gh1 or ,*>les's ,wa9 ( ,nor!rn ,europe2 ! ,sev5 ,pl\gh ,ox5 ( anci5t ,rome2 ! ,bi] & ,m\rn]s ( ! ,arabs2 ! ,*>iot1 or ,waggon1 ( ! old ,*aldeans2 ! ,big ,dipp] ( ! prosaic ,new ,engl& f>m]4 ,^! ?ree gr\ps are j ! ?ree :i* we f9d m5tion$ 9 ! e>lie/ poetry ( ,greece4 ,s ,hom] writes1 9 ! ,fif? ,book ( ! ,odyssey1 t ,ulysses-- ,!re view'd ! ,pleiads1 & ! ,nor!rn ,team1 ,& ,great ,orion's m refulg5t beam1 ,to :i*1 ar\nd ! axle ( ! sky1 ,! ,be>1 revolv+1 po9ts 8 gold5 eye4 ,x seems natural to conclude t ^! con/ellations1 ! mo/ /rik+1 or at all ev5ts ! mo/ univ]sally recogniz$1 w\ld be ^? m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,! passages 9 :i* ! ,hebrew ^w ,kimah1 is us$ are ! foll[+-- 7,god7 make? ,arcturus1 ,orion1 & ,pleiades 7,kimah71 & ! *amb]s ( ! s\? 7,job ix4 #i74 ,can/ ?\ b9d ! sweet influ5ces ( ,pleiades 7,kimah71 or loose ! b&s ( ,orion8 7,job xxxviii4 #ca74 ,seek ,him t make? ! sev5 />s 7,kimah7 & ,orion 7,amos v4 #h74 ,9 our ,revis$ ,v]sion1 ,kimah is r5d]$ ,pleiades 9 all ?ree in/ances1 & ( c\rse ! translators ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion meant ! same gr\p by ! sev5 />s 9 _! free r5d]+ ( ! passage f ,amos4 ,! ^w kimah signifies a heap1 or a clu/]1 & w\ld seem to be relat$ to ! ,assyrian ^w kimtu1 family1 f a root mean+ to tie1 or b9d2 a family be+ a numb] ( p]sons b\nd toge!r by ! v close/ tie ( relation%ip4 ,if ?is be s we c h no d\bt t our translators h rightly r5d]$ ! ^w4 ,!re is "o clu/] 9 ! sky1 & "o alone1 :i* appeals to ! unaid$ sight z be+ di/9ctly & unmi/akably a family ( />s--! ,pleiades4 ,! names ,a%1 or ,ayi%1 ,k7esil1 & ,kimah are peculi> to ! ,hebrews1 & are n1 s f> z we h any evid5ce at pres5t1 alli$ to names 9 use = any con/ellation among/ ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians2 !y h1 z yet1 n be5 f\nd on any cunei=m inscription4 ,amos1 ! h]dsman ( ,tekoa1 liv+ 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 two c5turies be=e ! ,jews 7 c>ri$ into exile to ,babylon1 evid5tly knew well :at ! t]ms signifi$1 & ! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,job 0 no less aw>e ( _! signification4 ,b ! ,sev5ty1 :o translat$ ! ,hebrew ,scriptures into ,greek1 7 n at all cle> z to ! id5tification ( ^! names ( con/ellations2 ?\gh !y made _! translation only two or ?ree c5turies aft] ! ,jews return$ to ,j]usalem "u ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 :5 oral tradition %\ld h /ill suppli$ ! mean+ ( su* a/ronomical t]ms4 ,_h ^! names be5 !n kn[n 9 ,babylon1 !y c\ld n h be5 unkn[n to ! le>n$ m5 ( ,alex&ria 9 ! second c5tury be=e our era1 s9ce at t "t !re 0 a v direct sci5tific influ5ce ( ! "o city ^u ! o!r4 ,?is ,hebrew a/ronomy 0 s f> f be+ due to ,babylonian influ5ce & tea*+1 t1 ?\gh kn[n c5turies be=e ! exile1 aft] ! exile we f9d ! k ( its te*nical t]ms 0 lo/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 kima 0 ! t]m us$ 9 all ,syriac lit]ature to d5om9ate ! ,pleiades1 & we accord+ly f9d 9 ! ,pes*itta1 ! anci5t ,syriac v]sion ( ! ,bible1 made ab\t ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 ! t]m kima reta9$ ?r\gh\t1 b kesil & ayi% 7 r$uc$ to _! suppos$ ,syriac equival5ts4 ,:atev] unc]ta9ty 0 felt z to ! mean+ ( kimah by ! e>ly translators1 x is n n[ s]i\sly disput$ t ! ,pleiades is ! gr\p ( />s 9 "q4 ,! ^w kimah means1 z we h se51 clu/] or heap1 s also ! ^w ,pleiades1 :i* we use to-day1 is probably d]iv$ f ! ,greek ,pleiones1 _m4 ,sev]al ,greek poets--,a!nu1 ,hesiod1 ,p9d>1 & ,simonides--wrote ! ^w ,peleiades1 i4 e4 rock pigeons1 consid]$ z fly+ f ! ,hunt] ,orion2 o!rs made !m ! sev5 doves :o c>ri$ ambrosia to ! infant ,zeus4 ,d',arcy ,?ompson says1 ,! ,pleiad is 9 _m languages associat$ ) bird-names1 4 4 4 & ,i am incl9$ to take ! bird on ! bull's back 9 co9s ( ,eretria1 ,dica1 & ,?urii = ! associat$ con/ellation ( ! ,pleiad#bag3a--! ,pleiades be+ situat$ on ! %\ld] ( ,taurus ! ,bull4 ,! ,hyades 7 situat$ on ! head ( ! ,bull1 & 9 ! ,euphrates region ^! two little gr\ps ( />s 7 t]m$ toge!r1 ,mas-tab-ba-gal-gal-la1 ! ,great ,tw9s ( ! ecliptic1 z ,ca/or & ,pollux 7 ! ,tw9s ( ! zodiac4 ,9 "o tablet 'm9a bi1 ! sev5fold "o1 & ,gut-da1 ! ,bull-9-front1 are m5tion$ side by side1 ?us agree+ well ) _! int]pretation ( ,pleiades & ,hyades4 ,! ,semitic "n = ! ,pleiades 0 also ,tm5nu2 & ^! gr\ps ( />s1 wor%ipp$ z gods by ! ,babylonians1 may possibly h be5 ! ,gad & ,m5i1 t troop1 & t numb]1 ref]r$ to by ! prophet ,isaiah 7lxv4 #aa74 ,on _m ,babylonian cyl9d] seals !re are engrav$ sev5 small discs1 9 addition to o!r a/ronomical symbols4 ,^! sev5 small /ell> discs are almo/ inv>iably arrang$ 9 ! =m 333' or333 mu* z we %\ld n[-a-days plot ! clu/] ( ! ,pleiades :5 mapp+ on a small scale ! con/ellations r\nd ! ,bull4 ,x is evid5t t ^! sev5 little /ell> discs d n mean ! sev5 planets1 = 9 _m cases ! a/ronomical symbols :i* accompany !m include bo? ^? ( ! sun & moon4 ,x is mo/ probable t !y signify ! ,pleiades1 or p]haps alt]natively ! ,hyades4 ,possibly1 ref]5ce is made to ! wor%ip ( ! ,pleiades :5 ! k+ ( ,assyria1 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 br\ght m5 f ,babylon & o!r regions to inhabit ! depopulat$ cities ( ,sam>ia1 & ! m5 ( ,babylon made ,succo?-b5o?4 ,! ,rabbis are said to h r5d]$ ?is by ! boo?s ( ! ,maid5s1 or ! t5ts ( ! ,daught]s1--! ,pleiades be+ ! maid5s 9 "q4 ,g5]ally !y are ! ,sev5 ,si/]s4 ,hesiod calls !m ! ,sev5 ,virg9s1 & ! ,virg9 ,/>s4 ,! names giv5 to ! individual />s are ^? ( ! sev5 daught]s ( ,atlas & ,pleione2 ?us ,milton t]ms !m ! ,sev5 ,atlantic ,si/]s4 ,z we h se5 7p4 #ahi71 ! device associat$ expressly ) ,joseph is ! ,bull1 & ,jacob's bless+ to 8 son has be5 sometimes r5d]$-- ,joseph is a fruitful b\gh1 ev5 a fruitful b\gh by a well2 ! daught]s walk ^u ! bull4 ,t is1 ! ,sev5 ,si/]s1 ! ,pleiades1 are on ! %\ld] ( ,taurus4 ,aratus wrote ( ! numb] ( ! ,pleiades-- ,sev5 pa?s al(t m5 say !y take1 ,yet six alone are view$ by mortal eyes4 ,f ,zeus' abode no /> unkn[n is lo/1 ,s9ce fir/ f bir? we he>d1 b ?us ! tale is told4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,pleiades4 ,euripides speaks ( ^! sev5 pa?s1 & ,erato/h5es calls !m ! sev5-/>r$ ,pleiad1 al?\gh he describes "o z ,all-,invisible4 ,!re is a surpris+ly univ]sal tradition t !y 7 sev5 :o n[ are six4 ,we f9d x n only 9 anci5t ,greece & ,italy1 b also among ! black fell[s ( ,au/ralia1 ! ,malays ( ,borneo1 & ! negroes ( ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,!re mu/ be "s reason to acc\nt = ?is widespread tradition4 ,"s ( ! />s are kn[n to be slightly v>iable1 & "o ( ! fa9t] />s 9 ! clu/] may h %one m brightly 9 old5 "t2--! gase\s spectrum ( ,pleione r5d]s x cr$ible t ?is /> may once h _h great brilliancy4 ,alcyone1 n[ ! brighte/ /> 9 ! clu/]1 0 n m5tion$ by ,ptolemy among ! f\r brighte/ ,pleiads ( 8 day4 ,! six n[ visible to ord9>y sight are ,alcyone1 ,electra1 ,atlas1 ,maia1 ,m]ope & ,taygeta4 ,celo5o is ! next 9 brightness1 & ! pres5t c&idate = ! sev5? place4 ,by good sight1 sev]al m may be made out3 ?us ,mae/l91 ! tutor ( ,kepl]1 mapp$ elev5 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 & 9 our own day ,c>r+ton & ,d5n+ h c\nt$ f\rte5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,9 cle> m\nta9 atmosph]e m ?an sev5 w\ld be se5 by any ke5-sight$ obs]v]4 ,usually six />s may be made out ) ! nak$ eye 9 bo? ! ,pleiades & ! ,hyades1 or1 if m ?an six1 !n sev]al m2 ?\gh ) bo? gr\ps ! numb] ( sev5 has always be5 associat$4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d ! ,sev5 ,/>s also m5tion$4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,revelation1 ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,john says t he saw sev5 gold5 c&le/icks2 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! sev5 c&le/icks "o l unto ! ,son ( ,man1 4 4 4 & ,he _h 9 ,8 "r h& sev5 />s4 ,lat] 9 ! same *apt] x is expla9$ t ! sev5 />s are ! angels ( ! sev5 *ur*es2 & ! sev5 c&le/icks :i* ?\ sawe/ are ! sev5 *ur*es4 ,! sev5 />s 9 a s+le compact clu/] ?us /& = ! ,*ur* 9 its _m div]sities & its ess5tial unity4 ,?is beautiful little con/ellation has become associat$ ) a fooli% fable4 ,:5 x 0 fir/ f\nd t n only did ! planets move r\nd ! sun 9 orbits1 b t ! sun itself also 0 travell+ rapidly ?r\gh space1 a ,g]man a/ronom]1 ,mdl]1 haz>d$ ! sugge/ion t ! c5tre ( ! sun's motion lay 9 ! ,pleiades4 ,x 0 soon evid5t t !re 0 no suffici5t gr\nd = ?is sugge/ion1 & t _m cle>ly e/abli%$ facts 7 inconsi/5t ) x4 ,nev]!less ! idea caught hold ( ! popul> m9d1 & x has acquir$ an amaz+ vogue4 ,non-a/ronomical writ]s h ass]t$ t ,alcyone1 ! brighte/ ,pleiad1 is ! c5tre ( ! entire univ]se2 "s h ev5 be5 suffici5tly irrev]5t to decl>e t x is ! seat ( heav51 ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,a popul> ,london div9e1 hav+ notic$ a bright r+ r\nd ,alcyone on a photograph ( ! gr\p1 took t halo1 :i* e photograph] w\ld at once recognize z a m]e photographic defect1 z a confirmation ( ?is baseless fancy4 ,fooli%ness ( ?is k9d has no?+ to support x 9 sci5ce or religion2 x is an (f5ce aga9/ bo?4 ,we h no reason to reg>d ! ,pleiades z ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 or z conta9+ ! attract+ mass :i* draws our sun =w>d 9 its va/ my/]i\s orbit4 ,r4 ,h4 ,all51 9 8 survey ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,pleiades1 m5tions t ,dra* surmis$ t _! midnight culm9ation 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 t5 days aft] ! autumnal equ9ox1 may h fix$ ! ,day ( ,atonem5t on ! #aj? ( ,ti%ri4#bba3a ,?is is wor? quot+ z a sample ( ! unhappy a/ronomical guesses ( comm5tators4 ,dra* ov]look$ t 8 sugge/ion necessitat$ ! assumption t 9 ! "t ( ,moses a/ronom]s _h already le>n$1 fir/1 to det]m9e ! actual equ9ox2 next1 to obs]ve ! culm9ation ( />s on ! m]idian r ?an _! ris+s & sett+s2 &1 ?ird & m important1 to det]m9e midnight by "s artificial measurem5t ( "t4 ,none ( ^! c h be5 primitive op]ations2 we h no k t any ( ! ?ree 7 9 use 9 ! "t ( ,moses2 c]ta9ly !y 7 n suitable = a p on ! m>*1 l ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness4 ,above all1 ,dra* ignor$ 9 ?is sugge/ion ! fact t ! ,jewi% cal5d> 0 a lun>-sol> "o1 & h5ce t ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon? c\ld n be> any fix$ relation ei!r to ! autumnal equ9ox1 or to ! midnight culm9ation ( ! ,pleiades2 any m ?an our ,ea/] ,sunday is fix$ to ! spr+ equ9ox on ,m>* #bb4 ,! ,pleiades 7 (t5 associat$ ) ! late autumn1 z ,aratus writes-- ,m5 m>k !m ris+ ) ,sol's sett+ light1 ,=]unn]s ( ! w9t]'s gloomy night4 ,?is is :at is te*nically kn[n z ! acronical ris+ ( ! ,pleiades1 _! ris+ at sunset2 9 contra/ to _! heliacal ris+1 _! ris+ j be=e daybreak1 :i* u%]$ 9 ! spr+ "t4 ,?is acronical ris+ has l$ to ! association ( ! gr\p ) ! ra9y season1 & ) floods4 ,?us ,/atius call$ ! clu/] ,pliadum nivosum sidus1 & ,val]ius ,flaccus di/9ctly us$ ! ^w ,pliada = ! %[]s4 ,josephus says t dur+ ! siege ( ,j]usalem by ,antio*us ,epiphanes 9 #agj ,b4,c41 ! besieg$ want$ = wat] until reliev$ by a l>ge %[] ( ra9 :i* fell at ! sett+ ( ! ,pleiades4 ,r4 ,h4 ,all51 9 8 ,/>-,names & _! ,mean+s1 /ates t ! ,pleiades are intimately connect$ ) traditions ( ! flood f\nd among s _m & widely sep>at$ nations1 & especially 9 ! ,deluge-my? ( ,*alda1 b he does n cite au?orities or in/ances4 ,! ,talmud gives a curi\s leg5d connect+ ! ,pleiades ) ! ,flood3-- ,:5 ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he6 wi%$ to br+ ! ,deluge ^u ! _w1 ,he took two />s out ( ,pleiades1 & ?us let ! ,deluge loose4 ,& :5 ,he wi%$ to arre/ x1 ,he took two />s out ( ,arcturus & /opp$ x4#bbc3a ,x w\ld seem f ?is t ! ,rabbis connect$ ! numb] ( visible />s ) ! numb] ( ! family 9 ! ,ark--) ! few1 t is1 eight s\ls 4 4 4 sav$ by wat]1 ( :om ,/4 ,pet] speaks4 ,six ,pleiades only are usually se5 by ! nak$ eye2 traditionally sev5 7 se52 b ! ,rabbis assum$ t two1 n "o1 7 lo/4 ,p]haps we may trace a ref]5ce to ?is suppos$ association ( ,kimah ) ! ,flood 9 ! passage f ,amos already quot$3-- ,seek ,him t make? ! sev5 />s & ,orion1 4 4 4 t calle? = ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & p\re? !m out ^u ! face ( ! e>?3 ! ,"l is ,8 "n4 ,_m anci5t nations h set ap>t days 9 ! late autumn 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 no d\bt because ! ye> 0 !n consid]$ z dead4 ,?is season be+ m>k$ by ! acronical ris+ ( ! ,pleiades1 t gr\p has become associat$ ) su* obs]vances4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ref]5ce to any cu/om ( ?is k9d 9 ,scripture4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! inquiry address$ to ,job by ! ,almighty8 ,can/ ?\ b9d ! sweet influ5ces ( ,pleiades8 ,:at 0 ! mean+ :i* x possess$ 9 ! ?\ght ( ! writ] ( ! book8 ,:at 0 ! mean+ :i* we %\ld n[ put on su* an inquiry1 look+ at ! con/ellations f ! /&po9t :i* ! rese>*es ( mod]n a/ronomy h giv5 u8 ,! fir/ mean+ ( ! text w\ld appe> to be connect$ ) ! app>5t movem5t ( ! sun among/ ! />s 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,we _c see ! />s by daylight1 or see directly :]e ! sun is situat$ ) respect to !m2 b1 9 v e>ly times1 m5 le>nt to associate ! seasons ( ! ye> ) ! />s :i* 7 la/ se5 9 ! morn+1 above ! place :]e ! sun 0 ab\t to rise2 9 ! te*nical t]m once 9 use1 ) ! heliacal ris+s ( />s4 ,:5 ! con/ellations 7 fir/ design$1 ! ,pleiades rose heliacally at ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 & 7 ! sign ( ! return ( spr+4 ,?us ,aratus1 9 8 con/ellation poem writes-- ,m5 m>k !m 7i4 e4 ! ,pleiades7 ris+ ) ! sol> ray1 ,! h>b+] ( summ]'s bright] day4 ,!y h]ald$1 !re=e1 ! revival ( nature f h] w9t] sleep1 ! "t ( :i* ! k+ly poet sang s allur+ly-- ,=1 lo1 ! w9t] is pa/1 ,! ra9 is ov] & gone2 ,! fl[]s appe> on ! e>?2 ,! "t ( ! s++ ( birds is come1 ,& ! voice ( ! turtle is he>d 9 our l&2 ,! fig-tree rip5e? h] gre5 figs1 ,& ! v9es are 9 blossom1 ,!y give =? _! fragrance4 ,! con/ellation :i* ?us h]ald$ ! return ( ?is g5ial season 0 poetically tak5 z repres5t+ ! p[] & influ5ce ( spr+4 ,_! sweet influ5ces 7 ^? t _h roll$ away ! grave/one ( sn[ & ice :i* _h la9 ^u ! w9t] tomb ( nature4 ,!irs 0 ! p[] t br\ght ! fl[]s up f "u ! turf2 e>?'s con/ellations ( a million v>i$ />s to %9e upw>ds 9 answ] to ! con/ellations ( heav5 above4 ,_! influ5ces fill$ copse & wood ) ! songs ( happy birds4 ,!irs /irr$ anew ! sap 9 ! ve9s ( ! trees1 & drew =? _! reawak5$ /r5g? 9 bud & blossom4 ,!irs 0 ! bleat+ ( ! new-born lambs2 !irs ! murmur ( ! reviv+ bees4 ,^u ?is view1 !n1 ! "q to ,job 01 9 effect1 ,:at control ha/ ?\ ov] ! p[]s ( nature8 ,can/ ?\ hold back ! sun f %9+ 9 spr+-"t--f quick5+ fl[]1 & h]b1 & tree ) its graci\s w>m?8 ,?is is ,god's "w1 ye> by ye> ov] a ?\s& l&s1 on a million hills1 9 a million valleys4 ,:at can/ ?\ d to h9d] x8 ,! "q 0 a /rik+ "o2 "o :i* mu/ h appeal$ to ! patri>*1 evid5tly a ke5 obs]v] & lov] ( nature2 & x 0 entirely 9 l9e ) ! o!r inquiries address$ to him 9 ! same *apt]4 ,:]e wa/ ?\ :5 ,i laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?8 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion r5d]s ! "q-- ,can/ ?\ b9d ! clu/] ( ! ,pleiades8 read+ ! ,hebrew ^w ,maanaddo?1 in/ead ( ,ma'adanno?1 foll[+ 9 ?is all ! mo/ anci5t v]sions4 ,on ?is view1 ,job is1 9 effect1 ask$1 ,can/ ?\ ga!r toge!r ! />s 9 ! family ( ! ,pleiades & keep !m 9 _! places8 ,! expression ( a *a9 or b& is "o sugge/$ by ! appe>ance ( ! gr\p to ! eye1 b x is no less appropriate 9 ! k :i* photography & great telescopes h giv5 u4 ,to quote f ,miss ,cl]ke's description ( ! nebula discov]$ r\nd ! bright] />s ( ! ,pleiades--,alcyone1 ,a/]ope1 ,celo5o1 ,electra1 ,maia1 ,m]ope & ,taygeta3-- ,besides ! ,maia vortex1 ! ,p>is photographs depict$ a s]ies ( nebul\s b>s on ei!r side ( ,m]ope1 & a curi\s /reak ext5d+ l a f+]-po/ f ,electra t[>ds ,alcyone 4 4 4 ,/ream]s & fleecy masses ( cosmical fog seem almo/ to fill ! spaces betwe5 ! />s1 z cl\ds *oke a m\nta9 valley4 ,! *ief po9ts ( its conc5tration are ! f\r />s ,alcyone1 ,m]ope1 ,maia1 & ,electra2 b x includes z well ,celo5o & ,taygeta1 & is traceable s\?w>d f ,a/]ope ov] an arc ( #a #aj4 4 4 4 ,! great] "p ( ! con/ellation is %[n z veil$ 9 nebul\s matt] ( mo/ unequal d5sities4 ,9 "s places x lies 9 heavy folds & wrea?s1 9 o!rs x b>ely qualifies ! d>kness ( ! sky-gr\nd4 ,! details ( its di/ribution come out ) rem>kable cle>ness1 & are evid5tly to a l>ge ext5t prescrib$ by ! relative situations ( ! />s4 ,_! l9es ( junction are frequ5tly m>k$ by nebul\s rays1 e/abli%+ betwe5 !m1 no d\bt1 relations ( great physical importance2 & masses ( nebula1 9 num]\s in/ances1 seem z if pull$ out ( %ape & drawn into fe/oons by ! attractions ( neighb\r+ />s4 ,b ! /range/ exemplification ( ?is filam5t\s t5d5cy is 9 a f9e1 ?read-l process1 #c or #d wide1 b #ce to #dj long1 issu+ 9 an ea/]ly direction f ! edge ( ! nebula ab\t ,maia1 & /r++ toge!r sev5 />s1 met 9 its advance1 l beads on a ros>y4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is app>5tly ! occasion ( a slight deviation f its o!rwise rectil9e> c\rse4 ,a second simil> b %ort] /reak runs1 likewise ea/ & we/1 ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! =mation4#bbi3a ,illu/ration3 ,,nebulosities ,,( ,,! ,,pleiades4 ,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,max ,wolf1 ,heidelb]g4 ,lat] photographs h %[n t n only are ! sev]al />s ( ! ,pleiades l9k$ toge!r by nebul\s filam5ts1 b ! :ole clu/] is emb$d$ 9 a nebul\s net t spreads its me%es f> out into space4 ,n only is ! gr\p ?us ti$ or b\nd toge!r by nebul\s cl\ds1 x has o!r tok5s ( =m+ b a s+le family4 ,! movem5ts ( ! sev]al />s h be5 c>efully measur$1 & = ! mo/ "p ! entire clu/] is drift+ 9 ! same direction2 a few />s d n %>e 9 ! common motion1 & are probably app>5t memb]s1 se5 9 p]spective project$ on ! gr\p1 b 9 reality mu* ne>] to u4 ,! memb]s ( ! gr\p also %[ a family lik5ess 9 con/itution4 ,:5 ! spectroscope is turn$ ^u x1 ! *ief />s are se5 to closely resemble ea* o!r2 ! pr9cipal l9es 9 _! spectra be+ ^? ( hydrog51 & ^! are se5 z broad & diffus$ b&s1 s t ! spectrum we see resembles t ( ! brighte/ /> ( ! heav5s1 ,sirius4 ,!re c be little d\bt b t ! lead]s ( ! gr\p are actually great]1 bright] suns ?an ,sirius itself4 ,we d n "k ! exact di/ance ( ! ,pleiades1 !y are s f> (f t we c sc>cely d m ?an make a guess at x2 b x is probable t !y are s f> di/ant t our sun at l di/ance w\ld prove mu* too fa9t to be se5 at all by ! nak$ eye4 ,! ,pleiades !n w\ld seem to be a mo/ glori\s />-sy/em1 n yet come to its full gr[?4 ,f ! /&po9t ( mod]n sci5ce we may int]pret ! *a9 or ! sweet influ5ces ( ! ,pleiades z consi/+ 9 ! enfold+ wisps ( nebulosity :i* /ill1 z x 71 knit toge!r ^? va/ "y suns2 or1 & 9 all probability m truly1 z t my/]i\s =ce ( gravitation :i* holds ! mighty sy/em toge!r1 & 9 ob$i5ce to :i* ! gr\p has tak5 its pres5t %ape4 ,! "q1 if ask$ u to-day1 w\ld be1 9 effect1 ,can/ ?\ b9d toge!r by nebul\s *a9s scores ( suns1 f> m glori\s ?an ?9e own1 & scatt]$ ov] _m millions ( millions ( miles ( space2 or can/ ?\ loos5 ! attraction :i* ^? suns ex]cise ^u ea* o!r1 & move !m hi!r & ?i!r at ?y w8 ,,footnotes3 #bag3a ,gloss>y ( ,greek ,birds1 pp4 #bh1 #bi4 #bba3a ,r4 ,h4 ,all51 ,/> ,names & _! ,mean+s1 p4 #dja4 #bbc3a ,b]a*o?1 fol4 #ei1 col4 #a4 #bbi3a ,! ,sy/em ( ! ,/>s1 #a/ edit41 pp4 #bcj-bcb4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,orion ,k7esil1 ! ^w r5d]$ by our translators ,orion1 occurs 9 an a/ronomical s5se f\r times 9 ! ,scriptures2 twice 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 once 9 ! prophecy ( ,amos1 & once1 9 ! plural1 9 ! prophecy ( ,isaiah4 ,9 ! ?ree fir/ cases ! ^w is us$ 9 conjunction ) ,kimah1 ! ,pleiades1 z %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,! f\r? in/ance is r5d]$ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion-- ,= ! />s ( heav5 & ! con/ellations 7,k7esilim7 !re( %all n give _! light4 ,! ,hebrew ^w ,k7esil signifies a fool1 & t 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! t]m z us$ 9 ,scripture2 n m]ely a silly1 untaught1 feckless p]son1 b a godless & an impi\s "o4 ,?us1 9 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 ,div9e ,wisdom is repres5t$ z appeal+-- ,h[ long1 ye simple ones1 w ye love simplicity8 ! scorn]s delight 9 _! scorn+1 & fools hate k8 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/>s ,,( ,,orion4 ,:at con/ellation 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,hebrews z ! fool8 ,! ,sev5ty :o r5d]$ ! ,old ,te/am5t into ,greek confess !mselves at fault4 ,once1 9 ,amos1 bo? ,kimah & ,k7esil are left untranslat$4 ,in/ead ( ,him t make? ! sev5 />s & ,orion1 we h ! p>aphrase1 ,t make? & trans=me? all ?+s4 ,once1 9 ,job1 x is r5d]$ ,hesp]us1 ! ev5+ />2 & 9 ! o!r two in/ances x is giv5 z ,orion4 ,! tradition ( ! real mean+ ( ! ^w z an a/ronomical t]m _h be5 lo/1 or at lea/ mu* confus$ be=e ! ,septuag9t ,v]sion 0 und]tak54 ,! ,jews _h n1 s f> z !re is any pres5t evid5ce1 le>n$ ! t]m 9 ,babylon1 = ! ^w has n yet be5 f\nd z a />-"n on any cunei=m inscription4 ,x 0 well kn[n be=e ! ,exile1 = ,amos & ,isaiah bo? use x1 & ! fact t ! au?or ( ,job also uses x1 indicates t he did n ga9 8 k ( ! con/ellation dur+ ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,! majority ( translators & comm5tators h1 h[ev]1 agre$ 9 believ+ t ! brighte/ & mo/ spl5did con/ellation 9 ! sky is int5d$--! "o :i* we "k z ,orion4 ,?is con/ellation is "o ( ! v few 9 :i* ! natural gr\p+ ( ! />s seems to sugge/ ! figure t has be5 connect$ ) x4 ,f\r bright />s1 9 a great trapezium1 are tak5 to m>k ! two %\ld]s & ! two legs ( a gigantic w>rior2 a r[ ( ?ree bright />s1 midway betwe5 ! f\r fir/ nam$1 sugge/ 8 gemm$ belt2 ano!r r[ ( />s /raight d[n f ! c5tre /> ( ! belt1 pres5ts 8 sword2 a compact clu/] ( ?ree />s m>ks 8 head4 ,a gigantic w>rior1 arm$ = ! battle1 seems ?us to be outl9$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,z ,longfell[ describes him-- ,begirt ) _m a blaz+ />1 ,/ood ! great giant1 ,algeb>1 ,orion1 hunt] ( ! bea/6 ,8 sword hung gleam+ by 8 side1 ,&1 on 8 arm1 ! lion's hide ,scatt]$ across ! midnight air ,! gold5 radiance ( its hair4 ,9 accord ) ! =m naturally sugge/$ by ! gr\p+ ( ! />s1 ! ,syrians h call$ ! con/ellation ,gabbara2 & ! ,arabs1 ,al ,jabbar2 & ! ,jews1 ,gibbor4 ,! brighte/ /> ( ! con/ellation1 ! "o 9 ! left knee1 n[ g5]ally kn[n z ,rigel1 is /ill occasionally call$ ,algeb>1 a corruption ( ,al ,jabbar1 ?\gh "o ( ! fa9t] />s ne> x n[ be>s t "n4 ,! mean+ 9 ea* case is ! giant1 ! mighty "o1 ! great w>rior1 & no d\bt f ! fir/ =mation ( ! con/ellations1 ?is1 ! mo/ brilliant ( all1 0 und]/ood to set =? a w>rior arm$ = ! battle4 ,!re 7 gibborim be=e ! ,flood2 we are told t aft] ! sons ( ,god came 9 unto ! daught]s ( m51 & !y b>e *ildr5 to !m1 ! same became mighty m5 7gibborim7 :i* 7 ( old1 m5 ( r5[n4 ,b accord+ to ,jewi% tradition1 ?is con/ellation 0 appropriat$ to himself by a p>ticul> mighty man4 ,we are told 9 ,g54 x4 t-- ,cu% begat ,nimrod3 he began to be a mighty "o 7gibbor7 9 ! e>?4 & x is alleg$ t he1 or 8 c\rti]s1 9 ord] to flatt] him1 gave 8 "n to ?is con/ellation1 j z ?\s&s ( ye>s lat] ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzic propos$ to call ! belt />s ( ,orion1 ,/ell ,napoleonis1 ! ,con/ellation ( ,napoleon4#bcd3a ,!re 0 at "o "t surprise felt1 t1 deeply z ! "n ( ,nimrod _h impress$ itself ^u ,ea/]n tradition1 8 "n1 z su*1 0 n[h]e f\nd 9 ! ext5sive lit]ature :i* has come d[n to u f ,babylon4 ,x is n[ consid]$ t ! ^w1 ,nimrod1 is simply a ,hebrew v>iant ( ,m]oda*1 ! well-kn[n head ( ! ,babylonian pan!on4 ,he 0 probably ! fir/ k+ ( ,babylonia or ! fir/ really great rul] ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is significant1 z ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,p9*es po9ts out1 9 8 ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,light ( ! ,records f ,assyria & ,babylonia1 t j z 9 ,g5esis x is /at$ t ! beg9n+ ( 8 7,nimrod's7 k+dom 0 ,babel1 & ,ere*1 & ,accad1 & ,calneh1 s ,m]oda* is /at$1 9 ! cunei=m records1 to h built ,babel & ,ere* & ,niff]1 :i* la/ is probably ,calneh4 ,! ,hebrew scribes w\ld seem to h alt]$ ! "n ( ,m]oda* 9 two p>ticul>s3 !y dropp$ ! la/ syllable1 ?us sugge/+ t ! "n 0 d]iv$ f ,m>ad1 ! rebelli\s "o2 & !y prefix$ ! syllable ,ni1 j z ,nisro* 0 writt5 = ,assur4 ,f a l+ui/ic po9t ( view1 !re=e1 ! id5tification ( ,nimrod z a *ang$ =m ( ,m]oda* is fully ju/ifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,orion ,,& ,,! ,,neighb\r+ ,,con/ellations4 ,! attitude ( ,orion 9 ! sky is a /rik+ "o4 ,! w>rior is repres5t$ z hold+ a club 9 ! "r h&1 & a sk9 or %ield 9 ! left4 ,8 left foot is rais$ high z if he 7 climb+ a /eep asc5t1 he seems to be endeav\r+ to =ce 8 way up into ! zodiac1 &--z ,longfell[ expresses x--to be beat+ ! =ehead ( ! ,bull4 ,8 "r leg is n %[n bel[ ! knee1 = imm$iately b5ea? him is ! little con/ellation ( ! ,h>e1 by ! e>ly ,arabs sometimes call$1 ,al ,kursiyy al ,jabbar1 ! ,*air ( ! ,giant1 f its position4 ,beh9d ,orion are ! two ,dogs1 ea* con/ellation di/+ui%$ by a v brilliant />2 ! ,great] ,dog1 by ,sirius1 ! brighte/ /> 9 ! heav5s2 ! ,less] ,dog1 by ,procyon1 i4e4 ! ,dog's ,=]unn]4 ,n f> above ,orion1 on ! %\ld] ( ! ,bull1 is ! little clu/] ( ! ,pleiades4 ,!re are--z we h se5--only ?ree passages :]e ,kimah1 lit]ally ! clu/] or company1--! gr\p we "k z ! ,pleiades1--is m5tion$ 9 ,scripture2 & 9 ea* case x is associat$ ) ,k7esil1 ! fool1--,orion4 ,sev]al ,greek poets give u ! same association1 lik5+ ! />s to rock-pigeons1 fly+ f ! ,hunt] ,orion4 ,& ,hesiod 9 8 ,works & ,days writes-- ,d n to pl\gh =get1 ,:5 ! ,sev5 ,virg9s1 & ,orion1 set3 ,?us an advantage always %all appe>1 ,9 ev'ry lab\r ( ! v>i\s ye>4 ,if o'er y\r m9d prevails ! love ( ga91 ,& tempts y to ! dang]s ( ! ma91 ,yet 9 h] h>b\r safe ! vessel keep1 ,:5 /rong ,orion *ases to ! deep ,! ,virg9 />s4 ,!re is a sugge/ion ( int5se irony 9 ?is position ( ,orion among/ ! o!r con/ellations4 ,he is trampl+ on ! ,h>e--mo/ timid ( creatures2 he is climb+ up into ! zodiac to *ase ! little company ( ! ,pleiades--be !y sev5 doves or sev5 maid5s--& he is ?w>t$ ev5 9 ?is unh]oic attempt by ! det]m9$ attitude ( ! gu>dian ,bull4 ,a simil> irony is se5 9 ! ,hebrew "n = ! con/ellation4 ,! mighty ,hunt]1 ! great h]o :om ! ,babylonians _h deifi$ & made _! supreme god1 ! ,hebrews reg>d$ z ! fool1 ! impi\s rebel4 ,s9ce ,orion is ,nimrod1 t is ,m]oda*1 !re is small wond] t ,k7esil 0 n recogniz$ z 8 "n 9 ,babylonia4#bch3a ,! attitude ( ,orion--attempt+ to =ce 8 way upw>d into ! zodiac--& ! id5tification ( ,m]oda* ) him1 gives emphasis to ,isaiah's reproa*1 _m c5turies lat]1 aga9/ ! k+ ( ,babylon1 ! successor ( ,m]oda*-- ,?\ ha/ said 9 ?9e he>t1 ,i w asc5d into heav51 ,i w exalt my ?rone above ! />s ( ,god3 ,i w sit also ^u ! m\nt ( ! congregation1 9 ! sides ( ! nor?3 ,i w asc5d above ! heights ( ! cl\ds2 ,i w be l ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,9 ! sight ( ! ,hebrew prophets & poets1 ,m]oda*1 9 tak+ to himself ?is gr\p ( />s1 publi%$ 8 %ame & folly4 ,he _h asc5d$ into heav51 b 8 glitt]+ belt 0 only 8 fett]2 he 0 b\nd & gibbet$ 9 ! sky l a captive1 a rebel1 & :o c\ld loose 8 b&s8 ,9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ( ,isaiah we h ! plural ( k7esil--k7esilim4 ,x is usually und]/ood t we h "h ,orion1 z ! mo/ spl5did con/ellation 9 ! sky1 put = ! con/ellations 9 g5]al4 ,b if we rememb] t k7esil /&s = ,nimrod or ,m]oda*1 ! fir/ pr\d tyrant m5tion$ by "n 9 ,scripture1 ! p>ticul> significance ( ! allusion becomes evid5t-- ,behold1 ! day ( ! ,"l come?1 cruel bo? ) wra? & fi]ce ang]1 to lay ! l& desolate3 & he %all de/roy ! s9n]s !re( out ( x4 ,= ! />s ( heav5s & ! con/ellations--7t is ! k7esilim1 ! ,nimrods or ,m]oda*s ( ! sky7--!re( %all n give _! light3 ! sun %all be d>k5$ 9 8 go+ =?1 & ! moon %all n cause h] light to %9e4 ,& ,i w puni% ! _w = _! evil1 & ! wick$ = _! iniquity2 & ,i w cause ! arrogancy ( ! pr\d to cease1 & w lay l[ ! haught9ess ( ! t]rible4 ,! /rictly a/ronomical relations ( ,orion & ! ,pleiades seem to be h9t$ at 9 ,amos & 9 ,job-- ,seek ,him t make? ! sev5 />s & ,orion1 & turne? ! %ad[ ( dea? into ! morn+1 & make? ! day d>k ) night4 ,9 ?is passage ! p>allelism seems to be betwe5 ! sev5 />s1 ! ,pleiades1 ) sunrise1 & ,orion ) sunset4 ,n[ at ! "t & place :5 ! con/ellations 7 mapp$ out1 ! ,pleiades 7 ! imm$iate h]alds ( sunrise1 %ortly aft] ! spr+ equ9ox1 at ! season :i* w\ld correspond to ! e>ly "p ( ,april 9 our pres5t cal5d>4 ,! ris+ ( ,orion at sunset--8 acronical ris+--0 e>ly 9 ,decemb]1 ab\t ! "t :5 ! colde/ season ( ! ye> beg9s4 ,! a/ronomical mean+ ( ! b&s ( ,orion w\ld !re=e be ! rig\r 9 :i* ! e>? is held dur+ ! cold ( w9t]4 ,x is possible t ! two great />s :i* foll[ ,orion1 ,sirius & ,procyon1 kn[n to ! anci5ts g5]ally & to u to-day z ! ,dogs1 7 by ! ,babylonians kn[n z ! ,b[-/> & ! ,lance-/>2 ! weapons1 t is to say1 ( ,orion or ,m]oda*4 ,j5s5 id5tifies ,sirius ) ! ,b[-/>1 b consid]s t ! ,lance-/> 0 ,ant>es2 ,hommel1 h[ev]1 id5tifies ! ,lance-/> ) ,procyon4 ,9 ! fif? tablet ( ! ,babylonian ,creation epic z translat$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 !re is an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! plac+ ( ! ,b[-/> 9 ! heav5s4 ,aft] ,m]oda* _h kill$ ,tiamat-- #ge4 ,! gods 78 fa!rs7 beheld ! net :i* he _h made1 #gf4 ,!y beheld ! b[ & h[ 7its "w7 0 accompli%$4 #gg4 ,!y prais$ ! "w :i* he _h done 4 4 4 #gh4 ,!n ,anu rais$ ! 4 4 4 9 ! assembly ( ! gods4 #gi4 ,he kiss$ ! b[1 7say+71 ',x is 4 4 4 '6 #hj4 ,& ?us he nam$ ! names ( ! b[1 7say+71 #ha4 ',long-wood %all be "o "n1 & ! second "n %all be 4 4 4 1 #hb4 ,& its ?ird "n %all be ! ,b[-/>1 9 heav5 %all x 4 4 4 6' #hc4 ,!n he fix$ a /ation = x4 ,dr4 ,*eyne ev5 consid]s t he has f\nd a ref]5ce to ^! two />s 9 ,job xxxviii4 #cf-- ,:o ha? put wisdom 9 ! inw>d p>ts 7,lance-/>71 ,or :o ha? giv5 und]/&+ to ! he>t 7,b[-/>74 ,b ?is int]pretation does n appe> to h be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,! same high au?ority sugge/s t ! a/ronomical allusions 9 ,amos may h be5 ins]t$ by a po/-exilic editor1 ?us acc\nt+ = ! occurr5ce ( ! same a/ronomical t]ms z are f\nd 9 ,job1 :i* he assigns to ! exilic or po/-exilic p]iod4 ,?is seems a dang]\s exp$i5t1 z x might ) equal reason be us$ 9 _m o!r directions4 ,fur!r1 x entirely fails to expla9 ! real difficulty t kimah & k7esil h n be5 f\nd z ,babylonian con/ellation names1 & t _! a/ronomical signification _h be5 lo/ by ! "t t ! ,sev5ty und]took _! lab\rs4 ,q ap>t f ! fact t ! ,babylonians c\ld n give ! "n ( ,fool to ! repres5tation 9 ! sky ( _! supreme deity1 ! ,hebrews & ! ,babylonians reg>d$ ! con/ellation 9 diff]5t ways4 ,sev]al ,assyriologi/s consid] t ! con/ellations1 ,orion & ,cetus1 repres5t ! /ruggle betwe5 ,m]oda* & ,tiamat1 & ?is conjecture is probably correct1 s f> z ,babylonian ideas ( ! con/ellations are conc]n$1 = ,tiamat is expressly id5tifi$ on a ,babylonian tablet ) a con/ellation ne> ! ecliptic4#bda3a ,b ?is means t ! my? orig9at$ 9 ! /> figures1 & 0 ! ,babylonian int]pretation ( !m4 ,9 ?is case1 ,cetus--t is ,tiamat--mu/ h be5 consid]$ z a goddess1 & z directly & imm$iately ! ance/ress ( all ! gods4 ,orion--,m]oda*--mu/ h be5 likewise a god1 ! great-great-gr&son ( ,tiamat1 :om he de/roys4 ,! ,hebrew conception 0 altoge!r diff]5t4 ,nei!r ,m]oda*1 nor ,tiamat1 nor ! con/ellations ( ,orion & ,cetus1 nor ! actual />s ( :i* !y are compos$1 are any?+ b creatures4 ,jehovah has made ,orion1 z well z ! ,sev5 ,/>s1 z ,8 h& ha? =m$ ! crook$ s]p5t4 ,by ! m\? ( ,isaiah ,he says1 ,i =m ! light1 & create d>kness3 ,i make peace1 & create evil3 ,i ! ,"l1 d all ^! ?+s4 ,! ,babylonian view 0 ( two div9ities pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ! evil div9ity 0 ! orig9al & ! orig9ator ( ! good4 ,9 ! ,hebrew view1 ev5 ! p[]s ( evil are creat$ ?+s2 !y are n self-exi/5t4 ,& ! ,hebrews took a diff]5t view f ! ,babylonians ( ! /ory told by ^! con/ellations4 ,! ,hebrews always c\pl$ ,orion ) ! ,pleiades2 ! ,babylonians c\pl$ ,orion ) ,cetus--t is1 ,m]oda* ) ,tiamat4 ,! view t has come d[n to u ?r\gh ! ,greeks agrees mu* bett] ) ! association ( ! con/ellations z held among/ ! ,hebrews1 r ?an among/ ! ,babylonians4 ,! ,hunt] ,orion1 accord+ to ! ,greeks1 *as$ ! ,pleiades--! little company ( ,sev5 ,virg9s1 or ,sev5 ,doves--& he 0 confront$ by ! ,bull4 ,9 _! view1 too1 ! ,sea-mon/] 0 n w>r+ aga9/ ,orion1 b aga9/ ! *a9$ woman1 ,&rom$a4 ,,footnotes3 #bcd3a ,b ! fact t ,napoleon's "n 0 ?us c\pl$ ) ?is con/ellation does n w>rant u 9 ass]t+ t ,napoleon _h no hi/orical exi/5ce1 & t 8 long conte/ ) ! great sea-p[] 7,engl&71 ) its capital on ! riv] ,?ames 78 tehom71 0 only a /ell> my?1 aris+ f ! ne>ness ( ,orion to ! ,sea-mon/] 9 ! sky--a v>iant1 9 fact1 ( ! great ,babylonian my? ( ,m>duk & ,tiamat1 ! dragon ( ! deep4 ,x seems necess>y to make ?is rem>k1 s9ce ! process ( a/rologiz+ hi/ory1 :e!r d]iv$ f ! ,bible or f secul> writ]s1 has be5 c>ri$ v f>4 ,?us ,dr4 ,h4 ,w9ckl] writes d[n ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ ?ree ,p]sian k+s1 giv5 u by ,h]odotus1 z my?s ( ,aries1 ,taurus1 & ,gem9i2 ,david & ,golia?1 too1 are b ,m>duk & ,tiamat1 or ,orion & ,cetus1 b ,david has become ! ,giant1 & ,golia? ! ,dragon1 = ,golia? is claim$ z a ^w-play on ! ,babylonian galittu1 ocean4 ,exam9+ an ,arabic globe ( date #abgi ,a4,d4--t is to say "s #d1jjj ye>s aft] ! con/ellations 7 devis$1--,dr4 ,w9ckl] f\nd t ,orion 0 repres5t$ z left-h&$4 ,he !re=e us$ ?is left-h&$ ,orion z ! l9k ( id5tification betwe5 ,ehud1 ! left-h&$ judge ( ,israel1 & ,tyr1 ! left-h&$ ,m>s ( ! ,sc&9avian pan!on4 ,dr4 ,w9ckl] seems to h be5 unaw>e ( ! elem5t>y fact t a cele/ial globe necess>ily %[s its figures inside out4 ,we look up to ! sky1 to see ! actual con/ellations f )9 ! sph]e2 we look d[n ^u a cele/ial globe f )\t1 & h5ce see ! designs ^u x z 9 ! look+-glass4 #bch3a ,dr4 ,*eyne says1 9 a note on p4 #eb ( ,job & ,solomon1 ,heb4 ,k'sil1 ! "n ( ! foolh>dy giant :o /rove ) ,jehovah4 ,! ,*aldeo-,assyrian a/rology gave ! "n ,kisiluv to ! n9? mon?1 connect+ x ) ! zodiacal sign ,sagitt>ius4 ,b !re are valid reasons = atta*+ ! ,hebrew popul> my? to ,orion4 ,s ,col4 ,cond]1 9 p4 #agi ( ,! ,hittites & _! ,language1 translates ! "n ( ! ,assyrian n9? mon?1 ,cisleu1 z giant4 ,n[ ,sagitt>ius is 9 ! heav5s j opposite to ,orion1 s :5 9 ! n9? mon? ! sun 0 9 conjunction ) ,sagitt>ius1 ,orion 0 9 opposition4 ,9 ,cisleu1 !re=e1 ! giant1 ,orion1 0 rid+ ! heav5s all night1 occupy+ ! *amb] ( ! s\? at midnight1 s t ! n9? mon? might well be call$ ! mon? ( ! giant4 #bda3a ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,tablets ( ,creation1 app5dix iii4 p4 #bjh4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,mazz>o? ,we h no assi/ance f any cunei=m inscriptions z to ! a/ronomical significance ( ,ayi%1 ,kimah1 & ,k7esil1 b ! case is diff]5t :5 we come to ,mazz>o?4 ,9 ! fif? tablet ( ! ,babylonian ,creation epic we read-- #a4 ,he 7,m>duk7 made ! /ations = ! great gods2 #b4 ,! />s1 _! images1 z ! />s ( ! zodiac1 he fix$4 #c4 ,he orda9$ ! ye>1 & into sections 7mizrata7 he divid$ x2 #d4 ,= ! twelve mon?s he fix$ ?ree />s4 #e4 ,aft] he _h 4 4 4 ! days ( ! ye> 4 4 4 images #f4 ,he f\nd$ ! /ation ( ,nibir to det]m9e _! b\nds2 #g4 ,t none might err or g a/ray4 #h4 ,he set ! /ation ( ,bel & ,ea along ) him4 ,9 ! ?ird l9e mizrata1 cognate ) ! ,hebrew ,mazzaro?1 means ! sections or divisions ( ! ye>1 correspond+ to ! signs ( ! zodiac m5tion$ 9 ! second l9e4 ,!re c !re=e be little d\bt t ! translators :o gave u our ,engli% v]sions are practically correct 9 ! r5d]+ ( ,job xxxviii4 #cb :i* !y give 9 ! m>g91 ,can/ ?\ br+ =? ,mazz>o? 7or ! twelve signs7 9 8 season8 ,! =ego+ extract f ! fif? tablet ( ,creation has no small a/ronomical int]e/4 ,m]oda* is repres5t$ z sett+ 9 ord] ! heav5ly bodies4 ,fir/ ( all he allots _! /ations to ! great gods1 divid+ to !m ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac1 & ! mon?s ( ! ye>2 s t ! arrangem5t by :i* e mon? _h its tutel>y deity or deities1 is "h said to be 8 "w4 ,next1 he divides up ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac2 n m]ely arrang+ ! actual />s1 b appropriat+ to ea* con/ellation its special design or image4 ,?ird1 he divides up ! ye> to correspond ) ! zodiac1 mak+ twelve mon?s ) ?ree />s or con/ellations to ea*4 ,9 o!r words1 he c>ries ! division ( ! zodiac a /ep fur!r1 & divides ea* sign into ?ree equal p>ts1 ! decans ( ! a/rolog]s1 ea* conta9+ #aj 7deka7 ( ! ecliptic4 ,! /atem5t made 9 l9e #d ref]s to an important developm5t ( a/ronomy4 ,! con/ellations ( ! zodiac1 t is1 ! gr\ps made up ( ! actual />s1 are v unequal 9 size & irregul> 9 %ape4 ,! num]\s !ories1 anci5t or mod]n1 9 :i* ! con/ellations are suppos$ to owe _! orig9 to ! di/9ctive wea!r ( ! successive mon?s1 ea* con/ellation figure be+ a sort ( hi]oglyph = its p>ticul> mon?1 are !re=e all manife/ly errone\s1 = !re nev] c\ld h be5 any real fix$ or /eady correlation betwe5 ! con/ellations & ! mon?s4 ,simil>ly1 ! !ories :i* claim t ! anci5t names = ! mon?s 7 d]iv$ f ! con/ellations are equally unt5able4 ,"s writ]s h ev5 held bo? classes ( !ory1 ov]look+ ! fact t !y mutually contradict ea* o!r4 ,b !re came a "t :5 ! inconv5i5ce ( ! unequal division ( ! zodiac by ! con/ellations 0 felt to be an evil1 & x 0 rem$i$ by divid+ ! ecliptic into twelve equal p>ts1 ea* "p be+ call$ aft] ! con/ellation ) :i* x correspond$ mo/ ne>ly at ! "t su* division 0 made4 ,^! equal divisions h be5 call$ ! ,signs ( ! zodiac4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t !y h always & at all times be5 imag9>y divisions ( ! heav5s1 t !y 7 nev] associat$ ) real />s4 ,!y 7 simply a picturesque mode ( express+ cele/ial longitude2 ! di/ance ( a /> f ! place ( ! sun at ! spr+ equ9ox1 z measur$ along ! ecliptic1--! sun's app>5t pa? dur+ ! ye>4 ,! ,signs once arrang$1 ! next /ep 0 an easy "o4 ,ea* sign 0 equival5t to #cj degrees ( longitude4 ,a ?ird ( a sign1 a decan1 0 #aj degrees ( longitude1 correspond+ to ! week ( t5 days us$ 9 ,egypt & 9 ,greece4 ,?is *ange f ! con/ellations to ! ,signs _c h tak5 place v e>ly4 ,! place ( ! spr+ equ9ox travels backw>ds among/ ! />s at ! rate ( v little m ?an a degree 9 #gb ye>s4 ,:5 ! *ange 0 made ! spr+ equ9ox 0 some:]e 9 ! con/ellation ,aries1 ! ,ram1 & !re=e ,aries 0 !n adopt$ z ! fir/ ,sign1 & mu/ always rema9 su*1 s9ce ! ,signs move among/ ! />s ) ! equ9ox4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,( ,,spr+ ,,equ9ox1 ,b4,c4 #bgjj4 ,we _c fix :5 ?is *ange 0 made )9 a few ye>s1 b x _c h be5 be=e ! "t :5 ! sun at ! spr+ equ9ox 0 situat$ j bel[ ,hamal1 ! brighte/ /> ( ! ,ram4 ,?is 0 ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4 ,! equal division ( ! zodiac mu/ h tak5 place n e>li] ?an ?is1 & ) x1 ! ,bull mu/ h be5 depos$ f ! position x _h always held up to t "t1 ( lead] ( ! zodiac4 ,x is probable t "s direct me?od ( det]m9+ ! equ9ox itself 0 introduc$ mu* ab\t ! same "t4 ,?is new sy/em involv$ no?+ %ort ( a revolution 9 a/ronomy1 b ! ,babylonian ,creation /ory implies t ?is revolution _h already tak5 place :5 x 0 compos$1 & t ! equal division ( ! zodiac 0 already 9 =ce4 ,x is possible t ! six? & sev5? l9es ( ! poem indicate t ! ,babylonians _h already notic$ a peculi> fact1 viz4 t j z ! moon passes ?r\gh all ! signs 9 a mon?1 :il/ ! sun passes ?r\gh only "o sign 9 t "t2 s ! sun passes ?r\gh all ! signs 9 a ye>1 :il/ ,jupit] passes ?r\gh b "o sign4 ,nibir 0 ! special ,babylonian "n ( ! planet ,jupit] :5 on ! m]idian2 & ,m]oda*1 z ! deity ( t planet1 is ?us repres5t$ z pac+ out ! b\nds ( ! zodiacal ,signs by 8 movem5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,! planet also m>ks out ! ?ird "p ( a sign1 i4 e4 t5 degrees2 = dur+ "o-?ird ( ea* ye> x appe>s to retrograde1 mov+ f ea/ to we/ among/ ! />s in/ead ( f we/ to ea/4 ,dur+ ?is retrogression x cov]s ! bread? ( "o decan t5 degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,( ,,spr+ ,,equ9ox1 ,a4,d4 #aijj4 ,! ,babylonian ,creation epic is !re=e q late1 = x introduces a/ronomical ideas n curr5t e>li] ?an #gjj ,b4,c4 9 ,babylonia or any:]e else4 ,?is new developm5t ( a/ronomy enables u also to r\ghly date ! orig9 ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( sy/ematic a/rology4 ,a/rology1 l a/ronomy1 has pass$ ?r\gh successive /ages4 ,x began at z]o4 ,an unexpect$ ev5t 9 ! heav5s 0 acc\nt$ port5t\s1 because x 0 unexpect$1 & x 0 int]pret$ 9 a good or bad s5se accord+ to ! /ate ( m9d ( ! behold]4 ,!re c h be5 at fir/ no sy/em1 no ord]1 no l9k+ up ( "o specific k9d ( pr$iction ) "o k9d ( a/ronomical ev5t4 ,x c h be5 orig9ally no?+ b a crude jumble ( om5s1 j on a level ) ! sup]/itions ( "s ( our peasantry z to see+ h>es1 or cats1 or magpies2 & ! e>lie/ a/rological tablets f ,mesopotamia are precisely ( ?is "*4 ,b ! (ficial =tune-tell]s at ! c\rts ( ! k+s ( ,n9eveh or ,babylon mu/ spe$ily h le>n$ ! necessity ( arrang+ "s sy/ems ( pr$iction = _! own protection--sy/ems def9ite en\gh to give ! a/rolog] a gr\ndwork = a pr$iction :i* he c\ld claim 0 dep5d5t simply ^u ! heav5ly bodies1 & h5ce = :i* ! a/rolog] c\ld n be held p]sonally responsible1 & at ! same "t ela/ic en\gh to enable him to %ape 8 pr$iction to fit 9 ) 8 patron's wi%es4 ,! a/rology ( to-day %[s ! same ess5tial features4 ,?is necessity expla9s ! e>ly ,babylonian tablets ) catalogues ( eclipses on all days ( ! mon?1 & 9 all qu>t]s ( ! sky4 ,! great majority ( ! eclipses c\ld nev] happ51 b !y c\ld be1 none-!-less1 made use ( by a c\rt magician4 ,if an eclipse ( ! sun took place on ! #bi? day & 9 ! s\?1 he c\ld always po9t out h[ exce$+ly unpleasant ?+s might h be5 = ! k+ & ! c\ntry if he1 ! magician1 _h n by 8 dilig5ce1 prev5t$ its happ5+1 say1 on ! #bj?1 & 9 ! nor?4 ,a ,zulu wit*-doctor is q equal to analog\s subt]fuges to-day1 & no d\bt 8 ,babylonian cong5]s 7 n less +5i\s #c1jjj ye>s ago4 ,su* subt]fuges 7 n always successful :5 a ,*aka or a ,nebu*adnezz> _h to be dealt )1 b ) k+s ( a m ord9>y type ei!r 9 ,zulul& or ,mesopotamia !y w\ld answ] well en\gh4 ,com+ d[n to times :5 a/ronomy _h s f> advanc$ t a catalogue ( ! />s _h be5 drawn up1 ) _! positions det]m9$ by actual measurem5t1 x became possible = a/rolog]s to draw up some?+ l a def9ite sy/em ( pr$iction1 bas$ ^u ! con/ellations or p>ts ( a con/ellation t happ5$ to be ris+ at any giv5 mom5t1 & ?is 0 ! sy/em employ$ :5 ,zeu*ros ( ,babylon wrote 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,8 sy/em mu/ h be5 />t$ lat] ?an #gjj ,b4,c41 = 9 x ,aries is consid]$ z ! lead] ( ! zodiac2 ! con/ellations are already dise/abli%$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,signs2 & ! ,signs are ea* divid$ into ?ree4 ,a practical drawback to ?is p>ticul> a/rological sy/em 0 t ! aspect pres5t$ by ! heav5s on "o ev5+ 0 precisely ! same z t pres5t$ on ! next ev5+ f\r m9utes e>li]4 ,! field = pr$iction !re=e 0 v limit$ & repeat$ itself too mu* = ! purpose ( =tune-tell]s4 ,! introduction ( ! planets into a/rology gave a great] div]sity to ! mat]ial us$ by ! =tune-tell]s4 ,an e>ly phase ( planet>y a/rology consi/$ 9 ! allotm5t ( a planet to ea* h\r ( ! day & also to ea* day ( ! week4 ,x has be5 already %[n 9 ! *apt] on ,saturn & ,a/rology1 t ?is sy/em arose f ! ,ptolemaic idea ( ! sol> sy/em graft$ on ! ,egyptian division ( ! day into tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & appli$ to ! week ( sev5 days4 ,x probably orig9at$ 9 ,alex&ria1 & arose n e>li] ?an ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era4 ,ma!matical a/rology--! complex sy/em n[ 9 vogue--involves a consid]able k ( ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! planets & a developm5t ( ma!matics su* z did n exi/ until ! days ( ,hipp>*us4 ,x also employs ! purely imag9>y signs ( ! zodiac1 n ! con/ellations2 & reckons ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries z at ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,s f> z we c asc]ta91 ! spr+ equ9ox m>k$ ! fir/ po9t ( ! con/ellation ,aries ab\t ,b4,c4 #aaj4 ,all ^! v>i$ =ms ( a/rology are !re=e comp>atively rec5t4 ,be=e t x 0 ( c\rse reckon$ om9\s if an eclipse took place1 or a comet 0 se51 or a bright planet came ne> ! moon1 j z spill+ salt or cross+ knives may be reckon$ om9\s to-day4 ,! om5s _h z little to d ) obs]vation1 or ) any?+ t c\ld be call$ sci5tific1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,x is important to realize t a/rology1 z any?+ m ?an ! crude obs]vance ( om5s1 is y\ng] ?an a/ronomy by at lea/ #b1jjj ye>s4 ,mazzaro? occurs only once 9 ! ,bible1 viz4 9 ,job xxxviii4 #cb1 already s (t5 quot$1 b a simil> ^w ,mazzalo? occurs 9 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #e1 :]e x is said t ,josiah put d[n ! idolatr\s prie/s1 !m also t burn$ inc5se unto ,baal1 to ! sun1 & to ! moon1 & to ! planets 7,mazzalo?71 & to all ! ho/ ( heav54 ,! context itself1 z well z ! p>allel passage 9 ,deut]onomy--,:5 ?\ see/ ! sun1 & ! moon1 & ! />s1 ev5 all ! ho/ ( heav51 %\ld/ be driv5 to wor%ip !m1--%[s cle>ly t cele/ial lum9>ies ( "s k9d are int5d$1 probably c]ta9 gr\ps ( />s1 di/+ui%$ f ! g5]al ho/ ( heav54 ,comp>+ ,job ix4 #i1 ) ,job xxxviii4 #ca1 #cb1 we f9d ,a%1 or ,ayi%1 ,kimah & ,k7esil common to ! two passages2 if we take ,a% & ,ayi% z id5tical1 ?is leaves ! *amb]s ( ! s\? z ! equival5t ( ,mazz>o?4 ,! same expression occurs 9 ! s+ul> 9 ,job xxxvii4 #i--,out ( ! s\? 7m>g4 *amb]7 come? ! :irlw9d4 ,!re ne$ be b little "q z to ! significance ( ^! v>i\s passages4 ,! correspond5ce ( ! ^w ,mazzaro? ) ! ,babylonian mizrata1 ! divisions ( ! ye>1 answ]+ to ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac1 po9ts 9 exactly ! same direction z ! correspond5ce 9 idea :i* is evid5t betwe5 ! *amb]s ( ! s\? & ! ,arabic ,al manazil1 ! mansions or re/+-places ( ! moon 9 ! lun> zodiac4 ,mazz>o? are !re=e ! divisions ( ! zodiac1 ! *amb]s ?r\gh :i* ! sun successively passes 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 8 re/+-place = a mon?4 ,!y are ! *amb]s ( ! s\?1 s9ce t is _! di/9ctive position4 ,9 ,pale/9e1 ! sun1 ev5 at ris+ or sett+ at midsumm]1 passes b little to ! nor? ( ea/ or we/4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! s\? is ! sun's qu>t]1 & !re=e x is necess>ily ! qu>t] ( ! con/ellation 9 :i* ! sun is plac$4 ,x has be5 made an objection to ?is id5tification t ! ,israelites are said to h wor%ipp$ ,mazzalo?1 & we h no direct evid5ce t ! signs or con/ellations ( ! zodiac 7 wor%ipp$ z su*4 ,b ?is is to make a di/9ction t is h>dly w>rant$4 ,! ,creation tablets1 z we h se51 di/9ctly record ! allocation ( ! great gods to ! v>i\s signs1 ,m]oda* himself be+ "o ( ! ?ree deities associat$ ) ! mon? ,ad>1 j z 9 ,egypt a god presid$ ov] ea* "o ( ! ?irty-six decades ( ! ye>4 ,aga91 x is probable t ! gold5 calf1 wor%ipp$ by ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness1 &1 aft] ! disruption1 at ,be!l & at ,dan1 0 none o!r ?an an attempt to wor%ip ,jehovah "u ! symbol ( ,taurus1 ! lead] ( ! zodiac & cognizance ( ! tribe ( ,joseph2 reg>d$ z a type ( ,him ,:o _h be5 ! ,lead] ( ! p out ( ,egypt1 & ! ,giv] ( ! bless+s associat$ ) ! return ( ! sun to ,taurus1 ! revival ( nature 9 spr+-"t4 ,x 0 int5d$ z a wor%ip ( ,jehovah2 x 0 9 reality dire rebellion aga9/ ,him1 & a beg9n+ ( ! wor%ip ( ,mazzalo? & ! heav5ly ho/2 an idolatry t 0 b\nd to br+ o!r idolatries 9 its tra94 ,a ?ree-fold symbol f\nd cont9ually on ,babylonian monum5ts1 ! triad ( />s1 und\bt$ly at "o "t set =? ,s91 ! moon-god1 ,samas1 ! sun-god1 & ,ivst>1 9 ?is connection possibly ! planet ,v5us4 ,x has !re=e be5 sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli t ,mazzalo? is ! planet ,v5us2 &1 s9ce ! ^w is plural 9 =m1 ,v5us 9 h] d\ble capacity2--sometimes an ev5+1 sometimes a morn+ />4 ,! sun & ! moon & ,mazzalo? w\ld !n set =? ! ?ree brighte/ lum9>ies1 :il/ ! g5]al congress ( />s w\ld be repres5t$ by ! ho/ ( heav54 ,b ?\gh ,v5us is sometimes ! brighte/ ( ! planets1 %e is ess5tially ( ! same ord] z ,jupit] or ,m>s1 & is n ( ! same ord] z ! sun & moon1 ) :om1 on ?is supposition1 %e is s+l$ out to be rank$4 ,moreov]1 if ,ivst> or ,a%tore? 7 int5d$ 9 ?is passage1 x does n appe> :y %e %\ld n be expressly nam$ z su*2 especially z ,baal1 s (t5 c\pl$ ) h]1 is nam$4 ,! triad ( />s1 too1 _h orig9ally q a diff]5t mean+1 z w be se5 lat]4 ,moreov]1 ! p>allelism betwe5 ,job ix4 & ,job xxxviii4 is de/roy$ by ?is r5d]+1 s9ce ! planet ,v5us c\ld n be describ$ z ! *amb]s ( ! s\?4 ,^! are !re=e ref]r$ by ,pr(essor ,s*iap>elli to ! glori\s mass ( />s 9 ! f> s\?1 %9+ 9 ! con/ellations t set =? ! ,deluge /ory1--! ,%ip1 & ! ,c5taur1 mu* ! mo/ brilliant region ( ! :ole sky4 ,ano!r int]pretation ( ,mazz>o? is giv5 by ,dr4 ,*eyne1 on gr\nds t refute ,pr(essor ,s*iap>elli's sugge/ion1 b x is itself op5 to objection f an a/ronomical po9t ( view4 ,he writes-- ,mazz>o? is probably n to be id5tifi$ ) ,mazzalo? 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #e7 9 spite ( ! au?ority ( ! ,sept4 & ! ,t>gum4 4 4 4 ,mazz>o? ,ass4 ,maz>ati2 ,mazzalo? 7i4e4 ! zodiacal signs7 seems to be ! plural ( ,mazzala ,ass4 ,manzaltu1 /ation4#bed3a ,dr4 ,*eyne !re=e r5d]s ! passage ?us-- ,do/ ?\ br+ =? ! moon's wat*es at _! season1 ,& ! ,be> & h] (fspr+--do/ ?\ guide !m8 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! laws ( heav58 ,do/ ?\ det]m9e its influ5ce ^u ! e>?8 ,mazzalo? are !re=e ! zodiacal signs1 b ,mazz>o? ! wat*es or /ations ( ! moon1 :i* m>k$ ! progress ( ! mon?2#bed3b or1 9 o!r words1 ! lun> zodiac4 ,b ! lun> & ! sol> zodiac are only diff]5t ways ( divid+ ! same belt ( />s4 ,consequ5tly :51 z 9 ! passage be=e u1 ref]5ce is made to ! actual belt ( />s z a :ole1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,s t we are oblig$1 z be=e1 to consid] ,mazz>o? & ,mazzalo? z id5tical1 & bo? z sett+ =? ! />s ( ! zodiac4 ,s f> z ! two zodiacs diff]1 x is ! sol> & n ! lun> zodiac t is int5d$4 ,?is is evid5t :5 we consid] ! diff]5t natures ( ! app>5t motions ( ! sun & ! moon4 ,! sun passes ?r\gh a twelf? "p ( ! zodiac ea* mon?1 & mon? by mon? ! successive con/ellations ( ! zodiac are br\ght out1 ea* 9 its own season2 ea* hav+ a p]iod dur+ :i* x rises at sunset1 is visible ! :ole night1 & sets at sunrise4 ,! sol> ,mazz>o? are !re=e emphatically br\ght out1 ea* 9 its season4 ,n s ! lun> ,mazz>o?4 ,! expression1 ! wat*es or /ations ( ! moon :i* m>k$ ! progress ( ! mon?1 is unsuitable :5 a/ronomically consid]$4 ,wat*es ref] /rictly to divisions ( ! day & night2 ! /ations ( ! moon ref] to ! tw5ty-sev5 or tw5ty-eight divisions ( ! lun> zodiac2 ! progress ( ! mon? ref]s to ! complete sequ5ce ( ! lun> phases4 ,^! are ?ree entirely diff]5t matt]s1 & ,dr4 ,*eyne has confus$ !m4 ,! progress ( ! moon ?r\gh its complete s]ies ( /ations is accompli%$ 9 a sid]ial mon?--t is1 tw5ty-sev5 days eight h\rs1 b f ! nature ( ! case x _c be said t ^! /ations are br\ght out ea* 9 8 season1 9 t "t1 z a mon? makes b a small *ange 9 ! aspect ( ! sky4 ,! moon passes ?r\gh ! complete succession ( its phases 9 ! c\rse ( a synodical mon?1 :i* is 9 ! mean tw5ty-n9e days1 ?irte5 h\rs--t is to say f new to new1 or full to full--b no p>ticul> />1 or con/ellation1 or /ation has any fix$ relation to any "o giv5 phase ( ! moon4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s f\r or five ye>s ! moon w h be5 bo? new & full 9 e "o ( ! lun> /ations4 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! ord9ances ( heav58 ,can/ ?\ set ! dom9ion !re( 9 ! e>?8 ,he1 :o has liv$ out "u ! />s1 9 contact ) ! actual work+s ( nature1 kn[s :at x is to wat* ,mazz>o? br\ght out 9 8 season2 ! sil5t return to ! skies ( ! con/ellations1 mon? by mon?1 simultane\s ) ! *anges on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,ov]head1 ! glori\s procession1 s regul> & unfalt]+1 ( ! sil5t1 unapproa*able />s3 bel[1 9 unfail+ answ]1 ! succession ( spr+ & summ]1 autumn & w9t]1 se$time & h>ve/1 cold & heat1 ra9 & dr\ght4 ,if !re be b eyes to see1 ?is maje/ic ,ord]1 s smoo? 9 work+1 s magnific5t 9 scale1 w impress ! mo/ /olid z ! imm$iate act+ ( ,god2 & ! behold] w feel at ! same a rev]5t awe1 & an uplift+ ( ! _s z he sees ! action ( ! ord9ances ( heav51 & ! evid5ce ( ! dom9ion !re( 9 ! e>?4 ,dr4 ,*eyne1 h[ev]1 only sees 9 ^! beautiful & appropriate l9es ! influ5ce ^u ! sacr$ writ] ( ! physical !ology ( ,babylonia2#bef3a 9 o!r words1 its idolatr\s a/rology1 ! influ5ce ( ! sky ^u ! e>?4 ,b :at w\ld ,job und]/& by ! "q1 ,can/ ?\ br+ =? ,mazzaro? 9 8 season8 ,j ?is3 ,can/ ?\ s move ! great cele/ial sph]e t ! v>i$ con/ellations ( ! zodiac %all come into view1 ea* 9 _! turn1 & ) !m ! e>? pass ?r\gh its prop] successive seasons8 ,! "q !re=e embrac$ & 0 an ext5sion ( ! two t prec$$ x4 ,can/ ?\ b9d ! sweet influ5ces ( ! ,pleiades8 ,can/ ?\ prev5t ! revival ( all ! =ces ( nature 9 ! spr+time8 & ,can/ ?\ loose ! b&s ( ,orion2 can/ ?\ free ! gr\nd f ! numb+ fro/s ( w9t]8 ,! "q to u w\ld n greatly diff] 9 its mean+1 except t we %\ld bett] und]/& ! me*anism und]ly+ ! ph5om5a4 ,! "q w\ld mean1 ,can/ ?\ move ?is va/ globe ( ! e>?1 weigh+ six ?\s& million times a million million tons1 cont9ually 9 its orbit1 m ?an #ehj millions ( miles 9 circuit1 ) a spe$ ( ne>ly n9ete5 miles 9 e second ( "t1 ?us br++ into view diff]5t con/ellations at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 & pres5t+ ! v>i\s zones ( ! e>? 9 diff]5t aspects to ! sun's light & heat8 ,to u1 z to ,job1 ! "q w\ld come z3 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! ord9ances ( heav58 ,can/ ?\ set ! dom9ion !re( 9 ! e>?8 ,x is go+ beyond a/ronomy1 yet x may be p]mitt$ to an a/ronom]1 to ref] = comp>ison to a p>allel ?\ght1 n c\*$ 9 ! =m ( a "q1 b 9 ! =m ( a pray]3 ,?y w be done1 ,z 9 heav51 s 9 e>?4 ,,footnotes3 #bed3a ,rev4 ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne1 ,m4,a41 ,job & ,solomon1 p4 #bij4 #bed3b ,ibid41 p4 #eb4 #bef3a ,rev4 ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne1 ,m4,a41 ,job & ,solomon1 p4 #eb4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,arcturus ,9 two passages ( ! ,book ( ,job a ^w1 ,a% or ,ayi%1 is us$1 by context evid5tly "o ( ! con/ellations ( ! sky1 b ! id5tification ( :i* is d\btful4 ,9 our ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ! fir/ passage is r5d]$ ?us3-- 7,god7 ,:i* make? ,arcturus 7,a%71 ,orion1 & ,pleiades1 & ! *amb]s ( ! s\?2 & ! second3-- ,can/ ?\ b9d ! sweet influ5ces ( ,pleiades1 ,or loose ! b&s ( ,orion8 ,can/ ?\ br+ =? ,mazz>o? 9 8 season8 ,or can/ ?\ guide ,arcturus 7,ayi%7 ) 8 sons8 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! ord9ances ( heav58 ,can/ ?\ set ! dom9ion !re( 9 ! e>?8 ,! words 7or ^w1 = possibly ,ayi% is no m ?an a v>iant ( ,a%7 "h translat$ ,arcturus 7 r5d]$ by ! ,sev5ty z ,arkt\ros 9 ! fir/ passage2 z ,hesp]os 9 ! second passage2 & _! r5d]+ 0 foll[$ by ! ,vulgate4 ,! r5d]+ ,hesp] or ,vesp] is absurd1 z ! sons ( ,hesp] has no mean+4 ,arkt\ros is n improbably a misr5d]+ ( ,arktos1 ! nor?1 :i* w\ld give a free b n a lit]al translation ( ! mean+ ( ! passage4 ,9 ano!r passage f ,job 7xxxvii4 #i7 :]e ! s\? w9d is contra/$ ) ! cold f ano!r qu>t] ( ! sky1 ! ,sev5ty--aga9 foll[$ by ! ,vulgate--r5d]$ x z cold f ,arcturus4 ,n[ cold came to ! ,jews1 z x does to u1 f ! nor?1 & ! /> :i* we "k z ,arcturus c\ld n be describ$ z typify+ t direction ei!r n[ or :5 ! ,septuag9t or ,vulgate v]sions 7 made4 ,! ,pes*itta1 ! ,syriac v]sion ( ! ,bible1 made ab\t ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 gives z ! ,syriac equival5t = ,a%1 or ,ayi%1 ! ^w iyu?a1 b x also r5d]s ,k7esil by ! same ^w 9 ,amos v4 #h1 s t ! translators 7 evid5tly q at sea z to ! id5tity ( ^! con/ellations4 ,we are also 9 d\bt z to :at /> or con/ellation ! ,syrians meant by ,iyu?a1 & app>5tly !y 7 9 "s d\bt !mselves1 = 9 ! ,talmud we are told t !re 0 a disputation1 held 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great tea*] ,rabbi ,jehuda1 ab\t #aej ye>s aft] ,*ri/1 :e!r ,iyu?a 0 situat$ 9 ! head ( ! ,bull1 or 9 ! tail ( ! ,ram4 ,ori5tal s*ol>s n[ assign x ei!r to ,aldeb>an 9 ! head ( ! ,bull1 ! sons be+ 9 ?is case ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,hyades gr\p ( :i* ,aldeb>an is ! brighte/ />2 or else id5tify+ x ) ! ,arabic el-aiyuq1 ! "n ( ! /> :i* ! ,greeks call ,aix1 & we call ,capella1 ! sons on ?is inf]5ce be+ ! ?ree small />s ne>1 call$ by ! ,greeks & by ourselves ! ,kids4 ,! ^w ,a% is us$ sev]al times 9 ,scripture1 b )\t any a/ronomical signification1 & is !re r5d]$ mo?1 z 9 ,isaiah1 :]e x says-- ,lo1 !y all %all wax old z a g>m5t2 ! mo? 7,a%7 %all eat !m up4 ,?is lit]al significance ( ! ^w does n help1 z we "k ( no con/ellation figur$ z a mo? or be>+ any resemblance to "o4 ,b ! ^w a%1 or ayi% does n diff] importantly f ! ^w na%1 9 ,hebrew assembly1 9 ,arabic bi]1 :i* has be5 ! ^w us$ by ! ,arabs f remote antiquity to d5ote ! f\r bright />s 9 ! h9d-qu>t]s ( ! ,great ,be>2 ^? :i* =m ! body ( ! ,pl\gh4 ,moreov]1 ! ?ree />s :i* =m ! tail ( ! ,great ,be>1 or ! h&le ( ! ,pl\gh h be5 call$ by ! ,arabs b5at na%1 ! daught]s ( na%4 ,! ,be> is ! great nor!rn con/ellation1 :i* sw+s con/antly r\nd ! pole1 always visible ?r\gh\t ! *ang+ seasons ( ! ye>4 ,!re %\ld be no hesitation !n 9 accept+ ! op9ion ( ! ,rabbi1 ,ab5 ,ezra1 :o saw 9 ,a%1 or ,ayi% ! quadrilat]al ( ! great ,be>1 ^: f\r po9ts are m>k$ by ! bright />s1 ,alpha1 ,beta1 ,gamma & ,delta1 & 9 ! sons ( ,ayi%1 ! ?ree />s1 ,epsilon1 ,zeta1 & ,eta4 ,our ,revis$ ,v]sion !re=e r5d]s ! ^w z ,be>4 ,9 bo? passages ( ,job1 !n1 we get ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! sky m>k$ out z be+ "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,"l4 ,9 ! n9? *apt] !y are giv5 9 ! ord]-- ,! ,be>1 :i* is 9 ! ,nor?2 ,orion1 9 its acronical ris+1 ) ! sun sett+ 9 ! ,we/2 ,! ,pleiades1 9 _! heliacal ris+1 ) ! sun ris+ 9 ! ,ea/2 ,& ! ,*amb]s ( ! ,s\?4 ,9 ! lat] passage !y are giv5 ) full] illu/ration1 & 9 ! ord]-- ,! ,pleiades1 ^: sweet influ5ces are giv5 by _! heliacal ris+ 9 spr+ "t1 ) ! sun ris+ 9 ! ,ea/2 ,orion1 ^: b&s are ^? ( w9t]1 h]ald$ by 8 acronical ris+ ) ! sun sett+ 9 ! ,we/2 ,mazz>o?1 ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac correspond+ to ! ,*amb]s ( ! ,s\?1 :i* ! sun occupies ea* 9 its season4 ,! ,be> ) its sons1 :o1 always visible1 are unceas+ly guid$ r\nd ! pole 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! p>allelism 9 ! two passages 9 ,job gives u ! "r to argue t ,a% & ,ayi% ref] to ! same con/ellation1 & are v>iants ( ! same "n2 possibly _! vocalization 0 ! same1 & !y are b two div]g5t ways ( writ+ ! ^w4 ,we mu/ !re=e reject ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli's sugge/ion made on ! au?ority ( ! ,pes*itta v]sion ( ! ,scriptures & ( ,rabbi ,jehuda1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 t ,a% is ,iyu?a :i* is ,aldeb>an1 b t ,ayi% & 8 sons may be ,capella & h] ,kids4 ,equally we mu/ reject ,pr(4 ,/]n's argum5t t ,kimah is ,sirius1 ,k7esil is ,orion1 ,mazzaro? is ! ,hyades & ,ayi% is ! ,pleiades4 ,he bases 8 argum5t on ! ord] 9 :i* ^! names are giv5 9 ! second passage ( ,job1 & on ! cont5tion ( ,otfri$ ,mll] t !re are only f\r out ( ! rem>kable gr\ps ( />s plac$ 9 ! middle & s\!rn regions ( ! sky :i* h giv5 rise to important leg5ds 9 ! primitive my?ology ( ! ,greeks4 ,^! gr\ps foll[ "o aft] ! o!r 9 a belt 9 ! sky 9 ! ord] j giv51 & _! ris+s & sett+s 7 important factors 9 ! old ,greek meteorological & agricultural cal5d>s4 ,pr(4 ,/]n assumes t k7esil means ,orion1 & f ?is id5tification d$uces ! o!rs1 neglect+ all etymological or traditional evid5ces to ! contr>y4 ,he takes no notice ( ! employm5t ( ! same names 9 passages ( ,scripture o!r ?an t 9 ! ?irty-eigh? *apt] ( ,job4 ,"h he w\ld int]pret ! *a91 or sweet influ5ces ( ,kimah ,sirius ! dog1 by assum+ t ! ,jews consid]$ t ! dog 0 mad1 & h5ce 0 kept *a9$ up4 ,m important /ill1 he fails to recognize t ! ,jews _h a cont95tal climate 9 a diff]5t latitude f ! insul> climate ( ,greece1 & t bo? _! agricultural & _! wea!r conditions 7 diff]5t1 & w\ld be associat$ ) diff]5t a/ronomical indications4 ,9 ! #i? v]se ( ! #cg? *apt] ( ,job we get an anti!sis :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to-- ,out ( ! s\? come? ! :irlw9d3 & cold out ( ! nor?4 ,! ,hebrew ^w "h translat$ nor? is mez>im1 a plural ^w :i* is tak5 lit]ally to mean ! scatt]+s4 ,= its int]pretation ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli makes a v plausible sugge/ion4 ,he says1 ,we may fir/ obs]ve t ! five ,hebrew lett]s ) :i* ?is "n 0 writt5 9 ! orig9al unpo9t$ text c\ld equally well be read1 ) a some:at diff]5t po9t+1 z mizrim1 or also z mizrayim1 ( :i* ! "o is ! plural1 ! o!r ! dual1 ( mizreh4 ,n[ mizreh means a w9n[+-fan1 ! in/rum5t ) :i* gra9 is scatt]$ 9 ! air to sift x2 & x has its root1 l mez>im1 9 ! ^w z>ah1 4 4 4 :i*1 besides ! s5se disp]sit1 be>s also ! s5se exp&it1 v5tilavit4#bfc3a ,illu/ration3 ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,pl\gh1 ,,z ,,! ,,w9n[+ ,,fan4 ,if ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli is correct 9 8 supposition1 !n ! ^w translat$ nor? 9 our v]sions is lit]ally ! two w9n[+ fans1 names :i* f ! =m sugge/$ by ! />s we may suppose t ! ,jews gave to ! two ,be>s 9 ! sky1 j z ! ,*9ese call$ !m ! ,ladles1 & ! ,am]icans call !m ! ,big ,dipp] & ! ,little ,dipp]4 ,! s5se is /ill t ( ! nor?1 b we may recognize 9 ! ^w employ$ ano!r ,jewi% "n ( ! con/ellation1 alt]native ) ,a% or ,ayi%1 or p]haps us$ 9 ord] to include 9 ! region ! ,less] z well z ! ,great] ,be>4 ,we %\ld n be surpris$ at f9d+ an alt]native "n = ?is great nor!rn con/ellation1 = we ourselves call x by sev]al diff]5t appellations1 us+ !m indiscrim9ately1 p]haps ev5 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le p>agraph4 ,:at to ,job did ! "q mean :i* ! ,"l address$ to him3 ,can/ ?\ guide ! ,be> & 8 sons8 ,to ,job x meant1 ,can/ ?\ guide ?is great con/ellation ( />s 9 ! nor?1 9 _! unceas+ r\nd1 z a *>iote] guides 8 horses 9 a wide circle1 ea* keep+ to 8 prop] r+1 none entangl+ himself ) ano!r1 nor fall+ out ( 8 place8 ,:at w\ld ! same "q mean to u1 if address$ to u to-day8 ,9 ! fir/ place we might put x %ortly z ,can/ ?\ turn ! e>? on its axis regul>ly & cont9u\sly1 s z to produce ?is motion ( ! />s r\nd ! pole1 & to make day & night8 ,b mod]n a/ronomy c ask ! "q 9 a deep] & a wid] s5se4 ,x 0 an anci5t idea t ! />s 7 fix$ 9 a cry/al sph]e1 & t !y c\ld n alt] _! relative positions2 & inde$ until ! la/ c5tury or two1 in/rum5ts 7 n delicate en\gh to measure ! small relative %ift t />s make4 ,x is )9 ! la/ sev5ty ye>s t we h be5 able to measure ! annual p>allax ( c]ta9 />s1--t is1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! position ( a /> :5 view$ by ! e>? f ! opposite ends ( a diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,besides _! ye>ly %ift due to annual p>allax1 mo/ />s h a prop] or peculi> motion ( _! own1 :i* is 9 mo/ cases a v small am\nt inde$1 b c be det]m9$ m easily ?an annual p>allax because its effect accumulates ye> aft] ye>4 ,if1 !re=e1 we are able to obs]ve a /> ov] a p]iod ( fifty1 or a hundr$ or m ye>s1 x may seem to h mov$ q an appreciable am\nt :5 exam9$ by ! p[]ful & delicate in/rum5ts t we h n[ at our disposal4 ,obs]vations ( ! exact positions ( />s h be5 made ev] s9ce ! f\nd+ ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 s t n[ we h catalogues giv+ ! prop] motions ( sev]al hundr$s ( />s4 ,:5 ^! are exam9$ x is se5 t "s gr\ps ( />s move 9 fell[%ip toge!r ?r\gh space1 hav+ ! same direction1 & mov+ at ! same rate1 & ( ^! companies ! mo/ /rik+ are ! />s ( ! ,pl\gh1 t is ,ayi% & 8 sons4 ,n all ! />s move toge!r2 out ( ! sev51 ! fir/ & ! la/ h a diff]5t direction1 b ! o!r five %[ a /rik+ simil>ity 9 _! pa?s4 ,& n only are _! directions ( movem5t1 & ! am\nts ( x1 ! same = ! five />s1 b spectroscopic obs]vations ( _! motion 9 ! l9e ( sight %[ t !y are all approa*+ u ) a spe$ ( ab\t eighte5 miles a second1 t is to say ) mu* ! same spe$ z ! e>? moves 9 h] orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,ano!r indication ( _! family lik5ess is t all _! spectra are simil>4 ,a ,g]man a/ronom]1 ,dr4 ,hffl]1 has f\nd = ?is sy/em a di/ance f u s great t x w\ld take light #aib ye>s to travel f !m to u4 ,yet s va/ is ?is company ( five />s t x w\ld take light sev5ty ye>s1 travell+ at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles 9 e second ( "t to g f ! lead+ />1 ,m]ak--,beta ( ! ,be>--to ,miz>--,zeta ( ! ,be>--! f9al brilliant ( ! five4 ,s bright & great are ^! suns t !y %9e to u z gems ( ! second magnitude1 & yet if our sun 7 plac$ among/ !m at _! di/ance f u he w\ld be invisible to ! ke5e/ sight4 ,dr4 ,hffl]'s e/imate may be an exagg]at$ "o1 b x /ill rema9s true t :il/ ! clu/] ( ! ,pleiades =ms a great & wond]ful family gr\p1 x is dw>f$ into insignificance by ! va/ di/ances betwe5 ^! five />s ( ! ,great ,be>4 ,yet ^! also =m "o family1 ?\gh !y are unit$ by no nebul\s b&s1 & are at di/ances s great f ea* o!r t ! bonds ( gravitation mu/ cease to %[ _! influ5ce2 yet all are alike1 all are m>%all$ toge!r 9 _! m>* "u "s my/]i\s law4 ,we _c answ] ! "q1 ,by :at means are ,ayi% & 8 sons guid$8 mu* m are we spee*less :5 we are ask$1 ,can/ ?\ guide !m8 ,,footnotes3 #bfc3a ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bl[ ,,up ,,! ,,trumpet ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,moon4 ,,book ,,iii ,,times ,,& ,,seasons ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,day ,,& ,,its ,,divisions ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion at ! pres5t day among/ a/ronom]s z to ! "t 9 :i* ! planet ,v5us rotates ^u h] axis4 ,?is diff]5ce arises ?r\gh ! difficulty ( p]ceiv+ or id5tify+ any m>k+s on h] brilliantly light$ surface4 ,%e is probably cont9ually cl\d-cov]$1 & ! movem5ts ( ! v fa9t %ad+s t are sometimes se5 ^u h] h be5 diff]5tly int]pret$4 ,! old] obs]v]s concurr$ 9 giv+ h] a rotation p]iod ( #bc;h #bam1 :i* is n v diff]5t f t ( ! e>?4 ,_m a/ronom]s1 among/ !m ,s*iap>elli1 assign a rotation p]iod ( #bbe days1 t is to say ! same p]iod z t 9 :i* %e goes r\nd ! sun 9 h] orbit4 ,! axis on :i* %e rotates is almo/ c]ta9ly at "r angles to ! plane 9 :i* %e moves r\nd ! sun1 & %e has no moon4 ,we d n "k if ! planet is inhabit$ by intellig5t be+s1 b assum+ ! exi/5ce ( su*1 x w be in/ructive to inquire z to ! conditions "u :i* !y mu/ live if ?is view be correct1 & ! rotation p]iod ( ,v5us1 & h] revolution p]iod be ! same4 ,v5us w\ld !n always turn ! same face to ! sun1 j z our moon always turns ! same face to u & s nev] appe>s to turn r\nd4 ,v5us w\ld !re=e h no days1 = on h] "o hemisph]e !re w\ld be et]nal light1 & on ! o!r et]nal d>kness4 ,s9ce %e has no moon1 %e has no mon?4 ,s9ce %e moves r\nd ! sun 9 a circle1 & ! axis ?r\gh h] nor? & s\? poles lies at "r angles to h] ecliptic1 %e has no seasons1 %e c h no ye>4 ,on h] daylight side1 ! sun rema9s fix$ 9 "o spot 9 ! sky1 s long z ! obs]v] does n leave 8 locality2 x hangs ov]head1 or ne> "s horizon1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 or we/1 cont9ually4 ,!re are no h\rs1 !re=e no divisions ( "t1 x might be almo/ said no "t itself4 ,!re are no po9ts ( ! compass ev51 no nor?1 s\?1 ea/ or we/1 no directions except t[>ds ! place :]e ! sun is ov]head or away f x4 ,!re c\ld be no hi/ory 9 ! s5se we "k x1 = !re w\ld be no natural means ( dat+4 ,"t mu/ !re be artificial1 unc]ta9 & arbitr>y4 ,on ! night side ( ,v5us1 if h] m5 c see ! />s at all = cl\d1 !y w\ld p]ceive ! sl[ procession ( />s com+ out1 = ,v5us turns cont9ually to ! heav5s--?\gh n to ! sun4 ,mazz>o? w\ld /ill be br\ght out 9 8 season1 b !re w\ld be no answ]+ *ange on ,v5us4 ,h] m5 might /ill "k ! ord9ances ( heav51 b !y c\ld n "k ! dom9ion !re( set ^u _! e>?4 ,?is imag9>y picture ( ! /ate ( our si/] planet may illu/rate ! f\rte5? v]se ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis3-- ,& ,god said1 ,let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5 to divide ! day f ! night2 & let !m be = signs1 & = seasons1 & = days1 & ye>s4 ,! mak+ ( ! cal5d> is 9 all nations an a/ronomical problem3 x is ! movem5ts ( ! v>i\s heav5ly bodies t give to u our mo/ natural divisions ( "t4 ,we are told 9 ,deut]onomy3-- ,! sun1 & ! moon1 & ! />s1 ev5 all ! ho/ ( heav51 4 4 4 ! ,"l ?y ,god ha? divid$ unto all nations "u ! :ole heav54 ,?is is ! legitimate use ( ! heav5ly bodies1 j z ! wor%ip ( !m is _! abuse1 = ! division ( "t--9 o!r words1 ! =mation ( a cal5d>--is a necessity4 ,b z !re are _m heav5ly bodies & sev]al natural divisions ( "t1 ! cal5d>s 9 use by diff]5t peoples diff] consid]ably4 ,"o division1 h[ev]1 is common to all cal5d>s--! day4 ,! day is ! fir/ & %orte/ natural division ( "t4 ,at pres5t we recognize ?ree k9ds ( days--! sid]eal day1 :i* is ! int]val ( "t betwe5 successive passages ( a fix$ /> ov] a giv5 m]idian2 ! app>5t sol> day1 :i* is ! int]val betwe5 two passages ( ! sun's c5tre ov] a giv5 m]idian1 or ! int]val betwe5 two successive noons on a sundial2 & ! mean sol> day1 :i* is ! int]val betwe5 ! successive passages ( a fictiti\s sun mov+ uni=mly ea/w>d 9 ! cele/ial equator1 & complet+ its annual c\rse 9 exactly ! same "t z t 9 :i* ! actual sun makes ! circuit ( ! ecliptic4 ,! mean sol> days are all exactly ! same l5g?2 !y are equal to ! l5g? ( ! av]age app>5t sol> day2 & !y are ea* f\r m9utes long] ?an a sid]eal day4 ,we divide our days into #bd h\rs2 ea* h\r into #fj m9utes2 ea* m9ute into #fj seconds4 ,?is subdivision ( ! day requires "s me*anical means ( cont9ually regi/]+ "t1 & = ?is purpose we use clocks & wat*es4 ,! sid]eal day & ! mean sol> day necessitate "s means ( regi/]+ "t1 su* z clocks2 !re=e ! orig9al day 9 use mu/ h be5 ! app>5t sol> day4 ,x mu/ !n h be5 reckon$ ei!r f sunset to sunset1 or f sunrise to sunrise4 ,lat] x might h be5 possible to reckon x f noon to noon1 :5 "s me?od ( fix+ ! mom5t ( noon _h be5 inv5t$2 "s me?od1 t is to say1 ( fix+ ! true nor? & s\?1 & ( not+ t ! sun 0 due s\?1 or ! %ad[ due nor?4 ,our own reckon+ f midnight to midnight is a late me?od4 ,midnight is n m>k$ by ! peculi> position ( any visible heav5ly body2 x has1 9 g5]al1 to be regi/]$ by "s me*anical "t-measur]4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures ! ecclesia/ical reckon+ 0 always f "o sett+ ( ! sun to ! next4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis ! expressions = ! days run1 ,! ev5+ & ! morn+1 z if ! ev5+ took prec$5ce ( ! morn+4 ,:5 ! ,passov] 0 in/itut$ z a memorial fea/1 ! comm& ran-- ,9 ! fir/ mon?1 on ! f\rte5? day ( ! mon? at ev51 ye %all eat unleav5$ bread1 until ! "o & tw5tie? day ( ! mon? at ev54 ,sev5 days %all !re be no leav54 ,& aga91 = ! sabba? ( re/ 9 ! sev5? mon?-- ,9 ! n9? day ( ! mon? at ev51 f ev5 unto ev51 %all ye celebrate y\r sabba?4 ,! ecclesia/ical day ( ! ,jews1 !re=e1 began 9 ! ev5+1 ) sunset4 ,x does n by any means foll[ t _! civil day began at ?is "t4 ,x w\ld be m natural = su* bus9ess contracts z ! hir+ ( s]vants or lab\r]s to date f morn+ to morn+ r ?an f ev5+ to ev5+4 ,naturally any allusion 9 ! ,scriptures to ! civil cal5d> z ap>t f ! ecclesia/ical w\ld be indirect1 b t common cu/om 0 n entirely 9 agreem5t ) ! ecclesia/ical =mula we may p]haps ga!r f ! fact t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !re are tw5ty-six cases 9 :i* ! phrases day & night1 day or night are employ$1 & only ?ree :]e night comes be=e day4 ,we h a simil> div]g5ce ( usage 9 ! case ( our civil & a/ronomical days2 ! fir/ beg9n+ at midnight1 & ! second at ! foll[+ noon1 s9ce ! daylight is ! "t = "w 9 ord9>y bus9ess life1 b ! night = ! a/ronom]s4 ,! ,babylonians1 at lea/ at a late date 9 _! hi/ory1 _h also a tw(old way ( det]m9+ :5 ! day began4 ,epp+ & ,/rassmai] h translat$ & elucidat$ a s]ies ( ,babylonian lun> cal5d>s ( dates betwe5 ! fir/ & second c5turies be=e our era4 ,9 "o column ( ^! 0 giv5 ! int]val ( "t :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! true new moon & ! fir/ visible cresc5t4 ,curi\s to relate1 at fir/ all ,fa!r ,epp+'s calculations to e/abli% ?is result 7 out by a mean int]val ( six h\rs4 ,! solution 0 f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ,babylonian a/ronom]s 7 n cont5t ) su* a v>iable in/ant ( "t z sunset = _! calculations1 z inde$ !y ought n to h be51 b us$ z ! orig9 ( ! a/ronomical day at ,babylon ! midnight :i* foll[$ ! sett+ ( ! sun1 m>k+ ! beg9n+ ( ! civil day4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ! days z reckon$ f sunset to sunset1 sunrise to sunrise1 & noon to noon1 w\ld give int]vals ( slightly diff]5t l5g?s4 ,?is w\ld1 h[ev]1 be imp]ceptible s long z _! l5g?s 7 n measur$ by "s accurate me*anical "t-measur] su* z a clepsydra1 s&glass1 p5dulum1 or spr+ clock4 ,! fir/ obvi\s & natural division ( ! :ole day-int]val is into ! light "p & ! d>k "p4 ,z we h se5 9 ,g5esis1 ! ev5+ & ! morn+ are ! day4 ,s9ce ,pale/9e is a sub-tropical c\ntry1 ^! w\ld nev] diff] v greatly 9 l5g?1 ev5 at midsumm] or midw9t]4 ,! next subdivision1 ( ! light "p ( ! day1 is into morn+1 noon & ev5+4 ,z ,david says 9 ! fifty-fif? ,psalm-- ,ev5+1 & morn+1 & at noon1 w ,i pray4 ,none ( ^! ?ree subdivisions 7 m>k$ out def9itely 9 _! beg9n+ or _! end+1 b ea* conta9$ a def9ite epo*4 ,morn+ conta9$ ! mom5t at :i* ! sun rose2 noon ! mom5t at :i* he 0 at 8 greate/ height1 & 0 at ! same "t due s\?2 ev5+ conta9$ ! mom5t at :i* ! sun set4 ,9 ! e>ly ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! fur!r divisions ( ! morn+ & ! ev5+ are /ill natural ones4 ,= ! progress ( ! morn+ we h1 fir/1 ! twilight1 z 9 ,job-- ,let ! />s ( ! twilight !re( be d>k2 ,let x look = light b h none2 ,nei!r let x see ! eyelids ( ! morn+4 ,!n1 daybreak1 z 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon-- ,until ! day break 7lit]ally1 brea!7 & ! %ad[s flee away1 :]e ! ref]5ce is to ! cool breezes ( twilight4 ,s too 9 ,g5esis1 9 ,jo%ua1 9 ! ,judges & 9 ,samuel1 we f9d ref]5ces to ! break ( day 7lit]ally1 ! ris+ ( ! morn+1 or :5 x became light to !m7 & ! dawn+ ( ! day or ab\t ! spr+ ( ! day4 ,! progress ( ! morn+ is m>k$ by ! increas+ heat2 ?us z ! sun wax$ hot1 ! manna melt$2 :il/ ,saul promis$ to let ! m5 ( ,jabe%-,gilead h help by t "t ! sun be hot1 or1 z we %\ld put x1 ab\t ! middle ( ! morn+4 ,noon is (t5 m5tion$4 ,i%-bo%e? 0 murd]$ z he lay on a b$ at noon1 & ,jezebel's prophets call$ on ! "n ( ,baal f morn+ ev5 unto noon4 ,we f9d ! aft]noon 7lit4 till ! day decl9$7 m5tion$ 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ! ,judges1 & 9 ! same *apt] ?is p]iod is fur!r describ$ 9 ,! day drawe? t[>d ev5+ 7lit4 is weak71 & ,! day gr[e? to an end 7lit4 ,x is ! pit*+ "t ( ! day1 t is to say1 ! "t = pit*+ t5ts1 9 prep>ation = ! nightly halt74 ,z !re 0 no divid+ l9e betwe5 ! morn+ & noontide1 nei!r 0 !re any betwe5 ! aft]noon & ev5+4 ,! %ad[s ( ! night 7 spok5 ( z *as$ away by ! cool breezes ( ! morn+1 s ! l5g!n+ %ad[s ca/ by ! decl9+ sun m>k$ ! progress ( ! ev5+4 ,job speaks ( ! s]vant :o e>ne/ly desire? ! %ad[2 t is to say1 ! intimation1 f ! l5g? ( 8 own %ad[1 t 8 day's "w 0 done2 & ,j]emiah says1 ,! %ad[s ( ! ev5+ are /ret*$ out4 ,!n came sund[n1 & ! rema9+ "p ( ! ev5+ is describ$ 9 ,prov]bs3 ,9 ! twilight1 9 ! ev5+1 9 ! black & d>k night4 ,9 a c\ntry l ,pale/9e1 ne> ! tropics1 ) ! days n diff]+ extravagantly 9 l5g? f "o "p ( ! ye> to ano!r1 & ! sun g5]ally bright & %9+1 & ?r[+ int5se %ad[s1 x 0 easy1 ev5 = ! un$ucat$1 to le>n to tell ! "t ( day f ! l5g? ( ! %ad[4 ,"h1 9 our nor!rn latitude1 ! problem is a m complex "o1 yet we le>n f ! ,cant]bury ,tales1 t ,engli%m5 9 ! "t ( ! ,plantag5ets c\ld read ! position ( ! sun ) q suffici5t accuracy = ord9>y purposes4 ,?us ! ho/ ( ! ,tab>d inn1 ?\gh n a le>n$ man-- ,saw wel1 t ! brighte sonne ,! ark ( 8 artificial day _h ronne ,! f\r! "p1 & half an h\re & m2 ,& ?\gh he 0 n depe exp]te 9 lore1 ,he wi/e x 0 ! eighte & tw5ty day ,( ,april1 t is messag] to ,may2 ,& saw wel t ! %ad[ ( e tree ,0 z 9 l5g! ( ! same quantitee ,t 0 ! body erect1 t caus$ x2 ,& !r=e by ! %ad[ he toke 8 wit1 ,t ,phebus1 :i* t %one s cl]e & bright1 ,degrees 0 five & f\rty clombe on hight2 ,& = t day1 z 9 t latitude1 ,x 0 t5 ( ! clok1 he gan conclude4#bgg3a ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! day !re is an expression us$ sev]al times 9 ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 & ,numb]s betwe5 ! two ev5+s :i* has giv5 rise to mu* controv]sy4 ,! lamb ( ! ,passov] 0 kill$ 9 ?is p]iod2 s also 0 ! lamb ( ! fir/ ye> (f]$ daily at ! ev5+ sacrifice2 & day by day ,a>on 0 !n comm&$ to light ! sev5 lamps & burn inc5se4 ,x is also m5tion$ once1 9 no connection ) ! ev5+ sacrifice1 :5 ! ,"l s5t quails to ! *ildr5 ( ,israel say+1 ,at ev5 7betwe5 ! two ev5+s7 ye %all eat fle%4 ,9 ,deut]onomy1 :]e a comm& is aga9 giv5 conc]n+ ! ,passov]1 x is expla9$ t x is at ev51 at ! go+ d[n ( ! sun4 ,! ,sam>itans1 ! ,k>aite ,jews1 & ,ab5 ,ezra held ! two ev5+s to be ! int]val betwe5 ! sun's sett+ & ! entrance ( total d>kness2 i4 e4 betwe5 ab\t six o'clock & sev5 or half-pa/ sev54 ,a graphic description ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! sabba? is giv5 9 ,disraeli's novel ( ,alroy1 & may s]ve to illu/rate ?is1 ! orig9al1 idea ( betwe5 ! two ev5+s4 ,! dead 7 plund]$1 & ?r[n into ! riv]1 ! encampm5t ( ! ,hebrews complet$4 ,alroy1 ) 8 pr9cipal (fic]s1 visit$ ! w\nd$1 & prais$ ! valiant4 ,! bu/le :i* always succe$s a victory 0 increas$ 9 ! pres5t in/ance by ! anxiety ( ! army to obs]ve ) grateful /rictness ! imp5d+ sabba?4 ,:5 ! sun set ! sabba? 0 to comm5ce4 ,! undulat+ horizon r5d]$ x difficult to asc]ta9 ! precise mom5t ( 8 fall4 ,! crimson orb sunk bel[ ! purple m\nta9s1 ! sky 0 flu%$ ) a ri* & rosy gl[4 ,!n might be p]ceiv$ ! zealots1 pr\d 9 _! ,talmudical lore1 hold+ ! ske9 ( :ite silk 9 _! h&s1 & ann\nc+ ! approa* ( ! sabba? by _! obs]vation ( its %ift+ t9ts4 ,:ile ! ske9 0 yet gold51 ! =ge ( ! arm\r]s /ill s\nd$1 ! fire ( ! cook /ill blaz$1 /ill ! cavalry l$ _! /e$s to ! riv]1 & /ill ! busy footm5 brac$ up _! t5ts1 & hamm]$ at _! palisades4 ,! ske9 ( silk became rosy1 ! arm\r] work$ ) r5ew$ en]gy1 ! cook puff$ ) increas$ zeal1 ! horsem5 scamp]$ f ! riv]1 ! footm5 ca/ an anxi\s glance at ! fad+ light4 ,! ske9 ( silk became blue2 a dim1 dull1 sepul*ral1 lead5 t+e fell ov] its purity4 ,! hum ( gnats arose1 ! bat flew 9 circl+ :irls ov] ! t5ts1 horns s\nd$ f all qu>t]s1 ! sun _h set1 ! sabba? _h comm5c$4 ,! =ge 0 mute1 ! fire ext+ui%$1 ! prance ( horses & ! bu/le ( m5 9 a mom5t ceas$4 ,a deep1 a sudd51 an all-p]vad+ /illness dropp$ ov] t mighty ho/4 ,x 0 night2 ! sacr$ lamps ( ! sabba? sp>kl$ 9 e t5t ( ! camp1 :i* vi$ 9 sil5ce & 9 brilliancy ) ! mute & gl[+ heav5s4 ,9 lat] times1 on acc\nt ( rituali/ic necessities1 a diff]5t int]pretation 0 held4 ,s ,josephus says3 ,s ^! high-prie/s1 ^u ! com+ ( _! fea/ :i* is call$ ! ,passov]1 4 4 4 slay _! sacrifices1 f ! n9? h\r till ! elev5?4#bgi3a ,& ! ,talmud made ! fir/ ev5+ to beg9 ) ! visible decl9e ( ! sun & ! second ) sunset1 or ! two ev5+s to la/ f ?ree till ab\t six4 ,s*iap>elli gives ! fir/ ev5+ f sunset until ! "t t ! newly visible lun> cresc5t c\ld be se5 9 ! twilight sky1 or ab\t half an h\r aft] sunset1 & ! second ev5+ f t until d>kness set 91 bas+ 8 argum5t on ! directions to ,a>on to light ! lamps betwe5 ! two ev5+s1 s9ce1 he argues1 ^! w\ld n be made to burn 9 ! daylight4 ,probably 9 ! days ( ,moses & ,a>on ! p]iod c\ld n be def9$ z accurately z ?is w\ld imply1 z ! opportunity ( see+ ! new moon c\ld only come once a mon?1 & we h no evid5ce ( any me*anical "t-measur] be+ !n 9 use ) !m4 ,= %ort] spaces ( "t we h ! ^w mom5t or in/ant _m times m5tion$4 ,! words may mean1 ! op5+ or w9k+ ( ! eye1 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 spok5 ( by ,/4 ,paul1 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 & d n describe any actual duration ( "t1 or division ( ! day4 ,! only "t-measur] m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible is ! dial ( ,ahaz1 :i* w =m ! subject ( a lat] *apt]4 ,x ne$ only be not$ "h t1 z x dep5d$ ^u ! fall ( ! %ad[1 x 0 ( use only :il/ ! sun 0 %9+2 n dur+ cl\dy wea!r1 or at night4 ,z ! day _h ?ree ma9 divisions1 s _h also ! night4 ,!re 7 ?ree wat*es1 ea*1 l ! wat*es on %ip-bo>d1 ab\t f\r h\rs 9 l5g?4 ,s 9 ! ,psalms1 ! wat*es are twice put z an equival5t = ! night4 ,! anci5t ,hebrews w\ld h no difficulty 9 r\ghly divid+ ! night into ?ree equal p>ts1 :5ev] ! />s c\ld be se54 ,:e!r !y wat*$ ,arcturus & 8 sons1--! circumpol> con/ellations mov+ r\nd l a va/ dial 9 ! nor?--or ! br++ =? ( ,mazz>o?1 ! zodiacal con/ellations1 9 ! s\?1 !y w\ld soon le>n to int]pret ! signs ( night ) suffici5t accuracy = _! purpose4 ,! fir/ wat* ( night is m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,lam5tations4 ,arise1 cry out 9 ! night3 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! wat*es p\r out ?9e he>t l wat] be=e ! face ( ! ,"l4 ,x 0 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! middle wat*2 & !y _h b newly set ! wat*1 t ,gideon & 8 gallant ?ree hundr$ made _! onslaught on ! ho/ ( ! ,midianites4 ,x 0 9 ! ?ird1 ! morn+ wat*1 t ! ,"l look$ unto ! ho/ ( ! ,egyptians ?r\gh ! pill> ( fire & ( ! cl\d1 & tr\bl$ ! ho/ ( ! ,egyptians z !y pursu$ ,israel into ! mid/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,9 ?is wat* also1 ,saul surpris$ ! ,ammonites z !y besieg$ ,jabe%-,gilead1 & scatt]$ !m1 s t two ( !m 7 n left toge!r4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,roman me?od ( divid+ ! night is adopt$2 viz4 into f\r wat*es4 ,:5 ! disciples 7 cross+ ! ,sea ( ,galilee 9 _! little boat1 & !y _h toil$ all night 9 r[+ because ! w9d 0 contr>y1 x 0 9 ! f\r? wat* ( ! night t ,jesus came unto !m4 ,!re is no m5tion ( any me*anical "t-measur] 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 only "o book is !re m5tion 9 ! ,engli% v]sion ( ! ^w h\r4 ,five times x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel z ! r5d]+ ( ! ,*aldean ^w %aah1 :i* lit]ally means ! in/ant ( "t4 ,no m5tion ei!r is made ( ! diff]+ l5g?s ( ! days or nights ?r\gh\t ! ye>--at midsumm] ! day is #ad-a_/d h\rs long1 & ! night #i-c_/d4 ,job speaks1 h[ev]1 ( caus+ ! day-spr+ to "k its place1 :i* may well ref] to ! v>y+ places along ! ea/]n horizon at :i* ! sun rose dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,?us 9 mid-w9t] ! sun rose #bh s\? ( ! ea/ po9t1 or half a po9t s\? ( ,e4,s4,e4 ,simil>ly 9 midsumm] x rose #bh nor? ( ea/1 or half a po9t nor? ( ,e4,n4,e4#bhb3a ,! ,babylonians divid$ ! :ole day int]val into twelve kasbu1 or d\ble h\rs4 ,^? aga9 7 divid$ into sixty p>ts1 ea* equal to two ( our m9utes2 ?is be+ ab\t ! "t t is requir$ = ! disc ( ! sun to rise or set :olly4 ,! ,babylonian kasbu 0 n only a division ( "t1 b a division ( space1 signify+ ! space t might be m>*$ 9 a kasbu ( "t4 ,simil>ly we f9d1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! expression a day's j\rney1 or ?ree days' j\rney1 to express di/ance1 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d ! same idea appli$ to a %ort] di/ance 9 ! sabba?-day's j\rney1 :i* 0 ab\t two miles4 ,b ! ,jews 9 ,new ,te/am5t times adopt$1 n ! ,babylonian day ( twelve h\rs1 b ! ,egyptian ( tw5ty-f\r4 ,s we f9d1 9 ! p>able ( ! ,lab\r]s 9 ! ,v9ey>d1 m5tion made ( hir+ e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & at ! ?ird1 six?1 n9?1 & elev5? h\rs2 & s9ce ^? hir$ late/ work$ = b "o h\r1 x is evid5t t !re 7 twelve h\rs 9 ! daylight4 ,our ,"l alludes to ?is expressly 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,john1 :]e he says-- ,are !re n twelve h\rs 9 ! day8 ,if any man walk 9 ! day1 he /umble? n1 because he see? ! light ( ?is _w4 ,b if a man walk 9 ! night1 he /umble?1 because !re is no light 9 him4 ,,footnotes3 #bgg3a ,! ,man ( ,lawe's ,prologue1 l9es #ddba-ddcd4 #bgi3a ,josephus1 ,w>s1 ,,vi4 ix4 #c4 #bhb3a ,see ! diagram on p4 #cfc4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,sabba? ,,& ,,! ,,week ,! pres5t *apt] has little1 if any?+1 to d ) a/ronomy1 = ! week1 z su*1 is n an a/ronomical p]iod4 ,b ! sabba? & ! week ( sev5 days are s intimately connect$ ) ! laws & cu/oms ( ,israel t x is impossible to leave !m out ( consid]ation 9 deal+ ) ! times & seasons ref]r$ to 9 ! ,bible4 ,! day1 ! mon? & ! ye> are ea* def9$ by "s specific revolution ( "o ( ! great cosmical bodies2 !re is 9 ea* case a return ( ! e>?1 or ( ! e>? & moon toge!r1 to ! same position1 relative to ! sun1 z t held at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod4 ,! week /&s 9 a diff]5t category4 ,x is n def9$ by any a/ronomical revolution2 x is def9$ by ! return ( ! sabba?1 ! consecrat$ day4 ,a ne$ = ! division ( "t into %ort p]iods1 less ?an a mon?1 has be5 g5]ally felt among/ civiliz$ m54 ,bus9ess ( /ate1 comm]cial arrangem5ts1 social int]c\rse1 are all m easily c>ri$ out1 :5 "s su* p]iod is univ]sally recogniz$4 ,& s1 :at we may loosely t]m a week1 has be5 employ$ 9 _m anci5t nations4 ,! ,aztecs1 us+ a %ort mon? ( #bj days1 divid$ x into f\r qu>t]s ( #e days ea*4 ,! ,egyptians1 us+ a conv5tional mon? ( #cj days1 divid$ x into #c decades2 & decades 7 also us$ by ! ,a!nians1 ^: mon?s 7 alt]nately ( #bi & ( #cj days4 ,hesiod tells u t ! days reg>d$ z sacr$ 9 8 day 7 ! f\r?1 f\rte5? & tw5ty-f\r? ( ea* mon?4 ,! f\r? & tw5ty-f\r?1 no grief %\ld prey ,)9 ?y brea/1 = holy ei!r day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pi]ce on ! f\r? ?y cask2 ! f\rte5? prize ,z holy2 &1 :5 morn+ pa9ts ! skies1 ,! tw5ty-f\r? is be/4 ,! ,babylonians divid$ ! mon? some:at diff]5tly2 ! sev5?1 f\rte5?1 n9ete5?1 tw5ty-fir/ & tw5ty-eigh? days be+ reg>d$ z sabba?s4#bhd3a ,! sabba? enjo9$ ^u ! ,hebrews 0 e sev5? day4 ,! week z def9$ by x 0 a free week2 x 0 ti$ nei!r to mon? nor ye>1 b ran its c\rse un9t]rupt$ly1 q irrespective ( ! long] divisions ( "t4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a diff]5t conception f t und]ly+ ! usages ( ! ,greeks or ,babylonians1 &1 x may be add$1 a m reasonable & practical "o4 ,f\r orig9s h be5 assign$ = ! week4 ,!re are ^? :o ass]t t x is simply ! close/ possible approximation to ! qu>t]-mon?2 ! mean mon? be+ #bi-a_/b days 9 l5g?1 a qu>t]-mon? w\ld be #g-c_/h days1 & s9ce fractions ( a day _c be recogniz$ 9 any practical division ( "t = g5]al use1 ! week ( sev5 days =ms ! ne>e/ approa* to ! qu>t]-mon? t c\ld be adopt$4 ,?is is und5iably true1 b x is f> m likely t su* an orig9 w\ld give rise to ! ,babylonian sy/em ?an to ! ,jewi% "o1 = ! ,babylonian sy/em correct$ ! inequality ( qu>t]-mon? & week e mon?1 & s kept ! two 9 h>mony2 :il/ ! ,hebrew disreg>d$ ! mon? altoge!r 9 ! succession ( 8 weeks4 ,next1 x is ass]t$ t ! ,hebrew sabba? 0 d]iv$ f ! ,babylonian1 & t x is sc>cely possible = u to d\bt t we owe ! bless+s decre$ 9 ! sabba? or ,sunday day ( re/ 9 ! la/ resort to t anci5t & civiliz$ race on ! ,euphrates & ,tigris4#bhe3a ,!re are two po9ts to be consid]$ "h4 ,did ! ,babylonians obs]ve _! sabba?s z days ( re/2 &1 7 !y or ! ,hebrews ! m likely to h& on _! obs]vances to ano!r nation8 ,we c answ] bo? ^! que/ions4 ,z to ! fir/1 a l>ge numb] ( ,babylonian docum5ts on tablets1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 h be5 publi%$ by ,fa!r ,/rassmai]1 & discuss$ by ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli4 ,9 all !re 7 #b1gfd dat$ docum5ts available = exam9ation1 ne>ly all ( !m comm]cial & civil de$s1 & cov]+ practically ! :ole p]iod f ! accession ( ,nebu*adnezz> to ! tw5ty-?ird ye> ( ,d>ius ,hy/aspes4 ,?is numb] w\ld give an av]age ( #id de$s = ea* day ( ! mon?2 ! numb] actually f\nd = ! f\r sabba?s1 i4 e4 = ! #g?1 #ad?1 #ba/ & #bh? days1 7 #ajj1 #ih1 #aba & #ia respectively4 ,! ,babylonians evid5tly did n keep ^! days z days ( re/1 or ( ab/95ce f bus9ess1 z ! ,jews keep _! sabba?1 or ,*ri/ian c\ntries _! ,sunday4 ,!y _c ev5 h reg>d$ x z an unlucky day1 s9ce we f9d ! av]age ( contracts is r high] = a sabba? ?an = a common day4 ,! case is a little diff]5t ) ! #ai? day ( ! mon?4 ,?is1 z ! #di? day f ! beg9n+ ( ! previ\s mon?1 0 a sabba? ( sabba?s1 at ! end ( a week ( weeks4 ,9 ?is case only #hi contracts are f\nd1 :i* is slightly bel[ ! av]age1 ?\gh twelve common days %[ a l[] record /ill4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ! date is writt51 n z #ai1 b z #bj-a2 z if !re 7 a sup]/ition ab\t ! numb] #ai4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is me?od ( indicat+ ! numb] may be no?+ m ?an a mode ( writ+2 j z 9 our ,roman num]als1 ,,xix41 "o less ?an ,,xx41 is writt5 = #ai4 ,! ,babylonians1 !re=e1 did n obs]ve ^! days z days ( re/1 ?\gh !y seem to h m>k$ !m 9 ! ritual ( temple & c\rt4 ,nor did !y make e sev5? or e fif? a re/-day1 = ,pr(4 ,s*iap>elli has specially exam9$ ^! docum5ts to see if !y gave any evid5ce ( ab/5tion f bus9ess ei!r on "o day 9 sev5 or on "o day 9 five1 & 9 bo? cases ) a purely negative result4 ,:5 we inquire :i* nation has be5 successful 9 impress+ _! p>ticul> =m ( sabba? on ! nations ar\nd ! case is cle>4 ,we h no evid5ce ( ! ,babylonians secur+ ! adoption ( _! sabbatic arrangem5ts by ! ,p]sians1 ,greeks & ,p>?ians :o successively ov]came !m4 ,x 0 entirely diff]5t ) ! ,jews4 ,! ,jewi% k+dom be=e ! ,captivity 0 a v small "o comp>$ ) its enemies on ei!r side--,assyria1 ,babylon & ,egypt2 x 0 b a %ad[ ev5 ( its =m] self aft] ! ,return4 ,& imp]ial ,rome 0 a mighti] p[] ?an ,assyria or ,babylon at _! greate/4 ,if ev] "o /ate 0 secure f influ5ce by ano!r on ! score ( its great] magnitude & p[]1 ,rome 0 safe f any ,jewi% impress4 ,yet x is p]fectly well kn[n t ! impression made ^u ! ,romans by ! ,jews 9 ?is v matt] ( sabba?-keep+ 0 widespread & deep4 ,jewi% influ5ce 0 felt & ackn[l$g$ almo/ f ! "t t ,syria1 ( :i* ,juda 0 b a petty division1 became a ,roman prov9ce1 & a g5]ation _h n pass$ away be=e we f9d ,horace mak+ jocul> allusion to ! spread ( ! recognition ( ! ,jewi% sabba?4 ,9 8 n9? satire he describes himself z be+ buttonhol$ by a bore1 &1 see+ a fri5d pass by1 z begg+ ! latt] to pret5d bus9ess ) him & s relieve him ( 8 tr\ble4 ,8 fri5d mis*iev\sly excuses himself f talk+ ab\t bus9ess3-- ,to-day's ! ?irtie? sabba?4 ,c y mean ,?us to insult ! circumcis$ ,jews8 ,p]sius1 9 8 fif? satire1 speaks ( ^? :o-- ,move _! lips ) sil5ce1 & ) fe> ,! sabba? ( ! circumcis$ rev]e4 ,juv5al1 9 8 f\rte5? satire1 describes h[ _m ,romans rev]5ce ! sabba?2 & _! sons1 bett]+ ! example1 turn ,jews !mselves3-- ,o!rs !re are1 ^: sire ! sabba? he$s1 ,& s !y wor%ip naught b cl\ds & sky4 ,!y deem sw9e's fle%1 f :i* _! fa!r kept1 ,no diff]5t f a man's4 ,& soon inde$ ,are circumcis$2 affect+ to despise ,! laws ( ,rome1 !y /udy1 keep & fe> ,! ,jewi% law1 :ate'er 9 my/ic book ,moses has h&$ d[n1--to %[ ! way ,to none b he :o ! same rites obs]ves1 ,& ^? a?ir/ to lead unto ! spr+ ,only if circumcis$4 ,:]e( ! cause ,0 he1 _! sire1 to :om ea* sev5? day ,0 "o ( slo?1 :]eon he took 9 h& ,no "p 9 life4 ,ovid1 ,tibullus1 & o!rs also speak ( ! ,jewi% sabba?1 n m]ely z univ]sally kn[n1 b z l>gely obs]v$ among/ ! ,romans1 s t x obta9$ almo/ a public recognition1 :il/ ! success ( ,judaism 9 mak+ proselytes1 until ,*ri/ianity came into rivalry ) x1 is kn[n to e "o4 ,z to ! g5]al influ5ce ( ,judaism 9 secur+ ! recognition ( ! week ) its sev5? day ( re/1 ! te/imony ( ,josephus is emphatic4 ,! multitude ( mank9d itself h _h a great incl9ation ( a long "t to foll[ our religi\s obs]vances2 = !re is n any city ( ! ,grecians1 nor any ( ! b>b>ians1 nor any nation :atsoev]1 :i!r our cu/om ( re/+ on ! sev5? day ha? n come1 & by :i* our fa/s & light+ up lamps1 & _m ( our prohibitions z to our food1 are n obs]v$2 !y also endeav\r to imitate our mutual concord ) "o ano!r1 & ! *>itable di/ribution ( our goods1 & our dilig5ce 9 our trades1 & our =titude 9 und]go+ ! di/resses we are 91 on acc\nt ( our laws2 &1 :at is "h matt] ( ! greate/ admiration1 our law ha? no bait ( pleasure to allure m5 to x1 b x prevails by its own =ce2 & z ,god ,himself p]vades all ! _w1 s ha? our law pass$ ?r\gh all ! _w also4#bhi3a ,philo1 ! ,jew1 be>s equally di/9ct te/imony to ! fact t :]esoev] ! ,jews 7 c>ri$ 9 _! disp]sion1 _! laws & religi\s cu/oms1 especially _! obs]vance ( e sev5? day1 attract$ att5tion1 & ev5 secur$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( acceptance4 ,! ,jews1 !re=e1 ev5 :51 z a nation1 !y 7 ru9$ & cru%$1 prov$ !mselves possess$ ( su* vital =ce1 ( su* t5acity1 z to impress _! conqu]ors ) int]e/ 91 & respect =1 _! sabbatic cu/oms4 ,( _! t5acity & =ce 9 g5]al1 ( _! p[] to influ5ce ! nations among/ :om !y h be5 scatt]$1 ! hi/ory ( ! la/ two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s is eloqu5t4 ,x is n reasonable1 nor sci5tific1 to suppose t ?is nation1 /eel s9ce x return$ f its captivity 9 ,babylon1 0 wax be=e4 ,b ! ?ird sugge/ion z to ! orig9 ( ! week ( sev5 days1--t x 0 d]iv$ f ! influ5ce ( ! planets1--makes ! matt] cle>] /ill4 ,?is sugge/ion has already be5 notic$ 9 ! *apt] on ,saturn & ,a/rology4 ,x is suffici5t to say "h t x presupposes a /ate ( a/ronomical advancem5t n atta9$ until long aft] ! sabba? 0 fully kn[n4 ,! ,babylonians did obs]ve ! sev5 planets1 b !re is no trace ( _! connection ) ! ,babylonian week4 ,b :5 ! ,greek a/ronom]s _h work$ out t sy/em ( ! planet>y motions :i* we call aft] ,ptolemy1 & ! planets _h be5 fitt$ by ! ,alex&rian obs]v]s to ! days ( ! ,jewi% week & ! h\rs ( ! ,egyptian day1 !n ! ,babylonian a/rolog]s also adopt$ ! mongrel comb9ation4 ,?us indirectly ,babylon receiv$ ! free week f ! ,jews1 & did n give x4 ,! olde/ use ( ! free & uni=m week is f\nd among ! ,jews1 :o _h only a mo/ imp]fect k ( ! planets4 ,! id5tity ( ! numb] ( ! days 9 ! week ) t ( ! planets is purely accid5tal1 & x is n p]missible to ass]t t ! =m] numb] is d]iv$ f ! latt]4#bij3a ,c>ri$ by ! ,jews into _! disp]sion1 adopt$ by ! ,*aldan a/rolog]s = use 9 _! div9ations1 receiv$ by ,*ri/ianity & ,islam1 ?is cycle 7! free week ( sev5 days71 s conv5i5t & s useful = *ronology1 has n[ be5 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,its use c be trac$ back = ab\t #c1jjj ye>s1 & !re is e reason to believe t x w la/ ?r\gh ! c5turies to come1 resi/+ ! madness ( useless novelty & ! assaults ( pres5t & future iconocla/s4#bij3b ,! f\r? acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! week is t giv5 u 9 ! ,bible itself4 ,9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is1 & re/$ ! sev5? day3 :]e=e ! ,"l bless$ ! sabba? day1 & hall[$ x4 ,! in/itution ( ! sabba? day is ! cr[n ( ! "w ( creation1 ! key to its purpose4 ,o!r times & seasons are m>k$ out by ! revolutions & conjunctions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,?is day is set ap>t directly by ,god ,himself2 x is ,8 express h&iwork1--! day :i* ! ,"l ha? made4 ,! great tru? taught 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis is t ,god is ! ,"o ,reality4 ,all t we c see above or ar\nd 0 made by ,him4 ,he alone is ,god4 ,& ,8 creative "w has a def9ite goal to :i* its sev]al details all lead up--! creation ( man1 made 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,z su*1 man has a high] call+ ?an t ( ! bea/s t p]i%4 ,! *ief object ( _! lives is to secure _! food2 _! aspirations ext5d no fur!r4 ,b he is diff]5t2 he has high] wants1 nobl] aspirations4 ,h[ c !y be met8 ,! e>? 0 creat$ to =m an abode suitable = man2 ! v>i$ =ms ( organic life 7 br\ght into exi/5ce to prep>e ! way = & m9i/] to him4 ,= :at 0 man himself made1 & made 9 ! image ( ,god1 b t he might "k ,god & h communion ) ,him8 ,to ?is ! sabba? day gave ! call1 & = ?is x (f]$ ! opportunity4 ,= :at are m5 bett] ?an %eep or goats1 ,t n\ri% a bl9d life )9 ! bra91 ,if1 kn[+ ,god1 !y lift n h&s ( pray]8 ,,footnotes3 #bhd3a ,?is is le>nt f a s+le tablet ( a ,babylonian ,cal5d> 7pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum71 :i* un=tunately conta9s "o mon? only4 #bhe3a ,babel & ,bible1 ,dr4 ,fri$4 ,delitzs*1 ,johns' ,translation1 pp4 #dj1 #da4 #bhi3a ,flavius ,josephus aga9/ ,apion1 book ii4 #dj4 #bij3a ,s*iap>elli1 ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #ace4 #bij3b ,ibid41 p4 #acc4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,mon? ,! %orte/ natural division ( "t is ! day4 ,next 9 l5g? comes ! mon?4 ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 ! *apt] on ! ,moon1 ! ,hebrews us$ two expressions = mon?--,*ode%1 f a root mean+ to be new2 & ,y]a*1 f ! root mean+ to be pale4 ,*ode% is ! ^w mo/ commonly employ$1 & ?is1 9 itself1 is suffici5t to %[ t ! ,hebrew cal5d> mon? 0 a lun> "o4 ,b !re are1 besides1 too _m ref]5ces to ! actual new moons = !re to be any d\bt on ! "q4 ,e sev5? day 0 comm&$ to be held z a sabba? ( re/1 & on x 7 sacrific$ f\r lambs1 in/ead ( ! two (f]$ up1 ! "o at ! morn+ & ! o!r at ! ev5+ sacrifice ( ! six work+ days4 ,b ! new moons are also m5tion$ z holy days1 & are c\pl$ ) ! sabba?s4 ,! husb& ( ! ,%unamite ask$ h] :y %e wi%$ to g to ,eli%a1 z x is nei!r new moon1 nor sabba?4 ,isaiah1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 says-- ,! new moons & sabba?s1 ! call+ ( assemblies1 ,i _c away )2 4 4 4 y\r new moons & y\r appo9t$ fea/s ,my s\l hate?2 & aga91 ,f "o new moon to ano!r1 & f "o sabba? to ano!r1 %all all fle% come to wor%ip4 ,amos speaks ( deg5]ate ,israel1 t !y say-- ,:5 w ! new moon be gone1 t we may sell corn8 & ! sabba?1 t we may set =? :eat8 ,z late z ,apo/olic times1 ,/4 ,paul ref]s to ! fea/s ( ! new moons1 say+1 ,let no man !re=e judge y 4 4 4 9 respect 4 4 4 ( ! new moon4 ,! ord9ances respect+ ! obs]vance ( ! new moons--! beg9n+s ( mon?s--7 explicit4 ,trumpets 7 bl[n ov] ! burnt (f]+s & ov] ! sacrifices ( ! peace (f]+s1 & ! nature ( ^! (f]+s is giv5 9 detail 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,numb]s4 ,! ord9ances 7 reit]at$ & emphasiz$ 9 ! days ( ,david1 ,solomon1 ,hezekiah1 ,ezekiel1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,among/ ! ,jews ( ! pres5t day ! trumpets are n bl[n at new moons2 extra pray]s are read1 b ! burnt & peace (f]+s are ( necessity omitt$4 ,beside ! new moons & ! sabba?s1 ! anci5t ,hebrews _h ?ree great fe/ivals1 all def9$ z to ! "t ( _! celebration by ! natural mon?s4 ,! fir/ 0 ! ,fea/ ( ! ,passov]1 :i* la/$ a week1 & began ) ! kill+ ( a lamb betwe5 ! two ev5+s2 on ! #ad? day ( ! mon? ,abib1 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye>--t is to say1 on ! ev5+ t ! fir/ moon ( ! ye> became full4 ,?is fea/ correspond$ to our ,ea/]4 ,! second 0 t ( ,p5teco/1 & 0 b\nd to ! ,fea/ ( ! ,passov] by be+ appo9t$ to occur sev5 weeks aft] ! consecration ( ! h>ve/ season by ! (f]+ ( ! %eaf on ! second day ( ! ,passov]4 ,we /ill celebrate ! ,fea/ ( ,p5teco/1 or ,:itsunday1 keep+ x 9 remembrance ( ! bir?day ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,?is fea/ la/$ b a s+le day1 & did n occur at ei!r ! new or ! full ( ! moon1 b ne>ly at fir/ qu>t]4 ,! ?ird fe/ival 0 ?reefold 9 its "*4 ,x began ) special sacrifices besides ^? usually (f]$ at ! new moon3-- ,9 ! sev5? mon?1 on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?1 ye %all h an holy convocation2 ye %all d no s]vile "w3 x is a day ( bl[+ ( trumpets unto y4 ,?is !n 0 especially dep5d5t on ! new moon1 be+ on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,on ! #aj? day ( ! mon? 0 ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 :5 ! p %\ld afflict _! s\ls4 ,on ! #ae? day ( ! mon? began ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 :i* comm5c$ on ! night t ! moon 0 full1 & la/$ = a week4 ,we h no special religi\s seasons 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to correspond ) ^!4 ,we ?us see t ) ! ,hebrews all ! days ( ! new moons1 & two days ( full moon 79 ! fir/ & 9 ! sev5? mon?s71 7 days = :i* special ord9ances 7 impos$4 ,& !re is no d\bt t ! beg9n+s ( ! new mon?s 7 obta9$ by direct obs]vation ( ! moon1 :5 wea!r or o!r conditions p]mitt$1 n by any rule ( ?umb computation4 ,! new moon obs]v$ 01 necess>ily1 n ! new moon z und]/ood 9 ! te*nical language ( a/ronomy2 i4 e4 ! mom5t :5 ! moon is 9 conjunction ) ! sun1 hav+ its d>k side :olly turn$ t[>ds ! e>?1 & be+ 9 consequ5ce completely invisible4 ,! new moon z m5tion$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 & z we ord9>ily use ! t]m1 is n ?is conjunction1 b ! fir/ visible cresc5t ( ! moon :5 x has drawn away f ! sun suffici5tly to be se5 aft] sunset = a %ort "t1 9 ! twilight1 be=e x sets2 = ! moon :5 v sl5d] _c be se5 9 daylight4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be fir/ se5 any "t betwe5 ab\t #ah h\rs & #dj h\rs aft] its conjunction ) ! sun2 9 o!r words1 x may be fir/ se5 on "o ( two ev5+s4 ,b = ! ecclesia/ical rites x 0 necess>y t !re %\ld be an au?oritative decl>ation z to ! "t ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! mon?1 &1 moreov]1 ! great fea/s 7 fix$ = c]ta9 days 9 ! mon?1 & s 7 dep5d5t on its beg9n+4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,jewi% re/oration1 up to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,titus1 ! ,sanh$rim us$ to sit 9 ! ,hall ( ,poli%$ ,/ones to receive ! te/imony ( cr$ible witnesses t !y _h se5 ! new moon4 ,if ! new moon _h appe>$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! #cj? day--correspond+ to our ev5+ ( ! #bi?--! ,sanh$rim decl>$ ! previ\s mon? imp]fect1 or consi/+ only ( #bi days4 ,if cr$ible witnesses _h n appe>$ to te/ify to ! appe>ance ( ! new moon on ! ev5+ ( ! #bi?1 ! next ev5+1 i4 e4 t ( ! #cj?--accord+ to our mode ( reckon+--0 tak5 z ! comm5cem5t ( ! new mon?1 & ! previ\s mon? 0 !n decl>$ to be full1 or ( #cj days4 ,e>ly 9 ! ,*ri/ian era1 x 0 enact$ t no te/imony %\ld be receiv$ f unkn[n p]sons1 because1 says ! ,talmud1 ! ,bai?usites wi%$ to impose on ! ,mi%nic ,rabbis1 & hir$ two m5 to d s = f\r hundr$ pieces ( silv]4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! beg9n+s ( ! mon?s 7 det]m9$ a/ronomically f ! actual obs]vation ( ! new moons1 & we may safely conclude t x 0 ! same also f ! e>lie/ times4 ,x 0 ! actual new moon1 n any !oretical or fictiti\s new moon1 t regulat$ ! great fe/ivals1 &1 z we h se51 !re 0 (t5 "s consid]able unc]ta9ty possible 9 ! fix+ ( ! dates4 ,! witnesses might give conflict+ te/imony1 & ! au?oritative date might be prov$ to be 9 fault4 ,we h an in/ance ( su* conflict+ au?ority 9 ! diff]5t dat+1 on "o occasion1 ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t by ! ,rabbi ,yeho%ua1 & ,rabbon ,gamaliel1 ! presid5t ( ! ,sanh$rim1 gr&son ( ! ,gamaliel at ^: feet ,paul sat4 ,accord+ to a /atem5t 9 ! ,mi%na1 dat+ f ! second c5tury ( our era1 ! appe>ance ( ! new moon at ,j]usalem 0 signall$ to ,babylonia dur+ ! c5tury prec$+ ! de/ruction ( ! ,holy ,city by ,titus1 & p]haps f e>li] times4 ,! disp]sion ( ! ,jews _h !re=e pres5t$ !m ) an additional difficulty 9 fix+ ! beg9n+ ( _! mon?s4 ,! problem is mu* m intricate to-day1 see+ t ! ,jews are disp]s$ ov] ! :ole _w1 & ! new moon1 fir/ visible on "o ev5+ at ,j]usalem1 might be se5 ! ev5+ be=e1 accord+ to ! reckon+ ( places we/ ( ,j]usalem1 or might be invisible until ! foll[+ ev5+1 accord+ to ! reckon+ ( places ea/ ( x4 ,we h ! same problem to solve 9 f9d+ ! date ( ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,! ,pray] ,book rule = f9d+ x runs ?us3-- ,ea/] day is always ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ! full moon :i* happ5s ^u1 or next aft]1 ! #ba/ day ( ,m>*2 & if ! full moon happ5s on a ,sunday1 ,ea/] day is ! ,sunday aft]4 ,b ! moon we *oose = ! ecclesia/ical cal5d> is an imag9>y body1 :i* is s controll$ by specially con/ruct$ tables z to be full on a day n diff]+ by m ?an two or ?ree days at mo/ f ! date on :i* ! actual moon is full4 ,?is may seem1 at fir/ sight1 a v clumsy arrangem5t1 b x has ! advantage ( def9+ ! date ( ,ea/] precisely1 )\t introduc+ any "q z to ! special m]idian :]e ! moon might be suppos$ to be obs]v$4 ,?us1 9 #aije1 ! moon 0 full at #d;h #efm ,gre5wi* mean "t on ! morn+ ( ,m>* #ba4 ,b ,ea/] ,day 0 n fix$ = ,m>* #bf1 ! next ,sunday foll[+ t full moon1 b a mon? lat]1 = ,april #bc4 ,= ! cal5d> moon1 ! imag9>y moon1 0 full on ,m>* #bj2 & x may be add$ t ! actual moon1 ?\gh full on ,m>* #ba = ,european "t1 0 full on ,m>* #bj = ,am]ican "t4 ,!re w\ld h be5 an ambiguity1 !re=e1 if ! actual moon _h be5 tak51 accord+ to ! c\ntry 9 :i* x 0 obs]v$1 an ambiguity :i* is got rid ( by adopt+ a te*nical or imag9>y moon4 ,! names giv5 to ! diff]5t mon?s 9 ,scripture h an int]e/ ( _! own4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! mon?s are simply numb]$2 ! mon? ( ! ,passov] is ! fir/ mon?1 & ! o!rs foll[1 z ! second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 etc41 ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 examples ( ea* occurr+ "r up to ! twelf? mon?4 ,!re is no m5tion ( a ?irte5? mon?4 ,b occasionally we f9d names z well z numb]s giv5 to ! mon?s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,abib1 mean+ ! mon? ( gre5 e>s4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ mon?1 ! mon? ( ! ,passov]1 & x receiv$ its "n no d\bt f ! fir/ gre5 e>s ( b>ley (f]$ be=e ! ,"l dur+ ! fea/ t foll[$ ! ,passov]4 ,! second mon? 0 call$ ,zif1 spl5d\r2 app>5tly ref]r+ to ! spl5d\r ( ! fl[]s 9 full spr+ "t4 ,x is m5tion$ toge!r ) two o!r names1 ,e?anim1 ! sev5? mon?1 & ,bul1 ! eigh? mon?1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! build+ & d$ication ( ,solomon's ,temple4 ,! la/ two are c]ta9ly ,pho5ician names1 hav+ be5 f\nd on ,pho5ician inscriptions2 ! fir/ is possibly ,pho5ician also4 ,_! occurr5ce 9 ?is special connection 0 no d\bt a result ( ! v l>ge "p tak5 9 ! build+ ( ! ,temple & ! con/ruction ( its furniture by ! workm5 ( ,hiram1 k+ ( ,tyre4 ,! ,pho5ician names ( ! mon?s w\ld naturally appe> 9 ! contracts & acc\nts = ! "w1 side by side ) ! ,hebrew equival5ts2 j z an ,engli% contractor to-day1 9 negotiat+ = a piece ( "w to be c>ri$ out 9 ,russia1 w\ld probably take c>e to use ! dat+ bo? ( ! ,russian old /yle cal5d>1 & ( ! ,engli% new /yle4 ,! ^w us$ = mon? 9 ^! cases is g5]ally1 n *ode%1 ! mon? z beg9n+ ) ! new moon1 b y]a*1 z if ! *ronicl] did n wi% !m to be und]/ood z hav+ be5 det]m9$ by ,jewi% au?orities or me?ods4 ,9 "o case1 h[ev]1 *ode% is us$ 9 connection ) ! mon? ,zif4 ,! o!r in/ances ( names = ! mon?s are ,nisan1 ,sivan1 ,elul1 ,*isleu1 ,tebe?1 ,sebat1 & ,ad>1 d]iv$ f mon? names 9 use 9 ,babylonia1 & employ$ only 9 ! books ( ,e/h]1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,ze*>iah1 all av[$ly po/-exilic writ]s4 ,! mon? ^w us$ 9 connection ) !m is *ode%--s9ce ! ,babylonian mon?s 7 also lun>--except 9 ! s+le case :]e ,ezra us$ a mon? "n1 t]m+ x y]a*4 ,! o!r po/-exilic writ]s or editors ( ! books ( ,holy ,scripture w\ld seem to h be5 at "s pa9s to omit all ,babylonian mon? names4 ,^! ,babylonian mon? names cont9ue to be us$ 9 ! ,jewi% cal5d> ( to-day4 ,9 f\r places 9 ,scripture m5tion is made ( a mon? ( days1 ! ^w = mon? be+ 9 two cases *ode%1 & 9 two1 y]a*4 ,jacob1 :5 he came to ,padan-aram1 abode ) ,laban = ! space ( a mon?1 be=e 8 crafty uncle broa*$ ! subject ( 8 wages4 ,?is may ei!r m]ely mean full ?irty days1 or ! t]m *ode% may possibly h a special appropriat5ess1 z ,laban may h dat$ ,jacob's s]vice s z to comm5ce f ! second new moon aft] 8 arrival4 ,aga91 :5 ! p lu/$ = fle% 9 ! wild]ness1 say+1 ,:o %all give u fle% to eat8 ! ,"l promis$ to s5d !m fle%-- ,& ye %all eat4 ,ye %all n eat "o day1 nor two days1 nor five days1 nei!r t5 days1 nor tw5ty days1 b ev5 a :ole mon?4 4 4 4 ,& !re w5t =? a w9d f ! ,"l1 & br\ght quails f ! sea4 ,he ra9$ fle% also ^u !m z du/1 ,& fea!r$ f[ls l z ! s& ( ! sea4 ,! :ole mon? 9 ?is case 0 evid5tly a full p]iod ( ?irty days1 irrespective ( ! p>ticul> phase ( ! moon :5 x began & end$4 ,among/ ! ,babylonians ! sign = ! ^w mon? 0 xxx1 express+ ! usual numb] ( days t x conta9$1 & )\t d\bt among/ ! ,hebrews t 0 ! numb] ( days orig9ally assign$ to ! mon?1 except :5 ! int]val betwe5 two actually obs]v$ new moons 0 f\nd to be tw5ty-n9e4 ,9 lat] times x 0 le>n$ t ! l5g? = ! lunation lay betwe5 tw5ty-n9e & ?irty days1 & t ^! l5g?s = ! mon? mu/ be alt]nate z a g5]al rule4 ,b 9 e>ly times1 if a long spell ( bad wea!r prev5t$ direct obs]vation ( ! new moon1 we _c suppose t any?+ less ?an ?irty days w\ld be assign$ to ea* mon?4 ,su* a long spell ( bad obs]v+ wea!r did c]ta9ly occur on "o occasion 9 ! v e>ly days ( a/ronomy1 & we accord+ly f9d t su* 0 ! numb] ( days allott$ to sev]al consecutive mon?s1 ?\gh ! hi/orian 0 evid5tly 9 ! habit ( obs]v+ ! new moon1 = *ode% is ! ^w us$ to express ^! mon?s ( ?irty days4 ,we are told t-- ,9 ! six hundre? ye> ( ,noah's life1 9 ! second mon?1 ! sev5te5? day ( ! mon?1 ! same day 7 all ! f\nta9s ( ! great deep brok5 up1 & ! w9d[s ( heav5 7 op5$4 ,& lat] t-- ,aft] ! end ( ! hundr$ & fifty days ! wat]s 7 abat$4 ,& ! ark re/$ 9 ! sev5? mon?1 on ! sev5te5? day ( ! mon?1 ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,ar>at4 ,! five mon?s dur+ :i* ! wat]s prevail$ ^u ! e>? 71 !re=e1 reckon$ z ( ?irty days ea*4 ,if all ! new moons1 or ev5 t ( ! sev5? mon?1 _h be5 actually obs]v$1 ?is ev5t w\ld h be5 ascrib$ to ! n9ete5? day ( ! mon?1 s9ce #aej days is five mon?s & two days2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( su* obs]vations a sort ( dead reckon+ 0 appli$1 :i* w\ld ( c\rse be correct$ directly ! return ( cle> wea!r gave an opportunity = obs]v+ ! new moon once aga94 ,a simil> practice 0 foll[$ at a mu* lat] date 9 ,babylon1 :]e a/ronomy is suppos$ to h be5 highly develop$ f remote antiquity4 ,?us an inscription rec5tly publi%$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+ records t-- ,on ! #bf? day ( ! mon? ,sivan1 9 ! sev5? ye>1 ! day 0 turn$ into night1 & fire 9 ! mid/ ( heav54 ,?is has be5 id5tifi$ by ,mr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,c[ell1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,*ief ,assi/ant at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 z ! eclipse ( ! sun t 0 total at ,babylon on ,july #ca1 ,b4,c4 #ajfc4 ,! ,babylonians1 :5 bad wea!r oblig$ !m to resort to dead reckon+1 71 !re=e1 /ill reckon+ ! mon? z precisely ?irty days s late z ! times ( ,samuel & ,saul1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance 7 two1 if n ?ree1 days out 9 _! c\nt4 ,_h ! new moon ( ,sivan be5 obs]v$1 or correctly calculat$1 ! eclipse mu/ h be5 reckon$ z fall+ on ! #bh? or #bi? day ( ! mon?4 ,! ,a!nians 9 ! days ( ,solon1 five hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an ?is1 adopt$ mon?s alt]nately tw5ty-n9e & ?irty days 9 l5g?1 :i* gives a result v ne>ly correct4 ,! ,jews aft] ! ,disp]sion adopt$ ! sy/em ( ?us alt]nat+ ! l5g?s ( _! mon?s1 & ) "s slight modifications x holds good to ! pres5t day4 ,z w be %[n 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 ! ord9>y ye>s are ( twelve mon?s1 b sev5 ye>s 9 e n9ete5 are embolismic1 hav+ an extra mon?4 ,! names employ$ are ^? le>n$ dur+ ! ,babylonian captivity1 & ! ye> beg9s ) ! mon? ,ti%ri1 correspond+ to ,septemb]-,octob] ( our cal5d>4 ,! l5g?s ( mo/ ( ! mon?s are fix$ z giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 b any adju/m5t necess>y c be effect$ ei!r by add+ "o day to ,he%van1 :i* has usually tw5ty-n9e days1 or tak+ away "o day f ,kislev1 :i* has usually ?irty-- ,,ord9>y ,,ye> ,,embolismic ,,ye> ,,days ,,days ,ti%ri #cj #cj ,he%van #bi #bi ,kislev #cj - #cj - ,tebe? #bi #bi ,%ebat #cj #cj ,ad> #bi #cj ,ve-ad> 444 #bi ,nisan #cj #cj ,yi> #bi #bi ,sivan #cj #cj ,tamuz #bi #bi ,ab #cj #cj ,elul #bi #bi ,! ,jewi% mon?1 !re=e1 cont9ues to be ess5tially a true lun> "o1 ?\gh ! exact def9ition ( ea* mon? is1 to "s ext5t1 conv5tional1 & ! words ( ! ,son ( ,sira* /ill apply to ! ,hebrew cal5d>-- ,! moon also is 9 all ?+s = h] season1 ,= a decl>ation ( times1 & a sign ( ! _w4 ,f ! moon is ! sign ( ! fea/ day2 ,a light t wane? :5 %e is come to ! full4 ,= s ,god-- ,appo9t$ ! moon = seasons4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,ye> ,! ?ird great natural division ( "t is ! ye>1 &1 l ! day & ! mon?1 x is def9$ by ! relative app>5t movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,z ! ,rabbi ,ab5 ,ezra po9t$ out1 %anah1 ! ord9>y ,hebrew ^w us$ = ye>1 expresses ! idea ( annus or annulus1 a clos$ r+1 & !re=e implies t ! ye> is a complete sol> "o4 ,a ye>1 t is purely lun>1 consi/s ( twelve lunations1 am\nt+ to #ced days4 ,su* is ! ye> t ! ,mohamm$ans use2 & s9ce x falls %ort ( a sol> ye> ( #cfe days by #aj or #aa days1 its beg9n+ moves backw>ds r rapidly ?r\gh ! seasons4 ,! ,jews us$ actual lunations = _! mon?s1 b _! ye> 0 "o dep5d+ on ! position ( ! sun1 & _! cal5d> 0 !re=e a luni-sol> "o4 ,b lunations _c be made to fit 9 exactly into a sol> ye>--#ab lunations are "s #aa days %ort ( "o ye>2 #cg lunations are #b or #c days too long = ?ree ye>s--b an approximation c be made by giv+ an extra mon? to e ?ird ye>2 or m ne>ly /ill by tak+ #g ye>s 9 e #ai z ye>s ( #ac mon?s ea*4 ,?is ?irte5? mon? is call$ an int]cal>y mon?1 & 9 ! pres5t ,jewi% cal5d> x is ! mon? ,ad> :i* is r$uplicat$ "u ! "n ( ,ve-,ad>4 ,b1 ?\gh f ! necessity ( ! case1 ?is int]calation1 f "t to "t1 ( a ?irte5? mon? mu/ h be5 made regul>ly f ! fir/ in/itution ( ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread1 we f9d no allusion1 direct or indirect1 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures to any su* cu/om4 ,among/ ! ,babylonians a ye> & a mon? 7 t]m$ full :5 !y conta9$ #ac mon?s & #cj days respectively1 & normal or incomplete :5 !y conta9$ b #ab mon?s or #bi days4 ,! succession ( full & normal ye>s recurr$ 9 ! same ord]1 at int]vals ( n9ete5 ye>s4 ,= #ai ye>s conta9 #fici days #ad-a_/b h\rs2 & #bce mon?s1 #fici days #af-a_/b h\rs2 ! two !re=e diff]+ only by ab\t a c\ple ( h\rs4 ,! discov]y ( ?is cycle is attribut$ to ,meton1 ab\t #dcc ,b4,c41 & x is !re=e kn[n z ! ,metonic cycle4 ,x supplies ! ,gold5 ,numb]s ( ! introduction to ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,!re are two k9ds ( sol> ye>s1 ) :i* we may h to d 9 a luni-sol> cal5d>--! tropical or equ9octial ye>1 & ! sid]eal ye>4 ,! tropical ye> is ! int]val f "o season till ! return ( t season aga9--spr+ to spr+1 summ] to summ]1 autumn to autumn1 or w9t] to w9t]4 ,x is def9$ z ! "t includ$ betwe5 two successive passages ( ! sun ?r\gh ! v]nal equ9ox1 h5ce x is also call$ ! equ9octial ye>4 ,its l5g? is f\nd to be #cfe days1 #e h\rs1 #di m9utes1 & "s anci5t a/ronom]s d]iv$ its l5g? z closely z #cfe days1 #f h\rs1 by obs]v+ ! dates :5 ! sun set at exactly ! opposite "p ( ! horizon to t :]e x rose4 ,! sid]eal ye> is ! "t occupi$ by ! sun 9 app>5tly complet+ ! circuit ( ! heav5s f a giv5 /> to ! same /> aga94 ,! l5g? ( ! sid]eal ye> is #cfe days1 #f h\rs1 #i m9utes4 ,9 "s cases ! anci5ts took ! sid]eal ye> f ! heliacal ris+s or sett+s ( />s1 t is f ! int]val betwe5 ! "t :5 a bright /> 0 fir/ se5 9 ! morn+ j be=e ! sun rose1 until x 0 fir/ s se5 aga92 or la/ se5 j aft] ! sun set 9 ! ev5+1 until x 0 la/ s se5 aga94 ,b to connect ! spr+ new moon ) ! day :5 ! sun has return$ to ! equ9ox is a m difficult & complicat$ matt]4 ,! e>ly ,hebrews w\ld seem to h solv$ ! problem practically1 by simply wat*+ ! progress ( ! gr[+ gra94 ,if at "o new moon 9 spr+ "t x appe>$ cle> t "s ( ! b>ley w\ld be ready 9 a =tnight = ! (f]+ ( ! gre5 e>s at ! fea/ ( unleav5$ bread1 !n t 0 tak5 z beg9n+ ! new ye>4 ,if x appe>$ d\btful if x w\ld be ready1 or c]ta9 t x w\ld n be1 !n ! next new moon 0 wait$ =4 ,?is me?od 0 suffici5t 9 primitive times1 & s long z ! nation ( ,israel rema9$ 9 its own l&4 ,9 ! long run1 x gave an accurate value = ! mean tropical ye>1 & avoid$ all ! a/ronomical difficulties ( ! "q4 ,x %[s ! e>ly ,hebrews z practical m51 = ! solution adopt$ 0 easy1 simple & effici5t4 ,?is practical me?od ( det]m9+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> among/ ! e>ly ,hebrews1 does n appe> to h be5 ! "o 9 use among/ ! ,babylonians ei!r e>ly or late 9 _! hi/ory4 ,! e>ly ,babylonians us$ a sid]eal ye>1 z w be %[n %ortly4 ,! lat] ,babylonians us$ a tropical ye> dep5d5t on ! actual obs]vation ( ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,to ^? :o h no clocks1 no telescopes1 no sundials1 no in/rum5ts ( any k9d1 !re are two natural epo*s at :i* ! day might beg92 at sunrise1 ! beg9n+ ( daylight2 & at sunset1 ! beg9n+ ( d>kness4 ,simil>ly1 to all nations :i* use ! tropical ye>1 :e!r _! cal5d> is dep5d5t on ! sun alone1 or on bo? sun & moon1 !re are two natural epo*s at :i* ! ye> may beg92 at ! spr+ equ9ox1 ! beg9n+ ( ! bright half ( ! ye>1 :5 ! sun is high 9 ! heav5s1 & all nature is reviv+ "u its heat & light2 & at ! autumn equ9ox1 ! beg9n+ ( ! d>k half ( ! ye>1 :5 ! sun is l[ 9 ! heav5s1 & all nature seems dy+4 ,z a nation becomes m highly equipp$1 bo? 9 ! means ( obs]v+1 & 9 k1 x may n reta9 ei!r ( ^! epo*s z ! actual beg9n+ ( its ye>1 b ! det]m9ation ( ! ye> /ill re/s directly or indirectly ^u ! obs]vation ( ! equ9oxes4 ,at ! exodus f ,egypt1 9 ! mon? ,abib1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7 comm&$ 9 ^! words-- ,?is mon? %all be unto y ! beg9n+ ( mon?s3 x %all be ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye> to y4 ,?is comm& may h aboli%$ & rev]s$ ! previ\sly exi/+ cal5d>1 or x may h relat$ solely to ! ecclesia/ical cal5d>1 & ! civil cal5d> may h be5 /ill reta9$ ) a diff]5t epo* ( comm5cem5t4 ,an inquiry into ! "q z to :e!r !re is evid5ce 9 ,scripture ( ! use ( a d\ble cal5d>1 %[s t 9 e case t ! ,passov] is m5tion$ x is z be+ kept 9 ! fir/ mon?1 except :5 ,hezekiah avail$ himself ( ! regulation :i* p]mitt$ its be+ kept 9 ! second mon?4 ,s9ce ! ,passov] 0 a spr+ fea/1 ?is l9ks ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> to ! spr+ "t4 ,simil>ly ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 :i* is an autumn fe/ival1 is always m5tion$ z be+ held 9 ! sev5? mon?4 ,^! fea/s w\ld naturally be ref]r$ to ! ecclesia/ical cal5d>4 ,b ! slight evid5ces giv5 9 ! civil hi/ory po9t ! same way4 ,?us "s m5 jo9$ ,david at ,ziklag dur+ ! "t ( 8 p]secution by ,saul1 9 ! fir/ mon?4 ,?is 0 spr+ "t1 = x is add$ t ,jordan _h ov]fl[$ all its banks4 ,simil>ly1 ! n9? mon? fell 9 ! w9t]3 = x 0 z he sat 9 ! w9t]-h\se 9 ! n9? mon?1 & !re 0 a fire on ! he>? burn+ be=e him t k+ ,jehoiakim took ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah & cut x ) ! p5knife1 & ca/ x into ! fire t 0 on ! he>?4 ,! same n9? mon? is also m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,ezra z a w9t] mon?1 a "t ( great ra94 ,! same result is giv5 by ! in/ances 9 :i* a ,babylonian mon? "n is int]pret$ by its correspond+ ,jewi% mon? numb]4 ,9 ea* case ! ,jewi% ye> is reckon$ z beg9n+ ) ,nisan1 ! mon? ( ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,9 "o case1 h[ev]1 two ,babylonian mon? names d pres5t a difficulty4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,nehemiah1 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ! writ] says-- ,x came to pass 9 ! mon? ,*isleu1 9 ! tw5tie? ye>1 z ,i 0 9 ,%u%an ! palace1 t ,hanani1 "o ( my bre?r51 came-- & told him conc]n+ ! sad /ate ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is he subsequ5tly approa*$ ! k+ on ! subject 9 ! mon? ,nisan1 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( ,artax]xes ! k+4 ,if ! tw5tie? ye> ( k+ ,artax]xes began 9 ! spr+1 ,nisan1 :i* is a spr+ mon?1 c\ld n foll[ ,*isleu1 :i* is a mon? ( late autumn4 ,b ,artax]xes may h dat$ 8 accession1 & !re=e 8 regnal ye>s1 f "s mon? betwe5 ,nisan & ,*isleu2 or ! civil ye> may h be5 reckon$ at ! c\rt ( ,%u%an z beg9n+ ) ,ti%ri4 ,x may be not$ t ,nehemiah does n def9e ei!r ( ^! mon?s 9 t]ms ( ! ,jewi%4 ,else:]e1 :5 ref]r+ to ! ,jewi% ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 he attributes x to ! sev5? mon?1 9 accord ) its place 9 ! ,mosaic cal5d>4 ,an alt]ation ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> f ! spr+ to ! autumn 0 br\ght ab\t among/ ! ,jews at a lat] date1 & 0 sy/ematiz$ 9 ! ,religi\s ,cal5d> by ! ,rabbis ( ab\t ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,ti%ri beg9s ! ,jewi% ye> at ! pres5t day2 ! fir/ day ( ,ti%ri be+ tak5 z ! anniv]s>y ( ! creation ( ! _w4 ,! ,mi%na1 ,! ,law ( ! ,lip1 0 fir/ committ$ to writ+ 9 #aia ,a4,d41 & ! compilation ( ! ,babylonian ,talmud1 bas$ on ! ,mi%na1 0 complet$ ab\t #ejj ,a4,d4 ,9 its comm5t>y on ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 !re is an allusion to ! ye> z beg9n+ 9 spr+1 = x says t-- ,a k+ cr[n$ on ! tw5ty-n9? ( ,ad> is consid]$ z hav+ complet$ ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign on ! fir/ ( ,nisan 7i4 e4 ! next day74 ,h5ce foll[s 7obs]ves "s "o7 t ! fir/ ( ,nisan is ! new ye>'s day ( k+s1 & t if "o _h reign$ only "o day 9 a ye>1 x is consid]$ z a :ole ye>4#caa3a ,x is n indicat$ :e!r ?is rule held good = ! k+s ( ,p]sia1 z well z = ^? ( ,israel4 ,if s1 & ?is tradition be correct1 !n we _c expla9 ,nehemiah's reckon+ by suppos+ t he 0 c\nt+ f ! mon? ( ! accession ( ,artax]xes1 & mu/ assume t a civil or c\rt ye> beg9n+ ) ,ti%ri1 i4 e4 9 ! autumn1 0 ! "o 9 "q4 ,a fur!r1 b1 z x w\ld seem1 q an imag9>y difficulty1 has be5 rais$ because ! fea/ ( +a!r+1 or ,tab]nacles1 ?\gh held 9 ! sev5? mon?1 is twice spok5 ( z be+ 9 ! end ( ! ye>1 or1 z x is r5d]$ 9 ! m>g9 9 "o case1 9 ! revolution ( ! ye>4 ,?is latt] expression occurs aga9 9 #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #bc1 :5 x is said t1 at ! end ( ! ye>1 ! ho/ ( ,syria came up2 b 9 ?is case x probably means e>ly spr+1 = x is only ( late c5turies t w> has be5 wag$ 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,d[n to ! ,middle ,ages1 ! armies always w5t into w9t] qu>t]s1 & 9 ! spr+ ! k+s l$ !m out aga9 to battle4 ,"o ,hebrew expression us$ 9 ,scripture means ! return ( ! ye>1 z appli$ to ! close ( "o & ! op5+ ( ano!r ye>4 ,?is is ! expression employ$ 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,samuel1 & ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,*ronicles1 :]e x is said aft] ! ye> 0 expir$1 at ! "t :5 k+s g =? to battle1 imply+ t 9 ! "t ( ,david ! ye> began 9 ! spr+4 ,! same expression1 no d\bt 9 ref]5ce to ! same "t ( ! ye>1 is also us$ 9 connection ) ! w>like exp$itions ( ,b5hadad1 k+ ( ,syria1 & ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 k+ ( ,babylon4 ,x is admitt$ t ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 0 held 9 ! autumn1 & 9 ! sev5? mon?4 ,! difficulty lies 9 ! "q ( h[ x c\ld be said to be 9 ! end ( ! ye>1 at ! ye>'s end1 al?\gh x is cle> f ! cases j cit$ t ^! & simil> expressions are m]ely ( a g5]al "*1 z we ourselves might say1 :5 ! ye> came r\nd1 & d n indicate any rigid connection ) a specific date ( ! cal5d>4 ,we ourselves use sev]al ye>s & cal5d>s1 )\t any confusion4 ,! civil ye> beg9s1 at midnight1 on ,janu>y #a2 ! f9ancial ye> on ,april #a2 ! ecclesia/ical ye> ) ,adv5t1 ab\t ,decemb] #a2 ! s*ola/ic ye> ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]1 & s on4 ,z ! ^w ye> expresses ) ourselves _m diff]5t usages1 !re is no reason to attribute to ! ,jews ! extreme p$antry ( inv>iably us+ no?+ b precise def9itions drawn f _! ecclesia/ical cal5d>4 ,! s]vices ( ! ,tab]nacle & ! ,temple 7--) ! exception ( ! slay+ ( ! ,pas*al lambs--all compris$ )9 ! h\rs ( daylight2 !re 0 no (f]+ be=e ! morn+ sacrifice1 none aft] ! ev5+ sacrifice4 ,s1 too1 ! ,mosaic law direct$ all ! great fea/s to be held 9 ! summ] half ( ! ye>1 ! light half2 none 9 ! w9t]4 ,! ,pas*al full moon 0 j aft] ! spr+ equ9ox2 ! h>ve/ moon ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles z ne> z possible to ! autumn equ9ox4 ,until ! introduction1 aft] ! ,captivity1 ( ! ,fea/ ( ,purim 9 ! twelf? mon?1 ! mon? ,ad>1 ! ecclesia/ical ye> might be said to end ) ^? sev5 days ( joy\s camp+-out 9 ! boo?s built ( ! gre5 b\ghs2 j z all ! great days ( ! ,*ri/ian ye> lie betwe5 ,adv5t & ! octave ( ,p5teco/1 :il/ ! ,sundays aft] ,tr9ity /ret* _! l5g? ?r\gh six :ole mon?s4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no contradiction betwe5 ! comm& 9 ,exod4 xii41 to make ,abib1 ! mon? ( ! ,passov]1 ! fir/ mon?1 & ! ref]5ces else:]e 9 ,exodus to ! ,fea/ ( ,+a!r+ z be+ 9 ! end ( ! ye>4 ,x 0 at ! end ( ! agricultural ye>2 x 0 also at ! end ( ! p]iod ( fea/s4 ,s1 if a workman is engag$ = a day's "w1 he comes 9 ! morn+1 & goes home 9 ! ev5+1 & expects to be paid z he leaves2 no "o w\ld ask him to complete ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e paym5t & dismissal4 ,x is ! end ( 8 day2 ?\gh1 l ! m5 9 ! p>able ( ! ,lab\r]s 9 ! ,v9ey>d1 he has only work$ twelve h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,9 ! same way ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 ?\gh 9 ! sev5? mon?1 0 9 ! end ( ! ye>1 bo? f ! po9t ( view ( ! f>m] & ( ! ord9ances ( ! sacr$ fe/ivals4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 v e>ly times 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia = det]m9+ ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye> 0 a simple & effective "o1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* may be expla9$ ?us3 ,if we wat* = ! appe>ance ( ! new moon 9 spr+ "t1 &1 z we see x sett+ 9 ! we/1 notice "s bright /> ne> x1 !n #ab mon?s lat] we %\ld see ! two toge!r aga92 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! moon & /> w\ld be se5 toge!r1 n on ! fir/1 b on ! second ev5+ ( ! mon?4 ,= s9ce #ab lun> mon?s fall %ort ( a sol> ye> by #aa days1 ! moon on ! fir/ ev5+ w\ld be ab\t #aa degrees %ort ( h] =m] position4 ,b z %e moves ab\t #ac degrees 9 #bd h\rs1 ! next ev5+ %e w\ld practically be back 9 h] old place4 ,9 ! second ye>1 !re=e1 moon & /> w\ld set toge!r on ! second ev5+ ( ! fir/ mon?2 & 9 l mann] !y w\ld set toge!r on ! ?ird ev5+ 9 ! ?ird ye>2 &1 r\ghly speak+1 on ! f\r? ev5+ ( ! f\r? ye>4 ,b ?is la/ conjunction w\ld mean t !y w\ld also set toge!r on ! fir/ ev5+ ( ! next mon?1 :i* w\ld ?us be indicat$ z ! true fir/ mon? ( ! ye>4 ,?us :5 moon & /> set toge!r on ! ?ird ev5+ ( a mon?1 ?irte5 mon?s lat] !y w\ld set toge!r on ! fir/ ev5+ ( a mon?4 ,?us ! sett+ toge!r ( moon & /> w\ld n only m>k :i* 0 to be fir/ mon? ( ! ye>1 b if !y set toge!r on ! fir/ ev5+ x w\ld %[ t ! ye> !n beg9n+ 0 to be an ord9>y "o ( #ab mon?s2 if on ! ?ird ev5+1 t ! ye> ought to be a full "o ( #ac mon?s4 ,?is 0 precisely ! me?od foll[$ by ! ,akkadians "s #djjj ye>s ago4 ,= ,pr(4 ,sayce & ,mr4 ,bosanquet translate an old tablet 9 ,akkadian z foll[s3-- ,:5 on ! fir/ day ( ! mon? ,nisan ! /> ( />s 7or ,dilgan7 & ! moon are p>allel1 t ye> is normal4 ,:5 on ! ?ird day ( ! mon? ,nisan ! /> ( />s & ! moon are p>allel1 t ye> is full4#cae3a ,! /> ( />s ( ?is inscription is no d\bt ! bright /> ,capella1 & ! ye> ?us det]m9$ by ! sett+ toge!r ( ! moon & ,capella w\ld beg9 on ! av]age ) ! spr+ equ9ox ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,:5 ,capella ?us m>k$ ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye>1 ! tw9 />s1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 m>k$ ! second mon? ( ! ye> 9 j ! same way4 ,a rem9isc5ce ( ?is circum/ance is f\nd 9 ! signs = ! fir/ two mon?s2 t = ! fir/ mon? be+ a cresc5t moon ly+ on its back2 t = ! second mon? a pair ( />s4 ,! significance ( ! cresc5t be+ %[n z ly+ on its back is se5 at once :5 x is rememb]$ t ! new moon is diff]5tly incl9$ to ! horizon accord+ to ! "t ( ! ye> :5 x is se54 ,x is mo/ ne>ly upright at ! "t ( ! autumn equ9ox2 x is mo/ ne>ly horizontal1 ly+ on its back1 at ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,x is cle> f ?is symbol1 !re=e1 t ! ,babylonians began _! ye> 9 ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,moon ,,at ,,! ,,equ9oxes4 ,?is me?od1 by :i* ! new moon 0 us$ z a k9d ( po9t] = det]m9+ ! return ( ! sun to ! neighb\rhood ( a p>ticul> /> at ! end ( a sol> ye>1 is q unlike any?+ t comm5tators on ! a/ronomical me?ods ( ! anci5ts h suppos$ !m to h us$4 ,b we "k f ! anci5t inscription already quot$ t x 0 actually us$2 x 0 em95tly simple2 x 0 b\nd to h sugge/$ itself :]ev] a luni-sol> ye>1 />t+ f ! obs]v$ new moon1 0 us$4 ,fur!r1 x requir$ no in/rum5ts or />-maps2 x did n ev5 require a k ( ! con/ellations2 only ( "o or two conspicu\s />s4 ,?\gh r\gh1 x 0 p]fectly effici5t1 & w\ld give ! mean l5g? ( ! ye> ) all ! accuracy t 0 !n requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b\nd>y-,,/one ,,9 ,,! ,,l\vre2 ,,approximate ,,date1 ,b4,c4 #abjj4 7,f a photograph by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,a4 ,mansell47 ,b x _h "o drawback1 :i* ! anci5ts c\ld n h be5 expect$ to =esee4 ,! effect ( precession1 allud$ to 9 ! *apt] on ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,con/ellations1 p4 #aeh1 w\ld be to ?r[ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 z ?us det]m9$1 gradually lat] & lat] 9 ! seasons1--r\ghly speak+1 by a day 9 e sev5ty ye>s1--& ! "t came1 no d\bt1 :5 x 0 notic$ t ! t]re/rial seasons no long] bore _! traditional relation to ! ye>4 ,?is probably happ5$ at "s "t 9 ! sev5? or eigh? c5turies be=e our era1 & 0 connect$ ) ! a/ronomical revolution t has be5 allud$ to be=e2 :5 ! ecliptic 0 divid$ into twelve equal divisions1 n associat$ ) ! actual />s1 ! ,signs 7 sub/itut$ = ! ,con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac1 & ! ,ram 0 tak5 z ! lead] in/ead ( ! ,bull4 ,! equ9ox 0 !n det]m9$ by direct measurem5t ( ! l5g? ( ! day & night2 = a tablet ( ab\t ?is p]iod records-- ,on ! six? day ( ! mon? ,nisan ! day & night 7 equal4 ,! day 0 six d\ble-h\rs 7kasbu71 & ! night 0 six d\ble-h\rs4 ,s long z ,capella 0 us$ z ! indicator />1 s long ! ye> mu/ h begun ) ! sun 9 ,taurus1 ! ,bull2 b :5 ! re-adju/m5t 0 made1 & ! sol> tropical ye> connect$ ) ! equ9ox 0 sub/itut$ = ! sid]eal ye> connect$ ) ! return ( ! sun to a p>ticul> />1 x w\ld be se5 t ! association ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> ) ! sun's pres5ce 9 any giv5 con/ellation c\ld no long] be kept up4 ,! necessity = an artificial division ( ! zodiac w\ld be felt1 & t artificial division cle>ly 0 n made until ! sun at ! spr+ equ9ox 0 unmi/akably 9 ,aries1 ! ,ram2 or ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4 ,! eclipse ( #ajfc ,b4,c4 incid5tally proves t ! old me?od ( fix+ ,nisan by ! conjunction ( ! moon & ,capella 0 !n /ill 9 use2 = ! eclipse took place on ,july #ca1 :i* is call$ 9 ! record ! #bf? ( ,sivan4 ,sivan be+ ! ?ird mon?1 its #bf? day c\ld n h fall5 s late1 if ! ye> _h begun ) ! equ9ox2 b x w\ld h s fall5 if ! ,capella me?od 7 /ill 9 vogue4 ,!re is a set ( symbols repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 on ,babylonian monum5ts1 & always giv5 a position ( em95ce2--x is ! s-call$ ,triad ( ,/>s1 a cresc5t ly+ on its back & two />s ne> x4 ,!y are se5 v di/9ctly at ! top ( ! photograph ( ! b\nd>y-/one f ! ,l\vre1 giv5 on p4 #cah1 & also imm$iately above ! head ( ! ,sun-god 9 ! photograph ( ! tablet f ,sipp>1 on p4 #cbb4 ,_! significance is n[ cle>4 ,f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! two ,tw9 />s1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 s]v$ z indicators ( ! fir/ new moon ( ! ye>1 j z ,capella did two ?\s& ye>s lat]4 ,! triad ( />s1 !n1 is simply a picture ( :at m5 saw1 ye> aft] ye>1 9 ! sunset sky at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ mon?1 six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x is ! e>lie/ record ( an a/ronomical obs]vation t has come d[n to u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,sun-,,god ,,at ,,sipp>a4 ,h[ simple & easy ! obs]vation 01 & h[ di/9ctly ! ye> 0 m>k$ (f by x6 ,! mon? 0 m>k$ (f by ! fir/ sight ( ! new ?9 cresc5t 9 ! ev5+ sky4 ,! day 0 m>k$ (f by ! return ( d>kness1 ! ev5+ h\r 9 :i*1 mon? by mon?1 ! new moon 0 fir/ obs]v$2 s t ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day4 ,! ye> 0 m>k$ (f by ! new moon be+ se5 9 ! ev5+ ) a bright pair ( />s1 ! />s we /ill "k z ! ,tw9s2 & ! l5g? ( ! ye> 0 %[n by ! ev5+ ( ! mon?1 :5 moon & />s came toge!r4 ,if on ! fir/ ev5+1 x 0 a ye> ( twelve mon?s2 if on ! ?ird1 "o ( ?irte54 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ^! ?ree obs]vations con/itut$ ! :ole ( primitive a/ronomy4 ,9 lat] days ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ,triad ( ,/>s w\ld seem to h be5 =gott51 & !y 7 tak5 z repres5t+ ,s91 ,samas1 & ,i/>2--! ,moon1 ! ,sun & ! planet ,v5us4 ,yet n[ & aga9 a h9t ( ! "p !y once play$ 9 det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! ye> is pres]v$4 ,?us1 on ! tablet n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & %[n on p4 #cbb1 sculptur$ ) a sc5e repres5t+ ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun-god 9 ! temple ( ,sipp>1 ^! ?ree symbols are %[n ) ! explanatory inscription3-- ,! ,moon-god1 ! ,sun-god1 & ,i/>1 dwell]s 9 ! abyss1 ,ann\nce to ! ye>s :at !y are to expect2 possibly an a/rological =mula1 b x may well mean--ann\nce :e!r ! ye>s %\ld expect twelve or ?irte5 mon?s4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ?is me?od _h "o drawback2 x gave a sid]eal ye>1 n a tropical ye>1 & ?is inconv5i5ce mu/ h be5 discov]$1 & ,capella sub/itut$ = ! ,tw9 />s1 long be=e ! giv+ ( ! ,law to ,israel4 ,! me?od employ$ by ! prie/s ( wat*+ ! progress ( ! rip5+ ( ! b>ley ov]came ?is difficulty1 & gave a ye> to ,israel :i*1 on ! av]age1 0 a correct tropical "o4 ,!re is a detail 9 ! hi/ory ( ! flood 9 ,g54 vii4 & viii4 :i* has be5 tak5 by "s z meant to indicate ! l5g? ( ! tropical ye>4 ,9 ! six hundr$? ye> ( ,noah's life1 9 ! second mon?1 ! sev5te5? day ( ! mon?1 ! same day 7 all ! f\nta9s ( ! great deep brok5 up1 & ! w9d[s ( heav5 7 op5$4 ,& x came to pass 9 ! six hundr$? & fir/ ye>1 4 4 4 9 ! second mon?1 on ! sev5 & tw5tie? day ( ! mon?1 0 ! e>? dri$4 ,! int]val f ! comm5cem5t ( ! deluge to its close 0 !re=e twelve lun> mon?s & t5 days2 i4 e4 #cfd or #cfe days4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ra9 w\ld1 no d\bt1 be %>ply m>k$2 ! end ( ! dry+ w\ld be gradual1 & h5ce ! selection ( a day exactly 7s f> z we c tell7 a full tropical ye> f ! beg9n+ ( ! flood w\ld seem to be int5tional4 ,a complete ye> _h be5 consum$ by ! judgm5t4 ,no su* total int]ruption ( ! k9dly succession ( ! seasons %all ev] occur aga93-- ,:ile ! e>? rema9e?1 se$-"t & h>ve/1 & cold & heat1 & summ] & w9t]1 & day & night %all n cease4 ,! ra9 is no long] = judgm5t1 b = bless+3-- ,?\ visite/ ! e>?1 & wat]e/ x1 ,?\ greatly enri*e/ x2 ,! riv] ( ,god is full ( wat]3 ,?\ provide/ !m corn1 :5 ,?\ ha/ s prep>$ ! e>?4 ,?\ wat]e/ h] furr[s abundantly2 ,?\ settle/ ! ridges !re(3 ,?\ make/ x s(t ) %[]s2 ,?\ blesse/ ! spr++ !re(4 ,?\ cr[ne/ ! ye> ) ,?y goodness4 ,,footnotes3 #caa3a ,p4 ,i4 ,h]%on1 ,g5esis ) a ,talmudical ,comm5t>y1 p4 #cj4 #cae3a ,mon?ly ,notices ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 vol4 xxxix4 p4 #dee4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,sabbatic ,,ye> ,,& ,,! ,,jubilee ,! pr9ciple ( ! week ) its sabba? ( re/ 0 c>ri$ p>tially into ! mon?1 & completely into ! ye>4 ,! sev5? mon? ( ! ye> 0 m>k$ out pre-em95tly by ! ?reefold "* ( its s]vices1 ?\gh e sev5? mon? 0 n di/+ui%$4 ,b ! weekly sabba? 0 express$ n only 9 days b 9 ye>s1 & 0 "o bo? ( re/ & ( release4 ,! sabba? ( ye>s 0 fir/ enjo9$ f ,m\nt ,s9ai1 9 ! ?ird mon? aft] ! dep>ture f ,egypt1 c]ta9ly )9 a day or s1 if n on ! actual day1 ( ! second great fea/ ( ! ye>1 v>i\sly kn[n to ! ,hebrews z ! ,fea/ ( ,fir/fruits1 or ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks1 & to u z ,p5teco/1 t is ,:itsuntide4 ,x is mo/ %ortly giv5 9 ,exod4 xxi4 #b1 & xxiii4 #aj1 #aa3-- ,if ?\ buy an ,hebrew s]vant1 six ye>s he %all s]ve3 & 9 ! sev5? he %all g out free = no?+4 ,six ye>s ?\ %alt s[ ?y l&1 & %alt ga!r 9 ! fruits !re(3 b ! sev5? ye> ?\ %alt let x re/ & lie /ill2 t ! poor ( ?y p may eat3 & :at !y leave ! bea/s ( ! field %all eat4 ,9 l mann] ?\ %alt deal ) ?y v9ey>d1 & ) ?y olivey>d4 ,^! laws are giv5 at great] l5g? & ) full] explanation 9 ! tw5ty-fif? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,leviticus4 ,9 addition !re is giv5 a promise ( bless+ = ! fulfilm5t ( ! laws1 &1 9 ! tw5ty-six? *apt]1 a sign to foll[ on _! brea*4 ,if ye %all say1 ,:at %all we eat ! sev5? ye>8 behold1 we %all n s[1 nor ga!r 9 our increase3 !n ,i w comm& ,my bless+ ^u y 9 ! six? ye>1 & x %all br+ =? fruit = ?ree ye>s4 ,& ye %all s[ ! eigh? ye>1 & eat yet ( old fruit until ! n9? ye>3 until h] fruits come 9 ye %all eat ( ! old /ore4 ,ye %all keep ,my sabba?s 4 4 4 & if ye walk contr>y unto ,me 4 4 4 ,i w scatt] y among ! hea!n1 & w draw out a sword aft] y3 & y\r l& %all be desolate1 & y\r cities wa/e4 ,!n %all ! l& enjoy h] sabba?s1 z long z x lie? desolate1 & ye be 9 y\r enemies' l&2 ev5 !n %all ! l& re/1 & enjoy h] sabba?s4 ,z long z x lie? desolate x %all re/2 because x did n re/ 9 y\r sabba?s1 :5 ye dwelt ^u x4 ,9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy ?is sabbatic ye> is call$ a ye> ( release4 ,! specific injunctions "h relate to loans made to a ,hebrew & to a =eign]1 & to ! tak+ ( a ,hebrew into bondage4 ,! laws z to loans _h direct ref]5ce to ! sabba? ( ! l&1 = s9ce only ,hebrews might possess ! ,holy ,l&1 int]e/ on a debt might n be exact$ f a ,hebrew 9 ! sabbatic ye>1 z ! l& did n !n yield him :]e) he might pay4 ,b loans to =eign]s w\ld be necess>ily = comm]cial1 n agricultural1 purposes1 & s9ce comm]ce 0 n int]dict$ 9 ! sabbatic ye>1 int]e/ on loans to =eign]s might be exact$4 ,w>n+ 0 giv5 t ! loans to a poor ,hebrew %\ld n be )held because ! sabbatic ye> 0 close at h&4 ,! rules ) respect to ! ,hebrew sold = debt into bondage are ! same z ^? giv5 9 ! ,book ( ! ,exodus4 ,9 ,deut]onomy x 0 also enjo9$ t-- at ! end ( e sev5 ye>s1 9 ! solemnity ( ! ye> ( release1 9 ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 7t is1 9 ! fea/ ( ! sev5? mon?71 :5 all ,israel is come to appe> be=e ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 ! place :i* ,he %all *oose1 ?\ %alt read ?is law be=e all ,israel 9 _! he>+4 ,we f9d no m m5tion ( ! sabbatic ye> until ! reign ( ,z$ekiah1 ! la/ k+ ( ,judah4 ,he _h made a cov5ant ) all ! p :i* 7 at ,j]usalem1 to proclaim lib]ty unto !m1 t e ,hebrew bonds]vant %\ld g free1 b ! pr9ces & all ! p caus$ _! ,hebrew bonds]vants to return & be 9 subjection to !m4 ,!n ,j]emiah ! prophet 0 s5t to rem9d !m ( ! cov5ant made ) _! fa!rs :5 !y 7 br\ght out f ! l& ( ,egypt1 f ! h\se ( bondm52 & 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,*ronicles x is said t ! sign ( ! break+ ( ?is cov5ant1 already quot$ f ! ,book ( ,leviticus1 0 be+ accompli%$4 ,! ,captivity 0-- to fulfil ! ^w ( ! ,"l by ! m\? ( ,j]emiah1 until ! l& _h enjoy$ h] sabba?s3 = z long z %e lay desolate %e kept sabba?1 to fulfil ?ree-score & t5 ye>s4 ,aft] ! exile1 we f9d "o ref]5ce to ! sabbatic ye> 9 ! cov5ant seal$ by ! pr9ces1 ,levites1 & prie/s & p1 9 ! ,book ( ,nehemiah3-- ,t we w\ld leave ! sev5? ye>1 & ! exaction ( e debt4 ,j z ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks 0 b\nd to ! ,fea/ ( ! ,passov] by numb]+ sev5 sabba?s f ! day ( ! wave-(f]+--ev5 unto ! morr[ aft] ! sev5? sabba? %all ye numb] fifty days3--s ! ye> ( ,jubilee 0 b\nd to ! sabbatic ye>3-- ,?\ %alt numb] sev5 sabba?s ( ye>s unto !e1 sev5 times sev5 ye>s2 & ! space ( ! sev5 sabba?s ( ye>s %all be unto !e =ty & n9e ye>s4 ,!n %alt ?\ cause ! trumpet ( ! ,jubile to s\nd on ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 9 ! day ( atonem5t %all ye make ! trumpet s\nd ?r\gh\t all y\r l&4 ,& ye %all hall[ ! fiftie? ye>1 & proclaim lib]ty ?r\gh\t all ! l& unto all ! inhabitants !re(3 x %all be a ,jubile unto y2 & ye %all return e man unto 8 possession1 & ye %all return e man unto 8 family4 ,9 ?is ye> ( ,jubilee all l&1 & village h\ses1 & ! h\ses ( ! ,levites 7 to rev]t to _! orig9al own]s4 ,^!1 9 o!r words1 c\ld be leas$ only1 & n b\ght outright1 ! price ( ! lease dep5d+ ^u ! numb] ( ye>s until ! next ,jubilee4 ,a =eign] might n buy a ,hebrew outright z a bondslave2 he c\ld b contract ) him z a s]vant hir$ = a t]m2 ?is contract might be aboli%$ by ! paym5t ( a sum dep5d5t on ! numb] ( ye>s until ! next ye> ( ,jubilee1 & 9 any case ! ,hebrew s]vant & 8 family mu/ g out free at ! ye> ( ,jubilee4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,numb]s we get a ref]5ce aga9 to ! ye> ( ,jubilee1 & indirect allusions to x are made by ,isaiah1 9 ! acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l :5 lib]ty %\ld be proclaim$1 & 9 ! ye> ( ! r$eem$4 ,9 8 prophecy ( ! re/oration ( ,israel1 ,ezekiel def9itely ref]s to ! ye> ( lib]ty1 :5 ! inh]itance t has be5 grant$ to a s]vant %all return aga9 to ! pr9ce4 ,! int]pretation ( ! sabbatic ye> & ! ye> ( ,jubilee has greatly ex]cis$ comm5tators4 ,at :at season did ! sabbatic ye> beg98 0 x cot]m9\s ) ! ecclesia/ical ye>2 or did x diff] f x by six mon?s8 ,0 ! ye> ( ,jubilee held once 9 e =ty-n9e ye>s or once 9 e fifty8 did x beg9 at ! same season z ! sabbatic ye>8 did x int]rupt ! reckon+ ( ! sabbatic ye>1 s t a new cycle comm5c$ imm$iately aft] ! ye> ( ,jubilee2 or 0 ! sabbatic ye> e sev5?1 irrespective ( ! ye> ( ,jubilee8 did ! ye> ( ,jubilee always foll[ imm$iately on a sabbatic ye>1 or did ?is only happ5 occasionally8 ,! problem w be mu* simpl] if x is borne 9 m9d t ! ,law1 z orig9ally proclaim$1 0 em95tly practical & = practical m54 ,! p]iod ( p$antry1 ( hair-splitt+1 ( slav]y to m]e te*nicalities1 came v late 9 ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,x is cle> f :at has be5 already said 9 ! *apt] on ! ye>1 t ! only cal5d> ye> 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 ! sacr$ "o1 beg9n+ ) ! mon? ,abib or ,nisan1 9 ! spr+4 ,at ! same "t ! ,jews1 l ourselves1 w\ld occasionally ref] vaguely to ! beg9n+1 or ! end1 or ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 )\t mean+ to set up any h>d & fa/ connection ) ! au?oriz$ cal5d>4 ,n[ x is p]fectly cle> t ! sabbatic ye> _c h begun ) ! fir/ day ( ! mon? ,abib1 because ! fir/ fruits 7 (f]$ on ! fifte5? ( t mon?4 ,t be+ s1 ! pl\gh+ & ! s[+ mu/ h tak5 place v consid]ably e>li]4 ,x is n possible to suppose t ! ,hebrew f>m] w\ld pl\gh & s[ 8 l& 9 ! la/ mon?s ( ! previ\s ye>1 kn[+ t he c\ld n reap dur+ ! sabbatic ye>4 ,simil>ly1 x seems h>dly likely t x 0 consid]$ z beg9n+ ) ! fir/ ( ,ti%ri1 inasmu* z ! h>ve/ fe/ival1 ! ,fea/ ( ! ,+a!r+1 or ,tab]nacles1 took place 9 ! middle ( t mon?4 ,! pla9 & practical explanation is t1 aft] ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles ( ! six? ye>1 ! f>m] w\ld n aga9 pl\gh1 s[1 or reap 8 l& until aft] ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 9 ! sabbatic ye>4 ,! sabbatic ye>1 9 o!r words1 0 a simple agricultural ye>1 & x did n correspond exactly ) ! ecclesia/ical or ) any cal5d> ye>4 ,= practical purposes ! sabbatic ye> !re=e end$ ) ! close ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 :5 ! ,law 0 read be=e ! :ole p accord+ to ! comm& ( ,moses2 & x practically began a ye> e>li]4 ,! ye> ( ,jubilee appe>s 9 ! directions ( ,lev4 xxv4 to h be5 mo/ di/9ctly l9k$ to ! sabbatic ye>4 ,! space ( ! sev5 sabba?s ( ye>s %all be unto !e =ty & n9e ye>s1 4 4 4 & ye %all hall[ ! fiftie? ye>1 & proclaim lib]ty ?r\gh\t all ! l& unto all ! inhabitants !re(3 x %all be a ,jubile unto y4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t j z ! week ( days ran on cont9u\sly1 un9t]rupt$ by any fea/s or fa/s1 s ! week ( ye>s ran on cont9u\sly4 ,& z ! ,fea/ ( ,p5teco/ 0 ! #di? day f ! (f]+ ( ! fir/-fruits on ! morr[ ( ! ,passov]1 s ! ,jubilee 0 ! #di? ye> f ! morr[ ( a sabbatic ye>2 x foll[$ imm$iately aft] a sabbatic ye>4 ,! ,jubilee 0 ?us ! #di? ye> f ! previ\s ,jubilee2 x 0 ! #ej? f ! p>ticul> sabbatic ye> f :i* ! orig9al reckon+ 0 made4 ,actually ! ye> ( ,jubilee began be=e ! sabbatic ye> 0 complet$1 because ! trumpet ( ! ,jubilee 0 to be bl[n ^u ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 ! #aj? day ( ! sev5? mon?--t is to say1 :il/ ! sabbatic ye> 0 yet 9 progress4 ,inde$1 lit]ally speak+1 ?is trumpet1 l\d ( s\nd1 bl[n on ! #aj? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 0 ! ,jubilee1 t is to say1 ! s\nd ( rejoic+1 ! joyful s\nd4 ,a difficulty comes 9 "h4 ,! ,israelites 7 comm&$-- ,ye %all n s[1 nei!r reap t :i* gr[e? ( itself 9 x1 nor ga!r ! grapes 9 x ( ?y v9e undress$4 ,= x is ! ,jubile2 x %all be holy unto y3 ye %all eat ! increase !re( out ( ! field4 ,?is w\ld appe> to mean t ! ,jubilee ext5d$ ov] a :ole ye> foll[+ a sabbatic ye>1 s t ! l& lay fall[ = two consecutive ye>s4 ,b ?is seems negativ$ by two consid]ations4 ,x is expressly laid d[n 9 ! same *apt] 7,lev4 xxv4 #bb7 t ! ,israelites 7 to s[ 9 ! eigh? ye>--t is to say1 9 ! ye> aft] a sabbatic ye>1 & ! ye> ( ,jubilee w\ld be always a ye> ( ?is "*4 ,fur!r1 if ! next sabbatic ye> 0 ! sev5? aft] ! "o prec$+ ! ,jubilee1 !n ! l& w\ld be till$ = only five consecutive ye>s1 n = six1 ?\gh ?is is expressly comm&$ 9 ,lev4 xxv4 #c4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 till$ = six ye>s1 !n ! run ( ! sabbatic ye>s w\ld be int]rupt$4 ,! explanation ( ?is difficulty may possibly be f\nd 9 ! fact t t :i* di/+ui%$ ! ye> ( ,jubilee 0 some?+ :i* did n run ?r\gh ! :ole circuit ( ! seasons4 ,! l& 9 t ye> 0 to return to its orig9al own]s4 ,! freehold ( ! l& 0 nev] sold2 ! l& 0 inali5able1 & 9 ! ye> ( ,jubilee x rev]t$4 ,9 ! ye> ( ?is ,jubile ye %all return e man unto 8 possession4 ,x is q cle> t x c\ld n h be5 left to ! caprice ( ! own]s ( prop]ty z to :5 ?is transf] took place1 or z to :5 su* ,hebrews z _h fall5 ?r\gh pov]ty into slav]y %\ld be lib]at$4 ,if ! "t 7 made optional1 grasp+ m5 w\ld put x (f till ! end ( ! ye>1 & soon] or lat] t w\ld be ! g5]al rule4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! bl[+ ( ! trumpet on ! #aj? day ( ! sev5? mon? 0 ! proclamation ( lib]ty ?r\gh\t all ! l& & to all ! inhabitants !re(2 & t ! transf] ( ! l& mu/ h tak5 place at ! same "t4 ,! slave w\ld return to ! possession ( 8 ance/ors 9 "t to keep1 z a freeman1 ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles on 8 own l&4 ,! f\r days betwe5 ! great day ( ,atonem5t & ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 7 suffici5t = ?is *ange to be c>ri$ out4 ,! t]m ,ye> ( ,jubilee is !re=e n to be tak5 z signify+ t ! ev5ts ( ! ,jubilee 7 spread ov] twelve mon?s1 b simply1 t x 0 ! ye> 9 :i* ! re/oration ( ! ,jubilee 0 accompli%$4 ,we speak ( ! k+'s coronation ye>1 ?\gh 8 coronation took place on b a s+le day1 & ! mean+ t we %\ld atta* to ! phrase w\ld dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> s5se 9 :i* we 7 us+ ! ^w ye>4 ,:il/1 !re=e1 ! ,jubilee itself 0 /rictly def9$ by ! bl[+ ( trumpets on ! #aj? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 x w\ld be p]fectly correct to give ! title1 ye> ( ,jubilee1 to any ye>1 no matt] 9 :at season x comm5c$1 t conta9$ ! day ( t proclamation ( lib]ty4 ,x is also correct to say t x 0 ! fiftie? ye> because x 0 plac$ at ! v end ( ! =ty-n9? ye>4 ,! difficulty /ill rema9s z to ! mean+ ( ! prohibition to s[ or reap 9 ! ye> ( ,jubilee4 ,! comm& c]ta9ly reads z if ! l& 0 to lie fall[ = two consecutive ye>s2 b x w\ld seem an impracticable arrangem5t t ! poor man return+ to 8 inh]itance %\ld be =bidd5 to pl\gh or s[ until m ?an a twelvemon? _h elaps$1 & h5ce t he %\ld be =bidd5 to reap until ne>ly two full ye>s _h run _! c\rse4 ,x also1 z already /at$1 seems directly contr>y to ! comm& to s[ 9 ! eigh? ye>1 :i* w\ld also be ! fiftie?4 ,x may !re=e be meant simply to emphasize ! prohibition to s[ & reap 9 ! sabbatic ye> imm$iately prec$+ ! ,jubilee4 ,! temptation w\ld be great to a grasp+ man to get ! mo/ he c\ld out ( ! l& be=e p>t+ ) x = ev]4 ,9 spite ( ! /rong array ( comm5tators :o claim t ! ,jubilees 7 to be held e fifty ye>s z we mod]ns %\ld compute x1 !re c be no d\bt b t !y foll[$ ea* o!r at ! same int]val z e sev5? sabbatic ye>2 9 o!r words1 t !y 7 held e #di ye>s4 ,?is is confirm$ by an a/ronomical consid]ation4 ,=ty-n9e ye>s make a conv5i5t luni-sol> cycle1 reconcil+ ! lun> mon? & ! tropical sol> ye>4 ,?\gh n s good z ! ,metonic cycle ( #ai ye>s1 x is q a practical "o1 z ! foll[+ table w %[3-- #c ye>s #ajiegc days 3 #cg mon?s #ajibfc days #h #bibaid 3 #ii #bibcec #aa #djagff 3 #acf #djafaf #ai #ficifj 3 #bce #ficifi #di #aghifhg 3 #fjf #aghieed #fj #baiadec 3 #gdb #baiaagj ,! cycle ( #di ye>s w\ld !re=e be amply good en\gh to guide ! prie/ly au?orities 9 draw+ up _! cal5d> 9 cases :]e !re 0 "s ambiguity due to ! int]ruption ( obs]vations ( ! moon1 & ?is 0 all t c\ld be ne$$ s long z ! nation ( ,israel rema9$ 9 its own l&4 ,! cycle ( #h ye>s is add$ above1 s9ce x has be5 /at$ t ! ,jews ( ,alex&ria adopt$ ?is at "o "t f ! ,greeks4 ,?is 0 n s good z ! cycle ( #aa ye>s w\ld h be51 & n to be comp>$ ) ! comb9ation ( ! two cycles 9 t ( #ai ye>s ascrib$ to ,meton4 ,! latt] cycle 0 adopt$ by ! ,babylonian ,jews1 & =ms ! basis ( ! ,jewi% cal5d> 9 use to-day4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,cycles ,,( ,,daniel ,! cycle ( #di ye>s1 m>k$ out by ! return ( ! ,jubilee1 0 a useful & practical "o4 ,x suppli$1 9 fact1 all t ! ,hebrews1 9 t age1 requir$ = ! purposes ( _! cal5d>4 ,! ,babylonian basic numb]1 #fj1 w\ld h giv5--z w be se5 f ! table 9 ! la/ *apt]--a di/9ctly less accurate correspond5ce betwe5 ! mon? & ! tropical ye>4 ,!re is ano!r way ( look+ at ! regulations = ! ,jubilee1 :i* br+s out a fur!r significant relation4 ,on ! #aj? day ( ! fir/ mon? ( any ye>1 ! lamb 0 select$ = ! ,passov]4 ,on ! #aj? day ( ! sev5? mon? ( any ye> 0 ! great ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,f ! #aj? day ( ! fir/ mon? ( ! fir/ ye> aft] a ,jubilee to ! next bl[+ ( ! ,jubilee trumpet on ! great ,day ( ,atonem5t1 0 #fjj mon?s1 t is #ej complete lun> ye>s4 ,& ! same int]val necess>ily held good betwe5 ! ,passov] ( t fir/ ye> & ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles ( ! =ty-n9? ye>4 ,! ,passov] recall$ ! deliv]ance ( ,israel f ! bondage ( ,egypt2 & 9 l mann]1 ! release to be giv5 to ! ,hebrew slave at ! ye> ( ,jubilee 0 expressly connect$ ) ! memory ( t national deliv]ance4 ,= !y are ,my s]vants1 :i* ,i br\ght =? out ( ! l& ( ,egypt3 !y %all n be sold z bondm54 ,! day ( ,jubilee fell 9 ! middle ( ! ecclesia/ical ye>4 ,f ! close ( ! ye> ( ,jubilee--t is to say1 ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> 9 :i* ! free+1 bo? ( ! bondm5 & ( ! l&1 took place--to ! next day ( ,jubilee 0 #dh-a_/b sol> ye>s1 or--z se5 above--#fjj lunations1 or #ej lun> ye>s1 s t !re c be no d\bt t ! p]iod 0 expressly design$ to exhibit ?is cycle1 a cycle :i* %[s incid5tally a v correct k ( ! true l5g?s ( ! lunation & sol> ye>4 ,?is cycle 0 possess$ by no o!r nation ( antiquity2 !re=e ! ,hebrews borr[$ x f none2 & s9ce !y did n borr[ ! cycle1 nei!r c\ld !y h borr[$ ! ritual ) :i* t cycle 0 int]wov54 ,t ! ,hebrews possess$ ?is k ?r[s "s light ^u an incid5t 9 ! e>ly life ( ! prophet ,daniel4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,jehoiakim k+ ( ,judah came ,nebu*adnezz> k+ ( ,babylon unto ,j]usalem1 & besieg$ x4 4 4 4 ,& ! k+ spake unto ,a%p5az ! ma/] ( 8 eunu*s1 t he %\ld br+ c]ta9 ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & ( ! k+'s se$1 & ( ! pr9ces2 *ildr5 9 :om 0 no blemi%1 b well fav\r$1 & skilful 9 all wisdom1 & cunn+ 9 k1 & und]/&+ sci5ce1 & su* z _h ability 9 !m to /& 9 ! k+'s palace1 & :om !y might tea* ! le>n+ & ! tongue ( ! ,*aldeans4 4 4 4 ,n[ among ^! 7 ( ! *ildr5 ( ,judah1 ,daniel1 ,hananiah1 ,mi%ael1 & ,az>iah3 unto :om ! pr9ce ( ! eunu*s gave names3 = he gave unto ,daniel ! "n ( ,belte%azz>2 & to ,hananiah1 ( ,%adra*2 & to ,mi%ael1 ( ,me%a*2 & to ,az>iah1 ( ,ab$-nego4 4 4 4 ,z = ^! f\r *ildr51 ,god gave !m k & skill 9 all le>n+ & wisdom2 & ,daniel _h und]/&+ 9 all visions & dreams4 ,n[ at ! end ( ! days t ! k+ _h said he %\ld br+ !m 91 !n ! pr9ce ( ! eunu*s br\ght !m 9 be=e ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,& ! k+ commun$ ) !m2 & among !m all 0 f\nd none l ,daniel1 ,hananiah1 ,mi%ael1 & ,az>iah3 !re=e /ood !y be=e ! k+4 ,& 9 all matt]s ( wisdom & und]/&+1 t ! k+ inquir$ ( !m1 he f\nd !m t5 times bett] ?an all ! magicians & a/rolog]s t 7 9 all 8 realm4 ,! ,hebrew *ildr5 t k+ ,nebu*adnezz> desir$ to be br\ght 7 to be already possess$ ( k2 !y 7 to be fur!r in/ruct$ 9 ! le>n+ & tongue ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,b :5 ! f\r ,hebrew *ildr5 7 br\ght be=e ! k+1 & he commun$ ) !m1 he f\nd !m wis] ?an 8 own wise m54 ,no acc\nt is giv5 ( ! que/ions ask$ by ! k+1 or ( ! answ]s made by ! f\r "y ,hebrews2 s x is m]ely a conjecture t possibly "s "q be>+ on ! cal5d> may h come up4 ,b if x did1 !n c]ta9ly ! in=mation )9 ! grasp ( ! ,hebrews c\ld n h fail$ to impress ! k+4 ,we "k h[ highly ! ,greeks e/eem$ ! discov]y by ,meton1 9 ! #hf? ,olympiad1 ( t relation betwe5 ! movem5ts ( ! sun & moon1 :i* gives ! cycle ( n9ete5 ye>s1 & simil> k w\ld c]ta9ly h giv5 k+ ,nebu*adnezz> a high op9ion ( ! "y captives4 ,b !re is evid5ce1 f c]ta9 numb]s 9 ! book :i* be>s 8 "n1 t ,daniel 0 acqua9t$ ) luni-sol> cycles :i* q transc5d$ t ( ! ,jubilees 9 precis5ess1 & indicate a k su* z 0 c]ta9ly n to be f\nd 9 any o!r anci5t nation4 ,! numb]s !mselves are us$ 9 a prophetic context1 s t ! mean+ ( ! :ole is veil$1 b a/ronomical k und]ly+ ! use ( ^! numb]s is unmi/akably !re4 ,"o ( ^! numb]s is f\nd 9 ! eigh? *apt]4 ,h[ long %all be ! vision conc]n+ ! daily sacrifice1 & ! transgression ( desolation1 to give bo? ! sanctu>y & ! ho/ to be trodd5 "u foot8 ,& he said unto me1 ,unto two ?\s& & ?ree hundr$ days2 !n %all ! sanctu>y be cleans$4 ,! twelf? *apt] gives ! o!r numb]1 b 9 a m veil$ =m3-- ,& ,i he>d ! man clo!d 9 l951 :i* 0 ^u ! wat]s ( ! riv]1 :5 he held up 8 "r h& & 8 left h& unto heav51 & sw>e by ,him t live? = ev] t x %all be = a "t1 times1 & an half2 & :5 he %all h accompli%$ to scatt] ! p[] ( ! holy p1 all ^! ?+s %all be f9i%$4 ,! num]ical significance ( ! "t1 times & an half1 or1 z x is express$ 9 ! sev5? *apt] ( ,daniel1 until a "t1 & times1 & ! divid+ ( "t1 is pla9ly %[n by ! correspond+ expressions 9 ! ,apocalypse1 :]e a "t & times & half a "t w\ld appe> to be giv5 else:]e bo? z =ty & two mon?s & a ?\s&1 two hundr$ & ?ree-score days4 ,=ty-two conv5tional mon?s--t is ( #cj days ea*--make up #abfj days1 :il/ #c-a_/b conv5tional ye>s ( #cfj days--t is twelve mon?s ( #cj days ea*--make up ! same p]iod4 ,! ^w times is expressly us$ z equival5t to ye>s 9 ! elev5? *apt] ( ,daniel1 :]e x is said t ! k+ ( ! nor? %all come on at ! end ( ! times1 ev5 ( ye>s1 ) a great army & ) mu* sub/ance4 ,!n1 aga9 9 ! vision :i* ,nebu*adnezz> _h previ\s to 8 madness1 he he>d ! wat*] & ! holy "o cry conc]n+ him3-- ,let 8 he>t be *ang$ f man's1 & let a bea/'s he>t be giv5 unto him2 & let sev5 times pass ov] him4 ,x has be5 g5]ally und]/ood t ! sev5 times 9 ?is latt] case meant sev5 ye>s4 ,! "t1 times & an half are obvi\sly meant z ! half ( sev5 times4 ,! two numb]s1 #b1cjj & #a1bfj1 :atev] be _! significance 9 _! p>ticul> context 9 ^! prophecies1 h an unmi/akable a/ronomical be>+1 z ! foll[+ table w %[3-- #b1cjj sol> ye>s #hdj1jeg days1 #a h\r4 #bh1ddg lun> mon?s #hdj1jef #af h\rs4 diff]5ce #i #a1bfj sol> ye>s #dfj1bje #d #ae1ehd lun> mon?s #dfj1bjd #ag diff]5ce #aa ,if ! "o numb] #a1bfj /ood alone1 ! fact t x 0 s close a lun> cycle might easily be ascrib$ to a m]e co9cid5ce4 ,sev5 is a sacr$ numb]1 & ! days 9 ! ye> may be conv5tionally repres5t$ z #cfj4 ,half ! product ( ! two might1 p]haps1 seem to be a natural numb] to adopt = symbolic purposes4 ,b ! numb] #b1cjj /&s 9 q a diff]5t category4 ,x is n sugge/$ by any comb9ation ( sacr$ numb]s1 & is n veil$ "u any my/ic expression2 ! numb] is giv5 z x /&s--#b1cjj4 ,b #b1cjj sol> ye>s is an exact numb]1 n only ( lunations1 b also ( anomali/ic mon?s4 ,! anomali/ic mon? is ! "t occupi$ by ! moon 9 travell+ f its p]igee1 t is its po9t ( ne>e/ approa* to ! e>?1 r\nd to its p]igee aga94 ,= ! moon's orbit r\nd ! e>? is n circul>1 b decid$ly elliptical2 ! moon be+ #ca1jjj miles ne>] to u at p]igee ?an x is at apogee1 its po9t ( greate/ di/ance4 ,b x moves m rapidly :5 ne> p]igee ?an :5 ne> apogee1 s t its motion diff]s consid]ably f p]fect uni=mity4 ,b ! p]iod 9 :i* ! moon travels f h] p]igee r\nd to p]igee aga9 is #bg days1 #ac h\rs1 #ah m9utes1 #cg seconds1 & !re are 9 #b1cjj sol> ye>s almo/ exactly #cj1dhg su* p]iods or anomali/ic mon?s1 :i* am\nt to #hdj1jeg days1 #b h\rs4 ,if we take ! mean ( ^! ?ree p]iods1 t is to say #hdj1jeg days1 z be+ ! cycle1 x br+s into h>mony ! day1 ! anomali/ic mon?1 ! ord9>y mon?1 & ! sol> ye>4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view ! mo/ p]fect cycle kn[n4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,grattan ,gu9ness#cdc3a has %[n :at a beautifully simple & accurate cal5d> c\ld h be5 con/ruct$ on ! basis ( ?is p]iod ( #b1cjj ye>s2 ?us3-- #b1cjj sol> ye>s conta9 #bh1ddg synodic mon?s1 ( :i* #hdg are int]cal>y1 or epact mon?s4 #b1cjj ye>s are #hdj1jeg days3 ,days4 #bg1fjj #ac1hjj non-int]cal>y m?s4 ( #bi d4 ea* #djj1bjj #ac1hjj #cj #dad1jjj #hdg #dbc int]cal>y mon?s ( #cj days ea* #ab1fij #dbd #ca #ac1add #bc days additional = ! #bc c5turies #bc ------- #hdj1jeg ,! ,jewi% cal5d> on ?is sy/em w\ld h consi/$ ( ord9>y mon?s1 alt]nately #bi & #cj days 9 l5g?4 ,! int]cal>y mon?s w\ld h conta9$ alt]nately #cj or #ca days1 & once 9 e c5tury "o ( ! ord9>y mon?s w\ld h _h an additional day4 ,or1 :at w\ld come to v mu* ! same ?+1 ?is extra day might h be5 add$ at e alt]nate ,jubilee4 ,by comb9+ ^! two numb]s ( ,daniel "s cycles ( extreme a/ronomical int]e/ h be5 d]iv$ by ,de ,*eseaux1 a ,swiss a/ronom] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & by ,dr4 ,h4 ,grattan ,gu9ness1 & ,dr4 ,w4 ,bell ,dawson 9 our own times4 ,?us1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 #b1cjj & #a1bfj is #a1jdj1 & #a1jdj ye>s give an extremely exact correspond5ce betwe5 ! sol> ye> & ! mon?1 :il/ ! mean ( ! two numb]s gives u #a1ghj1 & #a1ghj lun> ye>s is #a1gbg sol> ye>s ) extreme precision4 ,b s9ce ^! are n giv5 directly 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 & are only inf]5tial f 8 numb]s1 !re seems no ne$ to comm5t ^u !m "h4 ,x is fair1 h[ev]1 to conclude t ,daniel 0 aw>e ( ! ,metonic cycle4 ,! #bcjj-ye> cycle gives evid5ce ( a m accurate k ( ! respective l5g?s ( mon? & ye> ?an is involv$ 9 ! cycle ( #ai ye>s4 ,& ! latt] is a cycle :i* a ,jew w\ld be naturally l$ to detect1 z ! numb] ( int]cal>y mon?s conta9$ 9 x is sev51 ! ,hebrew sacr$ numb]4 ,! ,book ( ,daniel1 !re=e1 itself proves to u t k+ ,nebu*adnezz> 0 p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 ! high e/imate :i* he =m$ ( ! atta9m5ts ( ! f\r ,hebrew *ildr54 ,c]ta9ly "o ( !m1 ,daniel1 0 a bett] in/ruct$ ma!matician & a/ronom] ?an any ,*aldean :o _h ev] be5 br\ght into 8 pres5ce4 ,we h ! "r to make ?is ass]tion1 = n[ we h an imm5se numb] ( ,babylonian records at our comm&2 & c =m a fairly accurate e/imate z to ! /ate !re ( a/ronomical & ma!matical sci5ce at diff]5t epo*s4 ,a k9d ( quasi-patriotism has induc$ "s ,assyriologi/s to confuse 9 _! acc\nts ( ,babylonian atta9m5ts ! "w ( times close to ! ,*ri/ian era ) t ( _m c5turies1 if n ( sev]al mill5niums e>li]2 & ! times ( ,s>gon ( ,agad1 ^: reput$ date is #chjj ,b4,c41 h seem$ to be cr$it$ ) ! a/ronomical "w done 9 ,babylon 9 ! fir/ & second c5turies be=e our era4 ,?is is mu* z if we %\ld cr$it our pr$ecessors :o liv$ 9 ?is isl& at ! "t ( ,abraham ) ! sci5tific atta9m5ts ( ! pres5t day4 ,! e>li] a/ronomical a*ievem5ts at ,babylon 7 n1 9 any real s5se1 a/ronomical at all4 ,!y 7 simply ! compilation ( li/s ( crude a/rological om5s1 ( ! mo/ fooli% & unreason+ k9d4 ,late 9 ,babylonian hi/ory !re 7 obs]vations ( a high sci5tific ord]2 real obs]vations ( ! positions ( moon & planets1 made ) great sy/em & regul>ity4 ,b ^! 7 made aft] ,greek a/ronomy _h atta9$ a high level1 & ,babylon _h come "u ,greek rule4 ,:e!r ?is developm5t ( g5u9e a/ronomical obs]vation 0 ( native orig91 or 0 d]iv$ f _! ,greek ma/]s1 is n cle>4 ,if x 0 native1 !n c]ta9ly ! ,babylonians 7 n able to use & int]pret ! obs]vations :i* !y made ne>ly s well z 7 ,greek a/ronom]s1 su* z ,eudoxus1 ,?ales1 ,py?agoras1 ,hipp>*us & _m o!rs4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t1 ?\gh _! a/ronomical a*ievem5ts h be5 grossly1 ev5 ludicr\sly1 exagg]at$ by "s popul> writ]s1 ! ,babylonians contribut$ no?+ ( value to ! progress ( ! sci5ce4 ,we may inf] f su* a tablet z t already quot$ on page #cbj1 :5 ! equ9ox 0 obs]v$ on ! #f? day ( ,nisan1 s9ce !re 7 #f kasbu ( day & #f kasbu ( night1 t "s me*anical "t-measur] 0 9 use4 ,inde$1 ! record on "o tablet has be5 int]pret$ z not+ t ! a/ronom]'s clock or clepsydra _h /opp$4 ,if ?is be s1 !n we owe to ,babylon ! inv5tion ( clocks ( "s description1 & f an a/ronomical po9t ( view1 ?is is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,tradition also po9ts to ! ,*aldeans z ! discov]]s ( ! ,s>os1 ! cycle ( #ah ye>s1 #aj or #aa days1 aft] :i* eclipses ( ! sun or moon recur4 ,! fact t v c>eful wat* 0 kept e mon? at ! times ( ! new & ( ! full moon1 at _m diff]5t /ations1 to note :e!r an eclipse w\ld take place1 w\ld naturally br+ ab\t ! discov]y ( ! p]iod1 soon] or lat]4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( a nation w be 9 accordance ) its temp]am5t & opportunities1 & x is evid5t f ! records :i* !y h left u t ! ,babylonians1 ?\gh v sup]/iti\s1 7 a me?odical1 practical1 prosaic p1 & a p ( t ord]1 if !y are num]\s1 & "u /rong rule1 w g f> & d mu*4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,s>os 0 su* z 0 )9 _! p[]1 & 0 c]ta9ly no small a*ievem5t4 ,b x is to ! ,greeks1 n to ! ,babylonians1 t we trace ! beg9n+s ( ma!matics & planet>y !ory4 ,we look 9 va9 among/ su* ,babylonian poetry z we possess = ! traces ( a ,hom]1 a ,p9d>1 a ,sophocles1 or ev5 ( a poet fit to ent] into competition ) ^? ( ! second rank 9 ! lit]ature ( ,greece2 :ile x mu/ rema9 "o ( ! lit]>y my/]ies ( our "t t any "o %\ld deem ! poetry ( ! books ( ,isaiah & ,job dep5d5t on ,babylonian inspiration4 ,!re 7 two great h9drances "u :i* ! ,babylonian man ( sci5ce lab\r$3 he 0 an idolat]1 & he 0 an a/rolog]4 ,x is n possible = u 9 our fre$om to fully realize h[ oppressive 0 ! slav]y ( m9d1 z well z _s1 :i* 0 consequ5t ^u ?is tw(old sup]/ition4 ,! ,greek 0 fre]1 insomu* t he did n wor%ip ! planets1 & did n become a planet>y a/rolog] until aft] he _h le>nt t sup]/ition f ,*aldea2 9 le>n+ x he put an end to 8 sci5tific progress4 ,b ! ,hebrew1 if he 0 fai?ful to ! ,law t _h be5 giv5 to him1 0 free 9 m9d z well z 9 _s4 ,he c\ld fe>lessly inquire into any & all ! objects ( nature1 = ^! 7 b ?+s--! "w ( ,god's ,h&s1 :]eas he1 made 9 ! image ( ,god1 hav+ ! "r ( int]c\rse ) ,god1 0 ! sup]ior1 ! rul] ( ev]y?+ he c\ld see4 ,8 religi\s attitude !re=e gave him a great sup]iority = sci5tific advancem5t4 ,yet !re 0 "o phase ( t attitude :i*1 :il/ x pres]v$ him f errone\s conceptions1 t5d$ to *eck t _s ( curiosity :i* has l$ to s mu* ( ! sci5tific progress ( mod]n times4 ,:at8 ,h[8 & ,:y8 are ! ?ree que/ions :i* man is always ask+ ( nature1 & to ! ,hebrew ! answ] to ! second & ?ird 0 obvi\s3--,x is ! p[] ( ,god3 ,x is ! w ( ,god4 ,he did n ne$ to inv5t = himself ! crass absurdities ( ! cosmogonies ( ! hea!n2 b nei!r 0 he induc$ to g beh9d ! appe>ances ( ?+s2 ! suffici5t cause & explanation ( all 0 ,god4 ,b ( ! appe>ances he 0 v obs]vant1 z ,i tru/ has become cle> 9 ! c\rse ( ?is imp]fect review ( ! traces ( "o p>ticul> sci5ce z notic$ 9 ,holy ,scripture4 ,if he 0 fai?ful to ! ,law :i* _h be5 giv5 him1 ! ,hebrew 0 free 9 "* z well z 9 m9d4 ,8 _s 0 n t ( a bondman1 & ,nebu*adnezz> c]ta9ly nev] met any?+ m noble1 any?+ m free1 ?an ! _s ( ! m5 :o answ]$ him 9 ! v view ( ! burn+ fi]y furnace3-- ,o ,nebu*adnezz>1 we are n c>eful to answ] !e 9 ?is matt]4 ,if x be s1 our ,god :om we s]ve is able to deliv] u f ! burn+ fi]y furnace1 & ,he w deliv] u out ( ?9e h&1 ,o k+4 ,,b ,,if ,,n1 be x kn[n unto !e1 ,o k+1 t we w n s]ve ?y gods1 nor wor%ip ! gold5 image :i* ?\ ha/ set up4 ,,footnotes3 #cdc3a ,creation c5tr$ 9 ,*ri/1 p4 #cdd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sun1 ,,/& ,,?\ ,,/ill ,,^u ,,gibeon1 ,,& ,,?\ ,,moon ,,9 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,ajalon4 ,,book ,,iv ,,?ree ,,a/ronomical ,,m>vels ,,*apt] ,i ,,jo%ua',s ,,long ,,day#cea3a #a4--,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,! ,,record ,!re are ?ree incid5ts record$ 9 ,holy ,scripture :i* may fairly1 if ) no great exactness1 be t]m$ a/ronomical miracles2--! long day on ! occasion ( ,jo%ua's victory at ,be?-horon2 ! turn+ back ( ! %ad[ on ! dial ( ,ahaz1 z a sign ( k+ ,hezekiah's recov]y f sickness2 & ! /> :i* guid$ ! wise m5 f ! ea/ to ! bir?place ( ! ,holy ,*ild at ,be?lehem4 ,z a/ronomy has "s be>+ on ea* ( ^! ?ree rem>kable ev5ts1 x w be ( "s int]e/ to exam9e ea* ( !m f ! po9t ( view ( our pres5t a/ronomical k4 ,x does n foll[ t ?is w ?r[ any new light ^u ! n>ratives1 = we mu/ always be> 9 m9d t ! ,scriptures 7 n int5d$ to tea* u ! physical sci5ces2 consequ5tly we may f9d t ! v details h be5 omitt$ :i* an a/ronom]1 if he 7 writ+ an acc\nt ( an a/ronomical obs]vation1 w\ld be c>eful to pres]ve4 ,& we mu/ fur!r rememb] t we h n ! slighte/ reason to suppose t ! sacr$ hi/orians receiv$ any sup]natural in/ruction 9 sci5tific matt]s4 ,_! k ( a/ronomy !re=e 0 t :i* !y _h !mselves acquir$ f education & rese>*1 & no?+ m4 ,9 o!r words1 ! a/ronomy ( ! n>rative mu/ be read /rictly 9 ! t]ms ( ! sci5tific advancem5t ( ! writ]s4 ,b !re is ano!r ?+ t has also to be rememb]$4 ,! n>rative :i* we h be=e u1 be+ ! only "o t we h1 mu/ be accept$ exactly z x /&s4 ,t is ! f\ndation ( our inquiry2 we h no "r to fir/ cut x ab\t at our w1 to omit ?is1 to alt] t1 to f9d traces ( two1 ?ree1 or m orig9al docum5ts1 & s to split up ! n>rative z x /&s into a numb] ( imp]fect fragm5ts1 :i* by _! v imp]fection may seem to be m or less 9 conflict4 ,! sci5tific attitude ) reg>d to ! record ( an obs]vation _c be too cle>ly def9$4 ,if t record be ! only "o1 !n we may accept x1 we may reject x1 we may be oblig$ to say1 ,we d n und]/& x1 or ,x is imp]fect1 & we c make no use ( x1 b we mu/ n alt] x4 ,a mom5t's reflection w %[ t a man :o w\ld p]mit himself to tamp] ) ! sole evid5ce ^u :i* he purports to "w1 no matt] h[ pr(\ndly conv9c$ he may be t 8 propos$ corrections are s\nd1 is "o :o does n und]/& ! _s ( sci5ce1 & is n go+ ! way to arrive at sci5tific tru?4 ,!re is no ne$ !n to inquire z to :e!r ! t5? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,jo%ua comes f two or m s\rces2 we take ! n>rative z x /&s4 ,& x is "o :i* has1 = ! a/ronom]1 an int]e/ q irrespective ( any int]pretation :i* he may place ^u ! acc\nt ( ! miracle :i* =ms its c5tral incid5t4 ,= ,jo%ua's exclamation3-- ,sun1 /& ?\ /ill ^u ,gibeon2 ,& ?\1 ,moon1 9 ! valley ( ,ajalon1 implies t1 at ! mom5t ( 8 speak+1 ! two heav5ly bodies appe>$ to him to be1 ! "o ^u or ov] ,gibeon1 ! o!r ov] ! valley ( ,ajalon4 ,we h !re=e1 9 effect1 a def9ite a/ronomical obs]vation2 int]e/+ 9 itself1 z be+ "o ( ! olde/ t has be5 pres]v$ to u2 d\bly int]e/+ 9 ! conclusions t we are able to d$uce f x4 ,! idea :i* has be5 mo/ g5]ally =m$ ( ! mean+ ( ,jo%ua's comm&1 is1 t he saw ,gibeon 9 ! di/ance on ! horizon 9 "o direction ) ! sun l[ d[n 9 ! sky imm$iately above x1 & ! valley ( ,ajalon 9 ! di/ance1 on ! horizon 9 ano!r direction1 ) ! moon l[ d[n 9 ! sky above x4 ,x w\ld be q natural to associate ! sun & moon ) di/ant objects if !y 7 only "s five or six degrees high2 x w\ld be r /ra9+ ! po9t to d s if !y 7 m ?an t5 degrees high2 & if !y 7 fifte5 or m degrees high1 x w\ld be q impossible4 ,!y c\ld n be bo? 9 ! same qu>t] ( ! sky2 bo? ris+ or bo? sett+4 ,= ?is w\ld mean t ! moon 0 n only v ne> ! sun 9 ! sky1 b 0 v ne> to conjunction--9 o!r words1 to new moon4 ,%e c\ld1 !re=e1 h only %[n a sl5d] ?read ( light1 & x is p]fectly c]ta9 t ,jo%ua1 fac+ ! sun 9 su* a c\ntry z s\!rn ,pale/9e c\ld n possibly h p]ceiv$ ! ?9 pale ar* ( light1 :i* w\ld h be5 all t ! moon c\ld !n h pres5t$ to him4 ,!re=e ! "o mu/ h be5 ris+ & ! o!r sett+1 & ,jo%ua mu/ h be5 /&+ betwe5 ,gibeon & ! valley ( ,ajalon1 s t ! two places 7 ne>ly 9 opposite directions f him4 ,! moon mu/ h be5 9 ! we/ & ! sun 9 ! ea/1 = ! valley ( ,ajalon is we/ ( ,gibeon4 ,t is to say1 x _c h be5 m ?an an h\r aft] sunrise1 & x _c h be5 m ?an an h\r be=e moonset4 ,adopt+ !re=e ! usual explanation ( ,jo%ua's words1 we see at once t ! common idea ( ! reason = ,jo%ua's comm& to ! sun1 namely1 t ! day 0 ne>ly ov]1 & t he desir$ ! daylight to be prolong$1 is q mi/ak54 ,if ! sun 0 l[ d[n 9 ! sky1 he w\ld h _h practically ! :ole ( ! day /ill be=e him4 #b4--;,,be=e ,,! ,,battle ,be=e attempt+ to exam9e fur!r into ! nature ( ! miracle1 x w be well to summ>ize once aga9 ! famili> hi/ory ( ! e>ly days ( ! ,hebrew invasion ( ,canaan4 ,we are told t ! passage ( ! ,jordan took place on ! t5? day ( ! fir/ mon?2 & t ! ,fea/ ( ! ,passov] 0 held on ! f\rte5? day ( t mon?4 ,^! are ! only two positive dates giv5 u4 ,! week ( ! ,pascal celebrations w\ld h occupi$ ! "t until ! moon's la/ qu>t]4 ,!n prep>ations 7 made = ! siege ( ,j]i*o1 & ano!r week pass$ 9 ! daily processions r\nd ! city be=e ! mom5t came = its de/ruction1 :i* mu/ h be5 v ne>ly at ! beg9n+ ( ! second mon? ( ! ye>4 ,j]i*o hav+ be5 de/roy$1 ,jo%ua next ord]$ a reconnaissance ( ,a1 a small =tifi$ t[n1 "s tw5ty miles di/ant1 & "s #cdjj feet above ! ,israelite camp at ,gilgal1 & comm&+ ! upp] end ( ! valley ( ,a*or1 ! *ief rav9e lead+ up f ! valley ( ! ,jordan4 ,! reconnaissance 0 foll[$ by an attack on ! t[n1 :i* result$ 9 defeat4 ,f ! dejection into :i* ?is rev]se _h ?r[n him ,jo%ua 0 r\s$ by ! in=mation t ! comm& to devote ! spoil ( ,j]i*o to utt] de/ruction _h be5 disobey$4 ,a se>*+ inve/igation 0 held2 x 0 f\nd t ,a*an1 "o ( ! ,israelite soldi]s1 _h seiz$ = himself a royal robe & an +ot ( gold2 he 0 tri$1 condemn$ & execut$1 & ! army ( ,israel 0 absolv$ f 8 guilt4 ,a second attack 0 made ^u ,a2 ! t[n 0 tak52 & ! road 0 made cle> = ,israel to m>* into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 9 ord] to hold ! great religi\s c]emony ( ! read+ ( ! law ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,ebal & ,g]izim1 :i* _h be5 comm&$ !m long be=e4 ,no note is giv5 ( ! date :5 ?is c]emony took place1 b be>+ 9 m9d t ! second mon? ( ! ye> mu/ h begun at ! "t ( ! fir/ reconnaissance ( ,a1 & t ! orig9al giv+ ( ! ,law ^u ,m\nt ,s9ai _h tak5 place ^u ! ?ird day ( ! ?ird mon?1 x seems mo/ likely t t anniv]s>y w\ld be *os5 = a solemnity :i* 0 int5d$ to recall ! orig9al promulgation 9 ! mo/ effective mann]4 ,if ?is 7 s1 x w\ld acc\nt = ! circum/ance1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h seem$ s /range1 t ,jo%ua %\ld h attack$ two cities only1 ,j]i*o & ,a1 & !n = a "t h held 8 h&4 ,x 0 ! necessity ( keep+ ! great national anniv]s>y on ! prop] day :i* compell$ him to desi/ f 8 milit>y op]ations aft] ,a 0 tak54 ,we are n told h[ long ! religi\s celebrations at ,%e*em la/$1 b 9 any case ! ,israelites c h>dly h be5 back 9 _! camp at ,gilgal be=e ! ?ird moon ( ! ye> 0 at ! full4 ,b aft] _! return1 ev5ts mu/ h succe$$ ea* o!r ) great rapidity4 ,! ,amorites mu/ h reg>d$ ! pilgrimage ( ,israel to ,%e*em z an unhop$-= respite1 & !y took advantage ( x to organize a great conf$]acy4 ,:il/ ?is conf$]acy 0 be+ =m$1 ! rul]s ( a small /ate ( ,hivites--by :i* we mu/ und]/& a community diff]+ ei!r 9 race or habits f ! g5]ality ( _! ,amorite neighb\rs--_h be5 mu* ex]cis$ by ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,!y _h inde$ reason to be4 ,a1 ! la/ conque/ ( ,israel1 0 less ?an f\r miles1 z ! cr[ flies1 f ,bireh1 :i* is usually id5tifi$ ) ,be]o?1 "o ( ! f\r cities ( ! ,hivite ,/ate2 & ! ,be]o?ites _h1 )\t d\bt1 wat*$ ! cl\d ( smoke g up f ! burn+ t[n :5 x 0 sack$2 & ! m\nd :i* n[ cov]$ :at _h be5 s rec5tly _! neighb\r city1 0 visible almo/ f _! gates4 ,t 0 an object-lesson :i* requir$ no en=cem5t4 ,! ,hivites1 sure t o!rwise _! turn w\ld come next1 resolv$ to make peace ) ,israel be=e !y 7 attack$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,pale/9e4 ,amorite ,cities1 ?us3 ,,hebron4 ,hivite ,cities3 ,,be]o?4 ,places tak5 by ! ,israelites3 ,j]i*o4 ,conjectural l9e ( m>* ( ,jo%ua3 4444444444444444444 ,to d ?is !y _h to deceive ! ,israelites into believ+ t !y 7 inhabitants ( "s l& f> f ,canaan1 & ?is !y mu/ d1 n only be=e ,jo%ua actually attack$ !m1 b be=e he s5t out ano!r sc\t+ p>ty4 ,= ,be]o? w\ld inevitably h be5 ! v fir/ t[n :i* x w\ld h approa*$1 & once ,jo%ua's spies _h survey$ x1 all *ance ( ! ,hivites successfully impos+ ^u him w\ld h vani%$4 ,b !y 7 expos$ to ano!r dang]1 if possible m urg5t /ill4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! newly =m$ ,amorite league 0 at ,j]usalem1 on ! same plateau z ,gibeon1 ! ,hivite capital1 & di/ant f x less ?an six miles4 ,a s+le spy1 a s+le traitor1 dur+ ! anxi\s "t t _! defection 0 be+ plann$1 & ,adoni-z$ec1 ! k+ ( ,j]usalem1 w\ld h he>d ( x 9 less ?an a c\ple ( h\rs2 & ! ,gibeonites w\ld h be5 ov]:elm$ be=e ,jo%ua _h any inkl+ t !y 7 anxi\s to treat ) him4 ,:oev] 0 dilatory1 :oev] 0 sl[1 ! ,gibeonites d>$ n be4 ,x c1 !re=e1 h be51 at mo/1 only a matt] ( h\rs aft] ,jo%ua's return to ,gilgal1 be=e _! wily embassy set =?4 ,b _! defection _h an in/ant result4 ,adoni-z$ec recogniz$ 9 a mom5t ! urg5cy ( ! situation4 ,) ,jo%ua 9 possession ( ,gibeon & its dep5d5cies1 ! ,israelites w\ld be firmly e/abli%$ on ! plateau at 8 v gates1 & ! /ates ( s\!rn ,pale/9e w\ld be cut (f f _! bre?r5 9 ! nor?4 ,adoni-z$ec lo/ no "t2 he s\ght & obta9$ ! aid ( f\r neighb\r+ k+s & m>*$ ^u ,gibeon4 ,! ,gibeonites s5t at once ! mo/ urg5t message to acqua9t ,jo%ua ) _! dang]1 & ,jo%ua z promptly repli$4 ,he made a =c$ m>* ) pick$ troops all t night up f ,gilgal1 & next day he 0 at _! gates4 ,c\nt]bl[ _h foll[$ bl[1 swift z ! cla% ( rapi]s 9 a duel ( f5c]s4 ,all ?ree ( ! p>ties conc]n$--,hivite1 ,amorite & ,israelite--_h mov$ ) ! utmo/ rapidity4 ,& no wond]2 ! /ake = :i* !y 7 play+ 0 v exi/5ce1 & ! =feit1 :i* w\ld be exact$ on failure1 0 ext9ction4 #c4--;,,day1 ,,h\r1 ,,& ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,miracle ,! =ego+ consid]ations enable u some:at to n>r[ d[n ! "t ( ! ye> at :i* ,jo%ua's miracle c h tak5 place1 & f an a/ronomical po9t ( view ?is is v important4 ,! ,israelites _h ent]$ ! l& ( ,canaan on ! #aj? day ( ! fir/ mon?1 t is to say1 v %ortly aft] ! spr+ equ9ox--,m>* #ba ( our pres5t cal5d>4 ,sev5 weeks aft] t equ9ox--,may #aa--! sun atta9s a decl9ation ( #ah nor?4 ,f ?is "t its decl9ation increases day by day until ! summ] sol/ice1 :51 9 ,jo%ua's "t1 x 0 ne>ly #bd nor?4 ,aft] t x sl[ly dim9i%es1 & on ,augu/ #d x is #ah aga94 ,= twelve weeks1 !re=e--v ne>ly a qu>t] ( ! entire ye>--! sun's nor!rn decl9ation is nev] less ?an #ah4 ,! date ( ! battle mu/ h fall5 some:]e )9 ?is p]iod4 ,x _c h fall5 e>li]2 ! ev5ts record$ c\ld n possibly h all be5 includ$ 9 ! sev5 weeks foll[+ ! equ9ox4 ,nor1 9 view ( ! promptitude ) :i* all ! cont5d+ p>ties act$1 & 7 b\nd to act1 c we po/pone ! battle to a lat] date ?an ! end ( ?is midsumm] p]iod4 ,we ?us "k1 r\ghly speak+1 :at 0 ! decl9ation ( ! sun--t is to say1 its di/ance f ! equator ( ! heav5s--at ! "t ( ! battle2 x 0 n less ?an #ah nor? ( ! equator1 x c\ld n h be5 m ?an #bd4 ,b1 if we adopt ! idea mo/ g5]ally =m$ ( ! mean+ ( ,jo%ua's comm&1 namely1 t he saw ! sun l[ d[n ov] ,gibeon 9 "o direction1 & ! moon l[ d[n ov] ! valley ( ,ajalon 9 ano!r1 we c judge ( ! app>5t be>+ ( ^? two heav5ly bodies f an exam9ation ( ! map4 ,& s9ce1 if we may judge f ! map ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 ! valley ( ,ajalon lies ab\t #ag nor? ( we/ f ,gibeon1 & runs ne>ly 9 t direction f x1 ! moon mu/1 to ,jo%ua1 h seem$ ab\t #ag nor? ( we/1 & ! sun #ag s\? ( ea/4 ,b = any date )9 ! ?ree summ] mon?s1 ! sun 9 ! latitude ( ,gibeon1 :5 x be>s #ag s\? ( ea/1 mu/ be at lea/ #ef high4 ,at ?is height x w\ld seem ov]head1 & w\ld n give ! slighte/ idea ( association ) any di/ant t]re/rial object4 ,n until "s weeks aft] ! autumnal equ9ox c\ld ! sun be se5 l[ d[n on ! horizon 9 ! direction #ag s\? ( ea/1 & at ! same "t ! moon be z mu* z #ag nor? ( ! we/ po9t4 ,&1 z ?is w\ld mean t ! diff]5t combatants _h rema9$ s close to ea* o!r1 "s f\r or five mon?s )\t mov+1 x is cle>ly inadmissible4 ,we are =c$ !re=e to ! unexpect$ conclusion t x is practically impossible t ,jo%ua c\ld h be5 9 any place f :5ce he c\ld h se51 at "o & ! "n mom5t2 ! sun l[ d[n 9 ! sky ov] ,gibeon1 & ! moon ov] ! valley ( ,ajalon4 ,is ! n>rative 9 error1 !n8 ,or h we be5 read+ into x our own errone\s impression8 ,is !re any o!r s5se 9 :i* a man w\ld naturally speak ( a cele/ial body z be+ ov] "s locality on ! e>?1 except :5 bo? 7 toge!r on 8 horizon8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,!re is ano!r position :i* ! sun c hold 9 :i* x may naturally be said to be ov]1 or ^u a giv5 place2 f> m naturally & accurately ?an :5 x *ances to lie 9 ! same direction z "s object on ! horizon4 ,we h no exp]i5ce ( t position 9 ^! nor!rn latitudes1 & h5ce p]haps our comm5tators h1 z a rule1 n tak5 x into acc\nt4 ,b ^? :o1 9 tropical or sub-tropical c\ntries1 h be5 9 ! op5 at high noon1 :5 a man's foot c almo/ cov] 8 %ad[1 w recognize h[ def9ite1 h[ significant su* a position is4 ,9 s\!rn ,pale/9e1 dur+ ! ?ree summ] mon?s1 ! sun is always s ne> ! z5i? at noon t x c\ld nev] occur to any "o to speak ( x z any?+ b ov]head4 ,& ! prose n>rative expressly tells u t ?is 0 ! case4 ,x is intimat$ t :5 ,jo%ua spoke x 0 noon1 by ! expression t ! sun ha/$ n to g d[n ab\t a :ole day1 imply+ t ! *ange 9 ! rate 9 its app>5t motion occurr$ only 9 ! aft]noon1 & t x _h rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,fur!r1 z n a few comm5tators h po9t$ out1 ! expression1--! sun /ood /ill 9 ! mid/ ( heav51--is lit]ally 9 ! bisection ( heav52 a phrase applicable inde$ to any position on ! m]idian1 b especially appropriate to ! m]idian close to ! z5i?4 ,?is1 !n1 is :at ,jo%ua meant by 8 comm& to ! sun4 ,its gl[+ orb blaz$ almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ole cele/ial vault--9 ! mid/ ( heav5--& p\r$ d[n its v]tical rays /raight on 8 head4 ,x /ood ov] him--x /ood ov] ! place :]e he 0--,gibeon4 ,we h1 !re=e1 be5 able to f9d t ! n>rative gives u1 by implication1 two v important p>ticul>s1 ! place :]e ,jo%ua 01 & ! "t ( ! day4 ,he 0 at ,gibeon1 & x 0 high noon4 ,! expression1 ,?\1 ,moon1 9 ! valley ( ,ajalon1 has n[ a v def9ite signification4 ,z we h already se51 ! valley ( ,ajalon be>s #ag nor? ( we/ f ,gibeon1 accord+ to ! map ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 s t ?is is ! azimu? :i* ! moon _h at ! giv5 mom5t4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 almo/ exactly midway betwe5 ! two po9ts ( ! compass1 ,w4b4,n4 & ,w4,n4,w4 ,x 0 also 9 its la/ qu>t] or ne>ly s2 t is1 x 0 half-full1 & wan+4 ,) ! sun on ! m]idian x c\ld n h be5 mu* m ?an half-full1 = 9 t case x w\ld h already set2 nor mu* less ?an half-full1 or x w\ld h be5 too fa9t to be se5 9 full daylight4 ,x 0 !re=e almo/ exactly half-full1 & ! day 0 probably ! #ba/ day ( ! mon? 9 ! ,jewi% reckon+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,be>+s ,,( ,,! ,,ris+ ,,& ,,sett+ ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,f ,,gibeon4 ,b ! moon _c be z f> z #ag nor? ( we/ 9 latitude #ca #ea ,n4 on ! #ba/ day ( ! mon? e>li] ?an ! f\r? mon? ( ! ,jewi% ye>1 or lat] ?an ! eigh? mon?4 ,n[ ! #ba/ day ( ! f\r? mon? is ab\t sev5 weeks aft] ! #crd day ( ! ?ird mon?2 ! #ba/ day ( ! fif? mon? is elev5 weeks4 ,rememb]+ h[ close ,gilgal1 ,gibeon & ,j]usalem 7 to ea* o!r1 & h[ important 0 ! ne$ = promptitude to ,israelite & ,amorite alike1 x c sc>cely be disput$ t elev5 weeks is an inadmissible l5g? ( "t to int]pose betwe5 ! read+ ( ! ,law & ! battle2 & t sev5 weeks is ! utmo/ t c be all[$4 ,! battle took place1 !n1 on or ab\t ! #ba/ day ( ! f\r? mon?4 ,b x c\ld only h done s if t p>ticul> ye> began late4 ,if ! ye> _h begun e>li] ?an ,april #a/ ( our pres5t cal5d>1 ! moon c\ld n h be5 s f> nor? on ! day nam$4 ,= ! ,jewi% cal5d> is a natural "o & regulat$ bo? by ! sun & ! moon4 ,x beg9s ) ! new moon1 & x also beg9s z ne>ly z possible ) ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,b z twelve natural mon?s fall %ort ( a sol> ye> by elev5 days1 a ?irte5? mon? has to be int]calat$ f "t to "t2 9 e n9ete5 ye>s1 sev5 are ye>s hav+ an extra mon?4 ,n[ ! #ba/ day ( ! f\r? mon? mu/ h fall5 on or ab\t ,july #bb accord+ to our pres5t reckon+1 9 ord] t ! moon might h suffici5t nor?+1 & t involves a ye> beg9n+ aft] ,april #a2 s t ! ye> ( ! battle ( ,be?-horon mu/ h be5 an ord9>y ye>1 "o ( twelve mon?s1 b mu/ h foll[$ a ye> ( ?irte5 mon?s4 ,summ>iz+ all ! conclusions at :i* we h n[ arriv$1 ,jo%ua's obs]vation 0 made at ,gibeon itself1 almo/ precisely at ! mom5t ( noon1 on or ab\t ! #ba/ day ( ! f\r? mon?1 :i* day fell late 9 ,july accord+ to our pres5t reckon+2 probably on or ab\t ! #bbnd4 ,! sun's decl9ation mu/ h be5 ab\t #bj nor?2 probably1 if any?+1 a little m4 ,! sun rose !re=e almo/ exactly at five 9 ! morn+1 & set almo/ exactly at sev5 9 ! ev5+1 ! day be+ j f\rte5 h\rs long4 ,! moon _h n yet pass$ h] ?ird qu>t]1 b 0 v ne> x2 t is to say1 %e 0 ab\t half full4 ,h] decl9ation did n diff] greatly f #af nor?2 %e 0 probably ab\t #e above ! horizon1 & 0 due to set 9 ab\t half an h\r4 ,%e _h ris5 soon aft] elev5 o'clock ! previ\s ev5+1 & _h light$ ! ,israelites dur+ m ?an half ( _! night m>* up f ,gilgal4 #d4--;,,jo%ua',s ,,/rategy ,^! conclusions1 z to ! place & "t ( day1 entirely sweep away ! impression1 s (t5 =m$1 t ,jo%ua's victory 0 practically 9 ! nature ( a night surprise4 ,_h x be5 s1 & _h ! ,amorites be5 put to flight at daybreak1 !re w\ld h seem$ no conceivable reason :y1 ) f\rte5 h\rs ( daylight be=e him1 ,jo%ua %\ld h be5 fill$ ) anxiety = ! day to h be5 prolong$4 ,nor is x possible to conceive t he w\ld /ill h be5 at ,gibeon at noon1 sev5 h\rs aft] he _h made 8 victori\s attack ^u 8 enemy4 ,! fact is t1 9 all probability1 ,jo%ua _h no wi% to make a night surprise4 ,8 attitude 0 l t ( ,nelson be=e ! battle ( ,trafalg>2 he _h n ! slighte/ d\bt b t he w\ld ga9 ! victory1 b he 0 mo/ anxi\s t x %\ld be a complete "o4 ,! great difficulty 9 ! campaign :i* lay be=e him 0 ! numb] ( =tifi$ places 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy1 & ! co/l9ess1 bo? 9 "t & lives1 ( all siege op]ations at t epo*4 ,8 enemies hav+ tak5 ! field gave him ! prospect ( ov]com+ ?is difficulty1 if1 n[ t !y 7 9 ! op51 he c\ld succe$ 9 annihilat+ !m !re2 to h simply scatt]$ !m w\ld h br\ght him b little advantage4 ,t ?is 0 ! po9t to :i* he gave *ief att5tion is app>5t f "o mo/ significant circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory2 ! ,amorites fl$ by ! road to ,be?-horon4 ,!re h be5 sev]al battles ( ,be?-horon s9ce ! days ( ,jo%ua1 & ! defeat$ army has1 on m ?an "o occasion1 fl$ by ! r\te n[ tak5 by ! ,amorites4 ,two ( ^! are record$ by ,josephus2 ! "o 9 :i* ,judas ,maccabu defeat$ & slew ,nicanor1 & ! o!r :5 ,ce/ius ,gallus retreat$ f ,j]usalem4 ,x is probable t ,be?-horon 0 also ! sc5e ( "o1 if n two1 battles ) ! ,phili/9es1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ,david's reign4 ,9 all ^! cases ! defeat$ foe fl$ by ?is road because x _h be5 _! l9e ( advance1 & 0 _! %orte/ way back to safety4 ,b ! conditions 7 entirely rev]s$ 9 ! case ( ,jo%ua's battle4 ,! ,amorites fl$ away f _! cities4 ,j]usalem1 ! capital ( ,adoni-z$ec & ! *ief city ( ! conf$]ation1 lay 9 precisely ! opposite direction4 ,! o!r cities ( _! league lay beyond ,j]usalem1 fur!r /ill to ! s\?4 ,a ref]5ce to ! map %[s t ,gilgal1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! army ( ,israel1 0 on ! pla9 ( ,j]i*o1 close to ! banks ( ! ,jordan1 at ! bottom ( t extraord9>y rav9e ?r\gh :i* ! riv] runs4 ,due we/1 at a di/ance ( ab\t sixte5 or sev5te5 miles z ! cr[ flies1 b ?ree ?\s& f\r hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! ,jordan1 rises ! ,ridge ( ! ,wat]%$1 ! backbone ( ! /ructure ( ,pale/9e4 ,on ?is ridge are ! cities ( ,j]usalem & ,gibeon1 & on x1 lead+ d[n to ! ,m>itime ,pla91 runs 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction1 ! road ?r\gh ! two ,be?-horons4 ,! two ,be?-horons are "o & a half miles ap>t1 ) a desc5t ( #gjj feet f ! ,upp] to ! ,l[]4 ,! flight ( ! ,amorites t[>ds ,be?-horon proves1 beyond a d\bt1 t ,jo%ua _h possess$ himself ( ! road f ,gibeon to ,j]usalem4 ,x is equally cle> t ?is c\ld n h be5 done by accid5t1 b t x mu/ h be5 ! delib]ate purpose ( 8 g5]al%ip4 ,j]usalem 0 a city s /rong t x 0 n until ! reign ( ,david t ! ,israelites obta9$ possession ( ! :ole ( x1 & to take x 0 evid5tly a matt] beyond ,jo%ua's ability4 ,b to h defeat$ ! ,amorites at ,gibeon1 & to h left op5 to !m ! way to ,j]usalem--less ?an six miles di/ant--w\ld h be5 a p]fectly futile proce$+4 ,we may be sure1 !re=e1 t f ! mom5t :5 he le>n$ t ,adoni-z$ek 0 besieg+ ,gibeon1 ,jo%ua's fir/ aim 0 to cut (f ! ,amorite k+ f 8 capital4 ,! fact t ! ,amorites fl$1 n t[>ds _! cities b away f !m1 %[s cle>ly t ,jo%ua _h specially manoeuvr$ s z to cut !m (f f ,j]usalem4 ,h[ he did x1 we are n told1 & any explanation (f]$ mu/ necess>ily be m]ely ( ! nature ( surmise4 ,yet a consid]able am\nt ( probability may atta* to x4 ,! geographical conditions are p]fectly well kn[n1 & we c1 to "s degree1 inf] ! c\rse :i* ! battle mu/ h tak5 f ^!1 j z we c\ld inf] ! ma9 l9es ( ! /rategy employ$ by ! ,g]mans 9 _! w> ) ! ,fr5* 9 #ahgj1 simply by not+ ! places :]e ! successive battles occurr$4 ,! positions ( ! battlefields ( ,m>s-la-,t\r1 ,gravelotte1 & ,s$an w\ld %[ cle>ly t ! object ( ! ,g]mans _h be51 fir/1 to %ut ,baza9e up 9 ,metz1 & !n to h9d] ,mac,mahon f com+ to 8 relief4 ,s 9 ! pres5t case1 ! fact t ! ,amorites fl$ by ! way ( ! two ,be?-horons1 %[s1 fir/1 t ,jo%ua _h completely cut !m (f f ! road to ,j]usalem1 & next1 t someh[ or o!r :5 !y took flight !y 7 a long way to ! nor? ( him4 ,_h !y n be5 s1 !y c\ld n h _h any long />t 9 _! flight1 & ! hail/orm :i* occasion$ !m su* heavy loss w\ld h injur$ ! ,israelites almo/ z mu*4 ,h[ c ^! two circum/ances be acc\nt$ =8 ,i ?9k we c make a v plausible guess at ! details ( ,jo%ua's /rategy f not+ :at he is record$ to h done 9 ! case ( ,a4 ,on t occasion1 z on ?is1 he _h felt 8 inability to deal ) an enemy beh9d =tifications4 ,8 tactics !re=e _h consi/$ 9 mak+ a feign$ attack1 foll[$ by a feign$ retreat1 by :i* he drew 8 enemies completely away f _! base1 :i* he !n seiz$ by means ( a deta*m5t :i* he _h previ\sly plac$ 9 ambu% ne>4 ,!n1 :5 ! m5 ( ,a 7 hopelessly cut (f f _! city1 he br\ght all 8 =ces toge!r1 surr\nd$ 8 enemies 9 ! op51 & de/roy$ !m4 ,x 0 a f> m difficult task :i* lay be=e him at ,gibeon1 b we may suppose t he /ill act$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciples4 ,!re 7 two po9ts on ! ridge ( ! wat]%$ :i*1 = v diff]5t reasons1 x 0 important t he %\ld seize4 ,! "o 0 ,be]o?1 "o ( ! cities ( ! ,hivites1 8 allies1 close to 8 late/ victory ( ,a1 & comm&+ ! highe/ po9t on ! ridge ( ! wat]%$4 ,x is di/ant f ,j]usalem "s t5 miles--a day's j\rney4 ,tradition !re=e gives x z ! place :]e ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ,/4 ,joseph turn$ back sorr[+1 seek+ ,jesus4 ,= !y1 suppos+ ,him to h be5 9 ! company1 w5t a day's j\rney1 & ,be]o? /ill =ms ! fir/ halt+-place = pilgrims f ! nor? on _! return j\rney4 ,be]o? also 0 ! city ( ! two sons ( ,rimmon :o murd]$ ,i%bo%e?1 ! son ( ,saul4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ h[ ,saul _h attempt$ to extirpate ! ,gibeonites1 & h[ bitt] a blood feud ! latt] ent]ta9$ aga9/ 8 h\se 9 consequ5ce1 x becomes v significant t ! murd]]s ( 8 son 7 m5 ( ?is ,gibeonite t[n4 ,be]o? also comm&$ ! exit f ! pr9cipal rav9e by :i* ,jo%ua c\ld m>* upw>ds to ! ridge--! valley ( ,a*or4 ,! ,israelites m>*+ by ?is r\te w\ld h ! great advantage t ,be]o?1 9 ! possession ( _! allies1 ! ,gibeonites1 w\ld act z a cov] to !m :il/ 9 ! rav9es1 & give !m security :il/ tak+ up a position on ! plateau4 ,b ,be]o? _h "o fatal disadvantage z a sole l9e ( advance4 ,f ,be]o? ,jo%ua w\ld come d[n to ,gibeon f ! nor?1 & ! ,amorites1 if defeat$1 w\ld h a l9e ( retreat1 cle> & easy1 to ,j]usalem4 ,x 0 absolutely ess5tial t some:]e or o!r he %\ld cut ! ,j]usalem road4 ,?is w\ld be a matt] ( great difficulty & dang]1 z1 if 8 advance 7 detect$ :il/ he 0 /ill 9 ! rav9es1 he w\ld h be5 tak5 at almo/ hopeless disadvantage4 ,! fe>ful losses :i* ! ,israelites su/a9$ 9 ! int]tribal w> ) ,b5jam9 ne> ?is v place1 %[ :at ,jo%ua might reasonably h expect$ _h he tri$ to make 8 sole advance on ! ridge ne> ,j]usalem4 ,is x n probable t he w\ld h endeav\r$1 "u ^! circum/ances1 to entice ! ,amorites z f> away to ! nor? z possible be=e he v5tur$ to br+ 8 ma9 =ce out on ! ridge8 ,if s1 we may imag9e t he fir/ s5t a /rong =ce by ! valley ( ,a*or to ,be]o?2 t !y 7 in/ruct$ !re to take up a /rong position1 & :5 firmly e/abli%$1 to *all5ge ! ,amorites to attack !m4 ,!n1 :5 ! ,israelite g5]al 9 comm& at ,be]o? p]ceiv$ t he _h be=e him practically ! :ole ,amorite =ce--= x w\ld seem cle> t ! five k+s !mselves1 toge!r ) ! great] "p ( _! army1 7 ?us drawn away--he w\ld signal to ,jo%ua t ! "t _h come = 8 advance4 ,j z ,jo%ua himself _h signall$ ) 8 spe> at ! tak+ ( ,a1 s ! fir+ ( a beacon plac$ on ! summit ( ! ridge w\ld suffice = ! purpose4 ,jo%ua w\ld !n lead up ! ma9 body1 seize ! ,j]usalem road1 & press on to ,gibeon at ! utmo/ spe$4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! small deta*m5t ( ,amorites left to cont9ue ! blockade 0 spe$ily cru%$1 b p]haps 0 aw>e ( ,jo%ua's approa* soon en\gh to s5d swift runn]s urg+ ! five k+s to return4 ,! news w\ld brook no delay2 ! k+s w\ld turn s\? imm$iately2 b = all _! ha/e !y nev] rea*$ ,gibeon4 ,!y probably _h b advanc$ z f> z ! ridge lead+ to ,be?-horon1 :5 !y p]ceiv$ t n only _h ,jo%ua reliev$ ,gibeon & de/roy$ ! =ce :i* !y _h left be=e x1 b t 8 l9e1 /ret*$ out f> to ! "r & left1 already cut !m (f1 n m]ely f ! road to ,j]usalem & ,hebron1 b also f ! valley ( ,ajalon1 a %ort] road to ! ,m>itime ,pla9 ?an ! "o !y actually took4 ,ea/ !re 0 no escape2 nor? 0 ! ,israelite army f ,be]o?2 s\? & we/ 0 ! army ( ,jo%ua4 ,out-manoeuvr$ & out-g5]all$1 !y 7 9 ! mo/ imm95t dang] ( be+ caught betwe5 ! two ,israelite armies1 & ( be+ gr\nd1 l :eat1 betwe5 ! upp] & ne!r mill/ones4 ,!y _h no he>t = fur!r fight2 ! promise made to ,jo%ua1--!re %all n a man ( !m /& be=e !e1--0 fulfill$2 !y broke & fl$ by ! "o way op5 to !m1 ! way ( ! two ,be?-horons4 ,:il/ ?is conjectural /rategy attributes to ,jo%ua a ready grasp ( ! ess5tial features ( ! milit>y position & skill 9 deal+ ) !m1 x c]ta9ly does n attribute to him any great] skill ?an x is reasonable to suppose he possess$4 ,! ,hebrews h repeat$ly prov$1 n m]ely _! val\r 9 battle1 b _! ma/]y ( ! art ( w>1 &1 z ,m>cel ,dieulafoy has rec5tly %[n1#cgb3a ! e>lie/ g5]al ( :om we h record z introduc+ turn+ tactics 9 ! field1 is ,david 9 ! battle ( ! valley ( ,rephaim1 record$ 9 #b ,sam4 v4 #bb-be & #a ,*ron4 xiv4 #ac-ag4 ,! sev]al evolutions ( a complicat$ & haz>d\s nature :i* decid$ ! fate ( ! battle w\ld betok51 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 :5 successfully conduct$1 a consummate g5]al1 exp]i5c$ lieut5ants1 troops well accu/om$ to manoeuvres1 mobile1 &1 above all1 discipl9$ almo/ into unconsci\sness1 s contr>y is x to our in/9cts n to meet p]il face to face4 4 4 4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ,israelites _h j effect$ 9 ! face ( ! ,phili/9es a turn+ & envelop+ movem5t--t is to say1 an op]ation ( w> consid]$ to be "o ( ! bolde/1 mo/ skilful1 & difficult attempt$ by =ces simil> 9 numb] to ^? ( ! ,hebrews1 b1 at ! same "t1 v efficaci\s & brilliant :5 successful4 ,x 0 ! fav\rite manoeuvre ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 & ! "o on :i* 8 milit>y reputation re/s4 ,b ?\gh ! ,amorites _h be5 discomfit$ by ,jo%ua1 !y _h n be5 completely surr\nd$2 "o way ( escape 0 left op54 ,m ?an ?is1 x appe>s t !y obta9$ a v ample />t 9 ! race along ! nor?-we/]n road4 ,we inf] ?is f ! incid5t ( ! hail/orm :i* fell ^u !m :il/ ru%+ d[n ! precipit\s road betwe5 ! ,be?-horons2 a /orm s sudd5 & s viol5t t m ( ! ,amorites di$ by ! hail/ones ?an _h fall5 9 ! conte/ at ,gibeon4 ,x does n appe> t ! ,israelites suff]$ f ! /orm2 !y mu/ consequ5tly h1 at ! "t1 be5 mu* 9 ! re> ( _! foes4 ,probably !y 7 /ill 9 ! way t goe? up to ,be?-horon2 t is to say1 9 ! asc5t "s two miles long f ,gibeon till ! summit ( ! road is rea*$4 ,!re w\ld be a special appropriat5ess 9 ?is case 9 ! phras+ ( ! record t ! ,"l discomfit$ ! ,amorites be=e ,israel1 & slew !m ) a great slaught] at ,gibeon1 & *as$ !m along ! way t goe? up to ,be?-horon1 & smote !m to ,azekah & unto ,makk$ah4 ,!re 0 no slaught] on ! road betwe5 ,gibeon & ,be?-horon4 ,x 0 a simple *ase2 a pursuit ) ! enemy f> 9 advance4 ,! ,israelites1 g5]al & soldi]s alike1 _h done _! be/4 ,! =c$ m>* all night up ! /eep rav9es1 ! plan ( ! battle1 & ! way 9 :i* x _h be5 c>ri$ out 7 alike admirable4 ,yet :5 ! ,israelites _h done _! be/1 & ! heat & _! long ex]tions _h ne>ly ov]p[]$ !m1 ,jo%ua 0 compell$ to recognize t he _h be5 b p>tly successful4 ,he _h reliev$ ,gibeon2 ! ,amorites 7 9 headlong flight2 he _h cut !m (f f ! direct road to safety1 b he _h fail$ 9 "o mo/ important po9t4 ,he _h n succe$$ 9 surr\nd+ !m1 & ! great] portion ( _! =ce 0 escap+4 #e4--,,! ,,miracle4 ,x 0 at ?is mom5t1 :5 8 sc\ts ann\nc$ to him ! fru/ration ( 8 hopes1 t ,jo%ua 9 ! anxiety le/ ! full fruits ( 8 victory %\ld be d5i$ him1 & 9 ! supreme/ fai? t ! ,"l ,god1 9 ,^: h& are all ! p[]s ( ! univ]se1 0 ) him1 exclaim$3 ,sun1 /& ?\ /ill ^u ,gibeon1 ,& ?\1 ,moon1 9 ! valley ( ,ajalon6 ,s 8 exclamation /&s 9 our ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 b1 z ! m>g9al read+ %[s1 ! ^w translat$ /& /ill is m lit]ally be sil5t4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is expression1 s unusual 9 ?is connection1 mu/ h be5 employ$ ) int5tion4 ,:at 0 x t ,jo%ua is likely to h _h 9 8 m9d :5 he ?us spoke8 ,! common idea is t he simply wi%$ = m "t2 = ! day to be prolong$4 ,b z we h se51 x 0 midday :5 he spoke1 & he _h full sev5 h\rs ( daylight be=e him4 ,!re 0 a ne$ :i* he mu/ h felt m press+4 ,8 m5 _h n[ be5 sev5te5 h\rs on ! m>*1 = !y _h />t$ at sunset--#g p4m4--on ! previ\s ev5+1 & x 0 n[ noon1 ! noon ( a sub-tropical midsumm]4 ,!y _h m>*$ at lea/ tw5ty miles 9 ! "t1 possibly consid]ably m accord+ to ! r\te :i* !y _h foll[$1 & ! m>* _h be5 along ! r\ghe/ ( roads1 & _h includ$ an asc5t ( #cdjj feet--ab\t ! height ( ! summit ( ,sn[don above ! sea-level4 ,!y mu/ h be5 we>y1 & h felt sorely ! heat ( ! sun1 n[ blaz+ "r ov]head4 ,surely x requires no words to lab\r ?is po9t4 ,jo%ua's "o press+ ne$ at t mom5t 0 some?+ to temp] ! fi]ce oppression ( ! sun1 & to refre% 8 m54 ,?is 0 :at he pray$ =2 ?is 0 :at 0 grant$ him4 ,= ! mom5t ! sun seem$ fight+ on ! side ( 8 enemies1 & he bade x ,be sil5t4 ,in/antly1 9 answ] to 8 comm&1 a mighty ru% ( d>k /orm-cl\ds came sweep+ up f ! sea4 ,refre%$ by ! sudd5 coolness1 ! ,israelites set out at once 9 ! pursuit ( _! enemies4 ,x is probable t = ! fir/ six miles !y saw no trace ( !m1 b :5 !y rea*$ ,be?-horon ! ,upp]1 & /ood at ! top ( its /eep desc5t1 !y saw ! ,amorites aga94 ,z x _h be5 ) _! fa!rs at ! ,r$ ,sea1 :5 ! pill> ( cl\d _h be5 a def5ce to !m b ! means ( discomfiture to ! ,egyptians1 s n[ ! /orm-cl\ds :i* _h s reviv$ !m & re/or$ _! _! /r5g?1 _h br\ght dea? & de/ruction to _! enemies4 ,all d[n ! rocky desc5t lay ! w\nd$1 ! dy+1 ! dead4 ,= ! ,"l ca/ d[n great /ones f heav5 ^u !m1 unto ,azekah1 & !y di$3 !y 7 m :i* di$ ) hail/ones ?an !y :om ! *ildr5 ( ,israel slew ) ! sword4 ,! might ( ! ,g5tile1 unsmote by ! sword1 ,_h melt$ l sn[ 9 ! glance ( ! ,"l4 ,f> bel[ !m ! panic-/rick5 remnants ( ! ,amorite ho/ 7 flee+ = safety to ! cities ( ! ,m>itime ,pla94 ,! battle prop] 0 ov]2 ! "o duty left to ! army ( ,israel 0 to ov]take & de/roy ^? remnants be=e !y c\ld ga9 %elt]4 ,b ! n>rative cont9ues4 ,! sun /ay$ 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 & ha/$ n to g d[n ab\t a :ole day4 ,?is /atem5t evid5tly implies mu* m ?an ! m]e d>k5+ ( ! sun by /orm-cl\ds4 ,= its int]pretation we mu/ return to ! rema9+ incid5ts ( ! day4 ,^! are soon told4 ,jo%ua pursu$ ! ,amorites to ,makk$ah1 tw5ty-sev5 miles f ,gibeon by ! r\te tak54 ,!re ! five k+s _h hidd5 !mselves 9 a cave4 ,a gu>d 0 plac$ to wat* ! cave2 ! ,israelites cont9u$ ! pursuit = an undef9$ di/ance f>!r2 return$ to ,makk$ah & took x by assault2 br\ght ! k+s out ( _! cave1 & hang$ !m4 ,& x came to pass at ! "t ( ! go+ d[n ( ! sun1 t ,jo%ua comm&$1 & !y took !m d[n (f ! trees1 & ca/ !m into ! cave :]e9 !y _h hidd5 !mselves1 & laid great /ones on ! m\? ( ! cave1 unto ?is v day4 ,all ^! ev5ts--! pursuit = tw5ty-sev5 miles & m1 ! tak+ ( ,makk$ah & ! hang+ ( ! k+s--took place betwe5 noon & ! go+ d[n ( ! sun1 an int]val ^: normal l5g?1 = t latitude & at t "t ( ! ye>1 0 ab\t sev5 h\rs4 ,?is is an abnormal feat4 ,x is true t a s+le tra9$ p$e/rian might trav]se ! tw5ty-sev5 & odd miles1 & /ill h "t to take "p 9 an assault on a t[n & to wat* an execution4 ,b x is an altoge!r diff]5t ?+ :5 we come to a l>ge army4 ,x is well kn[n t ! spe$ ) :i* a body ( m5 c move dim9i%es ) ! numb]4 ,a company c m>* fa/] ?an a regim5t2 a regim5t ?an a brigade2 a brigade ?an an army corps4 ,b = a l>ge =ce ?irty miles 9 ! entire day is heavy "w4 ,?us ,sir ,ar*ibald ,hunt]'s division1 9 its m>* ?r\gh ,be*uanal& to ! relief ( ,mafek+1 />t+ at f\r 9 ! morn+1 w5t on till sev5 or eight at night1 cov]+ z _m z ?irty miles a day at times4 ,jo%ua's a*ievem5t 0 a m>* fully z long z any ( ,g5]al ,hunt]'s1 b x 0 accompli%$ 9 less ?an sev5 h\rs in/ead ( f fifte5 to sixte51 & x foll[$ /raight on f a m>* sev5te5 h\rs 9 l5g? :i* _h end$ 9 a battle4 ,9 all1 betwe5 "o sunset & ! next he _h m>*$ betwe5 fifty & sixty miles besides fight+ a battle & tak+ a t[n4 ,if we turn to ! records ( o!r battles f\ght 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 we f9d t !y agree z closely z we c\ld expect1 n ) ,jo%ua's a*ievem5t1 b ) ,g5]al ,hunt]'s4 ,9 ! case ( ! great victory secur$ by ,jona?an1 ! gallant son ( ,saul1 ! ,israelites smote ! ,phili/9es f ,mi*ma% to ,ajalon2--n q tw5ty miles4 ,9 ! defeat ( ,ce/ius ,gallus1 ! ,jews foll[$ him f ,be?-horon to ,antipatris1 a little ov] tw5ty miles1 ! pursuit beg9n+ at daybreak1 & be+ evid5tly cont9u$ ne>ly till sund[n4 ,! pursuit ( ! ,syrians "u ,nicanor by ,judas ,maccabu seems also to h cov]$ ab\t ! same di/ance1 = ,nicanor 0 kill$ at ! fir/ onslaught & 8 troops took to flight4 ,x is n at all unusual to read 9 comm5ts on ! ,book ( ,jo%ua t ! miracle is simply ! result ( ! dulness ( ! prose *ronicl] 9 accept+ z lit]al fact an expression t orig9at$ 9 ! poetic exub]ance ( an old b>d4 ,! latt]1 s x is urg$1 simply mean+ to add a figure ( dignity & importance to 8 song commemorat+ a great national victory1 _h writt53-- ,& ! sun /ood /ill1 & ! moon /ay$1 ,until ! nation _h av5g$ !mselves ( _! enemies1 b ) no m expectation t ! /ay ( ! moon w\ld be accept$ lit]ally1 ?an ! s+]s1 :o welcom$ ,david aft] ! slay+ ( ,golia?1 imag9$ t any "o w\ld s]i\sly suppose t ,saul _h actually ) 8 own h& kill$ two ?\s& ,phili/9es1 & ,david tw5ty ?\s&4 ,b1 say !y1 ! lat] prose *ronicl]1 quot+ f ! ballad1 & accept+ a piece ( poetic hyp]bole z actual fact1 reproduc$ ! /atem5t 9 8 own words1 & add$1 ! sun /ay$ 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 & ha/$ n to g d[n ab\t a :ole day4 ,n s4 ,! poem & ! prose *ronicle make "o coh]5t :ole4 ,work+ f ! poem alone1 treat+ ! expressions 9 ! fir/ two l9es m]ely z a/ronomical indications ( "t & place1 & )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to any miracul\s int]pretation1 !y lead to ! inevitable conclusion t ! "t 0 noonday4 ,?is result c]ta9ly does n lie on ! surface ( ! poem1 & x 0 :olly beyond ! p[] ( ! prose *ronicl] to h comput$ x1 yet x is j 9 ! suppos$ /upid gloss ( ! prose *ronicl]1 & n[h]e else1 t we f9d ?is fact def9itely /at$3 :il/ ! miracle record$ bo? by poem & prose n>rative completely accords ) ! extraord9>y di/ance trav]s$ betwe5 noon & sunset4 ,any man1 h[ev] ignorant ( sci5ce1 if he be b c>eful & consci5ti\s1 c tru?fully record an obs]vation )\t any difficulty4 ,b to successfully inv5t ev5 ! simple/ a/ronomical obs]vation requires v full k1 & is difficult ev5 !n4 ,e a/ronom] kn[s t !re is h>dly a s+le noveli/1 no matt] h[ le>n$ or pa9/ak+1 :o c at ?is pres5t day introduce a simple a/ronomical relation into 8 /ory1 )\t fall+ into egregi\s error4 ,we are !re=e q sure t ,jo%ua did use ! words attribut$ to him2 t ! moon & ! valley ( ,ajalon 7 n m]ely ins]t$ 9 ord] to complete ! p>allelism by a b>d putt+ a leg5d into poetic =m4 ,nor 0 ! prose n>rative ! result ( an editor comb9+ two or ?ree n>ratives all writt5 mu* aft] ! date4 ,! orig9al records mu/ h be5 made at ! "t4 ,all a/ronom]s "k well h[ absolutely ess5tial x is to commit an obs]vation to writ+ on ! spot4 ,illu/rations ( ?is necessity c\ld be made to any ext5t4 ,"o may suffice4 ,9 vol4 ii4 ( ! ,life ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton1 by 8 wife1 p4 #bdd1 ,lady ,burton says3-- ,on ! #f? ,decemb]1 #ahhb 4 4 4 we 7 walk+ on ! ,k>so 7,opona7 alone2 ! sky 0 cle>1 & all ( a sudd5 my niece said to me1 ',oh1 look up1 !re is a /> walk+ into ! moon6' ',glori\s6' ,i answ]$4 ',we are look+ at ! ,transit ( ,v5us1 :i* cr[ds ( sci5ti/s h gone to ! end ( ! _w to see4' ,! ,transit ( ,v5us did take place on ,decemb] #f1 #ahhb2 & ?\gh ,v5us c\ld h be5 se5 )\t telescopic aid z a black spot on ! sun's disc1 no?+ c be m unlike ,v5us 9 transit ?an a /> walk+ into ! moon4 ,! moon 0 n visible on t ev5+1 & ,v5us 0 only visible :5 on ! sun's disc1 & appe>$ !n1 n z a />1 b z a black dot4 ,no d\bt ,lady ,burton's niece did make ! exclamation attribut$ to h]1 b x mu/ h be51 n on ,decemb] #f1 #ahhb1 b on "s o!r occasion4 ,lady ,burton may inde$ h told h] niece t ?is 0 ! ,transit ( ,v5us1 b t 0 simply because %e did n "k :at a transit 01 nor t x occurr$ 9 ! daytime1 n at night4 ,lady ,burton's n>rative 0 !re=e n writt5 at ! "t4 ,s if ! facts ( ! t5? *apt] ( ,jo%ua1 z we h x1 _h n be5 writt5 at ! "t ( ! battle1 "s gross a/ronomical discordance w\ld inevitably h crept 94 ,let u suppose t ! sun & moon did actually /& /ill 9 ! sky = s long a "t t betwe5 noon & sunset 0 equal to ! full l5g? ( an ord9>y day4 ,:at effect w\ld h result$ t ! ,israelites c\ld h p]ceiv$8 ,?is1 & ?is only1 t !y w\ld h m>*$ twice z f> betwe5 noon & sunset z !y c\ld h done 9 any ord9>y aft]noon4 ,& ?is z we h se51 is exactly :at !y are record$ to h done4 ,! only measure ( "t1 available to ! ,israelites1 indep5d5t ( ! app>5t motion ( ! sun1 0 ! numb] ( miles m>*$4 ,inde$1 ) ! ,babylonians1 ! same ^w 7kasbu7 0 us$ to indicate ?ree di/9ct1 b relat$ measures4 ,x 0 a measure ( "t--! d\ble h\r2 ( cele/ial arc--! twelf? "p ( a great circle1 ?irty degrees1 t is to say ! space trav]s$ by ! sun 9 two h\rs2 & x 0 a measure ( di/ance on ! surface ( ! e>?--six or sev5 miles1 or a two h\rs' m>*4 ,if1 = ! sake ( illu/ration1 we may suppose t ! sun 7 to /& /ill = u1 we %\ld recognize x nei!r by sundial nor by %ad[1 b we %\ld see t :]eas our clocks _h indicat$ t ! sun _h ris5 7we w say7 at six 9 ! morn+1 & _h s\!d at twelve ( noon2 x _h n set until twelve ( ! night4 ,! regi/] ( "w done1 %[n by all our clocks & wat*es1 w\ld be d\ble = ! aft]noon :at x _h be5 = ! morn+4 ,& if all our clocks & wat*es did ?us regi/] ^u "s occasion twice ! int]val betwe5 noon & sunset t !y _h regi/]$ betwe5 sunrise & noon1 we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 record+1 z ! writ] ( ! book ( ,jo%ua has record$1 ,! sun /ood /ill 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 & ha/$ n to g d[n ab\t a :ole day4 ,! real difficulty to ! und]/&+ ( ?is n>rative has la9 9 ! failure ( comm5tators to put !mselves back into ! conditions ( ! ,israelites4 ,! ,israelites _h no "t-measur]s1 c\ld h _h no "t-measur]s4 ,a sundial1 if any su* 7 9 exi/5ce1 w\ld only indicate ! position ( ! sun1 & !re=e c\ld give no evid5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,beside1 a sundial is n a portable in/rum5t1 & ,jo%ua & 8 m5 _h some?+ m press+ to d ?an to loit] r\nd x4 ,clepsydr or clocks are ( lat] date1 & no m ?an a sundial are !y portable4 ,_m comm5ts1 "o might almo/ say mo/ comm5ts on ! n>rative1 read z if ! writ]s suppos$ t ,jo%ua & 8 m5 c>ri$ /op-wat*es1 & t _! *ief int]e/ 9 ! :ole campaign 0 to see h[ fa/ ! sun 0 mov+4 ,s9ce !y _h no su* me?ods ( measur+ "t1 s9ce x is n possible to suppose t ov] & above any mat]ial miracle t 0 wr\ght1 ! m5tal miracle 0 add$ ( acqua9t+ ! ,israelites = ?is occasion only ) ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( a/ronomy1 all t ! words ( ! n>rative c possibly mean is1 t-- ! sun /ood /ill 9 ! mid/ ( heav51 & ha/$ n to g d[n ab\t a :ole day1 accord+ to ! only means :i* ! ,israelites _h = te/+ ! matt]4 ,9 %ort1 x simply /ates 9 o!r words1 :at1 x is cle> f o!r p>ts ( ! n>rative1 0 actually ! case1 t ! l5g? ( ! m>* made betwe5 noon & sunset 0 equal to an ord9>y m>* tak+ ! :ole ( a day4 ,if we suppose--z has be5 g5]ally done1 & z x is q legitimate to d1 = all ?+s are possible to ,god--t ! miracle consi/$ 9 ! slack5+ ( ! rotation ( ! e>?1 :at effect w\ld h be5 p]ceiv$ by ! ,hebrews8 ,?is1 & only ?is1 t !y w\ld h accompli%$ a full day's m>* 9 ! c\rse ( ! aft]noon4 ,& :at w\ld h be5 ! effects produc$ on all ! neighb\r+ nations8 ,simply t !y _h manag$ to d m "w ?an usual 9 ! c\rse ( t aft]noon1 & t !y felt m ?an usually tir$ & hungry 9 ! ev5+4 ,b w\ld x h help$ ! ,israelites = ! day to h be5 ?us actually l5g!n$8 ,sc>cely s1 unless !y _h be51 at ! same "t1 end[$ ) sup]natural1 or at all ev5ts1 ) unusual /r5g?4 ,! ,israelites _h already be5 #ca h\rs )\t sleep or re/1 !y _h made a rem>kable m>*1 _! enemies _h sev]al miles />t ( !m2 w\ld n a long] day h simply giv5 ! latt] a bett] *ance to make good _! flight1 unless ! ,israelites 7 enabl$ to pursue !m ) unusual spe$8 ,& if ! ,israelites 7 s enabl$1 !n no fur!r miracle is requir$2 = !m ! sun w\ld h ha/$ n to g d[n ab\t a :ole day4 ,leav+ ! "q z to :e!r ! sun appe>$ to /& /ill ?r\gh ! tempor>y arre/ ( ! e>?'s rotation1 or ?r\gh "s exaltation ( ! physical p[]s ( ! ,israelites1 x seems cle>1 f ! =ego+ analysis ( ! n>rative1 t bo? ! prose acc\nt & ! poem 7 writt5 by eye-witnesses1 :o record$ :at !y _h !mselves se5 & he>d :il/ e detail 0 fre% 9 _! memory4 ,simple z ! a/ronomical ref]5ces are1 !y are v /r+5t1 & c only h be5 suppli$ by ^? :o 7 actually pres5t4 ,no?+ c be m unlike poetic hyp]bole ?an ! sum ( actual miles m>*$ to ! m5 :o trod !m2 & ^! v concrete miles 7 ! gauge ( ! lapse ( "t4 ,= j z nail1 & span1 & foot1 & cubit1 & pace 7 ! e>ly measures ( small di/ance1 s ! av]age day's m>* 0 ! e>ly measure ( long di/ance4 ,! human frame1 9 its proportions & 9 its abilities1 is suffici5tly uni=m to h furni%$ ! primitive /&>ds ( l5g?4 ,b ! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 "t & di/ance z 9 ! case ( a day's m>*1 works ei!r way1 & is employ$ 9 ei!r direction1 ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,:5 ! ,israelites at ! end ( _! campaign return$ f ,makk$ah to ,gibeon1 & f\nd ! m>*1 ?\gh :olly unob/ruct$1 0 /ill a heavy p]=mance = ! :ole ( a long day1 :at c\ld !y ?9k1 h[ c\ld !y express !mselves1 conc]n+ t same m>* made betwe5 noon & sund[n8 ,:atev] con/ruction we put ^u ! incid5t1 :atev] explanation we may (f] = x1 to all ! m5 ( ,israel1 judg+ ! ev5ts ( ! aft]noon by ! only /&>d )9 _! rea*1 ! em95tly practical /&>d ( ! miles !y _h m>*$1 ! only conclusion at :i* !y c\ld arrive 0 ! "o !y s ju/ly drew-- ,! sun /ay$ 9 ! mid/ ( heav5 & ha/$ n to g d[n ab\t a :ole day4 ,& !re 0 no day l t be=e x or aft] x1 t ! ,"l he>k5$ unto ! voice ( a man3 = ! ,"l f\ght = ,israel4 ,,footnotes3 #cea3a ,revis$ & repr9t$ f ! ,sunday at ,home = ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #aijd4 #cgb3a ,m>cel ,dieulafoy1 ,david ! ,k+3 an ,hi/orical ,enquiry1 pp4 #aee-age4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,dial ,,( ,,ahaz ,! second a/ronomical m>vel record$ 9 ! ,scripture n>rative is ! go+ back ( ! %ad[ on ! dial ( ,ahaz1 at ! "t ( ,hezekiah's recov]y1 f 8 dang]\s illness4 ,x 0 %ortly aft] ! deliv]ance ( ! k+dom ( ,judah f ! dang] ?reat5$ x by ,s5na*]ib k+ ( ,assyria1 t ,hezekiah fell sick unto dea?4 ,b 9 answ] to 8 pray]1 ,isaiah 0 s5t to tell him-- ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ,david ?y fa!r1 ,i h he>d ?y pray]1 ,i h se5 ?y te>s3 behold1 ,i w heal !e3 on ! ?ird day ?\ %alt g up unto ! h\se ( ! ,"l4 ,& ,i w add unto ?y days fifte5 ye>s2 & ,i w deliv] !e & ?is city out ( ! h& ( ! k+ ( ,assyria2 & ,i w def5d ?is city = ,m9e own sake1 & = ,my s]vant ,david's sake4 ,& ,isaiah said1 ,take a lump ( figs4 ,& !y took & laid x on ! boil1 & he recov]$4 ,& ,hezekiah said unto ,isaiah1 ,:at %all be ! sign t ! ,"l w heal me1 & t ,i %all g up into ! h\se ( ! ,"l ! ?ird day8 ,& ,isaiah said1 ,?is sign %alt ?\ h ( ! ,"l1 t ! ,"l w d ! ?+ t ,he ha? spok53 %all ! %ad[ g =w>d t5 degrees1 or g back t5 degrees8 ,& ,hezekiah answ]$1 ,x is a light ?+ = ! %ad[ to g d[n t5 degrees3 nay1 b let ! %ad[ return backw>d t5 degrees4 ,& ,isaiah ! prophet cri$ unto ! ,"l3 & ,he br\ght ! %ad[ t5 degrees backw>d1 by :i* x _h gone d[n 9 ! dial ( ,ahaz4 ,! n>rative 9 ! ,book ( ,isaiah gives ! conclud+ words 9 ! =m-- ,s ! sun return$ t5 degrees1 by :i* degrees x 0 gone d[n4 ,! n>rative is complete z a record ( ! heal+ ( k+ ,hezekiah & ( ! sign giv5 to him to assure him t he %\ld recov]2 complete = all ! ord9>y purposes ( a n>rative1 & = read]s 9 g5]al4 ,b = any purpose ( a/ronomical analysis ! n>rative is defici5t1 & x mu/ be frankly confess$ t x does n lie )9 ! p[] ( a/ronomy to make any use ( x4 ,x has be5 g5]ally assum$ t x 0 an actual sundial ^u :i* ?is sign 0 se54 ,we d n "k h[ f> back ! art ( diall+ goes4 ,! simple/ =m ( dial is an obelisk on a flat pavem5t1 b x has ! v important drawback t ! graduation is diff]5t = diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,9 a prop]ly con/ruct$ dial ! edge ( ! /yle ca/+ ! %ad[ %\ld be made p>allel to ! axis ( ! e>?4 ,consequ5tly a dial = "o latitude is n available )\t alt]ation :5 transf]r$ to ano!r latitude4 ,"s f9e types ( dials on a l>ge scale exi/ 9 ! obs]vatories built by ,jai ,s+h4 ,! fir/ ( ^!--t at ,delhi--0 probably complet$ ab\t #agaj ,a4,d4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 q mod]n1 b af=d good illu/rations ( ! type ( /ructure :i* we c readily conceive ( z hav+ be5 built 9 :at has be5 t]m$ ! ,/one ,age ( a/ronomy4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! build+s1 ! ,samrat ,yantra1 is a long /aircase 9 ! m]idian lead+ up to no?+1 ! %ad[ fall+ on to a great semicircul> arc :i* x crosses4 ,! slope ( ! /aircase is1 ( c\rse1 p>allel to ! e>?'s axis4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t if su* a dial 7 erect$ at ,j]usalem1 & ! /yle 7 t = a tropical latitude1 at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> ! %ad[ w\ld appe> to g backw>d = a %ort "t4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h sugge/$ t if a small portable dial 7 tilt$ ! same ph5om5on w\ld %[ itself4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 evid5t t no su* sugge/ion at all accords ) ! n>rative4 ,hezekiah 0 n[ 9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( 8 reign1 ! dial--if dial x 0--0 made by 8 fa!r1 & ! miracle w\ld h be5 reproduc$ day by day = a consid]able "p ( ea* ye>1 & aft] ! ev5t x w\ld h be5 app>5t to e "o t ! miracle cont9u$ to be reproduc$4 ,if ?is _h be5 ! case1 x w\ld say v little = ! a/ronomical sci5ce ( ! wise m5 ( ,m]oda*-,baladan t he %\ld h s5t all ! way f ,babylon to ,j]usalem to inquire ( ! wond] t 0 done 9 ! l& if ! wond] 0 no?+ m ?an a wrongly m\nt$ dial4 ,o!rs h haz>d$ ! extreme hypo!sis1 t !re might h be5 an e>?quake at ! "t :i* dipp$ ! dial 9 ! prop] direction1 & !n re/or$ x to its prop] place2 presumably1 ( c\rse1 )\t do+ h>m to ,j]usalem1 or any ( its build+s1 & pass+ unnotic$ by bo? k+ & p4 ,a mu* m +5i\s !ory ?an any ( ^? 0 communicat$ by ! late ,j4 ,w4 ,bosanquet to ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society 9 #ahed4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun took place on ,janu>y #aa1 #fhi ,b4,c4 ,x 0 an annul> eclipse 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & a v l>ge p>tial eclipse at ,j]usalem1 ! greate/ phase tak+ place ne>ly at local noon4 ,mr4 ,bosanquet consid]s t ! effect ( ! p>tial eclipse w\ld be to practically %ift ! c5tre ( ! bright body ca/+ ! %ad[4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! annul> phase1 ! "p ( ! sun uncov]$ w\ld be a cresc5t 9 a ne>ly v]tical position2 at mid eclipse ! cresc5t w\ld be 9 a horizontal position2 at ! end ( ! annul> phase ! cresc5t w\ld aga9 be 9 a v]tical position2 s t ! expos$ "p ( ! sun w\ld appe> to move d[n & up 9 ! sky ov] a v small di/ance4 ,x is extremely d\btful :e!r any p]ceptible effect c\ld be s produc$ on ! %ad[1 & "o :olly fails to und]/& :y ! eclipse itself %\ld n h be5 giv5 z ! sign1 & :y nei!r ! k+ nor ! p seem to h notic$ t x 0 9 progress4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 suffici5t to say t mod]n *ronology %[s t ,hezekiah di$ t5 ye>s be=e ! eclipse 9 "q1 s t x fell a qu>t] ( a c5tury too late = ! purpose1 & no o!r eclipse is available to take its place dur+ ! lifetime ( ,hezekiah4 ,b !re is no reason to ?9k t ! ^w r5d]$ 9 our ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion z dial 0 a sundial at all4 ,! ^w translat$ dial is ! same :i* is also r5d]$ degrees 9 ! ,a4,v4 & /eps 9 ! ,r4,v41 z is %[n 9 ! m>g9 ( ! latt]4 ,x occurs 9 ! prophecy ( ,amos1 :]e x is r5d]$ /ories or asc5sions4 ,x means an asc5t1 a go+ up1 a /ep4 ,?us k+ ,solomon's ?rone _h six /eps1 & !re are fifte5 ,psalms 7cxx4-cxxxiv47--t are call$ songs ( degrees1 t is songs ( /eps4 ,we d n "k h[ ! /aircase ( ,ahaz fac$1 b we c =m "s r\gh idea f ! kn[n positions ( ! ,temple & ( ! city ( ,david1 & "o or two little h9ts giv5 u 9 ! n>rative itself4 ,x w be not$ t ,hezekiah uses ! movem5t ( ! %ad[ d[nw>d1 z equival5t to its go+ =w>d4 ,! go+ =w>d ( c\rse meant its ord9>y direction ( motion at t "t ( day2 s ! return ( ! %ad[ backw>d meant t ! %ad[ w5t up t5 /eps1 = 9 ! ,book ( ,isaiah x speaks ( ! sun return+ t5 degrees by :i* degrees x 0 gone d[n4 ,x 0 !re=e 9 ! aft]noon1 & ! sun 0 decl9+1 :5 ! sign took place4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! /aircase 0 s plac$ t ! %ad[ w5t d[n ! /airs z ! sun decl9$ 9 ! sky4 ,! /aircase1 !re=e1 probably fac$ ea/ or nor?-ea/1 z x w\ld naturally d if x l$ f ! palace t[>ds ! ,temple4 ,no d\bt !re 0 a causeway at ! foot ( ?is /aircase1 & a correspond+ asc5t up ! ,temple hill on ! opposite side ( ! valley4 ,we c n[ conjecturally reproduce ! circum/ances4 ,x 0 aft]noon1 & ! palace _h already ca/ ! upp] /eps ( ! /aircase into %ad[4 ,! sick k+1 look+ long+ly t[>ds ! ,temple1 c\ld see ! l[] /eps /ill gleam+ 9 ! bright ,judean sun%9e4 ,x 0 natural !re=e = him to say1 :5 ! prophet ,isaiah (f]$ him 8 *oice ( a sign1 ,%all ! %ad[ g =w>d t5 /eps1 or back t5 /eps8 t x 0 a light ?+ = ! %ad[ to g d[n t5 /eps3 nay1 b let ! %ad[ return backw>d t5 /eps4 ,x w\ld be q obvi\s to him t a small cl\d1 suitably plac$1 might ?r[ t5 additional /eps into %ad[4 ,x w be se5 t we are left ) sev]al details undet]m9$4 ,= ! /aircase1 :]ev] con/ruct$1 0 probably n meant to act z a sundial1 & 0 only s us$ because x *anc$ to h "s r\gh suitability = ! purpose4 ,9 ?is case ! %ad[ w probably h be5 ?r[n1 n by a prop]ly con/ruct$ gnomon1 b by "s build+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,& z we h no record ( ! direction ( ! /aircase1 its angle ( incl9ation1 its height1 & ! position ( ! build+s :i* might h ca/ a %ad[ ^u x1 we are )\t any indication to guide u4 ,:5 ! que5 ( ,%eba came to visit k+ ,solomon1 & saw all 8 magnific5ce1 "o ( ! ?+s :i* specially impress$ h] 0 8 asc5t by :i* he w5t up unto ! h\se ( ! ,"l4 ,?is 0 ! causeway ( ! go+ up1 z x is call$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,*ronicles4 ,we are told ( a numb] ( alt]ations1 made 9 ! ,temple furniture & build+s by k+ ,ahaz1 & x is said t ! cov]$ way = ! sabba? t !y _h built 9 ! h\se1 & ! k+'s entry )\t1 turn$ he unto 7m>g91 r\nd7 ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 because ( ! k+ ( ,assyria4 ,t is to say1 ,ahaz consid]$ t ,solomon's /aircase 0 too mu* expos$ 9 ! case ( a siege1 be+ )\t ! ,temple enclosure4 ,?is probably necessitat$ ! con/ruction ( a new /aircase1 :i* w\ld naturally be call$ ! /aircase ( ,ahaz4 ,t !re 01 9 lat] times1 su* a /aircase at ab\t ?is place we "k f ! r\te tak5 by ! triumphal procession at ! "t ( ! d$ication ( ! wall ( ,j]usalem "u ,nehemiah3-- ,at ! f\nta9 gate1 :i* 0 ov] aga9/ !m1 !y w5t up by ! /airs ( ! ,city ( ,david1 at ! go+ up ( ! wall1 above ! h\se ( ,david1 ev5 unto ! wat] gate ea/w>d4 ,9 ?is case !re w\ld be a special appropriat5ess 9 ! sign t 0 (f]$ to ,hezekiah4 ,! sign t he w\ld be s re/or$1 z once aga9 to g up to ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 0 to be giv5 him on ! v /aircase by :i* he w\ld g4 ,he 0 n[ ?irty-eight ye>s old1 & _h d\btless wat*$ ! %ad[ ( ! palace desc5d ! /aircase 9 ! aft]noon1 hundr$s ( times2 q possibly he _h actually se5 a cl\d make ! %ad[ race =w>d4 ,b ! rev]se he _h nev] se54 ,once a /ep _h pass$ into ! %ad[ ( ! palace1 x did n aga9 em]ge until ! next morn+ dawn$4 ,! sign !n 0 ?is3 ,x 0 aft]noon1 probably approa*+ ! "t ( ! ev5+ pray]1 & ! c\rt (ficials & palace att5dants 7 mov+ d[n ! /aircase 9 ! %ad[1 :51 z ! sick k+ wat*$ !m f above1 ! %ad[ ( ! palace 0 roll$ back up ! /aircase1 & a flood ( light p\r$ d[n on t5 ( ! broad /eps ^u :i* ! sun _h already set4 ,h[ ?is light+ ( ! t5 /eps 0 br\ght ab\t we are n told1 nor is any clue giv5 u on :i* we c base a conjecture4 ,b ?is return ( light 0 a figure ( :at 0 actually happ5+ 9 ! life ( ! k+ himself4 ,he _h already1 z x 71 pass$ into ! %ad[ t only deep5s into night4 ,z he sang himself aft] 8 recov]y-- ,i said1 ,9 ! noontide ( my days ,i %all g into ! gates ( ! grave3 ,i am depriv$ ( ! residue ( my ye>s4 ,i said1 ,i %all n see ! ,"l1 ev5 ! ,"l 9 ! l& ( ! liv+3 ,i %all behold man no m ) ! inhabitants ( ! _w4 ,b n[ ! light _h be5 br\ght back to him1 & he c\ld say-- ,! liv+1 ! liv+1 he %all praise ,!e1 z ,i d ?is day3 ,! fa!r to ! *ildr5 %all make kn[n ,?y tru?4 ,! ,"l is ready to save me3 ,!re=e we w s+ my songs to ! /r+$ in/rum5ts ,all ! days ( our life 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,/> ,,( ,,be?lehem ,no n>rative ( ,holy ,scripture is m famili> to u ?an t ( ! visit ( ! wise m5 f ! ,ea/ to see ,him t 0 born ,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,x 0 t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,h]od ! ,great t !y arriv$ at ,j]usalem1 & ?rew ,h]od ! k+ & all ! city into great excitem5t by _! "q-- ,:]e is ,he t is born ,k+ ( ! ,jews8 ,= we h se5 ,8 /> 9 ! ea/1 & are come to wor%ip ,him4 ,h]od at once ga!r$ all ! *ief prie/s & scribes ( ! p toge!r1 & dem&$ ( !m :]e ! ,messiah %\ld be born4 ,_! reply 0 di/9ct & unhesitat+-- ,9 ,be?lehem ( ,juda3 = ?us x is writt5 by ! ,prophet1 ,& ?\ ,be?lehem1 9 ! l& ( ,juda1 art n ! lea/ among ! pr9ces ( ,juda3 = out ( !e %all come a ,gov]nor1 t %all rule ,my p ,israel4 ,!n ,h]od1 :5 he _h privily call$ ! wise m51 inquir$ ( !m dilig5tly :at "t ! /> appe>$4 ,& he s5t !m to ,be?lehem1 & said1 ,g & se>* dilig5tly = ! "y ,*ild2 & :5 ye h f\nd ,him1 br+ me ^w aga91 t ,i may come & wor%ip ,him also4 ,:5 !y _h he>d ! k+1 !y dep>t$2 &1 lo1 ! />1 :i* !y saw 9 ! ea/1 w5t be=e !m1 till x came & /ood ov] :]e ! "y ,*ild 04 ,:5 !y saw ! />1 !y rejoic$ ) exce$+ great joy4 ,s mu*1 & no m are we told ( ! /> ( ,be?lehem1 & ! /ory is z significant 9 its omissions z 9 t :i* x tells u4 ,:at sort ( a /> x 0 t l$ ! wise m52 h[ !y le>nt f x t ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews 0 born2 h[ x w5t be=e !m2 h[ x /ood ov] :]e ! "y ,*ild 01 we d n "k4 ,nor is x ( ! lea/ importance t we %\ld "k4 ,"o v]se m1 & t a %ort "o1 w\ld h answ]$ ^! inquiries2 x w\ld h told u :e!r x 0 "s conjunction ( ! planets2 :e!r p]*ance x 0 a comet1 or a new or tempor>y />2 or :e!r x 0 a sup]natural light1 l ! pill> ( fire t guid$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 ! wild]ness4 ,b t v]se has n be5 giv54 ,! twelve or tw5ty additional words1 :i* c\ld h cle>$ up ! matt]1 h be5 )held1 & !re c be no d\bt z to ! reason4 ,! />1 :atev] its physical nature1 0 ( no importance1 except z a guide to ! bir?place ( ! infant ,jesus4 ,in=mation ab\t x w\ld h drawn att5tion f ! object ( ! n>rative2 x w\ld h giv5 to a m]e sign-po/ ! importance :i* belong$ only to ! ,^w made fle%4 ,we are (t5 told t ! ,bible %\ld be /udi$ precisely z any o!r book is /udi$4 ,yet be=e we c criticize any book1 we mu/ fir/ asc]ta9 :at 0 ! purpose t ! au?or _h 9 writ+ x4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engl&1 = in/ance1 has be5 writt5 by _m p]sons & f _m po9ts ( view4 ,"o man has trac$ ! succession ( ! dyna/ies1 ! relation%ips ( ! successive royal families1 & ! effect ( ! adm9i/rations ( ! v>i\s k+s4 ,ano!r has *iefly consid]$ ! developm5t ( repres5tative gov]nm5t & ( p>liam5t>y in/itutions4 ,a ?ird has conc]n$ himself m ) ! diff]5t races t1 by _! fusion1 h =m$ ! nation z x is to-day4 ,a f\r? has dealt ) ! social condition ( ! p1 ! increase ( com=t & luxury4 ,to a fif? ! true hi/ory ( ,engl& is ! /ory ( its expansion1 ! f\ndation & gr[? ( its colonial empire4 ,:ile to a six?1 its religi\s hi/ory is ! "o t claims mo/ att5tion1 & ! /ruggles ) ,rome1 ! rise & decay ( ,puritanism1 & ! developm5t ( mod]n ?\ght w fill 8 pages4 ,ea* ( ^! six w select j ^? facts1 & ^? facts only1 t are relevant to 8 subject4 ,! introduction ( irrelevant facts w\ld be felt to m>k ! ignorant or unskilful workman4 ,! ma/] ( 8 craft w keep 9 ! backgr\nd ! details t h no be>+ on 8 ma9 purpose1 & to ^? :i* h b a slight be>+ he w give only su* notice z _! importance 9 ?is connection w>rants4 ,! purpose ( ! ,bible is to reveal ,god to u1 & to tea* u ( our relation%ip to ,him4 ,x 0 n int5d$ to gratify t natural & laudable curiosity :i* has be5 ! f\ndation ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,our own ef=ts1 our own intellig5ce c help u "h1 & ! ,scriptures h n be5 giv5 u 9 ord] to save u ! tr\ble ( ex]t+ !m4 ,!re is no reason = surprise1 !n1 t ! in=mation giv5 u conc]n+ ! /> is1 a/ronomically1 s imp]fect4 ,we are1 inde$1 told b two facts conc]n+ x4 ,fir/ t its appe>ance1 9 "s way or o!r1 in=m$ ! wise m51 n ( ! bir? ( a k+ ( ! ,jews1 b ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 = ,^: com+ n ,israel only1 b m or less consci\sly ! :ole civiliz$ _w1 0 wait+4 ,next1 hav+ come to ,juda 9 consequ5ce ( ?is in=mation1 ! /> po9t$ out to !m ! actual spot :]e ! new-born ,k+ 0 to be f\nd4 ,x w5t be=e !m till x came & /ood ov] :]e ! "y ,*ild 04 ,x may also be inf]r$ f ,matt4 ii4 #aj t 9 "s way or o!r ! wise m5 _h = a "t lo/ sight ( ! />1 s t ! two facts m5tion$ ( x relate to two sep>ate appe>ances4 ,! fir/ appe>ance induc$ !m to leave ! ,ea/1 & set out = ,juda2 ! second po9t$ out to !m ! place at ,be?lehem :]e ! object ( _! se>* 0 to be f\nd4 ,no?+ is told u respect+ ! /> except its "w z a guide4 ,"s ?ree c5turies ago ! +5i\s & dev\t ,kepl] suppos$ t he c\ld id5tify ! ,/> ) a conjunction ( ! planets ,jupit] & ,saturn1 9 ! con/ellation ,pisces4 ,?is conjunction took place 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 ,b4,c4 #g1 n v long be=e ! bir? ( our ,"l is suppos$ to h tak5 place4 ,b ! late ,pr(4 ,c4 ,prit*>d has %[n1 fir/1 t a simil> & clos] conjunction occurr$ #ei ye>s e>li]1 & %\ld !re=e h br\ght a ,magian deputation to ,juda !n4 ,next1 t ! two planets nev] approa*$ ea* o!r ne>] ?an twice ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon1 s t !y w\ld h appe>$1 n z "o />1 b z two4 ,& ?irdly1 if ! planets _h seem$ to /& ov] ,be?lehem z ! wise m5 left ,j]usalem1 !y mo/ assur$ly w\ld n h appe>$ to d s :5 !y arriv$ at ! little city4 ,+5i\s z ! sugge/ion 01 x may be dismiss$ z unwor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,ano!r sugge/ion %[s ^u :at slight f\ndations a well-r\nd$ leg5d may be built4 ,9 ! ye> #aegb a wond]ful new /> appe>$ 9 ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia4 ,at its brighte/ x out%one ,v5us1 &1 ?\gh x gradually decl9$ 9 spl5d\r1 x rema9$ visible = "s sixte5 mon?s4 ,!re h be5 o!r in/ances ( outbur/s ( bright %ort-liv$ />s2 & brief notices1 9 ! annals ( ! ye>s #abfe & #ieb may h ref]r$ to su* objects1 b m probably ^! 7 comets4 ,! guess 0 haz>d$ t ^! objects might be "o & ! same2 t ! /> 9 ,cassiopeia might be a v>iable />1 bur/+ into brilliancy ab\t e #cae or #caf ye>s2 t x 0 ! /> t ann\nc$ ! bir? ( our ,"l1 & t x w\ld reappe> t[>ds ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to ann\nce ,8 second com+4 ,"o ?+ m 0 lack+ to make ! leg5d complete1 & ?is 0 suppli$ by ! planet ,v5us1 :i* %9es ) extraord9>y brilliance :5 9 p>ticul> p>ts ( h] orbit4 ,on "o ( ^! occasions1 :5 %e 0 se5 z a morn+ /> 9 ! ea/1 "s hazy recollection ( ! leg5d j notic$ caus$ a numb] ( p to hail h] z none o!r ?an ! /> ( ,be?lehem at its pr$ict$ return4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! /> ( #aegb _h ev] appe>$ be=e t date1 or w ev] appe> aga94 ,b 9 any case we are p]fectly sure t x c\ld n h be5 ! /> ( ,be?lehem4 ,= ,cassiopeia is a nor!rn con/ellation1 & ! wise m51 :5 !y set out f ,j]usalem to ,be?lehem mu/ h _h ,cassiopeia & all h] />s beh9d !m4 ,! fact t ! /> w5t be=e !m & /ood ov] :]e ! "y ,*ild lay1 gives ! impression t x 0 "s light1 l ! ,%ek9ah glory re/+ on ! ,ark 9 ! tab]nacle1 or ! pill> ( fire :i* l$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,b ?is view raises ! que/ions z to ! =m 9 :i* x fir/ appe>$ to ! wise m5 :5 !y 7 /ill 9 ! ,ea/1 & h[ !y came to call x a />1 :5 !y mu/ h recogniz$ h[ v un/>like x 04 ,:il/1 if :at !y saw :5 9 ! ,ea/ 0 really a />1 x seems mo/ difficult to und]/& h[ x c h appe>$ to g be=e !m & to /& ov] ! place :]e ! "y ,*ild lay4 ,i h some:]e come across a leg5d :i* may possibly af=d ! clue1 b ,i h n be5 able to f9d t ! leg5d re/s ^u any au?ority4 ,x is t ! /> _h be5 lo/ 9 ! daylight by ! "t t ! wise m5 rea*$ ,j]usalem4 ,x 0 !re=e an ev5+ /> dur+ _! j\rney ?i!r4 ,b x is said t :5 !y rea*$ ,be?lehem1 app>5tly ne>ly at midday1 "o ( !m w5t to ! well ( ! inn1 9 ord] to draw wat]4 ,look+ d[n into ! well1 he saw ! />1 reflect$ f ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is w\ld ( c\rse be an intimation to !m t ! /> 0 directly ov]head1 & its re-obs]vation1 "u su* unusual circum/ances1 w\ld be a suffici5t assurance t !y _h rea*$ ! "r spot4 ,inquiry 9 ! inn w\ld lead to a k ( ! visit ( ! %eph]ds1 & ( ! angelic message :i* _h told !m :]e to f9d ! ,babe born 9 ! city ( ,david1 a ,savi\r1 ,:i* is ,*ri/ ! ,"l4 ,if ?is /ory be true1 ! ,/> ( ,be?lehem 0 probably a new />1 l t ( #aegb4 ,its fir/ appe>ance w\ld !n h caus$ ! ,magi to set out on _! j\rney1 ?\gh x does n appe> h[ !y knew :at x signifi$1 unless we suppose t !y 7 in=m$ ( x 9 a dream1 j z !y 7 aft]w>ds w>n$ ( ,god n to return to ,h]od4 ,:il/ !y 7 travell+ ! c\rse ( ! ye> w\ld br+ ! />1 :i* %one /raight be=e !m 9 ! we/ aft] sunset e ev5+1 ne>] & ne>] to ! sun4 ,we may suppose t1 l o!r new />s1 x gradually fad$1 s t by ! "t ! wise m5 _h rea*$ ,j]usalem !y _h lo/ sight ( x altoge!r4 ,hav+ ?us lo/ x1 !y w\ld probably n ?9k ( look+ = x by daylight1 = x is no easy ?+ to detect by daylight ev5 ,v5us at h] greate/ brilliancy1 unless "o kn[s exactly :]e to look4 ,! difficulty does n lie 9 any want ( brightness1 b 9 pick+ up & hold+ /eadily s m9ute a po9t ( light 9 ! broad expanse ( ! gleam+ sky4 ,?is difficulty w\ld be ov]come = !m1 accord+ to ?is /ory1 by ! well1 :i* act$ l a tube to direct !m exactly to ! />1 & l a telescope1 to less5 ! sky gl>e4 ,x w\ld be also necess>y to suppose t ! /> 0 fla%+ out aga9 ) r5ew$ brilliancy4 ,su* a brief recov]y ( light has n be5 unkn[n 9 ! case ( "s ( our new or tempor>y />s4 ,i give ! above /ory = :at x is wor?1 b ,i atta* no importance to x myself4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 may feel t x removes :at !y _h felt z a difficulty 9 ! n>rative1--namely1 to und]/& h[ ! /> c\ld /& ov] :]e ! "y ,*ild lay4 ,x w\ld also expla91 :at seems to be impli$ 9 ! n>rative1 h[ x happ5$ t ! ,magi alone1 & n ! ,jews 9 g5]al1 p]ceiv$ ! /> at its second appe>ance4 ,= myself1 ! n>rative appe>s to me a/ronomically too incomplete = any a/ronomical conclusions to be drawn f x4 ,! retic5ce ( ! n>rative on all po9ts1 except ^? directly relat+ to our ,"l ,himself1 is an illu/ration ( ! tru? t ! ,scriptures 7 n writt5 to in/ruct u 9 a/ronomy1 or 9 any ( ! physical sci5ces1 b t we might h et]nal life4 ,,& ,,?is ,,is ,,life ,,et]nal1 ,,t ,,!y ,,might ,,"k ,,!e ,,! ,,only ,,true ,,god1 ,,& ,,jesus ,,*ri/1 ,,:om ,,?\ ,,ha/ ,,s5t4 ,a ,,table ,,( ,,scriptural ,,ref]5ces ---------------------------------------- ----- ,page4 ,book4 ,*ap4 & ,v]se4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #i ,i4 ,k+s v4 #bi-cd #aj ,wisdom vii4 #ag-bb 7,r4,v47 #aa ,psalm viii4 #c1 #d #ae ,eccl4 i4 #i #ag ,g54 i4 #a ,i4 ,*ron4 xvi4 #bf ,deut4 vi4 #d ,m>k xii4 #bi ,neh4 ix4 #f #ai ,heb4 xi4 #bc #bj ,,ii4 ,pet4 iii4 #h #bb ,psalm cxi4 #b-d 7,r4,v47 ,g54 ii4 #c #bc ,exod4 xx4 #aj1 #aa xxxi4 #af1 #ag ,g54 i4 #ad #be i4 #a #cb ,exod4 xv4 #d1 #e #ce ,g54 i4 #f-h i4 #ad #cf i4 #bj ,job xxxvii4 #ah 7,r4,v47 ,num4 xvii4 #ci ,isaiah xl4 #ai #cg ,j]4 x4 #i ,psalm cxxxvi4 #f #ch ,heb4 i4 #c #ci ,,ii4 ,sam4 xxii4 #h ,job xxvi4 #aa xxvi4 #g ,i4 ,sam4 ii4 #h #dj ,psalm lxxv4 #c civ4 #b ,isaiah xl4 #bb ,amos ix4 #f ,num4 xxxiv4 #d ,,ii4 ,sam4 xv4 #cj #da ,psalm cxlviii4 #d ,song ( ,?ree ,*ildr5 #ch ,amos v4 #h ix4 #f ,eccl4 i4 #g ,isaiah lv4 #aj 7,r4,v47 #db lv4 #aa ,job xxxvi4 #bf-bh 7,r4,v47 ,judges v4 #d ,psalm lxxvii4 #ag cxlvii4 #h ,prov4 xvi4 #ae ,eccl4 xii4 #b ,isaiah v4 #f ,jude #ab ,nahum i4 #c ,isaiah xviii4 #d #dc ,eccl4 xi4 #c ,job xxvi4 #h xxxviii4 #cd-cg #dd xxxviii4 #ai-bi 7,r4,v47 ,psalm xviii4 #f-ag 7,r4,v47 #de ,j]4 x4 #ac 7,r4,v47 ,psalm cxxxv4 #g #df ,job xxxvii4 #af #di xxxvi4 #bi ,g54 vii4 #aa #ej ,,ii4 ,k+s vii4 #a1 #b ,mal4 iii4 #aj ,hos4 vi4 #d ,dan4 viii4 #h ,ezek4 xxxvii4 #i #ea ,j]4 xlix4 #cf ,eccl4 i4 #f ,isaiah xi4 #ab xl4 #bb ,prov4 viii4 #bg #eb ,job xxii4 #ad 7,r4,v4 m>g97 xxvi4 #aj 7,r4,v47 ,g54 i4 #i ,psalm xxiv4 #b cxxxvi4 #f #ec ,ezek4 xxxi4 #d ,g54 vii4 #aa viii4 #b ,job xxxviii4 #af ,prov4 iii4 #bj ,j]4 v4 #bb #ed ,job xxxviii4 #h ,prov4 viii4 #bg1 #bi #ee ,jo%4 x4 #ac ,psalm xix4 #a-f 7,r4,v47 #ef ,i4 ,k+s xxii4 #ai #eg ,j]4 xxxiii4 #bb ,deut4 iv4 #ae1 #ai #eh ,job xxxviii4 #g ,judges v4 #bj ,,ii4 ,k+s vi4 #ad-ag #fj ,job xxxviii4 #eb 7,r4,v47 ,psalm cxi4 #b ,rev4 ii4 #bf1 #bh #fa ,isaiah xiv4 #ab-ad ,rev4 xxii4 #af #fb ,j]4 xxxi4 #cf ,isaiah xl4 #bf-ca 7,r4,v47 #fc ,g54 i4 #ad-ai #fd ,deut4 xxxiii4 #ad 7,r4,v47 ,i4 ,john i4 #e ,psalm xxvii4 #a ,isaiah lx4 #ai ,john i4 #i ,psalm lxxxiv4 #aa ,mal4 iv4 #b #fe ,james i4 #ag ,psalm cxxxix4 #ab ,deut4 iv4 #ai xvii4 #b1 #c #ff ,,ii4 ,k+s xxiii4 #aa ,ezek4 viii4 #aa viii4 #af ,job xxxi4 #bf ,cant4 vi4 #aj #fg ,judges viii4 #ac #fg ,judges xiv4 #ah ,j]4 xliii4 #ac #fh ,isaiah xix4 #ah ,cant4 vi4 #aj #fi ,psalm lxxii4 #e lxxii4 #ag #gj lxxxix4 #cf l4 #a cxiii4 #c xix4 #f ,eccl4 i4 #c #ga ,job xxxviii4 #ab-ad xxxviii4 #ad 7,r4,v47 ,eccl4 i4 #e #gb ,job xxvi4 #g ,psalm xix4 #f ,,ii4 ,k+s iv4 #ai ,psalm cxxi4 #f ,isaiah xlix4 #aj ,rev4 vii4 #af ,deut4 xxxiii4 #ad #gc ,james i4 #ag ,job xxxviii4 #cc ,wisdom vii4 #ah #gh ,rom4 i4 #bj-bc #gi ,john ix4 #d #hj ,psalm lxxxi4 #c ,prov4 vii4 #bj #hb ,isaiah lx4 #bj #hc ,num4 x4 #aj ,psalm lxxxi4 #c ,isaiah iii4 #ah #hd ,g54 xxxvii4 #i ,j]4 viii4 #b ,psalm civ4 #ai lxxxix4 #cf1 #cg cxxxvi4 #i ,j]4 xxxi4 #ce ,eccl4 xii4 #b ,isaiah xiii4 #aj ,ezek4 xxxii4 #g ,joel ii4 #aj1 #ca iii4 #ae ,hab4 iii4 #aa ,exod4 ii4 #b #he ,deut4 xxxiii4 #ac1 #ad ,,ii4 ,k+s xv4 #ac ,dan4 iv4 #bi ,ezra vi4 #ae ,neh4 i4 #a ,i4 ,k+s vi4 #a1 #cg1 #ch viii4 #b ,cant4 vi4 #aj ,isaiah lxxiv4 #bc #hf xxx4 #bf ,rev4 xix4 #f-h ,g54 xxxvii4 #i #hg xxxvii4 #aj ,job xxxi4 #bf-bh 7,r4,v47 #hh ,deut4 iv4 #ab1 #ae1 #af1 #ai ,judges viii4 #ba ,isaiah iii4 #ah ,,ii4 ,k+s xxiii4 #ac #hi ,g54 xiv4 #e ,i4 ,sam4 xxxi4 #aj ,,ii4 ,k+s xxiii4 #ac #hi ,j]4 vii4 #ah #ij xliv4 #ag1 #ah #ia ,isaiah xxx4 #bf lx4 #bj #ib ,psalm cxxi4 #f civ4 #ai-bd 7,r4,v47 #if ,g54 xv4 #e #ig ,psalm cxlvii4 #d ,isaiah xl4 #bb #ih ,i4 ,cor4 xv4 #da #ii ,prov4 xxv4 #c ,job xi4 #g1 #h xxii4 #ab ,j]4 xxxi4 #cg #ajj ,psalm ciii4 #aa1 #ab #ajg ,joel ii4 #cj ,g54 iii4 #bd ,heb4 i4 #g ,i4 ,*ron4 xxi4 #af #ajh ,jude #ac #aac ,acts xix4 #ce 7,r4,v47 #aaf ,rev4 vi4 #ac ,isaiah xxxiv4 #d ,rev4 viii4 #aj ,jude #ac #aag ,job iii4 #i 7m>g97 xli4 #ah xxxvii4 #bb 7,r4,v47 #aai ,j]4 x4 #b #abb ,wisdom vii4 #ah #abc ,amos i4 #a ,ze*4 xiv4 #e ,g54 i4 #ad #abd ,joel ii4 #aj ii4 #cj1 #ca ,acts ii4 #ai1 #bj ,rev4 vi4 #ab ,amos viii4 #i #abe ,micah iii4 #f ,isaiah xiii4 #aj ,j]4 xv4 #i ,ezek4 xxxii4 #g1 #h #abi ,mal4 iv4 #b ,james i4 #ag 7,r4,v47 #aca ,g54 xiv4 #e ,isaiah xlvi4 #a #acb xiv4 #ab ,,ii4 ,pet] i4 #ai ,isaiah lxv4 #aa ,dan4 v4 #bf 7,r4,v47 #acc ,amos v4 #be1 #bf ,acts vii4 #dc #adc ,isaiah viii4 #ai #add ,ezek4 xxi4 #ba 7,r4,v47 ,isaiah xlvii4 #ab1 #ac ,j]4 x4 #b #aej ,acts xvii4 #bd-bh #afc ,g54 ix4 #ac #afd iii4 #ae #aff iii4 #bd ,ezek4 i4 #e ,rev4 iv4 #g 7,r4,v47 ,ezek4 x4 #bj ,i4 ,k+s vi4 #bi1 #cb #afg ,g54 x4 #i #afi ,psalm lxxx4 #a #agc ,g54 vi4 #ai vii4 #b #ahd ,psalm l4 #e #ahf ,g54 xxxvii4 #i #ahi xlix4 #i ,rev4 v4 #e #aij ,deut4 xxxiii4 #ag 7,r4,v47 ,g54 xlix4 #f 7,r4,v47 xlix4 #d1 #ag #aia ,num4 xxiii4 #g1 #bd 7,r4,v47 xxiv4 #i 7,r4,v47 xxiv4 #h 7,r4,v47 xxiv4 #g 7,r4,v47 #aic ,exod4 xxxii4 #a ,acts vii4 #da1 #db ,exod4 xx4 #c xx4 #d1 #e #aid ,deut4 iv4 #ae ,psalm cvi4 #bj ,acts vii4 #db ,i4 ,k+s xii4 #bh #aie ,rev4 v4 #e #bjc ,job iii4 #h1 #i 7,r4,v47 xli4 ,psalm civ4 #be ,isaiah xxvii4 #a #bjd ,job xxvi4 #ab1 #ac #bje ,isaiah xxx4 #g 7,r4,v47 li4 #i1 #aj 7,r4,v47 ,psalm lxxxix4 #i1 #aj #bjf ,ezek4 xxxii4 #b 7,r4,v47 ,rev4 xx4 #b ,ezek4 xxxii4 #d 7,r4,v47 xxix4 #c1 #e #bjg ,rev4 xii4 #f 7,r4,v47 #bjh xii4 #ae1 #af 7,r4,v47 #bji ,job iii4 #i 7,r4,v47 xli4 #ah 7,r4,v47 #baj ,psalm xix4 #e #baa ,i4 ,k+s xviii4 #bg ,isaiah xxx4 #ca #bab ,psalm lxxiv4 #ab-ag #bae ,job ix4 #i xxxviii4 #ca ,amos v4 #h #bag ,isaiah lxv4 #aa #bah ,,ii4 ,k+s xvii4 #cj ,g54 xlix4 #bb #bbj ,rev4 i4 #ab1 #ac1 #ae i4 #bj #bbc ,i4 ,pet] iii4 #bj ,amos v4 #h ,job xxxviii4 #ca #bbd ,cant4 ii4 #aa-ac 7,r4,v47 #bbe ,job xxxviii4 #d xxxviii4 #ca 7,r4,v47 #bca ix4 #i xxxviii4 #ca ,amos v4 #h ,isaiah xiii4 #aj ,prov4 i4 #bb #bcd ,g54 x4 #h #bce x4 #aj #bch ,isaiah xiv4 #ac1 #ad #bci xiii4 #i-aa ,amos v4 #h #bda ,job xxxviii4 #cf #bdb xxvi4 #ac ,isaiah xlv4 #g #bdc ,job xxxviii4 #cb #bea xxxviii4 #cb ,,ii4 ,k+s xxiii4 #e ,deut4 iv4 #ai ,job ix4 #i xxxviii4 #ca1 #cb xxxvii4 #i #beb ,exod4 xxxii4 ,i4 ,k+s xii4 #bec ,,ii4 ,k+s xxiii4 #e ,job ix41 xxxviii4 #beg xxxviii4 #cc ,luke xi4 #b #beh ,job ix4 #i xxxviii4 #ca-cc #bei xxxvii4 #i #bfj ,isaiah l4 #i #bfb ,job xxxvii4 #i #bga ,g54 i4 #ad ,deut4 iv4 #ai #bgc ,exod4 xii4 #ah1 #ai ,lev4 xxiii4 #cb #bge ,psalm lv4 #ag ,job iii4 #i 7m>g97 ,cant4 ii4 #ag ,g54 xxxii4 #bd1 #bf ,jo%4 vi4 #ae ,judges xix4 #be ,,ii4 ,sam4 ii4 #cb #bgf ,g54 xxxii4 #ca ,exod4 xvi4 #ba ,i4 ,sam4 xi4 #i ,,ii4 ,sam4 iv4 #e ,i4 ,k+s xviii4 #bf ,judges xix4 #h1 #i ,job vii4 #b ,j]4 vi4 #d ,prov4 vii4 #i #bgg ,exod4 xii4 #f xvi4 #ab xxx4 #h ,levit4 xxiii4 #e ,num4 ix4 #c xxviii4 #d #bgh ,deut4 xvi4 #f #bgi ,exod4 xxx4 #h #bhj ,i4 ,cor4 xv4 #eb ,psalm lxiii4 #f cxix4 #adh ,lam4 ii4 #ai #bha ,judges vii4 #ai ,exod4 xiv4 #bd ,i4 ,sam4 xi4 #aa ,matt4 xiv4 #be ,m>k vi4 #dh ,dan4 iii4 #f1 #ae iv4 #ai1 #cc v4 #e ,job xxxviii4 #ab #bhb ,acts i4 #ab ,matt4 xx4 ,john xi4 #i1 #aj #bia ,exod4 xx4 #aa ,psalm cxviii4 #bd #bic ,,ii4 ,k+s iv4 #bc ,isaiah i4 #ac1 #ad #bid ,isaiah lxvi4 #bc ,amos viii4 #e ,col4 ii4 #af ,num4 xxviii4 ,i4 ,*ron4 xxiii4 ,,ii4 ,*ron4 ii4 xxix4 ,ezek4 xlv4 ,ezra iii4 ,neh4 x4 #bie ,num4 xxix4 #a xxix4 #g xxix4 #ab #bii ,deut4 xvi4 #a ,i4 ,k+s vi4 #a1 #cg vi4 #ch viii4 #b #cjj ,e/h] ii4 #af iii4 #g1 #ac viii4 #i1 #ab ix4 #a1 #ag1 #ai1 #ba ,ezra vi4 #ae ,neh4 i4 #a ii4 #a ,ze*4 vii4 #a ,deut4 xxi4 #ac 7y]a*7 ,,ii4 ,k+s xv4 #ac ,g54 xxix4 #ad 7*ode%7 #cja ,num4 xi4 #ah-bj1 #ca ,psalm lxxviii4 #bg #cjb ,g54 vii4 #aa viii4 #c1 #d #cjd ,ecclus4 xliii4 #f1 #g ,psalm civ4 #ai #cjh ,exod4 xii4 #b #cji ,i4 ,*ron4 xii4 #ae ,j]4 xxxvi4 #bb1 #bc ,ezra x4 #i #caj ,neh4 i4 #a1 #b ii4 #a viii4 #ad #caa ,exod4 xxiii4 #af xxxiv4 #bb ,,ii4 ,*ron4 xxiv4 #bc #cab ,,ii4 ,sam4 xi4 #a ,i4 ,*ron4 xx4 #a ,i4 ,k+s xx4 #bf ,,ii4 ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #aj #cac ,exod4 xii4 #b xxiii4 #af xxxiv4 #bb #cba ,g54 i4 #e #cbb vii4 #aa viii4 #ac1 #ad #cbe viii4 #bb ,psalm lxv4 #i-aa 7,r4,v47 #cbf ,exod4 xxi4 #b xxiii4 #aj1 #aa #cbg ,lev4 xxv4 #bj-bb ,lev4 xxvi4 #b1 #ba xxvi4 #cc-ce ,deut4 xv4 #a #cbh xxxi4 #aj1 #aa ,j]4 xxxiv4 ,lev4 xxvi4 #cb-ce ,,ii4 ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #ba #cbi ,neh4 x4 #ca ,lev4 xxv4 #h-aj #ccj ,num4 xxxvi4 #d ,isaiah lxi4 #b ,ezek4 xlvi4 #ag #ccb ,lev4 xxv4 #h1 #aj xxv4 #aa1 #ab #ccc xxv4 #bb xxv4 #c xxv4 #aj #cch xxv4 #db ,dan4 i4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #ag-bj #cdj viii4 #ac1 #ad xii4 #g vii4 #be ,rev4 xii4 #ad #cda xiii4 #e xi4 #b1 #c xii4 #f ,dan4 xi4 #ac 7m>g97 iv4 #af #cdh iii4 #af-ah #cec ,jo%4 x4 #ab #cee iv4 #ai v4 #aj vii4 #b-e vii4 #a1 #ba viii4 #cef viii4 #cj-ce ,exod4 xix4 #a1 #aa #cfb ,jo%4 x4 #ac #cfi ,luke ii4 #dd #cga ,jo%4 x4 #h #cgc x4 #aj #cgd x4 #ab #cge x4 #aa #cgf x4 #bg 7,r4,v47 #cgh x4 #ac #chb x4 #ac #chd x4 #ac1 #ad #che ,,ii4 ,k+s xx4 #e-aa #chf ,isaiah xxxviii4 #h #chg ,,ii4 ,*ron4 xxxii4 #ca #chi ,isaiah xxxviii4 #h #cij ,,ii4 ,k+s xx4 #i 7,r4,v47 ,i4 ,k+s x4 #e ,i4 ,*ron4 xxvi4 #af ,,ii4 ,k+s xvi4 #ah 7,r4,v47 #cia ,neh4 xii4 #cg #cib ,isaiah xxxviii4 #aj1 #aa xxxviii4 #ai1 #bj #cic ,matt4 ii4 #b1 #e-aj #cif ii4 #aj #cii ,luke ii4 #aa #djj ,john xvii4 #c ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,index ,,page ,ab5 ,ezra1 ,rabbi1 #bfj1 #bgh1 #cje ,abib 7mon? ( gre5 e>s71 #bii ,acronical ris+1 #bbc1 #bdf1 #bfa ,ad>1 mon?1 #he1 #cjj1 #cjd ,a]olites1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac ,ahaz1 ,dial (1 #che-cib ,alex&ria1 ,museum (1 #e1 #f1 #ach1 #aci1 #bij ,algeb>1 />-"n1 #bcc1 #bcd ,all51 ,r4 ,h41 #bba1 #bbb ,alroy1 #bgh ,aratus1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aed1 #afb1 #afc1 #ahf1 #bjh1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bbd ,arcturus 7see ,a%71 #beh-bff ,ari/otle1 #gf1 #aje ,a%1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bdc1 #bea1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfd-bff ,a%]ah 7groves71 #fg1 #hh ,a%tore?1 #fg1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #aca ,a/rology1 #e1 #gg1 #gh1 #acj-ade1 #bdh ,a/ruc1 ,jean1 #aga1 #agb ,atmosph]ic circulation1 #da-de ,aurora ,borealis1 #aag ,ayi%1 see ,a% ,baal1 or ,bel1 #fg1 #hi1 #aca1 #agf1 #agh1 #baj1 #bec ,be>1 ! 7see ,arcturus71 #aeb ,b5etna%1 #bfj ,be?lehem1 ,/> (1 #cic-djj ,bosanquet1 ,j4 ,w41 #chh ,bosanquet1 ,r4 ,h4 ,m41 #cae ,b\nd>y-/ones1 #aec1 #aed1 #aih1 #cah1 #cbj ,b[-/>1 !1 #bdj ,bradley1 ?ird ,a/ronom] ,royal1 #if ,bul1 mon?1 #he1 #bii ,burton1 ,lady1 #cgi ,cant]bury ,tales1 #bgg ,c>d9al po9ts1 #ej1 #ea ,c>r+ton1 ,r41 #bbj ,causality1 ,law (1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #gh ,*aldean ,acc\nt ( ,g5esis1 #bg ,*]ubim1 #aff1 #afi1 #ahh1 #aij ,*eyne1 ,dr41 #bch1 #bdj1 #bed1 #bee1 #bef ,*isleu1 mon?1 #he1 #bch1 #cjj1 #cjd1 #caj ,*iun1 #acc1 #acd1 #add ,cl\ds1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #ed ! balanc+s ( !1 #df ! spread+s (1 #di ,colures1 !1 #aei ,comets1 #ajc-ajh ,donati's1 #aje1 #ajg ,halley's1 #ajc1 #ajd ,cond]1 ,col4 ,c4 ,r41 #bch ,con/ellations1 li/ (1 #aea-aeb orig9 (1 #adi-afa ,cop]nicus1 #gf ,c[ell1 ,p4 ,h41 #cjc ,creation1 #ab-bd /ory (1 ,babylonian1 #bf1 #agj1 #agh1 #bdj1 #bdb1 #bdf1 #beb ,hebrew1 #be ,sc&9avian1 #bi ,cycles1 ,a/ronomical1 ( ,daniel1 #ccg-cdh ,cyl9d] seal1 #ga1 #bag ,damascius1 #bf1 #bg ,daniel1 ,cycles (1 #ccg-cdh ,dawson1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,bell1 #cdc ,day & its divisions1 #bfi-bhb ,days1 diff]5t k9ds (1 #bga1 #bgb ,dayspr+1 #ga1 #bha ,decans1 #adb1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdh ,de ,*eseaux1 #cdc ,deep 7tehom71 #be-cd1 #ec1 #bja1 #baj1 #baa1 #bcd f\nta9s (1 #eb-ed ,delitzs*1 ,pr(4 ,fr41 #ca1 #aeg1 #agj1 #aga1 #bhe ,deluge1 #di1 #ec1 #hc1 #afa1 #afe1 #afh1 #agj-ahe1 #bed ,d5n+1 ,w4 ,f41 #bbj ,dial ( ,ahaz1 #che-cib ,diana ( ! ,ephesians1 #aab ,dieulafoy1 ,m>cel1 #cgb ,disraeli1 #bgh ,dra*1 #bba ,draconic p]iod1 #abb ,dragon's ,head & ,tail1 #aih1 #aii ,driv]1 ,dr41 #agb1 #bji ,e>? 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7or ,mazzalo?71 #acj1 #bad1 #bdc-beg1 #bgj1 #bhj ,m5i1 #acb1 #bag ,m]cury1 #aca1 #acg ,m]oda*1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc1 #aca1 #afg1 #agh1 #baj1 #bcd-bdb1 #bdg1 #beb ,meteors1 #aaa-aag ,metonic ,cycle1 #cjf1 #cce1 #ccf1 #cci1 #cdd ,milton1 #ajg ,mi%na1 !1 #big1 #caa ,mi?raic cult1 #afj ,mon?1 #bic-cjd anomali/ic1 #cdb ,mon?s1 ,hebrew names =1 #cjd ,moon1 #gi-ib bl9dness1 #ib -god 7,s971 #hg1 #bec1 #cbc1 #cbd h>ve/1 #ha new1 #abc phases (1 #hj1 #ia ,mll]1 ,otfri$1 #bfb ,newton1 #d ,nisan1 mon?1 #cjj1 #cjd1 #caj1 #caa1 #cae1 #cbj ,node1 #aba1 #abb ,nor? 7mez>im71 #bfb1 #bfc 7tsaphon71 #ea ,onias1 #fh ,orion1 #bca-bdb ,ovid1 #bhh ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund1 map1 #cfj1 #cfb ,panyasis #aeb ,p>allax1 #gc1 #ih1 #bfe ,p]sius1 #bhh ,pes*itta1 #bei1 #bfa ,philo1 #bhi ,phosphorus1 #acb1 #acg ,p9*es1 ,t4 ,g41 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #ca1 #ij1 #agf1 #bce ,pleiades1 #acc1 #aeb1 #bac-bcj ,precession1 #aeh ,prit*>d1 ,pr(4 ,c41 #cig ,proctor1 ,r4 ,a41 #ajg1 #ajh1 #ace1 #ada ,procyon1 #aeb1 #bdj ,ptolemy1 ,claudius1 #e1 #gf1 #if1 #adi-aed ,ptolemy ,philomet]1 #fh ,py?agoras1 #acg1 #cde ,rahab 7! pr\d "o71 #bjd-bjf1 #baa ,rahu1 #bja ,ra91 #db-de1 #di ,records ( ! ,pa/1 #bf1 #bh ,remphan1 #acc1 #acd ,r+ ) w+s1 #hh1 #abf1 #abi ,rusk91 #df ,sabba?1 #bb-bd1 #bhc-bib ,sabbatic ,ye> & ! ,jubilee1 #cbf-ccf ,sam>itans1 #bgh ,samas 7sun-god71 see ,sun ,san*onia?on1 #hh ,sanh$rim1 #bif ,s>os1 !1 #abb1 #abc1 #cdf ,saturn & ,a/rology1 #acj-ade ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h41 #cc1 #cae ,s*iap>elli1 ,g4 ,v41 #g1 #da1 #dc1 #aci1 #ade1 #aih1 #bec1 #bed1 #bfa-bfc1 #bfi1 #bgi1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bij ,septuag9t ,v]sion1 #cg1 #acc1 #acd1 #afa1 #bae1 #bca1 #bda1 #beh1 #bei ,s9 7moon-god71 see ,moon ,sirius1 #ih1 #bdj ,sivan1 mon?1 #cjc1 #cbj ,smi?1 ,george1 #bg1 #cj ,s\? 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