,con/ruction ,"w = ,rural & ,elem5t>y   
,s*ools   ,,by  ,,virg9ia ,mc,g,a,w     
,tea*] 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ( ,baltimore
   ,a4 ,,flanagan ,,company ,,*icago    
,,copyright #aiji ,,by ,a4 ,,flanagan   
,,company     ,,preface   ,9 (f]+ ?is   
volume to ! public ! au?or has b "o     
wi%--namely1 t x may supply a want 9 "t 
( ne$ & help "s "o ov] a difficult      
place4  ,mo/ ( ! subject-matt] 9 ,p>ts  
,"o1 ,two1 ,?ree1 & ,f\r 0 writt5 = &   
has be5 previ\sly publi%$ 9 ! ,atlantic 
,educational ,j\rnal1 ) a view to assi/+
 ! rural tea*]4 ,! pres5t volume        
comprises a revision ( ! articles       
publi%$1 toge!r ) a %ort acc\nt ( "o    
season's "w 9 a s*ool g>d51 & has ! same
 object--t ( aid+ ! rural tea*] by means
 ( a few simple sugge/ions4  ,! "w is   
divid$ into five p>ts--,cord            
,con/ruction1 ,pap] ,con/ruction1 ,wood 
,con/ruction1 ,basketry1 & ,! ,s*ool    
,g>d54 ,no subject is dealt ) at l5g?4  
,! aim has be5 to give simple models t  
may be made )\t elaborate prep>ation or 

special mat]ial4  ,believ+ t a *ild is  
mo/ likely to appreciate 8 tools :5 he  
realizes _! value or kn[s _! hi/ory1 a  
brief introduction to ea* "p is giv51 & 
:]ev] possible1 ! place ( ! occupation 9
 race hi/ory is dealt )1 & an acc\nt ( !
 culture & habitat ( ! mat]ial is giv54 
,z cle> a /atem5t z is possible is made 
( h[ ! model is con/ruct$1 & 9 mo/ cases
 bo? a work+ draw+ & a picture are giv54
                                        
,,virg9ia ,mc,g,a,w4  ,,baltimore1      
,,m>yl&1   ,april1 #aiji4               
,,ackn[l$gm5ts   ,to ! ,atlantic        
,educational ,j\rnal = ! privilege (    
revis+ & rel9qui%+ ! articles on ,cord1 
,pap]1 ,wood1 & ,basketry4  ,to ,mr4    
,george ,m4 ,gai!r1 ,sup]visor ( ,manual
 ,tra9+ 9 ! ,public ,s*ools (           
,baltimore1 = five ( ! woodwork patt]ns4
  ,to ,presid5t ,ri*>d ,w4 ,silve/]1 ( !
 ,m>yl& ,agricultural ,college1 = !     
inspiration to write ! ,g>d5 ,bullet91 8
 cons5t to its republication1 & 8 he>ty 
cop]ation 9 its revision4     ,,cont5ts 

,,cord ,,con/ruction  ,,introductory    
,,rem>ks                             #i 
,,knots                                 
#i     #a ,ov]h& ,knot                  
#aj     #b ,squ>e ,knot                 
#aj     #c ,granny ,knot                
#aa  ,,*a9s                             
#aa     #d ,loop ,*a9                   
#aa     #e ,ov]h& ,knot ,*a9            
#ac     #f ,solomon's ,knot ,*a9        
#ac  ,,comb9$ ,,knots ,,& ,,*a9s        
#ae     #g ,knott$ ,bag                 
#ae     #h ,m9iature ,hammock--,knott$  
#af     #i ,m9iature ,portire--,knott$  
#ag  ,,weav+                            
#ag     #aj ,m9iature ,hammock--,wov5   
#ag   ,,pap] ,,con/ruction              
,,introductory ,,rem>ks                 
#be  ,a ,,model ,,lesson                
#bg     #a ,w9dmill or ,p9-:eel         
#ca     #b ,squ>e ,tray ,no4 ,i         
#ca     #c ,squ>e ,tray ,no4 ,,ii       
#ca     #d ,squ>e ,box ) ,cov]          
#cb     #e ,squ>e or ,rectangul> ,box   
#cc     #f ,p5cil ,box ) ,slid+ ,cov]   

#ce     #g ,se$ ,box ) ,sections        
#cg     #h ,picture ,frame ,no4 ,i1     
,diagonal ,folds       #cg     #i       
,picture ,frame ,no4 ,,ii               
#cg     #aj ,portfolio                  
#dj     #aa ,b>n--,h\se--,furniture     
#da     #ab ,hexagonal ,tray            
#db     #ac ,lamp ,%ade                 
#dd     #ad ,/>                         
#de     #ae ,notebook                   
#df     #af ,b\nd ,book                 
#dg     #ag ,japanese ,book             
#di     #ah ,scrap-,book                
#ej   ,,wood ,,con/ruction              
,,introductory ,,rem>ks                 
#ee     #a ,puzzle                      
#ef     #b ,plant ,label                
#eh     #c ,p5cil ,%>p5]                
#eh     #d ,mat* ,scrat*                
#ei     #e ,kite-,/r+ ,w9d]             
#fj     #f ,!rmomet] ,back              
#fa     #g ,pocket ,p9-,cu%ion          
#fa     #h ,picture ,frame              
#fc     #i ,japanese ,box               
#fe     #aj ,gr&fa!r's ,*air            

#ff   ,,basketry  ,,introductory        
,,rem>ks                            #ga 
,,re$ ,,con/ruction                     
#ge     #a ,napk9 ,r+ ,no4 ,i           
#ge     #b ,napk9 ,r+ ,no4 ,,ii         
#gf     #c ,mat                         
#gf     #d ,hamp] ,basket               
#gg     #e ,basket ,tray                
#gi     #f ,basket ) ,h&le              
#ha  ,,raffia ,,con/ruction             
#hc     #g ,plait$ ,rope                
#hd     #h ,plait$ ,mat                 
#he     #i ,purse                       
#hf     #aj ,plait$ ,basket             
#hf     #aa ,hat ( ,plait$ ,rope        
#hh     #ab ,napk9 ,r+                  
#hi     #ac ,indian ,basket             
#hi     #ad ,grass ,basket or ,tray     
#ia     #ae ,basket ( ,spl9ts & ,raffia 
#ic  ,,comb9$ ,,re$ ,,& ,,raffia        
#ie     #af ,umbrella                   
#ig     #ag ,m9iature ,*air ,no4 ,i     
#ig     #ah ,m9iature ,*air ,no4 ,,ii   
#ii  ,,rules ,,= ,,can+ ,,*airs         
#ajb   ,,! ,,s*ool ,,g>d5               

,,introductory ,,rem>ks                 
#ajg  ,a ,,city ,,s*ool ,,g>d5          
#ajh     ,,"p ,i  ,,cord ,,con/ruction  
,,cord ,,con/ruction   ,,introductory   
,,rem>ks  ,to a *ild "o ( ! mo/         
attractive ( possessions is a piece (   
cord4 ,he has s _m uses = x t x becomes 
"p ( ! priz$ cont5ts ( 8 pocket4 ,s9ce  
?is commodity af=ds s mu* pleasure to ! 
untra9$ *ild1 h[ greatly may ! pleasure 
be enhanc$ if he is taught h[ to make ! 
numb] ( beautiful ?+s t may be wr\ght f 
cord or tw9e6 ,hav+ ?is k1 he w         
unconsci\sly employ _m o!rwise we>y     
mom5ts 9 fa%ion+ "s covet$ article4     
,among ! ?+s he c make are *a9s1 re9s1  
bags1 nets1 m9iature hammocks1 portires1
 & rugs = ! dollh\se4 ,he mu/ be guid$  
/ep by /ep f ! simple/ to ! m intricate4
 ,he mu/ be taught t only :5 a ?+ is    
well done has x any use or value1 !re=e 
! be/ ef=t is necess>y to ! success ( 8 
"w4 ,if he ties a knot1 x mu/ be prop]ly
 ti$ or x w n hold4 ,if he makes a bag  
or a hammock1 ! me%es mu/ be uni=m & !  

color bl5d+s pleas+ or x w lack beauty1 
& ev5 he1 himself1 w n c>e = x4 ,%\ld he
 make a *a9 or re9s1 !y ought to be     
attractive-look+ z well z useful2 h5ce !
 aim %\ld be = arti/ic comb9ation &     
p]fect execution4 ,! success ! *ild w   
meet ) w dep5d greatly ^u ! attitude ( !
 tea*] t[>d ! "w & ! am\nt ( _s %e may  
be able to infuse into x4   ,,knots     
,aim--,to tea* ! names ( diff]5t knots1 
h[ !y are      ti$1 & ! utilit>ian value
 ( ea*4  ,beg9 by tea*+ h[ to tie a     
knot1 & t all knots are n alike nor ti$ 
9 ! same way4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds (      
knots--! ov]h& knot1 ! squ>e knot & !   
,granny knot4 ,ea* ( ^! has its use1 its
 place1 & a utilit>ian value4   #a      
,ov]h& ,knot       ,mat]ial--,"o        
#aj-;in* piece ( heavy tw9e4  ,hold "o  
end ( ! tw9e firmly 9 ! left h& & ?r[ ! 
o!r end ov] ) ! "r h& to =m a loop2 !n  
pass ! end 9 ! "r h& "u ! loop2 & draw x
 ?r\gh tightly1 mak+ a firm knot4       
,illu/ration3 ,,ov]h& ,,knot  ,a long   
piece ( tw9e 9 :i* are ti$ ei!r s+le    

knots at regul> int]vals1 or gr\ps (    
?ree or five knots ) spaces betwe51 w   
make a *a9 :i* w delight any small *ild4
   #b ,squ>e ,knot       ,aim--,to tea* 
h[ to tie a knot t w n slip4            
,mat]ial--,"o #ab-;in* piece ( heavy    
tw9e4  ,take an end ( ! tw9e betwe5 !   
?umb & ! =ef+] ( ea* h&4 ,hold+ 9 ! left
 h& end ,no4 #a1 pass x to ! "r ov] end 
,no4 #b2 !n pass x "u ,no4 #b2 f9ally1  
pass x out & ov]1 mak+ ! fir/ tie4 ,n[1 
hold+ end ,no4 #a firmly 9 ! "r h& & end
 ,no4 #b 9 ! left1 pass ,no4 #a to !    
left ov] ,no4 #b1 !n "u1 out & ov]2 draw
 ! two ties toge!r1 & y w h a firm1     
squ>e knot4  ,illu/ration3 ,,squ>e      
,,knot   #c ,granny ,knot               
,aim--,to tea* ! "n ( ! knot "o usually 
ties &      h[ to tie x4                
,mat]ial--,"o #ab-;in* piece ( heavy    
tw9e4  ,take an end ( ! tw9e betwe5 !   
?umb & ! =ef+] ( ea* h& & hold firmly4  
,pass end ,no4 #a to ! "r ov] end ,no4  
#b1 "u & out4 ,next pass end ,no4 #b to 
! "r ov] end ,no4 #a1 "u & out4  ,we n[ 

h ! knot kn[n z ! ,granny1 :i* we       
ord9>ily tie4   ,,*a9s  #d ,loop ,*a9   
,mat]ial--,"o piece1 #e y>ds long1 (    
macram cord1 ,no4      #ab1 "o color4   
7,see page #ab47  ,ab\t five in*es f "o 
end ( ! cord make a %ort loop4 ,us+ ?is 
loop z a />t+-po9t1 "w up ! l5g? ( !    
cord to )9 ab\t eighte5 in*es ( ! o!r   
end1 by repeat$ly draw+ a new loop ?r\gh
 ! "o previ\sly made z "o does 9        
cro*et+4 ,! *ild c easily manipulate !  
cord ) 8 t9y f+]s4 ,aim to h ! loops (  
uni=m size4 ,f9i% ) a loop five in*es   
long1 leav+ an end ( ! same l5g?4 ,n[1  
plac+ toge!r ! two ends ( ! *a91 we h a 
loop & two s+le ends ( cord4 ,take ^!   
s+le cords toge!r & buttonhole !m ov] ! 
loop = ab\t ?ree in*es1 !n twi/4 ,tie ! 
s+le ends ) a squ>e knot1 & fr+e !m out2
 leave ! loop4  ,illu/ration3 ,,loop    
,,*a9 ,%[+ h[ /it* is made & appe>ance (
 f9i%$ *a94  ,in/ead ( be+ fr+$1 ! ends 
may h a l>ge bead atta*$ to ea*1 & a    
:i/le may be /rung on ! loop4 ,?is w\ld 
bo? make ! *a9 attractive to ! *ild &   

demon/rate a use = x4   #e ,ov]h& ,knot 
,*a9       ,mat]ial--,macram cord1 ,no4 
#ab3 "o piece #b y>ds long1      :ite2  
"o piece #b y>ds long1 r$4              
,illu/ration3 ,,ov]h& ,,knot ,,*a9      
,fa/5 ! two pieces toge!r 9 ! middle4   
,p9 !m to a bo>d or slip !m ov] a hook  
:]e ! cord w be held firmly4 ,us+ !     
ov]h& knot1 tie ea* color alt]nately1   
until all except ab\t f\r in*es ( cord  
is us$ up4 ,tak+ f\r ends z "o1 tie a   
slip-knot close up to ! po9t :]e y /opp$
 =m+ ! *a94 ,next1 fr+e out ! f\r ends  
close up to ! knot4 ,! result is a      
circul> cord ) /ripes runn+ diagonally  
ar\nd x1 v pleas+ to ! eye ( a *ild4  ,!
 l5g?s "h giv5 make a fob-*a9 ab\t five 
in*es long4   #f ,solomon's ,knot ,*a9  
,mat]ial--,f\r pieces ( macram cord1    
,no4 #ab1 #b-a_/b y>ds      long1 ( "o  
color4 7,see page #ad47  ,d\ble 9 !     
middle & leave two loops1 ea* two in*es 
long4 ,take two /r&s z ! c5t] &         
f\ndation & atta* !m to a hook or a bo>d
 :]e !y w be held firmly4 ,loop ! two   

rema9+ ?reads alt]nately ov] ! two      
c5tral ones1 fir/ ! "o on ! "r1 !n ! "o 
on ! left4 ,= in/ance3 ,take a s+le cord
 on ! left1 =m a loop to ! left ( !     
d\ble cords1 draw ! end ov] ! two       
f\ndation pieces & hold firmly4 ,!n take
 a s+le cord on ! "r1 pass x ov] ! piece
 ( cord :i* =ms ! loop1 !n "u :]e ! ?ree
 pieces cross & up ?r\gh ! loop2 draw x 
tight4 ,!n "w ) a s+le cord on ! "r 9 ! 
same way & cont9ue1 alt]nat+ ! two s+le 
cords1 until !re is left ab\t f\r in*es4
 ,clip ! middle cords s t ! f\r ends may
 be ( equal l5g?4 ,f9i% by ty+ !m 9 a   
squ>e knot & fr++ ! ends4 ,?is =ms a    
flat *a9 "o-qu>t] ( an in* wide &       
"o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 :i* may be made 
any l5g? desir$4  ,illu/ration3         
,,solomon',s ,,knot ,,*a9 ,%[+ h[ /it*  
is made4  ,illu/ration3 ,,knott$ ,,bag  
,,comb9$ ,,knots ,,& ,,*a9s  #g ,knott$ 
,bag       ,mat]ial--,macram cord1 ,no4 
#ab1 "o or two colors2 twelve           
pieces #a y>d long or six pieces #a y>d 
long1 ( ea* ( !      two colors4  ,d\ble

 ea* piece ( cord 9 ! middle & tie x 9 a
 loop ov] a p5cil or "s o!r object t w  
make ! loops ( equal size4 ,slip ! loops
 f ! p5cil & /r+ !m to a cord1 alt]nat+ 
! colors4 ,jo9 ! ends ( ! cord s z to =m
 a hoop4 ,y n[ h twelve loops on ?is    
hoop & "o r[ ( knots4 ,=m a second r[ ( 
knots by ty+ cords ( diff]5t colors     
toge!r4 ,! me%es %\ld be uni=m & ( !    
size ( ! loops4 ,cont9ue knott+ "o r[   
bel[ ! o!r until ab\t ?ree in*es ( cord 
rema94 ,n[ /ret* ! bag out /raight &    
d\ble & tie toge!r ! f\r cords1 :i*     
op]ation w =m ! bottom & close ! bag4   
,fr+e ! ends & trim !m (f ev5ly4  ,make 
a loop *a91 & run x ?r\gh ! top loops1  
hav+ remov$ ! work+ cord4 ,small brass  
r+s may be us$ at ! top in/ead ( loops1 
& ! draw+ /r+ may be run ?r\gh !m4 ,a   
l>g] bag may be made by ! addition ( m &
 long] pieces ( tw9e4  ,illu/ration3    
,,m9iature ,,hammock--,,knott$   #h     
,m9iature ,hammock--,knott$             
,mat]ial--,twelve pieces ( se9e cord1   
,no4 #ab1 ea* #b      y>ds long4 ,two   

iron r+s1 #a in* 9 diamet]4  ,/r+ !     
pieces ( cord ?r\gh a r+1 tak+ c>e t !  
ends are ( ! same l5g?4 ,ab\t ?ree in*es
 f ! r+1 knot ea* piece ( cord4 ,?is w  
make twelve knots & =m ! fir/ r[4 ,= !  
second r[1 knot alt]nate pieces ( cord4 
,cont9ue until !re are twelve r[s (     
knots4 ,be c>eful to make ! me%es ! same
 size4 ,leave ab\t ?ree in*es unknott$ &
 atta* ^! ends to ! second r+4 ,make a  
twi/$ cord 7( f\r ?icknesses ( macram7 (
 "s contra/+ color & run ?r\gh ! me%es (
 ea* side1 tak+ x twice ?r\gh ea* me% & 
atta*+ x to r+s at ! ends ( ! hammock4  
,! me%es %\ld be ab\t an in* squ>e4     
,make ! cords a little %ort] ?an ! sides
 ( ! hammock1 9 ord] to give x ! prop]  
spr+4 ,take an extra piece ( cord !     
color ( ! hammock & wrap x ar\nd ! cords
 close up to ! r+s1 w9d+ x ev5ly &      
firmly = ab\t an in* f ! r+2 fa/5 x     
securely4   #i ,m9iature                
,portire--,knott$                       
,mat]ial--,twelve #cf-;in* l5g?s (      
macram cord1 ,no4 #ab4  ,d\ble ea* piece

 9 ! middle &1 us+ ! ov]h& knot1 tie x  
ov] a /\t lead p5cil or a v n>r[ rul]4  
,see t ea* knot is press$ close to !    
f\ndation hold]1 t ! loops may be (     
equal size4 ,^! loops & knots =m ! fir/ 
r[4 ,d n remove !m f ! hold]4 ,sep>ate !
 cords & knot toge!r ea* two adjac5t    
ones1 alt]nat+ at e o!r r[4 ,cont9ue    
knott+ until ab\t ?ree in*es ( cord     
rema9 to =m ! fr+e at ! bottom4 ,be=e   
ty+ ! la/ r[ ( knots1 slip a color$     
glass bead ov] ea* set ( cords1 !n make 
! knot s z to hold ! bead 9 place4 ,^!  
beads are an ornam5t1 ap>t f giv+ weight
 to ! portire to make x hang well4 ,trim
 ! fr+e ev5ly1 slip ! portire f !       
f\ndation hold]1 & x is ready to hang4  
,use beads ! color ( ! cord1 or ( "s    
effective contra/+ %ade4 ,if a *ild is  
exp]t en\gh1 a bead may be plac$ at e   
knot1 add+ decid$ly to ! attractiv5ess (
 ! little portire4 7,see page #ah47     
,,weav+  #aj ,m9iature ,hammock--,wov5  
,mat]ial--,tag-bo>d loom #haj in*es4    
,cord ( "o1 two or      ?ree colors4    

,two brass r+s1 #a_/b in* 9 diamet]4    
,illu/ration3 ,,m9iature ,,porti]e--7,= 
description see page #ag47  ,to make a  
loom1 take a piece ( tag-bo>d #haj in*es
 9 size4 ,measure (f "o in* f ! back    
edge & draw a l9e p>allel to ! back     
edge4 ,measure (f "o in* f ! front edge 
& draw a l9e p>allel to ! front edge4   
,measure (f "o in* f ! "r edge & draw a 
l9e p>allel to ! "r edge4 ,measure (f "o
 in* f ! left edge & draw a l9e p>allel 
to ! left edge4 ,y h n[ a #fh-;in*      
rectangle m>k$ (f1 leav+ a "o-in* space 
ar\nd ! edge ( ! tag-bo>d4 ,/>t at a    
po9t :]e a v]tical & a horizontal l9e   
int]sect & m>k (f ! six-in* ends into   
spaces "o-f\r? in* ap>t4 ,next ) a l>ge 
ne$le pi]ce ! bo>d at ea* po9t (        
int]section4 ,?is w make tw5ty-five     
eyelets at ea* end4 ,on ! rev]se side ( 
! bo>d draw diagonals to det]m9e ! c5t]4
 ,tie toge!r ! two brass r+s & fa/5 !m  
firmly to ! c5t] ( ! rev]se side4       
,illu/ration3 ,,blanket ,,= ,,doll',s   
,,b$ ,%[+ h[ x is />t$4  ,to /r+ ! loom 

requires ab\t fifte5 y>ds ( cord4       
,divide ! cord into two l5g?s4 ,?read a 
l5g? into a ne$le & tie "o end ( x to "o
 ( ! brass r+s4 ,next c>ry ! cord f ! r+
 ?r\gh ! ?irte5? p]=ation1 !n across !  
face ( ! loom to ! ?irte5? p]=ation at !
 opposite end1 ?r\gh aga9 to ! rev]se   
side & pass ?r\gh ! opposite r+ f :i* x 
/>t$4 ,repeat ?is op]ation by c>ry+ !   
cord 9 a rev]se direction ea* "t until  
"o-half ! loom is /rung4 ,!n ) ! o!r    
l5g? ( cord />t1 by atta*+ x to ! same  
r+ to :i* ! fir/ piece 0 ti$1 & "w 9 !  
opposite direction until ! second half  
is /rung4 ,%\ld x be necess>y to add to 
! cord1 arrange t ! knot be on an end   
ne> a r+4 ,a knot 9 ! w>p hamp]s !      
weav+4  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,rug ,made (  
n>r[ /rips ( cotton clo?4  ,h ! w>p     
?reads & ! pr$om9ant wo( ?read ( ! same 
color4  ,to beg9 weav+1 cut a quantity (
 t5-in* l5g?s4 ,take "o ( ^! l5g?s1 />t 
9 ! c5t] ( ! loom1 & weave 9 & out among
 ! w>p ?reads1 all[+ x to ext5d two     
in*es beyond on ea* side4 ,h a p]fectly 

smoo?1 n>r[1 ?9 rul] & weave x 9 across 
! w>p ?reads4 ,z ea* horizontal or wo(  
?read is add$1 %ove x close to ! prec$+ 
"o ) ! rul]1 :i* acts z a pu%]4 ,weave  
fir/ on "o side ( ! c5t] & !n on ! o!r1 
until ! entire #fh-;in* space is cov]$4 
,if a bord] is to be put 91 gauge equal 
spaces f ! c5t] & "w 9 ! bord] ( a      
diff]5t %ade or color4 ,! bord]s mu/ be 
plac$ equally di/ant f ! c5t] & ! same  
di/ance f ea* end4 ,take ! ov]hang+     
cords & knot ea* alt]nate two toge!r    
along ! l9e ( ! out] w>p ?read4 ,?is w  
hold ! wo( ?reads 9 place1 z well z f9i%
 ! edges ( ! hammock4 ,comb ^! ends out 
& trim !m1 to get ! fr+e ev54 ,at ea*   
end :]e ! weav+ /ops1 take a ne$le      
?read$ ) a l5g? ( cord & run 9 & out    
along ! w>p ?reads1 fir/ to ! "r & !n to
 ! left ( ! f9al wo( ?read4 ,?is makes a
 secure f9i% & holds ! wo( ?reads 9     
position4 ,next unfa/5 ! r+s & remove ! 
hammock f ! loom by te>+ ! tag-bo>d     
along ! l9es ( p]=ations4 ,f9ally1 :]e !
 cords pass ?r\gh ! r+1 hold !m close to

 ! r+ & wrap !m ) a piece ( cord = !    
di/ance ( an in*1 !n fa/5 (f by =c+ !   
ne$le up ?r\gh ! wrapp$ space t[>d ! r+2
 draw ! end ?r\gh & clip close to ! r+4 
,! hammock is n[ f9i%$4  ,! "q may      
arise3 ,:y beg9 weav+ 9 ! c5t] ( ! loom8
 ,! answ] is3 ,because small *ildr51 &  
ev5 old] ones1 sometimes1 are n able to 
keep _! w>p ?reads p>allel & z !y       
approa* ! middle1 :]e ^! ?reads give m1 
!y naturally draw !m 94 ,?is t5d5cy is  
rem$i$ to a great ext5t by beg9n+ 9 !   
middle & weav+ t[>d ! ends1 :]e ! w>p is
 conf9$ 9 ! bo>d & keeps its place ) no 
ef=t on ! "p ( ! *ild4     ,,"p ,,ii    
,,pap] ,,con/ruction     ,,pap]         
,,con/ruction   ,,introductory ,,rem>ks 
,:atev] may h be5 ! true orig9 ( ! art (
 pap]-mak+1 x is n[ lo/ 9 obscurity4 ,x 
is almo/ c]ta9 t ! e>lie/ =m ( pap] 0 ! 
papyrus ( ! ,egyptians & t !y 7 ! fir/  
to use x z a writ+ mat]ial4 ,!y         
manufactur$ x f ! /em ( ! papyrus plant1
 f :i* ! "n pap] comes4  ,x is also kn[n
 t ! ,*9ese 7 v]s$ 9 ?is art be=e !     

,*ri/ian ,era1 & t !y made pap] f ! b>k 
( v>i\s trees1 ! s(t "p ( bamboo /ems1 &
 cotton4 ,9 ,india & ,*9a ! practice (  
writ+ on dri$ palm & o!r leaves /ill    
obta9s4 ,x is probable t ! employm5t (  
^! fibr\s sub/ances1 toge!r ) obs]vation
 ( ! me?ods ( pap]-mak+ wasps & o!r     
insects1 l$ to manufactur+ by pulp+ !   
mat]ials & spread+ !m out4  ,z ! ,*9ese 
seem to h be5 ! pione]s 9 s _m great    
inv5tions1 s also !y appe> to h be5 !   
inv5tors ( ?is art4 ,f ! ,*9ese !       
,arabians le>n$1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 !    
craft ( mak+ pap] f cotton1 & !y        
e/abli%$ a manufactory at ,sam>c& 9 #gjf
 ,a4 ,d4 ,"h ! ,moors le>n$ ! art1 &    
?r\gh !m x 0 introduc$ into ,spa94 ,x is
 ?\ght t ! ,moors us$ flax & hemp 9     
addition to cotton 9 _! manufacture (   
pap]4 ,! products ( _! mills are kn[n to
 h be5 ( a mo/ sup]ior quality1 b1 ) !  
decl9e ( ! ,moors1 pap]-mak+ pass$ into 
less skill$ h&s1 & ! quality ( ! pap]   
became inf]ior4  ,f ,spa9 ! art spread  
?r\gh ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 & z     

factories 7 e/abli%$ fur!r nor?1 :]e    
cotton 0 n a product nor easy to import1
 ! necessity ( sub/itut+ "s o!r mat]ial 
probably l$ to ! introduction ( l95     
rags2 b :5 !y began to be us$ is        
unc]ta94 ,engl& 0 f> beh9d ! o!r        
c\ntries ( ,nor!rn ,europe 9 introduc+ !
 indu/ry ( pap]-mak+4  ,illu/ration3    
,,scre5--,,six-,,by-,,n9e-,,in*         
,,con/ruction ,,pap]  ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 to-day pap] 9 all v>ieties is          
manufactur$ to an enorm\s ext5t1 & almo/
 exclusively f vegetable matt]4 ,! book 
& newspap] trades dem& an untold        
quantity4  ,!re are ?ree great          
types--writ+1 pr9t+1 & wrapp+ pap]4     
,writ+ pap] is made f rags & wood pulp4 
,! /aple = wrapp+ pap] is old rope1 & 9 
"s cases jute4 ,! be/ writ+ & pr9t+     
pap]s1 h[ev]1 are made f rags4 ,f ^! z  
/aples1 all o!r v>ieties are develop$1 &
 we h pap] = e use to :i* man c apply x4
  ,pap] fold+ & model+ is n an anci5t   
occupation1 b a mod]n device1 yet to !  
*ild x has a utilit>ian value n to be   

ov]look$4 ,8 nature dem&s t he be       
employ$1 & *ange ( occupation is        
conducive to 8 happ9ess4 ,no?+ is q s   
re/ful to him z to d some?+ ) 8 h&s2    
!re=e1 ) 8 blocks he builds a h\se1     
f5ces x ar\nd ) 8 spl9ts1 & /rews !     
gr\nd ) imag9>y trees & animals4 ,he    
lives 9 ?is nurs]y play1 & 9 x he is    
happy4  ,:5 he ent]s s*ool1 %\ld he h   
only books8 ,no1 8 h&s /ill dem&        
employm5t4 ,he is n[ l$ to fa%ion f pap]
 :at he has already made ) 8 blocks &   
toys4 ,he is occupi$1 he is int]e/$1 &  
he is cultivat+ conc5tration & indu/ri\s
 habits4 ,is ?is wor? :ile8  ,beg9 !    
lessons ) a talk on ! manufacture & uses
 ( pap]4 ,by a /ory1 an association or !
 sugge/ion ( a future use ! *ild %\ld be
 made to feel t he is do+ some?+ wor?   
:ile4 ,?is w acc5tuate ! int]e/ & deep5 
! impression4  ,all models giv5 may be  
increas$ or decreas$ 9 size if !        
proportions are adh]$ to1 b ! dim5sions 
/at$ are ^? commonly us$4   ,a ,,model  
,,lesson       ,aim--,to con/ruct a     

w9dmill or p9-:eel4  ,ea* *ild %\ld h a 
five-in* squ>e1 a sl5d] /ick five in*es 
long1 a p91 a rul]1 a pair ( scissors1 &
 a lead p5cil4  ,! *ildr5 are suppos$ to
 "k t e piece ( pap]1 laid 9 position1  
has a back edge1 a front edge1 a "r     
edge1 a left edge1 a "r-back corn]1 a   
left-back corn]1 a "r-front corn]1 a    
left-front corn]1 & t1 9 trac+1 ! =ef+] 
( ! "r h& is us$4  ,?ree que/ions aft]  
ea* direction w be suffici5t4 ,!        
que/ions aim to h a complete /atem5t 9  
answ]1 & to develop an unconsci\sly     
correct use ( ! v]b4 ,?is may appe> sl[ 
at fir/1 b soon ! replies w come quickly
 & ! answ] w be correctly giv54         
,illu/ration3 ,,w9dmill1 ,a  ,tea*]3    
,*ildr51 lay y\r pap]s on y\r desk      
p>allel ) ! front edge ( ! desk4--,john1
 :]e are y to lay y\r pap]8  ,john3 ,i  
am to lay my pap] on my desk p>allel ) !
 front edge ( my desk4  ,tea*]3 ,m>y1   
:]e did y lay y\r pap]8  ,m>y3 ,i laid  
my pap] on my desk p>allel ) ! front    
edge ( my desk4  ,tea*]3 ,willie1 :]e   

has ,m>y laid h] pap]8  ,willie3 ,m>y   
has laid h] pap] on h] desk1 p>allel ) !
 front edge ( h] desk4  ,tea*]3 ,trace !
 back edge ( y\r pap]4--,anna1 :at are y
 to d to y\r pap]8  ,anna3 ,i am to     
trace ! back edge ( my pap]4  ,tea*]3   
,h>ry1 :at did y d to y\r pap]8  ,h>ry3 
,i trac$ ! back edge ( my pap]4  ,tea*]3
 ,jessie1 :at h y done to y\r pap]8     
,jessie3 ,i h trac$ ! back edge ( my    
pap]4  ,tea*]3 ,ea* *ild place ! =ef+]  
on ! "r-back corn] ( ! pap]4--,*>les1   
:at are y to d8  ,*>les3 ,i am to place 
my =ef+] on ! "r-back corn] ( my pap]4  
,tea*]3 ,anna1 :at did y d8  ,anna3 ,i  
plac$ my =ef+] on ! "r-back corn] ( my  
pap]4  ,tea*]3 ,laur5ce1 :at h y done8  
,laur5ce3 ,i h plac$ my =ef+] on !      
"r-back corn] ( my pap]4  ,tea*]3 ,take 
y\r rul] & lay x across y\r pap] f !    
left-back corn] to ! "r-front           
corn]4--,m>g>et1 :at are y to d8        
,m>g>et3 ,i am to lay my rul] on my pap]
 f ! left-back corn] to ! "r-front      
corn]4  ,tea*]3 ,draw a l9e connect+ !  

left-back corn] ( y\r pap] ) ! "r-front 
corn]4--,james1 :at did y draw8  ,james3
 ,i drew a l9e connect+ ! left-back     
corn] ( my pap] ) ! "r-front corn]4     
,tea*]3 ,alice1 :at h y drawn8  ,alice3 
,i h drawn a l9e connect+ ! left-back   
corn] ( my pap] ) ! "r-front corn]4  ,n[
 h ! *ildr5 draw a l9e connect+ ! rev]se
 diagonal corn]s & proce$ z foll[s3     
,tea*]3 ,f9d ! po9t :]e ! l9es cross4   
,?is is ! c5t] or middle po9t ( y\r     
pap]4--,alb]t1 :at are y to f9d8        
,alb]t3 ,i am to f9d ! po9t :]e ! l9es  
cross1 :i* is ! c5t] ( my pap]4  ,tea*]3
 ,measure "o in* f ?is po9t on ea* ( !  
f\r l9es & place a dot4--,s>a1 :at did y
 measure8  ,s>a3 ,i measur$ "o in* f !  
c5t] ( my pap] on ea* ( ! f\r l9es &    
plac$ a dot4  ,tea*]3 ,lay y\r p5cil &  
y\r rul] d[n4 ,place y\r pap] on y\r    
desk p>allel ) its front edge & lay y\r 
left h& on ! "r-front corn]4 ,turn !    
pap] until ?is corn] is directly 9 front
 ( y4 ,take y\r scissors & cut along !  
rul$ l9e f ! corn] to ! po9t "o in* f ! 

c5t]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,w9dmill1 ,b  ,lay
 d[n y\r scissors4 ,turn y\r pap] f "r  
to left until ! next corn] faces y4     
,cut4 ,move ! pap] f "r to left aga9    
until ! ?ird corn] faces y4 ,cut4 ,br+ !
 f\r? corn] to face y4 ,cut4 ,!re are n[
 eight po9ts4 ,turn ea* alt]nate po9t to
 ! c5t]1 run ! p9 ?r\gh all ( !m & fa/5 
! :eel to ! /ick4  ,f9al que/ions4      
,tea*]3 ,:at did y make8  ,pupil3 ,i    
made a p9-:eel4  ,tea*]3 ,:at h y made8 
,pupil3 ,i h made a p9-:eel4  ,tea*]3   
,:at has ,ell5 made8  ,pupil3 ,ell5 has 
made a p9-:eel4  ,:5 old] pupils h      
complet$ a model x is excell5t practice 
to h !m write a full description ( h[ x 
is made & ! mat]ials us$4   #a ,w9dmill1
 or ,p9-,:eel       ,mat]ial--,"o piece 
( con/ruction pap]1 #ee in*es4          
,/ick1 #ea_/da_/d in*es4 ,"o p94 7,see  
pages #bh & #cj47  ,fold ! squ>e on !   
diagonals4 ,cut ! diagonals to )9       
"o-half in* ( ! c5t]4 ,b5d alt]nate     
corn]s ov] until ! po9t ( ea* t\*es !   
c5t]4 ,fa/5 ! f\r po9ts 9 ! c5t] by     

runn+ ! p9 ?r\gh !m & driv+ x into !    
/ick4   #b ,squ>e ,tray ,no4 ,i         
,mat]ial--,con/ruction pap]1 #ee in*es4 
7,see page #cb47  ,measure (f "o in* on 
f\r sides1 & connect ! po9ts ) a l9e    
p>allel to ! edge ( ! pap]4 ,score      
lightly ea* l9e4 ,cut out ! f\r corn]   
squ>es4 ,turn up ! sides1 fa/5 ! corn]s 
toge!r ) raffia or cord1 ty+ a small b[4
   #c ,squ>e ,tray ,no4 ,,ii            
,mat]ial--,con/ruction pap]1 #ee in*es4 
7,see page #cc47  ,fold & crease into   
sixte5 small squ>es4 ,score lightly !   
f\r l9es ne>e/ ! out] edge4 ,draw "o    
diagonal po9t+ t[>d ! c5t] ( ea* corn]  
squ>e4 ,next draw half ( ! diagonal     
ext5d+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,fold !  
pap] on ! l9es scor$4 ,crease !         
diagonals #a-b1 mak+ ! crease ext5d to !
 inside ( ! tray1 & press until l9es    
#a-d & #a-c meet4 ,n[ we h a triangle on
 ! inside ( ! tray4 ,fold ?is ov] on    
half-diagonal1 ,no4 #e1 & press to !    
side ( ! tray4 ,?is w fa/5 toge!r firmly
 ! corn]s ( ! tray4  ,illu/ration3      

,,squ>e ,,tray ,no4 ,i--7,= description 
see page #ca47   #d ,squ>e ,box ) ,cov] 
,mat]ials--,con/ruction pap]1 #ff in*es4
 7,see page #cd47  ,measure (f f ! out] 
edge two l9es1 "o in* ap>t4 ,score ^!   
l9es4 ,9 ea* corn] !re are f\r "o-in*   
squ>es4 ,cut (f #a1 #b1 & #c2 !n draw ! 
diagonal ( #d po9t+ t[>d ! c5t] ( !     
pap]4 ,crease & fold on ^! diagonals1   
ext5d+ ! triangle inw>d4 ,fold ?is      
triangle ov] to half its size2 press to 
! inside ( ! box4 ,edges #e-f1 #e-g w   
meet to =m ! corn]s ( ! box1 & cov]     
flaps #h-i w fall naturally into place4 
,result1 box f\r in*es squ>e1 "o in*    
deep1 ) fold+ cov]4   #e ,squ>e or      
,rectangul> ,box  ,illu/ration3 ,,squ>e 
,,tray ,no4 ,,ii--7,= description see   
page #ca47       ,mat]ial--,con/ruction 
pap]1 #dd in*es or #df in*es4  ,measure 
(f a m>g9 "o in* all ar\nd1 & score4    
,cut z indicat$ on page #ce4 ,fold ov] !
 bord] to half its wid?1 z #a ov] to #b4
 ,b5d up on l9e #b-c4 ,:5 ! edge is     
fold$ ov] a little tongue is =m$ at ea* 

end4 ,slip ?is tongue "u ! fold ( !     
adjac5t side1 & x w fa/5 ! sides ( ! box
 firmly toge!r4 ,a lid may be made      
exactly z ! box is made4  ,illu/ration3 
,,squ>e ,,box ,,) ,,cov]--7,=           
description see page #cb47  ,a beautiful
 ,*ri/mas box may be made ( r$ pap]1 or 
gray decorat$ ) holly4 ,made ( :ite     
pap]1 ) a *ick5 79 yell[7 pa9t$ on !    
lid1 x is appropriate = ,ea/]4          
,illu/ration3 ,,squ>e ,,box--7,=        
description see pages #cc & #cd47   #f  
,p5cil ,box ) ,slid+ ,cov]              
,mat]ial--,con/ruction pap]3 "o #g-;in* 
squ>e2 "o      rectangle #di in*es4     
7,see page #cf47  ,draw]4 ,lay !        
rectangle on ! desk ) ! n9e-in* edge    
p>allel ) ! front edge ( ! desk4 ,draw a
 l9e "o in* f ! back edge & p>allel ) x4
 ,draw a l9e "o in* f ! front edge &    
p>allel ) x4 ,draw a l9e "o in* f ! "r  
edge & p>allel ) x2 & a l9e "o in* f !  
left edge & p>allel ) x4 ,score1 b5d &  
crease on ^! l9es4 ,cut ! l9es on ! "r &
 ! left edges to :]e !y int]sect ! l9es 

on ! back & ! front edges4 ,fold & glue4
 ,! laps are pa/$ on ! inside & give    
/r5g? to ! ends ( ! draw]4              
,illu/ration3 ,,p5cil ,,box ,,) ,,slid+ 
,,cov]  ,cov] 7sev5-in* squ>e74 ,measure
 (f "o & "o-f\r? in*es1 & con/ruct a l9e
 p>allel to ! back edge4 ,measure "o in*
 & draw a l9e p>allel to ?is4 ,measure  
(f two & "o-sixte5? in*es 7%y7 & draw a 
?ird p>allel l9e4 ,measure "o in* aga9 &
 draw a f\r? l9e p>allel to ! o!r ?ree4 
,score & fold on ^! l9es4 ,lap ! space  
at ! back edge ov] ! space at ! front   
edge until !y =m a rectangle two &      
"o-sixte5? by sev5 in*es 9 size1 to     
correspond ) ! opposite "o1 :i* is ! top
 ( ! cov]4 ,glue4 ,slide 9 ! draw] & !  
p5cil box is complet$4   #g ,se$ ,box ) 
,sections       ,mat]ial--,con/ruction  
pap]3 two rectangles #hi in*es2      "o 
rectangle #be-a_/b in*es2 "o rectangle  
#bd-a_/b in*es4      7,see page #ch47   
,take "o #hi-;in* rectangle = ! body ( !
 box & lay (f a two-in* space all ar\nd4
 ,cut on dott$ l9es4 ,score & crease1   

fold & glue4 ,! laps are glu$ to !      
inside & ea* "o turn$ to ! "r4 ,:5 !    
p>titions are put 9 ! laps m>k :]e !    
ends g1 z well z brace ! ends ( !m4     
,take ! two rectangles1 #bd-a_/b in*es &
 #be-a_/b in*es1 & draw a l9e "o-half   
in* f ea* ( ! two-in* edges4 ,score &   
crease4 ,^! =m ! laps = pa/+ ! p>titions
 94 ,on ^! p>titions turn all f\r laps  
to ! "r1 to co9cide ) ! laps on ! box4  
,dovetail ! p>titions by cutt+ a slit "o
 in* deep 9 ! c5t] ( ea* & slipp+ "o ov]
 ! o!r4 ,next glue !m to ! inside ( !   
box4  ,cov]4 ,take ! second #hi-;in*    
rectangle & m>k (f a two-in* space 7%y7 
all ar\nd4 ,f9d middle ( n9e-in* edges &
 draw l9es #a-b1 #b-c1 & #b-d4 ,cut out 
^! two triangles4 ,cut ! corn]s on !    
dott$ l9es4 ,score1 fold1 & glue4       
,notice t 9 ! lids ! laps are n turn$ z 
9 ! body ( ! box4 ,"h1 z 9 ! draw] ( !  
p5cil-box1 ! laps are glu$ to ! ends ( !
 cov]1 conc5trat+ /r5g? !re & produc+   
symmetry 9 con/ruction4   #h ,picture   
,frame ,no4 ,i--,diagonal ,folds        

,mat]ial--,con/ruction pap]1 #ee in*es4 
7,see page #ci47  ,fold on ! diagonals4 
,br+ ea* corn] ov] until x t\*es ! c5t]2
 crease4 ,fold ea* corn] back aga9 until
 its po9t t\*es ! outside edge at !     
middle section2 crease4  ,illu/ration3  
,,se$ ,,box ,,) ,,sections--7,=         
description see page #cg47   #i ,picture
 ,frame ,no4 ,,ii                       
,mat]ial--,con/ruction pap]1            
#d-a_/baf-a_/b in*es4 7,see      page   
#dj47  ,divide ! l5g? into ?ree equal   
p>ts1 mak+ ?ree rectangles #d-a_/be-a_/b
 in*es 9 size4 ,9 ! middle rectangle1   
measure (f & cut out a rectangle        
#b-a_/dc in*es 9 size4 ,fold rectangle  
,no4 #c up & back ( rectangle ,no4 #b4  
,hold+ ! two firmly toge!r1 pun* two    
holes1 "o-f\r? in* ap>t1 on ea* side1 & 
"o-f\r? in* f ! out] edges 7see         
diagram74 ,draw a piece ( raffia or     
ribbon ?r\gh ^! holes & tie 9 a b[4     
,fold back rectangle ,no4 #a = support4 
,illu/ration3 ,,picture ,,frame ,no4    
,i--7,= description see page #cg47      

,illu/ration3 ,,picture ,,frame ,no4    
,,ii--7,= description see pages #cg &   
#ci47   #aj ,portfolio                  
,mat]ial--,heavy manila pap]1 #g-a_/bab 
in*es4 7,see page #da47  ,fold edge ,no4
 #a ov] & ev5 ) edge ,no4 #b4 ,crease & 
fold4 ,on ea* side ( ,a m>k & cut (f    
"o-half in*4 ,clip (f ! corn]s ( ! flaps
 on ,b4 ,fold ! flaps ( ,b ov] on ,a &  
pa/e4 ,f9d ! middle ( edges #a & #b4 ,) 
a radius ( "o in*1 describe a semicircle
 & cut x out4  ,illu/ration3            
,,portfolio--7,= description see page   
#dj47   #aa ,b>n--,h\se--,furniture     
,mat]ial--,con/ruction pap]1 #hh in*es  
or #ajaj in*es4      7,see page #db47   
,fold a squ>e into sixte5 small squ>es (
 equal size2 crease4 ,) ?is z a basis   
?r[ ! *ild on 8 own res\rces1 all[+ him 
to inv5t a patt]n & make a *air1 a s(a1 
or any piece ( furniture t he c devise f
 su* a squ>e4 ,a corn] may h to be cut  
out or a slit made1 b impress ^u ! *ild 
t1 z f> z possible1 ! model mu/ be gott5
 by fold+1 ) v little or no cutt+4  ,by 

us+ a l>g] squ>e & fold+ 9 ! same way1 a
 h\se or a b>n may be made4 ,add a      
*imney & /eps f an extra piece ( pap]4  
,illu/ration   #ab ,hexagonal ,tray     
,mat]ial--,con/ruction pap]1 #gg in*es4 
,illu/ration3 ,,hexagonal ,,tray  ,draw 
"o diamet]2 f9d ! c5t]4 ,) a radius (   
?ree & "o-half in*es describe a circle4 
7,! circumf]5ce ( a circle is six times 
! radius74 ,place a po9t ( ! compass at 
"o int]section ( ! circumf]5ce & !      
diamet]1 & divide ! circle into six     
equal p>ts4 ,) a radius ( two in*es1    
describe an inn] circle p>allel to !    
out] "o4 ,connect opposite po9ts ( !    
out] circle by draw+ two m diamet]s4    
,?is w divide ! inn] circle into six    
equal p>ts4 ,connect by /raight l9es !  
adjac5t po9ts ( ! inn] circle1 z #a-b2  
score4 ,at ! int]sections ( ! out]      
circle1 m>k (f "o-half in* on ea* side &
 by /raight l9es connect bo? ^! po9ts ) 
! opposite po9ts ( int]section ( ! inn] 
circle1 z #b-c1 #b-d4 ,?is =ms two equal
 triangles1 "o ( :i* is to be cut out1 z

 #d-b-e1 & ! o!r1 z #c-b-e1 left4 ,hav+ 
cut out ! six triangles1 b5d up on l9es 
scor$1 br+ ! sides toge!r1 & use        
triangle #c-b-e z a lap = pa/+4   #ac   
,lamp ,%ade       ,mat]ial--,con/ruction
 pap]1 #gaj in*es4 ,japanese rice       
pap]1 #gaj in*es4  ,illu/ration3 ,,lamp 
,,%ade1 ,a  ,select a pretty %ade (     
br[n1 gre5 or r$ con/ruction pap]4      
,measure (f two in*es & con/ruct a l9e  
p>allel to ! t5-in* l5g?4 ,bisect ?is   
l9e4 ,place ! compass at ?is po9t (     
bisection & ) a radius ( f\r in*es      
describe a semicircle1 #a-b2 ext5d ?is  
arc to #c1 & draw ! l9e #c-d4 ,) a      
radius ( "o in* describe an inn]        
semicircle 7#e-f7 p>allel to ! out] "o4 
,aga91 ) a radius ( "o in* describe a   
?ird semicircle1 p>allel to ! o!r two4  
,set ! compass at half ! radius & divide
 ea* semicircle into six equal p>ts4    
,connect ^! po9ts ( int]section by      
/raight l9es 7#i-aj74 ,make a /5cil t w 
fit 9 "o ( ^! sections4 ,us+ ! /5cil1   
draw ! same figure 9 ea* section4       

,c>efully cut out ! /5cil$ space4 ,next 
lay ! con/ruction pap] on ! ,japanese   
rice pap] & trace on x ! /5cil design4  
,remove ! con/ruction pap] &1 ) two     
bl5d+ colors ( crayon1 color ! figure or
 design trac$ on ! ,japanese pap]4      
,aga91 lay ! con/ruction pap] on ! rice 
pap] & glue ! two toge!r4 ,cut out !    
%ade z m>k$ (f1 br+ ! two edges toge!r1 
& glue4  ,illu/ration3 ,,lamp ,,%ade1 ,b
  ,if y wi% ! l[] edge scallop$1 cut x z
 %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,by fold+ & creas+ on 
! l9es ( int]section ! %ade may be made 
hexagonal 9 %ape4 ,all designs =        
decoration are suppos$ to be orig9al4   
#ad ,/>       ,mat]ial--,con/ruction    
pap]1 two #h-;in* squ>es4 ,raffia4      
,take an eight-in* squ>e4 ,fold ! front 
edge ov] to ! back edge2 crease4 ,on !  
left edge place a po9t "o & "o-half     
in*es f ! left-back corn]4 ,c>ry !      
"r-front corn] ov] to ?is po9t2 fold &  
crease4 ,turn ! left triangle "u2 fold &
 crease4 ,next1 z ! pap] /&s 9 y\r h& ) 
! triangle fac+ y1 fold ! "r edge ov] to

 ! left edge2 crease4 ,:]e ! ?ree edges 
( ! pap] come toge!r1 beg9 at ! highe/  
po9t & cut across ! pap] f "r to left to
 )9 two & "o-half in*es ( ! c5t]4 ,op5  
out ! pap] & y h ! />4  ,a picture frame
 made ( a five-po9t$ /> is v pretty4    
,cut two />s ( ! same size4 ,f ! c5t] ( 
"o cut a /> "o in* small] = a mat4 ,lay 
?is mat on ! solid or f\ndation /> &    
glue f\r ( ! po9ts toge!r4 ,9 ! fif?    
po9t pi]ce two holes ?r\gh bo? pieces1  
ab\t an in* f ! apex ( ! po9t4 ,slip 9 !
 picture4 ,take a piece ( raffia or cord
 & tie a loop ) two ends4 ,br+ ^! ends  
?r\gh ! holes f ! back to ! front & tie 
!m 9 a b[4 ,by ! loop at ! back ! frame 
is hung4  ,illu/ration3 ,,picture       
,,frame ,,f ,,five-,,po9t$ ,,/>   #ae   
,notebook       ,mat]ial--,con/ruction  
pap]1 #f-a_/bg in*es1 = cov]4           
,manila pap]1 f\r pieces #ff-a_/b in*es1
 = leaves4  ,fold ! piece ( con/ruction 
pap] d[n ! middle1 s z to =m !          
#c-a_/bf-a_/b-;in* cov]4 ,9 ! same way  
crease ! manila pap] = ! leaves4 ,place 

! leaves )9 ! cov]2 ) heavy silk or f9e 
tw9e sew !m to ! back4 ,br+ ! ne$le     
?r\gh "o in* f ! upp] edge1 "o in* f !  
l[] edge1 & 9 ! middle4 ,! long /it* is 
on ! inside1 ! two %ort ones are on !   
outside1 bo? ends ( ! ?read are br\ght  
?r\gh ! c5t] to ! inside & ti$ ov] !    
long /it* to hold x 9 place4 ,leave !   
ends an in* long & fr+e !m4             
,illu/ration3 ,,notebook   #af ,b\nd    
,book       ,mat]ial--,heavy con/ruction
 pap]1 color$1 #ef in*es1      = cov]4  
,f\r pieces :ite pap]1 #aa-a_/bai-a_/b  
in*es1      = leaves4 ,two pieces tape1 
#a_/db in*es4  ,cov]4 ,m>k (f & rule two
 & sev5-eigh?s in*es f ea* edge ( !     
five-in* l5g?2 crease4 ,?is w leave 9 ! 
middle a #a_/de-;in* space1 9 :i* ! back
 ( ! leaves w g4 ,take ea* %eet ( :ite  
pap]1 fold x once l5g?wise1 & once      
crosswise2 ?is w make a folio f\r leaves
 ?ick1 #b-c_/de-c_/d in*es 9 size4 ,we h
 f\r ( ^! folios to be jo9$ toge!r &    
b\nd to ! back4 ,take folio ,no4 #a & ) 
ne$le & silk sew ! leaves toge!r1 runn+ 

! ?read "o in* f ! upp] edge & "o in* f 
! l[] edge & 9 ! c5t]1 see+ t ! la/ /it*
 br+s ! ?read on ! outside ( ! back ( ! 
leaves4 ,d n break ! ?read4 ,take folio 
,no4 #b1 hold x close to folio ,no4 #a1 
c>ry ! ?read across & take x ?r\gh !    
middle ( ! back1 "o in* f front or back 
edge1 z 9 folio ,no4 #a4  ,illu/ration3 
,,b\nd ,,book  ,on ! back edges ( ^!    
folios !re w be two long /it*es4 ,"u ^! 
/it*es pass ! two pieces ( tape4 ,keep  
"o ( ^! tapes z ne> ! upp] & ! o!r z ne>
 ! l[] edge z ! /it* w all[4 ,z a folio 
is add$ & ! leaves sew$ toge!r1 connect 
! expos$ /it* ( ! "o previ\sly add$ to !
 "o la/ add$1 at ! ?ree places :]e !    
?read holds ! leaves1 by a buttonhole   
/it* 79 bookb9d+ kn[n z ! kettle /it*74 
,:5 ! la/ folio is add$1 place ! back ( 
! leaves to ! back ( ! cov] 9 !         
#a_/de-;in* space4 ,/ret* ! tapes d[n on
 ! cov] & pa/e 7#a-c74 ,take ! fir/ & ! 
la/ leaf & pa/e !m ov] ! tapes1 to !    
inside ( ! cov]4 ,! outside ( ! cov] may
 h "s simple decoration if su* is       

desir$4  ,9 ,book ,,vii ( ! ,text ,book 
( ,art ,education1 publi%$ by ,! ,prang 
,educational ,company1 is work$ out a v 
int]e/+ problem = ! mak+ ( a scrap-book1
 & sugge/ions giv5 = decorat+ ! cov]4 ,!
 scrap or clipp+ books %[n "h 7 made 9 a
 simil> way4 ,! decoration & cov] are   
left to ! ta/e & +5uity ( ! tea*] or !  
*ild4   #ag ,japanese ,book             
,mat]ial--,con/ruction pap]1 color$1    
#d-a_/dab-a_/d      in*es1 = cov]4      
,manila pap]1 six leaves1 #df in*es1    
d\ble1 ) fold on out] edge4             
,illu/ration3 ,,japanese ,,book  ,! pap]
 = ! cov] is #d-a_/dab-a_/d in*es 9     
size4 ,place ! pap] l5g?wise 9 front ( y
 & br+ ! left edge ov] to ! "r edge2    
crease1 fold4 ,m>k (f a space ?ree-f\r?s
 ( an in* f ! edge ( ! fold1 draw a l9e1
 ,a-,l4 ,on ?is l9e ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*
 f ! upp] & ! l[] edges1 place dots1 ,b 
,c1 & "o-f\r? in* f ,b ,c place dots ,d 
,e4 ,hold ! leaves ev5ly toge!r & press 
!m 9 betwe5 ! cov]4 ,) a l>ge ne$le &   
cord sew ?r\gh ,c1 "u1 up1 & ov] ,a1    

?r\gh ,c aga91 "u to ,f1 ov] ?r\gh ,c1  
"u & up ?r\gh ,e1 back to ,g1 "u & up   
?r\gh ,e1 d[n to ,d1 ?r\gh & ov] ,h1    
back to ,d1 d[n & up ?r\gh ,d1 !n to ,b2
 d[n "u to ,k1 back to ,b1 ?r\gh & "u & 
ar\nd to ,l1 to ,b1 to ,d1 to ,e1 to ,c4
 ,tie ! two ends ( ! cord1 :i* come     
toge!r at ,c1 & fr+e !m out4            
,illu/ration3 ,,scrap ,,or ,,clipp+     
,,book ,cov] ( grass clo?4   #ah        
,scrap-,book                            
,mat]ial--,con/ruction pap]1 color$3    
#f-a_/dh-a_/d in*es1      = cov]4       
,manila pap]3 ?ree leaves #fh in*es2    
?ree      /rips #a-a_/hf in*es4 ,two    
pap] clamps4  ,d\ble ! #fh-;in* leaves  
into six leaves #df in*es 9 size4       
,betwe5 leaves #a & #b1 #c & #d1 #e &   
#f1 place ! #a-a_/hf-;in* gu>ds at !    
back4 ,h leaves & gu>ds ev5 & compact2  
!n set !m betwe5 ! cov]4 ,measure f !   
back edge ( ! cov] a space ?ree-qu>t]s (
 an in* wide1 & draw a p5cil l9e4 ,plac+
 ! %>p edge ( a rul] on ?is l9e1 b5d !  
back edge t[>d ! front until x is well  

creas$4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ?is #c_/d-;in*      
space1 "o in* f ! upp] edge & "o in* f !
 l[] edge ( ! book1 pi]ce a hole & ins]t
 ! brass clamps4  ,illu/ration3 ,,scrap 
,,or ,,clipp+ ,,book ,cov] ( l951       
/5cil$4   ,a ,,pa/e  ,mix until p]fectly
 smoo? "o cup ( fl\r ) "o cup ( cold    
wat]4  ,put two cups ( wat] 9 a vessel &
 set x ov] ! fire until x heats4 7,d n  
let x boil47 ,add "o teaspoonful ( p[d]$
 alum1 !n /ir 9 ! mixture ( fl\r & cold 
wat]4 ,cont9ue /irr+ until x ?ick5s to a
 good consi/5cy4 ,remove x f ! fire &   
add "o teaspoonful ( oil ( cloves or    
pepp]m9t4 ,p\r x into an air-tight j> & 
:5 x is cool screw on ! top4            
,illu/ration3 ,,scrap ,,or ,,clipp+     
,,book ,cov] ( fancy pap]--7,=          
description see pages #ea & #eb47  ,use 
! same cup all ?r\gh4 ,! oil ( cloves or
 pepp]m9t is simply a flavor+1 & does n 
add to ! quality4 ,?is quantity w ne>ly 
fill a qu>t j>4     ,,"p ,,iii  ,,wood  
,,con/ruction     ,,wood ,,con/ruction  
,,introductory ,,rem>ks  ,z ! *ild      

develops1 pap] con/ruction loses its    
*>m1 & a desire = some?+ utilit>ian     
arises4 ,we sugge/ t at ?is /age !      
mu*-treasur$ pocket knife be br\ght into
 s]vice1 = f small pieces ( wood _m     
articles may be made4 ,! con/ruction (  
^! w af=d ! *ild1 especially ! boy1 mu* 
pleasure1 & w at once ar\se a new       
int]e/4  ,only ! simple/ articles w be  
giv5 "h--articles :i* may be fa%ion$ f  
bits ( wood commonly f\nd ar\nd a h\se1 
su* z old cig> boxes1 small />* boxes1  
etc4 ,b1 %\ld ! tea*] be able to obta9 !
 prop] mat]ials1 basswood a qu>t] or    
?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & :ittl+     
knives are ! requisites4  ,! read] w    
notice t ! wood m5tion$ = ea* model is  
bass4 ,:y8 ,because bass is ! wood      
g5]ally us$ = c>v+4 ,! tree is ! same z 
! l9d5 & ! lime4 ,x is f\nd 9 nor!rn    
,asia1 ,europe1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & gr[s 
to an imm5se height4 ,! wood is s(t1    
light1 close-ve9$1 pliable1 t\gh1       
durable1 & free f knots1 & does n split 
easily2 all ( :i* qualities favor its   

suitability = c>v+4  ,9 :ittl+1 x is    
always be/ to lay (f ! patt]n on bo?    
sides ( ! wood4 ,!n "o c "w f ei!r side 
)\t fe> ( spoil+ ! mat]ial4  ,9 cutt+1  
"w ) ! gra91 or ! wood w be apt to      
split4 ,cut t[>d y1 n f y4  ,9 groov+1  
use ! po9t ( ! knife1 & "w sl[ly &      
c>efully4 ,if ! knife slips ! wood is   
ru9$4  ,insi/ t no?+ ! *ild does is well
 done unless well s&pap]$1 & no?+ is    
prop]ly s&pap]$ until all r\ghness is   
done away )1 & ! gra9 appe>s4  ,9 ! mak+
 ( designs1 let ! *ild fir/ h a piece ( 
pap] ! size ( ! wood he is to use1 & h  
him "w out a design to be appli$ to 8   
wood4 ,?is design may be mo/ crude1 b ) 
a sugge/ion "h1 & a correction !re1 f ! 
tea*]1 x c be br\ght into %ape4 ,! *ild 
w be pleas$1 & w attack ) m assurance ( 
success ea* succe$+ problem t he meets4 
,= color+1 use wat] color pa9ts4 ,r$1   
gre51 & yell[ are mo/ satisfactory1 z _!
 id5tity is reta9$ :5 /a9+ is appli$4   
,apply ! /a9 ) a bru%1 & ) a s(t clo?   
rub x 9 until x is dry4 ,?is develops or

 br+s out ! gra94  ,:5 sure t ! /a9 is  
well rubb$ 9 & dry1 apply but*]'s wax1 &
 poli% ) a s(t clo?4 ,"s articles ne$   
two coats ( /a91 & an equal am\nt (     
poli%4  ,9 all "w impress ^u ! *ild !   
fact t :at is wor? do+ is wor? do+ well1
 or x %\ld n be done at all4  ,ea* model
 giv5 works out a problem 9 h&l+ ! knife
 & cutt+ ! wood1 & ea* problem leads up 
to ! "o t foll[s4  ,we w beg9 ) !       
simple/ ?+ "o c make--a puzzle4   #a    
,puzzle       ,problem--,to cut ) ! gra9
 ( ! wood1 & h[ to cut      corn]s4     
7,see page #eg47                        
,mat]ial--,basswood3 "o piece           
#ga-a_/bc_/af in*es2 "o      piece      
#ca-a_/bc_/af in*es4 ,"o y>d ( macram   
cord4  ,%ave ! #ga-a_/b-;in* /rip ( wood
 d[n ) a knife until x is an in* wide1  
be+ c>eful to keep ! edges p>allel4     
,measure (f ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9      
opposite directions on ea* corn] & on   
bo? sides ( ! wood4 ,connect ^! po9ts by
 a p5cil l9e4 ,cut (f ea* corn] ! space 
indicat$ by ! l9e4 ,be c>eful always to 

cut ) ! gra9 ( ! wood2 cutt+ aga9/ x w  
split ! bo>d4 ,next1 ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*
 f ea* end1 & equally di/ant f ! sides1 
& 9 ! c5t]1 bore holes4 ,f !            
#ca-a_/b-;in* piece ( wood1 cut two     
blocks "o & "o-half in*es squ>e1 & bore 
a hole 9 ! c5t] ( ea*4 ,d\ble ! /r+ to a
 loop & draw ?is loop ?r\gh ! c5t] hole 
( ! rectangul> /rip4 ,pull ! loop to !  
edge1 & draw ?r\gh x ! two ends ( !     
cord4 ,/r+ ! #a-a_/b-;in* blocks1 "o on 
ea* cord1 !n tie ! ends ( cord 9 ! two  
end holes ( ! rectangul> /rip4  ,!      
puzzle is f9i%$4 ,:at is ! aim1 & h[ c x
 be solv$8  ,illu/ration3 ,,puzzle      
,solution4 ,m>k "o block4 ,hold "o 9 !  
h& & move ! o!r along until x passes    
?r\gh ! loop at ! c5t]4  ,pull ! cord   
?r\gh ! middle hole until x draws ) x   
f\r ?icknesses ( cord4 ,n[ slide ! block
 along until x passes ?r\gh a d\ble     
loop4 ,next1 draw ?is d\ble loop back   
?r\gh ! hole2 ! /r+ w be 9 position1 & !
 block is n[ pass$ along ?r\gh a s+le   
loop & onto ! /r+ conta9+ ! o!r "o4 ,to 

replace ! block1 turn ! puzzle ar\nd &  
repeat ! process4   #b ,plant ,label    
,problem--,to cut across ! gra91 &1 by  
remov+ two      equal triangles1 to =m a
 well-tap]$ po9t4       ,mat]ial--,"o   
piece ( basswood1 #faa_/d in*es4        
,illu/ration3 ,,plant ,,label  ,take !  
end ,a ,b & f9d ! c5t]1 ,c4 ,f ,a       
measure (f two & a half in*es1 & place  
po9t ,d4 ,f ,b measure (f two & a half  
in*es1 & place po9t ,e4 ,connect po9ts  
,,cd & ,,ce4 ,place ! same measurem5ts  
on ! rev]se side4 ,) ! knife cut (f     
triangles ,a-,c-,d & ,b-,c-,e4 ,s&pap] !
 wood until x is smoo? & ! label is     
f9i%$4   #c ,p5cil ,%>p5]               
,problem--,curve-cutt+4                 
,mat]ial--,"o piece ( basswood1         
#f-a_/ba-a_/da_/d in*es4      ,"o piece 
( s&pap]1 #ac-a_/h in*es4 ,glue4 ,/a94  
,on ! wood place po9ts ?ree & a qu>t]   
in*es f ea* end1 at ,a & ,b1 & connect  
!m by l9e ,a-,b4 ,place po9ts ,g & ,h   
half an in* f ,c & ,d4 ,/>t y\r curve at
 ,g1 pass ?r\gh ,i1 & end at ,h4 ,9 !   

rectangle ,a-,b-,f-,e draw a h&le z     
indicat$ 9 ! diagram4 ,%ape ! o!r end by
 remov+ spaces ,g-,c-,i & ,h-,d-,i4     
,s&pap] ?or\ghly4 ,%ape "o end ( !      
#ac-a_/h-;in* piece ( s&pap] z curve    
,g-,i-,h1 & glue x to ! wood4 ,/a9 !    
wood & poli% x by rubb+ x ) a s(t clo?4 
,illu/ration3 ,,p5cil ,,%>p5]   #d ,mat*
 ,scrat*       ,problem--,curve &       
cross-gra9 cutt+4       ,mat]ial--,"o   
piece ( basswood1 #c-c_/dca_/d in*es4   
,"o      piece ( s&pap]1 #b-a_/bc in*es4
 ,glue4  ,illu/ration3 ,,mat* ,,scrat*  
,place a po9t at ! c5t] ( l9e ,a-,b & ( 
l9e ,c-,d4 ,place a po9t on l9e ,a-,c & 
l9e ,b-,d1 "o & "o-qu>t] in*es f ,a &   
,b4 ,connect ^! po9ts by a p5cil l9e1 & 
draw ano!r l9e "o-eigh? ( an in* bel[4  
,score ^! two l9es ) ! po9t ( ! knife1  
mak+ a t9y groove4 ,draw curves ,a-,e & 
,b-,e1 ! highe/ po9t ( ! curve be+ half 
an in* f ! edge ,a-,e-,b4 ,draw curves  
,g-,f & ,h-,f4 ,remove spaces #a1 #b1   
#c1 & #d4 ,s&pap] ?or\ghly ! edges &    
sides4 ,%ape ! piece ( s&pap]1 two & a  

half by ?ree in*es1 to fit ! space      
,g-,f-,h1 all[+ a qu>t]-in* m>g91 & glue
 x on4 ,bore a hole at #e4 ,d n /a94    
,illu/ration3 ,,kite ,,/r+ ,,w9d]   #e  
,kite-,/r+ ,w9d]                        
,problem--,cross-gra9 cutt+4            
,mat]ial--,"o piece ( basswood1         
#e-a_/bb-a_/ba_/d in*es4  ,measure & lay
 (f z %[n 9 ! diagram1 & cut out all    
spaces indicat$ by dott$ l9es4 ,s&pap] !
 wood until x is smoo?4 ,/a9 ! w9d] or  
n1 z is pref]r$4   #f ,!rmomet] ,back   
,problem--,bevel+ & groov+4 7,see page  
#fb47       ,mat]ial--,"o piece (       
basswood #fca_/d in*es4 ,/a94  ,= !     
!rmomet] back ! measurem5ts ne$ be plac$
 on b "o side ( ! wood4  ,m>k (f a      
qu>t]-in* f ! edge all ar\nd & draw a   
l9e4 ,place a second l9e a qu>t]-in* )9 
?is4 ,us+ ! l9e ne>e/ ! edge z a guide1 
cut (f ! %>p edges on ! face ( ! /rip ( 
wood until ! slant surface is rea*$     
betwe5 ! l9e & ! back edge4 ,?is makes !
 bevel4 ,! inn] l9e is a guide = spac+ !
 design4 ,orig9ate a simple design1 &   

lay x (f on ! bo>d 9 p5cil4 ,!n1 us+ !  
po9t ( ! knife1 ) ! greate/ c>e groove  
out ! design4 ,place a hole ne> ! top ( 
! /rip by means ( :i* to hang x4 ,notice
 t ! design fits ar\nd ! hole4 ,s&pap]1 
/a91 & poli% ! wood4  ,! design giv5 "h 
is ! simple/ t c be made4 ,x is sugge/$ 
t until ! *ild becomes accu/om$ to work+
 ) ! knife1 all designs = groov+ _h     
bett] be conf9$ to /raight l9es4 ,comb9e
 9 a design a v]tical1 a horizontal1 &  
an oblique l9e1 & "s beautiful patt]ns  
may be orig9at$4   #g ,pocket           
,p9-,cu%ion       ,problem--,circul>    
cutt+1 groov+1 /5cil+1 &      color+4   
7,see page #fc47                        
,mat]ial--,basswood3 two pieces1 #cca_/d
 in*es4 ,"o piece      ( heavy felt     
#cca_/d in*es4 ,glue4 ,wat]-color pa9ts4
      ,/a94  ,f9d ! c5t] ( ea* squ>e (  
wood by draw+ ! diagonals4 ,) ! compass 
at ! radius ( "o & "o-half in*es1       
describe a circle on ea* piece ( wood   
7on "o side only74 ,remove spaces ,a1   
,b1 ,c1 & ,d ) ! knife1 & y h a circul> 

block4 ,rememb] to cut ) ! gra94 ,bevel 
! edges4 ,make an orig9al design & apply
 x to y\r wood4 ,) ! knife groove !     
outl9e ( ?is design4 ,!re %\ld be a     
space ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* wide betwe5 !
 edge ( ! wood & ! out] edge ( ! design4
 ,:5 ! design is groov$ 91 color x4 ,r$1
 gre5 & yell[ are ! be/ colors4 ,_!     
id5tity is n lo/ 9 /a9+4 ,la/ly1 /a9 &  
poli% ! face ( ! blocks4 ,cut ! felt !  
size ( ! blocks1 cov] ! back ( ea* block
 ) glue1 place ! felt betwe5 ! two1 &   
keep ! :ole 9 press = sev]al h\rs4 ,!   
model "h sugge/s two designs4 ,^! are   
giv5 simply z illu/rations4 ,use ! same 
design = bo? backs ( ! cu%ion4          
,illu/ration3 ,,!rmomet] ,,back--7,=    
description see page #fa47              
,illu/ration3 ,,p9 ,,cu%ion             
,illu/ration3 ,,designs ,,= ,,p9        
,,cu%ion   #h ,picture ,frame           
,mat]ial--,basswood1 sweet gum1 walnut  
or oak4 ,"o piece1      #hfa_/d in*es1 =
 frame2 "o piece1 #e-a_/dda_/d in*es1   
= back2 "o piece1 #d-a_/bca_/d in*es1 = 

supports2 two      pieces1              
#c-a_/dc_/ha_/d in*es1 & "o piece1      
#e-a_/dc_/ha_/d      in*es = cleats4    
,glue4 ,half-in* brads4  ,%\ld basswood 
be us$ x mu/ be /a9$4 ,sweet gum1       
walnut1 or oak may be left 9 its natural
 /ate1 & oil$ to br+ out ! gra9 & f9i%4 
,illu/ration3 ,,picture ,,frame  ,on !  
#hfa_/d-;in* bo>d m>k (f ) a p5cil a    
c5t] space #b-c_/dc-c_/d in*es 9 size4  
,) a gimlet bore holes at po9ts ,a1 ,b1 
,c1 & ,d4 ,connect ^! holes ) a p5cil   
l9e z a guide = cutt+4 ,along ! l9e make
 a groove :i* may be broad5$ & deep5$   
until ! bo>d is cut ?r\gh4 ,by work+    
ar\nd ! squ>e 9 ?is way1 ! c5t] w soon  
be op5$4 ,trim ! wood z smoo?ly z       
possible ) a knife2 !n use s&pap] to    
level & f9i% (f4 ,bevel ! edge ( ! op5+ 
if y wi%4  ,cut 9 half !                
#d-a_/bca_/d-;in* piece ( wood1 & make  
two supports1 z 9 ,figure #b4 ,) a p5cil
 draw ! %ape ( ^! supports on ! wood2 9 
:ittl+ "w v c>efully1 z !y are small & w
 easily split4 ,z f> z possible1 hold ! 

pieces s t ! knife w %ave ) ! gra9 ( !  
wood4 ,9 crosscut "w f ! opposite side4 
,9 /raight cut1 keep not*es at opposite 
ends1 s t if ! knife %\ld slip & ! wood 
split no s]i\s damage w be done4  ,place
 ! cleats on ! back half an in* f !     
op5+1 ! long] fitt+ 9 betwe5 ! two %ort]
 ones4 ,glue !m on1 !n nail !m4 ,aga9/  
^! cleats glue ! back 7#a7 be=e nail+ x4
 ,next glue & nail on ! two supports    
aga9/ ! back & on a level ) ! l[] edge  
7,figure #d74 ,on ! f\r? side1 :]e !re  
is no cleat1 is ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* !      
picture is slipp$4 ,:5 ! frame is       
satisfactorily s&pap]$1 oil & poli% x4  
#i ,japanese ,box       ,problem--,to   
con/ruct a box hav+ lid & bottom ext5d  
beyond sides4       ,/ock--,basswood3   
two pieces1 ea* #h-a_/bc-a_/ba_/d in*es1
      = lid & bottom2 two pieces1 ea*   
#hba_/d in*es1 =      sides2 two pieces1
 ea* #b-a_/bba_/d in*es1 = ends2 two    
pieces1 ea* #b-a_/ba_/da_/d in*es1 =    
cleats4 ,glue4      ,half-in* brads4    
,/a94 ,wax4  ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese   

,,box  ,on ! #h-a_/bc-a_/ba_/d-;in*     
pieces ( wood1 cut a bevel a qu>t] ( an 
in* wide4  ,place ! two ends betwe5 !   
two sides2 glue & nail4 ,set ?is        
rectangul> frame on ! "u side ( !       
bottom1 equally di/ant f ea* edge1 &    
trace ! %ape ) a p5cil4 ,remove ! frame2
 ! p5cil l9e indicates :]e ! nails are  
to be driv5 to secure ! frame to ! base4
 ,n[ set ! frame on ! upp] side ( !     
bottom2 aim = ! same spac+ z on ! "u    
side1 & m>k (f4 ,c>efully cov] ! l[]    
edge ( ?is frame ) glue1 place x on !   
base & press ! two until ! glue is dry4 
,drive ! brads ?r\gh f ! "u side ( !    
base an eigh? ( an in* )9 ! guid+ l9e4  
,hav+ bevel$ & s&pap]$ ! lid1 trace a   
design on x1 & outl9e ?is design by     
groov+4  ,illu/ration  ,nail !          
#b-a_/ba_/da_/d-;in* cleats to ! "u side
 ( ! lid1 five-eigh?s or an in* f ea*   
end & half an in* f ea* side4 ,^! cleats
 fit into ! box & hold ! lid on4  ,/a91 
wax1 & poli% ! box4   #aj ,gr&fa!r's    
,*air       ,mat]ial--,basswood3 ?ree   

pieces #eba_/h in*es2 "o piece          
#bba_/h in*es4 ,brads4 ,s&pap]4 ,glue4  
,/a9 or oil4  ,illu/ration3 ,,gr&fa!r',s
 ,,*air  ,measure & lay (f z y h done 9 
mak+ ! o!r small pieces ( wood "w4 ,h&le
 ! knife mo/ cauti\sly1 z ! wood is s ?9
 t x is easily split4 ,:5 all p>ts are  
cut out & well s&pap]$ glue !m toge!r & 
secure !m by driv+ 9 ! brads ab\t an in*
 ap>t along ! l9e ( ! seat & :]e ! arms 
jo9 ! back4 ,/a9 or oil z mo/ conv5i5t1 
or z ta/e dictates4     ,,"p ,,iv       
,,basketry     ,,basketry               
,,introductory ,,rem>ks  ,! art (       
basket-mak+ is a primitive "o1 & s      
simple t x appe>s to h be5 kn[n among ! 
rude/ p & 9 v e>ly ages4  ,:5 ,moses 0  
f\nd by ,ph>aoh's daught]1 he 0 ly+ 9 a 
basket :i* _h be5 wov5 by 8 "m4  ,lat]1 
:5 ! ,israelites 7 return+ to ! ,promis$
 ,l&1 !y 7 comm&$ to (f] unto ! ,"l !   
fir/ ( all ! fruits ( ! e>? 9 a basket1 
z soon z ,canaan became _! possession4  
,! baskets ( ! ri*1 ( ^! anci5t         
,israelites 7 made ( gold & silv]1 & s  

valuable 7 !y t :5 a gift 0 s5t 9 "o (  
!m ! basket 0 always return$4  ,! anci5t
 ,britons 7 rem>kably exp]t 9 !         
manufacture ( baskets1 :i* 7 s          
beautifully made t !y 7 highly priz$ by 
! ,romans4  ,our own ,am]ican ,indians  
71 & /ill are1 su* adepts 9 ! art (     
basket-mak+ t1 = beauty & arti/ic       
effect1 _! baskets are excell$ by none4 
,! p]fection atta9$ 9 ?is art by !      
unciviliz$ is m>vel\s4 ,adapt+ !        
mat]ials ab\t !m to _! use1 !y produce  
ma/]pieces :i* ! civiliz$ man beholds 9 
wond] & amazem5t4  ,?\gh h&$ d[n to u   
?r\gh _m ages1 ?is anci5t occupation has
 nev] lo/ its fasc9ation4 ,! adult & !  
*ild ( to-day are z eag] to le>n its    
secrets z 7 ^? dwell]s on ! banks ( !   
,nile1 hundr$s ( ye>s ago4  ,z a pla/ic 
art x lies betwe5 pap] con/ruction &    
clay model+ on "o side1 & wood & iron "w
 on ! o!r4  ,a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! art may be
 awak5$ by ar\s+ 9 ! *ild a desire = a  
basket = "s practical purpose4 ,9 !     
autumn1 ! collect+ ( se$s = next spr+'s 

plant+1 ! ga!r+ ( nuts1 ! ne$ = some?+ 9
 :i* to take ! lun* to s*ool1 or1       
p]haps1 a wi% to make a pleas+ gift = ! 
com+ ,*ri/mas1 w imm$iately sugge/ its  
utility4  ,illu/ration3 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a 
,,p9e  ,( :at %all ! basket be made8    
,*ildr5 enjoy ^? ?+s mo/ :i* !y feel t  
!y h ex]t$ !mselves to obta92 & ! great]
 ! ef=t involv$1 ! great] ! educational 
value4 ,e *ild %\ld be tra9$ to keep 8  
eyes op5 & to adapt to 8 use ! ?+s he   
sees ab\t him4 ,mat]ials = baskets may  
be obta9$ 9 j ?is way4 ,city *ildr5 may 
take a trip to ! c\ntry & ga!r ! long   
grasses f\nd 9 swamps & l[ places4      
,p]haps 9 ! g>d5 at home !re is a clump 
( yucca2 :5 ! fall comes & ! bloom is   
gone ! leaves or blades may be cut1 dri$
 & /ripp$1 & trans=m$ into an attractive
 basket or tray4 ,aga91 ! husks :i* are 
/ripp$ f ! corn cook$ = d9n] may be torn
 into n>r[ ribbons & dri$ = use4 ,corn  
husks make a beautiful basket1 = !      
diff]5t %ades ( gre5 *ange1 aft] ! husks
 h dri$1 to z _m %ades ( br[n1 :i* bl5d 

mo/ arti/ically :5 work$ up4 ,! little  
*ildr5 ( ! ,s\? may ga!r ! long ne$les t
 fall f ! s\!rn p9e1 & comb9e !m )      
raffia or tw9e to con/ruct a basket4    
,c\ntry *ildr5 h a mo/ adaptable &      
conv5i5t commodity 9 ! t\gh1 flexible   
will[s f\nd on ! banks ( almo/ e /ream4 
,! mat]ial mo/ commonly us$ & easie/ to 
beg9 )1 h[ev]1 is re$1 :i* is pliable1 &
 readily h&l$ & m\ld$ into simple =ms by
 ev5 small *ildr54 ,x is available :5   
o!r mat]ials are n to be _h1 = x may be 
pur*as$ ) ! s*ool supplies4  ,re$ is !  
core or c5tral "p ( ! climb+ calamus1 a 
species ( palm f\nd 9 ! jungles (       
,borneo & adjac5t ,s\? ,sea isl&s4 ,!   
outside ( ! raw calamus is smoo? & is   
made into comm]cial cane us$ = *airs4 ,!
 %av+s1 made by ! ma*9e :i* sep>ates !  
cane f ! core or inn] re$1 are utiliz$ =
 mats1 poli%+ mat]ial1 & /uff+ =        
mattresses & furniture4 ,?us e "p ( !   
raw mat]ial is br\ght into use4         
,orig9ally ! calamus grew 9 a limit$    
area & 0 difficult to obta94 ,only !    

natives c\ld ga!r x1 z ! :ite man       
contract$ ! jungle fev] z soon z he     
subject$ himself to ! climate 9 :i* x   
grew4 ,b )9 ! la/ fifty or sev5ty-five  
ye>s ent]pris+ m5 h begun ! cultivation 
( ! rattan palm1 & h met ) s mu* success
 t n[ !re are a numb] ( factories 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates mak+ ! re$ & rattan (     
comm]ce1 :ile ,g]many & ,belgium export 
to u ! be/ re$ t is us$4  ,illu/ration3 
,,re$ ,,baskets  ,! tea*] %\ld nev] beg9
 ! use ( any new mat]ial = con/ruction  
)\t hav+ made ! *ild famili> ) its      
hi/ory2 nor %\ld a f9i%$ article be laid
 aside until ! pupil has giv5 ! tea*] a 
description ( h[ x is made1 & ( :at x is
 made4 ,if ?is me?od is c>ri$ out ! *ild
 w %[ a great] appreciation ( :at he is 
do+1 w value ! f9i%$ article m highly1 &
 w place a premium on ! raw mat]ial4    
,ov]look ! pupils 9 _! "w1 b grant !m ! 
privilege ( adju/+ size & %ape1 & (     
select+ mat]ial = ! requirem5ts ( !     
design !y h 9 m9d4 ,by a*iev+ :at he c =
 himself1 ! pupil atta9s a realization (

 8 own p[]1 & ! logic ( size1 %ape1     
mat]ial1 etc41 is awak5$4   ,,re$       
,,con/ruction  ,9 con/ruction1 ! fir/ ?+
 to tea* a *ild is h[ to h&le ! mat]ial4
 ,to d ?is1 use small quantities &      
attempt only simple articles4 ,re$ is ! 
simple/ ?+ to beg9 )1 & ! easie/ ( all  
basket-"w models is ! napk9 r+4 ,soak   
all ! re$ & dry x ) a clo? be=e us+4    
#a ,napk9 ,r+ ,no4 ,i                   
,problem--,to con/ruct a napk9 r+ ( re$4
       ,mat]ial--,no4 #b re$1 #g feet4  
,take "o end ( ! re$ & =m a loop two    
in*es 9 diamet]1 & w9d ! re$ ?ree times 
to =m ! r+4 ,hold x 9 ! left h&4 ,pass !
 loose end ov] ! curve & ?r\gh ! circle4
 ,pull x taut en\gh to make x lie 9 a   
natural curve4 ,repeat ?is movem5t--ov] 
& ov]1 r\nd & r\nd--all[+ ! /r&s always 
to foll[ ! valley betwe5 ! two =m] laps4
 ,:5 ! f\ndation is cov]$1 clip ! end   
:]e x f9i%es up1 press x into place 9 ! 
groove1 drop a little glue ov] ! po9t at
 :i* x is press$ 91 & b9d ! r+ ) a /r+  
to hold ! end 9 position4 ,:5 ! glue has

 dri$1 remove ! /r+4  ,illu/ration3 ,no4
 ,i     ,no4 ,,ii ,,re$ ,,napk9 ,,r+s   
,:5 ! napk9 r+ has be5 made1 ! *ild has 
le>n$ ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 con/ruct+ a  
basket h&le4   #b ,napk9 ,r+ ,no4 ,,ii  
,problem--,to con/ruct a napk9 r+ ( ,no4
 #e re$4 7,see      page #ge47          
,mat]ial--,no4 #e re$1 #b-a_/b feet4  ,9
 us+ ,no4 #e re$1 =m ! loop two in*es 9 
diamet]1 b h ! r+ ( only "o ?ickness1 & 
proce$ z 9 r+ ,no4 #a4 ,?is w make a    
napk9 r+ ( diff]5t appe>ance because !  
w9d+s are few] & ! re$ ?ick]4   #c ,mat 
,problem--,to con/ruct a simple mat (   
re$4       ,mat]ial--,no4 #d re$3 eight 
spokes1 #i in*es long2 "o      spoke1 #f
 in*es long4 ,weav]s ( ,no4 #b re$4     
,illu/ration3 ,figure #a     ,figure #b 
,,to ,,/>t ,a ,,re$ ,,mat ,,or ,,simple 
,,basket  ,place toge!r1 at "r angles1  
two gr\ps ( f\r spokes ( ,no4 #d re$4   
,to ! "u gr\p add ! six-in* spoke ( ,no4
 #d re$ 7,figure #a74 ,hold ! spokes    
firmly 9 ! left h&4 ,take ! ,no4 #b     
weav] & ins]t x "u ! ?umb4 ,w9d ! weav] 

diagonally ov] ! cross+ po9t 9 bo?      
directions 7,figure #b74 ,!n w9d ! weav]
 ov] & "u alt]nate gr\ps ( spokes1 ?ree 
times ar\nd4 ,hold bo? spokes & weav]   
firmly 9 place ) ! left h&4 ,sep>ate    
into s+le spokes n[ & cont9ue weav+     
until y\r mat is f\r in*es 9 diamet]4   
,fa/5 ! end ( ! weav] by tuck+ x d[n    
beside a rib4 ,! project+ ribs are      
trimm$ to an ev5 l5g? & po9t$4 ,take any
 giv5 spoke1 z ,no4 #a1 b5d x to ! left 
9 front ( ,no4 #b & ins]t x on ! "r side
 ( ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #b is n[ tak5 & c>ri$  
to ! left ov] ,no4 #c & ins]t$ to ! "r (
 ,no4 #d4 ,proce$ ?us until all ! spokes
 are ins]t$1 :5 ! mat is f9i%$4 ,!      
scallops %\ld =m a semicircle4          
,illu/ration3 ,,re$ ,,mat  ,= a l>g]    
mat1 take t5 spokes1 sixte5 in*es long1 
( ,no4 #d re$1 & "o spoke n9e in*es long
 ( ! same4 ,use ,no4 #a re$ = ! weav] & 
proce$ z 9 mak+ ! small] mat4  ,to add a
 new weav]1 place ! end ab\t two spokes 
back ( :]e ! =m] weav] end$ & p>allel ) 
x4   #d ,hamp] ,basket                  

,problem--,to con/ruct a simple re$     
basket4       ,mat]ial--,no4 #d re$3    
eight spokes #af in*es long2 "o         
spoke #i in*es long4 ,weav]s ( ,no4 #a  
re$4  ,beg9 ! basket exactly z ! mat 0  
begun4 ,weave until ! bottom is ?ree    
in*es1 or ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]4
 ,!n b5d ! spokes at "r angles ) ! base1
 draw+ ! weav] tight s z to hold !      
spokes 9 position & keep !m sep>at$ at  
an equal di/ance4 ,cont9ue weav+ until !
 basket is ?ree in*es high1 or until    
ab\t "o & a half in*es ( spokes is left 
= ! bord]4 ,f9i% ! edge by turn+ d[n !  
spokes z 9 ! edge ( ! mat1 or b5d !m d[n
 flat ) ! edge ( ! basket4 ,take any    
spoke1 z ,no4 #a1 br+ f "r to left ov]  
,no4 #b1 !n ,no4 #b ov] ,no4 #c1 & s on 
until ! ends ( all ! spokes are turn$ to
 ! inside ( ! basket4 ,keep bo? basket &
 weav] well damp5$ :ile weav+4 ,aft] !  
basket is f9i%$ press x into %ape :ile  
/ill damp4 ,:5 x is ?or\ghly dry trim (f
 ! ends ( ! spokes :i* appe> too long on
 ! inside ( ! basket1 leav+ !m j long   

en\gh to be held 9 place by ! curv$     
spoke "u :i* ea* passes4 ,?is makes a   
beautiful hamp] basket4  ,illu/ration3  
,,hamp] ,,basket  ,a h&le may be add$ to
 ?is little basket1 b x is n advisable  
to enc\rage a *ild to add a h&le until  
he has made 8 ?ird basket or has %[n 9  
"s way pr(ici5cy 9 :at has be5 taught s 
f>4  ,to add a h&le4 ,take a l5g? ( re$1
 ( ! same numb] z ! spokes1 = ! h&le b[4
 ,= a small-siz$ basket take t5 in*es4  
,ins]t "o end d[n ?r\gh ! weav+ beside  
"o ( ! spokes4 ,b5d ! b[ into ! %ape y  
wi% = ! h&le & ins]t ! o!r end ( ! b[   
beside a spoke on ! opposite side ( !   
basket1 be+ c>eful t ! two spaces betwe5
 ! two ends ( ! h&le are equal4 ,! h&le 
%\ld be ab\t z high above ! bord] z !   
bord] is above ! bottom ( ! basket4 ,!  
wid? ( ! h&le %\ld be a little less ?an 
! wid? ( ! basket at ! top4  ,y are n[  
ready to cov] ! h&le4 ,take a long      
weav]2 pu% "o end ( x ?r\gh ! wale "u ! 
second r[4 ,hold ! end 9 place & wrap ! 
weav] ab\t ! h&le b[1 keep+ ! spaces    

ab\t equal1 & draw+ taut en\gh to be    
graceful1 until x rea*es ! opposite     
side4 ,!n draw ! weav] ?r\gh ! wale & "u
 ! second r[ & up on t side2 next w9d   
ab\t ! h&le b[ aga91 back to !          
/>t+-po9t4 ,pu% ! weav] ?r\gh ! wale1 "u
 ! second r[ & out aga91 & once m w9d   
across ! h&le b[4 ,repeat ?is op]ation f
 side to side until ! h&le b[ is cov]$4 
,keep ea* r[ ( w9d] close to ! prec$+ "o
 & p>allel to x4 ,:5 ! b[ is cov]$1 tuck
 ! end ( ! weav] ?r\gh ! wale & "u !    
second r[ & clip ! end1 leav+ x j long  
en\gh to /ay 9 place4 ,! h&le b[ ne$s to
 be damp en\gh to be flexible1 b unless 
! w9d+ weav] is well soak$ x w crack &  
make tr\ble4   #e ,basket ,tray         
,problem--,to con/ruct a re$ basket or  
tray1 hav+ an      ev5 numb] ( spokes1 &
 us+ same numb] re$ = bo?      spokes & 
weav]4       ,mat]ial--,sixte5 spokes1  
ea* #aa in*es long1 ( ,no4 #c or        
,no4 #d re$4 ,weav] ( re$ ( same numb] z
 spokes4  ,sep>ate ! spokes into gr\ps (
 f\r4 ,place set ,no4 #a on & at "r     

angles to set ,no4 #b4 ,sets #c & #d are
 laid diagonally across sets #a & #b4   
,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,beg9 ,,!      
,,basket ,,tray  ,hold ! spokes firmly1 
atta* ! weav] & g 9 & out f\r times     
r\nd1 ov] & "u ! same set ( spokes ea*  
"t4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r? r\nd1 pass !     
weav] ov] two sets ( spokes & weave f\r 
r[s4 ,next sep>ate ! spokes into sets ( 
two & weave "o r[2 n[ ea* "t t ! weav]  
comes to />t+-po9t 9 ! circle1 pass x   
ov] two sets ( spokes in/ead ( "o1 & !n 
weave ! next r\nd4 ,:5 y h be5 ar\nd    
sev5 times us+ d\ble spokes1 b5d !      
spokes up = sides & weave two m r[s ov] 
d\ble spokes4 ,!n sep>ate into s+le     
spokes & weave six r[s1 rememb]+ ea* "t 
to pass ! weav] at ! end ( a new r\nd   
ov] two spokes in/ead ( "o1 s z to h !m 
prop]ly alt]nat$4 ,trim ! ends ( !      
spokes to an equal l5g? & />t ! bord] by
 b5d+ any giv5 spoke to ! "r & inside ! 
tray1 hold+ x 9 place4 ,cont9ue ) ea*   
succe$+ "o until all ! spokes h be5 b5t 
into position4 ,^! spokes be+ b5t s     

closely & consecutively ov] ea* o!r1 =m 
a coil resembl+ ! h&le ( a basket4 ,!   
po9ts ( ! spokes are pu%$ "u ! coil1    
?r\gh f ! inside to ! outside ( !       
basket4 ,keep a vessel ( wat] at h& &   
wet ! mat]ial con/antly z y weave4 ,:5 !
 tray is f9i%$1 press x into %ape & set 
aside to dry4 ,:5 x is well dri$1 clip  
(f ! project+ ends4  ,illu/ration3 ,,re$
 ,,basket ,,tray   #f ,basket ) ,h&le   
,problem--,to con/ruct a basket us+ an  
unev5 numb] (      spokes1 spokes &     
weav] ! same numb] re$2 & to add a      
h&le4       ,mat]ial--,no4 #c re$3 eight
 /akes1 ea* #bj in*es long2      "o /ake
 #aa in*es long4 ,weav]s ( ,no4 #c re$4 
,make two gr\ps ( f\r ea* ( ! tw5ty-in* 
/akes4 ,place "o set at "r angles across
 ! o!r1 & beside ! "u set ins]t !       
elev5-in* spoke4 ,hold ! spokes firmly  
betwe5 ! ?umb & ! =ef+] ( ! left h&1 & )
 ! weav] 9 ! "r h& place ! />t+ end "u !
 edge ( ! upp] set2 br+ x ar\nd & ov]   
set ,no4 #a1 "u ,no4 #b1 ov] ,no4 #c1 "u
 ,no4 #d1 & repeat ?is op]ation f\r     

times4 ,n[ sep>ate ! spokes into gr\ps (
 eight twos & "o s+le1 & weave f\r      
r\nds4 ,next cut sev5te5 elev5-in* /akes
 & pu% "o 9 beside ea* /ake already us$4
 ,divide !m into sev5te5 pairs4 ,weave  
r\nd & r\nd until y h a base ?ree &     
"o-half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,be+ sure t !  
weav] is damp & pliable1 ) f+]s1 or     
pli]s1 b5d up ! /akes close to ! weav+1 
at "r angles ) ! base1 & cont9ue weav+  
until ! basket is f\r in*es deep4 ,!n   
trim ! /akes1 if necess>y1 to uni=m l5g?
 & b5d !m ov] to =m ! bord]4 ,take any  
/ake1 z ,no4 #a1 & "w f "r to left4 ,b5d
 d[n ,no4 #a1 pass "u ,no4 #b & ov] ,no4
 #c4 ,!n take ,no4 #b1 pass "u ,no4 #c &
 ov] ,no4 #d4 ,cont9ue until e pair (   
/akes has be5 turn$ d[n & work$ into !  
bord]4 ,all ends mu/ come inside !      
basket2 aft] x is dry1 trim !m (f4 ,y w 
f9d t 9 work+ ) ! wet re$ y\r basket may
 seem n to h ! prop] %ape4 ,soak x well 
& y w be able to m\ld z y wi% x4 ,add a 
h&le4  ,illu/ration3 ,,re$ ,,basket ,,) 
,,h&le  ,?is basket is made almo/       

exactly l ! little hamp] basket         
previ\sly describ$1 except t 9 ?is "o1  
we use d\ble /akes1 :ile 9 t "o1 s+le   
/akes 7 us$2 ! sides ( ?is "o are       
v]tical1 ^? ( t "o slightly curv$4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 pass+ f ! re$ basket1 ! next /ep w\ld
 be ! raffia & !n ! comb9ation ( re$ &  
raffia1 :i* is work$ out 9 all =ms (    
,indian basketry4 ,! mo/ common /it* is 
kn[n z ! lazy squaw1 & is made by w9d+ !
 raffia r\nd ! re$ "o1 two1 or ?ree     
times1 z space is desir$2 & !n ! ne$le  
is tak5 ?r\gh ! r[ bel[ to make ! /it*4 
,ea* /it* is a repetition ( ! "o be=e & 
! mat1 tray or basket gr[s ) ! ef=t4    
,!re are innum]able opportunities =     
design 9 ,indian basketry1 & x is "h t !
 "w ( an arti/ may be realiz$ &         
recogniz$4   ,,raffia ,,con/ruction  ,we
 may correlate & comb9e raffia ) re$ 9  
con/ruction4 ,! two mat]ials may be     
work$ toge!r to great advantage & int]e/
 to ! *ild4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a napk9 r+   
has be5 made ( re$ let ! *ild next      

con/ruct "o ( raffia1 & !n comp>e !     
f9i%$ article z to ! mat]ial vis$1 !    
beauty1 ! flexibility1 ! durability1 & !
 nativity ( ea*4  ,z 9 ! case ( re$1 s )
 raffia be=e con/ruct+ ) x1 pass a piece
 to ea* *ild & give ! life hi/ory ( !   
plant4 ,madagasc> may be a "n only to ! 
small *ild1 b ! v vagu5ess ( 8 k conc]n+
 x may cause him to realize ! di/ance ( 
! isl& f u & appreciate t ?is simple    
mat]ial ) :i* he is work+ has travel$   
?\s&s ( miles to br+ him a /ory & an    
occupation4  ,raffia1 a native ( ! ,s\? 
,sea ,isl&s & ( ,madagasc>1 is ! inn]   
b>k ( ! raphia palm1 pull$ (f1 torn into
 n>r[ /rips1 dri$ 9 ! sun1 & b\nd into  
bun*es1 :i* are plait$ toge!r & /or$    
ready = use or %ipp+4  ,we receive !    
raffia 9 its natural /ate1 b _m colors  
may easily be _h by dye+4 ,9 ,practical 
,basket ,mak+1 by ,george ,:>ton ,james1
 "s valuable sugge/ions on dye+ are     
giv52 b ! small quantity ( raffia a     
tea*] w ne$ may be dy$ ) v little tr\ble
 ) ! ,easy ,dyes manufactur$ by !       

,am]ican ,color ,company4 ,foll[        
directions & ! results w be mo/         
satisfactory4 ,be v c>eful to h ! dyes  
/rong en\gh1 z raffia absorbs an enorm\s
 am\nt ( color+4 ,all raffia %\ld be    
wa%$ be=e dye+2 x %\ld be well dri$ be=e
 be+ put into ! dye pot1 s9ce x takes ! 
color bett] :5 dry4  ,if y h pupils old 
en\gh1 or a class on :i* y c rely1 no?+ 
w delight !m m ?an to d _! own dye+4 ,a 
f\r?-grade class 9 "o ( ! ,baltimore    
s*ools has successfully dy$ all !       
raffia1 cord1 cotton1 & textiles us$ 9  
_! classroom4 ,! *ild de>ly loves color2
 ! possibility ( hav+ diff]5t %ades to  
"w ) w ar\se an int5se int]e/ 9 procur+ 
^! colors4 ,x w be unusual if ! pupils d
 n h&le ) c>e ! mat]ials & ! dye pot4   
,9 adapt+ a commodity to circum/ances 9 
?is way1 ! broad] k ( h[ ! colors 9     
clo?+ are obta9$ w develop & !re w be   
creat$ 9 ! *ild a new idea ( life & (   
man's "w4  ,! natural color ( ! raffia  
is mu* improv$ by wa%+2 !re=e1 be=e us+ 
x loos5 x & soak x 9 clean wat] s t all 

du/ & dirt may be remov$ & ! /rips or   
/r+s /raight5$ out2 !n hang x 9 ! air   
until ?or\ghly dry4  ,be=e (f]+ any     
models ( ! comb9$ re$ & raffia1 we %all 
give a few ( raffia alone1 z we did ( ! 
re$4   #g ,plait$ ,rope                 
,problem--,to tea* diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! 
plait$ rope      ( raffia may be appli$4
       ,mat]ial--,raffia4  ,beg9 ! use (
 raffia by tea*+ ! *ild ! ?ree-/r&      
plait1 add+ a new ?read f "t to "t1     
until a long rope is made4 ,next tea* h[
 to coil ?is rope into a mat1 a purse1 a
 basket1 or a hat4  ,9 plait+1 keep !   
raffia damp & use /r&s ( equal size4    
,dampness adds gloss & smoo?ness to !   
f9i%$ article4  ,illu/ration3           
,,?ree-,,/r& ,,plait  ,9 ! con/ruction (
 articles ( plait$ raffia an opportunity
 op5s up to br+ ! *ild's inv5tive +5uity
 into play4 ,get him to ?9k ( some?+ he 
might make1 & to con/ruct x r\ghly (    
pap]4 ,) 8 model z a guide = %ape &     
size1 he c easily reproduce x 9 raffia4 
,! fir/ patt]n may be crude1 b ea*      

repetition w produce a bett] "o1 &      
int]e/ w l5d en*antm5t1 until bo? patt]n
 & reproduction w be mo/ cr$itable4   #h
 ,plait$ ,mat       ,problem--,to       
con/ruct a mat ( plait$ raffia rope4    
,mat]ial--,raffia4  ,illu/ration3 ,,mat 
,,( ,,plait$ ,,braid  ,! />t+-po9t 9 all
 ^! designs is ! little r\nd coil1 call$
 ! button4  ,to make a mat1 fir/ plait a
 rope sev]al feet long4 ,to =m ! button 
hold ! end ( ! rope betwe5 ?umb & =ef+]1
 & beg9 to roll ! rope j z a wat* spr+  
is coil$4 ,) a ne$le & f9e ?read (      
raffia1 make ! button firm2 !n keep on  
coil+ ar\nd ! button &1 z ea* r[ is     
add$1 tack x to ! prec$+ r[ by pu%+ !   
ne$le 9 & out at "r angles ) ! braid1 s 
t ! /it* may be invisible4 ,:5 f9i%$ !  
mat %\ld be ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!
 object ( w9d+ ! plait sideways is to   
give ! mat firmness & ?ickness4   #i    
,purse       ,problem--,to con/ruct a   
purse or bag ( plait$ raffia      rope4 
7,see page #hg47                        
,mat]ial--,raffia4  ,to make a purse1   

plait en\gh rope to make two mats ?ree &
 a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,to con/ruct ^!
 mats fir/ make ! button4 ,"w ?is "t ) !
 braid flat4 ,sew by hold+ ! inn] edge (
 ! plait j "u ! out] edge ( ! prec$+ r[4
 ,:5 bo? mats are f9i%$1 place !m flat  
aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ov]seam or buttonhole !
 edges toge!r = ab\t two-?irds ( !      
circumf]5ce4 ,plait a rope1 sev5 in*es  
long1 = a h&le4 ,tie a knot 9 ea* end1 &
 ravel ! ends ( raffia to =m a tassel4  
,atta* ?is h&le to ! purse at ea* side1 
:]e ! op5+ beg9s4 ,girls especially     
delight 9 ?is little purse or bag4   #aj
 ,plait$ ,basket       ,problem--,to sew
 braid toge!r to =m ,,"o angle4 7,see   
page #hh47       ,mat]ial--,raffia4     
,dim5sions--,bottom ?ree in*es 9        
diamet]2 sides two      in*es high2 h&le
 six in*es long & two braids wide4  ,us+
 ?ree ?reads ( raffia1 plait a rope     
sev]al feet long4 ,proce$ j z ) purse1 &
 sew until y h a mat ?ree in*es 9       
diamet]4 ,n[ place ! braid at "r angles 
) ! base1 & sew r\nd & r\nd to =m !     

sides4 ,:5 ^! are two in*es high fa/5 ! 
braid2 &1 )\t cutt+ x1 c>ry x to !      
opposite side to =m ! h&le4 ,fa/5 x !re 
& br+ x back aga91 to make ! h&le two   
braids wide4 ,ei!r ov]seam ^! toge!r to 
make a broad h&le1 or leave !m sep>at$  
to =m a d\ble h&le4  ,an easy way to    
obta9 a m uni=m %ape 9 con/ruct+ ?is    
basket is to h a smoo? tumbl] or a t9   
box1 &1 z y "w1 fit ! mat]ial to ! =m4  
,:5 x is f9i%$1 damp5 x & let x rema9 on
 ! =m until x dries4  ,illu/ration3     
,,purse ,,or ,,bag ,,( ,,plait$         
,,raffia--7,= description see page #hf47
  ,illu/ration3 ,,basket ,,( ,,plait$   
,,raffia--7,= description see page #hf47
   #aa ,hat ( ,plait$ ,rope             
,problem--,to sew ! braid toge!r to =m  
two angles4       ,mat]ial--,raffia4    
,illu/ration3 ,,hat ,,( ,,plait$        
,,raffia  ,fir/ plait ! raffia toge!r   
until y h a v long braid4 ,take ! />t+  
end1 make ! button1 & sew r\nd & r\nd1 z
 9 mak+ ! purse4 ,:5 ! top ( ! cr[n is z
 l>ge z y wi% x1 turn ! braid at "r     

angles & =m ! sides4 ,:51 9 y\r judgm5t1
 ! cr[n is high en\gh1 make a second "r 
angle to =m ! brim1 :i* may be wide or  
n>r[ z ta/e dictates4 ,use a blunt ne$le
 7,smi?'s tape/ry1 ,no4 #ah74   #ab     
,napk9 ,r+       ,problem--,to con/ruct 
a raffia napk9 r+4                      
,mat]ial--,raffia4 ,a piece ( tag-bo>d  
#a-a_/b or #b in*es      wide & #f in*es
 long4 ,qu>t]-in* ribbon or /rip (      
pap]1 or raffia ( a contra/+ color4     
,!re is m5tion$ a raffia napk9 r+ 9     
comp>ison ) ! "o ( re$4  ,take ! /rip ( 
tag-bo>d1 fa/5 ! ends toge!r & wrap )   
raffia until ! bo>d is cov]$4  ,x may be
 ornam5t$ ) a n>r[ /rip ( ribbon1 pap]  
or color$ raffia wov5 ar\nd ! c5t]4 ,if 
ribbon or raffia is us$ tie ! ends 9 a  
b[4 ,if pap] is us$ ! ends mu/ be glu$4 
#ac ,indian ,basket       ,problem--,to 
tea* con/ruction ) twi/$ raffia rope4   
7,see page #ia47       ,mat]ial--,two   
contra/+ colors ( raffia4  ,fir/ ?9k (  
:at %ape & size y w\ld l a basket2 !n   
r\ghly sket* a design1 9 ord] t an idea 

( %ape1 size1 & proportion may be _h4   
,keep ! design be=e y & "w z closely f x
 z possible4  ,take ?ree ?ick /r&s (    
raffia & twi/ !m into a rope4 ,9 />t+ h 
! ?reads unequal 9 l5g?1 z x is mu*     
neat] to add "o new ?read at a "t ?an   
two or ?ree4 ,keep ! rope ( ! same      
?ickness ?r\gh\t1 & z ea* ?read is us$  
up1 ins]t ano!r ov]lapp+ ! old "o two or
 ?ree in*es4 ,ar\nd ?is rope1 & twi/$ 9 
! same way1 wrap a contra/+ color (     
raffia1 aim+ to h ! spaces equal & us+  
?reads ( ! same size4 ,hav+ twi/$ & w\nd
 f\r or five in*es />t ! basket by =m+ a
 button1 !n1 hold+ ! button firmly ) !  
left h&1 coil ! rope r\nd & r\nd & sew  
x4 ,use ! %>p-po9t$ ne$le & jo9 ! coils 
9 su* a way t ! ?reads w co9cide ) !    
twi/4  ,:5 ! basket is f9i%$1 ! op5+ at 
! top %\ld be ei!r great] or less 9     
diamet] ?an ! base4 ,make a lid exactly 
z ! base is made1 & h x j a %ade wid]   
?an ! op5+ s t x w be support$4 ,! r+ ) 
:i* to lift ! lid is made by wrapp+     
raffia ?ree or f\r times ov] ! f+]1 & !n

 buttonhol+ x ov]4 ,sew ! r+ to ! middle
 ( ! lid & atta* ! lid to ! basket4     
,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,baskets  ,!    
model "h giv5 is made ( :ite raffia     
twi/$ ) r$4 ,diamet] ( base1 #d in*es2  
height1 #b-a_/b in*es2 op5+ at top1     
#c-a_/b in*es2 diamet] ( lid1 #c-c_/d   
in*es4  ,illu/ration3 ,,indian          
,,basket--7,= description see pages #hi 
& #ij47   #ad ,grass ,basket or ,tray   
,problem--,to tea* h[ to con/ruct a     
basket ( grass1 p9e      ne$les1 or corn
 husks4       ,mat]ial--,n>r[-blade m>% 
or sweet grass4 ,raffia =      sew+4    
,make a design 9 p5cil1 ink1 or color$  
crayon4  ,"h ! adaptability ( mat]ial   
ga!r$ ab\t ! home is illu/rat$4 ,! tall1
 f9e m>% grasses may be collect$1 spread
 out = ?ree or f\r days :]e !y w dry1 & 
!n utiliz$4 ,y w f9d t almo/ e blade (  
?is grass v>ies 9 color4 ,! root end may
 be br[n1 :ile t[>d ! tip ! leaf %ades  
into a light gre51 or :ite1 or vice     
v]sa2 ?is bl5d+1 :5 ! grass is bun*$1 is
 mo/ arti/ic4  ,bun* a suffici5t numb] (

 blades to make a coil a half or        
?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,d n    
twi/4 ,nev] all[ ! coil to less5 9 size4
 ,keep add+ fre% /r&s by slipp+ ! root  
ends ( ! new blades up betwe5 ^? already
 9 ! coil4 ,:5 we beg9 to sew we d n    
wrap ! grasses z we wrapp$ ! /r&s (     
raffia1 b simply use z a sew+ ?read     
raffia ( a contra/+ or bl5d+ color4 ,to 
=m ! button1 wrap ! ?reads ?ree or f\r  
times ar\nd ! root ends ( ! bun*1 fa/5  
tightly1 !n coil to =m ! c5t]4 ,take !  
ne$le ?r\gh ! c5t] & ov] ! coil z _m    
times z y ?9k necess>y to make ! button 
firm4 ,^! /it*es are ! beg9n+ ( ! spiral
 rays :i* radiate to ! edge ( ! basket4 
,take ! /it*es at equal di/ances f ea*  
o!r4 ,h&le ! ne$le s z to pass f back to
 front1 & always h ! new /it* pass ?r\gh
 ! /it* ( ! coil j bel[ x f "r to left4 
,:5 ! coil has be5 w\nd ar\nd f\r or    
five times1 ! /it*es w be se5 to        
int]lock & =m a spiral4 ,soon ! spaces w
 become too wide2 !n take an extra /it* 
9 ! c5t] ( ea* space1 ?us add+ ano!r set

 ( rays4 ,cont9ue add+ new sets ( rays z
 ! spaces wid51 until ! basket is f9i%$4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,basket   
,,tray  ,:5 ! base has gr[n to ! requir$
 size1 turn up = sides & cont9ue sew+ 9 
! same way until ! necess>y dep? is     
obta9$4 ,to give a f9i% add en\gh grass 
to make a ?ick coil ar\nd ! edge4       
,color$ hemp may be wov5 9 ) ! grass    
ei!r z a l9+ or s ins]t$ z to make a    
beautiful patt]n4 ,! value ( ! basket w 
be enhanc$ by ! use ( sweetgrass1 if ?is
 mat]ial is obta9able4  ,! model giv5 is
 made ( m>% grass1 sew$ ) raffia (      
natural color1 & ! design is made 9 p9k 
hemp4 ,its base is five in*es 9 diamet]2
 its dep? "o & "o-f\r? in*es4  ,corn    
husks may be us$ in/ead ( grasses1 & are
 unexcell$ = beauty & arti/ic effect4   
,use ! inn] husk f ! e> :5 gre52 ?\gh ! 
husks w dry1 ! v>i$ color w n be lo/4   
,:5 made up ) a contra/+ color ( gre5 or
 gold5 br[n raffia !y are mo/           
attractive4 ,grasses may be kept a long 
"t2 b be=e us+ !m soak !m ?or\ghly1 &   

let !m dry out4 ,?is treatm5t w make !m 
s pliable t !y may be h&l$ z easily z   
?\gh fre%ly ga!r$4 ,! long ne$les ( !   
s\!rn p9e also are ?us work$ up4        
,illu/ration3 ,,basket ,,tray   #ae     
,basket ( ,spl9ts & ,raffia             
,problem--,to tea* con/ruction1 us+     
spl9ts & raffia4       ,mat]ial--,spl9ts
 ( a% or flat re$3 eighte5 spl9ts1      
ea* #a_/dab in*es2 #c spl9ts1 ea*       
#a_/dah in*es1 =      b9d+ ( edge4      
,raffia ( two or ?ree colors4           
,dim5sions--,base1 #dd in*es4 ,dep?1 #b 
in*es4 ,sides1 #bd      in*es4  ,lay a  
set ( n9e spl9ts flat on a surface4     
,take "o ( ! rema9+ n9e & weave across =
 ! fir/ r[4 ,add a second spl9t1 weav+ 9
 & out ?r\gh alt]nate ones4 ,cont9ue    
until all ! n9e splits are wov5 9 & !   
squ>e base ( ! basket is =m$4 ,h spl9ts 
suffici5tly damp to be flexible2 o!rwise
 !y may break4 ,b5d up ! spl9ts at "r   
angles to ! base = sides1 ?us mak+      
corn]s4 ,n[ ) ! raffia weave 9 & out1   
int]lace ! ?read at ! corn]s1 & draw x  

tight en\gh to hold ! spl9ts 9 place4   
,introduce color to suit ta/e4          
,illu/ration3 ,,bottom ,,( ,,spl9t ,,&  
,,raffia ,,basket  ,:5 ! sides are      
f9i%$1 take an eighte5-in* spl9t & lay x
 ar\nd on ! inside ( ! basket close to !
 la/ r[ ( raffia4 ,hold x 9 place & turn
 ! ends ( ! basket spl9ts ov] x inw>d4  
,^! end spl9ts mu/ be trimm$ ev5ly &    
left j long en\gh to b5d ov] ! spl9t    
runn+ r\nd on ! inn] side4 ,take two m  
eighte5-in* spl9ts2 hav+ plac$ "o inside
 ! edge & ! o!r outside ! edge ( !      
basket1 ) a ne$le & a long ?read (      
raffia :ip ov] & ov]4 ,br+ ! ne$le ?r\gh
 ea* op5+ betwe5 ! spl9ts until y h gone
 ar\nd ! f\r sides4 ,?is makes a        
suitable bord] & completes ! basket4    
,illu/ration3 ,,basket ,,( ,,spl9ts ,,& 
,,raffia  ,! model giv5 "h has t5 r[s ( 
natural color1 t5 r[s ( gre51 six r[s ( 
br[n1 t5 ( gre5 & t5 ( natural color1   
:i* comb9ation makes x two in*es deep4  
,,comb9$ ,,re$ ,,& ,,raffia             
,problem--,to tea* h[ re$ & raffia may  

be comb9$ 9      con/ruction4  ,! models
 sugge/$ "h are v simple & c be made by 
! y\ng] *ildr5 ( ! l[] grades4 ,^! h be5
 held to purposely1 = ! *ild ne$s fir/  
to le>n h[ bo? to use 8 f+]s & to h&le a
 ne$le2 & aft]w>d he mu/ h mu* practice 
be=e he c take up ! m difficult /it* 9 !
 ,indian basketry4  ,9 beg9n+ ! comb9$  
re$ & raffia "w1 ! fir/ ?+ ,i %\ld make 
is a m9iature umbrella4  ,illu/ration3  
,,umbrella 7,= description see opposite 
page47   #af ,umbrella                  
,mat]ial--,"o #i-;in* spoke ( ,no4 #d   
re$ = h&le4 ,n9e      #d-;in* spokes (  
,no4 #a re$ = ribs4 ,raffia = weav]4  ,h
 ! spokes ?or\ghly soak$ & keep !m wet4 
,also1 h ! raffia damp4 ,place ! f\r-in*
 spokes ar\nd ! n9e-in* spoke1 hold !m  
firmly1 & wrap tightly ) ! damp weav]   
f\r or five times2 !n tie1 b d n cut !  
weav]4 ,n[ /& ?is bun* ( spokes on end  
on a bo>d or desk top1 press ! n9e      
spokes out s z to =m a circle p>allel ) 
! surface ( ! desk1 & ) ! weav] "w 9 &  
out among ! spokes4 ,! convex top ( !   

umbrella w soon =m4 ,to l5g!n ! weav]1  
tie on a new piece ( raffia4 ,cont9ue   
weav+ until )9 an in* ( ! ends ( ! ribs1
 or until ! umbrella is f\r or f\r &    
"o-half in*es across2 !n fa/5 by ty+ !  
weav] to "o ( ! ribs4  ,to =m a f]rule1 
slide end ,no4 #a ( ! h&le re$ d[n until
 x /&s ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* above !     
outside ( ! umbrella4 ,drop a little    
glue into ! cavity to hold ! re$ 9      
place4 ,n[ take end ,no4 #b ( ! h&le re$
 & curve x to =m a r+ or to appe> l !   
h&le ( a real umbrella4 ,tie x ) raffia 
to keep x 9 place & lay ! umbrella aside
 to dry4 ,:5 x is ?or\ghly dry1 clip !  
po9ts ( ! ribs to equal l5g?s4  ,?is    
little toy sugge/s ! inv5tion (         
primitive life or ( an unciviliz$ nation
 ( :i* ! pupil has "s previ\s k4 ,x is  
mo/ attractive1 & to h made x greatly   
pleases ! *ild4   #ag ,m9iature ,*air   
,no4 ,i       ,mat]ial--,no4 #d re$3 "o 
piece #ae in*es long2 "o piece      #f  
in*es long2 f\r pieces #aj in*es long4  
,sev]al l5g?s      ( raffia4  ,take ?ree

 t5-in* l5g?s ( re$ & b5d !m s3         
,illu/ration ,fa/5 !m toge!r at ! jo9ts 
& wrap ) ! raffia = ab\t two in*es to =m
 ! front legs4 ,next atta* ! fifte5-in* 
l5g? ( re$1 plac+ ! ends toge!r to =m ! 
back legs & all[+ ! extra am\nt to ext5d
 above 9 a b[ to =m ! back4  ,y n[ h !  
framework ( back1 seat1 & legs4 ,at !   
back1 :]e ! b[ ext5ds above ! l9e ( !   
seat1 place a five-in* piece ( v wet re$
 to ! front ( ! b[ & at ! edge ( ! seat2
 c>ry x ar\nd & lap x at ! back & fa/5  
to hold ! back legs toge!r & %ape !     
seat4  ,illu/ration3 ,,*air ,no4 ,i     
,made ( re$ & raffia4  ,?is *air has a  
wov5 seat ( raffia4 ,use a v long ne$le 
& c>ry ! raffia f "o side ( ! seat to ! 
o!r 9 close l9es until ! space is cov]$ 
"o way4 ,!n rev]se ! action & "w f front
 to back1 weav+ 9 & out among ! cross   
?reads exactly z y d 9 d>n+4 ,be c>eful 
to keep ! ?read ev51 to prev5t sagg+4   
,:5 ! seat is wov5 :ip ! edge all ar\nd 
) raffia = a f9i%4  ,next take ! rema9+ 
t5-in* piece ( re$1 b5d x to a f\r-in*  

squ>e & ins]t x betwe5 ! legs "o in*    
bel[ ! seat4 ,tie x to ea* leg & wrap ! 
int]v5+ space ) ! raffia z y g f leg to 
leg4 ,?is =ms ! brace :i* holds ! legs 9
 position4  ,= ! back take a v long     
?read ( raffia 9 y\r ne$le1 make sev5   
cross ?reads & weave a spid]'s web1 hav+
 ! c5t] fill ab\t "o-f\r? ! space4 ,:5 !
 web is f9i%$1 buttonhole ar\nd ! re$ to
 fa/5 ! spirals 9 position & to give a  
f9i% to ! frame ( ! back4  ,la/ly       
measure & trim (f ! legs to equal l5g?4 
,! back %\ld ext5d two & "o-half in*es  
above ! seat1 & ! legs %\ld be two &    
"o-f\r? in*es long4   #ah ,m9iature     
,*air ,no4 ,,ii       ,mat]ial--,no4 #a 
re$3 six spokes1 #aj in*es long2 "o     
spoke1 #f in*es long4 ,no4 #d re$3 two  
#ae-;in* l5g?s2 six      #aj-;in* l5g?s 
& "o #ab-;in* l5g?4 ,sev]al l5g?s (     
raffia4  ,weave two mats two in*es 9    
diamet] 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,lay ?ree     
t5-in* spokes across ?ree t5-in* spokes 
at "r angles4 ,place beside ! "u set !  
six-in* spoke4 ,take a piece ( raffia1 n

 too ?ick1 = a weav]1 & beg9n+ z y w\ld 
beg9 a basket or mat ) a re$ weav]1     
weave until ! mat is two in*es 9        
diamet]4 ,d n cut ei!r spokes or weav]4 
,h ! re$ well soak$1 t x may be v       
pliable & 9 no dang] ( break+4  ,to     
con/ruct ! back1 take a mat & a         
fifte5-in* l5g? ( re$1 b5d ! latt] to a 
b[ & place x back ( ! spokes at ! edge (
 ! la/ r[ ( weav+4 ,b5d ea* spoke       
consecutively ov] ?is re$ & br+ ! end ( 
! spoke ?r\gh betwe5 ! la/ r[ ( weav+ & 
! re$4 ,?is =ms a loop ov] ! ,no4 #d    
re$4 ,?read ! weav] into a ne$le1 & take
 x 9 & out :]e ! ,no4 #a re$1 or spoke1 
crosses betwe5 ! mat edge & ! ,no4 #d   
re$ 9 ! =m ( a back /it*4 ,! fir/ "o    
fa/5$1 cont9ue 9 ! same way until t5    
spokes are b5t ov] & ti$ d[n4 ,next take
 ! twelve-in* l5g? ( ,no4 #d re$1 b5d x 
to ?is %ape3 ,illu/ration !n fa/5 ! ?ree
 rema9+ spokes to ! two-in* space z y h 
done ) ! o!r t54 ,take ! second         
fifte5-in* l5g? ( ,no4 #d re$1 b5d ar\nd
 aga9 & fa/5 by runn+ a piece ( raffia 9

 & out & ov] ?r\gh ea* space betwe5 !   
loops4 ,lay x aside until ! seat is     
prep>$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,*air ,no4 ,,ii 
,made ( re$ & raffia4  ,seat4 ,! mat is 
ready4 ,b5d a t5-in* l5g? ( ,no4 #d re$ 
into a #b-a_/d-;in* squ>e4 ,set ?is     
ar\nd ! mat1 b5d ! spokes ov] x & fa/5 z
 y did ^? ( ! back4 ,aga9 take ?ree     
t5-in* l5g?s ( ,no4 #d re$ & b5d s3     
,illu/ration ,place ^! ar\nd ?ree sides 
( ! prep>$ seat & fa/5 !m by wrapp+ !m  
ov] & ov] ) raffia1 & ! front & two     
sides ( ! *air are =m$4 ,adju/ ! back to
 ! f\r? side ( ! seat2 fa/5 x by wrapp+ 
x closely ) raffia4 ,next b5d to a =m   
ne> ! size ( ! seat a piece ( ,no4 #d   
re$4 ,place ?is ar\nd ! legs1 to =m a   
brace1 ab\t "o in* bel[ ! seat 9 front &
 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* bel[ 9 ! back4
 ,let ! jo9+ po9t ( ! re$ come at !     
back4 ,) a piece ( raffia fa/5 ?is to "o
 leg1 !n wrap ! raffia ov] & ov] along !
 brace until ! next leg is rea*$1 secure
 x & pass on to ! ?ird1 !n to ! f\r?1 :5
 ! entire brace w be wrapp$ ) raffia & !

 f\r legs held 9 place4  ,illu/ration3  
,,back ,,( ,,*air ,no4 ,,ii  ,:]e ! back
 is atta*$ to ! seat1 y w h f\r ,no4 #d 
re$s com+ toge!r to =m ! back legs4 ,?is
 w\ld make !m too ?ick & clumsy & !y    
w\ld n be symmetrical ) ! front ones4   
,to prev5t ?is1 clip two ( ! re$s betwe5
 ! seat & ! brace on ! legs4 ,cut out ! 
ends ( ! "o ( ! back fir/ work$ 91 & !  
ends ( ! "o =m+ ! back brace4 ,!re is   
left ! out] fifte5-in* spoke y put on & 
! "o :i* came ar\nd f ! side ( ! seat4  
,^! two =m ! back leg on ea* side4 ,wrap
 closely ) raffia ! int]v5+ spaces      
betwe5 ! seat & ! brace s z to leave no 
unsightly ends4  ,9 b5d+ ! re$ to fa%ion
 ! legs x is impossible to h x all !    
same l5g?2 adju/ ?is by lett+ !         
unev5ness come out at ! foot ( ! leg &  
:5 ! *air is f9i%$ measure & cut (f !   
legs to ! same l5g?4   ,,rules ,,=      
,,can+ ,,*airs  ,fir/3 ,v]ticals4       
,sett+ up3 ,beg9 at ! c5t] hole ( !     
front1 pass ! cane up ?r\gh ! hole f !  
und]side & d[n ?r\gh ! correspond+ hole 

at ! back1 leav+ ab\t f\r in*es to tie  
(f2 !n up ?r\gh ! next hole to ! "r1    
pass to ! correspond+ hole to ! front1  
cont9ue to ! "r & !n to ! left1 until   
all ! holes are fill$ except ! corn]    
ones4  ,second3 ,horizontals4  ,beg9 at 
! c5t] hole at ! left1 pass ! cane up   
?r\gh ! hole & ov] all ! v]ticals & d[n 
?r\gh ! correspond+ hole on ! "r1 fill+ 
all ! holes t[>d ! front & !n t[>d !    
back until all ! holes are fill$ except 
! corn] ones4  ,?ird3 ,v]ticals4  ,beg9 
at ! c5t] hole at ! back1 pass ! cane up
 ?r\gh ! hole at ! front1 !n fill all ! 
holes to ! "r & ! left1 except ! corn]  
ones4  ,f\r?3 ,weav+ ,horizontally4     
,beg9 at ! "r-h& side1 pass ! cane ov] !
 upp] v]tical & "u ! l[] v]tical1 pull+ 
! upp] "o to ! "r & keep+ ! weav] to !  
back ( ! fir/ horizontal3 cont9ue ?is   
until y h two horizontals 9 ea* hole4   
,fif?3 ,diagonals ,runn+ f ,left to ,"r4
  ,pass ! cane up ?r\gh ! front left-h& 
corn]1 "u ! v]ticals & ov] !            
horizontals1 work+ t[>d ! upp] "r-h&    

corn]2 fir/ ! "r1 & !n ! left-h& side ( 
! frame is fill$ 9 ?is mann]4  ,six?3   
,diagonals ,runn+ f ,"r to ,left4  ,pass
 ! cane up ?r\gh ! front "r-h& corn] &  
"w t[>d ! back left-h& corn]1 pass+ !   
cane ov] ! v]tical & "u ! horizontal    
pairs2 cont9ue 9 ?is way until ! entire 
frame is fill$ ) ^! diagonals4  ,tie all
 ! ends securely on ! "u side ( ! frame4
  ,b9d ,(f4  ,lay a piece ( cane ov] !  
holes on ! upp] side ( ! frame4 ,take a 
second long piece ( cane z a weav]1 pass
 x f ! "u side ( ! frame up ?r\gh a     
hole1 ov] ! cane1 & d[n ?r\gh ! same    
hole to ! "u side aga94 ,c>ry x along to
 ! next or second next hole1 pass up1   
ov] cane1 & d[n 9 ! same way4 ,cont9ue  
?is until ! entire frame is b\nd ar\nd4 
,,"p ,v  ,,! ,,s*ool ,,g>d5             
,illu/ration  ,,! ,,s*ool ,,g>d5        
,,introductory ,,rem>ks  ,9 ! spr+ (    
#aijf1 at ! reque/ ( ,presid5t ,r4 ,w4  
,silve/] ( ! ,m>yl& ,agricultural       
,college1 ,i wrote1 = publication z a   
,college ,bullet91 my exp]i5ce ( "o     

ye>'s "w 9 a city s*ool g>d54 ,!        
introduction ( s*ool g>d5s z a factor 9 
! s*ool curriculums 0 !n 9 its infancy4 
,?ree ye>s h %[n great advancem5t along 
?is l9e1 ?\gh ! ma9 issue is ! same     
to-day z x 0 !n4 ,?is pap] is a revis$  
edition ( ! ,m4 ,a4 ,c4 ,bullet94 ,t    
,presid5t ,silve/] 0 a pione] 9 ! ?\ght 
t agriculture %\ld ent] into education  
is %[n by ! foll[+ quotation f 8        
introduction to my article ( #aijf3--   
,! "t mu/ come :5 ! *ild ( rural        
environm5t mu/      f9d 9 ! only s*ool  
:i* n9ety p] c5t w ev]      att5d1 a    
tra9+ :i* w give x an intellig5t        
adju/m5t to its environm5t4 ,) ?is      
adju/m5t1 !      future "w ( ! *ild _c  
reasonably expect to escape      ! /ate 
( drudg]y4 ,:5 a life's "w deg5]ates    
into      ?is condition1 !n cont5tm5t ) 
x1 or happ9ess z a      result ( x1     
becomes an idle dream4 ,c ! accuracy (  
?is /atem5t be que/ion$8 ,if s1 x w\ld  
be a great      privilege = ! writ] to  
receive f "s tea*] a      lett] sett+ =?

 ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* he is wrong4         
,let all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! *ild f !    
c\ntry1      & e "o %\ld be1 take ?is z 
a motto 9 ?is great      "w be=e u3 ',! 
c\ntry is entitl$ f its /ate &      f   
its c\nty1 to t consid]ation :i* w give 
him      e opportunity to secure an     
education z well suit$ to      8        
conditions1 z is enjoy$ by 8 city bro!rs
 &      si/]s4'   ,a ,,city ,,s*ool     
,,g>d5  ,if a c\ntry boy 7 to he> 8     
little city bro!r say1 ,our class has a 
g>d5 & ,i h a %>e 9 ! work+ ( x1 !      
c\ntry *ap w\ld non plus him by quickly 
exclaim+1 ,:at's t6 ,i "w 9 my fa!r's   
g>d5 e ye> & "k all ab\t rais+ & ga!r+  
vegetables4  ,b to ! city *ild1 :o sees 
only cobble/ones b5ea? 8 feet1 ^: view  
is contract$ by r[s ( d+y h\ses1 or :o  
plays on a lot us$ bo? z a dump-pile & z
 a baseball gr\nd1 ! privilege ( work+ 9
 a g>d5 plat is a great "o & ! products 
( its soil a revelation4  ,illu/ration3 
,,we$+ ,,! ,,b$s  ,! aim "h is to give  
an acc\nt ( "o season's "w 9 su* a      

g>d5--a g>d5 treasur$ by *ildr5 ^: only 
k ( vegetable foods 0 t "m got !m 9 !   
m>ket4  ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! ,city ,p>k 
,sup]9t5d5t ( ,baltimore1 sections (    
gr\nd 9 "s ( ! p>ks are plac$ at !      
disposal ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education = s*ool 
g>d5s1 & ! privilege ( cultivat+ ^!     
g>d5s is grant$ to tea*]s 9 an adjac5t  
build+4  ,x is ( ! section 9 ,riv]side  
,p>k t ,i am writ+1 & ! accompany+      
illu/rations are pictures ( ?is g>d51   
tak5 at v>i\s times ?r\gh ! season4  ,^!
 sections are n 9 prom95t places1 b = ! 
mo/ "p 9 undesirable corn]s t ! p>k     
g>d5] is will+ to rel9qui% = ! good ( ! 
cause4 ,9 ,riv]side ,p>k ! plat is      
adjac5t to ! summ] playgr\nd1 & ! second
 ye> t ,i _h ! g>d51 at ! end ( ,june :5
 s*ool clos$1 a few ( ! *ildr5 volunte]$
 to att5d to x dur+ vacation4           
,illu/ration3 ,,girl ,,int]e/  ,! int]e/
 ( ^! *ildr5 attract$ ! att5tion ( !    
director ( ! playgr\nd & %e (f]$ to     
ov]see ! "w :ile ! playgr\nd 0 9 session
 if "s ( h] *ildr5 might h ! privilege (

 work+ 9 ! g>d54  ,?is prov$ to be an   
amicable arrangem5t1 z by x ! g>d5 0    
kept 9 good condition all summ]4 ,:5    
s*ool op5$ 9 ,septemb] ,i took *>ge     
aga91 t ! *ildr5 might h ! full         
exp]i5ce4 ,9 my memory l+]s a mo/ vivid 
picture ( a cold ,novemb] aft]noon :5 we
 ga!r$ :at rema9$ ( ! crops1 clean$ (f !
 b$s1 heap$ ! refuse 9 ! c5t] ( ! g>d51 
& _h a mo/ glori\s bonfire1 ?\gh x 0 n  
election day4 ,we wat*$ ! la/ sp>k die  
out1 clos$ ! gate1 & ) regretful /eps   
w5d$ our way back to ! s*oolroom1 to    
await ! com+ ( ano!r spr+4  ,our plat   
measures fifty by tw5ty-five feet & is  
enclos$ by a f5ce4 ,! p>k g>d5] became  
int]e/$ 9 ! *ildr5's ef=t & add$ to !   
success ( ! "w by giv+ ! necess>y top   
soil1 l5d+ :eelb>r[s1 & (f]+ occasional 
sugge/ions4  ,illu/ration3 ,,may ,i     
,,come ,,98  ,z a prep>ation = ! outside
 "w we made a ?or\gh /udy ( soil        
composition & se$ g]m9ation e>ly 9 !    
w9t]4 ,! *ildr5 br\ght pieces ( rock1   
pebbles1 %ells1 wood1 & leaves z        

concrete illu/rations & ) ^! be=e u !   
foll[+ lessons 7 develop$3--        ,i  
,t soil is made f ! wa/+ away ( all k9ds
 ( rock4      ,,ii ,t soil is made by   
decay+ wood4     ,,iii ,t soil is made  
by decay+ leaves4      ,,iv ,t ! above  
composites comb9e to =m productive soil4
  ,! object ( ! fir/ lesson 0 to tea* t 
soil is made f rock4  ,! pupils exam9$  
/ones1 pebbles1 & %ells4 ,!y f\nd "s    
r\gh1 "s smoo?4 ,?r\gh ! tea*]'s        
que/ions--,:y are "s r\gh8 ,:y are "s   
smoo?8 ,if ^? hav+ a smoo? surface n[ 7 
once r\gh1 :at has become ( ! p>ticles  
:i* mu/ h brok5 away8--! class 0 l$ to  
express op9ions until ! f9al            
g5]alization 0 made3 ,soil may be =m$ f 
! break+ up ( rocks & %ells4  ,ea* topic
 0 treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ! specific  
qualities ( ! specim5 be+ br\ght out1   
until we 7 able to make ! summ>y3--     
,soil is made f decay$ rocks & %ells2   
soil is made f decay$ leaves2 ! rocks   
make a co>se soil call$ s&2 ! wood &    
leaves make f9] soil call$ loam2 !      

mixture ( ^! soils makes productive     
soil4  ,illu/ration3 ,,^: ,,b$ ,,looks  
,,! ,,be/8  ,?is summ>y l$ to ! next    
lesson1 ,! ,productive ,qualities (     
,soil4 ,! "q 0 ask$1 ,h[ c we det]m9e ! 
productive quality ( soil8  ,we c plant 
"s se$s 9 ea* k9d ( soil1 said a *ild4  
,sev]al pupils volunte]$ to br+ pots (  
e>?4  ,ready = ! exp]im5t1 we proce$$ to
 analyze z foll[s ! soil br\ght by !    
*ildr53--  ,take "s ( ! soil 9 y\r h&s1 
p[d] x z f9ely z possible4--,john1 :at d
 y f9d 9 y\rs8  ,i c feel gra9s ( s&1   
said ,john4  ,d y ?9k !re is m s& or m  
loam8  ,i ?9k !re is m loam1 said ano!r 
*ild4  ,:y d y ?9k !re is m loam8       
,because1 :5 ,i rub x betwe5 my f+]s !re
 seems to be m s(t mat]ial ?an gra9s1   
came ! answ]4  ,c any "o sugge/ a means 
( prov+ t !re is "s ( ea* k9d ( soil 9  
:at we h "h8  ,v>i\s sugge/ions 7 made1 
b none directly to ! po9t4              
,illu/ration3 ,,la/ ,,day ,,( ,,s*ool   
,m>y1 fill t glass j> ?ree p>ts full (  
wat]4 ,we w n[ drop into ! wat] "s ( ?is

 soil & mix x well4 ,:at d y ?9k w happ5
 :5 we /op /irr+8  ,! s& w settle at !  
bottom ( ! j>1 0 ! ready reply f a      
bright *ild4  ,! co>se loam w settle    
next1 0 a second answ]2 & !n came !     
/atem5t t ! f9e/ loam w\ld rema9 on top4
  ,we wait$ a few days & 7 rew>d$ by    
see+ ! soil 9 di/9ct lay]s 9 ! j>4  ,n[ 
we w try to discov] :i* k9d w produce ! 
be/ plant4 ,h[ %all we det]m9e ?is8     
,plant "s se$s1 0 ! imm$iate sugge/ion4 
,"o pot 0 fill$ ) ! orig9al soil1 & "o  
ea* ) ! k9ds ( soil t we _h gott5 f our 
exp]im5t4 ,a se$ bean 0 plac$ 9 ea* pot1
 & all pots subject$ to ! same          
conditions & wat*$ by anxi\s eyes4      
,illu/ration3 ,,/udy+ ,,nature  ,i see a
 bean pu%+ up1 came ! /atem5t "o morn+ &
 e *ild wi%$ = a peep at ! t9y plant4   
,9 :i* soil did ! plant appe>8  ,ano!r  
look 0 tak5 & answ] giv5 t ! plant came 
f ! mix$ soil4  ,! second plant to appe>
 came f ! b$ ( co>se loam2 ! "o 9 ! pot 
( f9e loam came ?ird2 & la/ ! "o 9 ! s& 
/ruggl$ to a small %oot1 !n di$ (       

/>vation4  ,aft] ?is ! life ( "o plant 0
 /udi$4 ,?us sl[ly & cauti\sly ! /udy ( 
se$ g]m9ation 0 made1 ! tea*] gett+ all 
f ! *ild possible1 & aim+ to h him cull 
8 in=mation f ! plant be=e 8 eyes4  ,n[ 
t we 7 famili> ) ! facts conc]n+ soil   
composition & se$ g]m9ation1 we felt    
prep>$ to take up ! outside "w4  ,betwe5
 ! fir/ & ! fifte5? ( ,april our fir/   
visit to ! g>d5 0 made4 ,! gr\nd 0 s    
saturat$ ) wat] t x 0 impossible to ?9k 
( work+ x 9 t condition4 ,aft] tak+ a   
view ( ! surr\nd+s we discov]$ t ! plat 
0 on l[ gr\nd & t ! wat] f ! ris+ slopes
 at ! back ran d[n & settl$ ^u x4  ,! "q
 :i* naturally arose 01 ,h[ may ?is wat]
 be gott5 rid (8 ,a %ort talk on dra9age
 solv$ ?is problem4 ,! *ildr5 decid$ t  
dit*es1 t5 feet ap>t1 %\ld be dug       
crosswise 9 ! g>d54 ,!y 7 dug1 &1 z !   
wea!r 0 favorable1 9 a week's "t ! soil 
0 9 condition to be work$4  ,mean:ile   
int]e/ did n flag1 ?\gh x 0 impossible  
to accompli% any outside "w4 ,writ+     
lett]s to an imag9>y h>dw>e deal]1 /at+ 

:at tools we ne$$ & inquir+ ! price1    
became an all-absorb+ ex]cise4 ,next1 we
 turn$ deal]s ourselves & r5d]$ itemiz$ 
bills & receipts to pur*as]s ( g>d5     
mat]ials4 ,9 ?is way two =ms (          
lett]-writ+ 7 taught & ! *ildr5 d]iv$   
bo? pleasure & pr(it f ! "w4  ,9 !      
con/ruction p]iod 7 made ! labels !y    
w\ld ne$ :5 ! plant+-"t came4 ,^! 7 cut 
f small pieces ( wood ) p5knives & m>k$ 
ready = use4  ,a plan by :i* to l&scape 
?is same plat _h be5 drawn ! ye> be=e by
 ! sup]visor ( our city s*ool g>d5s4    
,?is plan sugge/$ a talk on l&scape     
g>d5+ & int5se int]e/ 0 at once ar\s$4  
,! talk develop$ su* que/ions z ^!3--   
,is ! plan be=e u a good "o8  ,c we     
improve on x8  ,is !re any wa/e space   
:i* we %\ld utilize8  ,is ! plan arti/ic
 9 its arrangem5t8  ,suppose we "w out  
"s plans to see :at is possible4  ,a    
lesson su* z ?is foll[$3--  ,a rectangle
 0 drawn on ! bo>d to repres5t ! plat4  
,beside x 0 a /atem5t ( ! numb] ( b$s to
 be laid (f & ! wid? ( ! pa?s betwe54 ,9

 ! arrangem5t ( ^! b$s & pa?s !re mu/ be
 arti/ic effect4  ,illu/ration3 ,a      
,,fl[] ,,f ,,! ,,c\ntry  ,ea* *ild !n   
drew a rectangle on pap] & made an      
orig9al plan = l&scap+4 ,^? %[+ mo/     
?\ght 7 plac$ be=e ! class & _! good    
po9ts comm5d$4 ,! *ildr5 decid$ t n "o  
met e requirem5t4 ,! sup]visor's plan 0 
aga9 %[n1 discuss$1 & adopt$4  ,?is plan
 call$ = tw5ty rectangul> b$s #caa feet 
9 area1 f\r %ort] rectangul> b$s ) a    
triangul> section m>k$ (f f ! end ( ea* 
t[>d ! c5t] ( ! g>d52 & a circul> b$1   
f\r feet 9 diamet]1 9 ! middle ( ! plat4
 ,x also all[$ = "o ?ree-foot pa? runn+ 
?r\gh ! c5t] ! entire l5g? ( ! g>d51 & a
 "o-foot pa? sep>at+ ! b$s4 ,!re 0 to be
 a #a-a_/b-;foot pa? ar\nd ! middle     
circle4  ,9 a fur!r /udy ( ?is plan !   
foll[+ ari?metic problems 7 develop$3-- 
,:at is ! area ( a g>d5 plat fifty feet 
long & tw5ty-five feet wide8  ,:at w\ld 
be ! co/ ( ?is plat at "o doll> &       
tw5ty-five c5ts a squ>e foot8  ,h[ _m   
feet ( f5ce w be requir$ to enclose ?is 

plat8  ,if ! po/s are set five feet     
ap>t1 h[ _m po/s w be requir$8  ,!re are
 two r[s ( cross beams1 & ea* beam is t5
 feet long2 h[ _m w be ne$$ = ! f5ce8   
,h[ mu* w x co/ to f5ce ?is g>d5 at     
twelve c5ts a foot8  ,:at is ! area ( a 
g>d5 b$ ?ree feet by elev5 feet8 !      
p]imet]8  ,:at is ! circumf]5ce ( a     
circul> fl[] b$ f\r feet 9 diamet]8  ,by
 ?is "t ! gr\nd 0 9 condition to be     
work$4 ,:i* %\ld we d fir/1 spade x up1 
or lay x (f8 ,we decid$ t we w\ld fir/  
dig up ! entire plat & level x4 ,n[1 9  
spac+ (f1 %\ld we beg9 at ! c5t] or f   
opposite ends8 ,! advantages ( ea* me?od
 7 /rongly advocat$1 & f9ally1 ! *ildr5 
!mselves conclud$ t x w\ld be easi] to  
measure = ! c5t] & space (f f t po9t4   
,/akes & cord _h be5 br\ght4 ,*ildr5    
/ood at ! sides & ends ( ! g>d54 ,!     
middle po9ts ( ! sides 7 det]m9$ &      
connect$ ) a cord1 & likewise ! two     
ends4 ,! int]section ( ! cords 0 ! c5t] 
( ! plat & "h a /ake 0 driv54 ,atta*+ a 
cord to ?is /ake two feet along ! cord 0

 measur$ & a small /ick ti$ !re4 ,us+ ! 
cord z a radius1 a circle 0 made & !    
middle b$ /ak$ (f4 ,next ! ?ree-foot pa?
 to opposite ends 0 m>k$ (f1 !n ! c5t]  
"o-foot pa? to opposite sides4 ,?is mu* 
accompli%$1 spac+ ! re/ ( ! plat 0 easy4
 ,two small boys1 ) l9es & /akes1 m>k$  
(f ! rema9+ portion & :5 ! ends 7 rea*$ 
! measurem5ts 7 f\nd to be accurate4 ,! 
pa?s betwe5 ! b$s 7 next made & ! gr\nd 
prep>$ = plant+4  ,illu/ration3 ,a      
,,sugge/ion ,,= ,,recess ,,h\r  ,aft]   
spad+1 level+1 & ?or\ghly pulv]iz+ !    
native soil1 we add$ a top lay] ( =eign 
soil z a f]tiliz]4 ,! latt] came f a    
compo/ heap ( /reet sweep+s :i* _h be5  
/&+ two ye>s & 0 suppos$ to be          
nutriti\s4 ,z x turn$ out1 h[ev]1 ?is   
soil conta9$ little nutrim5t & 0        
productive ( m f9e we$s ?an f9e         
vegetables1 & x requir$ mu* labor to    
fight ^! enemies4  ,n[ came !           
se$-plant+1 :i* 0 int5sely int]e/+ to ! 
*ildr54 ,r[s twelve in*es ap>t 7 m>k$ (f
 across ! b$s & ! se$s plant$ accord+ to

 ! relative height ( ! plants :i* !y    
w\ld produce1 ^? t w\ld gr[ talle/ be+  
plac$ next to ! f5ce1 & ! re/ graduat+  
to ! c5t]2 ?us3--      ,f5ce     ,corn  
,pole ,beans     ,peas     ,/r+ ,beans  
,lettuce     ,radi%es     ,lettuce      
,p>sley     ,fl[]s  ,fir/ came corn1    
?ree gra9s to a hill1 ! hills twelve    
in*es ap>t4 ,!n pole beans1 ?ree beans  
to a hill & ^! hills sep>at$ twelve     
in*es4 ,next we plant$ two peas 9 a hill
 & made ! hills six in*es ap>t4 ,! /r+  
beans 7 plant$ j z ! peas _h be54 ,!n   
came a r[ ( lettuce1 next radi%es1 a    
second r[ ( lettuce1 & la/ p>sley4 ,!   
end ( ! b$ 0 left = fl[]s4 ,on ,arbor   
,day1 9 ! classroom1 we _h s[n tomato & 
lettuce se$s 9 boxes1 t we might h !    
plants ready = transplant+ :5 our       
outside soil 0 9 condition4 ,! lettuce  
plants turn$ out satisfactorily1 b1 = "s
 unacc\ntable reason1 ! tomatoes 7 a    
failure4 ,to replace ! latt]1 we took a 
corn] b$ 9 ! g>d51 divid$ x into ?ree   
sections & plant$ tomato1 onion1 &      

cabbage se$s4 ,9 five weeks ! tomato &  
cabbage plants 7 l>ge en\gh to          
transplant1 &1 z ! radi%es & lettuce    
matur$ & 7 us$1 tomato & cabbage plants 
7 put 9 ! vacant places4  ,two pumpk9   
se$s 7 plant$ 9 ea* b$1 b if !y bo? came
 up1 aft] ! plants _h rea*$ a good size1
 ! weak] "o ( ! two 0 we$$ out 7z ! b$ 0
 too small to support bo?7 & ! /rong] "o
 left to be> fruit4  ,:y _h we plant$   
onion se$8 ,"o ( ! boys _h br\ght an    
onion & ask$ if he might plant x 9 8 b$1
 & if x w\ld produce o!r onions4 ,i     
expla9$ to him & !n all[$ him to plant !
 se$s 9 ! supply b$ at ! same "t t he   
plant$ ! onion 9 8 own b$4 ,! onion     
plant$ produc$ se$1 :ile ! se$s s[n     
yield$ ! small sets = ! next ye>'s      
plant+4 ,?us by ! act ( "o *ild ! fact 0
 cle>ly demon/rat$ to ! class t fruit   
produces se$1 & se$ produces fruit4  ,! 
sup]visor _h giv5 u a wr5-box1 made by a
 *ild 9 a m advanc$ class z manual "w4  
,! *ildr5 7 delight$ ) ! gift2 !y built 
a framework ar\nd a /\t pole 9 ! c5t] b$

 & set ! wr5-box on ! pole4 ,!y !n      
sugge/$ t a v9e %\ld cov] ?is framework4
 ,consequ5tly1 ,japanese morn+ glories 7
 *os5 z ! v9e & ! rema9+ space 9 ! b$ 0 
fill$ ) m>igolds1 na/urtiums & coleus4  
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,g>d5 ,,9 ,,! ,,y>d   
,,( ,a ,,city ,,s*ool  ,! se$s be+      
plant$1 ! "w 9 ! g>d5 0 at a /&/ill     
until ! plants appe>$1 !n sy/ematic     
visits began4 ,! class 0 divid$ into    
?ree gr\ps & two *ildr5 7 assign$ to a  
plat4 ,we work$ 9 ! g>d5 on ,mondays1   
,w$nesdays1 & ,fridays = half an h\r ea*
 day4 ,?us1 ea* gr\p _h its day once a  
week regul>ly4 ,f9d+ t x 0 impossible to
 direct satisfactorily m ?an twelve     
*ildr5 at a "t1 ,i devis$ ! above plan1 
:i* work$ admirably4 ,to g to & come f !
 g>d5 took a half-h\r1 & ) half an h\r's
 "w !re ! *ild 0 away f ! classroom "o  
h\r a week4 ,?is all[$ ample "t to keep 
! b$s 9 ord]1 = two *ildr5 7 apportion$ 
to a b$1 & ^! two w5t on sep>ate days1 s
 t ea* plat 0 work$ twice a week4       
,illu/ration3 ,,g>d5 ,,b$s ,,ar\nd      

,,?ree ,,sides ,,( ,,! ,,playgr\nd  ,!  
fir/ crop ( peas & ( beans 7 ga!r$ z    
vegetables4 ,:5 ! plants ceas$ to be> a 
second plant+ 0 made & ! yield f ?is 0  
left to mature z se$l+s4 ,:5 ripe1 !    
se$s 7 ga!r$ & c>efully put away 9 !    
sectional se$-boxes :i* ! *ildr5 _h     
con/ruct$ = ! purpose4  ,illu/ration3   
,,ano!r ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,g>d5 
,! *ildr5 took c>e ( ! g>d5 dur+        
vacation1 ga!r$ ! vegetables z !y rip5$1
 & ) p>donable pride c>ri$ !m home to _!
 p>5ts4 ,! p>5ts1 9 turn1 7 gratifi$ & z
 mu* int]e/$ z ! *ildr54 ,sev]al ( !    
boys _h individual appliances made by _!
 fa!rs = use 9 ! g>d54 ,(t5 on ,monday  
morn+s w\ld come ! acc\nt ( ! ,sunday   
walk ) "m & fa!r1 ! visit to ! g>d5 & h[
 mu* ! p>5ts admir$ x4  ,"o in/ance     
occurr$ :i* prov$ ! value ( ?is g>d5 "w 
& %[$ h[ devoid ( a k ( vegetable gr[?  
_m city *ildr5 are4 ,i notic$ a boy     
digg+ ar\nd ! root ( 8 tomato v9e z ?\gh
 he 7 se>*+ = some?+4 ,i ask$ :at he 0  
do+4  ,i want to see if !re are any     

small tomatoes !re1 he repli$4 ,z !     
fruit ( ! radi% _h come f "u ! gr\nd he 
expect$ to f9d ! tomato !re1 too4  ,!   
value ( educat+ ! *ild ?r\gh 8          
self-activity 0 prov$ 9 sev]al in/ances1
 "o ( :i* ,i w m5tion4 ,a l>ge boy ( !  
f\r? grade1 ?\gh a poor /ud5t1 0 plac$  
on ! li/ ( g>d5 *ildr5 & prov$ to be !  
mo/ indu/ri\s & active *ild ( ! gr\p4   
,:y8 ,8 fa!r 0 a bak]2 ! boy work$ 9 !  
bak]y until elev5 e night2 slept until  
f\r1 !n arose & deliv]$ goods until     
eight1 & 0 9 ! classroom at n9e4 ,is !re
 any wond] t ?is *ild lack$ en]gy z a   
/ud5t8 ,:5 he 0 remov$ f ! conf9em5t ( !
 classroom ! pure outside air act$ z a  
tonic1 8 int]e/ 0 awak5$ & 8 "w well    
done4  ,?is same *ild1 :5ev] reliev$ (  
home duties out ( s*ool h\rs1 sp5t ! "t 
9 ! g>d5 in/ead ( devot+ x to play4 ,he 
haul$ a quantity ( %ells ) :i* to pave !
 pa?s1 & br\ght all ! sod we ne$$ to =m 
a firm edge ar\nd ! c5t] b$4 ,c !re be  
any d\bt t ?is boy 0 b5efit$8  ,!re is a
 social side to ?is indu/rial outside "w

 :i* is sup]ior to t ( ! classroom4     
,fir/3 ,! tea*] has b a small numb] (   
*ildr5 "u h] c>e at "o "t2 consequ5tly1 
%e is enabl$ to le>n m ( ea* individual 
nature4  ,secondly3 ,! *ild is "u no    
app>5t re/ra9t1 s expresses himself     
freely & %[s 8 natural self4  ,?irdly3  
,! boys & girls m+le ) "o ano!r ) ! same
 fre$om t !y h on _! own playgr\nd4  ,9 
! two mon?s sp5t 9 ! g>d5 n a s+le *ild 
took undue advantage ( ! privileges     
all[$1 & ! opportunity af=d$ ! tea*] = !
 /udy ( *ild-nature 0 ( great value4    
,"s "o might ask1 ,:ile g>d5 "w is be+  
done1 does n ! "w ( ! classroom suff]8  
,no1 x does n4 ,:5 classes are taught 9 
sections1 ?is outside "w may be fitt$ 9 
z a sectional "p & ! r\t9e be kept      
intact4  ,9 summ>iz+1 ! lessons develop$
 f g>d5 "w 7 ^!3 ,sci5ce 7soil physics &
 se$ g]m9ation72 geography2 ari?metic2  
spell+2 ,engli%2 draw+1 & con/ruction4  
,! greate/ b5efit to ! tea*] 0 ! *ance  
to /udy ! *ild "u natural conditions4 ,!
 greate/ b5efit to ! *ild 0 8 awak5+ to 

a k ( ?+s by p]sonal contact4 ,i s9c]ely
 believe t ! aft]-life ( ea* "o ( ^!    
*ildr5 w be ! ri*] = ?is exp]i5ce (     
outdoor /udy4  ,illu/ration3 ,,ga!r+ ,,!
 ,,vegetables  ,9 "s ( ! s*ool y>ds !   
pavem5t ne> ! f5ce has be5 remov$1 & !  
space divid$ into small b$s = g>d5+4 ,_m
 ( ^! g>d5s make a f9e %[+ & y w f9d "h 
?ree pictures ( su* a y>d1 illu/rat+ :at
 may be done )9 ! limits ( ! playgr\nd (
 a city s*ool4 ,:5 y consid] t betwe5   
six & eight hundr$ *ildr5 play 9 ?is y>d
 at ! same recess "t e day1 y c         
appreciate :at x means to yield a       
portion ( ! limit$ space to vegetables &
 fl[]s2 &1 s9ce ^! plants are nev]      
mole/$1 h[ mu* ! *ildr5 are pleas$ to h 
_! playgr\nd s decorat$4  ,ne>ly all !  
g>d5 products may be correlat$ ) !      
classroom "w4 ,! k9d]g>t5 *ildr5 use    
peas 9 con/ruction4 ,! peas rais$ 9 !   
g>d5 may be appli$ "h4 ,! fir/-grade    
*ildr5 use l5tils 9 con/ruction4 ,:y n z
 well use pumpk9 se$ & gra9s ( corn--!  
product ( ! g>d58 ,e class enjoys hav+ a

 ,jack-o'-lant]n at ,hall[e'en1 s "h    
aga9 ! pumpk9 f ! g>d5 comes into play4 
,9 ! con/ruction ( m9iature wagons &    
:eelb>r[s ( pap]1 peas may be soak$ &   
us$ z axles = ! :eels4 ,bo? peas & beans
 may be soak$ & giv5 to ! small *ildr5  
to /r+ = *a9s1 ?us tea*+ numb] & spac+4 
,e lay] ( husk 7b5ea? ! outside "o7 f ! 
e> ( corn may be dri$ & made into a     
basket by ! m advanc$ pupil4  ,if a city
 tea*]1 ) opportunities s limit$ &      
numb]less disadvantages1 c accompli% ev5
 a little 9 ?is l9e = ! *ildr5 9 h]     
*>ge1 h[ mu* m %\ld ! tea*] ( ! rural   
s*ool accompli% :5 %e has space at h]   
comm&1 *ildr5 9 ! environm5t ( c\ntry   
life1 & seem+ly all ?+s t t5d to "w     
toge!r to produce good results6  ,s mu* 
int]e/ is %[n 9 ?is phase ( indu/rial "w
 all ov] ! c\ntry t ,i d\bt t !re is    
any:]e a tea*] :o does n wi% to add !   
/udy ( x to ! curriculum1 unless %e is  
already work+ along ^! l9es4 ,feel+ sure
 ( ! sympa?y ar\s$ 9 e tea*]'s he>t1 ,i 
h includ$ among ! illu/rations ( ?is    

article ?ree sc5es f rural s*ool life4  
7,see pages #aac1 #aae1 & #aag47  ,9    
connection ) ^! pictures let me say a   
few m words to ! rural tea*]4 ,y may ?9k
 y\rself mu* poor] ?an y\r city         
co-work]1 b ! fact is t y are ! "o (    
afflu5ce1 %e is ! /ruggl]4 ,y h all ab\t
 y ! mat]ials t a city tea*] c secure   
only at second h&4 ,all ! ri*es ( nature
 are at y\r comm&--! birds t ne/ at y\r 
door1 ! fi%es t swim 9 ! brook1 !       
grasses t gr[ by ! roadside1 ! trees ( !
 =e/1 & ! fl[]s t spr+ up ev]y:]e2 !    
gr\nd space = y\r g>d52 ! intellig5t    
*ild ( c\ntry environm5t :o does n ne$  
to "w ! g>d5 to le>n h[ vegetables gr[1 
b :o does ne$ to "w x = ! education1 !  
aim & object ( s*ool g>d5s4 ,if y are n 
int]e/$ 9 su* "w1 try do+ x once because
 y %\ld4 ,next ye> !re w be no %\ld2    
love w lead y on4  ,i h ! same feel+ 9  
my he>t ab\t ! s*ool g>d5 t ! poet :o   
wrote ,! ,little ,fir ,trees mu/ h _h   
ab\t !m4 ,ea* /anza w9ds up )        ,& 
s1     ,little ev]gre5s1 gr[6           

,gr[1 gr[6     ,gr[1 little ev]gre5s1   
gr[6  ,i w\ld say3        ,& s1         
,gr[1 s*ool g>d5s1 gr[6       ,gr[1 gr[6
     ,gr[1 s*ool g>d5s1 gr[6  ,! ?ree   
pictures1 ,/udy+ ,nature1 ,a ,fl[] f !  
,c\ntry & ,a ,sugge/ion = ,recess ,h\r1 
came to me f a c\ntry s*ool4 ,!y speak s
 vividly = !mselves t ,i feel t ea* "o  
c>ries ) x its own message & appeals s  
/rongly 9 behalf ( ! deepe/ love (      
nature 9 ev5 ! y\nge/ *ild z to po9t to 
! possibilities ( :at might be :5 ?is   
love is f$ & made to gr[ ) ! physical   
nature ( ! *ild4            99       99 
99       99       99     ,transcrib]'s  
,notes   ,correct$ m9or punctuation     
typos4 ,mov$ "s ( ! illu/rations to     
avoid break+ up p>agraphs ( text4 ,page 
ref]5ces p]ta9 to ! orig9al book b l9k  
to ! correct image_/topic 9 ! ,,html    
v]sion4  ,page #ag3 ,*ang$ ,porti]e to  
,portire = consi/5cy4   7#i ,m9iature   
,porti]e--,knott$7  ,page #ee3 ,*ang$   
s&-pap]$ to s&pap]$ = consi/5cy3   7&   
no?+ is prop]ly s&-pap]$ until all      

r\ghness7  ,page #ef3 ,*ang$ ! page     
ref]5ce f #ei to #eg3   7) ! gra9 ( !   
wood1 & h[ to cut corn]s4 7,see page    
#ei477  ,page #fe3 ,*ang$ ex5d to ext5d3
   7,to con/ruct a box hav+ lid & bottom
 ex5d beyond sides47  ,page #ajg3       
,orig9al text might be miss+ *ild aft]  
c\ntry3   7',! c\ntry is entitl$ f its  
/ate & f its c\nty17  ,page #aji3 ,*ang$
 att5ion to att5tion3   7,! int]e/ ( ^! 
*ildr5 attract$ ! att5ion ( !7